The Century dictionary : an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language: prepared under the superintendence of William Dwight Whitney

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THE CENTURY
DICTIONARY •

OFTHE

ENGLISH
LANGUAGE

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HLEITI

UNO ii

PART XI
THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK

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THE CENTURY DICTIONARY

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF

WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PH. D., LL. D.

PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY

THE plan of " The Century Dictionary " in-
cludes three things : the construction of a
general dictionary of the English language
which shall be serviceable for every literary
and practical use ; a more complete collection
of the technical terms of the various sciences,
arts, trades, and professions than has yet been
attempted ; and the addition to the definitions
proper of such related encyclopedic matter,
with pictorial illustrations, as shall constitute
a convenient book of general reference.

About 200,000 words will be denned. The
Dictionary will be a practically complete record
of all the noteworthy words which have been
in use since English literature has existed, espe-
cially of all that wealth of new words and of
applications of old words which has sprung
from the development of the thought and life
of the nineteenth century. It will record not
merely the written language, but the spoken
language as well (that is, all important provin-
cial and colloquial words), and it will include
(in the one alphabetical order of the Diction-
ary) abbreviations and such foreign words and
phrases as have become a familiar part of
English speech.

THE ETYMOLOGIES.

The etymologies have been written anew on
a uniform plan, and in accordance with the es-
tablished principles of comparative philology.
It has been possible in many cases, by means
of the fresh material at the disposal of the
etymologist, to clear up doubts or difficulties
hitherto resting upon the history of particular
words, to decide definitely in favor of one of
several suggested etymologies, to discard nu-
merous current errors, and to give for the first
time the history of many words of which the
etymologies were previously unknown or erro-
neously stated. Beginning with the current
accepted form of spelling, each important word
has been traced back through earlier forms to
its remotest known origin. The various prefixes
and suffixes useful in the formation of English
words are treated very fully in separate articles.

HOMONYMS.

Words of various origin and meaning but
of the same spelling, have been distinguished
by small superior figures (!, 2, 3, etc.). In
numbering these homonyms the rule has been
to give precedence to the oldest or the most
familiar, or to that one which is most nearly
English in origin. The superior numbers ap-
ply not so much to the individual word as to
the group or root to which it belongs, hence
the different grammatical uses of the same
homonym are numbered alike when they are
separately entered in the Dictionary. Thus a
verb and a noun of the same origin and the
same present spelling receive the same superior
number. But when two words of the same form
and of the same radical origin now differ con-
siderably in meaning, so as to be used as dif-
ferent words, they are separately numbered.

THE ORTHOGRAPHY.

Of the great body of words constituting the
familiar language the spelling is determined
by well-established usage, and, however ac-
cidental and unacceptable, in many cases, it
maybe, it is not the office of a dictionary like
this to propose improvements, or to adopt those
which have been proposed and have not yet
won some degree of acceptance and use. But
there are also considerable classes as to which
usage is wavering, more than one form being
sanctioned by excellent authorities, either in
this country or Great Britain, or in both. Fa-

miliar examples are words ending in or or our
(as labor, labour), in er or re (as center, centre),
in ize or ise (as civilize, civilise) ; those having a
single or double consonant after an unaccented
vowel (as traveler, traveller), or spelled with e or
with <B or ce (as hemorrhage, hcemorrhage) ; and
so on. In such cases both forms are given,
with an expressed preference for the briefer
one or the one more accordant with native
analogies.

THE PRONUNCIATION.
No attempt has been made to record all the
varieties of popular or even educated utter-
ance, or to report the determinations made by
different recognized authorities. It has been
necessary rather to make a selection of words
to which alternative pronunciations should be
accorded, and to give preference among these
according to the circumstances of each particu-
lar case, in view of the general analogies and
tendencies of English utterance. The scheme
by which the pronunciation is indicated is quite
simple, avoiding over-refinement in the dis-
crimination of sounds, and being designed to
be readily understood and used. (See Key to
Pronunciation on back cover.)

DEFINITIONS OF COMMON WORDS.

In the preparation of the definitions of com-
mon words, there has been at hand, besides
the material generally accessible to students
of the language, a special collection of quota-
tions selected for this work from English books
of all kinds and of all periods of the language,
which is probably much larger than any which
has hitherto been made for the use of an English
dictionary, except that accumulated for the
Philological Society of London. Thousands of
non-technical words, many of them occurring
in the classics of the language, and thousands
of meanings, many of them familiar, which
have not hitherto been noticed by the diction-
aries, have in this way been obtained. The
arrangement of the definitions historically, in
the order in which the senses denned have en-
tered the language, has been adopted wher-
ever possible.

THE QUOTATIONS.

These form a very large collection (about
200,000), representing all periods and
branches of English literature. The classics
of the language have been drawn upon, and
valuable citations have been made from less
famous authors in all departments of litera-
ture. American writers especially are repre-
sented in greater fullness than in any similar
work. A list of authors and works (and edi-
tions) cited will be published with the con-
cluding part of the Dictionary.

DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL TERMS.
Much space has been devoted to the special
terms of the various sciences, fine arts, me-
chanical arts, professions, and trades, and
much care has been bestowed upon their treat-
ment. They have been collected by an extended
search through all branches of literature, with
the design of providing a very complete and
many-sided technical dictionary. Many thou-
sands of words have thus been gathered which
have never before been recorded in a general
dictionary,' or even in special glossaries. To
the biological sciences a degree of promi-
nence has been given corresponding to the re-
markable recent increase in their vocabulary.
The new material in the departments of biology
and zoology includes not less than five thou-
sand words and senses not recorded even in
special dictionaries. In the treatment of phy-
sical and mathematical sciences, of the mechan-

ical arts and trades, and of the philological
sciences, an equally broad method has been
adopted. In the definition of theological and
ecclesiastical terms, the aim of the Dictionary
has been to present all the special doctrines of
the different divisions of the Church in such a
manner as to convey to the reader the actual
intent of those who accept them. In defining
legal terms the design has been to offer all the
information that is needed by the general
reader, and also to aid the professional reader
by giving in a concise form all the important
technical words and meanings. Special atten-
tion has also been paid to the definitions of
the principal terms of painting, etching, en-
graving, and various other art-processes ; of
architecture, sculpture, archaeology, decorative
art, ceramics, etc. ; of musical terms, nautical
and military terms, etc.

ENCYCLOPEDIC FEATURES.

The inclusion of so extensive and varied a
vocabulary, the introduction of special phrases,
and the full description of things often found
essential to an intelligible definition of their
names, would alone have given to this Diction-
ary a distinctly encyclopedic character. It has,
however, been deemed desirable to go some-
what further in this direction than these con-
ditions render strictly necessary.

Accordingly, not only have many technical
matters been treated with unusual fullness,
but much practical information of a kind which
dictionaries have hitherto excluded has been
added. The result is that "The Century
Dictionary" covers to a great extent the field
of the ordinary encyclopedia, with this princi-
pal difference — that the information given is
for the most part distributed under the indi-
vidual words and phrases with which it is con-
nected, instead of being collected under a few
general topics. Proper names, both biograph-
ical and geographical,'are of course omitted, ex-
cept as they appear in derivative adjectives, as
Darwinian from Darwin, or Indian from India.
The alphabetical distribution of the encyclo-
pedic matter under a large number of words
will, it is believed, be found to be particularly
helpful in the search for those details which
are generally looked for in works of reference.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The pictorial illustrations have been so se-
lected and executed as to be subordinate to the
text, while possessing a considerable degree of
independent suggestiveness and artistic value.
To secure technical accuracy, the illustrations
have, as a rule, been selected by the specialists
in charge of the various departments, and have
in all cases been examined by them in proofs.
The cuts number about six thousand.

MODE OF ISSUE, PRICE, ETC.

" The Century Dictionary" will be comprised
in about 6,500 quarto pages. It is published
by subscription and in twenty-four parts or
sections, to be finally bound into six quarto vol-
umes, if desired by the subscriber. These sec-
tions will be issued about once a month. The
price of the sections is $2.50 each, and no
subscriptions are taken except for the entire
work.

The plan of the Dictionary is more fully de-
scribed in the preface (of which the above is in
part a condensation), which accompanies the
first section, and to which reference is made.

A list of the abbreviations used in the ety-
mologies and definitions, and keys to pronun-
ciations and to signs used in the etymologies,
will bo found on the back cover-lining.

THE CENTURY CO., )) EAST 17™ ST., NEW YORK.

ihleite

2083

ihleite (e'lo-it). ». [After one Ililf, superin-
tendent of mines at Mugraii, Bohemia.] A
hydrous iron sulphate forming an orange-yel-
low efflorescence on graphite at Mugrau, Bohe-
mia, derived from the alteration of pyrites.

ihram (i-riim'), H. [Ar., < liammn, forbid: see
liaram, htin-m.
hai

lleH, n. The former and more correct spelling
of wfcl. Chaucer.

ile2t, it. The former and more correct spelling
of aisle.

ileSf (11), n. A form of «»P.
ile4 (il), H. A dialectal form of oil.

am, lum-iu.} 1. The dress assumed by Mo- ile"t, ". [ME., < AH. it, iijel, a hedgehog. See
medan pilgrims. it consists of two white cot- echinus.'] A hedgehog.

left shoulder and knotted nt the right side.

The wife and daughters of n Turkish pilgrim of our
party assumed the iltrain at the same time as ourselves.
ii. A'. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 858.

2. The state in which a pilgrim is held to be
from the time ho assumes this distinctive garb
until he lays it aside. When in this state, the pilgrim
is prohibited from hunting or slaying animals (except ver-
min. etcA the use of perfumes, anointing or shaving the
head, cutting the beard, paring the nails, covering the
face, kissing women, etc. Ituyhen, Diet, of Islam.

I. H. S. [In ME., ML., etc., written IHS, lii.i.
repr. Gr. 1112, a contraction, as the mark in-
dicates, of the full form I1I20T2, L. IESUS, Je-
sus: see Jesus. The Latin contraction, in its
ML. form, came to be regarded as an abbr. for
lesus Hominum Salrator, Jesus, Saviour of men,
or for In Hoc Sit/no (rinces), by this sign (con-
quer) (the motto inscribed with the cross on the
banner of Constantino), or for In Hac (cruce)
Solus, in this (cross) is salvation.] An abbre-
viation or symbol originally representing the
name of Jesus (see etymology), much used,
often in monogram, as a symbol or ornament
on church walls or windows, altars, altar-cloths,
prayer-books, tombstones, etc.

I-iron (i'l'ern), n. An iron beam, rod, or the
like, in section like a capital I. Compare an-
i/li -iron and T-iron.

ik1t, pron. A Middle English form of /2.

ikat, a. A Middle English form of UK*.

ik8t, «*'. and conj. A Middle English form of
eke.

ikon, ». See icon, 2.

il-i. An unusual and un-English assimilation
of tn-i before /, after the analogy of or by con-
fusion with i/-2, il-s: perhaps only in the rare
— J -»•—'-»- -Uighten to- • ••-" -«-..-

lar "

, «. Same
Next to the hag of the stomacke, men and sheep liave the

Bma11 BUt" callel1 lactcs- throuKh wllllh »'B »"-at paweth ;
m others it is named ife. UM,md. tr. of riinyTxt si

'

Icon-

ile8t. A former spelling of I'll, a colloquial

traction of / will.
-ile. See -i/.
ileac (il'e-ak), a. [< Ueum + -ac.] Pertaining

to the ileum or lower bowels— Deac passion.

Same as tteut, 1. See Uiae.
ileitis (il-fl'tta), «. [NL., < iUsum + -t«*.] In

patliol., inflammation of the ileum.
ileocaecal (il'e-d-se'kal), a. [< ileum + cacum

+ -al.'] Of or pertaining to both the ileum and

the caecum.— neocse-

cal valve, the valvu-

la lijuliini, the valve

guarding the opening of

the Ileum at the crectim.

See the extract Also

called ileoculic ralr>:
The opening of the

small Intestine into the

large is provided with

prominent lips, which

project Into the cavity

of the latter, and oppose

the passage of matters

from it Into the small In-
testine, while they readi-
ly allow of a passage the

other way. This Is the

ileocacal valve.

Huxley and I'ouuunu, „, ilc,,,n. terminating in the accam.
[Physlol., } 188. thelattercontinuinginr.lbecolon:^,
• « T. /•!»- - i ,/ the ileocaxal valve ; *, the vermiform

UeOCOllC (ire-O-KOl - appendage, opening at c in the ca-
lk), a. [< tfL. ileo- cum-

ieus, < ileum + colmft: see colic.'] Of or per-

iliac

regions of the abdomen. In ninny animals, especially those
which lack a cn-cnin or oca, no Ileum U certainly dMIn-
gntohabli- either from preceding or Hiccaedlua parUou of
the intestine; bnt whenever the beginning eft cploa on
be determined, a preceding portion of the mteiUhalnot,
of however Indefinite extent, I* regarded u an Uewu. See
cuts under ileocacai and intestine.
2. Hence, in general, the lower part, of inde-
terminate extent, of the small intestine; or.
when there is no distinction between large and
small intestine, a part of the intestine preced-
ing the caecum or the creca. — 3. In eutom., a
narrow part of the intestine of an insect, gen-
erally adjoining the ventriculus or stomach,
and divided from the broader colon or second
intestine by a constriction or valve. The ilenm
may l>e long and convoluted or straight and short ; In the
lleittiptera and some Seuroptera it in entirely wanting.

ileus (il'e-us), n. [NL., < L. ileog, < Gr. ti/tor.,
or i/ioc, a grievous disease of the intestines, a
severe kind of colic, < eifoiv, cifaw, ellifaiv, roll
up, wind, turn, in pass, also shrink up, tf*Ft>.=
L. volvere = E. wallow : see volute and tcaltoic.
Cf. ileum.'] 1. lupathol.f severe colic, attended
with stercoraceous vomiting, due to intestinal
obstruction: also applied loosely to severe colic
of other origin. Also called ileac or iliac pas-
sion. — 2. Same as ileum.

Hex (i'leks), n. [L., the holm-oak.] 1. A ge-
nus of trees and shrubs, of the natural order
Ilieinete, or holly tribe. It Is characterized by having
the flowers more or leas dlceciously polygamous ; the calyx
small, and with 4 to 6 teeth ; the corolla rotate, and divided
into 4, rarely 6 or 6, parts ; 4 to 8 stamens ; and an ovary
with 4 to 8, rarely 7 or 8, cells forming a berry-like drupe.
The plants of this genus have alternate, often thick, ever-
green leaves, and white flowers, usually axillary. It com-
prehends about 145 species, many of which are natives of
Central America, others occurring throughout the tropical
and temperate regions of the globe, being represented least
frequently in Africa and Australia. Among the moat re-
markable of them are : /. A:mi/olitim, the common holly
(see hollyi); I. llnl.nrica, the broad-leafed holly of Mi-
norca, a very handsome species ; and /. 1'arayuaytngi*,
whose leaves are consumed In large quantities In South
America, under the name of Paraguay tea or matt. (See
Paraguay tea, under tea.) I. vertinllata Is the Virginia
win terberry or black alder. /. Camdne Is the yaupon. /.
lanrigata Is the smooth wlnterberry of the eastern 1'nlted
.States ; /. Dahoon, the dahoon holly of V li prtnia and south-
ward. /. tideroxyloidttot the West Indies is a large tree
called Dominica oak. The genus Is widely known In a fos-

i assimilation (in Latin, et __„ _ ._ __
fore I. (See »«-a.) In the following words, in
the etymology, the prefix »7-2 is usually referred
directly to the original »«-2.

il-s. An assimilation (in Latin, et<j. ) of the nega-
tive or privative prefix «»-S before I. (See tn-3.)
In the following words, in the etymology, the
prefix i/-3 is usually referred directly to the
original in-3.

-il, -ile. [ME. -il, -ile, -yl, -yle, F. -il, -ile, fern.
-ile, Pr. -il, -ile = Sp. Pg. -il = It. -ile. < (1) L.
-His, forming adjectives from verbs, being at-
tached to the inf. stem, as in agilis, agile, fa-
cilis, facile, fragilin, fragile, habilis, manage-
able, habile, etc., or to the pp. stem in -t- OT-S-,
as in fertilis, fertile, fosstlix, fossil, missilis, mis-
sile, textilis, textile, volatilis, volatile, etc. (and
similarly to nouns, esflitvialilis, fluviatile, aqua-
tilis, aqnatile, etc.), or to noun-stems, as graci-
lis, slender, liumilitt, humble, etc.; (2) L. -ilis,
forming adjectives, and nouns thence derived,
from nouns, as civilis, civil, hostilis, hostile, juve-
nilis, juvenile, scrvilis, servile, etc. See the cor-
responding E. words. In older words this suffix
often appears as -le (syllabic I), as in gentle,
able, humble, etc., esp. in the compound form
-ble, < L. -bi-lis: see -le, -ble. The suffix is
prop. -I, L. -tin, the preceding vowel belonging
to the stem or being supplied. Cf . -al, -eft, -ule.]
A suffix of Latin origin, forming in Latin ad-
jectives and nouns derived from them, and less
frequently nouns directly from verbs and nouns,
many of which formations have come into Eng-
lish. The proper English spelling when the vowel is
short Is -«, as In eiM, fossil, etc., and formerly fertii,
fragil, hostil, etc. ; bnt in most cases -tie now prevails, as
infertile, fragile, hostile, missile, textile, volatile, jutrnile,
servile, etc. When the vowel is pronounced long, -He
exclusively is used, as in gentile and other nouns, and in
an onapproved pronunciation, host'le, juvenile, etc. The

ilandt, «. The former and more correct spell-
ing of island1.

ilceH, ilcheH, fi. Middle English forms of itt-i.
ilce'-'t, ilche2t, «. Middle English forms of

ildt (ild), >•. An obsolete dialectal form of yiilil.

It occurs in the phrase Corf ild, for God 'yield.

See nniler C.'oi/1.

ildet, a. A Middle English variant of wfel.
188

fNL., fern, of iteocoliciis : see ileocolic."] The
ileocolio artery, one of the larger branches of
the superior mesenteric artery, supplying parts
of the ileum and colon.

ileocolitis (il'e-o-ko-ll'tis), n. [NL., < ileum +
colon2 + -itfs.J Inpat/tol., inflammation of the
ileum and colon.

Ileodictyon (il'e-o-dik'ti-on), ». [NL., < L. ile-
um, ilium, ileum, + Gr. HKTVOV, a net.] A ge-
nus of gasteromycetous fungi with gelatinous
volva, and receptacle with hollow branches.
Several reported species, particularly /. cilmrium, are eaten
by the New-Zealanders, and are called thunder^irt.

ileoparietal (il'e-6-pa-ri'e-tal), a. [< NL.i/eum,
ileum, + li. paries (n'ariet-), wall: see parietal.']
Pertaining to the ileum and to the wall of the
body-cavity — Deoparietal band. In Brachiopoda. a
kind of mesentery which passes from the hind-gut to the

j. ileum, ile-

, , .„ J., the forma-

tion of an artificial opening into the ileum, as
between the jejunum and the ilenm.

Jejnno-iltottomii and \\eo-ilenttnmit were performed in
Identically the same way. The Lancet, No. 3420, p. 531.

ileotyphus (il'e-p-tl'fus), «. [NL., < ileum +
tiil>linis.~\ Tyi^hoid or enteric fever.

ilesite (ilz'it), n. [After M. W. lies, an Ameri-
can metallurgist (born 1852).] A hydrous sul-
phate of manganese, zinc, and iron, found in
friable crystalline aggregates in Park county,
Colorado.

ileum (il'e-um), «. [NL. application of L. i7f-
«»», ilium (see ilium), or ile, usually in pi. ilia.
that part of the abdomen which extends from
the lowest ribs to the pubes, the groin, flank ;
prob., like ileus, ult. < Gr. Metv, roll, wind, turn :
see ileus. Hence (from L. ilia) ult. E.j'fKie2, q . v.]

whirh the small intestine is divisible, continu-
ous with the jejunum and ending in the large
intestine: more fully called integfiiiiim ili-um.
from its many coils or convolutions. In man the
ilenm is taken to he the terminal three fifths of the small
intestine, though its beginning is indistinguishable from
the ending of the jejunum ; bnt it ends abruptly at the
cjpcum, or commencement of the colon. The ileum has on
an average a smaller diameter than the preceding part of
the intestine, and its coats are thinner and less vascular.
It lies chiefly in the umbilical, hypogastric, and right iliac

Winterberry (Ilrx rvrticillata}.

1. flowering branch of the male plant : a. branch of the female plant.

with fruit i a, single fruit on larger Kale.

sil state, some 50 or 80 extinct species having been de-
scribed, chiefly from the Miocene of Europe, but ranging
from the Middle Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Several
occur in the Green Kiver Group (Eocene) of the Rocky
Mountain region.

2. [/. c.] A tree or shrub of this genus.

There oft, In goat-skin clad, a sunburnt peasant
Like Pan comes frisking from his ilex wood.

Locker, An Invitation to Rome.

ilia, H. Plural of ilium.

iliac1 (iri-ak),rt.and». [(1) Partly < L. iliaeus,

relating to the colic, < ileon, the colic (see ileus) ;

(2) partly < P. Wayne = Sp. iliaco = Pg. It. iUaco,

< NL. iliaftis (not in L.), pertaining tothe ileum,

< ileiim, the lower part of the small intestine,
L. ileum, ilium, the ilia, the flank: see ileum.']
I. «. It. Pertaining to the ilenm; ileac. Also
iliucal. — 2. Of or pertaining to the ilium or flank-
bone — Circumflex lilac artery, one of two principal
branches of the external iliac, arising opposite the origin of
the epigastric, and running along the Inner lip of the crest
of the ilium.- External lilac artery.theouterand larger
branch of the common ili;u-, lying, in man, along the Inner
lionler of the psoas magnns muscle, and extending to
1'oupart's ligament, beneath which it panes and becomes
the femoral artery. Its chief branches are the epigastric
and circumflex iliac. — Ulac artery, one of two arteries,
right and left, formed by the bifurcation of the abdomi-
nal aorta, and in turn bifurcating to form the external and

^'

iliac

2984

ilk

internal iliac arteries on each side of the body. More fully the Aquifoliacea:, now placed between the nat-

called common iliac, artery. In man the bifurcation oi> urai orders Olacinece and CelastrinefC. There are p'g^ag"" Ilolden, Anat. (1885), p. 510.

curs opposite the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra. 3 Kenera nex Bryonia, and Nemopanthes, and about 150 f . _

Each common iliac is about two inches long, the nght 1cics which are distributed in Northand SouthAmeri- ihopSOatlC (ll-i-op-SO-at ik), a. [< ^hopsons,

being alittle longer and somewhat more oMique^thanttie c£ and Asja with a {ew jn Africa and Australia. after psoatic.] Pertaining to the iliac bone and

alike. the iliop.toatic region.

But theire strokes were not alle J-KJ-e, flor Pounce smote iliosacral (il"i-o-sa'kral), a. [< NL.iKum + sa-
thekyngevpon the helme that he enclynedvpon his horse crum . see sacral.] Of or pertaining to the
crowpe. Merhn (E" *• 1- s-'' m- ilium and the sacrum ; sacro-iliac : as, the ilio-

Evere ylike faire and fresh of hewe ; sacral arthron.

AndIloveit'andeSS:Soodewomen,l.B5. iliosciatic (il"i-6-si-at'ik), a. [< NL. ilium +

ffiM. fre fro thinges thre thowe twynne, «*«*««> SciatlC^

SterUitee, inflrmitee, and synne.

PaUadius, Hnsbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 7.

plying the pelvic walls and viscera, the former continuing,
under the name of femoral artery, to supply the lower
extremities.— mac crest. See crista ilii, under crista.—
Iliac fascia fossa, etc. See the nouns.— mac muscle.
Same as iliacus, 1.— Iliac (properly lleac) passion. Same
as ileus, 1.

He [Stephen] was suddenly taken with the Iliack Pas-
sion. Baker, Chronicles, p. 51.

uncon . ,/.,•, r/

her one, right or left, of two veins corns. ilio-aponeurotlC (ll*i-o-ap*o-nu-rot IK), a. \_<,
accompanying the iliac arteries, formed jjj^ mnm + aponeurosis (-Ot-) + -ic.] Pertain-

nio-ischiac.

In all ordinary birds, the ischium .... extends back,
nearly parallel with the hinder part of the ilium, and is
united with it by ossification, posteriorly. The ilioiciatic
interval is thus converted into a foramen.

Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 250.

Iliac region. See abdominal regions, under abdominal.
—mac symphysls, the junction of opposite ilia with
each other, or the junction of an ilium with another bone.
— Iliac vein, eithei

spending to and ac

^Mtoto^^e^^vmi^^^t^Lv^. ing to the ilium, and having the chafacter of an iUotibial (il'i-6-tib'i-al), a. [< NL. ilium +
They bring blood from the pelvis and lower extremities, aponeurosis. tibia : see tibial.'] Pertaining to or extending

See cut under embryo.— Internal lilac artery, the in- iliocaudal (il"i-6-ka'dal), a. and n. I.a. [<NL. between the ilium and the tibia — niotlblal band,
ner, and in the adult the smaller, of the branches of the mum + L. cauda, tail : see caudal.'] In zodl., the thickest part of the fascia lata of the femur, lying oyer
common iliac. In the fetus it is comparatively mucn nprtainins' to both the ilium and the tail : the vastus externus, binding this muscle down, and giving

larger, and known as the hypogast™ artery (See cut Ot or pertain] 5tn tn e mum ami LI* B w» fa * , femoris and part of the glu-

under embryo.) It dips deeply into the pelvis, from the applied to certain muscles connecting tne mum j^ marimug-
point of bifurcation of the common iliac to the sacrosci- wjth the tail. iliiim (il'i-um) n • I>1 ilia (-a). [NL., a spe-

StM^AssttSMnras nJs^sgBBBft • * *— ,. WSSS-fc « «L?sJ? the *&-.

and contents of the pelvis. The principal of these are the lllOCaudallS 1 (il"i-o-ka-da lis), n. , pi. MO
iliolumbar, lateral sacral, and gluteal, from the posterior les (-lez). [NL.] Same as lliocauaai.
division, and the obturator, internal pudic, sciatic, middle jljocoCCVSeal (il'i-6-kok-sij'e-al), a. [< NL. Hi-

52^SSr^"SSSJS4Si^^3 T + coccyx (-yg-): ™«%wh™****
terior.-Supernclal circumflex Iliac artery, a small to the ilium and the coccyx;_iliocaudal.
subcutaneous branch of the femoral artery, running paral- iliocOCCygeUS (il'l-O-kok-Sij e-us), n. ', pi. «M>-
lel with Poupart's ligament, coccygei (-i). [NL.,< ilium + coccygeus."] A

II. «. An iliac artery. muscle of some animals connecting the ilium

Iliac2 (il'i-ak), a. [< Gr. ItanMC, Trojan, < 'Umv, with the ooccyx . an iliocaudal muscle.

cial application
see ileum.'] In anat., the anterior or superior
bone of the pelvic arch, commonly ankylosed
with the ischium and pubis at the acetabulum,
and then forming a part of the os innpmina-
tum or haunch-bone, and effecting the principal
or only articulation of the pelvic arch with the
vertebral column, especially with the sacrum.
The ilium Is present in the great majority of vertebrates
above the fishes ; it is sometimes entirely free from the

..utvv v" - — /, — L - — — — *. --- o — / - i vviui mo uuuuvA-i tuA jiiv^o/nwui IUUDV***.

Ilium, Troy: see Iliad.] Of or pertaining to iliopostal (il"i-6-kos'tal), a. [< NL. ilium + L. vertebral column. It is primitively a prismatic cartila-

ancient Ilium or to the Trojan war; Ilian: as, 'S, rib/ see costal] Wining to the ilium ^^^^SSSS^^ffSS^S-

the lhac cycle, Wadstone. and to the ribs : as, the «ftocostaZ muscle. quently ankyloses with some of the ribs as well as with

iliacal (i-li a-kal), a. [< «aac + -at.J bame as jlioCOstaliS (il"i-6-kos-ta'lis), n. ; pi. iliocostales vertebrae, as in many Sauropsida. The shape and relative

iliaci, 1. (.lez). [NL. : see iliocostal.] A muscle of the position of the human ilium are highly exceptional, in

It is a strange ilia.al passion that so harde a man, back; a part of the outer mass of the erector ^SSS^SS^S^t^SS, SSS*S£

bowels.

iliacus (i-

ilor.Vi. (ed. 1835), i. tu .

SpinfB

venter < „

over the brim of the pelvis to be inserted with ing the ilium and the femur — Iliofempral liga-

the psoas magnus into the trochanter minor of nient, a special thickening of the capsular ligament of

the femur. See cut under muscle.— 2. In or- the hip-joint.

tion, 'sacking, < wtpdctv, waste, destroy.] In
classical myth., arclusol., etc., the destruction
of Troy or Ilium; hence, a poem or an account
j. — *-• -fij-i-- j.-j ±: — ~e m — "} or a graphic

.estruction of
connected with its

ing to tradition, from its mythical founder Ilus.

test of beauty between her, Athena, and Hera. The direct
narrative relates only to a part of the last year, leaving the
fall of the city untold. The mighty deeds of the Greek
Achilles and of the Trojan Hector, son of King Priam,

the ilium.

supply some of the chief episodes of the poem The Iliad ilioparietal (iFi-6-pa-ri'e-tal), a. An incorrect
and Odyssey were universally looked upon by the Greeks, H ™* ™J !.•,"„„ __.•.,*/. 7 ' V K"T™,lr*cfvr
in spite of endless variations and differences from legends form of )/eopanetoZ. E. B. Lankester.
received later, as an authoritative and inspired record of lliopectineal (ll"l-O-pek-tl-ne al), a. [< NL.
the early history and the religious beliefs and doctrines of ilium + L. pecten (pectin-), comb.] Pertaining
their race. As epics, the first rank in poetry has always to that Cr68j Qr oomb of the ilium wnicn f ormg ln

i besieged city may have been In-
lotos on the [Painted]

„ . , „ i the Lesche at Delphi

ing w tradition, iromiramymioanouuuer^iw, taining to the iliac region and to the grom: spe- it is impossible to say. scnlnture II 223

Gr 'lAoc.] One of the two great Greek epic cifically applied to a nerve, a branch of the lum-
poems of prehistoric antiquity (the other being bar plexus distributed to those parts. ilixantbin (i-hk-san'thin), n. [Short for *ih-

the Odyssey), attributed to Homer. These poems ilio-ischiac (il*i-6-is'ki-ak), a. [< NL. ilium + cixanthin, < L. ilex (ilic-), holm-oak, 4 Gr.
are considered by some scholars to represent not the work ischium: see ischiac.] Pertaining to the ilium £av66(, yellow, + -in2.] A crystalline coloring
of any one man, but an elaboration of a series of legends and the ischium; iliosciatic: as, the ilio-ischiac matter found in the leaves of holly. It forms
iec\gof^hVltutfte°^tenny^^ articulation or ankylosis. a yellow dye on cloth prepared with alumina

the confederated states of Greece under Agamemnon, king ilio-iscluatic (il^i-6-is-ki-at'ik), a. Same as or 'iron mordants.

of Myceme, to redress the injury done to Menelaus, king ilio-ischiac. ilk1 (ilk), a. [< ME. ilke, ulke, ilce, assibilated

of Sparta, in the carrying^ctfof his^wife^Helen, by toe iiioiumbar (iFi-6-lum'bar), a. [< NL. ilium + ilche,yche, < AS. ilc, ylc, the same, < *y, instr. of

lumbus, loin : see lumbar.] Pertaining to the a pronominal root represented by Goth, i-s, he
haunch-bone and the loins, or to the iliac and (see he1), and L. i-dem, the same (see idem, iden-
lumbar regions — niolumbar ligament, a fibrous tic), + -lie, connected with ge-lic, like, and ap-
band between the last lumbar vertebra and the crest of pearing also similarly in each, which = Sc. ichilk,

such = Sc. sic, Sc. thilk, etc.] Same; very
same : often used absolutely with ill a t. [Chiefly
Scotch.]

Then Sir Tristeram tooke powder forth of that box,
And blent it with warme sweet milke ;
And there put it unto the horne,
And swilled it about in that ilke.

Kina Arthur and the King of Cornwall (Child's Ballads,

[I. 243).

Of that <1Tf, (a) Of the same (estate): a phrase added to
a person's surname todenotethat this name and the name
of his ancestral estate are the same : as, Kinloch of that
ilk (that is, Kinloch of Kinloch).

The person of Cosmo Comyne Bradwardine, Esq., of that
ilk, commonly called Baron of Bradwardine.

Scott, Waverley, Ixvi.

Hence, blunderingly — (6) Of that sort or kind: as, men of
that ilk. [Colloq.]

ilk2, ilka (ilk, il'ka), a. [Sc., < ME. ilc, ilk, <
AS. 'celc, each : see each. The final vowel in
ilka stands for the infleiive -e or for the at-
tached art. a.] Each; every.

Then all oyer pageantz fast followyng ilk one after oyer
as yer course is, without tarieng.

Proclamation by Mayor of York, 1394, quoted in
[York Plays, Int., p. xxxiv.

Get my shoon, my wig, my stick, and my ilka day's coat.
Saxon and Gael, III. 113.
Ilka deal, every part ; wholly.

>one the cause was declaret with a clene wit,
Of the dede, ilke-a-dele, to the derfe kynges.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3656.

been conceded to them,
iliadize (il'i-ad-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. iliad-
ized, ppr. iliadizing. [< Iliad + -4ze.~] To cele-
brate or relate as in the Iliad ; narrate epically.
[Rare.]

to that crest or comb of the ilium which forms in
part the brim of the true pelvis — Diopectineal
line, or illopectineal eminence, a ridge on the ilium and
pubis, assisting in marking the distinction between the
true and the false pelvis ; morphologically, one of the bor-
ders of the ilium, slightly exhibited in man, but in some
animals an elongated process, even having an independent
center of ossification. Also called litteailiopectiruxa. See
cut under innominaiuin.

Ulysses, ... of whom it is Illiadized that your very

nose dropt sugarcandie.

Nashe, Lenten Stuffe(Harl. Misc., VI. 162). iliopectinium (il'i-6-pek-tin'i-um), n.; pi. ilio-
Ilian. (il'i-an), a. [< Ilium + -an.] Of or per- pectinia (-a). [NL.: see iliopectineal.'] Anilio-
taining to ancient Ilium or Troy, or to the pectineal part, or representation of a rudimen-
Greco-Eoman city in the Trojan plain called tary peiviS( such as exists in an amphisbeenid,

for example.

ilioperoneal (iFi-o-per-o-ne'al), a. and n. [<
NL. ilium + Gr. Trep6vr/j fibula: see peroneal.']
I. a. Of or pertaining to the ilium and the

New Ilium.

Hector on Ilian coins.

C. 0. Mutter, Manual of Archseol. (trans.), f 415.

ilichet, adv. A Middle English form of alike.

ilicin, llicine (il'i-sin), n. [< ilex (Hie-) + -in2, fibula: applied to certain muscles.

-ine2.] The non-nitrogenous bitter principle H. n. A muscle which in many animals cpn-

of Ilex Aqiiifolium. It forms brownish-yellow nects the ilium with the fibula, thus repeating

crystals, is very bitter, and is said to have feb- substantially the connections of the long head

rifuge qualities. of the human biceps femoris.

Ilicinese (il-i-sin'e-e), ». pi. [NL. (Endlicher, iliopsoas (il-i-op'so-as), ». [NL., < ilium +

1836-40), < Ilex (tlic-) + -in- + -ets.'} A small psoas.] The iliacus and psoas magnus muscles

natural order of dicotyledonous polypetalous taken together, or some muscle which repre-

plants, the holly family, formerly referred to sents them.

ilkon

ilkont, ilkoont, peon. [ME., < i/fca + on, oon,
one.] Each one.

Than were aryneil In number thrltty schippes * flue,
lllnme with folk inouli, redy to bataile.

Jtob. <»/ liruniie, p. 10.
Thurgh the loud they praysed hir ilkoone.

Chaucer, Physician's Tale, 1. 113 (Hart. MS8.X

111 (il), a. and «. [< ME. ille, < Icel. illr, in mod.
Icel. usually with a short vowel, illr = Dan.
ild- = Sw. ill- (in comp. ; independently only
as adv.), ill, contr. of the form which appears
in full in Goth, tibils, AS. yfel, E. evil, etc. : see
evil1.} I. a. 1. Inherently bad or evil; of per-
nicious quality or character; vicious; wicked;
malevolent. [In this abstract sense now ob-
solete, archaic, or local.]

That was the gifte that she gaf to me
In 1 1 i r malice, wreth, and ill crnelte.

Jtom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), L 6591.

Inhumane soules, who, toucht with bloudy Taint,
//' Shepheards sheare not, but euen Hay your fold,
To turn the Skins to Cassakins of Gold.

Sylvester, St. Lewis (trans.), 1. 544.

Such [fear] as ill men feel, who go on obstinately In
their /// courses, notwithstanding it.

Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xv.

Ill, "vlclous/'iscommon In East Tennessee, and, accord-
ing to Bartlett, also in Texas, where they ask, "Is your
dog ill?" meaning vicious. Prof. Schele De Vere says,
too, that in Texas " an ill fellow " means a man of bad
habits. I heard a man in the Smoky Mountains say
"Some rattlesnakes are iller 'n others"; and another
said that " black rattlesnakes are the illest."

Trans. Amer. Philol. An., XVII. 39.

2. Causing evil or harm; baneful j mischie-
vous; pernicious; deleterious: as, it is an ill
wind that blows nobody good.

There's some ill planet reigns ;

I must be patient, till the heavens look

With an aspect more favourable.

Shak., W. T., 11. 1.

A good dish of prawns. ... I told thee they were ill
for a green wound. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., U. 1.

Neither Is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat

Bacon, Building.

The image answered him : I am thy ill angell, Brutus,
and thou shalt see me by the city of Phillppes.

North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 616.

3. Marked or attended by evil or suffering;
disastrous; wretched; miserable: as, an iW fate;
an ill ending.

An ill death let me die. B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.
Thou knowest that, for the most part, his servants come
to an ill end, because they are transgressors against me
and my ways. Banyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 128.

To whom no pain nor weariness seemed ill
Since now once more she knew herself beloved.

William Morrit, Earthly Paradise, I. 278.

4. Of bad import, bearing, or aspect ; threaten-
ing; forbidding; harsh; inimical: as, ill news
travels fast ; an ill countenance.

But my noble Moor
Is true of mind, ... it were enough
To put him to til thinking. Shak., Othello, Hi. 4.
A Gallant Man is above ill words.

Selden, Table-Talk, p. 47.

Pan came and ask'd. what magic caused my smart,
Or what ill eyes malignant glances dart?

Pope, Autumn, 1. 82.

6. In a bad or disordered state morally; un-
balanced; cross; crabbed; unfriendly; unpro-
pitious; hostile: as, ill nature; HI temper; ill
feeling; ill will.

There was a fish, and it was a dell o' a fish, and it was
itt to its young anes.

J. Wilson, in Mrs. Gordon's Christopher North, I.

6. In a disordered state physically ; diseased;
impaired: as, to be ill of a fever; to be taken
ill; ill health.

Unquiet meals make ill digestions. Shak., C. of E., v. 1.

My hand is soo ill as I know not when I shall be able

to travel. Winthrop, Hist. New England, L 420.

Here to-night in this dark city,
When ill and weary, alone and cold.

Tennyson, The Daisy.

7. Not proper; not legitimate or polite ; rude;
unpolished: as, ill manners; HI breeding.

Oli. What manner of man?

Mai. Of very ill manner ; hell speak with you, will you
or no. Shak., T. N., i. 6.

That's an ill phrase, a vile phrase : beautified Is a vile
phrase. Shak., Hamlet, II. 2.

The smoothest verse and the exactest sense
Displease us, If ill English give offence.
Dryden and Soame, tr. of Boileau's Art of Poetry, 1.
Where Modesty's ill Manners, Tis but fit
That Impudence and Malice pass for Wit.

Conyrete, Way of the World, 1. 9.

8. Unskilful ; inexpert : as, I am ill at reckon-
ing.

0 dear Ophelia, I am ill at these numbers ; I have not
art to reckon my groans. Shak., Hamlet, 11. 2.

2985

I am ill at dates ; but I think It IB now better than five
and-twenty yean ago. Lamb, Ella, p. 241.

Agatha was ill at contrivance ; but she managed gome-
how to get away. Mrs. Craik, Agatha's Husband, vil.

[Except in sense 0, and In some established locutions un
der the other senses, bad, evil, or some synonymous word
is now more common than ill. ] — 111 at ease. See at ease.
undertow. — Ill blood. Seedad Wood, under Wood. — El
nature. See nature. =8yTL 6. Unuxll, etc. See sick.

II. n. 1. Evil ; wrong ; wickedness ; deprav-
ity.

But she with vehement prayers urgeth itlll
Under what colour lie commits this in.

Shak., Lucrece, 1. 476.

The first steps towards ill are very carefully to be avoid-
ed, for men insensibly go on when they are once entered,
and do not keep up a lively abhorrence of the least unwor-
thiness. Steele, Spectator, No. 448.

It Is better to fight for the good than to rail at the ill.
Tennyson, Maud, xxviii.

2. Misfortune; calamity; adversity; disaster;
disease ; pain.
Love worketh no i'M to his neighbour. Rom. xiii. 10.

Nothing here [In Heaven] is wanting, but the want of ill*.
G. Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death, st. 34.

Which of you all suspects that he Is wronged,
Or thinks he suffers greater Hit than Catot

Addition, Cato, 111. :<.

Is there one who ne'er
In secret thought has wished another's ill.'

Shelley, Kevi.lt of Islam, v. 34.

3. Anything that is discreditable or injurious.

This is all the ill which can possibly be said of him.

Je/erson, In Bancroft's Hist Const., II. 353.

Comltlal lilt. See cmnitial.

ill (il), adv. [< ME. Me, < Icel. ilia = Sw. ilia
= Dan. tide, adv., ill. badly ; from the adj., be-
ing ult. identical with E. evil1 , adv. } 1 . Badly ;
imperfectly; unfavorably; unfortunately.

I play to please myself e, all be It ill.

Spenser, Shep. Cal., June.

Like most of theirs who teach,
I ill may practise what I well may preach.

Congreve, Of Pleasing.

Ill fares the land, to hastening Ills a prey.
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay.

Goldsmith, Dei. vil., 1. 51.

A time like this, a busy, bustling time,
Suits ill with writers, very ill with rhyme.

Crabbe, Works, L 169.
The speaker was in informed.

Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 247.

Shalt thou not teach me, In that calmer home,
The wisdom that I learned so ill In this?

Bryant, Future Life.

2. Not easily; with hardship, pain, or difficulty:
as, he is ill able to bear the loss.

Frugal only that her thrift
May feed excesses she can ill afford.

Cmcper, Task, U. 661.

To go 111 with. See to go hard (a), under go.— To take
it ID, to take offense ; be offended.

Look, when I serve him so, he takes it ill.

Shak., C. of E., U. 1.

I was very desirous to go to my boat ; but It was said the

Sheik would take it ill if I would not stay and eat with him.

Pococke, Description of the East, I. 113.

[Of the many compounds of ill with participles or particip-
ial adjectives, only such are given below as seem to have
some use or signification not obviously suggested by the
separate words. In general such pairs are properly com-
pounded (hyphened) only when they Jointly stand In Im-
mediate or constructive relation to nouns as direct quali-
fiers; In other cases ill has only its regular adverbial ef-
fect.)

illt (il), v. t. [< ME. illen, < Icel. ilia, harm; from
the adj.: see itt, a.} 1. To do evil to; harm;
injure.

And so, the Sparrow with her angry bill
Defends her brood from such as would them ill.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, I. 6.

2. To slander; defame.

To ill thy foe, doth get to thee hatred and double blame.
Babees Book (E. E. T. ».\ p. 100.

illabilet (i-lab'il), a. [< tn-S + labile.} Not
liable to slip or err; infallible. G. Cheyne.

illabilityf (fi-a-bil'i-ti), n. [< Mobile + -ity.}
The quality of being illabile; infallibility.

And as he has treated all his disciples, so all lapsed In-
telligent beings must pass through Jesus Christ ... be-
fore they arrive at perfect infallibility and inability.

G. Cheyne, Regimen, p. 326.

ill-advised (il'ad-vizd'), a. Resulting from bad
advice; injudicious; tending to erroneous or
injurious consequences: as, an ill-advised pro-
ceeding.

In the early part of 1860, Pius IX. had been ill-adri*td
enough to abandon for a time the attitude of passive re-
sistance which constituted the real strength of the Papacy.
B. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 246.

ill-affected (il'a-fek'ted), a. I. Not well in-
clined or disposed: as, ill-affected adherents. —
2f. Affected with bad impressions. Spenser.

illative

illapsable't (Map'sa-bl), a. [< illanse + -able.}
Capable of illapsing, or liable to illapse.
illapsable'-'t (i-lap'sa-bl), a. [< «n-» + lapse +
-uliii .] Incapable of lapsing or slipping.

Indeed, they may lie morally immutable and illaptablr:
but this is grace, not nature; a reward of obedience, not
a necessary annex of our beings.

Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, vllL

illapse (Maps'), r. i. ; pret. and pp. illapsed, ppr.
illapsing. [< L. illapsus, inlapsus, pp. of illabi,
inlabi, fall, slip, or flow into, < in, into, + labi,
fall, slip: see lapse.} To pass, glide, or slide:
usually followed by into. [Rare.]
Powerful being illapting into matter. G. Cheyne.

illapse (Maps'), n. [< L. illapsus, inlapsus, a
falling, gliding, or flowing in, pp. of illabi, in-
labi, fall into: see illapse, v.} 1. A gliding
in or into; entrance as by permeation; influx:
used especially of the descent of the Holy
Spirit.

So let us mind him [Ood] as to admit gladly his gentle
Olapses. Barrow, Sermon, Trinity Sunday (1063).

Would we have our spirit softened and enlarged, and
made fit for the illapses of the divine Spirit 1

Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xxi.

As a piece of Iron, by the illapse of the fire Into It, ap-
pears all over like fire ; so the souls of the blessed, by the
illapse of the divine essence into them, shall be all over
divine. J. Norris, Miscellanies.

It was by the illapte of the dove that the Saviour .Eon
[according to the Marcoslans] descended upon Jesus.

Harvey, Iremcus (Cambridge, 1857), L 139, note.

2. Inspiration ; divine influx.

Those that pretend to a discovery of them had better
pretend to oracles, prophecies, illapses, and divinations,
then to the sober and steady maxfmes of philosophic.

Bp. Parker, Platonlck Philos. (2d ed.), p. 86.

3. A falling on; onset.

Passion's fierce illapse
Rouses the mind's whole fabrlck.

Akcnxidf, Pleasures of Imagination, IL

[Rare in all uses.]

illaqueable (Mak'we-a-bl), a. [< L. as if *i7-
laqueabilis,<. illaqueare" inlaqueare, insnare: see
illaqueate.} Capable of being illaqueated or in-
snared. Cudicorth. [Rare.]

illaqueate (i-lak'we-at), v. t.; pret. and pp. il-
laqueated, ppr. illaqueating. [< L. illaqueatus,
inlaqueatus, pp. of illaqueare, inlaqueare (> It.
illaqueare = Pg. illaquear), insnare, < in, in, +

laqueare, insnare: see lace.} To insnare; en-
trap; entangle. [Rare.]

I am illaqueated, but not truly captivated Into your
conclusion. Dr. II. More, Divine Dialogues.

illaqueation (i-lak-we-a'shon), n. [< L. as if
"illaqueatio(n-), < illaqueare, insnare: see illa-
queate.} 1. The act of illaqueating, or the state
of being illaqueated, insnared, or entrapped.

There is a sedncement that worketh by the strength of

the impression, and not by the subtil ty of the illaqueation.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, II. 225.

He also urgeth the word airrrttaTO in Matthew doth not
only signify suspension or pendulous illaqueation, . . .
but also suffocation, strangulation, or interception of
breath. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vil. 11.

2. A snare; a noose. Johnson. [Rare.]
illation (i-la'shon), n. [= P. illation = 8p. ila-
eion = Pg. ill<i<;fit> = It. illazione, < LL. illa-
Hii(n-), inlatio(n-), a carrying in, an inference,
a conclusion (tr. Gr. tm^opd), < L. Hiatus, inla-
tus,m>. of inferre, carry in, infer: see infer.}

1. The act of inferring from premises; infer-
ence.

We consider the collation and reference of the text, and
then the illation and inference thereof.

Donne, Sermons, L

2. That which is inferred ; an inference ; a de-
duction ; a conclusion.

From an illustration he makes it an illation.

Warbvrton, Works, XI. Remarks on Tillard.

It is permissible to smile at such an illation from such

a major and minor. -V. and Q., 7th ser., I. 251.

3. In liturgies: (a) The act of bringing the
eueharistic elements into the church and pla-
cing them on the altar. (6) In the Mo:arabic
liturgy, the eucharistic preface. It is of great
length, and varies according to the Sunday or
festival.

illative (il'a-tiv), a. and n. [= F. illatif= Sp.
ilativo = Pg. It. illatifo, < L. illativus, inlativus,
illative, < Hiatus, inlatus, pp. of inferre, infer:
see infer.} I. a. 1. Relating to illation; draw-
ing or able to draw inferences.

Sometimes, I say, this illatire faculty Is nothing short
of genius. J. B. Heirman, Gram, of Assent, p. 320.

2. Due to illation ; inferential : inferred.

His subtle demonstrations present me with an Inferred
and illative truth at which we arrived not but by the help
of a train of ratiocinations. Boylr, Works, IV. 421.

illative

3. Denoting an inference : as, an illative word
or particle, as then and therefore — niatlve con-
version, in logic, that conversion in which the truth of the
converse follows from the truth of the proposition given :
thus, the proposition " No virtuous man is a rebel " be-
comes by illative conversion " No rebel is a virtuous man. "
— Illative sense, a name given by J. H. Newman to that
faculty of the human mind whereby it forms a final judg-
ment upon the validity of an inference.

II. n. 1. That which denotes illation or in-
ference.— 2. An illative particle.

This [word] "for," that leads the text in, is both a rela-
tive and an illative; referring to what he had said in the
foregoing words ; and inferring a necessary consequence
of the one clause upon the other : " Purge out the old
leaven ; for Christ our Passover is sacrificed for us."

Bp. Hall, Remains, p. 18«.

illatively (il'a-tiv-li), adv. By illation or infer-
ence.
Most commonly taken illatively.

Bp. Richardson, Observations on the Old Testament,

[p. 434.

illaudable (i-la'da-bl), a. [= It. illaudabile, «'/-
lodabile,<.'L.illaudabilis,inlaudabilis,'aot praise-
worthy, < in- priv. -I- laudabilis, praiseworthy:
gee laudable."] Not laudable ; not to be ap-
proved or commended ; provoking censure ;
blameworthy.

All the commendable parts of speech were set foorth by
the name of figures, and all the illaudable partes vnder
the name of vices, or viciosities.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 130.

His actions are diversly reported, by Huntingdon not
thought illaudable. Milton, Hist. Eng., v.

illaudably (i-la'da-bli), adv. In an illaudable
manner; unworthily.

It is natural for people to form not illaudably too fa-
vourable a judgment of their own country. Broonu'.

illawarra-palm (il-a-war'a-piim), n. A culti-
vators' name for a palm, Ptychosperma Cun-
ninghamii (Seafortliia elegann or Archontoplue-
nix Cnnninghamii), a native of Queensland and
New South Wales.

ill-beseeming (il'be-se'ming), u. Unsuitable ;
unbecoming; indecorous.

How ill-beseeming is it in thy sex
To triumph, like an Amazonian trull,
Upon their woes whom fortune captivates !

Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 4.

ill-boding (il'bo"ding), a. Foreboding evil; in-
auspicious; unlucky.

0 malignant and ill-boding stars !

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. f..
My greatness threaten'd by ill-boding eyes.

Drayton, Legend of Thomas Cromwell.

ill-bred (il'bred'), a. 1. Badly brought up;
impolite ; rude. — 2. Badly bred, as a mongrel
dog.

ill-breeding (il'bre"ding), a. Breeding mis-
chief or evil.

She may strew
Dangerous conjectures in ill-breeding minds.

Shak., Hamlet, iv. 5.

ill-conditioned (il'kon-dish'ond), a. Being in
bad condition, or having bad qualities; disor-
dered or disorderly. In geometry, a triangle
which has very unequal angles is said to be ill-
conditioned.

A populous place, but possessed with a very Hi-condi-
tioned and idle sort of people.

Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 228.
Some ill-conditioned, growling fellow may say to me
"What's the use of these legal and equitable abuses?"

Dickens, Bleak House, xxxvii.
Yon whey-faced brother, who delights to wear
A weedy flux of ill-conditioned hair.

0. W. Holmes, Moral Bully.

ill-deedie (il'de'di), a. Mischievous; trouble-
some. [Scotch.]

An ill-deedie, . . . wee, rumblegairie urchin of mine.
Buna, Works, IV. 235.

ill-defined (il'de-find'), a. Not distinct; not

well marked out : as, an ill-defined sensation ;

specifically, in zool., without definite borders:

said of marks, depressions, etc.
ill-disposed (il'dis-pozd'), a. 1. Not friendly;

inclined to oppose or refuse.

Some, of an ill and melancholy nature, incline the com-
pany to be sad and ill-disposed; others, of a jovial nature,
incline them to be merry. Bacon.

2\. Unwell; indisposed.

Agam. Where is Achilles?

Patr. Within his tent ; but ill-disposed, my lord. . . .
Ulyss. We saw him at the opening of his tent : he is not
sick. Shalt., T. and C., ii. 3.

Illecebracese (i-les-e-bra'se-e), n. pi. [NL., <
Illecebrum + -acece.~\ A small natural order of
dicotyledonous apetalous plants, chiefly con-
sisting of herbaceous weeds, found in the tem-
perate parts of the world. They have small and regu-
lar, often hermaphrodite, flowers, with the perianth herba-

illegal (i-le'gal), a.
= Pg. illegal = It.

2986

CCOUB or coriaceous, and with 4 or 5 lobes or parts. The
petals are wanting, or reduced to minute staminodia.
There are 17 genera and about 90 species, Illecebrum be-
ing the typical genus. The order is sometimes called Pa-
ronychiacese.

illecebrationt (i-les-e-bra'shqn), n. [< LL. il-
lecebratus, inlecvbratus, pp. otillecebrare, inlece-
brare, entice, < L. illecebra, inlecebra (> It. illece-
bra = Sp. (obs. ) iUcebra = Pg. illecebras, pi. ), an
enticement, < illicere, inlicere, entice: see lece-
brong.J The act of alluring, or the state of be-
ing allured ; enticement.

Modesty. . . restrains the too great freedom that youth
usurps, the great familiarity of pleasant illecebrations, the
great continual frequentations of balls and feasts.

Tom Brown, Works, IV. 292.

illecebroust (i-les'e-brus), a. [= It. illecebroso,
< L. illecebrosus, inlecebrosus, alluring, enticing,
seductive, < illecebra, inlecebra, an allurement,
charm, < illicere, inlicere, allure : see entice, il-
lect.~] Enticing; alluring; full of allurement.
He [Alexander] had rather se the harpe of Achilles,
wherto he sange, not the illecebrout dilectatyons of Ve-
nus, but the valyant actes and noble affaires of excellent
princis. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 7.

Illecebrum (i-les'e-brum), n. [NL., < L. ille-
cebra, an allurement, charm: see illecebroust]
A genus of herbaceous plants, of the natural
order Illecebracea?, containing only one species,
/. verticillatum, a native of the south of Europe
and the north of Africa. It is a small prostrate
branched annual, with small leaves growing in pail's, and
axillary clusters of small white, shining flowers ; it occurs
in the southwest of England.

illeck (il'ek), n. [Origin obscure.] A fish, the
gemmous dragonet, Callionymus lyra. Also call-
ed fox and sculpin. See cut under Calliony-
ttt us.

illectt, v. t. [< L. illectus, inlectus, pp. of illi-
cere, inlicere, allure, entice, < in, in, + lacere,
entice. Of. allicient.'] To entice; allure.

Theyre superfluous rychesse illected theym to vnclene
lust and ydelnesse. S. Fish, Supplication for the Beggars.

a. [= F. illegal = Sp. ilegal
illegale, < ML. ilUgalis, < L.
in- priv. + legalis, lawful : see legal.] Not le-
gal; contrary to law; unlawful; illicit: as, an
illegal act; illegal commerce, it usually implies
substantial contravention of law, as distinguished from
mere irregularity in procedure, and from error in judicial
decision.

In all times the Princes in England have done some-
thing illegal to get money. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 75.
Whatever else men call punishment or censure is not
properly an evil, so it be not an illegal violence.

Hilton, Church-Government, ii.

If Hugh Capet laid hands on all the possessions of the
Duke of Normandy, this might be unjust and immoral ;
but it would not be illegal, in the sense in which the ordi-
nances of Charles the Tenth were illegal.

Macaulay, Warren Hastings.

Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act. See
corrupt. = Syn. Illegal, Felonious, etc. (See criminal.)
Unlawful, Illegitimate, etc. (See lawful.)

illegalise, r. t. See illegalize.

illegality (il-e-gal'i.-ti), n. [= F. illegalite =
Sp. ilegalidad = Pg. illegalidade; as illegal +
-ity.] The condition or character of being il-
legal; unlawfulness: as, the illegality of tres-
pass, or of arrest without warrant.

He wished them to consider what votes they had passed,
of the illegality of all those commissions, and of the un-
justiflableness of all the proceedings by virtue of them.
Clarendon, Great Rebellion.

Here it is not> how long the people are bound to toler-
ate the illegality of our judgments, but whether we have
a right to substitute our occasional opinion in the place of
law. Burke, Speech on Middlesex Election.

Its clear illegality was due to the principle . . . that
the captor of a neutral vessel has no right to concern him-
self as to the persons who may be therein.

J. K. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 179.

illegalize (i-le'gal-Iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. illc-
galized,j>\>T.illegalizing. [<. illegal + -ize.] To
render illegal or unlawful. Also spelled ille-
galise.

illegally (i-le'gal-i), adv. In an illegal man-
ner; unlawfully: as, to be arrested illegaUi/.

Congress may pass, the President may assent to, a mea-
sure which contradicts the terms of the constitution. If
they so act, they act illegally, and the Supreme Court can
declare such an act to be null and void.

1?. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 192.

illegalness (i-le'gal-nes), n. Illegality.

illegibility (i-lej-i-bil'i-ti), M. [< illegible: see
-bi/ity.J The state or quality of being illegible.

illegible (i-lej'i-bl), a. [= Sp. ilegible, < L. iii-
priv. + LL. legibilis, legible: see legible."} In-
capable of being read ; obscure or defaced so as
not to be decipherable ; loosely, hard to read.

The secretary poured the ink-box all over the writings,
and so defaced them that they were made altogether il-
legible. Howell.

ill-fated

illegibleness (i-lej'i-bl-nes), «. Illegibility,
illegibly (i-lej'i-bli), adv. In an illegible man-
ner : as, a letter written iJle;/ib1i/.
illegitimacy (il-e-jit'i-ma-si), n. [< illegiti-
ma(te) + -cy.j The state or character of being
illegitimate; specifically, bastardy; spurious-
ness: as, the illegitimacy of a child; the illegiti-
mate/ of an argument.

illegitimate (il-e-jit'i-mat), «. [< in-s + legiti-
mate, after F. iilegitime '= Sp. ilegitimo = Pg.
illegitimo = It. illegittimo, < LL. *illegitimus, "in-
legitimus (in adv. iilegitime'), not legitimate, <
L. in- priv. + legitimate, legitimate: see legiti-
mate.'] Not legitimate, (a) Not in conformity with
law; not regular or authorized; contrary to custom or
usage ; spurious : as, an illegitimate production ; an ille-
pittniat* word.

Nor did I fear any illegitimate impression thereof, con-
ceiving that nobody would be at the charge of it. Brome.

A government founded on conquest may become thor-
oughly legitimate on the morrow of the conquest ; it may
remain utterly illegitimate five hundred years after it.

E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 418.
(M Not logically inferred or deduced; not warranted;
illogical : as, an illegitimate inference.

Beat. Then if your husband have stables enough, you'll
look he shall lack no barns.

ilarg. O illegitinuite construction ! I scorn that with
my heels. Shak., Much Ado, iii. 4.

(c) Unlawfully begotten ; born out of wedlock ; bastard :
as, an illegitimate child. See legitimate.

Being illegitimate, I was deprived of that endearing ten-
derness . . . which a good man finds in the love ... of
a parent Addison.

(if) In lot., produced by irregular or abnormal fertiliza-
tion. See phrase below.

These illegitimate plants, as they may be called, are not
fully fertile. Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 160.

Illegitimate fertilization, in but., in dimorphic plants,
the fertilization of a female plant by the pollen from a
male plant of the same form, this union being compara-
tively unfertile.— Illegitimate function. See/«nc(io».
= Syn. Unlawful, Illicit (see lawful); improper, unau-
thorized, unfair.

illegitimate (il-e-jit'i-mat), ». t. ; pret. and pp.
illegitimated, ppr. illegitimating. [< illegitimate,
a.] To render or prove illegitimate ; attaint as
having been born out of wedlock; bastardize.
The marriage should only be dissolved for the future,
without illegitimating the issue.

Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1530.

illegitimately (il-e-jit'i-mat-li), adv. In an
illegitimate manner; unlawfully; without au-
thority.

The mid-styled form of Lythrum salicarla could be ille-
gitimately fertilised with the greatest ease by pollen from
the longer stamens of the short-styled form.

Darmn, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 166.

illegitimation (il-e-jit-i-ma'shon), n. [= OF.
illegitimation; as illegitimate + -ion.] The act
of illegitimating, or the state of being illegiti-
mate, (a) Bastardy ; declaration of illegitimacy.

Without any appellation that would infer illegitima-
tion. Nisbet, Heraldry (1816)> I. 291.
(&t) Want of genuineness ; spuriousness.

Many such-like pieces . . . bear . . . the apparent
brands of illegitimatwn. E. Martin, Letters (1662), p. 57.

illegitimatize (il-e-jit'i-ma-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. illegitimatizedj -pnr. ittegitirnatizing. [< ille-
gitimate + -fee.] To render illegitimate ; ille-
gitimate.

illeviable (i-lev'i-a-bl), «. [< in-3 + leviable.]
Incapable of being levied or collected.

He rectified the method of collecting his revenue, and
removed obsolete and illeviable parts of charge.

Sir M. Hale.

ill-fa'ard,ill-faurd(il'fard), a. [_<ill+fa>ard,
contr. of favored.] 1. Ill-favored; ill-looking;
ugly; repulsive.

I'uir auld Scotland suffers eneugh by thae blackguard
loons o' excisemen, . . . the ill-fa'ard thieves.

Scott, Rob Roy, xviii.

2. Mean; discreditable; disgraceful.
Sae proud 's I am, that ye hae heard
O' my attempts to be a bard,
And think my muse nae that ill-fawrd.

Skinner, Misc. Poetry, p. 109.

[Scotch in both uses.]

illfare (il'far), «. [< ill + /<m;l, after welfare.]
Failure; adversity; infelicity. [Rare.]

I must own to the weakness of believing that material
welfare is highly desirable in itself, and I have yet to meet
vvith the man who prefers material illfare.

llu.dfij, Proc. Royal Soc., XXXIX. 292.
Determining ihe welfare or ill-fare of men.

The Century, XXXIII. 922.

ill-faringlyt (il'far*ing-li), adv. Unbecoming-
ly ; ungracefully ; awkwardly.

Another of our vulgar makers spake as illfaringly in
this verse. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, iii. 23.

ill-fated (il'fa'ted), a.
tune.

1. Bringing bad for-

ill-fated

Declare, O muse ! in what ill-fated hour
Siining the tturce strife, from what offended pow'r?

Pojie, IHad, L 11.

2. Having bad fortune.

H'uw were to be seen of all that proud array, which had
inarched up the heights so confidently under the banners
of their ill-fated chiefs the preceding evening.

Pretcott, Kerd. and Isa., 11. T.

ill-faurd, u. See Ul-fa'unl.
ill-favored (il't'a'vord), a. Ill-looking; deform-
ed; repulsive; u^l'y.

A poor virgin, sir, an ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine
..MIL Shak., As you Like it, v. 4.

About nine of the clock I went on shore, and hired an

ill-favoured horse, and away to Greenwich, to my lodgings.

Ptjiyii, Diary, ll 325.

I had a fair opportunity of observing his features, which,
though of a dark complexion, were not ill-favoured.
Barham, in Mem. prefixed to Ingoldsby Legends, I. 67.

ill-fayoredly (il'fa'vord-li), adv. I. With de-
formity or ugliness.

Does my hair stand well ? Lord, how ill-favour'dly
You have dress'd me to-day ! how badly ! Why this cloak ?
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, 11. 2.

2f. Roughly; rudely.

He shook him very illfaaouredly for the time, raging
through the very bowels of his country, and plundering
all wheresoever he came. IlouxU.

ill-fayoredness (il'fa'vord-nes), n. The state
of being ill-favored; ugliness; deformity. John-
son.

ill-footing (il'fut'ing), it. Dangerous position ;
unsafe anchorage.

A shipwreck without storm or ill-footing.

Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, I.

iU-ueadedt (il'hed'ed), «. Wrong-headed; with-
out judgment.

Every man
Surcharg'd with wine were heedlesse and illhedded.

Spenter, F. Q., IV. L 3.

ill-humored (H'mVmgrd), a. Of or in bad hu-
mor ; out of sorts ; cross ; surly ; disobliging.

ill-humoredly (il'hu'mord-li), adv. With bad
humor; crossly; disobligingly.

illiberal (i-lib'e-ral), a. [= OF. illiberal, in-
liberal, F. illiberal = Sp. (obs.) iliberal = Pg.
illiberal = It. illiberale, < L. illiberalis, inlibe-
ralis, unworthy of a freeman, ignoble, ungen-
erous, < in- priv. 4- liberalis, of a freeman, gen-
erous, liberal: see liberal.] 1. Not liberal; ig-
noble, (o) Not free or generous ; niggardly ; parsimoni-
ous; penurious; stingy; shabby.

The earth did not deal out their nourishment with an
oversparing or illilu'nil hand. Woodirant.

(6) Not catholic; of narrow or prejudiced opinions or
judgment.

The charity of most men is grown so cold, and their re-
ligion so illiberal. EOcan Batilike.
These move the censure and illib'ral grin
Of fools. Cotcper, Hope, 1. 744.

(e) Not manifesting or not promoting high culture ; con-
tracted ; vulgar ; coarse.

He is a great proficient in all the illiberal sciences, as
cheating, drinking, swaggering.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, H. 1.

Not liberal science but illiberal must that needs be, that
mounts In contemplation merely for money.

MtUun, On Def. of Humb. Kemonst., 8 13.

The best of our schools and the most complete of our
university trainings give but a narrow, one-sided, and es-
sentially illiberal education — while the worst give what
is really next to no education at all.

Htaeley, Lay Sermons, p. f>l.

2f. Not elegant: as, illiberal Latin. =gyn. i. (a)
Miserly, close-fisted, mean, selfish. (6) Uncharitable, nar-
row-minded.

illiberalism (i-lib'e-ral-izm), n. [< illiberal +
-ism.] Illiberality. 'Imp. Diet.

illiberality (i-lib-e-ral'i-ti), n. [= F. illibe-
ralite = Pg. illibfraliduile = It. illiberaliM, <
L. illiberaUta(t-)s, inlihrr<ilit<i(t-')s, illiberality,
< illiberalis, inlibcrrtlix, illiberal: see illiberal.]
The fact or quality of being illiberal or ungen-
erous; narrowness of mind ; uncharitableness;
meanness.

The illiberalitii of parents, in allowance towards their
children, is an harmfulle errour, and . . . acquainta them
with shifts. Bacon, Parents and Children.

illiberalize (i-lib'e-ral-iz), r. *.; pret. and pp.
illibi'nili:i'il. ]ipr. illifii rnli:in/j. [< illiberal 4-
-i-e.] To make illiberal.

illiberally (i-lib'e-ral-i), adv. In an illiberal
manner; ungenerously; uncharitably; igno-
bly; meanly.

One that had been bountiful only upon surprise and in-
cogitancy illilif rally retracts. Decay of Christian Piety.

Illicex (i-lis'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. P. de Cau-
dolle, 1824), < llliriiim + -<•«•.] A former tribe
of plants of the natural order J/n</«»/mrm', typ-
ified by the genus Illicimn, now referred to the

2987
tribe Winterer. Also written lUiciete and Illi-

riin ir.

illicit (i-lin'it), a. [= F. Micite = Sp. ilicito =
Pg. illicito = It. illii'itu, illecito,( L. illicitus, in-
licitus, not allowed, forbidden, < t»- priv. -t- li-
citus, allowed, pp. of licere, be permitted or
allowed: see license.] 1. Not authorized or
permitted; proliibitcdj unlicensed; unlawful:
as, illicit trade ; illicit intercourse.

One illicit and mischievous transaction always leads to
another. Burke, Affairs of India.

2. Acting unlawfully ; clandestine.

The abolition of this tax [on salt], by cheapening one of
the chief ingredient* in the manufacture of glass, enabled
the illicit manufacturer to compete successfully with the
fair trader. S. Dvmll, Taxes in England, IV. 5.

Fallacy of an illicit process, fallacy of Illicit par-
ticularity. See fallacy. =8yn. Unlawful, Illegitimate,
etc. See lawful.

illicitly (i-lis'it-li), mi,-. In an illicit manner;
unlawfully.

illicitness (i-lis'jt-nes), n. The state or qual-
ity of being illicit ; unlawfulness.

illicitoust (i-lis'i-tus), a. [< L. illicitus, not
allowed : see illicit.] Illicit. Coles, 1717.

Illicium (i-lis'i-um), n. [NL., so called in al-
lusion to the perfume, < L. illicere, allure,
entice, charm: see illect.] A genns of eastern
Asiatic and American evergreen shrubs, be-
longing to the natural order Afagnoliacete. The
plants of this ge-

nus are
antee-treex, from
their fine aromatic
scent. The seeds
of /. anitatum
(Chinese anise), a
shrub growing 8
or 10 feet h;
are stomachic
carminative, and
yield a very fra-
grant volatile oil.
The fruit is the
star-anise of the
shops. The Chi-
ueseburntbeseeds
in their temples,
and Europeans
employ them to Chinese Amse <///.™m „»•„,/»,»'.
•MMHM ,.,.,•(..;,, «. flower; f>, same, showing the ovary ami
aromatize Certain stamens, with the petals removed ;<•, fruit.
liqueurs or cor- seen from above; dtfruit, seen from the side.

dials, such as anl-

fiette. /. religioiium is a Japanese species, about the size of
a cherry-tree, held sacred by the natives, who decorate the
tombs of their dead with wreaths of its flowers, and burn
the fragrant bark as incense before their deities. From the
property of the bark of consuming slowly and uniformly,
the watchmen in Japan burn it powdered in a tube to
mark the time. The American species /. Floridanum and
/. parvijtorum are natives of the southern United States.
The former Is an evergreen shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, with
somewhat fleshy leaves and large flowers. The latter has
smaller flowers. Fruits of this genus have been recognized
in a fossil state in the London Clay fEocene)of the Isle of
Sheppey, and in the lignites of Brandon In Vermont, prob-
ably of the same age, and leaf-impressions in the Creta-
ceous of Bohemia.

illify (il'i-fi), p. t. ; pret. and pp. illified, ppr.
illif : i/ing. [< ill + -i-fy.] To speak ill of ; give
an ill name to ; reproach or defame. [North.
Eng.]

Illigera (i-lij'e-ra), ». [NL. (Blume, 1826),
named after J. K. Illiger, a noted naturalist.]
A small genus of climbing shrubs of the nat-
ural order Combretacea:, suborder Gyrocarpea",
the type of the old group or suborder Illigera-
cece. They have hermaphrodite flowers, in which the ca-
lyx-tube is provided with a 5-narted limb and the corolla
has 5 linear-oblong petals. The leaves are alternate, and the
flowers are large and in lax pedunculate cymes. Six spe-
cies are known, natives of India and the adjacent islands
of the Malay archipelago. B. ai/prndiculata, a huge woody
climber, IB common In the tropical forests of Burma.

Illigeraceae (i-lij-e-ra'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < II-
linera + -ace<r.] A former group or suborder
of plants of the natural order Combrelacetr,
now referred to the suborder (lyrocarpea; the
species of which are distinguished from the
other members of the family by the fact that
their anthers dehisce by valves, in which re-
spect they resemble laurels.

illightent (i-li'tn), r. t. [< »H, in-1, + lif/htoi1.
< (. enlighten.] To enlighten.

Th' illliihiened soul discovers clear
Th' abusive shows of sense.

Daniel, Clvfl Wars, v. 4.

The flesh is overshadowed with the imposition of the
hand, that the soul may be illiyhtenfd by the Spirit.

Bp. Hall, Imposition of Hands.

illimitability (i-liin'i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [< illimi-
table : see -bility.] The quality of being illimi-
table.

To know one's own limit is to know one's own illimita-
bility. Veitch, Introd. to Descartes's Method, p. cxxxvii.

illimitable (i-lini'i-ta-bl), a. [= F. illimitable
= Sp. Mmitable, < 1'j. in- priv. + ML. limitalii-

illiteracy

/(*•, limitable: see limitable.] Incapable of be-
ing limited or bounded ; having no determinate
1 limits.

A dark

Illimitable ocean, without bound,

Without dimension, where length, breadth, and hlghth,

And time and place, are lost. Milton, P. L., II. 892.

Hi! manners were preposterous in their illimitable ab-
surdity. -/. T. Fields, Underbruah, p. 73.

This so vast and seemingly solid earth Is but an atom
among atoms, whirling, no man knows whither, through
illimitable space. Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 14.

= Syu. Boundless, limitless, unlimited, unbounded, Im-
measurable, Infinite, immense, vast.

illimitableness (i-lim'i-ta-bl-nes),n. Thestate
or quality of being illimitable.

illimitably (i-lim'i-ta-bli), adv. Without pos-
sibility of being bounded; without limitation.
Johnson.

illimitation (i-lim-i-ta'shon), n. [= F. illimi-
tation, < L. in- priv. + limitatio(n-), limitation:
see limitation.] The state of being illimitable;
freedom from limitation. [Bare.]

Their popes' snpremacie, infallibilitle, illimitation, tran-
substantiatlon, Ac. Bp. Hall, Apol. against Brownists.

illimited (i-lim'i-ted), a. [< in-* + limited.] Un-
limited. [Rare.]

Neither can any creature have power to command It
[to take a man's life!, but those only to whom he hath
committed it by speciall deputation ; nor they neither by
auy independent or illimittd authority.

Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, ii. 1.

illimitedness (i-lim'i-ted-nes), n. Absence of
limitation; boundlessness. [Bare.]

The absoluteness and illimltcdnets of his commission
was much spoken of. Clar* ndon, Great Rebellion, II. MO.

illinition (il-i-nish'on), n. [Irreg. < L. illinere,
inlinere, pp. ittitus, inlitus, also illinitus, inlini-
tus, smear or spread on, < in, on, + linere, smear,
spread: see lin i men t.] 1. A smearing or rub-
bing in or on, as of an ointment or liniment ; in-
unction.— 2. That which is smeared or rubbed
in. — 3. A thin crust of extraneous substance
formed on minerals. [Bare in all uses.]

It is sometimes disguised by a thin crust or illinition of
black manganese. Kirwan.

Illinoisan, Illinoisian (il-i-noi'an, -zi-an), a.
and H. [< Illinois, a State named from a tribe
of Indians so called (orig. by the F. explorers),
< Illini, their native name, said to mean 'men,'
+ -ois, a F. term., = E. -ese.] I. a. Of or per-
taining to Illinois, one of the United States,
bordering on Lake Michigan.

H. n. A native or an inhabitant of the State
of Illinois.

A drama of like cast, and successfully adapted to the
stage, is " Pendragon," the work of an lllinoisian William
Young. The Century, XXX. 79S.

Hlinois-ntlt(il-i-noi'nut'),n. The pecan, Carya

illiquation (il-i-kwa'shon), n. [< L. in, in, +
liquatio(n~), a melting, < liquare, melt: see li-
quate.] The melting of one thing into another,
illiquefactt (i-lik'we-fakt), r. t. [< LL. illique-
factus, inliquefactus, melted, liquefied, < L. in,
in, to, + liquefaetus, pp. of liquefacere, liquefy :
see liquefy, liquefaction.] To soften with moist-
ure; dissolve.

See how the sweat fals from His bloodlesse browes,
Which doth illiquefact the clotted gore.

Dane*, Holy Roode, p. 15.

illiquid (i-lik'wid), o. [= OF. illiqitide = Sp.
iliquido, < L. in- priv. + liqvidus, liquid : see
liquid.] In civil and Scots law. not liquid, clear,
or manifest ; not ascertained and constituted
either by a written obligation or by the decree
of a court : said of a debt or a claim.

Further progress was comparatively easy, the way be-
ing open for the construction of formula? upon illiquid
claims arising from transactions in which the practice of
stipulation gradually dropped out of use.

Encye. Brit., XX. 708.

illisiont (i-lizh'on), n. [< LL. iHMio(w-), ««-
linii>(n-). a striking against, < L. illidere, inli-
dere, pp. illisus, inlisvs, strike against, < in, on,
against, -t- lirdfre, strike; cf. collision, elision.]
The act of striking into or against something.

Cleanthes, In his Commentaries of nature, ... set this
down, that the vigour and flrmitnde of things is the illi-
*ton and smiting of fire. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 867.

Aristotle atfinncth this sound [humming of bees] to be
made by the illixion of an inward spirit upon a pellicle or
little membrane about the precinct or pectoral division
of their body. Sir f. Brmene, Vulg. Err., iii. -21.

illiteracy (i-lit'e-ra-si), n. [< illitera(te) + -cy.]
1 . The state of "being illiterate ; ignorance of
letters ; absence of education.

Both universities seem to have been reduced to the same
deplorable condition of Indigence and illiteracy.

T. Warttm, Hist. Eng. Poetry, H. 452,

illiteracy

Mohham'mad gloried in his illiteracy, as a proof of his
being inspired.

E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 229, note.

The dense illiteracy in many parts of the United States,
shown by the last census, is an argument in behalf of
public education that uo statesman who loves humanity
can with sound reason oppose. N. A. Sev., CXL. 310.

2. An error in the use of letters ; a literal or a
literary error. [Rare.]

The many blunders and illiteracies of the first publishers
of his [Shakspere's] works. Pope, Pref. to Shakespeare.

illiteral (i-lit'e-ral), a. [< L. in- priv. + titera-
lis, litteralis, literal: see literal.'] Not literal.
Dawson. [Bare.]

illiterate (i-lit'e-rat), a. and ». [= P. ilkttre =
Sp. iliterato = Pg. illiterate = It. illetterato, < L.
illiteratus, inliteratus, more correctly illitteratus,
inlitteratus, unlettered, uneducated, < in- priv.
+ literatus, litteratus, lettered, educated: see
literate.] I. a. 1. Ignorant of letters or books ;
having little or no learning ; unlettered ; uncul-
tivated: as, the illiterate part of the population;
an illiterate tribe. In census statistics and education-
al works illiterate is used in the specific sense of unable
to read; but in common use it implies only a notable or
boorish want of culture, a person unable to read being
said to be totally illiterate.

No more can ludgis Illitturate
Discus ane mater (weill I wat).
Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.), L 453.

The illiterate, that know not how
To cipher what is writ in learned books.

Shak., Lucrece, 1. 810.

It is more than a mere epigram to affirm that unlettered
races must of necessity be illiterate.

Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 3.

Intrepid, with muscles of steel, and finely formed, they

are very illiterate. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 26.

2. Showing illiteracy or want of culture; rude;
barbarous.

There are in many places heresy, and blasphemy, and
impertinency, and illiterate rudenesses.

Jet. Taylor, Extempore Prayer.

Brown monks with long dangling hair, and faces kindly
tut altogether illiterate, hang about in desultory groups.
Scribner's Mag., IV. 275.
= Syn. Unlettered, Unlearned, etc. See ignorant.

H. n. An illiterate person; one unable to
read or to write.

In Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, and some
German states, there are hardly any illiterates.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVII. 640.

These illiterates belong almost exclusively to the colored
race. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 382.

illiterately (i-lit'e-rat-li), adv. In an illiterate
manner.

To unread 'squires illiterately gay ;
Among the learn'd, as learned full as they.

Savage, To John Powell.

illiterateness (i-lit'e-rat-nes), n. The state of
being illiterate ; illiteracy.

What blindness pursues them, that they mark the
things He made only with their museum-labels, and think
they have exhausted its contribution when they have
never even been within sight of it? This is not even athe-
ism. It is simple illiterateness.

Nineteenth Century, XIX. 213.

illiterature (i-lit'e-ra-tur), «. [< L. in- priv.
+ literatura, litteratu'raj literature.] Want of
learning; unlettered condition; illiteracy; ig-
norance. [Rare.]

The more usual causes of this deprivation are want of
holy orders, illiterature, or inability for the discharge of
that sacred function, and irreligion. Ayli/e, Parergon.

The illiterature of the age approached to barbarism;
the evidences of history were destroyed.

/. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 247.

ill-judged (il'jujd'), a. Done without judg-
ment; injudicious; unwise.

ill-laidt, a. Badly conceived or proposed; un-
reasonable.

'Tis such another strange ill-laid request

As if a beggar should intreat a king

To leave his sceptre and his throne to him.

Beau, and Fl., King and No King, ii. 1.

ill-lived (il'livd'), a. [< ill + life + -ecP.-]
Leading a disreputable or wicked life.
A scandalous and ill-lived teacher. Bp. Hall.

ill-looked (il'lukf), a. Having an ill or bad
look; homely; plain. Scott.

ill-looking (il'luk'ing), a. Having a bad look
or appearance ; ugly ; uncomely.

ill-mannered (il'man'erd), a. Of bad manners;
uncivil; impolite; rude; boorish.

ill-natured (il'na'turd), a. 1. Having a bad na-
ture or character.

It is impossible that any besides an ill-natured man can
wish against the Being of a God.
Shaftesbury, Letter concerning Enthusiasm, 1 4, quoted

[in Fowler, p. 118.
Kich, foreign mould on their ill-natured land.

J. Philips, Cider, i.

2988

2. Having a bad temper; churlish; crabbed;
surly; spiteful: as, an ill-natured person.

It might be one of those ill-natured beings who are at
enmity with mankind, and do therefore take pleasure in
filling them with groundless terrors. Atterbury.

3. Indicating ill nature.

The ill-natured task refuse. Addison, tr. of Ovid.

4. Of uncertain temper; petulant; peevish; in-
tractable. [Scotch.]

He has a very kind heart; but 0! it's hard to live wi
him, he's sae ill-natured. Jamieson.

ill-naturedly (il'na'turd-li), adv. In an ill-
natured manner ; spitefully ; surlily,
ill-naturedness (il'na'turd-nes), «. The qual-
ity of being ill-natured; crabbedness; spite-
fulness.

illness (il'nes), n. [< ME. ilnesse, ylnesse; < ill
+ -ness.] If. Evilness; badness; wickedness;
iniquity ; moral perversion.

I haue lefte to hir the gardeins of Vulcan, whiche I

caused to make for her recreation. And if thou take it

from hir, thou shewest thyne ylnesse. Golden Book, xlvii.

The best examples haue neuer such forse to moue to any

goodnes as the bad, vaine, light, and fond haue to all Him.

Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 68.

2f. A bad or unfavorable stateorcondition; un-
favorableness.

He that has his chains knocked off, and the prison-doors
set open, is perfectly at liberty, though his preference be
determined to stay, by the illness of the weather. Locke.

3. An attack of sickness; ailment; malady;
disease : as, he has recovered from his illness.

This is the first letter that I have ventured upon, which
will be written, I fear, vacillantibus literis ; as Tully says,
Tyro's letters were after his recovery from an illness.

Atterbury.

= Syn. 3. Illness, Sickness, Ailment, complaint, disorder.
Sick and sickness have been considered until within the
present century essentially synonymous with ill and ill.
ness. Of late, English usage has tended to restrict sick
and sickness to nausea, and American usage has follow-
ed it so far as to regard illness as a rather more elegant
and less definite term : beyond that it does not seem like-
ly to go. An ailment is generally of small account, com-
paratively, and local: as, his ailment was only a headache.
None of these words represent ordinarily so serious an at-
tack as disease, but illness and sickness may do so. See
disease and debility.

illocable (i-16'ka-bl), a. [= Pg. illocavel, < L.
illocabilis, inlocabilis, lit. that cannot be placed,
< in- priv. + locabilis, < locare, place : see locate.}
In law, incapable of being placed out or hired.
illocal (i-16'kal), a. [< ML. illocalis, without
place, <.in--pn\.+ localis, local.] Without place;
not in any definite portion of space.

This is in itself very absurd, to suppose . . , finite and
particular beings to be thus illocal and immoveable, no-
where and every where.

Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 783.

Nor is the presence of Christ in the bread and wine (il-
local, uncircumscribed) based upon the fact that the body
of Christ is glorified. B&liotheca Sacra, XLV. 686.

illocality (il-o-kal'i-ti), n. [< illocal + -ity.]
Want of locality or place ; the state of not exist-
ing in a locality or place.

An assertion of the inextension and illocality of the soul
was long and very generally eschewed. Sir W. Hamilton.

ill-off (il'df '), a. Badly provided for; not in
comfortable circumstances : opposed to well-off.
Doubtless it is true that the greater part of the money
exacted comes from those who are relatively well-off. But
this is no consolation to the ill-off from whom the rest is
exacted. H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 73.

illogical (i-loj'i-kal), a. [< jii-3 + logical. Cf.
F. illogique.] 1." Ignorant or negligent of the
rules of logic or sound reasoning: as, an illogi-
cal disputant.

Even the most illogical of modern writers would stand
perfectly aghast at the puerile fallacies which seem to have
deluded some of the greatest men of antiquity.

Macaulay, Athenian Orators.

2. Contrary to the rules of logic or sound rea-
soning: as, an illogical inference.

What is there among the actions of beasts so illogical
and repugnant to reason? Cowley, Shortness of Life.

This distinction of precepts and counsels is illogical and
ridiculous, one member of the distinction grasping within
itself the other. South, Works, VIII. vi.

=Syn. 2. Inconclusive, inconsequent, unsound, fallacious,
sophistical.

illogicality (i-loj-i-kal'i-ti), n. [< illogical +
-ity. ] 1 . Illogicalness ;" want of logic or sound
reasoning.

It accuses the subtle Berkeley ... of illogicality.

Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 329.

2. That which is illogical ; a case of illogical-
ness.

Even Irish extraction would scarcely suffice to account
for the illogicality. 11. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 406.

illogically (i-loj'i-kal-i), adv. In an illogical
manner.

illude

•»

illogicalness (i-loj'i-kal-nes), n. The quality
of being illogical ; opposition to sound reason-
ing.

There are divers texts of the Old Testament applied to
Christ in the New, which, though they did not now inevi-
tably conclude against the present Jews, were without any
illoi/icalness employed against their ancestors.

Boyle, Works, IL 274.

ill-omened (il'o'mend), a. Having or attended
by bad omens ; ill-starred.

Remembering his ill-omen'd song, [she] arose
Once more thro' all her height.

Tennyson, Princess, vi.

illoricate (i-lor'i-kat), a. [< Jw-3 4- loricate.]
In rod'/., not loricate; having no lorica.

Illosporiacei (il-o-spo-ri-a'se-I), n. pi. [NL.
(Fries, 1846), < Illosporium + -acei.~] A division
of gymnomyeetous fungi, of which the genus
Illosporium is the type. It is referred by Sac-
cardo to the Hyphomycetes, family Tuberculariece,

Illosporium (il-o-spo'ri-um), n. [NL. (K. F. P.
von Martins, 1817), < Gr. (dial.) i/Wof, the eye, -r-
airopd, a spore.] A genus of fungi placed by
Saccardo in the Hyphomycetes, family Tubercu-
lariece, having the conidia globular and agglu-
tinated by a gelatinous substance. They occur
among mosses and lichens and on the trunks of
trees.

ill-partt, a. Ill-conditioned. Nares.
King John, that Hi-part personage.

Death ofR. Earle of Huntington (1601).

ill-set (il'sef), a. 1. Set or disposed to evil;
ill-natured; spiteful. [Scotch.]

Auld luckie cries ; " Ye're o'er ill-set;
As ye'd hae measure, ye sud met."

The Farmer's Ha', st. 88.

2. Having the type incorrectly set ; ill-printed.
If lovers should mark everything a fault,
Affection would be like an ill-set book,
Whose faults might prove as big as half the volume.
Middleton, Changeling, H. 1.

ill-sorted (il'sdr'ted), a. 1. Ill-assorted; ill-
arranged ; hence, ill-matched ; ill-paired : as,
an ill-sorted couple.— 2. Ill-suited; ill-satisfied.
[Scotch.]

Yell he Ul-sorted to hear that he's like to be in the pris-
on at Portanf erry. Scott, Guy Mannering, xlv.

ill-Starred (il'stard'), a. [< ill + star* + -ed"*.
Cf. disastrous.'] Under the influence of an
evil star; hence, fated to be unfortunate;
ill-omened. [A word borrowed from astrol-
ogy-]
Now, how dost thou look now? O ill-starr'd wench I

Shak., Othello, v. 2.

Then from thy foolish Heart vain Maid, remove
An useless Sorrow, and an ill-starr'd Love.

Prior, Henry and Emma.

ill-tempered (il'tem'perd), a. If. Distempered;
disordered.

Hath Cassius liv'd

To be but mirth and laughter to his Brutus,
When grief, and blood ill-temper'd, vexeth him ?

Shak., J. C., iv. 3.

Put on a half shirt first this summer, it being very hot ;
and yet BO ill-tempered I am grown, that I am afraid I shall
catch cold, while all the world is afraid to melt away.

Pepys, Diary, II. 139.

2. Having a bad temper; morose; crabbed;
petulant; surly; cross.

When I spoke that I was ill-temper'd too.

Shak., J. C., iv. 3.
= Syu. 2. See ill-natured.

illth (ilth), n. [< ill + -th; formed after the
analogy of wealth.'] That which conduces to
ill or evil. [Rare.]

The squandering of a nation's labor in the production
not of wealth but of illth results in the robbery of the wage-
workers. Christian Union, Aug. 11, 1887.

ill-time (il'tim'), v. t. [< ill + time, v.~\ To
do or attempt at an unsuitable time; mistime.
Wright. [Rare.]

ill-timed(irtimd'),p. a. Not at a suitable time;
unseasonable ; inopportune.

Madness, we fancy, gave an ill-tim'd Birth
To grinning Laughter, and to frantjc Mirth.

Prior, Solomon, iii.
He calls the speech as Hi-timed as it was rare.

Froude, Ccesar, p. 522.

ill-treat (il'tref), v. t. To treat unkindly or

unjustly.
ill-turned (il'ternd'), a. Badly fashioned or

composed.

He'd bid blot all, and to the anvil bring
These ill-torned verses to new hammering.

B. Jonson, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry,
illude (i-lud'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. illuded, ppr.
illuding. [< OF. Hinder = Pg. illudir = It. iilu-
dere, < L. illudere, inludere, play with, sport or
jest with, scoff at, mock, deceive, < in, in, on,+
ludere, play; cf. allude, collude, delude, elude.'}

illude

To play upon; mock; deceive with false hopes.
[Now rare.]

YeB, quod he, sauynge that I take the hydding by scrip-
ture for the more sure. For there wot I well (Jod speketh
& I can not be Uluded. .Sir '/'. More, Works, p. 106.

Sometimes athwart, sometimes he stn.uk him strayt,
And fulsed oft his blowes, t' illudr him with such bayt.
Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 9.
And of his lady too he doth reherse,
How shee fllwie* with all the art she can
Tli' ungrateful! lovo which other lords began.

Sir J. Davits, Dancing.

illume (i-lum'). v. t.; pret. and pp. illumed, ppr.
illuminti. [< OF. illumer (= Pg. illumiar = It.
illumare), contr. of illuminer, < L. illuminare, in-
luininare, light up: see illumine, illuminate.] To
illumine; illuminate. [Poetical.]

When yon same star, that's westward from the pole,
Had made his course to illume that part of heaven
Where now it burns. Shak., Ilamlet, i. 1.

Her looks were flx'd, entranced, illumed, serene.

Crabbe, Works, IV. 188.

illuminable (i-lu'mi-na-bl), a. [< LL. illumi-
ini/iilia, < \i. illuminare, light up: see illumi-
nate.] Capable of being illuminated.

illnminant (i-lu'mi-nant), a. and ». [= It. il-
luminante, < L. illuminan(t-)s, inluminan(t-)s,
ppr. of illuminare, inluminare, light up: see»M«-
minate.] I. a. Pertaining to illumination ; af-
fording light.

II. n. That which illuminates or affords light ;
a material from which light is procured.

They are near enough to the truth . . . to represent the
actual relation of the two illuminant*.

Pop. Sri. Mo., XXI. 686.

As lately as fifty years ago the candle was the chief illu-
minant in use. Science, XIII. 66.

With a new illuminant competing for favour, consum-
ers growled more openly at "bad gas" and high gas bills.

Nature, XXX. 270.

illuminary (i-lu'mi-na-ri), a. [< illumine + -ary,
after luminary.'] Pertaining to illumination;
illuminative. Scott. [Rare.]
illuminate (i-lu'mi-uat), v. ; pret. and pp. illu-
minated, ppr. illuminating. [< L. illuminatus,
inluminattts, pp. of illuminare, inluminare (>ult.
E. illumine and illume, q. v.), light up, illumi-
nate, < in, on, + luminare, light,<?umen (lumin-),
light: see luminate.] I. trans. 1. To give light
to ; light up.

It [sherris-sack) ilhtminaMh the face ; which, as a bea-
con, gives warning. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.

God . . . made the stars.
And set them in the firmament of heaven
To illuminate the earth. Milton, P. L., vii. 350.
Reason or Guide, what can she more reply,
Than that the Sun illuminate! the Sky;

Prior, Solomon, i.

2. To light up profusely; decorate with many
lights, as for festivity, triumph, oriiomago : as,
to illuminate one's house and grounds ; the city
was illuminated in honor of the victory. — 3.
To enlighten; inform; impart intellectual or
moral light to.

The light of natural understanding, u it, and reason, is
from God ; he it is which thereby doth illuminate every
man entering into the world. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 9.
The learned men of our Nation, whom he [Isaac Casa-
boinis] doth exceedingly illuminate with the radiant
beanies of his most elegant learning.

Coryat, Crudities, I. 43.

It was with a certain desperation that Shelley now
clung to his project of illuminating and elevating the
Irish people. E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 265.

4. To throw light upon; make luminous or
clear; illustrate or elucidate.

To illuminate the several pages with variety of exam-
ples. Watts.

To Bridgewater House, to see the pictures, where we
met Sterling. His criticisms very useful and illuminat-
ing. Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 182.

5. To decorate in color by hand; adorn with
pictures, ornamental letters, designs, etc., in
colors, gold, silver, etc., in flat tints, especially
without shading, or with merely conventional
shading: as, the illuminated missals or manu-
scripts of the middle ages.

The large brazen eagle, upon the outstretched wings
of which lay open the heavy Grail, or widely-spreading
Antinhoner — from the noted and illuminated leaves of
which they [the rulers of the choir) were chanting.

Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 20-J.

I say illuminated, because the miniatures are painted in
bright colours on grounds of burnished gold — a true ex-
ample of the original meaning of the word.

The Academy, June 1, 1889.
Illuminated Clock. See phosphorescent dial, under dial.

II. intrans. To display a profusion of lights,
in order to express joy, triumph, etc.

The [Irish] people eleven years afterwards ilhuninairrt
for General Grose on his return to the country, because
that general. " the one we have now among us, was kind
to the people" in the rebellion.

Gladstone, Nineteenth Century, XXII. 406.

2089

Hay London continues to illuminate on the Queen's
birthday, and make merry at princely anniversaries and
royal festivities. Peep at Our Cousins, i.

illuminate (i-lu'mi-nat), a. and «. [= F. illu-
ming = Sp. iluininailo = Pg. illuminado = It. il-
luminato, < L. illuminatus, pp.: see the verb.]

1. a. 1. Enlightened; illuminated. [Obsolete
or poetical.]

And as he then looked behind him he could see the
earth no more, but the isles all bright and illuminate
with a mild and delicate fire.

Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 993.

If they be illuminate by learning. Bacon.

2. Decorated with or as with colored pictures.

Illuminate missals open on the meads,
Bending with rosaries of dewy beads.

R. U. Stoddard, Hymn to Flora.

II. n. One who makes pretension to extra-
ordinary light and knowledge. See illuminati.

Such illuminates are our classical brethren !

llli. Mountagu, Appeal to Cesar, p. 16.

illuminati (i-lu-mi-na'ti), n. pi. [L., pi. of il-
luminatus, enlightened: see illuminate, a.] If.
Eccles., persons who had received baptism, in
which ceremony a lighted taper was given to
them as a symbol of spiritual enlightenment.
— 2. [ca/>.] A name given to different religious
societies or sects because of their claim to per-
fection or enlightenment in religious matters.
The most noted among them were the Alumbrados (the
Enlightened) of Spain in the sixteenth century, an ephem-
eral society of Belgium and northern France (also called
Ouerineti) in the seventeenth century, and an association
of mystics in southern France in the eighteenth century,
combining the doctrines of Swedenborg with the methods
of the freemasons.

3. [cop.] See Order of tlte Illuminati, below. —

4. In general, persons who affect to possess ex-
traordinary knowledge or gifts, whether justly
or not ; persons who lay claim to superior know-
ledge in any department : often used satirically.

Any one can see that the book which forms the centre
of the group is not a Bible, and the illuminati know that
it is a photographic album. .V. and Q., 7th ser., VI. 283.

The great arcanum [the secret of futurity] can be mas-
tered only by the very few who have the requisite intel-
lectual capacity. . . . Let Sir John Herschel say what he
pleases, astronomical problems are a mere bagatelle to the
problems our illuminati have to solve. //. Rogers.

Order of the Illuminati, a celebrated secret society
founded by Professor Adam Weishaupt at Ingolstndt in
Bavaria in 1776, originally called the Society of the Per-
fectibilists. It was deistic and republican in principle,
aimed at general enlightenment and emancipation from
superstition and tyranny, had an elaborate organization,
was to some extent associated with freemasonry, and
spread widely through Europe, though the Hlumlnati were
never very numerous. The order excited much antago-
nism, and was suppressed in Bavaria in 1786, but lingered
for some time elsewhere.

illumination (i-lu-mi-na'shon), n. [< ME. il-
lumynacyon = D. illuminatie "= G. Dan. Sw. il-
lumination, < OF. illumination, F. illumination
= Sp. iluminacion = Pg. illuminacSo = It. illu-
minasione, < LL. illuminatio(n-), inluminatio(n-),
a lightening up, <.~L. illuminare, inluminare, tight
up: see illuminate.'] 1. Supply of light; ema-
nation of luminous rays; light afforded by a
luminous body or substance.

The amount of illumination diminishes in proportion
to the square of the distance from the source of illumina-
tion. Lommel, Light (tratus. ), p. 23.

2. The act of illuminating, or the state of be-
ing illuminated ; a lighting up; specifically, an
unusual or profuse display of light ; decoration
by means of many lights, as in festivity or re-
joicing: as, the illumination of a city.

Bonfires, illuminations, and other marks of Joy appeared,
not only in London, but over the whole kingdom.

lip. Burnet, Hist. Own Tunes, an. 1710.

3. Mental enlightenment; knowledge or in-
sight imparted.

The deuelle entirs than by fals illumynacyow, and fals
sownnes and swetnes, and dyssanes a mans sanle.

Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. 8.), p. 17.

By leaving them (men] to God's immediate care for far-
ther iUuminaii"ti. he doth not bid them depend upon ex-
traordinary revelation. Stillingjleet, Sermons, II. vi.

There is no difficulty so great in Scripture but that, by

the supernatural illumination! ot God's Spirit concurring

with our natural endeavours, it is possible to be mastered.

Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. ix.

4. In a special use, the doctrine of the Illumi-
nati ; worship of enlightenment or knowledge.

One among many results of Scott's work was to turn the
tide against the Illumination, of which Voltaire, Diderot,
and the host of Encyclopedists were the high priests.

J. C. Shairp, Aspects of Poetry, p. 106.

5. Pictorial ornamentation of books and manu-
scripts by hand, as practised in the middle ages ;
adornment by means of pictures, designs, and
letters in flat colors, gilt, etc., practised espe-
cially in devotional works: as, the art of illu-
mination.

illnminism

Perfect illumination is only writing made lovely ; the
moment It passes into picture making It has lost its dig-
nity and function. liuikin, Lectures on Art, ( 143.

6. A representation or design in an illumi-
nated work: as, the illuminations of a psalter.

In a glorious large folio Salisbury Missal on vellum, and
written out towards the middle of the fourteenth century,
now lying open before me, the T [beginning the canon or
Tc igltur] Is so drawn as to hold within it an illumination
of Abraham about to slay his son Isaac.

Jtoclc, Church of our Fathers, I. 103.
Circle of illumination, that circle on the earth which
separates places where it is day from places where it is
night; that great circle on the earth whose plane is per-
pendicular to the line joining the centers of the earth and
sun.— Direct illumination. See direct.

illuminatism (i-lu'mi-ua-tizm), n. [< illumi-
nate, a., + -i*iii.\ Same as illuminism.

illuminative (i-lu'mi-na-tiv), a. [= F. iHumi-
natif = Sp. iluminativo = Pg. It. illuminative;
as illuminate + -ive.] Having the power of pro-
ducing or giving light ; tending to enlighten or
inform; illustrative.

We then enter Into the illuminative way of religion, and
set upon the acquist of virtues, and the purchase of spir-
itual graces. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 70.

What makes itself and other things be seen (as being ac-
companied by light) is called fire ; what admits the illu-
minative action of are, and is not seen, is called air.

Sir K. Digby, Nature of Bodies, Iv.

Illuminative month. Same as tynvdical month (which
see, under month).

illuminate (il-18-mi-na'to), n. [It.: see illu-
minate, a.] One of the illuminati; a person
claiming to possess exceptional enlightenment.

An illiiniiiuiiii like Katkoff may write as if Bussla was
Invincible ; practical men know better.

Contemporary Rev. LI. 592.

illuminator (i-lu'mi-na-tor), n. [= F. illumi-
nateur = Sp. iluminador = Pg. illuminador =
It. illuminatore, < LL. illuminator, inluminator,
an enlightener, < L. illuminare, inluminare, en-
lighten, illuminate: see illuminate.] 1. One
who or that which illuminates or gives light ; a
natural or artificial source of light, literally or
figuratively: as, the sun is the primary illumi-
nator.

Some few ages after came the poet Geffery Chaucer, who,
writing his poesies in English, is of some called the first
illuminator of the English tongue.

Vcrstegan, Rest, of Decayed Intelligence, viL

The chemists will perhaps be ready ... to produce a
cheap illuminator from water. The Century, XXVI. 839.

2. One who decorates manuscripts, books, etc.,
with ornamental pictures, designs, letters, etc.,
in the style called illumination.

As no book or document was approved unless it had
some ornamented and illuminated initials or capital let-
ters, there was no want of illuminators.

Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 682.

3. A lens or mirror in a microscope or other
optical instrument for concentrating the light.
— 4. A glass tile or floor-light. — 6. An appa-
ratus for directing a beam of light upon some
object, as in lighting parts of the body in sur-
gical or medical examinations. — 6. A device
for carrying a small electric light into the mouth
in examining the teeth — Opaque illuminator, an
illuminator for a microscope, formed by a circular disk of
thin gloss, placed at an angle of 46° with the axis of the
instrument, and reflecting rays from a side aperture down-
ward upon the object Parabolic illuminator, in a

microscope, a reflector of semiparaboloid form placed over
an opaque object to illuminate it. It is silvered inside,
and the object is placed in its focus.

illumine (i-lu'min), v. t.; pret. and pp. illu-
mined, ppr. illumining. [= D. illumineren =
G. illuminiren = Dan. ittuminere = Sw. illumi-
nera, < F. illuminer = Pr. enlumenar, illuminar,
illumenar, ellumenar = Sp. iluminar = Pg. illu-
minar = It. illuminare, < L. illuminare, inlumi-
nare, light up: see illuminate. Cf. illume.] To
illuminate ; light up ; throw light upon, literally
or figuratively.

And as the bright sun glorifies the sky,
So Is her face illumined with her eye.

Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 486.
What in me is dark
Illumine, what is low raise and support.

Milton, 1'. L. L 23.
At civic revel and pomp and game,
And when the long-iKumiiu-d cities flame.

Tennyton, Death of Wellington, viii.

illnminee (i-lu-mi-ne'), "• [< F- illumine, < L.
illuminatus, pp.: see illuminate, a.] An illumi-
nate ; specifically, a member of a sect or of the
order of Illuminati.

illuminer (i-lu'mi-ner), n . One who illuminates;
an illuminator. [Rare.]

He (E. Norgate) became the best Illuminer or Limner
of our age. Fuller, Worthies, Cambridgeshire.

illuminism (i-lu'mi-nizm), n. [= F. Uluminisme
= Sp. iluminismo = Pg. illuminismo; as illumine

illuminism

+ -is»».] The principles or claims of illumi-

nati, or of a sect or the order of Dluminati.

Also illuHiinatixm. [Bare.]
illuministic (i-lu-mi-nis'tik), a. [< illumine +

-isft'c.] Relating to illuminism, or to the Ulu-

minati.
illuminize (i-lu'mi-niz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. il-

lumiuizcd, ppr. illuminizing. [< illumine + -ize.~]

To initiate in the doctrines or principles of the

Illuminati. Imp. Diet.
illuminous (i-lu* mi-nus), a. [Irreg. < illumine +

-ous, after luminous.'] Bright; clear. [Rare.]

This life, and all that it contains, to him
Is but a tissue of illuminous dreams.

Sir H. Tatjlor, Edwin the Fair, ii. 2.

illupi (il'u-pi), n. [E. Ind.] An evergreen tree,
Bassia longifolia, a native of India. The flowers
are roasted and eaten, and are also boiled to a jelly ; the
leaves and milky juice of the unripe fruit are used medi-
cinally ; the bark contains a gummy juice used in rheu-
matism, and the bark itself is used as a remedy for the cure
of itch. The seeds furnish an oil called Ulupi-oU. Also
written Ulupie, ilpa, illipoo, illepe, and elloopa.

illupi-oil (il'u-pi-oil), re. A fixed solid oil ob-
tained from the seeds of Bassia longifolia. See
illupi, and Bassia oil (under Bassia).

illuret (i-lur'), v. t. [< in-2 4- lure; a var. of
rtBwe1.] To lure; allure; entice.

The devil eusnareth the souls of many men by illuring
them with the muck and dung of this world to undo them
eternally. Fuller.

illusion (i-lu'zhqn), n. [= D. illusie = G. Dan.
Sw. illusion = F\ illusion = Pr. illusio = Sp. ilu-
sion = Pg. illusao = It. illusione, < L. illusio(n-),
inlusio(n-), a mocking, jesting, irony, < illudere,
inludere, pp. illusus, inlusus, play with, mock:
see illude.'] 1. That which illudes or deceives ;
an unreal vision presented to the bodily or men-
tal eye ; deceptive appearance ; false show.

All her furniture was like Tantalus's gold described by
Homer, no substance, but mere illusions.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 447.
Have you more strange illusions, yet more mists,
Through which the weak eye may be led to error?

Beau, and Fl., Woman-Hater, v. i.
Still less can appearance and illusion be taken as iden-
tical. For truth or illusion is not to be found in the ob-
jects of intuition, but in the judgments upon them, so far
as they are thought. It is therefore quite right to say
that the senses never err, not because they always judge
rightly, but because they do not judge at all.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (tr. by Max Jiuller), p. 293.
The cleverest, the acutest men are often under an illu-
sion about women ; . . . their good woman is a queer
thing, half doll, half angel; their bad woman almost
always a fiend. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xx.

Specifically — 2. In psycliol., a false perception
due to the modification of a true perception by
the imagination : distinguished from false ap-
pearances due to the imperfection of the bodily
organs of sense, such as irradiation, and from
hallucinations, into which no true perception
enters. See hallucination, 2. — 3. The act of de-
ceiving or imposing upon any one ; deception ;
delusion; mockery.

I told my lord the duke, by the devil's illusions
The monk might be deceiv'd. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 2.
In Cappadocia was seated the Citie Comana, wherein
was a Temple of Bellona, and a great multitude of such as
were there inspired and rauished by deuillish illusion.

Purehas, Pilgrimage, p. 320.
This world is all a fleeting show,
For man's illusion given.

Moore, This World is all a Fleeting Show.
The daring was only an illusion of the spectator.

Emerson, Courage.

4. A thin and very transparent kind of tulle.
— Fantastic Illusion, a perception which is influenced
by an excited imagination, as when a bush is supposed to
be a bear.— Physiological Illusion, an illusion in which
perception is influenced by memory and ordinary expec-
tation, as when one fails to detect a typographical error :
same as illusion, 2. =Syn. Delusion, Illusion, etc. See
delusion.

illusionable (i-lu'zhon-a-bl), «. [< illusion +
-able.'] Subject to illusions; liable to be de-
ceived; easily imposed upon. [Rare.]

Burke was not a young poet, but an old and wary states-
man, . . . one who had been in the maturity of his powers
and reputation when those illusionable youths [Words-
worth and Coleridge] were in their cradles.

The Academy, Sept. 6, 1879, p. 187.
illusionist (i-lu'zhon-ist), n. [< illusion + -ist.']

1. One who is subject to illusion; one who
trusts in illusions.

The man of sense is the visionary or illusionist, fancy-
ing things as permanencies, and thoughts as fleeting phan-
toms. Alwtt, Tablets, p. 174.

2. One who produces illusions for deception or
entertainment; specifically, a sleight-of-hand
performer.

Jugglers, and illusionists, and sleight-of-hand perform-
ers of every grade, prefer examining committees com-
posed of leading citizens— and instinctively dread the

2990

criticism of children and of day-laborers, who, being un-
able to read or write, or to think or reason according to
the books, are obliged to trust their instincts.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 337.

illusive (i-lu'siv), a. [= Sp. ilusivo = Pg. illii-
sivo; < L. as if *illusivus, < illudere, inlndere,
pp. illusus, inlusus, illude : see illude.j Deceiv-
ing by illusion ; deceitful ; false ; illusory.
I am that Truth, thou some illusive spright.

£. Jonson, The Barriers.
In yonder mead behold that vapour
Whose vivid beams illusive play ;
Far off it seems a friendly taper
To guide the traveller on his way.

J. G. Cooper, Tomb of Shakspeare.

illusively (i-lu'siv-li), adv. In an illusive man-
ner.

illusiveness (i-lu'siv-nes), n. The quality of
being illusive ; deception ; false show.

illusor (i-lu'sor), n. [< LL. illusor, inlusor, a
mocker, scoffer, < L. illudere, inludere, pp. illu-
sus, inlusus, mock, Ulude : see illude."] A de-
ceiver; a mocker. [Rare.]

The English lords, who then held the king in tutelage,
. . . refused him [Leo V. of Armenia] in the first instance
his passport — said that though he proffered peace he only
wanted money ; he was an illusor, and they would have
nothing to do with him.

Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 197.

illusory (i-lu'so-ri), a. and n. [= P. illusoire =
Sp. ilusorio = Pg. It. illusorio, < LL. illusor, in-
lusor, a mocker, < L. illudere, inludere, pp. illu-
sus, inlusus, mock: see illude.'] I. a. Causing
illusion; deceiving or tending to deceive by
false appearances; fallacious.

Illusory creations of imagination. J. Caird.

A wider scope of view, and a deeper insight, may see
rank, dignity, and station all proved illusory, so far as
regards their claim to human reverence.

Hawthorne, Seven Gables, viii.
= Syn. Deceptive, delusive. See delusion.

Il.t «. An illusion; a cheat. Nares.

To trust this traitor upon oath is to trust a divell uppon
his religion. To trust him uppon pledges, is a meare il-
lusorye. Letter of Queen Elizabeth (1699).

illustrable (i-lus'- or il'us-tra-bl), a. [< L. as
if *ilhistrabilis, < illustrare, light up: see illus-
trate.'] Capable of being illustrated ; admitting
of illustration.

Who can but magnifie the power of decussation, inser-
vient to contrary ends, solution and consolidation, union
and division illustrable from Aristotle in the old nucifra-
giutn or nut-cracker. Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, ii.

illustrate (i-lus'- or il'us-trat), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. illustrated, ppr. illustrating. [< L. illus-
tratus, inlustratus, pp. of illustrare, inlustrare
(> It. illustrare = Pg. illustrar = Sp. ilustrar
= F. illustrer), light up, make light, illumi-
nate, < illustris, inlustris, lighted up, bright:
see illustrious.'] 1. To illuminate ; make clear,
bright, or luminous. [Archaic.]

He had a star to illustrate his birth ; but a stable for
his bedchamber. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 807.

Swamps and twilight woods which no day illustrates.
Thoreau, Walden, p. 136.

2. To give honor or distinction to; make dis-
tinguished or illustrious ; glorify.

Your honour's sublimity doth illustrate this habitation.

Shirley, Maid's Revenge, ill. 2.

Matter to me of glory, whom their hate

Illustrates. Milton, P. L., v. 739.

Jurists turned statesmen have illustrated every page,

every year of our annals. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 136.

3. To make plain and conspicuous to the mind ;
display vividly ; also, to make clear or intelligi-
ble; elucidate.

The sense was dark ; 'twas therefore fit
With simile to illustrate it.

Cowper, To Robert Lloyd, 1. 62.

We alluded to the French Revolution for the purpose
of illustrating the effects which general spoliation pro-
duces on society. Macaulay, West. Rev. Def. of Mill.
Instead of illustrating the events which they narrated
by the philosophy of a more enlightened age, they judged
of antiquity by itself alone. Maeaulay, History.

Each new fact illustrates more clearly some recognized
law. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 32S.

4. To elucidate or ornament by means of pic-
tures, drawings, etc. (a) To furnish with pictorial
illustrations : as, to illustrate a book. (6) To grangerize.

illustrate! (i-lus'- or il'us-trat), a. [< L. illux-
tratus, pp.: see the verb.] Famous; renowned;
illustrious.

The right reuerend and illustrate lord.

Hakluyt's Voyayes, II. 73.

The king's command, and this most gallant, ilfastrate,
and learned gentleman. Shak., L. L. L, v. 1.

illustration (il-us-tra'shon), ». [= D. niitxtm-
tie = G. Dan. Sw. illustration = F. illustration
= Sp. ilustracion = Pg. illustraqao = It. illits-

illustriously

trazione, < 'L.illustratio(n-),inlustratio(n-'), vivid
representation (in rhet.), < illustrare, inlustrare,
light up, illustrate : see illustrate.'] 1. The act
of illustrating, or of rendering clear or obvious ;
explanation ; elucidation ; exemplification.

Analogy, however, is not proof, but illustration.

Stubbs, Const Hist., § 9.

2. The state of being illustrated or illumined.
[Obsolete in the literal sense.]

One Conradus, a devout priest, had such an illustration,
such an irradiation, such a coruscation, such a light at
the tops of those fingers which he used in the consecra-
tion of the sacrament, as that by that light of his fingers'
ends he could read in the night as well as by so many can-
dles. Donne, Sermons, viii.

The incredulous world had, in their observation, slipped
by their true prince, because he came not iu pompous
and secular illustrations.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 43.

3. That which illustrates. Specifically— (a) A com-
parison or an example intended for explanation or cor-
roboration.

A graver fact, enlisted on your side,
May furnish illustration, well applied.

Cowper, Conversation, 1. 206.

(6) A pictorial representation, map, etc., placed in a book
or other publication to elucidate the text.

4. Illustriousness ; distinction. [Rare.]

It would be a strange neglect of a beautiful and ap-
proved custom ... if the coUege in which the intellec-
tual life of Daniel Webster began, and to which his name
imparts charm and illustration, should give no formal ex-
pression to her grief in the common sorrow.

S. Choate, Addresses, p. 241

illustrative (i-lus'tra-tiv), a. [< illustrate +
-ive.~] Tending to illustrate, (o) Tending to eluci-
date, explain, or exemplify : as, an argument or a simile
illustrative of a subject.

Purging and pruning with all Industrie . . .
What's dull or flaccid, nought illustrative.

Dr. H. More, Psychathanasia, I. H. 41.

(dt) Tending to make glorious or illustrious ; honorific.

illustratively (i-lus'tra-tiv-li), adv. By way
of illustration or elucidation.

They being many times delivered hieroglyphically, met-
aphorically, illustratively, and not with reference unto ac-
tion. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ir. 12.

illustrator (i-lus'- or il'us-tra-tor), n. [= F.
illustratcur = Sp. ilitstrador = Pg. illustrador =
It. illustratore, < LL. illustrator, inlustrator, an
enlightener, < L. illustrare, inlustrare, illustrate :
see illustrate."] 1. One who illustrates, or ren-
ders bright, clear, or plain ; one who exemplifies
something in his own person.

To the right gracious illustrator of virtue . . . theEarle
of Montgomrie. Chapman, Ded. of Sonnet.

2. One who draws pictorial illustrations.

The finest work of the illuminator, the illustrator, and
the binder. . 0. W. Holmes, The Atlantic, LX. 219.

illustratory (i-lus 'tra-to-ri), a. f< illustrate
+ -m-y.~] Serving to illustrate; illustrative.
[Rare.]

illustret,'- <• [< F. illustrer, illustrate: see il-
lustrate.] To illustrate.

All illustred with Lights radiant shine.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 1.

illustrious (i-lus'tri-us), a. [= F. illustre = Sp.
ilustre = Pg. It. illustre, < L. illustris, inlustris,
lighted up, bright, clear, manifest, honorable,
illustrious, < in, in, -t- "lustrum, light (ML. a
window) : see luster. Cf. illustrate.] If. Pos-
sessing luster or brilliancy ; luminous ; bright ;
shining.

The Clifl parted in the midst, and discovered an illus-
trious concave, filled with an ample and glistering light.
B. Jonson, Hue and Cry.

Quench the light ; thine eyes are guides illustrious.

Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, iv. 3.

2. Distinguished by greatness, genius, etc.;
conspicuous; renowned; eminent: as, an il-
lustrious general or magistrate; an illustrious
prince or author.

There goes the parson, 0 illustrious spark !
And there, scarce less illustrious, goes the clerk !
Cowper, On Observing Some Names of Little Note.

3. Conferring luster or honor ; brilliant; tran-
scendent; glorious.

His right noble mind, illustrious virtue,

And honourable carriage. Shak., 1. of A., lit. 2.

Illustrious acts high raptures do infuse,
And every conqueror creates a muse.

Waller, Panegyric on Cromwell.

=Syn. 2 and 3. Distinguished, Eminent, etc. (see fa-
mous); remarkable, signal, exalted, noble, glorious,
illustriously (i-lus'tri-us-li), adv. In an illus-
trious manner; conspicuously; eminently; glo-
riously.

He disdained not to appear at festival entertainments,
that he might more illustriously manifest his charity.

Bp. Atterbmy.

illustriousness

illustriousness (i-lus'tri-uw-nes), n. The con-
dition or quality of being illustrious; eminence;
greatness: grandeur; glory,
illuxurious (il-ug-zu'ri-us), a. [< ('«-•* + htjrii-
»••«««.] Not luxurious. [Rare.]

The Widow Vanhomrlgh and her two daughters quitted
the illuxuriout soil of their native country for the more
elegant pleasures ol the English court.

Orrery, On Swift, !x.

ill-will (ir\vil'),». Kumity; malevolence. [Not
properly a compound.)
Ron. Why look you so upon met
Phe. For no ill will I bear you.

Shak., As you Like it, ill. 5.

= Syn. Animosity, Ill-trill, Enmity, etc. See animority.
ill-wilier (il'wil'er), n. One who wishes an-
other ill; an enemy.

As who would say her owne ouermuch lenitie and good-
nesse made her ill irillem the more bold and presumptu-
ous. Puttenham, Arte ol Eng. Poesie, p. 181.

gut-en Elizabeth knowing well that she had drawn many
Hl-mUfru agiiinst her State, she endeavour'd to strengthen
it by all the means she could devise.

Baker, Chronicles, p. 332.

ill-Willy (il'wil'i), a. [Sc., also M-willie; < ill-
trill + -y1.] 1. Ill-disposed ; ill-natured; ma-
licious.

An ill-ii-illii cow should have short horns.

Scotch proverb.

2. Grudging ; niggardly : as, an ill-ailly wife,
ill-wisher (il'wisn'er), n. One who wishes evil

to another; an enemy,
ill-wrestingt, a. Misinterpreting ; putting a

bad construction upon matters.

Now this til-unresting world is grown so bad,
Mad slanderers by mad ears believed be.

Shah., Sonnets, cxl.

illy (il'i), adv. [< ill, a., + -fy2.] In an ill or
evil manner; not well; unsatisfactorily; ill.
[Illy, though correctly formed from the adjective ill, Is
not in common or good use, the adverb ill being pre-
ferred.]

I low illy they [the Papists] digested it may be seen by
this passage. Strype, Memorials, i. 2.

Whereby they might see how illy they were served.

R. Kik«(Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 306).

Thou dost deem

That I have i!/:/ spared so large a band,
Disabling from pursuit our weaken'd troops.

Southey.

Illyrian (i-lir'i-an), a. and n. [< L. lllyriiw,
Illyrian, Illyria j' Illyria, < lllijrii, Gr. 'DMpiot,
the Illyrians.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to Illyria or
Illyricum, an ancient region east of the Adri-
atic, comprising in its widest extent modern
Albania, Bosnia, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia,
etc., conquered by the Roman sand made a prov-
ince, and later a prefecture. — 2. Pertaining
to modern Illyria, a titular kingdom of Austria-
Hungary, comprising at present Carinthia, Car-
niola, and the Maritime Territory. — 3. Pertain-
ing to the modern Serbo-Croatian race or lan-

2991

black prismatic crystals. It is found in the
island of Elba and elsewhere. Also called liev-
ritc and yciiili .

Ilybius (i-lib'i-us), n. [NL., < Gr. tti>f, mud,
slime, + f-iiof, life.] A genus of water-beetles,
of the family Dytiscida: There
are about 15 North American and a num-
ber of European species, separated from
{'"I'liitfjetes and other related genera by
having the penultimate joint of the la-
bial palpi as long as the last Joint, ami
by the more convex form of the body.
I. ater, of the United States, Is an ex-
ample. Ericheon, 1832. Properly Ilyo-
biutt.

Ilysanthes (il-i-san'thez). «. . -»•
[NL. (Kaftnesque), < Gr. Ufa /&*••" »'^"«:
mud, T av6of, a flower; from its JSJiraisjw.) '
habit.] A genus of annual herbs,
of the natural order flrropliularinea!, tribe Gra-
t iiilrir. It is characterized by a 5-parted calyx, a corolla
with the upper lip erect and 2-lobed and the lower lip
spreading and thrice cleft, and 2 included stamens. They
are small smooth plants with opposite leaves and small
axillary purplish flowers or the upper racemcd. /. gra-
tioloidei ol the eastern United States is the false pimper-
nel.

Ilysia (i-lis'i-a), «. [NL., < Gr. 'Mf, mud, slime.)
A genus of short-tailed serpents, of the family
Tortricida>. The coral-snake of Guiana is /. scy-
tale. Also called Tortrix.

im-1. An assimilated form of in-l before a la-
bial. In the following words, in the etymology,
the prefix im-1 is usually referred directly to
the original in-1.

im-2. An assimilated form (in Latin, etc.) of
in-2 before a labial. In the following words, in
the etymology, im-2 is usually referred directly
to the original i«-2.

im-3. An assimilated form (in Latin, etc.) of
the negative or privative in-3 before a labial.
In the following words, in the etymology, im-3
is usually referred directly to the original in-3.

image (im'aj), w. [< ME. image, ymage, < OF.
image, F. image = Pr. image, emage = Sp. imd-
gen = Pg. imagem = It. immagine, imagine, im-

fuage.— myrian Provinces, a government formed by
apoleon in 18«», comprising various territories taken from
Austria, lying north and east of the Adriatic. It was under
French control, was abolished in 1814-15, and in 1816 was
made a nominal kingdom of the Austrian empire. See
del. 2.

II. «. 1. A native of ancient Illyricum. The
Illyrians were perhaps allied to the Thracians,
and are now represented by the Albanians. —
2. Au inhabitant of the modern titular king-
dom of Illyria. — 3. A member of the Serbo-
Croatian race, now living in the territory of
ancient Illyricum.

ilmenite (il'men-it), H. [< Ilmen (see def.) +
-//(•'-'.] A mineral of a black color and subme-
tallic luster, consisting of the oxids of iron and
titanium, and isomorphous with hematite. The
original Ilmenite is from the Ilmen mountains (in the
southern Urals), but the same mineral is common elsewhere.
Some ol its varieties are crichtonite, hystatlte, washing-
tonite, etc. Also called titanic iron ore and mriutchanile.

ilmenium (il-me'ni-um), n. [NL., < Ilmen (see
def.) + -iuin.] A name given by Hermann to
an element supposed by him to be present in
the aaschynite from the Dineu mountains (in the
southern Urals), also in yttrotautalite and some
related minerals. His conclusions have not
been accepted by other chemists.

ilmenorutile (il'men-o-r6'til), ». [< Ilmen (see
ilff.) + rutili .~\ A variety of rutile from the
Ilmen mountains (in the southern Urals), con-
taining some iron sesquioxid.

ilomet, ' adr. [ME., < AS. <7<7owc (= OHG. gi-
IOIHO), frequently.] Often ; frequently.

01 this mis larinde pruyde he herde tellen olte and Home.
Holy Rood (E. E. T. 3.), p. 51.

ilpa (il'pii), ». Same us illi<i>i.
ilvaite (it'va-it), H. [< L. lira, Elba, + -iV-'.]
A silicate of iron and calcium occurring in

mage, image, <L. imago (imagiit-), a copy, like-
ness, image, < "im, root of imitari, copy, imitate :
see imitate. Hence imagine, etc.] 1 . A likeness
orsimilitude of a person, animal, or thing; any
representation of form or features, but more
especially one of the entire figure, as by sculp-
ture or modeling ; a statue, effigy, bust, relief,
intaglio, portrait, etc. : as, an image in stone,
bronze, clay, or wax; a painted or stamped
image; to worship idolatrous images.

And before that Chirche is the Ymage of Justynyan
the Emperour, covered with Gold.

Matulerille, Travels, p. 8.

I saw an Image, all of massie gold.
Placed on high upon an Altarc faire.

Spenser, Ruines of Time, 1. 491.

Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image: . . .
thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them.

Ex. xx. 4.

I have bewept a worthy husband's death,
And liv'd by looking on his image*.

Shale., Rich. ILL, 1L 2.

2. A natural similitude, reproduction, or coun-
terpart; that which constitutes aii essential rep-
resentation, copy, or likeness: as, the child is
the very image of its mother.

They which honour the law as an image of the wisdom
of God himself are notwithstanding to know that the same
had an end in Christ Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iv. 11.

Let us make man in our image, after our likeness.

Gen. i. 20.
This play is the image of a murther done in Vienna.

Shale., Hamlet, ill. 2.

The married state, with and without the affection suit-
able to it, is the completes! image of heaven and hell we
are capable of receiving in this life.

Steele, Spectator, So. 479.

3. A concrete mental object, not derived from
direct perception, but the product of the ima-
gination; a mental picture.

Can we conceive
Image of aught delightful, soft, or great? Prior.

The image of his father was less fresh In his mind.

DfsjwK

4f. Semblance ; show ; appearance ; aspect.

For by the image of my cause 1 see
The portraiture of his. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2.
The Apocalyps of Saint John is the majestick image of
a high and stately Tragedy.

Milton, Church-Government, Pref., 11.

The lace of things a frightful image bears.

Dnjden, JSneltl.

5. In rliet., a metaphor so expanded as to pre-
sent a complete likeness or picture to the mind;
a similitude wrought out by description; an il-
lustrative comparison : as, a metaphor suggests

imagery

a likeness, but an image paints it with a few
verbal touches.

Imogen . . . are of great use to give weight, magnifi-
cence, and strength to a discourse. London Encyc.

6. An optical counterpart or appearance of an
object, such as is produced by reflection from
a mirror, refraction by a lens, or the passage
of luminous rays through a small aperture.
See vision, mirror, and lens. — 7. In math., when
imaginary quantities are represented by points
on a plane, a point representing any given
function of a quantity represented by another
point, the former point is said to be the image

of the latter Aerial Image. See aerial.— After

image. See a/ter-imngr. — Double Image. See double.
— Electric image (as denned by Maxwell), an electrified
point, or system of points, on one side of a surface which
would produce on the other side of that surface the same
electrical action which the actual electrification of that
surface really doesproduce. (Thomson.)— Inverted im-
age. See lent.— Multiple Images, images formed by
reflection and re-reflection in two mirrors, as In a kaleido-
scope.—Negative or accidental image, the image
which is perceived when the eye, after looking intently
at a bright-colored object, is directed to a white surface.
The color is complementary to that of the original, on
account of the fatigue and consequent failure to act of the
nervous mechanisms called Into play in the first instance.
— Worship of Images. See image-worship.
image (im'aj), r. <.; pret. and pp. imaged, ppr.
imaging. £ < image, ». Cf. imagine, v. ] 1. To
form an image of ; represent by an image ; re-
flect the likeness of: mirror: as, mountains
imaged in the peaceful lake.

My soul, though feminine and weak.
Can image his ; e'en as the lake,
Itself disturbed by slightest stroke,
Reflects the invulnerable rock.

Scott, L. of the L., Iv. 10.
They in their leaf-shadowed microcosm
Image the larger world.

Lowell, Under the Willows.

Yet a lew great natures even then began to compre-
hend the charm and mystery which the Greeks had imaged
in their Pan. J. A. Symotuls, Italy and Greece, p. 243.

2. To present to the mental vision ; exhibit a
mental picture of; portray to the imagination.

The Flight of Satan to the Oates of II ell is finely imaged.
Addison, Spectator, No. 809.

3. To form a likeness of in the mind; call up
a mental image or perception of; imagine.

Condemn'd whole years in absence to deplore,
And image charms he must behold no more.

Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, I. 362.

The prolonged effort to recall or image colors or visual
forms tires the visual organs.

0. T. Latld, Physiol. Psychology, p. 542.

4. To be like ; resemble : as, he imaged his
brother. Pope.

breaks or destroys images ; an iconoclast,
imaged (im'ajd), a. [< image + -ed?.~\ Deco-
rated with human figures : applied to porcelain
and fine pottery : as, an imaged tea-service,
imageless (im'aj-les), a. [< image + -less.]
Having no image ; not using images.

But a voice
Is wanting ; the deep truth is imageless. Shelley.

image-mug (im'aj-mug), «. A pitcher or jug
formed in the general shape of a human being,
or of a head and bust.

imagert, «. [ME. imageour, < OF. "imageor, ima-
yeur (also imagier, imager), a sculptor, < image,
an image.] One who images; a sculptor or
painter.

Now this more peer-les learned imager,
Life to his lovely picture to confer.
Did not extract out of the elements
A certain secret chymik quint-essence.

Du Bartas (trans.).

imagery (im'aj-ri or -er-i), n. [< ME. imagerie,
ymagerie, < OP. (also F.) imagerie, imagery; as
image + -ry.~] 1. Representation in an image
or by images; formation of images by art; also,
images collectively.

Oiue enery one his particular name, as Resemblance by
Pourtrait or Imagery, which the Greeks call Icon, Resem-
blance moral! or misticall, which they call Parabola, A
Resemblance by example, which they call Paradigma.

Puttettliam, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 201.
You would have thought . . . that all the walls,
With painted imagery, had said at once —
Jesu preserve thee ! Shot., Rich. IL, v. 2.

Those high chancel screens surmounted by imagery and
paintings, by which the chancel arch was often completely
filled up. Q. Scott, Hist. Eng. Church Architecture, p. 49.

2*. A type or general likeness ; similitude.

Dress your people unto the imagery of Christ.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), II. 127.

They are our brethren, and pieces of the same imagery

with ourselves. Fettham, Resolves, U. 58.

imagery

3. Descriptive representation; exhibition of
ideal images to the mind; figurative illustra-
tion.

I wish there may be in this poem any instance of good
imagery. Dry dm.

That poverty of thought and profusion of imagery which
are at once the defect and the compensation of all youth-
ful poetry. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 215.

4. Mental representation ; formation of images
in the mind; fanciful or fantastic imagination.

It might be a mere dream which he saw ; the imagery
of a melancholick fancy. Bp. Atterbury.

What can thy imagery of sorrow mean ?

Prior, Solomon, ii.

image-worship (im'aj-wer"ship), n. The wor-
ship of images; as a term of reproach, the wor-
ship of idols ; idolatry. The veneration of images, as
the crucifix, or paintings or statues of the Virgin Mary or
of the saints, is practised in the Roman Catholic and Ori-
ental churches. The Roman Catholic doctrine concerning
such veneration is, "that the images of Christ, of the Vir-
gin Mother of God, and of the other saints, are to be had
and retained particularly in temples, and that due honor
and veneration are to be given them ; not that any divinity,
or virtue, is believed to be in them, on account of which
they are to be worshipped ; or that any thing is to be asked
of them ; or that trust is to be reposed in images, as was
of old done by the Gentiles, who placed their hope in idols ;
but because the honor which is shown them is referred to
the prototypes which those images represent ; in such wise
that by the images which we kiss, and before which we un-
cover the head and prostrate ourselves, we adore Christ,
and we venerate the saints whose similitude they bear."
Decrees of the Council of Trent (quoted in Schaff's "Creeds
of Christendom," II. 201).

imagilett, »»• [< !*• as if "imagiletto, < imagine,
immagine, image: see image and -let.] A small
image.

Italy affords finer alabaster, whereof those imagilets
wrought at Leghorn are made.

Fuller, Worthies, Staffordshire, III. 124.

imaginable (i-maj'i-ua-bl), o. [< F. imaginable
= Pr. ymaginable = Sp. imaginable = Pg. imagi-
navel = It. imaginable, now immaginaltile, also
immagincvole, < ML. imagiiiabilis, < L. imaginari,
imagine : see imagine."] Capable of being im-
agined or conceived.
He ran into all the extravagances imaginable.

Steele, Spectator, No. 82.

imaginableness (i-maj'i-na-bl-nes), 11. The

state of, being imaginable.
imaginably (i-maj'i-na-bli), adv. So as to be

capable of being imagined ; in a conceivable

manner; possibly.

We found it so exceeding (and scarce imaginably) dim-
cult a matter to keep out the air from getting at all in at
any imperceptible hole or flaw. Boyle, Works, 1. 10.

imaginal (i-maj'i-nal), a. [= OF. imaginal, <
LL. imaginalis, figurative, < L. imago (imagin-),
image, figure: see image.'] 1 . Characterized by
imagination; imaginative. [Rare.] — 2. Given
to the use of rhetorical figures or images. North
British Bev. [Rare.] — 3. In entom., of or per-
taining to the imago or perfect state of an in-
sect — Imaginal disk. See the extract

The apodal maggot [of Muicidce], when it leaves the egg,
carries in the interior of its body certain regularly ar-
ranged discoidal masses of indifferent tissue, which are
termed imaginal disks. ... As the imaginal disks de-
velop, the preexisting organs contained in the head and
thorax of the larva undergo complete or partial resolu-
tion. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 386.

imaginantt (i-maj'i-nant), a. and n. [= F.
imaginant=It.immagmante, <L. imaginan(t~)s,
ppr. of imaginari, imagine: see imagine."] I. a.
Imagining; conceiving.

And (we will enquire) what the force of imagination is,
either upon the body imaginant, or upon another body.
Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 900.

II. n. One who imagines; an imaginer.
It is an inquiry of great depth and worth concerning
imagination, how and how far it altereth the body proper
of the imaginant.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 186.
Story is full of the wonders it works upon hypochon-
drical imaginants ; to whom the grossest absurdities are
infallible certainties, and free reason an impostour.

Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xi.

imaginarily (i-rnaj'i-na-ri-li), adv. By means
of the imagination; in imagination.

You make her tremble ;
Do you not see 't imaginarily *

Ford, Lady s Trial, ii. 1.

imaginariness (i-maj'i-na-ri-nes), n. The con-
dition or quality of being imaginary.

imaginarity (i-maj-i-nar'i-ti), «. [< imaginary
+ -ty2.] In math., the state of being imagi-
nary.

imaginary (i-maj'i-na-ri), a. and n. [= F. ima-
ginaire = Pr. imaginari = Sp. Pg. imaginario
= It. immaginario, < L. imaginarius, seeming,
imaginary, LL. also, lit., pertaining to an im-
age, < imago (imagin-), an image: see image."]

2992

1. a. 1. Existing only in imagination or fancy;
due to erroneous belief or conception ; not real ;
baseless; fancied: opposed to actual.

Besides real diseases, we are subject to many that are
only imaginary, for which the physicians have invented
imaginary cures. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iv. 6.

Imaginary ills and fancied tortures. Addison, Cato.
Most of the names throughout the work are as imagi-
nary as those of its pretended authors.

Ticknor, Span. Lit, I. 192.
Nor, surely, did he miss
Some pale, imaginary bliss

Of earlier sights whose inner landscape still was Swiss.
Lowell, Agassiz, iv. 2.

2. In math., unreal and feigned in accordance
with the theory of imaginary quantities — De-
parture of an imaginary quantity, its argument
See argument, 8.— Imaginary calculus, ens, etc. See
the nouns.— Imaginary coordinate, a coordinate whose
value is imaginary.— Imaginary curve, a feigned curve
every point of which is imaginary.— Imaginary envelop,
the real curve which results from the substitution for the
imaginary coordinates, x = a + bi, y = c + di, of x! = a +
o,y' = c + d, upon the assumption that dy/dx is real.—
Imaginary exponent, an exponent which is an imagi-
nary quantity.— Imaginary geometry, analytical ge-
ometry in which the coordinates are allowed to take ima-
ginary values.— Imaginary integral, an integral which
appears under an imaginary form, usually on account of
an imaginary constant being added to it— Imaginary
line a feigned line some of the coefficients of the equation
to which are imaginary.— Imaginary point, in analyti-
cal geom., a feigned point one or more of the coordinates
of which are imaginary quantities. — Imaginary projec-
tion, a central projection from an imaginary center or
upon an imaginary plane.— Imaginary quantity, in alg.,
an expression of the form A + Si, where i is a symbol the
square of which is negative unity (—1). The object of in-
troducing imaginary quantities is to avoid a multitude of
distinct cases between which it is not desired to discrim-
inate, and to state what is true in general terms. Thus, a
quadratic equation, as A«2 + Bz + C = 0, is said to have
two roots. But these roots are real and distinct only if B2
— 4AC is positive. If this quantity vanishes, the two roots
coalesce ; and if it is negative, they become imaginary. The
introduction of imaginaries greatly facilitates the reason-
ing of mathematics, even in cases where the conclusion
has nothing to do with imaginaries. The greater part of
the known propositions of higher analytical geometry are
only true when account is taken of imaginary quantities.
Imaginary quantities are feigned quantities, or they may
be considered as quantities outside the ordinary system of
quantity. Also called impossible quantity. — Imaginary
tangent, a feigned tangent which is an imaginary line.—
Imaginary transformation, a transformation by means
of equations containing imaginary coefficients. = Syn. 1.
Ideal, fanciful, fancied, visionary, unreal, shadowy, Uto-
pian. Imaginary and imaginative are never synonymous :
imaginary means existing only in the imagination ; ima-
ginative means possessed of or showing an active imagi-
nation.

II. n. ; pi. imaginaries (-riz). In alg., an ima-
ginary expression or quantity — Conjugate ima-
ginaries. See conjugate.

imaginatet (i-maj'i-nat), a. [< L. imaginatus,
pp. of imaginare, give an image of: see image,
t'.] Imaginative.

Whereas the imaginate f acultie of other living creatures
is unmoveable, and alwaies contiuueth in one.

Holland, tr. of Pliny, vii. 12.

imagination (i-maj-i-na'shon), n. [< ME. imagi-
nacioun, ymaginacioun, < OF. ymagination, yma-
ginacion, F. imagination = Pi', ymaginatio, ema-
genassio = Sp. imagination = Pg. imaginaqSo =
It. immaginazione, < L. imaginatio(n-), imagina-
tion, < imaginari, imagine : see imagine.'] 1 . The
act or faculty of forming a mental image of an
object ; the act or power of presenting to con-
sciousness objects other than those directly
and at that time produced by the action of
the senses; the act or power of reproducing
or recombining remembered images of sense-
objects ; especially, the higher form of this pow-
er exercised in poetry and art. Imagination is
commonly divided into reproductive and productive ; re-
productive imagination being the act or faculty of repro-
ducing images stored in the memory, under the sugges-
tion of associated images ; productive imagination being
the creative imagination which designedly recombines
former experiences into new images. The phrase produc-
tive imagination is also used in the Kantian philosophy
to denote the pure transcendental imagination, or that
faculty by which the parts of the intuitions of space and
time are combined into continua.

The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,

Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven ;

And, as imagination bodies forth

The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen

Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing

A local habitation and a name.

Such tricks hath strong imagination;

That, if it would but apprehend some joy,

It comprehends some bringer of that joy ;

Or, in the night, imagining some fear,

How easy is a bush suppos'd a bear.

Shak., M. N. D., v. 1.

It is evident that true imagination is vastly different
from fancy ; far from being merely a playful outcome of
mental activity, a thing of joy and beauty only, it per-
forms the initial and essential functions in every branch
of human development. Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 201.

2. An image in the mind; a formulated con-
ception or idea.

imagine

Experience techith that colerik men jeueth to summe
ymagynaciouin, and sangueyn men ben ocupied aboute
summe othere ymagynacwuns.

Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 17.

My brain, methinks, is like an hour glass,
Wherein my imaginations run like sands.

B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 2.
He that uses the word " tarantula" without having any
imagination or idea of what it stands for pronounces a
good word, but so long means nothing at all by it.

Locke, Human Understanding, III. x. 32.

3. The act of devising, planning, or scheming;
a contrivance ; scheme ; device ; plot.
Wenynge is no wysdome ne wyse ymagynacioun,
Homo proponit et deus disponit and gouerneth alle good

vertues. Piers Plowman (B), xx. S3.

Thou hast seen ail their vengeance and all their imagi-
nations against me. Lam. iii. 60.
I was at my wits' end, and was brought into many ima-
ginations what to do.

Capt. R. Bodenham (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 35).

4. A baseless or fanciful opinion.

For my purpose of proceeding in the profession of the
law, so far as to a title, you may be pleased to correct that
imagination where you find it. Donne, Letters, xxxii.

We are apt to think that space, in itself, is actually
boundless ; to which imagination the idea of space or ex-
pansion of itself naturally leads us.

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xvii. 4.

Combinatory imagination. See comMnatory.— Crea-
tive imagination. See creative. =Syn. 1. Imagination,
Fancy. By derivation and early use fancy has the same
meaning as imagination, but the words have become more
and more distinctly separated. (See Wordsworth's pre-
face to his " Lyrical Ballads.1') Imagination is the more

Midsummer Night's Dream" and "The Tempest" of his
fancy.

Consider for a moment if ever the Imagination has been
so embodied as in Prospero, the Fancy as in Ariel, the
brute Understanding as in Caliban.

Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 199.
Warm glowing colors fancy spreads
On objects not yet known.

Mrs. H. More, David and Goliath, ii.

imaginational (i-maj-i-na'shqn-al), a. [< ima-
gination + -a/.] Of or relating"to the imagi-
nation; imaginary.

imaginative (i-maj'i-na-tiv), a. [< ME. imagi-
natif, < OF. (and F.) imaginatif= Pr. ymagina-
tiu = Sp. Pg. imaginative = It. immaginativo,
< ML. 'imaginations, < L. imaginari, pp. ima-
ginatus, imagine: see imagine."] 1. Forming
images ; endowed with imagination ; given to
imagining: as, the imaginative faculty; an ima-
ginative person.

Milton had a highly imaginative, Cowley a very fanci
ful mind. Coleridge.

Of all people children are the most imaginative.

Macaulay, Mitford's Hist.

Sir Thomas Browne, our most imaginative mind since
Shakespeare. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser. , p. 153.

2. Characterized by or resulting from imagi-
nation ; exhibiting or indicating the faculty of
imagination.

I think it [the third canto of the Purgatorio] the most
perfect passage of its kind in the world, the most imagi-
native, the most picturesque. Macaulay, Dante.

The more indolent and imaginative complexion of the
Eastern nations makes them much more impressible.

Emerson, Eloquence.

His [.Elfred's] love of strangers, his questionings of trav-
ellers and scholars, betray an imaginative restlessness.

J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 168.

3f. Inquisitive; suspicious; jealous.
Nothyng list hym to been ymaainatitf,
If any wight had spoke whil he was oute
To hire [her] of love, he hadde of it no doubt.

Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, 1. 366.

The kynge enclyned well thereto, but the duke of Bur-
goyne, who was sage and ymagynatyue, wolde nat agree
therto. Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. clxxxl.

= Syn. Inventive, creative, poetical. See imaginary.
imaginatively (i-maj'i-na-tiv-li), adv. In an
imaginative manner; with or by the exercise
of imagination.

To write imaginatively a man should have — imagina-
tion ! Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser. , p. 35.

imaginativeness (i-maj'i-na-tiv-nes), n. The
quality of being imaginative.

imagine (i-maj'in), r. ; pret. and pp. imagined,
ppr. imagining. [< ME. imaginen, imagenen, <
OF. ymaginer, imaginer, F. imaginer = Pr. imagi-
nar, ymaginar, emaginar = Sp. Pg. imaginar =
It. immagiiiare, < L. imaginari, picture to one-
self, fancy, imagine, < imago (imagin-), a copy,
likeness, image: see image.'] I. trans. 1. To
form a mental image of ; produce by the imagi-
nation ; especially, to construct by the produc-
tive imagination.

For to have bettere umlerstondynge, I seye thus, lie
ther ymagyned a i'igure that hathe a gret Compas; and

imagine

aboute the poynt of the gret Compa>, that Is clept (he-
Centre, bo made another litille Compos.

Maintei-ille, Travels, p. 186.

Our view of any transaction . . . will necessarily be im-
perfect . . . unless we can . . . imagine ourselves the
agenU* or spectators.

Whately, On Bacon's Essay on Studios.

Ami far beyond,
Jwaifiit' d more than Been, the skirts of France.

Tennyson, I'rincess, Conclusion.

2. To conceive in the mind ; suppose ; conjec-

turc.

The grcttyst preseruacion of peas and gode rule to be
hadde within the tonne and shire of Brlstowe that can be
ymayened. Eiujlidi Gilds (E. E. T. St.), p. 428.

That which hitherto we have set down is . . . sufficient
to shew their brutishness, which imagine that religion
and virtue are only as men will account of t In in.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 10.

Well, I will lock his counsel in my breast ;
And what I do imagine, let that rest.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI, it 6.

If the Rebellion is at all suppressed in any time, I inut-
<tiii'' some of our troops will go. Walpole, Letters, II. 15.

3. To contrive in purpose ; scheme ; devise.
How long will ye imagine mischief against a man?

Ps. Uii. 3.

^Syn. 1 and 2. Surmise, Quess, etc. (aeeconjecture\ fancy,
picture to one's self, apprehend, believe, suppose, deem. —
3. To plan, frame, scheme.

II. intrans. 1. To form images or concep-
tions; exercise imagination. — 2. To suppose;
fancy ; think.

The matter was otherwise received than they imagined.
Bacon, Physical Fables, it
My sister is not so defenceless left
As you imagine. Milton, Comus, 1. 415.

imaginer (i-maj'i-ner), n. 1. One who imagines,
or forms ideas or conceptions ; a contriver.

Others think also that these imagine™ invented that
they spake of their own heads.

North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 121.

2f. A plotter ; a schemer.

For men of warre inclosed in fortresses are sore imagii-
ners. Berners, tr. of Froissart's Chron., II. clxvii.

imagines, «. Latin plural of imago.
imaging (im'aj-ing), ». [Verbal n. of image, v.]
The forming of mental images ; expression by
means of imagery.

Imaging is, in itself, the very height and life of poetry.
Dryden, State of Innocence, Pref.

imagining (i-maj'i-niug), n. [< ME. imagininge ;
verbal u. of imagine, v.] 1. The act of form-
ing images in the mind. — 2. That which is
imagined.

Present fears
Are less than horrible imaginings.

Shak., Macbeth, i. 3.

3f. Scheming; plot; contrivance.

There were iij lordes came on to the kyng,
Desireng hym on huntyng for to goo,
ifull ontrewly ther with ytna</enyng.

Oenerydei (E. E. T. S.\ L 963.

imaginoust (i-maj'i-nus), a. [= It. immagi-
noso, iiiiiii/iinifid, < ML. *imaginosus, < L. imago
(imagin-), image: see image.] Pull of or char-
acterized by imagination ; imaginative.

There is a kind of cure
To fright a lingering fever from a man
By an imaginotts fear.

Chapman, Mons. D'Ollve, v. 1.

imago (i-ma'go), n. ; pi. images, imagines (-goz,
i-maj'i-nez). [NL. use of L. imago, an image,
likeness: see image.] In eutom., the final, per-
fect stage or state of an insect, after it nas
undergone all its transformations and become
capable of reproduction. The name is due to the
fact that such an insect, having passed through its larval
stages, and having, as it were, cast off its mask or disguise,
has become a true representation or image of Its species.
See cut under IHptera.

imam, imam, imaum (i-mam', i-mam'), «. [=
P. Sp. Pg. iman = Pers. Turk, imam, < Ar.
imiim, a guide, chief, leader, < amma, walk be-
fore, preside.] A Mohammedan chief or leader.
Specifically — (n) The religious title of the four successors
of Mohnmmed, and of the four great doctors of the four
orthodox sects; hence, a Mohammedan prince or religious
leader: as, the Imamot Muscat. (/<) The title of the great
leaders of the shiites or Shiahs. These are All, believed
by them U) have been constituted by Mohammed the Imam
or head of the faithful (called oaltf by the Sunnis), ami liis
ten successors, the twelfth being yet to come in the per-
son of the Handler Messiah predicted l>v Mohammed, (c)
The person who leads the daily prayers in the mosque, and
receives its revenues.

The word imiim literally means the chief, or guide.
In public prayer it signifies the oRiciuting minister, whose
words the people repeat in a low voice, and whose ges-
tures they Imitate; he is a delegate of the supreme Imam,
the successor of Mahomet

J. Darmesteter, The Mahdi (trans. X p. 87.

imamate (i-mam'an, «. [< imam + -<i/,-».] The
office or function of an imam ; the ealifate.

2993

The caliphate ... Is also called El Imamah, the Imam-
ate. Kncyc. Brit., XII. 714.

imaret (im'a-ret), n. [Turk, iniiirrt.] A kind
of hospice or hostelry for the free accommoda-
tion of Mohammedan pilgrims and other trav-
elers in the Turkish empire.

Their Hospitals they call Imarels ; of these there are
great vse, because they want Innes In the Tnrkes domin-
ions. They found them for the rcliefe of the poore, and
of Trauellers, where they haue food allowed them (differ-
ing according to the vse of the place), and lodging places,
without beds. They are open for the most part to all men
of all religion*. 1'unhru, Pilgrimage, p. 299.

On the brink
Of a small imarct's rustic fount

Moore, Paradise and the Perl.

imaum, n. See imam.

imbalmt, v. t. An obsolete form of embalm.

imban (im-ban'), v. t. [< in-i + 6a«i.] To ex-
communicate, in a civil sense ; cut off from the
rights of man, or exclude from the common privi-
leges of humanity. J. Barlow. [Bare.]

imband (im-band'), v. t. [< i»-l + band*.] To
form into a band or bands. [Rare.]
Beneath full sails imbandcd nations rise. J. Barlow.

imbankt, *. t. An obsolete form of embank.

imbankmentt, »• An obsolete form of embank-
ment.

imbannered (im-ban 'erd), a. [< in-2 + ban-
ner + -ed'2.] Furnished with banners.

imbart (im-biir'), v. t. To bar out. See embar.
So do the kings of France unto this day.
Howbeit they would hold up this Salique law.
To bar your highness claiming from the female ;
And rather choose to hide them in a net
Than amply to imbar their crooked titles,
Usurp'd from you and your progenitors.

Shak., Hen.V., i 2.

[The sense of imbar in this passage is disputed ; It may be
an error. Some editions have imoare, which is denned
"to make or lay bare ; expose,"]

imbargot, »>• An obsolete form of embargo.

imbarkt, ». An obsolete form of embark.

imbarkationt, n. An obsolete form of embarka-
tion.

imbarkmentt, »• Same as embarkment.

imbarrent, v. t. Same as embarren.

imbaset, v. t. Same as cmbase.

imbastardizet (im-bas'tar-diz), v. t. Same as
embastardize.

imbathet (im-bara'), v. t. Same as embathc.

imbattle (im-bat'l), v. t. Same as embattle?.

imbattled(im-bat'ld),p. a. Same as embattled.

imbayt, v. t. An obsolete form of embay1.

imbayed (im-bad'), P- a. Same as embayed.

imbecile (im'be-sil or im-bes'il), a. and n. [<
OF. imbecile, imbecille, F. imbecile = Sp. Pg. im-
becil = It. iinbedlle, < L. imbecillis, inbecillis, usu-
ally imbecillus, inbecillus, weak, feeble; origin
unknown. The common derivation < in, on, +
bacillus, a staff (as if referring to the feeble
steps of age), is improbable. The first syllable
is more likely in- priv. Hence imbecile.!:, and
its doublet embezzle, q. v.] I. a. 1. Without
physical strength; feeble; impotent; helpless.
[Rare.]

We in a manner were got out of God's possession ; were
in respect to him become imbecile and lost.

Barrow, Works, II. xxii.

2. Mentally feeble ; fatuous ; having the men-
tal faculties undeveloped or greatly impaired.
See imbecility.

The man became

Imbecile; his one word was "desolate."
Dead for two years before his death was he.

Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.

3. Marked by mental feebleness or incapacity ;
indicating weakness of mind ; inane ; stupid :
as, imbecile efforts ; an imbecile speech.

To Americans, the whole system of Italian education
seems calculated to reduce women to a state of imbecile
captivity before marriage. lloiivtl*, Venetian Life, xxL

= Syn. 2 and 3. Foolish, driveling, Idiotic. See debility.

H. n. One who is imbecile,
imbecile* (im'be-sil or im-bes'il), v. t. [Earlier
also iuihrril. imbecill, imbecell. etc., and, with
devious forms, imbezzk, embezzle, etc. (see em-
bezzle, ult. a doublet of imbecile, r.) ; from the
adj.] 1. To make imbecile ; weaken.

It is a sad calamity, that the fear of death shall so inibf-
die man's courage and understanding that he dares not
suffer the remedy of all his calamities.

Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, iii. § 7.
2. To embezzle.

Princes must, in a special manner, be guardians of pu-
pils and widows, not suffering their persons to be op-
pressed, or their states imbeciled, or in any sense be ex-
posed to the rapine of covetous persons.

Jer. Taiilur, Holy Living, iii. .'.

He brought from thence abundance of brave armes,
which were here reposited ; but in the late warres much
of the armes was imbefell'd.

Aubrey's Wilts, Royal Soc. MS., p. 240. (llalliirell.)

imblaze

imbecilitatet (im-be-sil'i-tat), r. t. [< imbecil-
ity + -ate?.] To weaken; render feeble.

imbecility (im-be-sil'j-ti), n. [< OF. imln rilrti ,
iinlii-rillili', F. iiubreiflitc — S|i. imlm-iliilad =
Pg. imbecillidarlc = It. imbecillita, < L. imbecil-
lita(t-)s, inbccillita(t-)s, weakness, feebleness,
< imbecillis, inbecillis, weak: «<•'• iiiilm-ile, a.]
The condition or quality of being imbecile or
impotent; weakness of either body or mind,
but especially of the latter. Mental imbecility it
such a weakness of mind, owing to defective development
or to loss of faculty, as to Incapacitate ita subject for the
ordinary duties of life, and for legal consent, choice, or re-
sponsibility.

Cruelty . . . arguea not only a depravedness of nature,
but also a meanness of courage and imbecility of mind.

Sir W. Temple, Introd. to Hist Eng.
No one can doubt that his | Petrarch's) poems exhibit,
amidst some imbecility and more affectation, much ele-
gance, ingenuity, and tenderness. Macaiilay, Dante.

Though to the larger and more trifling part of the sex
[men] imbecility in females is a great enhancement of
their personal charms, there is a portion of them too rea-
sonable and too well-informed themselves to desire any-
thing more In woman than ignorance.

Jane Austen, Morthanger Abbey, xiv.
= Syn. Infirmity, Imbecility, etc. (see debility') ; feeble-
ness, childishness, Idiocy, dotage.

imbed, ». t. See embed.

imbellic (im-bel'ik), a. f< L. in- priv. + belli-
cus, warlike : see bellic. Cf . L. imbellis, inbellis,
unwarlike, < i«- priv. + helium, war.] Not war-
like or martial ; unwarlike. [Rare.]

The imbellick peasant, when he comes first to the field,
shakes at the report of a musket.

/ '. Janiut, Sin Stigmatized, p. 423.

inibellisht, v. t. An obsolete form of embellish.
imbellishingt, «• Same as embellishment.

The devices and imbellishiiigtt of man's imagination.

Milton, Church-Government, L 2.

imbenchingt (im-ben'ching), «. [< in-i +
bench + -ing1.] A raised work like a bench.
Farlcliurst.

imber, imber-diver, imber-goose (im'ber, -di*-
ver, -gos), n. Same as ember-goose.
imbezzlet, «• *• An obsolete form of embezzle.
imbibe (im-bib'). v. ; pret. andpp. imbibed, ppr.
imbibing. [< ME. "enbiben, F. imbiber = Sp.
Pg. embeber = It. imbcrere, < L. itnbibere, inbi-
bere, drink in,< in, in, + biberc, drink: see Wftl,
bibulous.] I. trans. 1. To drink in; absorb by
or as if by drinking: as, a sponge imbibes moist-
ure.

Various are the Colours you may try,
Of which the thirsty Wooll imbibes the Dye.

Conffreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.
So barren sands imbibe the show'r.

Courper, Friendship, 1. 184.

This Is a delicious evening, when the whole body is one
sense, and imbibes delight through every pore.

Thoreau, \Valden, p. 140.

2. To receive or admit into the mind ; imbue
one's mind with: as, to imbibe errors.

It is not easy for the mind to put off those confused no-
tions and prejudices it has imbibed from custom. Locke.

One wise rule of behaviour, deeply imbibed, will be use-
ful to us in hundreds of instances.

Dp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. vIL

3f. To cause to drink in ; imbue.

Metals, corroded with a little acid, turn into rust, which
Is an earth tasteless and imlissolvable in water ; and this
earth, imbibed with more acid, becomes a metallick salt

Newton.

H. intrans. To drink ; absorb liquid or moist-
ure.

O to watch the thirsty plants
Imbibing .' Tcnninun, Princess, II.

imbiber (im-bi'ber), n. One who or that which
imbibes.
Salts are strong imbibers of sulphureous steams.

Arlruthnot.

imbibition (im-bi-bish'on), n. [= P. imbibi-
tion = Sp. imbibicion ; as imbibe + -itipn.] The
act of imbibing; the absorption of a liquid into
the passages or pores of a body.

Beside the common way and road of reception by the
root, there may be a refection and imbibition from with-
out ; for gentle showrs refresh plants, though they enter
not the roots. Sir T. Rruwne, Garden of Cyrus, iv.

A drop of oil let fall upon a sheet of white paper, that
part of it which by the imbibition of the liquor acquires
a greater continuity and some transparency will appear
much darker than the rest '• •

The variation in the amount of water present produces
a correspondinc variation in the volume of the cell-wall ;
hence the absorption of water or imbibition by the cell-
wall has come to be termed its " swelling-up."

I'inet, Physiol. of Plants, p. 14.

imbittert (im-bit'er), r . t. An obsolete form of

enibii
imbitterert (im-bit'er-er), n. An obsolete form

d' i-nibittrrer.
irnblazet, ''. t. An obsolete form of emblaze.

imblazon

imblazont, v. An obsolete form of emblazon.

imboccatura (im-bok-ka-to'rii). n. [It., mouth,
bit ; cf. imboccare, feed, disembogue : see em-
bogue, embouchure.] The mouthpiece of a wind-
instrument.

imbodiert, imbodimentt, etc. Obsolete forms
of embodier, etc.

imboilt, •('. Same as emboil.

imboldenf (im-bol'dn), v. t. Same as embolden.

imbolisht, v. t. [A dubious word, appar. a var.
of abolish, confused with imbecile, v., embezzle,
r.] To steal; embezzle.

You poore theeves doe only steale and purloyne from
men, and the harme you doe is to inibolliili men's goods,
and bring them to poverty,

Greene, Thieves Falling Out (Harl. Misc., VIII. 391).

imbonityt (im-bon'i-ti), n. [< LL. imbonita(t-)s,
inbonita(t-)s, inconvenience, lit. ' ungoodness,'
< L. in- priv. + bonita(t-)s, goodness, < bonus,
good: see bonus, bounty.] Want of goodness or
of good qualities.

All fears, griefs, suspicions, discontents, imbonities, in-
suavities are swallowed up. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 262.

imbordert (im-bor'der), v. t. An obsolete form

of emborder.
imborsation (irn-bor-sa'shon), n. [< It. imbor-

The fans consisted of the trains of peacocks, whose
quills were set in a long stem so as to imbricate the
plumes in the gradation of their natural growths.

Beckfirrd, Vathek.

II. intrans. To overlap serially.
In all essential family characters they [Echinothuria
and Calveria] agree. The plates imbricate in the same
directions and on the same plan.

Sir C. W. Thomson, Depths of the Sea, p. 164.

2994 imide

2. An intricate or complicated plot, as against
a person, or of a romance or drama.

The terms of the letter, and the explosion of the early
morning, fitted together like parts in some obscure and
mischievous imbroylio,

R, L. Stevenson, The Dynamiter, p. 95.

3. In music, a passage in which the rhythms of
different voice-parts are conflicting or coutra-

a. I = if. imonque = HP. . dictory.

Pg. imbricado, < L. im- imbroidert, r. t. See embroider.

bneatvs, pp.: see the imbroilt, r. t. See embroil?

verb.] IT Bent and imbrothert, v. t. An obsolete variant of em-

hollowed like a gutter- ,oroider.

tile or pantile.— 2. Ly- imbrownt, r. See embrown.

ins one over another or imbrue (im-bro ), v. t. • pret. and pp. imbrued,
ppr. imbruing. [Formerly also imbrew, embrue,
embrew ; < ME. imbrowen, < OF. embruer, embru-
ver, embreuver, embrurrer, embeverer, embevrer,

imbricate (im'bri-kat), a. [= F. i
Pg. imbi
brieatus, pp. : see the

ing one over another or
lapping, like tiles on a
roof; parallel, with a

traight surface and ly- "*"' ~"™-*>~w, v,,*v,i.v,v,, v,,wmv,^,, i,,,*vwi^i,
give to drink, make drunk (refl. drink), imbrue,

ing or lapping one over
another, as the scales on
the leaf-buds of plants,
of iSSSSi the scales of fishesandof
<a<unsis\. reptiles, or the feathers

of birds. — 3. Decorat-
ed with a pattern resembling a surface of lap-
ping tiles. — 4. Consisting of lines or curves

I, imbricate fl
thtfa rose a: 2. i
of the c

sazione, < imborsare. put in a purse : see im- giving a resemblance to a surface of overlap-
burse.] In central Italy, the act of placing in ping tiles : as, an imbricate pattern Imbricate

antennae, antenna? in which the Joints are somewhat
conical, each attached by its narrow end to a deep hollow
on one side of the preceding one, as in Prionus. See cut
under Prianm.— Imbricate elytra, elytra one of which
laps slightly over the other.

[< imbricate +

a purse or sack (borsa) the names of candidates
for certain municipal offices, to be afterward
selected by lot. According to Sismondi, this
method is still in use.

The magistrates who were now in offices, having great imbricated (im'bri-ka-ted), a.
power, took upon themselves to constitute a signory out -edS.] Same as imbricate.
of all the most considerable citizens, to continue forty

months. Their names were to be put into a bag or purse A close-fitting mail of flattened cells coats our surface

which was called imbormtion, and a certain number of w'th a panoply of tmftmated scales imhnipmpnt rim ,rn'm,

them drawn out by lot at the end of every second month; °- w- Holmes, Med. Essays, p. 233. U iruement (im-Dro ment),

whereas before, when the old magistrates went out of imbricately (im'bri-kat-li), adv. In an imbri-
office, new ones were always chosen by the council. cate manner

»«., W rks, V. 32. imMM«^ (ina-bri-ka'shou), n.

imbosht, «• [For *imboss, < imboss = emboss1, r.,

, . , = moss,r., cation; as imbricate + -ion']

with ref. to embossed, 6.] The foam that comes being im-

[= F. imbri-
The state of

from a hunted deer. Nares.

For though he should keep the very middle of the
stream, yet will that, with the help of the wind, lodge
part of the stream and iittbosh that comes from him on the
bank, it may be a quarter of a mile lower, which hath de-
ceived many. Gentleman's Recreation, p. 73.

imbosom (im-buz'um), r. t. See embosom.
imbosst, v. t. An obsolete form of emboss1.
imbosturet (im-bos'tur), n. [< imbost, pp. of
imboss = emboss1, + -iire.] Embossed work.

Learch. This is no rich idolatry.

liuf. Yes, sure,

And set out to the full height ; there nor wants
Imbosture nor embroidery.

Beau, and Fl. (?), Faithful Friends, iv. 3.

imboundt (im-bound'), v. t. Same as embound.
imbow (im-bo'), v. t. See embow.
imbowel, imboweler, etc. See embowel, etc.
imbower, ». See embower.
imbowmentt (im-bo'ment), n. See embowment.
imbracet, imbracementt, etc. Obsolete forms

of embrace1, etc.

imbraidt, v. t. Same as embraid1.
imbrangle, v. t. See embrangle.
imbravet, v. t. Same as embrave.
imbreed (im-bred'), r. Same as inbreed.
imbreket (im-brek'), ». The houseleek, Sem-

pervivum tectorum.

brication. — Roof and Column.

bricate ; an
overlapping
of the edges
(real or sim-
ulated), like
that of tiles
or shingles.

And let us
consider that
all is covered
and guarded
with a well-
made tegument, beset with bristles, adorned with neat im-
brications, and many other fineries.

Derham, Physico-Theology, viii. 6.
2. Masonry laid in ornamental designs, in stone
of various colors, brick, terra-cotta, or a com-
bination of these materials.— 3. A hollow re-
sembling that of a gutter-tile.

imbricative (im'bn-ka-tiv), a. [= F. imbri-
catif = Sp. imbricativo; < imbricate + -ive.]
Forming an imbrication ; imbricated. [Bare.]

imbrices, n. Plural of imbrex.

imbriert, v. t. [< in-1 + brier.] To entangle
in a thicket. Dames.

Why should a gracious prince imbrier himself any longer
in thorns and do no good, but leave his wooll behind him ?

bedabble, < en- + 'bevrer, give to drink, < bevre,
< L. bibere, drink : see bib1, and cf. bever^. Cf .
imbibe.] 1. To wet or moisten ; soak; drench
in a fluid, now especially in blood ; bedabble.
Youre handes eke that they in no manere
Jmbroice the cuppe, for thanne simile noone be lothe
Withe yow to drynke that ben withe yow yfere.

Bailees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 6.

Are not the mad, armed mob in those writings instigat-
ed to imbrue their hands in the blood of their fellow-citi-
zens? B. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 335.
Who has not heard how brave O'Neale
In English blood imbrued his steel ?

Scott, Rokeby, iv. 6.

2. To soak into, as a fluid, especially blood.

When smoking strains of crimson blood
Imbru'd the fatten 'd ground.

Chattel-ton, Bristow Tragedy.

„ — , — ,, n. [< imbrue +

-ment.] The act of imbruing, or the state of

being imbrued.

mbmte (im-brof), i'. See embrute.

mbud (im-bud'), r. i. ; pret. and pp. imbudded,

ppr. imbudding. [< ««-2 + bud1.] To put forth

bu n

uds. [Rare.]

What a return of comfort dost thou bring.

Now at this fresh returning of our blood ;
Thus meeting with the op'ning of the Spring,
To make our spirits likewise to imbua.

Daniel, To the King's Majesty.

imbue (im-bu'), r. /. ; pret. and pp. imbued,
ppr. imbuing. [< OF. imbuer, F. imboire = Sp.
Pg. imbvir = It. imbuire, < L. imbuere, inbuere,
wet, moisten, soak, < in, in, + -buere, allied to
bibere, drink: see bib1, imbibe. Cf. imbrue.'] 1.
To impregnate by steeping or soaking: used
especially with reference to dyes.

Clothes which have once been thoroughly imbued with
black cannot well afterwards be dyed into lighter colour.

Boyle.

2. To tincture deeply; cause to become im-
pregnated or penetrated: as, to imbue the minds
of youth with good principles.

Thy words, with grace divine
Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety.

Milton, P. L., viii. 216.
A thoughtful mind, imbued with elegant literature.

Sumner, Son. Joseph Story.

If we are really imbued with the grace of holiness, we
shall abhor sin as something base, irrational, and pollut-
ing. J. H. Xemnan, Parochial Sermons, i. 13.

imbrex (im'breks), n.; pi. imbrues (im'bri-sez). imbroccata, imbrocata (im-bro
[L., < imber (imbr-), a shower, heavy rain, rain- [Also imbroccato, embrocado; < It. f

vi^ vuumvv IUB wtNiii uvuiaununi . T_ . /. ~ _,

Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, ii. 192. imbuement (im-bu ment), n. [<.imbue + -ment.]

-ka'ta), n. Tne act of imbuing> or the state of being im-

water, = Gr. 6/ippof, a shower.] 1 . A gutte
or other tile of curved surface ; a pantile

The absence of imbrices, which are a necessary adjun
in the formation of a Koman tiled roof.

In fencing, a thrust in tierce. Gifford.

*ii «, jjii.ot-, j,w^ttGK, paij , \ j-i. tti, in, T^ uu/yu,

burse, purse: see burse, purse. Cf. reimburse.]

S?^»i^SS^?iS^^W«^!^^

The special rules, as your panto, your reverso, your stoc- + 'ment^ The aet °f lml«rsing or supplying
cato, your imbroccato, your passada, your montanto. . money.

7 /t ^__ „.„„„.„„. „„„ »,„„,,- A Jonson> Every Man in his Humour, iv. 5. imbUSnjnentt, «- An obsolete form of ambusn-

cate,'a.] A division of plants fouiodedTipon the imbrodert, v. t. Same as embroider. [In the ."'£"*• Latimer.

purely artificial character of imbricate leaves quotation it refers to tattooing.] imbutiom (im-bu shon), «. | . L. imbuere, in-

or scales, including the orders Lycopodiacea; Their women fof Virginia] imbroder their legges, hands, .Je' PP-f'"6'*^. inbutus, wet, moisten: see

r>-7 1 j ^ ,, *c., with diuersworkes, as of Serpents, and such like, with »»»<«'•] The act of imbuing ; imbuement.

blacke spots in the flesh. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 762. imellt, imellet (i-mel'), adv. Andprej). [E. dial.

amell; ME. imell, emell, emelle, omell, < Icel. d
mini, a million (or equiv. OSw. i mailli = Dan.
imellem}, amid,< d, = E. on (or i = E. in), -f- mid-
hit, iiiedhal, mid, middle: see middle.] I. adv.
r" the middle ; between.

Sen erthe is vayne and voyde, and myrknes emel.

York Playe, p. 6.
II. prep. Amid ; among.

My lorde ! we haue bourded with this hoy,
And holden hym full hote fmelle vs.

This wide-weltering, strangely growing, monstrous stu- . ( r<w* pto»*. P- 269-

pendous imbroglio of Convention business. imiae (i mia or i mnl), n. [An arbitrary vari-

Carlyle, French Rev., III. ii. 3. ation of amide.] In eltem., a substituted am-

Jour. Anthrop. Inst., XVII. 193.
2. One of the scales or compartments of an
imbrication.

Imbricatse (im-bri-ka'te), n. pi. [NL. (Eeichen-
bach, 1828), fern. pi. of L. imbricatus : see imbri-

Balanopliorea', and Cytinacece.

imbricate (im'bri-kat), t>.; pret. and pp. imbri- . bl*cke 8P°ts in the fleBh- f'<"has, Pilgr
cated, ppr. imbricating. [< L. imbricatus, pp. of HHbrodryt, n. Same as embroidery,
imbricare, cover with gutter-tiles, form like a The 8ardens without are very large, and the parterrs of
gutter-tile, < imbrex (imbric-), a hollow tile a exc';1Jent imbrodry, set with many statues of brasse and
gutter-tile: see imbrex.] I. trans. To lay 'or . T ,- £^n, Diary, Sept. 14, 1664. M

lap one over another, so as to break joint as or Iml>r0gll0 (iin-bro lyo), n. [It., confusion, < in
like tiles or shingles, either with parts all in !l'»6''<).</<'«''<', confuse, embroil: see embroil?.]
one horizontal row or circle (as in the estiva- intricate and perplexing state of affairs:

tion of a calyx or corolla, when at least one
piece must be wholly external and one inter-
nal), or with the tips of lower parts covering
the bases of higher ones in a succession of rows
or spiral ranks.

An intricate and perplexing state of affairs;
a misunderstanding of a complicated nature,
as between persons or nations; an entangle-

ment.

imlde

monia in which two hydrogen atoms of ammo-
nia arc replaced by a bivalent acid radical, and
the whole acts as a monobasic acid. An imide
therefore contains the croup Nil, as carbimide,
CO.NH.

imitability (im'i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. l< imitable: see
-bit iti/.] The character of being imitable.

According to the multifarlousnesH uf this imitability, to
are tilt; possibilities of being. Morris.

imitable (im'i-ta-bl), a. [< F. imitable = Sp.
! = It. imitabile, < L. imi-

2005

mic or intervallip modification not so great as
to destroy the resemblance. The original phrase
or theme Is often called the antecedent, and the Imitation
the consequent. Imitation Is reckoned one of the chief
beauties of polyphonic writing and of composition in gen-
eral. Its esthetic value lies in the combined unity and
variety that It introduces Into Intricate works, and in the
opportunity it affords for Ingenuity and skill. Imitation
is said to be itrii-t when the succession of Intervals Is
Identical in both antecedent and consequent, and free
when some modification of the one appears In the other.
The commonest regular varieties of free imitation are :
by augmentation (augmented imitation), In which the
rhythmic value of the several tones is systematically in-
creased, ns when quarter-notes are represented by half-
notes; by diminution (diminished imitation), in which
the rhythmic value of the several tones Is systematically
lessened, as when quarter-notes are represented by eighth-
notes ; by Inversion (inverted imitation, inverted counter-
point, or imitation in contrary motion\ in which every
upward interval in the antecedent Is represented In the
consequent by an equivalent downward interval, and vice
versa ; and retrograde or revened imitation, In which the
Intervals of the antecedent are taken in reverse order in
the consequent The Interval of pitch by which the con-
sequent Is separated from the antecedent is indicated by
calling the imitation at the fifth, at the octave, etc. Strict
Imitation Is canonic, and the result, If of some extent Is a

Immanent

Thou sheer, immaculate, and silver fountain.

SAot., Rlrh. II., v. a
Thy ruin grand
With an immaculate charm which cannot be defaced.

Byron, Chllde Harold, IT. Ml

2. Iii coiil. and bot., without spots or colored
marks; unicolored — immaculate conception, in
Rom. Cath. thtnt., the freedom from original sin which
the Virgin Mary possessed from the time of her concep-
tion In the womb of her mother: now an established dog-
ma of the church. The controversy regarding this dogma
commenced about the twelfth century. It was debated by
the schoolmen, the universities, the orders of the Jesuits,
Franciscans, and Dominicans, and the councils of Basel
and Trent Opinion gradually prevailed In its favor, and It
was formally proclaimed by Pope Plus IX., December 8th,
1854, in the bull " Ineffabllis Deus." The feast of the Im-
maculate Conception Is observed in the Roman Catholic
Church on December 8th.

Gregory XV. . . . forbade anyone to accuse those who
denied the immaculate conception of heresy or mortal sin.
Catholic Diet., p. 428.

Immaculate Heart See heart. = Syn. Unspotted, stain-
less, unsullied, unblemished, untarnished,
immaculately (i-mak'u-lat-li), adv. In an im-
maculate manner; with spotless purity.

i = Pg. i'iniliiril

tabilis, that may be imitated, < imitari, imitate:
see imitate.] 1. Capable of being imitated or
copied.

The rapid courses of the heavenly bodies are rather imi-
table by our thoughts than our corporeal motions.

Sir T. Broume, Christ Mor., I. 33.
Simple and imitable virtues, which are within every
man's reach, but which, unfortunately, are not exercised
by many, or this world would be a paradise.

Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 28.

2. Worthy of imitation. [Rare.]

As acts of parliament are not regarded by most imitahl?

writers, I account the relation of them Improper for his-
tory- Sir J. Hayvnrd.
imitableness (im'i-ta-bl-nes), n. The quality

of being imitable ; imitability. genuine ;

imitaney (im'i-tan-si), n. [< imitan(t) + -cy.] ete- cration. n'. Montague, Devout* Essays, I. ~xiL 1 2.

A tendency to imitate ; the habit of imitating, imitational (im-i-ta'shon-al), a. [< imitation immailedt(im-mald') a f<in-t + maifl-+-ed2 1

[Rare.] + •**J Relating to or characterized by imita- Wearing mail or armor.

The servile imitaney ... of mankind might be Illus- tlon- [Rare.]

tinted under the different figure, Itself nothing original, imitationist (im-i-ta'shon-ist), n. [< imitation

of a flock of sheep. Carlyle, Misc., III. 87. + -ist.] One who practises imitation ; a mere

imitant (im'i-tant), n. [= It. imitante, < L. imi- imitator ; one who wants originality. Imp. Diet.

tan(t-)s, ppr. of imitari, imitate : see imitate.] imitative (im'i-ta-tiv), a. [= F. imitatif= Sp.

That which imitates; hence, a counterfeit arti- Pg. It. imitatiro, '<. ML. 'imitatirtis, < L. imitari.

"'" n»»~ i imitate: see imitate.] 1. Imitating or inclined

«"»«« • (which see) ; imitation is also the basis of the fugue immaculateness (i - mak ' u - lat - nes), n. The
(which see). . character of being immaculate; spotless purity.

II. a. Made in imitation; counterfeit; not

i, lace, gold,

cle. [Rare.]

The tendency, therefore, is to lower the quality and fin-
ish of confectionery, to foster the use of imitante and adul-
terants, and to give the well known houses a monopoly of
the business. Sri. Amer., N. 8., LV1II. 186.

imitate (im'i-tat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. imitated,
ppr. imitating. [< L. imitatus, pp. of imitari (>
It. imitare = Sp. Pg. imitar = F. imiter), copy,
portray, imitate, a deponent freq., < •/ *im,
whence also imago (imagin-), a copy, image : see
image.] 1. To use as a model or pattern;
make a copy, counterpart, or semblance of.

The ornament [of Italian thirteenth-century painted
glass] shows the Influence of Hyzantine conventions, but
the ornamentists imitated natural forms of foliage sooner
than northern artists. Eneyc. Brit., X. 668.

2. To take example by, iu action or manner;
follow or endeavor to copy as an exemplar; act
in the manner or character of; pattern after.
Despise wealth and imitate a god. Cowley.

All we ought, or can, in this dark State,
Is, what we have admir'd, to imitate. ,

Congreve, To the Memory of Lady Oethin. UUltatlVCly (im'l-ta-tiv-ll), adv.

The tendency to imitate those about us is a very impor- . "*? m.anner ; by imitation.

to imitate or copy.

At present, we are become an imttativt, not to say a
mimic, race. Oiford, Int to Ford's Plays, p. rill.

2. Aiming at imitation ; exhibiting or designed
to exhibit an imitation of a pattern or model.

The doctrine which he [Aristotle] established, that poet-
ry is an imitative art, when justly understood, is to the
critic what the compass is to the navigator.

Macaulay, Athenian Orators.

3. Formed after or presenting a similitude of
a model, pattern, or original.

This temple, less In form, with equal grace,
Was imitative of the first in Thrace.

Dryden, Pal. and Arc., ii. 527.

In the genesis of language the interjection, even if not
technically a part of speech, and the onomatopoetic or jmmanp
imitative words, must be regarded as the primary linguis.

Wearing mail i

Whilst their inhabitants, like beards of deere
By kingly lyons chas'd, fled from our armes
If any did oppose Instructed swarmes
of men immayl'd.

W. Broume, Britannia's Pastorals, 11 4.

immalleable (i-mal'e-a-bl), a. [= Sp. inmalea-
ble; as in-3 + malleable.] Unmalleable; in-
capable of being extended by hammering.

Though it [aqua fortls] make not a permanent solution
of crude tin, it quickly frets the parts asunder, and re-
duces it to an immalleable substance.

Boyle, Works, IV. 318.
(im-man'a-kl), v. t.; pret. and pp.
j ppr. immanacling. [< in-2 + man-
acle.] To put manacles on; manacle.

Although this corporal rind
Thou hast immanacied. Milton, Comus, 1. 666.

immanation (im-a-na'shon), «. [< L. <», in,
+ manure, pp. maitatus, now; cf. emanation.]
A flowing or entering in.
A quick immanation of continuous fantasies.

Lamb, To Coleridge.
'), a. [= Pg. immano = It. im-

tic utterances. 0. P. Marth, Lects. on Eng. Lang.,"xiv.
In the 6th century capital-writing enters on its period
of decadence, and the examples of it become imitative.

Eneyc. Brit., XVHL 152.

In an imita-

imitativeness (im'i-ta-tiv-nes), n. The char-
Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 612. acter or quality of being imitative.
,7???-_Am?_?''' Counterfeit, Mimic, Ape, Mock. Imitate imitator (im'i-ta-tor), ». [= F. imituti nr = Sp.

tant aid to the development of the will.

la the general word for the expression of the idea commoi.
to these five words. To counterfeit is to imitate exactly or
ns closely as possible, more often for a dishonest purpose ;

Pg. imitador = It. imitatore, < L. imitator, one
who imitates, < imitari, imitate: see imitate.]

mane, cruel, savage, < L. immanis, inmanis, huge,
vast, cruel, savage, inhuman ; perhaps < in- in-
tensive (in-2) + magn us, great.] Monstrous in
size or character; huge; prodigious; monstrous-
ly perverse, savage, cruel, etc. [Archaic.]

What immane difference is there between the twenty-
fourth of February and commencement of March ?

Evelyn, Sylva, 1. 18.

He had been brought very close to that immane and
nefandous Burke-and-Hare buslnesswhlch made the blood
of civilization run cold In the year 1828.

0. W. Bolmet, Old Vol. of Life, p. 44.

imitation

= Pg. imitaf&o =

tazionc,< L. imitatio(n-), imitation,< imittiri, imi-
tate: see imitate.] I. n. 1. The act of imitat-
ing; an imitating or copying.

Imitation is a facultie to expresse lluelie and perfltelie
that example which ye go about to fol[l]ow.

Aicham, The Scholemaster, p. 116.

But when to servile imitatorthip
Some spruce Athenian pen is prentized,
"Tis worse than apish.

Itartton, Scourge of Villanle, 111. 8.

imitatress (im'i-ta-tres), n. [< imitator + -ess.
Cf. imitatrix.] A female imitator.

herence; indwelling.

Immanence Implies the unity of the intelligent princi-
ple In creation In the creation Itself, and of course includes
in It every genuine form of pantheism. Transcendence

of th
true

implies the existence of a separate divine Intelligence,
and of another and spiritual state of being, intended to
perfectionate our own.

It seemeth the idolatrous Priests carried the Tabernacle imitatrix (im"'i-ta-triks), n. [= F. imitatrice = J~ D" Morel1- »'»n«:he8ter Papers, No. 2, p. 108.

their Idoll on their shoulder, in apish imitation of the It imitatrice < L imitatrix (-trir-) fem of imi A """"ncation of a prevailing Latin conception of the
ue Priests and Leuites. /WA(,,, Pilgrimage, p. 68. Ja^ au imftator : seetTto^ ] SaTe as - •J.vine>tran«endence by a clearer and fuller ap.preclatlon

The peculiar notes of birds are acquired by imitation. tafrpx>i
A. It. Wallace, Nat Select, p. 222.

2 m, 4 _.• u • Iriend, they either are men s souls themselves

. I hat which is made or produced by ran- Or the most wlttle imitatrixei of them.

tating; hence, in general, a likeness or resem- Sir Gylet Gooteeappe (1606X Hi. 1. Christ, as we have seen, never reflected on transcendency

blance; a simulated reproduction or represen- immaculacy (i-mak'u-la-si), «. The state of '
tation ; more loosely, a likeness or resemblance being immaculate.

of the divine immanence. Prog. Orthodoxy, p. 16.

immanency (im'a-nen-si), n.
nence.

Same as imma-

immanent (im'a-nent). a. [= F. immanent =

__ "-*IHCTAH7 It V \ »*** Or-ilTTlll/yj « . \m== A • « IH HI (I lit- ft ^ ^

in general. iminTcuiateli-mak'u-lSt), a. [< ME. immaat- 8P- »'"""»'«»'« = Pg- It. immanente, < LL. im-

these arts _are not only true imitation! of nature, late = F. imniacttle =' Sp. inmaculado = Pg. im- ' f~>8' tnmnnen(t-)s, ppj. of immanere, in-

maciilado = It. immaeolato, < L. immacwatiis,
inmacutatti/i, unspotted, unstained, < »w-priv. +

but of the best nature.

Drjiden, Parallel of Poetry and Painting.

Plcasiim and ingenious imitation* ot the manner of the

ppr. <

manere, remain in or near, < L. in, in, + manere,
remain: see remain. Cf. remanent, remnant.]

»• . !— J 11*

great masters appear.

Macaulay, Dryden.

The waiters exhibited in their eagerness a good imita-
tion of unselfish service.

C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. SO.
3. Specifically, in music, the process or act of
repeating a melodic phrase or theme, either
at _a different pitch or key from the original,
or in a different voice-part, or with some rhyth-

FMW l»l»OJ^V/Ht!\*f 1*UOI<*11JC\*, \ *H- IJI1V. T^ /^_ A* 'At* • !• •

maculatus, spotted: see maculate.] 1. tJnspot- Operating within itself ; indwelling. This word
t_j._._ii__ .*_:_!__. ._j-^si-j. _5ii (m its Latin form, immanent) was Introduced in the thir-

ted; spotless; stainless ; pure; undefile4; with-
out blemish or impurity: as, an immaculate
reputation; immaculate thoughts; an immacu-
late edition.

"To keep this commandment immaculate and blame-
less " was to teach the gospel of Christ without mixture
of corrupt and unsound doctrine.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, III. 11.

(in Its Latin form, immanent) was Introduced In the thir-
teenth century to express the distinction, of which Aris-
totle makes much, between doing (or acting within one's
self) and making (or producing an external effect). An
immanent action Is one whose effect remains within the
subject and within the same faculty, while a traneient or
traiuritire action produces an effect upon something dif-
ferent from the subject, or at least upon something differ-
ent from the faculty exercised. In modem philosophy
the word is applied to the operations of a creator con-

immanent

ceived as in organic connection with the creation, and to
such a creator himself, as opposed to a transient or tran-
scendent creating and creator from whom the creation is
conceived as separated. The doctrine of an immanent
deity does not necessarily imply that the world, or the
soul of the world, is God, but only that it either is or is in
God.

The workes of God, which are either inward and imma-
nent, or outward and transient.

Punhas, Pilgrimage, p. 5.

Conceiving, as well as projecting or resolving, are what
the schoolmen call immanent acts of the mind, which pro-
duce nothing beyond themselves. But painting is a tran-
sitive act, which produces an effect distinct from the op-
eration, and this effect is the picture.

Reid, Intellectual Powers, iv. 1.

In the doctrine of the eternal Son revealing the Father,
immanent in nature and humanity as the life and light
shining through all created things, as the divine reason in
which human reason shares, there was the recognition of
. . . the tie which binds the creation to God in the closest
organic relationship.

A. Allen, Continuity of Christian Thought.
Immanent act. see act.— Immanent action. See ac-
tion, and def . above.— Immanent cause. See cause, 1, and
efficient cause, under efficient. — Immanent principle, in
the Kantian philos. , a principle limited to the realm of ex-
perience: opposed to transcendental principle.

Immanes (i-ma'nez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. im-
mam's, monstrous, enormous: see immane.] A
superfamily group, by Newton made an order,
of recently extinct gigantic ratite birds of New
Zealand, containing the two families Dinorni-
thidce and Palapterygidce. Dinornithes is a syn-
onym.

immanifest (i-mau'i-fest), a. [= OF. immani-
feste = It. immanifesto, < LL. immanifestu-s, < L.
in- priv. + manifestus, manifest.] Not mani-
fest or apparent. [Rare.]

A time not much unlike that which was before time,
immanifest and unknown.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 6.

immanityt (i-man'i4i), n. [= P. immanitt =
It. immanita, < L. immanita(t-)s, inmanita(t-)s,
hugeness, vastness, cruelty, savageness, < im-
maiiis, inmanis, huge, cruel, savage : see im-
mane.] The condition of being immane; mon-
strosity; savageness.

No man can but marvel, saith Comineus, at that barba-
rous immanity, feral madness, committed betwixt men of
the same nation, language, and religion.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 39.

They were so far from doing what Nestorius had sug-
gested that they restrained him from his violence and im-
manity. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 297.

immantle (im-man'tl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. im-
mantted, ppr. iminantling. [< in-2 + mantle.]
To envelop as with a mantle. [Poetical.]

The dewy night had with her frosty shade
Immantled all the world, and the stiff ground
Sparkled in ice.

O. Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death.
O joy to him in this retreat,
Immantled in ambrosial dark.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, Ixxxix.

Immanuel, Emmanuel (i-, e-man'u-el), n.

[LL. Emmanuel, < Gr. 'Epuavovf/A, < Heb. 7m-

manuel, lit. 'God with us,' < im, with, + anu,

us, + el, God.] A name that was to be given

to Jesus Christ (Mat. i. 23) as the son born of

a virgin predicted in Isa. vii. 14. As a personal

name, also written Emanuel.
immarcesciblet (im-ar-ses'i-bl), a. [Improp.

written immarcessible; = P. immarcescible, for-
merly improp. immarcessible, = Sp. inmarcesiblc

= Pg. immarcescivel = It. immarcescibile, < LL.

immarcescibilis, inmarcescibilis, unfading, < L.

i»- priv. + marcescere, wither, fade : see mar-

cescent.] Unfading.
They should feed the flock of God, and the great Bishop

and Shepherd should give them an immarcestrible crown.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 351.

immarcesciblyt (im-ar-ses'i-bli), adv. Unfad-
ingly.

The honour that now I reach at is no less than a crown,
and that not fading and corruptible, . . . but immarcessi-
bly eternal, a crown of righteousness, a crown of glory

Bp. Hall, Invisible World, iii. § 12.

immarginate (i-mar'ji-uat), a. [< L. in- priv.

+NL.maiV7Mmto,marginate.] Having no mar-
gin. Specifically —(o) In lot., destitute of a rim or border.

Gray. (6) In entom. , without a defined margin ; having no

raised or thickened border ; without an impressed line

parallel to the edge.
immartial (i-mar'shal), a. [< L. in- priv. +

martialis. warlike, martial: see martial.] Not

martial; not warlike. [Bare.]

Assay not me like one,

Yong and immartiall, with great words, as to an Amazon
dame. Chapman, Iliad, vii.

immaskt (im-mask'), v. t. [< in-2 + mask.] To character of being immaterial ';' immateriality,

cover with or as with a mask; disguise. immateriatet (im-a-te'ri-at), a. [< in-S + m'a-

Cases of buckram ... to immask our noted outward *""''"*" n XT~1 - — '---'•- '

garments. Shale., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2.

2990

immatchablet (i-mach'a-bl), a. [< in-3 +
matehable.] Incapable of being matched; peer-
less.

Where learned More and Gardiner I met,
Men in those times immatchaUe for wit.

Drayton, Legend of T. Cromwell.

immatchlesst (i-mach'les), a. [< in-3 (here in-
tensive) + matchless.] Incomparable ; match-
less. Vavies.

Thou great Soveraigne of the earth,
Onelie immatchlesse Monarchesse of hearts.
G. Markham, Sir R. Grinuile (Ded. to the Fairest).

immaterial (im-a-te'ri-al), a. and n. [= F. »m-
materiel = Sp. immaterial = Pg. immaterial = It.
immaterial; as in-3 + material.] I. a. 1. Not
consisting of matter; not material.

Forms immaterial are produced by an efficient cause in
the matter : but the matter itself does not contribute to-
wards the action. All forms of natural things, the human
soul excepted, are material, which only is immaterial.

Burgergdicius, tr. by a Gentleman.

Angels are spirits immaterial and intellectual.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

The most elementary study of sensation justifies Des-
cartes' position, that we know more of mind than we do
of body ; that the immaterial world is a firmer reality than
the material. Huxley, Sensation and Sensiferous Organs.

2. Without special significance or importance ;
of no essential consequence; unimportant.

It may seem immaterial whether we shall not recollect
each other hereafter. Cowper.

Specifically, in lam : (a) Not relevant ; having no bearing
on the question : as, immaterial evidence, (o) Not abso-
lutely essential to constitute the cause of action or de-
fense : as, an immaterial averment (a statement of un-
necessary particulars).— Immaterial cognition. See
cognition — Immaterial form, in metaph. See form.
= Syn. 2. Unessential, non-essential, insignificant.
II. n. Something not material.
As well might nothing bind immensity,
Or passive matter immaterials see,
As these should write by reason, rhyme, and rule.
Or he turn wit whom nature doom'd a fool.

W. Harte, Essay on Satire.

Thus more perfect apprehenders misconceive immate-
rials; our imaginations paint souls and angels in as dis-
similar a resemblance.

Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, vii.

immaterialise, v. t. See immaterialize.
immaterialism (im-a-te'ri-al-izm), n. [= F.

immatcrialisme = Sp. inmaterialismo = Pg. im-
materialism o ; as immaterial + -ism.] 1. The
doctrine that immaterial substances or spirit-
ual beings exist or are possible. — 2. The doc-
trine that there is no material world, but that
all things exist only in the mind ; idealism.

Immaterialism is the doctrine of Bishop Berkeley, that
there is no material substance, and that all being may be
reduced to mind, and ideas in a mind.

Fleming, Vocab. of Philosophy.

immaterialist (im-a-te'ri-al-ist), ». [= F. im-
matcrialiste = Sp. inmaterialista = Pg. immate-
rialista; as immaterial + -ist.] One who be-
lieves in or professes immaterialism.

Going to England very young, about thirteen years ago,
he [Berkeley] became founder of a sect there called the
immaterialists, by the force of a very curious book upon
that subject. Swift, To Carteret, Sept. 3, 1724.

immateriality (im-a-te-ri-al'i-ti), n. [= P. im-
materiality = Sp. inmaterialidad = Pg. immate-
rialidade = It. immaterialita ; as immaterial +
-ity.] 1. The character or quality of being im-
material or spiritual: as, the immateriality of
the soul.

There are exterminating angels, that fly wrapt up in the
curtains of immateriality and an uncommunicating na-
ture. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 81.

2. An immaterial existence or essence ; that
which is without matter.

A school of French philosophers to-day . . . speak of
man as the union of an organism with an immateriality.
Pop. Sri. Mo., XXII. 148.

3. The character of .being unimportant, non-
essential, or irrelevant.

immaterialize (im-a-te'ri-al-iz), v. t\; pret. and
pp. immaterialized, ppr. immaterializing. [= F.
immaterialiser = Sp. inmaterialisar; as immate-
rial + -ize.] To make immaterial or incor-
poreal; separate or free from matter. Also
spelled immaterialise.

For though possibly assiduity in the most fixed cogita-
tion be no trouble or pain to immaterializ'd spirits, yet is
it more then our embodyed souls can bear without lassi-
tude or distemper. Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xii.

immaterially (im-a-te'ri-al-i), adv. [< iiiniii/-
terial + -lyZ.] 1. Not corporeally.— 2. Unim-
portantly ; not necessarily or essentially.

immaterialness (im-a-te'ri-al-ues), n. The

, .

tcriate.] Not consisting of matter; incorpo-
real; immaterial.

immediacy

And besides, I practise as I do advise : which is, after
long inquiry of things immerse in matter, to interpose
some subject which is immat,eriate, or less materiate.

Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 115.

immatter (i-mat'er), n. [< in-3 + matter.
Cf. immaterial.] That which is immaterial, or
not matter. Ashburncr, Reichenbach's Dynam-
ics (1851), p. 29, note. [Bare.]

immature (im-a-tur'), a. [= OF. immature =
Sp. inmaditro = Pg. immature = It. immature,
< L. immaturus, inmaturus, unripe, < in- priv. +
matiirus, ripe, mature: see mature.] 1. Not
mature or ripe ; not complete in growth or de-
velopment ; nence, unfinished ; not perfected :
as, immature fruit; an immature youth; imma-
ture plans or counsels.

The earth was form'd, but in the womb as yet

Of waters, embryon immature involved,

Appear'd not. Milton, P. L., vii. 277.

2f. Coming before the natural time; prema-
ture ; too early.

We are pleased, and call not that death immature, if a
man lives till seventy. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living.

The immature death of Mr. Robinson In Holland.

C. Mather, Mag. Chris., i. 3.

=Syn. 1. Raw, green, crude, unfinished, undigested.

immatured (im-a-turd'), a. [< in-3 + matured.]
Not matured; not ripened.

immaturely (im-a-tur'li), adv. In an immature
manner; unripely; prematurely; crudely.

immatureness (im-a-tur'nes), n. Immaturity.

immaturity (im-a-tu'ri-ti), ». [= OF. imma-
turity, F. immaturite = It. immaturitd, < L.
immaturita(t-)s, inmaturita(t-)s, unripeness, <
immaturus, inmaturus, unripe: see immature.]
The state or character of being immature ; un-
ripeness; incompleteness; crudeness.

How far the validity of contracts may be affected by the
contractor's immaturity of age, it belongs to human laws
to determine. Beattie, Moral Science, iii. 1.

Shelley appears always to have labored under an essen-
tial immaturity ; it is very possible that if he had lived a
hundred years he would never have become a man.

S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 99.

immazet(im-maz'),v. t. [< in-2 + maze.] To
involve in a maze or labyrinth; entangle.

The prementioned Planters, by Tolerating all Religions,
had immazed themselves in the most intolerable confu-
sions and inextricable thraldomes.

N. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 22.

immeabilityt (im"e-a-biri-ti), ». [< L. as if
*immealtilita(t-)s, < ^immeabilis, < in- priv. +
meabilis, passable, < meare, pass, go : see mea-
tus.] Impassableness ; impermeability.

Such a state of the fluids at last affects the tender capil-
lary vessels of the brain, by the viscidity and immeabuity
of the matter impacted in them.

.Irbuthnot, Aliments, vt § 29.

immeasurability (i-mezh*ur-a-bil'i-ti), «. [<
immeasurable : see -bility.] Incapability of be-
ing measured ; immeasurableness.

immeasurable (i-mezh'ur-a-bl), a. [= F. im-
mesurable = It. immisurabile ; as in-3 + mea-
surable; ult. identical with immensurable, q. v.]
Incapable of being measured ; immense ; limit-
less ; indefinitely extensive.

Safe have you gain'd the peaceful port of ease,
Not doom'd to plough th' immeasurable seas.

Pitt, -Eneid, ill.
Man's measures cannot mete the immeasurable All.

M. Arnold, Empedocles on JEtnn.

immeasurableness (i-mezh 'ur-a-bl-nes), ».
The state of being immeasurable or incapable
of measurement; limitless extent.

Eternity and immeasurableness belong to thought
alone. F. W. Robertson.

immeasurably (i-mezh'ur-a-bli), adv. To an
immeasurable extent or degree.

Where wilds immeasurably spread
Seem length'ning as I go.

Goldsmith, The Hermit, at. 2.

immeasuredt (i-mezh'urd), a. [< «»-3 + mea-
sured.] Unmeasured ; unlimited.

They brought forth Geaunts, and such dreadful wights
As far exceeded men in their immeasur'd mights.

Spenser, F. Q., II. x. 8.
A stream, that silently but swiftly glides
To meet eternity's immeasured tides t

Broome, Death.

immechanicalt (im-e-kan'i-kal), a. [< in-3 +
mechanical.] Not mechanical; not consonant
with the laws of mechanics.

Nothing will clear a head possessed with immechanical
notions. Mead.

immechanicallyt (im-e-kan'i-kal-i), adv. Not

mechanically,
immediacy fi-me'di-6-si). n. [< immedia(te)

+ -cy.] The character of beiug immediate.

immediacy

(a) Direct relation or connection ; freedom from any In-
tervening medium.

He asserts that, in his doctrine of perception, the exter-
nal reality stands, to the percipient mind, face to face, In
the tame immediacy of relation which the idea holds in
the representative theory of the philosophers.

Sir W. Hamilton.

(b) Specifically, the condition of being in direct relation
with a head or chief; the feudal rank next to that of the
suzerain.

He led our powers ;

Bore the commission of my place and person ;
Tlir which inininliaeii may well stand up,
And call itself your brother. Shak., Lear, v. 3.

All immediate church territory was secularized except
a little imrt of that of Mayence, and, this not sufficing,
all but six of the fifty-one imperial towns and the villages
of the same class lost their immediacy, and were put into
the hands of princes who received compensation.

Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. 11., p. 398.

(c) In metajih., direct presence; spontaneous existence, not
dependent on anything; absolute or non-relative being.

The a priori aspect or imiiu'.diacttot thought, where there
is a mediation not made by anything external but by a re
flection into self, is another name for universality, the com-
placency or contentment of thought which is so much at
ease with itself that it feels an innate aversion to descend
to particulars. Ueyel, tr. by Wallace.

A primitive immediacy or absolute Identity of subject
and object at some point back of all of individual experi-
ence perhaps is thus postulated.

G. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 172.

immediate (i-me'di-at), a. [= F. imme'diat =
Sp. inmediato = Pg. It. immediate, < ML. *im-
mediates, not mediate, < L. in- priv. •+- ML.
mediates, mediate: see mediate, a.] 1. Not
separated from its object or correlate by any
third or medium; directly related; indepen-
dent of any intermediate agency or action:
opposed to remote: as, an immediate cause.

He hath bin pleas'd to make himselfe the agent and t'nt-
merfiat performer of their desires.

Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.

Moses mentions the immediate causes of the deluge, the
rains and the waters ; and St. Peter mentions the more
remote and fundamental causes, that constitution of the
heavens. Burnet.

The sensible qualities are the immediate objects of the
senses ; a substance invested with those qualities, the me-
diate. Bttrgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman.

The Consistory, like the Bishop, is under the immediate
direction of the Holy Governing Synod.

J. X. Neale, Eastern Church, J. 1184.

2. Having no space or object intervening; near-
est; proximate; having the closest relation:
as, immediate contact; the immediate neighbor-
hood.

What ! rate, rebuke, and roughly send to prison
Th immediate heir of England !

Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 2.

These two commandments are immediate to each other,
and of the greatest cognation.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I. 215.

3. Without any time intervening; without any
delay; present; instant: often used, like simi-
lar absolute expressions, with less strictness
than the literal meaning requires: as, an »»«-
mediate answer; immediate despatch.

Tis time we twain

Did show ourselves i the field ; and, to that end,
Assemble me immediate council.

Shot., A. and C., L 5.
Immediate are the acts of God, more swift
Than time or motion. ililton., P. L., vil. 178.

The dead lulls of tropical seas are the immediate fore-
runners of tornadoes. />,• Quincey, Philos. of Rom. Hist.
The commander of the Swiss, and some other officers,
were for immediate action. Prescott, Ferd. and l&a., ii. 12.

4. In metaph., indemonstrable; intuitive; of
the character of a direct perception not worked
over by the mind, immediate truths are of two kinds,
those which are the direct testimony of the senses, and
general axioms : the existence of both kinds Is in ques-
tion.

Where certainty is mediate, one judgment is often spo-
ken of as the ground of another; bat a syllogism is still
psychologically a single, though not a simple, judgment,
and the certainty of it as a whole is immediate.

J. Ward, Encyc. Brit, XX. 83.

Immediate agglutination, certainty, evidence. See
the nouns.— Immediate contraries. See contrary-.—
Immediate good, that which is recognized as an end in
itself, and is not merely useful in bringing about some end.
— Immediate Inference, the name first given by Wolf
to a necessary inference from a single premise, because it
has no middle term, being a mere transformation of a prop-
osition.— Immediate knowledge, (a) Knowledge of a
thinir or ;in event in its existence, as here and now, by a con-
sciousness of its direct presence. In this sense, immediate
knowledge does not imply a perception of the thing-in-
itself, hut only ;i real and direct consciousness of the reac-
tion between self and not-self, (ft) Knowledge of an ob-
ject as it exists, so that the qualities of our cognition are
the qualities of the thing-ln-itself.— Immediate testi-
mony, in (air, testimony U> the personal experience of the
witness.

immediately (i-me'di-at-li). <uh\ 1. In an im-
mediate manner; with' out the intervention of
anything; proximately; directly.

2907

immerit

Knowing myself to take and hold the said Archbishopric
immediately and only of your Highness, and of none other.

immenseness (i-mens'nes), n. The character
Abp. CranmeriOafho/O/i-e, in k W. Uixons Hist. . or state «f l^j?8 immense ; immensity.

[Church of Kng., Hi., note, immensiblet (i-men'si-bl), a. [< L. in- pnv.
+ meiinug, pp. of metiri, measure : see metel,
Immeasurable.

If the sun were in the zenith or iuuiwdi<ttfhi overhead,
the most vivid effects would be found on the horizon.

Spottitwoode, Polarisation, p. 81.

2. Without lapse of time; without delay ; in-
stantly.

And Jesus put forth his hand, and touched him, saying,
I will ; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was
cleansed. Mat. viii. ::.

Hell eat but half a dozen bits, and rise immediately.

Fletcher, Spanish Curate, II. 4.

-Syn. 2. Instantaneously, promptly, forthwith, straight-
way.

immediateness (i-me'di-at-nes), n. The char-
acter or quality of being immediate, in any sense
of that word.

immediatism (i-me'di-a-tizm), n. [<. immediate
+ -ism.] The quality of being immediate.

immedicable (i-med'i-ka-bl), a. [= Sp. inmedi-
cable = It. immedicabile, < L. immeilicabilis, in-
medicabilis, incurable, < in- priv. + medicabilix,
curable: see medicable.'] Not amenable to med-
icine; incapable of being healed; incurable.

My griefs . . .
for less I

Nor less than .wounds immedicaljle
Rankle, and fester, and gangrene.

Milton, S. A., 1.620.
But who rains down
Evil, the immedicable plague?

Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, ii. 4.

immelodioust (im-e-16'di-us), a. [< in-3 + melo-
dious."] Unmelodibus.

When immeloilioux winds but made thee fa lute] move,
And birds on thee their ramage did bestow.

Drvmmond, Sonnets, ii. 10.

immemorablet (i-mem'o-ra-bl), a. [= P. im-
memorable = Sp. inmemorable = Pg. immemo-
ravcl = It. immemorabile, immemorial, < L. im-
mcmorabilis, inmemorabilis, not worth mention-
ing, also silent, < in- priv. + memorabilis, to be
mentioned : see memorable.] Not memorable ;
not worth remembering. Minsheu, 1617.
immemorial (im-e-mo'ri-al), a. [= Sp. inme-
morial = Pg. immemorial; as in-3 H- memorial.]
Not within the bounds of memory ; of unknown
duration ; extending back beyond record or tra-
dition.

All the laws of this kingdom have some memorials in
writing, yet all have not their original in writing ; for some
obtained their force by immemorial usage or custom.

Sir M. Hole.

A country belonging to a people who were In posses-
sion for time immemorial.

Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xvil.
In the oldest forms of nobility, the origin of the dis-
tinction is strictly immemorial ; there is no record of the
way it began, no record how this and that house in a state
came to be looked on as more noble than others.

E. A. Freeman, Amur. Letts., p. 282.

Lmmemorially (im-e-mo'ri-al-i), adv. In an im-
memorial manner ; from time out of mind.

The territory of Saba, which immemorially has been
the mart of frankincense, myrrh, and balsam.

Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 444.

immense (i-mens'), a. and n. [< F. immense =
Sp. inmenso = Pg. It. immense, < L. immensus,
inmensus, unmeasured, boundless, < in- priv. +
menstis, pp. of metiri, measure : see mete1, mea-
sure.] I, a. 1. So great as to be beyond mea-
surement ; immeasurable ; limitless ; bound-
less ; incomprehensible.

Witness this new-made world, another heaven, . . .

Of amplitude almost immense. Milton, P. L., vii. 620.

God is too large, too immense, and then man is too nar-
row, too little to be considered ; for who can fix his eye
upon an atom ? Donne, Sermons, vii.

2. Of vast extent, bulk, or quantity; very great ;
huge; inordinate: as, an immense territory ; an
immense sum; an immense eater (a colloquial
expression).

A corner cupboard, knowingly left open, displayed im-
mense treasures of old silver and well-mended china.

Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 430.

I could only distinguish an immense vault, like a high
cavern, without aisles. B. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 139.

3. Very good or fine; very striking, attractive,
or interesting. [Slang.]

The afterpiece is said to be immenxe.

Florida Times-Union, Feb. 8, 1888.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Excessive, etc. See enormous.

II. n. Infinite space; immensity. [Poeti-
cal.]

When this ball of rock and clay
Crumbles from my feet away,
And the solid shores of sense
Melt into the vague immenne.

WHmur, Andrew Uykman's Prayer.

immensely (i-tnens 'Ii), <i>lr. To an immense
extent or degree ; exceedingly.

measure.]

For should I touch thy minde (intangible.
Fraught with whateuer makes or good or great,
As learning, language, artos immentible,
Witt, courage, eourtesie, and all compleat),
I should but straiiie my skill to do thee wrong.

Danes, To Worthy Anon*.

immensity (i-men'si-ti), n. ; pi. immensities
(-tiz). [= F. immensiM = Pr. tmmensitat, in-
mensitat = Sp. inmensidad = Pg. immensidade
= It. immensita, < L. immensita(t-)s, inmensi-
ta(t-)s, unmeasurableness, < immensus, iiiim //-
sus, unmeasurable : see immense.] 1. The char-
acter or state of being immense, (a) Immeainr-
ableness; boundlessness; infinitude.

Through the thick Fogs of Adversity ... we come to
see God, and the Immensity of his Love, in a fuller Pro-
portion. Hiimll, Letters, I. vi. 55.

By the power we find in ourselves of repeating as often

as we will any Idea of space, we get the idea of immensity.

Locke, Human Lndcrstanding, II. xvil. 5.

(6) Vastness ; hugeness ; enormous extent or degree : as,
the immensity of the Roman empire.

A glimpse of the immensity of the material system is
granted to the eye of man. Is. Taylor.

2. That which is immense ; an extent not to be
measured; infinity; especially, infinite space or
the universe in space.

All these illustrious worlds.
Lost In the wilds of vast immeiaity,
Are suns. Blackmore.

Mighty Rome, to the north, lying at no great length in
the Idle immensity around it.

//. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 172.

3. A vast extent, degree, bulk, or quantity; a
very great amount.

immensivet (i-men'siv), a. [< OF. immensif;
as immense + -ice.] Immense.

Then this immennve cup

of aromatike wine,
Catullus, I qnaffe up

To that terce muse of thine.

lltrrich, Hesperides, p. 84.

immensurability (i-men'su-ra-bil'j-ti), «. [<
immensurable: see -bilitij.] The quality of be-
ing immensurable ; immeasurableness.

immensurable (i-men'su-ra-bl), a. [= F. im-
mensurable = Sp. inmensurable = Pg. immensu-
ravel = It. immensttrabile, < LL. immensurabilis,
immeasurable, < L. in- priv. + LL. menstira-
bilis, mensurable : see mensurable.] Incapable
of being measured ; immeasurable.

The law of nature, . .

a term of immensurable extent.
Ward.

immensurate (i-men'su-rat), a. [< LL. immen-
suratus, not measured, < L. in- priv. + LL.
mensuratua, measured, pp. of mensurare, mea-
sure: see mensurate, measure, v.] Unmeasured;
immeasurable. [Bare.]

Created nature . . . fell into an immfnsurnt'- distance
from It [heaven]. W. Montague, Devoute Essays, II. ix. f 1.

immer (im'er), n. Same as ember-goose.
immerdt (i-merd'), v. t. [< F. emmerder, cover

with dung, < L. in, on, + merda, dung.] To

cover with dung.

Let daws delight to immerit themselves in dung, whilst
eagles scorn so poor a game as flies.

Quartet, Emblems, Int.

immerge (i-merj'), ». ; pret. and pp. immcrged,
ppr. immerging. [= F. immerger = Sp. inmer-
gir = It. immergere, < L. immergere, inmergere,
dip or plunge into, < in, in, + mergere, dip,
plunge: see merge. Cf. emerge.] I.t trans. To
plunge into or under anything, especially into
a fluid; immerse.

The church of God . . . was then holy, not in title only
and design, but practically and materially, and persecut-
ed, and not immeryed in secular temptations.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S6X H. 29.

Yon may immtrye it, replied he, Into the ocean, and It
will stand. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, The Wig.

H. intrans. To disappear by entering into
any medium, as a star into the light of the sun,
or the moon into the shadow of the earth.

immerger (i-m^r'jer), n. That which immerges
or dives : specifically applied in ornithology to
the Mergitores or divers.

immer-goose (im'er-gos), n. A dialectal vari-
ant of ember-goose.

immeritt (i-mer'it), n. [< in-3 + merit, ».]
Want of merit or worth; demerit.

When I receive your lines, and find there expressions
of a passion, reason and my own immerit tell me it must
not be for me. SacUiwj.

immerited

immeritedt (i-mer'i-ted), a. [< in-3 + merited.']
Unmerited.

Those on whom I have in the plenteousest manner
showered my bounty and immerited favour have darted
on me. King Charles, In the Princely Pelican, p. 279.

immeritoust (i-mer'i-tus), a. [= F. immerit£ —
Sp. inmerito = Pg. It. immerito, < L. immeritus,
inmeritus, undeserving, < in- priv. + meritus,
deserving: see merit, v.~\ Undeserving.

And gives sentence that his confuting hath bin em-
ployed about frothy, immeritous, and undeserving dis-
course. Milton, Colasterion.

immersable, immersible (i-mer'sa-bl, -si-bl),
a. [< immerse + -able, -Me.] Capable of being
immersed. Coles, 1717.

immerse (i-mers')> v. t.; pret. and pp. immersed,
ppr. immersing. [< L. immersus, inmersus, pp.
of immergere, inmergere, dip or plunge into : see
immerge."] 1. To plunge into anything, espe-
cially a fluid; sink; dip.

More than a mile immersed within the wood.

Dryden, Theodore and Honoria, 1. 89.

These the Moldaw's raging flood
Swept with their wattled cotes, as o'er its banks
It rose redundant, swol'n with beating rains,
And deep immers'd beneath its whirling wave.

Warton, Eclogues, i.
He, . . . immers'd

Deep in the flood, found, when he sought it not,
The death he had deserv'd. Cowper, Task, vi. 564.

2. Specifically, to baptize by immersion. — 3.
Figuratively, to plunge into, as a state, occu-
pation, interest, etc.; involve deeply: as, toiwz-
merse one's self in business.

When I see a person wholly immersed in affairs of the
World, or spending his time in luxury and vanity, can I
possibly think that man hath any esteem of God or of his
ow-n Soul ? StUlingfleet, Sermons, I. v.

He who is immersed in what concerns person or place
cannot see the problem of existence. Emerson, Intellect.

The Queen, immersed in such a trance, . . .
Came to that point where first she saw the King
Ride toward her from the city.

Tennyson, Guinevere.

immerset (i-mers'), a. [= Pg. It. immerso, <
L. immersus, pp.: see the verb.] Immersed;
buried ; covered ; deeply sunk.

And besides, I practise as I do advise : which is, after
long inquiry of things immerse in matter, to interpose
some subject which is immateriate, or less materiate.

Bacon, Nat. Hist, § 115.

immersed (i-mersf), jp. a. 1. Deeply plunged
into a fluid, or, figuratively, into some state, oc-
cupation, etc. — 2. In hot. : (a) Growing wholly
under water, as aquatic plants. (6) Originat-
ing beneath the surface of the matrix, or be-
neath the soil. In mosses the capsule is said to be im-
mersed when covered over and concealed by the leaves of
the perichsetium. The fructification of lichens is immersed
when sunk or plunged into the thrill us.

3. In entom., said of a part which is somewhat
or wholly sunken in another part, as the head

when it is covered by the prothorax Immersed

eyes, eyes which are not raised above the surface of the
surrounding integument, appearing partly covered by it,
as in certain beetles, etc.

immersible, a. See immersable.

immersion (i-mer'shon), »». [= F. immersion
= Sp. inmersion = Pg. immersSo = It. immer-
sione, < LL. immersio(n-), inmersio(n-), < L. im-
mergere, inmergere, pp. immersus, inmersus, dip
or plunge into : see immerse, immerge.'] 1. The
act of immersing, or the state of being im-
mersed ; a sinking or dipping into a fluid.

The Monitor, with only twelve feet immersion, could
take any position. The Century, XXIX. 744.

Specifically — 2. A mode of administering bap-
tism by dipping or plunging the whole person
into water.

In baptism we are sunk under water, and then raised
above the water again : which was the manner of baptis-
ing in the Christian church, by immersion, and not by as-
persion, till of late times. Donne, Sermons, xxix.

3. Figuratively, the act of overwhelming, or the
state of being deeply engaged ; absorption : as,
immersion in scientific studies.

Too deep an immersion in the affairs of life. Atterbury.

4. In astron., the disappearance of a celestial
body by passing either behind another or into
its shadow: opposed to emersion. Theocculta-
tion of a star is immersion of the first kind ; the eclipse
of a satellite, immersion of the second kind. Also called
incidence.

5. In microscopy, the placing of a drop of liquid,
such as water, between the object-glass and the
object. The rays of light thus pass into the objective
from a denser medium than the air which is otherwise
present, and there is consequently less loss of light at the
two reflecting surfaces; such an objective (immersion-
objective or immersion-lens) has the advantage of greater
working distance than a "dry objective." If instead of
water a liquid having the same refractive and dispersive

2998

powers as the glass is employed, the method is called ho-
mogeneous immersion.

6. In ceram., the application of the glaze to a
piece of pottery by plunging it into a vessel
filled with the glaze in a liquid state — im-
mersion gliding. See gilding.

immersionist (i-mer'shon-ist), n. [< immer-
sion + -int.'] One who holds that immersion is
essential to Christian baptism. See Baptist, 2.

Immersores (im-er-so'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi.
of immersor, dipper, < L. immersus, pp. of im-
mergere : see immerse.'] In Macgillivray's sys-
tem, an artificial order of birds which dive, as
the water-ouzels and kingfishers. [Not in use.]

iminesh (im-mesh'), v. t. [< i»-2 + mesh. Cf.
enmesh,] To involve in or as in the meshes of a
net; entangle; enmesh. Also inmesh.

I thus became immeshedin the web he had spun for my
reception. Dickens, David Copperneld, lii.

immethodedt (i-meth'od-ed), a. [< i»-3 +
method + -etJ2.] Unmethodical.

immitigable

The immigrations of the Arabians into Europe.

T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, I. 101.
A great tide of immigration sets continually to Amer-
ica. Theodore Parker, Sermons, Int.

Commissioners of Immigration, in the United States,
officers appointed to supervise the entrance and trans-
portation of immigrants, and to care for their interests
generally.

imminence (im'i-nens), «. [= F. imminence =
Sp.inmineiicia =Pg. imminencia=U. imminenza,
< L. imminentia, inminentia, < imminen(t-)s, in-
minen(t-)s, ppr. of imminere, inminere, project
over: see imminent.'] 1. The quality or condi-
tion of being imminent.

Their sudden thoughts, immethoded discourses, and slov-
enly sermocinations. Waterhouse, Apology, p. 157.

unmethodical (im-e-thod'i-kal), a. [< in-3 +
methodical.'} Not methodical; without system-
atic arrangement; disorderly; irregular; con-
fused.

In grammar, rhetoric, logic, my education was imper-
fect because immethodical.

J. Adams, Letters to his Wife, cxlvii.

unmethodically (im-e-thod'i-kal-i), adv. In an
immethodical manner; without order or regu-
larity; irregularly.

immethodicalness (im-e-thod'i-kal-nes), n.
The condition or quality of being immethodical ;
want of method; confusion.
immethodize (i-meth'od-Iz), v. t.; pret. and
pp. immethodized, ppr. immethodizing . [< in-3
+ method + -ize.~\ To render immethodical.
[Bare.]

immetrical (i-met'ri-kal), a. [< in-3 + metri-
cal.'] Not metrical ; unmetrical.

French and Italian most immetricall,
Their many syllables, in harsh collision,
Fall as they brake their necks.

Chapman, Iliad, To the Reader, 1. 154.
Lamb allowed the meaningless and immelrical word
"destiny" to stand at the end of this line, in place of the
obviously right reading ["disdain"].

Swinburne, in Nineteenth Century, XXI. 83.

immeuble (i-me'bl), n. [F. : see immobile.']
In French law, an immovable ; real property. —
Immeubles flctifs, quasi-immovable property ; mixed
property.

immewt, v. t. See cmmew.

immigrant (im'i-grant), a. and •«. [= F. im-
migrant = Sp. inmigrante = Pg. immigrante, <
L. immigran(t-)s, ppr. of immigrare, remove
into: see immigrate.] I. a. Immigrating: hav-
ing immigrated.

Our first colonial period . . . transmits to us a body of
writings produced by immigrant Americans.

M. C. Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., II. 7.

As to the origin of these immigrant cells, it may be re-

garded as certain that they have passed inwards from the

epithelium. E. A. Sehafer, Proc. Roy. Soc., XXXVIII. 90.

II. n. One who or that which immigrates, as
a person, an animal, or a plant; specifically, a
person who migrates into a country for the
purpose of permanent residence : correlative to
emigrant, as strictly used.

It is to the age of Burke, and of his fellow liberalists
who came just after him, that we are beholden for the
word immigrant. F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 283.

It has become more and more the habit of the richer
class in Ireland to go to England for its enjoyment, and
to feel itself socially rather English than Irish. Thus the
chasm between the immigrants and the aborigines has
grown deeper. J. Bryce, Kew Princeton Rev., III. 64.

immigrate (im'i-grat), v. i.; pret. and pp. im-
migrated, ppr. immigrating. [< L. immigrates,
pp. of immigrare, inmigrare (> Sp. inmigrar =
F. immigrer), remove into, < in, in, + migrare,
remove: see migrate. Cf. emigrate."] To pass
or come into, as a new habitat or place of resi-
dence; especially, to remove into a country of
which one is not a native for the purpose of
permanent residence ; migrate or be conveyed
into and settle in another country or region.

The carrying of fatty particles into the lacteals after a
meal containing fat by the immigrating leucocytes.

E. A. Schiifer, Proc. Roy. Soc., XXXVIII. 89.
= Syn. Emigrate, etc. See migrate.
immigration (im-i-gra/shon), ». [= F. immi-
gration = Sp. inmigraeion = Pg. immigrayfto, <
Li. as if *immigratio(n-), < immigrare, inmigrare,
pp. immigratus, inmigratus, remove into: see
immigrate.'] The act of immigrating; the act
or process of passing or removing into a coun-
try for the purpose of permanent residence.

The imminence of any danger or distress.

Fuller.

2. That which is imminent; impending evil or
danger.

Dare all imminence that gods and men
Address their dangers in. Shak., T. and C., v. 11.
The morbid imminences of this age [puberty] are few ;
disorders of the nervous system, chorea and epilepsy, may
arise : aneemia and rheumatism are common enough.

Quain, Med. Diet., p. 1151.

imminent (im'i-nent), a. [= F. imminent —
Sp. inminente = Pg. It. imminente, < L. immi-
nen(t-)s, inminen(t-)s, ppr. of imminere, inmi-
nere, project over or toward, overhang, < in, on,
+ minere, project. Cf. eminent, prominent."] 1.
Overhanging; fixed pendently or so as to over-
look; projecting from above. [Archaic.]

Their eyes ever imminent upon worldly matters.

Hilton, Reformation in Eng., ii.

The gloom of high-lying, old stone cities, imminent on
the windy seaboard. R. L. Stevenson, Foreigner at Home.

Hence — 2. Threatening or about to fall or to
occur; impending threateningly; hanging over
one's head.

Of hair-breadth 'scapes i' the imminent deadly breach.
Shak., Othello, i. S.
Void of all fear, they run into imminent dangers.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 40.
Commingled with the gloom of imminent war,
The shadow of His loss drew like eclipse.

Tennyson, Idylls of the King, Ded.

imminently (im'i-nent-li), adv. In an immi-
nent manner ; threateningly.
immingle (im-ming'gl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. »m-
mingled, ppr. immingling. [< in-1 + mingle.'}
To mingle ; mix or unite together. [Bare.]
In graceful dance immingled, o'er the land,
Pan, Pales, Flora, and Pomona play'd.

Thomson, Castle of Indolence, it

imminutiont (im-i-nu'shon), n. [< L. imminu-
tio(n-), inminutio(n-), a lessening, < imminuere,
inminuere, pp. immimttus, inminutus, lessen, <
in, in, on, + minuere, lessen: see minish."] A
lessening; diminution; decrease. Sp. Cosin;
Ray.

And where is the absurdity of Dr. Spencer's gradual de-
clension or imminution of the theocracy, which Mr. W.'s
gradual withdrawing of the extraordinary providence is
not liable unto? Warburton, Divine Legation, v. 2.

immiscibility (i-mis-i-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. im-
miscibilite = Sp. inmiscibilidad ; as immiscible
+ -ity: see -bility."] The character of being
immiscible ; incapability of being mixed.

immiscible (i-mis'i-bl), a. [= F. immiscible =
Sp. inmiscible = Pg. immiscivel, < ML. *immisci-
bilis, unmixable, < L. in- priv. + ML. miscibilis,
mixable : see miscible.] Not miscible ; incapa-
ble of being or becoming mixed, as oil and wa-
ter.

It is incredible . . . that this ... is the result of such
a chaos of immiscible and conflicting particles.

Cudworth, Intellectual System.

inimission (i-mish'on), «. [= F. immission =
Sp. inmision, < L. immissio(n-), inmissio(n-), a
letting in, < immittere, inmittere, pp. immissus,
inmissiis, let in: see immit.] 1. The act of im-
mitting or sending in; injection: correlative
to emission.

It is ordinarily impossible never to wander with a
thought or to be interrupted with a sudden immission
into his spirit in the midst of prayers.

Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, ii. 12.

2. That which is immitted or sent in.

Faith ... is presented to be an infused grace, an /m-
misiion from God. Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, Pref.

immit (im-mit')» v. t. ; pret. and pp. immitted.
ppr. immitting. [= It. immittere, < L. immittere,
inmittere, send or let in, < in, in, 4- mittere, send.
Cf. admit, curt, etc.] To send in; inject: cor-
relative to emit.

Having stopped it [a receiver] close with a screw, I filled
it further with air, which I immitted.

Boyle, Works, IV. 533.

immitigable (i-mit'i-ga-bl), a. [< in-s + mifi-
yable.] Not mitigable; incapable of being
mitigated or appeased.
These immitigable, these iron-hearted men. Harris.

immitigably

immitigably (i-mit'i-ga-bli), adv. In an im-

inil Igable niiiniirr.
immix (im-miks'), V- t. [< in-2 + mix. ( '!. equiv.

L. imminecre, inmiseere, < in, in, + misrere, mix.]

To mix ; mingle.

Samson, with these immix'd, inevitably
Pull'tl ili iu n the Baine destruction on himself.

MiUtm, 8. A., 1. 1657.

immixable (i-mik'sa-bl), «. [< in-3 + mijuiil, . \
Not capable of being mixed ; immiscible.

Fill n ghiss sphere with such liquors as may be clear, of
the same colour and nnmixald<\

KI>. Wilkins, Mathematical Magick.

immixedt (i-miksf), «. [< »»-3 + mixed.'] Un-

iiiinglcd; pin-c.

Where it doth steddy stand, all-uniform,
Pare, pervious, immix't, innocuous, mild.

Dr. H. Mart, Psychathanasia, II. IL 22.
Now to assure you, sir, how pure and immixcil the de-
sign is from any other thun the public Interest.

Boyle, Works, VI. 291.

immixturet (i-miks'tur), n. [< in-3 + mixture.']
Freedom from mixture ; absence of alloy.

So that we are, aa I may say, allowed what our nature
ahoundeth the moafc in, which is sorrow, to make up that
wherein our loue is the most defective, which Is simpli-
city and immixture.

W. Montague, Devonte Essays, L xiv. ; 3.

immobile (i-mo'bil), a. [Formerly immoble; =
F. immobile, also immeuble = Sp. inmoble = Pg.
immobil, immovel = It. immobile, < L. immobilis,
inmobilis, immovable, < f'n-priy. + mobilis, mov-
able: see mobile.] Not mobile; incapable of
moving or of being moved ; immovable ; fixed ;
stable.

immobility (im-o-bil'i-ti), n. [=F. immobilite =
Pr. immobilitat = Sp" inmoeilidad = Pg. immo-
bilidade = It. immobilita, < LL. immobilita(t-)s,
inmobilita(t-)s, immovableness, < L. immobilis,
inmobilis, immovable : see immobile.] The char-
acter or condition of being immobile or irre-
movable; fixedness.

The great legislative changes that were effected at the
Revolution — the immobility of the judges, the reform of
the trials for treason, etc. Leeky, Eng. in 18th Cent., i.

imm9bilization(i-m6'/bi-li-za'shon), ». A mak-
ing immobile; reduction to immobility.

Immobilization [of a diseased joint] should not be con-
tinued longer than necessary. Qitain, Med. Diet, p. 780.

immobilize (i-mo'bi-Hz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
immobilized, ppr. immobilizing. [< immobile +
-tee.] 1. To render immobile; fix so as to be
or become immovable.

In cases of doubt it is better to abstain from much
handling, and treat the case £8 if it were compound, using
every means to keep the wound aseptic, and to immobilize
the limb. Buck's Hamlbook of Mad. Science*, III. 236.

2. To deprive of the capacity for mobilization.

Four French army corps and half of the French fleet are
immobilized. Contemporary Jier., LII. 886.

immoblet, a. Same as immobile.

And therefore be lawes called holy, because it is not
lawfull to brekc them ; but they be ferine and immo&fc.
Joye, Expos, of Daniel, v.

immoderate (i-mod'e-rat), a. [= F. imnwdert
= Sp. inmoderado = Pg. immoderado == It. im-
moderate, < Jj.immoderatus, inmoderatus, with-
out measure, < in- priv. + moderatus, mea-
sured: see moderate, a.] Not moderate; not
confined to just or reasonable limits; exces-
sive; extravagant; unreasonable.

So every scope, by the immoderate use,
Turns to restraint. Shak., M. for M., L 8.

It is not the greatness of men's condition, but their t'm-
moderate love to the world, which ruins and destroys their
souls. Stillingfleet, Sermons, I. xii.

= Syn. Intemperate, exorbitant, Inordinate.

immoderately (i-mod'e-rat-H), adv. In an im-
moderate degree; excessively; unreasonably.

immoderateness (i-mod'e-rat-nes), n. The
character or condition of" being immoderate;
excess; extravagance.

It is for the Christian heart to be taken np with other
desires, such as wherein there can be no danger of tin-
modtnitencsi. Bp. Hall, Contentation, § 23.

immoderation (i-mod-e-ra'shon), n. [= F. im-
modmition = Sp. inmoderacion = Pg. immode-
rapjo; < L. in- priv. + moderation-), modera-
tion.] Excess; want of moderation.

immodest (i-mod'est). a. [= F. tmmoAeste =
Sp. inmodi'xto = Pg. It. immodesto, immodest,
< L. imrnotbttus, inmodestus, unrestrained, ex-
cessive, immoderate, < in- priv. + modestn.*. re-
strained, moderate, modest: see modest.] 1.
Not modest as regards one's pretension or as-
sertions; forward; arrogant.

For a man to deny that ever such things happened . . .
is so tmaudtlt a thing as any sober man would be ashamed
of. Bp. WtattM, Natural Religion, i. 7.

2999

I am not immtxlett enough to assume to speak for other
readers, lint for my own part I have become rather tired
of African travellers. AldricH, Ponkapog to 1'esth, p. 197.

2. Not modest in conduct, utterance, or signifi-
cance; wanting delicacy or propriety; espe-
cially, showing lewduess of thought or feeling ;
indelicate; indecent.

To gain the language,
Tis needful that the most immodest word
Be look'd upon and learn'd.

Shale., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.
Immodest words admit of no defence,
For want of decency is want of sense.

Ruscommun, Translated Verse, 1. 113.

immodestly (i-mod'est-li), adv. In an immod-
est manner.

immodesty (i-mod'es-ti). ». [= F. immodentic
= Sp. inaiodestia = Pg. It. immodcstia, < L. im-
modestia, inmodestia, unrestrained conduct, im-
modesty, < immodfstus, inmodestus, immodest:
see immodest.] Want of modesty, (a) Forward-
ness ; arrogance or want of proper reserve.

I am thereby led into an immodesty ol proclaiming an-
other work. Sir H. Wotton, Reliquiae, p. 71.

(b) Indecency ; indelicacy ; nnchastity.

Pray you, think it no immodesty, I kiss you.

Fletcher, Pilgrim, ill. 7.

immolate (im'o-lat), r. t.; pret. and pp. immo-
lated, ppr. immolating. [< L. immolatus, inmo-
latus, pp. of immolare, inmolare (> It. immolare
= Pg. tmmolar = Sp. inmolar = F. immoler),
sacrifice, orig. sprinkle (the victim) with sacri-
ficial meal (meal mixed with salt), < in, on, +
iiin/ii. meal mixed with salt, grits, also a mill :
see mill1, mole*.] To kill as a sacrificial victim ;
offer in sacrifice ; make a sacrifice of.

Barbarous worshippers, who not only immolate to them
[their deities] the lives'of men but . . . the virtue and
honour of women. Boyle, Works, V. 2B2.

The ministers . . . had offered to immolate at the same
shrine the most valuable of the national acquisitions.

Burke, A Regicide Peace, Hi.

In Peru, where there were habitual human sacrifices,
men taken captive were immolated to the father of the
Yncas, the Sun. H. Spencer, Prin. of Soclol., § 259.

= Syn. See sacrifice, t.

immolation (nn-6-la'shon), n. [= F. immola-
tion = Sp. inmolacion = Pg. immolaqSo = It.
immolazione, < L. iinmolutio(ti-), inmolatio(n-), <
immolare, inmolare, sacrifice: seo immolate.] 1.
The act of immolating, or the state of being im-
molated.

In the picture of the immolation of Isaac, or Abraham
sacrificing his son, Isaac is described as a little boy.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 8.
Oh, If our ends were less achievable
By slow approaches than by single act
Of uHiutilittiint, any phase of death,
We were as prompt to spring against the pikes,
Or down the fiery gulf, as talk of it.

Tennyson, Princess, iii.

2. A sacrificial offering; a sacrifice.

We make more barbarous immolations than the most
savage heathens. Decay of Chrittian Piety.

immolator (im'o-la-tor), «. [= F. immolateiir
= Sp. inmolador = £g. iit^molador = It. immo-
latorc, < L. immolator, inmolator, < immolare.
inmolare, sacrifice : see immolate.] One who im-
molates or offers in sacrifice.

immomentt (i-mo'ment), a. [< i«-3 + moment,
taken as equiv. to momentous.] Trifling.

Say, good Cesar,

That I some lady trifles have reserv'd,
Immoment toys. Shak., A. and C., v. 2.

immomentoust (im-o-men'tus), a. [<in-3 + mo-
mentous.] Not momentous; unimportant.

immonasteredt, a. [< »«-2 + monaster(y) +
-ed2.] Dwelling secluded in a monastery.

fmmonaster'd in Kent, where first she breath'd the air.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. 1272.

immoral (i-mor'al), «. [= F. immoral = Sp.
inmoral = Pg. immoral = It. immorale, < ML.
"immoralis, < L. in- priv. + moralis, moral : see
moral.] 1. Not moral; not conforming to or
consistent with the moral law; unprincipled;
dissolute; vicious; licentious.
A flatterer of vice Is an immoral man. Johnson.

Olve up money, . . . give the earth itself and all It con-
tains, rather than do an immoral act.

Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 285.

Morality is deeply Interested in this, that what is tm-
moral shall not be presented to the imagination of the
young and susceptible in constant connection with what
is attractive. Macaulay, Comic Dramatists.

2. Contrary to good order or public welfare ;
inimical to the rights or common interests of
others : a legal and commercial sense.

He [a political leader] would be less immoral, even
though he were as lax in his personal habits as Sir Robert

immortality

Walpole, If »t the same time his sense of the public welfare
were supreme in his mind.

ft Kliut, Theopbrastns Such, xvl.
When we call a thing immnral in a legal sense, we do
not mean so much that it Is ethically wrong as that, ac-
n.riliiig to the common understanding of reasonable men,
it would be a scandal for a court of justice to treat it as
lawful or Indifferent, though the transaction may not
come within any positive prohibition or penalty.
Quoted in Kapalje and Lawrence's Law Diet., 1. 827, note.
= Syn. Illegal, Wicked, etc. See criminal.
immorality (im-o-ral'i-ti), «.; pi. immoralities
(-tiz). [= F. immorality = Sp. inmoralidad
= Pg. immoralidade = It. immoralita, < ML.
*immoralita(t-)s, immorality, < "immoralis, im-
moral: see immoral.] 1. The character of be-
ing immoral; transgression of the moral law;
immoral thought or action; wickedness; dU-
soluteness; licentiousness.

A restlessness In men's minds to be something they are
not, and have something they have not, Is the root of all
immorality. Sir W. Temple, Life and Fortune.

2. An immoral act or practice.

Luxury and sloth, and then a great drove of heresies and
immoralities, broke loose among them.

Hilton, Def. of the People of England.

immorally (i-mor'al-i), adt: In an immoral
manner; in violation of morality; viciously;
licentiously.

immorigeroust (im-o-rij'e-rus), a. [< /«-s +
moriyerous.] Rude; uncivil; disobedient.

Every indignation against the person of the man In n«
is pride and self-love, and towards others ungentlenesft,
and an inriiiorigeroirs spirit.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I. 21 1.

immorigerousnesst (im-o-rij'e-rus-nes), n.
Rudeness; incivility; disobedience.

We shall best know that our will Is In obedience, by
our cheerful managing, by our swift execution, for all de-
grees of delay are degrees of immuriyeroufness and un-
willingness. Jer. Tayhr, Works (ed. 1836X 1. 55.

immortal (i-m6r'tal), a. and «. [< ME. im-
mortal, inmortal = F. immortel = Sp. inmortal
= Pg. immortal = It. immortalt, < L. immortalis,
inmortalii, undying, < in- priv. + mortalis, lia-
ble to death, mortal: see mortal.] I. a. 1.
Not mortal ; not liable or subject to death ;
having unlimited existence ; undying.

Wherfore thou scholdest thenke and impresse ft In thl
my tide that nothing Is inmortalle but only (jod, that made
alle thing. Mandenlle, Travels, p. 295.

Unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise
God, be honour and glory for ever. 1 Tun. L 17.

Perhaps the longing to be so
Helps make the soul immortal.

Lotcell, Longing.

Hence — 2. Unceasing; inextinguishable; im-
perishable ; destined to endure for all time: as.
immortal hopes ; immortal fame.

I have
Immortal longings in me.

Shak., A. and C., v. i
Lap me in soft Lydian airs,
Married to immortal verse.

Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 137.
That breast Imbued with such immortal tire.

Byron, Childe Harold, II. 39.

3f. Indefatigable; unchanging.

This I was glad of, and so were all the rest of us, though
I know I have made myself an immortal enemy by it.

Pcpyt, Diary, Jan. 29, 1668.

=8yn. Perpetual, Everlasting, etc. (see eternal); Incor-
ruptible, deathless, enduring, unfading.

II. n. 1. One who is immortal, or exempt
from death or annihilation. — 2. One of the gods
of classical mythology : usually in the plural.

Never, believe me,
Appear the Immortals,
Never alone.
Coleridge, Visit of the Gods(Imlt of Schiller).

The Forty Immortals, the members of the French Acad-
emy: an affected designation, alluding to the perpetuity
of their number and succession, and to their supposed en-
during fame in their several departments of literature.
The Immortals, (a) The classical divinities. See def.
2, above, (b) The name of the royal guard of ancient Per-
sia, the members of which were magnificently equipped
and numerously attended.

immortalisation, immortalise. See immortal-
isation, immortalize.

immortalist (i-mdr'tal-ist), n. [< immortal +
-ist.] One who holds that the soul is immortal.

This learning they had from the Inhabitants by later,
who were called 1 mmortaluttg, because in the midst of all
their dark notions of things they saw this clearly, that
virtuous and good men do not die, but their souls do go
into blessed regions.

Jer. Taylor, Funeral Sermons, 392. (Latham.)

immortality (im-or-tal'i-ti), ». [= F. immor-
talite = Sp. iiimortalidtid = Pg. im mortal idade
= It. immortalita, < L. immortalita(t-)s, inmor-
t<ilita(t-)s, undyin^ncs*. < immortalis. inmor-
talis, undying: see immortal.] 1. The condi-

immortality

tion or quality of being immortal ; exemption
from death or annihilation; unending exis-
tence.

Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought
lile and immortality to light through the gospel.

•2 Tim. 1. 10.

After many a summer dies the swan.
Me only cruel immortality
Consumes. Tennyson, Tithonus.

We have strongly within us the sense of an undying
principle, and we transfer that true sense to this life and
to the body, instead of Interpreting it justly as the prom-
ise of spiritual immortality.

Hawthorne, Septimlus Felton, p. 14.

2. Exemption from oblivion; perpetuity: as,
the immortality of fame.

I held It ever.

Virtue and cunning were endowments greater
Than nobleness and riches : . . .

Immortality attends the former.
Making a man a god. Shak., Pericles, ill. 2.

Thoughts whose very sweetness yieldeth proof
That they were born tor immortality.

Wordsworth, Eccles. Sonnets, iii. 43.

Conditional Immortality, in theol. See conditional.

immortalization (i-m6r*tal-i-za'shon), «. [<
immortalize + -ation.] The act of immortaliz-
ing, or the state of being immortalized. Also
spelled immortalisation.

immortalize (i-mor'tal-iz), ».; pret. and pp. im-
mortalized, ppr. immortalizing. [= P. immorta-
liser = Sp. GunortcMtar = Pg. immortdlizar = It.
tmmortauttare; as immortal + -ize.] I. trans.
1. To render immortal ; endow with immortal-
ity : as, the demigods immortalized by Jupiter.
— 2. To exempt from oblivion ; bestow unend-
ing fame upon ; perpetuate.

Drive them from Orleans, and be immortalis'd.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 2.

Sometimes, misguided by the tuneful throng,
I look for streams immortalized in song,
That lost in silence and oblivion lie.

Adduton, Letter from Italy.

Blest be the Art that can immortalize,

The Art that baffles Time's tyrannic claim

To quench it Cowper, My Mother's Picture.

II. intrans. To become immortal. [Rare.]

Fix the years precise
When British bards began to immortalise.

Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 54.

Also spelled immortalise.

immortally (i-m6r'tal-i), adv. 1. In an im-
mortal manner; eternally; with exemption from
death or from oblivion.

There is your crown :
And He that wears the crown immortally
Long guard it yours I Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4.

Therefore she is immortally my bride ;

Chance cannot change that love, nor time impair.

Browning, Any Wife to any Husband.

2f. Exceedingly: as, "immortally glad," Bee.
R. Burton.

immortelle (im-6r-tel'), «. [F., fern, of immor-
tel, undying: see immortal.] Any one of the
flowers commonly called everlasting, or a wreath
made of such flowers. From their papery texture,
these flowers retain their natural color and appearance
after drying, and are therefore much used for wreaths for
graves, or dyed of other colors for ornamental purposes.
See everlasting, n., 3.

Alas for love, alas for fleeting breath —
Immortelles bloom with Beauty's bridal roses.

Locker, A Human Skull.

immortificationt (i-mdr'ti-fl-ka'shon), n. [=
F. immortification = 8p. inmortificacion = Pg.
immortificafSo = It. immortificazione ; as j«-3 +
mortification.] Want of mortification or sub-
jection of the passions.

Arguments of an ill condition, of immortification of
vicious habits. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 328.

immotile (i-mo'til), «.. [< in-3 + motile.'] Not
motile ; stationary ; not moving.

Propagation by means of three immotile organs, gener-
ally placed upon distinct plants.

U. C. Wood, Smithsonian Cont. to KnowL, XIX. 213.

immoundt, v. t. [< *«-l + mound] To inclose
within mounds or high banks ; dam up.

The siluer fronted Star . . .
Pours with less pow'r her plentious influence
Vpon these straight and narrow streamed Fennes
And In. land Seas, which many a Mount immaunds,
Then on an Ocean vast and void of bounds.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.

immovability (i-mo-va-biri-ti), n. [< immova-
ble: see -bility.] The condition or quality of
being immovable ; steadfastness.

immovable (i-mo'va-bl), a. and n. [= OF. im-
movable, immouvabie, F. immouvable = Sp. iit-
movible; as in-3 + movable. Cf. immobile.'] I.
a. 1. Incapable of being moved or displaced ;
too heavy or firm to be moved; firmly fixed;
fast.

3000

Population, we see, produces a sward of grass round an-
cient cities in the most desert parts of Africa, which keeps
the sand immoveable till the place is no longer inhabited.
Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 11.

Immovable, infix'd, and frozen round.

Milton, P. L., ii. 602.

2. Not to be moved from a purpose; steadfast;
fixed ; that cannot be induced to change or al-
ter: as, a man who remains immovable.

Mr. Jorkins has his opinion on these points. ... Mr.
Jorkins is immovable. Dickens, David Copperfleld, xxiii.

3. Incapable of being altered or shaken; un-
alterable; unchangeable: as, an immovable pur-
pose or resolution. — 4. That cannot be affected;
not impressible ; impassive ; unfeeling.

How much happier is he who . . . remains immovable
and smiles at the madness of the dance about him?

Dryden, Don Sebastian.

5. In law, not liable to be removed; perma-
nent in place ; real, as distinguished from per-
sonal.

There are things immovable by their nature, others by
their destination, and others by the objects to which they
are applied. Boumer.

Immovable feast. See/e«s(i.=Syn. Firm, stable, un-
shaken, rooted, resolute.

II. n. That which cannot be moved ; specifi-
cally, in law, land, or any appurtenance fixed
to or running with the land. Immovables are
things that are stationary by nature, as land and trees, or
are so made by the hand of man, as buildings and their ac-
cessories, or by the objects to which they apply, as servi-
tudes.
Also immoveable.

immovableness (i-mo'va-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being immovable.

immovably (i-mo'va-bli), adv. In an immova-
ble manner; so as not to be moved or altered;
unalterably ; unchangeably.

immundt (i-mund'), a. [= F. immonde = Sp.
inmundo = Pg. immundo = It. immondo, < L. im-
mundus, inmundus, unclean, < in- priv. + mun-
dus, clean: see inundation.] Unclean.

Immund and sordid manner of life.

Burton, Anat, of Mel., p. 161.

immundicityt (im-nn-dis'i-ti), «. [= F. im-
mondicite, irreg. < ML. immundicitia, for L. im-
munditia, inmunditia, uncleanness, < imnmndus,
unclean: see immund.] Uncleanness.

Whosoever will enter into a course of purging his na-
ture of that humour . . . shall recover the right savour
and gust of purity by the same degree he is cleansed from
the other immuiidicity.

W. Montague, Devout* Essays, I. xii. § 3.

immune (i-mun'), a. [= OF. immun, immune
= Sp. inmune = Pg. It. immune, < L. immunis,
inmunis, exempt from public service or charges,
free, exempt, < in- priv. + munis, serving, mu-
nus, service, duty, charge; cf. common, com-
mune1.] Exempt; specifically, protected by
inoculation: as, an immune animal. [Bare.]

But (to use the new medical barbarism) we are never
immune altogether from the contagion.

Fortnightly Jtev., N. S., XLIII. 226.

immunity (i-mu'ni-ti), «. ; pi. immunities (-tiz).
[= F. immunite = Pr. imnmnitat = Sp. ittmuni-
dad = Pg. immunidade = It. immunita, < L. im-
munita(t-)s,inmunita(t-')s, exemption from pub-
lic service or charges, < immunis, exempt from
public service or charges: see immune.] 1.
Exemption from obligation or responsibility in
any respect, conferred by law or a sovereign
act; freedom from legal liability; an exemption
conferred, as from public service or charges,
or from penalty for any particular act or course
of conduct ; hence, special privilege ; liberty to
do or refrain from doing any particular thing.

The old Hans had extraordinary Immunities given them
by our Henry III. HoweU, Letters, I. vi. 3.

When they could hope in nothing but their innocence,
immunity was offered them again if they would confess.

D. Webster.

Claims restitution of the dowry paid,
Immunity from paying any more.

Browning, Ring and Book, I. 191.

2. Exemption from any natural or usual lia-
bility.

But man is frail, and can but ill sustain
A long immunity from grief and pain.

Cowper, Expostulation, 1. 82.

Do men desire the more substantial and permanent gran-
deur of genius? Neither has this an immunity. He who
by force of will or of thought is great, and overlooks thou-
sands, has the charges of that eminence.

Emerson, Compensation.

3. In eccles. usage, the exemption of certain sa-
cred places and ecclesiastical personages from
secular burdens and functions, and from acts
regarded as repugnant to their sanctity. This
immunity is of three kinds : (1) local, giving to the sacred

immutation

place the character of a refuge or asylum to any one nee-
ing to Its protection (see sanctuary) ; (2) real, exempt-

clergy thems -

citizens and from lay jurisdiction. These ecclesiastical im-
munities, once very numerous, are now very much re-
stricted.
4. See the quotation.

I have hitherto described the association of freemen
whose rank was equal, or but slightly different, and who
lived together upon terms of equality. Outside this asso-
ciation there were two other forms of society. There was
the Household, considered as a corporate body, without any
relation to other Households. There were the relations of
the Household to its inferiors arising from their common
subordination. The Independent position of the House-
hold may be called Immunity, as opposed to the Commu-
nity. W. E. Hearn, Aryan Household, p. 232.
Congregation Of Immunities. See congregation, 6 (a),
immure (i-mur'), v. t.; pret. and pp. immured,
ppr. immuring. [Formerly also enmure; < OF.
emmurrer = Pr. enmurar, emurar, (. ML. immu-
rare, shut within walls, < L. in, in, + mnrus, a
wall: see mural, mure.] If. To surround with
walls; wall; fortify; protect.

Alexander dying, Lysimachus . . . immund it [the city]
with a wall. . Sandys, Travailes, p. 18.

Such things which were great instruments of public ends,
and things of highest use, were also, in all societies of men,
of greatest honour, and immured by reverence and the se-
curity of laws. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 155.

2. To inclose within walls ; hence, to shut up
or confine, in general.

I mean, setting thee at liberty, enfreedoming thy person ;
thou wert immured, restrained, captivated, bound.

Shak,, L. L. L., iii. 1.

Immured
In the hot prison of the present.

M. Arnold, Growing Old.

immuret (i-mur'), n. [< immure, v.] An inclo-
sure ; a wall.

Troy, within whose strong immures
The ravish'd Helen, Menelaus' queen,
With wanton Paris sleeps. Shak., T. and C., Prol.

immurement (i-mur'ment), ». [< immure +
-went.] The act of immuring, or the state of
being immured ; imprisonment.

Our peregrinations made it very clear that Carcassonne
was impregnable ; it is impossible to imagine, without hav-
ing seen them, such refinements of immurement, such in-
genuities of resistance. H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 151.
=Syn. Incarceration, etc. See captivity.

immusicalt, a. [< i»-3 + musical. Cf. LL. im-
miisicus, inmusicus, unmusical.] Unmusical.

All sounds are either musical sounds, which we call tones,
. . . which sounds are ever equal : or immusical sounds,
which are ever unequal. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 101.

immutability (i-mu-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. im-
mutabilite = Sp. inmuiabilidad = Pg. immutabi-
lidade = lt. immutabilita, < L. inimutabilita(t-)s,
inmutabilita(t-)s, unchangeableness, < immuta-
bilis,inmutabilis, unchangeable: see immutable.]
The quality of being immutable ; immutable-
ness; unchangeableness; in variableness.

God, willing more abundantly to shew unto the heirs of
promise the immutability of his counsel, confirmed it by
an oath. Heb. vi. 17.

The Egyptians are the Healthiest People of the World,
by reason of the immutability of their Air.

Oreenhill, Art of Embalming (ed. 1705), p. 147.

immutable (i-mu'ta-bl), a. [< ME. immutable,

< OF. immutable, also immuable, F. inimitable =
Sp. inmutable = Pg. inimntarel = It. immiitabile,

< L. immutabilis, inmutabilis, unchangeable, <
in- priv. + mutabilis, changeable: see mil ta-
ble.] 1. Not mutable; not capable or suscep-
tible of change ; not subject to mutation ; un-
changeable ; invariable ; unalterable.

That by two immutable things, in which it was impos-
sible for God to lie, we might have a strong consolation.

Heb. vi. 18.

"Such," continues the Arabian [chronicler], "was the
immutable decree of destiny."

Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 15.

2. In zool., not subject to variation in different
individuals of a species; permanent: as, immu-
table characters or marks — Immutable accent.
See accent, 7. =Syn. Constant, stable, permanent, unde-
viating, fixed.

immutableness (i-mu'ta-bl-nes), n. Unchange-
ableness; immutability.

immutably (i-mu'ta-bli), adv. In an immuta-
ble manner; unchangeably; invariably.

immutatet (i inu'tat), a. [< L. imnmtatus, in-
mutatus, unchanged, < in- priv. + mutattts,
changed: see mutate.'] Unchanged.

immutationt (im-u-ta'sbon), n. [= OF. t»i»ii(-
tation = Sp. inmu'tacion = It. immutaftione, < L.
immtitatio(n-), inmntatio(n-), < immutare, in-
m utare, change: see imutitte.] Change; trans-
formation ; substitution of one thing for an-
other.

immutation

Borne euldent defect, or surplusage, or disorder, or i'm-
mutation in the same spcachcs notably altering either the
congrullle grammatical!, or the sence, or both.

ruUf.nham, Arte of Eng. Poeslc, p. ISO.

Lo, what delightful immutationx

On her soft (lowing vest we contemplate !

lif. II. More, Psychathanasla, I. i. :'.'!.

Natural iimnutationt Is where the form of that which
brings iilniin the change is received in the thing that un-
dergoes the change as It existed in the former, as where
one body heats another. — Spiritual immutation I is
where the form of the tint thing is received in the second
in (-SHU snirltuale. Thus, when a colored object affects the

< yr UK: latter does not become colored.

iinmutet (i-muf), v. t. [= OF. immuer, inmuer
= Sp. iituiutar = Pg. immutar = It. immutarc,

< L. immiitare, inmutare, change into something
else, < in, in, T mutare, change : see mut<&. Cf.
commute.'] To change into another form ; trans-
form.

God can immediately immute, change, corrupt . . .
whatsoever pleaseth his divine majesty.

Salkeld, Treatise of Angels, p. 100.

Although the substance of gold be not iimnnted, or its
gravity sensibly decreased, yet that from thence some ver-
tue may proceed . . . we cannot safely deny.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., U. 5.

imou-pine (im'o-pm), ». A valuable New Zea-
land tree, Dacrydinm cupresftinum. The trunk at-
tains a height of 80 feet and a thickness of from 4 to 5 feet
The wood Is red, solid, and heavy. Also called rimu.

imp (imp), H. [< ME. impe, ympe, < AS. impe =
Sw. ymp = Dan. ympe (W. imp, < E.) = OF. F.
ente (> D. ent) = Pr. empeut, a scion, shoot, twig,
<ML. impetus, agraft: see imp, r.] If. Asciou;
shoot; graft; bud; slip.

" I am Wrath," quod he ; "I was sum tyme a f rere,
And the couentes gardyner for to graffe ympet;
On limltoures and Hstroa lesynges 1 ymped,
Tyl the! bere leues of low speche lordes to plese."

Pier» Plowman(B), T. 137.

Of fleble trees ther comen wrecched irmpes.

Chaucer, ProL to Monk's Tale, 1. 08.

When the . . . cliff was made, they held It open with a
wedge of wood . . . iintill such time as the impe or graffe
. . . were set handsomely close within the rift.

Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvii. 14.

2f. A son ; offspring ; progeny.

A lad of life, an imp of fame. Sliak., Hen. V., IT. 1.

Let us pray for ... the king's most excellent majesty
and for ... his beloved son Edward, our prince, that
most angelic imp. Pathway of Prayer.

An angel's truiupe from heanen proclaim'd his name
lesus who camo lost Adam's hunt.* to saue.

England's Welcome to James (1003).

3. A young or small devil.

They be impious idolaters, wicked heretics, persons ex-
communicable, yea, and cast out for notorious improbity.
Such withal we deny not to be the imps and limbs of Satan.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ill. 1.
The serpent, subtlest beast of all the Held, . . .
Kit vessel, fittest in,,, of fraud. Mitton, P. L., ix. 89.

4. A mischievous or pert child.

The little imp fell a squalling. Swift.

5t. A spirit other than a devil.

Ye sacred imps that on Pamasso dwell,

And there the keeping have of learnings threasures, . . .

Guyde ye my footing. Sjienser, F. Q., VI., ProL, st 2.

6. Something added or united to another thing
to repair or lengthen it out; particularly, a
feather inserted in a broken wing of a bird.
See imp, v. t., 2. =Syn. 3. Sprite, hobgoblin,
imp (imp), r. t. [< ME. impen, < AS. "impian (in
Somner, not authenticated) = MLG. inpoten =
OHG-. impiton, impton, imphon, MHG. impfeten,
ini/ifi n, (i. impfen = Sw. ympa = Dan. ympe =
OF. and F. enter (> D. enten) = Pr. empeltar, en-
petttar,<. ML. "impotare, graft,< imjtotus, a graft,

< Gr. 1/ujtvTOf, implanted, inborn ( > eutyvreiiuv, im-
plant, graft), < efi<tiifii>, implant, pass, grow in,
\ iv. in, + (filieiv, produce, pass. <f>vea6ai, (jrow (>
Qvrov, a plant).] 1. To graft. [Archaic.]

Thus taught and preched hath Kesoun,
But Love spilte her sermoun,
That was so ymi#d in my thought
That hir doctrine I sette at nought

Rom, of the Rote, 1. 5137.

Come to aid me in my garden, and I will teach thee the

real French fashion of imping, which the Southron call

grafting. Scott.

The heraldic nurseryman, skilled to imp a slip of Scrog-

gins on a stock of De Vere or Montmorencl.

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 349.

2. To extend or enlarge by something inserted
or added; extend or mend, as (in falconry) a
broken or deficient wing by the insertion of a
feather; qimlify for llight or uso ; strengthen.

Euen the best translation is, for mere necessitle, but
an euill imped wing to Hie withall.

Ancham, The Scholemaster, p. 127.
Thence gathering plumes of perfect speculation,
To impe the wings of thy high flying mynd.

Spenser, Heavenly Beautie, 1. 135.

3001

Imp out onr drooping country's broken wing.

Shalt., Klch. II., II. 1.

3. To rob. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]
impacablet, a. [< L>. in- priv. + ML. pacabili*,
payable, lit. to be appeased, < L. pacare, ap-
pease, pacify, < ]>nx (pae-), peace: see pay1,
peace.] Not to be appeased or quieted; un-
appeasable.

So happle are they, and so fortunate,
\\ In-ill the Pierian sacred sisters love,
That, freed from bands of impacabte fate
And power of death, they live for aye above.

Speiucr, Kuines of Time, 1. 395.

impackett. impaquett, r. t. [< OF. empaqueter,
pack up, < en- + paquete, pack up : see packet,
v.] To pack up ; place in a packet.
I had several letters impaqueted with many others.

Evelyn, Memoirs, Nov. 10, 1099.

impackment(im-pak'inent), M. [<i»-2 + prtct
+ -mtH t. ] The state of being closely surround-
ed, crowded, or pressed, as by ice. Kane.
[Rare.] (Webster.)

impact (im-pakf), v. t. [< OF. impacter, ewpac-
ter, press close together, < L. impactus, inpac-
tus, pp. of impingere, inpingere, strike against :
see impinge.] To drive close; press closely or
firmly ; pack in.

Such a state of the fluids at last affects the tender ca-
pillary vessels of the brain, by the viscidity and Inmica-
Dillty of the matter impacted in them.

Arbuthnot, Aliments, vi. 30.

When I was . . . wont to ride impacted between the
knees of fond parental pair. 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, ii.

Impacted fracture, in mry., a fracture in which the
fragments are driven firmly together, so that they will not
move on one another.

impact (im'pakt), ». [< impact, i\] The act of
striking against something; a blow ; a stroke.
The quarrel, by that impact driven
True to its aim, fled fatal. Southey.

The impact of barbarian conquest split up the unity of
the Latin tongue as it did that of the Latin empire.

Stubbe, Const. Hist, i 0.

Slight pulls of dust were beaten upward by each im-
pact of his horse's hoofs. J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 190.
Specifically— (a) In mech., the blow, or act of striking, of
a body having momentum ; also, the change of momen-
tum in amount and direction produced by such a blow.

In gases, the molecules are flying about In all directions,
frequently coming into collision and rebounding ; and it
is on these mutual impacts that the slowness of diffusion
among gases depends.

&. H. Lewas, Probs. of Life and Mind, n. iv. $ 74.
(6) In gun., the single blow of a projectile against a
fixed or moving object. — Center of Impact, In </««., the
mean point of impact of a number of projectiles nred at
a given distance with the piece always aimed at the cen-
ter of the target. It Is determined by measuring the hori-
zontal and vertical distances of each point of Impact from
the lower left-hand corner of the target. The sum of the
vertical distances divided by the number of shots will give
the vertical coordinate for the center of Impact, and
the sum of the horizontal distances divided by the num-
ber of shots will give the horizontal coordinate, estimated
from this same corner. The distance of the center of im-
pact from the center of the target is called the aotolute
mean deviation.

impaction (im-pak'shon), «. [< L. impactio(n-),
inpactio(n-), a striking against, impact, < im-
pingere, inpingere, pp. impactus, inpactus, strike
against : see impact, impinge.] Tne act of im-
pacting, or the state of being impacted; close
fixation.

Impaction of a tooth within the maxillary bone.

T. Bryant, Surgery, p. 432.

Should the cause of morbid action be importion of f eces,
. . . they must ... be exercised or urged along the bowel
by prudent force. Medical Newt, LII. 686.

impaintt (im-panf), v. t. [< «n-a + paint.]
To paint ; adorn with colors.

Never yet did insurrection want
Such water-colours to impaint his cause.

Shot., 1 Hen. IV., y. L

impair1 (im-par'), r. [< ME. empairen, em-
peiren, empeyreii, enjieyren, enpayren, < OF. em-
peirer, empirer, F. empirer = Sp. emneorar =
Pg. empeiorar = It. impeggiorare, < ML. imprju-
rare, make worse, < L. in, in, + pejorare, make
worse, < jiejor, worse, a compar. associated with
mains, bad: &QQ pejorative. Ct.appair.] I. trans.
To make worse ; diminish in quantity, value,
excellence, strength, or any other desirable
quality; deteriorate; weaken; enfeeble: as, to
•mpnir the health or character; to impair one's
fortune.

Why couet we combraunse, or cnchyng of harme,
In enpayryny of our persons & pyllyng our goodes?

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.% 1. 2281.
Wherein It (night] doth impair the seeing sense,
It pays the hearing double recompense.

Shak., M. N. D., Ui. 2.
It will impair my honesty,
And strike deep at my credit.

Fletrhrr, Spanish Curate, ill. 1.
= Syn. To lessen, decrease, reduce, injure.

impalement

Il.t iiitraxs. To become worse; be lessened
or enfeebled; deteriorate.

Flesh may impair, quoth he, but reason
Can repair. Spenter, V. Q.

She was many days impairing, and endur'd the sharpest
conflicts of her skknesse with admirable patience.

Kvelyn, Diary (1086).

impair1! (im-par'), H. [< impair^, r.] Diminu-
tion; decrease; loss; injury; disgrace.

Go to. thou dost well, but pocket It |a bribe) for all
that ; 'tis no impair to thee, the greatest do 't

Chapman, Widow's Tears, II. 1 .

Of the outward husk of the cod. good cordage ; of the
Inward, brushes, Ac.— such and such like afford they yearly
without empair to themselves. Sandys, Travalles, p. 80.

impair2?, «• [Appar. < F. impair, unequal : see
impar.] Unequal; unworthy; unjust.

For what he has he gives ; what thinks, he shows ;
Yet gives he not till judgment guides his bounty,
Nor dignities an impair thought with breath.

Shak., T. and C., Iv. 5.
[Some editions read impure.)

impairer (im-par' er), n. One who or that which
impairs.

impairment (im-par'ment), ii. [< ME. enipare-
rncnt, enpcirment, < OF. empirement, < empirer,
etc., impair: see impair1 and -men/.] The act
of impairing, or the state of being impaired:
diminution; decrease; injury.

I laboured, and wasted my youth and the vigour of my
days, more to the service of my country and the impair-
ment of my health than the improvement of my fortune.
Dryden, Character of Polybius.

impalatable (im-pal'a-ta-bl), a. [< in-3 + pal-
atable.] Unpalatable. "Todd. [Bare.]
impale, empale1 (im-, em-pal'), v. t.; pret. and
. impaled, empaled, ppr. imjialiiig, empaling.
F. empaler =: Sp. Pg. enipalar = It. impalarr,
ML. impalare, impale, < L. «'«, in, on, + pahig,
a pole, stake: see pale^,pole^.] 1. To fix upon
a stake; drive or thrust a sharpened stake
through : an ancient and Oriental mode of cap-
ital punishment.

With what life remains, impaled and left
To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake.

Additon, Cato, 111. .i.
The King impaled him for his piracy.

Tennyaon, Merlin and Vivien.

Hence — 2. Figuratively, to render helpless as
if pierced through or impaled: as, to impale a
person upon his own argument or upon the
horns of a dilemma.

I point a moral for you : I have no right to impat*
others upon it. T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, vi.

3. To surround or inclose with or as with stakes,
posts, or palisades.

Until my mis-shap'd trunk, that bears this head,
Be round impaled with a glorious crown.

SAo*., 8 Hen. VI., ill. 2.

Frost-fearing myrtle shall impale my head.

B. Jonton, Poetaster, L 1.

4. (a) In tier., to display side by side on one
shield, separated palewise each from the other,
as when the arms of husband and wife are rep-
resented together. Hence — (6) To place side
by side as of similar importance and significa-
tion.

Ordered the admission of St. Patrick to the same, to be
matched and t'mpnfedwlth the blessed Virgin In the hon-
our thereof. Fuller.

impalement, empalement (imvem-pal'ment),
«. [< F. empalement (= Sp. empalaaiiento), ? em-
paler, impale: see impale.] 1. The act of im-
paling, or putting to death by driving a stake
through the body. — 2. The act of inclosing with
stakes, or paling. — 3. A paling or hedge ; an
inclosnre; nence, a floral inclosure or flower-
cup.

The rules of Church-discipline are not only commanded,
but hedg'd about with such a terrible impalement of com-
mands, as he that will break through wilfully to violate
the least of them must hazard the wounding of his con-
science even to death. Hilton, Church-Government, i. ?.

The flower's forensic beauties now admire,
The impalement, foliation, down, attire,
Couch'u In the pannicle or mantling veil.
That Intercepts the keen or drenching gale.

Brooke, Universal Beauty, iv.

4. A piece of ground inclosed by pales; an in-
closed space. — 5. In her., the marshaling side
by side of two escutcheons combined in one.
See impale, 4. The
common case of im-
palement is that of
the arms of husband
and wife; a bishop
also impales his own
arms with those of
the see, the arms of
the see occupying

the dexter half. In Impa|ement- The arms of the wife ,„
some cases Other Offl- impaled with those of the husband </f '.

impalement 3002

cers, as the heads of colleges in England, and always impanel, impaniiel (im-pan'el), V. t.; pret. and
kings-at-arms and often heralds, use impalement in charg- ininntirletl iitnxtniK'Ird imnanelled imnan-

ing their arms. In early heraldry impalement consisted PP", ™*Pat !ea> tml>«nnt «*, impanelled, impan

netted, ppr. impaneling, impanneling, impanel-
ling, impannelling. [Also empanel, empannel; <
AF. empaneler, impanel, < in-3 + panel, panel:
see panel.] 1. To write or enter in a list or on
a piece of parchment, called & panel; specifical-
ly, to make a list of ; f orm, complete, or enroll,
as a body of persons to be called as jurors in a
court of justice. — 2. More loosely, of a jury,
to draw or select from the panel and swear in.

Therefore a Jnrie was impanrld streight

T1 enquire of them, whether by force, or sleight,

Or their owne guilt, they were away convayd ?

Spenser, F. Q., VI. vii. 84.

The moment he had uttered these words, in the theory
of the English law, it was not possible to impanel an im-
partial jury In the Commonwealth of Virginia.

W. Phillipx, Speeches, p. 284.

impanelment, impannelment (im-pan'el-
ment), «. [< impanel + -ment.] The act of im-
paneling, or the state of being impaneled ; the
act of enrolling in a list : as, the impanelmen t
of the jury. Also empanelment, empannelmen t.
impaquett, v. t. See impacket.
impart (im-par'), a. and n. [= OF. impair, im-

~ ^ . _™ ,„, „.. „ „„.,„ „, par, F. impair (see impair?) = Sp. Pg. impar =

thinner than the air? Gregory was for the palpability, and It. impart, < L. impar, inpar, unequal, < in- priv.

ng i

in giving half of each original escutch'eon, but in modern
times the whole of each escutcheon is placed right or left
of the pale.

A most interesting account of the assignment of arm
and impalement borne by the father of Shakespeare.

The American, VIII. 381.

impallidt (im-pal'id), v. t. [< in-3 + pallid.]
To make pallid or pale.

This [envy], the green sickness of the soul, that feeding
upon coals and puling rubbish impalitls all the body to an
hectique leanness. Feltham, Resolves, ii. 54.

impalmt (im-pam'), v. t. [= OF. empalmer,
strike with the hand, box, = Sp. empalmar,
dovetail, = Pg. empalmar, palm, conceal in the
palm of the hand, = It. impalmare, give into
another's hand, betroth, < L. in, in, + palma,
palm : see palm1.] To grasp ; take in the hand.
Cotgrate.

impalpability (im-pal-pa-bil'i-ti), n. [= F.
impalpabilite = Pg. impafyabilidade ; as impal-
pable + -ity.] The quality or state of being
impalpable, or imperceptible by touch.

He [Gregory the Great] and Eutychius, the Patriarch of
Constantinople, had a curious dispute, whether the bodies
of the righteous after the resurrection should be solid or

Eutychius for the impalpability.

Jortin, Remarks on Eccles. Hist.

+ par, equal : see par, pair, peer2.] I. a. Un-
equal.

II. n. A thing unequal to another with which
it is associated.

Those things are said to be impars of which one is greater
or less than the other ; to wit, either in quantity of bulk or
perfection : and so silver and gold, gold and virtue, are es-
teemed to be impars.

Burgersdiciua, tr. by a Gentleman, I. xxi., ax. 17.

impalpable (im-pal'pa-bl), a. [= F. impalpable

= Sp. impalpable = T?g. impalpavel = It. im-

palpabile; as in-3 + palpable.'] 1. Incapable

of being perceived by touch ; wanting palpable

substance or consistency; too unsubstantial or

too fine to be felt. In chemical analysis a fragment

of a rock or mineral is often required to be ground or pul-
verized to so line a powder that when it is rubbed between imparadise (im-par'a-dls), v. t.; pret. and pp.

.th!?'J?ers,no P^J3 P^cepUble. This is called reducing imparadised, ppr. imparadising. [= It. impara-

disare; as in-* + paradise."] To put in para-
dise, or in a place of high felicity; make su-
premely happy. Also emparadise.

Now had he ripen'd all his hopes at full,
Imparadis'd his soul in dear content.

Ford, Fame's Memorial.
Imparadfged in one another's arms.

to an impalpable powder.

When these things come to pass, you will no longer be
a warden, but a brown and impalpable powder in the
tombs of Dulwich. Sydney Smith, to John Allen.

Twenty-nine times the Prince changed his encampment,
and at every remove the Duke was still behind him, as
close and seemingly as impalpable as his shadow.

Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 255.

Hence — 2. That cannot be grasped by the in-

palpable distinctions.

His own religion from its simple and impalpable form

wasmuchless exposed to the ridicule of scenic exhibition.

T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, III. 200.

Our ordinary distinctions become so trifling, so impal-
pable, so ridiculously visionary. Hawthorne, Old Manse.

Milton, P. L, iv. 506.

tellect; incomprehensible; intangible: as,w«- unparalleled! (im-par'a-leld), a. [< in-3 +

paralleled.] Unparalleled. '

That this dear price should be paid for a little wild
mirth, or gross and corporal pleasure, is a thing of such
imparalleled folly that, if there were not too many in-
stances before us, it might seem incredible.

Bp. Burtiet, Rochester, p. 168.

impardonablet (im-par'don-a-bl), a. [= F.
impardonnable = Sp. imperdonaUe = Pg. impcr-
doavel = It. imperdonabile; as in-3 + pardon-
able.] Unpardonable.

There are . . . some fearful lest the enormity of their
crimes be so impardonable that no repentance can do
them good. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vi. «.

_ =Syn. Imperceptible, intangible, unsubstantial,
impalpably (im-pal'pa-bli), adv. In an im-
palpable manner; in a" manner not readily felt

or apprehended ; inappreciably,
impalsy (im-pal'zi), «. *. ; pret. and pp. impal-

sied, ppr. impalsying. [< i»-2 + palsy.] To

strike with palsy ; paralyze ; deaden.
impanate (im-pa'nat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in- impardonablyt (im-par'don-a-bh), adv. Un-

panated,ppT.impanating. [< ML. "impanatus, pardonably; without pardoning.

pp. of "impanare, embody in bread (> Sp. em- t Hemlght^bo an happy arbiter in many Christian con

panar, inclose in bread), < L. in, in, into, +

panis, bread.] Eccles., to embody in bread. See

impanation.

If the elements really contain such immense treasures,
what need have we to look up to the natural body above?

troversies ; but must impardoiutbly condemn the obstl-
8tr

nacy of the Jewes. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 10.

imparidigitate (im-par-i-dij'i-tat), a. [< L.
impar, inpar, unequal (see impar), + digitus,
finger: see digit, digitate.] In zool., having an
odd or uneven number of digits, whether fingers

— — or toes, as one, three, or five ; anisodactyl ; pe-

impanate (im-pa'nat), o. [= Pg. impanato, < rissodactyl. The human hand or foot, the hoofs
ML. "impanatus, pp. : see the verb.] Embodied of a horse, etc., are imparidigitate.
in bread. imparipinnate(im-par-i-piu'at),o. [<"L.impar,

Therefore in this mystery of the sacrament, in the inpar, unequal, + pinnatus, feathered : seepin-
whiche by the rule of our faithe Christes body is not im- nate.] In lot., unequally pinnate,

eTerente^u^rtt'erfore't ^^ <* "» **** f8* P1™^ ^ T^ * ^ ^
Bp. Gardiner, Explication, Transubstantiation, fol 115 . let at tne apex- Also odd-pinnate.
This speech meaneth not that the body of Christ is im- ^PariSyllabic (im-par"i-si-lab'-

or what have we to do but to look down to those impa-
nated riches? . Waterland, Works, VIII. 249.

-
panate. Cranmer, Ans. to Gardiner, fol. 369.

impanation (im-pa-na'shon), n. [= F. impa-

ik), a. [= F. imparisyllabique; <
L. impar, inpar, unequal, + syllaba,
syllable.] Not consisting of an

trc, ei >uuy iii oreaa : see impanate, v.] In which has i

tlieol., the doctrine that the body and blood of oles in a" tn? case?, as Latin lapis, lapi-

Christ are locally included in the bread and , di*' Gr?f k Mo.li'' i>66"<;!- ..

wine after consecration. It differs from trantub- imParl*y (im-par i-ti), n. [= F.

stantiation, or the doctrine that the bread and wine are ""Pdnt^ = It. impanta, < L. as if

actually changed by the consecration into the body and *imparita(t-)s, unequalness, < im-

Jved'tirtP.i'J1' tT!i? ^rnj,has bseen f^oneoMly em- par, inpar, unequal: see impair3.]

^^^^^S^^^SS^- °f Pari^ equivalence, or correspondence; in-

impanator (im'pa-na-tor), n. [= F. imn'ana- e1uallty; disproportion; difference of degree,

teur, < ML. impanator, '< "impanare impanate- ran'J.' excellence, amount, quantity, etc.; quan-

see impanate, v.] Eccles., one who holds the '

doctrine of impanatiou. Imp. Diet.
impanet (im-pan ' ) , v. t. '

Want

body in bread :
Bale.

titative diversity.

What other imparity there was among themselves, we
may safely suppose it depended on the dignity of their

Universally you cannot affirm any imparity where the
ground is preoccupied by disparity. DeQuimey, Style, iii.

impart

2f. Numerical unevenness ; indivisibility into
equal portions.

What verity is there in that numeral conceit, in the
lateral division of man, by even and odd ; . . . and so by
parity or imparity of letters in men's names, to determine
misfortunes on either side of their bodies?

Sir T. Lrounie, Vulg. Err., iv. 6.

impark (im-park'), v. t. [Formerly also em-
park; < OF. emparquer, enparker, emparcMer,
impark, < en- + pare, park: see park.] 1. To
inclose for a park; make into a park by in clo-
sure; sever from a common. — 2. To inclose or
shut up in or as if in a park.

When the laws had appropriated rivers, and divided
shores, and imparked deer, and housed pigeons, it became
theft to take them without leave.

Jet: Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 8.

The wild boar of the forest, wilder than the wilderness
itself, that will not be held nor etnparked within any laws
or limits. Bp. King, Vitis Palatina (1614), p. 32.

impar 1 (im-parl'). v. i. [Formerly also emparl;
< OF. emparler, < en- + parler, talk : see parl,
parley.] If. To hold a parley; consult.

The Lord Baglione imparld with these hostages, which

were then come for that purpose of the articles of peace.

Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 127.

2. In law, to hold a consultation for amica-
ble settlement or adjustment, as of a suit or
claim.

Which being read and heard, the said Charles prays
leave to impart therein here until the octave of the Holy
Trinity. Blackstone, Com., III., App. xxii.

imparlance (im-par'lans), n. [Formerly also
einjiarlaunce; < OF. emparlance, < emparler, talk:
seeimparl. Cf.parlance.] If. Mutual discourse;
conference; parley.

Full oftentimes did Britomart assay

To speake to them, and some emparlance move.

Spenser, F. Q., IV. ix. 31.

After many imparlancet and days of humiliation, by
those of Boston and Eoxbury, to seek the Lord for Mr.
Welde his disposing, and the advice of those of Plimouth
being taken, etc., at length he resolved to sit down with
them of Roxbury. Winlhrop, Hist. New England, I. 98.

2. In law: (a) In the old common law, leave
to delay putting in a plea to the declaration,
or other responsive pleading, until a future
day: an extension ot time to plead, founded
on the representation or fiction that the appli-
cant desired time to negotiate for a compro-
mise. (6) The continuance of a cause till an-
other day, or from day to day; extension of
time to put in a response to the adversary's
claim or defense.

This now, if I may borrow our lawyer's phrase, is my
wife's imparlance ; at her next appearance she must an-
swer your declaration.

Middleton, Anything for a Quiet Life, it 1.

Special Imparlance, an imparlance in which there is a
saving of all exceptions to the writ or count, or of all ex-
ceptions whatsoever.

iinparous (im'pa-rus), a. [< L. in-, not, + -pa-
rus, < parere, bring forth.] Having never been
pregnant: applied to a woman.

imparsonnee (im-par-so-ne'), a. and n. [< ML.
impersonates, < L. in-,' in, + persona, person,
ML. parson: see parson.] I. a. In Eng. eccles.
late, presented, instituted, and inducted into
thepossession of a parsonage or rectory.

IT. ». A clergyman inducted into a benefice.
Bapalje and Lawrence.

impart (im-part'), f. [< OF. empartir = Sp.
impartir = It. impartire, (. L. impertire, inper-
tire, also impartire, inpartire, give part in, share
with, < in, in, + partire, part, divide, <.par(t-)s,
part, share: see part.] I. trans. 1. To give
part in ; grant a share or portion of.

Expressing well the spirit within thee [Adam] free,
My [God's] image, not imparted to the brute.

Milton, P. L., viii. 441.
2. To communicate ; give.

God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he im-
parted to her understanding. Job xxxix. 17.

Please you, to shew the bounty of your mind, sir, to im-
part some ten groats, or half a crown, to our use.

B. Jomon, Every Man out of his Humour, iii. 1.

To the nails the hhenna imparts a more bright, clear,
and permanent colour than to the skin.

K. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 45.

St. To part; share; divide; parcel out: fol-
lowed by icitli.

This first Volume, which if thon shalt as thankefully
accept, as I haue willingly and freely imparted with thee,
I shall bee the better encouraged.

Hakluyt's Voyages, To the Reader.

4. To communicate knowledge of; make known ;
show by words or tokens.

These be those reules which worthie Master Cheke dyd
imimrt vnto me concernyng Salust.

A fiia in, The Scholemaster, p. 159.

impart

Gentle lady,
When I did first impart my love to you.

Shak., 11. of V..11L 2.
I came to imjxtrt, a secret to you.

Conyreve, Way of the World, ii. 6.

5f. To take part in; partake of; share.

Grieves It thee

To impart my sad disaster? . . .
Thou shared st a fortune with niu in my greatness.

Webster, Appius and Virginia, v. 3.
When you look this nosegay on,
My pain you may imp:trt. Munday.

= Syn. lands. CmnmunicaU, Impart (see communicate'),
reveal, disclose, discover, divulge.

II. iiilranx. To give a part or share; make a
dispensation or gift.

lie that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath
none. Luke lit 11.

'/'id-. Did not Minos impart !
C: is. Yes, here are twenty drachms he did convey.

U. Juiuun, Poetaster, ill. 1.

impartation (iin-piir-ta'shon), ». [< impart +
-ation.] The act of imparting.

All are now agreed as to the necessity of this iinparta-
tion. Is. Taylor.

impartenert, «• [< impart + -n-er, as in part-
ner.] One who imparts.

Not much vnlike to the figure of reference is there an-
other with some little diuersitie which wo call the im-
partener, because many times, in pleading and perswading,
we thinke it a very good pollicie to acquaint our ludge or
hearer or very aduersarle with some part of our Counsell.
Puttenham, Ai-te of Eng. Poesie, p. 190.

imparter (im-piir'ter), n. 1. One who im-
parts.

By whose friendly communication they may often learn
that in a few moments which cost the imparters many a
year's toil and study. lioyle, Works, II. 61.

2f. One made to impart ; a financial dupe.

His chief exercises are, taking the whiff, squiring a
cockatrice, and making pi-ivy searches for importers,
li. Jo lisa it, Every Man out of his Humour, Characters.

Imparters, as the name signifies, were persons drawn
in by artful pretences to part with their money to such
impudent Impostors as Shift. The word is often found
in Jonsou.
Qijford, Note to B. Jonson's Every Man out of his Humour.

impartial (im-par'shal), a. [= F. impartial =
Sp. Pg. impartial = It. imparziale, < ML. "impar-
tialis, impartial, < L. in- priv. + ML. partialis,
partial: see partial.] 1. Not partial; not fa-
voring one more than another; unprejudiced;
equitable; just: as, an impartial juago or judg-
ment; impartial favors.

Men ought to take an impartial view of their own abili-
ties and virtues. Bacun, Advancement of Learning, ii. 332.
The King's impartial Ai.ger lights on all,
From Fly-blown Acca'ron to the thundrtng Baal.

Cowley, Uavideis, ii.

Nature is impartial in her smiles. She is imjmrtial also
in her frowns. Channiny, Perfect Life, p. 08.

2f. Indifferent; not taking part. Schmidt.
In this I'll be impartial; be you judge
Of your own cause. Shak., M. for M., v. 1.

8f. [By apparent association with in part, or
else by improper assumption of the prefix as
intensive.] Partial. [An erroneous use.]

Cruel, unjust, imitartiall destinies,

Why to this day have you preserv'd my life?

Shak., R. and J. (4to ed. 1697).
You are impartial, and wo do appeal
From you to judges more indifferent.

Hwflimm, The Woman-Uater. (Hares.)
= Syn. I. Unbiased, fair, honorable, even-handed,
impartialist Uin-piir'shal-ist), H. [< impar-
tial + -ist.] One who is impartial. [Rare.]

And truly, for my part, I am professedly enough an im-
partialist not to stick to confess to you, Theophilus, that
I read the Bible and the learnedest expositors on it with
somewhat particular aims and dispositions.

Boyle, Works, II. 276.

impartiality (iin-par-shi-al'i-ti), n. [= F. iro-
/ii/rtialM = Sp. imparcialidad = Pg. imparciali-
d'nh' = It. impartiality, < ML. *impartialita(t-)n,
< 'impart/alia, impartial: see impartial.] The
character of being impartial; freedom from
bias; disinterestedness; fairness: as, impar-
tiality of judgment or of treatment.
Impartiality is the soul of mercy, as well as justice.

/>'/>. Atterbury, Sermons, I. ii.

There is a c'ertain i'»ii«i>-lialiti/ necessary to make what
a man says bear any weight with those he speaks to.

Sleela, Tatler. No. 242.

= 8yn. Fairness, honor, justice, fail' play, candor,
impartially (im-pir'ahal-i), «</r. In an im-
partial manner; without bias; without preju-
dice; justly; fairly.

(ioil. win we equall rriml imuartialln doth temper
Grcatnessu and goodnessu. Chapman, Odyssey, xix.

impartialness (iin-par'shal-nes), «. Impar-
tiality. [Rare.]

3003

He spoke of It as a thing that would give him assurance
of your majesty s imitarlialness In the general altair.

Sir W. Temple, To the King, Jan. 29, 1675.

impartiality1 (iin-par-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [< im-
}>arliblel : see -bility.] The quality of being
impartible or communicable. Slackstone.

impartibility2 (im-par-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [= F.
imiiartibilite = Sp. imjiartibilidad = Pg. imjiar-
liliiliiladc; as impartibUP + -iti/.] The quality
of being impartible or not subject to partition.
As numerous as Is the multitude of individuals by par-
tition, so numerous also is that principle of unity by uni-
versal impartibility. Harris, Hermes.

impartible1 (im-par'ti-bl), a. [< impart +
-iole.] Capable of being imparted, conferred,
bestowed, or communicated.

impartible2 (im-par'ti-bl), a. [= F. imparti-
ble = Sp. impartible = Pg. impartivel = It. im-
partibile, < L. impartibilis, inpartibilis. < L. «'«-
priv. + partibilis, partible: see partible.'} Not
partible or subject to partition : as, an impart-
ible estate.

Furthermore the very present time which we call now
is said to be impartible and Indivisible.

Holland, it. of Plutarch, p. 835.

But our current Real Property Law is coloured through-
out by the feudal view of land, which is that, when held
in individual enjoyment, it is primarily impartible or in-
divisible. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 341.

imparticled (im-par'ti-kld), a. [< «n-3 + par-
tided.] Not particled; not consisting of par-
ticles.

impairment (im-part'meut), u. [< impart +
-nient.] The act of imparting or communicat-
ing ; also, that which is imparted or communi-
cated; communication; disclosure.

It [the ghost] beckons you to go away with it,

As if it some impartment did desire

To you alone. Shak., Hamlet, L 4.

impassable (im-pas'a-bl), a. [< in-3 + passa-
ble.] Not passable ; that cannot be passed, or
passed over: as, an impassable road.

Over this gulf

Impassable, impervious, let us try
Adventurous work. Milton, P. L., x. 254.

An exploring party . . . were appalled by theaspect of
the Appalachian chain, and pronounced the mountains ttn>
passable. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., L 44.

= Svn, Impervious, Impenetrable, pathless.

impassableness (im-pas'a-bl-ues), n. The state
of being impassable.

impassably (im-pas'a-bli), adr. In an impas-
sable manner or degree.

impassibility (im-pas-i-bil'i-ti), ». [= F. im-
passibilite = Sp. imi>asibilidad = Pg. impassi-
bilidade = It. impaKxibilita, < LL. impassibili-
ta(t-)s, inpassibilita(t-),t, impassibility (tr. Gr.
uTraBeta: see apathy), <. impasstbilis, iitpaxsibilis,
impassible : see impassible.] The character or
condition of being impassible, in either sense
of that word. *

By this gift of impassibilitij their bodies are freed from
all miseries which our bodies now suffer.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 885.
Two divinities, one would have thought, might have
pleaded their prerogative of itnptixxibUity, or at least not
have been wounded by any mortal hand.

Dryden, Ded. of jEneid.

=Syn. Tndi/erence, Insensibility, etc. See apathy.
impassible (im-pas'i-bl), a. [= F. impassible
= Sp. imiKuMe = Pg. impassirel = It. impax-
sibilc, < LL. im/iassibilis,inpasxibilis, not capable
of passion, passionless, < L. I'M- priv. + LL. pas-
sibilis, capable of passion, feeling, or suffering:
see passible^.] 1. Incapable of suffering; in-
sensible to pain or harm.

Before the incarnation of Christ we could not, In pas-
sive graces, imitate God, who was impassible.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 43.
Secure of death, I should contemn thy dart.
Though naked, and impassible depart. Dri/den.

2. Not to be moved to passion or sympathy ;
having or exhibiting no emotion.

Gwendolen, keeping her impassible air. as they moved
away from the strand, felt her imagination obstinately at
work. Ckonje Mliot, Daniel Dcronda, vii. 54.

impassibleness (im-pas'i-bl-nes), n. Impassi-
bility.

impassion (im-pash'on), r. t. [Formerly also
I'liiiKisnioii; = It. imjiasiiionare, < ML. "impas-
sionare, move with passion, < L. in, in, + pas-
xio(n-), passion: see passion.] To move or af-
fect strongly with passion.

Then do not thou, with teares and woes, imjxution my
affects. 1'linjfinaa, Iliad, ix.

The Damgell was full deepe emixtstioned,
Both for his griefe, and for her peoples sake,
Whose future woes so plaine he fashioned.

Spenser, F. Q., III. ili. 43.
Beyond a mortal man n/i/*i«xiou'd far.

A'ccifc. Eve of St Agnes, st 36.

impasto

impassionable (im-pash'on-a-bl), «. [< i
sion + -able.] Easily excited 'to anger; suscep-
tible of strong emotion.

impassionate1 (im-pash'on-at), t>. t.; pret. and
pp. impassionated, ppr. intpassionaliHg. [< ML.
impasgvmatim (as adj.), pp. of 'impassionare,
move with passion: see tmpasttion.] To affect
powerfully ; stir with passion.

Our Saviour Christ was one while deeply impassiunatej
with sorrow, another while very strongly carried away
with zeal and auger.

Dr. H. More, Def. of Moral Cabbala, L

impassionate1 1 (im-pash'on-at), a. [Formerly
also empassioiiate ; < ML. impassionatvs, PP.:
see the verb.] Strongly affected; stirred by
passion.

The Briton Prince was sore empassionate.

Spetuer, F. Q., V. U. 40.

impassionate2! (im-pash'on-at), a. [< L. in-
pnv. + Nil. passionatus, passionate.] Without
passion or feeling ; dispassionate.

It being the doctrine of that sect [the Stoics] that a wise
man should be impassiviiate. Bp. Hall.

impassioned (im-pash'ond), //. a. Actuated or
animated by passion ; expressive of passion or
ardor of feeling; animated; excited.

The young Herodotus had wandered forth In a rapture
of impassioned curiosity, to see, to touch, to measure, all
those great objects whose names had been recently so
rife In men's mouths. De <,»'"'•<'<, Herodotus.

It is not easy to speak too favourably of the poetry of
this play in the more impassioned passages.

Oi/ord, Int. to lord's Plays, p. xxxL

impassive (im-pas'iv), a. [< in-3 + passive.]

1. Not susceptible of pain or suffering; in-
sensible; impassible.

Too unequal work we And,
Against unequal arms to tight in pain,
Against uupain d, i>nj/a«»iV«.

Milton, P. L., vl. 465.
Impassive as the marble In the quarry. De Quincey.

2. Not showing sensibility or emotion; un-
moved; apathetic: as, an imjiassive manner.

Under their impassive exterior they preserve memories,
associations, emotions of burning Intensity.

Latknip, Spanish Vistas, p. 126.

impassively (im-pas'iv-li), adr. In an impas-
sive manner; without sensibility to pain or
suffering; without sign of feeling or sensibility.

impassiveness (im-pM'iv-nes), n. The char-
acter or state of being impassive or insuscep-
tible of suffering ; insensibility.

By this means they arrogated no less to man's sufficien-
cy then even the power of remaining in a calme apathy
and impamsioenets in all olfeuclve emergencies.

It'. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. vi. { 1.

impassivity (im-pa-siv'i-ti), M. [< impassive
+ -ity.] Impassiveness.

We have cold aristocratic impassivity, faithful to itself
even in Tartarus. Carlyle, French Bev., III. iv. 7.

impastation (im-pas-ta'shon), H. [= F. im-
pastation = Pg. impastagSo, < ML. impasta-
tio(n-), < impastare, impaste: see iaipante.] 1.
The act of impasting or making into paste. —
2. That which is made into paste ; especially,
a combination of various materials of different
colors and consistencies, baked or united by a
cement and hardened by the air : used of works
in earthenware, porcelain, imitation of marble,
etc.

impaste (im-pasf), v. t. ; pret. and pp. impasted.
ppr. impasting. [Formerly also empasle; = OF.
empaster, F. fm]>dter= Sp. empastar = Pg. I»H-
pa#tar=:It. impastare, cover with paste or plas-
ter, < ML. impastare, put or cook in paste or
dough, mix, < L. »'n, on, + LL. pasta, paste: see
paste.] 1. To make into paste ; knead.

Now is he total gules; horridly trick'd

With blood of fathers, mothers, daughters, sons ;

Bak'd and impasted with the parching streets.

Shak., Hamlet, II. 2.

2. In painting, to lay on thickly and boldly the
colors of. A picture is said to be impasted when heavily
loaded with colors so blended together that the work
seems continuous, and as if painted with a single stroke
of the brush. The expression is used also of colors put
in their proper places, and not blended together, so that
In this sense a figure may be said to be impasted in the
same sense that it is said to be painted.

Impasting is the term applied to laying colours in thick
masses on the lights. Kneiic. Brit., X VIII. 138.

impasto (im-pas'to), «. [It., < impastare, cover
with paste or plaster: see imjtaste.] In paint-
ing, the thick laying on of pigments. Compare
impaste, 2.

Impatto is the application of thick and opaque pig-
ments undiluted with any medium except the nil they are
ground in, and not too much of that It differs from
loading in being

surface.

less prominent and in c-uveiintr A larger
P. (J. llamertott, Graphic Arts, p. 306.

impatible

impatiblet (im-pat'i-bl), a. [= It. impatibile,
< L. impat'MHs, inpatibilis, impetibilis, inpeti-
bilis, < in- priv. + pati, suffer: see passion.]

1. Incapable of being borne or endured; in-
tolerable. Cockeram. — 2. Incapable of suffer-
ing ; impassible.

A spirit, and so impatible of material flre. Fuller.

Thus you see what be the powers and faculties of the
soul of this universality, . . . entring into the frail, mor-
tat, and passible instruments of bodies, however they be
in themselves incorruptible, impatible, and the same.

Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 854.

impatience (im-pa'shens), ». [< ME. impatience,
inpacience, < OF. impatience, impascience, F. im-
patience = Pr. inpacientia = Sp. Pg. impatientia
= It. impazienza, impaziensia, < L. impatien-
tia, inpatientia, impatience, < impatien(t-)s, in-
patien(t-)s, impatient : see impatient.] 1. The
state or character of lacking patience; rest-
lessness under existing conditions; eager de-
sire for relief or change.

Impatience makes an ague to be a fever, and every fever
to be a calenture. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 252.

The longer I continued in this scene, the greater was my
impatience of retiring from it. Sp. Hurd.

2. Intolerance of anything that thwarts or
hinders ; passionate vehemence ; in a milder
sense, quickness of temper ; touchiness.

Your fierce impatience f orc'd us from your presence,
Urg'd us to speed, and bade us banish pity.

Johnson, Irene, v. 11.

His bloody sword he brandish'd over me,
And, like a hungry lion, did commence
Hough deeds of rage and stern impatience.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 7.

iinpatiencyt (im-pa'shen-si), n. Same as im-
patience.

With some impatiency he bare the length of his oration.
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, v.

With what impatiency
Of grief we parted !

Masringer, Great Duke of Florence, v. 8.

Impatiens (im-pa'shi-enz), n. [NL. use (re-
ferring to the elasticity of the valves of the
seed-pod, which discharge the seeds when ripe
or when touched) of L. impatiens, impatient:
see impatient.] A genus of annual plants of
the natural order Geraniacem and tribe Bal-
saminece, having curious irregular flowers, in
which the calyx and corolla are colored alike
and are not clearly distinguishable. The sepals
are apparently 4 in number ; the anterior one (apparently
interior as the flower hangs on its stalk) is largest and
forms a spurred sack. The petals are 2 in number, un-
equal-sided and 2-lobed ; the stamens 5, and short ; and
the pod has 5 valves, which coil elastically and project the
seeds in bursting, whence the popular names snapweed
and touch-me-not. Besides the above described flowers,
there are other inconspicuous ones that are fertilized in
the bud. About 135 species are known, of which 2 are
North American, 3 European or North Asian, 20 African,
and the rest from tropical Asia, known as balmm and jew-
el-weed. The American species are /. pallida, the pale
touch-me-not, and 1. fulva, the spotted touch-me-not.
(.See cut under balsam.) The latter has become natu-
ralized in England. The common European species is
/. Noli-me-tangere, the yellow balsam, touch-me-not, or
quick-in-hand. I. balsamina is much grown for the beau-
ty of its flowers, and is well known as a highly ornamen-
tal annual by the names garden-balsam anfilady's-slipper.

impatient (im-pa'shent), a. and n. [< ME. im-
patient, < OF. impatient, F. impatient = Pr. in-
patient = Sp. Pg. impaciente = It. impaziente, <
L. impatien(t-)s, inpatien( t-)x, that cannot or will
not bear or endure, impatient, < j»-priv. +pa-
tien(t-)s, bearing, enduring, suffering: see pa-
tient.] I. a. 1. Not patient; not bearing or en-
during with composure or patience; uneasy
under existing conditions, and eager for relief
or change ; excited by opposition or the thwart-
ing of one's desires ; quick-tempered.

You are of an impatient spirit, and an impatient spirit
is never without woe. Steele, Spectator, No. 438.

The impatient man will not give himself time to be in-
formed of the matter that lies before him.

Addison, Spectator.

So she, impatient her own faults to see,
Turns from herself, and in strange things delights.

Sir J. Davits, Immortal, of Soul (ed. 1819), Int.

2. Intolerant ; non-endurant ; resistant : as,
impatient of control.

Impatient of any interruptions, he spent the whole of
his time that could be spared from the duties of his par-
ish in reading and writing. Bp. Hurd, Warburton.

Peltigera venosa, perhaps always less impatient of cold,
was particularly fine.

Tuckerman, Genera Lichenum, p. 38.

3. Prompted by or springing from impatience ;
exhibiting or expressing impatience : as, an im-
patient manner.

What, will you tear
Impatient answers from my gentle tongue?

Shak., II. N. D., ill. i.

3004

To assuage
Th' impatient fervour. Cowpcr, Task, iii. 502.

4f. Not to be borne ; intolerable.

Ay me ! deare Lady, which the ymage art
Of ruefull pitty and impatient smart.

Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 44.

=Syn. 1 and 3. Eestless, unquiet, hasty, eager, precipi-
tate, impetuous, vehement.
II. n. One who lacks patience. [Bare.]
I have heard and seen some ignorant impatient*, when
they have found themselves to smart with God's scourge,
cast a sullen frown back upon him with " cur me csedis?"
Seasonable Sermons, p. 89.

impatiently (im-pa ' shent-li), adv. In an im-
patient manner; with impatience, uneasiness,
or restlessness ; intolerantly.
impatront, »• *• [< OF. impatroner = It. impa-
dronire, put in possession of, make master of ;
as in-2 + patron.] To put in possession; in-
vest with power.

He ... impatroned himselfe with three peeces of ordi-
nance, which he caused to be haled into the Tower.
Remarkable Occurrences in the Jfortherne Parts (IM2),

[p. 10.

impatronizationt (im-pa'tron-i-za'shon), n.
[= F. impatronisation; as imp'atronize + -ation.]
Absolute seigniory or possession; the act of
putting into full possession, as of a benefice.

impatronizet, empatronizet (im-, em-pa'tron-
lz), v. t. [As impatron + -ize.] Same as im-
patron.

They [the Spaniards] have now twice sought to impa-
tronize themselves of this kingdom of England.

Bacon, War with Spain.

His father Lewis . . . did impatroniie himselfe upon
the duchie of Burgondie and earldome of Artoys.

Fenton, Guicciardin (1599).

impave (im-pav'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ii _, . ,
ppr. impaving. [< ire-2 + pave.] To pave in;
form in a pavement. [Rare.]

Climbing a tall tower,
There saw, impaved, with rude fidelity
Of art mosaic, in a roofless floor,
An Eagle with stretched wings, but beamless eye.
Wordsworth, On Revisiting Dunolly Castle.

impavid (im-pav'id), a. [= Sp. impdvido = Pg.
It. impavido, < L. impavidus, fearless, < in- priv.
+ pavidm, fearing: see pavid.] Fearless; un-
daunted; intrepid. [Bare.]

Placid Lord Ullin received the news by telegraph ; . . .
he put the message into his pocket without remark, and
won the rubber before he rose. . . . /mpawidastheHora-
tian model-man. Lawrence, Guy Livingstone, xviii.

impavidly (im-pav'id-li), adv. In an impavid

manner; fearlessly; undauntedly; intrepidly.

Thackeray. [Rare.]
impawn (im-pan' ), v. t. [Formerly also empawn;

= Sp. empenar = Pg. empenhar = It. impegnare;

as »n-2 + pawnl.] To put in pawn; pledge;

deposit as security.

Go to the king ; and let there be impawn'd
Some surety for a safe return again.

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3.
Alas I what comfort is there left for me,
If those dear jewels be impawn'd to thee.
Dekker and Webster (?), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, ii. 3.
A wise man will never impawn his future being and
action, and decide beforehand what he shall do in a given
extreme event Nature and God will instruct him in that
hour. Emerson, War.

impeach (im-pech'), v. t. [Formerly also em-
peach, empeche; < ME. empeclien, empeshenC>im-
pesli, q. v.), < OF. empesclier, empeescher (ML. re-
flex impechiare), F. empfclier, hinder, stop, bar,
appar. = Pr. empedeaar, < ML. impedicare, inpe-
dicare, catch, entangle, lit. fetter, < L. in, in,
+ pedica, a fetter, < pe(d~)s, foot (see foot),
but mixed in sense with OF. empacher = Pr.
empaichar, empaitar, enpazar, empechar = Sp.
empachar = Pg. empachar, overload, = It. im-
pactiare, delay, appar. < ML. as if "impactiare,
< L. impingere, pp. impacttis, strike against, fas-
ten upon, fasten: see impact, impinge. The same
radical elements are involved in depeach, des-
patch, q. v. Hence, by variation, appeach, and,
by apheresis of this, peach%, q. v.] It. To hin-
der; impede.

Empeche his head, his face ; have at his gorge ;
Beare at the breste, or sperne him one the side.
Knyghthode and Batayle, quoted in Strutt's Sports and

[Pastimes, p. 185.
Swelling throbs empeach
His foltring toung with pangs of drerinesse.

Spenser, F. Q., III. xi. 11.

The Scots were assembled ... to impeach the passage
of our said army.

Exped. in Scotland (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 116).

2. To call in question; accuse of wrong or
error; bring discredit on; disparage; accuse:
as, to impeach one's motives; to impeach the
credit of a witness.

impeachment

He . . . doth impeach the freedom of the state
If they deny him justice. Shak., M. of V., iii. 2.

I doubt not of your generosity, but people unacquainted
with your temper impeach you with avarice.

Gentleman Instructed, p. 535.

To speak favourably of a character you have oppressed
would be impeaching your own.

Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, iii.

3. Specifically, to prefer charges of official
misconduct against, before a competent tribu-
nal ; bring to account by trial for malfeasance
in office. See impeachment, 3.

And arm'd with Truth impeach'd the Don
Of his enormous Crimes.

Prior, The Viceroy, vi.

In regard to the President, it was their duty to make a

specific charge, to investigate it openly, and to impeach

him before the Senate, if the evidence afforded reasonable

ground to believe that the charge could be substantiated.

6. T. Curtis, Buchanan, II. 247.

The impeached minister, like the king who is put on his
trial, when he has become weak enough to be impeached,
may remain too strong to be acquitted.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 371.

4. To call to account ; charge as answerable.
The first donee in tail may commit waste without be-
ing impeached. • %- Swift.
TO Impeach a Witness, to adduce evidence intended
to meet the testimony of the witness by showing him to
be unworthy of credit. = Syn. Charge, Indict, etc. See
accuse.

impeacht (im-pech'), M. [< impeach, v.] Same
as impeachment.

If they may (without impeach) enjoy their wills, no
quieter creatures under heaven.

Chapman, All Fools, iii. 1.

Ourself

Will here sit by, spectator of your sports ;
And think it no impeach of royalty.

B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.

impeachable (im-pe'cha-bl), a. [< OF. em-
peehable, empeschable, tti'at may be arrested;
as impeach + -able.] Liable or making liable to
be impeached ; chargeable with wrongdoing ;
censurable ; liable to be called in question.

Had God omitted by positive laws to give religion to the
world, the wisdom of his providence had been impeach-
able. Grew.

Owners of lands in fee simple are not impeachable for .
waste. Z. Swift.

The impeachable offences are " treason, bribery, or other
high crimes or misdemeanors."

J. Buchanan, in Curtis, II. 255.

impeacher (im-pe'cher), ». If. One who or
that which impeaches or hinders.

So that instead of finding Prelaty an impeacher of schism
or faction, the more I search, the more I grow into all
persuasion to think rather faction and she, as with a spou-
sal ring, are wedded together, never to be divorc'd.

Milton, Church-Government, i. a.

2. One who brings or institutes an impeach-
ment ; an accuser.

impeachment (im-pech'ment), n. [< OF. em-
peschement (ML. reflex impechiamentum), F. em-
pechement, hindrance, < empescher, hinder: see
impeach.] 1. Hindrance; impediment; obstruc-
tion. [Obsolete except in law. See impeach-
ment of waste, below.]

I do not seek him now ;
But could be willing to march on to Calais
Without impeachment. Shak., Hen. V., iii. 6.

The Earl of Warwick, having Notice that his Father the
Earl of Salisbury was upon march to meet him, passeth
over his Men, and, without Impeachment, joined with him
and his Friends near Exeter. Baker, Chronicles, p. 198.

2. A calling in question ; accusation of wrong
or error; disparagement: as, an impeachment
of one's motives or conduct, or of the credi-
bility of a witness.

To let him spend his time no more at home,
Which would be great impeachment to his age.

Shak., 1. G. of V., i. 3.

Without any impeachment of the prosperous operation
of our system, prejudices may arise between the different
sections of the country, etc. Everett, Orations, I. 201.

3. A calling to account ; arraignment ; the act
of charging with a crime or misdemeanor:
specifically, the exhibition of charges of mal-
administration against a high public officer
before a competent tribunal. In the United States,
the House of Representatives has the sole power of im-
peachment of the President, Vice-President, and all civil
officersof the United States; the Senatehas the sole power
to try all impeachments, the Chief Justice presiding at the
trial of a President ; and a two-thirds vote is necessary
for conviction. In the case of State officers, there is gen-
erally a similar division of functions between the upper
and the lower branch of the legislature. In the history of
the federal government there have been seven cases of im-
peachment, the most famous being that of President John-
son in 1868. In only two cases, both of district judges, was
a verdict of guilty given. In Great Britain, impeachments
are made in the House of Commons and tried by the House
of Lords. Prominent impeachments in English history
were those of Lord Bacon and Warren Hastings.

3005

hinder, lit. catch or hold the feet of, < in, in, on,
+ pi-n (/«•</-), foot, = E.foot. Cf. eipetle.'] To
be an obstacle to ; stand in the way of; hinder;

impeachment

The practice of impeachment directed against Michael
de la 1'ole In 1386 was revived in U..H tin Ihe destruction
of his grandson. Stub/is, Const. Hist., § 371.

Articles of Impeachment, see article. — Court of Im-
peachment, a tribunal, usually the upper branch of a

legislature, sitting on tbe trial of articles of impeachment. It is one of the principal tenets of the Utilitarians that

— Impeachment Of a witness. Sue/m/«'«(7i,u. t. — Im- sentiment and eloquence serve only to impede the pur-

peachment of waste, in Ian; a restraint from commil- suit of truth. Macaulay, Mill on Government

ting waste upon lands ,,i tenements, or a demand of rec- The pathiesg ocean does not impede, it accelerates the

ompense for waste, done by a tenant to the prejudice of Drol,res8 of the intellectual energy

the right of another's estate or interest in the property. t'verett Orations L 421

impearl faytA'). v. t. [Also empearl; < ,»-'-: To retnrd dela check^ ^ h '

+ /*•«)•/.] 1. To form into pearls or the resem- impJedibie (im-ped'i-bl), „. [= It. impcdiUle; as

blauce of pearls. impede + -ible.] Capable of being impeded.

Dew-drops which the HIM

Jrops v
Impearlg on every leaf and every flower.

Milton, P. L., v. 747.

2. To decorate with or as if with pearls.

The Mountains, or the dowry Meads,
Impearld with tears, that sweet Aurora shcads.

SyleeHter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, L 3.
Husht as the falling Dews, whose noiseless show is
lull" /-I*- the folded Leaves of Ev nlng Flow'rs.

Congreve, To Sleep.

Proud be the rose, with rains and dews
Her head impearliny.

Wordtmarth, To the Daisy.

impeccability (im-pek-a-bil'i-ti), w. [= F. im-
l<i I'i'iihi/ite = Sp. impceiibiliaad = Pg. impecca-
bilidade = It. impeccabilita, < ML. *impeccabili-
ta(t-)s, < LL. im/id'cabiUx, inpeccabilis, not lia-
ble to sin: see impeccable.] The character of
being impeccable ; exemption from liability to
do wrong.

This last state may be the finishing operation, to eter-
nize the Infallibility and impeccability of all lapsed, sen-
tient, and intelligent beings. G. Ctteyne, Regimen, p. 320.
The impeccability of the Bishop of Rome was not as yet
an article of the Roman creed.

Every internal act Is not in Itself impedible by outward
violence. Jer. Taylor, Dnctor Dubitantium, L

impediment (im-ped'i-ment), n. [= F. impedi-
ment (in pi.) = Sp. Pg. It. impedimenta, < L.
inipedinu'ntmn, inpedimentum, a hindrance, pi.
impedimenta, inpedimenta, baggage, esp. mili-
tary baggage, < impedire, inpedire, impede : see
impede.] That which impedes or binders pro-
gress; hindrance; obstruction; obstacle.
Thus far Into the bowels of the land
Have we march'd on without impediment.

Shak., Rich. III., T. 2.
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediment*. Shak., Sonnets, cxvi.

Hott countries are subject to greevous diseases, and
many noysome impediments, which other more temper-
ate places are freer from.

Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 28.
Let the laws be purged of every barbarous reminder,
every barbarous impediment to women.

Emerson, Woman.

Diriment impediments of marriage. See diriment.—
Impediment in speech, a defect which prevents distinct
articulation. = Syn. Difficulty, Obrtruction, etc. (see obsta-
cle); encumbrance, bar, barrier, check.

Milman, Latin Christianity, Iv. «. impediment! (im-ped'i-ment), V. t. [= It. im-
impeccable (im-pek'a-bl), a. [= F . impeccable pedimentare, impedimentire, impede; from the
= Sp. inipecable = Pg. impeccavef= It. impec-
ftthile, < LL. impeccabilis, inpeccabilis, not liable
to sin, < L. in- priv. + "peccabilis, liable to sin :
see peccable, ,] Not liable to err; not subject

noun.] To impede.

Lest Themlstocles . . . should have withstood and t'm-
pcdimented a general good.

/>>. JteynuUli, On the Passions, xv.

to sin; exempt from the possibility of doing impedimenta(im-ped-i-men'ta), n.pl. [L.,
wrong. pi. of impediment-urn, a hindrance : see impedi-

11 we honour the man, must we bold his pen impecca- ment, n.] Things which hinder, impede, or en-
blef Bp. Hall, Honour of Married Clergy, p. 43.^ cumber ; specifically, articles taken with one

We perhaps may think It very convenient that we on a journey which impede one's progress; espe-
should at first have been made impeccable, and secured
from falling. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. vii.

I may do a virtuous action without being impeccable.
J. II. Keunnan, Uram. of Assent, p. 215.

impeccance (im-pek'ans), n. [= F. itnpeccance

cially, military baggage ; supplies carried along
with an army; in general, baggage.

I will only state that I and my impedimenta — which
consisted of a hand-bag and an overcoat— went ashore in
three boats. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth, p. 218.

= Sp. impccancia = Pg. impeccancia, < LL. im- impedimental (im-ped-i-men'tal), a. [< t
peccantia, inpeccantia, sinlessness, < "impec- ,,edirnent + -al.] Pertaining to or of the r
can(t-)s.*iin>ecctiit(t-)s. imneccant: see imnec- ;,._. ,,r :..„„,]:,.;„„». i,:«j«_; „!,„*_..,*: —

im-
na-

can(t-)s, 'inpeccan(t-)s, impeccant: see impec-
cant."] Same as impeccancy.
impeccancy (im-pek'an-si), n. The condition love. ' w_ Montague, Devoute Essays, "II. vit i s.

ture of impediment ; hindering; obstructing.
The impedimental stain which intercepts her fruitive

pcditus, pp. of impedire, inpedire, impede: see

She the Church of Rome] stands upon it, that she can- Cmvfa ft prnerlitr 1 1 Tn irnnpHn

not erre, and stubboi nely chalenges unto her chalre a cer- ""Peae- M- expedite.) 1. io impede,

tain imptccancie of judgment. Digestion in the stomach, and other faculties there,

Bp. Hall, No Peace with Rome, seemed not to be much impedited. Boyle, Works, VI. 467.

impeccant (im-pek'ant), a. [= Sp. impecante, 2. In astral., to affect by evil stars.

< LL. •impeccan(t-)s, *inpcccaH(t-)s (in deriv. The raoon i9 impedited in the highest degree when in

noun), < L. in- priv. + peccan(t-)s, sinning, sin- conjunction with the sun. l.illii.

ful, pj(r. of pcccare, sin: seepeccant.] Doing no {mpeditet (im'pe-dit), a. [= Sp. Pg. impedido

wrong; sinless; unerring. _ it. impecKto.< L. impeditus, inpeditus, pp.: see

With a vengeance selecting, from all other classes, the verb.] Hindered; obstructed.
Poor dogs of some sort, and fMOMOMi half-asses.

fivrom To 0. Lloyd Ou.r constitution is weak, our souls apt to diminution

and imvedite faculties,

impectmate (im-pek'ti-nat), a. [< »n-3 + per- Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835\ I. 900.

impecunious v „ „ _. ._ _

/iiruiiiciix; as »'n-3 + pecuiiious.'] Having no
money; poor; penniless.

Who let In that rag there amongst us? Put him out, an
impecunious creature. B. Jontton, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.

The other impecunious person contrived to make both
ends meet by shifting his lodgings from time to time.

W. Black.

structive; impeding.

There are other cases concerning things unlawful by

accident* in respect to the evil effect of the same : to wit,

as they may be impeditive of good, or causative, or at the

least (for we must use such words) occasionative of evil.

Bp. Sanderson, Promissory Oaths, lit $ 11.

What were more easy than to say that six legs to that
unweildy body had been cumbersome and impeditive of

cuit. pi>r.i»i]}c/lini/. [Formerly also i'nipe?/; =OF.tm-

A few words may suffice to explain the nature of the peller = Sp. impcler = Pg. t w/)C/H r = It. impellere,

impedance which nlternatim,' currents meet with in pass- < L. iixjx'lh re, iiipetlere, push, drive, or strike

ing through a conductor. Elect. Rev. (Eng.), XXIV. 518. against, drive forward, urge, impel, < in, on, +

impede (im-ped'), r. t. ;pret. and pp. impeded, iiellcrc, drive. Cf. fumju-l, crpd, iiropd, /•<///'.

ppr. impeding. [= Sp. Pg. impt'dir = It. impc- Hence impulse, etc.] To drive or urge forward ;

dire, < L. impedire, inpedire, entangle, iusnare, press on; incite or constrain to action in any

impenetrable

way : as, steam is the impellimj force of a loco-
motive.

The wave behind impel* the wave before.

Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xv. 271.
Practice . . . urges and impclt to action, choice, and
determination. liaci.n, 1'hyslcal Fables, x., Expl.

And shame and doubt imjiell'd him in a course
Once so abhorr'd, with unnaUted force.

Crabke, Worki, V. 19.
With tin- and sword
Come Spoilers, horde impelling horde.

Wordncortn, The Highland Broach.
= 8yn. Prompt, Induce, etc. (see actuate); to Influence,
push on, force on, move, lead, set on. (See list under
incite.)

impellent (im-pel'ent), a. and n. [< L. impel-
len(t-)s, inpellen(t-)*, ppr. of impellere, inpellere,
drive forward: see impel.'] I. a. Having the
property of impelling.

Snch ponderous bodies do take an enforc'd flight from
an exterior impellent swlftiieaa. Boyle, Works, VI. 427.

II. »;. A power or force that impels or drives
forward; motive or impelling power.

S. What do you mean by voluntary oaths?
C. Those that no other impellent but myself, or my own
worldly gain or Interest extort from me.

Hammond, Pract Catechism, ii. 8.

impeller (im-pel'er), n. One who or that which
impels.

Is It possible to be an effect produced without a cause ?
Is it [a moving stone) impelled without an impeller!

Clarke, Second Defence of the Immateriality, etc.

He (Ignatius] is by his very nature an impeller of men.

Quarterly Kiev., CLXII. 470.

impen (im-pen'), v. t.; pret. and pp. impenned
or inipent, ppr. impending. [< i»i-l + pen*.] To
pen m ; confine or inclose in a narrow place.

Yet these from other streames much different ;

For others, as they longer, broader grow ;
These, as they run in narrow banks impent.
Are then at least, when in the main they flow.

P. Fletcher, Purple Island, UL

But notwithstanding all this, a man at rest In his cham-
ber (like a sheep imjifnn'd in the fold) Is subject only to
unusual events, and such as rarely happen.

Felthain, Resolves, II. 59.

impend (im-pend'), c. [= Pg. impender = It.
impendere, < L. impendere, inpendere, hang over,
overhang, be imminent, < in, on, + penderc,
hang: see pendent.] I. intrans. To overhang;
be ready to fall; be imminent; threaten; be
on the point of occurring, as something evil.
Destruction hangs o'er yon devoted wall,
And nodding Ilion waits th' itintrndinij fall.

Pope, Iliad, ii.

An extensive lake displayed Its glassy bosom, reflecting
on its broad surface the impending horrors of the moun-
tain. Qoldtmith, Asem.

II. t trans. To hang over. [Rare.]
We seriously consider the dreadful judgments that now
impend the nation. Penn, Liberty of Conscience, Fref.

impendence, impendency (im-pen'dens, -den-
si), ». [< impendcH(t) + -ce, -ry.] The state
of being impendent or overhanging; a mena-
cing attitude.

Far above, In thunder-blue serration, stand the eternal
edges of the angry Apennine, dark with rolling <»IJ*M-
dence of volcanic cloud. Ituxkin.

impendent (im-pen'dent). a. [= Pg. It. i»«-
pendente, < L. i»ipendeii(t-)8, inpenden(t-)s, ppr.
of impendere. inpendere, impend: see impend.]
Impending; imminent; threatening: as, an im-
pendent evil.

What if all

Her stores were open'd, and this firmament
Of hell should spout her cataracts of fire,
Impendent honours, threatening hideous fall
One day upon our heads? Milton, P. L., U. 177.

Lo! with upright sword
Prefiguring his own impendent doom,
The Apostle of the Gentile*.

Wordsmirth, Near Aqnapendente.

impenetrability (im-pen'e-tra-biri-ti), «. [=
F. impenetrabilite = Sp. impenetrabilidad = Pg.
impenetrabilidade = It. impenetrabilitA ; as im-
penetrable + -ity: see -bility.] 1. The char-
acter or condition of being impenetrable; in-
capability of being penetrated, in any sense
of that word. — 2. Inphuftics, specifically, that
property of matter which prevents two bodies
from occupying the same space at the same
time ; that property of matter by which it ex-
cludes all other matter from the space it occu-
pies.

Matter possesses impenetrability, which means that no
two portions of matter can occupy the same place at the
same time.

W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature (1st ed.), p. 11.

impenetrable (im-pen'e-tra-bl), a. [= F. im-

lii'iif'trtiblc = Sp. iiiijii mil-able = Pg. impenetrn-
rel = It. iiiipi-Hctntliilc, < I>. iHijii-intrnbilin. m-
ixnctrabilis, not penetrable, < in- priv. -I- i>ene-

impenetrable

trabitis, penetrable: see penetrable.] 1. Inca-
pable of being penetrated ; not penetrable, in
any sense of that word.

Highest woods, impenetrable
To star or sun-light. Milton, P. L., ix. 1086.

These instances of cunning, which she thought impene-
trable, yet which everybody saw through.

Goldsmith, Vicar, xvi.

The progress of the most salutary inventions and dis-
coveries is buried in impenetrable mystery.

Macaulay, Mitford's Hist. Greece.

2. Specifically, inpJiysicn, having the property
of preventing any other substance from occu-
pying the same place at the same time.
impenetrableness (im-pen'e-tra-bl-nes), n.
Impenetrability.

We may consider that motion does not essentially be-
long to matter, as divisibility and impenetrableness are be-
lieved to do. Boyle, Works, V. 210.

impenetrably (im-pen'e-tra-bli), adv. In an
impenetrable manner ;' so "as to be impene-
trable.

The inviolable saints,
In cubic phalanx firm, advanced entire,
Invulnerable, impenetrably arm'd.

Milton, P. L., vi. 400.

impenitence (im-pen'i-teus), ». [= F. impeni-
tence = Sp. Pg. impenitencia = It. impenitenza, <
LL. impoenitentia, inposnitentia, < imposniten(t-)s,
!Hp<BH«te»(£-)s, impenitent: see impenitent.] The
condition of being impenitent ; want of peni-
tence or repentance ; obduracy ; hardness of
heart.

He will advance from one degree of wickedness and im-
penitence to another. Rogers.
I thought you would not slay impenitence —
Teased first contrition from the man you slew —
I thought you had a conscience.

Browning, Ring and Book, II. 299.

impenitency (im-pen'i-teu-si), n. ; pi. impeni-
tencies (-siz). Same as impenitence.

What is this sin ? Final impenitency, and, some say, im-
pugning of the truth.

Latimer, 2d Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1360.
He undertook a grief great enough ... to satisfy for
the impenitencies of all the world.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 318.

impenitent (im-pen'i-tent), a. and ». [= F.
impenitent = Sp. Pg. It. impenitente, < LL. im-
pceniten(t-)s, inpcmiten(t-)s, not penitent, < L.
i»-priv. + paeniten( t-)s, penitent : see penitent.]
I. a. Not penitent; not repenting of sin; not
contrite ; obdurate.

I pity the flatteries and self applauses of a careless and
impenitent heart. Bp. Hall, Soliloquies, xi.

So died

Impenitent, and left a race behind
Like to themselves, distinguishable scarce
rrom Gentiles. Milton, P. R., iii. 423.

II. ». One who does not repent; a hardened
sinner.

When the reward of penitents and punishment of im-
peniteiits is once assented to as true, 'tis impossible but
the mind of man should wish for the one, and have dis-
likes to the other. Hammond.

impenitently (im-pen'i-tent-li), adv. In an im-
penitent manner; without repentance or con-
trition for sin; obdurately.

impenitiblet, «• [< L. in- priv. + pcenitere, re-
pent, + -ible.] Incapable of repentance.

As death works upon man, and concludes him, and makes
him impenitible for ever, so works the fall upon the angels,
and concludes them for ever too. Donne, Sermons, xxiv.

impennate (im-pen'at), a. and n. [< L. in- priv.
+ pennatus, winged : see pennate.] I. a. Fea-
therless or wingless; specifically, character-
ized by short wings covered with feathers re-
sembling scales, as the penguins.

II. n. A bird, as the penguin, with short wings
covered with scales.

Impennes (im-pen'ez), n. pi. [NL., < L. in-
pnv. + peiina, a wing.] A group of birds, the
penguins. Also called Spiieniscidai and Sphenis-

apterous.

It is generally conceived an earwig hath no wings, and
is reckoned amongst impennous insects by many.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 27.
impeoplet (im-pe'pl), r. t. [< j«-2 + people.]
Same as empeople.

Thick were the Walls impeopled with the stories
Of those whom Chastity had clothed in White.

J. Beaumont, Psyche, iii. 44.
imper. An abbreviation of imperative.
imperancet (im'pe-rans), «. [< ML. "imperan-
tia, < L. imi>emre, inperare, command : see im-
perate.] Command; mastery. HalJiteett.

3006

imperantt (.im'pe-rant), a. [= Sp. Pg. impe-
rante, < L. impi'ran(t-)s, inperan(t-)s, ppr. of
imperare, inperare, command: see imperatc.]
Commanding.

imperate (im'pe-rat), a. [< L. imperatus. in-
peratits, pp. of imperare, inperare, command, or-
der, enjoin, < in, in, on, + pararc. make ready,
order: see pare. Cf. empire.] Performed by a
faculty other than the will, at the command of
the will : opposed to elicit.

I see the energy of my soul in every particle of my body,
though not using intellectual actions in every part, yet
using some that are imperate.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 22.
Imperate act. See act.

imperative (im-per-a-t!'ve), n. pi. [NL., fern,
pi. (so.ferice, feasts) of imperative, imperative :
see imperative.] In Bom. antiq., special or ex-
traordinary feasts or holidays. See ferice.

imperatival (im-per-a-ti'val or im-per'a-ti-
val), «. [< imperative + -al.] In gram., be-
longing or peculiar to the imperative mode.

imperative (im-per'a-tiv), a. and n. [= D. im-
peratief = G. Dan. Sw. imperativ, the impera-
tive mode, = F. imperatif= Sp. Pg. It. impera-
tive, < L. imperativus, inperativus, of a command,
imperative (as a noun, se. modus, the imperative
mode), < imperare, inperare, command, order:
see imperate.] I. a. 1. Expressing command;
containing positive command; peremptory;
absolute: as, imperative orders.

The suits of kings are imperative.

Bp. Hall, David with Bathshcba and Uriah.

2. Not to be avoided or evaded ; that must be
attended to or performed ; obligatory; binding:
as, an imperative duty or necessity.

The priest who needs must carry sword on thigh
May find imperative use for it.

Brouminy, Ring and Book, I. 319.

Imperative mode, the mode or form or set of forms
of a verb which express command, entreaty, advice, or ex-
hortation: as, come here; restrain yourself; be comforted.
= Syn. 1 and 2. Imperious, Imperative (see imperious\
absolute, express, positive, decided, not to be gainsaid.

II. n. 1. In</r«/«.,amodeorverbalformwhich
expresses command, entreaty, advice, or exhor-
tation.— 2. In philos., a deliverance of con-
science ; a monition of the moral sense.

By imperative, in general, every proposition that ex-
presses a possible free action, by which a certain end is
to be realized, is to be understood.

Kant, tr. by Richardson.

Such precepts are merely, what Kant calls them, Hy-
pothetical Imperatives ; they are not addressed to any one
who has not first accepted the end.

H. Sidywick, Methods of Ethics, p. 7.

But when the instruction has been conveyed, the self-
imposed imperative to turn it to account for the better-
ing of life remains to be given : and it is only from a
conscience responsive to an ideal of virtue that it can
proceed. T. B. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 307.

Categorical Imperative. See categorical.
imperatively (im-per'a-tiv-li), adv. 1. In an

imperative manner ; peremptorily. — 2. Byway

or in the manner of the imperative mode,
imperativeness (im-per'a-tiv-nes), n. The

character of being imperative or obligatory;

absolute requirement.

All the animal functions, in common with the higher
functions, have . . . their imperativeness.

H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 76.

Neither [theory] explains the imperativeness with which
recognized moral law speaks to the human heart.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIII. 418.

imperator (im'pe-ra-tor), «.. [L., also inpera-
tor, OL. induperator, endoperator, a command-
er, emperor, < imperare, inperare, command:
see imperate. Hence ult. E. emperor.] 1. In
Bom. hist. : (a) In general, a commander, chief,
or ruler: in this sense a descriptive title (placed
after the name) of any one possessing the im-
perium or power of enforcing his authority, as
a general, or a consul, proconsul, or other ma-
gistrate. (&) In later times, more especially,
a general-in-chief or holder of an independent
command during active service : a title" often
conferred by the senate on a victorious gen-
eral, or acclaimed by his army.

The powers of the imperator or commander of the Ro-
man army ceased on his return to the city.

Encyc. Brit., III. 80.

(c) After the fall of the republic, the official
title (used as a prenomen) of the monarch or
supreme ruler as permanent generalissimo of
the Roman armies ; emperor : originally con-
ferred by the senate for a term, and afterward
assumed in perpetuity.

This senior-junior, giant-dwarf, Dan Cupid, . . .

Sole imperator, and great general

Of trotting paritors. Shak., L. L. L, iii. 1.

Imperator tmperialis.

imperceptible

2. [cop.] In £o67., a genus of trochiform pro-
sobranchiate gastropods, of the family Turbi-
iiiilie. Montfort.

Imperatoria (im-
per-a-td'ri-a), «.
[NL", fern:' of L.
imiieratorius, of or
belonging to a
general or com-
mander: see impe-
ratory.] A genus
of plants, of the
natural order Um-
belliferce, now usu-
ally regarded as
a section of Peucedanum. I. Ostruthium, the great
masterwort, grows in moist pastures in various parts of
Scotland, and was formerly much cultivated as a pot-herb.
The root yields the vegetable resin imperatorin.

imperatorial (im-per-a-to'ri-al), a. [As impera-
tory + -al.] 1. Of or pertaining to the title
or office of imperator or emperor: as, "impera-
torial laurels," C. Merivale. — 2. Like an im-
perator; of a commanding nature or quality;
imperial.

Moses delivered this law after an imperatorial way, by
saying, thou shalt do this, and thou shalt not do that

If orris, The Beatitudes, p. 239.

The imperatorial character of the language itself [Latin]
— PIC speech of masters, not of men.

G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., iv.
Also imperatory.

imperatorian (im-per-a-to'ri-an), a. [As im-
peratory + -an.] Imperatorial. [Rare.]

He professed not to meddle by atiy Imperatorian or
Senatorian power with matters of Religion.

Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 143.

imperatorin (im-per'a-to-rin), «. [< Impera-
toria + -in2.] A vegetable resin found in the
root of Imperatoria Ostruthium, or great master-
wort. It forms long transparent prisms, has an acrid
burning taste, and is neutral, fusible, and soluble in alco-
hol and ether.

LmperatorioUSt (im-per-a-to'ri-us), a. [< L.
imperatorius : see imperalory .] Same as im-
peratorial. Dames.

You have heard his Majesty's speech, though short, yet
full and princely, and rightly imperatorious, as Tacitus
said of Galba's. Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, ii. 9.

imperatory (im-per'a-to-ri), a. [= F. impera-
toire = Sp. Pg. It. impcr'atorio,< L. imperatorius,
of or belonging to a general or commander, <
imperator, ,a general: see impe-rator.] Same as
imperatorial.

All which stand
In awe of thy high imperatory hand.

Chapman, Hymn to Hermes.

imperceivable (im-per-se'va-bl), a. [< »»-3 +
perceivable.] Imperceptible. [Rare.]

There is yet another way by which a temptation arrives
to its highest pitch or proper hour ; and that is by a long
train of gradual, imperceivable encroaches of the flesh
upon the spirit South, Works, VI. vii.

imperceivableness (im-per-se'va-bl-nes), n.
Imperceptibleness. [Rare.]

And this imperceivablenesg of the impressions made
upon our souls by the Holy Spirit was that which our
Saviour signified to Sicodemus, in the third of St John.
Abp. Sharp, Works, III. v.

imperceivedt (im-per-sevd'), a. [< in-3 + per-
ceived.] Unperceived.

Then finding the bladder to be pumped up, we would
have tied up the contained air, but could not do it by
reason of an imperceived hole. Boyle, Works, V. 620.

imperceptibility (im-per-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), «. [=
F. imperceptibilite' = Sp. imperceptib'ilidad = Pg.
imperceptibilidade = It. imperccttibilita ; as im-
perceptible + -ity: see -bility.] The character
or state of being imperceptible ; imperceptible-
ness. Asli.

imperceptible(im-per-sep'ti-bl),a.and n. [=F.
imperceptible = Sp. imperceptible = Pg. impercep-
tivel = It. impercettibile, < ML. imperceptibilis,
not perceptible, < L. in- priv. + perceptibilis,
perceptible.] I. a. Not perceptible ; that can-
not be perceived, (a) Incapable by nature of affect-
ing the senses.

Seem'd washing his hands with invisible soap

In imperceptible water. Howl, Miss Kilmansegg.
(It) Too minute, fine, gradual, subtle, or evanescent to be
discerned by the senses ; producing an excitation of the
nerves less than the threshold of sensation. See threshold.
Strange play of Fate ! when mightiest human things
Hang on such small imperceptible things.

Cowley, Davideis, iv.

Its operation is slow, and in some cases almost imper-
ceptible. Burke.
The three-millionth part of a milligramme of a salt of
Sodium, an imperceptible particle of dust to the naked
eye, is yet capable of colouring the flame yellow, and of
giving the yellow line of Sodium in the spectroscope.

Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 152.

Imperceptible

He | Mrrschcl ] was (an he said himself) led on by almost
imperceptible degrees from evident clusters, such as the
I'll 'hides, tu spots ivithciut a trace of stellar formation.

A. H. Clerke, Astron. in IWh Cent, p. 28.

Imperceptible increase, that kind or rate of progress
which cannot be perceived by inspection, unless inspec-
tion he nmih1 at tlill'H nt times HO as to compare the differ-
cut stages of progress : thus used in the law of accretion.
II. ». That which cannot be perceived with
the naked eye, or realized by sensation. [Rare.]

I should be wonderfully pleased to see a natural history
of imixrcrptiUtu, Tatter, Ho. 119.

imperceptibleness (im-per-sep'ti-bl-nes), «.
The quality of being imperceptible.

imperceptibly (im-per-sep'ti-bli), adv. In an
imperceptible manner; so as not to be per-
ceived.

imperception (im-per-sep'shon), K. [< ix-8 +
fa rcepWON.] Want of perception.

Why then may not a spirit that has subtiler lingers
than the finest matter, I mean the spirit of Nature, lay
hold on that imperceptive part of the soul, or ou the soul
itself, in the state of silence, of impcrception?

Dr. U. More, Philos. Writings, Gen. Prof.

No one, not even Sydney Smith's Scotchman, is willing
to confess his imperception of humor. Science, XII. 305.

imperceptive (im-per-sep'tiv), a. [< »»-S +
perceptive. ] Not perceiving, or not able to per-
ceive.

Ye would gaze on Qod
With imperceptive blankness.

Mm. Browning.

Thus both conceived perceptivity to arise from a certain
combination or aggregation of imperceptive particles.

A. Tucker, Light of Nature, II. i. 9.

impercipient (irn-per-sip'i-ent), a. [< in-3 +
percipient.] Not perceiving; having no power
to perceive.

The insensible, impercipient body.

Mind, No. 85, July, 1884.

imperdibilityt (im-per-di-bil'i-ti), n. [< im-
perdible : see -bilityT] The state or quality of
being imperdible.

Neither are those precious things of greater use to the
making of vessels and utensils, unless some little niceties
and curiosities, by means of their beauty, imperdibility,
and ductility. Derham, Physico- Theology, v. 9, note 5.

imperdible (im-per'di-bl), a. [= Sp. imperdi-
ble; cf. P. imperdable: < L. in- priv. + *perdi-
bilis, that may be lost, < perdere, lose: see per-
dition.] Not capable of being lost; not easy
to be lost.

But as they [wisdom and knowledge] are harder in
their acquisition, so are they more imperdible and steady
in their stay. Feltham, On Eccles., ii. 11.

imperence (im'pe-rens), »'. A vulgar corrup-
tion of impertinence.

imperfect (im-per'fekt), a. and n. [In mod.
use altered (like perfect) to suit the orig. L. ;
< ME. imparfit, iiiparfit, inperfit, < OF. impar-
fcit, F. imparfait = Sp. imperfecto = Pg. im-
lierfeito = It. imperfetto, < L. imperfects, in-
perfectiis, unfinished, incomplete, < in- priv. +
perfectus, finished, complete, perfect : see per-
fect.] I. a. 1. Not perfect; lacking complete-
ness, correctness, or excellence ; falling short
of a standard or ideal; defective; incmnplete:
as, an imperfect copy of a book; imperfect
vision.

Upon this foreseide plate ben compassed certein cerclis
that hihten almicanteras, of which spin of hem semen
peril t circles and soinme semen inpcrjit. Chaucer.

Something he left imperfect in the state, . . . which
Imports to the kingdom so much fear and danger that
his personal return was most required. Shak., Lear, iv. 3.

He stammered like a child, or an amazed imperfect
person. Jer. Taylor.

We ascended the hills to the south, passing by several
grots, on which there were some very imperfect remains
of Greek inscriptions.

Pococke, Description of the East, II. L 146.

2. Characterized by or subject to defects ; not
completely good ; frail ; inadequate.

My prayers and alms, im)ierff.ct and defll'd,
Were but the feeble efforts of a child.

din-in -r, Truth, 1. 577.
As year succeeds to year, the more
Imperfect life's fruition seems.

Locker, Reply to a Letter.

3. In gram., designating incomplete or contin-
uous action, or action or condition conceived
as in process when something else takes place,
as in Latin iiiiinliitt, French aiiiiait, Greek t/.ve,
as distinguished from the simple past forms
(aoristic), without further implication, iiiinirit,
ill inn, tivae. In the languages must lamilbr to us only
past time is thus distinguished : and hence the English
simple past tense, or preterit, is often, but improperly,
called imperfect.

4. In Hii/A-iV. See the phrases below. — 6f. Un-
just; unfair.

3007

The! wllnen and wolde as best were for hemselue,
Xhauh the kyng and the commie al the cost hadde,
Al reson reproueth such imparfit jpuple.

Fieri Plowman (C), Iv. 889.

Imperfect cadence. See codence.— imperfect demon-
stration. See a potteriori.— Imperfect evolute. See
civi/u/r. — Imperfect flower, In '*''., a flower wanting cer-
tain parte that are usually present, as one wanting either
stamens or pistils. — Imperfect intervals, in mu*ir, in-
tervals a half-step shorter than perfect intervals, as imper-
fect fourths or (if ths. — Imperfect measure, rhythm,
time, in medieval music, all non-triple rhythms. — Im-
perfect melody. See melody.— imperfect metamor-
phosis, in fntom., a metamorphosis in which the pupa-
sUtge is not well marked, the Insect remaining active
and gradually changing its external form in successive
molts. Also called incomplete metamorphoti*. — Imper-
fect mouth, in entom., a mouth in which some of the
trophi are partly or wholly aborted, or so modified as not to
be apparent: a term applied by Kirby to the mouths of
all suctorial Insects.— Imperfect note. See note.— Im-
perfect number, a number whose aliquot parts added
together make a sum either greater or less than the num-
ber itself, and which is called an abundant number in the
former case and a defective number in the latter. — Im-
perfect proof, a proof in which some essential part, espe-
cially a premise, is unexpressed.— Imperfect stop, in
ortian-buildiny, an incomplete stop. = 8yn. 1. Incomplete,
faulty.— 2. Weak, erring.

II. n. In gram., an imperfect tense; a past
continuous tense.

imperfectt (im-per-fekt'), v. t. [< imperfect, a.]
To render imperfect.

I withdrew myself to think of this ; and the intense-
ness of my thinking ends in this, that by my help God's
work should be imperfected, if by any means I resisted
the amazement. Donne, Letters, cxxiv.

imperfectibility (im-per-fek-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [=
F. imperfectibihU = Pg. imperfectibilidade; as
imperfectible + -ity : see -bility.] The state or
condition of being imperfectible or incapable
of perfection. Imp. Diet., Supp.

imperfectible (im-per-fek'ti-bl), a. [= F. im-
perfectible = Sp. imperfectible = Pg. imperfecti-
i'el; as tn-3 + perfectible.] Incapable of being
made perfect. Imp. Diet., Supp.

imperfection (im-p^r-fek'shon), n. [< ME. im-
perfeccioun, < OF. imperfection, F. imperfection
= Sp. imperfeccion = Pg. imperfeic&o = It. im-
perfezione, < LL. imperfectio(n-), inperfectio(n-),
imperfection, < L. imperfcctus, inperfectus, im-
perfect: see imperfect.'] 1. The character or
condition of being imperfect ; want of perfec-
tion; def ectiveness ; faultiness.

Laws, as all other things human, are many times full
of imperfection. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

2. An imperfect detail; a particular in which
perfection is lacking ; a defect, physical, men-
tal, or moral.

Gretly [wrong] is it might, hurtyng no reson,
By no menes of imperfeccion.

Rom. ofPartenay (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 0678.

Euery man may decently reforme by arte the faultes
and imperfection* that nature hath wrought in them.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 240.

Sent to my account
With all my imperfection! on my head.

Shak., Hamlet, i. 5.

= Syn. Defect, deficiency. Incompleteness, fault, failing,
weakness, frailty, foible, blemish, vjce.
imperfectly (im-per'fekt-li), adv. In an im-
perfect manner or degree; not fully or com-
pletely.

imperfectness (im-per'fekt-nes), n. The state
or quality of being imperfect.

We cannot do our works so perfectly, by the reason of
our corrupt flesh, but that there is some imperfectnen
therein, as in the works of them that be not their crafts-
master.

Tyndalf, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., 1860X

[p. 178.

imperforable (im-per'fo-ra-bl), a. [= Pg. im-
perforarel, < L. in- priv. T *perforabilis, \ per-
forare, perforate: see perforate.] Incapable
of being perforated or bored through.

Imperforata (im-per-fo-ra'ta), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of imperforatns : see imperforate.] A
division of the Foraminifera, including such
families as Gromiidte, Lituolida; and MilMida;
in which pseudopodia protrude from only one
end of the body, the rest of which is incased in
an imperforate membranous or hardened exo-
skeleton: opposed to Perforata.

imperforate (Im-pto'ffl-riw), a. [< NL. imper-
foratus, < L. in- priv. -I- perforates, pp. of per-
forare, perforate: see perforate, a.] Not per-
forated; having no perforations, foramina, or
pores; atresial; in zool., specifically, of or per-
taining to the Imprrfuruta — Imperforate ear-
shells, shells of an ear-like form like SaUattl, but with-
out perforations, such as Stnmalta, Si'.inn'tus. etc., for-
merly supposed to be related to the ear-shells (ffaliotid(e\
but now known to be very remote from them.

imperforated (im-per'fo-ra-ted), a. Imperfo-
rate. [Rare.]

imperialism

imperforation (im-per-to-ra'shon),H. [=F.<m-
•" = Sp. imperforai'uiii = It. imperfara-
zione; as imperforate + -ion.] The state of be-
ing imperforate or without aperture. [Rare.!

imperial (im-pe'ri-al), a. and »i. [Early mod.
!•;. :i]-n I'lii/'i-i-nil ; < MK. imperial, emperial, cm-
perale, < OF. imperial, cmia-rial, !•'. imperial =
Pr. emperial, imperiau, enperiau = Sp. Pg. im-
perial = It. imperiale, < L. imperialis, inperialis,
of the empire or emperor, < imperium, inrterium,
empire: see imperatc, empire, j I. a. 1. Of or
pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor or
empress.

He hlmselfe sate much higher then any of his nobles in a
chain- gilt, and in a long garment of beaten golde, with an
emperial crowne vpon his head, llaklityt'e Voyayci, I. 233.

Now Sabrlne, as a Queen, miraculously fair,

Is absolutely plac'd In her Kmpciial Chair

Of crystal richly wrought. Drayton, Polyolbion, T. 2.

My due, from thee, Is this imperial crown.

Shak., 2 Hen. IV., IT. 4.

The imperial ensign, which, full high advanced.
Shone like a meteor. Milton, P. L., i. 6S6.

2. Of or pertaining to supreme authority, or to
one who wields it; sovereign; supreme; august;
commanding.

The philosophre despised hys coinage,
He thowght vertu was more imperialle.

Political Poemn, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 27.

I ne myhte nat knowen what that womman was of so
imperial auctorlte. Chaucer, Bocthius, I. prose 1.

3. Fit or suitable for an emperor; hence, of
imposing size or excellence.

Bid harbours open, public ways extend ; . . .
These are imperial works, and worthy kings.

Pope, Moral Essays, IT. 204.

Imperial blue. Same as spirit-Hue.— imperial Cham-
ber, in the old German empire, a superior court of justice
established by Maximilian I. in 14X5.— Imperial City.
(<i) [rap.] Rome, as the capital of the Roman empire, (o)
In the old German empire, a city directly subordinate
to the empire, having a seat and Tote in the Reichstag.
The constitutions of such cities varied greatly, some being
democratic and others aristocratic, of the fifty-one im-
perial cities existing in the eighteenth century, nearly all
lost their practical independence in IfcOS, and were an-
nexed to other states. Three of them — Hamburg, Bremen,
and Lubeck — are members of the modern G ennan empire.
— Imperial dome or roof, in arch., a dome or roof of
which the form is generated by the revolution around the
apex of the dome of an ogee curve of which the concave
arc is directed toward the apex.— Imperial drink. See
drink. — imperial folio. See folio, 4. — imperial inflic-
tion. See imtiction, 2 (b). — Imperial paper. See II.,
(i.— Imperial Parliament, the Parliament of the Brit-
ish empire : so called since the legislative union of Great
Britain and Ireland, January 1st, 1801. — Imperial pound,
yard, gallon, etc., the new pound, yard, gallon, etc., of
Great Britain.— Imperial problem, the problem to di-
vide a circumference into four equal parts by the com-
passes alone : so called because proposed and solved by
Napoleon L, emperor of the French.— Imperial yellow
porcelain, in ceram., a variety of Chinese porcelain hav-
ing a uniform yellow glaze, said to be reserved for the use
of the imperial family or court. The name is also loosely
given to porcelain of any make supposed to resemble the
preceding in color.

II. «. 1. A gold coin issued by imperial
authority; specifically, a Russian gold coin
of the eighteenth century, of the value of 10
rubles. The half-imperial, of 5 rubles, is still
coined. — 2. In arch., an imperial roof or dome.
— 3. The top of a carriage, especially of a dili-
gence ; hence, a case for luggage carried on the
top of a coach.

The trunks were fastened upon the carriages, the impe-
rial was carrying out. Mia Edgeworth, Belinda, xxv.

Couriers and ladies' -maids, imperials and travelling car-
riages, are an abomination to me.

T. Hughe*, Tom Brown at Rugby, L 1.

4. A small part of the beard left growing from
the middle of the chin near the under lip, the
rest being shaved off: so called from the em-
peror Napoleon III., who wore his beard in this
way. — 5. Anything of unusual size or excel-
lence, as a large decanter, etc. — 6. A size of
writing-paper, 22 X 30 inches ; also, a size of
printing-paper, 22 X 32 inches. — 7. A size of
slates, 2 feet wide and from 1 foot to 2J feet in
length. — 8t. A rich fabric in use throughout the
middle ages, the material and nature of which
are unknown, except that it was often enriched
by the use of gold. — 9f. A game at cards rnen-

• tioned as having been played by Henry VIII.
Halliwcll. — 10. A beverage made by dissolving
half an ounce of cream-of-tartar in three pints
of boiling water, and adding four ounces of
white sugar and half an ounce of fresh lemon-
peel.— Double Imperial, a size of printing-paper mea-
suring 32 x 44 inches — Half Imperial, a siie of heavy
paper or mill-board, i'U x 16j inches.

imperialism (im-pe'ri-al-izm), n. [= F. impc-
rialixmt: = Sp. Pg. imperialisnio; as imperial +
-(.«)«.] 1 . Impenal state or authority ; the sys-
tem of imperial government.

imperialism

Roman imperialism had divided the world, into master
and slave.

C. H. Pearson, Early and Middle Ages of Eng., xxxiv.

2. The principle or spirit of empire ; promotion
of or devotion to imperial interests.

Under the pretext of Imperialism and farseeing states-
manship, the habitual and hitherto incurable fault of our
Governments — especially of Tory Governments — has been
to look too far ahead.

W. R. Greg, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 39.

imperialist (im-pe'ri-ftl-ist), ». [= F. imperi-
aliste = Sp. Pg. imperialist/I; as imperial + -ist.]

1. A subject or follower of an emperor; one
who upholds the cause of an emperor or an
empire; specifically, one of the partizans of
the empire, or of the combatants for the impe-
rial cause, as in the thirty years' war in Ger-
many (1618-48). — 2. One who favors imperial
government, or government by an emperor; one
who favors the establishment or maintenance
of an empire.

imperialistic (im-pe'ri-a-lis'tik), a. [< impe-
rial + -istic.] Of or pertaining to imperialism
or imperialists; favoring imperialism.

Confessed his own imperialistic faith.

The Century, XXVIII. 542.

imperiality (im-pe-ri-al'i-ti), n. ; pi. imperiali-
ties (-tiz). [= It. imperialita, devotion to the
cause of an emperor; as imperial + -ity.] 1.
Imperial power. Smart. — 2. An imperial right
or privilege, as the right of an emperor to a
share of the produce of mines, etc.

The late empress having, by ukases of grace, relinquished
her itnperialities on the private mines, viz. the tenths of
the copper, iron, silver, and gold. W. Tooke.

imperialization (im-pe"ri-al-i-za'shon), ». [<
imperialize + -ation.] Formation or conversion
into an empire ; establishment or extension of
imperial power.

The [British] Government have blundered fatally in
their struggles after imperialization.

H. A. Rev., CXXVII. 405.

imperialize (im-pe'ri-al-Iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
imperialized, ppr. imperializing. [< imperial +
-ize.] To make imperial; endow with imperial
form, character, or authority.

The Roman Church is the child of the Roman Empire :
. . . but the imperialized Church has its own peculiar
activities. Contemporary Rev., LI. 214.

imperially (im-pe'ri-al-i), adv. In an imperial
manner — Imperially crowned, in her., crowned with
a regal or imperial crown, as distinguished from a ducal
coronet or the like : said of a bearing.

imperialtyt (im-pe'ri-al-ti), n. [< imperial +
-ty2.] Imperial power!

A short Roman imperially or empire.

Sheldon, Miracles, p. 166.

imperiet, n. An obsolete form of empery.

So also he can not wel indure in his hert an other to be
joyned with hym in imperie or governance.

Taverner's Adagies (1552), I. 1.

imperil (im-per'il), v. t. ; pret. and pp. imperil-
ed or imperilled, ppr. imperiling or imperilling.
[Formerly also emperil; < in-2 + peril.'] To
bring into peril ; endanger.

But Braggadochio said, he never thought

For such an Hag, that seemed worse then nought,

His person to emperill so in fight.

Spenser, F. Q., IV. iv. 10.

Will I imperil the innocence and candour of the author
by this calumny? B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady.

= Syn. See list under endanger.
imperilment (im-per'il-ment), n. [< imperil +
-men*.] The act of putting in peril ; the state
of being in peril ; imminent danger. [Rare.]

We must weigh the gain of any particular deception
against the imperilment of mutual confidence involved
in any violation of truth.

H. Sidgwiok, Methods of Ethics, p. 293.

imperious (im-pe'ri-us), a. [Formerly also em-
perious; = F. imperieux = Sp. Pg. It. imperio-
so, < L. imperiosus, inperiosus, full of command,
powerful, domineering, imperious, < imperium,
inperium, command: see imperate, empire.] If.
Imperial.

The most renowned and Emperious Csesar.

Bakluyt's Voyages, II. 145.
Imperious Ctesar, dead, and turn'd to clay.

Shak., Hamlet, v. 1.

As when it was decreed by all foredooming Fate,
That ancient Rome should stoop from her empurious state.
Drayton, Polyolbion, v. 254.

2. Of a domineering character or quality; dic-
tatorial; overbearing: as, an imperious tyrant
or temper.

Be not too imperious ouer hir, that will make hir to
hate thee, nor too submisse [demisse], that will cause hir
to disdaine thee. Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 475.

3008

To his experience and his native sense
He foin'd a bold imperious eloquence.

Crabbc, Works, IV. 7.

3. Of an urgent or pressing nature ; overmas-
tering; compulsory; imperative: as, imperious
circumstances ; an imperious necessity.

Imperious need, which cannot be withstood,
Makes 111 authentic for a greater good.

Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 837.

The newspaper is as imperious as a ukase ; it will be
had, and it will be read.

0. W. Bolmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 6.

=Syn. 2. Authoritative, Dogmatic, etc. (see magisterial),
tyrannical, despotic, wilful, determined.— 2 and 3. 1m-
perious, Imperative. Imperious applies to the spirit or
manner of the person ruling or giving a command, and of
rule in general ; imperative, to the nature of a command.
An imperiitus person isdetermined to have his will obeyed ;
imperious rule is characterized by the haughty, overbear-
ing, and determined nature of the ruler. An imperative
command is absolute, express, peremptory, and not to be
questioned or evaded. Imperative is not properly appli-
cable to persons.

The knight

Had vizor up, and show'd a youthful face,
Imperious, and of haughtiest lineaments.

Tennyson, Geraint.

No theory could be conceived more audacious than the
one rendered imperative by circumstances.

De Quincey, Secret Societies, ii.

imperiously (im-pe'ri-us-li), adv. If. Imperi-
ally; in imperial state.

Within their beloved Priapus is imperiously enthronized
upon a Brasen Mount.

S. Clarke, Geographical Descriptions (1671X p. 29.

2. In an imperious manner; commandingly ;
dictatorially ; with pressing urgency,
imperiousness (im-pe'ri-us-nes), n. The quali-
ty of being imperious ; arrogance; haughtiness;
urgency.

Imperiousiwss and severity is an ill way of treating men
who have reason to guide them. Locke.

imperishability (im-per"i-sha-biri-ti), n. [=
F. imperissabilite ; as imperishable + -ity: see
-l)ility.~] The character or quality of being im-
perishable.

imperishable (im-per'i-sha-bl), a. [= F. im~
perissable; as in-3 + perishable.] Not perish-
able; not subject to destruction or decay; in-
destructible ; enduring permanently : as, an im-
perisliable monument ; imperishable renown.

Incapable of mortal injury,

Imperishable; and, though pierced with wound,

Soon closing, and by native vigour heal'd.

Milton, P. L., vi. 435.

imperishableness (im-per'i-sha-bl-nes), -n. The

quality of being imperishable.
imperishably (im-per'i-sha-bli), adv. So as to
be imperishable.

Still light my thoughts, nor listen to a prayer
Would make thee less imperishably fair !

Lowell, Endymion, i.

imperium (im-pe'ri-um), ». ; pi. imperia (-a).
[L. : see imperial, empire."] 1. In Rom. antiq.,
a military chief command ; specifically, the au-
thority to command the national military forces,
conferred by a special law upon a general or
upon the governor of a province. See imperator.

Before setting out for his province, the governor, clad in
the purple military robe of his office, offered sacrifice on
the Capitol; then immediately after receiving theimperi-
um or military command he marched out of the city (for
the imperium could only be exercised outside of Rome and
was forfeited by staying in the city).

Eneyc. Brit., XIX. 885.

2. Empire; an empire — Imperium in Imperio
[L.], an empire within an empire; a state within a state.
No State or Federal Government would willingly consti-
tute an imperium in imperio formed of one race unit.

Contemporary Rev., L. 133.

impermanence (im-per'ma-nens), ». [= F. im-
permanence = Sp. Pg. impermanencia ; as impcr-
manen(t) + -ce.~] Want of permanence or con-
tinued duration.
Melancholy impermanence of human blessings.

Seward, Letters (1796), iv. 264.
The deplorable impermanence of first impressions.

H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 144.

impermanency (im-per'ma-nen-si), n. Same
as impermanence.

Distilling out of the serious contemplation of the muta-
bility of all worldly happiness a remedy against the evil of
that fickleness and impermanency.

W. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. vL § 2.

impermanent (im-per'ma-nent), a. [= F. im-
permanent = Sp. Pg. impermanente ; as in-3 +
permanent.'] Not permanent ; not enduring.

We conclude, That Adam is here condemned toamortal,
flitting and impermanent state, till he reach his ajthereal or
pure fiery vehicle. Dr. H. More, Def. of Phil. Cabbala, iii.

impermeability (im-per"me-a-bil'i-ti), n. [=
F. impermeability = Sp. imp'ermeabilidad = Pg.
impermeabilidade = It. impermeabilita ; as ini-

impersonality

permeable + -ity: see -bility.] The character
or property of being impermeable ; impermea-
bleness.

impermeable (im-per'me-a-bl), a. [= F. im-
permeable = Sp. impermeable = Pg. impermea-
vel = It. impermeabile ; as j»-3 + permeable.]
Not permeable ; not permitting the passage
of a fluid (especially water) through its sub-
stance.

The sandy soil of the Landes of Gascony is malarious.
At a depth of about three feet is an impermeable stratum,
brown in color and strong in structure, known as the
alios. Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, IV. 621.

impermeableness (im-per'me-a-bl-nes), n.
The state of being impermeable.

impermeably (im-per'me-a-bli), adv. In an im-
permeable manner.

impermeator (im-per'me-a-tor), n. [< L. in, in,
+ LL. penneator, one who passes through : see
permcator."] In a steam-engine, an instrument
or device for forcing oil uniformly into the cyl-
inder for lubricating the walls of the cylinder
and the piston. This term has been recently adopt-
ed to distinguish this class of lubricators from those which
supply oil through a wick or by the action of gravity. Im-
permeators afe constructed on various principles. Con-
densed water accumulating in a reservoir from steam ad-
mitted through a small pipe, and uniformly displacing oil
from the reservoir, and causing it to flow through a duct
into the cylinder, has been successfully used. — Mechani-
cal Impermeator, a combined receptacle and force-
pump, the action of which uniformly supplies oil to the
cylinder of a steam-engine. The gearing of one form of
impermeator consists of a ratchet-lever worked from the
nearest valve-rod, which operates a nut fitted to a screw
on a plunger, thus moving the plunger a definite distance,
and forcing into the cylinder a specific quantity of oil at
each revolution of the crank-shaft.

impermissible (im-per-mis'i-bl), a. [< in-3 +
permissible.] Not permissible; not to be per-
mitted or allowed. [Rare.]

imperscrutable (im-per-skro'ta-bl), a. [= F.
imperscrutable = Sp. imperscrutable = It. im-
perscrutabite ; as i»-3 + pcrscrutable.'] Not ca-
pable of being searched out.

imperscrutableness (im-per-skro'ta-bl-nes), n.
The state of not being capable of scrutiny.

imperseverant (im-per-se-ver'ant), a. [= It.
impersevei-ante; as t«-3 + perseverant.'] Not
persevering; inconstant. [In the following
passage perhaps used in the opposite sense,
im- being taken as intensive.

This imperseverant thing loves him iu my despite.

Shak., Cymbelfne, iv. 1.]

impersistent (im-per-sis'tent), a. [< i»-3 +
persistent.'] Not persistent or enduring.

The unconformity in this case is, however, indicated
... by the occurrence at the line of junction of an
eroded and impersistent bed of hard, fine-grained, Coal-
measure sandstone ("cank"). Geol. Jour., XLV. i. 7.

impersonal (im-per'son-al), a. and ». [= F. im-
personnel = Pr. Sp. impersonal = Pg. impessoal
= It. impersonale, < NL. impersonalis, < L. in-
priv. + personalis, personal: see personal.] I.
a. Not personal, (a) Not existing or manifested as
a person ; having no conscious individuality ; not endued
with personality.

Impersonall, . . . L. Impersonalis. Mingheu, 1617.
Dark creed, and mournful eastern dream
Of power, impersonal and cold.

Whittier, Questions of Life.

Routine work was credited to the assistants in charge,
and not to the impersoiw.1 office. Science, IX. 334.

(6) Not relating to a person, or to any particular person
or persons ; having no personal reference ; not bearing
the stamp of any particular personality : as, an imperson-
al remark.

Even love, which is the deification of persons, must be-
come more impersonal every day. Emermn.

What I long for is knowledge — some other knowledge
than comes to us in formal, colorless, impersonal precept.
H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 200.
(c) In gram., said of a verb not used with a personal sub-
ject, or employed to express action without specification
of an actor, and hence used only in the third person, und
either without a subject expressed, or with only the indef-
inite it (French il, German es, etc.) : thus, Latin me tanlet,
French il m'ennuie, German es drgert mich, it irks me ; or
German mich 'dunkt, methinks — that is, (to) me (it) seems
(methinks is nearly the sole relic left in English of the
pure impersonal construction without subject) ; or it ram*
— that is, rain is going on ; or Latin pugnatur, it is fought
—that is, fighting is going on. In many quasi-impersonal
phrases the it is a grammatical subject, anticipating a
logical subject that comes later : thus, it hurts one to
fall — that is, falling hurts one ; and so on.

Wher note that verbes impersonalles he oftentimes
turned into personalles. Udall, Flowres, fol. 11.

II. n. That which wants personality ; an im-
personal verb.

Impersonate be declined throughout all moods ami
tenses ; a verb impersonal hath no nominative case be-
fore him. Johnson, Eng. Gram., Accidence.

impersonality (im-per-so-nari-ti), n. [= F.
impersonnalite = Sp. impersonalidail = Pg. im-

impersonality

pessoalidade; as impersonal + -ity.] The charac-
ter or condition ot being impersonal; absence
of personality.

Junlus is pleased to tell me that he addresses himself
to me personally. I shall be glad to see him. It is his
impersonality that I complain of.

Draper, Letters of Junlus, Iv.

impersonally (im-per'son-al-i), adv. In an im-
personal manner ; without individual agency or
relation.

It will be well to indicate the kind of law which origi-
nates impersonally from the prevailing sentiments and
ideas. H. Spencer, l'i in. of Sociol., 5 533.

impersonate (im-per'sou-at), v. t.; pret. and
pp. impersonated, ppr. impersonating. [< in-2
+ persona te.] 1. To invest with personality ;
ascribe the qualities of a person to ; represent
in bodily form ; personify ; embody.

The assertion you see is, that the Jews and Christians, as
well as the Heathens, impersonated Chance under the name
of Fortune. Warburton, Bolingbroke's Philosophy, IIL

Little bustling passions that eclipse.
As well they might, the impersonated thought,
The Idea, or abstraction of the kind.

Wordsworth, Prelude, viii.

Lewis XIV. and Frederick the Great impersonate the
two principles, or aspects of the one principle, that might
gives right. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 231.

2. To assume the person or character of; per-
sonate, especially on the stage: as, to imper-
sonate Hamlet.

impersonate (im-per'son-at), a. [See imper-
sonate, v.] Personified; invested with person-
ality.

If Love impersonate was ever dead,
Pale Isabella klss'd it, and low moan'd.

Keats, Isabella.

impersonation (im-per-so-na'shon), «. [< im-
personate + -ion.] The act of impersonating,
or the state of being impersonated, (a) Repre-
sentation in personal form, or as a personality ; personifi-
cation.

Falkland and Caleb Williams are the mere impersona-
tions of the unbounded love of reputation and irresisti-
ble curiosity. Talfourd, Lamb.
(!i) Representation of a person ; personation : as, an im-
personation of Lear.

impersonator (im-per'so-na-tor), n. [< imper-
sonate + -or.] One who impersonates,
impersonification (im-per-son'i-fi-ka'shon), n.
[C impersonify, after personification.] Imper-
sonation. [Rare.]
Impersonifications of the powers of evil.

Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 143.

impersonify (itn-per-son'i-fi), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. inipersonijicd, ppr. impersonifying. [< in-2
+ personify.] To impersonate. [Rare.]

He, or some other man, . . . impersonifies Mumbo Jum-
bo. Livingstone's L(fe Work.

imperspicuity (im-per-spi-ku'i-ti), n. [< im-
perspicuous + -ity.] Lack of perspicuity or
clearness to the mind. [Rare.]

Yet whoso will not lose the acuteness and elegancy In
the one or suffer the dismembering in the other must In
some things hazard the itnpfrspicuity of his style.

Instructions for Oratory (Oxford, 1682), p. 98.

imperspicuous (im-per-spik'u-us), a. [< L.
inipergpieuiu, inperspicitus, not clear, < in- priv.
+ perspicuus, clear: see persjncuous.] Not per-
spicuous; not clear; obscure. [Rare.]

unpersuadable (im-per-swa'da-bl), a. [< i«-«
-I- ptrsuailablc.] Incapable of being persuaded ;
unpersuadable. [Kare.]

impersuadableness (im-per-swa'da-bl-nes), n.
Tne character of being impersuadable ; inflexi-
bility. [Rare.]

You break my heart, indeed you do, by your impersuad-
ableness. Tom Brown, Works, I. 3.

impersuasible (im-p£r-swa'si-bl), a. [= OF.
inipersuaxible = It. impersuasibtle ; as in-3 +
persuasible.] Not to be moved by persuasion ;
unpersuadable. [Rare.]

Every pious person ought to be a Noah, a preacher of
righteousness ; and if It be his fortune to have as imper-
muirilile an auditory, if he cannot avert the deluge, It will
yet deliver his own soul. Decay of Christian Piety.

impertinence (im-per'ti-nens), n. [= F. iiii-
pertinence = Sp. Pg. impeftinencia = It. im/tir-
ti/i> n~d, < ML. im/>frliiirn>in,(.li.i>nj)ertii>en(t-)x.
inpertine>i(t-)ii, not belonging: see impertinent.]

1. The condition or quality of being imperti-
nent or irrelevant ; the condition of not being
appropriate to the matter in hand ; irrelevance.

They (Virginian courts) used to come to the merits of
the cause as soon as they could without injustice, never
admitting such imiwrtinences of form and nicety as were
not absolutely necessary. Deverley, Virginia, iv. ^ 22.

2. That which is impertinent; that which is
irrelevant or out of place, as in speech, writing,
or manners.

3009

Nothing Is more easy than to represent as impertinrneel
any parts of learning that have no Immediate relation to
the happiness or convenience of mankind.

Addimin, Ancient Medals, I.

Wo were taken up next morning in seeing the imperti-
neiicei of the carnival. Evelyn, Wary, Feb. 27, 1645.

3. Conduct unbecoming the person, society,
circumstances, etc.; incivility; presumption;
forwardness.

It is always considered a piece of impertinence In Eng-
land if a man of less than two or three thousand a year
has any opinions at all on Important subjects.

*.(.//„// Smith, In Lady Holland, ii.

Tickets ! presents ! — said I.— What tickets, what pres-
i-nts has he had the impertinence to be offering to that
young lady? 0. W. Holmes, The Professor, iv.

4. In law, matter (especially in a pleading or
an affidavit) which is immaterial in substance,
and from prolixity or extent is so inconvenient
as to render its presence objectionable. =Byn. 3.

_ Pertnett, E/nmtery, etc. See impudence.

impertinence (im-per'ti-nens), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. impertinenced, ppr. impertinencing. [< im-
pertinence, n.] To treat with impertinence,
rudeness, or incivility ; affect as with imperti-
nence. [Rare.]

I do not wonder that you are impertinenced by Rich-
court. WalpoU, To Mann (1766X IH. 155.

impertinency (im-per'ti-nen-si), n. Same as
impertinence.

Nevertheless the governour . . . considered the imper-
tinency and insignificancy of this usage [of drinking to one
another! as to any of those ends that are usually pretended
for It C. Mather, Mag. Chris., IL 4.

impertinent (im-per'ti-nent), a. and «. [= F.
impertinent = Sp. Pg. lt."impertinente, < L. im-
pertinen(t-)s, inpertinen(t-)s, not belonging, <
in- priv. -I- pertinen(t-)s, belonging: see perti-
nent.] I. a. 1. Not pertinent ; not pertaining
to the matter in hand ; not to the point ; irrele-
vant ; inapposite ; out of place.

This Insertion is very long and vtterly impertinent to the
prlncipall matter, and makes a great gappe In the tale.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 141.

To church again, where we had an Oxford man give us
a most impertinent sermon upon "Cast your bread upon
the waters," etc. Ptpys, Diary, I. 254.

2. Negligent of or inattentive to the matter in
hand; careless; frivolous. [Rare.]

'Tis not a sign two lovers are together, when they can be
so impertinent as to Inquire what the world does. Pnpe.

3. Contrary to the rules of propriety or good
breeding; uncivil; speaking or acting presump-
tuously or offensively; pragmatical; meddling:
as, impertinent behavior; an impertinent boy.

He has a very satirical eye, and if I do not begin by be-
ing impertinent myself, I shall soon grow afraid of him.
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, vi.

=Syn. 3. Impertinent, Officious, saucy, impudent, inso-
lent, rude, unmannerly, pert, bold. Impertinent means
forward, intrusive, generally from curiosity, but some-
times with undesired advice, etc. ; officious means forward
to offer and undertake service where it is neither needed
nor desired. A busybody may be either impertinent or o/-
ftcioiu, or both. See impudence.

II. n. One who interferes in what does not
concern him ; one who is rude, uncivil, or offen-
sive in behavior ; a meddler ; an intruder.

We are but curious impertinent! in the case of futurity.

Pope.

impertinently (im-per'ti-nent-li), adr. In an
impertinent manner; irrelevantly; officiously;
presumptuously.

impertransibility (im-per-tran-si-biri-ti), n.
[< impertransible: see -bility.] The condition
or quality of being impertransible ; incapabil-
ity of being overpassed or passed through.
[Rare or obsolete.]
The impertrangibility of eternity.

Sir M. Hair, Orlg. of Mankind, p. 110.

impertransible (im-per-tran'si-bl), a. [< L. IM-
pnv. + ML. pertramtibilis, that may be gone
through, < L. pertransire, go through, < per,

. through, + transire, go over: see transit.] Not
to be passed through or over; impassable.
[Rare or obsolete. J

imperturbability (im-per-ter-ba-bil'i-ti), n.
[= F. imperturbabilite = Sp. imperturbabilidad
= Pg. imperturbabilidade = It. imperturbability ;
as imperturbable + -ity: see -bility.] The con-
dition or quality of being imperturbable.

imperturbable (im-per-ter'ba-bl), a. [= F.
imperturbable = Sp. imperturbable = Pg. imper-
tnibarel = It. imperturbabile, < LL. imnerturba-
liittft, inperturbabilis, that cannot be disturbed,
< IH- priv. + *perturbat>ilis, that can be dis-
turbed: see perturbable.] Incapable of being
perturbed or agitated; unmoved; self-contain-
ed; caliu.

impetrate

He sustained reverses with »:<i 'rnirhallc composure.
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., L 3.

imperturbably (im-per-ter'ba-bli), adv. In an
imperturbable manner ; with serenity.

imperturbationt (im-per-ter-ba'shon), n. [=
It. i»ipi-i-lnrlni:ione, < LL. imperturtiatio(n-), in-
IH -i •iiii'/Hitni( n-), < L. imperturbatus, inperturba-
tus (> It. imjierturbato = Pg. imperturbado, un-
disturbed), < in- priv. + perturbatus, pp. olper-
turlxirc, disturb : see perturb.] Absence of per-
turbation; calmness; serenity.

In our copying of this equality and imperturlation, we
must profess with the Apostle, we have not received the
spirit of the World, but the spirit which Is of God.

If. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. xix. | 2.

imperturbedt (im-per-terbd'), a. [< «n-3 +

perturbed.] Unperturbed. Bailey, 1776.
imperviability (im-per'vi-a-biri-ti), n. [< im-
pcrviable: see -bility.] Tile state or quality
of being imperviable ; imperviousness. Edin-
burgh Rev. [Rare.]

imperviable (im-jier'vi-a-bl), a. [< impervi-oim
+ -able.] Impervious. Edinburgh Her. [Rare.]
imperviableness (im-per'vi-a-bl-nes), «. Im-
perviability. Craig. [Rare.)
impervious (im-per'yi-us), a. [= Sp. Pg. It.
iiuperrio, < L. imperrius, inpervitis, that cannot
be passed through, < in- priv. + pervitis, that
can be passed through: see pervious.] Not
pervious; not to bo passed through or pene-
trated ; impermeable ; impenetrable : as, a sub-
stance impertious to moisture.

But lest the difficulty of passing back
Stay his return, perhaps, over this gulf
Impassable, impervious, let us try
Adventurous work. Milton, P. L., x. 254.

Leafy lanes, rendered by matted and over-arching branch-
es alike impervious to shower or sunbeam.

liarham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 130.

Whether an Egoist who remains obstinately impervious
to what we have called Proof may be persuaded into
practical Utilitarianism by a consideration of Sanctions.

//. Sidgipiclt, Methods of Ethics, p. 461.
= Syn. Impenetrable, impassable, pathless.

imperviously (im-per'vi-us-li), adv. In an
impervious manner; impenetrably; imperme-
ably.

imperviousness (im-per'vi-us-nes), n. The
state or quality of being impervious.

imperyt, «• [ME. imperie, etc.: see empery.]
An obsolete variant of empery.

impesh (im-pesh'), v. t. [< OF. empesclier, F.
empeclier, hinder, impede: see impeach.] To
hinder; prevent; interfere with. [Scotch.]

Hardly ony man of whatsomever quality can walk upon
the streets, nor yet stand and confer upon the streets, nor
under stairs, but they are impeithit by numbers of beggars,
(juoted In JiMon-Turner's V agrants and Vagrancy, p. 853.

impestt (im-pesf), v. t. [< i«-2 + pest.] To
fill with pestilence; infect.

O'er seas of bliss Peace guide her gondelay,
N e bitter dole impeit the passing gale.

ritt, Epistles, Imlt of Spenser.

impestert (im-pes'ter), t». t. [< i»-2 + pester. ]

To vex ; teqse ; pester,
impeticosf, v. t. A nonsense-word put by

Shakspere in the mouth of a fool: perhaps a

misprint.

Sir And. I sent thee sixpence for thy It-man ; had'st It ?
Clo. I did impeticos thy gratillity. Shat., T. N., a 3.

impetiginous (im-pe-tij'i-nus), a. [= F. impe-
tigineux = Pg. It. impetiqinoso, < LL. impeti-
(jinosus, inpetiginosus, < L. impetigo, inpetigo
(-gin-), impetigo: see im/>etigo.] Relating to or
of the nature of impetigo.

impetigo (im-pe-ti'go), n. [= F. impetigo = Sp.
impetigo = Pg. impetigo = It. impetigine, impe-
tiggine, < L. impetigo, inpetigo, impetigo, < iiw;ie-
tere, inpetere, rush npon, attack: see impetus.]
In med., a name formerly given to various pustu-
lar eruptions, and at present usually retained
in the designation of two diseases, impetigo

itching. It is suspected of being contagious and due to a
fungus, and usually occurs in children. The latter Is a
rare pustular eruption, resembling herpes, as yet found
only in pregnant women, and of grave prognosis,
impetrablet (im'pe-tra-bl), a. [= F. impetrable
= Sp. impetrable = Pg. impetravel = It. impctra-
bile, < L. impetrabilis, that may be obtained, <
impetrare, innetrare, obtain : see impetrate.] 1 .
Capable of Deing impetrated or obtained by
prayer or petition. — 2. Capable of impetra-
tion; persuasive.

How impetrable hee was in mollifying the adamantlnest
tiranny of mankinde.

Naslic, Lenten Stufte (Harl. Misc., VI. 157).

impetratet (im'pe-trat), r. *. [< L. impetratHS,
inpi-trntiiit, pp. of impetrare, inpctrare (> It. im-

Impetrate

ietrare = Sp. Pg. Pr. impctrar = OF. empetrer,
mpitrcr (> ME. impetren: see impetre), F. im-
petrer), accomplish, effect, get, obtain, < in, in,
-I- patrare, accomplish, effect.] To obtain by

entreaty or petition.

Whiche desyre impstraf.ed and obteyned, the messenger
shortly returned to his lorde and prince.

Hall, Rich. III., an. 3.

impetrationt (im-pe-tra'shon), ». [< OF. impe-
tracion, F. impetraiion = Si>.impetracion = Pg.
impetracclo = It. impetrazioue, < L. impetratio(n-),
< impetrare, get, obtain: see impetrate.] The
act of impetrating or obtaining by prayer or
petition; procurement; specifically, in old Eng-
lish statutes, the procurement from the court
of Rome of benefices and church offices in Eng-
land which by law belonged to the disposition
of the king and other lay patrons.

When I fast, it is first an act of repentance for myself,
before it can be an instrument of impetration for him.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1886), I. 905.

In those better blessings, earnestness of desire, and fer-
vour of prosecution, was never but answered with a gra-
cious impetration. Bp. Hall, Balm of Gilead, iv. § 6.

impetrativet (im'pe-tra-tiv), a. [= Sp. Pg. It.
impetrativo; as impetrate + -ive.] Able or tend-
ing to impetrate or obtain by entreaty.

Thy prayers, which were most perfect and imperative,
are they by which our weak and unworthy prayers receive
both life and favour.

Bp. Hall, The Walk upon the Waters.

impetratoryt (im'pe-tra-to-ri), a. [= Pg-.It.
impetratorio ; as impetrate + -ory.] Containing
or expressing entreaty.

The celebration ... is impetratory, and obtains for
us, and for the whole church, all the benefits of the sac-
rifice which is now celebrated and applied.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 308.

impetret, «'• *• [ME. impetren, < OF. impetrer, <
L. impetrare, obtain: see impetrate.'] To im-
petrate or obtain by prayer or entreaty.

For which it semyth that men mowen speke with God,
and by reson of supplicacion be conjoynyd to thilke cleer-
nesse that nis nat aproched no rather or that men besekyu
and impetrent [var. emprenten; read impetren] it.

Chaucer, Boathius, v. prose 3.

To impetre of her ye grace and ayde of her mostemercy-
full countynaunce to accomplisshe this werke.

Fabyan, Chron., I. xxvii.

impetuosity (im-pet-u-os'i-ti), n. [= F. im-
pttuosite = Sp. impetuosidad = Pg. impetuosi-
dade = It. impetuosita, < ML. impetuosita(t-)s, <
L. impetuosus, inpetuosus, impetuous : see impet-
uous.] The character or quality of being im-
petuous ; vehement or rash action, temper, or
disposition ; sudden or violent energy in thought
or act.

I will . . . drive the gentleman . . . into a most hide-
ous opinion of his rage, skill, fmy, and impetuosity.

SlMk., T. N., iii. 4.

Audacity and impetuosity which may become ferocity.
Carlyle, French Rev., III. iii. 2.

impetllOSO (im-pet-o-6'so). [It. : see impetu-
ous.] In music, impetuous : noting passages to
be so rendered.

impetuous (im-pet'u-us), «. [= F. impetuenx
= Sp. Pg. It. impetuoso, < LL. impetuosus, in-
petuosus, < L. impetus, inpetus, a rushing upon,
an attack: see impetus.] Having or character-
ized by great impetus; rushing with force and
violence; acting with sudden, vehement, or
rash energy ; performed or delivered with sud-
den, overbearing force: as, an impetuous tor-
rent ; an impetuous charge or harangue.

The passions are roused, and, like a winter torrent, rush
down impetuous. Goldsmith, Metaphors.

The brave impetuous heart yields everywhere
To the subtle, contriving head !

M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.
=Syn. Precipitate, hot, furious, vehement, passionate.

impetuously (im-pet'u-us-li), adv. In an im-
petuous manner; with sudden force ; violently;
rashly.

And therewithal! attonce at him let fly

Their fluttring arrowes, thicke as flakes of snow,

And round him flocke impetuously,

Like a great water flood. Spenser, F. Q., II. xi. 18.

impetuousness (im-pet'u-us-nes), n. The con-
dition or quality of being impetuous ; impetu-
osity; vehemence.

He [Hannibal] very well knew how to overcome and
asswage the fury and impetuousnesx of an enemy.

North, tr. of Thevet's Gutenberg, p. 70.
impetus (im'pe-tus), n. [= Sp. imnetii = Pg. It.
impeto, < L. impetus, inpetus, a rushing upon, an
attack, assault, onset, < impetere, inpetere, rush
upon, attack, < in, upon, + petere, seek, fall
upon: see petition.] 1. Energy of motion; the
power with which a moviug body tends to main-
tain its velocity and overcome resistance : as,

3010

the impetus of a cannon-ball ; hence, figurative-
ly, impulse; impulsion; stimulus.

The quicksilver, by its sudden descent, acquires an im-
petus superadded to the pressure it has upon the score of
its wonted gravity. Boyle, Works, I. 138.

His scholars and teachers ... did exactly as he told
them, neither running uor faltering, but marching with
cool, solid impetus. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xvii.

He, meanwhile, felt the impetus of his indignation di-
rected toward Philip. Qeorye Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 5.

This . . . gave a great impetus to the construction of
iron bridges. Scribner's May., III. 659.

2. In gun., the altitude due to the first force of
projection, or the space through which a body
must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with
which a ball is discharged from a piece. — 3.
The sudden force of passion. [Rare.]

He with a great impetus returns to them with his
Money, throws it among them with that, said farewel to
them all, I have sinned, in that I have betrayed the inno-
cent blood. Stillinffjlcct, Sermons, I. vi.

impey (im'pi), n. Same as impcyan.

impeyan (im'pi -an), n. [Short for Impeyan
pheasant.] Same as Impeyan pheasant.

Impeyan pheasant (im'pi-an fez 'ant). A
kind of East Indian pheasant, a variety of mo-
naul: so called by Latham, in 1787, after Sir
Elijah Impey, or his wife Lady Impey, who
tried to bring living examples of this pheasant
to England. Lady Impey 's pheasant was at first classed
as Phasianus impeyanux or impeianux; but it is now
known as Lophophorus impeyanus, and the name is ex-

Itnpeyan Pheasant (Lophophorui impeyanus').

tended to some other species of the restricted genus J,n-
phophorus or Impcyanui. The head is crested, and the
plumage of the male is of the most brilliant, changing,
metallic hues— green, steel-blue, violet, and golden bronze.
The female and young are brown, mottled with gray and
yellow. The bird is capable of domestication. Its Ne-
palese name monaul signifies ' bird of gold.' These fine
birds inhabit the colder or more elevated regions of India
and countries adjoining on the north.

Impeyanus (im-pi-a'nus), n. [NL.] A genus
of Phasianidai, containing the Impeyan pheas-
ants or monauls: now called Lopnophorta. B.
P. Lesson, 1831.

Impey pheasant (im'pi fez'ant). Same as Im-
peyan pheasant.

imphoo (im'fe), TO. [African.] The African
sugar-cane, Holcussaoeharatus, resembling the
Chinese sugar-cane or sorghum.

impicturet (iin-pik'tur), v. t. [< iii-2 + picture.]
To impress with or'as if with a representation
or appearance.

His pallid face, impictured with death,
She bathed oft with teares.

Spenser, Astrophel, 1. 163.

impiercet (im-pers'), v. t. [Also empierce, en-
pierce; < in-2 + pierce.] To pierce through;
penetrate..

He feeds those secret and impiercing flames,
Kurs'd in fresh youth, and gotten in desires.

Drayton, Moses, L
A cats eyes
To impierce dejected darknesse.

Marston, Insatiate Countesse, v.

impierceablet (im-per'sa-bl), a. [< in-3 +
piercedble.] Not pierceable ; incapable of being
pierced.

For never felt his imperccable brest

So wondrous force from hand of living wight.

Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 17.

Your weapons and armour are spiritual!, therefore irre-
sistable, therefore impierceable.

N. Ward, Simple Cobler, p. 76.

impiermentt, n. An obsolete variant of im-
pairment. Bailey,

impiety (im-pi'e-ti),n.; pi. impieties (-tiz). [=
F. impiete = Pr. impietat = Sp. impiedad = Pg.
impiedade = It. impietd, < L. impieta(t-)s, in-
])ieta(t-)s, impiousness, \ impius, itipius, impi-
ous: see impious] 1. The condition or qual-
ity of being impious or devoid of piety ; irrever-
ence toward the Supreme Being; ungodliness;
wickedness.

The succeeding prosperities of fortunate impiety, when
they meet with punishment in the next, or in the third

impious

age, or In the deletion of a people five ages after, are the
greatest arguments of God's providence, who keeps wrath
in store. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 76.

2. An impious act; an act of wickedness or
irreligion.

Then, if they die unprovided, no more is the king guilty
of their damnation than he was before guilty of those im-
pieties for the which they are now visited.

SAoi.,Hen.V.,iv.l.

3. Violation of natural duty or obligation to-
ward others ; want of reverence or respect, in

feneral; undutifulness, as toward parents : as,
lial impiety.

To keep that oath were more impiety

Thau Jephtha's, when he sacrificed his daughter.

Shale., 3 Hen. VI., v. 1.

impignorate (im-pig'no-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
impigiiorated, ppr. impignorating. [< ML. im-
pignoratus, impigneratus, pp. of inipignorare,
impignerare, put in pledge, pledge, < L. in, in,
+ pigneratus, ML. also pignoratus, pp. otpigne-
rare, ML. also pignorare, pledge, <pignus (pig-
nor-, pigner-), a pledge : see pignoration.] To
pledge or pawn. [Rare.]

On September 8, 1468, the sovereignty of Orkney and Shet-
land was temporarily pledged (impiffnorated) to the Crown
of Scotland in security for part of the dowry of the Princess
Margaret of Denmark and Norway, at that time betrothed
to King James III. Westminster Rev., CXXVIII. 685.

impignoration (im-pig-no-ra'shon), n. [< ML.
impignoratio(n-), a pledging, <! impignorare,
pledge: see impignorate.] The act of pawning
or pledging ; transfer of possession or dominion
as security for the performance of an obliga-
tion.

All arrestments, reprisals, and impignoratimu of what-
soeuer goods and marchandises in England and Prussia,
made before the date of these presents, are from hence-
forth quiet, free, and released, llakluyt's Voyages, 1. 151.

His [the parent's] right of sale . . . was restricted to
young children, and permitted only when he was in great
poverty and unable to maintain them, while their impig-
nuratian by him was prohibited under pain of banish-
ment. Encyc. Brit., XX. 706.

imping (im'ping), n. [< ME. impynge; verbal
n. of imp, v.] 1. A graft; something added to
a thing to extend or repair it. — 2. In falconry,
the operation or method of mending broken
feathers.

impinge (im-pinj'), v. i. ; pret. and pp. impinged,
ppr. impinging. [< L. impingere, inpingere (>
It. impingere, impigiiere = Pg. impingir), pp. im-
pactus, inpactus, push, drive, or strike at, into,
or upon, < in, in, on, + pingere, strike: see pact.
Cf. impact.] To come in collision; collide;
strike or dash : followed by on, upon, or against.

A ship that is void of a pilot, must needs impinge upon
the next rock or sands. Lurton, Anat. of Mel., p. 265.

When light comes out of a vacuum and impinges upon
any transparent medium, say upon glass, we find that the
rate of transmission of all the light is diminished.

W. K. Clifford, First and Last Catastrophe.

impingement (im-pinj'ment), n. [< impinge +
-meiitT] The act of impinging.

impingent (im-pin'jent), a. [< L. impingen(t-)s,
in2>ingen(t-)s, ppr. of impingere, inpingere, im-
pinge: see impinge.'] Falling or striking against
or upon something; impinging.

imping-needle (im'ping-ne"dl), n. In falconry,
a piece of tough, soft iron wire about two inches
long, tapering from the middle to the ends, and
rough-filed so as to be three-sided, used to mend
a hawk's broken wing-feather. Encyc. Brit..
IX. 70.

impinguatet (im-ping'gwat), v. t. [< L. im-
pinguatiis, inpinguatits, pp. of impinguarc, in-
pinguare ( > It. impinguare = Sp. impingar), make
fat, become fat, < in, in, + pinguis, fat: see
pinguid.] To fatten ; make fat.

Frictions also do more fill and impinffuate the body
than exercise. Bacon, Nat Hist., § 877.

impinguationt (im-ping-gwa'shon), n. [= It.
inipiiigHazione; as impinguate + -ion.] The act
of making or the process of becoming fat.
impious (im'pi-us), a. [= F. impie = Sp. itn-
pio = Pg. It.inqrio, < L. impiiis, inpius, irrever-
ent, undutiful, ungodly, < in- priv. + pitis, rev-
erent, dutiful, godly: see^w'ow.s.] 1. Not pious;
lacking piety or reverence for God; irreli-
gious; profane; wicked.

An impious, arrogant, and cruel brood ;
Expressing their original from blood.

Iji-yden, tr. of Ovid s Metamorph., i. 208.
The impious challenger of Pow'r divine
\Vas now to learn that Heav'n, though slow to wrath,
Is never with impunity defied. Coieper, Task, vi. 54ti.

2. Characterized by want of piety; of an irrev-
erent or wicked character : as, an impious deed ;
impious writings.

Save me alike from foolish pride,
Or impious discontent. Pope, Universal Prayer.

impious

The war which Truth or Freedom wages
\vith impiiivs fraud and the wrong of ages.

\\'h'it:«'-, The Preacher.

= Syn. Unrighteoun, Profane, etc. See irretiyimii.
impiously (im'pi-us-li), «rfr. In an impious
manner; profanely; wickedly.

Ungrateful times ! that iinpinusln neglect
That worth that never times again shall show.

llaniil, Civil Wars, v.

impiousness (im'pi-us-nos), n. The condition

of being impious; impiety,
impiret, «• An obsolete and corrupt form of

umpire. Huloet.
impish (ira'pish), a. |X imp + -/a/i1.] Having

tho ciualities or behavior of an imp ; devilish,
impishly (im'pish-li), adv. In an impish man-

nrr; like an imp.
impiteoust (im-pit'e-us), a. [Var. of impitous

(as piteous of pitous): see impitous.] Pitiless;

merciless; cruel.
In mean shyppes men scape best in a mean sea, soner

than in great carrackes in the waues of the roryng and

impiteout seas. Golden Book, xliiL

impitoust, a- [< OF. impiteux, pitiless, < in- priv.
+ piteitt, piteous: see pitous, piteous.] Pitiless.
And of all weather beware that you do not ryde nor go in
great and Impytous wyndes.

Babeei Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 248.

implacability (im-pla-ka-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. im-
placabilite = Pg. implaciibilidadc = It. implaca-
liilitil, < LL. implacabilita(t~)s, inplacabilita(t-)s,
< L. implacabilis, inplacabilis, implacable : see
implacable.] The quality of being implacable
or inexorable; a state of irreconcilable enmity
or anger.

These men have necessarily a great dread of Bonaparte
— a great belief In his skill, fortune, and implacability.
Sydney Smith, To Francis Jeffrey.

implacable (im-pla'ka-bl), a. [= F. implaca-
ble = Sp. implacable == Pg. implacavel = It. »m-

3011

implain t, t'. t. [ME. implayncn, < L. in- + pla-
nan, in;ikc piano: SPQ plain; plain."] To plaster.

Oyldregges mlxt with clay thon must impiayne
Thi wowea with, and leves of olyve,
In stede of chaf upon thi wowes dryvc.

falladitu, Uosbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 18.

implant (ira-planf), v. t. [= F. t .
enplanter = 1'g- implantar = It. impiiintare, <
ML. iniplantare, lit. plant in (found in sense of
'install, invest')> < L. »«> in, + plantarc, plant:
see plant, v.] 1. To plant, set, fix, or lodge;
cause to take root or form a vital union : with
»'n: as, to implant living tissue from one part
of tho body in another; to implant sound prin-
ciples in the mind.

Nature has implanted fear in all living creatures.

Bacon, fable of Pan.

Another cartilage, capable of motion, by the help of
some muscles that were implanted in it. Kay.

2f. To cause to be supplied or enriched ; imbue
or endow : with with.

Implant me with grace. Bp. Hall, The Resurrection.

Minds well implanted irith solid and elaborate breed-
ing. Hilton, Hist. Eng., Hi.

Implanted crystals. See crystal. = Syn. 1. Implant, In.
graft, Inculcate, Imttil, Infujte. Principles may be im-
planted In the mind In childhood ; they are ingrafted on
an existing stock later in life ; they are inculcated (trod-
den In) by authority or by discipline, sometimes without
taking root. Sentiments and gentler thoughts are in-
stilled (dropping as the dewX or they are infwsed (poured
in) by more vigorous etfort. Infused sentiments are often
more partial and less permanent than those that are in-
slil-d. (Angus, Hand-Book of Eng. Tongue, § 40.) Im-
plant, ingraft, and inculcate denote most of vigorous ef-
fort ; inculcate and iiatil most of protracted work ; imtil,
and next to it itifnte, most of subtlety or quietness on
the part of the agent and unconsciousness on the part of
the person acted upon. The first three words apply most
often to opinions, Beliefs, or principles; the last two to
sentiments or feelings ; but a sentiment or feeling may
be implanted.

. _.,~ - ,. implantation (im-plan-ta'shon), n. [= F. im-

placabile, < L.implacabilts, unappeasable, < tn- plantation = Pg. implantacSo ; as implant +

priv. + placabilis, appeasable: see placable.]
1. Not placable ; not to be appeased ; not to be
pacified or reconciled ; inexorable : as, an im-
placable prince ; implacable malice.

I find the Malayans in general are implacable Enemies
to the Dutch. Dampier, Voyages, II. L 117.

An implacable feud that admits of no reconciliation.

Goldsmith, National Concord.

To forget an enmity so long and so deadly was no light
task for a nature singularly hsr^(^^^2^- vii imp'late (im-pIat')Vt>. is, pret. and pjpj implated,

Cation.] The act of implanting, or the state of
being implanted; the act of setting or fixing
firmly in place.

Whose work could it be but his alone to make such pro-
vision for the direct implantation of his church?

Booker, Eccles. Polity, vlL 8.

Their modo of implantation varies, but they [teeth] are
not ankylosed to the jaws. Huxley, Anat Vert., p. 286.

Articulation by implantation. Same as gamphosis.

2. Not to be relieved or assuaged.
Which wrought them pain
Implacable, and many a dolorous groan.

_ -i Fi'1- imjilntiiig. [< in-3 + plate.] To cover or
[Kare.J protect with plates ; sheathe; plate: as, to im-

plate a ship with iron. [Rare.]

TESra^rtaa implausibility (im-pla-zUil'i-ti) n. [< j,

=Syn. 1. Plenties,, etc. (see inexorable), unappeasable, />'««*'&/?•• see -bihty] The quality of ben
unforgiving, vindictive, pitiless, rancorous. implausible ; want of plausibility,

implacableness (im-pla'ka-bl-nes), n. Impla- implausible (im-pla'zi-bl), a. [< in-S + plau-
ca,bility. stole.] Not plausible ; not having the appear-

There is most ordinarily much severity, and persecu- ance of truth or credibility; of dubious aspect,
tion, and implacable iicits and irreconcileableness.

«»<-

ing

Nothing can better improve political schoolboys than
the art of making plausible or implautible harangues
against the very opinion for which they resolve to deter-
mine. Siri/t.

Sir M. Half, Discourse of Religion,
implacably (im-pla'ka-bli), adv. In an impla-
cable manner or degree ; with resentment not . """*• . *
to be armoased or overcome. implaUSibleneSS (im-pla'zi-bl-nes), n. Implau-
sibility.

implausibly (im-pla'zi-bli), adv. In an implau-
sible or dubious manner.

to be appeased or overcome,

No kind of people are observed to be more implacably
and destructively envious to one another than these.

Bacon, 1'olitlcal Fables, x., Expl.

implacement (im-plas'ment), H. Same as em- impleacht (im-plech'), v. t. [< fn-2 + pleach.]
placement. To interweave.

We understand that the heavy steel guns are to be , ^ll680 *alent» [lockets] of their hair,

mounted in Sloncrleff *MMm2tt. « '"> t"'8^ metal amorously ,mpca<-kd

The Engineer, LXVIT. 281. iAa*-> Lover 8 Complaint, 1. 205.

NL implead (im-pled'), v. t. [Formerly also em-

* - - - w ' • - —

implacental (im-pla-sen'tal), a. and n.
impltteeiitalis, < L. in- priv. + NL. placenta.] I.
a. Having no placenta ; not placental; specifi-
cally, pertaining to the Implacentulia or having
their characters. Also implacentate.

II. n. An implacental mammal, as a marsu-
pial or a monotreme.

Implacentalia(im''pla-sen-ta'li-a),«.pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of implacen tails: see implacental.] A
group of mammalia constituted by the marsu-
pials and monotremes, representing the sub-
classes Didclpliia and Ornitlmdrlphia, as toge-
ther contrasted with the Placentalia or Mono-
ilfliili in. Though the marsupials and monotremes agree
with each other and differ from other mammals in some
features, as the absence of a placenta, in many important
ivsptvts they differ from eaen other as much as they do
from other mammals collectively. The term Itnplaccn-

therefore. has no exact clussiflcatory siirniltai
ing now only a convenient collective term for those mam-
mals which are devoid of a placenta. Also Itnplacentatti,
ApSacrn'alia, Aplncentaria.

plead, emplete; < ME. empleden, empletcn, < AF.
cmpledier, rnplcdier, OF. emplaidier, enpleider,
etc., plead, pursue at law, < en-+pledier,i>laidifr,
etc., plead: sec plead.] 1. To sue or prosecute
by judicial proceedings: as, the corporation
shall have power to plead and be impleaded.

The ordre of pledgynge that me pledeth tn the Cytee of
Wynchestre ys by swych a-vys, that euerych man of the
franuchyso that is empled may habbe thre resonable so-
mounces to-fore shewynge sit he hit habbe wele.

English Qild* (E. E. T. S.\ p. 360.

The barons of Poictou legally impleaded John for his
treatment of the Count of la Marcbe.

Stubbs, Medieval and Modem Hist, p. 218.

2. To impeach; accuse.

Antiquity thought thunder the immediate voice of Ju-
piter, and tmplfoded them of impiety that referr'd It to
n.itunill causalities. Olannille, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xii.

Wo are not the only persons who have impleaded per-
secution, and justitied Liberty of Conscience as Christian
;iml rational. Penn, Liberty of Conscience, v.

Implacentata (im'pla-sen-ta'ta), H. pi. Same impleadablet (im-ple'da-bl),<T. [< in-3+nlrad-
as Implatxntalta. Sir R. (>,>•<•„ . ahlcj Not to ^ pleaded against or evaded.

implacentate (im-pla-sen tat), a. [< NL. nii-

< L. in- priv.
Same as implacental.

, -, An impenetrable judge, an impleadable indictment, i
- NL. placenta.] intolerable anguish shall seize upon them.

lien. T. Adam*. Works, I. in

impliable

impleader (im-ple'der), n. One who impleads
or prosecutes another; an accuser; an im-
peacher.

Ye envious and deadly malicious, ye impleaderi ind
action threatencrs, how long shall the Lord sutler you in
Ills house in which dwelleth nothing but peace and char-
ity ! llarinar, tr. of lieza s Sermons (1&K7), p. 170.

impledge (im-plej')> «• '• [< ««-2 + pledge.]
To pledge; pawn. Sherwood. [Rare.]

The Lower Lls

They to the utterance will dispute, for there
Their chief, who lacks not capability,
Will justly deem their all to be imptedgcd.

Sir H. Taylur, Ph. van Artevelde, II., T. L

implement (im'ple-ment), n. [= OF. emple-
ini nt = Pg. imnlcn'iento, < LL. implcmentum, in-
plementiim, a filling up, < L. intplere, inplcre, fill
up : see implete. Cf. complement^ explement, sup-
plement.] 1. The act of fulfilling or perform-
ing: as, in implement of a contract. [Scotch.]
— 2. Whatever may supply a want; especially,
an instrument, tool, or utensil; an instrumental
appliance or means: as, the implements of trade
or of husbandry.

Such implement! of mischief as shall dash
To pieces and o'erwhelm whatever stands
Adverse. Milton, P. L., vL 488.

Speaks Miracles; is the Drum to his own Praise— the
only implement of a Soldier he resembles, like that being
full of blustering Noise and Emptiness.

Conyrere, Old Batchelor, L 5.

A golden bough, we see, was an important implement,
and of very complicated intention in the shows of the
mysteries. Warburton, Divine Legation, ii. 4.

Flint Implements. See /!m«.= 8yn. 2. Intlrument,
UtcntU, etc. See tool.

implement (im'ple-ment), v. t. [< implement,
n.] 1. To fulfil or satisfy the conditions of ; ac-
complish.

The chief mechanical requisites of the barometer are
implemented in such an Instrument as the following.

Kichol.

2. To fulfil or perform ; carry into effect or exe-
cution: as, to implement a contract or decree.
[Scotch.]

Revenge ... In part carried into effect, executed, anil
implemented by the hand of Vanbeest Brown.

Scott, Guy Mannering.

3. To provide, supply, or fit with implements
or instrumental means.

Whether armed for defence, or implemented for Industry.
Edinburgh Ren., CLXIV. 362.

implemental (im-ple-men'tal), a. [< imple-
ment + -al.] Acting' or employed as an imple-
ment; serving to implement.

The implemental forces by which he is to work.

Bu»hnell, Forgiveness and Law.

implete (im-plef), v. t. ; pret. and pp. impleted,
ppr. impleting. [< L. impletus, inplctns, pp. of
implere, inplere, fill up, < in, in, + plere, fill, akin
to plenus, full : see plen ty. Cf . complete, deplete. ]
To fill ; pervade. [Rare.]

It was the purpose of Mr. Calhonn ... to implete the
Government silently with Southern principles.

ffew York Independent, July 31, 1862.

impletion (im-ple'shon), ii. [< LL. impletio(n-),
inpletio(n-), < implere, inplere, pp. impletus, in-
pletus, fill up: see implete.] 1. The act of im-
pleting or filling, or the state of being full.

He ITheophrastus] concelveth . . . that upon a plenti-
ful iiiijMiun there may perhaps succeed a disruption of
the matrix. iir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ML 16.

The depletion of his [man's] natural pride and self-seek-
ing in order to his subsequent spiritual impletion with all
Divine gentleness, peace, and Innocence.

//. Jama, Subs, and Shad., p. 256.

2. That which fills up; filling. Coleridge.
implex (im'pleks), a. and n. [= F. implexc = Pg.
impltxo, < L. implexus, inplexus, pp. of impkc-
tcre, inplectere, plait or twist in, entwine, inter-
weave, entangle, < in. in, + pleetere, weave,
plait. Cf. complex.] I. a. Infolded; intricate;
entangled; complicated. [Rare.]

The fable of every poem Is, according to Aristotle's divi-
sion, either simple or implex. It Is called simple when
there is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the for-
tune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from
good to bad. Additon, Spectator, No. 297.

II. «. In math., a doubly infinite system of
surfaces.

implexion (im-plek'shon), n. [< L. implef-
io(n-), inplexio(n-), an entwining, entangling,
< implectere, inplectere, pp. implexus, inplexus,
entwine, entangle: see implex.] The act of
infolding or involving, or the state of being in-
folded or involved ; involution. [Rare.]

implexous (im-plek'sus), a. [< L. imi>lerus, in-
plcxu.t, pp., entwined: see implex.] In hot.,
entangled; interlaced.

impliable (im-pli'a-bl), a. [= F. impliable; <
in-3 + pliable.] "Not pliable; not to be ad-
justed or adapted. [Rare.]

impliable

All matters rugged and impliable to the design must be
suppressed or corrupted. Roger North, Examen, p. 32.

implicate (im'pli-kat), v. t.j pret. and pp. im-
plicated, ppr. implicating. [< L. implicatus, in-
plicatus, pp. of implicate, inplicare (> It. impli-
care = Sp. Pg. implicar = Pr. inplicar = F. im-
pliquer), infold, involve, entangle, < in, in, +
plicare, fold: see plait, plicate. Cf. implicit,
and see employ, imply, older forms from the
same L. verb.] 1. To infold or fold over; in-
volve; entangle.

I will not implicate you with ambages and circum-
stances. Shirley, Love Tricks, ill. 5.
The meeting boughs and implicated leaves
Wove twilight o'er the Poet's path.

Shelley, Alastor.

Rocks may be squeezed into new forms, bent contorted,
and implicated. Science, III. 482.

2. To cause to be affected; show to be con-
cerned or have a part ; bring into connection
or relation: with by, in, or with: as, the dis-
ease implicates other organs; the evidence im-
plicates several persons in the crime.

The high laws which each man sees implicated in those
processes with which he is conversant.

Emerson, Compensation.

Confucianism is deeply implicated with it [ancestor-
worship]. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 63.

We know that the brain is pathologically implicated in
insanity. Alien, and Neurol., VIII. 633.

= Syn. Implicate, Involve, Entangle. Implicafe and in-
volve are similar words, but with a marked difference.
The first means to/oW into a thing ; the second, to roll into
it. What is folded, however, may be folded but once or
partially ; what is involved is rolled many times. Hence,
men are said to be implicated when they are only under
suspicion, or have taken but a small share in a transac-
tion ; they are said to be involved when they are deeply
concerned. In this sense implicate is always used of per-

' sons ; involve may be used of persons or things ; both words
being always metaphorically employed. Entangle is used
either literally or metaphorically, and signifies to involve
so that extrication is a matter of extreme difficulty.

implicate (im'pli-kat), «. (_< implicate, ».] The
thing implied ; that which results from impli-
cation.

The implicate of the moral imperative is not liberty but
constraint. Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 95.

A great deal of the historic socialism has been regarded
as a necessary implicate of idealism.

Encyc. Brit., XXII. 206.

implication (im-pli-ka'shon), n. [= F. impli-
cation = Sp. implication = Pg. implicagSo = It.
implicazione, < L. implicatio(n-), inplicatio(n-),
an entwining, entanglement, intermixing, < im-
plicare, inplicare, pp. implicates, inplicatus, en-
twine, implicate : see implicate, «'.] 1. The act
of implicating, or the state of being implicated ;
involution; entanglement.

Jesus "made a whip of cords," to represent and to
chastise the implication* and enfoldings of sin.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), I. 153.

2. That which is implied but not expressed;
an inference that may be drawn from what is
said or observed.

Faint a body well,
You paint a soul by implication.

Mre. Browning, Aurora Leigh, i.

The protest of Luther, when its logical implications are
unfolded, involves the assertion of the right of each in-
dividual to decide for himself what theological doctrines
he can or can not accept. J, fiske, Evolutionist, p. 265.

implicative (im'pli-ka-tiv), a. and n. [< impli-
cate + -ive.] I. a. Tending to implicate or to
imply; pertaining to implication.

Considering of the . . . offensive passages in his book
(which, being written in very obscure and implicative
phrases, might well admit of doubtful interpretation),
they found the matters not to be so evil as at first they
seemed. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 147.

In the Rationalistic philosophy, ... as we find it in
Leibnitz, "the implicative nature of thought" . . may
be said to be preserved. Mind, IX. 444.

H.t n. A thing of hidden meaning ; a state-
ment or writing implying something different
from its literal meaning. [Rare.]

When I remember me that this Eglogue . . . was con-
cerned by Octavian the Emperour to be written to the
honour of Pollio, a citizen of Rome, and of no great nobili-
tie, the same was misliked againe as an implicatiue, no-
thing decent nor proportionable to Pollio his fortunes
and calling. Puttenhmn, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 126.

implicatively (im'pli-ka-tiv-li), adv. By im-
plication. [Rare.]

In revealing the confession of these men, it is implica-
tioely granted, their fault was not then to be punished,
and so it appears no fault.

Sir G. Buck, Hist. Rich. III. (1646), p. 102.
implicit (im-plis'it), a. [= F. implicate = Sp.
implicito = Pg. It. implicito, < L. implicitus,
inplicitus, later pp. of implicare, inplicare, in-
fold, involve, entangle : see implicate, t>.] 1.
Infolded; entangled. [Rare.]

3012

Th' humble shrub.
And bush with frizzled hair implicit.

Milton, P. L., vii. 323.
In his woolly fleece
I cling implicit. Pope.

2. Complicated; involved; puzzling. [Rare.]
If I had the ill nature of such authors as love to puz-
zle, I also might leave the foregoing enigma to be solved,
or, rather, made more implicit, in such ways as philoso-
phy might happen to account for.

Brooke, Fool of Quality (ed. 1792), I. 203.

3. Implied; resting on implication or infer-
ence ; that may or should be understood, though
not directly expressed ; tacitly included.

Now that both the titles are conjunct, we may observe
the symbol of an implicit and folded duty.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 170.
A good present behaviour is an implicit repentance for
any miscarriage in what is past Steele, Spectator, No. 374.
An implicit recognition of human fellowship when as
yet there was no explicit recognition of it possible.

//. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 151.

4. Involved in or resulting from perfect con-
fidence in or deference to some authority or
witness ; hence, submissive ; unquestioning ;
blind: as, implicit faith ; implicit assent ; impli-
cit obedience.

Implicit faith is belief or disbelief without evidence.

Dr. John Brown, An Estimate, etc. (ed. 1758), I. 66.
Those parliaments . . . presume even to mention privi-
leges and freedom, who, till of late, received directions
from the throne with implicit humility.

Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, Ivi.
To him the whole nation was to yield an immediate and
implicit submission. Burke, Present Discontents.

5f. Submissively yielding; unquestioningly
obedient ; trusting confidently or blindly.

A parcel of silly implicit fools had done the business for
him. Tom Brawn, Works, II. 30.

None of these great prescribers do ever fail providing
themselves and their notions with a number of implicit
disciples. Swift, Tale of a Tub, ix.

This curious dish
Implicit Walton calls the swallow-fish.

R. Franck, Northern Memoirs, p. 293.
Cecilia was peremptory, and Mary became implicit.

Miss Burncy, Cecilia, x. 8.

Implicit contradiction, a contradiction which is not
directly expressed as such ; a contradiction implied or to
be inferred:: opposed to explicit contradiction, or contra-
diction in terms.— Implicit differentiation. See d{f-
ferentiation.— Implicit function. See function. = Syn.
3. Tacit— 4. Unreserved, unhesitating, undoubting.
implicitly (im-plis'it-li), adv. 1. By implica-
tion; virtually.

He that denies this [the providence of God] doth tm-
plicitly deny his existence. Bentley.

Their rights have not been expressly or implicitly al-
lowed. Burke, Policy of the Allies.
2. Trustfully; without question, doubt, or hesi-
tation.

Mandates issued, which the member is bound blindly
and implicitly to obey.

Burke, Speech at the Conclusion of the Poll, 1774.

implicitness (im-plis'it-nes), n. The state of
being implicit; the state of trusting without
reserve.

impliedly (im-pli'ed-li), adr. By implication;
so as to imply ; virtually.

If a gentleman at the servant's request sends for a phy-
sician, he is not liable to pay the doctor's bill unless he
. . . expressly or impliedly engages to be answerable.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 806.

imploration (im-plo-ra'shon), ». [= F. im-
ploration = Sp. imploracion = Pg. imploraq&o
= It. imploraziont, < L. imploratio(n-), inplo-
ratio(n-), < implorare, inplorare, implore: see
implore.} The act of imploring; earnest sup-
plication.

Wicked hearts . . . doe all they can to avoid the eyes
of His displeased justice, and if they cannot do it by col-
ours of dissimulation, they will doe it by imploration of
shelter. Bp. Hall, Jeroboam's Wife.

imploratort (im-plor'a-tor), n. l=F.implora-
teur = Pg. implorador =" It. imploratore, < L.
as if *implorator, < implorare, inplorare, pp. im-
ploratus,inploratus,imf>loT6: see implore.} One
who implores or entreats.

Do not believe his vows ; for they are brokers ;
Not of the eye which their investments show,
But mere implorators of unholy suits.

Shak., Hamlet, 1. 3.

imploratory (im-plor'a-to-ri), a. [< implore +
-atory.} Earnestly supplicating; imploring;
entreating.
That long exculpatory imploratory letter.

Carlyle, Diamond Necklace, vii.

implore (im-plor'), «'.; pret. and pp. implored,
ppr. imploring. [Formerly also emplore; = F.
implorer = Sp. Pg. implorar = It. implorare,< L.
implorare, inplorare, invoke with tears, beseech,
< in, in, on, upon, + plorare, cry out, weep. Cf.
deplore.} I. trans. 1, To call" upon in suppli-

imply

cation; beseech or entreat; pray or petition
earnestly.

They ship their oars, and crown with wine
The holy goblet to the powers divine,
Imploring all the gods that reign above.

Pope, Odyssey, ii. 472.

2. To pray or beg for earnestly; seek to ob-
tain by supplication or entreaty: as, to im-
plore aid or pardon.

I kneel, and then implore her blessing.

Shale., W. T., v. 3.

= Syn. Request, Bey, etc. See aski and solicit.
II. intrans. To supplicate ; entreat.

Who knows what tale had been to tell, if she
Had met his first proud look all tearfully,
With weak imploring looks?

William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 325.

imploret (im-plor'), «. [< implore, v.} Earnest
supplication.

With percing wordes and pittifull implore.

Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 37.

implorer (ini-plor' er), n. One who implores.

imploringly (im-plor'ing-li), adv. In an im-
ploring manner.

implosion (im-plo'zhon), n. [< in-2 + -plosion,
after explosion, q. v. Cf. ML. implodere, put
on with clapping, inflict.] A sudden collapse
or bursting inward : opposed to explosion. [Re-
cent.]

What Sir Wyville Thomson ingeniously characterized
as an implosion: the pressure having apparently been
resisted until it could no longer be borne, and the whole
having been disintegrated at the same moment

Library Hag., April, 1880.

imployt, imploymentt. Obsolete variants of
employ, employment.

implumedt (im-plomd'), a. [< in-3 + plumed.}
Plumeless ; deprived of plumes or feathers.
At which sad sight, this poor implumed crew
Stand faiutly trembling in their sovereign's view.

Drayton, The Owl.

implumoust (im-plo'mus), a. [Cf. Sp. Pg. It.
implume; < L. implumis, inplumis, without fea-
thers, < in- priv. + plmna, feathers: seeplume.}
Unfeathered; featherless.

implunget, "• '• See emplunge.

impluvium (im-plo'vi-um), ».; pi. impluvia (-a).
[L., also inpluvium, < impluere, inpluere, rain
into, < «'», in, + phiere, rain : see pluvious.} In
ancient Roman houses, a basin to receive the

A, impluvium ; B. compluvium.

rain-water, situated in the middle of the atrium
or hall, below the compluvium or open space
in the roof. See atrium and complurhon .

The atrium contained a large quadrangular tank or im-
plumum. ... On the west side of the impluvium, below
the step of the tablinum, the pavement represented five
rows of squares.

Baring-Gould, Myths of the Middle Ages (1884), p. 342.

imply (im-plT), i\ t.-; pret. and pp. implied, ppr.
implying. [< ME. implien, emplien, < OF. as if
"emplier, var. of empleier, employer, < L. impli-
care, infold, involve : see implicate. Cf. employ,
a doublet of imply, and see ply, apply, reply.]
If. To infold ; inclose ; inwrap.

The wateres imedlyd wrappeth or implie-th many fortu-

nel happis or maneres [tr. L mistaque fortuitos implicft

unda modos], Chaucer, Boethius, v. meter 1.

Striving to loose the knott that fast him tyes,

Himself e in streighter bands too rash implyes.

Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 23.
And as a poplar, shot aloft, set by a river side,
In moist edge of a mightie fenne his head in curls implic/e,
But all his body plaine and smooth. Chapman, Iliad, iv.

2. To contain by implication ; include virtual-
ly; involve; signify or import by fair inference
or deduction ; hence, to express indirectly ; in-
sinuate.

Your smooth eulogium, to one crown addrest,
Seems to imply a censure on the rest

Cmvper, Table-Talk, 1. 92.

Whoever wishes to imply, in any piece of writing, the ab-
sence of everything agreeable and inviting, calls it a ser-
mon. Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii.

It ts always an impolitic thing to Impose on a great
power conditions BO ignominious and dishonouring as to
produce enduring resentment, Ltcky, Eng. In ISth Cent., i.

imply

Self-knowledge does not come as a matter of course ; It
iiiivlit't an elt'ort and :i work.

J. 11. Nfii'man, Parochial Sermons, 1. 49.

All necessity for external force impliet a morbid state, impoliticalt (im-po-lit'i-kal), a. [As impolitic

II. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 25. 4..^.] Impolitic'.

Doctrine Of implied powers, the doctrine that the Jt w|u t)0 no dlmcult mattcr to pr0ve that the Crusades

Constitution of the lulled Mates grants to tlio govern- wero llctther m Un justifiable, so unpolitical, nor so linlmp-

ment l>y implication powers in addition to tlioso expressly jn th(!lr consequences, as the superficial readers of His-

dettned in it— Implied allegiance. See ""'.''"'"^'li' tory ai-e liabituated to esteem them.

— Implied contract, tvi- .•..„/,-, Implied dlscora, ilickle, tr. of Camoens's Luslad, vii., notes.

nant but whloh (onni part of a dissonant chord, as a minor impoliticallyt (im-po-lit'i-kal-i), adv. Impoli-

thlrd in a diminished seventh chord. — Implied interval, tidy

Injfp^^.talrt^^taUaifcg.Brt _ 1_ impoliticly (im-pol'i-tik-li), adv. Inanimpoli-

,

2?

malice trust, warranty,

etc. See the
he

j policy or expediency ;«n-

wisely; indiscreetly. Tooke.

"'

into another- i« not particularly helpful In showing the

What Is implied precedes in the order of nature, and is

to enlist ; It motion the necessity of obeying orders, en
during hardships, and Incurring risks.

Experience implies failure, not failure every time but
failure one or more times, and the history of business
proves that this implication is fully justified by fact.

L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., II. 660.

It [feudalism] involved the presence on the soil of a large
mass of men who had almost no rights.

Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 8.

of being weighed ; without gravity.

No one wave of this imponderable medium [ether] can
give the requisite motion to this atom of ponderable mat-
ter. U. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., i 18.

Spirit, which floods all substances with its life, Is the sol-
vent force quickening the imponderable essences.

Alcott, Table-Talk, p. 129.

II n. In physics, a thing which has no weight :
1 - a term formerly applied to heat, light, eleetri-

impnet, »• A Middle English form of hymn. cityj ftnd magneti8m7 on the supposition that
Chaucer. were material substances and still used

tjjey were material substances, and still used
impocket (iin-pok et), v. <. [< (*•» + pocket.] of ^ hypothetical universal medium, ether.
To put m the pocket. [Bare.] imponderableness (im-pqn'der-a-bl-nes), «.

There he sat, hands impudated.

M. Bethwi-Kdvard.. Next of Kin-Wanted, xxliL

impoisont, impoisonert, etc. Same as cmpoi-

son, etc.
impolarilyt (im-po'lar-i-li), adv. [< in-8 +

polary + -ly'2-] Not "in the direction of the

poles.

The state or quality of being imponderable,
mponderoust (im-pon'der-us), a. [< «n-3 +
ponderous.] Not ponderous ; imponderable.

If they produce visible and real effects by impondcrout
and Invisible emissions, it may be unjust to deny the pos-
sible efficacy of gold in the non-omission of weight, or de-
perdition of any ponderous particles.

Sir T. Brmrne, Vulg. Err., it 5.

Being imnolarilv adjoined unto a more vigorous load- '. '' _,,

stone, it will in a short time exchange its pole* imponderousnesst (im-pon'd&r-UB-nes), M. The

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 11. 8. state or quality of being imponilerous.

impolarizable (im-po'lar-I-za-bl), a. [< in-3 Imponet (im-pon'), v. t. [= Sp.imponer = Pg.

+ ,>ol<iri-able.] Not subject "to polarization: impor = It. imporrc, imponere, < L. imponere, 111-

sometimes said of a voltaic battery. poiiere, pp. impositus, inpositu*, put, place, lay,

The same may be said of Clorls Baudefs so-called imp,,. ™ set in or upon, set over, give to, < in, on,

JtetbMtn. upon, + nontre, put, place : see portent. Cf. im-

E. Ilitipitalier, Electricity (trans.), p. 240. pose.'] To lay down ; lay as a stake or wager.

impolicy (im-pol'i -si), H. [< in-3 + policy!. The king, sir, hath waged with him six Barbary horses ;

Cf. F. imnolice, indecorum, want of policy.] against the which he has imjumeil, as 1 .take il, six : French

The quality of being impolitic ; inexpediency ; ™P'e" »»a poniards.

unsuitableness to the end proposed or to be de- imponent (im-po'nent), a. and n. [< L. tmpo-
sired : as, the impolicy of a measure or a course lie n(t-)s, inponcn(t-)n, ppr. of imponere, inponere,
of action. impone, lay on: seeimpone.] T. a. Imposing;

Those who governed Scotland under him [Charles II. ; competent to impose, as an obligation. [Rare.]
with no less cruelty than impolicy, made the people of that Were there no Church, . . . moral duties would still be
country desperate. Malletl, Auiyntor and Theodora, Pref. associated with the imagination of an imponent authority,

whose injunctions they would he supposed to be, though
the authority might be single Instead of twofold.

T. 11. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 323.

II. H. One who imposes; one who enjoins
or prescribes. [Rare.]

Having previously discarded the imagination of Church
or King or Divine Lawgiver as imponentg of duty.

The extreme impolicy of the course which was adopted
was abundantly shown by the event.

Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., L

impolisbedt (im-pol'isht), a. [< t'n-3 + pol-
Mbd Cl'. impoliti:] Unpolished; crude.

These impolished leaves of mine.

If ash, Unfortunate Traveller (1593).

In hopes also of a short vacation for the consummation

T. 11. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 323.

impolite

impolido, , — . ..., -, —, • •

rough, unrefined, < in- priv. + politits, polished : impoon (im-pon'), n. [S. African.] Theduyker

see polite.] If. Unpolished; unfinished. or diving-buck of South Africa, Ceplialophus

To your honour's hands, as the great patron of languages mergms. See cut under Cephatoplius.

and arts, this impolite grammatical tract of the Malayan impOOrt (im-por ), t'. t. [< in-* + poor. LI.

dialect piesumeth to make its submissive addresses. empnrer, impoverish.'] To impoverish. Sir T.

2. Unpolished in manner ; not polite; ill-man- ^popularf (im-pop'u-l»r), a. [= F.inipopu-

nered; rude; uncivil. /fl(re _ gp. pg. unpopular = It. impopolare; as

The vain egotism that disregards others is shown in va- .'n-3 + iioniiltir.] Unpopular. Solinnbroke.
rlous tmvM -

impolitely

manner; u „ , ,.

impoliteness (im-po-llt'nes), n. Incivility; The porosity or t'mpoi-o«i(!/ betwixt the tangible parts,

ruik'iii'ss. and the greatness or smallness of the pores.

The impolitenew of his manners seemed to attest his Bacon, Nat. Hist, | 846.

sincerity. Chesterfield. impOrOUS (im-po'rus), n. [< tn-3 + porous.]

impolitic (im-pol'i-tik), «. [= F. inipoHHyue = Destitute of pores; extremely close or com-

Sp. iiiiiioliUco = PR. It. imiMilitico, impolitic; as pact; solid.

in-3 + politic.] Not politic; not conforming If all these atoms should descend plum down with equal
to or in accordance with good policy ; inexpe- velocity, as according to their doctrine they ought to do.

dient ; injudicious: as, an impolitic ruler, law, »«'»(? »» perfectly solid and imporo««, . . . they would

never the one overtake the other,

or measure. jiay Works of Creation, i.

81 a"iU8t *"* ""l"""''* import (im-porf), ,-. [= OF. ^porter. i,,,por-

Burkf, A Eeglcide Peace, ill. trr, carry, F. emporter, carry away, prevail, «m-

The vain egotism that disregards others is shown in va- in-3 + popular.] Unpopular. Jfoltiigbroke.
rious impulire ways. Eclectic Mag., XXVI. 501, unporOSlty (im-po-ros'i-ti), «. [=r F. imporo-

npolitely (im-po-lit'li), adv. In an impolite sitt-; as i m porous + -iiy.] Want of porosity;
manner; uncivilly; mdely. extreme compactness or denseness in texture.

importable

porter, import, matter, signify ; also, more re-
cently, in the lit. sense of the L., introduce,
import, = Sp. Pg. importar = It. importare, sig-
nify, express, < L. importare, inportare, bring
in, introduce from abroad, bring about, occa-
sion, cause, < in, in, + portare. carry : see port*.
Cf. export, etc.] I. trans. 1. To bring from
without ; introduce from abroad ; especially, to
bring from a foreign country, or from another
state, into one's own country or state : opposed
to export : as, to import wares and merchandise.
Others import yet nobler arts from France,
Teach kings to riddle, and make senates dance.

Pope, Dunclad, Ir. Ml

From Greece they [the Latins] derived the measures of
their poetry, and, Indeed, all of poetry that can be im-
porUiL Mataulay, History.

Wheat and corn are extensively imported Into Cork.

Sncyc. Brit., VI. 406.

Hence — 2. To bring or introduce from one use,
connection, or relation into another : as, to im-
port irrelevant matter into a discussion.

There Is also such a thing as a consciousness of the ulti-
mate unity of all pursuits that contribute to the perfec-
tion of man, which may import a certain enthusiasm of
humanity Into the devotion with which the scholar or ar-
tist applies himself to his immediate object.

T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, 1 148.

3. To bear or convey in meaning or implica-
tion; signify; mean; denote; betoken.

His [God's) commanding those things to be which are,
and to be in such sort as they are, . . . importeth the es-
tablishment of nature's law. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, L 3.

The message imported that they should deliver up their
anus. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, L 92.

Pan as the name imports, represents the universe.

Bacon, Fable of Pan.

4. To be of importance, interest, or conse-
quence to; concern; have a bearing upon.

Her length of sickness, with what else more serious
Imwrrteth thee to know, this bears.

Shak., A. and C., i. 2.

All Men know there Is nothing importt this Island more

than Trade. llowell, Letters, I. vl. 52.

In these four sciences. Logic, Morals, Criticism, and

Politics, Is comprehended almost everything which it can

any way import us to be acquainted with.

tlume, Human Nature, Int.

You never will know the two things in the world that
import you the most to know. Walpole, Letters, II. 408.
H. intrans. To have significance; be of im-
portance.

It is the depth at which we live, and not at all the sur-
face extension, that imports.

Emerson, Works and Days, p. 164.

import (im'port), n. [= OF. emport, a carrying
away, influence, favor, importance ; from the
verb: see import, r.] 1. That which is import-
ed or brought from without or from abroad ;
especially, merchandise brought into one coun-
try from another: usually in the plural: op-
posed to export.

I take the importt from, and not the exports to, these
conquests, as the measure of these advantages which wo
derived from them. Burke, Late State of the Nation.

Whatever shadings of mortality,
Whatever importt from the world of death
Had come among these objects heretofore.
Were, in the main, of mood less tender.

Wordswtrth, Prelude, iv.

2. The intrinsic meaning conveyed by any-
thing; the significance borne by, or the inter-
pretation to be drawn from, an event, action,
speech, writing, or the like: purport; bearing:
as, the import of one's conduct.

The oath of the President contains three words, all of
equal import: that Is, that he will preserve, protect, and
defend the Constitution.

D. Webater, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834.

Ha ! how the murmur deepens t I perceive

And tremble at its dreadful import. Bryant, Earth.

3. Importance; consequence; moment.

I will propound to your learned imitation those men of
import that haue laboured with credit in this laudable
kinde of Translation. Atc/iam, The Scholemaster, p. 8.
And tell us, what occasion of import
Ilatli all so long detain'd you from your wife.

Shot., T. of the 9., IIL 2.

Such idle Themes no more can move,
Nor any thing but what's of high Import.

Congrerx, Paraphrase upon Horace, I. xlz. 2.
=Syn. 2 Sense, gist, tenor, substance.

importable1 (im-por'ta-bl), a. [= OF. empor-
jtihle, that can be carried away; as import +
-able.] Capable of being imported.

importable-* (im-por'ta-bl), a. [< ME. in/port-
able, iiipoi-tiiblr, < OF. "importable = Sp. (obs.)
importable = Pg. importavel = It. importable,
importevole, < lAj.importabilis.inportabilis, that
cannot be borne, insupportable, < L. in- priv.
+ LL. porlabiliK, that can be borne : see port-
able.] Unbearable; not to be endured or car-
ried out.

importable

This storie is seyd nat for that wyves sholde

Folwen Grisild as in humilitee,

For it were importable, though they wolde.

Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 1058.
Burdons that ben importable
On folkes shuldris thinges they conchen
That they nyl with her fyngris touchen.

Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6904.

The tempest would be importable if it beat always upon
him from all sides. L\fe of Firmin, p. 80.

importablenesst (im-por'ta-bl-nes), n. The
quality or state of being unendurable.

But when, by time and continuance, the mind is accus-
tomed to it, though the yoke be the same, yet it finds no
such severity and iinportablcneas in it.

Sir M. Hale, Preparative against Affliction.

importance (im-por'tans), ». [= F. impor-
tance = Sp. Pg. importiincia = It. importanza, <
ML. importantia, importance, < L. importan( t-)s,
inportan(t-)s, important: see important.] 1.
The quality of having much import or moment ;
consequence; concernment; momentousness.
Their priests were next in dignity to the King, and of
his Counsell in all businesses of importance.

Sandys, Travailes, p. 81.

Not a question of words and names, as Gallic thought
it, but a matter of the highest importance to the world.
Stillinyjleet, Works, II. i.

This accident of noblesse was a matter of curious and
excevtlonaliinportance at this Court [thatof Louis XVIII.],
which was itself an accident H. Adams, Gallatin, iv. 503.

2. Personal consequence or consideration;
standing; dignity; social or public position.

Thy own importance know,
Nor bound thy narrow views to things below.

Pope, R. of theL.,1. 35.
The man who dreams himself so great;
And his importance of such weight,
That all around, in all that's done,
Must move and act for him alone.

Cowper, The Retired Cat.

3. Pretentiousness; pompousness: as, he walk-
ed in with an air of great importance. — 4f. Sig-
nificance; meaning; import.

The wisest beholder . . . could not say if the impor-
tance were joy or sorrow. Shak., W. T., v. 2.

5t. A matter of weight or moment.

A cunning man, hight Sidrophel, . . .
To whom all people, far and near,
On deep importances repair.

S. Butler, Hudibras, II. iii. 110.

6f. [Of. important, 3.] Importunity; urgency.
Heywood.

Maria writ
The letter, at Sir Toby's great importance.

Shak., T. N., v. 1.

The shortness of time, and this said bringer's impor-
tance is only the let [that] I neither send you spectacles,
the price of the Paraphrases, nor thanks for your cheese.
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 6.

importancyt (im-p6r'tan-si), n. [As impor-
tance : see -cy.~] Importance.

We consider
The importance of Cyprus to the Turk.

Shak., Othello, i. 3.

important (im-por'tant), a. [< P. important
= Sp. Pg. It. importance, < ML. importan(t-')F,
important, momentous, prop. ppr. of L. impor-
tare, inportare, bring in, introduce, ML. (Rom.)
signify, express : see import.] 1 . Of much im-
port ; bearing weight or consequence ; momen-
tous; grave; significant.

The dawn is overcast, the morning lowers,
And heavily in clonds brings on the day,
The great, the important day, big with the fate
Of Cato and of Home. ^<Mison,Cato, i. 1.

The recognition of the right of property in ideas is only
less important than the recognition of the right of prop-
erty in goods. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 180.

2. Consequential; pretentious; pompous: as,
an important manner. — 3f. [Appar. confused
with importunate. Cf. importunate, 1.] Impor-
tunate; eager; pressing.

If the prince be too important, tell him there is measure
in everything. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1.

importantly (im-pdr'tant-li), adv. 1. In an
important manner; weightily; forcibly.

It is not likely

That when they hear the Roman horses neigh,
Behold their quart«r'd fires, have both their eyes
And ears so cloy'd importantly as now,
That they will waste their time upon our note,
To know from whence we are. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 4.

2. Pompously. — 3f. Importunately,
importation (im-por-ta'shpn), n. [=F. importa-
tion = Sp. importation = Pg. importacao = It.
importasionc, < ML. *importatio(n-), < L. impor-
tare, inportare, bring in : see import.'] 1. The
act or practice of importing, or of bringing in
or introducing from another country or state :
as, the importation of live stock : opposed to ex-
portation. Importations into the United States can be

3014

made only at ports of entry constituted by law. All goods,
wares, and merchandise so imported must be entered at
a custom-house by presenting a bill of lading, an invoice
duly certified by the United States consul at the port of ex-
portation, and a sworn description of the goods by the
importer. Entry may be made by an authorized agent
or attorney if the importer is sick or absent from the
port. If the goods are free of duty, a permit to land is
immediately issued, subject to official inspection and
verification of the goods. If the goods are dutiable, the
duties are estimated at the custom-house and paid in
United States coin or equivalent government notes, and
a permit is issued to send one or more packages to
the appraiser's stores for examination, the residue being
delivered to the importer under bond to produce them
should the examination of packages show discrepancies.
Goods which are appraised and found to be undervalued
are subject to an additional duty on the excess, or, in cer-
tain cases, to additional duty on the whole appraised value
as a penalty. In case of damage on a voyage of importa-
tion, an allowance is made by appraisal, and the duties
are proportionably abated. Any fraudulent undervalua-
tion or proceeding involves the confiscation of the goods
concerned. Goods may be warehoused for three years, and
withdrawn on payment of duty, with 10 per cent, added
after the first year ; they may be exported from a bonded
warehouse free, or transported thence in bond to other
domestic ports. To certain interior ports goods may be
transported in bond, without appraisement, directly from
the importing vessel. Upon the exportation of most
manufactured fabrics containing materials upon which
import duties have been paid, a drawback of such duties,
less 10 per cent., is allowed.

I could heartily wish that there was an act of parliament
for prohibiting the importation of French fopperies.

Aildison. Fashions from France.

2. One who or that which is brought from
abroad; a person or thing brought into one
country from another : as, the coachman was
a recent importation; this umbrella is an im-
portation. [Colloq.] — 3f. The act of carrying
or conveying; conveyance.

The instruments of the vital faculty which serve for im-
portation and reception of the blood.

J. Smith, Portrait of Old Age, p. 239.

importer (im-por'ter), n. One who imports ; a
merchant or other person, or a corporate body,
by or for whom goods are brought from another
country or state : opposed to exporter.

Up to the present year New South Wales has been a
large importer of wheat. Nineteenth Century, XXIV. 397.

importlesst, a. [< import + -less.] Without
import; of no weight or consequence.

Hatter needless, of importless burden.

Shak., T. and C., 1. 3.

importrayt, v. *• [< »«-2 + portray.] To por-
tray; depict.

Whome Philautus is now with all colours importraying
in ye Table of his hart.

Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 311.

importunablet (im-por-tu'na-bl), a. [< impor-
tune + -able.] Insupportable ; .onerous.
ImportunaUe burdens. Sir T. More.

importunacy (im-por'tu-na-si), n. [< impor-
tuna(te) + -cy.] The" quality of being impor-
tunate; importunity; urgent solicitation or
pressure.

Mr. Lincoln is in earnest* and, as he has been slow in
making up his mind, has resisted the importunacy of
parties and of events to the latest moment, he will be as
absolute in his adhesion. Emerson, Emancipation Proc.

importunate (im-por'tu-nat), a. [< ML. im-
portunatus, pp. of importunari, importune: see
importune, v. According to the sense in E.,
the form should be "importunant, < ML. impor-
tunan(t-)s, ppr.] 1. Troublesomely solicitous
or pressing; vexatiously persistent; pertina-
cious.

They may not be able to bear the clamour of an impor-
tunate suitor. Smalridge.
In fancy leave this maze of dusty streets,
For ever shaken by the importunate jar
Of commerce. Bryant, A Rain-Dream.
I am not without anxiety lest I appear to be importu-
nate in thus recalling your attention to a subject upon
which you have so recently acted.

Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 438.

2f. Troublesome; vexatious.

Bethink you, how to the importunate accidents of this
human life all the world is exposed.

Donne, Hist. Septuagint, p. 142.

importunately (im-p6r'tu-nat-li), adv. In an
importunate manner ; with persistent or ur-
gent solicitation.

importunateness (im-por'tu-nat-nes), n. Im-
portunity.
She with more and more importunateness craved.

Sir P. Sidney.

importunatort (im-por'tu-na-tor), n. [= Sp.
Pg. importunador, < ML. as if *importunator,
< importunari, importune : see importune.] An
import uner.

Abnegators and dispensers against the law of God, but
tyrannous importunators and exactors of their own.

Sir E. Sandys, State of Religion.

importunity

importunet (im-pQr-tun' or im-p6r'tun), a. and
n. [< ME. importune, < OF. (also F.') importun
= Sp. Pg. It. importuno, (. L. importunus, inpor-
tuiiiis, unfit, unsuitable, troublesome, rude, un-
mannerly, orig. without access, < in- priv. +
pnrtus, access, a harbor: see port2. Cf. the op-
posite opportune.] I. «. 1. Unseasonable; in-
opportune; untimely.

I trow I haue this day done you much tribulation with
my importune obiections of very litle substance.
Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573)> fol. 53.

The musical airs which one entertains with most de-
lightful transports to another are importune.

Glanmlle, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xiii.

Further way

It [the stroke] made, and on his hacqueton did lyte,
The which dividing with importune sway,
It seizd in his right side. Spe.nser, F. Q., II. viii. 38.

2. Importunate.

Oft they did lament his lucklesse state,

And often blame the too importune fate

That heapd on him so many wrathfull wreakes.

Spenser, F. Q., I. xii. 16.
Pru. Flies are busy.
Lady F. Nothing more troublesome,
Or importune. B. Jonxon, New Inn, ii. 2.

What doth hot importune labour overcome?

Foxe (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 108).

H. n. An importunate person; one offen-
sively persistent.

In Spaine it is thought very vndecent for a Courtier to
crane, supposing that it is the part of an importune.

I'uttenltam, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 248.

importune (im-p§r-tun', formerly also ini-por'-
tun), 1). ; pret. and pp. importuned, ppr. impor-
tuning. [< F. importuner = Sp. Pg. importit-
nar = It. importunare, < ML. importunari, be
troublesome, < L. importunus, troublesome : see
importune, a.] I. trans. 1 . To press or harass
with solicitation; ply or beset with unremit-
ting petitions or demands; crave or require
persistently.

She with great lamentation, and abundance of tears,
importuned Jupiter to restore her.

Bacon, Physical Fables, xi.

2f. To crave or require persistently ; beg for
urgently.

All this is no sound reason to importune

My leave for thy departure.

Ford, Broken Heart, i. 1.

3f. To annoy; irritate; molest.

Of his two immediate successors, Eugenius the Fourth
was the last pope expelled by the tumults of the Roman
people, and Nicholas the Fifth, the last who was impor-
tuned by the presence of a Roman emperor.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Ixx.

4f. [A false use, by confusion with import.]
To import; signify; mean.

But the sage wisard telles, as he has redd,
That it importunes death.

Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 16.

= Syn. 1, Request, Beg, Tease (see oaJti); appeal to, plead
with, beset, urge, plague, worry, press, dun.

II. intrans. To make requests or demands
urgently and persistently.

I shall save Decorums if Sir Rowland importune*. I
have a mortal Terror at the Apprehension of offending
against Decorums. Concrete, Way of the World, iii. 6.
Creditors grow uneasy, talk aside,
Take counsel, then importune all at once.

Browning, Ring and Book, I. 154.

Ii or im-por'tun-li),

importunelyt (im-p&r-tun'li
adv. 1. Importunately.

Wtout any fere of God, or respect of his honour, murmnre
or grudge of y« worlde, he would importundji pursue hys
appetite. Sir T. More, Works, p. 6:i.

The Palmer lent his eare unto the noyce,
To weet who called so importunely.

Spenser, !'. Q., II. viii. 4.
2. Inopportunely.

The constitutions that the apostles made concerning
deacons and widows are, with much importunity, but
very importunely, urged by the disciplinarians.

Bp. Sanderson.

importuner (im-por-tu'ner), ». One who im-
portunes or urges with earnestness and persis-
tence.

Preclude your ears against all rash, rude, irrational in-
novating importuners.

Waterhouse, Apology (1653), p. 187.

importunity (im-por-tu'm-ti), ». ; pi. importu-
nities (-tiz). [< F. imporiunitc = Sp. importu-
nidad = Pg. importmudade = It. importunita. <
L. importunita(t-~)s, iiiportiiiiita(t-)s, unsuitable-
ness, unfitness, troublesomeness, < importunus,
inportunus, unfit, troublesome: see importune.]
If. Unseasonableness; inopportunity.

Euery thing hath its season, which is called Oportunitie,
and the vnfttnesse or vndecency of the time is called Jm-
pnrtunitie.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie (ed. Arber), p. 274.

Large and imposing edifices imbosomcd In the groves of
some rich valley. Bp. Uobart.

importunity

2. The act or state of being importunate ; per- imposer (im-po'zer), n. One who imposes or
tinacity in solicitation or demand; persistent lays on; one who enjoins or exacts,
urgency or insisteii'-r. The imposcrs of these oaths might repent /. Walton.

By much Importunity and his own Presence, he got of imposing (im-po'zing), p. a. Impressive; com-
the Abbot of Ramsey a hundred IVMinds^^ ^ manding; stately; striking: as, an imposing

manner.

Indeed, Sir Peter, your frequent importunity on this
subject distresses me extrrnn -ly.

Sherutan, School for Scandal, 111. 1.

l.ib'rul of their aid
To clam'rous Importunity in rags.

Cmrptr, Task, iv. 414.

The army demand with importunity their arrears of
pay. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent, XV.

imposable (im-po'za-bl), a. [= P. imposable; imposingly (im-po'zing-li), adv

MtapOM + -aWc.]" 1. Capable of being im- JXJHSSL. ,j X',i «=i .,

pressive.

, — , „ ,. slab,

„' °* carefully leveled stone, but now
often of iron, resting upon a frame, on which
pages of type or stereotype plates are imposed,

A poet without love
iinptt-stliilily.

impost

rere a physical and metaphyiical
Carltjle, Burns.

The distribution of wealth which the Democratic pro-
gramme demands Is a scientific impossibility, and no laws
could accomplish It Malloclc, Social Equality, p. 3».

3t. Helplessness; impotence.

When we say Lead us not Into temptation, we learn to
know our owu impossibility and Infirmity.

Latimer, Works (Parker Soc.X I. 432.

is'i-bl), a. andji. [< ME. im-

Tlie silence and the solemn grandeur of the immense impossible (im-
bui,di,,gs -und me were ">»« W^ »ible, ^ < OF. (also P.) impossibU ,=

He Is almost always more fortunate, and sometimes
powerful and imposing. Ticknor, Span. Lit, I. 220.

In an impos-

MS nil/nisi' -t- -nli/f'.] i. Uipanio (il nemtf im- '"& ""•" .....

IIMS, .lorlaidon.— 2f. Capable of being imposed imposmgness (»n-pp zing-nes), «.

Spon or taken advantage of. [Rare.1 £SS2S^E&3,£&i

and on which type-correctingin the page isdone.
imposing-table (im-po'ziug-ta'bl), ». Same as

better. Btigtr North, Lord Gullford, II. &4.

imposableness (im-po'za-bl-nes), n. The state

or quality of being imposable.
impose (im-poz'), r.; pret. and pp. imposed, ppr.

^^^&£lS?&?tt ^^^(im^-zish^),.

iniponi-rc, pp. impositus, lay on, impose: see »'»«-
pone tmdpose3, and cf. oppose1, compose, depose,
etc.] I. trans. 1. To lay on, or set on; put,

Slace, or deposit: as, to impose the hands in or-
ination or confirmation. [Obsolete or archaic
except in this use.]

Cakes of salt and barley [she] did impose
Within a wicker basket. Chapman, Odyssey, Iv.

He sprlnkleth upon the altar milk, then imponeth the
honey. B. Jonson, Sejanus, v. 4.

Bishops had a power of impairing hands, for collating of
orders, which presbyters have not

Jar. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 1»4.

2. To lay as a burden, or something to bo
borne or endured; levy, inflict, or enforce,
as by authority, power, or influence : as, to iin-
l>nxf taxes or penalties ; to impose one's opin-
ions upon others.

In the Sound also there be some extraordinary Duties
imposed, whereat all Nations begin to murmur.

HouvU, Letters, I. vL 4.

If laws be imposed upon us without our personal or im-

plied consent, we cannot be accounted better than slaves.

Quoted in Bancroft! Hist. V. »., I. 101).

Each man, too, is a tyrant in tendency, because he
would imp»*e his Idea on others.

Einerton, Nominalist and Realist

The race dominant enough to maintain or impose Its
language usually more or less maintains or imposes its
civilization also. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, I. 44.

3. To obtrude fallaciously or deceitfully ; palm
off; pass off.

Our poet thinks not fit
To tmpote upon you what he writes for wit

Dryden.

lie ... Is either married, or going to be so, to this lady,
whom ho imposed upon me as his sister.

Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, v.

4. To fix upon ; impute. [Rare.]

This cannot be allowed, exce
first cause which we impose no

[< P. imposition

= Pr. emposiciOf'imposiiio = Sp. imposieion =
Pg. imposiq&o — It. imposizione, < L. imposi-
tio(n-), inpositio(n-), a laying upon, applica-
tion, < imponere, inponere, pp. impositus, inj>osi-
tus, lay upon: see impone, impose.'} 1. A pla-
cing, putting, or laying on : as, the imposition
of hands in ordination or confirmation.

The ancient custom of the Church was, after they had
baptized, to add thereunto imposition of hands with effec-
tual prayer. {looker, Eccles. Polity, v. en.

2. The act of positing or fixing; affixment; at-
tachment : with on or upon.

By our apprehension of propositions I mean onrfmjxMi-

tioii of a sense on the terms of which they are composed.

J. U. Newman, Gram, of Assent p. 1.

3. A laying or placing as a burden or obligation;
the act of levying, enjoining, enforcing, or in-
flicting: as, the imposition of taxes or of laws.

Disciplined

From shadowy types to truth; from flesh to spirit ;
From imposition of strict laws to free
Acceptance of large grace. Milton, P. L., ill. 304.

4. In printing, the laying of pages of type o

" ">ed of i

This cannot be allowed, except we impute that unto the
t on the second.

Sir T. Browne.
5f. To subject by way of punishment.

Impose mo to what penance your invention

Can lay upon my sin. Shale., Much Ado, v. 1.

6. In printing, to lay upon an imposing-stone
or the oed of a press and secure in a chase, as
pages of type or stereotype plates. Pages or plates
constituting a form or sheet are imposed in such order
and .ii such intervals that they will appear in their right
places and with the desired margin when the sheet printed
in

or

plates'upon an imposing-stone or the bed of a
press, and securing them in a chase. See im-
pose, v. t., 6. — 5. That which is laid on, enjoin-
ed, levied, enforced, or inflicted, as a burden,
tax, duty, or restriction ; specifically (in the
plural), in Eng. hist., duties upon imports and
exports imposed at the pleasure of the king.

Fortune layeth as heavy impositions as virtue.

.Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 333.
All the commodities that go np into the country, of
which there are great quantities, are clogged with impo-
sitions as soon as they leave Leghorn.

Adtlison, Remarks on Italy (ed. I'.olm), L 491.

The order of the Jesuits was enriched by an imposition
on the fisheries and fur-trade. Bancroft, Hist U. 8., I. lit.

Most Important of all, there was the question of Impo-
sitions, that is, of the King's right to impose duties at will
upon exports and imports. K. A. Abbott, Bacon, p. 120.

6. A trick or deception ; a fraud; an imposture.

Being acquainted with his hand, I had no reason to
suspect an imposition. Smollett.

In none of these [treaties of the United States with
Japan] do we find as cunning devices of diplomatic impo-
sition. N. A. Ken., CXX.VII. 410.

7. An exercise imposed upon a student as a
punishment ; a task.

Literary tasks, called impositions, or frequent compul-
sive attendances on tedious and unlmproving exercises in
a college hall. Warton.

I may with justice

Accuse my want of judgment to expect
He should perform so hard an imposition.

Shirley, Love In a Maze, Iv. 1.

from them is folded.

II. i nt num. 1. To lay or place a burden or
restraint; act with constraining effect: with
11/11111 : as, to impose upon one's patience or hos-
pitality. Case Of the Impositions. Same as Bates's case (which

It Is not only the difficulty and labour which men take ">ee, under ro*>i).-ImposlUpn of hands See hand.
In Mmling out of truth, nor again that, when it is found, impOSltlVe (liu-poz'l-tiv). a. [< f»-J + pmitin;
it imiiosflh upon men's thoughts, that doth bring lies in fa- with ref. to impose.] Not positive. ["Rare.]
vour. Bacon, Truth (ed. 1B87).

2. To practise misleading trickery or impos-
ture; act with a delusive effect: with upon : as,
to mi/nisi- ii/ion one with false pretenses.

I in wi Hope to impose upnn Ood, as we sometimes do
upon men, by i\ mere form of godliness, without the pow-
er of in Bp. Atterbui-if, Sermons, II. xx.

The Catalogue alone of these Stamps, no bigger than
two small Almanacks, cost me 14 Livres; so muchStran-

fers are tmpttsi upon by the Crafty Booksellers of Rue
t. Jaques. Li.tler, Journey to Paris, p. 106.

imposet (im-poz'), M. [< impose, r.] Command;
injunction.

According to your ladyship's impose,
1 am thus early come. Shale., T. G. of V.. iv. 3.
190

He [the psychological speculator] requires it to be grant-
ed that his system is positive and that yours is impositice.
De Morgan. Budget of Paradoxes, p. 27 n.

impossibility (im-pos-i-bil'i-ti), n. ; pi. impim-
sibilities (-tiz). [= F. impos/tibilite = Pr. im-
pos/tibilitat = Sp. imposibilidad = Pj,'. im/ionxi-
hilidade = It. impoxsihilita,, < LL. iw/wwwi'/iiVi'-
ta(t-)s, i»possibilita(t-)s, < L. fmpOMwH*, im-
possible: see impossible.] 1. The quality of
being impossible; incapability of being or be-
ing done.

They confound difficulty with impossibility. South.
2. That which is impossible ; that which can-
not be or be done.

?r. impossible, inpossible = Sp. impogible = Pg.
impoasirel = It. iinpossibilc, < L. impossibilis, in-
possibilis, not possible, < in- priv. + possibilu,
possible: see possible.] I. a. 1. Not possible;
non-existent or false by necessity, (o) Beyond
the strength or power of the agent (6) Not possible from
the nature of things ; contrary to a general principle or
law of nature or of thought ; that not only is not and
will not exist or happen, under actual circumstances,
but would not be under any circumstances, within cer-
tain limits. (See possible.) The modes of specializing
these limits constitute the differences between the vari-
ations of the meaning of the word, which are often dis-
tinguished by means of adverbs applied to the adjective
impossible, or of the corresponding adjectives applied to
the abstract noun impossibility. If the limits are the
widest possible, so that no change either in the facts or
laws of the universe could make the object spoken of
real, the latter is said to be loyically impossible: as A
that is not A. So Berkeley maintains that a thing not
thought of is logically Impossible. If the principles of
mathematics would have to be changed to make the ob-
ject real, It is mathematically impossible: thus, it Is mathe-
matically impossible to turn a closed bag inside out; but
if space had four dimensions, this could be done. It Is
in this sense that imaginaries are sometimes termed im-
possible quantities. By modern mathematicians mathe-
matical impossibility Is generally regarded as a higher
grade of physical impossibility. If no change of special
facts without new laws of nature would suffice to realize
the object, it is said to be physically impossible: as a per-
petual motion. But In a second sense this phrase means
beyond the strength or physical resources of the agent,
no matter what efforts he might make : thus, it is physi-
cally Impossible for the Portuguese to overrun and con-
quer Africa. A supposed action utterly inconsistent with
the moral character of the agent is said to be morally im-
possible. This phrase is also used to mean 'extremely im-
probable ' : thus, for a pitched coin to turn up heads and
tails alternately for a hundred throws is morally Impos-
sible.

With men this Is impossible; but with God all things
are possible. Mat xix. 20.

It Is impossible that any man should feel for a fortress
on a remote frontier as he feeis for his own house.

Macaulay, History.

( if what contraries consists a man !

( if what impossible mixtures I vice and virtue.

Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, v. 1.

Consciousness itself is impossible apart from limit.

\'eitch, Introd. to Descartes's Method, p. civ.

2. In Jaw, in a stricter sense, prevented only
by the act of God or a public enemy. Whatever a
person binds himself by contract to do, If not absurd, is
not regarded as impossible in this sense, if it might be ac-
complished by human means, these obstacles only except-
ed ; and his practical inability is not deemed to render per-
formance impossible.

3. Excessively odd ; not to have been imagined ;
such as would not have been thought possible :
as, she is a most impossible person; no wears
an impossible hat. [An affected French use.]

Is there a cupola ship changed to a broadslder, or an un-
serviceable three-decker converted into an impossible frig-
ate, without costing the nation the charge of many Vice-
roys? Vlackicoods Mag., XCVI. 606.

Impossible quantity, in math., an imaginary quantity.
See imaginary. =8yn. impossible. Impracticable. Impos-
sible means that a thing cannot be effected or even sup-
posed to be effected, being theoretically as well as prac-
tically Incapable of accomplishment ; while impracticable
refers rather to a thing so hard to effect, by reason of diffi-
culties, that its accomplishment is beyond our power and
practically out of the question. Thus, It may be imprac-
ticable to extort money from a miser, but It is not impos-
sible; or the construction of a railway over a morass
may be impracticable, but not impossible If all considera-
tions of outlay are thrown aside. It has been said that
"nothing Is impossible, but many things are impracti-
cable."
Il.t H. An impossibility. Chaucer.

impossibly (im-pos'i-bli), adv. Not possibly.

impost (im'post ), n. [In def. 1, < OF. impost, F.
inipot, m. (= Pg. imposto. m., It. imposta, t.),
< ML. impostux, m., iniposita, f., a tax imposed;
in def. 2, < F. itii/mste = Sp. Pg. It. imposta, t.,
an impost in arch. ; < L. impositus, inposittig,
pp. of imponere, inponere, lay upon, impose : see
i in/Mine, impose.] 1. That which is imposed or
levied; a tax, tribute, or duty; particularly, a
duty or tax laid by government on goods im-
ported ; a customs-duty. To prevent interference
with national commerce by the separate States, the Con-
stitution of the United States (art. I. § 10) provides that
" no state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what
may he absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid
by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of
the treasury of the United States.'

impost

Slacken the reans of our late Servitude :
Lighten our gall d backs of those Burthens rude,
Those heauy Imposts of thy father.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas s Weeks, 11., The Schisme.
Tithes were hated as an unequal and oppressive impost
falling upon a people who were already sunk in the lowest
depths of poverty, and religious feeling had little or no-
thing to say to the antipathy.

Leelcy, Eng. in 18th Cent., xvi.

2. In arch., the point where an arch rests on a
wall or column; also, the condition of such rest-
in g or meetin g. In classic architecture the impost is typ-
icallv marked by a horizontal member ; but in medieval
work many different forms
of imposts are used, and
such horizontal members
or moldings are frequently
absent. Imposts have been
classified as continuous im-
poxls (see phrase below);
discontinuous imposts,
where the arch-moldings

3016 impounder

q. v., as impostume of aposteme.^ I. a. Swollen ^^/^^i^J^Sm^ ."Tcalled'in the
with corrupt or purulent matter; affected with s™fcens to assist them in the expulsion of the Greeks,
an abscess. Sandys, Travailes, p. 83.

When the friend of Philotimus, the physician, came to impotable (im-po'ta-bl), a. [< LL. impotahilix.
him to be cured of a. sore finger, . . . he let his hnger *™£2!i'H2V, .vL ™iv + potaUUa. drinkable:

unfit for drinking.

alone, and told him

Continuous Impost

II. n. One who is affected with an impos-
tume; one who is swelled or bloated.
A Samian peer, more studious than the rest
Of vice, who teem'd with many a dead-born jest . . .
(Ctesippus nam'd), this lord Ulysses ey'd,
And thus burst out th' imposthmnnte with pride.

Pope, Odyssey, xx. 358.

impostumationt, imposthumationt (im-pos-
tu-ma'shon), H. [Corrupt forms of apostema-
ti'rni, q. v.] 1. The act of forming an abscess.
Bailey. — 2. An abscess; an impostume.

We do find his wound
So festered near the vitals, all our art,
By warm drinks, cannot clear th' impost/imitation.

Webster, Devil's Law-Case, iii. 2.

The impoHtlmmation is supposed to have proceeded,
not from his fall last year, but from a blow with a tennis-

Distilled water is made impotable and unhealthy by any
traces of that [hydrochloric] acid.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 532.

impotence (im'po-tens), n. [< ME. impotence,

< OF. (also F.) Impotence = Pr. inpotencia =
Sp. Pg. impotcncia = It. impotenzia, impotenza,

< L. impoteiitia, inpotentia, powerlessness, in-
ability, ungovernableness, < impolen(t-)s, inpo-
ten(t-)s, powerless, impotent: see impotent.]
1 . The condition or quality of being impotent ;
want of power or vigor, physical, intellectual,
or moral; weakness; feebleness; inability; de-
fect of power, more especially adventitious
power, to perform anything.

0 impotence of mind, in body strong !

Milton, S. A., 1. 52.

In their complete military impotence, the Popes looked
abroad for some foreign succour, and they naturally turned
to the Franks, whose martial tastes and triumphs were
universally renowned. Lecky, European Morals, II. 283.

3.

Shafted lint

abut and are stopped on the pier ; shafted impost*, where
the arch-moldings spring from a capital and are different
from those of the pier; and ttaiuled imposts, where the
pier and arch have the same moldings.
3. In sporting slang, a weight placed upon a
horse in a handicap race. Kri/c's Guide to tlie
Turf. — Continuous impost, in arch., the continuation
of the arch-moldings down the pillar that supports the
arch, without any member to mark the impost-point — that
is, the point at which arch and pillar meet. See interpene-
tration, 2. =Syn. 1. Duty, Assessment, etc. See tax, n.

imposter (im-pos'ter), n. See impostor.

imposteroust, a. See imposturous.

imposthumatet, imposthumationt, etc. See
impostumate, etc.

impostor (im-pos'tor), n. [Also imposter; <
F. imposteur = Sp. Pg. impostor = It. impos-
tore, < LL. impostor, inpostor, a deceiver, coutr.
of L. impositor, inpositor, one who imposes (used
only of one who imposes or applies a name), <
imponere, inponere, pp. impositus, inpositus, lay
on, impose: see impone, impose.] One who im-
poses on others ; a person who practises decep-
tion, usually under a false guise or an assumed
character.

Witches and old women and impostors have had a com-
petition with physicians.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 190.

impostorioust (im-pos-to'ri-us), a. [< impostor
+ -ious; cf. impostorovs, prop, imposturous.]
Same as imposturous.

I was formerly acquainted with the imvofitorious mums
of Loudune in France, which made such noise amongst
the Papists. Evelyn, Diary, Aug. 5, 1670.

impostoroust, a. See imposturous.
impostorship (im-pos'tor-ship), n. [Also im-

postership; ' impostor + -ship.] The character

or practices of an impostor.

Inclining rather to make this phantasm an expounder,
or indeed a depraver of Saint Paul, than Saint Paul an ex-
aminer and discoverer of this impostership.

Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.

impostress (im-pos'tres), ». [< OF. imposte-
resse; as impost(o)r + -ess.'] A female impos-
tor. Bacon.

impostrix (im-pos'triks), n. [< ML. impostrix,
f em. of L. impostor, an impostor : see impostor.]
Same as impostress. Fuller.

impostroust (im-pos'trus), a. Same as impos-
turous.

impostumatet, imposthumatet (im-pos'tu-
mat), v. [Corrupt forms of apostemate, as im-
postume, imposthume of aposteme, apostem: see
apostemate, impostume."] I, trans. To affect
with an impostume or abscess ; make swollen
or bloated.

lie [Lord Rutland) . . . fell a casting and vomiting up

divers little imposthumated Bladders of congealed Blood.

Ilowell, Letters, I. v. 32.

II. intrans. To form an abscess; gather;
collect pus in a cyst or cavity; hence, to draw
to a head, as an abscess.

That high food of spiritual pride and confidence . . .
will be sure to impostumate in the soul.

Bamtniind, Winks, IV. 674.

impostumatet, imposthumatet (im-pos'tu-
mat), a. and •». [Corrupt forms of apostemate,

ball. Walpole, Letters, II. 2-17.

impostumet, imposthumet (im-pos'tum), n.
[C OF. empostume, a corrupt form of apostume,
and that of aposteme, an abscess : see apostem,

aposteme, of which impostume is thus merely a 2. Complete failure of sexual power in the male;
corrupt form.] A collection of pus or purulent also, rarely, such weakness in the i male.—
matter in any part of an animal body ; an ab-
scess.

And such impoethumes as Phantaste is

Grow in our palace? We must lance these sores.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.
I have learned nothing but that the Prince of Orange

died of an impusthunie in his head.

Walpole, Letters, II. 271.

impostumet, imposthumet (im-pos'tum), «.
impostume, n.] Same as impostumate.

Want of self -restraining power; ungovernable

passion.

The being your sister would anew inflame me
With much more impotence to dote upon her.

Fletcher and Massinger, A Very Woman, ii. 1.

Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire,
Belike through impotence, or unaware?

Milton, P. L.( ii. 156.

[< impotency (im'po-ten-si), «. Same as impo-
tence.

How can an impoMmned heart but yield forth evil impotent (im'po-tent), a. and ». [< ME. im-
atter by his mouth? Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii. potent, < OF. (also F.) impotent = Pr. inpotens

imposturaget (im-pos'tu-raj), ». [< imposture = Sp. Pg. It. impotente, < L. impoten(t-)s, in-
+ -aye.] Imposition. "" poten(t-)s, powerless, weak, feeble, without

Many other practices of human art and invention, which self-control, ungovernable, < in- priv. + po-
help crookedness, lameness, dimness of sight, &c., no man ten(t-)s, powerful: see potent.] 1. a. 1. JNot
is so foolish as to impute to the devil's invention, or to potent ; lacking power, strength, or vigor, phys-
count them any hurtful imposturage. ical, intellectual, or moral ; powerless ; weak ;

feeble.

There sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent in his feet,
. . . who never had walked. Acts xiv. 8.

Bishops then grow to be most vigorous and potent,
when Princes happ'n to be most weak and impotent.

Milton, Eikonoklastes, xvii.

Weak to protect, or impotent to wound.

Crabbe, Works, I. 200.

2 Wholly lacking in sexual power: said of
"john"n Irene the male, and rarely of the female.— 3. Lack-
mot answer i^S tne power of self-restraint; destitute of

self-command; ungovernable.

imposture (im-pos'tur), ». [= F. imposture =
Sp. Pg. It. impostur'a, < LL. impostura, inpos-
tura, deceit, < L. imponere, inponere, pp. imposi-
tus, inpositm, impose upon, deceive: see impone,
impose.] 1 . The act or conduct of an impostor ;
deception practised, usually under a false or
assumed character ; fraud or imposition.

Form new legends,
And fill the world with follies and impostures.

Tis more than strange ; my reason cannot
Such argument of line imposture.

Fora, Perkin Warbeck, ii. 3.

2f. An imposing or putting; imposition, or an
imposition ; that which is imposed or laid on.

At midday he stayed a while, to see the passage of a ty-
rannicall and treacherous imposture.

Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 27.
=Syn. 1. Trick, cheat.

imposturedt (im-pos'turd), a. [< imposture +
-erf2.] Having the nature of imposture ; deceit-
ful. [Rare.]

What have vile I to do with noble Day

Which shews Earth Heav'ns bright face? that face

which I
Want only scorn'd, and cast my love away

Vpon imposturd lust's "

O sacred hunger of ambitious mindes,
And impotent desire of men to raine !

Spenser, F. Q., V. xli. 1.

An impotent lover

Of women for a flash, but, his fires quenched,
Hating as deadly.

Massinger, Unnatural Combat, iii. 2.

II. ». 1. One who is feeble, infirm, or lan-
guishing under disease.

Your task shall be,

With all the fierce endeavour of your witj
To enforce the pained impotent to smile.

Shak., L. L L., v. 2.

2. A male without sexual power.
impotently (im'po-tent-li), adv. 1. In an im-
potent manner; without strength or force. — 2.
Without self-restraint ; beyond power of con-
trol.

imposturioust, «• [( imposture + -ious.] Same
as imposturous.

Yet there are some imposturious companions that im-
pute so much devinitie to the devell . . . that they at-
tribute unto him the truth of the knowledge of Things.

Hystorie of HamMet (1008), iv. impound (im-pound'), v. t. [Formerly also

imposturous (im-pos'tu-rus), a. [Also va- cmpound; <«»-!+ pound?.] 1. To put, shut,
riously impostimous, impostorotts, imposteroits.

He loves her most impotently.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 576.

impostrous, impostorious, the last forms being
associated with impostor, imposter; but prop.
imposturous, < imposture + -ous.] Having the
character of an impostor or of imposture ; de-
ceitful.

Thou takest upon thee the habit of a grave physician,
but art indeed an iinpostorous empiric.

Ford, Lover's Melancholy, i. 2.

[He] protested against him and Mr. Humfrey, that they
were a couple of impvsteruus knaves.

Wiiithrop, Hist. New England, II. 234.

Yet even his [Plato's] evidence . . . will not be found
to justify the charges of corrupt and immoral teaching,
imjiostrous pretence of knowledpi, \ c. , w Im-h the modern

or confine in or as in a pound or close pen ;
restrain within bounds; confine: as, toimpomitl
stray horses, cattle, etc.

She hath herself not only well defended,
But taken and impounded as a stray
The king of Scots. .S/mfr., Hen. V., i. 2.

The things distreined must in the first place be carried
to some pound, and there impounded by the taker.

Blackstone, Com., III. i.

2. To take and retain possession of, as a forged
document, produced as evidence in a trial and
directed to be held in custody of the law, in
order that a prosecution may be instituted in
respect of it.
impoundage (im-ponn'daj), n. [< impound +

historians pour forth in loud chorus against them.

Orote, Hist, Greece, ii. 67. -a'je.] The act of impounding, a~s stray cattle
imposturyt (im-pos'tu-ri), n. [< imposture + impounder (im-poun'der), n. One who im

-i/*.] Same as imposture.

pounds.

impoverish

impoverish (im-pov'(-r-ish), v. t. [Formerly
eiH/iiirei-ixli, eiuporisk (cf. fin/Hirer, ni/i>»i>r); <
OF. em/iorriftx-, eii/mri ri.tx-, stem of certain parts
of t'lii/Mirrir, i-iipon rir (0(|iiiv. to a/i/inrrir, F. ap-
;i«HiTiY) = Sp. I 'K. oii/iol/rerer = It. iuipnrrrire,
make poor, < L. «'«, in, + pauper, poor: see
IHHH; /Mii-erlii.] 1. To make poor; reduce to
poverty or indigrncf.

It is no constant rule tliat trade makes riches ; for there
may be trade that iinp»n-rixli<'n a nation.

*>!• W. Temple, I'nited Province*, vl.

2. To make poor in quality or character; re-
in vigor, capacity, productiveness, etc.;
to deteriorate.

Nothing can more certainly tend to impoverish all that
i« most beautiful in human thought and lifethan a gener-
ally accepted belief that man is essentially a beast Tu ori-
gin and nature.

St. Gf. Mirart, Nature and Thought, p. 174.

impoverisher (im-pov'er-ish-er), n. One who
or that which impoverishes.

impoverishlyt (im-pov'er-ish-li), ailf. So as to
impoverish. Imp. Diet.

impoverishment (im-pov'er-ish-ment), n. [<
OF. t'ii<i»ii'< / -ixxement; as impoverish + -merit."]
The act of impoverishing, or the state of being
impoverished; a reducing to indigence; reduc-
tion of vigor, capacity, fertility, etc. ; deteriora-
tion.

Latterly, from the impoverishment of the higher classes
in this country [Egypt[, the demand for white slaves has
been small. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 234.

impowert (im-pou'er), •('. t. An obsolete form
of cnipincer.

impracticability (im-prak'ti-ka-bil'i-ti), n. [<
impracticable : see -bility.} 1. The character
of being impracticable.

There would be a great waste of time and trouble, and
an inconvenience often amounting to impracticability, if
consumers could only obtain the articles they want by
treating directly witli the producers. J. S. Hill.

2. Untractableness ; stubbornness.
impracticable (im-prak'ti-ka-bl), a. and «. [=
F. impratiriihle, = Sp. impracticable = Pg. im-
/imticavel = It. impraticabile; as in-8 + practi-
cable.] I. a. 1. Incapable of accomplishment ;
not to be practised, performed, carried out, or
effected by the means at command.

Every scheme of public utility was rendered impracti-
cable by their [the barons') continual petty wars with each
other. Hie tie, tr. of Camoens's Lusiad, Int.

2. Incapable of being used; unfit for the pur-
pose intended or desired; unserviceable; un-
available ; of persons, unmanageable ; untract-
able.

The fiction of a material finite universe, moving forward
in an infinite empty space, cannot bo admitted. It Is al-
together unreasonable and impracticable.

Clarice, Leibnitz, Fifth Paper.

A poor imprtict icable creature ! I tried once or twice to
know if he was fit for business; but he had scarce talent
to be groom-porter to an orange-barrow.

Qolitxmith, Good-natured Man, ii.

= 8yn. 1. Impossible, Impracticable. See impoxgible. — 1
and 2. Impracticable, Unpractical. The meanings of the
two words approach each other at two points, but still
are clearly distinct : (1) Of a thing: impracticable, not pos-
sible to be done without expense or sacrifice greater than
is advisable ; unpractical, not dictated by or in harmony
with the leasons of experience in actual work : as, an tm-
practiral plan. (2) Of a person : impractical, not easily
niimaged ; unpractical, not showing that sort of wisdom
which is the result of experience in affairs.

II. ti. One who is unmanageable, unreason-
able, or stubborn.

A body of men chosen without solicitation of their own
. . . would scorn such work, but the lawyer regards them
generally as ... impracticable*.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXII. 762.

impracticableness (im-prak'ti-ka-bl-nes), n.

Tuc rh;iiarti T of being impracticable.

The greatest difficulty in these sieges was from the im-
^MNnMMMH of the ground.

Up. Bumet, Hist. Own Times.

And indeed I do not know a greater mark of an able
minister than that of rightly adapting the several facul-
ties of men : nor is any thing more to be lamented than the
ImtjpraMeatltntu < f doing this in any great degree under
our present circumstances. Sirift, Present State of Affairs.

impracticably (ira-prak'ti-ka-bli), adv. In an

imprarticMble manner.

Morality not imiinieticablti rigid. Johnson.

impractical (im-prak'ti-kal), a. [< i«-» +

l>rui-ti<'<il.} Unpractical. [Rare.]

A man who had never got ahead in the world, and who
nerer tried to; a many-sided indefinite sort of man; a man
who had proved himself in all the active concerns of life
a visionary ami inifrticticaf fellou . lliirper't May.

imprecate (im'pre-kat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. im-
precated, ppr. iiii/irn-atinii. [< I,. iHiprci-iihi.t,
iiipreeatiix, pp. of i >n /»•( citri, iiii'reettri (> It. im-
prreare = Sp. Pg. imprecar), invoke (good or

3017

evil) upon, pray to, call upon, < in, upon, + pre-
cari, pray: see pray.} 1. To pray for; express
;i strong desire for; invoke: in a good sense.
[Rare.]

Beset as he has been on all sides, he could not refrain
[from writing |, and would only imprecate patience till he
shall again have "got the hang " (as he calls It) of an ac-
runiplishmeiit long disused.

Lowell, Blglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 6.

Specifically — 2. To call down by prayer, as
some evil upon an enemy, or in anger ; invoke
or express a malevolent desire for, as something
evil.

Thefalling sicknense Is usuall among the lewes, and they
use to imprecate it to each other in their anger, as they also
doe the plague. Purcha*, Pilgrimage, p. 216.

I on them
Did imprecate quick ruin, and it came.

Shelley, The Cencl, Iv. 1.

Curses always recoil on the head of him who imprecate*
them. Emerson, Compensation.

3. To invoke a curse or evil upon ; curse.
In vain we blast the Minister of Fate,
And the forlorn physicians imprecate.

Roctu'ster, Death of Mary, Princess of Orange.

imprecation (im-pre-ka'shon), n. [= F. i»w-
precation = Sp. imprecation = Pg. imprceacao
= It. imprccazione, < L. imprecatio(»-), inpreca-
tio(n-), an invoking (of evil), < imprecari, inpre-
cari, invoke upon : see imprecate?} The act of
imprecating or invoking evil ; a malediction ; a
prayer or expressed wisn that a curse or calam-
ity may befall some one.

This was done by a maner of imprecation, or as we call
it by cursing and banning of the parties, and wishing nil
euill to a light vpon them.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 40.
With imprecation! thus he flll'd the air,
And angry Neptune heard th' unrighteous prayer.

Pope, Odyssey, ix. 629.

= Syn. Curse, Execration, etc. See malediction.
imprecatory (im'pre-ka-to-ri), a. [= F. impre-
catoire = Sp. imprecatorio; as imprecate + -ory.}
Of the nature of or containing an imprecation ;
invoking evil or a curse ; maledictory: as, the
imprecatory passages in the Psalms.
imprecision (im-pre-sizh'on), H. [= F. impreci-
sion ; as t n-3 + precision.'] Want of precision
or exactness ; defect of accuracy. Imp. Diet.
impregnt (im-pren'), r. /. [< OF. empreigner,
impreigner, etc., F. impregncr = Sp. Pg. impreg-
nar = It. impregnarc, < LL. impra'gnare, inpra'g-
nare, impregnate : see impregnate.} To impreg-
nate. [Poetical.]

As Jupiter

On Juno smiles, when he impregnit the clouds
That shed May flowers. Milton, P. L., Iv. 600.

Xo wholesome scents impregn the western gale,
But noxious stench exhal'd by scorching heat.

Cooper, Hymn to Health.

impregnability (im-preg-na-bil'i-ti), ». [< im-
pregnable: see -bility.} The state of being im-
pregnable.

impregnable (im-preg'na-bl), rt. [Formerly
also impreignable (the g in this word, as also in
the simple form pregnable, being erroneously
inserted, as in foreign, sovereign, and of course
orig. not pronounced) ; < OF. imprenable, F. im-
prenable (= Pr. emprenable, imprenable), that
cannot be taken, < in- priv. + prenablc, that
may be taken: see pregnable.} 1. Not preg-
nable; not to be taken or reduced by force:
as, an impregnable fortress.

A castle, seated upon the top of a rock, impregnable.

Sir P. Sidney.

With him were the horse of Rir Arthur Haslerigge, so
well armed t hut (if of proof as well within as without) each
souldier seemed an impregnable fortification.

Fuller, Worthies, Wiltshire.

2. Not to be moved, shaken, or overcome ; in-
vincible: as, impregnable virtue.

A just man is impregnable, and not to be overcome.

Burton, Anal, of -Mel., p. 863.

Pearls and golden Bullets may do much upon the >'m-
pregnableet Beauty that is. JJoirell, Letters, ii 4.

impregnableness (im-preg'na-bl-nes), H. Im-
pregnabilitv. Bailey, 17l'7.

impregnably (im-preg'na-bli), atlr. In an im-
pregnable manner ; in a manner to defy attack.

impregnantt (im-preg'nant), a. and n. [< LL.
i m/ini'i/iia n(t-)x. ppr. of impraignare, impregna t < :
see impregnate.} I. a. Impregnating; making
pregnant. In the quotation, used erroneously
for impregnate, a.

Nor was It [chaos] yet impreirnant by the voice of God.
*Vr T. Broifne, Religio Medici.

II. H. That which impregnates. [Rare.]

It [interest] is the pole to which we turn, and our sym-
pathizingjudgementsseldom decline from the din . i i, ,n , 4
this impreynant. Glanvillc, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xiv.

impresario

impregnate (im-preg'nat), v. ; pret. and pp. im-

/ii'ii/nii/eil, ppr. im/ii'fgiiiiting. [< LL. im)>ra!g-

Hillil.i, lip. ill' iiii/iriigiiiiri; iiiju-ni/iiili-e (> It. 11/1-
//;•«/"'"'' = Sp. Pg. iiHpn<i>iiir = F. iin/iri':gner,
> E. impregn, q. v.), make pregnant, < L. in,
in, + iiririjiiini(l-)fs, pregnant,: see pregnant.]

1. trans. 1. To make pregnant, as a female;
cause to conceive ; get with young; fertilize. —

2. To transmit or infuse an active principle
into; fecundate; fertilize; imbue.

The winds that blow from . . . the western desert are
'//,/" 'nutted with death in every gale.

Ooldtmith, Citizen of the World, Ixte.

3. To infuse into, as particles of another sub-
stance ; communicate the qualities of another
substance to, as (in pharmacy) by mixture, di-
gestion, etc.; saturate.

The air of this place [Vesuvius) must be very much im-
prtynated with saltpetre.

Aitilimiii, Remarks on Italy (ed. Bohn), I. 439.
Impregnating-tube. In certain forms of fungi the an-
therid arises by the side of the obsphere, either as a branch
from it or terminal from a hypha near it, and is applied
closely to its wail, through which it sends a delicate tube,
the impregnatin'j'tube. Through this tube the gono-

Elasm enters the oosphere, and the act of impregnation
i accomplished.

II. intrants. To become impregnated or preg-
nant. [Rare.]

Were they, like Spanish Jennets, to impregnate by the
winds, they could not have thought on a more proper In-
vention. Addi»on, Spectator, No. 127.

impregnate (im-preg'nat), a. [< impregnate,
r.} Rendered prolific or fruitful ; impregnated.
(In the second extract impregnate is used by mistake in
the sense of impregnable.]

There Juno stopp'd, and (her fair steeds unloos d)
Of air condens'a a vapour circumf us'd :
For these, impregnate with celestial dew,
On 8imois' brink ambrosial herbage grew.

Pope, Iliad, v. 96a

Bring me the caitiff here before my face,
Tim made impregnate as Achilles was.

DUrJey, Two Queens of Brentford, U.

impregnation (im-preg-na'shon), M. [= F. I'TO-
pregiialion = Pr. impregiiacio, enprcgnacio = Sp.
impregnacion = Pg. impregna^So = It. impreg-
nazione, < ML. inipra'gnatio(n-), < LL. imprceg-
nare, inpragnare, impregnate: see impregnate.}

1. The act of impregnating, or the state of be-
ing impregnated ; fertilization; fecundation.

Impregnation is the physical admixture of protoplasmic
matter derived from two sources, which may be either dif-
ferent parts of the same organism, or different organisms.
Huxley, Anat. Invert, p. 32.

2. Intimate mixture of parts or particles; infu-
sion; saturation. — 3. ThatwitUwhichanything
is impregnated.

What could Implant in the body such peculiar impreg-
nations f Derham, Physico- Theology.

4. In geol., an irregular form of mineral depos-
it, not a true vein, but having some of the char-
acters of one. See segregation, segregated rein
(under rein), and carbona.

impregnatory (im-preg'na-to-ri), a. [< impreg-
nate + -ory.} Relating to or connected with
impregnation; impregnating.

According to Berkley, " the spermatozoids vary a little
in shape. Derbes and Holier figure many of them with a
delicate appendage. . . . There can, however, be little
doubt that they are truly impreunatory organs."

/.'. Kentley, Botany, p. 883.

imprejudicate (im-pre-jo"di-kat), a. [< in-3 +
prejudicatc.} Not prejudged; unprejudiced;
not prepossessed ; impartial.

The solid reason of one man is as sufficient as the clam-
our of a whole nation, and with impremdicated apprehen-
sions begets as firm a belief as the authority or aggregated
testimony of many hundreds.

Sir T. Brovne, Vulg. Err., L 7.

imprenablet (im-pre'na-bl), a. An obsolete

variant of impregnable.
impreparation (im-prep-a-ra'shon), «. [< «n-3

+ preparation.} Lack oif preparation ; unpre-

paredness; unreadiness.
Which impreparation and unreadiness when they find

in us, they turn It to the soothing up of themselves In that

cursed fancy. Haulier, Eccles. Polity, v. i

impresa (im-pra'sS), n. [It.: see imprese, i»i-
/>re.ss3, and enwrixe.} A device : an Italian term
often used in English, especially of such devices
as were peculiarly personal in their character.
See derice, 7, and impnxxi, »., 2. Also i'm;

My impreta to your Lordship, a swan flying to a laurel
for shelter ; the mot, amor est mihi causa.

Webtter, Monumental Column (endX

impresario (im-pre-sa'ri-o), H. [It. impresario,
undertaker, stage-manager, < impresa, enter-
prise, = E. emprise: see emprise.} A manager,
agent, or conductor of a troupe of operatic
or concert singers; also, rarely, a teacher or
trainer of such singers.

imprescribable

imprescribable (im-pre-skri'ba-bl), a. [< in-3
+ prescribable.'] Same as imprescriptible.

The ownership of land was by the law of the islands
[Orkney] reserved to the descendants of the original oc-
cupant, by an inalienable and imprescribable entail.

Westminster Rev., CXXVIII. 688.

imprescriptibility (im-pre-skrip-ti-bil'i-ti), n.
[= F. imprescriptibttM = Pg. imprescriptiU-
lidade; as imprescriptible + -ity : see -bility.]
The character of being imprescriptible.

The Pontifical letters of Gregory XIII., In 1580, by which
the rights and dues belonging to the State were recalled
to vigour, and their imprescriptibility established.

Ure, Diet., IV. 859.

imprescriptible (im-pre-skrip'ti-bl), a. [= F.
imprescriptible =r Sp. imprescriptible = Pg. im-
prescriptivel = It. imprescrittibile ; as in-3 +
prescriptible.'] Not founded on prescription;
existing independently of law or convention;
not justly to be violated or taken away. Also
imprescribable.

Brady went back to the primary sources of our history,
and endeavoured to show that Magna Charta, as well as
every other constitutional law, were but rebellious en-
croachments on the ancient uncontrollable imprescripti-
ble prerogatives of the monarchy. BaUam.
The award of the tribunal of posterity is a severe deci-
sion, but an imprescriptible law.

/. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 254.

imprescriptibly (im-pre-skrip'ti-bli), adv. In
an imprescriptible manner.

impreset, impress3! (im-pres', im-pres'), n.
[Early mod. E. also imprcsse; < OF. imprese (=
Sp. empresa, emprise = It. impresa), a mark,
badge, as of a knight undertaking an enter-
prise, a particular use of emprise, an enterprise:
see emprise. Cf. impresa.} A badge, cogni-
zance, or device worn by a noble or his retain-
ers ; an impresa.

The beautiful motto which formed the modest imprest
of the shield worn by Charles Brandon at his marriage
with the king's sister. Lamb, Melancholy of Tailors.

His armour and attire of a sea colour, his impress a flsh
called a sepia. Sic P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.

Irablazon'd shields,
Impresses quaint, caparisons and steeds.

Milton, P. L., ix. 35.

impress1 (im-pres'), v. [<C ME. impressen, en-
precen, < OF. empresser, impresser, < L. impresses,
inpressus, pp. of imprimere, inprimere (> It. im-
primere = Sp. Pg. imprimir = Pr. enpremar =
F. imprimer), press into or upon, stick, stamp,
or dig into, < in, in, upon, + premere, press : see
press*. Cf. imprint1.] I. trans. 1. To press
upon or against ; stamp in; mark by pressure ;
make an impression upon.

As easy mayst thou the intrenchant air

With thy keen sword impress as make me bleed.

Shak., Macbeth, v. 7.
He did impress
On the green moss his tremulous step.

Shelley, Alastor.

The cartonnage of Queen Ahmes Nofretari is impressed
in parts with a reticulated sexagonal pattern.

Harper's Mag., LXV. 192.

Hence — 2. To affect forcibly, as the mind or
some one of its faculties; produce a mental
effect upon : as, to impress the memory or ima-
gination ; the matter impressed him favorably.

Nothing impresses the traveller more, on visiting the
once imperial city, than the long lines of aqueducts that
are seen everywhere stretching across the now deserted
plain of the Campagna. J. Fergwson, Hist. Arch., I. 373.

3. To produce or fix by pressure, or as if by
pressure ; make an impression of ; imprint, lit-
erally or figuratively : as, to impress figures on
coins or plate ; to impress an image on the mem-
ory.

There is impressed, upon all things a triple desire or ap-
petite proceeding from love to themselves.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 273.
In proportion as an incident force impresses but little
motion on a mass, it is better able to impress motion on
parts of the mass in relation to each other.

B. Spencer, Prln. of Biol., § 9.

A self -sustained Intellectual might is impressed on every
page. Whipple, Essays, I. 177.

Hence — 4. To stamp deeply on the mind ; fix
by inculcation.

But nothing might relent her hasty flight,
So deepe the deadly feare of that foule swaine
Was earst impressed, in her gentle spright.

Spenser, V. Q., III. iv. 49.

We should . . . impress the motives of persuasion upon
our own hearts until we feel the force of them. Watts.

To keep man in the planet, she [Nature] impresses the
terror of death. Emerson, Old Age.

Impressed forces. See/orcel, 8 (a).

ll.t intrans. To be stamped or impressed; fix
itself.

3018

Swich feendly thoughtes in his hcrte impresse.

Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 60.

impress1 (im'pres), «. [< ME. "empresse, en-
presae, < LL. impressits, inpressus, a pressing
upon, < L. imprimere, pp. impressus, press upon:
see impress1, «.] 1. A mark or indentation made
by pressure ; the figure or image of anything
imparted by pressure, or as if by pressure;
stamp; impression; hence, any distinguishing
form or character.

Eaz'd out my impress, leaving me no sign,
Save men's opinions and my living blood.

Shak., Rich. II., Iii. 1.

They [angels] were the lieutenants of God, sent with the
impresses of his majesty.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), I. 899.

Every day our garments become more assimilated to
ourselves, receiving the impress of the wearer's character.
Tharcau, Walden, p. 25.

2f. Semblance; appearance.

This noble cite of ryche cnprexse
Watj sodanly ful with-outen sommoun
Of such vergynej.

Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), 1. 1096.

impress2 (im-pres'), v. t. [An alteration, in
simulation of impress'1, of imprest2 (as press2,
pret.prest2): see imprest2.] 1. To compel to
enter into public service, as seamen; take into
service by compulsion, as nurses during an epi-
demic.

About a year after, being impressed to go against the Pe-
quods, he gave ill speeches, for which the governour sent
warrant for him. Winthrop, Hist. New England, L 289.

2. To seize ; take for public use : as, to impress
provisions.

The second five thousand pounds impressed for the ser-
vice of the sick and wounded prisoners. Evelyn.

impress2 (im-pres'), »• [< impress2, ».] Im-
pressment.

Your ships are not well roann'd ;
Your mariners are mullters, reapers, people
Ingross'd by swift impress. Shak., A. and C., iii. 7.
They complain of these impresses and rates as an unsup-
portable grievance. Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 353.

impress3!, «• See imprese.
impressed (im-presf), p. a. In zool. and bot.:
(a) Lower than the general surface, and ap-
pearing as if stamped into it : as, an Impressed
line or dot. (b) Having one or more impres-
sions.

impress-gangt (im-pres 'gang), ». A press-
gang.

impressibility (im-pres-i-bil'i-ti), n. [< im-
pressible: see -bility.] The quality of being
impressible.

They [blue eyes] are sure signs of a tender impressibility
and sympathysing disposition.

Phitos. Letters on Physiognomy, p. 229.
Increased impressibility by an external stimulus re-
quires an increased peripheral expansion of the nervous
system on which the stimulus may fall.

B. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 295.

impressible (im-pres'i-bl), a. [= F. impressi-
ble = Pg. impressivel; as impress1 + -ible.] Ca-
pable of being impressed ; susceptible of re-
ceiving impression.

Without doubt an heightened and obstinate fancy hath
a great influence upon impressible spirits.

Glam-ille, Witchcraft, p. 86, § 7.

The Bushman is impressible by changes in the field of
view which do not impress the European.

B. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 80.

impressibleness (im-pres'i-bl-nes), n. Impres-
sibility.

impressibly (im-pres'i-bli), adv. In an im-
pressible manner.

impression (im-presh'on), n. [< ME. impres-
sioun, < OF. (also F.) impression = Pr. empres-
sio = Sp. impression = Pg. impressSo = It. im-
pressione, < L. impressio(n-), inpressio(n-), a
pressing into, impression, assault, < imprimere,
inprimere, pp. impressus, inpressus, press in or
into: see impress1.] 1. The act of impressing,
imprinting, or stamping, or the state of being
impressed or stamped.

And the divine impression of stol'n kisses,

That seal'd the rest, should now prove empty blisses?

Donne, Expostulation (ed. 1819).
2. That which is impressed, imprinted, or
stamped ; a mark made by or as if by pressure ;
a stamp ; an impress.

An unlick'd bear-whelp,
That carries no impression like the dam.

SA«i.,3Hen. VI., iii. 2.

Honours, like an impression upon coin, may give an ideal
and local value to a bit of base metal.

Sterne, Tristram Shandy, Bed. to a Great Man.
He took off an impression of the lock and key, and had
a key made. Mrs. Riddell, City and Suburb, p. 463.

Specifically — 3. In printing, a copy taken by
pressure from type, or from an engraved or

impressionability

stereotyped plate or block, or from an assem-
blage of them.

He can also print wonderful counterproofs from the
original impressions. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 335.

4. The aggregate of copies of a printed work
made at one time.

He did, upon my declaring my value of it, give me one
of Lilly's grammars of a very old impresman, as it was in
the Catholique times, at which I shall much set by.

Pepys, Diary, II. 216.

5. An image ; an appearance in the mind caused
by something external to it. [This is the ear-
liest philosophical use of the word, and is a
translation of the Peripatetic ri'Truovf.]

Hence our desires, feares, hopes, love, hate, and sorrow,
In fancy make us heare, feele, see impression*.

Lord Br/ivke, Human Learning (1633), st. 13.

However late in the evening I may arrive at a place, I
cannot go to bed without an impression.

B. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 75.

Turner's advice was to paint your "impressions," but
he meant by impressions something very different from
the impressions of the modern impressionists.

The Portfolio, No. 228, p. 232.

6. The first and immediate effect upon the
mind in outward or inward perception ; sensa-
tion: as, the impressions made on the sense of
touch. [This precise use of the word was intro-
duced by Hume.]

All perceptions of the human mind resolve themselves
into two distinct kinds, which I shall call impressions and
ideas. The difference betwixt these consists in the de-
grees of force and liveliness with which they strike upon
the mind, and make their way Into our thought or con-
sciousness. Those perceptions which enter with most
force and violence we may name impressions; and under
this name I comprehend all our sensations, passions, and
emotions, as they make their first appearance in the soul.
Hume, Human Nature, I. § 1.

A fresh condition of the brain is an important element
in the retention of impressions.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 231.

Mere impressions are isolated and unconnected. They
have no relation to each other, and hence no relation to
any object more permanent than themselves.

E. CairO,, Philos. of Kant, p. 199.

7. Effect, especially strong effect, produced on
the intellect, conscience, or feelings ; the sensi-
ble result of an influence exerted from without.

Sir, I have so many and so IndeUlble impressions of
your favour to me as they might serve to spread over all
my poor race. Donne, Letters, liii.

We speak of moral impressions, religious impressions,
impressions of sublimity and beauty.

Fleming, Vocab. of Philos.

He [Thoreau] was forever talking of getting away from
the world, but he must be always near enough to it ...
to feel the impression he makes there.

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 204.

8. A notion, remembrance, or belief, especial-
ly one that is somewhat indistinct or vague.

Whatever be the common impressions on the point,
there are singular facilities in England for the cultivation
of Roman law. Maine, Village Communities, p. 378.

My impression is that they are the buildings Fa Hian
describes as preaching halls — the chaitya or ceremonial
halls attached to the great dagobas.

J. Fergusson, Hist Indian Arch., p. 198.

9. That which is impressed ; a thing producing
a mental image.

The Pont du Card [at Nimes] is one of the three or four
deepest impressions they [the Romans] have left ; it speaks
of them in a manner with which they might have been
satisfied. H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 171.

10f. Impressing force or power.

Universal gravitation is above all mechanism, and pro-
ceeds from a divine energy and impression. Bentley.

11. In painting: (a) The first coat, or ground
color, laid on to receive the other colors. (6)
A single coat or stratum of color laid upon a
wall or wainscot of an apartment for orna-
ment, or upon timber to preserve it from moist-
ure, or upon metals to keep them from rusting.
— 12. In zob'L, an impressed or sunken dot,
short line, or small space on a surface.
The head has a lunate impression on each side. Say.

Action of the first Impression, an action which has
no known precedent; a case presented lor adjudication
which, being brought on a state of facts such as have not
previously given rise to actions, must be determined on
general principles. — Colic Impression, an impression on
the under surface of the liver, marking the hepatic flex-
ure of the colon —Confluent, digital, muscular, etc.,
Impressions. Seethe adjectives.— Renal impression,
an impression on the under surface of the liver, caused
by the right kidney.

impressionability (im-presh"pn-a-biri-ti), n.
[(impressionable: see -biUty.~\ The quality of
being impressionable ; susceptibility to impres-
sions ; great sensibility.

Our difference of wit appears to be only a difference of
tttijirfissionctbilitit, or power to appreciate faint, fainter,
and infinitely faintest voices and visions.

Emerson, Success.

Impressionable

impressionable (im-presh'on-a-bl), a. [= F.
(mprtttionnable i as IIH/H-CXSIOU + -tthlc,] Sus-
ceptible of impression; capable of receiving
impressions; emotional.

The only B|M rial i'mj>/vm<imiM; organs for the direction
of their actions. W. I!. Curii>-ntn; Micron., J 437.

Here was this iirinres* paying to him snch attentions
as must have driven u mure MHmMumoMf man out of his
senses. If. ISlack, Princess of Thiile, p. 3-.'.

The public Is like a child, as simple nnd as impi-eision-
abte. Nineteenth Century, XX. 420.

impressionableness (im-presh'on-a-bl-nes), »».
Impressionability. Imp. Hicf. [Bare.]

impressional (im-presh'gn-al), «. [< impression
+ -«/.] Relating or pertaining to impression;
conformable to or guided by impressions or im-
mediate or momentary effects on the mind: as,
the imprcssional school of art or of literature.

The resemblance, after all, could scarcely he called
physical, and 1 am loath to borrow the word impresswiuil
from the vocabulary of spirit mediums.

Josiah ttuincy, Figures of the Past, p. 279.

impressionalist (im-presh'on-al-ist), n. [< i/»-
+ -int.] Same as mprMtionw.

As there is no limit to the number of our impressions,
so there Is no end to the descriptive efforts of the tin-
pressiunalists. The Natiun, Sept. 14, 1870, p. 103.

impressionary (im-presh'on-a-ri), a. [< impres-
sion + -ary.~] Same as impressionistic. Art Jour-
nal, No. 53, p. 140.

impression-cup (im-presh'on-kup), n. A me-
tallic holder for the wax used to obtain an im-
pression of the teeth in making artificial teeth.
Also called impression-tray.

impressionism (iin-presl/on-izm), n. [< i»i-
pressiuii + -ism.] In art and lit., the doctrines
and methods of the impressionists ; the doctrine
that natural objects should be painted or de-
scribed as they first strike the eye in their im-
mediate and momentary effects — that is, with-
out selection, or artificial combination or elab-
oration.

That aim at tone and effect, and nothing more, which

is merely the rebound from photographic detail Into the

opposite extreme of fleeting and shadowy Impressionism.

F. T. Palgraee, Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 88.

Impressionism Implies, first of all, Impatience of de-
tail. The Century, XVIII. 482.

impressionist (im-presh'on-ist), «. [= P. im-
pressioniste ; as impression + -ist.] One who
yields to the influence of impressions, as in
descriptive writing; specifically, a painter who
aims to reproduce his immediate and momen-
tary impressions of natural objects; one who
attempts to render only the larger facts of
mass, color, and effect, without regard to ex-
actness of form or completeness of detail and
finish.

8ome artists say, "We do not paint truth of fact, but
truth of impression." . . . The modern French sect of
Impressionists have tried ... to carry the theory out In
practice. P. G. llaiuerton, Graphic Arts, p. 80.

impressionistic (iin-presh-on-is'tik), a. [< im-
l>ri'Kxi(>iiint + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the im-
pressionists ; characterized by impressionism.

We have frequently found English critics speaking of
any French work not belonging to the classical school as
impressionistic. Saturday 7fc»., No. 1474.

impressionless (im-presh'on-les), a. [< im-
/irrxsitii/ + -less.] Without impression or ef-
fect; unimpressible.

impression-tray (im-presh'on-tra), w. Same as

impressive (im-pres'iv), a. [= Pg. It. impres-
xirii; as (MftraM* + -ire.] 1. Making or tend-
ing to make an impression ; having the power
of affecting or of exciting attention and feel-
ing; adapted to touch the feelings or the con-
science: as, an impressive discourse; an im-
cene.

The faint sound of music and merriment . . . but ren-
dcivd nititv I'm/uviM/M the monumental silence of the pile
which overshadowed me. Irrinff, Alhambra, p. 84.

Few scenes of architectural grandeur are more im-
pressiiv than the now ruined Palace of the Caesars.

J. Fergussan, Hist. Arch., I. 364.

2. Capable of being impressed; susceptible;

impressible. [Rare.]
A soft and iuipmsiee fancy.

J. Spencer, Prodigies, p. 75.

= Syn. 1. Moving, stirring, affecting, touching, powerful.
impressively (im-pres'iv-li), adv. In an im-

pressive manner: forcibly.
impressiveness ( im-pres'iv-nes), n. The char-

acter or quality of being impressive.
impressment (im-pres'ment), H. [< impress^ +

-mi nt.] The act of impressing; the act of seiz-

ing for public use. or of compelling to enter

the public service; compulsion to serve: as,

3019

the impressment of provisions, or of sailors or

nurses.

In modern times, princes raise their soldiers by con-
scription, their sailors by impressment.

Everett, Orations, 1. 124.

impressor (im-pres'or), n. [= OF. emprcxxni;
nit/ii'i'sHi in', < ML. impressor, one who presses
upon or prints, NL. a printer, typographer, < L.
ini/ii'imere, pp. impresieus, press: see impress^-.]
One who or that which impresses.

It Is the first rule that whatever is not offered to the
memory upon very easy terms is not duly tendered. For
fancy is the receiver and impressor.

Boyle, Works, VI. 333.

impressuret (im-presh'ur), n. [< impress1 +
-are.] A mark made by pressure; indenta-
tion; impression; stamp; dent.

I knew not what fair imprrssure [in old editions impre*-
tier] I received at first ; but I began to art ect your society
very speedily. Middleton, Michaelmas Term, 11. 1.

The impresture her Lucrece, with which she uses to
seal. Skat., T. N., ii. 5.

imprest1 (im-presf). A former and still occa-
sional spelling of impressed, preterit and past
participle of impress*.

imprest12 (im-presf), r. t. [< «'»-2 + presft.
Hence impress2.] To advance on loan. [Eng.]

Nearly £90,000 was set under the suspicious head of se-
cret service, imprested to Mr. Guy, secretary of the trea-
sury. Hallam.

imprest3 (im'prest), n. [< imprest2, v.] A form
of loan; money advanced. See the extract.
[Bug.]

Moreover, sometimes the King's money was issued by
Way of Prest, or Imprest de pnestito, either out of the
Receipt of Exchequer, the Wardrobe, or some other of the
King's Treasuries. Imprest seems to have been of the
Nature of a concredltum, or accommodatum. And when
a man had money imprest t-d to him, he immediately be-
came accountable to the C'rown for the same.

Ma JUT, quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser.. I. 253.
Imprest accountant. See the extract

An "Imprest" means an advance of public money, to
enable the person to whom it may be made to carry on
some public service ; and the person to whom the advance
is made is called the imprest accountant.

Ure, Diet, II. 888.

Imprest money, money paid on enlisting soldiers ; also,
money advanced by the crown for the purpose of being
employed for its use. [Eng.]— Imprest office, a depart-
ment of the admiralty which provides for loans or ad-
vances to paymasters and other officers. [Eng.]

impreyalence, imprevalency (im-prev'a-lens,
-len-si), n. [< in-3 + prevalence, -cy.] In-
capability of prevailing; want of prevalence.
[Rare.]

That nothing can separate God's elect from his ever-
lasting love, he proves it by Induction of the most power-
ful agents, and triumphs in the impotence and impreut-
Unce of them all. /.';•. Hall, Remains, p. 270.

impreventability (im-pre-ven-ta-bil'j-ti), n. [<
impref eatable: aee-bility.] The state or quality
of being impreveutable. Imp. Diet.

impreventable (im-pre-ven'ta-bl), a. [< in-3
+ preventable.] Not preventable; incapable of
being prevented ; inevitable. Imp. Diet.

imprevisibility (im-pre-viz-i-bif'i-ti), n. [<
imprevisible : see-bility.] The quality of being
imprevisible or unforeseeable.
The notion of impressibility. Mind, XII. 622.

imprevisible (im-pre-viz'i-bl), a., [< in-3 +
previsible.] That cannot be foreseen.

It must be allowed that the whole conception of which
these strictly imprecisible acts form part can not be sci-
entifically disproved. T. Whittaker, Mind, XIIL 119.

imprevision (im-pre-vizh'on), n. [= F. imprt-
rision = Pg. imprefisSo; as «»-3 + prevision.]
Lack of foresight ; carelessness with regard to
the future ; improvidence.

The whole realm of beggary and imprevition will make
a hitch forward. The Century, XXVI. 826.

imprimatur (im-pri-ma'ter). [L. (NL.), 3d
pers. sing. pres. subj. pass, of imprimere, press
upon, NL. print: see impress1, print.] 1. Let
it be printed: a formula signed by an official
licenser of the press and attached to the mat-
ter so authorized to be printed. — 2. n. A li-
cense to print, granted by the licenser of the
press; hence, a license in general.

As if the learned grammatical pen that wrote it would
cast no ink without Latin ; or perhaps, as they thought,
because no vulgar tongue was worthy to express the pure
conceit of an imprimatur. Milton, Areopagitica.

As if a lettered dunce had said " 'TIs right,"

And imprimatur ushered it to light.

Young, Satires, vii.

imprimet, ». *'. [< «»-2 + prime.] To unhar-
bor the hart, ffalliwell.

imprimeryt (im-prim'er-i), n. [< F. imprimeric,
printing, a printing-office or printing-house, <
imprinter, print, press: see imprint, impress1.]

imprison

1. The art of printing. E. I'liUti/m, 1700. — 2.
A printing-house.

You have those conveniences for a great imprimerit
which other universities cannot boast of.

Lord Arlington, To Oxford University.

3. A print ; an impression. E, 1'hilUps, 1706.

imprimingt, ». [< L. in, in, + immus, first, +

K.-inyl. Of. imprimis.] First act ion or motion.

And these were both their springlngs and imprimingi,
u I may call them. Sir II. n'uttvn, KellquUe, p. 164.

imprimis (im-pri'mis), adv. [L., also <iuprimis,
and prop, as two words, »'« priuiix, lit. in the
first, among the first things: in. in; primis, abl.
neut. pi. of primus, first: see prime.] In the
first place; first in order: a word introducing
a series of specified particulars, as in the be-
ginning of a will.

In-primit, Grand, you owe me for a Jest

I lent you, on meere acquaintance, at a feast.

/;. Jonson, Epigrams, Ixxiil.

imprint (im'priiit), n. [Formerly emprint, <
OF. empreinte (F. empreinte = Pr. emprenta =
Sp. It. imprenta), impression, stamp, mark, <
empreint, pp. of emprtindrc, F. empreindre = Pr.
enpremar = Sp. Pg. imprimir = It. imprimere,
impress, imprint, < L. imprimere, inprimere,
press upon, impress, NL. print: see impress1, Knd
cf . prin t.] 1 . An impression made by printing
or stamping; hence, any impression or im-
pressed effect.

Though a hundred and fifty years have elapsed since

their supremacy began to wane, the imprint of their
hands Is everywhere discernible.

-; BUt. Civilization, II T.

2. The publisher's name, place, and date (if
given) in a book or other publication, on the
title-page or elsewhere (originally often at the
end of a book); also, the printers name and
address: called respectively the publisher's and
the printer's imprint.

liut Pedro Venegas de Saavedra was a Sevlllan gentle-
man, and Antonio hints that the imprint of the volume
may not show the true place of Its publication.

Ticlmor, Span. Lit, III. 29.

imprint (im-prinf), c. t. [Formerly also em-
print, enprint; < late ME. emprinten, enprinten;
< OF. empreinter, emprainter, stamp, engrave;
from the noun: see imprint, n. In E. the noun
is rather from the verb. Cf. impress1 and print,
t\] 1. To impress by printing or stamping;
mark by pressure; stamp: as, a character or
device imprinted on wax or metal.

They cut off the noses of men, and imprinted pictures
in the flesh of women, whom they ouercame.

1'urchas, Pilgrimage, p. 396.

2. To stamp, as letters and words on paper, by
means of inked types ; print.

Enprynted by Wylllam Caxton at Westraestre.

Cotoption of Caxton's Quatuor Sermonts.
Bowbeit, two feats they may thank us for. That is the
science of imprinting, and the craft of making paper.

Sir T. More, Utopia, Ii. 6.

The soul of roan being therefore at the first as a book,
wherein nothing is and yet all things may be imprinted;
we are to search by what steps and degrees it riseth unto
perfection of knowledge. Booker, Eccle*. Polity, L 6.

3. To impress, as on the mind or memory;
stamp.

[.Some] bane with long and often thinking theron im-

printed that feare so sore in theyr ymaginacion that some

of them haue not after cast it of without gruate dimcultie.

Sir T. More, Work*, p. 1197.

It seeming to me near a contradiction to say that there
are truths imprinted on the soul which it perceives or
understands not; imprinting, if it signify anything, being
nothing else than the making certain truths to be per-
ceived. Locke, Human Understanding, I. il. 5.

imprison (im-priz'n), r. t. [Formerly empris-
on; < ME. imprisonen, < OF. emprisonner (F. em-
prisonner = Pr. empreisonar = It. imprigionare),
imprison, < en- + prison, prison: see prison.]

1. To put into a prison; confine in a prison or
jail ; detain in custody.

The Kynge, foryetyng his royalle honeste, take this
Geff ray, and imprisoned Dim.

Rob. of Gloucester, p. 464, note.

When a debt is ordered to be paid by instalments, non-
payment of any instalment constitutes a default for which
the debtor may be imprisoned.

fortnightly Hec., N. 8.. XLHI. 338.

2. To confine, limit, or restrain in any way or
by any means.

Sad J£sculapius far apart
Empritond was In chaincs reniedileue.

Speneer, F. Q., I. T. 38.

They haue much gold, but hold it an high offence to im-
prison it, as some do with vs, in Cheats or Treasuries.

Purchai, Pilgrimage, p. 429.

Try to impritm the resistless wind. Dryden.

= Syn. 1. To incarcerate, immure.

imprisoner

imprisoner (im-priz'n-er), n.
ons another.

3020

Onp who imDris- Perceyuynge the improfytable weedes apperlng which
wyll annoy his corne or heroes.

Sir T. Elyot, The fiovernour, i. 23.

[< F. im-
Unprogres-

state of being imprisoned; confinement in or
as if in prison ; any forcible restraint within

bounds.

Imprisonment and poison did reveal
The worth of Socrates.

Cathedral cities in England, imperial cities without man-
ufactures iu Germany, are all in an improyressive condi-
tion. De Quincey.

improgressively (im-pro-gres'iv-li), adv. Un-
baniel. To H. Wriothesly. progressively. Hare. [Rare.]

All his sinews woxen weake and raw improlifict (im-pro-lif'ik), a. [< «(-3 + pro-

lific."] Uuprolific. Latham.
improlificatet (im-pro-lif 'i-kat), v. t. [< in-2 +
prolificate.'] To impregnate.
[This] may be a mean to improlificate the seed.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vli. 16.
ic purpose of giving redress.— Duress of mrnrominent (im-prom'i-nent), a. [< in-3 +

<,.,• ftiivaaa ValRP ITfTnTl^nn WIGHT ****!'* * T r ••-, ", * j. 1

t whi-h is without l™ ul atitlwritv prominent.] In zool., not prominent; less

prominent than usual ; but little raised above
the surface or advanced from a margin.

Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint,
Which lie endured in his late restraint.

Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 2.

Constructive imprisonment, such a restraint upon per-
sonal liberty, though without actual imprisonment within
walls, as the law may treat as equivalent to actual ini^
prisonment for th

=Syn. Incarceration, etc. (see captivity); custody, duress,
durance.

improbability (im-prob-a-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. imprompt (im-prompf), a. [< L. impromptus,

improbabilite = Sp. improbabilidad = Pg. im-
probabilidade = lt. improbabilitd ; < L. as if *«»i-
probabilita(t-)s, < improbabilis, inprobabilis, im-
probable : see improbable and -bility.] Want of
probability ; unlikelihood.

It is a meere improbability, yea and an impossibility,
that this should be the true Serpent.

inpromptus, not ready, < in- priv. + promptvs,
ready: see prompt.] Not ready; unprepared;
sudden. [Rare.]

Nothing, I think, in nature, can be supposed more terri-
ble than such a rencounter, so imprompt ! so ill-prepared
to stand the shock of it as Dr. Slop was.

impropriation

Good Friday are substituted for the usual mass
of the Roman ritual. They are sung according to the
revision of Palestrina in 1560 only in the Sistine Chapel at
Koine, but to other plain-chant melodies in England and
some parts of the continent of Europe.
improperly (im-prop'er-li), adv. [< ME. j'wi-
properlich; < improper1 + -ly".] In an improp-
er manner; not fitly; unsuitably; incongruous-
ly: as, to speak or write improperly.— Improperly
equivalent, in the theory of numbers, said of two forms
either of which can be converted into the other by a trans-
formation the determinant of which is equal to negative
unity.

impropertyt (im-prop'er-ti), «. [< improper1

+ -ty, after property. Cf. impropriety.] Im-
propriety.

improperyt, »• [^ OF- improperie, also impro-
pere, < LL. improperium, inproperium , reproach,
< L. improperare, inproperare, reproach, appar.
a corruption of "improbrare, reproach, cast
upon as a reproach, < in, on, + probrnm, a re-
proach.] Reproach.

Sara, the daughter of Raguel, desiring to be delivered
from the improper}/ and imbraiding, as it would appear,
of a certain default wherewith one of her father's hand-
maidens did imbraid her and cast her in the teeth, forsook
all company. Beeon, Works, 1. 131.

impropitioust (im-pro-pish'us), a. [< in-s +
propitious.] Not propitious ; unpropitious.

I am sorry to hear in the mean time that your dreams
were Unpropitious. Sir H. Wotton, Keliquia?, p. 574.

Sterne, Tristram Shandy, it 9.

'Coryat, Crudities, 1. 115. impromptu (iin-promp'tu), adv. [< L. inpromp-
improbable (im-prob'a-bl), «. [= F. improbable tu, in readiness : in, in ; promptu, abl. of promp- improportiont (im-pro-por'shon), n.

If a man be inclined to a lesser good more than to a
greater, he will, in action, betake himself to the lesser
good and desert the greater, merely out of the impropor-
tion of the two inclinations or judgments to their objects.
Sir K. Diyby, .Nature of Man's Soul, xi.

probabilis, deserving of approval: see probable.'] impromptu (im-promp'tu), a. and n. [= F. im-

Not probable; not likely to be true; not to
be expected under the circumstances of the
case.

promptu, n.; < impromptu, adv.'] I. a. Prompt;

casion: as, an impromptu, epigram.
He made multitudes of impromptu acquaintances.

G. A. Sala, Make your Game, p. 213.

II. n. 1. Something said or written, played,
etc., at the moment, or without previous study
or preparation; an extemporaneous composi-
tion or performance.

These [verses] were made extempore, and were, as the
French call them, impromptus. Dryden.

2. Inmusic: (a) An extemporized composition;
an improvisation, (b) A composition in irregu-
lar form, as if extemporized ; a fantasia.

Bp. Hurd, On the Prophecies, App. improper1 (im-prop'er), a. [< ME. improper,
o-bat), v. t.; pret. and pp. im- < OF. and F. impropre = Pr. impropri = Sp.

impropio, improprio = Pg. improprio = It. im-
propio, improprio, < L. impropriws, inproprius,
not proper, < in- priv. + propriun, proper : see
proper.] If. Not proper or peculiar to any in-
dividual; general; common.

They are not to be adorned with any art but such im-
proper ones as nature is said to bestow, as singing and
poetry. Fletcher.

2. Not of a proper kind or quality; not adapted
to or suitable for the purpose or the circum-
stances; unfit; unbecoming; indecorous: as,
an improper medicine; an improper appoint-
ment ; improper conduct or language.

The banish'd Kent, who in disguise
Follow'd his enemy king, and did him service
Improper for a slave. Shak., Lear, v. 3.

3. Not proper in form or method ; not accord-
ing to nature, truth, rule, or usage ; abnormal ;
irregular; erroneous: as, improper develop-
ment; improper fractions; improper pronunci-
ation ; an improper use of words.

If this were played upon a stage now, I could condemn
It as an improbable fiction. Shak., T. N., iii. 4.

When two armies fight, it is not improbable that one of
them will be very soundly beaten.

Macaulay, Sir William Temple.

improbably (im-prob'a-bli), adv. In an improb-
able manner; without probability.

Dioneth, an imaginary king of Britain, or duke of Corn-
wall, who improbably sided with them against his own
country, hardly escaping. Stilton, Hist. Eng., iii.

A few years more may, not improbably, leave him [Gib-
bon] without one admirer.
I

improbate (im'pro

probated, ppr. improbating. [< L. improbatus,
inprobatus, pp. of improbare, inprobare (> ult.
E. improve3, q. v.), disapprove, < in- priv. +
probare, approve : see prove. Cf . approbate,
reprobate.] To disallow; refuse to approve.
Bailey. [Rare-]

improbation (im-pro-ba'shon), n. [= F. impro-
batioii = Pg. im/irovaqao, <! L. improbatio(n-),
inprobatio(n-), disapproval, < improbare, inpro-
bare, disapprove : see improbate.] If. The act
of disallowing; disapproval. Bailey. — 2. In
Scots law, the act by which falsehood or forgery
is proved; an action brought for the purpose
of having some instrument declared false or
forged.

improbative (im-prob'a-tiv), a. [= F. improba-
tif= It. improbativo ; asimprobate + -ive.] Dis-
proving or disapproving; tending to disprove;
containing or expressing disproof or disapprov-
al. [Rare.]

"The form or mode of treatment," he [Dante] says, "is
poetic, flctive, . . . probative, improbative, and positive
of examples." Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 44.

improbatory (im-prob'a-to-ri), a. [< improbate
+ -on.] In Scots tac,"saine as improbative.

improbity (im-prob'i-ti), ». [= F. improbit^ =
Pg. improbidade = It. improbita, < L. improbi-
ta(t-)s, inprobita(t-)s, badness, dishonesty, < im-
probus, inprobus, bad, < in- priv. + probus, good :

He disappear'd, was rarify'd ;
For 'tis improper speech to say he dy'd :
He was exhal'd. Dryden.

And to their proper operation still
Ascribe all good ; to their improper, ill.

Pope, Essay on Man, ii. 58.

Improper conversion, in logic. See conversion. 2.— Im-
proper fraction. S_ee fraction, 4. =Syn. Unsuitable, in- impropriate (irn-pro'pri-at), a.

appropriate, unseemly, indecorous.

, , . , u,,^m,,,

see probity.] Lack of probity ; want of mteg- improper2!, f. t. [< ML. impropriare, take as

rity or rectitude of principle ; dishonesty.

Nor yet dissembling the great abuse whereunto . . .
this [the custom of processions] had grown by men's im-
probity and malice. Booker, Eccles. Polity, v. 41.

improficience (im-pro-fish'ens), n. [< jw-3 +
proficience.] Same as improficiency.

one's own: see impropriate, «'.] To impropri-
ate.

Man is impropred to God for two causes.

Bp. Fieher, Works, p. 267.

Improper and inclose the sunbeams to comfort the rich
and not the poor. Bp. Jewell, Works, II, 671.

shon), n. [< L.
improperare, inprope-

But this misplacing hath caused a deflcience, or at least improperationt (im-prop-e-ra'

a great improfictunce, m the sciences themselves. r;f »;,„„,.,,., „,.,; ,,-,,/•£ \ <• "•„,

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. &&l _1 ^™?._ . i 7' .... . $1
improficiency (im-pro-fish'en-si), n. [< in-3 +
proficiency."] Lack of proficiency.

For my part, the excellency of the Ministry, since waited
on by such an hii proficiency, increases my presaging fears
of the approaching misery of the people.

Boyle, Works, I. 35. improperia (im-pro-pe'ri-a), n. pi. [ML., pi. of

unprofitable! (im-prof'i-ta-bl), a. [= F. im- LL. improperium, inproperium, a reproach : see
profitable; as in-3 + profitable.] Unprofitable, impropery.] Antiphons and responses which on

a dsgrace A roach ; a taunt
Omitting these vnproperatwns and ternw of scurrility.

*"' T- Jlrowne.

vmproportionamlis, \ JU. «»- priv. T LiLi.
'proportionabilis, proportionable: see propor-
tionable.] Not proportionable.

I am a rhinoceros if I had thought a creature of her
symmetry could have dar'd so improportionable and ab-
rupt a digression. B. Jonnon, Cynthia's Revels, i. 3.

improportionatet (im-pro-por'shon-at), a. [=
Sp. Pg. improporcionado = It. improporzionato ;
as tn-3 + proportionate."] Not proportionate;
not adjusted.

The cavity is improportionate to the head.

J. Smith, Portrait of Old Age, p. 59.

impropriate (im-pro'pri-at), v. ; pret. and pp.
impropriiited, ppr. impropriating. [< ML. im-
propriatus, pp. of impropriare, take as one's
own, < L. in, in, to, + propriuy, own : see prop-
er. Cf. appropriate, expropriate. Cf. also im-
proper2."] I. trans. 1. To appropriate for one's
own or other private use ; appropriate.

For the pardon of the rest, the king thought it not fit it
should pass by parliament : the better, being matter of
grace, to impropriate the thanks to himself.

Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII.

Well may men of eminent guifts set forth as many
forms and helps to praier as they please, but to impose
them upon Ministers lawfully call d. and sufficiently tri'd,
as all ought to be, ere they be admitted, is a supercilious
tyranny, impropriating the Spirit of Uod to themselves.
Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.

2. In Eng. eccles. law, to place in the hands of
a layman, for care and disbursement, the profits
or revenue of; devolve upon a layman or lay
corporation.

Impropriating the liuing of the Altar to them that liued
not at the Altar. furchas, Pilgrimage, p. 130.

Il.t intrans. To practise impropriation ; be-
come an impropriator.

Let the husband and wife infinitely avoid a curious dis-
tinction of mine and thine. . . . When either of them be-
gins to impropriate, it is like a tumor in the flesh, it draws
more than its share.
Jer. Taylor, The Marriage Ring (Sermon on Eph. v. 32, 33).

— ._ [< ML. impro-

priatiis, pp.: see the verb.] If. Appropriated
to private use.

Man gathered [the general mercies of God) . . . into
single handfuls, and made them impropriate.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 904.

2. In Eng. eccles. law, devolved into the hands
of a layman.

Many of these impropriate Tithes are . . . the spoils of
dissolved Monasteries.

BI>. Clir. Wordsworth, Church of Ireland, p. 280.

impropriation (im-pro-pri-a'shon), n. [= Pg.
impropriacao, < ML. impropriatio(n-), < impro-
priare, take as one's own : see impropriate, v.]
If. The act of appropriating to private use;
exclusive possession or assumption.

The Gnosticks had, as they deemed, the iiitpruprialion
of all divine knowledge.

Loe, Blisse of Brightest Beauty (1614), p. 29.

impropriation

2. In /'.'«</. K'cli'x. I it ii' : (ci) The act of putting
the revenues of a benefice ini<> tin- h;niils of a
layman or lay corporation. Imprnpriatlon, which
was executed chiefly under Henry VIII., includes the «\>-

ligatiun to provide fur the prl I'm ln:uirr ..I' the spilitll;il
duties of thu parish from the impropriated revenues.

To make an Ini/'fupfiiition, there was to he the Consent
of the Incumbent, the Patron, unit the King ; then 'twas
continued liy the I Stlden, Table-Talk, p. 109.

Appi'iipri:<tion is the term for the possession of a bone-
lu'r liy a sph ilual cnrponition. - a for 1U pos-

session by :i I:I\IH;UI. Encyc. Brit., AXI\ . -'":*.

(ft) Thitt which is impropriated, as ecclesiasti-
cal property.

With im iirtipriatiutu he hath turned preaching into pri-
vate masses. Latiiner, Uth Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1649.

These improjtriatwntt were in no one instance. I be-
lieve, restored to the parochial clergy. Httilam.

impropriator (im-pro'pri-a-tor), n. [= Pg. im-
propriudor, < ML. tmproprwor, < impnipriare,
take as one's own : sec impropriato.] One who

improprialc.s : especially, in Eng. ecclen. law, a
laynuui who holds possession of the lands of
the church or of an ecclesiastical living.

While sacrilege abounds, while impropriators are seiz-
ing each their four or six or more parishes, and giving the
cure of souls to their grooms or balllfs.

Bucer, In Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., xvii.

This design he thought would be more easily carried on
if some rich iinjsropriators could be prevailed upon to re-
store to the Church some part of her revenues, which they
had too long retained. It. Helson, lip. Bull.

impropriety (im-pro-pri'e-ti), «.; pi. improprie-
ties (-tiz). [< F. iiuprop'riete — Pr. improprie-
tat = Sp. impropiedad, impropriedad = Pg. ini-
propriedade = It. impropieta, improprieta, < L.
improprieta(t-)s, lnproprieta(t-)*, impropriety,

< improprinx, inproprius, improper: see improp-
er1. C'f. impropt T/;/.] 1 . The quality of being
improper; unfitness or unsuitableness to char-
acter, time, place, or circumstances; unseemli-
ness : as, impropriety of language or behavior.

Elizabeth, however, had never been blind to the impro-
priety of her father's behavior as a husband.

Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, xlii.

2. That which is improper; an erroneous or
unsuitable expression, act, etc.

This was the sum of my speech, delivered with great
improprieties and hesitation.

Swijl, Gulliver's Travels, ii. 3.

= Syn. 1. Indelicacy, unseemliness. — 2. Mistake, blunder,
slip. — Barbarism, Solecism, Impropriety. In treatises
on rhetorical style these words have distinct meanings.
" Purity . . . implies three things. Accordingly in three
different ways it may be injured. First, the words used
may not be English. This fault hath received from gram-
marians the denomination of barbarism. Secondly, the
construction of the sentence may not be in the English
idiom. This hath gotten the name of solecism. Thirdly,
the words ttnd phrases may not be employed to express
the precise meaning which custom hath affixed to them.
This Is termed impropriety." ((,'. Campbell, Phllos. of
Rhetoric, ii. 3, Pref.) " In the forms of words, a violation
of purity is a barbarism; In the constructions, a viola-
tion of purity is a tolerixm; in the meanings of words and
phrases, a violation of purity is an impropriety." (A.
Phelm, Eng. Style, 1.) Examples of barbarisms in English
are heft, tiled, proven, itystrmize ; of solecism, " Who did
you see?" of improprieties, "There let him lay" (Byron,
Chllde Harold, iv. 180), and the use of enormity for enor-
mouxness, or of exceptionable for exceptional.
improsperityt (im-pros-per'i-ti), n. [< OF. im-
prosperite; as improsper-ous + -ity, after pros-
JH I'ity.] Lack of prosperity or success.

The prosperity or improsperity of a man, or his fate
here, does not entirely depend upon his own prudence or
impriidt 'lie. •. Jortin, On Ecoles. Hist.

improsperoust (im-pros'per-tis), n. [= F. im-
liro-ijii-rr = Sp. improxpero = Pg. It. improspero,

< L. improitpci; inproxper, not fortunate, < in-
priv. + pronjier, fortunate: see prosperous.']
Unprosperous.

Now senen revolving years are wholly run,
since this improxperous voyage we begun.

Dryden, .Kneid, v.

improsperouslyt (im-pros'per-us-li), adr. Un-
prospenmslv.

The with'ring leaves inivroitp'routlit doth cast.

Drayton, Legend of Matilda.

improvability (im-prS-va-bil'i-ti), w. [< im-
in-ni-iihlc : Bee -liiliti/.] The state or quality of

iH'iii.u Improvable; susceptibility of Improve-
ment, or of being made better, or of being used
to advantage.

improvable (im-prS'va-bl), a. [< improve*- +
-able.] 1. Capable of being improved; sus-
ceptible of Improvement ; that may become or
be made better.

Man is iiccomniodated with moral principles, improva-
ble by the exercise of his faculties.

Sir 31. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.
I have a fine spread of improvable lands.

Addao-n, Spectator.

3021

2. That may be used to advantage or for the
bettering of anything.

The unsay a of weaker beads afford improvable hints to
better. Sir T. Browne.

imprpvableneSSOiir-pro'va-bl-nes), w. Improv-

ability,

improvably (im-pro'vn-bli), adv. So as to be
capable of Improvement

improve1 (im-prov'),r.; pret. ami pp. in/proved,
ppr. iiitpruciiHj. [Early mod. K. i-mprmve, en-
pfinre, < OF. (AF.) "emprower, a var., with pre-
lix <,-«-, en- (ii«-2), of appnnrrr, npproucr, im-
prove: see ogpnwA] I. trans. 1. To make
better; ameliorate the condition of ; increase in
value, excellence, capability, estimation, or the
like; bring into a better, nigher, more desir-
able, or more profitable state: as, to improve
the mind by study; to improve the breeds of
animals; to improve land by careful tillage.

Where lands lye in common unfenced, if one man shall
improve his land by fencing in several, and another shall
not, he who shall so improre shall secure his lands against
other men's cattle, and shall not compel such as joyn upon
him to make any fence with him, except he shall so im-
prove in several as the other doth.
Mass. Colony Lairs, etc. (S 7, A. D. lin-Ji, quoted In Pick-

[ertng.

Nothing can be improved beyond its own species, or
farther than its original nature will allow.

Dryden, Albion and Albanius, Pref.

My improved lot in the Town of Alexandria ... I give
to her [Martha Washington) and to her heirs forever.

Will of George Washington.

2. To turn to advantage or account ; use profit-
ably ; make use of : as, to improve an opportu-
nity; to improve the occasion.

His [Chaucer's] Englysh well alowed,
So as it is enprowed,
For as it la enployd.
There is no English voyd.

Skelton, Philip Sparow.

Ann Cole . . . was taken with very strange fits, wherein
her tongue was improved by a dtemon, to express things
unknown to herself. C. Mather, Mag. Chris., vi. s.

A day or two afterwards, three quails were caught in the
public square, and the commandant improved the circum-
stance by many quaint homilies.

Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 600.

It is quite as difficult to improve a victory as to win
one. Prescott, I'erd. and Isa., Ii. Ii

3. To increase in force or amount; intensify
in any respect. [Rare.]

A lake behind
Improves the keenness of the northern wind.

Pope, Moral Essays, II. 112.

I fear we have not a little improved the wretched in-
heritance of our ancestors. Bp. Porteous.

Improvlng-furnace. Same as calciiiing-furnace (which
see, under furnace). =Syn. 1. Correct, Better, etc. See
amend.

II. intrutts. 1. To grow better in any way;
become more excellent or more favorable ; ad-
vance in goodness, knowledge, wisdom, amount,
value, etc.: as, his health is improving; the price
of cotton improves daily.

We take care to improve in our frugality and diligence.

Bp. Atterlmry.

He does not consider in whose hands his money will
improve most, but where it will do most good.

Steele, Spectator, No. 49.

If we look back five hundred years or one hundred years
or fifty years or any smaller number of years, we shall find
that all Western governments have improved, while the
Turk alone has gone back.

E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 419.

2f. To increase ; grow. [Rare.]

Domitian improved in cruelty toward the end of hia
reign. Milne i;

To improve on or upon, to make additions or amend-
ments to ; bring nearer to perfection or completeness.

As far as their history has been known, the son has
regularly improKd upon the vices of the father, and has
taken care to transmit them pure and undlminished into
the bosom of his successors. Junius, Letters.

improve-t (im-pr8v'), r. t. [A var. of approve1,
by confusion with improve*.] To approve;
prove; test.

The most improy'd young soldier of seven kingdoms.
Middleton and Rowley, Fair Quarrel, ii. 1.

improved (im-prBv'), r. t. [< F. improurer =
Sp. Pg. iniprornr = It. imiirovare, < L. improbarc,
i 'ii/irobu re, disapprove: see improbate.] To dis-
approve; censure; blame.

None of the phisltions that have any judgement im-
proveth [these medicines], bat they approve them to be
good. Paynel's Button. (A'ares.)

Uood father, said the king, sometimes you know I have

desir'd

You would improve his negligence, too oft to ease retlr d.
Chapman, Iliad, x. 108.

improve1* (im-priiv'l, r. t. [After improve^, <
/«-s + prove. Of. < >F. improvable, unprovable.]
To disprove ; prove false ; refute.

improvidence

Erasmus hath improved many false books, which ye
have feigned and put forth in the name of St. Jenum-,
Augustine, Cyprian, Dionyne, and of oth.-r.

••<-, Am. to Sir T. .More, etc. (Parker Soc., ISM\ p. 135.

improvement (im-prov'ment), n. [< OF. (AF.)
i-m/ii'iHri-HH iii, i-Hin-iiirriiii n't, i >ni>ruement, «•«/<;•»• -
ment, var. "t iiin-i>n-rmi-iit, etc.. improvement:
see tippi'iin mi ni'- iin«l mi prove^. ~\ 1. The act
of improving or making better, or the state of
being made better; advancement or increase
in any good quality ; betterment.

The improvement of the ground Is the most natural ob-
taining of riches. Bacon, Riches.

This gift of (Sod . . . was capable of improvement by
Industry, and of defallance by neglect.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), IL 288.

There is no faculty whatever that is not capable of im-
provement. Huxley, Origin of Species, p. 146.

2. Profitable use or employment; practical
or advantageous application: as, the improve-
ment of one's time. The concluding part of a dis-
course or sermon, enforcing the practical use or applica-
tion of the principles taught, was formerly called the im-
provement.

It only remains that I conclude with a few words of
farther improvement. Doddridtje, Funeral Sermons, ii.

They might be kept close together, both for more saftie
and defence, and y» better improvement of y gem-rail Im-
ployments. Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 168.

I shall make some improvement of this doctrine.

Tillotson.

Improvement as applied to the conclusion of a sermon
is now obsolete, and was always a technicality of the pul-
pit only. A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 370.

3. Use ; practice ; indulgence. [Rare.]

The corruption of men's manners by the habitual im-
provement of this vicious principle. South, Works, V. i.

4. A betterment ; that by which the value or
excellence of a thing is enhanced ; a beneficial
or valuable change or addition, in patent law an
improvement is an addition to or change in some specific
machine or contrivance, by which the same effects are
produced in a better manner than before, or new effects
are produced. An Improvement In real property la some-
thing done or added to it which increases its value, as cul-
tivation or the erection of or addition to buildings.

This place [Oethsemane] was formerly covered with
olive-trees, but it is now without any improvement.

Pocoeke, Description of the East, II. I. 24.

But my aunt's bell rings for our afternoon's walk round
the improvements. Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, 1. 1.

I know of only one example of its use !in England] in
the purely American sense, and that is, " a very good tm-
provement for a mill " in the "State Trials " (Speech of the
Attorney-General in the Lady Ivy's case, 16S4).

Loicell, Biglow Papers. Int.

Policy of internal improvements, in U. 5. /./'., the
policy of constructing or developing mads, canals, har-
bors, rivers, etc., at national expense. The question at one
tune (about 1820-60) entered largely intopolitics. and the
policy was on principle opposed by the Democrats as an
undue stretoh of the Constitution, and supported by the
Whigs. Particular applications of it, however, have been
favored by members of all parties, and for a long period
large appropriations have been made, generally each year,
for the improvement of rivers and harbors, and similar
works.

improver (im-pro'ver), ». 1. One who or that
which improves.

Cold and nakedness, stripes and imprisonments, racks
and torments, are these the improvers of an excellent con-
stitution? Stillingfieet, Sermons, I. ix.

Chalk Is a very great improver of most lands.

Mortimer, Husbandry.

2. One who Ubors at a trade for the purpose
of increasing his knowledge or skill, and who ac-
cepts the opportunity of improvement as com-
pensation in whole or in part for services ren-
dered.— 3. A pad or cushion worn by women
with the object of improving the figure or the
hang of a dress ; a bustle.

improvidedt (ira-pro-yi'ded), a. [< in-3 +
provided.] 1. Unprovided.

He was In ieopardye of his lyfe, and all in<i>rouided for
dread of death, coacted to take a small balynger, and to
sayle into Fraunce. Hall. Edw. IV., an. 23.

2. Unforeseen; unexpected.

She suborned hath

This crafty messenger with letters value,
To worke new woe and iinprovided scath.

Spenser, F. Q., I. xii. 34.

improvidence (im-prov'i-dens), ii. [= OF. im-
providence = Sp. (obs.) I?g. improvidencia =
It. impmridema, < LL. improridoitia, inprovi-
dentia, unforesightedness. < *improviden(t-)s,
*inpror»den(f-)»,unforesighted: see improeideitt.
Cf. imprudence.] The quality of being improvi-
dent; lack of providence or foresight; thrift-
lessness.

The house is gone ;

And, through improvidence or want of love
For ancient worth and honorable things,
The spear and shield are vanished.

Wordsworth, Excursion, vii.

= Syn. Imprudence, carelessness, thoughtlessness, shift-
lessness, unthrift. See /> /••/-.//<.

improvident

improvident (im-prov'i-dent), a. [= Pg. im-
jirovidente, < L. *improviden(t-)s, *inprovidcn(t-)s
(inderiv.i>nprovidentiaa.ndeontr.impruden(t-)s:
see imprudent), equiv. to improi-idus (> It. Pg.
improvido = Sp. improvido), unforesighted, < in-
priv. + providus, foresighted : see provident.]
Not provident; wanting foresight; neglecting
to provide for future needs or exigencies ; un-
thrifty.

The followers of Epimetheus are improvident, see not
far before them, and prefer such things as are agreeable
for the present. Bacon, Physical Fables, ii., Expl.

When men well have fed, the blood being warm,
Then are they most improvident of harm. Daniel.
The colonists . . . abandoned themselves to improvi-
dent idleness. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 106.
= Syn. Imprudent, shiftless, careless, prodigal. Sea wis-
dom.

improvidently (im-prov'i-deut-li), adv. With
improvidence ; without foresight or forecast.

A weak young man improvidently wed.

Crabbe, Works, VIII. 5.

improving (im-pro'ving), n. [Verbal n. of im-
prove1, t\] The act of making improvement. —
Improving lease, in Scots lau; a lease of more than
ordinary duration, granted for the sake of encouraging
the tenant to make permanent improvements in the con-
dition of the holding, in the hope of reaping the benefit
of them.

improving (im-pro'ving),^. «. Tending to cause

improvement; affording means or occasion of

improvement; that maybe used to advantage.

Life is no life without the blessing of an improving and

an edifying conversation. Sir R. L'Estrange.

Beneath the humorous exaggeration of the story I seemed

to see the face of a very serious and improving moral.

Lowell, Democracy.

improvingly (im-pro'ving-li), adv. In an im-
proving manner.

improvisate (im-prov'i-sat), v. t. and i. ; pret.
and pp. improvisated, ppr. improvisating. [<
NL. as if "improvisatus, pp. of *improvisare, im-
provise : see improvise.] To improvise. [Rare.]

His [Gladstone's] extemporaneous resources are ample.
Pew men in the House can improvisate better.

W. Besant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 151.

improvisate (im-prov'i-sat), a. [< NL. "impro-
visatus, pp.: see the verb.] Unpremeditated;
impromptu. [Rare.]

improvisation (im-prov-i-sa'shon), n. [= F.
improvisation = Sp. improvisation = Pg. im-
provisacjdo, < NL. *improvisatio(n-), < "impro-
visare, improvise: see improvise.] 1. The act
of improvising; the act of composing poetry
or music extemporaneously.

Poverty in rhyme is one of the reasons why the talent
of improvisation, so common and so astonishingly devel-
oped in degree in Italy, is almost unknown in England
and among ourselves.

Q. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xxiii.

2. A product of extemporaneous composition;
an impromptu poem or musical performance.

Most of the Italian rispetti and stornelli seem to beim-
promsations ; and to improvise in English is as difficult as
to improvise in Italian is easy. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 272.

improvisatize (im-pro-viz'a-tiz), v. ; pret. and
pp. improvisatized, ppr. improvisatizing. [Irreg.
< improvisate + -ize.] Same as improvisate.

improvisator (im-prov'i-sa-tpr), ». [= F. im-
provisateur = Pg. improvisator = It. improv-
visatore,<. f3\j.*imprmisator,<. *improcisare,im-
provise: see improvise.] One who improvises ;
an improviser.

improvisators, n. Same as improvisator.

improvisatorial (im-pro-viz-a-to'ri-al), a. [<
improvisator + -«(.] Relating to or having the
power of extemporary composition, as of rimes
or poems.

Hence, in the deepest and truest sense, Scott, often
called the most improvisatoriat, is the least improvisa-
torial of writers. Athenceum, No. 3068, p. 197.

improvisatory (im-pro-viz'a-to-ri), a. Same as
improvisatorial.

That improvisatory knack at repartee for which he
[Samuel Foote] was already conspicuous in certain fash-
ionable circles. Jon Bee, Essay on Samuel Foote.

improvise (im-pro-viz' or -vez'), v. ; pret. and
pp. improvised, ppr. improvising. [< F. impro-
viser = Sp. Pg. improvisar = It. improcvisare, <
NL. *improvisare, improvise, < L. improvisus,
inprovisus(>lt. improvriso = Sp. Pg. improvise),
unforeseen, < in- priv. + provisus, pp. of provi-
dcre, foresee: see provide, provise.] I. traits.
1. To compose and recite or sing without pre-
meditation ; speak or perform extemporaneous-
ly, especially verse or music.— 2. To do or per-
form anything on the spur of the moment for
a special occasion; contrive or bring about in
an offhand way.

3022

Charles attempted to improvise a peace. Motley.

The young girlsof the country wreathe themselves into
dances, and improvise the poetry of motion.

Howells, Venetian Life, xvii.

II. intrans. To compose verses or music ex-
temporaneously; hence, to do anything on the
spur of the moment or in an offhand way.

Theodore Hook improrised in awonderful way thateven-
ing; he sang a song, the burden of which was "Good-
night," inimitably good, and which might have been writ-
ten down. Gremlle, Memoirs, Jan. 15, 1835.

improviser (im-pro-vi'zer or -ve'zer), ». One
who improvises ; an improvisator.

improvisiont (im-pro-vizh'on), n. [< in-3 +
provision. Of. improvise.] Want of forecast;
improvidence.

The sad accidents which afterwards happened did not
invade and surprise him, in the disadvantages of igno-
rance or improcision. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835). I. 207.

improvisot (im-pro-vl'so), a. [< L. improviso,
on a sudden, prop. abl. of improvisus, unfore-
seen: see improvise.] Not studied or prepared
beforehand; impromptu; extemporaneous: as,
"improviso translation," Johnson.

improwisatore (im-pro-ve-za-to're), ». ; pi. im-
provvisatori (-to're). [It.: see improvisator.]
Same as improvisator.

improwisatrice (im-pro-ve-za-tre'che), n. ; pi.
improvvisatrici (-chi). [It., fern, of improwisa-
tore.] A woman who improvises.

imprudence (im-pro'dens), n. [= F. imprudence
= Sp. Pg. imprudenc'ia = It. imprudenza, im-
prudenzia, < L. imprudentia, inprudentia, un-
foresightedness, < impruden(t-)s, inpruden(t-)s,
uuforesighted : see imprudent.] 1. The quali-
ty of being imprudent; want of prudence, cau-
tion, circumspection, or a due regard to con-
sequences; heedlessness ; indiscretion; rash-
ness.

Good with bad were match'd, who of themselves

Abhor to Join ; and, by imprudence mix'd,

Produce prodigious births. Hilton, P. L., xi. 680.

2. An imprudent act.

It were a strange imprudence, choosingly, to entertain
those inconveniencies.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 283.

imprudent (im-pro'dent), a. [= F. imprudent
= Sp. Pg. It. impru'dente, < L. impruden(t-)s,
inprnden(t-)s, unforesighted, imprudent, < in-
priv. + pruden(t-)s, foresighted, prudent: see
prudent. Cf. improvident.] Not prudent ; want-
ing prudence or discretion ; not careful of con-
sequences; indiscreet; rash; heedless.

And thus, by the imprudent and foolish hardines of the
French earle, the Frenchmen were discomfited, and that
valiant English knight ouermatched.

Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 35.

The spirit of the person was to be declared caitive and
imprudent, and the man driven from his troublesome and
ostentatious vanity. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 62.

— Syn. Incautious, careless, unadvised, inconsiderate.
imprudently (im-pro'dent-li), adv. In an im-
prudent manner; with imprudence.

He so imprudently demeaned hymselfe that within
shorte space he came into the handes of his mortall ene-
mies. Hall, Hen. VI., an. 39.

imp-treet (imp'tre), n. [ME. impe tre, ympe tre;

< imp + tree.] A grafted tree.

Loke, dame, to morwe thatow be
Kigt here under this ympetre.
Sir Orfeo, quoted in Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 189.
Apparently it is her sleeping under an ympe (or graft-
ed) tree that gives the fairies power over Heurodys.

Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 190.

impuberal (im-pu'be-ral), a. [< L. impubes, in-
pubes (-puber-), not grown up (< in- priv. +
pubes (pubcr-), grown up: see puberty), + -al.]
Not having reached puberty. [Rare.]

In impuberal animals the cerebellum is, in proportion
to the brain proper, greatly less than in adult.

Sir W. Hamilton.

impuberty (im-pu'ber-ti), n. [< i»-3 + puber-
ty. Cf. impuberal.] The state of not having
reached the age of puberty.

impubic (im-pu'bik), a. [< L. impubes, inpti-
bcs, not grown up, + -ic.] Below the age of
puberty.

impudence (im'pn-dens), M. [< ME. impudence,

< OF. (also F.) impudence = Sp. Pg. impudcnci<(
= It. imjiudenza, < L. impudentia, inpudentiti,
shamelessness, < impuden(t-)s, iiipuden(t-)s,
shameless: see impudent.] The character or
quality of being impudent, (n) Want of modesty ;
shamelessness; indelicacy.

Kiny. What dar'st thou venture?
II 'el. Tax of impiulence,

A strumpet's boldness, a divulged shame.

Shak., All s Well, ii. 1.
(4) Impudent behavior ; brazenness ; effrontery ; insolence.

impugnation

Come, leave the loathed stage,

And the more loathsome Age,

Where pride and impudence (in fashion knit)

Usurp the chair of wit !

/;. JoHson, Just Indignation of the Author.

Off, my dejected looks : and welcome impudence 1
My daring shall be deity, to save me.

Fletcher (and another), False One, iv. 3.

Well, for cool native impudence, and pure innate pride,
you haven t your equal. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxiv.

=Syn. Impertinence, Impudence, Effrontery, Saucinesg,
Pertness, Mudeness, audacity, insolence, assurance, pre-
sumption, boldness, face. Impertinence is primarily non-
pertinence, conduct not pertaining or appropriate to the
circumstances, and is hence a disposition to meddle with
what does not pertain to one, and more specifically un-
mannerly conduct or speech. Impudence is unblushing
impertinence manifesting itself in words, tones, gestures,
looks, etc. K/runtery is extreme impudence, which is not
abashed at rebuke, but shows unconcern for the opinion
of others ; it is audacious and brazen-faced. Sauciness is
a sharp kind of impertinence, chiefly in language, and pri-
marily from an inferior. It is, in language, essentially the
same with pertness, which, however, covers all indecorous
freedom of bearing toward others ; pertness is forwardness
inappropriate to one's years, station, or sex. Rudeness is
the only one of these words seeming to refer primarily
to character ; in this use it implies manners or language
which might be expected from lack of culture or good
breeding, and includes what is said or done from a de-
sire to be offensive or uncivil. See arroyance.
impudencyt (im'pu-den-si), re. 1. Lack of pu-
dency; shamelessness; immodesty.

We, viewing their incontinencie, should flye the lyke
impudcncie, not follow the like excesse.

Lyly, Euphues, Auat. of Wit, p. 98.

2. Effrontery; insolence.

Pray heaven she can get him to read ! he should do it
of his own natural impudency.

B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iv. 1.

impudent (im'pu-dent), a. [< ME. impudent =
F. impudent = Sp. Pg. It. impudente, < L. impu-
den(t-)s, inpuden(t-)s, shameless, < MI- priv. +
puden(t-)s, ashamed: see pudent.] 1. Immod-
est; shameless; brazen; indelicate.

With that a Joyous fellowship issewd
Of Minstrales making goodly meriment,
With wanton Bardes, and Rymers impudent.

Spenser, F. Q., III. xii. 5.

A woman impudent and mannish grown
Is not more loath 'd than an effeminate man.

Shale., T. and C., iii. 3.

2. Offensively forward in behavior; intention-
ally disrespectful ; insolent ; possessed of un-
blushing assurance.

Nor that the calumnious reports of that impudent de-
tractor . . . hath at all attached, much less dejected me.
B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.

3. Manifesting impudence ; exhibiting or char-
acterized by disrespect toward or disregard of
others.

There is not so impuder-t a thing in Nature as the sawcy
Look of an assured Man, confident of Success.

Conyreve, Way of the World, iv. 5.

Apartments so decorated can have been meant only for
. , . people for whom life was impudent ease and com-
fort. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 203.
=Svn. 2. Bold, bold-faced, brazen-faced, presumptuous,
pert, rude, saucy. See impudence.

impudently (im'pu-dent-li), adv. In an impu-
dent manner ; insolently.

At once assail
With open mouths, and impudently rail. Sandys.

impudicity (im-pu-dis'i-ti), u. [< F. impudi-
cite, < ML. *i>npudicita(t-')s ; equiv. to It. impudi-
cizia = Sp. Pg. impudicicia, < L. impitdicitia,
inpudicitia, immodesty; < impudicus, inpudicus,
immodest, < in- priv. + pudicus, modest, < pn-
dere, feel shame.] Lack of pudicity; immod-
esty; shamelessness.

Many of them full of impudicitie and ribaudrie.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 85.

impugn (im-pun'), v. t. [Formerly also euipiign ;

< ME. impugnen, inpugnen, < OF. (also F.) im-
pugner = Pr. impugiiar, enpugnar, enipunhar =
Sp. Pg. impugnar = It. impugnare, iwpinigart;

< L. impugnare, inpugnare, attack, assail, im-
pugn, < in, on, against, + pttynare, fight, < pug-
na, a fight: see pugnacious. Cf. exjnign, op-
pugn.] To attack by words or arguments ;
contradict; assail; call in question ; gainsay.

And which [what sort of] a pardoun Peres hadde alle the

peple to conforte,

And how the prest impugned it with two propre wordes.
Piers Plowman (B), vii. 147.

The Commons were insisting on severer measures
against heresy, and still were im}>uffnin;i the laws and
courts, by which only heresy could be extirpated.

Stubbi, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 282.

impugnable (im-pu'na-bl), a. [= Sp. impugna-
ble = It. impugiiabile; as impugn + -able.] Ca-
pable of being impugned.

impugnation (im-pug-na'shon), «. [= F. im-
pugnation = Pr. Sp. impugnacion = Pg. impiig-

impugnation

naqflti = It. i
iiipitt/n<itit>(n-), an attack, < ini/>it</n/ii-<-, in/>ui/-
nare, attack: see impugii.'] Assault; opposi-
tion ; contradiction. [Raro.]

The ttfth is a perpetual iinpnijnation and self-conflict,
either put labouring to oppose and vanquish the other.
/.'/'. Huff, Remedy of Discontentment, § 18.

No one can object any thing to purpose against pncex-
Ixtence from th« imcom eivableness of It, until he know
the particular frame of the hypothesis, without which all
impti'/nations n-l.ii i i IL' to the manner of the thing will be
wide of the murk, and but little to the business.

Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, Iv.

impugner (im-pu'ner), n. One who impugns;
one who opposes or contradicts.

I mean not only the seditious libellers, but impugners
of the king's regalities.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 98.

impugnment (im-pun'ment), «. [< impugn +
-«/(•«(.] The act of impugning, or the state of
being impugned. [Rare.]

It must not he an impugnment to his manhood that he
cried like a child. K. Howard, Jack Ashore, xlvii.

impuissancet (im-pu'i-sans), «. [< F. impnis-
fiiincc, < intiiHimant, powerless: see impuissant.']
Powerlessness; impotence; feebleness.

As he would not trust Ferdlnando and Maximilian for
supports of war, so the impuitsfince of the one, and the
double proceeding of the other, lay fair for him for occa-
sions to accept of peace. Bacon, Hist Hen. VII.

John de la Casse was a genius of fine parts and fertile
fancy; and yet ... he lay under an iitipuistmncf, at the
same time, of advancing above a line and a half Iti the
compass of a whole summer's day.

Steritf, Tristram Shandy, v. 16.

impuissantt (im-pu'i-sant), a. [< F. impuissant,
powerless, <! in- priv. + puissant, powerful: see
puissant."] Powerless; impotent; feeble.

Craving your honour's pardon for so long a letter, car-
rying so empty an offer of so impuutitant a service, but yet
a true and unfeigned signification of an honest and vowed
duty, I cease. ;.'.•••«. To the Lord Treasurer Eurghley.

impulse (im'puls, formerly im-puls'), «. [=
Sp. Pg. It. impulso, < L. impulsus, inpulsus, a
push, pressure, incitement, (. impellere, inpel-
lere, pp. impulsus, inpulsus, push on, impel: see
impel.] 1. Force communicated suddenly;
the effect of an impelling force ; a thrust ; a
push.

To-day I saw the dragon-fly. . . .
An inner impulse rent the veil
Of his old husk. Tennyson, Two Voices.

The sensation of red is produced by imparting to the
optic nerve four hundred and seventy-four millions of mil-
lions of impulses per second.

Tyndall, Light and Elect., p. 66.

A shuttlecock which has its entire state of motion sud-
denly changed by the impulse of the battledore.

W. A". Cli/ord, Lectures, I. 76.

Specifically — 2. la -meek.: (a) An infinite force
or action enduring for an infinitely short time,
so as to produce a finite momentum. Strictly
speaking, there is no such natural force ; but mathema-
ticians find it convenient to treat such actions as the blow
of a hammer as if of this nature, (i) The resultant
of all such forces acting on a body at any in-
stant, resolved into a couple and a force along
the axis of that couple, (c) The momentum
produced by a force in any time.

The product of the time of action of a force into its in-
tensity if it is constant, or Its mean Intensity if It is vari-
able, is called the Impulse of the force.

Clerk Maxwell, Matter and Motion, art. xlix.

8. A stimulation of the mind to action; the
impelling force of appetite, desire, aversion, or
other emotion ; especially, a sudden disposition
to perform some act which is not the result of
reflection ; sudden determination.

Be abandoned himself to the impulse of the moment,
whether for good or evil. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 19.
The term impulse (Trieb) is commonly confined to those
innate promptings of activity in which there is no clear
representation of a pleasure, and consequently no distinct
desire. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 580.

Does he take inspiration from the Church,
Directly make her rule his law of life?
Not he : bis own mere impulx guides the man.

BroicniiKj, King and Book, IL 225.

4. Any communication of force; any compel-
ling action ; instigation.

Meant line, by Jove's impulxe, Mezentius armed
Succeeded Turnus. Drtjden, -Km-iil. x. 976.

He [Dean Stanley] was a constant preacher, and gave a
great impulse to tlie practice already begun of inviting dis-
tinguished preachers to the abbey.

Encyc. lint., XXII. 452.

6. A meutal impression; an idea. [Rare.]

I had always a strong impulse that 1 should some time
recover my liberty. Su-ift, Gulliver s Travels, Ii. 8.

6. Shock; onset. [Rare.]

I nnmv'd the two united Chiefs abide,
Sustain the Impulse, and receive the War.

Prior, Ode to Queen Auiic (1706), st. IS.

3023

Impulse Of a motion, the system of Impulsive forces
rei|iiiriMl to produeo the motion, compounded Into a single
impulsive wrench. —Impulse-WheeL See wheel. — Ner-
VOU8 Impulse, the molecular disturbance which travels
alon/ a nerve from the point of xtimulatimi. In the con-
unrtion of such impulses, which serve as stimuli to pe-
ripheral or central organs, the function of nerve-fibers con-
sists. = Syn. 3. Inducement, etc. (see motive), incitement.
impulse (im-puls'), t>. t.; pret. and pp. impulm-il.
ppr. iiiijinl.iiiiii. [< L. impulsus, inpulsus, pp. of
impellere, inpellere, impel: see impel, v., and im-
pulse, «.] To give an impulse to; incite; in-
stigate.

I leave these prophetesses to God, that knows the heart,
. . . whether they were impultwd like Balaam, Saul, and
Calaphas, to vent that which they could not keep in, or
whether they were inspired like Ksaias and the prophets
of the Lord. Up. Hacks! , Abp. Williams, ii. 49.

impulsion (im-pul'shon), n. [< F. impulsion =
Pr. impulsio = Sp. impulsion = Pg. impuMo =
It. impulsione, < L. impulsio(n-), inpulsio(n-), a
pushing against, pressure, < impellere, inpellere,
pp. impulsus, inpulsus, push against: see tm-
pel, impulse.] 1. The act of impelling or im-
parting an impulse ; impelling force or action.

Medicine . . . considereth the causes of diseases, with
the occasions or impulsions.

liacon, Advancement of Learning, 11. 193.

They know the right and left-hand file, and may
With some impulsion no doubt be brought
To pass the A B C of war, and come
Unto the horn-book.

Beau, and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, it 1.

2. Moving or inciting influence on the mind ;
instigation ; impulse.

Thou didst plead

Divine impulsion prompting how thou mightst
Find some occasion to Infest our foes.

Milton, S. A., 1. 422.

Surely it was something In woman's shape that rose be-
fore him with all the potent charm of noble impulsion
that is hers as much through her weakness as her strength.

Lowell, Wordsworth.

impulsive (im-pul'siv), a. and n. [= F. im-
pulsif = Pr. impulsiii = Sp. Pg. It. impulsivo;
as impulse + -ire.] I. a. 1. Having the power
of driving or impelling; moving; impellent.

His quick eye, fixed heavily and dead,
Stirs not when prick'd with the impulrive goad.

Drayton, Moses, Ii.

Poor men ! poor papers ! We and they

Do some impulsive force obey. Prior.

2. Actuated or controlled by impulses ; swayed
by the emotions: as, an impulsive child. — 3.
Resulting from impulse: as, impulsive move-
ments or gestures. — 4. In mecJi., acting by in-
stantaneous impulse, not continuously: said
of forces. See force1, 8 (a). =Byn. 2. Rash, quick,
hasty, passionate.

II. n. That which impels; impelling cause
or reason. [Rare.]

Every need Is an impultire, to this holy office.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I. 226.

impulsively (im-pul'siv-li), adv. In an impul-
sive manner ; by impulse.

impulsiveness (im-pul'siv-nes), n. The char-
acter of being impulsive or actuated by im-
pulse.

That want of impulsiveness which distinguishes the
Saxon. 0. // Leuxt, Ranthorpe.

impulsort (im-pul'sor), n. [= OF. impulseur.< L.
impulsor, inpulsor, one who impels, < impellere,
inpellere, pp. impulsus, inpulsus. impel : see im-
pel, impulse.'] One who or that which impels.

The greater compression la made by the union of two
impulsort. Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, II.

impunctate (im-pungk'tat), a. [< in-3 + punc-
tate.'] Not punctate ; not marked with points.
Also inipunctitred.

impunctual (im-pungk'tu-al). a. [= It. im-
pitiituale; as i'w-3 + punctual.] Not punctual.
[Rare.]

impunctuality (im-pungk-tu-al'i-ti), n. [=
It. impuntualita ; as impunctual + -ity.~\ Lack
or neglect of punctuality. [Rare.]

Unable to account for his imfiunctualilit, some of his
intimates were dispatched in quest of him.

Observer, No. 139. (Latham.)

impunctured (im-pungk'turd), a. Same as iwi-

l>llllctlltC.

impunet (im-pun'), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. impune,
< L. iiii/nniis. without punishment, < in- priv.
+ pcenn, punishment, penalty : see pain, penal.']
Unpunished.

The breach of our national statutes can not go impune
by the plea of ignorance. Rev. T. Aiiam*, Works, L 235.

impunelyt (im-pun'li), adv. Without punish-
ment. *V« /vx.

Thou slnn'st impunelii, hut thy fore-man paid
Thy pennance with his head ; 'twas burn d. 'tis said.

Omn't Epigrams Englished (1677).

impurity

impuniblet (im-pu'ni-bl), a. [= Pg. impunirel
= It. uii/ndiihili-, not deserving punishment, <
L. in- priv. + ML. punibilin, punishable, < L.
/>tniirr, punish: see punish.} Not punishable,
impunibiyt (im-pu'm-bli), ailv. Without pun-
ishment ; with impunity.

Xenophon represents the opinion of Socrates, that . . .

no man impuitMu violates a law established by the gods.

Jfilit, Knowledge of Divine Things, p. 66.

impunity (im-pu'ni-ti), n. ; pi. impunitiex (-tiz).
[< F. inipuiiilc = Sp. i/ni>unidad = PK- i«'/<<"»-
dade = It. iiii/iunilii, < L. impunita(t-)s, inpuiii-
ta(t-)s, omission of punishment, < impums, in-
punis, without punishment: see impune.} 1.
Exemption from punishment or penalty.

Impunity and remissencs, for certain, are the bane of a
Commonwealth. Milton, Areopugltlca, p. 25.

The impunity with which outrages were committed in
the ill-lit and ill-guarded streets of London during the
first half of the eighteenth century can now hardly be
realised. Lecku, Eng. In 18th Cent., lit

2. Freedom or exemption from injury, suffer-
ing, or discomfort.

The thistle as Is well known, is the national emblem of
Scotland, and the national motto is very appropriate, be-
ing "Memo me impune lacesset," Nobody shall provoke
me with impunity. Brande.

impurationt (im-pu-ra'shon), «. [< L. 'inipu-
ratio(n-), < "impurare, make impure: see im-
pure, ».] The act of making impure.

And for these happy regions, which are comfortably
Illumined with the saving doctrine of Jesus Christ, may
It please you to forbid their impuration by the noysoiue
fogges and mists of those nils-opinions, whose very prin-
ciples are professedly rebellious.

Bp. llall, Christ and Cassar.

impure (im-pur'), a. [= F. impur = Sp. Pg. It.
impuro, < L. impurus, inpurus, not pure, < in-
pnv. + purus, pure: see pure.'] 1. Not pure
physically ; mixed or impregnated with extra-
neous, and especially with offensive, matter;
foul; feculent; tainted: as, impure water or
air; impure salt or magnesia.

Breathing an impure atmosphere injures the mind as
well as the body. Huxley and Youinan*, 1'hysiol., i 395.

2. Not simple or unmixed; mixed or combined
with something else : said of immaterial things.

Unless one surface of the prism be covered by an opaque
plate, with a narrow slit In It parallel to the edge of the
prism, the spectrum produced in this way is very impurt,

1. e. the spaces occupied by the various homogeneous rays
overlap one another. P. 0. Tait, Eucyc. Brit., XIV. 693.

3. Not pure morally; unchaste; obscene; lewd:
as, impure language or ideas; impure actions.

Mine eyes, like sluices, . . .
Shall gush pure streams to purge my impure tale.

Shak., Lucrece, L 1078.

One could not devise a more proper hell for an impure
spirit than that which Plato has touched upon. AJ<ti*on.

4. Of a contaminating nature ; causing defile-
ment, physical or moral ; unclean; abominable.

Defaming as impure what God declares

Pure, ana commands to some, leaves free to all.

Milton, P. L., iv. 740.

The notion that there (s something impure and defil-
ing, even in a just execution, is one which may be traced
through many ages, and executioners, as the ministers of
the law, have been from very ancient times regarded as
unholy. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 41.

5. Not in conformity with a standard of cor-
rectness, simplicity, etc.: as, an impure style of
writing. — Impure syllogism, a syllogism which in-
volves an immediate inference. = Syn. 1. Dirty, filthy.—

2. Coarse, gross, ribald, vulgar, immodest, bawdy,
impuret (im-pur'), r. [< L. "impurare (in pp.

impuratus), make impure. < impurus, tnpurus,
impure: see impure, a.] I. trans. To make im-
pure; defile.

What longer suffering could there lie, when Religion it
self grew so void of sincerity, and the greatest shows of
purity were impur'df Milton, Hist. Eng., v.

II. intrans. To grow impure. Davies.

Pure, In she (the soul) came ; there living, Shea impure*;
And sutfers there a thousand Woes the while.

Sylvester, tr. of P. Mathieu's Memorials of Mortality.

impurely (im-pur'li), adc. In an impure man-
ner; with impurity.

impureness (im-pur'nes), n. The quality or
condition of being impure ; impurity.

Impuritant (im-pu'ri-tan), n. [< iw-3 + Puri-
tan.'] One who is not a Puritan. [Rare.]

If those who are tearmed Rattle-heads and Impuritani
would take up a Resolution to begin in moderation of
haire, to the just reproach of those that are called Puri-
tans and Round-heads, I would honour their inaniinesse.
.V. H'anf, Simple Cobler, p. 32.

impurity (im-pu'ri-ti), ».; pi. impurities (-tiz).
[=F. iniptwti' = Pr. impuritat = iSp.impiiridad
= Pg. impuridtnle = It. iiii/iHrita, < L. imtiitri-
ta(t-)s, inpurita(t-)s, impurity, < impurus, inpu-

impurity

rus, impure : see impure.] 1. The condition or
quality of being impure, in either a physical or
a moral sense.

The soul of a man grown to an inward and real impu-
rity, ililtun, Divorce, ii. 6.

Our Saviour, to shew how much God abhors Impurity,
. . . declares that the unmortiQed Desires and inward
Lusts are very displeasing to God ; and therefore, that
those who hope to see God must be Pure in Heart.

StiUingfteet, Sermons, III. vii.

2. That which is or makes impure, physically
or morally : as, impurities in a liquid.

But no perfection is so absolute
That some impurity doth not pollute.

Shak., Lucrece, 1. 854.

=Syn. 1. Vncleanness, dirtiness, fllthiness; immodesty,
ribaldry, grossness, vulgarity.
impurple. v. t. See empurple.
imputability (im-pu-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. im-
/nitdbilite = Sp. imputabilidad = Pg. imputaU-
lidade; as imputable + -ity : see -bility.] The
character of being imputable.

If now we can say what is commonly presupposed by
imputabiliti/, we shall have accomplished the first part of
our undertaking, by the discovery of what responsibility
means for the people.

F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, p. 5.

imputable (im-pu'ta-bl), a. [= F. imputable =
Sp. imputable = Pg"imputarel = It. imputabile;
as impute + -able.] 1. That may be imputed,
charged, or ascribed; attributable.

These [sins], I say, in the law were imputable, but they
were not imputed. Jcr. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 434.

This circumstance is chiefly imputable to the constancy
of the national legislature. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int.

2f. Accusable ; chargeable with fault.

The fault lies at his door, and she is in no wise imputa-
ble. Ayli/e, Parergou.

imputableness (im-pu'ta-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of beiiig imputable ; 'imputability.

'Tis necessary to the imputableness of an action that it
* be avoidable. Norris.

imputably (im-pu'ta-bli), adv. By imputation,
imputation (im-pu-ta'shou), 11. [= F. imputa-
tion = Sp. imputation =' Pg. impntayao = It.
imputazione, <LL. imputatiu(n-), inpitttitio(n-),
a charge, an account, < imputare, inputare.
charge, impute: see impute.] 1. The act of
imputing or charging; attribution; ascription:
as, the imputation of wrong motives.

If I had a suit to Master Shallow, I would humour his
men with the imputation of being near their master.

Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 1.

This [self-conscious volition] is the condition of imputa-
tion and responsibility, and here begins the proper moral
life of the self. F. II. Bradley, Ethical Studies, p. 267.

2. That which is imputed or charged; specifi-
cally, an attribution of something censurable
or evil; censure; reproach.

Truly I must needs lay an imputation of great discre-
tion upon myselfe. Coryat, Crudities, 1. 189.

Let us be careful to guard ourselves against these
groundless imputations of our enemies, and to rise above
them. Addism.

Doctrine Of Imputation, in theol., the doctrine that the
sin of Adam is attributed or laid to the charge of his pos-
terity, so that they are treated as guilty because of it,
and that the righteousness of Christ is attributed or cred-
ited to the believer, so that he is treated as righteous be-
causeofit.— Mediate imputation, the doctrine that not
the guilt, but only the consequences of Adam's sin, attach
to his descendants.

imputative (im-pu'ta-tiv), a. [= F. imputatif
= Sp. Pg. imputativo', < LL. imputations, charg-
ing, accusatory, < L. imputare, charge, im-
pute: see impute.] Coming by imputation;
imputed.

Some say they have imputative faith ; but then so let
the sacrament be too : that is, if they have the parents'

va-

384.

faith, . . . then so let baptism be imputed also by deri
tiou from them. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 3

The fourth is the imputative righteousness of Christ
either exploded or not rightly understood.

JR. Nelson, Bp. Bull.

imputatively (im-pu'ta-tiv-li), adv. By impu-
tation.

impute (im-puf), v. t. ; pret. and pp. imputed,
ppr. imputing. [< F. imputer = Sp. Pg. impu-
tar = It. imputare, < L. imputare, inputare, en-
ter into the account, reckon, set to the account
of, attribute, < in, in, to, 4- putare, estimate,
reckon: see putative. Cf. compute, depute, re-
I»/U:.] 1. To charge; attribute; ascribe; reck-
on as pertaining or attributable.
Let not my lord impute iniquity unto me.

2 Sam. xix. 19.

God imputes not to any man the blood he spills in aiust
cause- Milton, Eikonoklastes, six.

Men oft are false ; and, if you search with Care,
You'll find less Fraud imputed to the Fair.

Congreve, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love.

3024

We impute deep-laid, far-sighted plans to Cresar and
Napoleon ; but the best of their power was in nature, not
in them. Emerson, Spiritual Laws.

2. To reckon as chargeable or accusable ;
charge; tax; accuse. [Bare.]

All that I say is certain ; if you fall,
Do not impute me with it ; I am clear.

Fletcher (and another), Noble Gentleman, i. 1.

And they, sweet soul that most impute a crime,
Are pronest to it, and impute themselves.

Tennyson, Merlin.

3. To attribute vicariously; ascribe as derived
from another : used especially in theology. See
doctrine of imputation, under imputation.

Thy merit

Imputed shall absolve them who renounce
Their own both righteous and unrighteous deeds.

Milton, P. L., iii. 291.

4. To take account of; reckon; regard; con-
sider. [Rare.]

If we impute this last humiliation as the cause of his
death. Gibbon.

Imputed malice. See malice.— Imputed quality!, in
metapli.. the power of a body to affect the senses, as color,
smell, etc.

Secondary and imputed qualities, which are but the
powers of several combinations of those primary ones,
when they operate without being distinctly discerned.

Locke.
=Syn. Attribute, Ascribe, Refer, etc. See attribute.

imputer (im-pu'ter), H. One who imputes or
attributes.

imputrescible (im-pu-tres'i-bl), a. [< im-S +
putrescible.] Not putrescible; not subject to
putrefaction or corruption.

imrigh, imrich (im'rich), n. [< Gael, eanraich,
soup.] A sort of strong soup, made of parts
of the ox, used in the Highlands of Scotland.

A strapping Highland damsel placed before Waverley,
Evan, and Donald Bean, three cogues or wooden vessels
. . . containing imrich. Scott, Waverley, xvii.

in1 (in), prep, and adv. [With the simple form
in became merged in later ME. and early mod.
E. several deriv. forms, inne, etc. I. prep, (a)
< ME. in, y», < AS. in = OFries. D. MLG. LG.
OHG. MHO. G. in = Icel. i = Sw. Dan. i =
Goth, in = Olr. in = W. yn = L. in = Gr. ev,
ivi, dial. Iv, in; related to Gr. ana = Goth, ana
= OHG. ana, MHG. one, an, G. an = AS. an,
on, E. on: see ow1, and cf. in2, an-1, ana-,in-i,
in-2, etc. (6) < ME. inne, ine, earlier innen, < AS.
innan, in, within, = OS. innan = OFries. inna =
OHG. innana, innan, innena, MHG. G. innen =
Icel. innan = Dan. inden, inde = Sw. innan, inne
= Goth, innana, from within, within, (c) < ME.
inne, < AS. inne = OS. inne = OFries. inne =
OHG. inna, inni, inne, MHG. G. inne, within, etc.
II. adf. (a) < ME. in, < AS. in = OS. OFries. in
= OHG. MHG. in, also, with lengthened vowel,
OHG. MHG. in, G. ein = Icel. inn = Sw. in =
Dan. ind= Goth, inn, adv., in. (6) < ME. inne,
innen, < AS. innan, etc. (c) < ME. inne, < AS.
inne = Goth, inna, etc.: in forms similar to
those of the prep. See I. With these are as-
sociated numerous other deriv. forms. In early
use (AS. and early ME.) the prep, in was often
interchangeable with the related on, which was
indeed generally used in AS. where in now ap-
pears. In ME. and mod. poet, and dial, use, in
G. dial., and reg. in Scand., the prep, in is re-
duced to i, in present E. commonly printed i'.]

1. prep. A word used to express the relation of
presence, existence, situation, inclusion, action,
etc., within limits, as of place, time, condition,
circumstances, etc. 1. Of place or situation:

(a) Within the bounds or limits of ; within : as,
in the house ; in the city ; to keep a subject in
mind.

His word was in mine heart as a burning fire.

Jer. xx. 8.

These letters lay above fourteen days in the bay, and
some moved the governour to open them.

Winthrop, Hist, New England, I. 359.

The king pitched his tents in a plantation of olives, on

the banks of the river. Irving, Granada, p. 66.

Ordinary language justifies us in speaking of the soul

as in the body, in some sense in which this term does not

apply to any other collection of material atoms.

G. T. Ladd, Physiol. Psychology, p. 636.

(b) Among; in the midst of.

Than the hete was so hoge, harmyt the Grekes,
With a pestylence in the pepull pynet horn sore :
Thai fore out to the flldes, fellyn to ground,
And droppit to dethe on dayes full thicke.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 8410.

2. Of time : («) Of a point of time, or a period
taken as a point : At.

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

Gen. i. 1.

in

In the instant that I met with you,
He had of me a chain. Shak., C. of E., iv. 1.

(6) Of a course or period of time: Within the
limits or duration of; during: as, in the pre-
sent year; in two hours.

In the while that kynge Leodogan toke thus his coun-
seile of his knyghtes, entred in the kynge Arthur and his
companye in to the Paleise. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 203.

Whosoever were vanquished, such as escape vpon their
submission in two dayes after should line.

Capt. John Smith, True Travels, 1. 135.

We left Alexandria in the afternoon.

Bruce, Source of the Nile, 1. 17.

(c) Of a limit of time: At the expiration of:
as, a note due in three months.

In a bond "payable in twenty -five years" means, at the
end of that period, not within nor at any time during the
period. Anderson, Diet. Law, p. 521).

3. Of action : Under process of; undergoing the
process or running the course of : used espe-
cially before verbal nouns proper, or the same
used participially.

Forty and six years was this temple in building.

John ii. 20.

This space, extending Eastward from Ob, a Russe was a
Summer in trauelling, and liued there G yeares.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 431.

Not much better than that noise or sound which musi-
cians make while they are in tuning their instruments.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, II. xxiv. § 1.
The Moorish cavaliers, when not in armor, delighted in
dressing themselves in Persian style.

Irving, Granada, p. 5.

4. Of being: Within the power, capacity, or pos-
session of: noting presence within as an inher-
ent quality, distinguishing characteristic, or
constituent element or part, or intimacy of re-
lation : as, he has in him the making of a great
man ; it is not in her to desert him.

At that day ye shall know that I am in my Father, and
ye in me, and I in you. John xiv. 20.

If any man be in Christ, he is a new creature.

2 Cor. v. 17.

Why, thou dissemblest, and
It is in me to punish thee.

Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 1.
But to giue him his due, one wel-furnisht Actor has
enough in him for flue common Gentlemen.

Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A Player.

5. Of state, condition, circumstance, or manner:
In the condition, state, etc., of: as, in sickness
and in health ; painted in yellow; in arms (arm-
ed); in doubt; in very deed; paper in quires;
grain in bulk; the party i» power.

He in the red face had it. Shak., M. W. of W., i. 1.

Look to my shop ; and if there come ever a scholar in
black, let him speak with me.

Beau, and Fl., Woman-Hater, iii. 3.
I am at this instant in the very agonies of leaving col-
lege. Gray, Letters, I. 16.
Muley Abul Hassan received the cavalier in state, seated
on a magnificent divan. Irving, Granada, p. 12.
How could I know that your son would arrive in safety?
E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 67.

6. Of range, purview, or use : With regard to ;
within the range of : as, in politics ; in theology
or philosophy ; in botany, etc.— 7. Of number,
amount, quantity, etc. : («.) Within the body or
whole of; existing or contained in: as, there
are ten tens in a hundred; four quarts in a gal-
lon; the good men in a community. (6) To
the amount of; for or to the payment of, ab-
solutely or contingently: as, to amerce, bind,
fine, or condemn in a thousand dollars.

Whereupon the Thebans at their returne home con-
demned euery man in the summe of ten thousand
Drachmes. North, tr. of Plutarch, Pelopidas, p. 321.

Lord Elibank, a very prating, impertinent Jacobite, was
bound for him in nine thousand pounds, for which the
Duke is determined to sue him. Walpole, Letters, II. 40.

8. Of material, form, method, etc.: Of; made of;
consisting of; with: as, a statue in bronze; a
worker in metal ; to paint in oils ; a book written
in Latin ; a volume in leather or cloth ; music in
triple time.

Crispe heris & clene, all in cours yelowe,
All the borders blake of his bright ene.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3968.
For I will raise her statue in pure gold.

Shak., R. and J., v. 3.

It [a newspaper] is in Turkish and Arabic.

E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 851.
But besides these statues in wood and stone, a few in
bronze have also been discovered.

Lucy M. Mitchell, Hist. Ancient Sculpture, ii.

9. Of means or instruments: By means of;
with; by; through.

In thee shall all nations be blessed. Gal. iii. S.

You shew your loves in these large multitudes
That come to meet me.

Beau, and Fl., King and No King, ii. 2.

in

I, very providently preventing the worst, dismounted
from my horse, and leu him in my hand.

( ,.,,mt, Crudities, I. 88.

10. Of cause or occasion: From; because of;
on account of; for the sako of: UK, to rejoice in
an ancient lineup-; in the name of God.

If team must be,
I should in justice ween 'em, and for you.

Fletcher, Valentinlan, Iv. 4.

Old All Atar hail watched from his fortress every move-
ment of the Christian army, and had exulted in all the
errors of its commanders. Irviny, Granada, p. 08.

Every feature in that marvelous scene delighted him,
both in itself and for the sake of the innumerable associa-
tions and images which it conjured up.

freoelyan, Maeaulay, I. 322.

11 . Of end : With respect to ; as regards ; con-
cerning.

And they glorified God in me. Oil. L 24.

For the slaughter committed, they were In great doubt
what to do in it. Winthnp, Hist. New England, II. 300.
There Is nothing else I could disobey you in.

Sheridan, The Duenna, i. 3.

Men adroit

In speech, and for communion with the world
Accomplished. Wordsworth, Prelude, xili.

12. Of proportion or partition : From among;
out of: as, one i»ten.

Few in millions
Can speak like us. Slink-., Tempest, 11. 1.

13. Of motion or direction : Into: as, to break
a thing in two ; to put in operation.

I wil the, without. 'ii div.li',
In suche another place lede.

Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1914.
Hence, villain ' never more come in my sight

Shot., Rich. II., v. 2.
His Pipe in pieces broke.

Congreoe, Death of Queen Mary.

14. Of purpose, intent, or result: For; to; by
wayof: as, to act in self -defense; in conclusion.

It is not many years ago since Lapirius. in wrong of his
elder brother, came to a great estate by gift of his father.
Sleele, Spectator, No. 248.
l:i answer to the breath of prayer.

Whittier, Cypress-Tree of Ceylon.

15. According to: as, in. all likelihood.

In all deccncle the stile ought to conforme with the na-
ture of the subject.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 126.

16f. Occupied with.

He was much in the troublesome thoughts of the sins
he had committed, both since and before he began to be
a Pilgrim. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 212.

17. On; upon: as, in the whole; in guard: in
various archaic uses now more commonly ex-
pressed by on.

And on this daye it was founden of Helayne tn the

mi mute of caluarye. Holy Hood (E. E. T. S.\ p. 154.

" In condlcloun," quod Conscience, "that thow konne

defende
And rule t hi rewme In resoun. "

Piers Plowman (B), xlx. 474.
In the third day of May,
To Carlelle did come
A kind curteous child.

The Bay and the Mantle (Child's Ballads, I. 8).
In his returne he discovered the Towne and Country
of Warraskoyack.

Quoted in Capt. John Smith's True Travels, I. 156.

A certain rule could not be found out for an equal rate

between buyer and seller, though much labor had been

bestowed i» it Winthrop, Hist New England, I. 880.

We were forced to cut our mainmast by the board ;

which so disabled the ship that she could not proceed in

her voyage. R. Knox (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 342).

In act, actual; existing.— Inaction, (a) Seeaclion. (b)

In /"". See tile extract

A thing is said to be in action when It Is not in posses-
sion, and for its recovery an action is necessary.

Rapalje and Lawrence.
Inactto. Seeact.— inall See all.— In and for Itself,

in the Hegelian philo*., in the relations and connections
which are really essential to it, and developed out of it —
In as far as, to the extent that.

Self-fertilization ia manifestly advantageous in at far
as it insures a full supply of seed.

Darn-in, Fertil. of Orchids by Insects, p. 57.

In as much as, or Inasmuch as, seeing that : consider-
ing that; since. In battery. (n) Prepared for action:
said of a field-gun, (li) Having the top carriage run for-
ward to the front end of the chassis: applied to heavy
guns in the tiring position. — In blank. (<0 With blank
spaces to be tilled out; in outline: as, to issue commis-
sions in Won*, (d) With the name only: said of the in-
dorsement of a bill or note by merely writing one's name
on it.— In boards, in bookbinding: («) Having the side-
boards laced or tipped to the rounded back, preparatory
to covering with cloth or leather. (6) Bound with boards.
See Ijoanl, 11.— In bulk, in the heap: not packed in bags,
b;un']>. KIMS, .>r other separate jKtekages : as, a cargo of
grain i;i bulk.— In course. See ootir« i.

7nc<mr.«. . . it must have been tin- uwner of the chest-
nut, and no one else. Sterne, Tristram .shandy, Iv. 27.

In energy, in operation.— In Itself (as a thing), apart
from what is not essential to it ; apart from its relations,

3025

especially from Its relation to the mind and senses of man ;

as it is Intrinsically.

A thing known in itself is the (sole) prescntative or in-
tuitive object of knowledge, or the (sole) object of a pre-
sentative or intuitive knowledge. A thing known in :iu<i
through something else is the primary, mediate, reunite,
renl, existent or represented, object of mediate know-
ledge. ... A thing to be known in itself mast be known
as actually existing, and it cannot be known as actually
existing unless It be known as existing in Its when and
its where. Sir W. II amiltnn. Metaphysics, xvli.

In that, for the reason that ; because.

Some things they do in that they are men ; . . . some
things in that they are men misled and blinded with error.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

In the abstract, viewed abstractly; not taking account
of inessential conditions. — In the concrete, as things are
found in the real world.

II. arfc. 1. In or into some place, position,
or state indicated by the context : an elliptical
use of the preposition in : as, the master is not
in (in the house, or at home) ; the ship is in (in
port); come in (into the room, house, etc.); to
keep one's temper in (in restraint, or within
bounds).

Whichc havyn ys callyd Swafane, In Turkey, And whanne
we war in/«j we cowd nott get owt nor kast our Anker.

TorUnyton, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 02.

They went in to Hezekiah the king. 2 Chron. xxix. 18.
Well, would I were in, that I am out with him once.

11. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 2.

I am in,

And what was got with cruelty, with blood
Must be defended. Fletcher, Double Marriage, L 2.

It being for their advantage to hold in with us, we may
safely trust them. Winthnp, Hist New England, II. 133.

The old Finn stood already with a ilr torch, waiting to
light us in. li. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 148.

2. Inward; coming in, as to a place.

I see that there are three trains in and three out every
Sabbath, Trollope, Unix-heater Towers, p. 29.

3. Close; home.

They [left-handed fencers) are in with you, if you offer
to fall back without keeping your guard. Tatter.

4. In law, in possession; in enjoyment; invest-
ed : used in expressing the nature or the mode
of acquiring an estate, or the right upon which
a seizin is founded : thus, a tenant is said to bo
in by the lease of his lessor (that is, his title
or estate is derived from the lease). — 5. Xaut.,
furled or stowed: said of sails. — 6. In advance
or in addition ; beyond what was the case, was
expected, or the like; to the good; thrown in:
as, he found himself five dollars in. [Colloq.]

And so you have the fight 171, gratis. Dickens.

7. Into the bargain: as, ten cents a dozen and
one thrown in. [Colloq. ] — To be In for (a thing), to
be destined to receive, suffer, or do (something); be bent
upon or committed to : as, to be in for a beating ; to be in
for a lark.

I wan in /or a list of blunders.

Gohtsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, iv.

To be or keep In with, (a) To be or keep close or near :
as, to keep a snip in with the land. (b) To be or keep on
terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with. — To
bind In, come In, give In, etc. See the verbs.— To
breed In and In, See breed.— To have one's hand In.
See hand.— To throw In, to add in excess; give beyond
what is bargained or paid for : as, the remnant of the piece
was thrown in.

in1 (in), M. [< ini, adv.'} 1. A person in office :
specifically, in politics, a member of the party
in power.

And doom'd a victim for the sins
Of half the outs and all the ins.

Chatterton, Prophecy.

There was then (1765) only two political parties, the in»
and the outs. The in* strove to stay in, and keep the outs
out ; the outs strove to get in, and turn the iiu out.

J. llutton.

The disappointed Outs are lukewarm and often envious
of the Int. New Princeton Kev., I. 67.

The "ins". . . always have . . . averred, with a fervor
which can only spring from heartfelt conviction, that the
Incoming of the "outs" will be shortly followed by the
final crack of doom. X. A. Rev., CXXIII. 459.

2. A nook or corner : used chiefly in the phrase
ins and outs — Ins and outs, (a) Nooks and comers ;
turns and windings : as, the ins and out* of a garden, or of
an old house.

Take my arm; I can guide yon better so. It's dark,
and I know the i/w and outt.

C. F. Woolson, Jupiter Lights, xv.

Hence— (b) All the details or intricacies of a matter: as,
the im and outs of a question.

Mrs. Harper was standing moralizing on the i/w and
outs of family life. Kin. Craft, Agatha's Husband, xiii.

in't (in), t'- t. [Also inn, now with ref. only to
inn, n. ; < ME. innen, < AS. innian, pet in, lodge.
< I'M/I, in, in: see in1, prep.'} To get in; take or
put in; hoiisr.

And Goddis mercy schal ynne my corn,
And fede me with that that y neuere sewe.

Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 69.

-In

All was inwii at last into the King's Karne.

liacon, Hist. Henry VIL (ed. 1641X p. 87.

in2(in),;jr<y>. [L.,=AS.andE.in,etc.: seein1.]
A Latin preposition, cognate with English in.
It occurs in many phrase* more or less current in English
use, as iu loco parentis, in abientia, in ette, in poor., in
statu quo, etc.

in-'t, n. An obsolete spelling of inn.

In. In rhcm., the symbol for indium.

in. An abbreviation of inch or inches.

in-1. [ME. in-. < AS. in- = OS. OFries. D. in-
= OHG. MHO. G. in-, with long vowel OHG.
MHG. in-, G. cin- = led. i-, inn- = Dan. iml- =
Sw. in- = Goth, in- = L. in- (> E. in-2, q. v.) = Gr.
/i'-; being the prep, and adv. incomp. : gee in1.]
A prefix of Anglo-Saxon origin, being the prepo-
sition and adverb in so used. It Is ultimately
Identical with in--' of Latin origin ; but the latter in Eng-
lish apprehension is often unmeaning, while in-l always
conveys the distinct sense of ' In 'or 'into,' as in inborn,
inbred, income, inland, inlet, inmate, iiunde, insight, in-
snare, inurav, etc. In ingot, however, the prefix is un-
felt, the word being no longer recognized as a compound.
In consequence of its formal and original Identity with
in--, it may assume the same phases, becoming tin- before
a labial, as in impark, imp* n, imbitter, imbody, immeth,
immingle, or varying to en-, as in f ncloud, enfetter, before a
labial to em-, as in embed, embody, embitter, etc., the dis-
tinction being purely historical and depending on the ori-
gin, native or foreign, of t hi,- primitive. In the etymologle;

in-, en- = Sp. in-, en- = Pg. in-, en- = It. in-, <
L. in-, being the prep, in (see in2) in comp.,
and conveying, according to the verb, the no-
tion of rest or existence in, or of motion, direc-
tion, or inclination into, to, or upon ; often mere-
ly intensive, and in later use sometimes with-
out assignable force. In classical L. in- gener-
ally remained unchanged in all positions, but
later was usually assimilated, i»i- before a la-
bial, il- before /, ir- before r, whence the same in
mod. languages. In OF., and hence in ME.
and mod. F. and E., reg. en-, but with a constant
tendency to revert to the L. in-, the form in en-
often ceasing to bo used in E. or being used
alongside of in- without distinction.] A prefix
of Latin origin, being the Latin preposition in so
used. It is ultimately identical with in-l of English ori-
gin, having the same literal sense ; but It is often merely in-
tensive, and in many words has in modern apprehension no
assignable force. Before a labial in- in later Latin, and
hence in Romance, English, etc., becomes ijn-, as in imbibe,
imperil, immanent, etc. ; before I it becomes if-, as in ilia
tiiin, illude, illumine, etc. ; before r it becomes ir-, as in ir-
radiate, irrigate, etc. In many words derived in fact or
form through the French, in- interchanges with or has dis-
placed the earlier English and French en-, the tendency
being to use in- whenever there is a corresponding Latin
form in in-, as in inclose, or enclose, inquire or entiuire, etc.
See in-l, cn-i , en--. This prefix occurs uuf clt, with the ac-
cent, as en- in enry.

in-3. [ME. in-, en-, OF. en-, in-, F. en-, in- =
Sp. Pg. in- = It. in-, < L. in- = Gr. av-, before
a consonant a-, called a- privative, = Goth.
OHG. AS. E., etc., un-, not, -less, without : see
MM-1, an-6, a-18. In classical L. the negative in-
generally remained unchanged in all positions ;
but later it was subject to the same assimila-
tions and changes as in-2 above. In OF., and
hence in ME. and mod. F. and E., sometimes
en-, but then in E. unfelt as a negative, as in
en-emy (ct.m-itnical, etc. ).] A prefix of Latin ori-
gin, having a negative or privative force, ' not,
-less, without.' It Is cognate with the English prefix
un-1, with which it may interchange in English forma-
tions : but the rule is to use in- with an obvious Latin
primitive and un- with a native or thoroughly naturalized
primitive, as in inanimate, incretlulous, inaccessible, in-
equality, as against unlirin;r, unbelieving, unapproach-
able, unequal, etc. The two forms coexist In \nedited,
unedited, incautious, uncautimu. etc. This prefix in-3 as-
sumes the same phonetic phases as in-l, i»-2, as in im-
partial, immense, immeasurable, illiterate, irregular, etc. ;
It is reduced to i- In ignore, ignorant, etc. It occurs un-
felt, with the accent, in enemy, enmity.

-in1, -ine1. [1. ME. -in, -ine, < OF. and F. -in,
-ine = Pr. -in, -inn = Sp. Pg. It. -ino, -in«, < L.
(a) -inus, -fnrt, -{mini = Gr. -tvof, -Ivr/, -tvov,
forming adjectives, as in adamnntinus (< Gr.
a<5a//dvr«KOf), adamantine, jiristiitiut, pristine,
etc.; and sometimes nouns, as enpliiiiiiK, < Gr.
KoQivoc,, a basket; (b) -inns, -inn, -iiiiiin. form-
ing adjectives, and nouns thence derived, from
nouns, as in caninus, < cants, a dog, dirinus, <
divus, a god, equinus, < equus, a horse, fern in i-
nus, < femina, a woman, peregrinits, < jiereger,
a traveler, etc. ; very common in proper names,
orig. appellatives, as ditguxtinus, Calriints, Cris-
. ,/itxtiinn. etc. 2. ME. -in, -inf. OF. and
F. -ine = Sp. Pg. It. -inn, < L. -in«. forming
fern, abstracts from verbs (from the inf. or
through derivatives) or from undetermined
roots, as in ra/iina, rapine (E. also, through
F., rat-in, raven'-2), < rapere, snatch, ruina, ruin, <

-in

fuere, fall, doctrina, teaching, < doctor, a teacher
(< docere, teach), medicina, medicine, < medians,
physician, vagina, sheath, etc. In -inus, -inus,
-anus, -ettus, -onus, -unus, etc., the suffix is prop.
*-no-,*-na-, being the extremely common Indo-
Eur. suffix *-na- with a preceding vowel be-
longing or supplied to the stem. The suffix
-in, -ine appears sometimes as -en and is ult. =
AS. and E. -en : see -en2, and cf. -an, -ane, -am,
-one, -une. In margin, origin, virgin, etc., the
suffix, not felt as such, is historically distinct,
though related (L. -o, -on-, -in-) : see these
words.] 1. A suffix of Latin (or Greek) origin
forming, in Latin, adjectives, and nouns thence
derived, from nouns, many of which formations
have come into or are imitated in modern
Latin and English. The proper English spelling,
when the vowel is short, is -in, which was formerly in use,
alongside of -ine, in all cases, as in yenuin, feminin, etc. ;
but in present spelling -ine prevails, whether the vowel is
short, as in genuine, feminine, masculine, etc., or long, as
in canine, divine, equine, etc. The form -in occurs in a few
words, especially old contracted forms, as matin, a., mat-
ins, coffin, cousin, pilgnm(tor "jnlgrin), alongside of -ine,
as in lupin, lupine. In proper names -///'-' is found, as in
Augustine, Collating, but regularly -in, as in Auaustin,
Austin, Calvin, Crispin, Justin, etc.
2. A suffix of Latin origin occurring, unfelt in
English, in nouns formed as nouns in Latin, as
in ravin or raven2 (doublet rapine), ruin, dis-
cipline, doctrine, medicine, etc. It occurs also
in its Latin form -ina (which see), and is ulti-
mately identical with -Hi2, -ine2.

-in2, -me2. [F. -ine = Sp. Pg. It. NL. -ina, <
L. -ina = Gr. -ivn, fern, of the adj. suffix above
described, -i»i, -ine^ ; used in Gr. as a fern,
formative dim. and patronymic (= AS. and E.
-e»= G. -in: see -en3), as in f/pulvri, > L. heroina,
> F. heroine, > E. heroine, whence its use in
NL. -ina, E. -in2, -ine2, in forming the names
of chem. derivatives.] 1. A suffix of Latin or
Greek origin, ultimately identical with the fern,
of the preceding (-i»l, -iiiel), occurring as a
feminine formative in heroine. — 2. The same
suffix used in a special manner in chemical and
mineralogical nomenclature, forming names of
some of the elements, as in bromine, chlorin, etc.,
but usually derivatives, as in glycerin, acetin, etc.
In spelling usage wavers between -in and -ine. In this
dictionary, in accordance with the proper pronunciation,
and with the best recent usage in chemistry, the form -in
is generally used in preference to -ine when both forms
are in use. In chemistry a certain distinction of use is
attempted, basic substances having the termination -iue
rather than -in, as aconitine, aniline, etc., and -in being
restricted to certain neutral compounds, glycerides, glu-
cosides, and proteids, as albumin, palinitin, etc. ; but this
distinction is not observed in all cases. In names of min-
erals -ine is generally used. From its chemical use the
suffix has come to be much used in the formation of trade-
names, more or less absurd, of proprietary "remedies,"
"cures," soaps, powders, etc.

-ina1. [NL. Sp. Pg. It. -ina, < L. -ina, fern, of
-inus: see-iwiand-JH2.] The feminine form of
the suffix -in1, -mel, in the Spanish, Portuguese,
Italian, New Latin, and Latin form, occurring
in some English words adopted from or formed
after one or another of these languages, as in
farina, vagina, and other original Latin nouns.
This suffix is common in New Latin feminine
generic and specific names.

-ina2. [NL., L., neut. pi. of -inus, adj. suffix : see
-in1, -tnel.] A suffix of Latin or New Latin
names of groups of animals, being properly ad-
jectives in the neuter plural, with animalia (ani-
mals) understood, as in Anoplotherina, Siderina,
etc.

inability (in-a-bil'i-ti), n. [= It. inabilitd ; as
in-f + ability. Ct."inhability.] 1. The state of
being unable, physically, mentally, or morally ;
want of ability; lack of power, capacity, or
means : as, inability to perform a task, or to pay
one's debts.

Others, . . . once seated, sit,
Through downright inability to rise.

Camper, Task, i. 480.

There seems to be, in the average German mind, an in-
ubility or a disinclination to see a thing as it really is,
unless it be a matter of science.

Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 292.
Highly nervous subjects, too, in whom the action of the
heart is greatly lowered, habitually complain of loss of
memory and inability to think.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 101.

Specifically — 2. In theol., want of power to
obey the law of God. Theologians have distinguished
between natural inability, or a supposed total natural
incapacity to obey the divine law without special divine
grace, and moral inability, or a want of power due, not
to incapacity, but to a perverted will. =Syn. Disability,
Inability (see disability), weakness, incapacity, incompe-
tence, impotence.

inablet, v. An obsolete form of enable.

inablementt, ». Same as endblement.

3026

inabstinence (in-ab'sti-nens), n. [= F. inab-
stinence ; as in-3 + abstinence.] Want of ab-
stinence ; indulgence of appetite. [Bare.]
What misery the inabstinence of Eve
Shall bring on men. Milton, P. L., xi. 476.

inabstractedt (in-ab-strak'ted), a. [< in-3 +
abstracted.'} Not abstracted. Hooker.
inabusivelyt (in-a-bu'siv-li), adv. [< in-8 +
abusively.'] Without abuse.

That infinite wisdom and purity of intention which re-
sideth in the Deity, and which makes power to consist in-
abusively only there, as in its proper sphere.

Lord Xorth, Light in the Way to Paradise (1632), p. 91.

inaccessibility (in-ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti), n. [= F.
inaccessibility = Sp. inaccesibilidad = Pg. in-
accessibilidade ; as inaccessible + -4ty.~\ The
character of being inaccessible, or not to be
reached or approached.

That side which flanks on the sea and haven needs no
art to fortify it, nature having supplied that with the in-
accessibility of the precipice. Butler, Remains, I. 417.

inaccessible (in-ak-ses'i-bl), a. [= F. inac-
cessible = Sp. inaccesible = Pg. inaccessivel = It.
inaccessibile, < LL. inaccessibilis, unapproach-
able, < in- priv. + accessibilis, approachable:
see accessible.] 1. Not accessible; not to be
reached or approached.

The stars awaken a certain reverence, because, though
always present, they are inaccessible. Einerson, Nature.

He was pleased to say that he found me by no means
the remote and inaccessible personage he had imagined.
0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 65.

2f. Unapproachable in power.
Curb your tongue in time, lest all the Gods in heav'n
Too few be and too weak to help thy punish'd insolence,
When my inaccessible hands shall fall on thee.

Chapman, Iliad, i. 560.

Inaccessible altitude. See altitude.— Inaccessible
distances. See distance.

inaccessibleness (in-ak-ses'i-bl-nes), n. The
quality or state of being inaccessible.
inaccessibly (in-ak-ses'i-bli), adv. So as to be
inaccessible ; unapproachably.

Ev'n in the absence of Emathia's prince
At Athens, friendship's unremitted care
Still in Sandauce s chamber held the queen
Sequester'd, inaccessibly immur'd.

Glover, Athenaid, x\i.

inaccommodatet (in-a-kom'o-dat), a. [< »»-3 +
accommodate, a.] Inconvenient; incommodi-
ous; cramped.

Halfe of their company dyed, . . . being infected with
ye scurvie & other diseases, which this long voiage & their
inacomodate condition had brought upon them.

Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 91.

inaccordant (in-a-k6r'daut), a. [< «»-3 + ac-
cordant.'] Not in accordance ; not agreeing.
inaccuracy (in-ak'u-ra-si), M. ; pi. inaccuracies
(-siz). [< inaccura(te) + -cy.] 1. The state of
being inaccurate ; want of accuracy.

A few instances of inaccuracy . . . can never derogate
from the superlative merit of Homer and Virgil.

Goldsmith, Metaphors.

We may say, therefore, without material inaccuracy,
that all capital, and especially all addition to capital, are
the result of saving. J. S. Mill.

2. That which is inaccurate; a mistake; a
fault ; a defect ; an error.

The single description of a moonlight night in Pope's
Iliad contains more inaccuracies than can be found in all
the Excursion. Macaulay, Moore's Byron.

=Syn. 1. Incorrectness, inexactness.— 2. Slip, inadver-
tence, blunder.

inaccurate (in-ak'u-rat), a. [< in-3 + accu-
rate.] Not accurate; not exact or correct; erro-
neous; of persons, disposed to commit errors;
careless as regards accuracy of statement.

He is often inaccurate in his statement of facts, and
sometimes hasty in his generalizations.

Theodore Parker, Historic Americans, vi.
A notion may be inaccurate by being too wide.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 369.
=Syn. Incorrect, inexact, blundering, loose,
inaccurately (in-ak'u-rat-li), adv. In an inac-
curate manner; incorrectly; erroneously,
inacquaintance (in-a-kwan'tans), n. [< in-* +
acquain tan ce. ] Unaequaintance.
An inacquaintance with the principles of gravitation.
W. Russell, Mod. Europe, IV. 290.

inacquiescent (in-ak-wi-es'ent), a. [< in-3 +
acquiescent.] Not acquiescent or acquiescing.

inactt (in-akf), v. t. [<in-^ + act. Cf. enact.]
To bring into action or a state of activity.

The soul in this condition was united with the most
subtile and ethereal matter that it was capable of inact-
ing. Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, xiv.

inaction (in-ak'shon), n. [= F. inaction = Sp.
inaction = Pg. inaccao = It. itiazione ; as in-3
+ action.] Want of action ; abstention from
labor; idleness; rest.

inadequation

If, dead to these calls, you already languish in slothful
inaction, what will be able to quicken the more sluggish
current of advancing years? H. Blair, Works, 1. xi.

One by one, the noiseless years had ebbed away, and left
him brooding in charmed inaction, forever preparing for
a work forever deferred.

H. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 302.

inactive (in-ak'tiv), a. [= F.inactif= Sp. Pg.
inactivo, < ML. inactivity, inactive, < L. in- priv.
+ actirus, active: see active.] Not active or act-
ing, (o) Incapable of action ; without power of movement
or exertion ; inert ; lifeless : as, matter is of itself inactive,
(b) Inoperative; not producing results; ineffective: as, an
inactive medicine or chemical agent, (c) Not disposed or
prepared to act ; in a state of non-action ; idle ; indolent ;
sluggish : as, an inaction man ; inactive machinery.

I never saw anything so weak and inactive as the poor
horses were ; they had not agility enough to avoid one
stroke. H. Swinburne, Travels through Spain, xl.

A limb was broken ; . . . and on him fell, . . .

Yet lying thus inactive, doubt and gloom.

Tennyson, Enoch Ardeu.

(d) Marked by inaction or sluggishness ; destitute of activ-
ity : as, an inactive existence ; the inactive stage of insect
life (that is, the period of metamorphosis, generally passed
in concealment). =8yn. Inert, Lazy, etc. (see idle), passive,
supine.

inactively (in-ak'tiv-li), adv. In an inactive
manner; idly; sluggishly; without motion, ef-
fort, or employment.

Mark how he [your son] spends his time ; whether he in-
actieely loiters it away when . . . left to his own inclina-
tion. Locke, Education, § 125.

inactivity (in-ak-tiv'i-ti), n. [= F. inactivity
= Pg. inactividade ; as inactive + -ity.] The
condition or character of being inactive ; want
of action or exertion; indisposition to act or
exert one's self; sluggishness.

The commons, faithful to their system, remained in a
wise and masterly inactivity.

Sir J. Mackintosh, Causes of Bevolution of 1688, vii.
=Syn. See idle.

inactuatet (in-ak'tu-at), «. *. [< in-2 + actu-
ate. Cf. inact.] To put in action.

The plastick in them is too highly awakened to inact u-
ate only an aerial body.

Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, xiv.

inactuationt (in-ak-tu-a'shon), w. [< inactuate
+ -ion.] Operation.

That those powers should each of them have a tendency
to action, and in their turns be exercised, is but rational
to conceive, since otherwise they had been superfluous.
And . . . that they should be inconsistent in the su-
premest exercise and iuaetuation, is to me as probable.
Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, xiii.

inadaptability (in-a-dap-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [< in-
adaptable: see -biliiy.] Want of adaptability;
incapacity for adaptation.

This system is supposed to have the drawback of in-
adaptability to extensions.

The Engineer (London), No. 1483.

inadaptable (in-a-dap'ta-bl), a. [= Sp. ina-
daptdble; as in-S"+ adaptable.] That cannot
be adapted ; not admitting of adaptation ; un-
suitable.

inadaptation (in-ad-ap-ta'shon), ». [< «i-3 +
adaptation.] The state of being not adapted,
fitted, or suited.

inadaptive (in-a-dap'tiv), a. Same as inadapt-
able.

inadequacy (in-ad'e-kwa-si), n. [< inadequate)
+ -cy, after adequacy.] 'The state or quality of
being inadequate, insufficient, or disproportion-
ate ; incompleteness ; defectiveness.

A generation ago discussion was taking place concern-
ing the inadequacy and badness of industrial dwellings.
H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 51.

inadequate (in-ad'e-kwat), a. [= F. inadequat
= Sp. inadecuado •= Pg. inadequado = It. in-
adeguato; as in-3 + adequate.] Not adequate ;
not equal to requirement; insufficient to effect
the end desired; incomplete ; disproportionate ;
defective.

Inadequate ideas are such which are but a partial or
incomplete representation of those archetypes to which
they are referred.

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xxxi. 1.
A scene the full horrors of which words . . . would be m-
adequate to express. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, 1. 197.
= Syn. Incommensurate, incompetent.

inadequately (in-ad'e-kwat-li), adv. In an in-
adequate manner; not fully or sufficiently.

Though in some particulars that sense be inadequately
conveyed to us. Bp. Hurd, To Dr. Leland.

inadequateness (in-ad'e-kwat-nes), n. The
state or quality of being inadequate; inade-
quacy; insufficiency; incompleteness.

That may be collected generally from the inadequate-
ness of the visible means to most notable productions.

J. Goodman, Winter Evening Conferences, p. 11.

inadequationt (in-ad-e-kwa'shou), n. [< in-s +
adequation.] Want of exact correspondence;
incongruity.

inadequation

The difference only in-ini; from i nadequatlon of Inn-
Y/i'i'ote.'l in l-nll.'r'i Moderation of Church of Eng., p. 418.

inadherent (in-ad-her'ent), a. [= F. inadht-

rciil = I'K- imiillit rente; us in--> + tullicrent.] Not
adhering; *peri!ienlly, in bot., free, or not at-
tached to any other organ, as a calyx when per-
t'eelly detached from the ovary.
inadHesion (in-ad-he'zhon), a. [< i'l-3 + '"""-
sioii.] The state or quality of not adhering;
want of adhesion.

S027

inanimate

Porcelain clay Is distinguished from colorific earths by
uuUMfon totbe fincen.

Inseauivalvia(in-e-kwi-v.irvi-ii), ti.]>1. [XL., < inamissiblet (in-a-mis'i-hl), a. [= F. inamtsri-

L.III- priv. 4- «•'/»».«, equal, + rw/cn, the leaf of

a door.] 1. In Lamarck's classification (1801),

one of two divisions of his conchiferous Ace-

phalcea, containing the inequivalve bivalves

and the brachiopods : opposed to .E'/iiirnlri/i, 1 .

— 2. In Latreille's system (1825), one of two di-
visions (called families) of pedunculate Bra-

Hiiiiiinilti. represented by the genus Terebni-

t,,!,/: opposed to ./;,/„"•<<'<•''<, 2.
inaffability (in-af-a-biri-ti),_«. [= F. inaffa-

atnwixt*ilrite, ( K! l>i/is, that cannot bo

lost, < in- priv. + amixxibilitt, that may be lost:
see amissiole.] Not to be lost.

Had we been so flxt in an inamifriul? happinesse from
the beginning, there had been no vertue In the world, nor
any of that matchlesse pleasure which attends the exer-
cise thereof. Glanrillf, Prc-existence of .Souls, rill.

inamissiblenesst (in-a-mis'i-bl-nes), n. The
haracter of being inainissible. Bailey, 1727.

m wj,,affabte 1 -iti.] Want of affability : inamorata (m-am-o-ra t|),». [<It.»»»«i»orato,
Kirwan.

reserve in coTaversatiou. Coles, 1717.

inadhesive (in-ad-hS'nv), a. Not adhesive. jnaffable (in-af'a-bl), a. [= F. inaffable; as
inadmissibility (in-ad-mis-i-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. in,s + affable. "Cf. ineffable, of the same ult.

iiiiidiiiin.iihilitr; as iiindmiiutible + -ity.] The formation.] Not affable; reserved. E. Phillips,

quality of being inadmissible, or not proper to jjgg

be admitted, allowed, or received: as, the inarf- jnaffectationt (in-af -ek-ta'shon), «. [< in-3 mamoratet mo-rat), a.

m i ssilii/it/i of an argument or of evidence. + affectation.] Freedom from affectation. £.

inadmissible (in-ad-mis'i-bl), «. [= F.inad- p^un^ 1705.

or received: as, inadmissible testimony; inad- fected. Minsheii, 1617.

minsiblc treatment of disease; an inadmissible inaffectedlyt (in-a-fek'ted-li), adv.

proposition. tedly. Cockeram"

Unaffee-

fem. of innamorato: seeinamorate.] A woman
with whom one is in love.

The carriage stopped, as I had expected, at the hotel
door ; my flame (that Is the very word for an opera inamo-
rata) alighted. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xv.

v [Early mod. E.

also inamonrate; = F. enamoure = Sp. enamora-
do = Vg.enamorado, namorado = It. innamorato,
< ML. inamoratas, pp. of inamorare, cause to
love, inamorari, fall in love, < L. in, in,+ amor,
love: see amor. Cf. enamour.] Enamoured.

His blood was framde for euerie shade of vertue

To rauish Into true inanwurate fire.

Chapman, Monsieur D'OUve, Iv. 1.

lie, the said Warren Hastings, did, on pretence of cer- inaeeressiVO (in-a-gres'iv), O. [< in-3 + aagrex- inamorato (in-am-o-ra'to), ». [< It. iiinamo-
>mt...ii. liimn.ru. ili'i4nn>thu relief desired to be with- "l*SB»esBive ^"' »»/,<*• i% , inamoratet A man who is in love ;

sire.] Not

The strong Individuality and the inaggrcuiit nature of
the early cults. W. £. liearn, Aryan Household, p. 326.

inaidable (in-a'da-bl), a. [< in-3 + aid + -able.]
Not to be aided." [Bare.]

Labouring art can never ransom nature
From her inaidable estate. Shak., All's Well, ii. 1.

tain political dangers, declare the relief desired to be with
out hesitation totally inadmissible.

Burke, Charge against Warren Hastings.

inadmissibly (in-ad-mis'i-bli), adv. In a man-
ner not admissible.

inadvertence (in-ad-ver'tens), n. [= F. inarf-
vcrtance = Sp. Pg. inadvertencia = It. inamer-
tenza; as inadcerten(t) + -ee.] 1. The condi-
tion or character of being inadvertent; iuat- inalienability (in-al'yen-a-bU'i-ti), »
tention ; negligence ; heedlessness. — 2. An ef- • * — i-.-i.-^ r>_ ;..../:....,;.;/../.„/.,_
feet of inattention; an oversight, mistake, or
fault proceeding from mental negligence.

I do not dwell on this topic at present, but content my-
self with noticing the serious inadvertence of regarding the
genus "Feeling" as made up exclusively of pleasure and
pain. A.. Bain, Mind, XII. 578.

= Syn. Oversight, etc. See negligence.

inadvertency (in-ad-ver'ten-si), n. Same as inalienable (in-al'yen-a-bl), a. [= F. inaWna-
inadvertence. ble = Sp. inalienable ='JPg. inalienarel = It. in-

Such little Blemishes as these, when the Thought is great alienabile; as in-3 + alienable.] Incapable of

rato: see inamorote.] A man who is in love;
a lover.

If a man had such an army of lover* (a» Caitillo «up-
poseth), he might soon conquer all the world, except by
chance he met with such another army of inamorato* to
oppose It. Burton, Auat. of Mel., p. 517.

inamour (in-am'or), r. t. Same as enamour.
U)U<1- in-and-in (in'and-in'), adv. [< i»i + and +

, ,_. [= F. twi.] 1. From animals of the same parent-

inalienauilM = Pg. inalienabilidade = It. imi-
lienabilitA; as inalienable + -ity.] The state
or quality of being inalienable.

A community of cattle-breeders would regard oxen ns
eminently exchangeable, and even an agricultural com
nuiiity may originally have confined the inalienability to

and natural, we should, with Horace, Impute to a pardon-
able Inadvertency. Addison, Spectator, No. 285.

inadvertent (in-ad-ver'tent), a. [= F. inadver-
tent = It. inavvertente (in adv.); as in-3 + ad-
rcrtent.] 1. Not properly attentive ; heedless ;
careless; negligent.

However, he allows at length that men may be dlshon-
cat in obtruding circumstances foreign to the object; and

' " 1

age ; from animals closely related by blood :
as, to breed in-and-in. — 2. With constant in-
teraction of any kind.

The whole flotsam and Jetsam of two minds forced in
and in upon the matter In hand from every point of the

, . compass. R. L. Stevenson, Talk and Talkers, i.

the oxen which served as beasts of plough. . - , .. , j • i\ , r/ _•„ .,„.» ;„ „,;,, i

XMu, Early Law and Custom, p. 231. in-and-in (ID and-m ), n. K in-OHO-in, om.j

An old gambling game played by two or three
persons with four dice, each person having a
box. In Implied a doublet, or two dice alike out of the
four ; in-and-in, two doublets, or all four dice alike.

He 1* a merchant still, adventurer,
At in-and-in. B. Jonton, New Inn. ill. 1.

being alienated or transf erred to another ; that
cannot or should not be transferred or given up.

ton, Postscript to Ded. to the Free-Thinkers.
An inadvertetit step may crush the snail,
That crawls at evening in the public path.

Cowper, Task, vi. 664.

2. Unconscious; unintentional; accidental.

Another secret charm of this book [White's " Natural
History of Selborne"] is its inadvertent humor, so much
the more delicious because unsuspected by the author.

Loieetl, Study Windows, p. 2.
=Syn. Inattentive, unobservant, thoughtless.

One of the first things to be done after the resumption
was to consolidate and render inalienable, or, so to speak,
amortize the crown lands. Stubbs, Const. Hist., 9 :!(>:'-

inalienableness (in-al'yen-a-bl-nes), n.

lienability. Bailey, 1727.
inalienably (in-al'yen-a-bli), adv. So as not

to be alienable : as, rights inalienably vested.
The sacred rights of conscience inalienably possessed

by every man. Prtscott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 7.

inalimental (in-al-i-men'tal), a. [< in-3 + ali-
mental.] Not supplying aliment ; affording no
nourishment. •

The dulcoratlon of things is worthy to be tried to the
full; for that dulcoration importeth a degree to nourish
ment; and making of things inalimental to become all-
mental may be an experiment of great profit, for making
new victual. llactm, Nat. Hist, § 649.

At Passage and at Mumchance, at In and In,
Where swearing hath bin counted for no slnne.
Traeeli e] Tirelte-Pence (1630), p. 73. (HallimU.)

Ina- inane (in-an')? «• and n.

inadvertently (in-ad-v6r'tent-li), adv. In an inalterability (in-al'ter-a-bil'i-ti), n. [= F.

lK_j]«««MtA-n4- vnnvtn f\ft • Vl /lilil 1 ftool \T • ft it Wk I UQQ I V * ***•**«'%*• *- _.•* V. .. «^...V-« -n . i .

inadvertent manner; heectlessly; carelessly;
inconsiderately ; unintentionally.

She inadvertently approached the place . . . where I
sat writing. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xxxv.

inadvertisementt, «• [< «»-3 + advertisement.]

Inadvertence.

imilterabilite = Sp. inalterabilid'ad = Pg. inaltc-
rabilidade = It. inalterabilitd; as inalterable +
-ity.] Unalterability.

From Its lightness and inalterability in the air, alumi-
num has been applied to the preparation of small weights.
IT. A. MiUer, Elem. of Chem., i 661.

Constant objects lose their hints, and steal an inadver- inalterable (in-al'ter-a-bl), a. [= F. inaltera-

= Sp. inalterable = Pg. inalteravel = It. in-
alterabue; as in-3 + alterable.] Unalterable,
nam (i-nam'). n. [Hind., < Ar. i»'o»n, a favor,
gift, present, donation.] In India: (a) A fa-

tisemrnt, upon us. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ill. 10.
inadvisability (in-ad-vi-za-bil'i-ti), ». [< in-

inli'isable: see -bility.] The quality of being

inadvisable,
inadvisable (in-ad-vi'za-bl), a. [< in-3 + ad-

risablc.] Unadvisable.
-ina. [NL., L., fern. pi. of -inns: see -i»l, -i»d.]

A suffix forming New Latin names of sub- Encyc. Brit., XV. 186.

families of animals, being properly adjectives jnamelt, r. An obsolete form of enamel.

in the feminine plural, with bestiie (beasts) un- The tomi,e i8 . . . conered with

derstood, as in Felinte, Caniiiw, etc. The fam-
ily names end in -ida;.
in aequali jure (in e-kwa'li J8're). [L. : in, in ;

vor; aboon. Hence— (6) A gift or grant, usu- —i.,, /=„ , „„'„,-, ia,\ „ r< im

ally of rent-free lands, made for religious en- inangular (m-ang g-.'-lar), a, [<
fo ervices rendered to the state. ' r J

[= Sp. Pg. inane, < L.

inanis, empty, void, appar. < in- priv. + '-anis.
an element of unknown origin and meaning.]
I. a. Empty ; void ; especially, void of sense or
intelligence; senseless; silly.
Vague and inane instinct*. It. Taylor.

Shylock hesitated for a moment on the threshold, and
exhibited a species of ina»« surprise at finding a child
instead of his brother-comedian, Mr. Efnnghani, In the
apartment. J. E. Cooke, Virginia Comedians, I. xxvili.
For what i;ian« rewards he still must try
To pierce the inner earth or scale the sky.

»' iiliii in Morrit, Earthly Paradise, II. 194.

= Syn. Frivolous, puerile, trifling.

n. n. That which is void or empty; void
space; emptiness; vacuity.

When one can find out and frame In his mind clearly
and distinctly the place of the universe, he will be able to
tell us whether it move* or stands still In the undistin-
guishable inane of Infinite space.

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xiil. 10.

Pinnacled dim in the intense inane.

Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, 111. 4.

Folly and Fear are slaters twain :

One closing the eyes.
The other peopling the dark inanf.

With spectral lies.

Whittier, My Soul and I.

•3 + ain/ii-
[< L. i««-

An obsolete variant of enamcler.

jj mjabilityt (in-a'mi-a-bil'i-ti), «.
.. - ,r,^.. -. mi.- xv.i._ ~ 1:

inaniloquentt (in-a-nil'6-kwent), a.

[)ty. + loqiirti(t-)s, ppr. of lot
. iaiK.1 Same as ii"i»'/'></ii""<. Coles, +,*..
ll'ii inaniloquousHin-a-nil'o-kwus), a. [<L.i»

— eak, talk.] Given to empty
garrulous. Bailey, 1731.
n ^st\ „ t [( JJJL. ininii-
iniini-
(iiiinin.
or vigor

that is tn s:iy. whichever claim is asserted by legal proceed-
ings is tn lie treated as inferior to the other, because he
who takes legal proceedings against another has the bur-
den of showing a better right than his adversary ha*.

insequi-. For words so beginning, see /««/»(-.

in sequilibrio (in e-kwi-lib'ri-6). [L. : in, in:
irquilibrio, abl. of (equilibrium, equilibrium : see
i'i/iiililii-iii»i.] See ci/i/ilihriiuii, 1.

,

is usually met with flat, direct Motion li.v the party cas-
tigated. Jon Bee, Essay on Samuel Foote.

inamiablet (in-a'mi-a-bl), a. [< /ii-3 + amiable.]

Unamiable. Cities, 1717.
inamiablenesst (in-a'mi-a-bl-nes), n. Unamia-

bleness.
inamillert, «• An obsolete variant of enameler.

Though she which did inanimate ami fill

The world be gone, yet in this last long niKht

Her ghost doth walk. Donne, Anat of Worlu, i.

inanimate2 (in-an'i-mat), a. [= F. inaiiime =
Sp. Pg. inanimado = It. innnimntn; as in-3 -I
animate, a.] 1. Not animate; having lost life
or vital force : as, the inanimate body of a man.

inanimate

3028

inaquate

Nature inanimate employs sweet sounds, inapertOUS (in-a-per'tus), a. [< L. inapertus,

But animated Nature sweeter still. not open, < in-priv. + apertus, open : see apert.\

Cowper, Task, i. 197. In ^^ not open: applied to an unopened co-

The stars and planets attract each other according ^o rona [Rare.]

foantmate movements ; inanimate conversation.
All the people in the date villages . . . had an inani-
mate, dejected, grave countenance, and seemed rather to
avoid than wish any conversation.

Brme, Source of the Nile, I. 54.

= Syn. Dead, lifeless, inert, soulless, spiritless.
inanimated (in-an'i-ma-ted), p. a. Made inani-
mate ; without life ; without animation ; life-
less; spiritless. [Rare.]

O fatal change ! become in one sad day
A senseless corpse ! inanimated clay !

Pope., Iliad, xxii. 5C1.

Everything that comes from them is flat, inanimated,
and languid. Goldsmith, Sequel to A Poetical Scale.

inanimateness (in-an'i-mat-nes), n. The state
of being inanimate ; want of spirit ; dullness.
Albeit the mover had been more excellent, might not
the motion have been accounted less perfect, by reason of
the deadness and inanimnteness of the subject mov'd?

W. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. ii. 3.

The man that will but lay his eares

As inapoitate to the thing he heares,

Shall be [by ] his hearing quickly come to see

The truth of travails lesse in bookes then thee.

Herriclc, Hesperides, p. 354.

Glory was the cheap but inappreciable meed bestowed
by the economical sovereign.

/. I) Israeli, Amen, of Lit, II. 1S5.

inappreciation (in-a-pre-shi-a'shon), ». [< in-3

+ appreciation.] Want of appreciation,
inappreciative (in-a-pre'shi-a-tiv), a. [< in-3
+ appreciative.] Not appreciative ; not valu-
ing or justly esteeming.

We are thankful for a commentator at last who passes

dry-shod over the turbide onde of inappi-eeiaH iv criticism.

Lowell, Among my hooks, 2d ser., p. 47.

1
inappeasable

eOn-a-pe'^Iir^'; ap- ™%$^ ETJffiSS^ D

I T tiai-in^a la n la n«^<^». v«»v« «• »• j - ^ .,.,'.

2 prehensible, <
"iaisableTll'i,^ +' appeasable.] Not to be ap- Sensible: see

peased.
inappellability (in-a-pel-a-bil'i-ti), n. [< in-

appe/lable : see -biKty.] 1. Incapability of being

appealed from: as,' "the inappellabiHty of the

councils," Coleridge.— 2. The condition of be-
ing without appeal,
inappellable (in-a-pel'a-bl), a. [= Sp. imtpe- inapprehension (in-ap-re-hen.'shpn), n. [< tn-»

table = It. inappellabile ; as i«-3 + appellabte.] + apprehension.] Want of apprehension. Bp.

Not to be appealed from ; not admitting of ap- ffur([.

peal: as, " inappellable authority," C'oleridgc. Th

inujiprensitnte, <. LiLi. uuipprciienxwuis, not ap-
- F ina- prehensible, < in- priv. + apprchensibilis, appre-
hensible: see apprehensible.] Not apprehensi-
ble or intelligible.

Those celestial! songs to others inapprehensible, but not
to those who were not defll'd with women.

Milton, Apology for Smectymmms.

For here is a predicate which he sufficiently apprehends,
what is inapprehensible in the proposition being confined
to the subject. J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 13.

-3

sion of life or spirit; vivifying influence.

Habitual joy in the Holy Ghost, arising from the inani-
mation of Christ living and breathing within us.

Bp. Hall, Christ Mystical.

inanimation2 (in-an-i-ma'shon), n.
animation.] Inanimateness. [Rare _

inanitiate (in-a-nish ' i-at), a. [Irreg. < ina-
niti(on) + -ate1.] Affected with inanition ; ex-
hausted by lack of nourishment.

inanitiate (in-a-nish'i-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp.

valve mollusks whose external branchise are

The young men . . . discussed the politics of the prov-
ince and scrutinized the behavior of their English rulers
with more or less inapprekenrion.

Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 593.

destftuteof "posterior extensions or appendages, inapprehensive (in-ap-re-heu'siv), a. [<«'-'
«»» ' without

Some (for example, Astrea, Area) are tetra-
branchiate and others (Lticina) dibranchiate.

r< j,j-3 + inappendiculate (in-ap-en-dik'u-lat), a. [< L.

.] in- priv. + appendietua, dim. of appendix, an

appendage: see appendage, appendix.] 1. In
0067., unprovided with appendages, as the bran-
chise of certain bivalve or lamellibranchiate
mollusks of the group Inappendiculata. — 2rln

+ 'apprehensive.] Not apprehensive;
apprehension ; without suspicion or fear.

Neither are they hungry for God, nor satisfied with the
world ; but remain stupid and inapprehensive, without
resolution and determination.

Jer. t'aylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 6S».

For when were they ever more secure and inapprehen-
rim of their danger than at this time?

StiUingfleet, Sermons, I. i.

inanitiated, ppr. inanitiating. [Irreg. < indni- bot., not appendaged, as the anthers in some^of inapproachable (in-a-prd'cha-bl), a. [< in-3 +

ti(on) + -ate?.] To affect with inanition;

haust by lack of nourishment
inanitiation (in-a-nish-i-f '

tiate + -ion.] The state

or exhausted from lack of nourishment

called inanition.
inanition (in-a-nish 'on), n. [< F. inanition = Pr.

inanicio = Sp. inamcion = Pg. i

inanitio(n-), emptiness,< L. inanire, pp. inanitns,
make empty, < inanis, empty: see inan ~"
condition or consequence of being

of appetence ; failure of appetite.

Some squeamish and disrelished person takes a long
walk to the physician's lodging to beg some remedy for
his inappetence. Boyle, Works, VI. 23.

'g. inanifSo, < LL.

.inanitus, * • *••• — >

make empty, < inanis, empty: see inane.] The 2. Lack of desire or inclination. See appetence, inappropriately (in-a-pro'pri-at-li),

- inane or inappetency (m-ap'e-ten-si), n. Same as TO- BpS£p,Sately or suitably.
: of nour- appetence. inannrnnriatBTiessrin-a-tiro'Dri-at-n

not proper; unsuitable: as, inappropriate re-
marks.
It may be aggravated by inappropriate remedies.

P. M. Latham, Lects. on Clinical Medicine.

adv. Not

empty; hence, exhaustion from lack of nour-
ishment, either physical or mental ; starvation
due to deficiency or mal-assimilation of food. the stomach, and as an

And as he must not eat overmuch, so he may not abso- . ' ,.... ,. v.-i»- f

lutely fast; for, as Celsus contends, repletion and inani- inapplicability (in-ap ll-Ka-Dll 1-tl

ippetence. mapprOpriateness(in-a-pr6'pri-at-nes),n. Un-

Ignorance may be said to ^work as^an inappetency^ ta suitableness; unfitness.

napt (in-apt'), a. [=F.inapte=lt.iJiatto;a,R
)'n-S -f apt. Cf. inept.] 1. Not apt in kind or
character; ill adapted to the purpose or oeca-

L— *•

IHU!_\ twnt i lui , wo V-GIOUD uvuvoiHW) twj»wi '- AiiMn* £***•• «. — ™— ^ \ —f ., „ _ r* mi -I UllHiillUliCi j 111 oilAayLCW. ij*-/ uijv friuvwwv

tion may both doe harme in two contrary extreames. inapplicabilite; as inapplicable + -ity.] 1 he qual- • . unsujtable • not fit or qualified : as, a per-

JlUrtOll. Aliat. Of Mel., P. 235. •!„ ~f 1™;,,« ^TiaTvrilina'hlo • nnailitfl.VllpTlPS«.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 235. ^ of ^eing inapplicable ; unsuitableness.

You have said rather less upon the inapplicability of

I was now nearly sick from inanition, having taken so
little the day before. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, v.

inanity (in-an'i-ti), n.; pi. inanities (-tiz). [<
F. inanite = It.'iwaniid, < L. inanita(t-)s, empti-
ness, empty space, < inanis, empty: see inane.]
1 . The state of being inane, (at) Emptiness ; va-
cuity.
This opinion excludes all such inanity, and admits no inapplicable (in-ap'li-ka-bl), a. [=

your own old principles to the circumstances that are
likely to influencfi your conduct against these principles,
than of the general maxims of state.

Burke, To Sir H. Langrishe.

The inapplicability of this method has already been ex-
plained. J. S. Mill, Logic, v. 8.

inap-

son inapt for a particular service.

In intelligence the bronco has no equal, unless it is the
mule — though this comparison is inapt, as that hybrid
has an extra endowment of brains, as though in compensa-
tion for the beauty which he lacks.

The Century, XXXVII. 342.

2. Not apt in action or manner; not ready or
skilful; dull; slow; awkward; unhandy: as, an
inapt student or workman. Also unapt. See

TniB opinion excludes ail BUUll inuniiy, uiiu nuiuiuj uu mt».in*j.i~ww*w v — — r jT --ft -- L j. iimjjv

vacuities, but so little ones as no body whatever can come plicable = Sp. inaplicable = Pg. inapphcavel ; went.

to but will be bigger than they, and must touch the cor- ag jn.3 + applicable.] Not applicable; inca- inaptitude (in-ap'ti-tud), n. [= F. inaptitude

poral parts which those vacuities divide. — TO — ti — • „ „_, __f -,-,,,,0.. t« V,Q oTvr>liorl • -nnt *™nK ._ *A.. j i-c T>_ £1 — *;-ja-,\ Tf ;nnti;t»,_

poral parts which those vacuities divide.

Sir K. IHgby, Nature of Bodies.

(6) Mental vacuity ; senselessness ; silliness ; frivolity.
But nothing still from nothing would proceed :
Raise or depress, or magnify or blame,
Inanity will ever be the same.

C. Smart, The Hilliad.

To flow along through a whole wilderness of inanity,

without particularly arousing the reader's disgust. _rf , — fr--^--

l>e Quincey, Rhetoric, p. 227. inapplicablenesS (in-ap'li-ka-bl-nes), n. The
(c) Hollowness ; worthlessness. state of being inapplicable or unsuitable.

He prevented the vain and presumptuous Russian from inapplicably (in-ap'li-ka-bli), adv. In an inap-
seeing the minuteness and inanitti of the things he was plicable manner.

gaining by his violent attempt at diplomacy. Kinglake. inapplication (in-ap-li-ka'shon), n. [= F. in-
2. An instance of frivolity or vanity: as, the application = Sp. inaplicacion = Pg. inapplica- armaments.

If such an exhortation proved, perchance,

Inapplicable, words bestowed in waste,

What harm, uince law has store, can spend nor miss ?

Browning, Ring and Book, II. 158.

=Syn. Unsuitable, inappropriate, inapposite, irrelevant.

From diffidence, and perhaps from a certain degree of
inaptitude for extemporary speaking, he took a less pub-
lic part in the contests of ecclesiastical politics than some
of his contemporaries. Blair, Dr. Hugh Blair.

2. Lack of readiness; unskilfulness; awkward-
ness; unhandiness: as, inaptitude in workman-
ship. See ineptitude.

The bursting of the 43-ton breech loading Woolwich
gun on board the " Collingwood " is anothtr illustration of
the iiiantitndc characteristic of the history of our national
Brood Arrow, May 8, 1886.

inanities of his conversatio'n. cSo; as in-3 + application.] Lack" of applica- inaptly (in-apt'li), adr. In an inapt manner ;

inantherate (in-an'ther-at), a. [< in-3 + an- tion; negligence; indolence. Bailey, 1731. unfitly; unsuitably; awkwardly.

ther + -ate1.] In bot., bearing no anther: ap- inapposite (in-ap'o-zit), a. [< in-3 + apposite.] inaptness (in-apt'nes), n. The quality of

plied to sterile filaments or abortive stamens. Not apposite; not fit or suitable; not perti- ing inapt; inaptitude; unreadiness; awkward-
in antis (in an'tis). [L. : in, in; antis, abl. of nent: as, an inapposite argument.

anta, projecting ends of walls, etc.: see anta*.] T assured her gravelv I thought so too ; but forbore tell-

a. i assured her gravely I thought so too ; but for

In classical arch., between antse or pilasters: a ing her how totally inapposite her application w

out Un. B. More, Cuele

phrase noting porticoes or buildings without

a peristyle, of which the side walls are pro- inappositely (in-ap'o-zit-li), adv.

longed beyond the front, forming antee, which neiitly ; not suitably!

*s, I. 236.
Not perti-

The poor man held dispute
With his own mind, unable to subdue
Impatience through tnaptnttl to perceive
General distress in his particular lot.

Wordsworth, Excursion, ii.

We often hear persons who have a constitutional or ha-

inapathy (in-ap'a-thi), n. [< in-3 + apathy.] Not appreciable; not to be valued of estimated; water: see tujxa.] Transformed into water;
Feeling; sensibility. [Rare.] Imp. Diet. honue, of no consequence. embodied in water. [Rare.]

inaquate

For as mucho as he is Joyned to the bread but nacra-
mentally, there folloueth no inipanation thereof, no more
than tin- Holy Glins-l i* iiiif/iiiil,': that Into say, made wa-
ter, bey»K sacramimtally jnyned to the water in !••

• i, An*, to Gardiner, p. 868.

inaquation (in-a-kwa'shoii), n. [< inuqiiate +
-inn. \ Embodiment in i>r transformation into
water. [Hare.]
'1'he solution to the seconde reason is almost soundely

liamlletl, allinlynKe front inipanacion to inu'juativti, al-
thiniKli it was turner sayde in .Scripture, this water IB the

N..K (.hoo-l

lip. {Jiinlintr, Explication, Transubatan., fol. 127.

inar te'niir). ». [Ir.] An outer garment worn

I >v tlii' ancient Irish. In the usual representations it

appears as a sleeved frock worn over the feinidh, the kilt

of which shows below it.

Over the lenn came the innr, a kind of closely fitting
tunic reaching to the hips. h'ncyc. Brit., XIII. 257.

inarable (in-ar'a-bl), ft. [= It. iitarabile; as
/«-:' + amble.]" Not arable; not capable of
lieing plowed or tilled.

inarch (in-arch'), r. t. [Formerly also cnarcli ;

< in-- + «i<7ii.] To graft by approach; graft
by uniting to the stock, as

a" scion, without separating
the scion from its parent
tree.

inarching (in-iir'ching), n.
[Verbal u. of inarch, P.] The
act of grafting by approach;
approaching.

We might abate the art of Talia-
cotius, and the new inarching of
noses.
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 9.

inarm (in-iirm' ), v. t. [< iii-1 + ai'»(l.] To em-
brace in or as if in the arms ; encircle. [Rare.]
Warwickshire you might call Middle-Ingle, for equal-
ity of distance from the inarming ocean.

Selden, Illustrations of Drayton's Polyolbion, xlii.
Behold the mountain rillet, become a brook, become a
torrent^ how it inarms a handsome boulder.

O. Meredith, The Egoist, xxxvii.

Inarticulata (in-iir-tik-u-la'tii), n.pl. [NL..
neut. pi. of LL. inarticitlatus : see articulate.']

1. Deshayes's name, given in 1836, of a divi-
sion of lirachiopoda containing those brachio-
]i(ids which have inarticulate or non-articulate
valves, including the families Lingulidce, Disci-
iiiiln', and Craniidte: now called Lyopomata.
See ArHaulata. Ecardines is a synonym. — 2.
One of two divisions of the cyclostomatous ec-
toproctous polyzoans, containing the families
Idmoncida: Tnbulii>ori<la; I>i<trtti>}>orida;, Lichno-
poridw, and Frmtdiporidtc, which have the zoa-
rium without internodes: opposed to Articulata.
Also called Incrimtata.

inarticulate (in-ar-tik'u-lat), a. [= F. inar-
tiriile = Sp. Pg. inarticiilado = It. inartieolato,

< LL. inarticitlatus, not articulate, not distinct,

< L. in- priv. + LL. articulatus, pointed, articu-
late: secarticit/atc.] 1. In anat. and sool., not
articulated; having no articulation or joint;
specifically, of or pertaining to the Inarticu-
lulii : lyopomatous; ecardinal.

In the calcareous sponges the splcules are frequently
regularly disposed; and in the Sycons in particular a
il< Unite arrangement, on two plans, the articulate and
inarticulate, can be traced in tin- skeleton of the radial
tubes. Encyc. Brit., XXII. 418.

2. Not articulate ; not uttered or emitted with
expressive orintelligible modulations, as sounds
or speech ; not distinct or with distinction of
syllables.

Mingling with these inarticulate sounds in the low mur-
mur of memory. O. W. Holmet, Autocrat, ix.

3. Not articulating or speaking ; incapable of
expressing thought in speech.

That poor earl who is inarticulate with palsy.

Walpolt, Letters, II. 379.

Inarticulate with rage and grief.

Will'iiini .tf.u-nX Earthly Paradise, I. 186.

inarticulated (in-iir-tik'n-la-ted). ii. [< in-3 +
articulated.] 1. In zoiil., not articulated; not
jointed; inarticulate. — 2. In ttracliiopoda, of
or pertaining to the limrticiilnta : having the
shell hingeless : lyopomatous.

inarticulately (in-iir-tik'u-lat-li), adi: In an
inarticulate manner; with indistinct utterance;
indistinctly.

inarticulateness (in-iir-tik'n-lfit-nes), ii. The
-late or quality of being inarticulate; indis-
tinctness of utterance; want of distinct articu-
lation.

inarticulation (in-iir-tik-u-la'shon), ii. [< iii-3
+ articulation.'] [narttoolateness. [Rare.]

The oraelc< meaned to be obscure : liut then it was by
Uie ambiguity of the expnaton, tod not by th« inaftieula-
turn of the words. ciu>*

3029

in articulo mortis (in iir-tik'n-16 mor'tis). [L. :
in, in; articulo. abl. of articiilux. joint, iirticlc:
IIKII-IIS. \>n\. of m<ir(t-)n, death: see mortal.} In
the article of death : at the very point of death ;
in the death-struggle, See article.

inartificial (in-ar-ti-tish'al), a. [= F. inartifi-
i •„ i : as i/,-:) + artijiciitf.'] 1. Not artificial;
not according to the rules of art ; formed or per-
formed without art or artifice: us, inartificial
work; an inartificial style.

The allegation is very inartificial, and the charge pee-
vish and unreasonable.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 254.

An inartificial argument depending upon a naked as-
severation. Sir T. Brmme, Vulg. Err., L 7.

2. -Simple; artless; without contrivance or af-
fectation : as, an inartijicial manner.

His (James Hogg's) vanity was so inartificial as to be
absolutely amusing.

8. C. Uall, in Personal Trait* of Brit. Authors, p. 97.
Inartificial argument, in rhet . See artificial argument,
under artificial.

inartiflcially (iu-ar-ti-fish'al-i), adv. In an in-
artificial or artless manner; in a manner re-
gardless of the rules of art ; without art.

If, in the definition of meditation, I should call it an un-
accustomed and unpractised duty, I should speak a truth,
though somewhat inartifciatly.

Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, i. 4.
The incidents were innrtififinUii huddled together.

Scott, Monastery, Int.

inartiflcialness (in-iir-ti-fish'al-nes), n. The
state of being inartificial. [Sare.J

inartistic (in-ar-tis'tik), a. f< i«-3 + artistic."}
Not artistic ; not conformable to the rules or

"}

or

principles of art ; deficient in liking for or ap-
preciation of art.

An author's growth, and the happiness of both parties,
are vastly imperilled by his union with the most affection-
ate of creatures, if she has an inartiirtic nature and a dull
or commonplace mind. Sled/nan, Viet. Poets, p. 134.

inartistical (in-ar-tis'ti-kal), a. [< t'n-3 + artis-
tic + -al.] Same as inartistic.

The originality and power of this [dramatic literature)
as a mirror of life can not be contested, however much may
bo said against the rudeness and inartiitical shape of the
majority of its products. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 12.

inartistically (in-ar-tis'ti-kal-i), adi: In an

inartistic manner; without conformity to the

principles of art.
inasmuch (in'az-much'), adv. [Orig. a phr.,

in as much, < Mt. in as moche : see in1, ns1, much.

Of. forasmuch. ] 1 . In so far ; to such a degree :

followed by as.
Inasmuch an ye have done it unto one of the least of

these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.

Mat xxv. 40.

2. In view of the fact; seeing; considering:
followed by as.

He was not worthy of death, iiutmnurli at he hated him
not in time past. Deut. xix. 8.

The very force and contrivance of these collects [of our
liturgy) is highly useful to raise and to enliven our de-
votions, inasmuch as they generally begin with the awful
mention of some of God's attributes.

Up. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xx.

inassLmilation (in-a-sim-i-la'shon), n. [< »»-3
+ assimilation.'} Want of assimilation; non-
assimilation.

It Is one of the frequent occurrences in inamimUation
that the organism is not uniformly well nourished.

Alien, and Xeurol,, VL 541.

inattention (in-a-ten'shon), H. [= F. inatten-
tion; as »'w-3 + attention"'] 1. Want of atten-
tion ; failure to fix the mind attentively on an
object or a subject; heedlessness ; negligence.

The universal indolence and inattention among us to
things that concern the puhlick. Taller, No. 187.

2. An act of neglect ; failure of courtesy. =Syn.
1. Thoughtlessness, absence of mind, carelessness. See
nrifl iffenee.

inattentive (in-a-ten'tiv), a. [= F. inattentif;
as ii'-3 + ottMNM.] Not attentive ; not fixing
the mind attentively; heedless; careless; neg-
ligent: as, an inattentive habit.

What prodigies can pow'r divine perform
More grand than it produces year by year,
And all in sight of inattentive man?

Couprr, Task, vt 120.

=Syn. Abstracted, Preoccupied, etc. See alaent.
inattentively (in-a-ten'tiv-li), «<lr. In nn in-
attentive manner; without attention; careless-
ly; heedlessly.

In a letter to Addison, he expresses some consciousness
of behaviour inattentively deficient in respect.

./.'*' -• .•. I'.'pe.

inattentiyeness(in-a-ten'tiv-nes), "• The state
of being inattentive; inattention.

The perpetual repetition of the same form of words pro-

duces « earint ss and ifiottmtfooMJ* in the congregation.

Paley, Moral Phllos., v. 5.

inaugurate!

inaudibility (in-a-di-1>il'i-ti). «. [< inaudible:
sec -hitili/.] The state or quality of beinjf in-
audible.

inaudible (in-a'di-bl), a. [= F. iitiiutlihle = 8p.
inniidililr — I'g. niatidirtl = It. iiinuililuli; < LL.
niiiHilibilis, not audible, < L. in- priv. + (ML.)
inH/ihilis, audible: see audible."} Not audible;
incapable of being heard: as, an iunuil'Mc whis-
per.

A soft and lulling sound is heard
Of streams iiutttitibtr by day.

Wordxmnrth, White Doc of liylstone, iv.

inaudibleness (in-a'di-bl-nes), n. Inaudibility.

inaudibly (in-4'di-bli), adv. In an inaudible
manner; so as not to be heard.

inaugurt (in-a'ger), v. t. [< F. inatigurer = Sp.
Pg. tiiaugurar = It. inatigitrare, < L. inaugurarc,
inaugurate: see inaugurate.'] To inaugurate.
Inaugvred and created king. Latimtr.

inaugural (in-a'gu-ral), a. and ». [< F. inau-
i/itral = Sp. Pg. inaugural = It. itiattgurale ; as
inaugur + -<il, after augural.] I. a. Pertaining
to, connected with, or forming part of an inau-
guration: as, inaugural ceremonies.

The inaugural address was sufficiently Imperious In
tone and manner. Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 2.

II. ii. An inaugural address.

General Jackson, ... In his first inaugural, declared
that a national debt was "incompatible with real inde-
pendence." A. A. Ret., 'Mill 210.

inaugurate (in-a'gu-rat), r. t.; pret. and pp. iw-
Huguratetl, ppr. inaugurating. [\ L. inaugurate,
pp. of iimngitrare (> ult. E. inaugiir), practise
augury, divine, consecrate or install into office
with augural ceremonies, < in. in, + aiigtir, an
augur: see augur. Cf. exaugurate.] 1. To in-
troduce or induct into office with suitable cere-
monies ; invest formally with an office.

The seat on which her Kings inaugurated were.

Itraytim, Polyolbion, xvil. 188.

If a church has power to call a pastor, it lias power to
inaugurate him as pastor — that is, install him.

BMMkeca Sacra, XLIII. 414.

2. To make a formal beginning^ of; put in ac-
tion or operation ; initiate, especially something
of dignity or importance: as, to inaugurate a
reform.

We will inaugurate the new era for the noblest man-

hood and the purest womanhood the world has ever seen.

T. Winthrop, Cecil Ureeme, xv.

Unwilling ... to inaugurate a novel policy . . . with-
out the approbation of Congress, I submit for your con-
sideration the expediency of an appropriation for main-
taining a Charge a'Affaires near each of those new states.

Raymond, p. 168.

|The word is often Inelegantly applied in this sense, espe-
cially in newspapers, to trivial or ignoble subjects.

Their (special agents'] object is not to prevent crime,
but to inaugurate it.

Gazette (Washington, D. C.\ Jan. 11, 1874.]

3. To institute or initiate the use of, especially
by some formal opening ceremony: as, to iw««-
giirate a railroad, a public building, or a statue.
inaugurate* (in-a'gu-rat), a. [= Sp. Pg. »H«M-
i/urado, < L. inauguratus, pp. : see the verb.]
Inaugurated; invested with office; inducted;
installed.

In this manner being inaugurate and invested in the
kingdomes, bee i Nnma pntvideth by good orders, lawes,
and customes, to reedifle as it were that citie.

Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 14.

inauguration (in-a-gu-ra'shon), w. [< F. /w-
nuguratioH = Sp. inauguracion = Pg. inaugura-
cSo = It. inaugurazione, < LL. inauiruratio(n-), a
beginning (not found in lit. sense 'consecration
by augury'), < L. inaugurare, inaugurate: see
inaugurate.] 1. The act of inaugurating or in-
ducting into office with solemnity : ceremonial
investiture with office. — 2. The act of solemnly
or formally introducing or setting in motion
anything of importance or dignity; a definite
beginning or initiation : as, the inauguration of
a new era or a new system. — 3. A ceremonial
or formal introduction or opening, as of some-
thing intended for public use: as. the inaugu-
ration of a monument or an exhibition. [Among
the ancient Romans the act of inauguration (not expressed
by inavguratio, but by a circumlocution with the verb)
consisted in the consultation of the auspices by the au-
gurs, and sometimes by other priests, to ascertain the will
of the gods with reference to the induction of men into
office or to any proposed public measure or proceeding. If
the signs were deemed favorable, the declaration of that
fact completed the inauguration.] — Inauguration day.
see dayl.

inaugurator (in-a'gu-ra-tor), u. [= F. innuiiu-
ruti ur = IV. iiniiii/iirddfir; as inaugurate + -or.]
One who inaugurates ; one who begins or initi-
ates.

George I. ... comes on the stage of English History

. . . as the inauyuratar of a period of national prosperity.

Stubbt, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 3.

inauguratory
inauguratory (in-a'gu-ra-to-ri), a. [= Pg. in-

(iiKjitriitnrio: as inaugurate + -wry.] Pertain-
ing or suited to inauguration.

After so many inauguratory gratulations, nuptial
hymns, and funeral dirges, he must be highly favoured by
nature, or by fortune, who says any thing not said before.

Johnson, Dryden.

inauratet (in-a'rat), r. t. [< L. inauratus, pp.
of iiinnrare (> It. inaurare), cover or overlay
with gold, < in, on, + aurare, cover with gold,

?ild, <aurum, gold: see auratei. Cf. deaurate.]
o cover with gold; gild. E. Phillips, 1706.
inaurate (in-a'rat), «. [< L. inauratus, pp.:
see the verb.] If. Covered or seeming to be
covered with gold; gilded; gilt. Maunder. —
2. In en tow., having metallic golden luster, as
strife, punctures, fovese, and depressed margins
in certain Coleoptera.

inaurationt (in-a-ra'shon), n. [< inaurate +
-ion.] The act or process of gilding or overlay-
ing with gold.

Some sort of th eir induration, or gilding, must have been
much dearer than ours. Arbuthnot, Anc. Coins.

inauspicatet (in-as'pi-kat), a, [< L. inauspi-
catus, without auspices, with bad auspices, un-
lucky, < in- priv. + auspicatus, pp. of auspicari,
consecrate by auspices: see auspicate.] Ill-
omened; unlucky.

With me come burn those ships inauspicate;
For I Cassandra's ghost in sleep saw late.

Vicars, tr. of Virgil (1632).

inauspicious (in-as-pish'us), a. [< in-3 + au-
spicious.] Not auspicious; ill-omened; un-
lucky; unfavorable: as, an inauspicious time.

0, here

Will I set up my everlasting rest,
And shake the yoke of inauspicious stars
From this world- wearied flesh.

Shak., R. and J., v. 3.

It was with that inauspicious meaning in his glance that
Hollingsworth first met Zenobia's eyes, and began his in-
fluence upon her life. Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, iv.
=Syn. Unpropitious, unpromising, untoward,
inauspiciously (in-as-pish'us-li), adv. In an in-
auspicious manner; unluckily; unfavorably.

The regicide enemies had broken up what had been so
inautpiciiiuxly begun and so feebly earned on.

Burke, A Ilegicide Peace, iii.

inauspiciousness (in-as-pish'us-nes), ». The
quality of being inauspicious; unfavorableness.
Jiailcy, 1727.

inauthoritative (in-a-thor'i-ta-tiv), a. [< in-3
+ authoritative.] Having no authority ; unau-
thoritative.

inauthoritativeness (in-ft-thor'i-ta-tiy-nes), ».
The quality or state of being inauthoritative or
without authority or commission. [Rare.]

I furnished them not with precarious praters, ... in
whom ignorance and impudence, inability and inauthori-
tativeness, contend which shall be greatest.

Bp. Gaudcn, Tears of the Church, p. 53.

We cannot close the volumes without being struck with
the general looseness and absence of all regard for author-
ity which pervade them. This should not be. . . . Far-
reaching interests will not excuse inauthoritaticeness.

Nature, XXXVII. 442.

in banco (inbang'ko). [ML.: L.«»,in,on; ML.
bancus, bench : see banki, bench.] In full bench ;
at a session where a quorum of all the judges
are present, as distinguished from a branch of
the court. A trial in banco is one held before a number
of judges for the sake of greater deliberation, so that ques-
tions arising may be determined at once by a consultation
of the full bench. Also in bane, en bane.

inbarget (in-barj'), v. t. [< i»-2 + bargei.] To
cause to embark, as on a barge or bark.
Whither his friends she caused him to inbarge.

Drayton, Miseries of Queen Margaret.

inbarn (in-barn'), r. t. [< in-i + barni.] To
deposit in a barn.
A fair harvest, . . . well inned and inbarned.

Herbert, Priest to the Temple, xxx.

inbassett, "• A Middle English variant of em-

hassade.

inbeamingt (in'be-ming), n. [< in-1 + beam-
ing.] The ingress of light ; irradiation.

And, for all these boastings of new lights, inbeamings,
and inspirations, that man that follows his reason, both in
the choice and defence of his religion, will find himself
better led and directed by this one guide than by an hun-
dred Directories. South, Works, IV. vii.
inbearing (in'bar-ing), a. [< in-i + leurinu.
Cf . overbearing.] Officious ; meddlesome. Ja-
niii-fton. [Scotch.]

Then out it speaks an auld skipper,

An inbeariny dog was hee —
" Ye've stay'd ower lang in Noroway,
Spending your king's monie."

Sir Patrick Spent (Child's Ballads, III. 340).
inbeatt, ?. t. [ME. inbeten; < in-i + beaft.] To
beat in.

3030

Thenne with a barre Mete it, batte It ofte,
And playne it rough.

Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S)> p. IBS.

inbeing (in'be-ing), n. [< in-1 + being.] In-
herence ; inherent existence.

When we say the bowl is ... round, . . . the boy is ...
witty, these are proper or inherent modes ; for they have
a sort of inbeing in the substance itself, and do not arise
from the addition of any other substance to it.

Watts, Logic, I. 2.

inbent (in'bent), a. [< in-1 + lent1.] Bent or
turned inward.

Inbent eyes
Can scarce discern the shape of mine own pain.

Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 550).

I can distinguish no regular markings on the inbent sur-
faces of the radials between the spines.

Geol. Jour., XLV. 1. 152.

inbind (in-bind'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. inbound,
ppr. inbinding. [= D. inbinden = G. einbinden
= Dan. indbinde = Sw. inbinda; as in-i + bind.]
To bind or hem in ; inclose.

On the green banks which that fair stream inbound
Flowers and odours sweetly smiled and smelted.

Fairfax.

inblandt, v. t, [ME. inblanden (= Dan. ind-
blande = Sw. inblanda, intermingle, inter-
sperse); < in-1 + blandi.] To mingle; blend.

Wyth chynne & cheke ful swete,
Bothe quit & red in-blande.
Sir Gaitayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. $.\ L 1205.

inblownt (in'blon), a. [< in-i + bloumi.] Blown
into. Cudwortlt, Intellectual System, I. iii. § 29.

inboard (in'bord), adv. [< »«i + board.] 1.
Within the hull or interior of a ship or boat;
also, in the middle part of the hold of a ship :
as, stow the freight well inboard. — 2. Within
the rail or bulwarks ; toward or nearer to the
center: as, to draw the sail inboard.

inboard (in'bord), a. [< inboardj adv.] 1. In
the interior of a ship or boat ; being within the
hull or hold: as, inboard cargo: opposed to out-
board.

New bulkheads and inboard works, new spars, rigging,
sails, and boats, were added.

C. F. Hall, Polar Exped., p. 29.

2. Not projecting over the rail or bulwarks :

as, an inboard spar or sail.

inbond (in'bond), a. [< in-i + bond*.] In
arch., laid length-
wise across a wall,
as a brick or stone ;
formed in whole or
partof materials so
laid, as a wall : op-
posed to outbond,
where the brick or
stone is laid with
its length parallel
to the face of tho
wall. Inbond and out-
bond bricks or stones
are called respectively
headers and stretchers.
See tondl, 12.
[L.: in, in; bonis, abl. of

incalculable

inbreaking (in'bra-king), n. [< in-i + break-
ing.] The act of breaking in; incursion; in-
vasion ; inroad. [Rare.]

inbreathe (in-breTH'), v. t.; pret. and pp. in-
breathed, ppr. inbreathing. [< ME. inbrethen;
< in-i + breathe.] To infuse by breathing; com-
municate by inspiration.

Sphere-born harmonious sisters. Voice and Verse,
\Ved your divine sounds, and mix'd power employ,
l)ead things with inbreathed sense able to pierce.

Milton, Solemn Musick, 1. 4.

inbred (in'bred),j>.«. [Pp. of inbrced.] 1. Pro-
duced or developed within ; innate ; inherent ;
intrinsic : as, inbred modesty or good sense.

His face and carriage
Seem to declare an in-bred honesty.

Fletcher, Spanish Curate, H. 2.

No natural, inbred force and fortitude could prove equal
to such a task. Bacon, Physical Fables, ii., Kxpl.

2. Bred in-and-in. =8yn, 1. Innate, Ingrained, etc.
See inherent.

inbreed (in'bred or in-bred'), v. t. [Also im-
breed; < in-1 + breed.] 1. To breed, generate,
or develop within.

To inbreed in us this generous and christianly reverence
one of another, Milton, Church-Government, ii.

2. To breed from animals of the same parentage
or otherwise closely related; breed iu-and-in.
inburning (in'ber-ning), a. [< in-i + burning.]
Burning within.

Her inburning wrath she gan abate.

Spenser, F. (J., IV. viii. 17.

inburst (in'berst), n. [< in-i + burst.] A burst-
ing in from without; an irruption : opposed to
outburst. [Rare.]

Let but that accumulated insurrectionary mass find en-
trance, like the infinite inburst of water.

Carlyle, French Rev., I. vii. 9.

inby, inbye (in'bi), adv. [< ini + 6«l.] To-
ward the interior; nearer to; specifically, in
coal-mining, toward the interior of a mine, and
away from the shaft or other place where the
surface is reached : the opposite of outby. Also
in-over.— To go Inby, to go from the door toward the

^re. Jamieson. (Scotch.)

inca (ing'ka), n. [Sometimes written ynca; =
F. inca, incas = It. inca, < Sp. Pg. inca, < Peruv.
inca (see def. 1).] 1. One of the princes or
rulers who governed Peru or one of its divisions
previous to the Spanish conquest. — 2. [cap.] A
member of the dominant tribe in Peru previous
to the Spanish conquest. — 3. In ornith.: (a) A
name of Leadbeater's cockatoo (Cacatua lead-
beateri) of Australia, having the crest red, yel-
low, and white. (6) [NL.] The technical spe-
cific name of various birds: used only with a ge-
neric term, (c) [cap.] [NL.] A genus of terns or
sea-swallows, Sterninte, related to the noddies,

Inbond and Outbond Wall.
A, header ; B, B, stretchers.

in bonis (in bo'nis).

bona, q. v. Cf. bonus, boon3.] In goods ; in re-
spect of his goods.

inborn (in'born), a. [< in-i + born1.] 1. In-
nate; implanted by nature.

I cannot make yon gentlemen ; that's a work
Rais'd from your own deservings; merit, manners,
And in-born virtue does it.

Fletcher (and another"!), Nice Valour, v. 3.

An inborn grace that nothing lacked
Of culture or appliance.

W hittier, Among the Hills.
2f. Native; aboriginal.

The hills ... on everie side with winding in and out
mounted up aloft, and were passable for none but the in-
born inhabitants that knew the wayes verie well.

Holland, tr. of Ammianus (1609).
= Syn. 1. Innate, Inbred, etc. See inherent.
inbreadt, v. t. [< in-i + breadi (tr. ML. im-
jinnnre: see impanc).] To embody in bread;
impanate. Varies.

We must believe that He Cometh down again at the
will of the priests to be impaned or inbreaded for their
bellies' commonwealth. lip. Bale, Select Works, p. 206.

in-breadt, ». The extra piece or number of a
bakers' dozen. See bakers' dozen, under baker.

inbreak (in'brak), n. [= D. inbreuk = G. ein-
bruch; as in-i + break.] A sudden, violent in-
road or incursion ; an irruption : opposed to
outbreak. [Rare.]

Deshuttes and Varigny, massacred at the first inbreak,
have been beheaded. Carlyle, French Rev., I. vii. 10.

He saw that he had cleared the way for the inbreak of
materialist scepticism, which he loathed.

The American, IX. 136.

Inca Tern (Jnca ntystacatis).

having dark plumage with a bundle of white
curly plumes on each side of the head. The only
species is Sterna inca (Lesson), now Inca mysta-
calis ( Jardine). See Nania. (d) A bird of this
genus. — 4. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of scara-
bseoid beetles, comprising a number of large
robust Mexican and Central and South Ameri-
can forms, usually of a reddish-bronze color,
flying actively at midday and frequenting flow-
ering trees. Serrillc, 1825. — 5. A name given
about 1850 to some varieties of alpaca cloth. —
Inca dog, a kind of South American dog, unlike any of
the canines peculiar to that country, and supposed to be
derived from the Mexican wolf.

Incad8et(iug'ka-de), n.pl. [NL.,< Inca + -ado?.]
A family of lamellicorn beetles, taking name
from the genus Inca. Burmeister, 1842.

incage, ''. t. See encage.

incalculability (in-kal"ku-la-biri-ti), n. [< IH-

fitlculttble : see -liiliti/.] The quality of being

incalculable, or indeterminable by calculation.

The one set of machines are characterized by their cal-

culability — the other by their incalculability.

B. Sterrart, Cons, of Energy, p. 159.

incalculable (in-kal'ku-la-bl), a. [= F. incal-
culable = Sp. incalculable = Pg. incalculavel =

incalculable

It. incalcolabile ; as in-3 + calculable.'] 1 . Not
calculable; incapable of being calculated or
reckoned ; indeterminable by calculation.

They may even In one year of such false policy do mis-
chiefs incalculable. Burke, Scarcity.

2. Not to be reckoned upon ; that cannot be
forecast. [Bare.]

It is only the great poets who seem to have this unso-
licited profusion of unexpected and incalculable phrase.

Lowell, Democracy.

incalculableness (iu-kal'ku-la-bl-nes), «. The
quality of lining incalculable.

incalculably (in-kal'ku-la-bli), adv. In an in-
calculable degree or manner ; immeasurably.

incalescence (iu-ka-les'ens), n. [= It. inca-
lesceii:a; as incalescen(t) + -ce.] The state of
being incalescent; the state of growing warm;
incipient or increasing heat.

The two ingredients were easily mingled, and grew not
only sensibly but considerably hot, and that so nimbly,
that the incaleecrncc sometimes came to its hlghth in
about a minute of an hour by a minute clock.

. Boyle, Works, I. 104.

incalescency (in-ka-les'en-si), n. Same as in-
calescence.

The oil preserves the ends of the bones from incalet-
cency, which they, being solid bodies, would necessarily
contract from a swift motion. Ray, Works of Creation.

incalescent (in-ka-les'ent), a. [< L. incales-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of incalescere, grow warm or hot,
< in, in, to, + calescere, grow warm : see cales-
cence.] Growing warm ; increasing in heat.

incalzando (iu-kal-tsan'do). [It., ppr. of in-
calzare, incalciare = OSp. encalzar = Pr. en-
causar = OF. enchaucer, chase, pursue, follow
on the heels of, < L. in, on, + calx (calo), heel :
see calx2.'] In music, same as stringendo.

incameration (in-kam-e-ra'shon), «. [= F.
incameration = Pg. incameraq&o = It. incame-
rasione, confiscation ; < ML. *incameratio(n-), <
"incamerare (in pp. incameratus, confined to a
chamber), < L. in, in, + camera, chamber : see
camera.'] The act or process of incorporating
with the fiscal department of a government, as
an estate or other source of revenue ; particu-
larly, annexation to the Pope's exchequer or
apostolic chamber.

incampt, t> . An obsolete form of encamp.

incampmentt, »• An obsolete form of encamp-
ment.

Incan (ing'kan), a. [< Inca + -an.'] Of or per-
taining to ttie Incas of Peru. Also, rarely, In-
carial.

We have no accurate knowledge of the Incan history
earlier than the century before the Invasion of the Span-
iards under Pizarro. Stand. Nat. Hitt., VI. 216.

incandesce (in-kan-des'), <-'•; pret. and pp. in-
candesced, ppr. incandescing. [< L. incandescere,
become warm or hot, glow, kindle, < in, in, +
candescere, kindle, glow: see candescent.'] I.
intrans. To glow with heat ; be or become in-
candescent.

A wire which remained dull at ordinary atmospheric
pressure incandesced when a moderate vacuum was ob-
tained. .\,,nir-. XXXVII. 670.

II. trans. To cause to glow or become in-
candescent.

A wire . . . incandesced by alternate or direct currents.
Nature, XXXVII. 448.

incandescence (in-kan-des'ens), n. [= F. in-
candescence = Sp. Pg. incan'descencia = It. in-
candescenza; as incandencen(t) + -ce.] The con-
dition of being incandescent ; glowing heat.
Rarely candescence.
The main source of light is [ncanttcxcence.

Tail, Light, § 28.

incandescency (in-kan-des'en-si), n. Same as
incandescence.

A platinum wire 18 B. W. G. and IB feet long wa« raised
to vivid incandescency.

Dredge'i Electric Illumination, L 158.

incandescent (in-kan-des'ent), a. [= F. incan-
descent = Sp. Pg. It. incandescente, < L. incan-
descen(t-)s, ppr. of incandescere, become warm
prhot,glow: see incandesce, candescent.'] Glow-
ing with heat; rendered luminous by heat.
Rarely eainicm-mt.

Holy Scripture becomes resplendent, or, aa one might
say, incandescent throughout. It. Taylor.

When bodies retain a solid or liquid form when tnran-

dcscent, their constituent molecules give out rays of light.

J. N. Lochyer, Spect. Anal., p. 120.

Incandescent electric light See clactrie light, under
electric.

incanescent (in-ka-ues'ent), a. [< L. incanes-
cen(t-)s, ppr. of iiifiimwri, become gray or
hoary, v in, in, on, + canescerc, become gray:
see eancscent.] Same as canescent.
191

3031

incanous (in-ka'nus), a. [< L. iiitanus, quite
gray, < in, in, on, + canus, gray.] Hoary; ca-
nescent.

incantation (in-kan-ta'shon), n. [< ME. incan-
tation = F. incantation ="Sp. incantacion = It.
incantazioiie, < LL. incantatio(n-), < L. incantarc,
chant a magic formula over, enchant : see en-
chant.] The art or act of enchanting by utter-
ing magical words, with ceremonies supposed to
have magical power ; also, the formula of words
or the ceremony employed.

My ancient incantation* are too weak,
And hell too strong for me to buckle with.

Shalt., 1 Hen. VI., v. :;.
The incantation backward she repeats,
Inverts her rod, and what she did defeats. Garth.
Medicine was always joined with maglck ; no remedy
was administered without mysterious ceremony and in-
cantation. Burke, Abrldg. of Eng. Hist.. 1. 2.

incantator (in'kan-ta-tor), n. [LL. (> ult. E. en-
chanter), < L. incantare, enchant: see enchant,
enchanter.'] An enchanter. [Rare.]

This neophyte, moreover, was a wizard, an aspirant In
more supernatural arts, an incantator, a spirit- seer !

/. D'ltraeli, Amen, of Lit, II. 295.

incantatory (in-kan'ta-to-ri), a. [= It. incan-
tatorio, < LL. as if "incantatorius, < incanta-
tor, enchanter: see incantator.] Dealing by
enchantment; practised in incantation ; magi-
cal.

Fortune-tellers, juglers, geomancers, and the like in-
cantatory impostors. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., L 3.

It Is related that the necromancers of Thessaly added
the blood of infants to that of black lambs in their incan-
taturti rites, that the evoked spirits would render them-
selves objective from the exhalations of the blood.

Gentleinan'i Mag., quoted in Pop. Set Mo., XXVI. 212.

incantingt (in-kan'ting), a. [Ppr. of 'incant, <
L. mean tore, enchant: see enchant.'] Enchant-
ing; ravishing; delightful.

Incanling voices, . . . poesy, mirth, and wine, raising
the sport commonly to admiration.

Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 306.

incanton (in-kan'ton), v. t. [< in-2 + canton1.]
To unite in or incorporate as a canton.

When the cantons of Bern and Zurich proposed at a gen-
eral diet the incorporating Geneva in the number of the
cantons, the Roman Catholick party . . . proposed at the
same time the incantoniny of Constance, as a counterpoise.
Aililixiiii. Travels In Italy, Switzerland.

incapability (in-ka-pa-bil'i-ti), n. [< incapa-
ble: see -btlity.] The character or condition
of being incapable; want of mental or physical
capacity, or of legal competency; inability or
disability.

You have nothing to urge but a kind of incapability In
yourself to the service. Suckliny.

incapable (in-ka'pa-bl), a. and n. [< F. inca-
pable, < LL. incapabilis, incapable, < L. in- priv.
+ LL. capabilis, capable: see capable.] I. o.
Not capable, (o) Lacking In capacity, ability, or fit-
ness ; inefficient ; incompetent ; Inadequate.

The wheelbarrow of this civilization is ... a ponder-
ous, incapable body. Ilouxllt, Venetian Life, xx.
(6) Lacking sufficient capacity or capaciousness; insuffi-
cient, unfit, or unqualified : in this and the succeeding
uses commonly followed by «/.

Is not your father grown incapable

O} reasonable affairs ? Shot. , W. T. , IT. 3.

(c) Not capable of receiving or admitting ; not suscepti
Die : as, his lot is incapable of amelioration.

We find this our empyreal form
Incapable of mortal injury. Jftflon, P. L., vl. 434.

(d) Not capable of understanding or comprehending;
wanting appreciation ; unconscious. (Rare.]

She chanted snatches of old tunes,
As one incapable of her own distress.

Shale., Hamlet, iv. 7.
Incapable and shallow Innocents,
Yon cannot guess who caus'd your father's death.

Shale., Rich. III., 11 2.

(«) Not capable legally; unqualified ; disqualified by law ;
wanting legal warrant or capacity.

Their lands are almost ent irely taken from them, and they
are rendered incapable of purchasing any more. Swift.
= 8vn. Incapable, Unable. Incapable properly denotes
a want of passive power, the power of receiving, and Is
applicable particularly to the mind, or said of something
inanimate : as, a body once dead is incapaMe of restora-
tion to life. The word often applies to moral Inability:
as, he is quite incapable of doing a thing so base ; or other-
wise It approaches essentially the more active meanings
of unable. Unable denotes the want of active power or
power of performing, being applicable to the body or to
the mind : we could not say that Achilles was unable to
be wounded, but we could say that Achilles was inrapabl?
of a wound. In law capaUe and incapabl? refer more fre-
quently to legal qualification, able and unable to physical
facility or hindrance : as, a man may not be legally inca-
pable of doing an act, yet from circumstances be practi-
cally unable to do it.

II. n. One who lacks mental or physical ca-
pacity, either general or special.

The preservation of incapable! is habitually secured by
our social arrangements. //. Spencer, Prin. of Biol. , { 170.

incapsulate

"All prisoners who have certificates from the doctor,
step out!" shouted Captain Uudeem, and twenty-live or
thirty incapable* — some old and infirm, some pale and
emaciated from sickness — separated themselves from the
main body of convict*. The Century, XXXVII. 86.

incapableness (in-ka'pa-bl-nes). n. Incapabil-
ity. Bailey, 1727.

incapably (in-ka'pa-bli), adv. In an incapable
manner.

incapacious (in-ka-pa'shus), a. [= Sp. Pg. in-
canaz = It. incupacc, < LL. incapat, incapable,
< L. in- priv. + capax, capable, capacious : see
capacious.] 1. Not capacious; not spacious;
of small content or compass ; contracted.

Souls that are made little and incapaeiout cannot en-
large their thoughts to take In any great compass of times
or things. Burnet.

2f. Incapable.

Can art be so dim-sighted, learned sir?
I did not think her so incavaciou*.

Middieton and Rowley, Fair Quarrel, 11. 2.

incapaciousness (in-ka-pa'shus-nes), n. The
condition of being incapacious ; want of con-
taining space ; contractedness.

incapacitate (in-ka-pas'i-tat), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. incapacitated, ppr. incapacitating. [< in-3
+ capacitate. Cf. equiv. Sp. Pg. incapacitar.]

1. To deprive of capacity or natural power;
render or make incapable : followed by from
or for.

Physical weakness incapacitated him from the public
practice of his art.

./. W. Hales, Int. to Milton's Areopagitica.
Concentrated attention, unbroken by rest, so prostrates
the brain as to incapacitate it/or thinking.

U. Upencer, Prin. of Blol., | 62.

2. To deprive of competent ability or qualifi-
cation; render unfit; disqualify: as, insanity
incapacitates one for marriage.

The old law of Scotland declared that a butcher should
not sit upon a jury; he was incapacitated by his profes-
sion. W. Phillipt, Speeches, p. 196.

Any one deliberate habit of sin incapacitates a man for
receiving the gifts of the Gospel.

./. //. XeiciiMH, Parochial Sermons, L 95.

3. To deprive of legal or constitutional capa-
city or privilege ; withhold or nullify the right of.

The people cannot incapacitate the king, because he
derives not his right from them, but from God only.

Dryden, Vina, of Duke of Guise.

It absolutely incapacitated them from holding rank, of-
fice, function, or properly.

Milman, Latin Christianity, xi. 7.

incapacitation (in-ka-pas-i-ta'shon), n. [< in-
capacitate + -ion.] The act of incapacitating,
or the state of being incapacitated ; the act of
disqualifying; disqualification.

If they suffer this power of arbitrary incapacitation to
stand, they have utterly perverted every other power of
the House of Commons. Burke, Present Discontents.

incapacity (in-ka-pas'i-ti), n. [= F. incapacite
= Sp. incapacidad = Pg. incapacidade = It. in-
capacita; as t«-3 + capacity.] 1. Lack of ca-
ity; lack of ability or qualification; iua-
lility; incapability; incompetency.
Heaven, seeing the incapacity of ... [philosophy) to
console him, has given him the aid of religion.

Ooldtmith, Vicar, xxlz.
The eldest son of a rich nobleman
Is heir to all bis incapacities!.

Shelley, The Cencl, U. 2.

The chief cause of sectarian animosity Is the incapa-
city of most men to conceive hostile systems in the light
in which they appear to their adherents, and to enter into
the enthusiasm they Inspire.

Lccky, Europ. Morals, L 141.

2. In law, the lack of legal qualification; that
condition of a person which forbids a given
act on his part, and makes the act legally in-
efficacious even if he does it : as, infancy con-
stitutes an incapacity to contract ; a trust cre-
ates in the trustee an incapacity to buy the trust
property for himself at his own sale. =Syn. Dis-
ability, disqualification, unfltness.

in capita (in kap'i-tft). [L. : in, in ; capita, ace.
pi. of caput, head (person): see caput.] In or
among the persons.

in capite (in kap'i-te). [L. (ML.), in chief: L.
i«, in; capite, abl. of L. caput, .head, chief: see
caput and chief.] In old lam, in chief. A tenant
tn capite, or in chief, was anciently a tenant who held lands
under the king without any intermediate feudal superior,
more specifically one holding by virtue of a direct grant
by the crown to him or his ancestor. Tenure in capite did
not include cases where a tenant of a mesne lord became
a tenant under the crown by escheat or forfeiture of the
means lord's estate. It was abolished in England by 12
Charles II., Hdv. (1672).

incapsulate (in-kap'su-lat), r. t. ; pret. and pp.
incapsulated, ppr. incapstilating. [< L. in, in,
+ capsula, a box, chest (see capsule), + -ate2.]
1. Same as eticapsulate. — 2. To put one inside
of another, like a nest of boxes ; insert repeat-

paci
bilit

incapsulate

edly ; compose by parenthesis within parenthe-
sis: applied metaphorically to certain Ameri-
can-Indian languages in which various modi-
fying elements are inserted in a verb-form,
incapsulation (in-kap-su-la'shon), n. [< incap-
sulate + -ion.'] The act of incapsulating, or the
state of being incapsulated.

The sentences [of the Mexican language) are formed by
a sort of incapsulation. and may be compared to those
boxes shut up one within another which afford so much
amusement to children.

F. W. Farrar, Families of Speech, p. 177.

incarcert (in-kar'ser), v. t. [< F. incarcerer =
Pr. encarcerar = Sp. encarcelar = Pg. encarcerar
= It. incarcerare, < ML. incarcerare, imprison :
see incarcerate.] To incarcerate.

This grieves mee most, that I for grievous sinne
Incarcer'd lye within this floating Inn.

Z. Boyd, Flowers of Zion.

incarcerate (in-kar'se-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
incarcerated, ppr. incarcerating. [< ML. incar-
ceratus, pp. of incarcerare (> ult. E. inearcer,
q. v.), imprison, < L. in, in, + career, a prison:
see carcerate."] 1. To imprison; confine in a
jail. — 2. To confine; shut up or inclose ; con-
strict closely : as, incarcerated hernia.

Contagion may be propagated by bodies that easily in-
cnrcerate the infected air, as woollen clothes. Harvey.

3032

incautious

incarnardinet, *'• t. An erroneous form of in- incamification (in-kar"ni-fi-ka'shqn), n. [<

carnadine. in-2 + carnijicatioti.] Formation into or em-

incarnate1 (in-kar'nat), r. ; pret. and pp. in- bodiment in flesh ; incarnation. [Rare.]

carnated, ppr. incarnating. [< LL. incarnatus, Incarvillea (in-kar-vH'e-ii), n. [NL. (A. L. de

pp. of incarnari, be made flesh, become incar- Jussieu, 1789), named after P. A'lncarville, a Jes-

nate, ML. also inearnare, invest with flesh, in- uit missionary in China, who first sent speci-

carnate, < L. in, in, on, + caro (earn-), flesh: mensofthisplanttoBernarddeJussieuinl743.]

see carnal. Cf. incarn.'] I. trans. To clothe
with flesh ; embody in flesh.

They believed in Christ to be incarnated, and to suffer
death.
Tyndalc, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc., I860), p. 245.

This essence to incarnate and imbrute,
That to the highth of deity aspired !

Milton, P. L, ix. 166.

A monotypic genus of dicotyledonous gamo-
petalous plants, of the natural order Bignonia-
cece and tribe Tecomeat. The calyx is campannlate,
with the apex 5-lobed ; the corolla has an ample tube; the
stamens are didynamous and included; and the ovary is
2-celled. The single species, /. Sinentis, is a native of
China, and is an erect branched annual or biennial herb,
with alternate 2- to 3-pinnate leaves, and large red flowers
in terminal racemes.

Given a human foible, he [Shakspere] can incarnate It Incarvillese (in-kar-vil'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (End-
in the nothingness of Slender, or make it loom gigantic licl,er 1836 -40^ < Incarrillfn + -fir 1 In End-
through the tragic twilight of Hamlet. le;j ^ **" \ **

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 316. heller's classification, a suborder of the Signo-
niacece, typified by the genus Incarvillea: by De
Candolle reduced to the rank of a subtribe.

H. intrans. To form flesh ; heal, as a wound,

incarceration (in-kar-se-ra'shon), n. [= F. in-
carceration = Pr. encarceration = Sp. encarcela-
cion = It. incarceragione, incarccrazione, < ML.
incarceratio(n-), < incarcerare, imprison: see in-
carcerate.] 1. The act of incarcerating or im-
prisoning; imprisonment.

It [the doctrine of preexistence] supposeth the descent
into these bodyes to be a culpable lapse from an higher
and better state of life, and this to be a state of incarcera-
tion for former delinquencies.

Olanmlle, Pre-existence of Souls, iv.

2. In surg. , obstinate constriction, as of a hernia,
or retention, as of the placenta in childbirth ;
strangulation, asinhernia.=Syn, i. Imprisonment,
Confinement, etc. See captivity.

incarcerator (in-kar'se-ra-tor), n. [< incarce-
rate + -or.] One who'incafcerates or shuts up
in prison.

incardinate't, «• A perversion of incarnate1.

The count's gentleman, one Cesario : we took him for a
coward, but he's the very devil incardinate.

Shak, T. N., v. 1.

incardinate2 (in-kar'di-nat), v. t.; pret. and
pp. incardinated, ppr. incardinating. [< ML. in-
cardinatus, pp. of incardinare (also cardinare),
receive or install (a priest) into a church, lit.
'hinge' (fit in so as to attach), < L. in, in, +
cardo (cardin-), a hinge: see cardo, cardinal."]
To attach corporately or as a cardinal part, as
a priest to a particular church.

[The idea] that cardinal priests were those refugees from
persecution who were received and incardinated into the
clerical body of churches more happily circumstanced.

Encyc. Brit., V. 96.

Incarial (ing-ka'ri-al), a. [< Inca + -ari-al.~\
Same as Incan. [Bare.]
The . . . Museum of Incarial Antiquities [in CuzcoJ.

Encyc. Brit., VI. 744.

incarnt (in-karn'), 0. [< F. incarner, OF. en-
charner = Pr. Sp. Pg. encarnar = It. inearnare,
become incarnate, < LL. incarnari, be made
flesh, become incarnate, ML. also inearnare,
invest with flesh, incarnate : see incarnate1, ».]
I. trans. To invest with flesh; incarnate.

The flesh will soon arise in that cut of the bone, and
make exfoliation of what is necessary, and incarn it.

Wiieman, Surgery.

II. intran-s. To become invested or covered
with flesh.
The slough came off, and the ulcer happily incarnetl.

Wiseman, Surgery.

incarnadine (in-kar'na-din), a. [< F. incar-
nadin, for "incarnatin (= Sp. encarnadino, flesh-
colored), < incarnat, flesh-colored: see incar-
nate1, a.] Of a carnation-color; pale-red. [Ar-
chaic.]

Such whose white satin upper coat of skin,
Cut upon velvet rich incarnadine,
Has yet a body (and of flesh) within.

Lovelace, To my Lady H.

incarnadine (in-kiir'na-din), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
incarnadined, ppr. incarnadinini/. [< incarna-
dine, a.] To dye red or carnation; tinge with
the color of flesh.

No ; this my hand will rather
The multitudinous seas incarnadine,
Making the green one red.

Shak., Macbeth, II. 2.

[In some editions erroneously incarnardine.}
Lo ! in the painted oriel of the west,
Whose fanes the sunken sun incarnadines.

Longfellow, Sonnets, The Evening Star.

by granulation. [Rare.]

My uncle Toby's wound was nearly well ; . . . 'twas Just
beginning to incarnate. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 5.

incarnate1 (in-kar'nat), a. [< ME. incarnate,
embodied in flesh, = F. incarnat = Sp. Pg. en-
carnado = It. incarnato, incarnate, flesh-col-
ored, < LL. incarnatus, pp., incarnate: see the
verb.] 1. Invested with flesh; embodied in
flesh.

Who for us men and for our salvation came down from
heaven, And was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Vir-
gin Mary, And was made man.

Book of Common Prayer, Nicene Creed.

Here shalt thoii sit incarnate, here shalt reign
Both God and Man. Milton, r. I... iii. 815.

2. Of a red color ; flesh-colored.

In one place they are of a fresh and bright purple, in
another of a glittering, incarnate, and rosate colour.

Holland, tr. of Pliny, xiv. 1.

The tubes of the corolla of the common red and imar-
nate clovers (Trifolium pretense and incarnatum) do not
on a hasty glance appear to differ in length.

Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 97.

incarnate2? (in-kar'nat), a. [< in-3 + carnate."]
Not carnate or in the flesh ; divested of a body ;
disembodied. [Rare.]

I fear nothing . . . that devil carnate or incarnate can
fairly do against a virtue so established.

Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, V. 46.

incarnation (in-kar-na'shon), n. [< ME. in-
carnation, incarnacioun, <"OF. incarnatiun, in-
carnation, incarnation, F. incarnation = Pr.
encarnatio = Sp. encarnacion = Pg. encarnaeSo
= It. incarnazione, < ML. incarnatio(n-), < LL.
incarnari, be made flesh, ML. also inearnare,
invest with flesh : see incarnate1."] 1. The act
of incarnating or clothing with flesh ; the act
of assuming flesh or a human body and the
nature of man ; the state of being incarnated.
In theology the doctrine of the incarnation is the doc-

incase, encase (in-, en-kas'), v. t.; pret. and
pp. incased, encased, ppr. incasing, encasing. [<
»»-2, en-1, + case2."] To inclose in or as in a case;
cover or surround with something.

Oh ! in that portal should the chief appear,
Each hand tremendous with a brazen spear,
In radiant panoply his limbs incas'J.

Pope, Odyssey, i. 883.

I can conceive nothing more impressive than the eastern
view of this great range [the Cordilleras], as forcing the
mind to grapple with the idea of the thousands of thou-
sands of years requisite for the denudation of the strata
which originally encased it.

Darwin, Geol. Observations, ii. 500.
Incased pupa, in tntum., a pupa which is protected by
a cocoon.

incasement, encasement (in-, en-kas'ment), n.
[< incase, encase, + -went.] 1 . The act of inclos-
ing in a case, or the state of being inclosed in or
as if in a case.

That mythical period of universal incasement in ice, of
which, as I have elsewhere endeavoured to show, in so far
as Canada is concerned, there is no evidence whatever.
Dan-son, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 233.

2. That which forms a case or covering; any
inclosing substance.

Several parts of the outer tunic of the animal's body
[Pollicipes polymerus} presented the remarkable fact of
being calcified, but to a variable degree ; whereas in sev-
eral specimens from California there was no vestige of
this encasement. Darwin, Cirripedia, p. 314.

Theory of Incasement, an old theory of reproduction
which assumed that when the first animal of each species
was created, the germs of all other individuals of the same
species which were to come from it were incased in its ova.
The discovery of spermatozoa developed the theory in
two opposite directions: the ovulists, or ovists, held still
to the theory of incasement in the female, while the ani-
malcnlists, or spermists, entertained the theory of incase-
ment in the male.
incaskt (in-kask'), v. t. [< in-2 + cask1."] To

Then did he inen.sk his pate in his hat.

Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, I. i. 13.

trine that the Divine Being has assumed human nature,

or has dwelt on the earth in a human form. The doc- incast (in'kast), n. [< in1 + cast1."] Something

trine has been held in both forms in the Christian church, thrown in in arlrtitinn • an amount irivpn Vnr a

The orthodox opinion is that God, in Jesus Christ his Son . given Dy a

not merely assumed a human body, and became subject seller above the exact measure, as a pound in a

to the limitations of the human flesh, but also that he as- stone of wool, or a fleece in a pack.

sumed a proper human nature, and so is at once truly God incastellated (in-kas'te-la-ted), «. [< ML. in-

and truly man. Hindu mythology represents Vishnu as /./,i>f«;7/r/)/o fm-Hfir with a xactla ooctolloto <

having undergone certain avatars, descents, or incorpora- ! *», , ,' i

tions or incarnations, but they are in part in other than L- m< ln' + fastellum, a castle : see castellatc.]

human forms. Confined or inclosed in a castle. Coles, 1717.

Also the! beleeven and spekn gladly of the Virgine Ma- incastelled (in-kas'teld), a. [As incastell(ate)
rie and of the Incarnacioun. Mandenlle, Travels, p. 132. + -Cfi2.] 1. Inclosed in a castle. Imp. Diet.
2. In surg., the process whereby a wound heals, — 2f. Hoof-bound. Crabb.
the affected part becoming filled with new flesh; incatenation (in-ka-te-na'shon), n. [< ML.
granulation. — 3. A representation in an incar- incatenatio(n-), < incatenare, enchain, < L. in, in,
nate form ; a personification ; a visible embodi- + catena, a chain : see chain. Cf. enchain."] The
ment; a distinct exemplification in form or act. act of chaining or linking together. [Rare.]

Shall it take two or three generations of weary expert- A philosopher . . . sedulous in the incatenation of fleas,
menting to bring into existence some incarnation of ma- or the sculpture of a cherry-stone.

terial force like the steam-engine, and may it not take a Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, cviii.

hundred generations forthe human mind to ascertain for incautelOUSt, a. [< in-3 + cautelotlS."] Incau-
itself experimentally what it can know and what it cannot 4
know? J. Fiske, Cosmic Phllos., I. 26. .u,s'

ftt n>» ,,,iiv. .,.».,! ™i«j «««v < ji_<j i i All advantage of cavil at the expressions of the Judges,

the universal mind each individual man is one more u any had Oe7n incavteloue, was lost to the faction.

Emerson, History. 'Soffer North< Examen, p. 288.

4f. The color of flesh; carnation.— 5f. In lot., incautelouslyt, adv. Incautiously.

carnation.— Era of the incarnation. See era. incautelousnesst, n. Incautiousness.
Jicarnativet Cm-kar na-tiv), a. and n. [= F. By this means is the passion strengthened, and the per-
ncarnatij = .Pr. encarnatiu = Sp. Pg. encarna- son whom it respects weakened, this by incatitelousnets
two = It. incarnativOf as incarnate •£ -ive ] I and credulity, that by restraint and suppression.
a. Causing new flesh to grow; healing. BP- R*U™>1&>, The Passions, p. 144.

This is generally observed, that all sorts of wax be emol- incaution (in-ka'shon), n. [< *«-3 + caution."]
litive, heating, and incarnatim. Lack of caution; heedlessness.

Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxii. 24.

H. n. A medicine that tends to promote the
growth of new flesh and assist nature in the
healing of wounds.

common incarnative used in such cases.

Witeman, Surgery, I. 9.

Lest through incaution falling thou may'st be
A Joy to others, a reproach to me. Pope.

As though perfection on disorder hung,
And perfect order from incaution sprung.

Brooke, Universal Beauty, ii.

incautious (in-ka'shus), a. [< in-8 + cautious.
Cf. L. incautus, incautious.] Not cautious; un-
wary ; not circumspect ; heedless.

incautious

The ostrich, silliest of the feather d kind, . . .
Commits hur eggs ineautioux to the dust,
Forgetful that the foot may crush the trust

Cowper, Tirocinium, 1. 791.

= Syn. Indiscreet, Imprudent, Impolitic, uncircnmspect,
Inconsiderate.

incautiously (in-ka'shus-li), aili'. Ill an incau-
tious manner; unwarily; heedlessly. Byrom.
incautiousness (in-ka'shus-nes), ». The char-
acter or state of being incautious ; lack of cau-
tion or foresight; un wariness.

incavate (in-ka'vat), «. [< L. incavatits, pp. of
iiiftirarc, make hoi"
hollow; hollowed.

incavarc, make hollow: see encave,

vatus, pp. ol
i, ».] Made

incavated (in-ka'va-ted), a. Same as inca-
vate.

incayation (in-ka-va'shon), n. 1. The act of
making hollow.— 2. A hollow; an excavation;
a depression.

incave, v. t. See encave.

incayern (in-kav'ern), v. t. [< in-2 + cavern.]
To inclose in a cavern.

Then Lid creeps on along, and, taking Thrushel, throws
Herself amongst the rocks ; and mincavcrn'4 goal, . . .
To bellow under earth. Drayton, Polyolblon, L 222.

incavo (in-ka'vo), n. [It., a hollow, cavity, <
L. in, in, + cavus, hollow: see cave1. Cf. en-
cave.] The hollowed or incised part in an in-
taglio or an engraved work.

There is no enamel, but the whole of the incavo Is filled
with gold. A. NetHtt, S. K. Cat, Glass Vessels.

incedet (in-sed'), v. i. [< L. incedere, go, step, or
march along, triumph, < tn, in, on, + ceaere,
go.] To go along, step, or march in pride or
exultation.

incedingly (in-se'ding-li), adv. [< inceding,
ppr. of incede, 4- -J.y2.] Triumphantly. [Bare.]

Even in the uttermost frenzy of energy Is each moanad
movement royally, imperially, incedinyly upborne.

Charlotte Bronte, ViUotte, xxiiL

incelebrity (in-se-leb'ri-ti), n. [< L. as if "ince-
lebrita(t-)s, < inceleber, not famous, < in- priv. +
celeber, famous: see celebrate, celebrity."] Lack
of celebrity. Coleridge.

incendt (iu-send')) v. t. [< L. incendere, set on
fire, kindle, burn, < in, in, on, + candere, shine,
glow, be on fire: see candid. Cf. accend, in-
cense1.] To inflame ; make fiery.

Oh, there's a line inccndu his lustful! blood I

Martian, Scourge of Vlllanie, vl.

They fetch up the spirits into the brain, and with the

heat brought with them, they incend it beyond measure.

Burton, An at. of Mel., p. 255.

incendiarism (in-sen'di-a-rizm), n. [< incen-
diary + -ism.] The act or practice of an in-
cendiary ; malicious burning.

incendiary (in-sen'di-a-ri), a. and n. [= F. in-
cendiaire == Sp. Pg. It. ihcendiario, < L. incendia-
rius, causing a fire ; as a noun, an incendiary ;
< incendium, a fire, conflagration, < incendere,
set on fire: see incend.] L. a. 1. Causing or
adapted to cause combustion ; used in starting
a fire or conflagration; igniting; inflammatory:
as, incendiary materials ; an incendiary match
or bomb. Specifically — 2. Pertaining or re-
lating to or consisting in malicious or criminal
setting on fire or burning: as, an incendiary
mania; the incendiary torch; an incendiary fire.

Burn the palish ! Burn the rating,

Bum all taxes in a mass.

Hood, Incendiary Song.

3. Tending to excite or inflame passion, sedi-
tion, or violence.

With this menace the incendiary informer left Del'Isle,
In order to carry his threats Into execution.

Ilitt. Duelling (1770), p. 146.

The writing of inctndiary letters . . . calls for ...
condign and exemplary punishment

Paley, Moral Philos., II. ix.

The true patriot, unmoved by frightened and angry de-
nunciation, will close his ears to incendiary utterances.

N. A. Rte.,C\UI. 525.

Incendiary match, a match made by boiling slow-match
in a saturated solution of niter, drying it, cutting it into
pieces, and plunging it into melted fire-stone. Farrow.
Mil. Encyc., I. fl«ti. —Incendiary shell, a cast-iron or steel
shell filled with a combustible composition. The compo-
sition, when ignited by a fuse or the flash of the charge,
burns with an intense flame for several minutes. For
smooth-bore guns the shell is spherical, nnd is pierced by
two or more holes, from which the flames issue. It is
used in bombarding for setting flre to cities, shipping,
wooden barracks, etc.

II. n. • pi. incfiKliuricg (-riz). 1. Apersonwho
maliciously sets fire to a house, shop, barn; or
other inflammable property ; one who is guilty
of arson.

The stables of the Castle Berlifltzing were discovered to
be on fire ; and the unanimous opinion of the neighbor-
hood added the crime of the incendiary to the already
hideous list of the Baron's misdemeanors and enormities.

Poe, Tales, 1. 477.

3033

2. One who or that which excites or inflames ; a
person who excites antagonism and promotes
ructions quarrels; a violent agitator.

To these two above-named causes, or incendiarieti, of
this rage, I may very well annex time, place, etc.

Burton, Anal, of Mel., p. 606.

Incendiaries of figure and distinction, who are the in-
ventors and publishers of gross falsehoods, cannot be re-
garded but with the utmost detestation. .l>t</»«u.

incendioust (in-sen'di-us), a. [= It. incendioso,
< LL. iiii-i iiilinxiix, burning, < L. incendium, a
flre, burning: see incendiary.] Promoting fac-
tion or contention. Baeim.

incendiouslyt (in-sen'di-us-li), adv. 80 as to
promote contention.

incensation (in-sen-sa'shon), n. [= Sp. iin-en-
sacion = It. incensazione,"< ML. as if "incensa-
tio(n-), < incensare, burn incense: see incense?,
v.] The burning or offering of incense. [Rare.]
The Missal of the Roman Church now enjoins incenm-
lion before the lutroit Encyc. Brit., XII. 721.

incense1 (in-sens'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. incensed,
ppr. incensing. [Formerly also insense; < L. in-
centius, pp. ol incendere, set on fire, inflame : see
incend. This verb in the lit. sense is different
from incense2, which is from the noun incense^.]
If. To set on fire; cause to burn; inflame;
kindle.

Twelve Trojan princes wait on thee, and labour to incense

Thy glorious heap of funeral. Chapman.

Now belches molten stones and ruddy flame,

Inccntt, or tears up mountains by the roots.

Addition, Jineid, 111.

2t. To make hot or eager; enkindle; incite;
stimulate.

Were to incente the boar to follow us.

Shat., Rich, III., Ui. 2.

To incense us further yet, John, In his apocalypse, makes
a description of that heavenly Jerusalem.

Burton, Anat of Mel., p. 595.
Will God inctntf his ire
For such a petty trespass ?

Milton, P. L., Ix. 692.

In particular — 3f. To burn as incense; use in
burning incense.

Virtue is like precious odours, most fragrant when they
are incensed, or crushed. Bacon, Adversity (ed. 1887).

After this, the said Prelate goeth to an Altar there,
richly adorned, on which is a red Table, with the name
of the Great Can written In it, and a Censer with Incense,
which he incenteth In stead of them all, with great reue-
rence performed vnto the Table.

Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. 417.

4. To enkindle or excite to anger or other pas-
sion; inflame; make angry; provoke.

Augustus, . . . being grevlouslyinccnmd against them
of Cremona, deprived them of their grounds.

Coryat, Crudities, L 138.

= 8yn. 4. Irritate, Provoke, etc. (see exasperate), offend,
anger, chafe, nettle, galL

incense2 (in 'sens), n. [< ME. encens, < OF. en-
cens, F. encens = Pr. encens, ensens, ences.eces,
esses = Sp. incienso = Pg. It. incenso, < LL. in-
censum, incense, orig. unit . of L. incensus, pp.
of incendere, set on fire, inflame: see incense*-,
incend.] 1. Any aromatic material, as certain
gums, which exhales perfume during combus-
tion; a mixture of fragrant gums, spices, etc.,
with gum-resin, compounded for the purpose of
producing a sweet odor when burned. The sub-
stance most generally used for incense, and therefore often
specifically so called, Isolibanum or frankincense. (See oii-
banum.) The burning of incense as an act of worship ex-
isted among the Jews, and is practised in both the Eastern
and Western churches of the present day, as well as by
Buddhists and others.

And he made . . . the pure incense of sweet spices, ac-
cording to the work of the apothecary. Ex. \x\vii. 29.

Nadab and Abihn, the sons of Aaron, took either of
them his censer, and put flre therein, and put incente
thereon. Lev. x. 1.

2. The perfume or scented fumes arising from
an odoriferous substance, as frankincense, dur-
ing combustion ; the odor of spices and gums
burned as an act of worship in some religious
systems.

A thick cloud of incente went up. Ezek. viii. 11.

As the incentc wafts its fragrance now throughout the

material building. Rock, Church of our Fathers, 1. 209.

A mist

Of incente curl'd about her, and her face
Wcllnigh was hidden in the minster gloom.

Tennymn, Coming of Arthur.

3. Any grateful odor, as of flowers ; agreeable
perfume or fragrance.

See Nature hastes her earliest wreaths to bring,
With all the incemte of the breathing spring.

Pope, Messiah, L 24.

4. Figuratively, gratifying admiration or at-
tention ; flattering regard and deference ; hom-
age ; adulation.

incension

Die, unhallow'd thoughts, before you blot
W ith jour uncleanness that which Is divine ;
Offer pure iitcente to so pure a shrine.

Shak., Lucrecc, L 104.
Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride
With inrennc kindled at the Muse s flame.

Gray, Elegy.
He courted the soft incente of flattery.

Pracott, Ferd. and Isa., IL 25.

incense2 (in'sens or in-seus'), i'.j pret. and pp.
incensed, ppr. incensing. [< ME. incensen, en-
censen, encencen. < OF. encenser, F. encenser =
Pr. encessar = 8p. Pg. incensar = It. incensare,
< ML. incensare, perfume with incense, < LL.
incensum, incense : see incense2, n. Hence also
cense*, v. Cf. incense1, v.] I. traus. 1. Toper-
fume with incense.

Al the hous of the paclent schal be encenrid strongly
. . . with frankencense, mlrre, and rosyn, terbentyn and
rewe. Book of Quinte JSiaenu (ed. Furnimll), p. 24.

The procession goes to the two other altars, and then
again to the high altar, where the pilgrim is incensed, and
coming down to the lower end of the church, he puts out
bis candle, and the litany Is said.

Pocacke, Description of the East, II. L 12.

2. To offer incense to; worship; flatter extrava-
gantly.

She myghte in his presence
Doon sacrifice and Jupiter encente.

Chaucer, Second -Nun's Tale, 1. 413.
He is dlpp'd In treason and overhead In mischief, and
now must be bought off and incenned by his Sovereign.

Gentleman liutructed, p. 212.

H.t intrans. To burn or offer incense.

After the custom of the presthod, he wente forth by
lot and entrlde Into the temple to encencen; and al the
multitude of the puple was without fourth and preyede
In the hour of encencyng. WycHS, Luke L 9, 10.

They nolde encente no sacrifice ryght nought.

Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale, 1. 395.

incense-boat (in'sens-bot), n. A vessel, fre-
quently of a boat-like shape (that is, with a hol-
low, rounded oblong body rising at the ends),
used to hold incense for transfer to the censer
or thurible.

incense-breathing (in'sens-bre'THing), a.
Breathing or exhaling incense or fragrance.

The breezy call of incentc-breathing morn.

Gray, Elegy.

incense-burner (in'sens-ber'ner), «. A stand,
vase, etc., upon or in which to burn incense.
Chinese and Japa-
nese incense-burn-
ers are familiar as
ornaments, often
being fantastic
bronze figures of
men or animals.

incense-cedar
(in ' sens - se '-
dar), >i. The
white or post ce-
dar, Libocedms
decurrens, a na-
tive of the Pa-
cific coast of the
United States,
from Oregon

south, growing Japaneie InMnse.buracr.

on the moun-
tains. It is a large tree with light, soft, but
durable wood.

incense-cup (in'sens-kup), n. 1. An incense-
burner, small and of simple form. — 2. One of
a class of small pottery vessels, such as are
found in prehistoric graves. Their use is un-
known.

incensement (in-sens_'ment), ». [< incense^ +
-incut.] The act of incensing, or the state of
being incensed; especially, heat of passion;
fiery anger.

His incennement at this moment Is so Implacable that
satisfaction can be none but by pangs of death.

Shak., T. N., ill. 4.

incenser (in-sen'ser), n. One who or that which
incenses, inflames, or excites.

Seneca understanding, by the report of those that yet
somewhat regarded virtue and honour, how these lewd
incciuers did accuse him. Sorth, tr. of Plutarch, p. 1005.

incense-tree (in'sens-tre),n. 1. A South Amer-
ican tree of the genus Bursera (Idea). — 2. In
the West Indies, a tree of the genus Mosclioxy-
lum (M. Swartzii).
Also incense-wood.

incensiont (in-sen'shon), n. [= OF. incension
= It. incensione, < L. incensio(n-), < incendere,
pp. iiicensws, set on flre: see incense1.] The
act of kindling or setting on fire, or the state of
being exposed to the action of fire.

Sena loseth somewhat of its windiness by decocting ;
and generally subtile or windy spirits are taken off by in-
censiun or evaporation. Bacon, Nat Hist, $ 23.

Incensive

incensivet (in-sen'siv), «. [= OF. incensif =
It. incensivo, < L. as if 'incensivus, < incendere,
pp. incensus, set on fire: see incense1.] Tend-
ing to inflame or excite ; inflammatory.

To be extremely .hated and inhumanely persecuted,
without any fault committed or just occasion offered, is
greatly incentive of humane passion.

Burrow, Works, III. x.

incensort (in-sen'sor), n. [= P. encenseur =
Sp. incensor, < LL. "invensor, an ineiter, instiga-
tor, < L. incendere, kindle, incite : see incense*.'}
Same as ineenser.

Many priests were impetuous and importunate incen-
tors of the rage. Sir J. Ua.ywa.ri,.

incensorium (in-sen-so'ri-um), n. ; pi. incerwo-
ria (-a). [ML. : see incensory, censer* .] A cen-
ser. See thurible.

incensoryt (in'sen-so-ri), n. [< ML. incensori-
um, a censer, < LL. incensum, incense : see in-
cense2 and censer1, nit. < ML. incensorium.'] The
vessel in which incense is burned ; a censer.
A cup of gold, crown'd with red wine, he held
On th' holy incensory pour'd.

Chapman, Iliad, xl. 686.

Other Saints lie here, decorated with splendid orna-
ments, lamps, and incensories of greate cost.

Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 14, 1646.

incensurable (in-sen'shgr-a-bl), a. [= Sp. in-
censurable = Pg. incensuravel ; as »»-3 + cen-
surable.] Not censurable ; uncensurable.

incensurably (in-sen'shor-a-bli), adv. So as
not to deserve censure ; uncensurably.

incentive (in-sen'tiv), a. and n. [I. a. = Pg.
incentive, < L. incentivus, that strikes up or sets
the tune, LL. serving to incite, < incinere, j>p.
incentus, sound (an instrument), sing, < in, in,
on, + canere, sing : see chant. II. n. = Sp. Pg.
It. incentive, < LL. incentivum, an incentive,
neut. of incentivus, serving to incite: see I.
Sometimes used as if connected with inoen-
sive and incense1.'] I. a. 1. Inciting; encourag-
ing.

Competency is the most incentive to industry.

Decay of Christian Piety.

2f. Setting fire ; igniting ; firing ; incendiary.

Part incentive reed
Provide, pernicious with one touch to flre.

Milton, P. L., vL 619.
Whilst the cavern'd ground,
With grain incentive stor'd, by sudden blaze
Bursts fatal, and involves the hopes of war,
In fiery whirls. J. Philips, Cider, i.

II. n. That which moves the mind or stirs
the passions; that which incites or tends to
incite to action; motive; spur: as, pride is a
powerful incentive.

Love seems to be the appetite, or incentive, of the primi-
tive matter. Bacon, Physical Fables, viii., Expl.
Every great life is an incentive to all other lives.

G. W. Curtis, Prue and I, p. 186.
Incentives come from the soul's self.

Browning, Andrea del Sarto.

=Syn. Impulse, etc. (see motive), stimulus, incitement*
encouragement, goad.

incentively (in-sen'tiv-li), adv. In an incen-
tive or inciting manner; as an incentive.
incentort, »• [An irreg. form of incensor.']

Same as incendiary.

incentret (in-sen'ter), v. [< fn-2 + center!.]
To center.

Nor is your love incentred to me only In your own breast,
but full of operation. Bp. Hactet, Abp. Williams, i. 135.

incept (in-sepf), v. [= OF. incepter, begin, <
L. inceptus, pp. of incipere, begin, lit. take in,
take up (not used in the lit. sense), < in, in, on,
+ capere, take: see capable, etc.] I. trans.
To take in ; seize. [Rare.]

Which will carry such incepted matters along with them
in their slow movements from place to place.

E. A. Scha/er, Proc. Roy. Soc., XXXVIIL 88.

II. intrans. To commence or begin; specifi-
cally, in old universities, to become a qualified
candidate for the degree of master of arts ; ori-
ginally, to begin teaching under the license of
a university.

The M. A. incepts in about three years and two months
from the time of taking his first degree, though he does
not become a full M. A. till the July following— three
years and a half in all.

C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 348.

What is technically known as admission to that degree
[licentia docendi] was really nothing more nor less than
receiving the chancellor's permission to incept.

Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 835.

inceptingt (in-sep'ting),#. «.. [< incept + -ing?.']
Incipient; beginning.

Incepting poets and philosophers must pay for their
whistle. Spectator.

inception (in-sep'shon), n. [= OF. inception,
< L. inceptio(n-), < incipere, pp, inceptus, begin,

3034

lit. take in, take up: see incept."] 1. A taking
in, as by swallowing ; the process of receiving
within. [Rare.]

The result is the immersion of the mouth and nostrils,
and the inception, during efforts to breathe while beneath
the surface, of water into the lungs. E. A. Poe.

2. The incipient or initial stage; beginning;
commencement.

incest

incertainty (in-ser'tan-ti), n. ; pi. incertainties
(-tiz). [< OF. inceriainete, < incertain, incer-
tain: see incertain. Of. certainty, uncertainty, ,]
Uncertainty.

The hazard

Of all incertainties. Shak., W. T. , Hi. 2.
Arranging the opinions of men only to show their incer-
tainty. Goldsmith, Int. to Hist, of the World.

Therefore if we can arrive at the inception of religion, incertitude (in-ser'ti-tud), )(. [< F. incertitude
we have reason to conjecture that the inception of = Sp. incertidumbre, obs. incertitud = It. tncer-

titudine, < ML. incertitudo (-din-), uncertainty,
< L. incertus, uncertain, < in- priv. + certus,
certain: see certain, certitude.'] 1. The state
or condition of being uncertain ; doubtfulness ;
uncertainty arising from doubt or hesitation.

The incertitude and instability of this life, and of hu-
mane affaires. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 716.

mankind was not long before.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 166.

The inception of the blockade was somewhat Irregular.
J. R. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. 31.

If ... we arrange the schools of Greek philosophy In
numerical order, according to the dates of their inception,
we do not mean that one expired before another was
founded. Pop. Set. Mo., XXVIII. 62L

3. In entom., a starting-point ; the place of be-
ginning, as of a longitudinal mark, etc. in thla
sense the inception maybe at either end, and must be de-
termined by the context : as, the inception of a dark line
on the costal border.

4. The formal qualification of a master of arts
in the old universities, preliminary to taking his
degree ; the solemn act kept by the candidate
for the degree of master of arts immediately
before receiving the degree; the commence-
ment.

By inception was Implied the master's formal entrance
upon, and commencement of, fJie functions of a duly li-
censed teacher, and his recognition as such by his brothers
in the profession. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 835.

inceptive (in-sep'tiv), a. and n. [= OF. incep-
tif, < NL. ineeptivus, < L. inwpere, pp. inceptus,
begin: see incept.'] I. a. 1. Beginning; start-
ing ; noting the initial point or step : as, an in-
ceptive proposition ; an inceptive verb (one that
expresses the beginning of action).

Inceptive and desitive propositions : as, the fogs van-
ish as the sun rises ; but the fogs have not yet begun to
vanish, therefore the sun is not yet risen.

Watts, Logic, III. li. § 4.

You see, in speaking, or by sound or ink,
The grand inceptive caution is to think.

Byrom, Art of Eng. Poetry.

2. In math., serving to initiate or produce:
applied to such moments or first principles as,
though of no magnitude themselves, are yet
capable of producing results which are : thus, a
point is inceptive of a line ; a line, of a surface ;
and a surface, of a solid. Wallis.

II. n. That which begins or notes beginning,
as a proposition or a verb. Also inchoative.

inceptively (in-sep'tiv-li), adv. In an inceptive
manner.

inceptor (in-sep'tor), n. [= Sp. (obs.) inceptor,

< LL. inceptor, <"L. incipere, pp. inceptus, be-
gin: see incept.] 1. A beginner; one who is
in the rudiments. [Rare.] — 2. One who is
about to take the degree of master of arts at
an English or other old university, having ful-
filled all the conditions.

Next follow'd y» disputations of the Inceptor Doctors
in Medicine, the speech of their Professor Dr. Hyde, and
so in course their respective creations.

Evelyn, Diary, July 10, 1669.

The Inceptor or candidate then began his speech, where-
in I found little edification.
Locke, quot. in Dr. J. Brown's Spare Hours, Sd ser., p. 50.

inceration (in-se-ra'shon), n. [= F. inceration,

< L. as if *inceratio(n-),\ incerareC>It. incerare,
= Sp. Pg. encerar), pp. inceratus, cover with
wax, < in, on, + ccra, wax: see cere.] 1. The
act of covering or treating with wax ; waxing.

He's ripe for inceration, he stands warm,

In his ash-fire. B. Jonson, Alchemist, it 1.

2. The act of incorporating wax with some
other body ; also, the operation of communicat-
ing to a dry substance the consistence of wax.
Also called encerosis. Dunglison, Med. Diet.

incerative (in'se-ra-tiv), a. [As incerat(ion)
+ -ive.] Sticking like wax. Cotgrave.

inceremonioust (in-ser-e-mo'ni-us), a. [< in-3
+ ceremoniotix.] Unceremonious.

One holds it best to set forth God's service in a solemn
state and magnificence ; another approves better of a sim-
ple and inceremonious devotion.

Bp. Hall, Soliloquies, xvii.

incertaint (in-ser'tan), a. [< ME. incertain, <
OF. (also F.) incertain; as in-3 + certain. Cf.
L. incertus (> It. Pg. incerto = Sp. incierto), un-
certain.] Uncertain.

To be worse than worst
Of those that lawless and incertain thoughts
Imagine howling ! Shale., M. for M., iii. 1.

A Wanderer, and subject to incertain Removes, and
short Sojourns in divers Places before.

Howell, Letters, I. ii. 5.

incertainlyt (in-ser'tau-li), adv. Uncertainly.
Answer incertainly and ambiguously. Huloet.

He fails and forfeits reputation from mere incertitude
or irresolution. Is. Taylor.

2. Obscurity; indefiniteness.

Visit it [London] ... in the autumn, and towards the
close of the day, when the gray incertitude lies on the
mighty city. The Century, XXVI. 82L

incessablet (in-ses'a-bl), a. [< OF. incessable
= Sp. incesable = It. incessabile, < L. incessabilis,
unceasing, < in- priv. + "cessabilis, < cessare,
cease: see cease.] Unceasing; continual.

He heard likewise those incessable strokes, but could not
espy the cause of them.

Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, I. ill. 6.

incessablyt (in-ses'a-bli), adv. Continually;
unceasingly ; without intermission,
incessancy (in-ses'an-si), n. The quality of
being incessant; unintermitted continuance.
[Rare.]

Whose white bones wasting He
In some farre region, with th' incessancie
Of showres powrd downe vpon them.

Chapman, Odyssey, L

incessant (in-ses'ant), a. [= F. incessant =
Sp. incesante = Pg. It. incessante, < LL. inces-
san(t-)s (in adv. incessanter), < L. «n-vpriv. +
cessan(t-)s, ppr. of cessare, cease: see cease.']
Continued or repeated without interruption or
intermission; unceasing; ceaseless: as, inces-
sant rains; incessant clamor.
From skies descending down, a swarme of bees beset the

bowes,

Incessant thick with noise. Phaer, JSneid, vii.

The people are proud, clever, and active, and all engaged
in incessant cares of commerce.

Quoted in C. Elton's Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 20.
= Syn. Continuous, Incessant, Continual, Perpetual; un-
remitting, unremitted. Continuous means unbroken,
and is passive ; incessant means unceasing, and is active.
The former is preferable to note duration, condition, or
result ; the latter, to describe the exertion by which the
condition or result is produced. We speak of a continu-
OUSOT an incessant fever, according as we think of the fe-
ver as a state or as an activity ; and similarly of a continu-
ous or incessant strain of music, and the continuous or in-
cessant murmur of a brook ; but only of a continuous rail-
road-track or telegraph-wire. Continual regularly im-
plies the habitual or repeated renewals of an act, state,
etc.: as, a continual succession of storms. In the Bible
continual is sometimes used for continuous, but the dis-
tinction here indicated is now clearly established. Per-
petual is continuous with the idea of lastingness : as, per-
petual motion. It is often used in the sense of continual:
as, I am sick of such perpetual bickerings. In either
sense, unless the thing is really everlasting, it is used by
hyperbole, as implying that one sees no end to the mat-
ter. See eternal.

incessantly (in-ses'ant-li), adv. [< ME. inces-
santli; < incessant •£ -ly%.] 1. In an incessant
manner ; with constant repetition ; unceasingly.

The frosty north wind blowes a cold thicke sleete,
That dazzles eyes ; flakes after flakes, incessantly descend-
ing. Chapman, Iliad, xix.

He was so incessantly given to his devotion and prayers
as no man more in the whole house.

Coryat, Crudities, 1. 183.

2f. Instantly; immediately.

If I see him I fear I shall turn to Stone, and petrifle in-
cessantly. Congreve, Way of the World, v. 8.

If I catch any one among you, upon any pretence what-
soever, using the particle or, I shall incessantly order him
to be stripped of his gown, and thrown over the bar.

Addison, Charge to the Jury.

incessantness (in-ses'ant-nes), n. The charac-
ter of being incessant.

incessiont (in-sesh'on), n. [< L. as if incessio(n-),

< incedere, pp. inccssus, go along, go forward:

see incede. ] A going ; progression ; locomotion.

The incession or local motion of animals is made with

analogy unto this figure.

Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, iii.

incest (in'sest), n. [< ME. incest, < OF. (also
F.) inceste = Sp. Pg. It. incesto, < L. incestum,
unchastity, incest, neut. of incestns, unchaste
(> incestns (incestu-), in., incest), < in- priv. +
castus, chaste : see chaste."] The offense of co-
habitation or sexual commerce between per-
sons related within the degrees wherein mar-

incest

riage is prohibited by tho law or established
usage of a country. In this offense illegitimate
consanguinity is of the same effect as legitimate.
— Spiritual Incest, («) Sexual Intercourse between
persons who have been baptized or confirmed together:
sometimes recognized as an otfonse by ecclesiastical au-
thorities in the middle ages. (4) The holding, by a vicar
or other benetlclary, of two bcnellces, one of which de-
pends upon the collation of the other,
incestuous (in-ses'tu-us), a. [< F. incestucux
= Pi. ,'iii-i:itniM = Sp. Pg. It. incestuoso, < LL.
mcestuomts, < L. incentus (incestii-), incest: see
n/fi:it.] 1. Guilty of incest: as, an incestuous
person.

We may easily guess with what Impatience the world
would have heard an incestwnu Herod discoursing of
chastity. South, Sermons.

2. Involving the crime of incest : as, an inces-
tuous connection.

For have we not as natural a sense or feeling of the
voluptuous? yes, he will say, but this sense has Its proper
object, virtuous love, not adulterous or incfutuottx.

H'arliurton, Ded. to the Freethinkers, Postscript

incestuously (in-ses'tu-us-li), adv. In an in-
cestuous manner ; in "a manner to involve the
crime of incest.

incestuousness (in-ses'tu-us-nes), n. The state
or quality of being incestuous.

inch1 (inch), n. and a. [< ME. incite, ynche, < AS.
ynce, ince, an inch, < L. uncia, Sicilian Gr. ovynia,
a twelfth part, as an inch (one twelfth of a foot),
an ounce (one twelfth of a pound), orig. a small
weight; of . Gr. 6y/coc, bulk, weight. Seeouncei,
a doublet of inch.] I. n. I. A lineal measure,
the twelfth part of a foot. It Is of Roman origin, and
was formerly divided into 12 lines. The text-books of arith-
metic, following an old statute, divide the Inch Into 3 bar-
leycorns. A binary division is most common In rough
mechanical work, while for finer work it is divided Into
thousandths (as in gunnery), or even into ten-thousandths
(by makers of gages only). The English inch is equal to
2.54 centimeters. The old Scotch inch was slightly long-
er than the English, being one thirty-seventh part of the
Edinburgh ellwand. See foot, 10. Abbreviated in.

Arthur smote hym on the llfte shuldre in to the flesshe

two large ynche. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), Hi. 629.

Most ancient measures have been derived from one of

two great systems, that of the cubit of 20.63 inches, or the

digit of .729 inch. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 483.

2. Proverbially, a small quantity or degree:
the least part or amount.

There's not a lord in England breathes
Shall gar me give an inch of way.

Duel a/ Wharttm and Stuart (Child's Ballads, VIII. 261).
With me they'd starve, for want of Ivory ;
For not one Inch does my whole House afford.

Cmgreve, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, xl.

3f. A critical moment.

Lay hands upon these traitors, and their trash.
BeUlame, I think, we watch d you at an inch.

Shak., 2 Hen. VL, L 4.

If It fall out, we are ready ; if not, we are scatter'd :
111 wait you at an inch. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, IT. 2.
At Inches, very near or close. [Prov. Eng.] — Auction
or sale by Inch of candle. See auction.— By Inches, or
inch by Inch, by slow or small degrees ; very gradually.
The plebeians have got your fellow-tribune,
And hale him up and down ; all swearing . . .
They'll give him death by inches. Shak., Cor., v. 4.
No, don't kill him at once, Sir Rowland, starve him grad-
ually, inch by Inch. Congreve, Way of the World, iv. 12.
Every Inch, in every respect ; completely ; every whit.

All spoke of one who was every inch the gentleman and
the parson. Bulwer, My Novel, xi. 2.

Miners' Inch, the amount of water that will pass in 24
hours through an opening 1 Inch square under a pressure
of 6 inches.

II. «. Measuring an inch in any dimension,
whether length, breadth, or thickness — inch
stuff, in carp., deal boards sawed one inch thick.
inch1 (inch), v. [< incfcl, n.] I. trans. 1. To
drive or force by inches or small degrees : as,
to inch one's way along. [Rare.]
Like so much cold steel inched through his breast-blade.
Brooming, Ring and Book, 1. 118.

2. To deal out by inches; give sparingly.

Ainsworth. [Rare.] —3. To mark with lines an

inch apart.
II. intrtinx. To advance or retire by small

degrees ; move reluctantly or by inches : as, to

in fit away from the fire. [Rare.]

Now Tunms doubts, and yet disdains to yield,

But with slow paces measures back the field,

And inches to the walls. Dryden, -Eneid, ix.

inch2 (inch), n. [< Gael, inais, an island: see
iniiix, amis.] An island. Inch is an element fre-
quent in names of small islands belonging to Scotland: as,
Inchcolm, 7/ic/ikeith. It appears also in many names of
places on the mainland, wbieb before the last elevation
of central Scotland were islands : as. the Inches of Perth.
In Irish names it appears in the forms //mi'*, Ennis.

He disbursed, at St Colmes1 inch,
Ten thousand dollars. Shak., Macbeth, 1. 2.

inchace), v. t. An obsolete spelling of enclia.it -.
inchafet, v. Same as enchafe.

:n >:;.-,

inchaint, r. t. An obsolete form of enchain.
incb.am.Der (in-cham'ber), v. t. [< in-2 + cham-
ber. C'f. incamcration.] To lodge in a cham-

ber.

inchantt, inchantert, etc. Obsolete forms of
enchant, etc.

incharget, ''• *• Same as encharge.
incharitablet (in-char'i-ta-bl), a. [< in-3 +
charitable.] Uncharitable!'

Is not the whole nation become sullen and proud, ig-
norant and suspicious, incharitabte, curst, and, in fine, the
most depraved and perfidious under heaven ?

Kr lim, Apology for the Royal Party.

incharityt (in-char'i-ti), n. [< F. incharite; as
i»-3 + charity.] Uncharitableness.

Some chars J the Popes
Of meere incharitie, for that

To wreake their priuate splght
Gainst kingdomes klngdomes they incense.

Warner, Albion's England, v. 24.

It la high incharity to proceed . . . severely upon meer
suppositions. Perm, Liberty of Conscience, v.

inchase (in-chas'), v. t. Same as enchase"*.
inchastet, a. [= Sp. Pg. ineasto (rare) = It. in-
casto (L. tncestus : see incest) ; as in-3 + chaste.]
Unchaste.

Now yon that were my father's concubines,
Liquor to his inchaste and lustful fire,
Have seen his honour shaken in his house.

Petit, David and Bethsabe, p. 476.

inchastityt (in-chas'ti-ti), n. [< F. inchastete
= It. incastita ; as in-3 "+ chastity. ] Unchastity.
Tis not the act that ties the marriage knot,
It Is the will; then must I all my life
Be stained with inchaslitie's foul blot

P. 1 1 HI i na ii, Sheretine and Mariana.

inched (incht), a. [< incfc1 + -fd2-] 1. Con-
taining inches: used in composition. [Rare.]

Made him proud of heart, to ride on a bay trotting-
horse over tour-inched bridges, to course his own shadow
for a traitor. Shak., Lear, iii. 4.

2. Marked with inches for measuring: as, an
inched staff or rule.

inchestt, enchestt (in-chesf, en-chest'), v. t.
[< in-3 + chest1.] To put into a chest ; keep in
or as if in a chest.

Thou art Joves sister and Saturnus childe ;

Vet can they [thy] breast eiu-hest such anger still?

Vicars, -fineld (1632).

inchipint, n. Same as inchpin.
inchniealt (inch'mel), adv. [< inchi + -meal.
Cf. piecemeal, etc.] By inches; inch by inch:
often with by preceding.

Qod loves your soul, if he be loth to let it go inchmeal,
and not by swallowing. Donne, Letters, xi.

All the infections that the sun sucks up
From bogs, fens, flats, on Prospero fall, and make him
By inch-meal a disease ! Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.

inchoant (in'ko-ant), a. [< L. inchoan(t-)s, in-
cohan(t-)s, ppr.' of inchoare, incohare, begin: see
inchoate.] Inchoating; beginning — inchoant
cause, the procatarctlc cause ; that which extrinsically
excites the principal cause Into action.

inchoate (in'ko-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. incho-
ated, ppr. inchoating. [< L. inchoatus. inco-
hatus. pp. of inchoare, prop, incohare (> Olt.
incoare = Sp. incoar), begin, < in, in, on, to,
+ *cohare, not otherwise found.] To begin.
[Rare.]

Conceives and inchoates the argument.

Brooming, Ring and Book, L 42.

inchoate (in'ko-at), a. [= Sp. incoado = Pg.
inchoado = It. incoato, < L. inchoatus, pp. : see
the verb.] Recently or just begun ; incipient ;
in a state of incipiency; hence, elementary;
rudimentary; not completely formed or estab-
lished: as, inchoate rights.

Philosophers dispute whether moral ideas . . . were not
once inchoate, embryo, dubious, unformed.

M. Arnold, Lit and Dogma, 1.

Each one of us has the prerogative of completing his
inchoate and rudimental nature.

J. U. Keirman, Gram, of Assent, p. 336.
In his early days Maximilian had tempted him [Henry]
with the offer of the Empire, he himself to retire on the
popedom with an inchoate claim to canonization.

StiMs, Medieval and Modem Hist., p. 262.

Inchoate right of dower. See dower?.

inchoately (in'ko-at-li), adv. In an inchoate
manner; rudimentarily.

inchoatio (in-ko-a'shi-6), n. [< LL. inchoa-
ti<>(n-),infoli(ttid(n-): seeinchoation.] In plain-
song, the intonation or introductory tones of a
melody. See iiitoiitititni2, 3.

indication (in-ko-a'shon), n. [< LL. inchoa-
tio(n-), incohatio(n-), < L. inchoare, incohare, be-
gin: see inchoate.] The act of beginning; in-
ception ; rudimentary state.

Then doth baptism challenge to itself but the inchoa-
tion of those graces the consummation whereof depend
eth on mysteries ensuing. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 57.

incidence

The Religion of Nature is a mere inchiiation and needs
a complement, — It can have but one complement, and that
very complement is Christianity.

./. //. Aiirman, dram, of Assent, p. 478.

inchoative (in-ko'a-tiv), a. and n. [= F. incho-
atif= Pr. enchoatiu = Pg. inchoative = Sp. It.
incoatiro, < LL. inchoativus, iucohativus, < L.
inchoare, incohare, pp. inchoatun, incohatus, be-
gin: see inchoate.] I. a. 1. In the state of in-
ception or formation ; incipient ; rudimentary.
These acts of our Intellect seem to be some inchoative or
imperfect rays. W. Montague, Devoute Essays, L 387.

2. Expressing or indicating beginning; incep-
tive : as, an inchoative verb (otherwise called in-
ceptive).

II. w. That which begins, or that which ex-
presses the beginning of, an action or state;
specifically, in gram., an inchoative verb.

The Latins go farther and have a species of verbs derived
from others which do the duty of these tenses ; and are
themselves for that reason called inchoatioei or inceptives.

Harris, Hermes, L 7.

inchpint (inch'pin), n. [Also corruptly inchipin,
inne-pin; appar. < inch1 + pin.] The sweet-
bread of a deer. Also called fatgut.

Gras boyau I FA or noyau cutter (the right gut); in
beasts called the Inch-pin or Inne-pin. Cotgrave.

Mar. Although I gave them

All the sweet morsels call'd tongue, ears, and doucets. —

Hob. What, and the inch-pin I

Mar. Yes. B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, L 2.

inch-pound (inch'pound), n. A unit of energy,
being the work done in raising a pound through
an inch. It is equal to about 1,154 centimeter-grams, or
about 1,130,200 ergs ; but its value varies in different locali-
ties, being dependent on gravity.

inchurcht (in-cherch'), v. t. [< in-l + church.]
To form or receive into a church.

They that left Roxbury were inchurched higher up the
river at Springfield. C. tlather, Mag. Chris., L 6.

inchworm (inch'werm), n. A dropworm or

measuring-worm. See looper.
incicurable (in-sik'u-ra-bl), a. [< L. in- priv.

+ "cicurabilis, < cicurdre, tame, < cicur, tame.

Cf. L. incicur, not tame.] Not to be tamed;

untamable. Aih. [Rare.]
incidet (in-sid'), v. t. [= Pg. incidir = It. in-

ciderc, < L. incidere, cut into, cut open, < in, in,

-I- ctedere, strike, cut. Cf. incise.] 1. To cut

into. — 2. In med., to resolve or disperse, as a

coagulated humor.

Saponaceous substances, which incide the mucus.

ArbuOmot.

incidence (in'si-dens), ». [< F. incidence = Sp.
Pg. incidencia = ft. ineidenza, < ML. incidentia,
a falling upon, < L. inciden(t-)s, falling upon:
see incident.] It. A subordinate occurrence
or thing; an incident; something incidental
or casual.

These meaner incidences. Bp. Hall, Solomon's Choice.

He that hath wounded his neighbour is tied to the ex-
penses of the surgeon and other incidences.

Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, ill. 4.

2. The manner of falling; direction of the line
of fall; course.

Yon may alter the incidence of the mischief, but the
amount of it will inevitably be borne somewhere.

U. Spencer, Study of Soclol., p. 22.

The incidence of our taxation is, I believe, as equitable
as it can be made ; the amount of it is far lighter than It
nsed to be. W. K. Grey, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 110.

It [hearth-money I was hated on account of its incidence
on a poorer class of persons than had been usually taxed
under the easy regime of the subsidies.

S. Dmcfll, Taxes in England, II. 43.

3. I n physics, the falling or impinging of a ray
of light or heat, etc., upon a surface: used es-
pecially with reference to the direction of the
ray.

In equal incidences there is a considerable Inequality of
refractions. Sewton, Opticks.

4. In ash-on., same as immersion, 4. — 5. In
geom., the situation of two figures in which
they have something more in common than they
would have in some other situation, but do not
completely coincide. The four kinds of incidence that
are particularly considered are : 1st, that of a point and a
line when the former lies on the latter ; 2d, that of a point
and a plane when the former

lies in the latter; 3d. that D

of two lines when they cut
each other ; and 4th, that of
a line and a plane when the
former lies In the latter —
Angle of incidence, (a)
In physics, the angle formed
by the line of incidence and
line drawn from the

point of contact perpen-
dicular to the plane or sur-

Angle of Incidence.

face on which the Incident ray or body impinges. Thus,
U a ray EC impinges on the plane AB at the point C, i

.and

incidence

a perpendicular CD be erected, then the angle BCD is
generally called the angle of incidence. Some authors
make ACE the angle of incidence.

Those bodies which give light by reflexion, can there
only be perceived where the angle of reflexion is equal to
the angle uf incidence.

Bp. Wilson, Discovery of a New World.

(6) In j>«». , the angle which the longer axis of a projectile
makes with the surface struck.— Axis Of incidence, the
normal to a surface at the point at which a ray or body
strikes upon it.— CathetUS of incidence. Same as axis
of incitience.— Incidence formula, in enumeratioegeom.,
a formula expressing the number of incidences between
different figures. For example, one such formula expresses
the following proposition : In any uuidimensional system
of curves the number of them which cut a given straight
line added to the number which touch a given plane give
the number which so cut a plane that the tangent at the
point of intersection cuts agiven straight line.— Plane of
incidence, the plane passing through the incident ray (EC)
and the normal to the surface (CD). See figure above.

incidencyt (in'si-den-si), n. Same as incidence, 1.

But wise men, philosophers and private judges, take in
the accounts of accidental moments tu\&incidencies to the
action, said Cicero. Jer. Taylor, Of Repentance, ill 3.

incident (in'si-deut), a. and n. [< F. incident
= Sp. Pg. It. incidents, < L. inciden(t-)s, ppr.
of incidere. fall upon, < in, on, + cadere, fall :
Beecadent.] I. a. 1. Falling or striking upon
something, as a ray of light or a projectile ; im-
pinging or acting upon anything from without.

That there may be continuous changes of structure in
organisms, there must be continuous changes in the inci-
dent forces. H. Spencer, Priu. of Biol., f 169.

If light be incident at the polarizing angle, the reflected

and refracted rays will be at right angles to one another.

Spottiswoode, Polarisation, p. 9.

2. Likely to happen ; apt to occur ; hence, natu-
rally appertaining; necessarily conjoined.

I have been looking at the fire, and in a pensive man-
ner reflecting upon the great misfortunes and calamities
incident to human life. Steele, Tatler, No. 82.

Truly and heartily will he know where to find a true
and sweet mate, without any risk such as Hilton deplores
as incident to scholars and great men. Emerson, Love.

3. Appertaining to or following another thing;
conjoined as a subordinate to a principal thing;
appurtenant : as, 1'ent is incident to a reversion.

To whom it was incident as a fee of his office.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 238.

4f. Subordinate; casual; incidental.
Men's rarer incident necessities and utilities.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

Incident proposition, in logic, a subordinate proposi-
tion or clause inserted in a principal proposition, and
called determinative or explicative according as it forms
an essential or only an accessory member of it: as, Na-

?les, where I met my friends, is a beautiful city. =Syn.
ncident, Liable. "Incident is improperly confounded
with liable. Says a living writer, 'The work was incident
to decay.' He should have turned it end for end. Decay
may be incident to a work ; the work is liable to decay."
A. Phelps, Eng. Style, p. 371.

The regular jealous-fit that's incident

To all old husbands that wed brisk young wives.

Browning, Ring and Book, I. 76.

Proudly secure, yet liable to fall. Milton, S. A., 1. 65.

II. n. 1. That which falls out or takes place;

an occurrence; something which takes place

in connection with an event or a series of events

of greater importance.

A writer of lives may descend, with propriety, to minute
circumstances and familiar incidents.

H. Blair, Rhetoric, xxxvi.

The incident had occurred and was gone for me ; it was
an incident of no moment, no romance, no interest in a
sense ; yet it marked with change one single hour of a
monotonous life. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xii.

2. A thing necessarily or frequently depending
upon, appertaining to, or legally passing with
another that is the principal or more impor-
tant; a natural or characteristic accompani-
ment.

Representative Councils, &c., are a mere incident and
not an essential to Corporations. The whole body is the
Corporation.

Quoted in English Gilds (E. E. T. 8.), Int., p. xxii.

To every estate in lands the law has annexed certain
peculiar incidents which appertain to it as of course with-
out being expressly enumerated. Burrill.

3. In decorative art, the representation of any
action, often much conventionalized, but still
to be recognized: thus, a frieze may consist of
a number of incidents relating collectively some
historical event. =Syn. 1. Occurrence, Circumstance,
etc. See eventi.

incidental (iu-si-den'tal), a. and n. [< incident
I- -al.] I. a. Occurring, inseparably or fortu-
itously, in conjunction with something else,
usually of greater importance; of minor im-
portance ; occasional ; casual : as incidental ex-
penses.

The pleasure incidental to the satisfaction of an inter-
est cannot be attained after loss of the interest itself.

T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, § 161.

3036

It would be very useful indeed to have a record of the

incidental discoveries, and of the minor studies which

every historical scholar makes in the process of his work.

Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 54.

Poverty has one incidental advantage ; it lets things fall
to ruin, but it does not improve or restore.

E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 215.

In England inequality lies imbedded in the very base
of the social structure ; in America it is a late, incidental,
unrecognized product. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 179.
= Syn. Chance, Casual, et«. See accidental.

II. n. Something subordinate or casual: of-
ten used in the plural to mean minor expenses.

So many weak, pitiful incidentals attend on them. Pope.

Your father said that I might pay you five francs a day
for incidentals and pocket money.

Jacub Abbott, Hollo in Paris, i.

incidentally (in-si-den'tal-i), adv. In an in-
cidental manner ; as an incident ; casually.

I ... treat either purposely or incidentally of ...
colours. Boyle, Works, I. 665.

incidentaryt, a. [< incident + -ary.] Inci-
dental.

He had been near fifty years from the county of Car-
narvon and the town of Conway, unless by incidentary
visits. Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, ii. 208.

incidentless (in'si-dent-les), a. [< incident +
-less.] Without incident ; uneventful.

My journey was incidentlesn, but the moment I came
into Brighthelmstone I was met by Mrs. Thrale.

Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, II. 158.

incidentlyt (in'si-dent-li), adv. Incidentally.
It was incidently moved amongst the j ndges what should
be done for the king himself, who was attainted.

Bacon, Hist Hen. VII.

incindermentt (in-sin'der-ment), n. [< in-2 +
cinder + -ment. Cf. incinerate.] Incineration.

Hee, like the glorious rare Arabian bird,
Will soon result from His incinderment.

Dames, Holy Roode, p. 26.

incinerable (in-sin'e-ra-bl), a. [< ML. as if *in-
cinerabilis, < incinerare, burn to ashes: see in-
cinerate.] Capable of being reduced to ashes:
as, incinerable matter. [Rare.]

Other incinerable substances were found so fresh that
they could feel no sindge from fire.

Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, UL

incinerate (in-sin'e-rat), v. t.; pret. and pp.

incinerated, ppr. incinerating. [Formerly also

eiicinerate; \ ML. incineratus, pp. of incinerare

(> It. incenerare = Sp. Pg. Pr. incinerar = F.

incinerer), burn to ashes, < L. in, in, to, + einis

(ciner-), ashes : see cinerary.] To burn to ashes.

Near the same plot of ground, for about six yards com-

passe, were digged up coals and incinerated substances.

Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, ii.

incineratet (in-sin'e-rat), a. [< ML. incinera-
tus, pp. : see the verb.] Burnt to ashes.

Fire burneth wood, making it first luminous, then black
and brittle, and lastly broken and incinerate. Bacon.

incineration (in-siu-e-ra'shon), ». [= F. in-
cineration = Pr. incineratio = Sp. incineracion
|= Pg. incineracSo = It. incenerazione, < ML.
\jincineratio(n-), < incinerare, burn to ashes : see
incinerate.] The act of incinerating or redu-
cing to ashes by combustion.

Tobacco stalks may be mentioned as yielding upon incin-
eration large quantities of potassium salts.

Spans' Encyc. Manvf.,1. 255.

incinerator (in-sin'e-ra-tor), 7i. [< ML. as if
"incinerator. < incinerare, incinerate: see incin-
erate.] A furnace or retort for consuming, or
reducing to ashes, any substance or body.

The incinerator (Dr. Sargeant's Patent), for destroying
the refuse of hospitals, asylums, workhouses, etc.

The Engineer, LXVII., p. xxvii. of adv'ts.

incipience, incipiency (in-sip'i-ens, -en-si), n.

[< incipient.] The condition of being incipient ;

beginning ; commencement,
incipient (in-sip'i-ent), o. [= Sp. Pg. It. incipi-

ente, < L. incipien(i-)s, ppr. of incipere, begin, lit.

take up, < in, on, + capere, take : see capable.

Cf. incept.] Beginning; commencing; entering

on existence or appearance.
He dashed my incipient vanity to the earth at once.

Lamb, Old and New Schoolmaster.
Its blasting rebuke causes incipient despotism to perish

in the bud. D. Webster, Speech, Oct. 12, 1832.

Incipient cause, a cause which extrinsically excites the

principal cause to action; a procatarctic or inchoating

cause.

incipiently (in-sip'i-ent-li), adv. In an incipi-
ent manner,
in-circle (in'ser-kl), w. [< j«l + circle.] An

inscribed circle.
incircle (in-ser'kl), v. t. [< in-2 + circle.] Same

as encircle.

incirclett (in-ser'klet), «. Same as encirclet.
incircumscriptible (in-ser-kum-skrip'ti-bl), a.

[= F. incirconscriptible = It. incircoscrittibile ;

Incision

as in-3 + circumscriptible.] Incapable of being
circumscribed or limited ; illimitable.

The glorious bodie of Christ, which should bee capable
of ten thousand places at once, both in heaven and earth,
invisible, incircumscriptible.

Bp. Hall, The Old Religion, f 2.

incircumscription (in-ser-kum-skrip'shon), n.
[X i«-3 + circumscription.] The condition or
quality of being incircumscriptible or limit-
less.

His mercy hath all its operations upon man, and returns
to its own centre, and incircumscription, and infinity, un-
less it issues forth upon us.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I. 914.

incircumspect (in-ser'kum-spekt), a. [= F.
incirconspect = It. incircospetto ; as in-3 + cir-
cumspect."] Not circumspect ; heedless.

Our fashions of eating make us ... unlusty to labour,
. . . incircumspect, inconsiderate, heady, rash.

Tyndale, Works, p. 227.

incircumspection (in-ser-kum-spek'shon), n.
[= F. incirconspection; as in-3 + circumspec-
tion.'] Want of circumspection ; heedlessness.
An unexpected way of delusion, and whereby he more
easily led away the incircumspection of their belief.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 11.

incircumspectly (in-ser'kum-spekt-li), adv.
Not circumspectly.

The Christians, inuading and entring into the munition
incircuiHxpectly, were pelted and pashed with stones.

Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 36.

incise (in-siz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. incised, ppr.
incising. |X F. inciser, < L. incisus, pp. of in-
cidere, cut into: see incide.] To cut in or into;
form or treat by cutting; specifically, to en-
grave; carve in intaglio.

I on this grave thy epitaph incise.

Carew, Death of Dr. Donne.

The hair is indicated by masses broadly modelled, with
incised lines on the surface.

A. S. Murray, Greek Sculpture, I. 110.
Whereon a rude hand is incised — a favorite Mohamme-
dan symbol of doctrine. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 135.

incised (iu-slzd'),j>. a. 1. Cut; caused by cut-
ting: as, an incised wound. — 2. In l>ot. and en-
tom., appearing as if cut ; having marginal slits
or notches, as an oak-leaf or an insect's wing.
— Incised enamel. Same as champleve enamel. See
enamel.— Incised ware. SeewareH.

incisely (in-sls'li), adv. [< "incise, a., incised
(< L. incisus, pp.: see incise, ».), + -fy2.] With
or by incisions or notches. Eaton. [Rare.]

incisiform(in-si'si-form),o. [Short for "incisori-
form, < NL. incisor, incisor, + L. forma, form.]
mzodl. : (a) Resembling an incisor tooth; inci-
sorial: as, "lower canines incisiform," Floicer.

In the genus Dinoceras there are three incisor teeth,
and a small incisiform canine on each side.

Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX. 187.

(6) More particularly, having the form or char-
acter of the incisor teeth of a rodent ; glirif orm,
as teeth. See incisor.

incision (in-sizh'on), n. [< F. incision = Pr.
incizio = Sp. incision = Pg. incisao = It. tnct-
sione, a cutting into, < L. incisio(n-), a cutting
into, used only in fig. senses, division, cesura,
< incidere, pp. incisus, cut into: see incide, in-
cise.'] 1. The act of incising or cutting into a
substance; specifically, the act of cutting into
flesh, as for the purpose of bloodletting.
A fever in your blood ! why, then incision
Would let her out in saucers.

Shak., L L. L., iv. 8.
With nice indrion of her guided steel
She [the chisel] ploughs a brazen field.

Cowjter, Task, i. 708.

When as Nature teaches us to divide any limb from the
body to the saving of its fellows, . . . how much more is
it her doctrine to sever by incision ... a sore, the gan-
green of a limb, to the recovery of a whole man?

Hilton, Tetrachordon.

2. A division or passage made by cutting; a
cut or cutting; a gash.

Let us make indrion for your love,
To prove whose blood is reddest.

Shak., M. of V., 11. 1.

3. Figuratively, trenchancy; incisiveness.
[Rare.]

The bards performed the function of public censors with
sharp incision. J. S. Blackie.

4. In hot. and entom., a slit or deep notch re-
sembling a cut. — 5. In Doric arch., same as hy-
potrachelium. Sometimes, especially in provincial ex-
amples, the incision is repeated to emphasize the separa-
tion of the shaft and capital. See cut under hyputrache-
lium.

6f. A cutting away ; removal, as by an acid or
a drug.

Abstersion is a scouring off or incision of viscous hu-
mours. Bacon.

incisive

cide, incise.] I. a. I. Having the quality of
cutting into or dividing the substance of any-
thing; cutting, or used for cutting: as, the
incisii-e teeth. — 2. Figuratively, sharply and
clearly expressive; penetrating; trenchant;
sharp; acute.

A quick-witted, outspoken, incirive fellow.

0. W. Holmct, Autocrat, 1.

When Annie asked about their families, she answered
with the incisive directness of a country-bred woman.

Uotuellt, Annie Kllburn, v.

3f. Having the power of breaking up or dis-
solving viscid or coagulated humors.

The fig-tree sendeth from it a sharpe, piercing, and tn-
ciiicc spirit. UMiiuil, tr. of Mutarch, p. 608.

The colour of many corpuscles will cohere by being pre-
cipitated together, and bo destroyed by the effusion of
very piercing and incizice liquors. Boylf.

4. Inanat. and zool.: (a) Having the character,

inclination

against, < in, on, + clantare, cry out: see claim1,
exclaim, etc.] A shout; an exclamation.

She foretold

Troy's ruin : which, succeeding, made her UM
This sacred inclamalion: " God " (said she)
" Would have me utter things uncredlted."

Chapman, Revenge of Bussy d Amlwls, 111. 1.
These idolatrous prophets now rend their throats with
inclamatione. Up. Hall, Elijah with the Baalites.

inclasp, v . t. See enclasp.
inclaudent (in-klft'dent), a. K L. in- priv. +
clauden(t-)s, ppr. of ctaudere, close: see close1.]
In lint., not closing.

inclavated (in-kla'va-ted), a. [< ML. inclava-
tus, pp. of inclavare, fasten with a nail, < L. in.

.... . - • into, -r clavare, fasten with a nail: see clavate'*.]

incite, < in, in, on, + citare, set in motion, urge : c t .' f t fi 7
see citei.] To move to action; stir up; insti- -8€

3037

2. That which incites to action; that which
rouses or prompts; incitement; motive; in-
centive.

The whole race of men have this passion In some decree
Implanted In their bosoms, which is the strongest and no-
blest imitation to honest attempts. Tatter, No. 28.

incitative (in-si'ta-tiv), n. [= OF. incite <»/ =
Sp. Pg. It. incitativo; as incite + -ative.] A
ivc; a stimulant; an incitant.

They all carried wallets, which, as appeared afterwards,
were well provided with incitative*, and such as provoke to
thirst at two leagues' distance. Jarvu, tr. of Don Quixote.

incite (in-sif), v. t.; pret. and pp. incited, ppr.
inciting. [< F. inciter = Sp. Pg. incitar = It. in-
citare, < L. incitare, set in motion, hasten, urge,

gate; spur on.

Antlochus, when he incited Pruslas to join in war, set
before him the greatness of the Romans. [;<"•• «.

If thou dost love, my kindness shall incite thee
To bind our loves up In a holy band.

Shak., Much Ado, 111. 1.

cisor; situated near
sors: synonymous with premaxillary or inter-
maxillary and prepato<iite.— incisive bones, the
premaxillary bones.— Incisive edge or tooth, a sharp
prominence at the base of the mandible in certain Insects,
used for cutting.— Incisive foramen, Same as canalii
incuivus (which see, under miuili*). — Incisive fossa. See
fostai.— Incisive teeth, the incisors.

II. n. In entom., the incisive edge of the man-
dible of a beetle. See ineisfoe edge, above,
incisively (in-si'siv-li), adv. In an incisive,
sharp, or penetrating manner; penetratingly;
trencnantly; sharply; acutely.

" In that case," she says, incisively, " I can not under-
bland his consenting to become the bearer of such a mes-
sage. " llhoda Broughton, Second Thoughts, 1. 3.

incisiveness (in-si'siv-nes), n. The character
or quality of being incisive.

incisor (in-si'sor), n. and a. [= It. incisore, <
NL. incisor, a cutting tooth (cf. ML. incisor,
a surgeon), < L. incidere, pp. incisus, cut into :
see incise.] I. n. ; pi. incisors, incisores (-sorz,
in-si-so'rez). In anat. and zoiil., an incisive or
cutting tooth; a front tooth; any tooth of the
upper ]aw which is situated in the premaxillary
or intermaxillary bone, or any corresponding
tooth of the lower jaw. The name was originally
given to those teeth which have sharp edges and a single
fang, and are situated in front of the canines of either
jaw. It is now technically used of teeth, whatever their
character, which are situated as above described. When
there are no upper incisors, the lower incisors are those
situated nearest the symphysis of the lower jaw. Incisors
are technically distinguished chiefly in mammals. Most
mammals possess them in both jaws. The typical number
Is 6 above and below ; but this number Is f requently re-
duced to 4 or 2, sometimes to none, in one or Doth jaws.
The number in either jaw is always even, and there is
usually the same number in each jaw. A striking ex-
ception to this is seen in the ruminants, which usually
have only lower incisors, biting against a callous pad in
the upper jaw. (See cut under Itinninantin.) Among the
most highly specialized Incisors are those of the rodents
or Olires, which are perennial, persistently growing from
open pulps, with fangs rooted through much of the extent
of each jaw, and with the cutting edges beveled like an
adz; teeth of this character are sometimes termed gliri-
form. (See cut under Rodentia.) In dental formula? an
incisor tooth is designated by the letter i. An incisor of
the milk-dentition, or deciduous incisor, is designated di.
See cut under tooth.

II. a. 1. Same as incisorial: as, an incisor
tooth. — 2. Of or pertaining to the incisor teeth :
as, incisor nerves — Incisor canal, foramen. Same
as canalis iticisiou* (which see, under canalin).

incisorial (in-si-so'ri-al), a. [< incisor + -ial.]
Having the character of an incisor tooth ; inci-
sive, as a tooth.

incisory (in-si'so-ri), a. [= F. incisoire = Sp.

drive, persuade. See list under impel.
incitement (in-sit'ment), n. [< F. incitement
= Sp. incitamento, incitamiento = Pg. It. incita-
iin iitn, < L. incitamentum, an incentive, incite-
ment, < incitare, incite: see incite.] 1. The act
of inciting; instigation. — 2. That which incites
the mind or moves to action ; motive ; incen-
tive; impulse; spur; stimulus; encouragement.
Duke William had Incitements to invade England, and
some Shew of a Title. Baker, Chronicles, p. 21.

From the long records of distant age,
Derive incitements to renew thy rage.

Pope, tr. of Statius's Thebald, L

inciter (in-sl'ter), ». One who or that which
incites or moves to action.

All this [these?] which I have depainted to thee are in-
eitert and rousers of my mind.

Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, ill. 6.

incitingly (in-si'ting-li), adv. In an inciting
manner; so as to excite to action,
incitive (in-si'tiv), a. [< incite + -ice.] Hav-
ing the power or capacity to incite. [Rare.]
The style is thus instructive and incitive.

T. W. Hunt, New Princeton Rev., Nov., 1888, p. 363.

incitomotor (in-si-to-mo'tor), a. [Irreg. < L.
incitare, incite, + motor, a mover: see motor.]
In physiol., inciting to motion; causing muscle
to act.

incitomotory (in-si-to-mo'to-ri), a. [As incito-
motor + -y.] Same as incitomotor.
incivilt (in-siv'il), a. [= F. incivil = Sp. Pg.
incivil = It. incivile, < L. inci»i/is, impolite, un-
civil, < in- priv. + civilis, civil: see civil.] Un-
civil.

Cym. He was a prince.

Out'. A most incivil one. The wrongs he did me
Were nothing prince-like. Shot., Cymbeline, v. 5.

incivility (in-si-vil'i-ti), n.; pi. incivilities (-tiz).
[= F. incivilM = Sp. incirilidael = Pg. incivili-
dade = It. iiicivilita, < LL. incivilita(t-)s. inci-
vility, < L. incivilis, uncivil: see incivil.] If.
Lack of civilization ; an uncivilized condition.

By this means infinite numbers of souls may be brought
from their idolatry, bloody sacrifices, ignorance, and m-
eivility, to the worshipping of the true God. Raleigh.

2. Lack of civility or courtesy; rudeness of
manner toward others; impoliteness.

Cour. How say you now? is not your husband mad?
.Mr. His incivility confirms no less.

5Ao*., C. of E., iv. 4.

3. An act of rudeness or ill breeding.

No person offered me the least incivility.

Ludlow, Memoirs, L 88.

property of cutting; incisive,
incisure (in-sizh'nr), n. [= F. incisure = Pg.
It. incisitra, < L. incisura, a cutting into, < in-
riderr, pp. inctsus, cut into : see incise.] A cut ;
an incision; a slit-like opening; a notch.

In some creatures it [the mouth] is wide and large, in
some little and narrow, In some with a deep incitnre up
into the head. Derham, Physico-Theology, iv. 11.

incitant (in-si'tant), «.
of incitare, incite: see i:
cites or stimulates to action ;

-f- civilization.] The state of being uncivilized;
lack of civilization ; barbarism. Wright.

incivlllyt (in-siv'i-li), adv. Uncivilly; rudely.

incivism (in'si-vizm), n. [< F. »'nci»iswie; as
in-3 + civisnt. The words civisme and incivisme
came into use during the first French revolu-
tion, when an appearance of active devotion to
the existing government was the great test of

incitatipn (in-si-ta'shon), n. [= F. incitatinii
= Sp. incitacion = Pg. incitaqa'o = It. incita-
zione, < L. iiicittitiii(ii-), < incitart', pp. incitatus.
incite: see incite.] 1. The act of inciting or
moving to action ; incitement.

All the affections that are in man are either natural, or
by chance, or by the invitation of reason anrt discourse.
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), i. 67.

Give up your incir.isinr, which at most is only a century
old, for with all his faults the Irish gentleman of 17f2
was Irish, and did not try to be West British.

Contemporary Rev., LI. 251.

There were rumors of coming trouble, and of an un-
healthy condition of the banks; but It was considered
iiieirittn to look too curiously into such matters.

The Century, XXXIII. 869.

inclamationt (in-kla-ma'shqn), n. [< LL. in-
clam<ttiv(n-), a crying out, < ti. inclamare, cry out

inclave (in-klav'). a. [< L. in, in, + claws, a
nail. Cf. enclave.] In «er., shaped like a series
of dovetails, or cut at the edge in a series of
dovetail or patt6 projections alternating with
notches of tne same shape : thus, a chief inclave
projects into the field below in dovetailed pro-
jections.

incleH, v. See inkle^.
incle2t, n. Seeing.

inclemency (in-klem'en-si), n. [= F. incU-
nience = Sp. Pg. incteniencia = It. inclemenza, <
L. inclementia, < inclemen(t-)s, inclement: see
inclement.] The character of being inclement ;
lack of clemency, (a) Severity of temper ; unmer-
clfulness or harshness of feeling or action.

The inclemencie of the late pope labouring to forestall
him in his just throne. Bp. Hall, Impress of God, 11.

(6) Severity of climate or weather; tempestuousnew.
Or on an airy mountain's top to He,
Exposed to cold or heaven's inclemenci/.

Dryden, Lucretius, ill. 73.
(c) Adversity ; disagreeableness.

Providence, tempering the inclemency of the domestic
situation, sent them Giovanna. Howelli, Venetian Life, vU.

inclement (in-klem'ent), a. [=F. incUment =
Sp. Pg. It. inclemet'ite, < L. inclemen(t-)s, un-
merciful, harsh, < in- priv. + clemen(t-)s, mild:
see clemeti t.] Not clement . (a) Unmerciful ; harsh ;
severe ; adverse, (b) Severe, as climate or weather ; tem-
pestuous, disturbed, or extreme, as the elements or tem-
perature.

The inclement seasons, rain, Ice, hail, and snow.

Miltm, P. L, X. 1063.

inclemently (in-klem'ent-li), adv. In an in-
clement manner.

inclinable (in-kli'na-bl), a. [= OF. inclinable,
< L. inclinabilis, (. inclinare, lean upon : see iii-
cline.] If. Leaning; tending.

If such a crust naturally fell, then it was more likely
and inclinable, to fall this thousand years than the last.

Bentley.

His [Otway's] person was of the middle size, about five
feet seven Inches high, inclinable to fatness.

Quoted in Malonet Dryden, p. 468, note.

2. Having a mental bent or tendency in a cer-
tain direction; inclined; somewhat disposed:
as, a mind inclinable to truth.

She was more inclinable to pity her than she had de-
served. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, UL

3. Capable of being inclined,
inclinableness (in-kU'na-bl-nes), «. The state

of being inclinable ; inclination.

Her inclinablencu to conform to the late establishment
of it. Strype, Memorials Edw. VI., an. 1 Ml.

inclination (in-kli-na'shon), n. [< ME. inclina-

cioun = F. inclination, inclination = Pr. encli-

natio = Sp. inclinacion = Pg. inclina^ffo = It.

inchinazione, inclinazione, < L. inc/inarto(n-), a

leaning, bending, inclining, < inclinare, lean

upon: see incline.] 1. The act of inclining,

or the state of being inclined; a leaning; any

deviation from a given direction or position.

There was a pleasannt Arbrr, not by art,

But of the trees owne inclination made.

Spenser, F. Q., III. vl. 44.

2. In geom. and meek., the mutual approach,
tendency, or leaning of two bodies, lines, or
planes toward each other, so as to make an
angle at the point where they meet, or where
their lines of direction meet. This angle is
called the angle of inclination. — 3. The angle
which a line or plane makes with the horizon ;
declivity. In gunnery Inclination Is the elevation or de-
pression of the axis of a piece above or below a horizontal
plane passing through the axis of the trunnion*, supposed
to be horizontal.

4. An inclined surface; a slope or declivity,
as of land.

They [the Arabs] dashed over rocks, ... up and down
steep inclinations. Sir S. W. Baker, Heart of Africa, p. 77.

5. A set or bent of the mind or will; a disposi-
tion more favorable to one thing or person than
to another; a leaning, liking, or preference:

inclination

as, an inclination for poetry; a strong inclina-
tion toward law.

An hundred Years on one kind Word I'll feast :

A thousand more will added be,
If you an Inclination have for me.

Cowley, The Mistress, My Diet.

When Habit and Custom is joyned with a vicious In-
clination, how little doth human Reason signifle?

Stillingfteet, Sermons, III. viil.

I shall certainly not balk your inMnatima.

Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 3.

6. A person for whom or a thing for which one
has a liking or preference. [Rare.]

Monsieur Hoeft, who was a great inclination of mine.
Sir W. Temple, Works, i. 458. (Latham.)

7. In Gr. and Latin gram., same as enclisis. —
Angle of inclination. See def. 2.— Inclination com-
pass. Same as dipping-compcts*. — Inclination of an or-
bit, in astron., the angle which the plane of an orbit makes
with the ecliptic.— Inclination of the groove, the an-
gle made by the tangent to the groove of a rifled gun at
any point with the rectilinear element of the bore passing
through that point See twist.— Inclination or dip of
the needle. See dip.— Prayer of Inclination, in Orien-
tal liturgies, a prayer between the Lord's Prayer and the
communion, expressing adoration, humiliation, and a de-
sire for worthy reception of the sacrament. Its character
varies considerably, however, in different liturgies. In
the liturgies of Constantinople it is introduced by the ex-
hortation "Let us bow down (incline) our heads to the
Lord," and other liturgies contain a similar direction, or
allusions to this posture of bowing down from which the
prayer takes its name. By English liturgiologists it is also
called the prayer of humble access. The Coptic liturgy
of St. Basil has, in addition, a prayer of inclination after
the communion, preceding the benediction. The name
prayer of inclination or of bowing down the head (eux>?
TTJS Kc0aAojcAi(7ia;) is also given to a prayer for protection
during the night, said at hesperinon (vespers), and to a
prayer for forgiveness of sins, at orthron (lauds), in the
Greek Church. In the Syriac baptismal offices prayers of
inclination are said secretly by the priest, invoking sanc-
tincation of the water and of the candidate. =Syn. 1. Obli-
quity, slope, slant.— 6. Propensity, Bias, etc. (see benti),
proclivity.

inclinatorium (in-kli-na-to'ri-um), n. ; pi. in-
cUnatoria (-a). [NL. (cf. ML. inclinatorium, an
elbow-rest), neut. of "incUnatorius, < L. incli-
nare: see incline.'] The inclination compass or
dipping-needle. See dipping-needle.

incline (in-klin'), v. ; pret. and pp. inclined, ppr.
inclining. [Formerly also encline; < ME. in-
clinen, enclinen, < OF. encliner, incliner, F. «»-
diner = Pr. enclinar, inclinar = Sp. Pg. indinar
== It. inchinare, inclinare, < L. inclinare (= Gr.
eyiMvtiv), bend down, lean, incline, < in, on, +
clinare, lean : see dine, decline, recline, etc.] I.
intraiis. 1. To bend down; lean; turn oblique-
ly from or toward a given direction or position ;
deviate from a line or course ; tend : as, the col-
umn inclines from the perpendicular.
The! rode a softe paas, theire hedes mclyned vnder theire
helmes. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 440.

Your nose inclines,
That side that's next the sun, to the queen-apple.

B. Jonson, Volpone, iv. 1.

2f. To bow; bend the head or the body, espe-
cially as a mark of courtesy or respect.

Whan thei ben thus apparaylled, thei gon 2 and 2 to-
gedre, fulle ordynatly before the Emperour, with outen
speche of ony Woord, saf only enclynynge to him.

Mandeville, Travels, p. 234.
If that any neighebor of myne
Wol nat in chirche to my wyf enclyne. . . .
Whan she conith home, she rampeth in my face.

Chaucer, Prol. to Monk's Tale, 1. 14.

3. To have a mental bent or tendency; be dis-
posed ; tend, as toward an opinion, a course of
action, etc.

[They] holde of hym theire londes and theire fees in
honour, flor he hath made hem alle enclyne to hym by his
prowesse. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 619.

Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech. Judges ix. 3.

4. To tend, in a physical sense ; approximate.

The flower itself is of a golden hue,
The leaves inclining to a darker blue.

Additon, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv.

5. In marching, to gain ground to the flank, as

well as to the front. Wilhelm, Mil. Diet Inclinine

dial. See dial.

II. trans. 1. To bend down; cause to lean;
give a leaning to; cause to deviate from or to-
ward a given line, position, or direction ; direct.
Just as the twig is bent, the tree's inclined.

Pope, Moral Essays, i. 160.

2. To bend (the body), as in an act of reverence
or civility; cause to stoop or bow.

Soft himselfe incli/ning on his knee
Downe to that well. , Spenser, F. (J., II. ii. 3.
With due respect my body I inclined,
As to some being of superior kind. Drydcn.

3. To give a tendency or propension to ; turn ;
dispose.

I will incline mine ear to a parable ; I will open my dark
saying upon the harp. Pa. xlix. 4.

3038

Incline my heart unto thy testimonies. Ps. cxix. 30.
The presence of so many of our countrymen was inclin-
ing us to cut short our own stay. Froude, Sketches, p. 95.
Inclined dial, engine, plane, etc. See the nouns.
incline (in-klin'), n. [< ME. encline, < OF. en-
din, an inclination, bow, disposition, < encliner,
incline: see incline, v.] If. An inclination; a
bow.

He salujed the soverayne and the sale aftyr,
like a kynge aftyre kynge, and mad his enclines.

Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 82.

2. An inclined plane ; an ascent or a descent,
as in a road or a railway; a slope.

The traveller does not go there [to Cincinnati] to see
the city, but to visit the suburbs, climbing into them, out
of the smoke and grime, by steam inclines and grip rail-
ways. Harper's Hag., LXXVII. 4.10.

3. A shaft or mine-opening having consider-
able inclination. The words shaft, incline, and level
express all possible conditions of a mine-opening in re-
spect to position with reference to the horizontal plane.
If the incline is worked " to the rise," the material mined
is transported downward by some self-acting arrange-
ment; if "to the deep," it is raised by a steam or other
engine.

incliner (in-kll'ner), n. 1. One who or that
•which inclines.— 2. An inclined dial. Ash.

inclining (in-kli'ning), n. [Verbal n. of in-
cline, v.J 1. Disposition; inclination. [Rare.]

Were you not sent for? Is it your own inclining? Is
it a free visitation? Shale., Hamlet, it 2.

2f. Side; party.

Hold your hands,
Both you of my inclining, and the rest.

Shak., Othello, 1. 2.

inclinometer (in-kli-nom'e-ter), n. [Irreg. < L.
inclinare, incline, + Gr. uerpov, measure.] 1 . In
magnetism, an apparatus for determining the
vertical component of the earth's magnetic
force. — 2. An instrument for ascertaining the
slope of an embankment; a clinometer or bat-
ter-level— Chain-inclinometer, a device attached to
a surveyors' chain to indicate its departure from a level.
inclip (in-klip'), v. t.; pret. and pp. indipped,
ppr. indipping. [< inA + clip1.] To grasp;
inclose; surround. [Rare.]

Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky inclips,

Is thine, if thou wilt have 't Shak., A. and C., ii. 7,

incloister (in-klois'ter), v. t. See encloister.
Such a beatific face
Incloitters here this narrow floor.
That possess'd all hearts before.

Lovelace, Epitaph on Mrs. Filmer.

inclose, enclose (in-, en-kloz'), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. inclosed, enclosed, ppr. inclosing, enclosing.
[< ME. enclosen, < OF. (also F.) enclos, pp. of
enclore, inclose, include (cf. enclose, an inclo-
sure): see include. Cf. close1.'] 1. To close
or shut in ; environ or encompass, as a space,
or an object or objects within a space ; cover
or shut up on all sides ; include or confine : as,
to inclose land with a fence ; to inclose a letter
in an envelop.

Thai hadde a semli sijt of a cite nobul,
Enclosed comeliche a-boute with fyn castel-werk.

William of Palerne (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2220.
The peer now spreads the glitt'ring forfex wide,
1" inclose the lock. Pope, R. of the L., iii. 148.

2. To insert in the same cover or inclosure with
an original or the main letter, report, or other
paper in a matter: as, he inclosed a report of
the proceedings.

I now dispatch the inclosed copies of the treaty, in order
to his Majesty's ratification.

Sir W. Temple, To Lord Arlington.
3f. To put into harness.

They went to coach and their horse inclose. Chapman.
incloser, encloser (in-, en-klo'zer), n. One who
or that which incloses ; one who separates land
from common grounds by a fence.

The grand encloser of the commons, for

His private profit or delight, with all

His herds that graze upon 't are lawful prize.

Massinger, Guardian, ii. 4.

inclosing-net (in-klo'zing-net), n. Seefish-net.

inclosure, enclosure (in-, en-klo'zur), n. [<

inclose + -ure. Cf. OF. enclostufe", encloture,

an inclosure.] 1. The act of inclosing, or the

state of being inclosed.

Theprimitive monks were excusablein their retiring and
enclosures of themselves. Donne, Letters, xx.

2. The separation and appropriation of land
by means of a fence ; hence, the appropriation
of things common; reduction to private pos-
session.

Let no man appropriate what God hath made common.
. . . God hath declared his displeasure against such en-
closure. Jer, Taylor.

3. That which incloses; anything that envi-
rons, encompasses, or incloses within limits.

inclusion

Within the inclosure was a great store of houses.

Hakluyfs Voyages, III. 811.

Much more might be written of this antient wise Re-
public [Venice], which cannot be comprehended within
the narrow Inclosure of a Letter. Howell, Letters, I. i. 35.
The kingdom of thought has no inclosures, but the Muse
makes us free of her city.

Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 307.

4. That which is inclosed or shut in ; a space
or an object surrounded or enveloped. Spe-
cifically— 5. A tract of land surrounded by a
fence, hedge, or equivalent protection, together
with such fence or hedge.

Delicious Paradise,

Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green,
As with a rural mound, the champain head
Of a steep wilderness. Milton, P. L., iv. 133.

6. A letter or paper inclosed with another in an
envelop. See inclose, 2 — inclosure Acts, English
statutes, especially those of 1801 (41 Geo. III., c. 109) and
1845 (8 and 9 Viet, c. 118X for acquiring and divesting
rights over common and waste lands, usually by allotting
them among adjoining landowners, which could previous-
ly be done only by means of private acts of Parliament—
Inclosure commissioner, in Eng. law, an officer, for-
merly appointed under special acts, but in recent times one
of a permanent board, empowered to take proceedings for
the inclosing and allotting to private ownership of lands
formerly held as commons or as subject to rights of com-
mon, which preclude cultivation.

inclosurert (in-kld'zur-er), n. [< inclosure +
-er1.] One who makes an inclosure of land ; in
the extract, a squatter.

And so live meanly and poorly, and, turning Cottiers or
Inclosurers on some Highway Side, are commonly given
to pilfering and stealing and intertainers of Vagabonds.

Statute (1665), quoted in Kibton-Turner's Vagrants and
[Vagrancy, p. 448.

incloud (in-kloud'), v. t. [< in-'i + cloud1.'}
Same as encloud.

include (in-kl6d'), v. t.; pret. and pp. included,
ppr. including. [< ME. includen, encluden =
OF. endore, endure, F. inclure = Pr. endure =
Sp. induir = Pg. incluir, enchtdir = It. incltiu-
dere, indudere, include, < L. includere, shut in,
include, < in, in, + daudere, shut, close : see
dose1, v. Cf. conclude, exclude, etc.] 1. To
confine within something; hold as in an inclo-
sure; inclose; contain.

The flouring tree trunk in leed
Enclude, or in an edder skynne it wynde.

I'ulluilius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 116.
Where likeliest he might find
The only two of mankind, but in them
The whole included race. Milton, P. L., ix. 416.

2. To comprise as a part, or as something in-
cident or pertinent; comprehend; take in: as,
the greater includes the less ; this idea includes
many particulars ; the Roman empire included
many nations. In logic a term is said to include under
it the subjects of which it can be predicated, and to in-
clude within itself its essential predicates.

The loss of such a lord includes all harms.

Shak., Rich. III., i. 8.
3f. To conclude ; terminate.

Come, let us go ; we will include all jars
With triumphs, mirth, and rare solemnity.

Shak., 1. Q. of V., v. 4.

Included clypeus or nasus, in entom., a clypeus or na-
sus lying between two lateral produced parts of the front,
as in most heteropterbus Hemiptera. Such a clypeus is
often called stylus.— Included stamens, in bot., stamens
which do not project beyond the mouth of the corolla, as
in Cinchona.— Included style, in bot., a style which does
not project beyond the mouth of the corolla, as in the pea
and dead-nettle.

includible (in-klo'di-bl), a. [< include + -ible.~\
Capable of being included. Bentham.

Inclusa (in-klo'sa), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
L. inclusus, pp. of indudere: see include.] In
Cuvier's classification, the fifth family of his
Acephala testacea, including the clams, razor-
shells, pholades, ship-worms, and some other
lamellibranch or bivalve mollusks which have
the mantle open at the anterior extremity, or
near the middle only, for the passage of the
foot. In some the mantle is prolonged at the posterior
end to a tube of great length, as in the razor-shells. The
bivalves of this tribe are remarkable for their powers of
burrowing into clay, sand, wood, or even stone.

incluset, a. [ME. induse, < L. inclusus, pp. of
indudere, include : see include.'] Inclosed; shut
in; cloistered; recluse.

Thou sail be safe as ane ankir incluse, and noghte anely
thou bot all cristene men.

Hampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.). p. 42.

inclusion (in-klo'zhon), n. [= F. inclusion =
Sp. inclusion = Pg. iiiclusao = It. ineiiiiisione, in-
clmione, < L. inclusio(n-), a shutting up, < in-
cludere, pp. inclusus, include : see include.] 1.
The act of including, or the state of being in-
cluded.

The Dutch should have obliged themselves to make no
peace without the inclusion of their allies.

Sir W. Temple, To the Duke of Ormond.

inclusion

The logical process of Ineliuinn is the same both In the
mind of the animal ami in tin- mind of a, philosopher.

G. II. Lewet, Probs. of Life and Mind. 11. ii. § 51.

2. That which is included or inclosed, rsed in
mineralogy of a body, usually minute, such as a liquid
or a small crystal,
which Is inclosed
within the mass of
another. Thus, to-
paz often contains
t/iC/u«io/Lg consist-
Ing of liquid car-
bon dioxld. The
inclusions In a
crystal have often
a definite orienta-
tion with reference

3039

incombustible

one part on another: as, incoherence of argu-
ments, facts, or principles.

I flnd that laying the Intermediate Ideal naked In their
due order shows the incoherence of the argumentations
better than syllogisms. Locke.

The system of his politicks, when disembroiled, and
cleared of all those ineuhrrencet and Independent matters
that are woven Into this motley piece, will be as follows.
Addinon, Whig Examiner, No. 4.

to the

grapliic

crystallo-
axes,

Sections of Crystals, with symmetrically
arranged Inclusions. I, auKite ; 2. leucite

i Atter zirkei.)

substance, the inclusions are spoken of as got inclusion*.
glaat ini'liMiiim, flui't incluirunu, etc., and the cavities
themselves are called gas-cavi/ies or gat-porei, glass-cam-

As mind Is a cogitant substance, matter Is incogitant.
J. Uowe, Works, L 65.

incogitantly (in-koj'i-tant-li), adv. In an in-
cogitant manner; without consideration.

I did not incogitantly speak of Irregularities, as H they
might sometimes be but seeming ones.

llaylc, Works, V. 217.

incogitative (in-koj'i-ta-tiv), a. [< i«-3 + cogi-
tative.] Not cogitative ; not thinking; lacking
the power of thought. mcoherency (m-ko-hor'en-si), n. Incoherence.

It is as impossible to conceive that ever bare ineogita incoherent (in-k^-her'ent), o. [= F. incoherent
live matter should produce a thinking intelligent being
as that nothing should of itself produce matter.

Locke, Human Understanding, IV. x. 10.

incogitativity (in-koj'i-ta-tiv'i-ti), n. [< iii-
cogitattve + -ity.] The quality of being incogi-
tative ; want of thought or the power of think-
ing. [Bare.]
God may superadd a faculty of thinking to incogitutia-

formal.
inclusive (in-klo"siv), a. and n.

.

= Sp. Pg. It. inclusive, < L. as if "inclusivus. < in-
cludere, pp. inclusus, include: see inclose.] La.

1. Inclosing; encircling; comprehensive; in-
cluding : with of.

The inclusive verge
Of golden metal that must round my brow.

Shak., Etch. III., Iv. 1.

2. Included in the number or sum; compre-
hending the stated limit or extremes: as, from
Monday to Saturday inclusive (that is, taking
in both Monday and Saturday).

II. n. A term of inclusion.

This man Is so cunning In his incltuiuet and exclusiues
that he dyscerneth nothing between copulatiues and dis-
lunctlues. Sir T. More, Works, p. 948.

inclusively (iu-klO'siv-li), adv. In an inclusive
manner; so as to include: as, from Monday to
Saturday inclusively.

incoagulable (in-k'o-ag'u-la-bl), a. [= P. in-
coagulable = Sp. incoagulable; as in-3 + coagu-
toftte.] Not coagulable ; incapable of being co-
agulated or concreted. Boyle, Works, HI. 527.

incoercible (in-ko-6r'si-bl), a. [= F. incoercible

»'»• W. Wollatton, Religion of Nature, $ 9.

Cognisable, incognisance, etc. See incog-

ntzaine, etc.
[= F. inelusif incognita (in-kog'ui-ta), a. and n. [= Sp. Pg.

incognita, < L. incognita, fern, of incognitus,
unknown: see incognito.] I. a. Unknown or
disguised : said of a woman or a girl.
It. w. A woman unknown or disguised.

Hat Violante! that's the lady's name of the house where
my incognita is. ltr$. Centlirre, The Wonder, v. 1.

incognito ,
Pg. incognito
unknown
cognition. _

assumed name and character: generally with
reference to a man, usually of some distinction,
who passes, actually or conventionally, as in
travel, under an assumed name or in disguise,
in order to avoid notice or attention.

= Sp. Pg. inc(iherente = lt.incoerente; as in-3 +
coherent.] 1. Without physical coherence or
cohesion; loose; unconnected; not coalescing
or uniting.

His armour was patched up of a thousand incoherent
pieces. Swift, Battle of Books.

The pollen Is so incoherent that clouds of It are emitted
If the plant be gently shaken on a sunny day.

Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 401.

2. Without coherence or agreement ; not prop-
erly related or coordinated ; incongruous ; in-
consistent; inconsecutive: chiefly used of im-
material things: as, incoherent thoughts.
No prelate's lawn with hair-shirt lined
Is half so incoherent as my mind ; . . .
I plant, root up ; I build, and then confound.

Pope, Iniit. of Horace, I. I. 166.

These are only broken, incoherent memoirs of this won-
derful society. Steele, Spectator, No. 824.

[<inco-
Causing in-

,, — an in-
coherent manner; without coherence of parts;
disconnectedly.

It ... [is] the nature of violent passion to ... make
man speak incoherently. Beattie, Moral Science, IV. L 8.

The middle section of the country through which some-
what incoherently permeated Massachusetts and Virginia
Ideas. J. Schouler, Hist. U. 8., p. 11.

II. n. 1. A man unknown, or in disguise, or incoherentness (in-ko-her'ent-nes), n. Want of
living under an assumed name.— 2. Conceal- coherence; incoherence. Bailey, IT21. [Rare.]
ment; state of concealment; assumption of a incoheringt (in-ko-her'ing), a. Incoherent,
disguise or of a feigned character. ^ entlrely? or f(Jr thc mo8t p^ ^^ of lax ,„,.„.

Ills incognito was endangered. Scott, hering earth. Derham, 1'hysico-lheology, ill. 2.

F th' dark o' th' evening I peep out, and incognito make
some visits. Steele, Lying Lover, I. 1.

= Pg. incoercivet; as i»-3 + coercible.'] 1. Not incognizability (in-kog'ni- or in-kpn'i-za-bil'i- incqhesion(m-ko-he'zhon),n. [=Y.ineohesion;
to be coerced or compelled ; incapable of being ti), n. The state of being incognizablebr un- as in-3 + cohesion.'] Absence of cohesion ; in-

constrained or forced. — 2. In physics, incapable known.

of being reduced to a liquid form by any amount incognizable (in-kog'ni- or in-kon'i-za-bl),

of pressure. Certain gases were formerly sup- (X i»-3 + cognizable.] Not cognizable ; su

posed to have this property. See gas.
incoexistencet (in-ko-eg-zis'tens), n. [< in-3 +
coexistence.] The opposite o? coexistence.

The coexistence or ineotxifttnc* ... of different ideas
In the same subject

Locke, Human Understanding, IV. 111. 12.

as no finite mind can know; not to be known
by man ; not to be recognized. Also spelled
incognizable.

The relation of unlikeness ... is incognizable unless
there exist other relations with which It may be classed.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Bioi., § ssi. incoincident (in-ko-in'si-dent), a.

incog(in-kog'),a. An abbreviation of incognito, incognizance (in-kog'ni- or in-kon'i-zans), «. coincident.] Not coincident; not agreeing in
He has lain incog ever since. Tatler, No. 230. [= *"• incongnoissance ; as in-3 + cognizance. ] time, place, or principle.

Failure to recognize, know, or apprehend, incolantt (in'ko-lant), n.
Also spelled incognisance.

coherence.

a. Our own Indian Empire, . . . held together by force In
Such a state of artificial equilibrium, threatens some day to Il-
lustrate by Its fall the incohetian arising from lack of con-
grulty in components. H. Spencer, Prln. of Soclol., § 460.

incoincidence (in-ko-in'si-dens), n. [< in-3 +
coincidence."] Want of coincidence or agree-
ment.

[< in-3 +

What! my old guardian I— What 1 turn inquisitor, and
take evidence incog ? Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. S.

This incognizance may be explained on three possible
hypotheses. Sir W. Hamilton.

incogent (in-ko'jent), a. [< in-3 + cogent.'] Not
cogent; not adapted to convince. [Bare.]

[They] reject not the truth itself, but incogent modes in incognizant (in-kog'ni- or in-kon'i-zant), a.

[= OF. tncongnotssant ; as t«-3 4- cognizant.]

Notcognizant; failing to cognize or apprehend, incplumityt (in-ko-Iu'mi-ti), n. [< OF. inc
Also spelled incognisant. mite = Sp. incoltonidad, <! L. i)i<'iihiniitn(t-')x,

Of the several operations themselves, as acts of volition,
we are wholly incognizant. Sir W. Hamilton.

[As L. inco/a, an in-
habitant (< incolere, cultivate, inhabit, dwell in,
< in, in, 4- colere, cultivate: see cult), + -ant.]
An inhabitant.

The sinful inrolaut* of his made earth.

Middle/on, Solomon Paraphrased, rvL

incolu-

,-, un*

injured state, soundness, < incolumis, uninjured,
safe, < in- intensive 4 columin, safe. Cf. calam-
ity.'] Safety; security.

The Parliament is necessary to assert and preserve the
national rights of a People, with the incolumity and wel-
fare of a Country. Hovxll, Letters.

hould censure the incombiningt (in-kom-bi'ning), a. [< in-3 +
combining, ppr. of combine, v.] Incapable of
combining or agreeing; disagreeing; disjunc-
tive.

incognoscible (in-kog-nos'i-bl), a. [= F. in- To sow the sorrow of man's nativity with seed of two
Sir W. Hamilton, cognoscible = Sp. incognoscible = Pg. incognos- incoherent and in/combining dispositions.

civel = It. incognoscibite, < L. incognoscibilis, not Milton, Divorce, L i.

to be known, < in- priv. 4 cognoscibilis, to be incombret, v. t. An obsolete variant of encum-
known: see cognoscible.] Not cognoscible; ber.

such as cannot be known or recognized; incog- incombroust. a. Same as encumbrous.
nizable. incombustibility (in-kgm-bus-ti-biri-ti), n.

Incognito I am and wish to be, and incognoscible It is In [= F. incombustibilite = Sp. incombugtibtlidad
my power to remain. So«(A«y,TheDoctor,interchapterxx = Pg. incombustibilidade = It. incombustibilita ;

as incombustible 4 -ity : see -bility.'] The prop-
erty of being incombustible.

which it is occasionally presented.

The Nation, Jan. 6, 1870, p. 14.
incogitability (in-ko/i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [< in-

cogitable: see -bility.] The character of being

incogitable, or incapable of being thought, or

of being diroctly and positively thought. Sir incognoscibility (in-kog-nos-i-bil'i-ti), n. [=

W. Hamilton. It. incognoscibilitd ; as incognoscibie 4 -ity: see

incogitable (in-koj'i-ta-bl), o. [= OF. ineogita- -bility.] The state of being incognoscible, or

ble = It. incogitabile, <"L. incogitabilis, unthink- beyond being known.

ing, unthinkable, < in- priv. 4 cogitabilis, think- If ... the imperial philosopher should cens

able, conceivable: see cogitable.] Not cogita- BUlHncognoscihle author for _stm continuing in i;

incogitance, incogitancy (in-koj'i-tans, -tan-
si), n. [< L. incogitantta, thoughtlessness", <
incogitan(t-)s, thoughtless, unthinking: see in-
cogitant.] The quality of being incogitable;
want of thought, or of the power of thinking;
thoughtlessness.
He passes the time with incoyitancy, and hates the em- .

Eloyment, and suffers the torment of prayers which he incoherence (in-ko-her ens), n. [= F. incohe-
Jcr. Taylor, Works (ed. 183s), I. 718. rence = Sp. Pg. incoher'encia = It. incocrenza;
incogitant (in-koj'i-tant), a. [= OF. ineogitun t
= Pg. inoogitante, < L. incoaitan(t-)s, unthink-
ing, thoughtless, < in- priv. 4 cogihtn(t-)s, ppr.
of couture, think: see cogitate.'] 1. Not think-
ing; thoughtless.

as incoher~en(t) + -ce.] 1. Want of physical incombustible (iu-kom-bus'ti-bl), a. andj*.
coherence or cohesion; the state or quality of F- incombustible = "

Men are careless and incogitant, and slip into the pit of
destruction before they are aware.

J. Goodman, Winter Evening Conferences, ii.
2. Not capable of thinking : opposed to cogi-
tant.

not holding or sticking together; looseness;
separateness of parts: as, the incoherence of
particles of sand; the incoherence of a fluid.

The small ness and incoherence of the parts do make them
easy to be put In motion. Boyle, Works, I. 888.

2. Want of coherence or connection in thought
or speech; incongruity; inconsequence ; incon-
sistency ; want of agreement or dependence of

p. incombustible =. Pg. IB-
combiistirel = It. incombustibile ; as in-3 + com-
bustible.] I. a. Not combustible ; incapable of
being burned or consumed by flre.

.Manye philosophoris clepid this quiuta essencla an olle
incombustible.

Book of Quinte Essence (ed. Fnrnivall), p. la

In Euboea's Isle

A wondrous rock Is found, of which are woven
Vests incoinbuitiole. Over, The Fleece, U.

incombustible

II. n. A substance or thing that will not
burn, or cannot be consumed by fire,
ineombnstibleness (in-kom-bus'ti-bl-nes), n.
Incombustibility.

incombustibly (in-kom-bus'ti-bli), adv. So as
to resist combustion.

income (in'kum), ». [< ME. income = D. in-
komen = Q. eiulcommen (in sense 6) = Icel. inn-
Jcvdma, income ; cf . D. inkomst = Dan. iudkomst
= Sw. iiiJcomst (in sense 6); as m-1 + come."} If.
A coming in; arrival; entrance; introduction.
Bot Kayous at the income was kepyd unfayre.

Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2171.

At mine income I lowted low.

Drant, tr. of Horace's Satires, i. 8.
Pain pays the income of each precious thing.

Skat., Lucrece, 1. 834.

I would then make in and steep
My income in their blood. Chapman.

2. A new-comer or arrival ; an incomer. [Old
Eng. and Scotch.]
An Income, incola, aduena.

Leoiiis, Manip. Vocab. (E. E. T. S.), p. 166.
The new year comes ; then stir the tipple ; . . .
Lut's try this income, how he stands,
An' eik us sib by shakin' hands. Tarras, Poems, p. 14.

3f. An entrance-fee.

Though he [a farmer] pay neuer so great an annuall rent,
yet must he pay at his entrance a fine, or (as they call it)
an income of ten pound, twenty pound, . . . whereas in
truth the purchase thereof is hardly worth so much.

Stub/tea, Anat. of Abuses (1583), ii. 29.

4. A coming in as by influx or inspiration;
hence, an inspired quality or characteristic, as
courage or zeal ; an inflowing principle. [Ob-
solete or archaic.]

He ... that carries and imports into the understand-
ing of his brother notices of faith, and incomes of spiritual
propositions, and arguments of the Spirit, enables his bro-
ther towards the work and practices of a holy life.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 751.
Whose presence seemed the sweet income
And womanly atmosphere of home.

Whittier, Snow-Bound.

5. A disease or ailment coming without known
or apparent cause, as distinguished from one in-
duced by accident or contagion. See ancome,
oncome. [Scotch.]

Her wheel . . . was nae langer of ony use to her, f or she
had got an income in the right arm, and coudna spin.

Gait, Sir Andrew Wylie, III. 191.
If aister John, this is the mistress ; she's got a trouble in
her breast — some kind o' an income, we're thinkin'.

Dr. John Brown, Kab and his Friends.

6. That which comes in to a person as payment
for labor or services rendered in some office,
or as gain from lands, business, the investment
of capital, etc. ; receipts or emoluments regular-
ly accruing, either in a given time, or, when un-
qualified, annually; the annual receipts of a
person or a corporation; revenue : as, an income
of five thousand dollars; his income has been
much reduced; the income from the business is
small.

Whose heirs, their honors none, their income small,
Must shine by true descent, or not at all.

Camper, Tirocinium, 1. 350.

Income bonds. See bondi.— Income tax, a tax levied
in some countries and states on incomes above a specified
limit. From 1881 to 1872 an income tax was levied by the
United States government. As arranged in 1862, incomes
under $5,000 were taxed 5 per cent (with exemption of
$600 and paid house-rentX incomes of over 85,000 and not
over $10,000 were taxed 7J per cent., and those over $10,000
were taxed 10 per cent, without exemption. There were
various modifications; the exemption limit was raised in
1865 to 31,000, and in 1870 to 82,000. In Great Britain and
Ireland the tax is assessed at a rate per pound fixed from
time to time by Parliament. Since 1877 there is an abate-
ment of £120 on incomes under £400, while incomes un-
der £150 are not charged. =Syn. Income, Revenue, Value,
Pro/It. Revenue is the income of a government or state,
without reference to expenditures; profit is the gain made
upon any business or investment when both the receipts
and the expenditures are taken into account Property
may have value and yield neither income nor profit.
incomer (in'kuin"er), «. 1. One who comes in;
a new-comer; an immigrant.

This body was continually reinforced by fresh incomers
from the north. J. S. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 372.

2. One who comes in place of another ; a suc-
cessor: used of tenants, occupants, office-hold-
ers, etc., and opposed to outgoer. — 3. One resi-
dent in a place, but not a native; one who
enters a company, society, or community.
[Scotch.]

There was Mr. Hamilton and the honest party with him,
and Mr. Welsh with the new incomers, with others who
came in afterwards. Howie, Battle of Bothwell-Bridge.
4. In shooting, a bird which flies toward the
sportsman.

incoming (in'kum'ing), n. [< iw-1 + coming,
verbal n. of come, v.~\ 1. The act of coming in,
entering, or arriving.

3040

He, at his first incommiwj, charg'd his spere
At him that test appeared in his sight.

Spenser, F. Q., IV. iv. 40.

2. That which comes in ; income ; gain ; source
of revenue.

Many incomings are subject to great fluctuations. Tooke.
incoming (in'kum'iug), a. [< in-1 + comintj,
ppr. of come, t>.] 1. Coming in as an occupant,
office-holder, or the like : as, an incoming ten-
ant; the incoming administration. — 2. Coming
in as the produce of labor, property, or busi-
ness; accruing.

It is ... the first and fundamental interest of the la-
bourer that the fanner should have a full incoming profit
on the product of his labour. Burke, On Scarcity.

3. Ensuing: as, the incoming week. [Scotch.]
incomityt (in-kom'i-ti), n. [< in-3 + comity."]

Lack of comity; incivility. Coles, 1717.

in commendam. See commendam.

incommensuTability(in-ko-men'*su-ra-bil'i-ti),
n. [==F.iiicommensurabilite = Sp.mconmensura-
bilidad = Pg. incommensurabilidade = It. incom-
mensurabilHa, < incommensurable: see -bility,~]
The property of being incommensurable.

Aristotle mentions the incommensurability of the diag-
onal of a square to its side, and gives a hint of the manner
in which it was demonstrated.

Reid, Intellectual Powers, vi 7.

incommensurable (in-ko-men'su-ra-bl), a. and
n. [= P. incommensurable = ~&f."inconmensu-
rable = Pg. incommensuravel = It. incommensu-
rabile; as i»-3 + commensurable."} I. a. Not
commensurable j having no common measure:
thus, two quantities are incommensurable when
no third quantity can be found that is an ali-
quot part of both ; in arith., having no common
divisor except unity. See commensurable.

All primes together are generally called (by arithmeti-
cians) numbers incommensurable, which is as much as to
say, as numbers not able to be measured together by any
one number; for although all true numbers universally
are measurable together by an unit* yet sith unitie caus-
eth no alteration, neyther by division nor yet by multipli-
cation, but the numbers measured or multiplied by it al-
wayes returne immutably the selfe same both for quotient
and product that they themselves were before, therefore
they are named numbers incommensurable.

T. Hill, Arithmetick (1600), xi.

Incommensurable In power, having incommensurable
squares. Euclid, x., del. 2.

II. n. One of two or more quantities which
have no common measure.

incommensurableness (in-ko-men' gu-ra-bl-
nes), ». Incommensurability.

incommensurably (in-ko-men'su-ra-bli), adv.
In an incommensurable manner.

incommensurate (in-ko-men'su-rat), a. [<
in-3 + commensurate."] 1. Not commensurate ;
not admitting of a common measure. — 2. Not
of equal measure or extent ; not adequate : as,
means incommensurate to our wants.

incommensurately (in-ko-men'gu-rat-li), adv.
Not in equal or due measure or proportion.

incommensur at eness ( in-ko-men ' gu-rat-nes) ,
n. The state of being incommensurate.

incommiscible (in-ko-mis'i-bl), a. [= It. in-
commiscibile, < LL. incommiseibilis, that may not
be mixed, < L. in- priv. + LL. commiscibilis,
that may bo mixed, < L. commiscere, mix: see
commix.} Incapable of being commixed or com-
mingled; that cannot be mixed or combined.
Coles, 1717.

incommixturet (in-ko-miks'tur), n. [< in-S +
commixture.'] The state of being unmixed.

In what parity and incommixture the language of that
people stood, which were casually discovered in the heart
of Spain, between the mountains of Castile, ... we have
not met with a good account

Sir T. Browne, Miscellanies, viii.

incommodatet (in-kom'o-dat), v. t. [< L. incom-
modatus, pp. of incommodare, inconvenience:
see incommode. Cf. accommodate."] To incom-
mode.

The soul is ... incommodated with a troubled and
abated instrument. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 85.

incommodatet, a. [< L. incommodatus, pp.: see
the verb.] Uncomfortable.

The scurvy and other diseases, which this long voyage

and their incommodate condition had brought upon them.

N. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 50.

incommodation (in-kom-o-da'shon), n. [< in-
commodate + -ion."] The act of incommoding,
or the state of being incommodated or incom-
moded.

incommode (in-ko-mod'), v. t.; pret. and pp. in-
commoded, ppr. incommoding. [< F. incommo-
der = Sp. incomodar = Pg. incommodar = It.
incomodare, < L. incommodare, inconvenience, <
incommodiis, inconvenient: see incommode, a.,
and cf . commode.} To subject to inconvenience

incommunicated

or trouble; disturb or molest; worry; put out:
as, visits of strangers at unseasonable hours
incommode a family.

I descended more conveniently, tho' not without being
much incommoded by the sand which falls down from the
top. Pococke, Description of the East, I. 53.

'Tis scarce credible that the mind of so wise a man as
my father was could be so much incommoded with so small
a matter. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 25.

=Syn. To discommode, annoy, try.
incommodet (iu-ko-mod'), a. and n. [= F. in-
commode = Sp. incdmodo = Pg. incommode = It.
incomodo, incommodo, < L. incommodus, incon-
venient, < in- priv. T commodus, convenient:
see commode."] I. a. Troublesome; inconve-
nient.

To be obliging to that Excess as you are ... is a dan-
gerous Quality, and may be very incommode to you.

Wycherley, Love in a Wood, Ded.

II. «. Something troublesome or inconve-
nient.

Praying you effectually to follow the same, always fore-
seeing that the number be not too great, in avoiding
sundry incommodes and inconveniences that might follow
thereof. Quoted in Strype's Memorials, an. 1518.

incommodementt (iu-ko-mod'ment), n. [< in-
commode + -»we»t.] Tfie act of incommoding,
or the state of being incommoded; inconve-
nience. Cheyne, English Malady (1733), p. 315.

incommodious (in-kp-mo'di-us), a. [< in-3 +
commodious, after li.incommod'us, inconvenient:
see incommode, a.] Not commodious; incon-
venient ; tending to incommode ; not affording
ease or advantage ; giving trouble ; annoying.

I may safely say that all the ostentation of our grandees
is just like a traine, of no use in the world, but horribly
cumbersome and incommodious. Cowley, Greatness.

incommodiously (in-ko-mo'di-us-li), adv. In
an incommodious manner ; inconveniently; un-
suitably.

incommodiousness (in-ko-mo'di-us-nes), ».
The condition or quality of being incommodi-
ous; inconvenience; nnsuitableness.

incommodity (in-ko-mod'i-ti), «.; pi. incom-
modities (-tiz). [< F. incommodite = Pr. incom-
moditat, encommoditat = Sp. incomodidad = Pg.
incommodidade = It. incomodita, < L. incommodi-
ta(t-)s, inconvenience, < incommodus, inconve-
nient: see incommode, o.] If. Inconvenience;
trouble; disadvantage.

Verily she [Nature] commandeth thee to use diligent cir-
cumspection, that thon do not seek for thine own com-
modity that which may procure others incommodity.

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 7.

2. That which is incommodious or trouble-
some; anything that incommodes or causes
loss; an inconvenience ; a trouble.

For fear that either scarceness of victuals, or some other
like incommodity, should chance.

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 1.
There came into JEgypt a notable Oratour, whose name
was Hegesias, who inueyed . . . much against the inco-
modities of this transitory life.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 118.
The . . . voyage . . . has burdened him with a bulk of
incommodities such as nobody will care to rid him of.

Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, Int.

incommunicability (in-kg-mu"ni-ka-biri-ti), n.
[= Sp. iucomunicabilidad = Pg. incommunica-
bilidade; < incommunicable : see -bility.} The
quality of being incommunicable, or incapable
of being imparted to another.

incommunicable (in-ko-mu'ni-ka-bl), a. [= F.
incommunicable = Sp. incomunicable = Pg. in-
communicavel = It. incomunicabile, < LL. »'»-
communicabilis, < L. in- priv. + *communicabilis,
communicable: see communicable."] Not com-
municable; incapable of being communicated,
told, or imparted to others.

Hee, contrary to what is heer profess'd, would have his
conscience not an incommunicable but a universal con-
science, the whole Kingdoms conscience.

Milton, Eikonoklastes, xi.

incommunicableness (m-ko-mu'ni-ka-bl-nes),
n. Incommunicability.

As by honouring him we acknowledge him God, so by
the incommunicableness of honour we acknowledge him
one God. J. Mede, Apostasy of Latter Times, p. 93.

incommunicably (in - ko - mu ' ni - ka - bli), adv.
In a manner not to be communicated or im-
parted.

To annihilate is, both in reason and by the consent of
divines, as iiumiirnunicably the effect of a power divine
and above nature as is creation itself. HakeiciH, Apology.

incommunicatedt (in-ko-mu'ni-ka-ted), a. [<
tii-3 + communicated.] Not communicated or
imparted.

Excellences, so far as we know, incommunicnted to any
creature. Dr. H. More, Antidote against Idolatry, ii.

incommunicating

incommnnicatingt (in-kp-mu'ni-ka-ting), a.
f<i«-a + ciiiHiHiuiiciitiiiy.] Not communicating;
having no communion or intercourse. Sir M.
Hale.

incommunicative (in-ko-mu'ni-ka-tiv), a. [=
Pg. incommunicative; < i»-3 + communicative.']
Not disposed to impart to others, as informa-
tion or ideas ; reserved ; uncommunicative.

Her chill, repellent outside -her diffident mien and in-
communicative habits. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxl.

incommunicatively (in-ko-mu'ni-ka-tiv-li),
adv. In an incommunicative manner,
incommunicativeness (in-ko-mu'ni-ka-tiv-
nes), n. The quality of being incommunicative.
The Carthusian is bound to his brethren by tills agree-
ing spirit of incommunicatiotinesii.

Lamb, Quakers' Meeting.

incommutability (in-ko-mu-ta-bil'i-ti), ». [=
Sp. incoiimutabilidad = Pg. i'hcommutabilidade
= It. incommutabilita ; as incommutable + -ity:
see -bility.] The condition or quality of being
incommutable.

This order, by its own incommutability. keeps all things
mutable within their several ranks and conditions, which
otherwise would run into confusion.

liue'ihiiu (trans., Oxf., 1(174), p. 187.

incommutable (in-ko-mu'ta-bl), a. [= F. in-
commutable, OF. incommuable = Sp. inconmuta-
ble = It. incommutabile, < L. incommutabilis, un-
changeable, < in- priv. + commutabilis, change-
able : see eommutable.'] Not commutable ; in-
capable of being commuted or exchanged with
another.

incommutableness (in-ko-mu'ta-bl-nes), n.
Incommutability.

incommutably (in-ko-mu'ta-bli), adv. With-
out reciprocal change.

incompact (in-kom-pakf), a. [= OF. incom-
pact; as in-3 +" compact'-.'} Not compact; of
loose consistence as to parts or texture; not
solid. Coles, 1717.

incompacted (in-kom-pak'ted), a. Same as in-
compact. Jioi/le, Works, I. 546.

incomparability (m-kom"pa-ra-bu"i-ti), n. [=
Pg. incomparabtlidade ; as incomparable + -ity :
see -bility.] The quality of being incompara-
ble or not admitting comparison; especially,
unapproached excellence.

The absolute incomparability of work done [in astron-
omy] with the costliness and variety of the Instrumental
outfit. Science, III. 529.

incomparable (in-kom'pa-ra-bl), a. and n. [<
ME. incomperable, < OF. (also F.) incomparable
= Sp. incomparable = Pg. incomparavel = It. in-
comparabile, < L. incomparabilis, that cannot be
equaled, < in- priv. + comparabilis, that can be
equaled: see comparable.} I. a. Not compar-
able; admitting of no comparison; especially,
without a match, rival, or peer; uneqnaled;
transcendent.

Her words do show her wit incomparable.

Shak., 3 lien. VI., iii. 2.
He was of incomparable parts and great learning.

Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 16, 1651.

They are incomparable models for military despatches.
Macaulay, History.

Syn. Matchless, peerless, unrivaled, unparalleled, non-
pareil.

II. «. In ornith., the painted finch, Cyanospiza
or Passerina ciris, more commonly called non-
pareil.

incomparableness (in-kom'pa-ra-bl-nes), n.
The character of being incomparable ; incom-
parability ; excellence beyond comparison.

incomparably (in-kom'pa-ra-bli), adv. In an
incomparable manner; beyond comparison.

incomparedt, a. [< in-3 + compared, pp. of
compare1,*.] Not matched; peerless.

That Mantuane Poetes incompared spirit.

Spenser, To Sir F. Walsingham.

incompasst, v. t. An obsolete form of encom-
pass.

incompassiont (in-kom-pash'on), n. [= It. in-
compassione ; as in-3" + compassion.] Lack of
compassion or pity.

We are full of incompasrion; we have little fellow-feel-
ing of their griefs. By. Sanderson, Sermons (1681), p. 148.

incompassionate (in-kom-pash'on-at), a. [<
in-3 + compassionate.] Not compassionate;
void of compassion or pity; destitute of ten-
derness. Shcrbiirne, Poems, Lydia (1651).
incompassionately(in-kom-]>ash'pn-at-li),arf)'.
In an incompassionate manner; without pity
or tenderness.

Plead not, fair creature, without sense of pity,

So incompasxionateltt, 'gainst a service

In nothing faulty more than pure obedience.

Ford, Lady's Trial, U. 4.

3041

incompassionateness (in - kom - pash ' on - at -
nes), H. Lack of compassion or pity. Gran-
ger, Com. on Kcclesiastes, p. 94.

incompatibility (iu-kom-pat-i-biri-ti), n. [For-
merly also inconipctibitity ; = F. iticompatibilite
= Sp. incompatibilidad = Pg. incompatibilidade
= It. incompatibility; as incompatible + -ity:
see -bility.] The quality or condition of be-
ing incompatible; incongruity; irreconcilable-
ness.

Whoever, therefore, believes, as we do most firmly be-
lieve, In the goodness of God, must believe that there Is
no incompatibility between the goodness of God and the
existence of physical and moral evil.

Macaulay, Sadler's Law of Population.

incompatible (in-kom-pat'i-bl), a. and n. [For-
merly also incompetible; = F. incompatible =
Sp. incompatible = Pg. incompativel = It. incom-
patibile; as i«-3 + compatible.] I. a. 1. Not
compatible ; incapable of harmonizing or agree-
ing; mutually repelling; incongruous.

You are incompatible to live withal.

B. Jonton, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.

Now the necessary mansions of our restored selves are
those two contrary and incompatible places we call heaven
and hell. Sir T. Browne, Rellglo Medici, L 49.

The critical faculty is not of itself incompatible with Ima-
ginative and creative power. Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 99.

Black and white are not incompatible save as attributes
of the same thing. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 62.

Specifically — 2. That cannot coexist or be con-
joined, as mutually repellent substances, or in-
gredients in a medicine which react on each
other, causing precipitation or serious change
of composition, or remedies which have oppo-
site medicinal properties. Such substances are
distinctively called incompatibles.s&yn. Incom-

£atible. Inconsistent, Incongruous, unsuitable, discordant,
reconcilable. Incompatible has reference to action or ac-
tive qualities : as, incompatible medicines ; those who are
of incomixitible temper cannot well cooperate. Inconsis-
tent Implies a standard, as of truth, right, or fitness: as,
it is inconsistent with one's duty or profession. Incongru-
ity is a want of suitableness, matching, or agreement, pro-
ducing surprise, annoyance, or a sense of the absurd : as,
incongruous colors ; he had gathered a party of the most
inronyi-uuus people. Drunkenness is incompatible with
efficiency in an official, inconsistent with his manifest duty
and perhaps his pledges, and incongruous with the dignity
of his place. Inconsistent has somewhat wider uses : as,
a man, or his course, or his statements, may be quite in-
consistent, one part of his course or one statement furnish-
ing a standard by which Judgment is formed.

II. n. pi. Persons or things that are incom-
patible with each other. See L, 2.

incompatibleness (in-kom-pat'i-bl-nes), n. In-
compatibility.

incompatibly (in-kom-pat'i-bli), adv. In an
incompatible manner; inconsistently; incon-
gruously.

incompetence (in-kom'pf-tens), ». [= F. »»-
competence— Sp. Pg. incompetencia = It. incom-
petenza; as incompeten(t) + -ce.] Same as in-
competency.

incompetency (in-kom'pe-ten-si), n. [As in-
competence: see -cy.] 1. The character or con-
dition of being incompetent; lack of compe-
tence ; inability, whether physical, moral, or in-
tellectual; disqualification; incapacity; inade-
quacy.

Our not being able to discern the motion of a shadow of
a dial-plate . . . ought to make us sensible of the iw»>»-
petency of our eyes to discern the motions of natural
[heavenly] bodies. Boyle, Works, I. 447.

Alleged incompetency on the part of the people has been
the reason assigned for all state-Interferences whatever.
B. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 367.

2. In law, lack of qualification for the perform-
ance of a legal act, or to serve a legal purpose,
as incapacity for acting in court as judge, juror,
or witness, from personal interest, lack of juris-
diction, or other special or legal unfitness.
incompetent (in-kom'pf-tent), a. [= F. iw-
competent = Sp. Pg. It. iitcompetente, < LL. iii-
competen(t-)s, insufficient, < L. in- priv. + com-
peten(t-)s, sufficient: see competent.] 1. Not
competent; wanting ability or qualification:
unable ; incapable ; inadequate.

Some men were ambitions, and by incompetent means
would make their brethren to be their servants.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X 1. 11, Pref.

Incompetent as he was, he bore a commission which
gave him military rank In Scotland next to Dundee.

Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xii.

2. In lair, not competent; not qualified; in-
capacitated. In the law of evidence incompetent it
most appropriately used of evidence not fit for the purpose
for which it Is offered. Irrelevant indicates that kind uf
incompetence which results from having no just bearinp
on the subject. Inadmitttdble indicates that form of in-
competence which results from there being no suitable al-
legation in the pleading to justify admission. See incapa-
city, 2.

incomportable

In matters which the royal tribunal was incompetent to
decide, a right of appeal under royal licence was recog-
nised. Stvbbi, Const. Hist., | 403.
= 8yn. Insufficient, unfit, disqualified.

incompetently (in-kom'pe-tent-li), adv. In
an incompetent manner; insufficiently; inade-
quately.

incomp'etibilityt, incompetiblet. Obsolete
forms of incompatibility, incompatible. Sir 3f.
Hale; Milton; Hammond.

Incomplete (in-kom-j)le'te), n. pi. [NL. ( J. G.
Gmeliii, 1768), so" called as lacking a corolla,
fern. pi. of LL. iucompletus, incomplete.] A
division of plants embracing the Apetalce. A*
used by Batscn, it included the Amentaceir, Agrottalet,
and Spadicalet; as used by Reichenbach. the Amentacear,
Urtieacca, etc. The name Is now sometime* used for the
Apetalce.

incomplete (in-kom-plef), a. [= F. incom-
plet = Sp. Pg. incomplete = It. ineatnpivto, in-
complete, < LL. incompletus, incomplete, < L.
in- priv. + completes, complete : see complete.]
Not complete; not fully finished or developed;
lacking some part or particular; defective; im-
perfect.

When I consider that I doubt, in other words that I
am an incomplete and dependent being, the Idea of a com-
plete and Independent being, that is to say of God, occurs
to my mind with . . . much clearness and distinctness.

Descartes, Meditations (tr. by Veltch), iv.
Our knowledge of the vibrations of particles will be in-
complete until the vibration is known from the extreme
violet (Invisible) to the extreme red (invisible).

J. N. Lockyer, Spect Anal., p. 144.

Incomplete equation. See equation — Incomplete es-
tates. See e»(o«e, 5 (6).— Incomplete flower, a flower
wanting some essential component part, as one or more of
the four kinds of organs which constitute a complete flow-
er. Such are apetalous, monochlamydeous, staminate,
and pistillate flowers.— Incomplete Inference. See in-
fcrence.— Incomplete metamorphosis. Same as im-
perfect metamorphosis (which see, under imperfect).— In-
complete Stop, in organ-building, a stop or set of pipes
which contains less than the full number of pipes ; a half-
stop.

incompleted (in-kom-ple'ted), a. Uncompleted.
Without entering into the details of an incompleted re-
search, I may Indicate the general character of the results
by means of a diagram. Elect. Rev. (Eng.), XXIV. 415.

incompletely (in-kom-plet'li), adv. In in an-
eomplete manner; imperfectly,
incompleteness (in-kom-plet'nes), n. The state
of being incomplete ; lack of some part or par-
ticular; defect.

Incompleteness — want of beginning, middle, and end
— is [the] . . . too common fault of [Emerson s poems).

O. W. Holmes, R. W. Emerson, xiv.
And I smiled to think God's greatness flowed around our

incompleteness.
Mrs. Brouninff, Rhyme of the Duchess May, Conclusion.

incompletion (in-kom-ple'shon), n. [< in-3 +
completion. Cf. incomplete.'] "Incompleteness ;
the state of being unfinished.

Independence means isolation and incomplelim ; asso-
ciation is the true life. The Century, XXVI. 828.
I have lost the dream of Doing,

And the other dream of Done, . . .
First recoil from incumpletiwi, in the face of what is won.
Mr*. Browning, Lost Bower.

incomplez (in-kom'pleks), a. [= F. incom-
plexe = Sp. Pg. incomplete = It. incomplesso ;
as in-3 + complex.] Not complex; uncom-
pounded; simple.

The ear is in birds the most simple and incomplexot any
animal's ear. Derham, Physico-Tbeology, vii. 2, note 4.

incomplexly (in-kom'pleks-li), adv. In an in-
complex manner ; witnout complexity or con-
fusion: as, the divine mind cognizes incom-
plexly those things that in their own nature
are complex.

incompliablet (in-kqm-pli'a-bl), a. [< »»-3 +
compilable.] Not disposed"to comply. Moun-
tagu.

incompliance (iu-kom-pli'ans), «. [< incom-
pliati(t) + -ce.] 'fne quality of being incom-
pliant; refusal or failure to comply; an unyield-
ing or unaccommodating disposition.

They wrote to complain, 18 July, adding that her [Mary's]
incompliance in religion gave countenance to the disturb-
ances. 11. W. Din >n. Hist Church of Eng., xvi.

incompliant (in-kom-pli'ant), a. [< in-3 + com-
pliant.'] Not compliant'; not yielding to soli-
citation ; not disposed to comply. Also uncom-
pliant.

We find three incompliant prelates more this year un-
der confinement in the Tower: Gardiner, bishop of Win-
chester ; Heath, of Worcester ; and Day, of Chichester.
Strype, Memorials, Edw. VI., an. 1MO.

incompliantly (in-kom-pU'ant-li), adv. In an
unaccommodating or unyielding manner. Also
uncompliant/;/.

incomportablet (in-kom-por'ta-bl), a. [= Sp.
incomportable = Pg. incomportaicl = It. incom-

incomportable

portabile, incomportevole ; as in-* + comporta-
lie. Intolerable; unbearable.

It was no new device to shove men out of their places
by contriving incomportable hardships to be put upon
them Roger North, Examen, p. 39.

inCOmPOSedt(in-kom-pozd'),a. [<toJ» + «H»-
posed.} Discomposed; disordered; disturbed,

With faltering speech and visage incoii.po.ed.

Miltm, P. L., ii. 989.

3042

incomprehensibly (in-kom-pre-hen'si-bli), adv.
In an incomprehensible manner; to an extent
or a degree which is incomprehensible.

Thou art that incomprehensibly glorious and infinite
self-existing Spirit, from eternity to eternity, in and from
whom all things are. Bp. Hall, Holy Rapture.

incomprehension (in-kom-pre-hen'shon), n. [<
in-3 + comprehension.} Lack of comprehen-
sion or understanding. Bacon.

incomposite (in-kom-poz'it), a. [= Sp. incom-
pueslo = Pg. incomposto, < L. incompositus, not
well put together, < in- priv. + compositus,
put together: see composite.} Not composite ;
uncompounded; simple.— incomposite numbers.
Same as prime numbers. See prime.

incompossibility (in-kgm-pos-i-bil'i-ti), n.
[= Sp. incomposibilidad = Pg. incompossibili-
dade = It. incompossibilita ; as incompossible +
-ity: see Ability.} The state or condition of be-
ing incompossible ; incapability of coexistence ;
incompatibility. [Bare.]

However, you grant there is not an incompossibility be-
twixt large revenews and an humble sociablenesse ; yet
you say it is rare. Bp. llnll, Def. of Humb. Remonst., § 13.

"It is yet unknown to men," Leibnitz says on one oc-
casion, '-what is the reason of the incompossibility ol dif-
ferent things" (i. e. the impossibility of different things
existing together). E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 83.

incompossible (in-kom-pos'i-bl), a. [= F.
incompossible = Sp. incomposible = Pg. incom-
possivel = It. incompossibile ; as in-3 + compos-
sible.} Not possible to be or to be true toge-
ther; incapable of coexistence; incompatible.
[Bare.]

Ambition and faith, believing God and seeking of our-
selves, are incompetent, and totally incompossible.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 167.

If there be any positive existences which are incompos-
sible— i. e. which cannot be combined without opposition
and conflict— . . . then it is obvious that all positive ex-
istence cannot be combined in God.

E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 84.

not including or comprising enough; unduly
limited or restricted.
A most incomprehensive&nd inaccurate title

f- ^rton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, IV. 4.

incomprehensively (in-kom-pre-hen[siv-li),
a<Jv_ Not comprehensively; to a limited ex-
tent

inc0niprehensiveness (in-kom-pre-hen'siv-
nes) n. The quality of being incomprehen-
gjve_

jncompressibility (in-kom-pres-i-bil'i-ti). n.
[_ p7 incompressibilM = Pg. incompfessibili-

uuud; as incompressible + -ily: see -bility.} The
quality of being incompressible or of resisting
compression.

incompressible (in-kom-pres'i-bl), a. [= F.
incompressible = Pg. incompressivel ; as in-8 +
compressible.} Not compressible ; incapable of
being reduced in volume by pressure.

incompressibleness (in-kom-pres'i-bl-nes), «.
Incompressibility.

incomputable (in-kpm-pu'ta-bl), a. [< ML. in-
computabilis, not computable, < L. in- priv. +
computabilis, computable : see computable.} Not
computable; incapable of being computed or
reckoned.

inconcealable (in-kpn-se'la-bl), a. [< in-S +
concealable.} Not to be concealed, hidden, or
kept secret; unconcealable.

The inconcealable imperfections of ourselves . . . will
hourly prompt us our corruption.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 10.

priv. + compreltensux, pp. of comprehendere,
comprehend: see comprehend.} Not compre-
hended, or incomprehensible.

Thou must prove immense,
Incowjirchence in virtue. Marnton, Sophonisba, v. 2.

incomprehensibility (in-kom-pre-hen-si-biri-
ti), n. [= F. incomprehensibilite = Sp. incom-
prensibilidad = Pg. incomprehensibilidade = It.
incomprensibilita, < ML. incompreliensibilita(t^)s,
< L. incomprehensibilis, that may not be seized:
see incomprehensible.} The character of being
incomprehensible, in either sense of that word.

The constant, universal sense of all antiquity unani-
mously confessing an incomprehensibility in many of the
articles of the Christian faith. South, Sermons, III. 217.

Incomprehensibility implies the negation of any limit in
substantial presentiality or presence (as the Schools say)
so far as affects the mode of the Divine existence in itself,
as well as all things real and possible. The incomprehen-
sibility of God is sometimes expressed by this formula,
"God is in all and beyond all." . . . But incomprehensi-
bility must not be confused with ubiquity, for the first is
essential to God, the latter is contingent on the existence
of place : in other words, on creation.

Bp. Forbes, Explanation of the Nicene Creed, p. 50.

incomprehensible (in-kom-pre-hen'si-bl), a. [<
ME. ineomprelicnsibele, < OF. 'incomprehensible,
F. incomprehensible = Pg. incomprehensivel = Sp.
incompressible = It. incomprensibile, < L. incom-
prehensibilis, that cannot be seized, or compre-
hended, < in- priv. + compreJicnsibilis, compre-
hensible: see comprehensible.} 1. Not to be
comprehended or comprised within limits ; il-
limitable.

Presence everywhere is the sequel of an infinite and in-
comprehensible substance. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. § 65.

The Father incomprehensible, the Son incomprehensible:
and the Holy Ghost incomprehensible. . . . Also there are
not three incomprehensible^, nor three uncreated: but one
uncreated, and one incomprehetisible. Athanasian Creed.

2. Not to be comprehended or understood;
that cannot be grasped by the mind. That is in-
comprehensible which may be known or believed as a fact,
but of which the mode of existence or of operation, or of
coining to pass, cannot be understood.

Surely Socrates was right in his opinion, that philoso-
phers are but a soberer sort of madmen, busying them-
selves in things totally incomprehensible, or which, if they
could be comprehended, would be found not worthy the
trouble of discovery. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 50.

Strength is incomprehensible by weakness.

Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xi.

incomprehensibleness (in-kom-pre-hen'si-bl-
nes), n. Incomprehensibility.

The distance, obscurity, incomprehensibleness of the joys
of another world. Stillingfteet, Works, IV. iv.

F. inconcevabilite = It. inconcepibilita; as in-
conceivable + -ity.} The quality of being in-
conceivable.

That inconceivability is the criterion of necessity is mani-
festly erroneous.

Hamilton, Note to Reid's Intellectual Powers, iv. 3.

The inconceivability of its negation is the test by which

we ascertain whether a given belief invariably exists or not.

H. Spencer, Psychology (1856), § 7.

The history of science teems with inconceivabilities
which have been conquered, and supposed necessary
truths which have first ceased to be thought necessary,
then to be thought true, and have finally come to be
deemed impossible.

J. S. MM, Examination of Hamilton, ix.
The test Of inconceivability, the unimaginablencss or
incredibility of the contradictory opposite of a proposi-
tion, regarded as the absolute criterion of truth, or uni-
versal postulate. This test had long been used and known
by this name, but had been discredited, when brought
again into notice by the advocacy of Herbert Spencer.
The doctrine is : first, that there is a fixed set of first prin-
ciples ; second, that recognition of the truth of these is at-
tained by the principle of excluded middle, that if one
proposition is false its opposite must be true ; and third,
that inconceivability is a guaranty of impossibility, or at
least of a congenital necessity of thought. To understand
the real significance of the doctrine, it is to be remarked
that it conflicts with the following opinions, more or less
widely held : first, that there is no fixed set of first truths,
but that reasoners must under different circumstances
set out with different assumptions ; second, that the evi-
dence of mathematical truth is a positive perception of
relations, and not a feeling of dilemma or powerlessness ;
third, that the principle of excluded middle plays but a
small part in reasoning, and that even the principle of
contradiction, with which the former is often confounded,
is only of secondary importance; and fourth, that incon-
ceivability, as ascertained by direct trial, is exceedingly de-
ceptive evidence that a proposition is Impossible or likely
long to remain incredible.

inconceivable (in-kpn-se'va-bl), a. [= F. in-
concevable = Sp. inconcebibte = Pg. inconcebivel
= It. inconcepibile ; as in-3 + conceivable.} In-
capable of being conceived, or realized in the
imagination; incredible; inexplicable. An ex-
pression which conveys no conception whatever, but is
mere gibberish, is not called inconceivable, but unintelligi-
ble. The word inconceivable (see also unconceivable) is used
in the following senses in philosophy : (a) Involving a
contradiction in terms, such as the idea of a non-existent
being.

The school philosophers, ... to solve the more mys-
terious phsenomena of nature, nay and most of the familiar
ones too, they scruple not to ... have recourse to agents
that are not only invisible but inconceivable, at least to
men that cannot admit any save rational and consistent
notions. Boyle, Atmospheres of Consistent Bodies.

A necessary truth ... is a truth . . . the opposite of
which is inconceivable, contradictory, nonsensical, impos-
sible ; more shortly, it is a truth in the fixing of which
nature had only one alternative. . . . Nature could not

inconcinnous

have fixed that two straight lines should . . . enclose a
space ; for this involves a contradiction.

Ferrier, Institutes of iletaph., Int., § 27.
(ii) Unacceptable to the mind because involving a viola-
tion of laws believed to be well established by positive
evidence, as a perpetual motion.

How two ethers can be diffused through all space, one
of which acts upon the other, and by consequence is re-
acted upon, without retarding, shattering, dispersing, and
confounding one another's motions, is inconceivable.

Newton, Opticks.

A contradiction is inconceivable only when all experi-
ence opposes itself to the formation of the contradictory
conception. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. xiii.

The mistaking mere effects of association for ultimate
facts, the negative of which is really, and not apparently
only, inconceivable.

Hodgson, Phil, of Reflection, II. vi. § 6.

(c) Unimaginable by man on account of an inseparable
association, although not perhaps involving any contra-
diction nor even physically impossible, as the perception
of color without extension. [This is the sense in which
Herbert Spencer professes to use the word exclusively.]

For my part, I see evidently that it is not in my power
to frame the idea of a body extended and moved, but I
must withal give it some colour or other sensible quality
which is acknowledged to exist only in the mind. In
short, extension, figure, and motion, abstracted from all
other qualities, are inconceivable.

Bp. Berkeley, Principles of Human Knowledge, L S 10.

A mere hypothesis . . . which, even as a hypothesis, is
absolutely inconceivable.

Dr. T. Brown, PhiL of the Human Mind, xxx.

(d) Unimaginable to a particular person from novelty, as
the idea that parallel straight lines meet at infinity.

It seems inconceivable that A should move until B hath
left its place. Olanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, vi.

We might be able to aim at some dim and seeming con-
ception how matter might at first be made, and begin to
exist, by the power of that eternal first Being ; but to give
beginning and being to a spirit would be found a more
inconceivable effect of omnipotent power.

Locke, Human Understanding, IV. x. S 18.

(e) Capable of being conceived only by a negative or rela-
tive notion, such as the idea of infinity.

We cannot think a quality existing absolutely, in or of
itself. We are constrained to think it as inhering in
some basis, substratum, hypostasis, or substance; but
this substance cannot be conceived by us except nega-
tively — that is, as the unapparent, the inconceivable cor-
relative of certain appearing qualities.

Sir W. Hamilton, Discussions, App. I. (A).
(/) Incredible ; not to be imagined as believed in by any
man, as the supposition of an event undetermined by a
cause. [This is the meaning which J. S. Mill undertakes
to show is really attached to the word by Spencer.)

Things are often said to be inconceivable which the mind
is under no incapacity of representing to itself in an im-
age. It is often said that we are unable to conceive as
possible that which, in itself, we are perfectly well able
to conceive : we are able it is admitted, to conceive an
imaginary object, but unable to conceive it realized. This
extends the term inconceivable to every combination of
facts which to the mind simply contemplating it appears
incredible. [Foot-note.— I do not mean what is really in-
credible.] J. S. Mill, Examination of Hamilton, vi.

inconceivableness (in-kon-se'va-bl-nes), n.
The quality of being inconceivable.

An alleged fact is not therefore impossible because it is
inconceivable, for the incompatible notions in which con-
sists its inconceivableness need not each of them really
belong to it in that fulness which involves their being in-
compatible with each other.

J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 49.

inconceivably (in-kon-se'va-bli), adv. In an
inconceivable manner; beyond the power of
conception.

Without foundation, and placed inconceivably In empti-
ness and darkness. Johnson, Vision of Theodore.

So inconceivably minute a quantity as the one twenty-
millionth of a grain. Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 272.

inconceptiblet (in-kpn-sep'ti-bl), a. [= Sp. in-
conceptible ; as i»-3 -i- conceptible.} Inconceiv-
able.

It is inconceptible how any such man, that hath stood
the shock of an eternal duration without corruption, . . .
should after be corrupted.

Sir U. Bale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 86.

inconcemingt (in-kon-ser'ning), a. [< in-3 +
concerning.} Unimportant; trivial.

Trifling and inconcerning matters. Fuller.

inconcinnt, «• [= Sp. inconcino = It. inconcinno,
< L. inconcinnus, inelegant: see inconcinnous.}
Same as inconcinnous.

Dissimilar and inconcinn molecules, i. e. atoms of differ-
ent magnitude and figures.

Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 16.

inconcinnity (in-kon-sin'i-ti), n. [< L. incon-
cinnita(t-)s, inelegance, '< inconcinnus, inele-
gant: see inconciiinous.} Lack of concinnity,
congruousness, or proportion, or an instance of
such lack ; unsuitableness.

Such is the incimcinnity and insignificancy of Grotius's
interpreting of the six seals.

Dr. H. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 184.

inconcinnoust (in-kon-sin'us), a. [Also incon-
cinn, q. v.; < L. inconcinnus, inelegant, < in-
priv. + eoncinnus, well-ordered, elegant: see

inconcinnous

continuous.] Unsuitable; incongruous; want-
ing proportion ; discordant. Craig.
inconcludentt (m-kon-kWdent). a. [= P. in-
concluant, < L. in- priv. + conc(udcn(t-)s, ppr.
of concludere, 'conclude: see conclude.'} Not con-
clusive ; not furnishing adequate grounds for a
conclusion or inference.

the depositions of witnesses themselves, as being false,
various, contrurltmt, single, ineoneludent.

Ayli/e, Parergon.

inconcludingt (in-kon-klo'ding), a. [< in-3 +
foiii-liiiliiif/.] Inconclusive. Itp. Pearson.

inconclusion (in-kou-kl8'zhon), n. [< iw-8 +
ronrltiKioii.] Ineoiielusiveness. [Rare.]

It was a real trouble to her for a time that Dr. Morrcll,
after admitting the force of her reasons, should be con-
tent to rest lu a comfortable inconclusion as to his con-
duct. Howellt, Annie Kilburn, xxx.

inconclusive (in-kon-klO'siy), a. [< tn-3 + con-
dtixive.] 1. Not conclusive in evidence or argu-
ment; not leading to a determination or con-
clusion; not decisive or convincing; indeter-
minate.

Preservation of hair alone, as a trophy, Is less general ;
doubtless because the evidence of victory which It yields
Is inconclusive. U. Spencer, Prln. of Soclol., § 852.

We must not be expected to accept facts and to make
inferences In the case of Bed Indians and Australians on
evidence which we should set aside as inconclusive If we
were making inquiries about Greeks or Germans.

E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 262.

2. Not conclusive in action ; reaching no defi-
nite conclusion or result ; producing no conclu-
sive effect; ineffective; inefficient: as, incon-
clusive experiments.

Our guide was picturesque, but the most helpless and
inconclusive cicerone I ever knew.

ll'im'lls, Venetian Life, p. 215.

inconclusively (in-kon-klo"siv-li), adv. In an
inconclusive manner!'

inconclusiveness (in-kpn-klo'siv-nes), n. The
condition or quality of 'being inconclusive.

The novelist must be the blindest of leaders If he fail
to secure temporary adherents to his conclusions about
life and death and immortality, or worshippers for the
moment of his unrecognized inconclwriventss.

The Nation, XL VII. 459.

inconcoctt (in-kon-kokf), a. [< in-3 + concoct,
a.] Inconcocted.

While the body to be converted and altered is too
strong for the efficient that should convert ... It, it Is
(all that while) crude and inconcoct.

Bacon, Nat Hist., § 838.

inconcoctedt (in-kon-kok'ted), a. f < ««-s + con-
cocted.'] Not concocted or fully digested; not
matured; unconcocted.

When I was a child, and had my organical parts less
digested and inconcocted.

Sir M. Hate, Orlg. of Mankind, p. 23.

inconcoctiont (in-kon-kok'shon), n. [< in-8 +
concoction.'] The state of being undigested;
unripeness.

The middle action, which produceth such imperfect
bodies, is fitly called Inquination, or inconcoction, which
Is a kind of putrefaction. Bacon, Nat. Hist

inconcrete (in-kon-kref), a. [< LL. inconcre-
tiis, not concrete, bodily, < L. in- priv. + con-
cretus, concrete.] Not concrete; abstract; dis-
crete.

All our affirmations, then, are only inconcrttr, which Is
the affirming not one abstract Idea to be another, but one
abstract Idea to be joined to another.

Locke, Human Understanding, III. viii. 1.

inconcurringt (in-kon-ker'ing), a. [< in-8 +
concurring.] Not concurring; discrepant.

Deriving effects not only from inconcurring causes, but
things devoid of all efficiency whatever.

Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., L 4.

inconcussible (in-kon-kus'i-bl), a. [Also, im-
prpp., tnconcussable; = OF. inconcussible, < L. in-

Eriv. + LL. concussibilis, that can be shaken, <
. concutere, pp. coacussus, shako: see concuss.]
Not conoussible; unshakable.

As the roundell or Spheare is appropriat to the heauens,
... so Is the square for his inconcuesable steadlnesse
likened to the earth. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie,p. 83.

incondensability (in-kon-den-sa-bil'i-ti), n.
[< incondensable : see -bility.] 'fhe quality of
being incondensable. Sometimes written in-

CHnili'imibilitl/.

incondensable (in-kon-den'sa-bl), a. [< t'n-3 +
condensable.] Not condensable; incapable of
being made more dense or compact. H. Spen-
cer, Prin. of Biol., § 2. Sometimes written in-
conrlensilile.

incondite (in-kon'dit or in'kon-dlt), a. [< L. in-
conditiis, not j>ut together, not ordered, disor-
dered, < in- priv. + comlitiix, put together: see
condite", condiment.] Ill constructed; unpol-
ished; rude. [Rare.]

3043

Now sportive youth

Carol incondite rhymes, with suiting notes,
And quiver unharuionlous, J. Pnilipn, Cider, 11.

His actual speeches were not nearly so lueloquent, in-
condite, as they look. Carlyle.

inconditionalt (in-kon-dish'pn-al), a. [< in-3 +
conditional.] Unconditional; without qualifi-
cation or limitation.

From that which is but true In a qualified sense, an in-
conditional and absolute verity Is inferred.

Sir T. Brotpne, Vulg. Err., L 4.

inconditionatet (in-kon-dish'on-at), a. [<«n-3
T conditionate.] Unconditioned"; not limited
by conditions ; absolute.

Their doctrine who ascribe to God, In relation to every
man, an eternal, unchangeable, and incondilionate decree
of election, or reprobation. Boyle, Works, 1 277.

inconformt, a. [< »»-3 -f conform, a.] Not con-
formed ; disagreeing or variant.

A way most charitable, most comfortable, and no way
incanform to the will of God in His Word.

lip. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 291.

inconfqrmablet (in-kon-f6r'ma-bl), a. [< in-3
+ conformable.] Unconformable.

Two lecturers they found obstinately inconformablc to
the king's directions. lleylin, Abp. Land (1671), p. 190.

inconformityt (in-kon-fdr'mi-ti), ». [< in-3 +
conformity.'] Nonconformity; incompliance.

We have thought their opinion to be that utter incon-
formity with the church of Rome was not an extremity
wlii-muitii we should be drawn for a time.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

inconfusedt (in-kon-fuzd'), a. [< in-3 + con-
fused.] Not confused; distinct; clear.

So that all the curious diversitle of articulate sounds of
the voice of man, or birds, will enter Into a small crany, in-
confuted. Bacon, Nat Hist, $ 192.

inconfusiont (in-kon-fu'zhon), n. [< in-3 +
confusion.] Freedom from confusion ; distinct-
ness.

The confusion in sounds, and the incoi\fusion in species
visible. Bacon, Nat Hist, { 225.

inconfutable (in-kon-fu'ta-bl), a. [< in-3 +
confutable.] Not to be confuted or disproved.

inconfutably (in-kon-fu'ta-bli), adv. In an in-
eonfutable manner; unanswerably. Jer. Tay-
lor.

incongealable (in-kon-je'la-bl), a. [= P. in-
congelable, < L. incongelabilis, that cannot be
frozen, < IK- priv. + "congelabilis, that can be
frozen: see eongealable.] Not to be congealed
or frozen ; uncongealable.

This train oil, swimming upon the surface of the water,
and being incongealable by the cold. Boyle, Works, II. 517.

incongenial (in-kon-je'nial), a. [< «n-3 + con-
genial.] Uncongenial. Craig.

incongruet, a. [< P. incongru, < L. incongruus,

inconsistent: see incongruous.] Incongruous.

To allow of inconarue speech, contrary to the rules of

grammar. Blundeville,

incongruence (in-kong'grij-ens), ». [= Sp. Pg.
incongruencia = It. ineotigruenza, < LL. incon-
gruentia, inconsistency, < L. incongrucn(t-)s, in-
consistent: see incongruent.] Lack of congru-
ence or agreement; incongruity.

The humidity of a body Is but a relative thing, and
depends . . . upon the congruity or incongruence of the
component particles of the liquor In reference to the
pores of those . . . bodies that It touches.

Boyle, Works, L 391.

incongruent (in-kong'gr^-ent), a. [= It. «»-
congruente, < L. ineongruen(t-)s, inconsistent, <
in- priv. + congruen(t-)s, consistent: see con-
gruent.] Incongruous.

But sens we be now occupied In the defence of poetes,
it shall not be incongruent to our matter to shewe what
profy tte maye be taken by the dyligente redynge of aun-
clent poetes. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, 1. 13.

incongruity (in-kon-gro''i-ti), ». ; pi. incongrui-
ties (-tiz). [= P." incongruM = Sp. incongrui-
dad = Pg. incongruidade = It. incongruita; as
incongru-ous + -ity.] 1. The quality of being
incongruous ; want of congruity or mutual fit-
ness; unsuitableness of one thing to another:
lack of adaptation.

Humor in Its first analysis Is a perception of the incon-
gruous, and, in its highest development, of the incongru-
ity between the actual and the ideal in men and life.

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 182.

2. That which is incongruous ; something not
suitably conjoined, related, or adapted: as, this
episode is an incongruity.

She, after whom what form soe'er we see
Is discord and rude incongruity.

Donne, Auat. of World.

What pleasant incongruities are these? to see men grow
rich by Vows of Poverty, retired from the world, and yet
the most unquiet and busie In It?

Stillingjleet, Sermons, II. li

Inconscious

incongruous (in-kong'gr^-us), a. [= F. incon-
aru = Sp. Pg. It. incongruo, < L. incoitgrvtu,
inconsistent, < in- priv. + congruus, consistent :
see congruous.] 1. Not congruous ; incapable
of reciprocally fitting and agreeing; unsuited
or unsuitable ; inharmonious.

As the first ship upon the waters bore
Incongruoui kinds who never met before.

Crabbe, Work*, L 178.

IncongruouH mixtures of opinion. It. Taylor.

The eastern emperours thought It not incongruous to

choose the stones for their sepulchre on the day of their

coronation. Comber, Companion to the Temple, iv. 1.

2. Consisting of inappropriate parts, or of parts
not fitly put together ; disjointed : as, an incvn-
gruous story.

The result was an incongruous framework, covered with
her thronging, suggestive Ideas.

Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 142.

= 8yn. Incontinent, etc. (see incompatilile\ unsuitable,
nnsulted, unfit, inappropriate, 111 matched, out of keep-
Ing.

incongruously (in-kong'gr^-us-li), adv. In an
incongruous manner; unsuitably; inappropri-
ately; disjointedly.

But In the course of the sentence he drops this con-
struction, and passes very incongruously to the personi-
fication of art. U. Blair, Rhetoric, xxilL

incongruousness (in-kong'gr^-us-nes), n. The
state or quality of being incongruous, inhar-
monious, or inappropriate.

That Inequality and even incmtgniuusness In his [Dry-
den's] writing which makes one revise bis Judgment at
every tenth page. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 22.

in-conic (in'kon-ik), n. [< in1 + conic.] In

math., an inscribed conic,
inconnectedt (in-ko-nek'ted), a. [< in-3 + eon.

nected.] Unconnected.

It being surely more reasonable to adapt different mea-
sures to different subjects than to treat a number of in-
connected and quite different subjects In the same mea-
sure. Dp. Burd, On Epistolary Writing.

inconnectiont, inconnexiont (in-ko-nek'shon),
n. [= F. inconnexion = Sp. inconexion = Pg.
inconnexao; as t»-3 + connection, connexion.]
Lack of connection; disconnection.

Neither need wee any better or other proofe of the m-
connexum of this vow with holy orders than that of their
own Domlnlcus a Soto.

Bp. Hall, Honour of Married Clergy, L *•

inconnexedt (in-ko-neksf), a. [< LL. incon-

nexus, inconexus, not connected, < L. in- priv.

+ connexus, conextts, pp. otconnectere, conectere,

connect.] Lacking connection ; disconnected.

inconnexedlyt (in-ko-nek'sed-li), adv. Without

connection or dependence ; disconnectedly.

Others ascribe hereto, as a cause, what perhaps but cas-
ually or inconnexedly succeeds.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Iv. 9.

inconnexiont, ». See incomiection.

inconnu(in-ko-nu'; F. pron. an-ko-nii'), n. [P.,
unknown: see incognito.] In ichth., a salmo-
noid fish, the Mackenzie river salmon, Stenodus
mackenzii, resembling the whitefishes, Corego-

Incoonu, or RiTer-salmon (Steptottur

nus, bnt with a deeply cleft mouth, much-pro-
jecting lower jaw, broad lanceolate supramaxil-
laries, and teeth in bands on the vomer, pala-
tines, and tongue. It inhabits the Mackenzie river
and its tributaries in northwestern Canada, and reaches a
large size. It was an unknown fish to the Canadian voy»-
genrs who first saw it, and the name perpetuates the im-
pression first conveyed.

inconscient (in-kon'shient), a. [= F. incon-
scient; as in-3 + conseieni'.] Unconscious; sub-
conscious; wanting self-consciousness. [Rare.]
The old doctrines did not recognize in the brain the or-
ganic conditions of thought, and suspected not the im-
mense efficacy of the incontcifitl, which Is the foundation
of mental life. Tr. for Alien, and A'turol., VI. 486.

inconscionablet (in-kon'shon-a-bl), a. [< »n-3
+ conscionable.] Unconscionable; not con-
scientious.

His Lord commaunded him, and it was the least thing
he could doe for his Lord to sweare for him ; soe incon-
tcionabte are these common people, and so little feeling
have they of Qod, or theyr owne sowles good.

Spenter, state of Ireland.

inconscious (in-kon'shus), a. [< in-3 + con-
scious.] Unconscious. Beattie. [Rare.]

inconsecutive

inconsecutive (in-kon-sek'u-tiv), a. [< in-s +
consecutive.'] Not succeeding in regular order;
disconnected.

Clement of Alexandria has preserved excerpts of a very
inconsecutive character. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 38.

inconsecutiveness (in-kon-sek'u-tiv-nes), n.
The quality of being inconsecutive, or without
order.

The inconsecutiveness of the primitive mind is curious-
ly evident in other ways. Andoixr Rev., VIII. 240.

inconsequence (in-kon'se-kwens), n. [= F.
inconsequence = Sp. incoitsecuencia = Pg. in-
consequencia = It. inconseguenza, < L. inconse-
quentia, < inconsequen(t-)s, inconsequent: see
inconsequent.] 1. The condition or quality of
being inconsequent ; want of proper or logical
sequence ; inconelusiveness.

Strange that you should not see the inconsequence, of
your own reasoning. Bp. Hurd, To Rev. Dr. Leland.

2. That which is inconsequent ; something that
does not properly follow; an unrelated or mis-
placed sequence.

All this seems remarkable and strange, when we con-
sider only the absurdities and inconsequences with which
such fictions necessarily abound.

Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 92.

Though Kant certainly did not overlook the inconse-
quences, or over-estimate the value of common sense, yet
he clearly recognised that the distinction between it and
science is a vanishing one.

E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 203.

inconsequent (in-kon'se-kwent), a. [= F. in-
consequent = Sp. inconsecuente = Pg. inconse-
quente = It. inconseguente, < L. inconsequen(t-)s,
not consequent, < in- priv. 4- consequen(t-)s, con-
sequent: see consequent.] 1. Not consequent ;
not resulting from what has preceded; out of
proper relation; irrelevant: as, inconsequent re-
marks; his actions are very inconsequent. — 2.
Not following from the premises ; of the nature
of an inference the conclusion of which might
be false though the premises were true ; illo-
gical ; formally fallacious.

lien rest not in false apprehensions without absurd and
inconsequent deductions from fallacious foundations and
misapprehended mediums, erecting conclusions no way
inferrible from their premises. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.

inconsequential (in-kon-se-kwen'shal), a. [<
in-8 + consequential.] 1. Not consequential;
not following from the premises ; without cause
or without consequences; illogical; irrational:
as, inconsequential reasons or actions.

That marvelous and absolutely inconsequential princi-
ple by which a given man finds himself determined to
love a certain woman.

S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 116.

2. Of no consequence or value. [Rare.]

As my time is not wholly inconsequential, I should not
be sorry to have an early opportunity of being heard.

Miss Burney, Cecilia, ix. 3.

Trying to be kind and honest seems an affair too sim-
ple and too inconsequential for gentlemen of our heroic
mould. E. L. Stevenson, Scribner's Mag., IV. 766.

inconsequentiality (in-kon-se-kwen-shi-al'i-
ti), n. [< inconsequential + -ity.] 1. The state
of being inconsequential. — 2. That which is
inconsequential. [Bare.]

inconsequentially(m-kon-se-kwen'8hal-i),a<fr7.
In an inconsequential manner; without regular
sequence or deduction.

He infers inconsequentially in supposing that, from the
inconsistency of a certain relation concerning revelation,
there never was any revelation at all.

Warburton, View of Bolingbroke's Philosophy, iii.

inconsequently (in-kon'se-kwent-li), adv. In
an inconsequent manner; 'irrelevantly.

With the exception of its flowery ending, in which, a
little inconsequently, the author descants on the bless-
ings of universal peace, the whole of this chapter is sensi-
ble. The Academy, No. 885, p. 269.

inconsequentness (in-kon'se-kwent-nes), n.
The quality of being inconsequent or irrele-
vant; inconsequence.

There is always some inconsequentness or incoherency
in madness, but there is more of this in Swift.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 816.

inconsiderable (in-kon-sid'er-a-bl), a. [= OF.
inconsiderable = Sp. inconsiderable = Pg. incon-
sideravel = It. inconsiderabilc ; as in-3 + consid-
erable.] Not considerable; not worthy of con-
sideration or notice; unimportant; trivial; in-
significant; small.

I am an inconsiderable fellow and know nothing.

Sir J. Denham, The Sophy, iii. 1.

The buildings of what is plainly no inconsiderable city
stand out against their mountain background.

E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 95.

The troubles between them were inconsiderable till 1448
and 1449, when the hard proceedings of the Constable

3044

against others of the friends and relations of Mendoza led
him into a more formal opposition.

Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 333.

= Syn. Petty, slight, trifling, immaterial.

inconsiderableness (in-kou-sid'er-a-bl-nes), ».
The quality or condition of being inconsider-
able or unimportant.

From the consideration of our own smallness and in-
considerableness in respect of the greatness and splen-
dour of heavenly bodies let us with the holy psalmist
raise up our hearts. Kay, Works of Creation.

inconsiderably (in-kon-sid'er-a-bli), adv. In an
inconsiderable manner or degree ; very little.
inconsideracyt (in-kon-sid'er-a-si), n. [< in-
considera(te) + -cy.] The quality of being
inconsiderate; thoughtlessness; want of con-
sideration: as, "the inconsideracy of youth,"
Chesterfield.

inconsiderate (in-kon-sid'er-at), a. [= F. in-
considere = Sp. Pg." inconsiderado = It. incon-
siderato, < L. inconsideratus, not considerate, <
in- priv. + consideratus, considerate: see con-
siderate.] 1. Not considerate; not guided by
proper considerations; thoughtless; heedless;
inadvertent.

Folly and vanity in one of these ladies is like vice in a
clergyman : it does not only debase him, but make the
inconsiderate part of the world think the worse of reli-
gion. Steele, Spectator, No. 854.
It is too much the fashion of the day to view prayer
chiefly as a mere privilege, such a privilege as it is incon-
siderate indeed to neglect, but only inconsiderate, not sin-
ful. J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 245.

Like an inconsiderate boy,
As in the former flash of joy,
I slip the thoughts of life and death.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, cxxil.

2. Inattentive ; negligent ; without considera-
tion : followed by of.

He ... cannot be ... inconsiderate of our frailties.

Decay of Christian Piety.
3f. Inconsiderable; insignificant.

A little inconsiderate peece of brass. E. Terry (1655).

=Syn. Careless, inattentive, incautious, negligent, hasty,
giddy, harebrained.

inconsiderately (in-kon-sid'er-at-li), adv. In
an inconsiderate manner; without due consid-
eration; thoughtlessly; heedlessly.

The President . . . found his company planted so in-
considerately, in a place not onely sublect to the rivers
invndation, but round invironed with many intollerable
inconueniences.

Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 236.

inconsiderateness (in-kon-sid'er-at-nes), n.
The condition or quality of being inconsiderate ;
heedlessness ; thoughtlessness; inadvertence.

Their inconsiderateness therefore brands their bretheren
with crimes whereof they were innocent.

Bp. Ball, Altar of the Reubenites.
Prudence and steadiness will always succeed in the long
run better than folly and inconsiderateness.

A. Tucker, Light of Nature, I. ii. 28.

inconsideration (in-kon-sid-e-ra'shon), n. [=
F. inconsideration = Sp. inconsiderdcion = Pg.
inconsideragfto = It. inconsiderazione, < LL. in-
consideratio(n-), < L. in- priv. + consideratio(n-),
consideration: see consideration.] Want of due
consideration; disregard of consequences ; in-
considerate action.

The greatness of John's love, when he had mastered the
first inconsiderations of his fear, made him to return a
while after into the high priest's hall.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 292.

inconsistence (in-kon-sis'tens), ». [= F. in-
consistance=8p. Pg.' inconststencia ; asinconsis-
ten(t) + -ce.] Inconsistency. [Rare.]
What inconsistence is this?

Bentley, Of Free-thinking, § 1.

inconsistency (in-kon-sis'ten-si), n. ; pi. incon-
sistencies (-siz). [A"s i inconsistence : see -ency.]

1. The quality of being inconsistent; want of
consistency or agreement between ideas or ac-
tions; contradictory relation of parts or par-
ticulars ; intrinsic opposition in fact or in prin-
ciple; incongruity; contrariety; discrepancy.

There is no kind of inconsistency in a government being
democratic as far as the privileged order is concerned
and oligarchic as far as concerns all who lie outside the
privileged order. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 287.

2. A want of consistency in feeling, idea, or act ;
lack of agreement or uniformity in manifesta-
tion; incongruity.

The fool lies hid in inconsistencies.

Pope, Moral Essays, i. 70.

It is good to be often reminded of the inconsistency of
human nature, and to learn to look without wonder or dis-
gust on the weaknesses which are found in the strongest
minds- Macaulay, Warren Hastings.

=Syn. Incoherency, irreconcilability, discrepancy, con-
_ tradictoriness. See incompatible.
inconsistent (in-kon-sis'tent), a. [= F. in-
consistant = Sp. Pg. It. inconsistent; as in-S

inconspicnousness

+ consistent] 1. Not consistent in conception
orinfact; wanting coherence or agreement; dis-
cordant; discrepant.

When we say that one fact is inconsistent with another
fact, we mean only that it is inconsistent with the theory
which we have founded on that other fact.

Macaulay, Mill on Government.

2. Lacking self -agreement or uniformity ; self-
contradicting.

Now let him alone, Hal, and you shall hear the incon-
sistent old sophist contradicting all he has said to-night.
J. Wilson, Noctes Ambrosiana;, April, 1832.

Man, in short, is so inconsistent a creature that it is im-
possible to reason from his belief to his conduct, or from
one part of his belief to another.

Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist.

=Syn. 1. Incongruous, etc. See incompatible.— 2. Con-
tradictory, etc. See contrary.

inconsistently (iu-kon-sis'tent-li), adv. In an
inconsistent or contradictory manner; incon-
gruously; discrepancy.

This is the only crime In which your leading politicians
could have acted inconsistently. Burke, Rev. in France.

inconsistentnesst-(in-kon-sis'tent-nes), n. In-
consistency.
No contradictious inconsiitentnesse.

Dr. H. More, Infinity of Worlds, st 49.

inconsistiblet (in-kon-sis'ti-bl), a. [< in-8 + con-
sist+-ible.] Inconsistent; variable. [Rare.]
It hath a ridiculous phiz, like the fable of the old man,
his ass, and a boy, before the inconsisiible vulgar.

Roger North, Exiimun, p. 629.

inconsistingt (in-kon-sis'ting), a. [< in-3 +
consisting] Inconsistent.

The persons and actions of a Farce are all unnatural, and
the manners false : that is, inconsisting with the characters
of mankind. Dryden, Parallel of Poetry and Painting.

inconsolable (in-kon-so'la-bl), a. [= F. incon-
solable = Sp. inconsolable '= Pg. inconsolavel =
It. inconsolabile, < L. inconsolalrilis, inconsola-
ble, < in- priv. + consoldbilis, consolable : see
consolable.] Not consolable; incapable of be-
ing consoled or alleviated: as, an inconsolable
mourner ; inconsolable grief.

Judge what I endured, terrified with dreams, tormented
by my apprehensions. I abandoned myself to despair, and
remained inconsolable. Dryden, Letter in Dryden's Life.
Her women will represent to me that she is inconsola-
ble by reason of my unkindne&s. Addison.
With inconsolable distress she griev'd,
And from her cheek the rose of beauty fled.

Falconer, Occasional Elegy.

inconsolableness (in-kon-so'la-bl-nes), n. The
state of being inconsolable.
inconsolably (in-kon-so'la-bli), adv. In an in-
consolable manner or degree,
inconsolatelyt (in-kon'so-lat-li), adv. [< "in-
consolate (not recorded) (= It. inconsolato, < L.
in- priv. + consolatus, consoled, pp. of conso-
lare, console : see console, cotisolate, v.) + -ly2.]
Without consolation ; disconsolately.

Rejoyce . . . not in your transitory honours, titles, trea-
ures, which will at the last leave you inconaolately sor-
rowfull. Bp. Hall, Ser. Preached to his Majesty, Gal. ii. 20.

inconsonance (in-kon'so-nans), re. [< incon-
sonan(t) + -ce.] Disagreement; want of har-
mony; discordance.

inconsonancy (in-kon'so-nan-si), n. Same as
inconsonance.

inconsonant (in-kpn'so-nant), a. [= OF. in-
consonnant, < LL. inconsonan(t-).<i, unsuitable, <
L. in- priv. + consonan(t-)s, sounding together,
suitable: see consonant] Not consonant or
agreeing; discordant.

They carried them out of the world with their feet for-
ward, not inconsonant unto reason.

Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, iv.

He is of too honest a breed to resort to ... measures
inconsonant with the English tongue.

Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 250.

inconsonantly (in-kon'so-nant-li), adv. In an
inconsonant or discordant manner.

Inconspicuae (in-kon-spik'u-e), n. pi. [NL.
(Reichenbach, 1828), fern. pi. of LL. inconspi-
cuus, not conspicuous: see inconspicuous.] A
very heterogeneous group of plants, embracing
the Taxacea!, Santalacece, and Equisetaccte.

inconspicuous (in-kon-spik'u-us), a. [< LL.
inconspicuus, not conspicuous, < L. in- priv. +
conspicuus, conspicuous: see conspicuous] Not
conspicuous or readily discernible; not to be
easily perceived by the sight ; so small or un-
obtrusive as readily to escape notice.

Socrates in Xenophon has the same sentiment, and says
that the Deity is inconspicuous, and that a man cannot
look upon the sun vdthout being dazzled.

Jortin, On Eccles. Hist,
inconspicuously (in-kon-spik'u-us-li), adv. In

an inconspicuous manner.

inconspicuousness (in-kon-spik'u-us-nes), n.
The state of being inconspicuous.

inconstance

3045

inconstancet (in-kon'stans), n. [< ME. incon- incontestable (in-kon-tes'ta-bl), a. [= F. in-
contestable = Sp. incontestable = Pg. incontcs-
tavel= It. incontestabile ; as in-3 + contestable.]
Not contestable; not admitting of dispute or
slant: see inconstant.] Inconstancy.
lint in her face semed great variaunce—
While partite truth, and whiles inconstamue.

Chaucer, Testament of Creselde.

Some do menace, wrong, and insult over their inferiors,
never considering the uncertainty and inconstancy of
mutable fortune, nor how quickly that which was aloft
may be Hung down. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 421.

inconstancy (in-kon'stan-si), ». [As incon-
stance: see -cy. Cf. coiistancy.] 1. Lack of
constancy in action, feeling, etc. ; mutability or
instability; unsteadiness; fickleness: as, the
inconstancy of a flame, or of one's temper.

A qulcke capacitye,
Berayde with blots of light Inconttancie.

QaMoiyne, Steele Olas (ed. Arber), p. 50.

Irresolution on the schemes of life which offer to our

choice, and inconstancy in pursuing them, are the greatest

causes of all our unhappineas. Addition, Spectator.

2. Lack of sameness or uniformity; dissimili-
tude.

As much iin-iinxtii Hi-it and confusion Is there In their
mixtures or combinations ; for it Is rare to find any of
them pure and unmixt.

Woodward, Essay towards a Nat Hist of the Earth.
Syn. Changeableness, vacillation, wavering.
inconstant (iu-kon'stant), a. [< ME. incon-
staunt, < OF. (also F.) "inconstant = Sp. Pg. It.
inconstante, < L. inconstan(t-)s, inconstant, <
in- priv. + constan(t-)s, constant: see constant.]
Not constant; subject to change; not firm;
unsteady ; fickle ; capricious : said chiefly of
persons: as, inconstant in love or friendship.

0, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon,
That monthly changes In her circled orb.

' •r-.R.and J..U.2.

vertible ; indisputable.

Our own being furnishes us with an evident and incon-
testable proof of a deity. Locke.

The genius and daring of Bollngbroke were, Indeed, in-
contestable, but his defects as a party leader were scarcely
less. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent, p. 141.

= Syn. Indisputable, irrefragable, undeniable, unquestion-
able, indubitable.

incontestableness (in-kon-tes'ta-bl-nes), n.

The quality of being incontestable,
incontestably (in-kon-tes'ta-bli), adv. So as

not to be contested or disputed; in a manner to

preclude debate ; indisputably ; incontroverti-

bly; indubitably.
It (tragedy) must always have a hero, a personage ap-

inconveniency

And put on sullen black, incontinent.

Shak., Rich, n., T. «,

So he took his old flat cap, and threadbare blue cloak,

anil, as I »:ii'l bi-fmi-, hi- will \n: li.-r>- im-mitim-nt.

Scott, Kenilworth, xlx.

incontinently (in-kon'ti-nent-li), adv. 1. In an
incontinent manner; witnout restraint; with
unrestrained appetites or passions ; specifically,
with undue indulgence of the sexual appetite.
— 2. Without holding back; without delay;
forthwith ; at once.

Who, beelng willyng to hane the matche made, was con-
tent incontinentlyc to procure the meanes.

Lyly, Euphues, Anat of Wit, p. 83.

I will incontinently drown myself. Shak., Othello, L 3.

The rabble incontinently took to their heels ; even the

burgomasters were not slow in evacuating the premises.

Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 468.

He enjoined the generals incontinentli/ to hang and
strangle all persons the moment they should be taken.

Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 189.

parently and incontestably superior to the rest upon , „ -»-.»* «„ !,/», t»nL.'»,,,n /

whom the attention may be fixed and the anxiety sus- inCOntractedt (in-kon-trak ted), a.
pended. Johnson, Rambler, No. 168. tracted ; uncontracted.

As the company with which I went was incontestable This dialect uses the incvntractrd termination both In
the chief of the place, we were received with the greatest nouns and verbs. Bladnrall, Sacred Classlcks, L 288.

rrsptvt. Got'

incontestedt (in-kon-tes'ted), o. [< in-3 + con-
tested.] Not contested; uncontested.

We may lay this down as an incontentcd principle, that
chance never acts in perpetual uniformity and consistence
with itself. Addixon, Spectator, No. 643.

incontignous (in-kon-tig'u-us), a. [< LL. in-
rontiyitiis, that cannot be touched (not con-
tiguous), < L. in- priv. + contigtius, touching,
contiguous: see contiguous.] Not contiguous;
not adjoining ; not touching ; separate.
They seemed part of small bracelets, consisting of equal-

li, Vicar, xlx. ^Controlia|,le(jn_kon_tr5<ia_bi))a. [Formerly
also incon troulable; (. F. incontrolable; as in-3 +
controllable.] Not controllable; uncontrollable.
[Rare.]
Absolute, irresistible, incontrouloMc power.

Bp. Movtttagu, Appeal to Csesar, v.

(in-kon-tro'la-bli), adv. [For-
iZcontroutably ; '< in&ntrollable +
Uncontrollably. [Rare.]

acts himself.

South, Works,

At several Hopes wisely to fly,
Ought not to be esteem'd Inconstancy,
'Ms more inconstant always to pursue
A thing that always flies from you.
Cowley, The Mistress, Resolved to be Beloved, ii.
The captives gazing stood, and every one
Shrank as the inconstant torch upon her countenance
shone. Shelley, Revolt of Islam, viii. 28.

= Syn. Unstable, vacillating, wavering, volatile, unsettled,
uncertain.

Inconstantly (in-kon'stant-li), adv. In an in-
constant manner ; not steadily.
Inconstrictipedes (m-kon-strik-tip'e-dez), n.
pi. [NL., * L. in- priv. + constrictus, con-
stricted, + pes (ped-) = E. foot.] A subclass
of birds, proposed by Hogg in 1846 upon physi-
ological considerations : opposed to Constrieti-
pedes, and approximately corresponding with
the Prtecoccs of Bonaparte, and with the Ptilo-
p(fdes or Dasypwdes of Sundevall. [Not in use.]
inconsumable (in-kon-su'ma-bl), a. [< tn-3 +
cuii.'iiiiiiiiiili:] Not consumable ; incapable of
being consumed.

Whereof [asbestos) by art were weaved napkins, shirts,
and coats incommutable by fire.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., UL 14.
When the Identical loan is to be returned, as a book, a
horse, a harpsichord, it is called inconiumable, in opposi-
tion to corn, wine, money, and those things which perish.
J'alei/, Moral Philos., 1. 6.

inconsumably (in-kon-su'ma-bli), adv. So as
to be inconsumable.

inconsummate (in-kon-sum'at), a. [< LL. in-
consummatns, unfinished, < IJ. in- priv. + COH-
summatus, finished: see consummate.] Not con-
summated; unfinished; incomplete.
Conspiracies and tnconntmmatr attempts.

Sir M. Hale, Hist Pleas of the Crown, xui.

inconsummateness (in-kon-sum'at-nes), n.
The state of being inconsummate or incomplete.

inconsumptiblet (in-kou-sump'ti-bl), a. [< OF.
inconsomptible, inconsitmptible ; as in-3 + con-
sumpt + -ible.] Not consumable; inconsuma-
ble. Sir K. Digby, Nature of Bodies, viii.

incontaminate (in-kon-tam'i-nat), o. [= OF.
incon famine = Sp. Pg. incontaminado = It. »n-
contaminato, < L. incontaminatus, not contami-
nated, < in- priv. + contaminatus, contami-
nated: see contaminate.] Not contaminated;
not adulterated ; pure.

Being [as you are] free and incnntaminate, well borne,
bho '

ly little inaon^uou.bead^ Boyle. iacontlOVertibility (in-kon-tro-ver-ti-bil'i-ti),

mcontignonsly (in-kgn-tig u-us-h), ad». Not „ j-< incontrovertible: see -bility.] The state

contiguously; separately. Wright.

or quality of being incontrovertible.

'

— w — * r — *L ft v rs ~\m • v* \4uatiiij VM. induct tuwui'* v/ » wi. v*w»<j»

incontinence (m-kon ti-nens), n. [< ME. in- incontrovertible (iu-kon-tro-ver'ti-bl), a. [=
continence, < OF. (also F.) incontinence = Pr. Sp incontrorertible = Pg. iiicontroverticel = It.
incontinent = Sp. Pg. tncontmencta = It. incon- i,tcontrovertibile ; as in-S + controrertible.] Not

incontrovertible; as i»-3"+ controrertible.]
controvertible ; too clear or certain to admit
of dispute or controversy.

tinenza, < L. incontinentia, inability to contain,

< inconrtnen((-)«, not containing: see inconti- ul ulo ur uullllv¥0«,.

nent.] 1. The quality of being incontinent; incontrovertibleness (in-kon-tro-ver'ti-bl-

want of continence or holding in ; unrestrained neg\ n incontrovertibility.

movement or flow; superabundant outpour. incontrovertibly (in-kon-tro-ver'ti-bli), adv.
The Carlylists, with theb; theoretic admiration of silence, In an incontrovertible manner.

and their practical in«>n«n<!M« of chatter. inconvenience (in-kon-ve'niens), n. [< ME.

t. uau, MOO. Kng., p. inconvenience, ynconrenyns, < O'F. inconvenience
(also inconvenance), F. incontenance = Sp. Pg.
inconveniencia = It. inconvenicnza, < LL. incon-
venientia, inconsistency, ML. inconvenience, <
L. inconvenien(t-)s, inconsistent: see inconve-
nient.] 1. The quality of being inconvenient;

Specifically — 2. Lack of due restraint of the
appetites or passions ; intemperance in sexual
intercourse; unchasteness ; licentiousness.
Beanty . . . had need the guard
Of dragon-watch with unenchanted eye,
To save her blossoms, and defend her fruit
From the rash hand of bold Incontinence.

Milton, Comas, 1. 307.
This is my defence ;
I pleas'd myself, I shunn'd incontinence.

Dryden, Sig. and Guis., 1. 464.

3. In med., the inability of any of the physical
organs to restrain discharges of their contents ;
involuntary discharge or evacuation : as, incon-
tinence of urine.

incontinency (in-kon'ti-nen-si), n. [As incon-
tinence: see -c//.] Incontinence.

Come together again, that Satan tempt yon not for your
incontinency. 1 Cor. Til. 6.

incontinent (in-kon'ti-nent), a. and n. [= F.
incontinent = Pr. encontenen = Sp. Pg. It. incon-
tinente, < L. incontinen(t-)s, not containing or
retaining, not holding back, immoderate, ? in-

want of convenience. — 2. Incommodiousness ;
embarrassing character; troublesomeness ; un-
fitness: as, the inconvenience of an ill-planned
house.

All this inconuenience grew by misuse of one word,
which being otherwise spoken & in some sort qualified
had easily holpen all.

Puttenham, Artc of Eng. Foesie, p. 226.

He only Is like to endure austerities who has already
found the inconvenience of pleasures.

Dryden, tr. of Virgu's Oeorgics, Ded.

3. That which incommodes or gives trouble or
uneasiness ; anything that impedes or hampers ;
disadvantage ; difficulty.

Yf thou be trobyllyd with ynconvenyeni,

Anne the alway with Inward pacyens.

Bonke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), L 70.

Is not this exposition playne 1 This taketh away all in-

priv. + continen(t-)s, containing, continent: see conveniences' By this exposition bod is not the" auctor
continent] I. a. 1. Not continent; not holding ofeuul? Bama, Works, p. 280.

or held in; unceasing or unrestrained: as, an Man is liable to a great many inconveniences every mo-
incontinent tattler; an incontinent flow of talk, ment TMotton.

Specifically — 2. Unrestrained in indulgence of =Syn. Awkwardness, unwleldlness, Incommodiousness,
appetite or passion; intemperate in sexual in- trouble, annoyance.

tercourse; unchaste; licentious.— 3. lamed., lnc°nTenlenc,e...l!n:^?n;ve^^I§n?,)j: "' •' P^
unable to restrain natural discharges or evacua-
tions.— 4. Not delayed; immediate; offhand.
[Colloq.]

Hath any one a smoky chimney? — here is an inconti-
nent cure ! Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 180.

II. n. One who is incontinent or unchaste.
O, old incontinent, dost thon not shame,
When all thy powers in chastity are spent,
To have a mind so hot?

/j. Jiinsim. Every Man in his Humour, iv. 9.

pp. inconvenienced, ppr. inconveniencing.
[< inconvenience, n.] To put to inconvenience ;
incommode.

For it is not the variety of opinions, bat onr own per-
verse wills, who think It meet that all shonld be con-
ceited as our selves are, which hath so inconixnirncrd the
church. Bales, Golden Remains, Rom. xiv. 1.

The early Spanish missionaries in America were incon-
venienced by finding that the only native word they could
use for Qod also meant devil.

B. Spencer, Prin. of SocioL, 1 153.

and abhorring to dishonour . . . y selfe.

Evelyn, .Memoirs, I., Letter to Col. Morley.

incontaminateness (in-kon-tam'i-nat-nes), n. incontinent (in-kon'ti-nent), adv. [< ME. *i«- inconveniency (in-kon-ve'nien-si), ».; pi. in-
Uncorrupted state.

incontentationt (in-kon-ten-ta'shqn), H. [<
in-3 + contestation,] Discontent; dissatisfac-
tion. Gooilicin.

incontestability(in-kou-tes-ta-bil'i-ti). n. ^in-
contestable: see -bitity.] The character or qual-
ity of being incontestable.

continent, cncontynent, ML. incontinence, without i-niirrninicies (-siz). [As inconvenience: see -cy.]
holding back, < L. incontinen(t-)s, not holding Same as ineonrenience. [Rare.]
back: see incontinent, a.] Incontinently; in-
stantly; immediately. [Archaic.]

"Madame," quod he, "right now entontimenl
I wold that he hym self were with yow here."

Qenerydet (E. E. T. 8.X 1. 2819.

I think that the want of seasonable Shown is one of
the greatest Inconveniences that this part of the Country
suffers. Dampier, Voyages, II. lit 84.

To attain the greatest number of advantages with the
fewest inconoenicnde*. Goidtmith, Pret to Hist Eng.

inconvenient

inconvenient (in-kon-ve'nient), a. [< ME. in-
convenient, < OF. inconvenient, F. inconvenient
= Pr. inconvenient, inconvenien = Sp. Pg. It.
inconveniente, < L. inconvenien(t-)s, not accor-
dant, inconsistent, < in- priv. + conveniences,
accordant, convenient: see convenient.~\ Not
convenient, (a) Giving trouble or uneasiness ; embar-
rassing ; incommodious ; inopportune : as, an inconvenient
house ; inconvenient customs.

Th' emphatic speaker dearly loves t' oppose,
In contact inconvenient, nose to nose !

Cowper, Conversation, L 270.

(6) Unfit ; unsuitable ; inexpedient.

Time may come, when men
With angels may participate, and find
No inconvenient diet nor too light fare.

Milton, P. L., v. 495.

=Syn. Troublesome, cumbrous, cumbersome, unwieldy,
awkward, unhandy.

inconveniently (in-kon-ve'nient-li), adv. In an
inconvenient manner; so as to cause trouble or
embarrassment ; incommodiously.

You speak unseemly and inconveniently, so to be against
the officers for taking of rewards.

Latimer, 5th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.

There is many an holy soul that dwels inconveniently,
in a crazy, tottering, ruinous cottage, ready to drop downe
daily upon his head. Sp. Hall, Mourners in Sion.

inconversable (in-kon-ver'sa-bl), a. [== Sp.
inconversable = It. mconversabile ; as in-3 +
conversable.'] Not conversable ; uncommunica-
tive; unsocial; reserved.

inconversant (in-kon'v&r-sant), a. [< in-3 +
conversant.'} Not conversant; not acquainted
or familiar.

Though himself not inconversant with these, he did not
perceive of what utility they could be. Sir W. Hamilton.

inconvertedt (in-kon-v6r'ted), a. [< in-3 +
converted.'] Not converted or turned.

Wheresoever they rested, remaining inconverted, and
possessing one point of the compass, whilst the wind per-
haps had passed the two and thirty.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 10.

inconvertibility (in-kon-ver-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [<
LL. inconvertibilita(t-)s, unchangeableness, <
inconvertibiHs, unchangeable: see inconvertible.']
The quality of being inconvertible ; incapabil-
ity of being converted into or exchanged for
something else : as, the inconvertibility of bank-
notes or other currency into gold or silver.

inconvertible (in-kon-ver'ti-bl), a. [= F. in-
convertible = Sp. inconvertible = Pg. inconverti-
vel = It. inconvertible, < LL. inconvertibilis, un-
changeable, < in- priv. + convertibilis, change-
able: see convertible.'] Not convertible ; inca-
pable of being converted into or exchanged
for something else : as, one metal is inconvert-
ible into another; inconvertible bonds (bonds
that cannot be exchanged for others of a differ-
ent tenor).

It entereth not the veins, but taketh leave of the per-
meant parts, and accompanieth the inconvertible portion
into the siege. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 10.

There could never exist any motive to make notes le-
gally inconvertible, save for the purposes of state-banking.
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 437.

inconvertibleness (in-kon-ver'ti-bl-nes), «.
Inconvertibility.

inconvertibly (in-kon-ver'ti-bli), adv. So as
not to be convertible or transmutable.

inconvintible (in-kon-vin'si-bl), «. [= OF. in-
convincible = Sp. inconvencible, < LL. inconvin-
cibilis, not conyincible, < L. in-, not, 4- "convin-
cibilis, convincible. ] Not convincible ; incapa-
ble of being convinced.

None are so inconvinciule as your half-witted people.
Government of the Tongue, p. 195.

inconvincibly (in-kon-vin'si-bli), adv. So as
not to be capable o? being convinced. Sir T.
Browne.

inconyt, a. [Prob. < F. inconnu, unknown (< L.
incognitus, unknown : see incognito), used like
the ult. related uncouth, in the abbr. form unco,
in the sense of 'strange, rare, fine.' Cf. unco.]
Bare; fine; pretty.
O' my troth, most sweet jests ! most incony vulgar wit '

Shak., L. L. L., iv. 1.
O, a most mcony body !

Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, ii. 2.
O superdainty canon, vicar incony !

B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, iv. 1.

incoopt, v. t. [Also incoup; < j»-l + coop.] To
coop in ; inclose.

With sodain blindness [Elisha] smites the Syrian Troup
The which in Dothan did him round incoup

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Schisme.
incoordinate (in-ko-or'di-nat), a. f< in-3 +

.'%.,;;.,/ n AT_J. _l«_j' _ j_ *

incoordinated (in-ko-6r'di-na-ted), a.
dinate.

Incoor-

3046

incoordination (in-ko-or-di-na'shon), n. [= F.
incoordination ; as in-3 + coordination.] Lack
of coordination.

incopresentability (in-ko-pre-zen-ta-bil'i-ti),
n. [< incopresentable : see -bility.] The cnar-
acter of being incopresentable. [Rare.]

Certain sensations or movements are an absolute bar
to the simultaneous presentation of other sensations or
movements. We cannot see an orange as at once yellow
and green, though we can feel it at once as both smooth
and cold ; we cannot open and close the same hand at the
same moment, but we can open one hand while closing the
other. Such incopresentability or contrariety is thus more
than mere difference, and occurs only between presenta-
tions belonging to the same sense or to the same group of
movements. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 46.

incopresentable (in-ko-pre-zen'ta-bl), a. [<
in-3 + co- + presentable.] Not presentable to-
gether. [Rare.]

At the beginning, whatever we regard as the earliest dif-
ferentiation of sound might have been incopresentable with
theearliest differentiation of colour, if sufficiently diffused,
just as now a field of sight all blue is incopresentable with
one all red. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 46.

incoronate (in-kor'o-nat), a. [< L. as if *in-
coronatus, pp. of *incoronare, < in, in, on, -t-
coronare, crown: see crown, v. Cf. encrown.']
Crowned. [Rare.]

I saw hither come a Mighty One,
With sign of victory incoronate.

Longfellow, tr. of Dante's Inferno, iv. 53.

incorporalt (in-k6r'po-ral), a. [= F. incorpo-
rel = Pr. Sp. incorporal = It. incorporate, < L.
incorporalis, bodiless, < in- priv. + eorporalis,
bodily: see corporal^.] 1. Not in bodily form ;
incorporeal.

Alas, how is 't with you,
That you do bend your eye on vacancy,
And with the incorporal air do hold discourse?

Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4.

2. Not consisting of matter; immaterial.

Learned men have not resolved us whether light be cor-
poral or incorporal. Raleigh.

incorporalityt (in-k6r-po-ral'i-ti), n. [= F.
incorporalite = It. incorporalita, < LL. incorpo-
ralita(t-)s, bodilessness, < L. incorporalis, bodi-
less: see incorporal.] The quality of being in-
corporal; immateriality; incorporeality.

incorporallyt (in-kor'po-ral-i), adv. Without
matter or a body ; immaterially; incorporeally.

incorporate1 (in-k6r'po-rat), v. ; pret. and pp.
incorporated, ppr. incorporating. [< L. incor-
porates, pp. of incorporare (> It. incorporare =
Sp. Pg. incorporar = Pr. encorporar, incorpo-
rar = F. incorporer), unite to a body, embody,
< in, in, + corporare, embody: see corporate.]

1. trans. 1. To form into a body; combine, as
different individuals, elements, materials, or
ingredients, into one body.

The Apostle amrmeth plainly of all men Christian that,
be they Jews or Gentiles, bond or free, they are all incor-
porated into one company, they all make but one body.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 1.

The process of mixing [gunpowder] is in some mills dis-
pensed with entirely, the incorporating mills being made
to do the work of the drum ; but it causes more waste.
W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 311.

2. To unite with a body or substance; unite
intimately; work in; introduce and combine
so as to form a part.

To them who are incorporated Into Christ, their head,
there can be no beheading. Donne, Letters, Ixxvi.

The Hans-Towns, being a Body-politic incorporated In
the Empire, complain'd hereof to the Emperor.

Hoifell, Letters, I. vi. 3.

Every animal sustains itself and grows by incorporating
either the materials composing other animals or those com-
posing plants. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 448.

3. To place in a body; give material form to;
incarnate ; embody.

The idolaters who worshipped their images as gods sup-
posed some spirit to be incorporated therein.

Stillingfleet.

4. To form into a body corporate or politic;
constitute as a corporation, with power to act
as one person and have perpetual succession ;
confer corporate rights upon: as, to incorpo-
rate a city or a town ; to incorporate a bank or a
railroad company.

Izacke says that " the cordwainers and curriers were
first incorporated by grant under the common seal of the
city 21 K. II. 1387."

English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 331, note.
Hence merchants, unimpeachable of sin
Against the charities of domestic life,
Incorporated, seem at once to lose
Their nature. Cou-per, Task, iv. 678.

Who do not believe Congress has the power to incor-
porate a bank, under any form.

D. Webster, Senate, March 18, 1834.
= Syn. 1 and 2. To blend, merge, consolidate.

II. intrans. To unite with another body so
as to make a part of it ; be mixed, blended, or

incorporeal

combined; be worked in: usually followed by
with.

Painters' colours and ashes do better incorporate with
oil Bacon, Nat. Hist

He never suffers wrong so long to grow,

And to incorporate with right so far,
As it might come to seem the same in show.

Daniel, Civil Wars, v.

I'll wed my Daughter to an Egyptian Mummy, ere she
shall incorporate with a contemner of Sciences, and a de-
famer of virtue. Congreve, Love for Love, ii. 5.

Far from incorporating with them, he was regarded as
a foreigner and an enemy. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 15.

incorporate1'!; hi-kor'po-rat), a. [< L. incorpora-
tus, pp.: see the verb.] Incorporated; united
in one body; mixed; conjoined; intimately as-
sociated.

" True is it, my incorporate friends," quoth he [the belly),
"That I receive the general food at first,
Which you do live upon." Shak., Cor., L 1.

We most heartily thank thee, for that thou . . . dost
assure us ... that we are very members incorporate in
the mystical body of thy Son.

Boole of Common Prayer, Communion Office.

Gazing on thee, sullen tree,
Sick for thy stubborn hardihood,
I seem to fail from out my blood
And grow incorporate into thee.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, ii

incorporate2 (in-k6r'po-rat), a. [< in-3 + cor-
porate.] 1. Not corporeal ; not bodily or ma-
terial ; not having a material body.

Moses forbore to speak of angels, and things invisible
and incorporate. Raleigh.

2. Not corporate; not existing as a corpora-
tion : as, an incorporate bank.
incorporation (in-k6r-po-ra'shon), ». [< ME.
incorporacion, < OF. and F. incorporation = Pr.
incorporatio = Sp. incorporacion = Pg. incor-
poracSo = It. incorporazione, < LL. incorpora-
tio(n-), an embodying, embodiment, incorpora-
tion, < incorporare, embody, incorporate : see
incorporate*.] The act of incorporating, or the
state of being incorporated, (a) The actof combin-
ing or mixing different ingredients into one mass ; spe-
cifically, in med., the mixture or combination of drugs
with liquids or soft substances In order to give them a
certain degree of consistence.

A mercurial spirit must be superadded, which by its ac-
tivity may . . . promote the more exquisite mixture and
incorporation of the ingredients. Boyle, Works, I. 540.
(&) The act of uniting with another body, substance, or
mass ; combination into a structure or organization ; In-
timate union.

In him we actually are, by our actual incorporation Into
that society which hath him for their head.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

The incorporation of one town with another, though ef-
fected with brilliant results in the early history of Attika,
involved such a disturbance of all the associations which
in the Greek mind clustered about the conception of a
city that it was quite impracticable on any large or gen-
eral scale. J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 59.
(c) The act of placing in a body, or of giving material form ;
incarnation; embodiment. [Hare.] (d) In law, the forma-
tion or existence of a legal or political body by the union of
individuals, constituting an artificial person.

This yere, there was a greats controversye betwene the
Mayor and Citesens of the one partie, and the companye
of the Taylors of the other partie, for and concernynge a
new incorporacion. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.X p. 302.
(e) The body so formed. [For this sense the more appro-
priate word is corporation. ] — Articles of incorporation.
See articles of association, under article. — Incorporation
by reference, the bringing into one document, in legal
effect, of the contents of another by referring to the latter
in such manner as to adopt it. Thus, the rule that a deed
of lands must describe or identify the land is satisfied by
its referring to another specified deed, the description In
which is then said to be incorporated by reference.

incorporatiye (in-kor'po-ra-tiv), a. [< incor-
porate^ + -ive.] Tending to incorporate. Spe-
cifically applied in philology to languages, also called in-
tercalntive and polyxjinthetia, as the Basque and the lan-
guages of the North American Indians, which tend to com-
bine the various modifiers of the verb, as the object and
adverbs, into one word with it. Thus, in Basque, hoponi, to
wash, hopocuni, to wash hands, hopoaduni, to wash feet.

incorporator (in-kor'po-ra-tor), n. [= It. tn-
corporatore; as incorporate^ + -or.] One who
forms a corporation; specifically, one of the
persons named in an act of incorporation ; one
of the original members of an incorporated
body or company.

Mr. ... of Georgia expressed a fear that the incor-
porators would, after getting their Bill, come back and ask
the Government to maintain the enterprise by subscrip-
tions. The Engineer, LXVI1. 58.

incorporeal (in-k6r-po're-al), a. [< in-3 + cor-
poreal. Cf. Sp. ittcorporeo = It. incorporeo, <
L. incorporeus, bodiless, < in- priv. + corporeus,
bodily: see corporeal.] 1. Not corporeal ; not
consisting of matter, or not having a material
body; immaterial.

This time, because it is an incorporeal thing, and not

subject to sense, we mock ourselves the flneliest out of it.

B. Jonson, EpicuMie, I. 1.

incorporeal

Thus inroritriri'al spirits to smallest forms
Reduced their shapes immense.

it Mm, P. U, L 789.

2. In law, existing in contemplation of law,
:i ml enjoyable as a right (as distinguished from
that which has tangible form), an a franchise,
or a right of way — Incorporeal hereditament.
s, l,.r.,liiii ment. = 3yn. 1. Unsubstantial, spiritual, dis-
embodied.

incorporealism (in-kor-po're-al-izm), «. [< /«-
corpori-nl + -/«»».] The condition of being in-
corporeal: immateriality; incorporeal spiritual
existence, or belief in such existence.

So In like manner did all the other ancient atomists gen-
erally, before Democritus, joyn theology and incorporeal-
ixin with their atomical physiology.

Ctulmrth, Intellectual System, p. 27.

incorporealist (in-k&r-po're-al-ist), n. [< in-
corporeal + -ist.] One who' believes in incor-
porealism or incorporeal existence.

Those atomlck physiologies that were before Democri-
tns and Lcucippus were all of them incorporealieti.

Cuduvrth, Intellectual System, p. 20.

incorporeality (in-kdr-po-re-al'i-ti), re. [< in-
corporeal + -tty.] The character of being in-
corporeal; incorporeity.

incorporeally (in-kdr-pp're-al-i), adv. In an
incorporeal manner; without body or embodi-
ment; immaterially.

The sense of hearing striketh the spirits more immedi-
ately than the other senses, and more incorporeally than
the smelling. Bacon, Nat Hist., § 124.

incorporeity (in-kor-po-re'i-ti), n. [= F. in-
corporate = Pr. incorporeitat = Sp. incorporei-
dad = Pg. iticorporeidade = It. incorporeitd- ; as
incorpore(al) + -ity.] The quality of being in-
corporeal; disembodied existence; immateri-
ality.

incorporingt, «• [ME., verbal n. of 'incorpor,
< Li.incorpomre, embody: see incorporate1.] In-
corporation.

Eek of our materes encorporing.
Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 262.

incorpset (in-korps'), v. t. [< in-2 + corpse,
body.] To incorporate.

He grew Into his seat,

And to such wondrous doing brought his horse,
As he had been incorpg'd and deiui-natur'd
With the brave beast Shak., Hamlet, Iv. 7.

incorrect (in-ko-rekf), a. [= F. incorrect =
Sp. Pg. incorrecto = It. incorretto. < L. incor-
rcctits, uncorrected, unimproved, < in- priv. +
correct us, correct: see correct.] 1. Not cor-
rect in form or structure; not according to a
copy or model, or to established rule; faulty.

The piece, you think, is incorrect!

Pope, ProL to Satires, 1. 45.

2. Not correct as to fact; inaccurate; errone-
ous ; untrue : as, an incorrect statement, nar-
ration, or calculation. — 3. Not correct in man-
ner or character; improper; irregular; disor-
derly: as, incorrect habits.

I will therefore only observe to you that the wit of the
last age was yet more incorrect than their language.

Dryden, Def. of Epil. to Oonq. of Granada.

4f. Not corrected or regulated; not chastened
into proper obedience.

Tin unmanly grief ;
It shows a will most incorrect to heaven.

Slink.. Hamlet, L -.'.

incorrectiont (in-ko-rek'shon). H. [= F. incor-
rection = Sp. incorreccion = Pg. incorrecceto =
It. incorrcziouc, < L. as if *incorrectio(n-), < in-
correctws, incorrect: see incorrect.] Want of
correction; incorrectness.

The unbridled swing or incorrection of 111 nature mak-
eth one odious. Arnicay, The Tablet (1081), p. ».

incorrectly (in-ko-rekt'li), adv. In an incor-
rect manner ; inaccurately ; not exactly : as,
incorrectly copied; incorrectly stated.

incorrectness (in-ko-rekt'nes), n. 1. The con-
dition or quality dt being incorrect; want of
conformity to truth or to a standard or rule ;
inaccuracy. — 2. That which is incorrect; an
error.

As to his speech, you see it ; people hold it very cheap,
tho' several uicorrectne&ieg have been altered in the print-
ed copy. Gray, Letters, L 139.

incorresponden.ee (in-kor-e-spon'dens), H. [<
i«-:t + OOmtpondeHCe,] Lack of correspon-
dence; disproportion. ('t>lcriit</c.

incorrespondency (in-kor-o-s'pon'deu-si), n.
Same as inoorresponclanoe.

incprresponding (in-kor-e-spon'ding), a. [<
+ corresponding. ] Not corresponding.

incorrigibility (in-kor'i-ji-bil'i-ti), ». [= F.
i/tcorrit/ibilite = Sp. iiicorregibilidad = Pg. »»-

3047

corriyibilidade = It. incorrigibilitA, < ML. inror-
rigibilita(t-)s, < LL. incorrigibilin, incorrigible:
see incorrigible.] The quality or state of be-
ing incorrigible; incapability of correction or
amendment.

incorrigible (in-kor'i-ji-bl), a. and n. [= F.
incorrigible = Sp. incorregible = Pg. incorrigi-
rcl = It. incorrigibile, incorreggibile, < ML. in-
corrigibilis, not corrigible, < in- priv. + corrigi-
bilis, corrigible : see corrigible.] I. a. 1. Inca-
pable of being corrected or amended.

What are their thonghU of things, but variety of in-
eorriffible erronrt Sir R. L'Kttrangt.

2. Bad beyond correction or reform ; irre-
claimable: as, an incorrigible sinner or drun-
kard.

There are not only diseases Incurable in physic, but

cases Indissolvable In laws, vices incorrigible in divinity.

Sir T. Broirne, Religio Medici, U. 9.

He was long considered as an incorrigible dunce.

Goldsmith, Taste.

=Syn. Incurable, hopeless, Irrecoverable, irreclaimable ;
graceless, shameless, hardened.

II. «. One who is incapable of amendment
or reform.

A small room where my incorrigible 8 are kept for forty
hours without food In solitary confinement.

Limngitone'i Hfe Work, p. 424.

incorrigibleness (in-kor'i-ji-bl-nes), n. Incor-
rigibility; the quality of not admitting of cor-
rection.

What we call penitence becomes a sad attestation of our
incorrigibleneas. Decay of Christian I'iety.

I would not have chiding used, much less blows, till
obstinacy and inatrrigiblenes* make It absolutely neces-
sary. Locke.

incorrigibly (in-kor'i-ji-bli), adv. In an incor-
rigible manner; irreclaimably.
incorrodible (in-kp-ro'di-bl), a. [< «'n-3 + cor-
rodible.] Incapable of being corroded,
incorrupt (in-ko-rupf), a. [= OF. incorrupt =
Sp. Pg. incorrupto = It. incorrotto, < L. incor-
ruptits, uninjured, not corrupt, < in- priv. •+•
corruptus, corrupt: see corrupt.] 1. Not cor-
rupt physically ; not affected by corruption or
decay ; not marred, impaired, or spoiled : used
of organic matter of any kind.

And mortal food, as may dispose him best
For dissolution, wrought by sin, that first
Distempered all things, and of incorrupt
Corrupted. Milton, P. L., xl. 56.

2. Not corrupt spiritually; not denied or de-
praved ; pure ; sound ; untainted ; above the
influence of corruption or bribery.

Most wise, most honourable, and most incorrupt Judges.
Shirley, The Traitor, III 1.

incorruptedt (in-ko-rup'ted), a. [< in-3 + cor-
rupted.] Not corrupted; uncorrupted.

And breath'd into their incorrupted breasts
A curious wish, which did corrupt their « ill.

Sir J. Dai-its, Immortal, of Soul, Int (ed. 1819).

incorruptibility (in-ko-rup-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [<
ME. 'incorruptibilitee, incorrumptibiletee = F. in-
comtptibitite = Pr. incorruptibilitat = Sp. incor-
ruptibilidad = It. incorrottitrilitA, < LL. incor-
ruptibilita(t-)s, < incorruptibilis, incorruptible:
see incorruptible.] The character or quality
of being incorruptible ; incapability of corrup-
tion.

The vertu of brennynge watlr Is slch that natnrely It
drawith out of gold alle the vertues and propirtees of it,
and it holdlth incorrumptibiletee and an euene heete.

Book of Quinte JSmencc (ed. Furnivall), p. 7.

incorruptible (in-ko-rup'ti-bl), a. and n. [<
ME. incorruptible, < OF. (also F.) incorruptible
= Sp. incorruptible = Pg. incorruptirel = It. in-
corrottibilc, < LL. incorruptibilis, incorruptible,
< in- priv. + corruptibilis, corruptible: see cor-
ruptible.'] I. a. 1. Not corruptible physically;
incapable of corruption or decay.

The vertu therof [quintessence of antimony] is incor-
ruptible and meruellous profitable.

Book of Quinte Ewence (ed. FnrnivaU), p. 10.

The dead shall be raised incorruptible. 1 Cor. xv. 62.
2. Not corruptible morally; not liable to per-
version or debasement ; that cannot be affected
by contaminating influences, especially bribery
or hope of gain or advancement: as, i«corrnp-
tiblc principles ; an i«corrty>t»Wc judge.

An Integrity incorruptible, and an ability that always
rose to the need.

Emerson, Address, Soldiers' Monument, Concord.

TL.ii.pl. [(*''/'•] AV<'/(.v.,theAphthartodocet«.

incorruptibleness (in-ko-rup'ti-bl-nes), «. In-
corruptibility.

incorruptibly (in-ko-rup'ti-bli), ade. In an in-
corruptible manner; so as not to admit of cor-
ruption.

increasableness

incorruption (in-ko-rup'shon), H. [= F. incor-
ru/itiim = Sp. incorrupcion = Pg. incorrupcSo =
It. incorruzione, < LL. incorruptio(n-), incorrup-
tion^ L. ineorruptus, not corrupt: see incor-
rupt.] The condition or quality of being incor-
rupt; absence of or exemption from corrupt ion.

It is sown in corruption ; It is raised in incorruption.

1 Cor. xv. 42.

incorruptive (in-ko-rup'tiv), a. [= OF. incor-
ruptif; as in-3 + corru^ttre.] Not liable to cor-
ruption or decay. [Rare.]

[The lyre) struck

For sounds of triumph, to proclaim her tolls
Upon the lofty summit, round her brow
To twine the wreath of ineorruftire praise.

Akensidr, Pleasures of Imagination, L ML

incormptly (in-ko-rupt'li), adv. In an incor-
rupt manner; without corruption.

Observation will show us many deep counsellors of state
and judges to demean themselves inctn-ruptly in the set-
tled course of affairs. Milton, Church-Government, L 1.

incorruptness (in-ko-rupt'nes), n. The con-
dition or quality of b'eing incorrupt, physically
or morally ; exemption from decay or deterio-
ration ; immunity from contaminating influ-
ences.

Probity of mind, integrity, and incorruptnen of man-
ners is preferable to flnc parts and subtile speculations.

Woodward.

incountert, t'. and n. An obsolete form of en-
counter.

incouraget, incouragementt, etc. Obsolete
forms of encourage, etc.

incrassate (in-kras'at), r. ; pret. and pp. in-
crassated, ppr. iiicrassating. [< LL. iwcr<w«o-
tus, pp. of iiicrassare (> Pg. incrassar = Sp.
incrosar), make thick, < L. in, in, + crassare,
make thick, < crassus, thick: see crass.] I.
trans. To make thick or thicker ; thicken ; spe-
cifically, in phar., to make thicker, as a fluid,
by the mixture of something less fluid, or by
evaporating the more fluid parts.

Some find sepulchral vessels containing liquors which
time hath incramated into jellies.

Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, in.

Of such concernment too is drink and food.
To incratttate and attenuate the blood.

Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iv.

II. intrant. To become thick or thicker.

Their spirits fattened and incraxiated within them.

Uammonl, Works, IV. 661.

incrassate (in-kras'at), a. [= Pg. incrassado, <
LL. incrassattts, pp.: see the verb.] 1. Thick-
ened, or made thick or thicker; inspissated;
fattened ; swollen from fatness.

Their understandings were so gross within them, being
fattened and incratmte with magical phantasms.

Hammond, Works, IV. 657.

2. In 6ot., becoming thicker by degrees; swell-
ing or swollen. — 3. In entom., gradually swollen
in one part, generally toward the apex — Incras-
sate antennae, such antennas as are much thickened
in one part, but not at the base or apex.— Incrassate
femora, such femora as are much thickened and formed
for leaping, as in the grasshoppers.— Incrassate Joint, a
Joint thicker than the adjoining ones.— Incrassate mar-
gin, a margin somewhat swollen and rounded, without
any sharp edge.

incrassated (in-kras'a-ted), a. Same as incras-
sate.

incrassation (in-kra-sa'shon), w. [< incrassate
+ -ion.] 1. The act of incrassating or thick-
ening, or the state of becoming incrassated or
thickened ; inspissation ; fatty enlargement.

The incrattation of the hind legs does not, as in the
HaltiCK, indicate saltatorial powers. Wcttuxod.

2. A swelling out as if from fatness ; a thick-
ening.

Whatsoever properly nourisheth before Its asslmulatlon,
by the action of natural heat it receiveth a corpulency or
incratsation professional unto its conversion.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 111. 20.

incrassative (in-kras'a-tiv), "• and n. [< i«-
crassnte + -ive.] I. a. Having the quality of
thickening.

II. «. That which has the power to thicken ;
specifically, a medicine, as a mucilaginous sub-
stance, formerly believed to thicken the humors
when too thin.

The two bitter indicate restringents to stench, and in-
cratnatives to thicken the blood. Harcey.

increasable (in-kre'sa-bl), a. [< increase +
-able.] Capable of being increased.

increasableness (in-kre sa-bl-nes), n. The
quality of being increasable.

The necessity of enlarging infinitely means no more
than that we find an indefinite incrrataUencti of some of
our ideas, or an Impossibility of supposing any end of
them. ia'r, Enquiry, L

increase

increase (in-kreV), v. ; pret. and pp. increased,
ppr. increasing. [Formerly also increase; <
ME. increasseii, incressen, incresen, encressen,
encrescen, enercsen, < OF. *encreiser, encreistre,
encrestre, encroistre, encricier = Pi. encreisser =
It. increscere, < L. increscere, increase, < in, in,
on, + crescere, grow : see crescent, crease2.] I.
intrans. To become greater in any respect; be-
come enlarged, extended, or multiplied; grow
or advance in size, quantity, number, degree,
etc. ; augment ; multiply ; wax, as the moon.
Of been the swarmes nowe begynne encrese,
Nowe in the hony combe is bredde the bee.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 155.

The Lord make you to increase and abound in love one

toward another. 1 Thes. iii. 12.

The people also besprinkle the Bride with wheat, crying

out, Increase and multiplie. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 214.

While the stars burn, the moons increase,

And the great ages onward roll. Tennyson, To J. 8.

II. trans. To make greater in any respect ;
enlarge or extend in bulk, quantity, number,
degree, etc.; add to; enhance; aggravate: op-
posed to diminish.

Nothynge riles the! diden but ete and drinke, and en-
creced her peple that assembled euery day.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 231.
Hie thee from this slaughterhouse,
Lest thou increase the number of the dead.

Shak., Eich. III., IT. 1.

I can never see one of those plays which are now writ-
ten, but it increases my admiration of the ancients.

Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy.
This increases the difficulties tenfold.

Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 286.

increase (in'kres, formerly also in-kres'), n.
[< ME. encres, encrese, encresse, < OF. (AF.)
encresse, encrece, encreas, increase; from the
verb.] 1 . A growing larger, as in size, number,
quantity, degree, etc.; augmentation; enlarge-
ment; extension; multiplication.

Dear goddess, hear t

Suspend thy purpose, if thou didst intend
To make this creature fruitful 1 ...
Dry up in her the organs of increase.

Shak., Lear, i. 4.

God made the woman for the use of man,
And for the good and increase of the world.

Tennyson, Edwin Morris.

2. The amount or number added to the origi-
nal stock, or by which the original stock is aug-
mented; increment; profit; interest; produce;
issue; offspring.

Take thou no usury of him, or increase. Lev. xxv. 36.

All the increase of thine house shall die in the flower of
their age. 1 Sam. ii. 33.

Beyond Boanoak are many Isles full of fruits and other
Naturall increases.

Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, 1. 85.

3. In astron., the period of increasing light or
an increasing luminous phase ; the waxing, as
of the moon.

Seeds, hair, nails, hedges, and herbs will grow soonest,
if set or cut in the increase of the moon. Bacon, Nat. Hist.
Imperceptible Increase. See imperceptible. = syn, 1
and 2. Enlargement, growth, addition, accession, expan-
sion.

increasefult (in-kres'ful), a. [< increase, n., +
-fill.} Full of increase ; abundantly productive.
To cheer the ploughman with increaseful crops.

Shak., Lucrece, 1. 958.

increasementt (in-kres'ment), n. [< increase +
-ment.} Increase ; aggrandizement.

Then it is worthy the consideration, how this may im-
port England in the increasement of the greatnesse of
France, by the addition of such a countrey.

Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 66.

increaser (in-kre'ser), ». One who or that
which increases.

The medicine being the increaser of the disease, as when
flre is quenched with oile. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 325.
Craven's traction-ijwrawer . . . has lately been tried
on the New York, Lake Erie, and Western.

The Engineer, LXV. 425.

increase-twist (in'kres-twist), «. In firearms
and ordnance, a system of rifling in which the
twist or inclination of the spiral grooves to the
axis of the bore increases from the breech to
the muzzle. See twist.'

increasingly (in-kre'sing-li), adv. In an in-
creasing manner; growingly: as, increasingly
uncomfortable.

increate (in'kre-at), a. [ME. increate; = F.
incree — Sp. Pg. increado = It. increato ; < L.
ire- priv. + creatus, created: see create.] Not
created; uncreated. [Poetical.]
Myn owen sone with me increate
Schalle doun be sente to be incarnate. Lydgate.

Since God is light,

And never but in unapproached light
Dwelt from eternity, dwelt then in thee,
Bright effluence of bright essence increate.

Milton, P. L., iii. o.

3048

increatedt (in-kre-a'ted), (i. Same as increate.
The nnexpressible notions rising out of a fruitive con-
templation of the increated verity.

W. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. xxi. § 1.

incredibile dictu (in-kre-dib'i-le dik'tu). [L. :
incredibile, neut. of incredibilis, incredible ; dic-
tu, abl. supine of dicere, say : see diction.} In-
credible to relate ; strange to say.

incredibility (in-kred-i-bil'i-ti), n. ; pi. incredi-
bilities (-tiz). [= F. ineredibilite = Sp. incrc-
dibilidad = Pg. incredibilidade = It. inereiUbi-
lita, < LL. incredibilita(t-)s, incredibility, incre-
dulity, < L. incredibilis, incredible : see incredi-
ble.} 1. The quality of being incredible or be-
yond belief.

For objects of incredibility, none are so removed from
all appearance of truth as those of Corneille's Andromede.

Dryden.

2. That which is incredible.
Heat his mind with incredibilities. Johnson.

incredible (in-kred'i-bl), a. [= OF. incredible
(also vernacularly increable, F. incroyable) =
Sp. increible = Pg. incredivel, increivel, incrivel
= It. incredibile, < L. incredibilis, not to be be-
lieved, < in- priv. + credibilis, to be believed :
see credible.} 1. Not credible; that cannot be
credited ; surpassing the possibility of belief.

Which might amaze the beholders, and seeme incredible
to the hearers. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 298.

Is it incredible, or can it seem
A dream to any, except those that dream,
That man should love his Maker?

Cowper, Conversation.

An oak growing in the sea, and a sea-weed on the top of
a hill, are incredible combinations.

H. Spencer, Prin. of BioL, § 27.

2. Surpassing belief as to what is possible ;
hard to believe ; unimaginable ; inconceivable.
In Asia there is no Beer drank at all, but Water, Wine,
and an incredible variety of other Drinks.

Howell, Letters, 11. 54.

incredibleness (in-kred'i-bl-nes), n. Incredi-
bility.

The very strangeness, or incrediblenegs, of the story.
Caxaubon, Credulity and Incredulity (1668), p. 180.

incredibly (in-kred'i-bli), adv. 1. In an in-
credible manner; in a manner to preclude be-
lief.— 2. Beyond prior belief or conception; un-
imaginably; inconceivably.
The arts are incredibly improved.

Hakewill, Apology, p. 245.

increditablet (in-kred'i-ta-bl), a. [< jn-3 +
creditable.} Discreditable.

Hypocrisy and dissimulation are always incrediiaUe, but
in matters of religion monstrous.

Gentleman Instructed, p. 145.

increditedt (in-kred'i-ted), a. [< in-s + credit-
ed.} Discredited; disbelieved.

He [Hazael] was brought to this Belf-incredited mischief ;
as impossible as at first he judged it, at last he performed
it Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 354.

incredulity (in-kre-du'li-ti), n. [= OF. encre-
dulitet, F. incredulite = Pr. incredulitat = Sp.
incredulidad = Pg. incredulidade = It. incredu-
lita, < L. incredulita(t-)s, unbelief, < incredulus,
unbelieving: see incredulous.} The quality of
being incredulous or indisposed to believe ; a
withholding or refusal of belief; skepticism;
unbelief.

Of every species of incredulity, religious unbelief is infi-
nitely the most irrational Buckminster.
The human mind not infrequently passes from one ex-
treme to another ; from one of implicit faith to one of ab-
solute incredulity. Story, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 31, 1826.
= Syn. Disbelief, distrust, doubt.

incredulous (in-kred'u-lus), a. [= F. incredule
— Sp. Pg. It. increduio, < L. incredulus, unbe-
lieving, unbelievable, < in- priv. + credulus, 'be-
lieving: see credulous.} 1. Not credulous ; not
disposed to admit the truth of what is related ;
not {jiven to believe readily; refusing or with-
holding belief ; skeptical.

These [witnesses] may be so qualified as to their ability
and fidelity that a man must be a fantastical incredulous.
fool to make any doubt of them.

Bp. WUkins, Natural Religion, i. 1.
" I am the man." At which the woman gave
A hall-incredulous, half-hysterical cry.

Tennyson, Enoch Arden.
2f. Not easy to be believed; incredible.

No dram of a scruple, no scruple of a scruple, no obsta-
cle, no incredulous or unsafe circumstance.

Shak., T. N., iii. 4.

incredulously (in-kred'u-lus-li), adv. In an
incredulous manner ; with incredulity.
incredulousness (in-kred'u-lus-nes), n. Incre-
dulity.

incremablet (in-krem'a-bl), a. [< OF. incrcma-
bli; < LL. as if "incremabilis, < I'M- priv. + cre-
mabilis, combustible, < L. cremare, burn: see

increscent

cremate.} Incapable of being burned; incom-
bustible.

Incombustible sheets made with a texture of asbestos,
increviable flax, or salamander's wool.

Sir T. Broume, Urn-burial, iii.

incremate (in-kre'mat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
incremated, ppr. incremating. [< LL. as if *in-
crematus, pp. of "incremare, < L. jit, in, + cre-
mare, burn, cremate: see cremate,} To cremate.

incremation (iu-kre-ma'shon), n. [< LL. as if
*incrematio(n-), < "incremare, burn: see incre-
mate.} The act of burning or of consuming by
fire, as a dead body ; cremation.

Not very long after we passed those incremations I was
seated in the drawing-room of the Bengal Club, with mir-
rors and lights. W. II. Russell, Diary in India, I. 126.

increment (in'kre-ment), n. [= F. increment
= Sp. Pg. It. increinento, < L. incrementum,
growth, increase, < increscere, increase : see in-
crease.} 1. The act or process of increasing;
a growing or swelling in bulk, quantity, num-
ber, value, or amount; augmentation.

Divers conceptions there are concerning its [the Nile's]
increment or inundation. Sir T. Broume, Vulg. Err., vi. 8.

Faith in every of its stages, at its first beginning, at its
increment, at its greatest perfection, is a duty made up of
the concurrence of the will and the understanding.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 146.

2. Something added ; an increase or augmenta-
tion; specifically, in math., the excess (positive
or negative) of the value which a function would
have if its independent variable were increased
by any amount, especially by unity, over the
value which it has for any particular value of
the variable ; the difference of a function ; also,
an arbitrary supposed increase of an indepen-
dent variable.

Here heaps of gold, there increments of honours.

Ford, Broken Heart, iv. 1.

All scale-readings begin at zero, and extend by practi-
cally uniform increments to the maximum reading.

Science, XIII. 99.

3. In rhet., a species of amplification which con-
sists in magnifying the importance of a subject
(person or thing) by stating or implying that it
has no superior, or that the greatest of all others
is inferior to it : as, Thou hast slain thy mother.
What more can I sayf Thou hast slain thy
mother. — 4. In Latin grant., a syllable in an-
other form of a word additional to the number
of syllables in the nominative singular of a
noun, adjective, etc., or the second person sin-
gular of the present indicative active of a verb.
The increment nearest the beginning of the word is called
the first, and those succeeding it are the second and third
respectively, the last syllable not being counted. Thus in
i-i(*-2n«-3n-6«sfrom i-ter, au-idi-Zms-Sse-tiatromau-di-o,
au-dis, the increments are numbered as indicated.

5. In her., the state of the moon when crescent :
as, the moon in her increment.— Method of Incre-
ments, the calculus of finite differences, especially that
part which treats of the differences and sums of different
forms of functions.

incremental (in-kre-men'tal), a. [< increment
+ -al.} Pertaining'to or in the nature of incre-
ment or increase.

The exclusion of therule of "subtraction " and the sub-
stitution of what the writer calls "incremental or com-
plementary addition." Nature, XXXIII. 29.

incrementation!, «. [WE. incrementation, <ML.
incrementatio(n-), increase, <L. incrementum, in-
crease: see increment.} Increase; growth.

In Marche and September putacion
To chastens is incrementation.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 217.

increpatet (in'kre-pat), v. t. [< L. increpatns,
pp. of increpare () It. increpare = Sp. Pg. incre-
par = OF. increper, encreper), make a noise,
exclaim against, < in, on, + crepare, make a
noise: see crepitate.} To chide; rebuke.

increpationt (in-kre-pa'shon), n. [= OF. in-
crepation = Sp. increpacion = Pg. increpafao =
It. increpazione, < LL. increpatio(n-), a chiding,
< L. increpare, exclaim against, chide : see in-
crepate.} A chiding or rebuking ; censure.

God was angry ; but yet ... it was but such an anger
as ended in an instruction rather than in an increpation.

Donne, Sermons, v.
When they desired to know the time
of his restoring their kingdom, . . . his
answer was a kinde of soft increpation to
them, and a strong instruction to all
times.
If. Montague, Devonte Essays, I. xvi. § 6.

increscent (in-kres'ent), a. [<
L. i>!cr<:Kcen(t-)s, ppr" of incres-
cere, increase : see increase.} In-
creasing; growing; augmenting;
swelling: specifically applied to
the moon.

Between the increscent and decrescent moon.

Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.

Heraldic repre-
sentation of the
moon increscent,
or crescent incres-
cent.

increst

increstt(in-l<rost').''.'- [< <"-2 + crest.'] Tocrest.
Two foaming billows flow'd upon her breast,
Which ilid their top with coral red increst.

Drummmd, Sonnets, I. IS.

incriminate (in-krim'i-nat), r. t.; pret. and pp.
incriiiiiiialftl, ppr. incriminating. [< ML. i«-
criminatiix, pp. of incriminare (> It. incriminun
= Sp. Pg. iiti-riiuhiiir = Pr. encriminar = F. »'«-
rrimiiirr), accuse of crime, < L. ire, on, + o ///«-
wire, accuse of crime: see criminate.'] 1. To
charge with a crime ; accuse; criminate.

In cases in which the clerk . . . was accused, the cler-
ical Immunity from trial by the secular Judge was free-
ly recognised. If the ordinary claimed the incriminated
clerk, the secular court surrendered him for ecclesiastical
trial. Stuabi, Const. Hist., t 899.

The evidence, it is said, does not incriminate the higher
members of the corporation as individuals, although it
shows that they assented to a louse general uppl icati <n of
the city's funds. New York Times, March 2, 1887.

2. To make a subject of accusation; charge as
a crime. [Bare.]

Fifteen years had passed since the incriminated acts
were committed. Lecky, Eng. In 18th Cent, xili.

— Syn. 1. Accuse, Charge, Indict, etc. See accuse.
incriminatory (in-krim'i-na-to-ri), a. [X incrim-
inate + -ory.] Tending to criminate; accusa-
tory. Atlit'inriini.

incroacht, incroachmentt, etc. Obsolete forms
of encroach, etc.

incroyable (F. pron. an-krwo-ya'bl), n. [F.,
lit. incredible : see incredible.] In France, dur-
ing the time of the Directory (about 1795-9),
a man or woman who affected a grotesque and
extreme foppishness in dress.

The republican [French] young man of fashion, thein-
cnyable. Westminster Rev., CXXVIII. 947.

incruciatedt (in-krO'shi-a-ted), a. [< in-3 +
cruciateil.] Untormented; free from torture.

His ignorance gave him ... a kind of Innocence, where-
by he [(Edipus) might have passed away his life incrnci-
a/fd, without the sense of so fatal misfortunes.

Feltham, Resolves, II. 31.

incruentalt (in-krij-en'tal), a. [< L. incruentus,
not made bloody, < in-priv. + cruentus, bloody,
< cruor, blood.] Not bloody ; not accompanied
with blood.

He musters out as many places as he can find that
make any mention of liturgy, oblation, holy victim, in-
cruental sacrifice.

Brevint, Saul and Samuel at Endor, p. 408.

incrust, encrust (in-, en-krust'), v. t. [< OF.
encrouster, F. encroiiter, also incruster = Sp.
Pg. incriistar = It. incrostare, < L. incrustare,
cover with a rind or crust, < in, on, + crusta,
crust: see crust.] 1. To cover with a crust;
form a crust or coating on the surface of; coat;
overlay : as. an ancient coin incrusted with rust.

In the Persian Gulf a ship had her copper bottom en-
crurtfd In the course of twenty months with a layer of
coral two feet in thickness. Danrin, Coral Reefs, p. 106.

All the wonderful acuteness and dialectics of the Greek
mind were employed for centuries in incrusting the Chris-
tian faith with the subtile and curious conceits of the
Oriental systems. still. , Stud. Med. Hist, p. 266.

As Christianity spread over the Roman world, it became
encrusted with pagan notions and observances.

J. Piste, Idea of God, p. 79.

2. In decorative art, to cover with a different
and generally more precious material in plates
or pieces of appreciable thickness, requiring
to be held in place by cramps, hooks, cement,
or other appliances.

The principal [chapels of St Peter's] are four, incrusted

with most precious marbles and stones of various colours.

Evelyn, Diary, Home, Nov. 19, 1644.

3. To apply or inlay, as mosaic, slabs of pre-
cious marbles, enameled tiles, or the like, so
as to form a decoration or covering.

The form of the cross, the domes, the incrusted decora-
tion [of St. Mark's), were all borrowed from the East, and
all had their prototypes in Byzantine buildings.

C. E. Norton, Church-building In Middle Ages, p. 54.
In good [mosaic] work not a trace [of cement] should
appear between the riicrutted stones and the marble, not
even when seen through a magnifying glass.

ISiniti;'*,,!. Indian Arts, II. 49.

Incrusted enamel. See enamel.— Incrusted work,
in metal, work the surface of which is decorated by attach-
ing to it ornaments ulso in metal, as silver on copper,
copper on brass, etc. In some instances one metal is in-
enisled on another, as tin on brass, and then cut through
in figured patterns. A modern mechanical method con-
sists in painting the design on the metal surface in water-
color, then varnishing the unpuinted parts, and placing
the object inn dilute hath of nitrlcacid. After the painted
parts are liitten in by the aei<l, the ohjeet is elertroplftted,
the deposit funning on the unvarnished parts. On remov-
ing the varnish, the plated parts appear as incrusted.

Incrustata (in-krus-tii'tjn, ». /</. [XL., neut.
pi. of L. incriixtiitHx. iiirrusliitr : sec incnistiiti ,
a.] A division of cvclostomatous polyzoans:
same as Jnarticiilatu, L': opposed to

3049

incrustate (in-krus'tat), v. t. [< L. incrustatus,
pp. of iiicruntare, incrust: see incrust.] To in-
crust; form an incrustation on. [Kare.]

If It was covered with rand, It must have been incruslated
mud. (Mdrmith, Citizen of the World, Ixxxix.

M asses of calcareous tufa which have been formed upon
the borders of incrustating springs.

J. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 187.

incrustate (in-krus'tat), a. [< L. incrustatus,
pp.: see the verb.] 1. Incrusted.

The finer part of the wood will be turned Into air, and
the grosser stick baked and incrustate upon the sides of
the vessel. Bacon, Nat. Hist

2. In hot. : (a) Coated, as with earthy matter.
(6) Growing so firmlj to the pericarp as to ap-
pear to have but one integument : said of seeds.
— 3. Incrusting; forming a crust, as a poly-
zoan or a lichen.

incrustation (in-krus-ta'shon), n. [Also rarely
• a* mutation ; = F. incrustation = Sp. incrusta-
tion = Pg. incrustafSo, < LL. incrustatio(ti-), < L.
incrustare, incrust: see incrust.] 1. The act of
incrusting ; the act of covering or lining with
any foreign substance ; the state of being in-
crusted.

It [St Mark's] Is the purest example In Italy of the great
school of architecture in which the ruling principle Is the
incrustation of brick with more precious materials.

Rustin, Stones of Venice, II. iv. § 24.

2. A crust or coat of anything on the surface
of a body ; a covering, coating, or scale, as of
mineral substances deposited by a spring or
stream, or by the water in a steam-boiler; an
efflorescence, as of salt or soda on the surface
of the ground.

The application of hydrochloric acid removed the sta-
lactite encrustation by which the letters had hitherto been
obscured. Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 285.

The country at this point Is Inexpressibly dreary and
volcanic-looking, the salt incrustations lying thick upon
the earth. O' 'Donovan, Merv, 1.

A merely sceptical age will create nothing ; but an age
of unlnquiring credulity will hand down to later genera-
tions Us most sacred truths disfigured and imperilled by
a thick incrustation of error.

B. y. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 266.

3. An inlaying of anything, as a plaque, tile,
lacquer, veneer, mosaic, or the like, into or upon
the surface, as of a cabinet, mantelpiece, etc.

Had the whole church been finished as It was designed, It
would have presented one splendid though bizarre effect
of inrrnrtati"ii. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 261.

4. An incrusted or inlaid object or substance.
The material of the structure was brick, but the whole

surface of the building [St Mark's], within and without,
was to be covered with precious incrustation* of mosaic
or of marble.

C. E. Norton, church-building In Middle Ages, p. 54.
The doorways are a labyrinth of Intricate designs, in
which the utmost elegance of form is made more beautiful
by incruxtiifioii* of precious agates and Alexandrine glass-
work. J. A, Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 102.
Cameo Incrustation. See cameo.

incrustiye (in-krus'tiv), a. [< incrust + -ire.]
Pertaining to a crust, or to the formation of a
crust.

incrustment (in-krust'ment), n. [= It. incros-
tamento; as incrust + -me»t.] That which is
formed as a crust ; incrustation ; hence, any
foreign matter with which something is over-
laid or surrounded. Also encrustment.

The work of disengaging truth from Its encrustment of
error. Is. Taylor.

incubate (in'ku-bat), v. ; pret. and pp. incubat-
"I. ppr. incubating. [< L. incubatus, pp. of in-
cubare (> Sp. encobar, incubar = Pg. incubar), lie
in or upon, < in, in, on, + cubare, lie.] I. trans.
To sit upon for the purpose of hatching; hatch
out, or produce by hatching: often used figura-
tively: as, to incubate eggs; to incubate a book
or a project.
Still fewer [fishes] nidificate and incubate their ova.

Oven, Comp. Anat, viii.

H. intrans. 1. To sit, as on eggs, for the
purpose of hatching; brood: as, a bird that
incubates for two weeks. — 2. In pathol., to go
through the stage or process or incubation.
See incubation, 2.

incubation (in-ku-ba'shon), n. [= F. incuba-
limi = Sp. incubdcion = Pg. incubacSo = It. in-
cubazione, < L. incnbatio(n-), < incubare, lie in
or upon: see incubate.] 1. The act of sitting,
as on eggs, for the purpose of hatching; brood-
in;;; hatching: often used figuratively, as of
writings, schemes, etc.

First, the Swiss Republicks grew under the guardian-
ship of the French monarch. The Dutch Republicks were
hatched and cherished under the same incubation.

Burke, A Regicide 1'. - ii

Incubation Is performed, as is well known, by the fe-
male of nearly all Birds. i'ncyc. Brit., III. 77r>.

incubiture

2. In pathol., the unnoticed or unknown pro-
cesses or changes which occur in the interval
between the exposure to an infectious disease
and the development of its first symptoms.

This [whooping-cough] has generally one week, or even
two, of incubation before the first febrile and catarrhal
symptoms appear. Quoin, Med. Diet

3. A lying in or within ; specifically, the act of
sleeping in a temple for thepurpose of obtaining
revelations by dreams, or in the hope of being
visited by the god and relieved of some ailment,
as in the Greek sanctuaries of ^Esculapius.

This place was celebrated for the worship of .£*culaplus,
In whose temple incubation, L e. Bleeping for oracular
dreams, was practised, r.'. /.'. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 111.

A type of the usual method, which was called incubation
or cyKoipiprtc, Is the oracle of Amphiarausnear Oropus, be-
side the spring where the hero had risen from the earth to
become a god. The Inquirer, after abstaining from wine
for three days and from all food for twenty-four hours,
slept In the temple on the skin of a ram which he had sac-
rificed. Encyc. Brit., XVIL 808.
Artificial incubation, the batching of eggs by artificial
warmth, as practised from antiquity In Egypt and China.
Of late years this industry has become general In Europe
and America.— Period of Incubation, (a) In ornith.,
the length of time required to hat eh eggs, or during which
a bird incubates them. (6) In pntliot., the period that
elapses between the introduction of the morbific principle
and the outbreak of the disease.

incubative (in'ku-ba-tiv), a. [< incubate + -ive. ]
Of or pertaining to incubation or the period of
incubation; of the nature of incubation; in
pathol., relating to the period during which a
disease is supposed to be hatching in the system
before manifesting itself.

The germs of all the incubative diseases are reproduced
in the bodies of the sick. (Juain, Med. Diet

incubator (in'ku-ba-tor),n. [<LL.inc«6ator,one
who lies in a place, < L. incubare, lie in or upon,
incubate : see incubate.] One who or that which
incubates, as a bird. Specifically— (a) A bird that
sits upon or shows a disposition to sit upon eggs. (6) A
machine for the artificial Incubation of eggs. W hlle many
different Incubators are in use, they are essentially alike

fncubator.

A A. hot-air tank ; R P, tray for holding pans of water ; C. C. cm.
trays ; A D. ventilators ; J:. automatic regulator ; F. rod connecting
thermostat with regulator; C,, lamp : /Y. thermostat ; /.thermometer.

in principle, and comprise a case containing one or more
drawers or trays for holding the eggs, some form of hot-
water or hot-air apparatus (usually a lamp for heating),
and, in the most practical forms, a thermostat of some
kind for regulating the temperature, besides ventilators,
appliances for saturating the ncated air in the Interior with
moisture, etc. Some incubators are also fitted with appli-
ances for turning the eggs without opening the machine.

On the [ostrich] "farm," the egg which the birds them-
selves cannot cover may be hatched artificially In an in-
cubator. Stand. Sat. UisL, IV. 37.

(c) A suitable appliance for the artificial development of
germs In the cultivation of micro-organisms.

Artificial cultivations of micro-organisms in suitable
nourishing media in the incubator.

E. Ktein, Micro-organisms and Disease, p. 9.

incubatory (in-ku'ba-to-ri), a. [< iiii'iiiinti' +
-ory.] Pertaining to incubation ; employed in
the process of incubation. See ovicyst.
The ascidioiooids develop incubatory pouches.

Sncyc. Brit., XXIII. 617.

incubet (in-kub'), v. t. [< in-3 + cube.] To
make a cube of; place or fix as if forming part
of a cube.

So that Prelaty . . . must be fain to inglobe or incubr
herself among the Presbyters.

Milton, Church-Government, L 6.

incubi. ». Latin plural of incubus.

in-CUbiC (in'ku-bik), «. [< in1 + cubic.] In

ma tli., an inscribed cubic,
incubituret (in-ku'bi-tur), M. [< L. incubitus,

pp. of incubare, lie upon: see incubate.] 1. The

act of incubating ; incubation.
The ineutiture of the female [bird] on the back of the

male. .Ef(i«, Knowledge of Divine Things, p. 153.

2. The state of being covered, as in incuba-
tion ; a covering.

incubiture

The last [circumstance] is the use of those strings, as
Cardan supposes, for the better keeping them together in
this i'nr lil'ittin1.

Dr. II. More, Antidote against Atheism, ii. 12.

incubous(ing'- or in'ku-bus), a. [< NL. incu-
bus, adj., lying upon: see incubus."] In bot., im-
bricate in such a manner that the apex of a leaf
lies on the base of the next one above, as in the
JnnqermanniacecB,

incubus (ing'- or in'ku-bus), w. ; pi. iitciibuses,
incubi (-bus-ez, -bi). [ME. incubus ; = F. incube
= Sp. incubo=Pg. It. incubo; < LL. incubus, night-
mare, ML. a demon supposed to be the cause of
nightmare,< L. incubare, lie upon : see incubate."]
1. The nightmare. — 2. An imaginary being or
demon, supposed to be the cause of nightmare ;
especially, such a being of the male sex who
was supposed to consort with women in their
sleep. In the middle ages this belief was accepted by
the church and the law. Deformed children were sup-
posed to be the results of such association. Compare
succubus.

For ther as wont to walken was an elf,

Ther walketh now the lymytour hym self, . . .

Wommen may now go saufly up and doun ;

In every bussh or under every tree,

Ther is noon oother incubus but he,

And he ne wol doon hem but dishonour.

Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 24.
Belial, the dissolutest spirit that fell,
The sensualest ; and, after Asmodai,
The fleshliest Incubus. Milton, P. R., ii. 152.
A not less distinct product of the savage animistic theo-
ry of dreams, as real visits from personal spiritual beings,
lasted on without a shift or break into the belief of mediae-
val Christendom. This is the doctrine of the incubi and
succubi, those male and female demons which consort
with men and women.

E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 173.

3. Figuratively, a heavy or oppressive burden ;
especially, a heavy weight on the mind ; any-
thing that prevents the free use of the faculties.

Debt and usury is the incubus which weighs most heavi-
ly on the agricultural resources of Turkey.

Farley, Resources of Turkey.

4. [cap.] In entom., a genus of parasitic hyme-
nopters of the family Bracnnidts : synonymous
with Microgaster of Latreille. Schrank, 1802.

incudal (ing'ku-dal), a. [< incus (incud-) + -al.~\
Inzool. and anat., of or pertaining to the incus.

incudate (ing'ku-dat), a. [< incus (incud-) +
-ate1.] Having an incus, as the mouth-parts
of a rotifer: as, trophi incudate.

incudes, «. Plural of incus.

incudius(ing-ku'di-us),n.; •pl.incudii(-l'). [NL.,

< L. incus (incud-), anvil : see incus.'] A muscle
or ligament of the tympanum, oftener called
laxator tympani : correlated with malledius and
stapedius. Coues, 1887.

in cuerpo. See cuerpo.

inculcate Cin-kul'kat), v. t.; pret. and pp. in-
culcated, ppr inculcating. [< L. inculcatus, pp.
of inculcare ( > It. inculcare = Sp. Pg. inculcar =
F. inculquer), tread in, tread down, force upon,

< in, in, on, + calcare, tread, < calx, heel : see
calk1."] To impress by frequent admonitions,
or by forcible statement or argument; enforce
or stamp upon the mind.

I shall be pardoned if I have dwelt long on an argu-
ment which I think . . . needs to be inculcated.

Locke, Human Understanding, III. v. 16.
Innocent had sent to London two persons charged to
inculcate moderation, both by admonition and example.
Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
= Syn. Inifraft, Instil, etc. See implant.
inculcation (in-kul-ka'shon), n. [= F. inculca-
tion = Sp. inciilcacion = It. inculcazione ; from
the verb.] The act of inculcating or impress-
ing by repeated admonitions ; forcible or per-
sistent teaching.

By these frequent inculcations of the Archbishop and
some of his fellow Bishops, and by their discreet behaviour
towards the Queen, she was at length brought off from the
fancy of images. Strype, Abp. Parker, I. 193.

The days that are to follow must pass in the inculcation
of precepts already collected, and assertions of tenets al-
ready received. Johnson, Rambler, No. 151.
inculcator (in-kul'ka-tor), n. [= Pg. inculca-
dor = It. inculcatore, <"LL. inculcator, < L. in-
culcare, tread in or down : see inculcate.] One
who inculcates or enforces.

Des Cartes, ... the greatest example and inculcator
I this suspension [of assent], declares that he would have
it practised only about human speculations, not about hu-
man actions. Boyle, Works, IV. 183.
inculcatory (in-kul'ka-to-ri), a. [< inculcate +
-on/.] Intended or fitte'd to inculcate.

As typical and inculcatory, nothing could have been
more admirable than these sacrifices.

Mark Hopkins, Discussions for Young Men, p. 233.
illCUlkt (in-kulk'), v. t. [< F. iMiilqiier, < L. in-
i-nlntre, tread in or down: see inculcate.] To
inculcate.

3050

I am here compelled to inculk and iterate it with so
many words.

Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc. , 1850), p. 245.
Pride and covetousnesse, by corrupt blast blowne,
luto my hart inculked by fancie fond.

J. Heywood, The Spider and the File (1556).

inculpt, v. t. [< F. inculper, < ML. inculpare,
inculpate : see inculpate."] To inculpate.

For if Chrysostom's impatience and headlong desire
slew him, why shuld mine honest proceeding and care be
inculped therewithal? Shelton, tr. of Don Quixote, ii. 6.

inculpable (in-kul'pa-bl), a. [= OF. incoupa-
ble, F. inculpable ="Sp. inculpable = Pg. in-
culpavel = It. incolpabile, < LL. inculpabilis,
unblamable, < L. in- priv. + ctdpabilis, blama-
ble : see culpable."] Not culpable ; not meriting
blame ; innocent.

The case is such in the rules of morality that no igno-
rance of things lying under necessary practice can be
totally inculpable. South, Works, VII. x.

inciilpableness (in-kul'pa-bl-nes), n. The con-
dition or quality of being inculpable; blame-
lessness.

True puritee consisteth in the inculpablenext<c and in-
nocencie of the heart. J. Udall, On Luke xi.

inculpably (in-kul'pa-bli), adv. In an inculpa-
ble manner; without blame ; innocently.

Those things which are not in our power — that is, such
things in which the flesh is inculpably weak.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 675.

inculpate (m-kul'pat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
culpated, ppr. inculpating. [< ML. inculpatus,
pp. of inculpare (> It. incolpare = Sp. ineulpar
= Pr. eneolpar = F. inculper), bring in fault, <
L. in, in, + culpa, fault: see culpable, culprit.]
To expose to blame or imputation of wrong-
doing; incriminate.

They renewed their prayers to be excused from serving
in the council of state, in order that they might not be
afterwards inculpated for the faults of others.

Motley, Dutch Republic, L 385.

inculpation (in-kxil-pa'shqu), n. [= F. incul-
pation = It. incolpazione, ^ ML. *inculpatio(n-),
< inculpare, , inculpate: see inculpate.] The act
of inculpating, or the state of being inculpated ;
incrimination.

Among the lower, or rather the lowest, political tactics,
inculpation of a retiring administration has often been
resorted to for promoting the success of the opposite
party. O. T. Curtis, Buchanan, II. 246.

inculpatory (in-kul'pa-to-ri), a. [< inculpate
+ -ory."] Tending to inculpate or criminate ;
criminatory : opposed to excusatory : as, iw-
culpatory disclosures.

It furnished especial facilities for destroying inculpa-
tory evidence. The American, VIII. 69.

incult (iu-kulf), a. [= F. inculte = Sp. Pg.
inculto = It. incolto, inculto, (. L. incultus, un-
tilled, uncultivated, < in- priv. + cultux, pp. of
colere, till, cultivate: see cult.] Unfilled; un-
cultivated; wild; hence, unpolished ; unrefined;
rude, as style. [Rare.]
Let them be rude, stupid, ignorant, incult.

Burton, Anat. of MeL, To the Reader, p. 62.

Her forests huge,

Incult, robust, and tall, by Nature's hand
Planted of old. Thomson, Autumn, L 884.

incultivate (in-kul'ti-vat), a. [< L. in- priv. +
ML. cultivates, pp. of cultivare, cultivate : see
cultivate.] Uncultivated; untaught. [Rare.]
Hence grew the impostures of charms, and amulets,
and other insignificant ceremonies : which to this day im-
pose upon common belief, as they did of old upon the
barbarism of the incultivate heathen.

Olanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xii.

incultivated (in-kul'ti-va-ted), a. [< inculti-
vate + -erf2.] Uncultivated.

The soil, though incultivated, so full of vigour that it
procreates without seed.

Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 380.

incultivationt (in-kul-ti-va'shou), n. [< t'w-3 +
cultivation."] Lack or neglect of cultivation.

In that state of incultivation which nature in her luxu-
riant fancies loves to form.

Eerington, Hist. Abeillard, p. 108.

inculturet (in-kul'tur), n. [= Sp. Pg. incul-
tura; < L. in- priv. + cultura, culture: see
culture."] Lack or neglect of culture.

The inculture of the world would perish into a wilder-
ness, should not the activeness of commerce make it an
universal city. Fellham, Resolves, ii. 49.

incumbency (in-kum'ben-si), n. ; pi. incum-
bencies (-siz). [= Sp. Pg. incumbencia = It.
VMumbemta; as incumben(t) + -cy.] 1. The
state of being incumbent ; a lying or resting
on something: as, the incumbency of a burden.
[Rare or obsolete.] — 2. That which is incum-
bent; a superincumbent weight, physical, men-
tal, or moral ; hence, a grave duty, responsibil-
ity, or obligation. [Rare.]

incur

We find them more fragil, and not so well qualified to
support great incumbencies and weights.

Evelyn, Sylva, I. iii. § 17.

The duties of a man, of a friend, of a husband, of a
father ; and all the incumbencies of a family.

Donne, Letters, xxvii.

3. The state of being an incumbent or holder
of an office ; the discharge of official or stated
functions of any kind, especially of ecclesias-
tical functions ; specifically, the state of hold-
ing or being in possession of a church benefice.

Some things are mine by possession, some by use ; some
by title, some by incumbency.

Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, iii. 3.

These fines are only to be paid to the bishop during his
incumbency in the same see. Swift.

incumbent (in-kum'bent), a. and n. [< L. in-
cumben(t-)s, ppr. of incumbere, lay oneself down
upon, recline upon, < in, on, -r "cumbere, nasal-
ized form of cubare, lie down : see cwniben t. Cf .
incubate."} I. a. 1. Lying or resting on some-
thing.

He steers his flight
Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air.

Milton, P. L., I. 226.

Meanwhile, incumbent o'er the shining share
The master leans. Thomson, Spring, 1. 41.

Specifically — 2. Lying, leaning, or resting
lengthwise, in whole or in part, upon a surface
to which there is only one point of actual at-
tachment ornone. (a) In bot., said of cotyledons when
the back of one is applied to the radicle, as in some of the
Cruciferce • said of an anther when it is fixed by the middle
or any other part of the back, and lies along the inner side
of the filament. (6) In zoiil., said of hairs, spines, etc., and
of organs which lie against the surface to which they are
joined, (c) In ornith., said of the hallux or hind toe of a
bird when its whole length rests on the ground or is ap-
plied to a supporting object, owing to its insertion on a
level with the anterior toes, (d) In entom., said of wings
which, in repose, lie horizontally one over the other.
3. Lying or resting as a duty or obligation;
imposed, and pressing to performance.

The goodness and excellency of God are more incumbent
and actually pressing upon their spirit than any considera-
tions of reward. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 842.

It ... appeared a duty incumbent upon me to attempt
to reclaim them. Goldsmith, Vicar, xxvi.

H. n. One who discharges stated functions ;
the holder of an office of any kind; especial-
ly, one who discharges ecclesiastical functions;
one who holds a benefice.

Many livings in Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Buckingham-
shire, and Northampton were rendered vacant by the
suspension of the incumbents from the steeples of their
churches. B. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xv.

incumbentesst (in-kum'ben-tes), n. ^incum-
bent + -ess.] A female incumbent. [Rare.]

You may make your court to my Lady Orford by an-
nouncing the ancient barony of Clinton, which is fallen
to her by the death of the last incumbentess.

Walpole, Letters (1760\ III. 371.
incumbently (in-kum'beut-li), adv. In an in-
cumbent manner.

incumber, incumberingly. See encumber, en-
cumberingly.

incumbitidnt (iu-kum-bish'on), re. [Irreg. < L.
incumbere, lie or lean upon '(see incumbent), +
-iSon.] A lying upon or among something.

The souls of connoisseurs themselves, by long friction
and incumbition, have the happiness, at length, to get all
be-virtued, be-pictured, be-butterflied, and be-flddled.

Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 3.

incumbrance.incumbraucer. Seeencumbrance,
encumbrancer.

incumbroust, a. Same as encunibrous.

incunabula (in-ku-nab'u-lii), ». pi. [L., neut.
pi., cradle-clothes, swaddling-clothes, hence a
cradle, birthplace, origin, < in, in, + cunabula,
neut. pi., a cradle, dim. of cunce, fern, pi., a cra-
dle. Cf. cunabula."] 1. The cradle or early
abode ; the place in which a thing had its ear-
liest development, as a race, an art, etc. ; hence,
first trace ; beginning ; origin.

It is also in Orissa, if anywhere, that we may hope to
find the incunabula that will explain much which is now
mysterious in the forms of the temples and the origin of
many parts of their ornamentation.

J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 435.

2. In ornitji., a breeding-place; the resort of a
bird to breed. — 3. In bibliography, books print-
ed in the infancy of the art ; generally, books
printed before the year 1500: in this sense
rarely with a singular incunabiilwm.

Including such rare works as 430 Incunabula, from A. D.
1469 to 1510. Cat. Union Theol. Sem., 1882-3.

incur (in-ker'), v. ; pret. and pp. incurred, ppr.
incurring. [Early mod. E. also incurr, incurre;
< ME. ineurren, encorren, < OF. encorre. encorir,
eiicourir, F. encourir = Pr. encorre, encorrcr =
Sp. incurrir = Pg. incomr = It. iiicm-rrrc, < L.
iitcurrere, run into, run toward, meet, < in, into,
on, 4- currere, run : see current1.] I. trans. If.

incur

To run upon; impinge upon; run against or
strike.

He that is no longer affected with a benefit than it incur*
the sense, and suffers not Itself to be disregarded, is far
from being grateful!. Barrow, Works, I. viii.

2. To encounter, as some undesirable or in-
jurious consequence; become liable or subject
to through one's own action; bring upon one's
self: as, to incur liabilities.

For so Actwon, by presuming far,
Did, to our grief, incur a fatal doom.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.

I know I incur the imputation of unnecessary hardness

and stoicism from those who compose the Court and Par-

liament of Love. Emerson, Love.

Sweden was slow in incurring the resentment of Napo-

leon. It i>"/ , ,/, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. 11., p. 407.

H.t intrans. To enter; pass; occur; come
to pass.

If anything incurr to you of curious, . . . you will
greately oblige that assembly of virtuosi [the Royal Soci-
ety] in communicating any productions of the places you
travell thro. Evelyn, To Mr. William London at Barbados.

Light is discerned by itself, because by itself it incurrs
Into the eye. South, Works, V. vii

incurability (in-kur-a-bil'i-ti), n. [= P. inctira-
liilitv = Pg. iiicurabilidade ; as incurable + -4ty:
see -bility.] The state of being incurable.
incurable (in-kur'a-bl), a. and «. [< ME. incur-
able, < OP. (also P.) incurable = Pr. Sp. incura-
ble = Pg. incuravel = It. incurabile, < LL. incura-
bilis, not curable, < in- priv. + curabilis, curable :
see curable.'] I. a. 1. Not curable; beyond the
power of skill or medicine : as, an incurable dis-
ease.

Your Absence, if it continue long, will prove to me like
the Dust of Diamonds, which is incurable Poison.

llnir.U, Letters, I. ii. 3.

It is ... the last attempt that God uses to reclaim a
people by, and if these Oansticks [fires] will not do, it is
to be feared he looks upon the wounds as incurable.

Stillinffjleet, Sermons, I. i.

2. Not admitting correction: as, incurable evils.
= Syn. Irremediable, remediless, hopeless, irreparable,
incorrigible.

II. n. A person diseased beyond the possi-
bility of cure.

If idiots and lunatics cannot be found, incurables may
be taken into the hospital. Swift.

incurableness (in-kur'a-bl-nes), n. Incurabil-

ity.
incurably (in-kur'a-bli), adv. So as to be in-

curable; to an extent or degree that renders

cure or remedy impossible ; irretrievably.
We cannot know it is or is not, being incurably igno-

rant Locke.

incuriosity (in-kii-ri-os'i-ti), ». [= P. incurio-
si<<5 = It. incuriositA, < LL. incuriosita(t-)s, care-
lessness^ L. incuriosus, careless : see incurious.]
The state or character of being incurious ; want
of curiosity; inattentiveuess ; indifference.

But his [Pilate's] incuriosity or indifference, when truth
was offered to be laid before him as a private man, . . .
shews him in a light much less excusable.

Warburtvn, Works, IX. L

incurious (in-ku'ri-us), a. [= P. incurieux =
Sp. Pg. It. incurioso, < L. incuriosus, careless,
negligent, < in- priv. + curiosus, careful: see
curious.] 1. Not curious; careless; negligent;
indifferent.

The gods look down,
Incurious of themselves.

Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, i.

Of immortality the soul when well employed U incuri-
i"i»-. Emerson, Conduct of Life.

His faint incurii)itft ease he nursed.

William Morris, Earthly Paradise, IL 177.

2. Not curious or striking ; deficient in interest.

In confirmation of these truths, we may conclude this
part of our subject with a not incurious anecdote.

John Brown, An Estimate, etc., I. 67.

It is no incurious part of the economy of nature that
manure and high cultivation should banish those coarse
hardy plants, and substitute the tiner grasses in their
room, iu a scanty degree, which are commonly gone by
November. Edinburgh Rev., CXLV. 196.

incuriously (ia-ku'ri-us-li), adv. In an incuri-
ous manner.

incuriousness (in-ku'ri-us-nes), n. The quality
of being incurious; incuriosity.

incurrence (iu-kur'ens), H. [< inctirren(t) +
-cc.] 1. The act of incurring, bringing on,
or subjecting one's self to something: as, the
inriirrriirr of guilt. — 2. Incursion; entrance.
Doi'irs. [Rare in both uses.]

We should no more think of the Blessed Deity without
the conceit of an infinite resplendence than we can open
our eyes :it mwmilay without an //ir/mv/i.v :ind admission
of an outward light /;/.. Hall, Works, V. 421.

incurrent (iu-kur'ont), ». [< L. iH
ppr. of incurrere, run into or upon : see feMMT.]

3051

Kunning inward; entrant: with reference to
the place of entrance or inflow: as, an //«•»/•-
rent orifice.

Running down the middle of the triangular plate is the
central string of tissue, the rachis, and at its end the in-
current blood-vessel. liiol. Lab. nf Johns Hopkins, III. 39.

incursion (iu-k6r'shon), n. [= P. incursion =
8p. incursion = Pg. incursSo = It. incursione, <
L. incursio(n-), a running against, onset, < in-
currere, run against: see incur.] A running in
or into something; an inroad or invasion.

The Moorish cavaliers, whose greatest delight was a

tala, or predatory incursion into the Christian territories.

Irving, Granada, p. 7.

Sins of dally incursion, and such aa human frailty is
unavoidably liable to. South, Sermons.

=8yn. Irruption, raid.

incursive (in-ker'siv), a. [= P. ineursif, < L. in-
cursus, pp. of incurrere, run in (see incur), + -ive.]
Making incursions ; invading; aggressive,
incurtaint ( in-ker'tan), v. t. Same as encurtain.
incurvate (in-ker'vat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. «'«-
curvated, ppr. incurrating. [< L. incurvatus, pp.
of incurvare, bend in: see incurve."] To turn
from a right line or straight course; curve;
crook.

Age doth not rectify, but incurrate our natures, turning
bad dispositions into worser habits.

Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, L 42.

incurvate (in-ker'vat), a. [< L. incurvatus, pp.:
see the verb.] Curved inward or upward.

incurvation (in-k6r-va'shon), n. [= F. incur-
vation = It. incurvazione, t. L. incurratio(n-), a
bending, < incurvare, bend: see incurve.] 1.
The act of incurving or bending.

He made use of acts of worship which God hath appro-
priated, as iucurratiun and sacrifice. Stillingjteet.

2. The state of being incurved or bent ; curva-
ture, as of the spine ; crookedness.

The first reflections of a crooked tree are not to straight-
ness, but to a contrary incurvation.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), IL 262.

incurvature (in-ker'vii-tur), «. [= Sp. encor-
radura = It. incurwttufd, incurvature, < ML.
incurvatura, incurvature (applied to a bishop's
staff); as incurvate + -are.] A curving or the
state of being curved.

The greater incurvature of the wind in rear than in
front of hurricanes in the southern Indian Ocean U next
considered. Nature, XXXVIII. 359.

Specifically, In entom.: (a) The state of being curved in-
ward. (6) A part or margin curved inward, or toward the
median line.

incurve (in-kerv'), t'. ; pret. and pp. incurved,
ppr. incurring. [= Sp. encorvar = Pg. encur-
rar, < L. incurvare. bend in, < in, in, + curvare,
bend : see curve, v.] I. trans. To make crooked ;
bend; curve; specifically, to cause to curve or
bend inward: as, the incurred antennas of an
insect.

Yon hollow trunk,

That with its hoary head incura'd salutes
The passing wave. SomeroiUe, The Chase.

II. intrans. To curve or bend inward.

To find the direction of the storm-centre, we must know
the incurring angle of the wind's spiral. Science, III. 42.

incurvity (in-ker'vi-ti), n. [< L. incurv us, bent
(< in, in, + curvus, Sent, curved : see curve, a.),
•+• -ity.] The state of being bent or crooked ;
crookedness ; a bending inward.

Being the hieroglyphlck of celerity, and swifter than
other animals, men best expressed their (the dolphins ]
velocity by incurrity, and under some figure of a bow.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 2.

incus (ing'kus), n.; pi. incudes (ing'ku-dez).
[L., an anvil, < incudere, forge with a hammer :
see incuse.] In zool. and mint.: (a) One of the
bones of the inner (middle) ear of a mammal: so
named from its fancied resemblance to an an-
vil. It is the middle one of the chain of bones, or ossicula
auditus, the other two being the malleus and the stapes.
The human incus strikingly resembles a bicuspid tooth ;
it has a body and two processes, short and long, diverging
from each other at nearly a right angle. The long pro-
cess ends in a small globular head, theorbicuZaror lenticu-
lar process, tipped with cartilage and articulated with the
head of the stapes. The body of the incus articulates with
the malleus. Both articulations are movable. The len-
ticular process exists as a separate ossification in early life.
In vertebrates below mammals the homologies of the in-
cus are much disputed, and different bones or cartilages
have been taken as its representative, especially those
which constitute a proximal element of the nyoidean arch.
Seeeori, and cut under tymjianic. (ft) In Botifera, the
anvil or median piece of the trophi of a wheel-
animalcule, upon which the mallei work. See
malleus, ma.tlnx.

incuse (in-ku//), v. t. ; pret. and pp. incused,
ppr. iiu-iisini/. [< L. hicusus, pp. of incudere,
forge with a hammer, lit. pound down, < in,
on, + ctulere, strike, pound.] To impress by
striking or stamping, as a coin. [Rare.]

i. Reverse of coin of
ALgina, with early incuse
square.— British Muse*
um. 3. Reverse of coin
of Phocts. with later in*
cuse square, inclosing the
type.— British Museum.
i Each coin size of the
oriym.il. )

indart

The back of this coin Is incused with a rudely-executed
Impression of a lion's head. //. A. Humphreys.

incuse (in-ku//), a. and n. [< L. incusus, pp. of
incudere, forge with the hammer: see incuse,
».] I. a. Hammered, stamped, or struck in;
having a pattern impressed or stamped upon
the surface.

The coin has been driven Into the die, and not struck with
it, and the incuse impression has been made before or after
the other. Knight, Anc. Art and Myth. (187«X p. 63.

In some few Instances the types of two cities are com-
bined on the same coin, in token of an alliance. AA art
advanced, the incuse repetition fell into disuse, and a type
in relief was substituted for it.

C. T. Newton, Art and Arclucol., p. 407.

The reverse type [of a coin] U a flaming torch in an in-
cute square. /.,..•,/.. Brit., XVII. 840.

Incuse square, in numu., the Intaglio Impression or
sinking produced on Greek coins
by the punch or die from which
they were struck. Such rude sink-
ings constituted the sole "type"
of one aide of many of the earliest
Greek coins ; but later Greek coins
have a design in relief placed with-
in the Incuse square. The incuse
square Is chiefly found on coins Is-
sued before 400 B. C.

II. ". An impression; a
stamp, as that on a coin made
by the surface upon which
the object rests to be struck
by the die.

Antiquaries have supposed this
incuse to be merely the impression
of something put under the coin to
make it receive the stroke of the die
more steadily.

Knighl, Anc. Art and Myth.
[(1876X p. 63.

incusst, v. t. [< L. incussus,
pp. of incutere, strike upon :
see incute. Cf. concuss, dis-
cuss, percuss.] To strike. Halliwell.

The first events are those which incuste a dauntlng-
nesse or daring. Daniel, Hist Eng., p. 4.

in custodia legis (in kus-to'di-a le'jis). [L.:
I'M, in; custodia, abl. of custodia, custody; Iryia,
gen. of lex, law: see custodia, custody, legal, lex.]
In the custody of the law; taken into the charge
of an officer of the court under its authority :
said of property of which the court thus as-
sumes charge pending litigation about it.

incut (in'kut), a. Set in by oras if by cutting;
specifically, in printing, inserted in a reserved
space of the text instead of in the margin : as,
incut notes at the sides of the pages in a book.

incute t, »'. t. [= It. incutere, < L. incutere, strike
upon or into, inspire with,<»w, in, on, + quatere,
shake, strike.] Same as incuss.

This doth incute and beat into our hearts the fear of
God, which expelleth sin. Becon, Works (1843), p. 63.

ind. An abbreviation (a) of indicative ; (6) of
the Latin in dies, daily, every day, used in
medical prescriptions.

indagatet (in 'da-gat), r. t. [< L. indagatux,
pp. of indagare (> It. indagare = Sp. Pg. inda-
gar), trace out, track, investigate.] To seek or
search out. Bailey.

indagationt (in-da-ga'shqn), n. [= Sp. indaga-
cion = Pg. indagticSo = It. indagazione, < L. in-
dagatio(n-), a searching, investigation, < inda-
aare, search: see indagate.] The act of search-
ing; search; inquiry; examination.

In her [the soul's] indagations ofttimes new scents put
her by. B. Jonson, Discoveries.

Chymists seem not to have taken notice of what impor-
tance such experiments may be in the indagalion of the
nature, and especially of the number of the elementa.

Boyle, Works, 1. 483.

indagativet (in'da-ga-tiy), a. [< indagate +
-ire.] Searching or inclined to search into or
after; investigating.

The church might not be ambitious or indagatioe of
such employment. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835). II. 244.

indagatort (in'da-ga-tor), n. [= Sp. Pg. inda-
<jador= It. indagatore, < L. indagator, < indn-
gare, search : see indagate.] A searcher; one
who seeks or inquires with diligence.
Awake, ye curious indagatort, fond
Of knowing all but what avails yon known.

Young, Night Thought*, v.

indagatoryt (in'da-ga-to-ri), a. [< indagate +
-ory7\ Pertaining to indication — Indagatory
suspension of opinion, reserve of definitive judgment
with the intention of further inquiry,
indamaget, r. t. An obsolete form of endamage.
indangert, «-. t. An obsolete form of endanyrr.
indart (in-dart'), r. t. [Formerly also endart;
< in-2 + dart.] To dart inward.'

But no more deep will I endart mine eye
Than your consent Rives strength to make it fly.

Shot., R.and J.,u3.

inde

indet, a. [ME., also y title, < OF. inde, ynde, az-
ure, violet-colored, < L. India, India: see In-
dia.} Azure-colored.

It had hewes an hundred payre
Of eras aud flouris, ynde and pers.

Rom. of the Rose, 1. 67.

The tother hew next to fynde

Is al blew, men callen ynde. Cursor Mundi.

indeart, indearingt, etc. Obsolete forms of en-
dear, etc.

indeaVOUTt (in-dev'or), v. Au obsolete form of
endeavor.

indebtt (in-def), v. t. [< ««-'•* + debt. Earlier
in p. a. indebted.} To place in debt ; bring un-
der obligation.

Thy fortune hath indebted thee to none.

Daniel, To the King's Majesty.

indebted (in-det'ed), p. a. [Early mod. E. in-
detted, < ME. endetted, after OF. endete, endebte,
P. endettt = Sp. endeudado = Pg. endividado =
It. indebitato, < ML. indebitatus, pp. of indebitare,
charge with debt, indebitari (> It. indebitare =
Sp. endeudar = Pg. endividar = Pr. endeptar =
OF. endeter, endetter), be in debt, < L. in, in, +
debitum, debt: see debt.] 1. Owing; being un-
der a debt or obligation; having incurred a
debt ; held to payment or requital.
And yet I am endetted so therby
Of gold that I have borowed, trewely,
That whyl I ly ve, I shal it quyte never.
Chaucer, ProL to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, L 181.

A grateful mind

By owing owes not, but still pays, at once
Indebted and discharged. Milton, P. L., Iv. 57.

2. Beholden; under obligation; owing grati-
tude, care, recognition, and the like.

Few consider how much we are indebted to government,
because few can represent how wretched mankind would
be without it. Bp. Atterbury.

Indebted to some smart wig-weaver's hand
For more than half the tresses it |her head| sustains.
Cowjier, Task, iv. 543.

indebtedness (in-det'ed-nes), n. 1. The state
of being indebted, without regard to ability
or inability to pay the debt. — 2. The amount
owed; debts collectively: as, the indebtedness
of an individual or a corporation,
indebtnient (iu-det'ment), n. [< indcbt +
-men*.] The state of being indebted; indebt-
edness.

Fear thou a worse prison, if thou wilt needs willingly
live and die in a just indebtment, when thou mayest be at
once free and honest. Bp. Hall, Balm of Gilead.

The gentlemen of this country hail . . . become deeply
Involved in that state of indebtnient which has since ended
iu so general a crush of their fortunes.

Jefferson, in Wirt's Patrick Henry (ed. 1841), p. 45.

indecencet (iu-de'sens), n. [< F. indecence =
Sp. Pg. indecencia = It. indecenza, < L. inde-
centia, uubecomingness, unseemliness, < inde-
cen(t-)s, unbecoming, unseemly, indecent : see
indecent.] Same as indecency.
Carried to an indecence of barbarity.

Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation, III., Int.

indecency (in -de 'sen -si), n.; pi. indecencies
(-siz). [As indecence": see -cy.] 1. The quality
or condition of being indecent ; want of de-
cency; unbecomingness ; especially, extreme
vulgarity or obscenity of speech, action, or
representation ; immorality.

Pope . . . was shocked at the indecency of a rake who,
at seventy, was still the representative of the monstrous
profligacy of the Restoration. Macaulay, Leigh Hunt.

2. That which is indecent or unbecoming;
language, or behavior, or pictorial representa-
tion, etc., that violates modesty or decorum ;
specifically, that which is obscene or grossly
vulgar.

They who, by speech or writing, present to the ear or
to the eye of modesty any of the indecencies I allude to,
are pests of society. Beattie, Moral Science, I. ii. 5.

Public Indecency, in law, the exhibition of something
Indecent : an indefinite term, ordinarily excluding mere
indecency of language. The courts, by a kind of judicial
legislation, in England and the United States, have usu-
ally limited the operation of the term to public displays
of the naked person, the publication, sale, or exhibition of
obscene books or prints, or the exhibition of a monster —
acts which have a direct bearing on public morals, and af-
fect the body of society. McJunkins v. State, 10 Ind. 145.
= Syn. 1. Indelicacy, etc. (see indecorum); immodesty,
grossness, obscenity.

indecent (in-de'sent), a. [= F. indecent =
Sp. Pg. It. indecente,<.ii. indecen(t-)s, unbecom-
ing, unseemly, indecent, < i«-priv. + deeen(t-)s,
becoming, seemly, decent: seedecent.] Not de-
cent, (a) Unbecoming ; unseemly ; violating propriety
in language, behavior, etc.

Who [Job] behaved himself with admirable patience
and submission to the will of God, under all his severe af-
flictions, insomuch that he did not suiter an indecent ex-
pression to come from him. Stillinyfleet. Sermons, II. ix.

3052

(b) Grossly vulgar ; offensive to modesty ; obscene ; lewd.
When wine has given indecent language birth,
And forc'd the floodgates of licentious mirth.

Coutper, Conversation, 1. 268.

= Syn. (6) Indelicate, indecorous, immodest, gross, shame-
ful impure, filthy, obscene, nasty.

Indecidua (m-de-sid'u-a), n. pi. [NL., neut.
pi. of indccidmis, not deciduous : see indecidu-
ous.~\ A series of placental mammalians which
are indeciduate ; the Nondeciduata : opposed to
Deciduata.

indeciduate (in-de-sid'u-at), a. [< in-s + de-
ciduate.] Not deciduate, as a placenta: applied
also to those placental mammals in which the
uterus develops no decidua or deciduous mem-
brane. See deciduate.

indeciduous (iu-de-sid'u-us), a. [< NL. inde-
ciduus, < L. »M-priv. + deciditus, falling: see de-
ciduous.] Not deciduous or liable to fall, as
leaves; lasting; evergreen.

The indeciduous and unshaven locks of Apollo.

Sic T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 21.

indeclinable* (in-des'i-ma-bl), a. [< in-3 + *de-
cimable, < decima(te) + -able.] Not liable to de-
cimation ; not liable to the payment of tithes.
Cowell.

indecipherable (in-de-si'fer-a-bl), a. [< in-3
+ decipherable.] Not decipherable ; incapable
of being deciphered or interpreted.

indecision (in-de-sizh'on), n. [= F. indecision
= Sp. indecision = Pg'.'indecisSo ; as in-3 + de-
cision.] Want of decision ; vacillation of pur-
pose; irresolution.

Indecision ... is the natural accomplice of violence.
Burke, Appeal to Old Whigs.

= Syn. Irresolution, etc. (see decision) ; vacillation, hesi-
tation, uncertainty.

indecisive (in-de-si'siv), a. [= F. indtcisif;
as ««-3 + decisive.] Not decisive ; not bringing
to a decision; inconclusive.

Hence it was that operations languid and indecisive be-
yond any recorded in history . . . make up the military
history of Italy during the course of nearly two centuries.
Jlacaulay, Machiavelli.

indecisiveness (in-de-si'siv-nes), ». The state
of being indecisive ; 'an unsettled state.
indeclinable (in-de-kll'na-bl), o. and n. [= F.
indeclinable = Sp. indeclinable = Pg. indeclinarel
= It. indeclinaliile, < L. indeclinabilis, inflexible,
unchangeable, indeclinable, < in- priv. + de-
clinabilis, declinable : see declinable.] I. a. In
gram., not declinable; not varied by declen-
sion; showing no variety of form for case, num-
ber, or the like.

II. «. In gram., a word that is not declined.
In ways first trodden by himself excels,
And stands alone in indeclinablea :
Conjunction, preposition, adverb.

Churchill, Rosciad.

indeclinably (in-de-kli'na-bli), tide. If. With-
out declining or turning aside.

To follow indeclinably . . . the discipline of the Church
of England. Bp. Mountagu, Appeal to Cassar, p. ill.

2. Without grammatical declension.
indecomposable (m-de-kom-po'za-bl), a. [= F.
indecomposable; as in-3 + decomposable.] Not
decomposable ; incapable of decomposition, or
of being resolved into parts or elements.

The general indecomposable character of the lava in this
Archipelago. Darwin, Oeol. Observations, i. 129.

indecorous(in-de-ko'rus or in-dek'o-rus),n. [=
It. indccoro (cf. Sp. Pg. It. indecoroso, < ML. in-
decorosus), < L. indecorns, unseemly, unbecom-
ing, < w-priv. + decorus, seemly, becoming : see
decorous.] Not decorous; violating propriety
or the accepted rules of conduct ; unseemly.

Graceful and becoming in children, but in grown . . .
men indecorous, as the sports of boyhood would seem in
advanced years. J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 123.
—Syn. Unbecoming, unseemly, improper, rude, unman-
nerly.

indecorously (in-de-ko'rus-li or in-dek'o-rus-
li), adv. In an indecorous manner.

indecorousness (in-de-ko'rus-nes or in-dek'o-
rus-nes), n. The quality of being indecorous;
violation of propriety or good manners.

indecorum (m-de-ko'rum), n. [= Sp. Pg. in-
decoro, indecorum, < L. indecorum, neut. of in-
decorus: see indecorous.] 1. Lack of decorum;
impropriety of behavior ; violation of the ac-
cepted rules of conduct. — 2. An indecorous or
unbecoming act; a breach of decorum.

As if a herald, in the achievement of a king, should com-
mit the indecorum to set his helmet sideways and close,
not full-faced and open in the posture of direction and
command. Milton, Tetrachordon.

Indecorums in respect of style may possibly be accounted
for as attempts at humor by one who has an imperfect no-
tion of its ingredients.

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 261.

indefectible

= Syn. Indecorum, Indelicacy, Indecency. An indecorum
violates a rule or rules of civility or order : as, it is an inde-
corum, to interrupt a speaker in debate ; an indelicacy and
an indecency ai-e a low and a high degree of violation of the
rules of modesty : as, there would be a manifest indelicacy,
not to say indecency, in his putting himself forward for a

?ublic office; indelicaciesorindecenciesi\\ speech or action.
ndecency is used rather freely, for anything shameful in
conduct.

indeed (in-ded'), adv. [< ME. indede; being
the prep, phrase in deed, sometimes with adj.
in very deed, in fact : see in1 and deed.] In fact ;
in reality ; in truth : used emphatically, or as
noting a concession or admission; or interjec-
tionally, as an expression of surprise; or in-
terrogatively, for the purpose of obtaining con-
firmation: as, do you believe it? yes, indeed;
indeed! that is surprising; indeed t I can hardly
believe it.

Be it done euyn in dede as thi dissire is !

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2426.

Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile !

John i. 47.

No man can justly censure or condemn another, because
indeed no man truly knows another.

Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 4.
The name of freedom, indeed, was still inscribed on their
banners, hut the spirit had disappeared.

Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 1.

[Originally written separately as two words, as still when
an adjective, as very, qualifies the noun.

And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up,
for to shew in thee my power. Ex. ix. 10.)

indefatigability (in-de-fat"i-ga-bil'i-ti), n. [<
indefatigable : see -biliiy,] The state or quality
of being indefatigable ; unweariedness ; persis-
tency.
His indefatigability of study cannot be paralleled.

Life o/Bp. Andrews (1650).

indefatigable (in-de-fat'i-ga-bl), a. [= OF.
indefatigable, < L. indefatigabilis, that cannot be
tired out, < in- priv. + *defatigabilis, that can
be tired out : see defa tigable.] Not def atigable ;
incapable of being fatigued; not easily ex-
hausted ; not yielding to fatigue ; unremitting
in labor or effort.

Of all men they [learned men] are the most indefatiga-
ble, if it be towards any business that can hold or detain
their mind. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 21.

The French were indefatigable in their efforts to obtain
a naval ascendency on the coast.

Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xiv.

= Syn. Unwearied, untiring, tireless, unflagging, perse-
vering, assiduous, persistent, sedulous.

indefatigableness (in-de-fat'i-ga-bl-nes), n.
Indefatigability.

indefatigably (in-de-fat'i-ga-bli), adv. In an in-
defatigable manner; without weariness; with-
out yielding to fatigue.

A man indefatigably zealous in the service of the church
and state, and whose writings have highly deserved of
both. Dryden.

indefatigationt (in-de-fat-i-ga'shon), «. [< in-3
+ defatigation.] Unweariedness.

Holding themselves to be not inferiour (as indeed they
were not) either to the indefatiyation or skill of the Greek
geographers. J. Gregory, Posthuma (1050), p. 267.

indefeasibility (in-de-fe-zi-biri-ti), «. [< in-
defeasible : see -bility. ] The quality or character
of being indefeasible, or not liable to be made
void: as, the indefeasibility of a title.

indefeasible (iu-de-fe'zi-bl), o. [Formerly also
indefeisible ; < in-3 + defeasible.] Not defeasi-
ble; not to be defeated or made void; that can-
not be set aside or overcome.

Others objected that, if the blood gave an indefeasible
title, how came it that the Lady Jane's mother did not
reign ? Bp. Burnet, Hist. Keformation, an. 1558.

indefeasibleness (iu-de-fe'zi-bl-nes), n. In-
defeasibility.

indefeasibly (in-de-fe'zi-bli), adv. In an inde-
feasible manner; so as not to be defeated or
made void ; so as not to be set aside or over-
come.

As truly and as indefeasibly royal as the House of Stu-
art. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvi.

indefectibility (in-df-fek-ti-bil'j-ti), «. [= F.
indcfcctibilM = Sp. indefectibilidad = Pg. inde-
feciibilidode = It. indefettibilitd ; as indefecti-
ble + -Hy : see -bility.] The quality of being
indefectible, or subject to no defect or decay.
His [God's] unity first, then his eternity nnd indefecti-
bility, his immense omnipresence.

Barrow, Works, II. viii.

indefectible (in-de-fek'ti-bl), a. [= F. iiidf-
fectible = Sp. indefectible = Pg. indefectivel =
It. indcfettibile. < ML. "indefectibilis (in deriv.
indefeoiibOiter), < L. )'M-priv. + IfLSdefectibilix,
defectible : see dejectiblr.] Not defectible ; not
liable to delect, failure, or decay; unfailing;
not defeasible.

indefectible

i vi t it mil s, indeed, do not change, but who shall pre-
tend that iiKHrnl-s are intlef edible f

J. II. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 232.

indefective(in-de-fek'tiv), a. [= Pg. indefec-
lirii = It. in/lift llirt>, < Mli. imli fii'iinis, not de-
fective, imperishable, < L. in- priv. + LL. de-
fectivus, imperfect : see defective.} Not defec-
tive; perfect; complete. [Kare.]

Repentance and forgiveness stand in the breach, and
supply i In- impossibilities of indefectice obedience.

South, Works, VIII. xii.

indefeisiblet, «• An obsolete spelling of tnde-
ffiisihlf. I>r. H. More.

indefensibility (in-de-fen-si-bil'ji-ti), n. The
quality or state of being indefensible.

indefensible (in-de-fen'si-bl), a. [= OF. ende-
fensible, also indcfensable ; as in-3 4- defensible.]
Not defensible; that cannot be defended, main-
tained, or justified, by either force or speech :
as, an indefensible frontier ; conduct that is in-
defensible.

Thomas . . . had seen three instances of persons raised
frum the dead by our Saviour, . . . which must needs
. . . render his unbelief and doubting of our Saviour's
own resurrection (so unquestionably attested) utterly in-
defensible. South, Works, V. iv.

indefensibleness (in-de-fen'si-bl-nes), «. The
character of being indefensible; indefensibility.

indefensibly (in-de-fen'si-bli), adv. In an in-
defensible manner; so as to admit of no de-
fense.

If there is propriety, however, in thus representing the
amours of guilty intoxication, by which figure Milton calls
it, some of the terms of expression are still indefensibly
indelicate. Stickle, tr. of Camoens'a Luslad, i\., note 82.

indefensivet (iu-de-fen'siv), a. [< i«-3 + de-
fensive.] Having no defense ; undefended.
The sword awes the indefensive villager.

Sir T. Herbert, Travels, p. 3S7.

indeficiencyt (in-de-fish'eu-si), n. [< indefi-
cien(t) + -cy.] The quality of being indeficient
or unfailing.

A sermon about the indeficicncy of faith, final perse-
verance, etc. Strype, Abp. Parker, an. 1696.

indeflcientt (in-de-fish'ent), a. [= OP. indefici-
ent = Sp. Pg. It. indeficiente, < LL. indeficien(t-)s,
not deficient, < L. in- priv. + deficien(t-)s, defi-
cient: see deficient.] Unfailing.
In this field [Heaven]
The indeficient spring no winter fears.

Fletcher, Christ's Triumph after Death, st 37.

indefinable (in-de-fi'na-bl), a. [< in-3 + defina-
ble.] Not definable; incapable of being denned
or exactly described ; not susceptible of defini-
tion: as, an indefinable boundary ; an indefinable
word ; indefinable sensations.

That scramble after the undefined and indefinable tights
that ends always in despotism.

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 107.

indefinably (in-de-fi'na-bli), adv. In an inde-
finable manner; so as not to be capable of defi-
nition.

indefinite (in-def i-nit), a. [= F. indefini =
Sp. indefinido = Pg. indefinido, indefinite = It.
indefinite, < L. indefinitus, indefinite, < in- priv.
+ definitus, limited, definite: see definite.] 1.
Not definite; not denned; not precise; vague:
as, an indefinite time, proposition, term, or sen-
sation.

It were to be wished that* now that those begin to
quote chymical experiments that are not themselves ac-
quainted with chymical operations, men would leave off
that indefinite way of vouching "the chymists say this"
or "the chymists affirm that" Boyle, Works, I. MO.

2. Infinite in number. The term was introduced by
Pascal. Descartes distinguished between the imlefinite,
which has no particular limit, and the infinite, which is in-
comparably greater than anything having a limit. The dis-
tinction is considered as highly important by many meta-
physicians.

The indefinite is sometimes confounded with the infi-
nite: though there are hardly two notions which, with-
out being contradictory, differ more widely. The indefi-
nite has a subjective, the infinite an objective relation.
The one is merely the negation of the apprehension of
limits, the other the negation of the existence of limits.
Sir >T. Hamilton, Logic, iv.

The strength of a bar of metal is the total effect of an
indefinite number of molecular adhesions.

H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 29.

3. Specifically, in hot., uncertain in number or
too great to be easily counted: for example,
the stamens when more than 10, and not clearly
in multiples of the ground number of the flower,
are said to be iinlHiniti: — 4. In logic, indeter-
minate in logical quantity; not distinguishing
between "some" and "all."

Indefinite propositions, those in which the subject is
not overtly or articulately declared to be either universal,
particular, or individual. Sic W. Hamilton, Logic, xiii.

Indefinite article. See article, 11.— Indefinite growth.
Of branches, the mode of growth of those branches that

3053

grow onward indefinitely until arrested by the cold of au-
tumn, as in the rose, raspberry, sumac, and honey-locust.
The terminal or uppermost buds are consequently young
and nnin.it iireil, and are usually killed by the frosts of
winter. — Indefinite Inflorescence, a flower-cluster that
develops internode after internode of the axis, and one
or more bracts at each node, with a flower in the axil
of each bract, until 1U strength or capability ia ex-
hausted. Also called indeterminate inflorescence. — In-
definite Integral, in math., an integral In which the
limits uf integration are not fixed, the upper limit being
variable and the lower limit being usually left arbitrary.—
Indefinite numeral, pronoun, et«. See the nouns.— In-
definite proposition, in logic, a proposition which has
for Its subject a common term without any sign to indi-
cate distribution or non-distribution: as, "man is mor-
tal."— Indefinite term, in logic, an infinite or inflnitated
term : a term with a sign of negation prefixed, as non-
'""" Syn. 1. Undefined, loose, unlimited, indetermi-
nate, uncertain, vague, Inexact, obscure, indistinct, con-
fused.

indefinitely (iu-def'i-nit-li), adv. With indefi-
niteness: without settled limitation or preci-
sion; infinitely.

In his [Theobald's] reports of copies and editions he is
not to be trusted without examination. He speaks some-
times indefinitely, when he has only one.

JoAiwon, 1'ruf. to Shakespeare.

indefiniteness (in-def'i-nit-nes), n. The char-
acter of being indefinite, undefined, unlimited,
or not precise and certain.

The iiulffiiatetiea of the charge implies a generality.

Bp. Hall, Best Bargain.

indefinitude (in-de-fin'i-tud), n. [= It. indefi-
nitudine; as in-3 •(• definitude.] 1. Number or
quantity beyond determination or estimation.
[Rare.]

They arise to a strange and prodigious multitude, if not
indefinitiule, by their various positions, combinations, and
conjunctions. 5ir M. Hale, Orlg. of Mankind.

2. Indefiniteness; want of precision.

This is Indeed shown in the vacillation or indefinitwlr

of Aristotle himself in regard to the number of the modes.

.Sir W. Hamilton, Discussions, ir.

indeflnityt (in-de-fin'i-ti), n. [< indefinite +
-ity.] Vagueness; indefinitude.

He can insinuate the vilest falsehoods In the world, and
upon trial come off upon the ambiguity or indefinity of his
expressions. Roger North, Exameu, p. 144.

indeformable (in-de-f6r'ma-bl), a. [< in-3 +
deformable.] Rigid; incapable of deformation.
No visible motion is produced in an ordinary indeform-
abte body, such as we meet in nature, by the action of two
equal forces acting in opposite directions along the same
line. Minchin, Statics, I. 5.

indehiscence (in-de-his'ens), n. [< indehiscen(l)
+ -ce.] In hot., th'e property of being indehis-
cent.

indehiscent (in-de-his'ent), a. [< in-3 + dehis-
cent.] In hot. .not dehiscent; not opening spon-
taneously when mature, as a capsule or anther.

The capsule is indehuceni, and the spores are set free
only by its decay. Beuey, Botany, p. 368.

indelebility, indeleble, etc. See indelibility, etc.
indelectable (in-de-lek'ta-bl), a. [= OF. inde-
lectable; as in-3 + delectable.] Not delectable;
unpleasant; unamiable.

Then stiffened and starched . . . Into dry and indeleet-
able affectation, one sort of these scholars assume a style
as rough as frequently are their manners.

Hichardson, Clarissa Harlowe, VIII. 327.

indeliberate (in-de-lib'e-rat), a. [= F. inde-
libere = Sp. Pg. indeliberaao = It. indeliberato;
as tn-3 + deliberate.] Not deliberate; unpre-
meditated.

A man drinks himself into a present rage, or distraction
of mind; in which condition he is perhaps carried to com-
mit a rape or a murder, which action Is indeed in itself
sudden and indeliberate. South, Works, VII. x.

indeliberatedt (in-de-lib'e-ra-ted), a. [< tn-3
+ deliberated.] Not deliberated upon.

Actions proceeding from blandishments, or sweet per-
suasions, If they be indeliberated, as in children who want
the use of reason, are not presently free actions.

Abp. Bramhall.

indeliberately (in-de-lib'e-rat-li), adv. In an
indeliberate manner; without deliberation or
premeditation.

indeliberation (in-de-lib-e-ra'shon), n. [= F.
indeliberation = Sp. indeltberacion = Pg. im/f-
liheraqato = It. indeliberazione; as in-3 + delibera-
tion.] Lack of deliberation.

She should have no liturgy at all, but the worship of
God be left to the managing of chance, and indeliberativn,
and a petulant fancy.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 2:.3.

indelibility, indelebility (in-del-i-bil'i-ti, -e-
bil'i-ti), n. [(.indelible: see-bility.] The qual-
ity of being indelible.

My lords, upon a late occasion this question of the in-
delibilittf of the sacred character came to be much agitated
in this house. Hartley, Speech, April 13, 1804.

indelible, indeleble (in-del'i-bl, -e-bl), a.
[Prop, indeleble; = F. indelebile = Sp. indele-

indemnitor

ble = Pg. indelcrel = It. indelebile, < L. imli It
In/ i.i. that cannot be destroyed, < in- priv. + dele-
bilis, that can be destroyed: see deleble.] 1.
Not deleble ; not to be blotted out ; incapable
of being effaced or obliterated.

Moreover, the character of the chancellour Is esteemed
so sacred and inviolable that It remains altogether indele-
ble but by death onely. Evelyn, State of France.

There Is an indelible mark of goodness In those who sin-
cerely possess It. Strelt, Taller, No. 21 L

He carried with him into his new service the brand not
only of failure, but of indelible disgrace.

Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent, xlv.

2. Not to be annulled. [Rare.]

They are endued with indelible power from above to
feed, to govern this household. Bp. Sprat.

Indelible ink. See inJH. = 8yn, 1. Ineffaceable, ingrain-
ed, abiding.

indelibleness, indelebleness (in-del'i-bl-nes,

-e-bl-nes), H. The quality of being indelible,
indelibly, indelebly (in-del'i-bli, -e-bli), adv.

So as to be indelible ; so as not to be blotted out

or effaced.
Let the characters of good things stand indelibly In thy

mind. Sir T. Browne, Christ Mor., ill. 10.

indelicacy (in-del'i-ka-si), «.; pi. indelicacies
(-siz). [<.indelica(te) + -cy.] Tne character or
quality of being indelicate; want of delicacy;
coarseness of manners or language ; offensive-
ness to modesty or refined taste.

There is no wonder, therefore, that Lord Kalmes . . .
should have expressed himself upon this subject of the in-
delicacy of English comedy. //. Blair, Rhetoric, xlvU.

= Syn. Indecency, etc. (see indecorum), grossness, vulgar-
ity.

indelicate (in-del'i-kat), a. [= F. indelicat; as
j'n-3 + delicate.] Not delicate ; wanting deli-
cacy; offensive to a refined sense of propriety,
or to modesty or purity of mind; beyond the
bounds of proper reserve or restraint.

He ... seemed . . . most eager to preserve the ac-
quaintance, and without any indelicate display of regard
. . . was soliciting the good opinion of her friends.

Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, p. 225.

Immorality and Indelicacy are different things. Rabe-
lais is indelicate to the last degree, but he is not really
immoral. Congreve is far less indelicate, but far more
immoral. J. Hadley, Essays, p. 347.

indelicately (in-del'i-kat-li), adv. In an in-
delicate manner; with indelicacy; unbecom-
ingly; indecently.

indemnification (in-dem'ni-fi-ka'shon), ». [<
indemnify + -ation : see -fication.] 1. The act
of indemnifying or securing against loss, dam-
age, or penalty. — 2. That which indemnifies ;
reparation ; reimbursement.

indemnify (in-dem'ni-fi), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
indemnified, ppr. indetunifying. [< L. indeni-
nis, unhurt, + facere, make : see indemnity and
-fy.] 1. To preserve or secure against loss,
damage, or penalty ; save harmless : followed
by against, formerly by from.

I believe the states must at last engage to the mer-
chants here that they will indemnify them frum all that
shall fall out Sir W. Temple, To Lord Arlington.

2. To make good to ; reimburse ; remunerate :
followed by ./or.

It* enterprising navy indemnified the nation for the
scantiness of its territory at home.

Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int

Of the servile Hindoos we are told that " they indemni-
fy themselves for their passlveness to their superiors by
their tyranny, cruelty, and violence to those in their pow-
er." //. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 461.

3. To engage to make good or secure against
anticipated loss ; give security against (future
damage or liability). =Byn. Compensate, Recompam,
Remunerate, Reimburse, Indemnify, Requite. Compensate
and recompense are very general words for paying or ren-
dering an equivalent, in money or otherwise*. Either of
them may mean to make a loss good to one. Remuner-
ate has not this meaning, being confined to the idea of pay-
ment for expense or service with money or its equivalent.
To reimburse a person is to make a loss or expenditure
good to him with money. Indemnify formerly meant to
save a person from damage or loss, but now much more
often means to make good after loss or the damage of
property. To requite is to render a full return. Requite
Is perhaps more often used in a bad sense. Archaically
recompense may be used in a good or a bad sense for re-
turn: as, "Recompense to no man evil for evil," Rom. xii.
17; "Recompense injury with justice, and recompense
kindness with kindness,'1 Confuciv*. Analects (trans. X i- 4.
The others are always used in a good sense. See requital.

indemnitee (in-dem-ni-te'), N. [Irreg. < tndt:m-
nit(y) + -eel.] The person to whom indemnity
or promise of indemnity is given. [This word U
of recent origin ; and although objection has been made
to its formation, its analogy to other legal terms and its
convenience have given it considerable currency.]

indemnitoT (in-dem'ni-tqr), «. [Irreg. < indem-
nify) + -or.] One who has promised to indem-
nify another person against loss or liability.

indemnity

indemnity (in-dem'ni-ti), n. [< F. indemnite
= Sp. indemnidad = Pg. indemnidade = It. in-
denitita, < LL. indenmita(t-)s, security from loss
or damage, < L. indemnis, unhurt, undamaged,
< in- priv. + dammnn, hurt, damage : see <to«-
age.'] 1. Security given against or exemption
granted from damage, loss, injury, or punish-
ment.

I am content to graunt him for the while that they wyl
sufficiently prouide for ttnndempnitye of the witnesses.
Sir T. More, Works, p. 970.

2. Indemnification; compensation for loss,
damage, or injury sustained; reimbursement.

A promise is held out of an indemnity, in the shape of
new territory, for the expenses of Prussia in the war,
should it come to a happy issue.

Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. ii., p. 408.

3. In law, that which is given to a person who
has assumed or is about to assume a responsi-
bility at the request or for the benefit of an-
other, in order to make good to him any loss
or liability which has or may come upon him
by SO doing. More specifically — (a) The actual reim-
bursement of such loss or discharge of such liability. (M
A transfer, mortgage, or pledge of property, or the giving
of an obligation, to provide for future reimbursement or
discharge in case loss or liability should occur. There is
an important distinction, in this latter use of the term as
designating a contract for future protection, between in-
demnity against loss and indemnity against liability. If
the object of a contract for indemnity is expressed as be-
ing to secure against loss or damage, or in other equiva-
lent words, the obligation becomes enforceable only when
actual loss or damage has been incurred. If it is expressed
to be against liability, or in equivalent words, the obliga-
tion is enforceable whenever the person to whom it is
given becomes liable, by conduct or forbearance such as
was contemplated, and the other does not promptly relieve
him of the liability by satisfying it at once, so as to prevent
his incurring loss or damage. Thus, upon an indemnity
"against costs," the party is entitled to receive not what
costs he is liable to pay, but only what costs he has ac-
tually paid.— Act Of indemnity, an act or decree absolv-
ing a public officer or other person who has used doubt-
ful powers, or usurped an authority not belonging to htm,
from the technical legal penalties or liabilities therefor,
or from making good losses incurred thereby. In Great
Britain an indemnity act was formerly passed every year,
until the general act of :n and 32 Viet., c. 72, § 16, was pass-
ed to absolve those who had failed to take an oath of office
required of them.— Bond Of Indemnity. See bondl.

indemonstrability (in-de-mon-stra-bil'i-ti), "•
[< indemonstrable : see -b'ility.] The condition
or quality of being indemonstrable.

indemonstrable (iu-de-mon'stra-bl). a. [= P.
indemontrable = Sp. iiidemostrable, < LL. inde-
monstrabilis, that cannot be proved, < in- priv. +
demonstrabilis, that can be proved: see demon-
strable.] 1. Not demonstrable; incapable of
being demonstrated.

Because the degree of malignity in every errour was
oftentimes undiscernable, and most commonly indemon-
strable, their zeal was alike against all.

Jer. Taylor, Liberty of Prophesying, § 2.

2. Immediately evident ; axiomatical ; not ca-
pable of being made more evident.

We find likewise some of the axioms of geometry men-
tioned by Aristotle as axioms, and as indemonstrable prin-
ciples of mathematical reasoning.

Reid, Intellectual Powers, vi. 7.

indemonstrableness (in-de-mon'stra-bl-nes),
n. The character of being 'indemonstrable.

indentation (in-den-i-za'shon), n. Same as
endenization.

indenizet (in-den'iz), v. t. Same as endeniee.

indenizen (in-den'i-zn), v. t. Same as endeni-
zen.

indent1 (in-denf), v. t. [< t«-i -I- denfl, after
indent2.] 1. To make a dent or depression in,
as by a blow or by pressure : dent or dint.
With shields indented deep in glorious wars.

Pope, Odyssey, xix.

2. To dent or press in; form as a dent or de-
pression .

There was a struggle within her. which found expression
in the depth of the few last lines the parasol indented into
the table-cloth. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, iv. 2.

indent2 (in-denf ), v. [< ME. inden ten, en denten,
indent (def. I., 2), < OF. endenter, F. endenter =
Sp. Pg. endentar = It. indentare,< ML. indenture,
make notches in like teeth, notch, jag, indent
(a document), < L. in, in, + den(t-)s = E. tooth :
see dent?.] I. trans. 1. To make notches in
resembling teeth ; cut into points or jags like
a row of teeth; notch; jag; serrate.

Our siluer Medway (which doth deepe indent
The Flowrie Medowes of My natiue Kent).

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.
Thus did he indent a passage for this Riuer.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 83.

Fold upon fold of the indented hills and islands melt-
ing from the brightness of the sea into thu untempered
brilliance of the sky.

J. A. Symunda, Italy and Greece, p. 208.

3054

The niches which surround the three high doors . . .
and indent the four great buttresses.

B. Jarnen, Jr., Little Tour, p. 11.

Specifically— 2. Formerly, to notch the edges of
(two copies of a writing, as a deed, covenant,
articles of agreement, etc., in which two parties
had an interest), as a conventional means of
identification and security. It was the custom to
write duplicates of the deed or covenant on one sheet, and
then cut them apart by a waving or jagged line. One part
was given to each party in interest, and its genuineness
could be subsequently attested by the coincidence of its
indented margin with the indented margin of the other
part.

And for to deliuere, be bill endented, to the newe Aldir-
man and maistres, alle manere of ornemens and other
diuerse nescesaries to the fraternite longynge.

English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 450.

Articles of agreement, indented, between the spectators
or hearers . . . and the author.

B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, Ind.

Hence — 3. To covenant or bargain for; trans-
fer by covenant ; indenture.

We should follow his word in serving of him, and take
it no less than idolatry or image-service, whatsoever thing
is indented by man, saint, or angel, and not by him, con-
cerning his worship and service.

J. Bradford, Works (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 318.

Below them [the upper and ruling classes] were the in-
dented servants, some of whom were convicts, and some of
whom had bound themselves for a term of years to defray
the expenses of their transportation.

Johns Hopkins Hist. Studies, III. ii.

4. In type-setting and writing, to throw or sink
inward by a blank space in the margin, as the
first line of a paragraph; hence, to begin, or
exceptionally to begin and end, with a fixed
amount of blank space, whether evenly or un-
evenly, as lines of poetry or of type specially
arranged. See indention2.

Indenting after a Break ... is an m Quadrat ... set
at the beginning of a line. But when verses are indented,
two, three, or four m Quadrats are used.

J. iloxon, Mechanical Exercises, II. 220.

Authors should make the beginning of a new paragraph

conspicuous to the compositor, by indenting the first line

of it far enough to distinguish it from the preceding line.

Stower, Printer's Qrammar, p. 164.

II. intrans. If. To move in a zigzag course ;
wind in and out ; double in moving.

His head growes giddy, and his foot indents,
A mighty fume his troubled brain torments.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Ark.
Then shalt thou see the dew-bedabbled wretch [the hare[
Turn and return, indenting with the way.

Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 704.

2. To contract; bargain; make a compact.

Shall we buy treason? mdindent with feres?

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3.

The Polanders indented with Henry Duke of Anjou, their
new chosen king, to bring with him an hundred families
of artificers into Poland.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 58.
I flre with indignation, when I see persons wholly des-
titute of education and genius indent to the press.

Goldsmith, Polite Learning, xi.

indent2 (in-denf), n. [< indent2, v.~\ 1. A cut
or notch in the margin, or a recess like a notch;
an indentation.

It [the Trent] shall not wind with such a deep indent,
To rob me of so rich a bottom here.

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1.
The deep-worn ruts

Of faith and habit, by whose deep indent
Prudence may guide if genius be not lent.

Lowell, The Brakes.

The Bay of Chaleurs or other important indents of the
coasts. West-minster Rev., CXXV. 402.

2. A writing, as a deed, covenant, contract, or-
der for goods, articles of agreement, etc., hav-
ing the edges indented (see indent2, v. t., 2, 3) ;
hence, any covenant.

In negotiating with princes we ought to seeke their fa-
uour by humilitie, and not by sternnesse, nor to trafficke
with them by way of indent or condition, but frankly, and
by manner of submission to their wils.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie (ed. Arber), p. 299.

3. An indented certificate issued by the United
States government at the close of the Revolu-
tion, for the principal or interest due on the
public debt. Burrill.

indentation1 (in-den-ta'shon), n. [< indentl +
-ation. In form the same as indentation2, which
goes with indent2, the verbs indenfl and indent2
being partly confused : see indent fl- and inden-
tion^.'] A small hollow or depression ; a dent or
slight pit, as from a blow or from pressure ; an
impressed cavity: as, the indetitations in a bat-
tered shield.

She showed the indentations made by the lieutenant-
governor's sword-hilt in the door-panels of the apartment.
Hawthorne, Seven Gables, v.

An indistinct indentation of a round stamp, about the
size of an American one-cent piece.

A', and (J., utll ser., XI. 270.

indenture

indentation2 (in-den-ta'shon), n. [= F. inden-
tation = Pg. endentagSo, < ML. as if "indenta-
tio(n-), a notching, < indenture, notch, indent :
see indent*.] 1. The act of indenting, or the
state of being indented ; the act of notching,
or of cutting into points or inequalities like a
row of teeth. — 2. A cut or notch in a margin ;
a recess or depression. — 3. In printing. See
indention2.

indented (in-den'ted), p. a. [< indent2 + -ed2.
Of. equiv. F. indente= Sp. Pg. endentado, < ML.
indentatus, pp. of in-
denture, indent: seei«-
dent2.] 1. Having the
edge or margin cut into
points like teeth ; zig-
zag : as, an indented pa-
per; an indented mold-
ing. Indented moldings are a common orna-
mental feature in medieval architecture.

It [a snake] unlink <1 itself,
And with indented glides did slip away.

Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3.

J'HI

Indented Molding.

Indentee border-

Fesse Indentilly
at the bottom.

Specifically — 2. In entom.: (a) Having one or
more angular notches : said of margins and of
the edges of color-marks. (6) Having one or
more sharp depressions : as, an indented stria or
surface. — 3. In her., like dancett6, but cut with
smaller teeth : thus, a fesse indented will have
eight or nine points, as opposed to three or four of
dancett6. Also inraced and danclie — Indented at
a distance,in*f )•., having notches or projecting teeth with
a short horizontal outline between them. It is usual to ex-
press in the blazon the number of dents — that is, notches or
projections.— Indented battery. See lattery.— Indent-
ed embowed, in her., same as hacked.— Indented in
point, in her., having the dents or notches of the whole
width of the bearing, so that the points reach alternately to
the opposite sides. Thus, a fesse indented in point, or af esse
indented per fesse in point, is divided by a zigzag line which
touches both of its edges. — Indented line, in fort. , a ser-
rated line having salient and reentering
angles and sides which defend each nm mr *m v^ t
other.— Indented parapet, a parapet ]J*
having vertical recesses in its interior
slope, forming standing-places for the
men to fire along the front of the work.

indentee (in-den-te'), a. [< F.
indente, indented : see indented.]
In her., having indents not joined
to each other, but set apart.

indentilly (in-den-til'i), a. [<
OF. endentele, equiv. to endente, indented: see
indented, and cf. dentil, dentel.] In Tier., hav-
ing long indents, somewhat re-
sembling piles conjoined : as, a
fesse indentilly at the bottom.

indention1 (in-den'shon), M. [<
indent1 -f- -ion.] A dent or
denting in; an impressed hol-
low ; a slight depression.

Should the piece of paper [adhering to
the block] remain unnoticed for some
time, it will make a small indention in
the block, and occasion a white or grey speck in the im-
pressions printed after its removal.

Chatto, Wood Engraving, p. 564.

indention2 (in-den'shon), n. [A short form for
indentation2, with ref. to indent2, indenting, in
printers' use.] In type-setting and writing, an
indenting or sinking inward by a blank space,
as of the beginning of a line beyond that of ad-
joining lines; hence, any determinate space
left before the beginning, or exceptionally af-
ter the end, of lines, whether alternating or
equal throughout, as in poetry, etc.

The mere indention of an em [is] scarcely perceptible
when the measure is very long.

Adam*, Typographia, p. 113.

Diamond indention, in printing, an indenting of every
line after the first with even shortening on both sides, and
with an increasing blank, so that the printed lines tend to a
point on the last line. — Hanging indention, an indention
of uniform amount at the beginninff of each line except
the flrst^ that one being of full width, and so overhanging
the others, as with the matter below a title-word in this
dictionary. A paragraph so indented is called a hanging
paragraph.— motto indention, an indention forming a
blank of about one half the width of the measure on the
left-hand side.

indentmentt (in-dent'ment), n. [< indent2 +
-went.] Indenture. Sp. Hall.

indenture (in-den'tur), n. [< OF. endenture, <
ML. indenture (ef . It. indrntatitra). an inden-
ture, < indenture, indent: see indent*.] 1. The
act of indenting, or the state of being indent-
ed; indentation.

The general direction of the shore ... is remarkably
direct east and west, with only occasional indentures and
projections of bays and promontories.

Mitford, Hist. Greece (ed. 1829), VIII. 817.

Till lips and teeth bite in their sharp indenture.

A. C. S-a>inlttirne, A Cameo.

indenture

2 in //mi. (ni\ A <lonil between two or more datlon of ministerial or clerical orders, and no officials so-
• U» Hl».f («T) * '" '' m.r perlor to the laity and invested with administrative or

parties with mutual covenants, having tne edge j^dida| authority' ami from Presbyterianlsra by having
indented for identification and security. Bee no gradation of couiis or represenUtlveJwdlM^poiiieiiMd
liiiirntV, 11., '2.

Their (the .lavuns'l Crisses or Daggers are two foote
long, waned Indenture fashion.

7'ior/irt.v, Pilgrimage, p. 542.

of iugisfatfve and judicial functions. (See Independent,
n and ctmyreyativtialitnn.) In iu extreme form it is the
absolute freedom of the local church from external con-
trol of any kind. Also independentism.

The Leyden church Is the purest of Independency, alike
In England and America. Encyc. Brit,, XII. "25.

Independency is possible without Congregationalism.

/;. 1C. Dak, Manual of Cong. Principles, p. 76.
(i) Now, in general, a deed or sealed agreement ^^.^^8^ (i,,.de-pen'deut), a. and «. [For-
between two or more pai les. mer\y alsoindependemt; =F.independant = Sp.

Each (derail should be cut or indented ... on the top
or side, i" tally or correspond with the other; which deed
no made is r:illnl :uj nut'-nturf. liladcitonf., Com., II. xx.

It was a common clause in the indentures! of children
apprenticed in Hereford that they should not be com-
pelled to live on Salmon more than two days in a week.

Quoted in Walturis Complete Angler, p. 126.
Then, strongly fencing Ill-got wealth by law,
Indentures, Cov'nants, Articles they draw.

Pope, Satires of Donne, II 94.

The sheriff is himself to bring up the names of the per-
sons chosen and the writ, until by the statute of Henry IV.
in 1408 the indenture tacked to the writ is declared to be
the sheritfs return. Stubbs, Const Hist, I 419.

indenture (in-den'tur), v. ; pret. and pp. inden-
tured, ppr. indenturing. [< indenture, n.] I.
trans. If. To indent; wrinkle; furrow.
Though age may creep on, and indenture the brow.

Woly, Autumnal Song.

2. To bind by indenture: as, to indenture an
apprentice.

I was suspected to be some runaway indentured servant
Franklin, Autobiog., p. 37.

Il.t intrans. To run in a zigzag course ; dou-
ble in running.

They took

Their staves in hand, and at the good man strook ;
But, by indenturing, still the good man scap'd.

Heywood, Hierarchy of Angels, p. 134.

indepartablet, «• [ME., < i»-3 + departable.]
Not to be parted ; indivisible.

Thre persons in-departaole perpetuel were euere,

Of o wyl, of o wit Piers Ploimnan (CX xlx. 27.

IV. ntdriinidrnle = It. indi-pcndente, indipt-n-
dente, < NL. "independents, not dependent, <

indesert

great political power at the time of the Long Parliament

and the Commonwealth.

3. [fnp. or I. «•.] la politics: (n) One who acts
independently of any organized party ; one who
opposes or supports measures or men on in-
dependent grounds.

When the Chicago convention was held, the Young Re-
publicans of Massachusetts and the Independents ol Penn-
sylvania joined with the scratchcrs of New York In send-
ing a repre»entatloii. The Kation, XXXV. 422.
(6) One of an organized party assuming the
name "Independent"; specifically, in V, S.
linlitifg, a member of the party otherwise called
the Greenback party.

The ground being . . . cleared for the work of reform,

in- priv. + dependents', dependent: see ile- the Independents propose in their resolutions to get rid
pendent.] I. a. 1. Not dependent ; notrequir- of.-the gold ba» faUacv,'' andl»ue paper money on "the
(ng the support or not subject to the control or
controlling influence of others ; not relying on
others for direction or guidance ; not subordi-
nate ; of things, not standing in a relation of de-
pendence to something else : used absolutely or
followed by of, formerly sometimes by on: as, a
person's fortunes in life are quite independent of

,
faith and resources of the Government. "

The Nation, XVIII. 888.

ndependentedt (in-de-pen'den-ted), a. [< in-
dependent + -ed?.] Governed by the principles
of the Independents.

The new titles or style of bodyed and congregated, asso-
ciated or independenled, and new-fangled Churches.

Up. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 43.

the configuration of the planets at his nativity, inflependentism (in-de-pen'den-tizm), «. [<
rm._ . , c» o._i i. . i.,......ul.,,,» ,..,,,,i.i!,.t tobmu. independent + -ism."] Same as independency, '2.

The town of St. Gaul Is a Protestant republlck, indepen-
drnt uf the abbot, and under the protection of the can-
tons. Addisvn.

Let us, for a moment, imagine the legislature of New
York independent on that of Oreat Britain.

A. Hamilton, Works, II. 55.

I am independent, sir, as well as rich ; I am my own
mistress. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxxvil.

2. Not due to or connected with dependence ;
pertaining to or permitting freedom of action ;
free of control or restraint: as, an independent

AnabaptlsmeorPresbyteru>me,or/nd«p«ufcn««n<, . . .
rudely justled Episcopacy out of the Church of England.
Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 684.
independently (in-de-pen'dent-li), arfr. 1. In
an independent manner; with independence. —
2. Apart from or without regard to something
else: followed by of: as, independently of being
safe, it is more beneficial.

Dispose lights and shadows, without finishing every-
• Dryden.

ree o conro or es , — , -----

income, estate, or position ; independent action, thing independently the one of the other.

Independently of the strength of its works, it ITarcnto)
was rendered nearly inaccessible by its natural position.
Pretcott, Ferd. and Isa., IL 10.

Choosing rather far
A dry but independent crust, hard eani'd.

Cowper, Task, iv. 409.

3. Not subject to bias or influence; self-di- independingt (in-de-pen'ding), a. [< «»-
reeling. depending.] Not depending or dependent ;

dependen(t-)s, independent: see independent.']

1 . The state of being independent ; exemption
from dependence upon another or others, or
from another's control; self-support or self-
government.

Let fortune do her worst, whatever she makes us lose,
as long as she never makes us lose our honesty and our
independence. Pope.

We commonly say that the rich man can speak the truth,
can afford honesty, can afford independence of opinion and
action ; — and that Is the theory of nobility.

Emerson, Fanning.

By independence we intend to set forth the negative side
of sovereignty — that Is, to deny that any other state has
any right to interfere with the exercise of a state's rights
and sovereign powers. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 87.

2. That which renders one independent ; prop-
erty or income sufficient to make one indepen-
dent of others ; a competency.

In old-fashioned times an independence was hardly ever
made without a little miserliness as a condition.

George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i 12.

Declaration of Independence, in U. S. hitt., a document
promulgated by the second Continental Congress, setting
forth the reasons for severing the connection of the thir-
teen colonies with Great Britain, and proclaiming their ex-
istence as "free and independent states." The Declaration
opens with a preamble In regard to human rights, recapltu-

For a' that, an' a' that,

His riband, star, an' a' that
The man o' independent mind,

He looks an' laughs at a' that

Burn*, For A' That.

dependent.

These, therefore, being distinct and proper actions, do
necessarily evince an tndepending and self-subsisting
.,.„', £„. //„;/, Invisible World, 11. 1.

depra-
see
deprave?] Undepraved; pure.

O let these Wounds, these Woundes indeprauale,
Be holy Sanctuaries for my whole Man.

Davies, Holy Roode, p. 28.

ndeprecable (in-dep're-ka-bl), a. [< L. iniie-
precabilis, that cannot be averted by prayer, <
in- priv. + deprecabilti (LL.), that may be en-
treated: see deprecable.] Incapable of being

manner. — 5. Irrespective; exclusive; without
taking note or notice : followed by of.

A gradual change is also more beneficial, independent
of its being more safe. Brougham.

I mean the account of that obligation in general under
which we conceive ourselves bound to obey a law, inde-
pendent of those resources which the law provides for its
own enforcement tt. Ward.

6 [ca p.] Of or pertaining to the Independents deprecated. Coles, 1717.
or Congregationalists ; belonging to the Inde- indeprehensiblet On-dep_-re-
pendents.

A very famons Independent minister was head of a col-
lege in those times. Addison, Spectator.

How had that man of God and exemplary Indepemlent
minister. Mr. Ainsworth, of persecuted sanctity, conduct-
ed himself when a similar occasion had befallen him at
Amsterdam? George Eliot, Felix Holt, xv.

7. In math., not depending upon another for

, . * , -hen'si-bl), a. [<

LL. iiideprehenxibilis, indiscoverable, < in- priv.
+ *deprehensibilis, that can be seized: see dep-
rehengible.] Incapable of being seized or appre-
hended; incomprehensible.
A case perplexed and indeprehentMe.

Bp. Morton, Discharge of Imput, p. 174.

[< («-3 +

8. Having a competency;
without labor ; well-to-do.

As I am an idle personage, . . . and pay my bOl regu-
larly every week, I am looked upon as the only indepen-

It [the sovereign good] should not be transient nor de-
rived from the will of others, nor in their power to take
away; but be durable, self -derived, and . . . indeprirable.
Harris, Happiness, I.

lates the otfenses of the reigning king (George III. (toward , , . . — „

the colonies, recounts the efforts made by them for recon- dent gentleman of the neighborhood \T>AKT <WdM-1 a and n PME "inder (in adv.

dilation, and closes with a solemn assertion of indepen- trmng, Sketch-Book, p. 300. Ulder (m aerj, a. an< n. ^ L&- " «<-' U" »

Functions Independent of a group of operations.

a set of n functions such that none of the n operations of

the group performed on any one of them gives another of

dence. A resolution in favor of Independence was Intro-
duced by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, June 7th, 1776,
and after debate was referred to a committee of five. The
chairman of this committee, Thomas Jetf erson, drafted the
ii. i '1:11:11 inn. which was reported June 28th, debated from
the 1st to the 3d of July, slightly modified, and, after con-
siderable opposition, passed on July 4th by the votes of 12
of the 13 colonial delegations (the New York delegation re-
fusing to vote). The signatures of the members were af-
nxed at different times.— Independence day. Seedayi.
—Law of Independence. See lams of motion, under
motion. =Syn. 1. Liberty, etc. See freedom.

independency (iu-de-pen'den-si), ». [As /«<'<-
lirndeiife: see -c#.] 1. Independence.

To support the independency of the other powers of
Europe. Goldsmith, Seven Years' War, i.

There is no such thing as an absolute independency of
antecedents. W. Sharp, D. G. Rossetti, p. 39.

2. Ecelcs., the principle that the individual
congregation or church is a society strictly

needing another chord to form a resolution or completion
of it— Independent circuits, in math. See circuit.-
Independent company, contractor, covenant. See
the nouns.— Independent drill, a machine-tool contain-
ing four drills so arranged that each drill in turn may be
used in forming the same hole. Seedri/H. — Indepen-
dent equations. See equation.— Independent Evan-
gelical Church of Neuchatel. See church. — Indepen-
dent party. Same as Greenback party (which see, un-
der greenback).— Independent treasury, variable, etc.
See the nouns. = Syn. 6. Congregational, independent. See
congregational.

II. n. 1. One who acts with independence;
one who acts in accordance with his own will,
judgment, or conscience. — 2. [cnp.]_ Seek*.,
one who maintains the principles of indepen-

inderly),\ai. of enter, entire : see entire.] Lt «•
Kntire.
II. ». A large quantity. [Prov. Eng.J

dr. [ME., a var. of cnterly, entirely.]
fully.

For certeyne she was right inderly fayre,
And, as the writeng makith remembraunce,
Hull womanly of speche and countenaunce.

Generydet (E. E. T. S.), L 875.
Than whan sche wiste it indirly,
Myn hope schulde be the more.
Gotrer, MS. Soc. Antiq. 1S4, f. 74. (Ballimll.)

indescribable (in-des-kri'ba-bl), «. and n. [<
t'ii-3 + describnble.] I. a. Not describable; in-
capable of being described.

II. n. pi. Trousers. [A humorous euphe-
mism.]

A pair of indcscribablet at most capacious dimensions.

---„- „ , . — - f *- Didcens, Sketches (Greenwich Fair).

voluntary and autonomous, standing directly dency, or the freedom of the local church from inHescrn,ablv (in-des-kri'ba-bli), arfr. In an

under the authority of Jesus Christ, living in external control; specifically, in England, a imit,s(.rjkai,ie manner; so as not to admit of

immediate dependence on him, and responsi- name given to a Congregationalist. The Inde- (ips(,rir(tion

ble to Mm alone for its beliefs and acts as a pendents of England differ from the Consregatlonalists *.• '. ,. ' ,;_/)„„ vrin'riv') a IX «»-3 +

Christian society; specifically the principle. g«»^WJa^&TC±3S *$5SSffi *«%£$*%& Dining

of the Independents or English Congroga ion- ffi5SIiftSJSy£M*?2-«ii»Mhy*otti*.*» ., jus/description. [Rare.]

ahsts. as distinguished from those ol the C on- Ii8ll and America, bodies ; the use of the name lnde,im- iT1(i' _,-!. /:.. :^ . z/,rt' ) „ r< ,„ .3 + desert*.]

U'reniitic-nalisls of the United States. Indepen- dent as a denominntional title is almost exi-lusively con- inae en ( m V ^ I

dency it distinguished from Episcopacy bv having no gra- fined to Great Britain. The English Independents attained l*cl!

indesert

'Tis my own indesert that gives me fears.

Steele, Lying Lover, ii. 1.

indesinent (iu-des'i-nent), a. [= It. indesi-
nente; < in-3 + desinent.'] Not ceasing; perpet-
ual. [Bare.]

The last kind of activity ... is much more noble, more
indesinent, and indefeasible than the first.

A. Baxter, Human Souls, I. 351.

indesinently (in-des'i-nent-li), adv. Without
cessation. [Bare.]

His verdant blood

In brisk saltation circulates and flows
Indexinently vigorous.

C. Smart, The Hop-Garden, i.

indesirablet (in-de-zir'a-bl), a. [< in-3 + de-
sirable.] Undesirable.

indestructibility (in-de-struk-ti-bil'i-ti), re.
[= F. indestructibiiite == Sp. indestruciibitidad
= Pg. indestructibilidade; as in-3 + destructi-
bility.'] The character of being indestructible :
as, the indestructib-ility of matter and energy.

indestructible (in-df-struk'ti-bl), a. [= F.
indestructible = Sp. 'indestructible = Pg. inde-
structivel = It. indistruttibile; as in-s + destruc-
tible."] Not destructible; incapable of being de-
stroyed.

Our consciousness of tho Absolute is not negative but
positive, and is the one indestructible element of conscious-
ness, " which persists at all times, under all circumstances,
and cannot cease until consciousness ceases."

a. Spencer, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 456.

indestructibleness (in-de-struk'ti-bl-nes), n.
Indestructibility.

indestructibly (in-de-struk'ti-bli), adv. So as
to be indestructible.

indeterminable (in-df-ter'mi-na-bl), a. [= F.
indeterminable = Sp. indeterminable "= Pg. inde-
terminavel = It. indeterminabile, < LL. indeter-
minabilis, that cannot be defined, < in- priv. +
determinabilis, that can be defined: see deter-
minable."] 1. Incapable of being determined,
ascertained, or fixed.

Either the question is indeterminable, or, which is worse,
men will never be convinced.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 3, Ded.

2. Not to be determined or ended; intermina-
ble. [Bare.]

His memory is indeterminable and unalterable, ever re-
membering to do us good.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 37.

3. In mat, liist., not definable ; incapable of spe-
cialization : said of a specimen which, from its
nature or condition, cannot be properly classi-
fied and named.

indeterminableness (in-de-ter'mi-na-bl-nes),
n. The character of being 'indeterminable.
indeterminate (in-de-ter'mi-nat), a. [< ME.
indeterminat = F. in'determine = Sp. Pg. inde-
terminado = It. indeterminato, < LL. indetermi-
natus, undefined, unlimited, < L. in- priv. + de-
terminatus, defined, limited: see determinate, a."]
Not determinate ; not settled or fixed ; not def-
inite; uncertain; not precise; not exclusively
possessing either of a pair of contradictory at-
tributes.

The greatest part of the questions and controversies
that perplex mankind, depending on the doubtful and un-
certain use of words, or (which is the same) indeter initiate
ideas, which these are made to stand for.

Locke, Human Understanding, To the Eeader.
The rays of the same colour were by turns transmitted
at one thickness, and reflected at another thickness, for
an indeterminate number of successions.

Newton, Opticks.

New laws are too apt to be voluminous, perplexed, and
indeterminate. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 7.

Indeterminate analysis, a branch of algebra in which
there is always given a greater number of unknown quan-
tities than of independent equations, on which account the
number of solutions is indefinite. — Indeterminate co-
efficients, in math. , a method of analysis invented by Des-
cartes, the principle of which consists in this, that if we
have an equation of the form

A + Bz + Cx" + Dx3 + &c. = 0,

in which the coefficients A, B, C are constant, and x a
variable which may be supposed as small as we please,
each of these coefficients, taken separately, is necessarily
equal to o.— Indeterminate constant, contract, cur-
vature, equation, etc. See the nouns.— Indeterminate
form, in math., one of the forms

0 no

n' oo"' ® x °°' 0°» °°0' I50* etc->

whose values are indeterminate until some equation
is established between the two quantities which enter
into each of them.— Indeterminate inflorescence, in
oot., same as indefinite inflorescence. See indefinite. In-
determinate multiplier, in aly., a multiplier whose
value is at first left indeterminate, and afterward fixed
to suit the exigencies of the problem.— Indeterminate
problem, In math., a problem which admits of an infinite
number of solutions, or one in which there are fewer im-
posed conditions than there are unknown or required re-
sults.—Indeterminate quantity, in math., a. quantity
that admits of an infinite number of values.— Indeter-

3056

mlnate series, in math., a series whose terms proceed
by the powers of an indf terminate quantity.
indeterminately (in-de-ter'mi-nat-li), adv. So
as to be indeterminate'; indefinitely; without
precision.

The unpractised mind . . . indeterminately feels and
thinks about itself and the field of its existence.

J. Martineau, Materialism, p. 18.

indeterminateness (in-de-ter'mi-nat-nes), n.
The character of being indeterminate ; lack of
settled limits; want of precision; indefiniteness.
We have but to remember that, growing clustered to-
gether aa Oysters do, they must interfere with one an-
other in various ways and degrees, to see how the inde-
terminateness of form and the variety of form are ac-
counted for. H. Spencer, Prin. of Btol., § 251.

Index of indeterminateness. See index.
indetermination (in-de-ter-mi-na'shon), n. [=
F. indetermination = Sp. indetermina'cion = Pg.
indeterminaqao = It. indeterminaeione ; as i»i-3
-1- determination."] Lack of determination; an
unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind ;
want of fixed or stated direction.

By contingents I understand all things which may be
done and may not be done, may happen or may not hap-
pen, by reason of the indetermination or accidental con-
currence of the cause. Abp. Bramhall, Ana. to Hobbes.

indetermined (in-de-ter'mind), a. Undeter-
mined.

The eternal height of indetermin'd space I
The eternal depth of condescending grace !

Brooke, Universal Beauty, v.

indeterminism (in-de-ter'mi-nizm), n. [< in-3
+ determinism.'] The doctrine that, though the
will is somewhat influenced by motives, it is
not entirely governed by them, but has a cer-
tain freedom and spontaneity. Hodgson.

The cloisters of Christendom resounded . . . with dis-
putatious about determinism and indeterminism.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 441.

indeterminist (in-de-ter'mi-nist), re. [As in-
determin-ism + -4st.~]' A believer in indetermi-
nism.

indevirginatet (in-de-ver'ji-nat), a. [< i«-3 +
devirginate."] Not devirginate or deprived of
virginity.

Pallas, . . .

Who still lives indevirginate.

Chapman, Homeric Hymn to Venus.

indevotet (in-de-vof), a. [= F. indevot = Sp.
Pg. indevoto ='lt. indevoto, indivoto, < LL. in-
devotus, undevout, < in- priv. + L. devotus, at-
tached, faithful, LL. devout: see devote, devout,
a.] Not devout ; indevout.

There are so many of the same arguments, and so inde-
vote an age. Bentley, Letters, p. 181.

indevotedt (in-de-vo'ted), a. [< in-3 + devoted.]
Not devoted.

Mr. Cowley's connections with some persons indevoted
to the excellent chancellor.

Bp. Surd, Dialogues, iii., note.

indevotion (in-de-vo'shon), ». [= F. indfoo-
tion = Sp. indevocion = Pg. indevoySo = It.
indevozione, indivozione; as iw-3 + devotion.]
Lack of devotion; absence of devout affec-
tions ; impiety ; irreligion.

If we live in an age of indevotion, we think ourselves
well assoiled if we be warmer than their ice.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 57.

The greatness of the example may entice us on a little
farther than the customs of the world, or our own inde-
votions, would engage us.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 84.

indeyout (in-de-vouf), a. [< ««-3 + devout.
Cf. indevote.] !Not devout; irreligious.
A wretched, careless, indevout spirit.

Jer. Taylor, Sermon (1658).

index (in'deks), «. ; pi. indexes, indices (in'dek-
sez, -di-sez). [Formerly also indice (< F.); =
F. index, formerly indice = Sp. indice = Pg. It.
indice, an index, < L. index (indie-), a discover-
er, informer, spy ; of things, an indicator, the
forefinger, a title, superscription; < indicare,
point out, show : see indicate."] 1 . That which
points out; anything that shows, indicates, or
manifests.

Whatever stripes of ill-luck La Fleur met with in his
journeyings, there was no index in his physiognomy to
point them out by. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 34.

The standing army, the arsenal, the camp, and the gib-
bet do not appertain to man. They only serve as an in-
dex to show where man is now ; what a bad, ungoverned
temper he has, what an ugly neighbor he is ; how his af-
fections halt ; how low his hope lies. Emerson, War.

2. In logic, a sign which signifies its object by
virtue of being really connected with it. De-
monstrative and relative pronouns are nearly pure indi-
ces, because they denote things without describing them ;
so are the letters on a geometrical diagram, and the sub-
script numbers which in algebra distinguish one value
from another without showing what those values are.

index

3. Something intended to point out, guide, or
direct, as the hand of a clock or a steam-gage,
the style of a sun-dial, an arm of a guide-post,
or the figure of a hand

There was a sun-dial in the centre of the court ; the
sun shone on the brazen plate, and the shadow of the
index fell on the line of noon.

Peacock, Melincourt, xxxii.

4. A detailed alphabetic (or, rarely, classi-
fied) list or table of the topics, names of per-
sons, places, etc., treated or mentioned in a
book or a series of books, pointing out their
exact positions in the volume.

Methinks 'tis a pitiful piece of knowledge that can be
learnt from an index, and a poor ambition to be rich in
the inventory of another's treasure.

Glanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xv.

English grammars usually draw the distinction that
indexes is the form used in speaking of the plural of index,
as of a book, while indices is the scientific term, as in
algebra. N. and Q., 6th ser., X. 69.

5f. Prelude; prologue.

Ah me, what act,
That roars so loud, and thunders in the index?

Shot., Hamlet, UL 4.

An index and obscure prologue to the history of lust
and foul thoughts. Shalt., Othello, ii. 1.

6. (a) In anat., the forefinger or pointing finger.
(b) In ornith., the principal or middle digit of the
wing of a bird : so called by those who hold that
it is homologous with the forefinger of a mam-
mal ; by those who hold that the middle digit
of the wing is the middle digit of a mammal,
the pollex or thumb of a bird's wing is called the
index. — 7. In math., the figure or letter which
shows to what power a quantity is involved; the
exponent. In the theory of numbers the index of a num-
ber to a given base for a given prime modulus of which that
base is a prime root is the index of the power of the base
which is congruous to the number. (See exponent, 3.) The
index-law is the principle that abac = a> + '. The word
index is, besides, used in various special senses in mathe-
matics. See phrases below.

8. In crystal., in the notation of Whewell and
Miller, one of three whole numbers which de-
fine the position of a face of a crystal : in the
notation of Bravais, four numbers constitute
the indices of a face of a hexagonal crystal. —

9. In musical notation, a direct. — 10. [cop.]
Same as Index Expurgatorius.

The Index and Inquisition still survive, and the cen-
sures of the Church are not obsolete, though her last
offices are more frequently rejected than withheld.

Quarterly Rev., CXLV. 297.

Alveolar, basilar, cephalic, facial, etc., index. See
craniometry.— Dlscriminantal Index. See diserimi-
nantal.— Index finger. See def. 6 (a\ and index-finger.
—Index Llbrorum Prohibitorum (Index of Prohibit-
ed Books), Index Expurgatorius (Expurgatory Index),
catalogues of books comprising respectively those which
Roman Catholics are absolutely forbidden to read, and
those which they must not read unless in editions expur-
gated of objectionable passages. They are prepared by the
Congregation of the Index, a body of cardinals and their
assistants. Pope Paul IV. published a list of forbidden
books in 1557 and 1559. The Council of Trent in 1562 at-
tempted the regulation of the matter, but finally referred
it to the Pope. He (Pius IV.) published the " Index Tri-
dentinus " in 1564, often reprinted with additions under
the title " Index Librorum Prohibitorum." — Index of a
line relatively to a quadric surface, the quotient of the
square of its secant by the fourth power of the paral-
lel semidiameter.— Index Of a logarithm, otherwise
called the characteristic, the integral part which precedes
the logarithm, and is always one less than the number of
integral figures in the given number. Thus, if the given
number consist of four figures, the index of its logarithm
is 3 ; if of five figures the index is 4, and so on. See loga-
rithm. — Index of a plane relatively to a quadric surface,
the product of its distances from its pole and from the
center of the quadric. — Index Of a point relatively to a
quadric surface, the product of its two distances from the
surface in any direction divided by the square of the paral-
lel semidiameter.— Index of a series of curves of order
n satisfying i n (n + 3) — 1 conditions, the number of these
curves parsing through an arbitrary point. — Index Of
friction. Same as coefficient of friction (which see, under
coefficient). — Index of indeterminateness of a problem,
the excess of the number of unknowns over that of the
really independent equations. — Index of refraction, in
optics, the ratio between the sines of the angles of inci-
dence and refraction for a ray of light passing from one
medium (usually the air) into another. Thus, this ratio
for a ray passing from air into water is about 4 : 3, or, more
exactly, 1.336, which is therefore the index of refraction
of water. Also called refractive index. See refraction.

The index of refraction in the passage of light from one
medium into another must be equal to the relation that
the rapidity of propagation of light in the first medium
bears to its rapidity in the second.

Lommel, Light (trans.), p. 236.

Index rerum, an index of subjects.— Index verborum,
an index of words ; a verbal index.
index (in'deks), r. f. [(index, ft.] 1. To point
out, as an index ; indicate. [Rare.]

Whose iron-gray wool and wrinkled face indexed his age
at near seventy years. The Century, XXIX. 683.

2. To make an index to, or place in an index :
as, to indt'.f a book, or the contents of a book.

index

Where are the Somerset County records kept? Have
they been imii s*'<t und calendared; or are they still in ut-
ter confusion 1 X. and Q., 7th ser., II. B9.

index-correction (hi'deks-ko-rek'shgn), «. In
astron,, the correction that has to be applied to
an observation taken with an instrument that
has an index-error.

index-digit (iu'deks-dij' it), n. The forefinger ;
the index-finger; also, that digit in other ani-
mals which represents the human index.

index-error (in'deks-er'or), n. The reading of
the graduated limb of an astronomical or other
instrument in the position of the telescope in
which the reading ought to be zero.

index-finger (in'deks-fing'ger), n. The fore-
finger : so called from its being used in pointing.

index-gage (in'deks-gaj), n. A measuring in-
strument with a pointer and dial, or some other
means of indicating the distance between its
jaws. The object to be measured is placed be-
tween the jaws, and the scale gives the mea-
surement.

index-glass (in'deks-glas), n. In reflecting as-
tronomical instruments, a plane speculum, or
mirror of quicksilvered glass, which moves with
the index, and is designed to reflect the image
of the sun or other object upon the horizon-
glass, whence it is again reflected to the eye of
the observer. See sextant.

indexical (in-dek'si-kal), a. [< index + -ic-al]
Having the form of an index ; pertaining to an
index.
Besides lists of Indexes and imltxical works.

The American, VLH. 287.

indexically (in-dek'si-kal-i), adv. In the man-
ner of an index.

I would have the names of those scribblers printed t'n-
dexically at the beginning or end of the poem, with an
account of their works for the reader. Swift.

index-law(iu'deks-la),». In math. See index, 7.
indexless (in'deks-les), a. [< index + -less.]

Destitute of an index.

My bewildering indexlest state. Carlyle, In Froude.
indexlessness (in'deks-les-nes), n. The state

of being without an index. [Rare.]

Certainly no reader of the last year's volume of the Ga-
zette can complain, in Carlylean phrase, of its imlexlt'sgnex*.
Amer. Saturaliit, XXII. 174.

index-machine (in'deks-ma-shen''), n. In weav-
ing, a modification of the Jacquard loom me-
chanism, in which the cards of the original
Jacquard device are replaced by a shedding
motion, effecting the same results as the cards
so far as the pattern is concerned, but afford-
ing some advantages not obtainable in the prim-
itive device ; a dobby. In one form of Index-ma-
chine pins arranged In accordance with the prescribed
pattern are inserted in the bars or slats of a lath-work, the
bars corresponding to the cards of the older device. In all
kinds of index-machines the devices employed have for
their object to throw in or out of action a series of hooks
or bars which actuate the healds to form a shed for the
passage of the shuttle according to a previously conceived
system. The attachment is sometimes placed at the top
and sometimes at the end of the loom. In Eccles's im-
provement a device is added for throwing the shedding
motion out of action, and to penult the weaving of plain
borders for handkerchiefs, etc.

indexterity (in-deks-ter'i-ti), n. [= F. index-
ti'ritf; as »M-3 + dexterity.] Lack of dexterity,
skill, or readiness in any respect ; clumsiness ;
awkwardness; unskilfulness.

The indexterity of our consumptlon-curers demonstrates
their dimness in beholding its causes.

Harvey, Consumptions.

iudflne (ind'fin), n. [Ir., < ind, head, + fine,
tribe , family. ] One of the groups int o which the
ancient Irish clans were divided. See geilfine.
The eldest member of the larflne moved into the Ind-
ftne; and the eldest member of the Jndfine passed out of
the organization altogether.

Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 209.

India (in'di-a). [< L. India, < Or. 'Iviia, India:
see Indian.] In an attributive use: Indian;
pertaining to India or the East Indies ; made in,
named from, or connected with India : as, In-
dia goods; the India trade. In English law or
usage India generally means "all territories and places
within her Majesty's dominions which nre subject to the
tn'veiiinr (ieneral of India," The principal territories
under British administration are Bengal, Madras, Bom-
bay, Northwestern Provinces, Central Provinces, Panjab,
Assam, and Burma. Many native states are under British
protection. — East India Company, a company formed
for carrying on commerce in India and the East Indies.
Various companies were organized under this name about
the seventeenth century, as the Dutch, Swedish, Danish.
Fnnoh, etc., East India Companies. The most famous was
the English East India Company, chartered in 1600; it
founded many factories in India in the seventeenth cen-
tury, and in the eighteenth acquired extensive political
power over a large part of the country. It was governed
by a court of directors, chosen from the wealthiest stock-
holders. A joint share in the government was in 1784 given

3057

to a board of control in London, and in 1834 the property
of the company was vested in the crown and administered
for it by the company ; but in consequence of the Indian
mutiny of 1857 - 58 all power was in Ib5» transferred to the
crown. — India cotton, a heavy kind of figured chintz,
used for upholstering.- India docks, in London, exten-
sive docks and warehouses for the accommodation of the
shipping engaged in the East and West India trade.—
India Ink, or China Ink, or Chinese Ink, a black pig-
ment made originally and principally in ' hi na and Japan
(though inferior imitations are made elsewhere). It is

Erobably made from a carefully prepared lampblack, which
formed into a paste with a solution of gum In water and
pressed into ana dried In molds, forming sticks of vari-
ous shapes. Also Indian ink. — India matting, a kind of
grass matting made in India, usually from Pawnta coryin-
'"-"-. India mull, a thin, soft muslin made In India,
and used for dresses and trimmings. See mull.— India
myrrh. See myrrh.— India opium. See opium — In-
dia paper, a thin, soft, absorbent paper, usually of a pale-
hurt tint, made in China and Japan, and imitated in Europe
and the Inked States, where it is used for the first or
finest Impressions of engravings, called India proofi.—
India proof, an early and choice impression taken from
an engraved plate or block on India paper. — India rub-
ber. See india-rubber. — India senna. Seeaenno. — In-
dia shawl, a Cashmere shawl. See Canhittere.
indiadem (in-di'a-dem), v. t. [< in-2 + diadem.]
To place or set in a diadem, as a gem. [Rare.]

Whereto shall that be likened? to what gem
Indiademed) Southey.

Indiaman (in'di-&-man),n.; pl.Indiamen (-men).
In general, a ship engaged in the India trade ;
specifically and strictly, a ship of large ton-
nage, formerly officered and armed by the East
India Company for that trade.
Indian (in'di-an), a. and «. [Also in U. 8. col-
loq. or dial, use Injin, Injun; = F. Indien = Sp.
Pg. It. Indiana (cf . D. Indiaansch = G. Indian-
i»ch = Dan. Sw. Indiansk, a.), < LL. Indianus,
< L. India, Gr. 'IvSia, India, L. Indus, Gr. 'Iv66f,
an Indian, < L. Indus, Gr. 'Ivi6f, the river so
called, OPers. Hindu, Zend Hindu, Pers. Hind.
Hind, < Skt. gindhu, a river.] I. o. 1. Of, per-
taining, or relating to India or to the Indies
(now specifically called the East Indies in dis-
tinction from the West Indies), or to the lan-
guages of India.

The springs
Of Gauges or Hydaspes, Indian streams.

Milton, F. L., UL 486.
Ere yet the morn
Breaks hither over Indian seas.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, xxvl.

2. Pertaining or relating (a) originally to the
West Indies or their inhabitants ; (6) now, in an
extended sense, to the whole race of American
Indians or aborigines: as, Indian arrows; an
Indian blanket; an Indian name.

Then smote the Indian tomahawk
On crashing door and shattering lock.

Whittier, Pentucket.
Listen to this Indian Legend,
To this Song of Hiawatha I

Longfellow, Hiawatha, 1'rol.

3. Made of maize or Indian corn: as, Indian
meal ; Indian bread.

If I don't make a johnny-cake every day, Kier says, " Ma,
why don't you make some Indian bread?"

Mri. Whitcher, Widow Bedott, p. 70.

Commissioner of Indian Affairs, an officer of the Inte-
rior Department of the United states government charged
with the management of the Indian tribes and of the
transactions of the government with them. — East Indian
cork-tree. Seerort-(w.— Indian aconite. Sameas.lv>-
rxil aconite (which see, under aconite).— Indian agency.
See agency, 4.— Indian apple, the May apple, Po3ophi.il-
lum peltatum.— Indian architecture, the architecture
peculiar to India or Hindustan. It comprehends a great
variety of styles, which have been classified as the Bud-
dhist styles, as exemplified not only in the Buddhist
works within the borders of Hindustan, but also In those
of Burma, Ceylon, Java, China, and Tibet (see Buddhist);
the Jain style, developed from preexisting styles after
A. D. 450 ; the Dravidian or Tamul style of southern In-
dia (see Tainuf)', the Northern Hindu, Indo-Aryan, or
Sanskrit style, a cognate style occurring In the valley of
the Ganges and its tributaries (see Sanalcrit); the Cha-
lukyan style, prevailing In the Intermediate region be-
tween the last two ; the Modern Hindu, Indian-Saracenic,
or Mohammedan, comprehending the forms assumed by
Indian architecture under the Influence of Mohamme-
dan ideas and traditions ; and the local developments pe-
culiar to Cashmere and some other districta. No stone
architecture existed in India before 250 & c. The earliest
stone buildings reproduce closely the details and construc-
tive forms of the elaborately framed and decorated wooden
architecture previously practised, forms more proper to
construction in stone being gradually developed. The
buildings of the first five or six centuries of stone archi-
tecture are Muddhist. Among the most remarkable of
the works of Indian architecture are the rock -cut temples
and halls, such as those at Ellora, where series of courts,
pillared chambers, porches, cells, and cloisters extend
for miles, all excavated from the solid rock, and covered
with elaborate carving. Lofty towers and pagodas, and
the conical pseudo-domes of the Jains, built in horizon-
tal courses, are also characteristic. A system of horizon-
tal architraves is consistently applied: and many of the
piers and columns in the later works display capitals re-
sembling closely those of some medieval styles of Europe.
Unt no regular order appears, like those of the classical
styles : nor can the development of an arched style be con-

Indian

secutlvely traced, in spite of many patent resemblances
to European art, as in the palace of Madura. The carved
decoration is usually exceedingly rich and varied, intro-

iliieini.' freely tinman ami animal forms, aii'i "ft. n ,,,\

Indian Architecture, Dravidian style.
Detail of Horse Court, Temple of Madura.

ering piers, arches, and flat surfaces, both without and
within. Sculpture was at its best in the fourth and fifth
centuries A. D., but shows the Oriental characteristic of
decline almost from the beginning. Animals and botani-
cal details are well done ; the human figure, though life-
like, is conventionalized and not beautiful. Indian archi-
tecture has been very thoroughly and Intelligently treated
by native writers.— Indian balm, the purple trilllum or
birthroot, a native of North America. See Trillium. —
Indian bark, bay, bean, bee-king. See the nouns.— In-
dian berry, Anamirta paniculata, a climbing shrub of
the natural order Menitpcrmacftr, a native of India and
the Malay islands. It bears panicles of flowers 1 to H feet
long. The fruit, when dried, is known as Cocculut Inaicus.
See Cocculvs. — Indian blue. Same as indigo. — Indian
bread. Seedef. 8.— Indian chickweed. Seechietweed.
— Indian chocolate. See Of u m. — Indian club, a heavy
club shaped somewhat like a large bottle, used In gym-
nastic exercises to develop the muscles of the arms, chest,
etc.— Indian copal. Same as whitr dammar-resin (which
see, under dammar-resin). — Indian corn, a native Amer-
ican plant, Zea May*, otherwise called maize, and Its fruit.
See maize.

The Summers [in New England] are commonly hot and

dry, there being seldom any Rain, yet are the Harvests

good, the Indian Corn requiring more heat than wet to

ripen It. S. Clarke, Plantations of the English In

[America (1670), p. 28.

Indian couch-grass, a name sometimes given to the
Bermuda grass, Cynodon Dactylon. See Bermuda yratt,
under grans.— Indian Councils Act. See council.— In-
dian country, a term which has varied in application
with the changes In Indian occupation of lands within the
territory of the United States. It Is now understood as
meaning all the country to which the Indian title has not
been extinguished, whether within a reservation or not,
except, perhaps, the regions occupied by Indians in Alaska,
whose title to the soil, or right of occupancy, is disputed.
— Indian cress. See crets. — Indian crocus, a name for
some of the species of the genus Crelogitiie (Pleione\ of
the Orchidea. They are dwarf epiphytal plant* with
large, handsomely colored Bowers, and are natives of the
alpine regions of northern India. — Indian cucumber.
Same as cucumber-root. — Indian currant. SeecwmanfS.
-Indian dart or dart-iron, a peculiar harpoon used
In killing swordflsh.— Indian drug*, a name for tobacco.
JVare*.

His breath compounded of strong English beere
And th' Indian drug would suffer none come neere.

John Taylor, Works (1680).

Indian elm, the slippery elm, Ulmun/vlva.— Indian fan-
palm, fig. See the nouns.- Indian file. SeeJUe3.

The party . . . moved up the pathway In single or In-
dian fie. Scott, Waverley, xxxvlu.
Indian fire, a pyrotechnic composition, used as a signal -
light, consisting of sulphur, realgar, and niter. It burns
with a brilliant white name.— Indian fort. See mound-
ImUder.— Indian geranium, see geranium. — Indian
ginger. Same as \cild ginger. See ptngwrl. — Indian
giver, one who takes back a gift after having bestowed It
upon another : in allusion to the fact that an Indian expects
an equivalent for his gift, or its return. [Colloq., 1. 8.1 —
Indian grass. See millet,— Indian, greenfinch. Same
as yellow finch (which see, under Jincni). — TnrHaTi ha-
zelnuts. Same as bonduc-needs. — Indian heliotrope,
hemp, indigo. See the noons.— Indian hen, the Ameri-
can bittern. Botanrv* mugitan* or B. lentvjinona. See hit-
ternt.— Indian ink. See India ink, under India.— In-
dian ipecac. Ivy, jalap, lake, etc. See the nouns.—
Indian meal, meal made from maize or Indian corn.

— Indian millet, see nor^ihum. — Indian mound. See
m*m nd-builder. — Indian myrobalan. Same as hara-nut.

— Indian oak, the teak-tree, Tectana irrandii. See teak.—
Indian ocher. Same as Indian red (which see, under
red). — Indian ox, the brahminy hull.— Indian physic.

'.•ilia.— Indian pipe. See Indian-pipe.— Indian

plague. See plague.— Indian plan tain. SeeCacalia.—

Indian pudding, (o) Same as hanty-pudding, t [Rare.]

He was making his breakfast from a prodigious earthen

dish, filled with milk and Indian puddin>r.

Irrimj, Knickerbocker, p. 152.

Indian

3058

indicative

(6) A baked, boiled, or steamed pudding made with Indian
meal, molasses, and suet, and in New England in former
times almost universally, and still quite extensively, form-
ing a part of the Sunday dinner.

The Indian pudding, with ita gelatinous softness, ma-
tured by long and patient brooding in the motherly old
oven. H. B. Stoive, Minister's Wooing, xvi.

Mr. Prescott, in Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, also states
that the North American Indians do not pray to the Great
Spirit. Sir J. Lubboclc, Orig. of Civilization, p. 264.

East Indian, a native or an inhabitant of the East Indies.
— Red Indian, one of the aborigines of America : so called
from the copper color of their skin. Also called red man
and, colloquially, redskin.— West Indian, a native or an
inhabitant of the West Indies.

____ __

States, a period in auturmrcnaracterized by calm and ab-
sence of rain. This condition is especially well mani-
tested in the upper Mississippi valley, where it is in con-
spicuous contrast with the climatic phenomena which pre-

een^teMSsipp^^^^^ indianaite (in-di-an'a-It) ». [< Indiana + -ite2.]

characteristic of the Indian summer is not exceptional A kind of white clay found m Lawrence county,

enough to excite attention; and from the Mississippi val- Indiana, and used in making porcelain.

ley eastward, the autumnal periods of calm and dryness Indian-

Jake Marshall and me has been Indianing round these
?ere woods more times 'n you could count.

H. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 189. IndiC (in'dik), a.

* >

when cold, and is more easily worked, so that its value
for many commercial purposes is greatly increased. Since
the process of vulcanization was discovered (by Charles
Goodyear in 1844), pure rubber is rarely used, the vulcan-
ized or changed rubber being far preferable for almost
every use.

2. An overshoe made of india-rubber. [Colloq.,
U. S.] —India-rubber tree, the name of several trees
which produce india-rubber, but particularly of Ficus
elastica. In Florida and the West Indies F. pedunculata
is so designated.— India-rubber vine, an East Indian
twining asclepiadaceous plant, Cryptottegia grandiflora,
now also introduced sparingly into the West Indies. It
yields a very pure caoutchouc.

[< L. Indians, < Gr. 'Ivov/cof,
or the Indians, < 'IvSia, In-
dia, 'Ivdof, Indian: see Indian.] Originating
or flourishing in India: a comprehensive epi-
thet sometimes applied to the Indo-European
(Aryan) languages of India, including the aii-

Eastern States any period of unusually quiet^dryV and t»l American shrub." cient Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Pali, and the mod-

hazy weather, even if it lastsonly a few days, may be des- Indian-cup (in'di-an-kup), n. A plant of the ern Hindi, Hindustani, Marathi, Bengali, etc.
ignated the Indian summer provided it occurs at any gelms Sarracenia ;"a pitcher-plant. indicalt (in'di-kal), «. [< L. index (indie-), an

of^cS?" O$g$£S%$gffl&& MKffiJ Indianeer (in"di-a-ner '), n. f< Indian + ^er.] index, + -«/.] delated to or derived from' in-
is simply the dust and smoke which are not blown away An Indiaman. [Bare.] flexes.

by the wind, but float near the earth's surface. The name Indian-eye (in'di-an-i), n. A pink, Dianthtis I confess there is a lazy kind of Learning which is only
merai^uchmorediBt^ plumarius: so called from the eye-shaped mark- indical- Fuller, Worthies, Norfolk,

occupied by the Indians at the time this term became clir^ ™g of the corolla. in dican (in'di-kan), n. [< NL. indicum, indigo

rent than they are in the more eastern regions, to which Indian-heart (in'di-an-hart), n. A plant of (see indigo), + -an.] The natural glucoside
'•'ion was chiefly limited prior to the be- the genus Cardiospermum, particularly C. corin- (C2pH31NO17) by the decomposition of which

dum: so called from the prominent, white, heart- indigo blue is produced from the various spe-
shaped scars on the seed, which mark the point cies of indigo-producing plants, it forms a trans-
of attachment. parent brown syrup, the aqueous solution of which has a

Indianian (in-di-an'i-an), a and n. [< Indiana £"Ea±j Xte J±rfSddSt%iSf uplorSg £
(see del.; f -ian.\ L. a. Ot or pertaining to digo blue, indigo red, and indiglucin.
Indiana, one of the interior States of the United indicant (in'di-kant), a. and •». IX L indi-
States.

II. n. An inhabitant or a native of the State
of Indiana.

Indianist (in'di-an-ist), n. [< Indian + -ist.]
A student of, or an expert in, the languages
and history of India.

t

J. W. Foster, The Mississippi Valley, p. 205.
What visionary tints the year puts on,
When falling leaves falter through motionless air !

Lowell, An Indian-Summer Reverie.
The warm, late days of Indian Summer came in, dreamy
and calm and still, with just frost enough to crisp the
ground of a morning, but with warm trances of benignant
sunny hours at noon. II. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 337.

[<

can(t-)g, ppr. of indicare, show, point out: see
indicate.] I. a. Serving to indicate, point out,

Indian tobacco, a plant, Lobelia intlata: same a&aaaroot
—Indian turnip,
a North American
plant, Ariscema V.
triphyllum, which |X\
has a very acrid
root resembling a
small turnip, one
or two leaves, di-
vided into three
leaflets, and blos-
soms resembling
those of plants of
the genus Arum.—
Indian walnut.
See walnut. — In-
dian yellow. See
yellow.— Order ol
the Indian Em-
pire, an order in-
stituted in 1878 for
British subjects in
India, to commem-
orate the assump-
tion by Queen Vic-
toria of the title of
Empress of India,
and open to natives
as well as to per-
sons of European
extraction. —West
Indian bark. See

«•

II. n. 1. A

member of one
of the native
races of India
or the East In-

or suggest.

II. n. That which serves to point out or in-
dicate; specifically, in med., that which indi-
cates a suitable remedy or treatment, as a
symptom or combination of symptoms, or the
history of the case.

The problems remained unsolved, because the Sino-
logues had known no Sanskrit and the Indianistt had

™*F.W.Farrar, Families of Speech, p. 13. **££$* (in'di-kat), v. f pret. and pp. indi-
. ,. .. .. ,,. cated, ppr. indicating. [< L. indicates, pp. of

indianite (m'di-au-it), n. [< Indian^, a., 1, + •-*•-'-£-*?<• •*• L - -

-ite2.] InmineraL, a variety of anorthite found
in the Carnatic, where it is the gangue of corun-
dum.

Indian-pipe (in'di-an-pip), n. The corpse-
plant or pine-sap, Monotropa uniflora : so named
from the resemblance of the plant when in
flower to a white clay pipe. See cut under
Monotropa.

Indian-poke (in'di-an-pok), n. The American
white or false hellebore, Veratrum mride.

Indian-root (in'di-an-rot), n. The American
spikenard, Aralia racemosa.

Indian-sal, Indian-saul (in'di-an-sal, -sal), n.
A large East Indian tree, Shorea robusta, the
wood of which is widely used in Bengal, and
ranks next to teak. Also called sal-tree.

indicare (> It. indicare = Sp. Pr. indicar = F.
indiguer), point out, indicate, < in, in, to, +
dicare, declare, orig. point: see diction. Cf. in-
dex.] 1. To point out; show; suggest, as by
an outline or a word, etc.: as, the length of a
shadow indicates the time of day ; to indicate a
picture by a sketch.

Above the steeple shines a plate
That turns and turns to indicate
From what point blows the weather.

Cowper, The Jackdaw (trans.).

A white-washed, high-roofed, one storied building in front
was indicated as the dak bungalow and posting station.

W. H. Russell, Diary in India, I. 135.

2. Especially, to give a suggestion of ; serve
as a reason or ground for inferring, expecting,

— ~~^,^^~vw,,*<,. ?sj,ng' e.tC-; also' merety suggest; hint: as, a

Indian 's-dream (in'di-anz-drem), n. A North *a"ln.g barometer indicates rain or high wind ;
American fern, Pellaia'atropurpurea. certain symptoms indicate certain remedies in

Indian-shoe (in'di-an-sho), n. The moccasin-
flower, Cypripedmm: so called from the resem-
blance of the inflated lip to a moccasin.
Indian-shot (in'di-an-snot), n. A plant of the

the treatment of disease.

Surely the uniformity of the phenomenon indicates a
corresponding uniformity in the cause. M acaulay, Milton.
Indicated duty, the work done by a steam-engine per
unit weight of coal consumed, as shown by the steam-
engine indicator. — Indicated horse-power. See horse-
power.— Indicatedpower.thepowerofthesteam-engine
as measured by the instrument called an indicator. =Syn.

genus Canna, particularly C. Indica: so called
from the hard shot-like seeds, of which there

....... Indian Tumip (Arisama Mfhyiiumt. are several in the pod. See cut under Canna. . „.,„.

, TTaof "• n°»erwithspathe turned back ; b,c. male india-rubber (in'di-a-rub'er), M. 1 An elastic • j.malj: 8«nify. denote, manifest, evidence, betoken.
SSSL and female spadi*. gummy substance, tile inspissated juice of vari- indication (m-di-ka'shon), n. \_=F. indication

_ T ous tropical plants; caoutchouc; gum elastic. ^r< ™<!ieatio = 8f .indication = Pg. indicacao

There are several plants which produce india-rubber • an
Indian plant, Ficus elastica; several African plants of
»»,„ „„.,„,, '—-•-'-»-•-, the most important of which are/,.

The fig-tree, not that kind for fruit renown'd,
But such as at this day, to Indians known,
In Malabar or Decan spreads her arms.

Milton, P. L., ix. 1102.

2. A European who resides or has resided in
the East Indies ; an Anglo-Indian.

He [Colonel Newcome] appeared at Bath and at Chel-
tenham, where, as we know, there are many old Indians.
Thackeray, Newcomes, xxi.

Our best Italians, ... in the idleness and obscurity of
home [Great Britain], . . . look back with fondness to the
country where they have been useful and distinguished.
Elphimtone, in Colebrooke, I. 366.

3. An aboriginal native of North or South

, < L. indicatio(n-), a showing,
< indicare, show: see indicate.] 1. The act of
indicating or pointing out ; a showing; exhibi-

tion; manifestation; prognostication.

of Manihot Glaziovii. i'he Para rubber isthe^nxfucTof
several species of the genus Hevea, particularly H. Bra-
siliensis and //. Ouianensis. Pure india-rubber is whitish n m^
and in thin sheets is semi-transparent. Its specific gravity 2- That which serves to indicate or point out ;
is given as 0.925; its density is not permanently increased intimation; information; mark; token; sign;
by pressure. It is the most freely elastic of all known sub-
stances. Its elasticity may be removed by stretching it
and placing it in this condition in cold water, but is re-
gained by immersion in warm water. "

Without which you cannot make any true analysis and
indication of the proceedings of nature. Bacon, Nat. Hist.

. It yields to pressure

in any direction, and returns instantly to its original form
when the pressure is removed. Cold renders it hard and

America: so named by Columbus and other s'iff> !>ut never brittle. Heat makes it supple. It melts

early navigators who thoueht that the wufa f " itemPe.rature of 248; P., partially decomposing, and

ri<a«nvo«JrWftr« "T j • forming « iviscous mass which does not again become solid

liscovei eel by them were parts of India. InEng- whencold. It vaporizes at 600° F. At ired heat it yields

lisli writers of the sixteenth century this name is confined a gas at the rate of 30,000 cubic feet per ton which has a

to those tribes with whom the Spaniards came in contact ; high illuminating power. When ignited in contact with

after 1600 it is applied also to the aboriginal inhabitants the air it burns freel '

of North America generally.

Now we are ready, I think, for any assault of the Indi-
ana ; . . .

symptom.

And that in the plain table there had not been only the
description and indicationot hours, but the configurations
and iitdications of the various phases of the moon, the mo-
tion and place of the sun in the ecliptick, and divers other
curious indications of celestial motions.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 340.

There is a wonderful passion, if I may so speak, in hu-
man nature for the Immutable and Vnchangeable, that
gives no slight indication of its own Immortality.

Channing, Perfect Life, p. 109.

indicative (in-dik'a-tiv), «. and n. [= F. in-

j]*fi,,-ti-P T>L .•.„ M-.~*i.. "• •"• •—• •

IAUI^I uiooiri Il^D 111 UJBUIUUIU <->! WftTUODi _!• . •_£• T1 -i " " L

naphtha, benzol, washed ether, and chloroform, and in the *#»*V = Pr. indicatHI = Sp. Pg. It. iudicatiro

Oils of Caifimif. Invf-mlpr anac'-iffis u ml in t ,i ,.,...,, i ;,,. __ Cl. ii \,,1l .,,, 1 1'.. / T T -•-, J: j.- •__ ..

"g intimation or knowledge of something
not visible or obvious; showing.

Indicative

... the truth of this manner of op-
nstance of Isaac blessing Jacob, which In

M ,

Ami I understand

oration In the .

the several parts was expressed in all forms,
optative, enunclatlve.
Jer. Taylor, Divine Institution of the Office Ministerial.
It often happens that clouds are not so indicative- of a
storm as the total absence of clouds.

J. ISurrouijhK, The Century, XXV. 674.

2. In iii-iiiii.. iiotiiigthatmodopf the verb which
indicates (that is, simply predicates or affirms),
without any further modal implication : as, ho
writes; he is writing; they run; has the mail
urrircdt

II. ». In gram., the indicative mode. See
I., li. Abbreviated ind.

indicatively (in-dik'a-tiv-li), adv. In a manner
to show or signify.

indicator (in'di-ka-tor), n. [= F. indicatenr =
Sp. Pg. indicador = ft. indicators, < LL. indica-
tor, one who points out, < L. indieare, point out:
see indicate.} 1. One who indicates or points
out ; that which points out, directs, or reports,
as a grade-post on a railroad, the pointer on a
steam-gage, etc. It Is used in compound names to de-
scribe a number of gaging or Indicating appliances : as,
leak-indicator, speed-indicator, etc.

Reasoning by analogy, we find that, in many cases of
bodily disease, the state of the mind is the first indicator
of the mischief going on in the system.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXVI. 213.

Specifically — (a) A steam (cylinder) pressure-gage. It
is an apparatus for recording the variations of pressure
or vacuum in the cylinder of a steam-engine. The accom-
panying cut represents a type of the Indicator. The pipe
with the stop-cock Is screwed to the cylinder so that when
the cock is opened the pressure
of the steam within may enter
the cylinder above, press the pis-
ton upward against the action
of a spring constructed to give
a definite resistance in pounds
per square inch, and cause the
lever-arm to rise and mark on
the hollow cylinder at the left
a vertical trace, tho altitude of
which measures the pressure.
A card or a sheet of paper may
be fitted to this cylinder, and
the trace be made on the paper.
The hollow cylinder is free to re-
volve, if drawn by the loose cord
hanging from It. To operate the
indicator, the cord is connected
with some moving part of the
engine so that a single stroke of
the piston causes the cylinder

and the card to revolve once (the return being secured by
a spring) as the pencil makes one mark. Since the pencil-
mark is timed to one stroke of the engine, the resulting
curved line on the card gives a graphic report of the
pressure or vacuum of the steam during one complete
stroke. Such graphic curves are called tndico(or-dia-
grams, the marked card being called an indicator-card.
See indicator-diayram* under diagram, (b) The dial
and pointer of a signal-telegraph used on private lines,
where rapidity of delivery of the messages is not impor-
tant. It consists of a dial having the letters of the al-
phabet printed upon it, and a pointer that traverses the
circle, pausing before
the letters of the word
transmitted, thus spell-
ing out the message. See
telegraph, (c) In a mi-
croscope, an arrange-
ment for marking the
position of a particular
object in the field of view.
Quekett's Indicator was
a steel finger connected
with the eyepiece, (d) In
mining, an arrangement
by means of which the
position of the cage In
the shaft is known to the
man in charge of the
winding-engine. (?) In
the theory of mnnbers,the
exponent of that power of
any number less than and
prime to any modulus,
which power is the least
power of the same number congruous to unity. (/) In
ftniit., the extensor indicts, a muscle which extends the
forefinger, as in the act of pointing. It arises from the back
of the ulna, and is Inserted into the index-finger, which
can thus be straightened independently of the other fin-
gers. [In this sense only the plural is indicator**. ]
2. In iirnitli.: (a) A honey-guide; a species
of the genus Indicator or family Indicatorida;.
(b) [cap.} The typical and leading genus of
Indiratoridte, established by Vieillot in 1816.
/. nitijoriuiA I. minor are examples. See Indicti-
toriiltt'.— Celestial indicator, an apparatus for finding
the relative positions of the principal stars and constella-
tions.—Hydraulic indicator. See hydraulic.— Indica-
tor-card. See dcf. 1 (a), above.— Indicator-diagram.
See ilef. i (n), alHwe.— Indicator muscle, the extensor
indicia. — Low- water indicator, a device for showing
the depth of water in a steam-boiler. The usual form is a
glass tube, placed vertically at the end of the iKiiler, in
which the water rises : commonly called a irafer->ra<te. In
another form the depth of water is indicated by a juiintn
on a dial. — Stock Indicator, an electric -telegraph ma-
chine which records automatically in letters and fi^'un s,
on a strip of paper called a tape, the names and prices
of stock and other funds sent out from a central office,

Wheatstoue's Indicator-telegraph.

3059

and, in general, news of a character likely to affect the
money-market. Also called liclter.
Indicatoridae (in'di-ka-tor'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,

< Indicator + -idiv.} A family of zygodactyl
picarian birds, related to the barbels (Capito-
ii a !«') and woodpeckers (1'icida;); tho honey-
guides or indicators. It is a small family of about 12
species of small dull-colored birds, noted for serving as
guides to places where honey may be found. They build
pensile nests, lay white eggs, and some are said to De par-
asitic, like cuckoos. Three species inhabit the Oriental
region, Indicator xanthonotta of India, /. malayanu* of
Malacca, and /. archipclagicv* of Borneo. The rest are
African, as /. major, etc.

Indicatorinae (in-di-ka-to-ri'ne), n. pi. [NL..<
Indicator + -inte.} The honey-guides as a sub-
family of Cueulidte, or of some other family of
zygodactyl birds. W. Swainson; G. B. Gray;
A. H. (iarrod.

indicatory (in'di-ka-to-ri), a. [< indicate +
-ory. } Serving to show or make known ; show-
ing-

The box which covers the coil and indicatory part of
the thermometer is merely to protect it from accidental
injury. Sir C. W. Thouuon, Depths of the Sea, p. 294.

indicatrix (in-di-ka'triks), n. [NL., fern, to in-
dicator.] 1. In geom., the curve of intersection
of any surface with a plane indefinitely near
and parallel to the tangent-plane at any point.
The Indicatrix is a hyperbola, a pair of parallel lines, or an
ellipse, according as the surface is anticlastic, cylindrical,
or synclastlc, at the point of tangency.

2. In the theory of equations, a curve which
exhibits the joint effect of the two middle cri-
teria of Newton's rule, in the case of an equa-
tion of the fifth degree having all its roots ima-
ginary— Spherical Indicatrix, the spherical curve
traced on a unit sphere by the extremity of a radius drawn
parallel to the tangent of a tortuous curve.

indicavit (in-di-ka'vit), «. [L., he has shown,
3d pers. sing. perf. ind. act. of indieare, show:
see indicate.} In Eng. eccles. law, a variety of
the writ of prohibition.

indicet (in'dis), ». [< F. indice, < L. index, in-
dex : see index.} An index.

Too much talking is ever the indice of a foole.

n. Jonson, Discoveries.

indices, ». Latin plural of index.

indicia (in-dish'i-ii), n.pl. [L., pi. of indicium,
a notice, information, discovery, sign, mark,
token, < index (indie-), index: see index.] Dis-
criminating marks; badges; tokens; indica-
tions; symptoms: as, indicia of fraud; indicia
of disease.

indiciblet (in-dis'i-bl), a. [< F. indicible, < ML.
indicibiliji, that cannot be said, < iw- priv. + rfici-
bilis, < L. dicere, say: see diction.} Unspeak-
able; inexpressible.

If the malignity of this sad contagion spend no faster
before winter, the calamity will be inilicible.

Kn'lyn, To Lord Cornebery, Sept. 9, 1665.

indicot. n. An obsolete form of indigo.

indieolite (in-dik'6-Ut), n. [< Or. ivSiKov, indi-
go, + /U0of, stone.] In mineral., a variety of
tourmaline of an indigo-blue color, sometimes
with a tinge of azure or green. Also indigolite.

indict (in-dif ), i\ t. [Formerly also endict; the
c is a mod. insertion, in imitation of the orig.
L. : prop., as the pron. shows, indite, endite, the
older form being now differentiated in sense ;

< OF. enditer, endicter, inditer, indicter, indict,
accuse, point out, < L. indictare, declare, ac-
cuse, freq. of indicere, pp. indietus, declare, ap-
point (in sense appar. in part confused with L.
indieare. point out), < in, in, + dicere, say: see
diction.'} 1. To compose; write: properly and
still usually written indite (which see.) [Ob-
solete or archaic.] — 2f. To appoint publicly
or by authority; proclaim.

And therefore, as secular princes did use to indict or per-
mit the indiction of synods of bishops, so, when they saw
canse, they conftrm'd the sentences of bishops and pass d
them into laws. Jer. Taylor, Rule of Conscience, UL 4.

I am told we shall have no Lent indicted this year.

Evelyn.

3. To find chargeable with a criminal offense,
and in due forms of law to accuse of the same,
as a means of bringing to trial : specifically said
of the action of a grand jury. See indictment.

No matter in the phrase that might indict the author of
affectation. Shot., Hamlet (Globe ed-X it 2.

About the same Time, Robert Tresllian, Chief Justice,
came to Coventry, where he indicted two thousand Per-
sons. Baker, Chronicles, p. 143.

You are here indicted by the names of Guildford Dud-
ley, Lord Dudley, Jane Gray, Lady Jane Gray, of capital
and high treason against our most sovereign lady the
queen's majesty. Dekker and Webtter, Sir Thomas Wyat.
=Syn. 3. Clianje. Indict, etc. See accute.
indictable (in-di'ta-bl), a. [< indict + -«/</«.]
1. Capable of being indicted; liable to indict-

indifference

ment: as, nn inilirtnlile offender. — 2. That may
subject one to an indictment ; that may be pun-
ished by a proceeding commenced by indict-
ment : as, an indictable offense.

indictee (in-di-te'), n. [< indict + -eel.] One
who is indicted.

indicter, indictor (in-di'ter, -tor), n. One who
indicts.

And then maister More salth yet farther that vpon In-
dightmentes at Sessions the indiyhters vse not to shewe j*
names of them that gaue them informaclon.

.Sir T. More, Works, p. 987.

indiction (in-dik'shpn), n. [= F. indiction, <
L. indictio(n-), a declaration of imposition of a
tax, LL. a space of 15 years, < indicere. declare :
see indict.] If. A declaration ; proclamation.

After a legation " ad res repetendan," and a refusal, and
a denunciation, and indicium of war, the war is left at
large. Bacon.

The emperor subscribed with bis own hand, and in pur-
ple Ink, the solemn edict or indiction.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall, xvii.

2. A fiscal period of fifteen years, established
by Constantino the Great after the reorganiza-
tion of the Human Empire, being the term dur-
ing which the annual tax on real property was
paid on the basis of a valuation made and pro-
claimed at the beginning of each quindecen-
nial period. This Decame a common and con-
venient means for dating ordinary transactions.
By a very easy connection of Ideas, the word indiction
was transferred to the measure of tribute which it pre-
scribed, and to the annual term which it allowed for pay-
ment. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, xvii.

Hence — 3. In chron., a year bearing a num-
ber, or the number attached to the year, show-
ing its place in a cycle of fifteen years, count-
ing from A. D. 313. To find the indiction, add 3 to
tin: number of the year in the vulgar era, and divide by
15 ; the remainder is the indiction, or, if there is no re-
mainder, the Indiction is 15. There were three varieties,
differing only in the commencement of the year : the
original Greek or Contttantinopolitan, reckoned from Sep-
tember 1st of what we consider the previous year; the
Roman or Pontifical (a bad designation, since it was not
used preferentially in the bulls of the popes), beginning
with the civil year, January 1st, December 25th, or March
25th ; and the Connfantinian, Imperial, or Ctrtarean (doe
to a blunder of the Venerable Bede), beginning September
24th,

Giuen In the moneth of November, and vpon the tenth
Indiction. Hakluyts Voyages, II. 20.

The name and use of the fndictionn, which serve to as-
certain the chronology of the middle ages, was derived
from the regular practice of the Roman Tributes.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall, xvii.

indictivet (in-dik'tiv), a. [< LL. indictivus, < L.
indicere, pp. indietus, declare : see indict, indic-
tion.} Proclaimed; declared.

In all the funerals of note, especially In the publlck or
initir/iiv, the corpse was first brought, with a vast train
of followers, into the forum.

Kennet, Antiquities of Rome, ii. 5.

indictment (in-dit'ment), n. [Formerly also
endictment; < indict •+- -ment.} 1. The act of
indicting ; accusation ; formal charge or state-
ment of grievances ; formal complaint before
a tribunal.

All their lives,

That by indictment, and by dint of sword,
Have since miscarried under Bolingbroke.

Male., 2 Hen. IV., Ir. 1.

2. In law, the formal complaint by which a crim-
inal offense, found by the grand jury to have
been committed, is by it charged against the
supposed offender for presentation to the court,
that he may be put on trial. It is generally draft-
ed by the public prosecutor, and is termed a ''ill until it
has received the sanction of the grand jury, which must
be by the concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors,
attested by oath or affirmation.

An indictment is a written accusation of one or more
persons of a crime or misdemeanor, preferred to, and pre-
sented upon oath by, a grand jury.

BlacMone, Com., IV. xxlil.

3. In Scots law, a form or process by which a
criminal is brought to trial at the instance of
the lord advocate. It runs in the name of the lord
advocate, and, addressing the panel by name, charges the
Utter with being guilty of the crime for which he 1s to
be brought to trial.- Bill of Indictment. See del 2.—
Finding an indictment, the act of the grand Jury, on
investigating an offense, In approving an Indictment of
the supposed offender.

indictor, ». See indicter.

indienne (F. pron. an-di-en'),"; [F., fern. of In-
ilii-n, Indian: see Indian.} Printed calico, es-
pecially that printed in bright colors with a
rather small pattern: the French term, often
used in English.

indifference (in-dif'e-rens), n. [< F. indiffe-
rcncv = Sp. iiulifi ri m-iu = 1'g. iniliffercn^a =
It. indiffercn^i, < L. iniiiferentia, < indifferen(t-)s,
indifferent: see indifferent.} 1. The state of

indifference

being indifferent, as between persons or things ;
absence of prepossession or bias ; impartiality.
He is through such pryde farre fro such indifference &
equitle as ought and must be in the judges which he
sayth I assigne. Sir T. More, Works, p. 1008.

After praise and scorn,
As one who feels the immeasurable world,
Attain the wise indifference of the wise.

Tennyson, A Dedication.

2. The state of being indifferent or apathetic ;
the absence of definite preference or choice;
want of differentiation or variation of feeling ;
absence of special interest; apathy; insensi-
bility.

Many, we may easily suppose, have manifested this will-
ingness to die from an impatience of suffering, or from
that passive indifference which is sometimes the result
of debility and bodily exhaustion. Sir H. Halford.

This absolute indifference to the sight of human suffer-
ing does not represent the full evil resulting from the
gladiatorial games. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 295.

3. The character of being indifferent or imma-
terial ; want of essential difference with respect
to choice, use or non-use, etc. ; immateriality;
unimportance : as, the indifference of particular
actions or things. — 4. The condition of being
indifferent in character or quality; a falling
short of the standard of excellence ; compara-
tive mediocrity: as, the indifference of one's
penmanship or work.

Also indifferency.

Doctrine of' indifference, an opinion current in the
twelfth century concerning the question of the nature of
universals : namely, that nothing exists except individuals,
but that, if the mind neglects the peculiar properties of
this or that individual, and considers only those characters
wherein one individual agrees with others, the object of
thought, though still the individual, is in the state of be-
ing a species or genus.— Liberty of indifference, free-
dom from necessity; the freedom of the will: so called
because before the choice or election is made the action
of the will is undetermined as to acting or not acting,
a state called indi/erence of action.— Point of mag-
netic Indifference. See magnetic. = Syn. 1. Neutral-
ity, etc. See neutrality. — 2. Insensibility, Impassibility,
etc. (see apathy) • Inattention, etc. (see negligence) ; care-
lessness, coolness, coldness, heedlessness, nonchalance.—

4. Poorness, low grade.

indifferencedt (in-dif'e-renst), a. Having an
appearance of indifference. Davies.

I again turned to her, all as indifferenced over as a girl
at the first long-expected question, who waits for two
more. Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, III. 186.

indifferency (in-dif'e-ren-si), ». Same as in-
difference.

An I had but a belly of any indifferency, I were simply
the most active fellow in Europe. Shale., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3.

Thus do all things preach the indifferency of circum-
stances. The man is all. Emerson, Compensation.

indifferent (in-dif 'e-rent), a. and n. [< ME. in-
different, < OF. indifferent, F. indifferent = Sp.
indiferente = Pg. It. indifferente, < L. indiffe-
ren(t-)s, not different, < in- priv. + differen(t-)s,
different: see different.] I. a. 1 . Without dif-
ference of inclination ; not preferring one per-
son or thing to another; neutral; impartial; un-
biased; disinterested: as, an indifferent judge,
juror, or arbitrator.

My lords, be as the law is,
Indifferent, upright ; I do plead guilty.

Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, v. 1.
This general and indifferent temper of mine doth more
nearly dispose me to this noble virtue.

Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 2.

2. Peeling no interest, anxiety, or care ; un-
concerned ; apathetic : as, a man indifferent to
his eternal welfare.

I'll give you your Revenge another time, when you are
not so indifferent ; you are thinking of something else
now, and play too negligently.

Congreve, Way of the World, i. 1.
In every man's career are certain points
Whereon he dares not be indifferent.

Browning, Bishop Blougram's Apology.

3. Not making a difference ; having no influ-
ence or preponderating weight ; immaterial ;
of no account : as, it is indifferent which road
we take.

Dangers are to me indifferent. Shak., J. C., L 3.

4. Eegarded without difference of feeling ; not
exciting special interest ; uninteresting.

Mutual love gives an importance to the most indiffer-
ent things, and a merit to actions the most insignificant.
Steels, Spectator, No. 263.

I cannot say that I particularly wish him to have more

affection for me than he has. . . . When people are long

indifferent to us, we grow indifferent to their indifference.

Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxi.

5. Falling short of any standard of excellence ;
of common or mediocre quality or kind ; only
passable or tolerable ; ordinary.

Ham. Good lads, how do ye both?

Roe. As the indifferent children of the earth.

Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.

3060

I am myself indifferent honest ; but yet I could accuse
me of such things that it were better my mother had not
borne me. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1.

A man who has been brought up among books, and is
able to talk of nothing else, is a very indifferent compan-
ion. Addison, The Man of the Town.

6. In biol., undifferentiated ; primitive ; com-
mon ; not specialized— indifferent cells or tis-
sues. See cell.— Indifferent equilibrium. See equi-
librium, 1. = Syn. 2. Cold, cool, lukewarm, inattentive,
heedless.

II. ». 1. One who is indifferent or apathetic.

The mass of Christians throughout the world are even
now no better than indifferents.

Contemporary Reo., LIII. 180.

2. That which is indifferent or an object of
indifference ; that which affords no decisive
ground of choice.

Now, where there are no indifferents and no choice be-
tween them, rights are never wider than duties.

F. a. Bradley, Ethical Studies, p. 191.

indifferentiated (in-dif-e-ren'shi-a-ted), a. [<
in-3 + differentiate -f -«$.] Not differentiated,
indifferentism (in-dif 'e-ren-tizm), n. [< indif-
ferent + -ism.] 1. Systematic indifference;
avoidance of choice or preference ; specifically,
the principle that differences of religious belief
are essentially unimportant ; adiaphorism.

The zeal for liberal studies, the luxury of life, the re-
ligious indiffrrfntixin, the bureaucratic system of state
government, which mark the age of the Italian Renais-
sance. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 171.
A large number of voters abstained from indifferentism
rather than from real hostility to Home Rule.

Nineteenth Century, XX. 599.

2. In metaph. , the doctrine of absolute identity ;
the doctrine that to be in idea or thought and
to exist are one and the same thing. See abso-
lute identity, under absolute.
indifferentist (in-dif'e-ren-tist), n. [< indif-
ferent + -ist.'] One wtio'is indifferent or neu-
tral in any cause ; specifically, one who adopts
the attitude of religious indifferentism.
indifferently (in-dif 'e-rent-li), adv. 1. In an
indifferent manner ; without difference or dis-
tinction ; impartially ; without concern or pref-
erence.

Set honour in one eye, and death i' the other,
And I will look on both indifferently.

Shak., J. C., i. 2.

You are both equal and alike to me yet, and so indif-
ferently affected by me as each of you might be the man if
the other were away. B. Jomon, Bartholomew Fair, iv. 2.
Grant . . . that they may truly and indifferently minis-
ter justice.

Book of Common Prayer, [English] Communion Service,
[Prayer for Church Militant.

2. Not particularly well, but still not ill ; tol-
erably; passably.

I hope we have reformed that indifferently with us.

Shak., Hamleti ill 2.

But I am come to myself indifferently well since, I thank
God for it. Howell.

I took my leave very indifferently pleased, but treated
with wondrous good breeding. Gray, Letters, I. 123.

indiffusible (in-di-fu'zi-bl), a. [< in-3 + diffusi-
ble."] Not diffusible.

indigence (in'di-jens),n. [< F. indigence, < L. in-
digentia, need, want, < indigen(t-)s, needy: see
indigent."] The condition of being indigent ; in-
sufficiency of means of subsistence ; poverty ;
penury.

It is the care of a very great part of mankind to conceal
their indigence from the rest. Johnson.

=Syn. Penury, Want, etc. See poverty.

indigency (in'di-jen-si), n. Same as indigence.
Bentley.

indigene (in'di-jen), a. and n. [< F. indigene,
< L. indigenus, born in a country, native: see
indigenous.'} I. a. Indigenous; native.

They were Indigene, or people bred vpon that very
soyle. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 491.

II. n. One who or that which is native or indi-
genous ; a native or aborigine ; an autochthon.

It might have been expected that the plants which
would succeed in becoming naturalized in any land would
generally have been closely allied to the indigenes ; for
these are commonly looked at as specially created and
adapted for their own country.

Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 112.

indigenous (in-dij'e-nus), a. [= F. indigene =
Sp. indigena = Pg. indigena = It. indigeno, < LL.
indigenus, born in a country, native, L. indigena,
a native, < indu, within (< in, in), + gignere, ge-
nere, bear: see -genous.'] 1. Bom or originat-
ing in a particular place or country; produced
naturally in a country or climate ; native ; not
exotic.

Negroes . . . are not indigenous or proper natives of
America. Sir T. Browne.

He belonged to the genuinely indigenous school of Span-
ish poetry. Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 336.

indigestion

Under the Frankish law, "the tythinR-man is Ducanus,
the hundred-man Centenarius " ; and whatever may have
been their indigenous names, divisions into tens and hun-
dreds appear to have had ... an independent origin
among Germanic races. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 612.

2. Figuratively, innate; inherent; intrinsic.

Joy and hope are emotions indigenous to the human
mind. Is. Taylor.

= Syn. Native, etc. See original, a.
indigenously (in-dij'e-nus-li), adv. In an in-
digenous manner ; by indigenous means.

The art seems not to have indigenously extended beyond
that stage in any but arid regions. Science, XI. 220.

indigent (in'di-jent), a. [< F. indigent = Sp.
Pg. It. indigente"< L. indigen(t-)s, needy, ppr.
of indigere. need, be in want of, (. indu, in, +
egere, neeu, be in want.] If. Wanting; lack-
ing : followed by of.

Such bodies have the tangible parts indigent 0f moisture.

Bacon, Nat. Hist.

How do I see that our Sex is naturally indigent of Pro-
tection? Steele, Grief A-la-Mode, ii. 1.

2. Lacking means of comfortable subsistence

or support; wanting necessary resources;

needy; poor.
The nakedness of the indigent world may be clothed from

the trimmings of the vain. Goldsmith, Vicar, iv.

= Syn. Destitute, necessitous, reduced,
indigently (in'di-jent-li), adv. In an indigent

or destitute manner,
indigestt (in-di-jesf), a. and «. [= F. indigeste

= Pr. indigest = Sp. Pg. It. indigesto, < L. in-

digestus, unarranged, < in- priv. + digestus. pp.

of digerere, arrange, digest: see digest."] I. a.

Not digested; crude; unformed; shapeless.

To fortify the most indigest and crude stomach.

B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 1.
Me thinkes a troubled thought is thus exprest,
To be a chaos rude and indigest.

W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 2.

II. n. A crude mass; a disordered state of
affairs.

Be of good comfort, prince ; for you are born

To set a form upon that indigest

Which he hath left so shapeless and so rude.

Shak., K. John, v. 7.

indigested (in-di-jes'ted), a. [< in-3 + digested."]

1. Not digested in the stomach; not changed or
prepared for nourishing the body; undigested;
crude.

All dreams, as in old Galen I have read,
Are from repletion and complexion bred,
From rising fumes of indigested food.

Dryden, Cock and Fox, 1. 142.

2. Not regularly disposed or arranged; not re-
duced to form and method ; mentally crude : as,
an indigested scheme.

They cannot think any doubt resolv'd, and any doctrine
couflnn'd, unlesse they run to that indigested heap and
frie of Authors which they call Antiquity.

Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.

In hot reformations, in what men more zealous than
considerate call making clear work, the whole is generally
crude, harsh, and indigested. Burke, Economical Reform.

3. In phar., not digested; not prepared or soft-
ened with the aid of heat, as chemical sub-
stances.— 4f. In med., not advanced to suppu-
ration : as, an indigested wound.

indigestedness (in-di-jes'ted-nes), n. The
state of being indigested.

They looked on the Common Law as a study that could
not be brought into a scheme, nor formed into a rational
science, by reason of the indiyestedness of it.

Quoted in Bp. Bumet's Life of Hale.

indigestibility (in-di-jes-ti-bil'i-ti), TO. [= F.
indigestibilitd = Pr. indigestibilitat == It. indiges-
tibilita ; as indigestible + -ity.~\ The state or
quality of being indigestible.

indigestible (in-di-jes'ti-bl), a. [< F. indiges-
tible = Sp. indigestible = It. indigestibile, < LL.
indigestibilis, < «i-priv.+ digestibilis, digestible:
see digestible."] 1. Not digestible physically;
unassimilable, as food.

Brown bread, oatmeal porridge, etc. , are taken for the
very aperient action they induce, owing to the irritating
nature of the indigestible husks they contain.

Quain, Med. Diet.

2. Not digestible mentally ; not to be assimi-
lated by the mind; not to be stomached or
brooked ; incomprehensible or unendurable :
as, an indigestible statement; an indigestible af-
front.

Who but a boy, fond of the florid and the descriptive,
could have poured forth such a torrent of indigestible
similes? T. Warton, Poems attributed to Rowley, p. 79.

indigestibleness (in-di-jes'ti-bl-nes), n. Indi-
gestibility.

indigestibly (in-di-jes'ti-bli), adv. Not diges-
tibly ; so as not to be digested.

indigestion (in-di-jes'chou), n. [= F. indiges-
tion = Sp. indigestion = Pg. indigestSo = It. in-

indigestion

digcgtionr, < LL. indi<intti<i(n-), indigestion, <
in- priv. + tliiii-xlio(ii-), digestion.] Want of
digestion ; incapability of or difficulty in digest-
ing food ; dyspepsia.

Kat Krom Van Biiinincl, who was auddenly carried off
by an indigention. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 398.

indigestive (in-di-jes'tiv), a. [= OF. indigea-
tif; as in-3 + digestive.] Affected by indiges-
tion ; dyspeptic.

Mil' was a cousin, an iiuli:ir*tirc single woman, who called
her rigidity religion. l)i<-ktn*t Ureat Expectations, xxv.

indigitatet (in-dij'i-tat), v. t. [< ML. indigita-
/«*, pp. of inilifiitare, < L. in, in, on, + digitus,
a finger: see digit.] To indicate with or as if
with the finger ; point out.

Horace, . . . Juvenal, and Persius were no prophets,
although their lines did seem to indigitate and point at
our times. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 1. «.

We are not to indigitate the parts transmitted. Uaney.

indigitationt (in-dij-i-ta'shon), n. [< indigi-
tate + -ion.] The act of pointing out with or
as if with the finger ; indication.

We «hall find them [the stewards of Christ] out by their
proper direction and indi'fitation.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), II. 30.

Which things I conceive no obscure indigitation of prov-
idence. Dr. H. More, Antidote against Atheism.

indiglucin (in-di-gl8'sin), n. [< Gr. ivSinov, in-
digo, + }/Ui/ci'f, sweet, + -in2.] A pale-yellow
syrupy mass (CgHjnOg) obtained from the li-
quid from which indirubin has been separated,
by adding excess of acetate of lead, filtering,
and treating with excess of ammonia. This
precipitate is decomposed with sulphureted hy-
drogen and purified with animal charcoal.

indignt (iu-dln' ), a. [< ME. indign, indigne (also
undign), < OF. (also F.) indigne = Sp. Pg. i«-
digno = It. indegno, < L. indignus, unworthy, <
in- priv. + dignus, worthy : see digne, and cf.
condign.] Unworthy.

It were the most indigne and detestable thtnge that
good lawes shulde be subiecte and under euyll men.

./",'/•', Expos, of Daniel, vi.

And all inttign and base adversities
Make head against my estimation !

Shak., Othello, I. 3.
She her selfe was of his grace indigne.

Spanner, V. Q., IV. I. SO.

indignancet (in-dig'nans), n. [< ML. indignan-
tia, indignation, < L. indignan(t-)s, indignant:
see indignant."] The quality of being indignant ;
indignation.

With great indiynaunce he that sight forsook.

Spenter, K. Q., III. xi. 13.

indignancyt (in -dig 'nan -si), n. Same as in-
dignance.

Engrossed by the pride of self-defence, and the intttij-
nancy of unmerited unklndness, the disturbed mind of
Camilla had not yet formed one separate reflection.

.Wi».< Burney, Camilla, iii. 1.

indignant (in-dig'nant), a. [< L. indignan(t-)s,
ppr. otindignari ()> It. indignare, indegnare =
Sp. Pg. indignar = Pr. indignar, endignar = F.
imligner), consider as unworthy, be angry or
displeased at (cf. indignus, unworthy: see in-
dign), < in- priv. + dignari, consider as worthy,
< dignus, worthy : see digne.] Affected with in-
dignation ; moved by mixed emotions of anger
and scorn ; provoked by something regarded as
unjust, ungrateful, or unworthy.

When the British warrior queen,
Bleeding from the Roman rods,
Sought, with an indignant mien,
Counsel of her country's gods.

Cowpfr, Boadlcca.

=Syn. Incensed, provoked, exasperated.
indignantly (in-dig'nant-li); adv. 1. In an in-
dignant manner; with indignation. — 2f. Un-
worthily; disgracefully; with indignity. [An
erroneous use.]

To others he wrote not* especially the mayor, because
he took himself so indignantly used by him as he dis-
dained so far to grace him.

Strype, Abp.Whitgift, an. 1802.

indignation (in-dig-na'shqn), n. [< ME. indig-
iiiicinii, iiiilii/nncioun, < OF. (also F.) indigna-
tion = Pr. in/lii/iini-io, cndignacio = Sp. fm&ff-
nacion = Pg. indignar&o = It. indi<tna:ione, <
L. indignntio(n-), displeasure, < in<iifli«iri. pp.
/H(//(/H<(fH,s,bedispleasedat: see indignant.] 1.
Anger, especially anger excited by that which
is unjust, ungrateful, or bas'e; anger mingled
wit h contempt or abhorrence ; scornful displea-
sure.

And why that he maked hyt thus,
This was the resoun y-wyss —
That no man scbulde sytt abouc other,
Ne baue indiynactoun of hys brother.

Arthur (ed. Furnivall), 1. 48.

3061

When Haman saw Mordecai In the king's gate, that he
stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indigna-
tion against Mordecai. Esther v. 8.

The resentful feeling sometimes receives the name of
" Righteous Indignation," from the circumstance that
some great criminality or flagrant wrong has been the in-
stigating cause. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 144.

2. Effect of indignant feeling; anger expressed
or manifested in judgment, punishment, or vio-
lence.

0. let them [the heavens] . . . hurl down their indiyna

lion
On thce, the troubler of the poor world's peace !

Miik., Rich. III., I. 3.

The face [of the Colossus] Is something disfigured by
time, or imlignation of the Moores, detesting image*.

Sandys, Travailes, p. 102.

Indignation meeting, a meeting of the public, or of any
particular class of citizens, called for the purpose of giv-
ing formal expression to indignation against something
done or threatened, and to devise means to correct or
prevent it [V. 8.)

Instead of those indignation meetings set on foot in the
time of William the Testy, where men met together to
rail at public abuses, groan over the evils of the time, and
make each other miserable, there were joyous meetings
of the two sexes to dance and make merry.

Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 404.
= Syn. 1. Vexation, Indignation, etc. See angerl.
indlgnifyt (in-dig'ni-fi), v. t. [< in-3 + digni-
fy; or as indign + -i-fy.] To treat unworthily
or unbecomingly.

Where that discourteous Dame with scornful! pryde
And fowle entreaty him indigntfyde.

Spenter, F. Q., VL L 30.

indignity (in-dig'ni-ti), n. ; pi. indignities (-tiz).
[= P. indignite = Sp. indignidad = Pg. indigni-
dade = It. indignita, indcgnita, < L. indigni-
ta(t-)s, unworthiness, unworthy behavior, < in-
dignus, unworthy: see indign.'] If. Unworthi-
ness; shamefulness; base character or con-
duct.

Fie on the pelfe for which good name is sold,
And honour with indianitie debased !

Spenser, F. Q., V. xl. 63.

He had rather complalne than offend, and hates sin
more for the indignity of it than the danger.

Bp. Ball, Ail Humble Man.

2. Contemptuous conduct unjustly directed to-
ward another; any action designed to lower
the dignity of another; injury accompanied
with insult.
Stung with the thousand indignities I had met with,

I was willing to cast myself away. Goldsmith, Vicar, xx.
To a native of rank, arrest was not merely a restraint,

but a foul personal indignity.

Macaulay, Warren Hastings.

= Syn. Intuit, Indignity, etc. (see a/ront); contumely,
slight, disrespect, dishonor.

indignlyt (in-din'li), adv. In an indign man-
ner; unworthily.

O Saviour, didst thon take flesh for our redemption to
he thus indignly used ? Bp. Ball, The Cruciflxion.

The Israelites were but slanes, and the Phillstlns were
theire masters : so much more indignelii, therefore, must
they needs take it, to be thus affronted by one of theire
owne vassals. /.'/.. Ball, Samson's Victory.

indigo (in'di-go), n. [Formerly also indieo;
= D. G. Dan. Sw. indigo = F. indigo, < Sp. in-
digo, indieo, OSp. endico = Pg. indieo = It. in-
dico, Olt. indigo, endego = MHG. indieh, G. in-
dieh, < L. indicum, < Gr. IvoiKiv, indigo, lit. In-
dian (sc. ^APJJOKOV, dye), neut. of "Iwfucoc, L. /«-
dicus, Indian, < 'Iviia, India: see Indie, Indian.]

1. A substance obtained in the form of a blue
powder from leguminous plants of the genus
Indigofera, and used as a blue dye. See indigo-
plant. Indigo does not exist ready-formed in the indigo-
plant, but Is produced by the decomposition of a glucoside
called in>fi'-tiii. The plant is bruised and fermented In vats
of water, depositing ablue substance,which is collected and
dried In the form of the cubic cakes seen in commerce. In
this state indigo has an intensely blue color and an earthy
fracture, the kind most esteemed being that which, when
rubbed by a hard body, assumes a flne copper-red polish.
The indigo of commerce, besides indigo blue, consists of
Indigo red, Indigo brown, and some earthy glutinous mat-
ters. Also called Indian blue.

2. The violet-blue color of the spectrum, ex-
tending, according to Helmholtz, from G two
thirds of the way to F in the prismatic spectrum.
The name was introduced by Newton, but has
lately been discarded by the best writers. —
Bastard Indigo or false indigo, an American legumi-
nous shrub, Amorpna fniticoita. Also called wild indigo.
See Amtirpha. — Carmine of indigo. See indigo car-
in inf. — Egyptian Indigo, a leguminous plant, Tephrosia
apoUinfa, a native of Egypt. It is narcotic, anil yields a

II IK- lilue dye. The leave* are occasionally mixed with Al-
i \:imlii;i!i senna, and the plant is commonly cultivated in
Nubia for Its indigo. — False Indigo, (a) See bastard
indigo. <b) An American leguminous plant, Baptieia aus-
Irahs. See Baptinia. Also called bhte false indigo and
ifild imtiijo. — Indian indigo, the common indigo of cul-
tivation, Jndijiofera tinctoria. — Indigo blue, the blue
coloring matter of indigo, CiflHmNV:.' • the constituent
™ which the value of commercial indigo depends. It is
a crystalline solid, without odor or taste, and insoluble In

indigometry

water, alcohol, or ether ; but when exposed to the action
of curtain deoxidizing agents, It becomes soluble In al-
kaline solutions, losing itn blue color. It Is precipitated
without color by the acids, and Instantly become* blue
again on t X|K>»UI v to the air. Indigo blue may he prepared
from commercial indigo by treating It with dilute acids,
iilkalis, and alcohol, or by acting with oxidizing agents
upon indigo white. It forms fine right rhombic prisms
which have a blue color and metallic luster. In solution
it is employed occasionally in dyeing, under the name of
Saxony or liquiit blue. Also called rat-blur and indi'/ulin.
— Indigo brown, a brown resinous compound obtain-
ed by boiling an aqueous solution of indican for some
time, and then treating with an acid. It consist* of a
mixture of Indlhumln, CaHgNOx, soluble in alcohol, and
Indiretln, CigH^NOiq, insoluble in alcohol. Indihuniin

.

is probably the indigo brown of Beraellu*.— Indigo car-
mine, the sodium salt of indlgotln dlsulphonic acid
(see indigo extract, below), which is used for dyeing silk
In a sulphuric-acid bath. It is sometimes used a* a wa-
ter-color in painting, and as a washing-Mile In laundries.
— Indigo extract, the solution obtained by dissolving In-
digo In strong sulphuric acid. It Is the Indigotin dlsul-
phonlc acid. It Is lued in dyeing wool.— Indigo red, a
substance (CgHjNO) obtained by the decomposition of
indican, especially when oxalic or tartarlc acid Is used.
It forms long red needle*, insoluble in caustic alkalis,
bat soluble In cold concentrated sulphuric acid, giving a
beautiful purple color. This solution, on dilution with
water, can be used for dyeing silk, cotton, and wool. It
is not affected by boiling with dilute sulphuric acid and
bichromate of potassium, a character which distinguishes
It from Indlgotln. Also called indigo purple and imli-
r«Am.— Indigo white, a crystalline substance (C]gH12
NfOg) obtained by subjecting commercial Indigo to the
action of reducing agents, such as alkaline fluids contain-
ing iron protosulphate, or a mixture of grape-sugar, alco-
hol, and strong soda lye. It forms a yellow solution in
alkaline fluids, but on free exposure to the air absorb* oxy-
gen and IB reconverted into indigo blue. This is the best
method of obtaining the latter in a pure state, whence
Indigo white is also called imligogen.— Soluble Indigo.
Same as indigo carmine. — Sulphate of Indigo, a dyers'
name for indigo extract. (See above.)— Wild indigo. See
Anuirpha and Baptisia.

indigo-berry (in'di-go-ber'i), n. I. The name

of tlie fruit of several species of East Indian

rubiaceous trees of the genus Randia, particu-

larly B. dumetorum and B. uliginosa. The name

is of no obvious application, as the berry is

yellow. — 2. The fruit of the South American

plant J'assiflora tuberosa.
indigo-bird (in'di-go-berd), n. A painted-finch

of North America, Cyanonpiza or 1'asserina cya-

nea, belonging

to the family

Fringillida: It

is about 6J inches

long. The male is

indigo-blue, rich

and constant on

the head, glancing

greenish on some

parts, and the face.

back, wings, and

tall are blackish.

The female is plain

brown, with a

black stripe along

the gonys. It In-

habits the eastern

United States and

Canada, nests in

bushes, lays 4 or 5

bluish-white eggs,

and is often kept as

a cage-bird for the

beauty of its plu-

mage and song.

Also called indigo-

finch.

indigo-broom

(inMi-go-brSm), n. The wild indigo, Baptists
tinctoria.

indigo-copper (in'di-go-kop'er), n. In mineral.,
same as eorellin.

Indigofera (in-di-gof 'e-ra), n. [NL., < indigo +
L. ferre = E. bear1.] A large genus of plants,
of the natural order Leguminosee, tribe Galtgea?,
and type of the subtribe Indigoferetf, including
about 220 species, indigenous in the warmer
parts of Asia, Africa, and America. They are
herbs or shrubs, with pinnate or digitate leaves, and small
rose-colored or purplish flowers in axillary spikes or ra-
cemes. Some of the species yield indigo. Seeindigo-jilant.

Indigofereae (in'di-go-fer'e-e), n. pi. [NL.
(Bentham),< Indigofera + -cce.] A snbtribe of
plants, of the natural order Leguminosa; and tribe
Galegea-, typified by the genus Indigofera. They
are herbs or shrubs having axillary flowers in raceme* or
spikes, and a two-valved legume. Also called Indigo/en*.

indigo-finch (in'di-go-finch), H. Same as iwrfi-

go-bird.
indigogen, indigogene (in'di-go-jen, -jeu), ».

[= F. indigogene; as indigo + -gen.] Same as

hiflifjo ichitc.

indigolite (iu'di-go-lit), n. Same as indic»litr.
indigometer (in-oi-gom'e-ter), «. [< indigo +

Gr. ftfT/mv, a measure.] An instrument for as-

certaining the coloring power of indigo.
indigometry (iu-di-gom'e-tri), n. [< indigo +

Gr. -utTfiia, < fttrpov, a measure.] The art or

Indigo-bird
{Cyanospixa or PaltfflMa fyamtal.

Indigo-plant (Indigofeya tinctoria).
a, flower; », fruit.

indigometry

method of determining the coloring power of
indigo.

indigo-mill (in'di-go-mil), n. A mill for grind-
ing indigo into a paste. It is a quadrangular tank
with semi-cylindrical bottom, having two lids so arranged
as to leave between their inner margins a parallel-sided
opening. A set of six iron rollers pivoted to a swinging
frame operate upon the indigo at the bottom of the tank,
the frame being caused to oscillate by a bar attached to it
and extending upward through the opening between the
lids, the bar being pivoted to a support at the upper end
and actuated by a crank-mechanism. The paste when suffi-
ciently triturated is drawn off through a stop-cock.

indigo-plant (in'di-go-plant), n. A plant of
the genus Indigofera, from which indigo is
obtained. The
species most com-
monly cultivated
under this name is
/. tinctoria, a na-
tive of the East In-
dies and other parts
of Asia, and grown
in many parts of Af-
rica and America.
It is a shrubby plant
about 3 or 4 feet
high, with narrow
pinnate leaves and
long narrow pods.
The West Indian
indigo-plant is /.
Anil, a short-pod-
ded plant, native of
the West Indies and
the warmer parts of
America, and culti-
vated in Asia and
Africa. Both are
extensively grown
for making indigo.

indigo-snake

(in'di-go-snak),

n. The gopher-snake, Spilotes coxperi. [Local,

southern U. S.]

indigotate (in'di-go-tat), n. [= F. indigotate;
as indigot(ic) + -ate1.'] A compound of indi-
gotic acid with a salifiable base or a metallic
oxid: as, indigotate of ammonia or of mercury.

indigotic (in-di-got'ik), a. [= F. indigotique =
Sf.indigtitico; as indigot(in) + -ic.~\ 1. Pertain-
ing to or derived from iudigotin. — 2. In bot.,
very deep blue — Indigotic acid, an acid prepared by
treating indigotin with oxidizing agents.

indigotin (in'di-go-tin), n. [< indigo + -t- in-
serted + -i»2.] game as indigo blue (which see,
under indigo).

indigo-weed (in 'di- go -wed), ». The wild or
false indigo. See Baptisia.

indihumin (in-di-hu'min), n. [< indi(go) + hu-
mus + -j»2.] See indigo brown, under indigo.

indilatoryt (in-dil'a-to-ri), a. [< in-S + dilato-
ry.'] Not dilatory or slow.

Since you have firmed — new orders — you would be
pleased in like manner to give them a new form of indila-
tory execution.

Cabbala, Sup., Cornwallis to the Span. King, an. 1654.

indiligencet (in-dil'i-jens), ». [= F. indiligence

= Sp. Pg. indiligencia"= It. indiligenza; as in-3

+ diligence1."] Lack of diligence ; slothfulness.

If we put off our armour too soon, we ... are surprised

by indulgence and a careless guard.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 641.

Is it not ... an indignity, that an excellent conceit

and capacity, by the indiligence of an idle tongue, should

be disgrac'd ? B. Jonson, Discoveries.

indiligentt (in-dil'i-jent), a. [= F. indiligent
= Pg. indiiigente; as in-s + diligent."] Not
diligent ; idle ; slothful.

A person that hath right on his side is cold, indittgent,
lazie, and unactive, trusting that the goodness of his cause
will do it alone. Jer. Taylor, Works, II. vii.

indiligentlyt (in-dil'i-jent-li), adv. Without
diligence.

I had spent some years (not altogether indiligently) un-
der the ferule of such masters as the place afforded.

Bp. Hall, Account of Himself.

indiminishablet (in-di-min'ish-a-bl), a. [< in-S
+ diminiskable.'] TJndiminisha'ble.

Have they not been bold of late to check the Common

Law, to slight and brave the indiminishable Majestie of

our highestCourt, the Law-giving and Sacred Parliament?

Milton, Eeformation in Eng., ii.

indin (in'din), n. [< ind(igo) + -z«2.] A crys-
talline substance (C16H10N2P2) of a beautiful
rose color, isomeric with indigo blue.

indirect (in-di-rekf), a. [= F. Pr. indirect =
Sp. Pg. indirecto = It. indiretto, < L. indirectus,
not direct, < in- priv. + directus, direct : see di-
rect.'} 1. Not direct in space ; deviating from
a straight line ; devious ; circuitous : as, an in-
direct course in sailing.

O pity and shame, that they, who to live well
Enter'd so fair, should turn aside to tread
Paths indirect, or in the midway faint !

Milton, P. L., xi. 631.

3062

2. Not direct in succession or descent; not
lineal ; of irregular derivation ; out of direct
line from the prime source or origin : as, indi-
rect descent or inheritance ; an indirect claim ;
indirect information.

His title, the which we find
Too indirect for long continuance.

Shale., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3.

3. Not direct in relation or connection; not
having an immediate bearing or application;
not related in the natural way; oblique; in-
cidental; inferential: as, an indirect answer;
an indirect effect ; indirect taxes.

The direct effect of this change was important. The
indirect effect has been more important still.

Maeaulay, Sir J. Mackintosh.

The second kind of indirect labour is that employed in

making tools or implements for the assistance of labour.

J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., I. ii. § 4.

The direct losses occasioned by the decay of our ocean
commercial marine are insignificant in comparison with
the indirect losses due to the loss of trade from an in-
ability to make exchanges promptly, regularly, and cheap-
ly with foreign countries.

D. A. Wells, Merchant Marine, p. 29.

4. Not direct in action or procedure; not in the
usual course; not straightforward; not fair and
open ; equivocal : as, indirect means of accom-
plishing an object.

He needs no indirect or lawless course
To cut off those that have offended him.

Shak., Rich. III., i. 4.

They [the covetous] made new principles, and new dis-
courses, such which were reasonable in order to their pri-
vate indirect ends, but not to the public benefit.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 11, Pref.
Indirect dealing will be discovered one time or other.

Tillotson.

The judges ought to be plentifully provided for, that
they may be under no temptation to supply themselves
by indirect ways.

Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, Conclusion.
Indirect demonstration. See demonstration.— Indi-
rect discourse, the form in which, in any language, the
words or thoughts of another are reported, as distinguish-
ed from direct discourse, or the reporting of them in the
other's own words. It involves subordinate or dependent
construction, the use of certain tense or mode forms, etc.
Thus, he said he was on the way and should soon arrive is
indirect discourse ; he said, "lam on the way and shall soon
arrive," is direct. Also called, in Latin, oratio obligua.—
Indirect equilibration, the adjustment of a group of
organisms to changing circumstances by the destruction
of members of the group or by atrophy of organs which
are not adapted to those circumstances. — Indirect evi-
dence, in law, evidence which raises an inference as to
the truth of a matter in dispute, not by means of the ac-
tual knowledge which any witness had of the fact, or actual
statement of it by a competent document, but by showing
collateral facts which render the main fact more or less
probable or certain. — Indirect inference. See in/er-
ence.— Indirect Object, in gram., a substantive word
dependent on a verb less immediately than an accusative
governed by it : usually said of a dative, answering to an
English noun with to or for. — Indirect predication.
See direct predication, under direct. — Indirect proof,
in logic, same as apagoge, 1 (d).— Indirect syllogism, a
syllogism whose cogency can be made more evident by a
reduction.— indirect tax. See tax.— indirect testi-
mony, testimony given for another purpose than that of
making known the fact directly testified to. =Syn, 1-3.
Roundabout, tortuous.— 4. Unfair, dishonest, dishonor-
able.

indirection (in-di-rek'shou), n. [= F. indirec-
tion; as indirect + -ion."] Oblique or irregular
course or means ; unfair or deceitful action or
proceeding ; indirectness.

I had rather coin my heart,
And drop my blood for drachmas, than to wring
From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash
By any indirection ! Shak., J. C. , iv. 3.

He [Franklinl was ... a Statesman . . . who never
solicited an office, nor used any indirection to retain one
when it was in his possession.

Theodore Parker, Historic Americans, p. 16.

indirectly (in-di-rekt'li), adv. 1 . In an indirect
manner ; not in a straight line or course ; not
expressly; not by direct or straightforward
means.

St. Paul, that calls the Cretans liars, doth it but indi-
rectly, and upon quotation of their own poet.

Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 4.
Political control indirectly entails evils on those who
exercise it, as well as on those over whom it is exercised.
B. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 443.
The University of Oxford finds in Aristotle one of her
most powerful engines of ethical, and indirectly of Chris-
tian teaching. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 129.

2. Unfairly; crookedly.

If any reports have come unto your Lordship's ears that
in the causes of my Lord of Essex I have dealt indirectly,
I assure your Lordship they have done me wrong.

E. Waterhouse (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 472).

indirectness (in-di-rekt'nes), n. The condition
or quality of being indirect ; obliquity ; unfair-
ness ; dishonesty.

indiretin (in-di-re'tin), n. [< indi(go) + ret-
for res(ln) + -i»2.] gee indigo brown, under in-
digo.

indiscreet

indirubin (in-di-ro'bin), n. Same as indigo red
(which see, under indigo).

indiscernible (in-di-zer'ni-bl), a. and «. [= F.
indiscernable = Sp. indiscernible = Pg. indis-
cernivel = It. indiscernibile ; as in-3 + discern-
ible."] I. a. Not discernible ; incapable of be-
ing discerned ; not visible or perceptible.

These small and almost indiscernible beginnings and
seeds of ill humour have ever since gone on in a very visi-
ble increase and progress.

Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1689.

U. n. That which is not discernible — Prin-
ciple of the identity of indiscernibles, the doctrine
of Leibnitz that things altogether alike are one and the
same individual.

indiscernibleness (in-di-zer'ni-bl-nes), n. In-
capability of being discerned.

I should haue shew'd you also the indiscernibleness (to
the eye of man) of the difference of these distant states,
till God by his promulgate sentence haue made the sepa-
ration. Hammond, Works, IV. 494.

indiscernibly (in-di-zer'ni-bli), adv. In an in-
discernible manner ; so as not to be seen or per-
ceived.

indiscerpibility (in-di-ser-pi-bil'i-ti), n. [< in-
discerpible: see-bility.] The condition or qual-
ity of being indiscerpible.

Endowing it [a being] with such attributes as are es-
sential to it, as indiscerpibility is to the soul of man.

Dr. H. More, Immortal, of Soul, Pref.

indiscernible (in-di-ser'pi-bl), a. [< in-S +
discerpible.] Not discerpible ; incapable of be-
ing destroyed by dissolution or separation of
parts.

I have taken the boldness to assert, that matter consists
of parts indiscerpible, unAenta.nAing'by indiscerpible parts
particles that have indeed real extension, but so little that
they cannot have less and be anything at all, and there-
fore cannot be actually divided.

Dr. H. More, Immortal, of Soul, Pref.

Which supposition is against the nature of any imma-
terial being, a chief property of which is to be indiseerpi-
Ue. Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, iii.

indiscerpibleness (in-di-ser'pi-bl-nes), «. In-
discerpibility. Also indiscerptibleness.

indiscerpibly (in-di-ser'pi-bli), adv. In an in-
discerpible manner. Also indiscerptibly.

indiscerptibility (in-di-serp-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [<
indiscerptible : see -bittty."] Same as indiscerpi-
bility.

indiscerptible (in-di-serp'ti-bl), a. [< in-3 +
discerptible."] Same as indiscerpible.

Truth or absolute existence is one, immutable, uncon-
ditioned, indiscerptible.

J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, I. 124.
He also [E. Montgomery], taught by biological research,
is quite convinced that the feeling and thinking subject
is an identically enduring, indiscerptible unity.

Mind, IX. 367.

indisciplinable (in-dis'i-plin-a-bl), a. [= F.
indisciplinable = Sp. indisciplinable = Pg. in-
diseiplinavel = It. indisciplinabile, < ML. indis-
ciplinabilis, < L. in- priv. + LL. disciplinabilis,
disciplinable: see disciplinable.'] Incapable of
being disciplined, or subjected to discipline;
undisciplinable.

Necessity renders men of phlegmatick and dull natures
stupid and indisciplinable.

Sir M. Hale, Provision for the Poor, Pref.

indiscipline (in-dis'i-plin), n. [= F. indiscipline
= Sp. Pg. indisciplina, < LL. indiscipline,, want
of education, < L. in- priv. + disciplina, edu-
cation : see discipline."] Lack of discipline or
instruction; disorder.

The [army of the] Scots . . . not only exacting contri-
butions, but committing . . . great excesses of indisci-
pline. Hallam, Const. Hist., II. 176.

But there were degrees in demoralization ; the £migr£s
and the English contended for the prize of indiscipline.
Athenaeum, No. 3074, p. 393.

indiscoverable (in-dis-kuv'er-a-bl), a. [< ire-3
+ discoverable.'] Undiscoverable.

Nothing can be to us a law which is by us indiscover-
able. Conybeare, Sermons, II. 166.

indiscoveryt (in-dis-kuv'er-i), n. [< in-3 + dis-
covery."] Want of discovery; failure of a search
or an inquiry.

Although in this long journey we miss the intended
end, yet are there many things of truth disclosed by the
way ; and the collateral verity may, unto reasonable specu-
lations, requite the capital indiscovery.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 12.

indiscreet (in-dis-kref), a. [= F. indiscret =
Sp. Pg. It. indiscrcto; as in-3 + discreet."] Not
discreet ; wanting in discretion or prudence ;
not in accordance with sound judgment.

By the indincrret steering of Ralph Skinner, their boat
was overset. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, 1. 103.

A devotee is one of those who disparage religion by
their indiscreet and unseasonable introduction of the
mention of virtue on all occasions.

Steele, Spectator, No. 354.

Indiscreet

It is on these occasions that the wise m»n shows his
wisdom above the tndltcn, i, who must need* tell all
knows at all AUott, Table-lalk, p. 88.

= Syn. Imprudent, unwise, injudicious, Inconsiderate,

indiscreetly (in-dis-krct'li), ndr. In an indis-
creet manner; without prudence or judgment.
To speak iiuliirrtelly what we are obliged to hear, by
bring Euped up \iiili th. r in this publk-k vehicle, is in
Mime ill-guv assaulting us on the high road.

Spectator, No. 182.

indiscreetness (in-dis-kret'ues), n. Want of
discreetness ; indiscretion,
indiscrete (in-dis-kref), a. [< L. indiscretus,
not separated, < ««- priv. + discretus, separated :
see discrete.] Not discrete or separated.

The terrestrial elements were all In an indiscrete mass
of confused matter. Pownall, Antiquities, p. 182.

indiscretion (in-dis-kresh'on), n. [= F. in-
discretion = Pr. indiseretio = Sp. indiscretion =
Pg. indiserietto = It. indiscrezione, indiscrizione;
as ('n-3 + discretion.] 1. The condition or qual-
ity o£ being indiscreet ; want of discretion or
judgment; imprudence; rashness.

My friend's rash indiscretion was the bellows
Which blew the coal, now kindled to a flame.

Ford, Lady's Trial, lit 8.

Misfortune Is not crime, nor is indiscretion always the
greatest guilt Burke.

2. An indiscreet or imprudent act; a step show-
ing lack of judgment or caution.

By what they haue done in Ills absence, the world may
see what they would haue done In his presence, had he
not prevented their indiscretions.

Quoted iu Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 283.

indiscriminate (in-dis-krim'i-nat), a. [< <»-3
4- discriminate.] Not discriminate; not care-
fully discriminated or discriminating; undis-
tinguishing; promiscuous: as. indiscriminate
praise; an indiscriminate faultfinder.

Could ever wise man wish, in good estate,
The use of all things indiscriminate I

Bp. Rail, Satires, V. Hi. 25.

All parties strangely rushed into a was, destined . . .
to subvert, crush, and revolutionize, with indiscriminate
furv everv continental party and government drawn Into
Its vortex. Everett, Orations, I. 497.

indiscriminately (in-dis-krim'i-nat-li), adv. In
an indiscriminate manner; without distinction;
confusedly ; promiscuously.

The common people call wit mirth, and fancy folly: fan-
ciful and folliful they use indiscriminately. Shcnutone.
Luxurious mansions are dropped down indiscriminately
among mean abodes and the homes of dirt

Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 104.

indiscriminating (m-dis-krim'i-na-ting), a. [<
tii-3 + dixrrimiiiitting.] Undiscriminating ; not
making distinctions.

Undeveloped Intellectual vision Is Just as indiscrimi-
natinrt and erroneous In its classings as undeveloped physi-
cal vision. H. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 5.
The confiscation was absolutely indiscriminating.

Lecky, Eng. In 18th Cent, xiv.

indiscrimination (iu-dis-krim-i-na'shon), «.
[< i'H-3 + discrimination.] The quality of be-
ing indiscriminate ; want of discrimination or
distinction.

Since God already had hindered him [Herod] from the
executions of a distinguishing sword, he resolved to send
a sword of indiscrimination and confusion.

Jcr. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), I. 73.

indiscriminative (in-dis-krim'i-na-tiv), a. [<
iw-3 + disrriininative.] Not discriminative;
making no distinction.

indiscussedt (in-dis-kusf), a. |'< LL. i
sus, not discussed, < L. in- priv. + ai_
pp. of discutere, discuss: see discuss.] Not dis-
cussed.

But upon reasons light In themselves or indiscusted in
me I might mistake your often long and bnsie letters.

Donne, To Sir H. O.

indisin (in'di-sin), ». [Irreg. < indi(</o) + -s-
inserted + -i«2.] A violet coloring matter ob-
tained when aniline containing toluidine is ox-
idized. Also called nuiuvrin and Perkin's violet, having
been discovered by Verkln In 1856. It Is little used In dye-
ing at the present day.

in disparte (in dis-par'te). [It.: in. in; <!<*-
pnrle, apart, aside; cf. dispart.] In dnnnntic

indispensability (in-dis-pen-sa-bil'i-ti), M. [=

iiidispi'timtbilidtidi' = It. indispengabiHt&; as in-
disprnxablc + -ity: see -bility.] 1. The state or
quality of being indispensable ; indispensable-
ness.

3063

2t. The condition of being without dispensa-
tion or license.

The indispensability of the first marriage.

Lord Heroert.

indispensable (iu-dis-peu'sa-bl). a. [Former-
ly also, iinurop., indixpt-imible; = F. indispensable
= 8p. fodup#H*o&fa = I'K- iitditt/iiiisavcl = It.
indixpi iHsaliilt , < ML. "indispcnsabilw (in adv.
iinlixpi nxiibUiler), (. L. t«- priv. + ML. disjien-
snbilis, dispensable: see dispensable.] It. Not
to be set aside, evaded, or escaped; inevitable.

Age and other indispensable occasions. Fvllrr.

All other learned men thought the law was moral and
indispensable. Bp. Burnet, Hist Reformation, an. 1532.
2. Not to be dispensed with ; not to be omit-
ted or spared ; absolutely necessary or requi-
site.

I went as far as Hounslow with a sad heart, but was
obliged to return upon some indispensible affaires.

Evelyn, Diary, Sept 17, 1678.

I find from experiments that humble-bees are almost «n-
dispensable to the fertilization of the heart s-ease (Viola
tricolor) for other bees do not visit this flower.

Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 79.

All of us alike, Pagan, Mussulman, Christian, have prac-
tised the arts of public speaking as the most mdimmg
ble resource of public administration and of private In-
trigue. Dt Qvincey, Style, U.
3f. Not permissible by dispensation or license ;
incapable of being legalized.

.

Contrary to all their notions about the eternity and in-
dispensability of the uatural law.

P. SL-Mon, Deism Revealed, in.

I have nothing to do with its possibility, but only with
Its indispensoMity. Kutkin, Metoni on Art

193

Zanchius . . . absolutely condemns this marriage, as
incestuous and itidispentaale.

Bp. Ball, Cases of Conscience, Add. i.

indispensableness (in-dis-pen'sa-bl-nes), n.
The state or quality of being indispensable or
absolutely necessary.

Thus these fathers bore witness to the tndinwnMMMMI
of classical literature for a higher Christian education, and
the church has ever since maintained the same view.

P. Schaff, Hist Christ Church, III. i 4.
The Presbyterians In England were the first to assert the
indispensableness of a particular form of organization.

The Century, XXXII. 488.

indispensably (in-dis-pen'sa-bli), adv. In an
indispensable manner; necessarily; unavoid-
ably.

It was thought indispensably necessary that their ap-
pearance should equal the greatness of their expectations.
Goldmnith, Vicar, xiv.

indispersedt, «• [< >»-3 + dispersed.] Unscat-
tered ; not dispersed abroad. Dr. H. More.
indispose (in-dis-poz'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
disposed, ppr. indisposing. [< F. indisposer (cf .
Sp. indisponer = Pg. indispor), indispose, < t»-
priv. + disposer, dispose : see dispose.] 1. To
render averse or unfavorable ; disincline.

The capricious operation of so dissimilar a method of
trial In the same cases, under the same government, Is of
Itself sufficient to indispose every well regulated Judgment
towards it A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. Ixxxlil.

When our hearts are In our work, we shall be indisposed
to take the trouble of listening to curious truths (if they
are but curious), though we might have them explained
to us. J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 214.

Professor Dowden's pleadings for Shelley, though they
may sometimes indisjioxe and irritate the reader, produce
no obscuring of the truth.

M. Arnold, Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 25.

2. To render unfit or unsuited ; disqualify.

Nothing can be reckoned good or bad to us in this life
any farther than that It prepares or indisposes us for the
enjoyments of another. Bp. Atteroury.

indisposed (in-dis-pozd'), p. a. Affected with
indisposition or illness ; somewhat ill ; slightly
disordered.

It made him rather indisposed than sick. /. Walton.

Acres. Odds blushes and blooms! she has been as
healthy as the German spa.

Faulk Indeed ! — I did hear that she had been a little
indisposed. Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 1.

indisposedness (in-dis-po'zed-nes), n. The
condition or quality of being indisposed ; dis-
inclination; indisposition.

Not that we should in the midst of a sensible indis-
msedncssot heart fall suddainly Into a fashionable devo-
tion Bp. Hall, Extremes of Devotion.

indisposition (in-dis-po-zish'on), ». [< F. •«-
disiiosition = Sp. indi#]>osicion = Pg. tndtspo-
sicSo = It. indis]>osizione, < ML. indixpositio(n-),
unsuitableness, < L. in- priv. + dispositio(n-),
disposition: see disposition, indispose.] 1. The
state of being indisposed in mind; disinclina-
tion; unwillingness; aversion; dislike: as, an
indisposition to travel.

The mind by every degree of affected unbelief con-
tracts more and more of a general indinpoiition towards
believing. BP- Atterbury.

2. Lack of tendency or appetency: as, the I'M-
ilixptiititiiin (if two substances to combine. — 3f.
Unsuitableness ; inappropriateness.

indissolubly

This is not from any failure or defect In the Illumina-
tion itself, but from the iuditputUiuu of the object, which,
being thus blacken'd, can neither let In nor transmit the
beams that are cast upon It. South, Works, III. U.

4. Slight illness or ailment; tendency to sick-
ness.

lie [the Prince] came back with Victory, yet he brought
back with him such an Indisposition of Body that be was
never thoroughly well after. Baker, Chronicles, p. 125.

Two kinds of disease are apt to beset the emigrant : the
flrst Is the climatic indispvntion already mentioned ; the
second, the real climatic disease. Science, VII. 108.

=8yn.l. Reluctance, backwardness.— 4. Distemper, Mal-
ady, etc. See disease.

indisputability (in-dis-pu'- or m-dis'pu-ta-bil -
i-ti), n. [= F. indisputability = Pg. indisputa-
'bilidade; as indisputable + -ity.] Indisputable-
ness.

indisputable (in-dis-pu'- or in-dis pu-ta-bl),
a. [= F. indisputable = Sp. indisputable = Pg.
indisputavel = It. indisputable, < LL. indisputa-
bilis, indisputable, < L. in- priv. + disputabilts,
disputable: see disputable.} Not disputable;
not to be disputed ; undoubtedly true ; incon-
trovertible; incontestable.

For It shall be sufficient for him to have . . . the king's
indisputable prerogative. Sir T. More, l'topla,Introd. Dis.
The two regions of indisputable certaintv are the two
extremes of the mental world, Sensation and Abstraction.
Q. H. Lewes, ITobs. of Life and Mind (ed. 1874), I. 266.
=Syn. Unquestionable, undeniable, Irrefragable, indu-
bitable, certain, positive, obvious.

indisputableness (iu-dis-pu'- or m-dis pu-ta-
bl-ues), ». The state or quality of being indis-
putable.

indisputably (iu-dis-pu'- or in-dis pu-ta-bh),
adv. In an indisputable manner ; in a manner
or degree not admitting of dispute; unques-
tionably.

Physical pain Is indisputably an evil, yet It has been
often endured, and even welcomed.

tiacatilay, Mill on Government.

indisputedt (in-dis-pu'ted), a. [< i«-3 + dis-
puted.] Undisputed.

This moral principle of doing as you would be done by
is certainly the most inditputcd and universally allowed
of any other in the world, how 111 soever It may be prac-
tised by particular men.

Sir If. Temple, Popular Discontents.

indiBSipable (in-dis'i-pa-bl), a. [= It. indis-
sipabile; as i/i-3 + dissipable.] Incapable of
being dissipated. Imp. Diet.
indissociable (iu-di-so'shia-bl), a. [< LL. ««-
dissociabilis, inseparable, < L. I'M- priv. + dtsso-
ciabilis, separable: see dissociable.] Incapable
of being dissociated or separated ; inseparable :
as, indissociable states of consciousness, a.
Spencer.

indissolubility (in-dis'o-lu-bil'i-ti), «. [= F.
indissolubilile = Sp. indixolubilidad = Pg. tndis-
solubilidade = It. indissolubilita ; as indissoluble
+ -ity.] The quality of being indissoluble, (a)
Incapability of being dissolved or liquefied. See dissolve,

1, and solution.

From whence steel has Its firmness, and the parts of a
diamond their hardness and indissolubiMy. Locke,

(b) Perpetuity of obligation or binding force.

To give this contract [marriage] Its most essential quali-
ty, namely indusolubilily. Warourton, Works, IX xvii.
indissoluble (iu-dis'o-lu-bl), a. [= F. indisso-
luble = Sp. indisoluble = Pg. indissoluvel = It.
indissolubile, < L. indissolubilis, that cannot be
dissolved, < IH- priv. + dissolubili*, that can be
dissolved : see dissoluble.] 1 . Not dissoluble or
dissolvable ; incapable of being dissolved. See
dissolve, 1, and solution.

Their union will be so indissoluble that there Is no pos-
sible way of separating the diffused elixir from the fixed
lead. B°Vle-

2. Not dissoluble in force or obligation; not
to be rightfully broken or violated ; perpetual-
ly binding or obligatory ; firm ; stable : as, an
indissoluble covenant.

I do not find In myself such a necessary and indiwoiii-
6fe sympathy to all those of my blood.

Sir T. Browne, Rellglo Medici, II. .'.

The most distant provinces of the Peninsula were knit
together by a bond of union which has remained indu-
,,, ;,,W, Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., t 16.

Indissoluble association. See association.
indissolubleness (in-dis'o-lu-bl-nes), H. Indis
solubility.

The most durable perseverance of the indistolvHaut*
ofthealcalisatesalt . . . ls(lngreat part) a lasting effe
of the same violence of the fire. Boyle, Works, V. SM.

indissolubly (in-dis'o-lu-bli), adv. In an indis-
soluble manner; so as not to be dissolved, sun-
dered, or broken.

On they move
IndissotuUy firm. Milton, P. U, rt 69.

indissolvable

indissolvable (in-di-zol'va-bl), «. [Formerly
also indissolvible ; < in-3 4- dissolvable.] That
cannot be dissolved or loosened; indissoluble.

It is from God that two are made one by an indissolvable
tie. Warburton, Works, IX. xvii.

indissolvableness (in-di-zol'va-bl-nes), n. In-
dissolubility.

indistancyt (in-dis'tan-si), n. [< in-3 + dis-
tance.'] Lack of distance or separation ; close-
ness.
By way of determination and indistancy.

Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, v.

indistinct (in-dis-tingkf ), a. [< ME. "indistinct
(in adv. indistinctly) ; = F. Pr. indistinct = Sp.
indistinto = Pg. indistincto =It. indistinto, < L.
indistinctus, not distinguishable, obscure, < in-
priv. + distinetus, distinct: see distinct.] 1.
Not distinct to the senses ; not clearly distin-
guishable or perceptible ; not to be discrimi-
nated; confused; blurred; obscure: as, indis-
tinct outlines; an indistinct sound.

That which is now a horse, even with a thought

The rack dislimns, and makes It indistinct,

As water is in water. Shak., A. and C., iv. 12.

Nature speaks her own meaning with an indistinct and
faltering voice. J. Caird.

2. Not distinct to the mind ; not clearly defined
as to parts or details; indefinite; confused: as,
indistinct notions. See clear, 6. — 3. Not giving
or having distinct impressions, images, or per-
ceptions; dim; dull; imperfect: as, indistinct
vision ; an indistinct remembrance.
Thy indistinct expressions seem
Like language utter'd in a dream.

Cowper, To Mary (1793).

= Syn. Undefined, indistinguishable, dim, vague, uncer-
tain, ambiguous.

indistinctiblet (in-dis-tingk'ti-bl), a. [< in-3 +
distinct + -ible.] Indistinguishable.

'A favourite1 old romance is founded on the indistinctible
likeness of two of Charlemagne's knyghtes, Amys and
Amelion. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, III., Dis. on

[the Gesta Romanorum.

indistinction (in-dis-tingk'shon), n. [= F. in-
distinction = Sp. indistincion = Pg. indistincgao
= It. indistinsione; as in-3 + distinction.'] 1.
Lack of distinction in kind or character; con-
fusion ; indiscrimination.

The indistinction of many of the same name . . . hath
made some doubt. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.

There is nothing in any one of these so numerous love
songs to indicate who or what the lady was. . . . Was it
always one woman? or are there a dozen here immortal-
ized in cold indistinction!

S. L. Stevenson, Charles of Orleans.

2. Absence of distinction in condition or rank ;
equality; sameness.

An indistinction of all persons, or equality of all orders,
is far from agreeable to the will of God. Bp. Sprat.

3. Indistinctness ; obscurity; dimness. [Rare.]

The winds bore the warning sounds away ;
Wild indistinction did their place supply ;
Half heard, half lost, th' imperfect accents die.

W. llarte, Eulogius.

indistinctive (in-dis-tingk'tiv), a. [< in-3 +
distinctive.] 1. Indistinguishable from others.
— 2. Not capable of distinguishing or of mak-
ing distinction.

indistinctiveness (in-dis-tingk'tiv-nes), n. 1.
The state or quality of being indistinguishable
from others.
The general indistinctiveness from distance.

De Quincey.

2. Incapacity for distinguishing or making dis-
tinctions. Worcester, Supp.
indistinctly (in-dis-tingkt'li), adv. [< ME. in-
distinctly; < indistinct + -fy2.] 1. In an in-
distinct manner ; not clearly or definitely ;
obscurely ; dimly : as, the border is indistinct-
ly marked; the words were indistinctly pro-
nounced.

In its sides it was bounded distinctly, but on its ends
confusedly and indistinctly. Newton, Opticks.

2f. Without distinction or preference.

The hoore [white]

And every hewe [of swine] to have in places warme
Is indistinctly good, and may not harme.

Palladiits, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 99.

indistinctness (in-dis-tingkt'nes), n. \. The
quality or condition of being indistinct ; confu-
sion; uncertainty; obscurity; faintness; dim-
ness: as, indistinctness of vision or of voice. —
2. In psycnol., that character of apprehension
which consists in a deficiency of conscious-
ness of the parts of the concept or idea appre-
hended. Sensuous indistinctness is the want of distinc-
tion between the parts of a sensation ; intellectual indis-
tinctness is the want of distinction between the parts of
an intellectual cognition.

3064

As a last source of indistinctness may be mentioned the
intrusion of feeling into the intellectual domain.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 407.

indistinguishable (in-dis-ting'gwish-a-bl), a.
[< in-3 + distinguishable.] Not distinguishable;
incapable of being distinguished, separated, or
discriminated.

The screams which accompany bodily suffering are in-
distinguishable from those which accompany suffering of
mind. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 498.

indistinguishableness (in-dis-ting'gwish-a-bl-
nes), n. The state or quality of being indis-
tinguishable. H. Spencer.

indistinguishably (in-dis-ting' gwish-a-bli),
adv. So as not to be distinguishable.

indistinguishedt (in-dis-ting'gwisht), a. [< in-3
+ distinguished.] Indiscriminate; confused.

In that indistinguisht mass all things seemed one.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 14.

indistinguishingt (in-dis-ting'gwish-ing); a.
[< in-3 + distinguishing.] Undistinguishing ;
indiscriminative. Johnson.
indistributable (in-dis-trib'u-ta-bl), a. [< in-3
+ distributable.] Incapable of distribution or
apportionment.

That in respect of which all are to count alike cannot
be happiness itself, which is indistributable.

H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 236.

indisturbance (in-dis-ter'bans), n. [< in-3 +
disturbance.] Freedom from disturbance ; re-
pose; tranquillity; calmness.

What is called by the Stoicks apathy, and by the Scep-
ticks indisturbance, seems all but to mean great tranquil-
lity of mind. Temple.

inditch (in-dich'), v. t. [< *re-l + ditch.] To
bury in a ditch.

Deserv'dst thon ill? well were thy name and thee,
Wert thou inilitched in great secrecie.

Bp. Hall, Satires, iii. 2.

One was cast dead into the Thames at Stanes, and
drawne with a boat and a rope downe some part of the
river, and dragged to shore and indiched.

John Taylor, Works (1630).

indite (in-dlf), v.; pret. and pp. indited, ppr.
inditing. [Formerly also endite; < ME. enditen,

< OF. enditer, enditier, inditer, etc., write, ac-
cuse: see indict.] I. trans. 1. To put into
verbal form ; compose ; write.

He cowde songes make and wel endite,

Juste and eek daunce, and wel purtreye and write.

Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 95.

Nigel writing his verses, polishing the great medieval
satire Burnellus, or inditing the prose letter in which he
castigates the faults of the secular clergy.

Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 145.

2. To conceive the form of ; arrange for utter-
ance or writing: only in the place cited.

My heart is inditing a good matter. [Revised version,
"My heart overfloweth with a goodly matter.'! Ps. xlv. 1.

3|. In the following passage, to invite: per-
haps a misprint.

She will indite him to some supper.

Shak. (Globe ed.), R. and J., Ii. 4.

II. intrans. To compose ; write.
Thou art young and handsome yet, and well enough
To please a widow ; thou canst sing, and tell
These foolish love-tales, and indite a little.

Beau, and FL, Captain, ii. 1.

inditement (in-dit'ment), n. [< indite + -ment.]
1. The act of inditing. — 2f. That which is in-
dited; an indictment.

The inditement was drawn, and the case pleaded before
the governour of Macedon, for that the Romans did send
no governours at that time into Greece.

North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 410.

inditer (in-di'ter), n. [Formerly also enditer;

< ME. enditer, enditour, < OF. enditour; < enditer,
indite: see indite.] One who indites; a writer
or scribbler.

The first were of enditours

Of olde Cronike, and eke auctours.

Cower, Conf. Amant., viii.

Himself will be acknowledged, by all that read him, the
basest and hungriest enditer that could take the boldness
to look abroad. Milton, Colasterion.

The Muses are no longer invoked by every unhappy in-
diter of verse. Story, Misc. Writings, p. 367.

indium (in'di-um), re. [NL., < L. ind(icum),
indigo, a blue pigment (see indigo), + -ium.]
Chemical symbol, In ; atomic weight, 113.7. A
rare metallic element found in the zinc-blende
of Freiberg, Saxony, and some other localities,
and discovered by means of the spectroscope :
so called from its giving a blue line in the
spectrum. It is a very soft lead-colored metal, with
metallic luster, and much resembles lead in its physical
qualities. Its compounds impart a violet tint to flame.

indivertible (iu-di-ver'ti-bl), «. [< in-3 + di-
vertible.] Not divertible ; incapable of being
turned aside or out of a course.

individualism

Thomas Coventry, ,
moving column.

indivertible from his way as :\
Lamb, Elia, p. 152.

individablet (in-di-vi'da-bl), a. [< i»-8 + di-
vidable.] Not dividable ; indivisible.

The best actors in the world . . . for . . . scene indi-
vidable, or poem unlimited. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.

indiyidedt (in-di-vi'ded), «. [< in-3 + divided. ]
Undivided.

St. Cyril, in his first book against Julian, thinks there
was a representation of the blessed individed Trinity.

Bp. Patrictc, On Gen. xviii. 2.

individual (in-di-vid'u-al), a. and n. [= F.
indiriduel = Sp. Pg. "individual = It. individu-
ale, < ML. individualis (cf. F. individu = Sp.
Pg. It. individuo), < L. individuum, an indivisi-
ble thing, neut. of individuus, indivisible, un-
divided, < in- priv. + diriditus, divisible: see
dividuous.] I. a. If. Indivisible; inseparable.
He [Don Carlos] hath neither Office, Command, Dignity,
or Title, but is an individual Companion to the King.

Howell, Letters, I. iii. 9.

To have thee by my side
Henceforth an individual solace dear.

Milton, P. L., iv. 486.

2. Not susceptible of logical subdivision ; de-
terminate in every respect ; having a continu-
ity of existence in all its changes; not divisi-
ble without loss of identity.

Under his great vicegerent reign abide
United, as one individual soul.

Milton, P. L., v. 610.

Everything in nature Is individual, and 'tis utterly ab-
surd to suppose a triangle really existent which has no
precise proportion of sides and angles.

Hume, Human Nature, I. S 7.

3. Of but one person or thing; pertaining or
peculiar to, or characteristic of, a single person
or thing, or each separate person or thing : op-
posed to collective: as, individual character; in-
dividual labor or effort ; individual action.

As touching the manners of learned men, it is a thing
personal and individual.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 29.

Their individual imperfections being great, they are
moreover enlarged by their aggregation.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.

The members of a primitive horde, loosely aggregated!,
and without distinctions of power, cooperate for immedi-
ate furtherance of individual sustentation, and in a com-
paratively small degree for corporate sustentation.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 448.

4. Serving or intended for the use of one person
only: as, an individual salt-cellar. [Colloq.] —

5. Of which each is different or of a different de-
sign from the others : as, a set of individual cof-
fee-cups (that is, a harlequin set) — individual
difference, liability, etc. See the nouns.— Individual
property, property which belongs to one person and is
not shared! by others with whom he is united : as, the in-
dividual property of a partner.

II. n. A single thing; a being, animate or
inanimate, that is or is regarded as a unit.

And the individual withers, and the world is more and
more. Tennyson, Locksley Hall.

(a) That which is not susceptible of logical subdivision,
but is completely determinate, so that only one of a pair
of contradictory attributes can be possessed by it.

Every genus, though one, is multiplied into many ; and
every species, though one, is also multiplied into many, by
reference to those beings which are their proper subordi-
nates. Since then no individual has any such subordinates,
it can never in strictness be considered as many, and so is
truly an individual as well in nature as in name.

Harris, Hermes, iv.

(6) A thing which by being in only one place at one time,
or otherwise, has a continuity of existence in time, (c) Es-
pecially, a human being ; a person.

The tyranny of an individual is far more supportable
than the tyranny of a caste. Macaulay, Mirabeau.

A " nation " is really changed, so far as the individuals
composing it are concerned, every moment of time by the
operation of the laws of population.

Encye. Brit., XXII. 464.

((/) In biol., any organism or part of an organized whole
regarded as having (actually or in certain relations) an in-
dependent existence. The word is often applied specifi-
cally to one of a group or colony of organisms to distin-
guish it from the colony or group. Thus, many botanists
regard each bud as a true individual, the whole plant or
tree constituting a colony or compound organism.

A biological indimdual is any concrete whole having a
structure which enables it, when placed in appropriate
conditions, to continuously adjust its internal relations to
external relations, so as to maintain the equilibrium of its
functions. H. Spencer, Prin. of fiiol., § 74.

(e) A person merely; a man. [Colloq.]— Vague Indi-
vidual, something indicated as individual, but not ex-
plicitly designated, as " that man " : opposed to determi-
nate individual. See determinate. = Syn. Personage, etc.
See person.

individualisation, individualise, etc . See in-

individualism (in-di-vid'u-al-izm), n. [= F.
individualism^ = Sp. Pg. initiridualismo; < in-
dividual + -ism.] 1. The quality of being dis-

individualism

tinet or individual; subsistence as a distinct
entity; individual character. — 2. Individual-
ity or independence in action; the principle of
iK'tiiig according to one's own will or for one's
own ends; individual as opposed to associate
action or common intrivsts.

The institution [communUm] provides that there shall
be no .|iL;tn elliiiK alHiut material interests ; individualism
IK excludi it from iliut department u( affairs.

J. S. Mill, Socialism, p. 114.

tin man progress has been by strong societies with a
well developed social and public virtue. The excessive
tlevelnpment of indiridnalimn within a society has been
it* weakness and ruin. /•;/<••".•. II, it.. XXII. 219.

Hence — 3. That theory of government which
favors the non-interference of the state in the
affairs of individuals : opposed to socialism or
collccti figm.

Socialism and imlividualimn are merely two contrary

general principles, Ideals, or methods, which may be em-

ployed to regulate the constitution of economical society.

Itae, Contemporary socialism, p. 209.

4. In logic: (11) The tendency to the doctrine
that nothing is real but individual things. The
doctrine Is, for example, that the laws of nature are not
real, but only the things whose mode of behavior is for-
mulated in these laws.

Is such a more adequate philosophy to be found In the
Idealistic individualism of Leibnitz 1

E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 71.

(6) The doctrine of pure egoism, or that no-
thing exists but the individual self.
individualist (in-di-vid'u-al-ist), «. and a. fj=
F. indii'idualistc = Sp". 'Pa. individualista ; as
individual + -ist.] 'I. ». One who accepts any
theory or doctrine of individualism.

The extremest individualist would shrink from destroy-
ing government altogether, and repealing the whole of
the criminal law. Westminster Rev., CXX VI. 148.

II. a. Of or pertaining to individualism; in-
dividualistic.

The world has not been made on this Socialist principle
nlone, nor on this individualint principle alone.

Contemporary Rev., LIV. 380.

Individualistic (in-di-vid"u-a-lis'tik), a. [< in-
dividual + -ist-ic.] Of or pertaining to individ-
ualism or to individualists.

English socialism is individualistic, but tends toward a
gradual elimination of the personal element from politics,
industry, and commerce. S. A. Rev., CXX. 280.

individuality (in-di-vid-u-al'i-ti), n. ; pi. indi-
vidualities (-tiz). [= F. 'individualile = Sp. tn-
dividualidad = Pg. indMdualidade = It. indi-
ridualita, < ML. individnalita(t-)s, < individualis,
individual: see individual and -ity.] 1. The
condition or mode of being individual, (o) The
being Individual in contradistinction to being general. (6)
Existence independent of other things; that wliich makes
the possession of characters by the subject a distinct fact
from their possession by another subject M The unity of
consciousness; the connection between all the different
feelings and other modifications of consciousness which
are present at any one instant of time. (<i) The simplicity
of the soul ; the indivisible unity of the substance of the
niiiulasltcxlstsatanyinstant. (e) Personality; the essen-
tial characters of a person. [This use of the word, which
has not a wide currency, tends to vagueness, owing to con-
fusion with the meaning (/-). |

According to Kant, It cannot be properly determined
whether we exist as substance or as accident, because the
datum of individuality is a condition of the possibility of
our having thoughts and feelings.

Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xlx.

Individuality, like personal Identity, belongs properly
to intelligent and responsible beings. Consciousness re-
veals It to us that no oeing can be put In our place, nor
confounded with us, nor we with others. We are one and
indivisible. Fleming, Vocab. of Philos.

Any one of the myriads of millions of molecules might
take the place of any other. But if each is considered as
having some destiny to fulfill, some end to which It Is
adapted, that end defines its iiulividuality.

N. Porter, Human Intellect, §627.

ladifidtinlity In Its highest form is not merely negative
and exclusive, but also positive and inclusive; it is not
merely the MBMetmaMn of a self In opposition to other
thiiiKs and beings, but also the consciousness of a self In
TvliiUon to and unity with them.

E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 80.

2. The particular or distinctive character of an
individual ; that quality, or aggregate of quali-
ti> •>. which distinguishes one person or thing
from another; idiosyncrasy: as, a person of
marked iwdfnduoftty,

I have heretofore been proud of my individuality, and
resisted, so far as one may, all the world's attempts to
merge me in the mass.

O. W. Curtit, Int. to Cecil Drecme, p. 2.

3. A personality; :i personage ; an individual.
[Rare.]

. tiill figure and snow-white mustache make
him une of the sinking individualities of the chamber,
anil he lias In bis f:\ee the unmistakable look of a man of
power and courage. Ilarirr's Hay., LXXVI. 1S3.

3065

4. The existence, efforts, interests, or concerns
of the individual as distinguished from the in-
terests or concerns of the community.

To them the will, the wish, the want, the liberty, the
toil, the blood of Individuals Is as nothing. Individuality
Is left out of their scheme of government. The atate is
all In all. Burke, A Regicide Peace, 11.

individualization (iu-di-vid'u-al-i-za'shon), n.
[= F. indtvidualisation = Sp. individualtzacioti
= Pg. individualisacffo.] The act of individu-
alizing, or the state of being individualized.
Also spelled individualisation.

That minuteness of individualisation which we have no
sufficient store of similars to entrap.

Hodgson, Phil, of Betiectiou, II. v. 1 2.

individualize (in-di-vid'u-al-iz), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. individualized, ppr. individualizing. [= F.
individualiser = Sp. individualizar = Pg. inrfi-
vidualisar; as individual + -iz<:] 1. To note
or consider separately or as individuals: as,
careful observation individualizes the features
of a landscape. — 2. To stamp with individual
character; give a distinctive character to; dis-
tinguish: as, Carlyle's peculiar style strongly
individualizes his works.
Also spelled individualise.

individualize!" (in-di-vid'u-al-i-zer), n. One
who or that which individualizes. Also spelled
individualiser. Imp. Diet.

individually (in-di-vid'u-al-i), adv. 1. In an
individual or distinctive manner; as individ-
uals ; separately : as, apple-trees differ individ-
ually, but not specifically; all were individually
summoned.

How should that subsist solitarily by itself which hath
no substance, but individually the very same whereby
others subsist with it? Hooter, Eccles. Polity.

2. Indivisibly; incommunicably.

I dare not pronounce htm omnlscious, that being an
attribute individually proper to the Godhead.

Hakeunll, Apology.

3. Personally; in an individual capacity, as
distinguished from official or corporate capaci-
ty. See individual, a., 3.

individnand (in-di-yid'u-and), a. [< ML. iii-
dividuandus, gerundive of individuare, individ-
uate : see individuate.] In logic, capable of be-
ing embodied in an individual; bringing a gen-
eral form into individual existence — Indlvldu-
and nature, any general form or character constituting
the essence of a species or other general class.

individuant (in-di-vid'u-ant), a. [< ML. inili-
viduan(t-)s, ppr. of individuare : see individu-
ate.] Bringing a general form into individual

existence.— Individuant difference, a special form
or individual difference, conceived as the principle of in
dlvlduation.

individuate (in-di-vid'u-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
individuated, ppr. individuating. [< ML. inai-
riduatus, pp. of individuare (> It. individuare =
Sp. Pg. individuar = F. individver), make indi-
vidual, < L. individutu, individual : see individ-
ual.] To make individual; give the character
of individuality to; discriminate or mark as
distinct; individualize.

Two or more such aggregates, . . . well individuated
by their forms and structures, are united together.

B. Spencer, Prln. of Blol., { 185.

The conception of the most complex matter and its
manifold energies individuated as a living organism.

Maudsley, Body and Will, p. is.

individuate (in-di-vid'u-at), a. [< ML. indi-
viduatus, pp.: see the verb.] If. Undivided;
indivisible.

O Thou, the third in that eternal trine,

In individuate unity divine 1

The Student (1751X II. 311.

2. In metaph., rendered individual; brought
down from the ideal world of forms to the
world of individual existence ; individuated.

See the wonder of beauty matched with the individuate
[i. e., peculiar to this Individual) adjunct, unsoiled con-
stancy. Ford, Honour Triumphant, iii.

Individuate nature, a general form as it exists in an
individual.

individuation (in-di-vid-u-a'shon), ». [= F.
individuation = Sp. individuacion = Pg. indivi-
duaCfSo = It. indiriduiizioiif, < ML. indiriilim-
tio(n-), < individuate, individuate: see individ-
uate.] 1. In metaph., the determination or
contraction of a general nature to an indi-
vidual mode of existence ; the development of
the individual from the general. The principle of
i'l'firiilvation is the (supposed) general cause of such
transformation of the general into the individual Dur-
ing the thirteenth and fourteenth eenturies there was
much controversy among the scholastic philosophers as
to what this principle may be, whether matter or form,
or a peculiar and indescribable hrecceity. The difficulty
has reappeared in later metaphysical thought, as In the
philosophy of Schopenhauer ; it Is, Indeed, inherent in

indlvulsively

ever}' idealistic system which begins with thought, or the
general, as the first principle.

What Is the indinduation of the soul In the state of
separation? Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S5), II. fii

2. Separate or individual existence or indepen-
dence; that by which such individuality is de-
veloped and maintained.

Grouping under the word Individuation all processes
by which individual life Is completed and maintained,
and enlarging the meaning of the word Genesis so as to
Include all processes aiding the formation and perfecting
of new Individuals, we see that the two are fundamen-
tally opposed. H. Spencer, Prln. of Blol., | 827.

individuator (in-di-vid'u-a-tor), n. One who
or that which individuates.

He Is composed of the same Individual matter, for it
hath the same dlstlnguisher and indiriiluatfr, to wit, the
same form or soul.

Sir K. Digby, On Browne's Religto Medici.

individuifyt (in-di-vid'u-i-fi), v. t. [< L. indi-
viduug. individual, + -flcare, make: see -fy.]
To individualize.

The statute of additions was made In the first of King
Henry the Fifth to i m/nn'i/u(/i> (as I may say) and separate
persons from those of the same name.

Fuller, General Worthies.

individuityt (in'di-vi-du'i-ti), n. [= F. indi-
viduit6 = Sp. (obs.) individuidad = It. indiri-
il n it/i, < LL. individuita(t-)s, indivisibility, < L.
i, nl i riil a us, indivisible: see indii-/iln/il.] Sepa-
rate existence ; individual character.

Zorobabel's Temple, acquiring by Herod's bounty more
beauty and bigness, continued the same Temple, God's
nnlntermltted service (the life and soul thereof) preserv-
ing the iiulividuit'i or oneness of this Temple with the
former. Fuller, Plsgah Sight, III. Iv. ( 6.

indivinet (in-di-vm'), a. [< in-3 + divine.] Un-
godly; unholy.

His brother Clarence (O crime capital! !)
He did rebaptize in a butt of wine.
Being jelous of him (how soere lolall) :
A Turkish providence most indivinc.

Danes, Microcosmos, p. ;>7.

indivinityt (in-di-vin'j-ti), n. [= F. indirinite';
as in-3 + divinity.] Lack of divinity or divine
power.

How openly did he [ Ammon] betray his indiviniln untn
Croesus . . . [with] the excuse of his Impotency upon the
contradiction of fate ! Sir T. Broime, Vulg. Err., I. 10.

indivisibility (in-di-viz-i-bil'i-ti), H. [= F. inrfi-
visibilite' = Sp. indirmbilidad •= Pg. indivigibi-
lidade = It. indivisibilita ; < indivisible + -ity.]
The state or property of being indivisible.

When I speak of indivisibility, that Imagination create
not new troubles to herself, I mean not such an indivisi-
bility as Is fancied In a mathematical point ; but as we
conceive In a sphere of light made from one lucid point
or radiant center.

I'r. II. More, Antidote against Atheism, App., x.

A pestle and mortar will as soon bring any particle of
matter to indivisibility as the acutest thought of a mathe-
matician. Locke.

indivisible (in-di-viz ' i-bl), u. and n. [= F.
indivisible = Pr. endivigible = Sp. indivisible =
Pg. indivisivel = It. indivisibile, < LL. indivisibi-
lis, not divisible, < in- priv. + dirisibilig, divisi-
ble : see divisible.] I. a. Not divisible into parts
or fragments; incapable of being divided, sep-
arated, or broken ; inseparable.

Let there be, therefore, betweene our selves and our
subjects, an itidiuisible vnltie of friendship and peace,
and safe trade of marchandise. Hakluyt's Voyages,!. 128.

The right of sovereignty in all nations Is inalienable
and indieitiUe. J. Adamt, Works, IV. 808.

H. M. That which is indivisible ; specifically,
in geoni., one of the elements, supposed to be
infinitely small, into which a body or figure may
be resolved.

It Is not with evidences of fact as It is with logical or
mathematical demonstrations, which seem to consist in
indivisible*, for that which thus Is demonstratively true Is
impossible to be false.

Sir M. Hale, Orlg. of Mankind, p. 129.

The method of indivisibles, a method of calculating
areas, volumes, centers of gravity, etc., invented by Bona-
ventnra Cavalier! in 1685, and more or less used until the
invention of the integral calculus. It is a modification of
the ancient method of exhaustions.

indivisibleness (in-di-viz 'i-bl-nes), n. Indivisi-
bility.

indivisibly (in-di-viz'i-bli), adv. In an indi-
visible manner; so as not to be capable of di-
vision.

indivision (in-di-vizh'on), w. [= OF. indivision
= Sp. indivigion ; < L. in- priv. + divisio(n-), di-
vision : see division.] The state of being undi-
vided. [Rare.]

I will take leave to maintain the indin*i»n of the Church
of England In the dogmatical point of faith. ISp. Hall.

indivulsivelyt (in-di-vul'siv-li), a dr. [< in-3 +
ilinil.tiri + -li/~.] Inseparably; so as not to be
torn or rent asunder.

indivulsively

They (the highest souls] are so near akin to that highest
good of till as that they so naturally and indimdaeelii
cleave to the same. Cudworlh, Intellectual System, p. 566.

Indo-. [< Gr. 'If do-, stem of 'Iixtof, Indian:
see Indian.] An element in compound geo-
graphical or ethnological adjectives and nouns,
meaning ' Indian,' concerning or involving
India (together with some other country or peo-
ple) : as, /»do-Chinese, Indian and Chinese, re-
lating to India and China.

Indo-Briton (iu'do-brit'on), n. A person of
British parentage born in India.

Indo-Chinese (in'do-chl-nes'), a. Of or per-
taining to Indo-China, the southeastern pen-
insula of Asia, or to its people or their lan-
guages.

indocibility (in-dos-i-bil'i-ti), n. [< LL. indo-
cibilita(t-)s, unteachablenass, < indocibilis, un-
teachable : see indocible.] The state or quality
of being indocible or unteachable; indocility;
unteachableness. [Rare.]

indociblet (in-dos'i-bl), a. [= OF. indocible, <
LL. indocibilis, unteachable, < in- priv. + doci-
bilis, teachable : see docible.] Notdocible; not
capable of being taught or trained, or not easily
instructed; intractable; unteachable. [Rare.]
Enough, if nothing else, to declare in them a disposi-
tion not only sottish, but indocible, and averse from all
civility and amendment.

Milton, Articles of Peace with the Irish.
They are as ignorant and indocible as any fool.

Hi. Griffith, Fear of God and the King (1660), p. 72.

indociblenesst (in-dos'i-bl-nes), n. The state
or quality of being indocible. [Rare.]
Peevishness and indocibleness of disposition.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 312.

indocile (in-dos'il or in-do'sil), a. [= F. in-
docile = Sp. indtfcil = Pg. indocil = It. indo-
cile, < L. indocilis, unteachable, < in- priv. +
docilis, teachable : see docile.] Not teachable ;
not submissive to instruction or guidance ; in-
tractable.

Some of the Elephants are very gentle and governable,
others are more indocil and unruly.

Dainpier, Voyages, II. i. 69.

It was an indocile, a scornful, and a sarcastic face ; the
face of a man difficult to lead, and impossible to drive.

Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, iv.

indocility (in-do-sil'i-ti), n. [= F. indocilite
' = Sp. indocilidad = Pg. indocilidade = It. in-
docilita, < LL. indocilita(t-)s, < L. indocilis, un-
teaehable: see indocile.] The state or quality
of being indocile; unteachableness; intract-
ableness.

If I still persevere in my old opinions, it is no small
comfort to me that it is not with regard to doctrines
properly yours that I discover my indocility.

Burke, To Sir H. Laugrishe.

indoctt (in-dokf), a. [= Sp. indocto = It. in-
dotto, < L. indoctus, unlearned, < in- priv. +
doctus, learned, taught, pp. of docere, teach:
see docile.] Unlearned.

Sick stomachs much receive, not much concoct ;
So thou know'st much, I know, yet art indoct.

Owen, Epigrams (1677).

indoctrinate (in-dok'tri-nat), v. t.; pret. and
pp. indoctrinated, ppr. indoctrinating. [For-
merly also endoctrinate; < ML. "indoctrinates,
pp. of *indoctrinare (> It. indottrinare = Sp.
indoctrinar = OF. endoctriner, endotriner), in-
doctrinate, < in, in, + doctrinare, teach, < doc-
trina, teaching: see doctrine.] To imbue with
learning, or with a particular doctrine or princi-
ple; cause to hold as a doctrine or belief; in-
struct.

A master that . . . took much delight in indoctrinat-
ing his young unexperienced favourite. Clarendon.

If a teacher have any opinion which he wishes to con-
ceal, his pupils will become as fully indoctrinated into
that as into any which he publishes.

Emerson, Spiritual Laws.

indoctrination (in-dok-tri-na'shon), n. [< in-
doctrinate + -ion.] The act of indoctrinating,
or the state of being indoctrinated; instruc-
tion in doctrines or principles.

indoctrinator (in-dok'tri-na-tor), n. [< indoc-
trinate + -or.] One who indoctrinates, or in-
structs in principles or doctrines.

indoctrinet (in-dok'trin), v. t. [Also endoc-
trine; < ML. "indoctrinare, indoctrinate: see in-
doctrinate.] To indoctrinate.

PtolemoMis Philadelphus was endoctrined in the science
of good letters by Strabo.

Donne, Hist. Septuagint (1633), p. 2.

indoctrinizatiqn (in-dok"tri-ni-za'shon), n. [<
indoctrine + -izc + -ation.] Instruction in
doctrine; indoctrination.

We have, Protestant and Romanist alike, a common es-
sential Christianity, abundantly sufficient for the purposes
of the public schools, and all that remains for specific in-

3066

doctrinization may easily be left to the Sabbath-schools
and the churches respectively.

A. A. Hodge, New Princeton Rev., III. 32.

Indo-English (in'do-ing'glish), a. and n. I. a.
Of or relating to the English who are born or
reside in India.

II. n. pi. English who are born or reside in
India.

Indo-European (in'do-u-ro-pe'an), a. and n. I.
a. Of India and Europe : a term applied to a
family of languages also called Aryan and some-
times Japlietic or Sanskritic or (by the Germans)
Indo-Germanic, and generally classified into
seven chief branches, viz. Indie or Indian (San-
skrit, Hindustani,etc.),Iranian or Persic (Zend,
Pehlevi, Parsi, Persian, etc.), Celtic, Greek,
Italic (Latin, Oscan, Umbrian, and the Romance
tongues), Slavo-Lettic (Russian, Lithuanian,
Lettish, etc.), and Teutonic or Germanic (in-
cluding English, German, etc.). But the Slavo-
Lettic branch is also divided into two, Slavic and Lettish ;
the Armenian is better separated from the Iranian, in
which it has been generally included ; and the Albanian is
now regarded as belonging to the family, and an indepen-
dent branchlet.

II. n. A member of one of the races speak-
ing the Indo-European languages: an Aryan.

Indogsea (in-do-je'a), n. [NL., < L. Indus (In-
dia) + Gr. ydla, e'arth.] In zoogeog., the In-
dogffiau realm. See Indogcean.

Indogaean (in-do-je'an), a. [< Indogcea + -an.]
In zoogeog., Indian or Oriental: noting a prime
division or zoological realm of the earth's land-
surface, including in general terms Asia south
of the Himalayas (south of the isotherm separat-
ing the Eurygeean realm) and eastward through
Farther India and the Indomalayan archipel-
ago to Wallace's line.

indogene (in'do-jen), n. [For "indigene, < indigo
+ -ene ; or for *indigogene, < indigo + -gene,
-gen.] An intermediate product obtained from
propiolic acid, which is converted into indigo-
blue by dilute acids and alkalis in the presence
of air.

Indo-Germanic (in'do-jer-man'ik), a. Aword
sometimes used, especially by German scholars,
as equivalent to Indo-European or Aryan.

indoin (in'do-in), n. [< ind(ig)o + -t»2.] A
blue flocculeut precipitate obtained when pro-
piolic acid in sulphuric-acid solution is treated
with reducing agents such as metallic iron, zinc,
or copper. It differs from indigo in not easily
yielding a sulphonic acid on heating.

indol (in'dol), ». [< ind(igo) + -ol.] A crys-
talline compound, having feeble basic proper-
ties, formed artificially in the reduction of in-
digo-blue by zinc-dust. It is also produced in the

putrefaction of albuminoids, but is antiseptic in its effect.
It is largely used in an aqueous solution as ;
nifled cell-walls, staining them a bright red.

indolence (in'do-lens), ». [= F. indolence =
Sp. Pg. indolencia = It. indolenza, indolenzia,
idleness, < L. indolentia, freedom from pain, <
*indolen(t-)s, free from pain: see indolent.]
The state of being indolent, (a) Freedom from
pain, grief, care, or trouble. [Obsolete except in medical
use. See indolent, 1. ]
I have ease, if it may not rather be called indolence.

Bp. Hough.

Indolence is methinks an intermediate state between
pleasure and pain, and very much unbecoming any part
of our life after we are out of the nurse's arms.

Spectator, No. 100.

For mere indolence resulting from insensibility, or join'd
with it, if it be happiness, is a happiness infinitely dimin-
ish.^ : that is, it is no more a happiness than an unhappi-
ness, upon the confine of both, but neither.

Wollastm, Religion of Nature, f 17.
(b) Love of ease ; indisposition to labor ; avoidance of ex-
ertion of mind or body ; idleness ; laziness.

Their houses [in Nicomedia] are mostly up the side of
the hills, and the Christians live towards the top, as it
does not suit so well with the Turkish indolence to take
the pains to ascend so high.

Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 96.
They passed their lives in voluptuous indolence.

Irving, Alhambra, p. 322.

= Syn. Sloth, slothf ulness, inertness, sluggishness. See
^idle.

indolency (in'do-len-si), n. Same as indolence.

As there must be indolency where there is happiness, so

there must not be indigency. Bp. Burnet.

Let Epicurus give indolency as an attribute to his gods,

and place in it the happiness of the blest. Dryden.

Even these men themselves have had recourse to indo-
lency [airovia], and the good state and disposition of the
body. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 480.

Despair is the thought of the unattainableness of any
good, which works differently in men's minds ; sometimes
producing uneasiness or pain, sometimes rest and indo-
lency. Locke, Human Understanding, II. xx. 11.

indolent (in'do-lent), a. [= F. indolent = Sp.
Pg. It. indolente]' < L. *indolen(t-)s, free from

indorse

pain, < in- priv. + dolen(t-)s, ppr. of dolere, be
in pain, grieve: see dolent.] 1. In mcd., caus-
ing little or no pain: as, an indolent tumor. —
2. Avoiding, or characterized by the avoidance
of, exertion ; indulging or given to indulgence
in ease; indisposed to labor; lazy; listless; slug-
gish: as, an indolent person or life.

Ill fits a chief who mighty nations guides . . .
To waste long nights in indolent repose.

Pope, Iliad, ii. 30.

Some are too indolent to read anything till its reputa-
tion is established. Johnson, Rambler, No. 2.

They (Indians] become drunken, indolent, feeble, thiev-
ish, and pusillanimous. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 344.

= Syn. Lazy, Slothful, etc. (see idle); Supine, Careless,
etc. (see listless).

indolently (in'do-lent-li), adv. In an indolent
manner; without activity or exertion; lazily.
Calm and serene you indolently sit. Addison.

indoles (in'do-lez), ». [L., an inborn or na-
tive quality, { indu, within (< in, in), + "olerc,
grow : see adolescent.] Natural disposition or
temperament; natural tendencies or procliv-
ities, whether of mind or body. [Rare.]

indomablet (in-dom'a-bl), a. [< OF. indomablc
= Sp. indomable = Pg. indomavel = It. indoma-
bile, < L. indomabilis, untamable, < in- priv. -t-
domabilis, tamable: see deniable.] Indomita-
ble. Coles, 1717.

indomitable (in-dom'i-ta-bl), a. [= F. iti-
domptable, < ML. 'indomitabilis, untamable,< L.
in- priv. + ML. "domitabilis, tamable, < aomi-
tare, tame: see domable.] That cannot be
tamed, subdued, or repressed ; untamable : ap-
plied chiefly to human beings and their attri-
butes: as, indomitable energy, obstinacy, cou-
rage, etc.

He [Warren Hastings] pursued his plan with that calm
but indomitable force of will which was the most striking
peculiarity of his character. Macaulay, Warren Hastings.

Of his perilous adventures,
His indomitable courage.

Longfellow, Hiawatha, iv.

indomptablet (in-domp'ta-bl), a. [< F. indomp-
table, < ML. indomitabilis, untamable : see in-
domitable.] Indomitable. Tooke.

indomptiblet (in-domp'ti-bl), a. An erroneous
form of indomptable. Irving.

Indonesian (in-do-ne'si-an), a, [< L. Indi, <
Gr. 'Iv<5of, Indian, + vfjaof, island.] Of or from
the East Indian islands. [Rare.]

The presence of this [pre-Malay Caucasic] Indonesian
element, as it is called by Dr. Hamy, may now be regarded
as an ascertained fact. Encyc. Brit., XV. 324.

indoor (in'dor), a. [(.indoors, prep. phrase.] 1.
Situated, carried on, performed, employed, etc.,
within doors, and not in the open air: as, an
indoor service.

Indoor amusements only became more lively and varied
in consequence of the stop put to outdoor gayety.

Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xviii.

2. Downward (into the cylinder): as, the in-
door stroke of the piston of a Cornish engine.
[Cornwall, Eng.] —Indoor relief, stroke, etc. See
the nouns.

indoors (in'dorz'), prep. plir. as adv. [< iw1 +
doors; of. adoors and outdoors.] Within doors ;
into or inside a house or building.

A pretty face is well, and this is well,

To have a dame indoors, that trims us up,

And keeps us tight. Tennyson, Edwin Morris.

Indo-Pacific (in'do-pa-sif'ik), a. Relating to
the Indian and Pacific oceans.— Indo-Paclflc re-
gion, the tropical portion of the confluent Indian and
Pacific oceans regarded as a continuous ocean or area,

indoplienol (in-do-fe'uol), «. [< ind(ig)o +
phenol.] A coal-tar color used in dyeing, pro-
duced by the simultaneous oxidation of a phe-
nol and a paradiamine. It comes into commerce as
a blue powder resembling indigo. It produces on cotton
and wool indigo-blue shades, fast to light and bleaching-
powder, but destroyed by even weak acids. — Indophenol
blue. Same as naphtliol blue (which see, under naphthol).

indorsable, endorsable (in-, en-d6r'sa-bl), a.

[< indorse, endorse, + -able.] Capable of being

indorsed.
indorsation, endorsation (in-, en-d&r-sa'-

shpn), n. [< indoi'se, endorse, + -ation.] The

act of indorsing.
Endorsation means the act of endorsing, endorsement

the result of that act N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 96.

indorse, endorse (in-, en-d6rs'), v. t. ; pret. and

Ep. indorsed, endorsed, ppr. indorsing, endorsing.
= F. endosser, OF. endosser, endoscr = Pr. en-
diutsar = Sp. ettdosar = Pg. endossar = It. /»-
dossare, < ML. indorsare (also indossare, after
Rom.), put on the back, indorse, < L. in, on, +
dorsmn, the back: see dorse1.] It. To place
something on the back of ; burden; load.

indorse

Nor wanted . . . elephant* indorsed with towers
Of archers. Hilton, f. R., ill. 32(1.

2. To write one's name, or some brief remark,
statement, or memorandum, on the back of (a
paper or document), as in assigning, or guar-
anteeing the payment of, a note or bill of ex-
change, or in brictinn or docketing legal papers,
invoices, etc.: sis, ih> Mil \v;is imiorscd to the
bank; ho was looking for a friend to indorse
his iiote; a letter indorsed "London, 1868":
loosely used of writing added upon any part of
a document.

The direction fa Individual!, as Beza himself takes It ;
as If a letter be indorsed from the lords of the counsell to
the Bishop of Durham or Salisbury.

/-',"- //"//, Def. of Humb. Rcinonst.
What ho | Hustings] has endowed on the bonds, or when
he made the endorsement, or whether In fact he lias made
It at all, are matters known only to himself.

Burke, Affairs of India.

3. To sanction; ratify; approve: as, to «'«-
dorse a statement or the opinions of another.

This perchance may be your policy, to eiulone me your
brother, thereby to endear me the more to you.

Hoiceli, Letters, iv. 1.

Mr. Mill does not endorse the Berkeleian denial of the
objective reality. J. fitlce, Cosmic Philos., I. 82.

4. In her., to place back to back.

Terrible creatures to the rabble rout, but which couch
or rise, turn the head regardant or extend the paw, dis-
play or indorse their wings, at Merlin's beck.

The Century, XXIX. 178.

Indorsed Writ, in Eng. law practice, a process for com-
mencing an action, bearing an Indorsement showing the
demand sued for : used In some cases to dispense with the
formality and delay of pleading.

indorse, endorse (in-, en-ddrs'). "• [< indorse,
endorse, v.] In her., a bearing like the pale, but
of one fourth its width. It may be borne in any part
of the Held, and is commonly charged one indorse on each
side of the pale. It is often considered a subordinary.

indorsed, endorsed (in-, en-d6rst'), «. In her.-,
(a) Placed back to back: same as adorsed. (b)
Having an indorse on each side: said of the
pale.

indorsee, endorsee (in-, en-ddr-se'), «• [< in-
dorse, endorse, + -eel.] The person or party to
whom any right is assigned or transferred by
indorsement, as by indorsing a bill of exchange
or other negotiable instrument.

indorsement, endorsement (in-, en -dors '-
ment), n. [= F. endossement = Pg. eudossa-
rnento, < ML. "indorsamentitm (also, after Rom.,
indossamentum), < indorsare, indorse: see in-
dorse.'] 1. Superscription ; a noting of the con-
tents of any paper on its back; a docketing;
briefing.

As this collection will grow daily, I have digested it into
several bundles, and mode proper endorsements on each
particular letter. Toiler, No. 164.

2. Ill late, an incidental or subsidiary writing
upon the back of a paper, writing, or other docu-
ment, to the contents of which it relates or per-
tains. A memorandum indorsed is more permanently
and inseparably connected with the principal document
than one made upon another paper and annexed.
More specifically — 3. In commercial law: (a)
The signature of the payee of a note, bill, or
check, or that of a third person, written on the
back of the note or bill in evidence of his trans-
fer of it, or of his assuring its payment, or both.
An indorsement may be : (1) in full, mentioning the name
of the person in whose favor the indorsement Is made ; (2)
in blank, consisting simply of the name of the indorser
written on the back of the instrument without qualifying
words ; (.'{) absolute, binding the indorser to pay on no oth-
er condition than the failure of the prior parties to do so,
and of due notice to him of their failure (an indorsement
in blank by a party or holder is in legal effect absolute) ;
(4) conditional, containing some other condition to the in
dorser's liability ; (:"•) rextrictitv, so worded as to restrict
the further negotiability of the instrument ; (0) irualijiett,
without recourse ; (7) jaint. made when a note is payable
to several persons who are not partners. Succexsive in-
r/n/-.s. ,,/•,,':• are made by several persons rendering them-
selves liable in the order in which they indorse, (ft) The
transfer or assurance so manifested. — 4. Rat-
ification; sanction; approval.

It has so narrow a basis, therefore, that it can never re-
ceive the endorsement of the public.

American Publishers' Circular.

He [Classen) gives BOttlcher's work a hearty indorse-
ment. Amer. Jour. PhUol., VI. 506.

Accommodation Indorsement, see ai-conunodation
bill, aadWoMomtHodatftML— Kuk indorsement. See
def. s(o) (2).— indorsement without recourse, an in-

dorsement by which a payee or holder, hy writing "with-
out recourse," or similar words, with his name, merely
transfers the paper without assuming' any liability upon
it. — Irregular indorsement, itn indorsement m:ide by ;i
stranger before indorsement by the pave. :md il-nally in-
tended to be a mere assuranee of payment to the payee
without the indorser becoming an apparent party to any
transfer of the paper. — Special indorsement, an in-
dorsement with qualifying words, such an, "pay U> A. B.
or order," or "for collection."

3067

indorser, endorser (in-, en-dor' ser), ». The
person who indorses or writes his name on the
back of a note or bill of exchange.

indorsor, endorser (in-, en-ddr'sor), «. Same
as indorser.

indotint (in'do-tint), ». and a. [< Ind(ia ink)
+ iint.\ I. n. In pliotog., a print produced in
printing-ink by a special process from a gela-
tin surface bearing an image in relief, or the
process by which such prints are produced: as,
an indotint, or a picture in indotint.

H. a. Of, pertaining to, or noting such pic-
tures, or the process by which they are pro-
duced.

indowt, v. t. An obsolete form of endow.

Indra (in'dra), n. [Skt., of unknown deriva-
tion.]) In Jliiultt myth., in the oldest or Vedic
religion, the god of the thunder-storm, whose
office it is to transfix the demon that hides and
keeps back the rain, and to pour this out upon
the earth. He Is the most conspicuous and most lauded
god in the Vedlc pantheon. In the later religion he is the
chief of the gods of second rank. He is represented hi
various ways in painting and sculpture.

indraft, indraught (in'draft), n. [< ini +
draft^, draught*.] 1. A drawing in; a draft or
drawing of something into a place or situation ;
an inward flow or current, as of air, caused by
some attracting or impelling force or an under-
current of sea-water.

Those fonre Indraughts were drawne into an inward
gulfe or whirlepoole. Jlakluyt'i Voyages, 1. 122.

Having been long tossed in the ocean of this world, he
will by that time feel the indrauyht of another.

Sir T. Broime, Christ. Mor., ill 22.

A new indraft of rough barbaric blood was poured Into
the population. Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const, p. 36.

2t. An opening from the sea into the land; an
inlet ; a passage inward.

Ebbs and floods there could be none when there were
no indraughts, bays, or gulphs to receive a flood. Raleigh.

Navigable rivers are itulrauffhts to obtain wealth.

Bacon.

indraw (in-dra'), v. i. [< in1 + draw.] To draw
in or inward.

He trauailed alone, and purposely described all the
Northerne Islands, with the indrawing seas.

Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 122.

The moon Is continually moving faster and faster, as if
upon an indrau-ing spiral which ultimately would precip-
itate her upon the earth. .\V"' Princeton Rev., I. 61.

indrawn (in'dran), a. [< in1 -t- drawn.] Drawn
in; introverted; manifesting or indicative of
mental abstraction or introspection : as, an »»-
drawn look. [Rare.]

"Lancaster — the name is not unknown to me," re-
marked Mr. Grant, but In an indraicn tone, characteristic
of a man accustomed to communing with himself.

J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 17.

A pace or two behind htm stood Mr. Peck, regarding
the effect of this apparition upon the company with the
same dreamy, indraim presence he had in the pulpit.

Houxlls, Annie Kllhiirn, xviii.

indreadt (in-dred'), t'. i. [< i»-2 + dread. Cf.
adread.] To fear or be afraid.

So Isaak's sonnes indreadiny for to feel
This tyrant, who pursued him at the heel,
Dissuudring fled.

T. Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's Judith, L 67.

indrencht (in-drench'), v. t. [< in-2 + drench1.]
To overwhelm with water ; drown ; drench.

Reply not In how many fathoms deep

They Ho indrench'd. Shak., T. and C., L 1.

indri (in'dri), n. [= F. indri, < Malagasy in-
dri, man of the woods.] The babakoto, Indris
or I. ifli n in it ax brevicaudatus, a lemurine quad-
ruped of Madagascar, belonging to the sub-
family Indrisiiia; and family Leinuridu. The tail

IiiUri. or Babakotu Ittdrij brrficaudatttt}.

induce

1> extremely short ; the hind limbs are disproportionately
long ; and Doth hands and feet are, on account of their
large size and the separation of the thumb* and great ton,
well fitted for grasping. The muzzle is short and nearly
naked ; the pelage is soft and woolly, and very variable In
coloration. The animal is of about the size of a cat, live*
in trees, and has a walling cry.

Indris (iu'dris), n. [NL.. < indri, q. v.] The
typical genus of IndrisiiuK, having 30 teeth, a
rudimentary tail, long hind limbs, prehensile
paws, a short snout, and a woolly coat. Geoffroy
St. Hilaire. See indri. Also called Lichanotus.

Indrisinae (in-dri-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Indris
+ -itta!.] A subfamily of Lemuridte, compris-
ing the genera Indris or Lichanotus, Avaliis or
Microrhynchus, and Projrithecus. The indri and
avahi are leading representatives.

indubious (in-du'bi-us). a. [< L. indubiim, not
doubtful, < in- priv. + dubius, doubtful : see du-
bious.] 1. Not dubious or doubtful; certain.
— 2. Not doubting; unsuspecting.

Hence appears the vulgar vanity of reposing an indu-
bioui confidence in those antipestilential spirits. Harvey.

indubiously (iu-du'bi-us-li), adv. Without
doubt ; undoubtedly.

Clearly and indubiously the election of bishops and
presbyters was In the apostles' own persons.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 219.

indubitable (in-du'bi-ta-bl), a. [= F. indubi-
table = Sp. indubitable = Pg. indubitavel = It.
indubitabile, < L. indubitabilis. that cannot be
doubted, < in- priv. + dubitabitis, that can be
doubted: see dubitable.] Not dubitable; too
plain to admit of doubt: as, indubitable proof.

There may be an indubitable certainty where there 1>
not an Infallible certainty.

Up. Wilkint, Natural Religion, 1. 3.

When general observations are drawn from so many
particulars as to become certain and indubitable, these
are jewels of knowledge. Watts, Improvement of Mind.

= Syn. See list under indisputable.
indubitableness (in-du'bi-ta-bl-nes), n. The
state or quality of being indubitable,
indubitably (in-du'bi-ta-bli), adv. In an in-
dubitable manner ; unquestionably ; without or
beyond doubt; evidently.

These are oracles indubitably clear and infallibly cer-
tain. Bam
Had he lived in the age of the crusades, he would indu-
bitably have headed one of those expeditions himself.

Prescott, !•'• id. and Isa., 1L 21.

An inference of this kind could not so indubitably be
drawn. Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, ii.

indubitate't (in-du'bi-tat), v. t. [< 'L.indnbita-
tvs, pp. of indubitare, doubt of, < in, in, + du-
bitare, doubt: see dubitate.] To cause to be
doubted ; bring into doubt. Sir T. Browne.

indubitate2t (in-du'bi-tat), a. [< L. indubita-
ius, not doubted, < in- priv. + dubitatus, pp. of
dubitare, doubt: see doubt1, n.] Undoubted:
evident; certain.

Thou hast an heir indubitate,
Whose eyes already sparkle majesty.
Chapman, Alphonsus, Emperor of Germany, Iv. 3.

induce (in-dus'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. induced,
ppr. inducing. [< ME. eiidticcn (= OF. induire
(> E. endue3), F. enduire = Pr. enduire, endurre
= 8p. inducir = It. indurre, inducere), < L. tn-
ducere, lead in, bring in or to, introduce, < in,
in, + ducere, lead: see duct. Cf. abduct:, ad-
duce, conduce, produce, etc. Cf. also induct.]
It. To lead in; bring in; introduce.

In til a potte of erthe nuluce a flonre,

Uppon his ttough downe bounden ther to dwelle.

Palladius, Husbondrle (E. E. T. 6.\ p. 161
In place of these foure Trocheus ye might induce other
fcete of three times, as to make the three sillables.

Puttenham, Art« of Eng. Poesie, p. 106.

These induced the masquers, which were twelve nymphs.
/.'. Jonsun, Masque of Blackness.

2f. To draw on ; place upon.

There are who. fondly studious of increase,
Rich foreign mould on their Ill-nat ur'd land
Induce laborious. J. Philips, Cider, L

And o'er the seat, with plenteous wadding stuffd,
Jnduc'd a splendid cover. Ctnfptr, Task, L Si

3. To lead by persuasion or influence; pre-
vail upon ; incite.

I do believe,

Induc'd by potent circumstances, that
You are mine enemy. Shalt., Hen. VIII., ii. 4.

Pray what could induce him to commit so rash an ac-
tion? Goldsmith, Good-natured Mao, L

4. To lead to ; bring about by persuasion or in-
fluence ; bring on or produce in any way ; cause :
as. his mediation induced a compromise ; opium
induces sleep.

Let the vanity of the times be restrained, which the
neighbourhood of other nations have induced, tad we strive
apace to exceed our pattern. Bacon, Advice to Villien.

induce

A poplexy, induced by the excesses of the preceding night,
Sir Giles's confidential leech pronounced to be the cause of
his sudden dissolution.

Durham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 18.

Solitude induced reflection, a reliance of the mind on
its own resources, and individuality of character.

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 205.

5. la physics, to cause or produce by proximi-
ty without contact or apparent transmission,
as a particular electric or magnetic condition in
a body, by the approach of another body which
is in an opposite electric or magnetic state. —

6. To infer by induction.

From a sufficient number of results a proposition or law
is induced, the authority of which increases with the num-
ber and weight of those results. Science, XII. 304.
=Syn. 3 and 4. Impel, Induce, etc. See actuate, and list
under incite.

induced (in-dusf), P- «• Caused by induction.
— Induced current, in elect., a current excited by the
variation of an adjacent current or of the surrounding
magnetic field. See induction, 6.— Induced magnetism,
magnetism produced in soft iron when a magnet is held
near, or a wfre through which a current is passing is coiled
round it. See induction, 6.

inducement (in-dus'ment), ». [< induce +
-ment.] 1. That which induces ; anything that
leads the mind to will or to act ; that which in-
fluences one's conduct ; motive; incentive.
If this inducement move her not to love,
Send her a letter of thy noble deeds.

Shak., Rich. III., IT. 4.

All Mankind abhorr suffering so much that one of the
great Inducements to the study of Morality of old was to
find out some Antidotes against the common Accidents of
Life. Stillingjleet, Sermons, III. v.

2f. A preamble, preface, or introductory ex-
planation; an induction. See induction, n., 4.
Howsoeuer (in these wretched dales) the dedication of
Bookes is growne into a wretched respect ; because the In-
ducements looke a wrie, sometimes from vertue, pointing
at ostentation (which is grosse), or at flatterie (which is
more base), or else at gain e, which is the most sordid of all
other. Sir T. More, Dedication, Int. to Utopia, p. clxxi.

3. In law, a statement which leads to the main
statement ; facts and circumstances stated by
way of preliminary to show out of what the act
or transaction directly in question arose. =Syn.
1. Incentive, etc. (see motive), incitement. See actuate.

inducer (in-du'ser), n. One who or that which
induces, persuades, or influences.

inducise (in-du'shi-e), n. pi. [L., more correct-
ly indutiw, a cessation of hostilities, a cessa-
tion, pause, delay.] In Scots law, the days
which intervene between the citation of a de-
fender and the day of his appearance in the ac-
tion or process: more fully called inducia; legates.

inducible (in-du'si-bl), a. [< induce + -ible.]

1. Capable of being induced; that may be
caused, brought about, or made to take place.
— 2. Capable of being inferred by induction;
that may be concluded or inferred.

That the extreme and remote parts of the earth were in
this time inhabited is also inducible from the like testi-
monies. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 6.

induct (in-dukt'), v. t. [< L. inductus, pp. of
inducere, lead in: see induce.] 1. To intro-
duce; initiate.

We may be pretty certain that Mr. Rowson profited, in
his turn, by his young master's liberality and gratitude
for the pleasures to which the footman inducted him.

Thackeray, Vanity Fair, Ivi.

2. To introduce, especially into an office or em-
ployment ; put formally in possession ; inaugu-
rate or install.

The prior, when inducted Into that dignity, took an oath
not to alienate any of their lands.

Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1553.

Malone . . . inducted himself into the corresponding
seat on the other side. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, vii.

inductance (in-duk'tans), n. [< induct + -ance.]
Power of induction ; specifically, the coefficient
of self-induction. See induction, 6.

The term commonly employed to denote the electrical
inertia-like effect is "self-induction," which is becoming
gradually shortened to inductance. Science, XII. 18.

inductativet (in-duk'ta-tiv), a. [ME. inducta-
tife; appar. < induct +'-ative, but prob. intend-
ed for inductive.] Serving to induct.

Or natural goodiies of euery substance, is nothing els
than his substaunciall being, which is ycleaped goodnes,
so as it is inductatife, by meanes into the first goodnes.

Chaucer, Testament of Love, ii.

inducteous (in-duk'te-us), a. [Irreg. < induct
+ -eous.] In elect., rendered electropolar by
induction, or brought into the opposite electric
state by the influence of inductive bodies.

inductile (in-duk'til), «. [< in-S + ductile.]
Not ductile ; not capable of being drawn into
threads, as a metal.

inductility (in-duk-til'i-ti), «. [< inductile +
-ity.] The quality of being inductile.

3068

induction (in-duk'shon), n. [< ME. induction,
< OF. (also F.) induction = Pr. inductio = Sp.
induction = Pg. inducyao = It. induzione, < L.
inductio(n-), a leading in, bringing in or upon,
an inference (tr. Gr. kvayuyif), < inducere, lead
in: see induce, induct.] 1. The act of inducting
or bringing in. — 2. Specifically, the introduc-
tion of a person into an office with the custom-
ary forms and ceremonies ; installation ; espe-
cially, the introduction of a clergyman into a
benefice, or the official act of putting a clergy-
man in actual possession of the church and its
temporalities, to which he has been presented:
usually performed by virtue of a mandate un-
der the seal of the bishop. — 3f. Beginning; com-
mencement; introduction.

These promises are fair, the parties sure,
And our induction full of prosperous hope.

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ffl. 1.

Plots have I laid, inductions dangerous,
By drunken prophecies, libels, and dreams,
To set my brother Clarence and the king
In deadly hate the one against the other.

Shak., Rich. III., i. 1.

Some straight way said (their tungs with enuy fret)
Those wanton layes inductions were to vice.
0. Whetstone, Remembrance of Gascoigne. (Arber.)

4. In a literary work, an introduction or pre-
face; a preamble; a prologue; a preliminary
sketch or scene; a prelude, independent of
the main performance, but exhibiting more
or less directly its purpose or character: as,
the induction to Shakspere's "Taming of the
Shrew."

Gentlemen, Inductions are out of date, and a prologue
in verse is as stale as a black velvet cloak and a bay gar-
land. Beau, and Fl., Woman-Hater, Prol.

The opening or induction to these tales contains perhaps
the most poetical passages in Berceo's works.

Ticknar, Span. Lit., I. 28.

5. In logic, the process of drawing a general
conclusion from particular cases ; the inference
from the character of a sample to that of the
whole lot sampled. Aristotle's example is : Man, the
horse, and the mule are animals lacking a gall-bladder ;
now, man, the horse, and the mule are long-lived animals ;
hence, all animals that lack the gall-bladder are long-lived.
Logicians usually make it essential to induction that it
should be an inference from the possession of a character
by all the individuals of the sample to its possession by the
whole class ; but the meaning is to be extended so as to
cover the case in which, from the fact that a character is
found in a certain proportion of individuals of the sample,
its possession by a like proportion of individuals of the
whole lot sampled is inferred. Thus, if one draws a handful
of coffee from a bag, and, finding every bean of the hand-
ful to be a fine one, concludes that all the beans in the bag
are fine, he makes an induction ; but the character of the
inference is essentially the same if, instead of finding that
all the beans are fine, he finds that two thirds of them are
fine and one third inferior, and thence concludes that about
two thirds of all the beans in the bag are fine. On the other
hand, induction, in the strict sense of the word, is to be
distinguished from such methods of scientific reasoning
as, first, reasoning by signs, as, for example, the inference
that because a certain lot of coffee has certain characters
known to belong to coffee grown in Arabia, therefore this
lot grew in Arabia ; and, second, reasoning by analogy,
where, from the possession of certain characters by a cer-
tain small number of objects, it is inferred that the same
characters belong to another object, which considerably
resembles the objects named, as the inference that Mars
is inhabited because the earth is inhabited. But the term
induction has a second and wider sense, derived from the
use of the term inductive philosophy by Bacon. In this
second sense, namely, every kind of reasoning which is
neither necessary nor a probable deduction, and which,
though it may fail in a given case, is sure to correct itself
in the long run, is called an induction. Such inference
is more properly called ampliative inference. Its char-
acter is that, though the special conclusion drawn might
not be verified in the long run, yet similar conclusions
would be, and in the long run the premises would be so
corrected as to change the conclusion and make it cor-
rect. Thus, if, from the fact that female births are gen-
erally in excess among negroes, it is inferred that they will
be so in the United States during any single year, a prob-
able deduction is drawn, which, even if it happens to fail in
the special case, will generally be found true. But if, from
the fact that female births are shown to be in excess among
negroes in any one census of the United States, it is in-
ferred that they are generally so, an induction is made, and
if it happens to be false, then on continuing that sort of
investigation, new premises will be obtained from other
censuses, and thus a correct general conclusion will in the
long run be reached. Induction, as above defined, is called
philosophical or real induction, in contradistinction to/<w-
rtlal or logical induction, which rests on a complete enumer-
ation of cases and is thus induction only in form. A real
induction is never made with absolute confidence, but the
belief in the conclusion is always qualified and shaded
down. Socratic induction is the f ormation of a definition
from the consideration of single instances. Mathematical
induction, so called, is a peculiar kind of demonstration
introduced by Fermat, and better termed Fermatian in-
ference. This demonstration, which is indispensable in
the theory of numbers, consists in showing that a certain
property, if possessed by any number whatever, is neces-
sarily possessed by the number next greater than that
number, and then in showing that the property in ques-
tion is in fact possessed by some number, N ; whence it
follows that the property is possessed by every number
greater than N.

induction

Socrates used a kind of induccion by askyng many ques-
tions, the whiche when thei were graunted he broughte
therupon his conflrmacion concerning the present con-
troversie ; which kinde of arguments hath his name of
Socrates himself, called by the learned Socrates induction.
Sir T. Wilson, Rule of Reason.
Our memory, register of sense,
And mould of arts, as mother of induction.

Lord Brooke, Human Learning (1633), st. 14.

Inductions will be more sure, the larger the experience

from which they are drawn. Bancroft, Hist. Const., I. 5.

6. In physics, the process by which a body hav-
ing electrical or magnetic properties calls forth
similar properties in a neighboring body with-
out direct contact; electrical influence, statical
or electrostatic, induction is the production of an electrical
charge upon a body by the influence of another body which
is charged with statical electricity. For example, If a
brass sphere A charged with electricity is brought near to
a neutral conductor B, it calls forth or induces in it a state
of electrification opposite to that of A on the nearer end a,
and of the same kind on 6. The presence of electricity on
the surface of B may be shown by the divergence of the
pith balls. The electricity at a is bound by the charge on
A, while that at 6 is free. If a ground connection is made,
as by touching B with the finger, that at b will pass off,
leaving only the opposite kind of electricity on B, which,
if the sphere A is removed, will then diffuse itself over
the whole surface and be free, B becoming charged by

Statical Induction.

induction with negative electricity if that of A be positive.
It can be shown by experiment that the inductive influ-
ence is transmitted through the non-conducting medium,
which may be considered as in a state of strain or ten-
sion. It is found, further, that the character of the me-
dium determines the amount of induced electricity. The
power of a non-conducting substance to transmit this in-
fluence, as compared with that of dry air, is called its spe-
cific inductive capacity, or dielectric capacity. For exam-
ple, for glass it is several times that of dry air. The prin-
ciple of statical induction is involved in the electrophorus,
in the Holtz and other influence or induction machines,
and in the condenser, as in the Leyden jar. Voltaic or
electrodynamie induction is the production of an electric

Voltaic Induction.

current by the influence of another independent current.
When the current is induced by the action of a mag-
net, or when a magnetic condition is induced by an elec-
tric current* the phenomenon is spoken of as electromag-
netic induction. Suppose we have a small coil or bobbin of
rather coarse insulated copper wire connected with a vol-
taic battery, called the primary coil, A, and another larger
hollow coil of finer wire, also insulated, called the secon-
dary coil, B, whose poles are connected with a galvanom-
eter. It will be found that if A is first inserted within B,
and then a current is sent through A, at the instant when
the circuit is made a momentary current (induced cur-
rent) will be induced in B, opposite in direction to that
of A ; also that, when the primary circuit is broken, there
will be a momentary induced current in the same direc-
tion as that in A — that is, a direct current will be induced
in B. If, further, the primary current is rapidly made and
broken, the wire of the secondary coil will be continually
traversed by a current, but one whose direction is contin-
ually alternating. A similar result will be produced if
the primary current is varied rapidly in strength, an in-
crease in strength producing an inverse, and a decrease a
direct current. Thirdly, if while A is continually traversed
by a current it is first inserted within B and then with-
drawn, an induced current will be caused in B, first in-
verse and on the withdrawal direct, and so on. Similarly, if
a magnet is first introduced within B and then withdrawn,
the result is to induce in B a current respectively inverse
and direct to the amperian currents of the magnet consid-
ered as a solenoid. (See Ampere' n theory, under theory.)
Again, if a piece of soft iron is placed within the coil B, and a
magnet is rapidly approached and withdrawn from it, the

Induction

effect (see magnetic induction, below) in to magnetize the
soft in.ni.il i ill with tin • uppioacli .if Hit- magnet this maum-t-
i.sm iticreaHUH In strength, anil (unaloijoiih to cast; 8, above)
a current, invrisr ii) the amiMTian rim-rut is inilurcd,anu
conversely when the magnet itt taken :iu.i\. The prlnct-

l>le« of mlliin- :IMI| il'i-triiiiliiuili'tir < it, I net!,, n an' ll«'il ill
the iiLilurtiim roil (which Heu), in all magneto-electric and
dynamo electric machines (see under ./.. •//•/.•>, and also in
the telephone (which see), and In many other devices. In-
duced currents can be made to have a very high electro-
motive force, it being In many cases comparable with that
pnnliiiTii liy a lloltz machine; but this depends upon the
relative fineness of the wire of the secondary coil :is com-
pared with that of the primary coil. An electric current
may also Induce (as when it is made and broken) a current,
called an fxtra current, in the conductor through which
it itself passes ; this is called xelf-indttctimi. Magnetic in-
duction Is the production of magnetic properties In a inag-

Magnetic Induction.

netic substance, as a bar of soft iron, by a neighboring
magnet. The effect of the magnet U to develop the mag
netic polarity of each molecule of the soft iron, and hence
to make the whole bar a magnet, with poles reversed as
compared with the Inducing magnet If several pieces of
soft iron are placet! near together, the inductive effect is
transmitted from the first to the second, and so on. The
magnetic induction in a magnet, or magnetic medium, is
the force which would exist within a narrow crevice cut
out of the magnet with its plane sides normal to the direc-
tion of force. See magnetic.— Flow Of Induction. See
Jtowi.— Induction by simple enumeration. See enu-
meration.— Mutual induction, the reaction of two elec-
tric circuits upon each other, due to variations In the dis-
tance between them or in the strength of the current car-
ried by them. — Peristaltic induction, a term applied by
Thomson to the mutual electrostatic induction between
the wires of a multiple cable.— Self-induction, the re-
action of different parts of the same circuit upon one
another, due to variations in distance or current strength.
See def. 6, above.

inductional (in-duk'shon-al), a. [< induction
+ -aJ.] Relating to or characterized by induc-
tion; inductive.

induction-balance (in-duk'shon-bal'ans), n.
An electrical device consisting'of two primary
coils through which an alternating current is
sent, and two secondary coils so connected that
the currents induced in them just balance or
neutralize each other. This condition Is indicated by
the silence of a telephone connected with the secondary
colls ; but if the current in one of the coils is varied in In-
tensity, as by Introducing within It a piece of metal, the
balance will be disturbed, and this is announced by the
telephone. The instrument has been used to measure the
change of conductivity of metals by certain alloys. A sim>
plifled modification of it was employed to search for a
bullet In a human body, the proximity of the metal being
sufficient U» disturb the balance.

induction-bridge (in-duk'shon-brij), n. An in-
duction-balance arranged in a manner similar
to a Wheatstone's bridge and used foi' induc-
tion and other electrical measurements.

induction-coil (in-duk'shon-koil), ». In elect.,
an apparatus for producing currents by induc-
tion, and for utilizing them. It consists essentially
of two coils wound on a hollow cylinder, within which is
a core formed of a bar of soft iron or a bundle of soft
iron wires. One of the coils (see induction, 6), called the
primary coil, of comparatively coarse wire, is connected
with the battery by means of an arrangement for making
and breaking connection with it, so as to produce tempo-
rary currents ; the other, the necondary coil, of very tine
wire, is wound round the first, but carefully insulated
from it, and in it is generated a current by Induction

every time the current begins or stops in the primary coil.
The currents produced by tho induction-coil may have
a very high electromotive force and hence great power of
overcoming resistance. With a very large induction-coil,
in the construction of the secondary coil of which nearly
300 miles of wire were used, sparks over 4O inches in length
have been obtained. The induction-coil is often called
the Ruhmkarfl tail, or inductorium. See transformer.
induction-machine (in-duk'shon-ina-shen'), ».
A machine for jre.nerating electricity by means

3069

of induction: generally applied to machines
generating static electricity by induction.

induction-pipe (in-duk'shon-pip), n. In a
steam-engine, the pipe through wnich the live
steam passes to the steam-chest.

induction-port(in-duk'shon-p6rt), ii. Theopen-
ing from the steam-chest of a steam-engine,
into the cylinder through which live steam
flows : also analogously used for similar open-
ings in air-engines, gas-engines, etc.

induction-valve (in-duk'shon-valv), n. In an
engine, the valve controlling the induction of
live steam to the cylinder.

inductive (in-duk'tiv). a. [= OF. and F. induc-
tif = Pr. inductiu = Sp. Pg. inductivo = It. in-
duttivo, < LL. inductiws, serving to induce or
to infer, < L. inducere, pp. inductus, induce, in-
duct: see induce, induct.'] 1. Leading or draw-
ing; inducing; tempting: with to. [Rare.]

A brutish vice,
Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve.

Milton, P. L., xL 618.

2. Tending to induce or cause; productive:
with of. [Rare.]

They may be probable and inductive of credibility.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.

3. In logic, pertaining to or of the nature of in-
duction : as, inductive syllogism, reasoning, or
proof.

To fulfil the conditions of inductive inquiry, we ought
to be able to observe the effects of a cause coming singly
into action, while all other causes remain unaltered.

Jevons, Pol. Econ., p. 20.

4. Having the character of an induction or
prologue; introductory.

The introduction or exposition forms an integral part
of the action, even if (as with the Greeks) It be presented
In the form of a Prologue, or (as in some of our older Eng-
lish plays and in many modern dramas) by means of a sepa-
rate Induction, or even by an inductive Dumb-show.

A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit, Int., p. xi.

6. In elect. : (a) Able to produce electricity by
induction: as, inductive force. (6) Operating
by induction: as, an inductive electrical ma-
chine, (c) Facilitating induction ; susceptible
of being acted on by induction: as, certain
substances have a great inductive capacity. See
induction, 6.

Those substances which are good dielectrics are said to
possess a high inductive capacity.

S. P. Thompson, Elect and Mag., p. 56.

Dr. John Hopklnson is pursuing his examination of the
specific ituiuctiat capacity of oils and other liquids.

Nature, XXXVII. 303.

Inductive inference. See induction, 5.— inductive
philosophy, the name given by Bacon to science founded
on induction or observation ; experimental science. — In-
ductive reasoning. See deductive reasoning, under de-
ductive. — Inductive retardation, in telegraphy, the re-
tardation of speed, or the slowness of signaling, caused
by the electrostatic capacity of the line.— Inductive sci-
ence, any special branch of science founded on positive
observed fact Formerly, when Induction was supposed
to be peculiarly appropriate to physics and natural his-
tory, the phrase was usually restricted to those sciences,
but at the present day it would be understood to embrace
almost every science, when properly pursued, except
mathematics and perhaps theology and law.— Specific
Inductive capacity. See capacity and induction.
inductively (in-duk'tiv-li), adv. In an induc-
tive manner ; by induction or inference.

It [reviling] is utterly useless to all rational intents and
purposes, and this I shall make appear inductively, by re-
counting the several ends and intents to which with any
colour of reason it may be designed ; and then, by show-
ing how utterly unfit it is to reach or affect any of them.
South, Works, VIII. vll.

inductivity (in-duk-tiv'i-ti), n. [< inductive +
-ity.] The power or capacity for induction;
specifically, a measure or coefficient of induc-
tion, as of magnetic induction; specific induc-
tive capacity.

When the inductintie* are equal, there is a material
simplification. Philos. Mag., XXVI. 367.

inductometer (in-duk-tom'e-ter), n. [Irreg. <
induction) + Or. fttrpov, measure.] An instru-
ment used by Faraday for measuring the degree
or rate of electric induction, or for comparing
the specific inductive capacities of various sub-
stances, consisting of three insulated metallic
plates, placed parallel to and at equal distances
from one another, each exterior plate being
connected with an insulated gold leaf of an
electroscope.

inductor (m-duk'tor), n. [< L. inductor, one
who stirs up, an instigator, lit. 'one who leads
in,' < inducere, pp. inductus, lead in : see induce,
tajuoi] 1. One who inducts; the person who
inducts another into an office or charge. — 2.
In elect., any part of an instrument or appa-
ratus which acts inductively on another or is
so acted upon. See earth-inductor.

indulge

inductorium (in-<luk-t6'ri-um), n.; pi. indue to-
i-in, iinliii-iiii-iiiiiix (-ii, -umz). [NL. (cf. L. induc-
torium, a covering), < L. inducere, pp. inductus,
lead in, bring on: see induce, induct?] Same ati
induction-coil.

A large inductorium, capable of giving a spark in air of
about twenty inches in length.

Jour. Franklin Inst., CAM.. >upji., p. 43.

inductOSCOpe (in-duk'tp-skpp), n. [Irreg. <
induction) + Gr. aiameiv, view.] An instru-
ment for detecting magnetic or electric induc-
tion.

induct-pipe (in-dukt'pip), n. A pipe which in-
ducts or lets in air, etc.

inductile (in-duk'trik), a. [Irreg. < induction)
+ (elec)tric.'] In elect., acting on other bodies
by induction, as an electrified body; relating
to induction. Faraday.

indue1 (in-du'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. indued, ppr.
induing. [Also endue (see endue*)-, < ~L.induere,
put on (dress), get into, prob. < iiidu, in, < in,
in: see in1. Cf. Or. evdvciv, get into.] 1. To
put on, as a garment. [Archaic.]

That with a clean and purified heart
The Utller I may indue my robe.

Beau, and FL, Knight of Malta, v. 2.

By this time the baron had indued a pair of Jackboots
of large dimensions. Scott.

2. To clothe ; invest. [Archaic.]
Indu'd with robe* of various hue she flies,

And flying draws an arch (a segment of the skies).

Dryden, IT. of Ovid's Metamorph.. x.

See where she stands ! a mortal shape indued
With love and life and light and defty.

Shelley, Epipsychidlon.

The more I strove to indue myself in actual righteous-
ness, the wider gaped the jaws of hell within me.

if. ./«/«.«, Subs, and Shad., p. 126.

indue2 (in-du'), v. t.i pret. and pp. indued, ppr.
i ni I n in ij. [A var. 01 endue%, q. v.] 1. To fur-
nish; supply; endow.

He it indued, of his liberality.

With pleasant possessions & large liberty.

Hub. of Gloucester, 1L 597, App.
Of those, some were so from their Bourse indeu\l
By great Dame Nature. Spenser, F. Q., II. IL 8.

Lords of the wide world, and wild watery seas,
Indued with Intellectual sense and souls.

Shalt., C. of K.. ii. 1.
2f. To inure ; accustom.

Her clothes spread wide ;
And, mermaid-like, a while they bore her up ;
Which time she chanted snatches of old tunes,
As one incapable of her own distress,
Or like a creature native and indued
Unto that clement Shalt., Hamlet, iv. 7.

induement (in-du'ment), n. [< indue1 + -ment.]
Same as enduement. "

They sit still, and expect gulfts, and prostitute every in-
duement of grace, every holy thing to sale.

MUton, Reformation In Eng., i.

indulge (in-dulj'), ». ; pret. and pp. indulged,
ppr. indulging. [= It. indulgere, < L. indulgere,
be kind or complaisant to, give oneself up to,
appar. < in, in, on, + "dulgere, of uncertain ori-
gin, connected by some with dulcis, sweet, gra-
cious, by others with Gr. (W./^of, long, Skt.
dirfiha, long.] I. trans. 1. To be kind or com-
plaisant to; yield to the wish or humor of;
gratify by compliance; refrain from restrain-
ing ; humor : as, to indulge a child.

ivllmni . . . felt that an ally [like Pitt] so little used
to control, and so capable of inflicting injury, might well
be indulged in an occasional fit of waywardness.

Macaulay, William Pitt.

i ieorgiana, who had a spoiled temper, a very acrid spite,

a captious and Insolent carriage, was universally indulged.

Charlotte llrantr, Jane Eyre, ii.

2f. To grant, as a favor ; bestow in compliance
with desire or petition ; accord.

But we indulge ourselves no such liberties as these.

Bacon, Physical Fables, ii., Expl.

Ancient privileges, favours, customs, and acts of grace
indulged by former kings to their people must not with-
out high reason and great necessities be revoked by their
successors. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, ill. $ 2.

3. To give way to ; give free course to : as, to
indulge a propensity or a passion.

In the first ranks indulge thy thirst of fame ;
Thy brave example shall the rest inflame.

Pope, Iliad, XT. 568.

(They) think if they are abstemious with regard to ...
wine, they may indulge their other appetites.

Ooldtnitk, Citizen of the World, Iviii.
The Indulged, in Scottish hint., those ministers of the
Presbyterian Church who in the reigns of Charles II. and
James II. accepted government toleration and protection.
See indulgence, 6.

The feud between the Indulged and the " non Indulged "
took the place of that between Resolutions and Protest-
ers. Encyc. Brit.. XIX. 683.
= 8yn. 1. Humor, etc. (see <rrat\fy) ; favor, pamper.

indulge

II. in trails. 1. To gratify one's self freely;
give free course to the gratification of one's de-
fii-cs or appetites : followed by in before the ob-
ject of desire, etc. : as, to indulge in the use of
tobacco.

Most men are more willing to indulge in easy vices than
to practise laborious virtues. Johnson.

2f. To yield ; give way : with to.

He must, by indulging to one sort of reprovable dis-
course himself, defeat his endeavours against the rest.

Government of the Tongue.

indulgement (in-dulj'ment), ». [< indulge +
-meat.] Indulgence, [Rare.]
indulgence (in-dul'jens), n. [< ME. indulgence
= F. indulgence = Pr. indulgencia, endulgencia,
endulgensia = Sp. Pg. indulgencia = It, indul-
genza, < L. indulgentia, (. indulgen(t-)s, indul-
gent: see indulgent.'] 1. The act of indulging ;
forbearance of restraint or control; gratifica-
tion of desire or humor; also, the character of
being indulgent.

As you from crimes would pardon'd be,
Let your indulgence set me free.

Shak., Tempest, Epil.
Some sons

Complain of too much rigour in their mothers :
I of too much indulgence.

Fletcher (and another), Fair Maid of the Inn, L 1.
It was by this indulgence of men in their sins, that vile
Sect of the Gnosticks gained so much ground in the be-
ginnings of Christianity. Stillingfleet, Sermons, II. il.

2. Something with which one is indulged or
gratified ; a favor granted ; an act of grace.

Hee was for his blinde zeal punished with blindnesse ;

of which, soone after hee recouered by diuine indulgence.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 327,

3. In com., forbearance of present payment;
an extension, through favor, of the time in
which a debt can be paid : as, to grant an in-
dulgence of three months on a note. — 4. In
Horn. Cath. Ilieol.: («) Remission of sins: used
in this sense by the earlier ecclesiastical writ-
ers. (6) A remission of the punishment which
is still due to sin after sacramental absolu-
tion, this remission being valid in the court of
conscience and before God, and being made by
an application of the treasure of the church on
the part of a lawful superior. Eusebius Amort,
History of Indulgences, quoted in Cath. Diet.
Indulgences are classed a&plenary or partial, general (that
is, for the whole church) or particular, etc.

An Indulgence is a remission, granted out of the Sacra-
ment of Penance, of that temporal punishment which,
even after the sin is forgiven, we have yet to undergo
either here or in Purgatory.

Full Catechism of Catholic Religion (1863).

Indulgence cannot be obtained for unforgiven sin. Be-
fore any one can obtain for himself the benefit of an in-
dulgence the guilt must have been washed away and the
eternal punishment, if his sin has been mortal, must have
been forgiven. Cath. Diet.

(c) Relaxation of an ecclesiastical law, or ex-
emption of a particular individual from its
S revisions: properly called dispensation. — 5.
a Scottish hist., in the reigns of Charles II.
and James II., permission to hold religious
services.

His uncle's family attended the ministry of one of those
numerous Presbyterian clergymen who, complying with
certain regulations, were licensed to preach without inter-
ruption from the government This indulgence, as it was
called, made a great schism among the Presbyterians, and
those who accepted of it were severely censured by the
more rigid sectaries, who refused the proffered terms.

Scott, Old Mortality, v.

Congregation Of Indulgences. See congregation, 6 (a).
—Declaration of Indulgence, in Eng. hist., a royal
proclamation promising greater religious freedom to non-
conformists. The principal were : (a) A proclamation by
Charles II. in 1671 or 1672, promising the suspension of
penal laws relating to ecclesiastical matters which were di-
rected against nonconformists. It was rejected by Parlia-
ment. (6) A proclamation by James II. in 1687, annulling
penal laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists,
and abolishing religious tests for office. The refusal to read
this declaration by several prelates led to their trial, and
was one of the causes of the revolution of 1688.— Sale of
indulgences, in the Horn. Cath. Ch., formerly, the grant-
ing of the remission of temporal penalties for sins by au-
thorized agents of the Pope in return for certain pay-
ments. This was at times largely practised to raise money
for various ecclesiastical purposes, and was often accom-
panied by great abuses. The sale of indulgences by the
Dominican preacher Tetzel in 1517 called forth the oppo-
sition of Luther and the publication of his theses and thus
led to the German Reformation. =Syn. 1. Lenience, ten-

_ derness, kindness. See gratify.

indulgencyt (in-dul'jen-si), ». Indulgence.

indulgent (in-dul'jen't), a. [= F. indulgent
= Sp. Pg. It. indulgente, < L. indulgen(t-)s, ppr.
of indulgere, indulge: see indulge.'] Disposed
or prone to indulge, humor, gratify, or give
way to one's own or another's desires, etc., or
to be compliant, lenient, or forbearing; show-
ing or ready to show favor; favorable; indis-

3070

posed to be severe or harsh, or to exercise ne-
cessary restraint: as, an indulgent parent; to
lie iiiilulyent to servants.

God or angel guest

With man, as with his friend, familiar used
To sit indulgent. Milton, P. L., ix. 8.

The feeble old, indulgent of their ease.

Dryden, .Sneld, v. 936.
Indulgent gales,
Supply'd by Phoebus, nil the swelling sails.

Pope, Iliad, i. 624.

He was quick to discern the smallest glimpse of merit ;
he was indulgent even to gross improprieties, when ac-
companied by any redeeming talent, ilaciiului/, Dryden.
=Syn. Lenient, forbearing, tolerant, gentle. See gratify.
indulgential (in-dul-jen'shal), a. [< L. indul-
gentia, indulgence, + -al.] Relating to eccle-
siastical indulgences.

'Tis but getting some of those rusty pieces which Pope
Sixtus the Fifth found once under the rubbish of an old
wall, then presently you are fitted with rare indulgential
privileges. Brevint, Saul and Samuel, x.

indulgently (in-dul'jent-li), adv. In an indul-
gent manner; with indulgence, leniency, or
compliance, or without severity or restraint.

My mother, father,
And uncle love me most indulgently,
Being the only branch of all their stocks.

Beau, and Fl., Four Plays in One.

indulger (in-dul'jer), n. One who indulges.

And if (as Saint Peter saith) the severest watchers of
their nature have task hard enough, what shall be hoped
of the indulgers of it?

W. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. xiii. § 6.

indulgiatet, «. t. [Irreg. < indulge + -ate2.'] To
indulge. Davies.

Sergius Oratus was the first that made pits for them
about his house here, more for profit than to indulyiate
his gluttony. Sandys, Travailes, p. 293.

induline (in'du-lin). n. [< ind(igo) + -ul-, L.
dim. suffix, + -ine2.] A name of various coal-
tar colors used in dyeing. The various members of
the group called indulines are made by different processes,
but all possess somewhat similar dyeing properties. Those
used for dyeing cotton are insoluble in water, and require
to be dissolved in alcohol. For dyeing wool and silk they
are made soluble in water by strong sulphuric acid. They
all yield dark dull-blue colors similar to indigo. They are
fairly fast to lights only moderately BO to weak alkalis, but
withstand the action of acids perfectly. These colors are
all closely related to violaniline (which see). Those solu-
ble in alcohol are obtained by phenylizing violaniliue.
They are known by a variety of commercial names, as vio-
laniline, nigrosine, Elberfeld blue, bengaline, aniline gran,
Couplers blue, Roubaix blue, etc.

indult (in-<Iult'), n. [= F. indult = Sp. Pg. It.
indulto, < LL. indnltum, an indulgence, privi-
lege, neut. of L. indultus, indulged, pp. of in-
dulgere, indulge: see indulge.'] If. An indul-
gence; license; permission; grant.
The free and voluntary indult of temporal princes.

Bp. Sanderson, Works, II. 246.

2. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., a license or permis-
sion granted by the Pope for the performance
of some act not sanctioned by the common law
of the church; an exemption; a privilege.

In former times indults chiefly related to the patronage
of church dignities or benefices. Cath. Diet.

Of course every Roman Catholic knows that now mass

may not be said after midday, except by a special indult.

N. and Q., 6th ser., XII. 271.

3. In Spain, an impost formerly paid to the
king on everything brought in galleons from
America.

indultt (in-dulf), v. t. [= Sp. Pg. indultar =
It. indultare, < L. indultus, pp. of indulgere, in-
dulge: see indulge.'] To indulge; grant; per-
mit; accord.

So many magnificent colleges, athenajes, houses and
schooles, founded and erected for them and their profes-
sors, and endowed with lands, . . . and vnto them royale
priuiledges indulted. Stow, Universities, xlviii.

indultif t, n. [ME., < OF. "indulttf, < L. indul-
tus, pp. of indulgere, indulge: see indult, in-
dulge.} Indulgence; luxury.

Than of brod cloth a jerde, be my lyf ;
Me thinketh this is a verry indultyf.

Occleve. (Balliuxll.)

indulto (in-dul'to), n. [< It. indulto, indult:
see indult.'} Same as indult.

indumentum (in-du-men'tum), n. [L., a gar-
ment, < inducre, put on (clothes): see indue1.'}
1. In bo t., any hairy covering or pubescence
which forms a coating. Gray. — 2. In ornith.,
plumage; a bird's feathers, collectively con-
sidered.

induperator (in-dii'pe-ra-tor), n. [L., var. of
imperator, emperor: see imperator, emperor.]
An emperor: used affectedly in the passage
quoted.

To chaunt and carroll forth the alteza and excelsitude
of this monarchal! tludy induperator.

Ifailie, Lenten Stuft'e(Harl. Misc., VI. 167).

indusium

induplicate (in-du'pli-kat), a. [< L. in, in, on,
+ duplicates, pp. of duplicare, double: see du-
plicate.'] In bot. : (a) Having the edges bent
abruptly toward the axis : said of the parts of
the calyx or corolla in estivation. (6) Having
the edges rolled inward and then arranged
about the axis without overlapping: said of
leaves in vernation.

induplication (in-du-pli-ka'shpn), n. [< indu-
plicate + -ion.] The state of being iudupli-
cate ; something induplicate.

The whole induplication is enclosed in a transparent
structureless membrane.

t'rey, Histol. and Histochem. (trans.), p. 389.

induplicative (iu-du'pli-ka-tiv), a. [As indu-
plicate + -ii'e.~] Same as induplicate.

indurablet (in-dur'a-bl), o. An obsolete form
of endurable.

indurancet, n. An obsolete form of endurance.

indurascentt (in-du-ras'ent), a. [< indur(ate)
+ ^ascent, equiv. to -esc'ent.] In hot., harden-
ing by degrees, as the permanent petioles of a
tragacanth-bush. Lindhy.

indurate (in'du-rat), v.; pret. and pp. indu-
rated, ppr. indurating. [< L. induratus, pp. of
indurare, harden, < in, in, + durare, harden:
see dure and endure.'} I. intrans. 1. To grow
hard; harden; become hard: as, clay indurates
by drying and by extreme heat. — 2f. To be-
come fixed or habitual; pass into use; inure.

And now, through custom or rather corruption, it has
indurated that a mass priced at three or four denars or
one shilling is bought and sold by a blind people and by
wicked siuioniacal priests.

Quoted in Pussy's Eirenicon, p. 37.

II. trans. 1. To make hard: as, extreme heat
indurates clay.

On the flood,

Iitdurated and flx'd, the snowy weight
Lies undissolv'd. Cowper, Task, v. 98.

2. To make hard in feeling ; deprive of sensi-
bility; render obdurate.

And love's and friendship's finely pointed dart
Fall blunted from each indurated neart.

Goldsmith, Traveller, 1. 2S2.

indurate! (in'du-rat), a. [= OF. endure; < L.
induratus, pp.: see the verb.] Hardened; un-
feeling; indurated.

And if he pel-sever with indurate minde the space of
twoo yeares. Holinshed, Chron.

The nature of those hard and indurate adamant stones
is to draw all to them.
Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc. , 1850), p. 13.

indurated (in'du-ra-ted), p. a. In lot., eofil.,
and anat., hardened; made thick and dense;
calloused: as, an indurated swelling: applied in
entomology to hard spots or elevations on a soft
surface, etc.

induration (in-du-ra'shon), n. [= F. indura-
tion = Sp. indurdcion =" Pg. induraySo ; as in-
durate + -ion.] 1. The act of hardening, or
the process of growing hard ; the state of be-

' ing indurated or of having become hard.

Fire is the cause of induration, but respective to clay.
'Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 161.

2. Hardness of heart; insensibility; obduracy;
want of pliancy.

A certain induration of character which had arisen from
long habits of business. Coleridge.

3. An indurated, hardened, or callous part. —
Brown Induration of the lungs, a hardening or indu-
ration of the lung-tissue, which becomes red in color with
brown spots scattered through it. The capillaries are di-
lated, and there is more or less increase of the connective
tissue and epithelial proliferation. The brown spots are
due to small extravasations of blood. Such tissue occurs
in the lungs of persons aifected with mitral disease, and is
produced by the passive hyperemia consequent on the
cardiac lesion.

iudur ative (in 'du-ra-tiv), a. [= It. indiim tivii;
as indurate + -ire.] Producing induration;
hardening: as, an induratiw process.

Jnduratiec changes in the solid viscera lead to venous
obstruction. Quain, Med, Diet., p. 255.

induret, ??. An obsolete form of endure.
indusia, «. Plural of indusium.
indusial (in-du'zi-al), a. [< indiisinm + -al.]
Composed of or containing indusia or the cases

of larvse — IndUSlal limestone, in geol., a fresh-water
limestone found in Auvergne, France, supposed to be com-
posed of the agglomerated indusia or cases of the larva? of
caddis-flies.

indusiate (in -du ' zi -at), «. In bot., having an
iudusium.
The indusiate sorus of this family of Ferns.

Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 395.

indusiated (in-du'zi-a-ted), a. Same as indu-

K/lltf.

indusium (in-du'zi-iim), «.; pi. indusia (-a). [L.,
a tunic, < intliirrc, put on: see indue1.] 1. In

indusium

Hutu. uitti<i., one of tho t\v.> tunii-s commonly
woni by both men and women, probably tin-
outer tunic, though some archaeologists have
contended that it was tho inner tunic of tin-
women. — 2. In lint.: ( n) The covering of the sort
or fruit-dots in
ferns. i-'n-,|iimt

ly tile imlllsillni

is only an excres-
cence of the epi-
dermis—that Is,
the epidermis is
simply lifted up
and forms a cov-
ering of various
shapes, being
sometimes lateral,
sometimes shield-
shapcd,sometimes
spherical, etc. In
other cases it Is
formed by an out-
growth of the tis-
sue of the frond
itself, and may
then be composed
of several layers
of cells, and its
border may be en-
tire or ciliate. In
the LygodiecK each
sporangium Is in-
closed in a pocket-
shaped formation
from the tissue of
the leaf, as if in a
bract. In certain
genera, as Ml,
, u.-\

I. part of a fertile pinnule of l.ygodiH,n
fahKntum showing the scale-like imbricate
indusia. 3, pinnule of Cystopttris bulbiftra
with hood-like indusium. 3. part of a \>\\\-
nuleor/4r//?Kt'um Trichomanes with linear
indusium. 4, pinnule of Aspidittm acrosli-
cAoiifes with orbicular indusium. 5, pinnule
of n'oodsia oblusa showing the inferior in-

•liich early bursts into irregular lobes.
6. section of a pinnule of l.astrea Jilix-mas
through the sorus, showing the origin of the
indusium from the tissues of the frond : a, a.
indusium; t>, frond; c, c, sporangia. (Fig. 6

margin of the
frond is folded or
rolled back over
the sori, forming a
sort of false indu- _

slum, as there is highTy'm'agninedT)

no new formation
from the frond. In certain other forms it is beneath the
sporangia, as in Woodsia, when it is said to be inferior.
Called T>y Cooke hyposporangium. (ft) A collection
of hairs united so as to form a sort of cup, and in-
closing the stigma of a flower. — 3. Ine«to»z.,the
coat or covering of a larval insect, as the case
of a caddis-worm. — 4. In anat., the amnion,
the innermost membrane enveloping the fetus.
industrial (in-dus'tri-al), a. and n. [= OF.
industrial, F. industriel = Sp. Pg. industrial =
It. industriale, < ML. industrialis, pertaining to
industry, < L. industria, industry : see indus-
try.] I. a. Pertaining to industry or its re-
sults ; relating to or connected with productive
industry or the manufacture of commodities:
as, the industrial arts ; an industrial exhibition ;
industrial activity or depression.

Much of the national loan has been taken by citizens of

the industrial classes. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 168.

The breaking down of the ancient political divisions . . .

is furthered by that weakening of them consequent on the

growing spirit of equality fostered by industrial life.

//. Spencer, Prin. of Soclol., $ 462.

Industrial accession, in Scots law, the addition made to
the value of a subject by human art or labor exercised
thereon.— Industrial school, a school'for teaching one
or more branches of industry ; also, a school for educating
neglected children, reclaiming them from evil habits, and
training them to habits of industry. =8yn. Industrious,
Industrial. See inttustrious.

II. n. A person engaged in an industrial
pursuit; a producer of commodities; a handi-
craftsman.

Of Comte's three fundamental classes of society. . . .
the second or proletariate was subdivided Into merchants,
industrials, and agriculturists. N. A. See., CXX. 266.

lu the modest houses scattered along the mountain-
slopes may be found the establishments of these indus-
trials, in which the working force of the whole family
finds active employment. Pop. Sci. Ho., XXIX. 860.

industrialism (in-dus'tri-al-izm), n. [= F. i«-
ilnstrialisme ; as industrial + -ism.] Devotion
to industrial pursuits and interests; predomi-
nance of industrial interests or activity; also,
the characteristics of industrial life, especially
of the manufacturing industry.

lias he not seen the Scottish Hrassmith's Idea [the
steam enfriue] . . . rapidly enough overturning the whole
system of Society ; ana for Feudalism and Preservation of
the Game, preparing us, by indirect but sure methods.
liuhutrialism and the Government of the Wisest 1

Carlyle, Sartor Eesartus, il. 4.

When iit'titxtrialiftm has grown predominant, the vlo-
lenee and the deception which warriors glory in come to
be held criminal. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 3S.

That vindictive and short-sighted revolution which is
extirpating it [the monastic system] from Europe is de-
stroying one of the best correctives of the excessive in-
duitrialt'mn of our age. Lecky, Europ. Morals, III. 156.

industrialist (in-dus'tri-al-ist), a. [= F. <H-
ilimtrialiutt' : as industrial" + -ist.] Marked by
the influence of industrialism; character! /.oil
by industry.

3071

What Saint-Simon desired . . . was an iaduntriolut
•tale directed by modern science. Encyc. Brit., XXI. 197.

industrialize (in-dus'tri-al-iz), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. industrialized, Ppr. industrializing. [< in-
dustrial + -ize.] To imbue with the spirit of
industrialism; interest in industrial pursuits.

Contempt of civilians, patronage of "trades-people,"
survive from the middle-age predominance of the no-
blesse, through this necessity, with a persistence that
strikes our industrialized sense as puerile.

Ifew Princeton Bee., V. 328.

industrially (iu-dus'tri-al-i), adv. In an indus-
trial manner; with reference to industrial pur-
suits or interests.

industrious (in-dus'tri-us), o. [= F. indus-
trieux = Sp. Pg. It. industrioso, < L. industriosus,
diligent, active, industrious, < industria, dili-
gence, industry: see industry.'] 1. Given to
industry; acting or working with diligence;
sedulous : as, a person industrious in business.
He himself, . . . being very excellently learned, and in-
dustrious to seeke out the trueth of these thiuges concern-
ing the originall of his owne people, hath . . . sett downe
the t est in ion yes of the annclentes truely.

Spenter, State of Ireland.

He is not so well opinion'd of himsclfe as industrious
to make other, and thlnke (thinks) no vice so preiudieiall
as blushing.

Bp. Earle, Mtcro-cosmograpbie, A Forward Bold Man.

Frugal and industrious men are commonly friendly to

the established government. Sir W. Temple.

Supply

Is obvious, plac'd within the easy reach
Of temperate wishes and industrious hands.

Cowper, Task, L 599.

2. Marked by industry; done with or charac-
terized by diligence ; busily pursued, performed,
or employed: as, &n industrious lite; industrious
researches.

They gape and point
At your industrious scenes and acts of death.

Shak., K. John, a 2.

Yet man, laborious man, by slow degrees . . .
Plies all the sinews of industrious toil.

Cowper, Heroism, 1. 69.
3f. Expert; clever; shrewd.

They that be called industrious do most craftely and
depely vnderstande In al atfayres what is expedient, and
by what meanes & wayes they may sonest exployte them.
Sir T. Elyot, The Qovernour, I. 23.
= Syn. Industrious, Industrial; busy, laborious, active,
hard-working, sedulous. Industrious, having the activity
or the moral quality of industry; industrial, connected
with the application of industry to manufactures : as, the
industrious ant ; intiustrial statistics.

Headlong sent
With his industrious crew to build In hell.

Milton, P. L., L 751.

An industrial spirit creates two wholly different types
of character — a thrifty character and a speculating char-
acter. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 146.

industriously (in-dus'tri-us-li), adv. In an in-
dustrious manner ; with habitual diligence ; as-
siduously.

Principles, let me add, which were still more industri-
ously disseminated at the Revolution by Locke, at the Ac-
cession by Hoadly, and a hundred years before either by
Hooker. Mason, Ded. to Koame Jenyns.

industriousness (in-dus'tri-us-nes), n. The
quality of being industrious ; diligence.

Industrialism is not to be confounded with industrious-
ness. U. Spencer, Pop. 8cL Mo., XX. 1.

industry (in'dus-tri), n. ; pi. industries (-triz).
[Early mod. E. also industrie, industree; =D.
G. industrie = Dan. Sw. industri, < F. industrie
= Pr. industria, endtistria = Sp. Pg. It. indus-
tria, < L. industria, diligence, activity, industry,
< industrius, OL. indostruits, diligent, active, in-
dustrious; formation unknown.] 1. Habitual
diligence in any employment or task, whether
bodily or mental ; sedulous attention to busi-
ness; assiduity.

During which time, in every good behest,
And godly worke of Alines and charitee,
Shee him instructed with great industree.

Spenter, F. Q.,Lx.45.

Sterile with idleness, or manured with industry.

Shak., Othello, 1. 3.

2. Productive labor; specifically, labor em-
ployed in manufacturing: manufacture; hence,
a particular branch of work ; a trade : as, the
iron industri/; the cotton industry: often used,
in the plural, of trades in general : as, the arts
and induntrii's of a country.

The food of labourers and the materials of production
have no productive power ; but labour cannot exert its
productive power unless provided with them. There can
be no more imluttrii than is supplied with materials to
work up and food to eat. J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., I. v. 1.

The industry of making straw haU began at Hatboro',
as many other industries have begun in New England,
with no great local advantages.

Homlls, Harpers Mag., LXXVII. iso.

inebriate

= 8yn. 1. Applic«ti ',,„ mi, /. ,,ce, etc. (teeauritluity); ac-
tivity, laborlousness.

indutet(in-dut'),«. [< L. «ndu<««, pp. of ««<//<<«
clothe: see i indue*.] Clothed ; indued. Uallitrrtl.

indutive (in-du'tiv), a. [< L. inducre, pp. iii-
flutus, put on : see indue1.] In liot., having the
usual integumentary covering: said of seeds.
[Rare.]

induviae (in-du'vi-e), n. nl. [L., clothes, < in-
d««re,puton: seeindwe1.] In hot., the withered
leaves which remain persistent on the stems of
some plants.

induvial (in-du'vi-al), a. [< induvue + -al.]
In '«"., persistent as an envelop: applied to a
calyx when it is persistent and covers the fruit,
as that of Pliysalis Alkekengi. [Bare.]

induviate (in-du'vi-at), a. f < induvue + -ate*.]
In bot., covered with induvite.

indweller (in'dwel'er), ». [< in1 + dweller.]
One who dwells in a place; an inhabitant.
[Chiefly poetical.]

Since which, those Woods, and all that goodly Chase,
Doth to this day with Wolves and Thieves abound :
Which too-too true that lands in-dtrellers since have found.
Spenser, If. Q., VII. vl. 65.

An house ready to fall on the head of the indteMer.

Bp. HaU, Occasional Meditations, 1 110.

indwelling (in'dwel'ing), a. Dwelling within ;
living interiorly; specifically, abiding in the
mind or soul; having a permanent mental
lodgment: as, an indwelling faith.

These souls may become temples for indurelling Divin-
ity. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 25.

Energy ... is the symbol expressive of that indaelliny
capacity of doing work possessed by every agent.

O. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, 1st ser., V. L I 4.
Indwelling grace. See grace.
indwelling (in'dwel'ing), n. [< ME. indwelling,

< in1 + dwelling.] A dwelling within; espe-
cially, lodgment or habitation in the mind or
soul.

The personal indwelling of the Spirit In believers.

South, Works, V. viL

Then will humanity on earth be the partner of its Re-
deemer's love, the sanctuary for his indwelling.

Bibtiotheca Sacra, .\ 1.111. 506.

inet, «. /»'• A Middle English form of eyen,
former plural of eye1.
-ine1. See -in1.
-ine2. See -t«2.

inearth (in-erth'), v. t. [< in-1 + earth1. Cf.
inter1.] To put into the earth ; inter. [Poet-
ical.]

Nor did I then comply, refusing rest,
Till I had seen In holy ground in- m-th'd
My poor lost brother.

The Ethiop, keen of scent,

Detects the ebony.

That deep-inearth'd, and hating light,
A leafless tree, and barren of all fruit,
With darkness feeds her boughs of raven grain.

Southey, Thalaba, I.

inebriacy (in-e'bri-a-si), n. [< inebria(te) +
-cy.] The habit of drunkenness.

No faith in any remedy for inebriacy, except as an aid
to ... strong purpose ... of the one who suffers from
it Christian Union, Dec. 27, 1876.

inebriant (in-e'bri-ant), a. and n. [= OF. ine-
briant, < L. inebrian(t-)s, ppr. of inebriare, make
drunk : see inebriate.] I. a. Intoxicating.
II. «. Anything that intoxicates, as opium.

inebriate (in-e'bn-at), v.; pret. and pp. inebri-
ated, ppr. inebriating. [< L. incbriatus, pp. of
inebriare (> It. inebriare = Sp. Pg. inebriar =
Pr. enieitrar, eniurar = F. enivrer), make drunk,

< in, in, 4- ebriare, make drunk, < ebrius, drunk :
see ebrious.] I. trans. 1. To make drunk; in-
toxicate.

The bubbling and loud hissing urn
Throws up a steamy column, and the cups
That cheer but not inebriate wait on eacn.

Coteper, Task, iv. 40.

2. Figuratively, to exhilarate extravagantly;
intoxicate mentally or emotionally.

Let me be wholly inebriated with love, and that love
wholly spent in doing such actions as best please thee.
Jer. Taylor, Work* (ed. 1885X I. 7:t.

The Water blush 'd. and started Into Wine
Full of high sparkling vigour, taught by mee
A iweet ineimated extasy.

Crathair, tr. of Grotius, quoted in N. and Q.,

[7th *er., V. 801.
The inebriating effect of popular applause. Macaulay.

n.t intrans. To become intoxicated or stupe-
fied.

Fish that come from the Euxine Sea into the fresh water
do inebriate and turn up their bellies. / :•:•••

inebriate (in-e'bri-at), a. and n. [< L. inebri-
atus, pp.: see the verb.] I. </. Drunk; intoxi-
cated, literally or figuratively.

3072 inelegant

Thus spake Peter as a man inebriate and made drounken ineducabilian (in-ed'u-ka-bil'i-an), a. and «. ineffectualnCSS (in-e-fek'tu-al-nes), «. The
with the swetenesse of this vision, not knowing what he j a Pertaining to the Ineducabilia, or having condition or quality ot being ineffectual ; want

their characters. of power to produce effect; iuefficacy.

II n. An ineducabilian mammal. The ine/ectualness of the mountebank's medicines was

ineducable (in-ed'u-ka-bl), a. [< in-S + edit- soon discovered. Bp.Burnet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1548.
cable.] Not educable; not capable of being ineffervescence (in-ef-er-ves'ens), w. [< in-3 +
taught. effervescence.] Lack of effervescence ; a state

He is childish, not to say babyish, in intellect, and in- of not effervescing.
educable beyond the first standard. ineffervescent (in-ef-er-ves'ent), a. [< •»-* '

x.. „ , - ... Pop. Set. Jfo., XXVI. 272. effervescent.'] Not effervescent or effervescing ;

ebriatus, make drunk: see inebriate.] The act ineffability (in-ef-a-bil'i-ti); n. [= F. ineffa- not subject to effervescence.
of inebriating, or the state of being inebriated; WK^ _ gp_ i,,cfabil[idad "= Pg. ineffabilidade = ineffervescibility (in-ef-er-ves-i-bil'i-ti), n. [<
drunkenness; hence, extravagant exhilaration H. ineffabilita ; as ineffable + -ity : see -bility.] ineffervescible: see -bility.] The quality of be -
of any kind; mental or moral intoxication. r^g con(Jition or quality of being ineffable; ing ineffervescible.

Reason and philosophy ... did not preserve him [Na- unspeakableness. ineffervescible (in-ef-er-ves'i-bl), a. [< in-s

+ effervescible.] Not capable of effervescence,
inefficacious (in-ef-i-ka'shus), a. [< L. ineffi-

inebriate

sayed. J. Udall, On Luke ix.

II. n. A habitual drunkard.

Some inebriates have their paroxysms of inebriety ter-
minated by much pale urine, profuse sweats, etc.

Darunn.

inebriation (in-e-bri-a'shon), ». [= OF. ine-
briation, inebriacion = It. inebriazione, < LL. in-
ebriatio(n-), drunkenness, < L. inebriare, pp. in-

nun, .. — . — 0 — —

tempt to be merry. S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 6.

inebriety (in-e-bri'e-ti), w. [< L. in- intensive
+ ebrieta( t-)s,' drunkenness : see ebriety, and cf.
inebrious.] Drunkenness; intoxication.

Sudden partial loss of consciousness of variable dura-
tion he believes to occur in the majority of cases of in-
ebriety when there are no symptoms of intoxication.

Amer. Jour. Psychol., 1. 518.

inebriisin (in-e'bri-izm), n. [Irreg. < inebrious
-t- -ism; or abbr. of *inebriatism.] Habitual
inebriety.

Dr. has written an original and instructive book,

and he can be congratulated upon having made a perma-
nent contribution to the subject of inebriism.

Alien, and Neural., VII. 716.

inebrious (in-e'bri-us), a. [= It. inebrioso, < L.
in- intensive + ebriiis, drunken: see ebrious.]

1. Drunk or partly drunk; inebriated.

The worthy but inebrious burgomaster Vandunk.

A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., II. 217.

2. Causing drunkenness ; intoxicating.

Whilst thou art mixing fatal wines below,
Such that with scorching fever fill our veins,
And with inebrious fumes distract our brains.

Tom Brown, Works, IV. 331.

inechet, ». t. [ME., < i»i + eche, now eke: see
eke, n.] To add ; insert.

If that I at loves reverence
Have any word ineched for the beste,
Doth therwithal ryght as youreselven leste.

Chaucer, Troilus, iU. 1329.

inedia (in-e'di-ii), n. [= Sp. Pg. It. inedia, <
L. inedia, abstinence from food, fasting, starva-
tion, < in- priv. + edere, eat: see eat, edible.]
1. Starvation. — 2. Abstinence; an eating less
than usual. E. Phillips, 1706.

inedibility (in-ed-i-bil'i-ti), n. [< inedible : see
-bility.] The quality or condition of being in-
edible.

A great many species [of beetles] with a soft shell, that
invites attack, are protected by their inedibility, and are
usually lustrous and bright. Science, VIII. 561.

inedible (in-ed'i-bl), a. [< ML. inedibilis, not
eatable, < L. in- priv. + LL. edibilis, eatable:
see edible.] Not eatable; unfit or unsuitable
for food: as, inedible roots ; an inedible fruit.

of being expressed in words; unspeakable;
unutterable; inexpressible: as, the ineffable
joys of heaven ; ineffable disgust.

A book which comes from God ... is given to us, on
purpose to open to us some discoveries concerning the
divine nature, its essence, and ine/aUe perfections.

Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. x.

In their branching veins
The eloquent blood told an ine/able tale.

cax (> It. inefficace = Sp. inefieaz = Pg. inefficaz
= Pr. incficax = F. inefficace), inefficacious, <

i/i-priv. + efficax, efficacious: see efficacious.]
Not efficacious ; not having power to produce
the effect desired ; of inadequate force.

The authority of Parliament must become inefficacious,
as all other authorities have proved, to restrain the growth
of disorders either in India or in Europe.

Burke, Affairs of India.

inefficacipusly (in-ef-i-ka'shus-li), adv. In an
inefficacious manner ; without efficacy or effect.
Shelley, Alastor. ineffleaciousnegs (in-ef-i-ka'shus-nes), ». The
2. That must not be spoken: as, the ineffable character or quality of being inefficacious; lack
name. See Jehovah. of effect, or of power to produce the desired ef-

ineffableness (in-ef'a-bl-nes),«. Thequahtyof fec^

being ineffable or unutterable ; unspeakable- To'th,8 we may probaDly ^^^ that 9trange ineffl ca-

ness. ciousness we see of the word. Alas ! men rarely apply it

ineffably (in-ef'a-bli), adv. In an ineffable to the right place. Lively Oracles, p. 194.

manner; so as not to be expressed in words; inefficacy (in-ef 'i-ka-si), n. [= Sp. ineficacia =

unspeakably.

But in this indefinite description there is something
ineffably great and noble. Guardian, No. 89.

ineffaceable (in-e-fa'sa-bl), a. [= F. ineffac.a-
ble; asi«-3 + effaceab'le.] Not effaceable ; in-
capable of being effaced.

The mediaeval systems of education have left marks in
history as ineffaceable as medieval theories of government
in Church and State. Stale, Stud. Med. Hist, p. 381. inefficiency (m-e-nsh'en-si), n. [< ineffieten(t)

ineffaceably (in-e-fa'sa-bli), adv. In an inef-
faceable manner; so as not to be effaceable.
ineffectiblet (in-e-fek'ti-bl), a. [Also ineffecta-

Pg. It. inefficacia, < LL. inefficacia, < L. inefficax,
inefficacious: see inefficacious.] Lack of effi-
cacy or power to produce the desired effect ; in-
effectualness; failure of effect.

I suppose they must talk of assignats, as no other lan-
guage would be understood. All experience of their in-
ej/icacy does not in the least discourage them.

Burke, Rev. in France.

ble; < i»-3 + effectible.] 1. That cannot be
effected; impracticable. — 2. That cannot be

+ -cy.] The condition or quality of being in-
efficient; lack of efficiency; incompetency; in-
adequacy.
The inefficiency of our own minds as causal agents.

Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 332.

natural; occult.

There he, in an ine/ectible manner, communicates him-
self to blessed spirits, both angels and men.

Bp. Hall, Soul's Farewell to Earth.

effected'by ordinary physical means; super- inefficient (in-e-fish'ent), a. [< in-3 + efficient.]

Not efficient ; not producing or not capable of
producing the desired effect; incapable; incom-
petent; inadequate: as, inefficient measures ; an
inefficient police.

(in-e-fek'tiv), a. [= F. ineffectif =
ivo; as in-s + effective.] Not effec- mmg eise.

tive ; not producing any effect, or the effect de- inefficiently (in-e-fish'ent-li), adv.
sired ; wanting effective energy or operation ; cient or incapable manner,
inefficient; impotent: as, ineffective efforts; an inelaborate (in-e-lab'o-rat), a. [< in-s + elab-
infffectwe'b\ow. orate.] Not elaborate ; not wrought with care.

An ineffective pity and a lazy counsel, an empty bless- Coles, 1717.

ing and gay words, are but deceitful charity. inelastic (in-e-las'tik), a. [< in-3 + elastic.]

Jer. Taylor, Works, I. xii. -| Not eiagti'c; not returning after a strain;

He is as insipid in his pleasures as inefficient in every
ling else. Chesterfield.

In an ineffi-

The rules and prohibitions of morality, taken by them-
selves, are ineffective, but heaven and hell all can under-
stand. J. Jt. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 161.

A very peculiar and yet widely current mode of protec-
tion is by becoming distasteful and inedible to the attack-
ing animal. Science, VIII. 561.

inedita (in-ed'i-ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of L. ineffectively (in-e-fek'tiv-li), adv.
ineditus, not made known, unpublished, < in- .fectiye manner; without effect ; weakly,
priv. + editus, pp. of edere, give out, make ineffectiveness (m-e-fek tiv-nes), n
known: see edit] Unpublished compositions; .ltv_of l)eing..meff?(!t;ve-
pieces written but not published.

The luminous exposition of the grammar and the happy
choice of the pieces in the chrestomathy — all inedita —
with the admirable notes drawn from an enormous read-
ing in MS. sources, make them altogether different from
ordinary text-books. Encyc. Brit., XXI. 141.

inedited (in-ed'i-ted), a. [< in-s + edited, af-
ter L. ineditus (> It. Pg. inedito = Sp. inedito =
F. infdit), not made known: see inedita.] Not
edited; unpublished; not made known by pub-
lication; not issued: as, an inedited manuscript.

In an inef-

.
Thequal-

ineffectual (in-e-fek'tu-al), a. [< iw-3 + effec-
tual.] Not effectual ; not producing or not able
to produce the desired effect ; of no efficacy ;
inefficient : as, an ineffectual remedy.

Thou thyself with scorn
And anger wouldst resent the off er'd wrong,
Though ineffectual found. iinton, P. L., ix. 301.

Ev
nevei

lacking elasticity. — 2. Incompressible; rigid;
unyielding.— Inelastic fluids. See fluid, l.

Doubtless the period is not far distant when the elastic
and the inelastic Jluids will be distinguished by appropri-
ate designations in English.

G. P. Harsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., ix.

inelasticate (in-e-las'ti-kat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
inelasticated, ppr. inelasticating. [< inelastic +
-ate2.] To make inelastic ; deprive of elasticity.

Each thread [of caoutchouc] is inelasticated individually
in the act of reeling. Ure, Diet., I. 701.

inelasticity (in-e-las-tis'i-ti), n. [< i«-3 + elas-
ticity.] The character of being inelastic ; lack
of elasticity.

An inedited coin of Michael Paleeologus, Emperor of
Nicsea. Numii. Chron., 8d ser., I. 277.

Ineducabilia (in-ed'*u-ka-biri-a), n. pi.
neut. pi. of ineducabilis, < in- priv. + educabilis,
educable: see Educabilia.] The lower one of
two main series of monodelphian or placental
mammals, consisting of the orders Chiroptera,
Insectivora, Glires or Bodentia, and Bruta or
Edentata, whose cerebrum is comparatively
small, leaving much of the olfactory lobes and

All day they [the army of the Christians] made ineffec-
tual attempts to extricate themselves from the mountains.
Irving, Granada, p. 92.

=Syn. Fruitless, Unavailing, etc. See useless.
[NL., ineffectuality (in-e-fek-tu-al'i-ti), n. [< inef-
fectual + -ity.] 1. The quality of being inef-
fectual; ineffectualness. — 2. That which is in-
effectual ; something that fails to produce the
desired effect. [Rare.]

Lope de Vega . . . plays at best, in the eyes of some few,
as a vague aurora borealis, and brilliant inejfectuality.

Carlyle, Sir Walter Scott

of the cerebellum exposed, and whose corpus ineffectually (iu-e-fek'tu-al-i), adv. In an in-
caJlosum is oblique, ends before the vertical effectual manner ; with"dut effect ; in vain,
of the hippocampal sulcus, and has no well-de-
fined rostrum. The series exactly corresponds with the Ci

Microsthenes of Dana, and with the Lissencephala of Owen, sieged for about two months ineffectually by thi
See Educabilia. C. L. Bonaparte; T. A'. Oill. Ludlow, Memoirs, I. 145.

gance.] 1. The state or character of being in-
elegant ; want of elegance or refinement ; lack
of any quality required by good taste.

Whene'er his images betray'd
Too strong a light, too weak a shade,
Or in the graceful and the grand
Confess 'd inelegance of hand.

Cawthorne, Birth and Education of Genius.

She was conspicuous from the notorious inehfmnet of
her figure. T. Hook, Jack Brag.

2. That which is inelegant or ungraceful : as,
inelegances of style.

inelegancy (in-el'f-gan-si), «. Same as iiu/i-
ijance.

Hereford was surprised on the 18th of December by {•nalpaa-nt, Cin-pl'S-ffantl a f— F
lolonel Birch and Colonel Morgan, after it had been be- 1l?*e1S™1S ( fllS? y h,fl™,n,(t ^
ieged for about two mouths ineffectually by the Scotts. bP- fK- "• tnrlcgaite. < L,.i»cl((/ini(t-)S, noi

gant. < I'M- priv. + clcgan(t-)s, elegant: see elc-

inelegant

ffant.] Not elegant; ungraceful; unrefined: de-
ficient in any quality required by correct tiistc.
[Obsolete as used in the first extract.]

Must ample fruit,

Of beauteous form, . . . pleasing to sight,
Hut to the tongue inelegant and flat.

J. I'hilipi, Cider, 1.

Modern criticks, having never read Homer but in low
and inelegant translations, impute the meanness of the
translation to the poet. W. Itrmme, Notes on the Odyssey.
= Syn. I'ngraceful, homely, plain, clumsy, ungainly, rough,
awkward.

inelegantly (iu-ere-gant-li), adv. In an inele-
gant manner ; ungracefully; rudely.

Nor will he, if he have the least taste or application, talk
inelegantly. Chesterfield.

The pediment of the southern transept is pinnacled, not
inelegantly, with a flourished cross.

T. Warton, Uist of Kiddlngton, p. 8.

ineligibility (in-el'i-ji-bil'i-ti), ». [= P. im:ii-
gibiliti; < ML. ineligibilita(t-)n, < ineligibilis. in-
eligible: see ineligible.] 1. Lack of eligibility
in any respect ; the character of being unworthy
to be selected or chosen; unfitness; inexpedi-
ency: as, the ineligibility of a suitor. — 2. Spe-
cifically, the condition of being ineligible to a
specified office oremployment; disqualification
for election or choice : as, the ineligibility of a
candidate.

ineligible (in-el'i-ji-bl), a. [= P. ineligible =
Pg. tnelegivel = It. ineligibile, < ML. ineligibilis,
that cannot be chosen, < in- priv. + *eligibilis,
that can be chosen: see eligible."] 1. Not eligi-
ble, in general ; unworthy of choice; unsuitable;
inexpedient : as, an ineligible site for a building.
In the first view, appeals to the people at fixed periods
appear to be nearly as \neliyitte as appeals on particular oc-
casions as they emerge. A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 60.

2. Specifically, not eligible to a specified office
or post of honor ; legally or otherwise disquali-
fied.

He that cannot be admitted cannot be elected ; and, the
votes given to a man ineligible being given in vain, the
highest number of an eligible candidate becomes a major-
ity. Johnson, The False Alarm.

I wish that at the end of the four years they had made
him [the President) forever ineligible a second time.

Jeffcrtton, Correspondence, II. 266.

ineligibly (in-el'i-ji-bli), adv. In an ineligible
manner.

ineliminable (in-e-lim'i-na-bl), «. [< in-3 +
eliminable.] Not elimiuable; that cannot be
eliminated, thrown out, or set aside.

The number of laborers is an ineliminable element In the
problem. What is the amount of possible wages?

F. A. Walker, N. A. Rev., CXX. 108.

ineloquence (in-el'o-kwens), «. [< ineloquen(t)
+ -ce.] The state or quality of being inelo-
quent; want of eloquence ; a habit of silence or
reserve in speech.

To us, as already hinted, the Abbot's eloquence is less
admirable than his ineloquence, his great invaluable talent
of silence. Carlyle, Past and Present, II. 11.

ineloquent (in-el'o-kwent),a. [= F. iniloquent
= Pg. It. ineloquente, < 1JL. ineloquen(t-)s, < L. in-
priv. + eloqueit(t-)s, eloquent :' see eloquent.']
Not eloquent ; wanting the quality or charac-
teristics of eloquence.

To whom thus Raphael answer'd heavenly meek :
Nor are thy lips ungraceful, sire of men,
Nor tongue itteloquent. Milton, P. L., viii. 219.

ineloquently (in-el'o-kweut-li), adv. In an in-
eloquent manner; without eloquence.

ineluctable (in-e-luk'ta-bl), a. [= P. inline-
table = Pg. ineluctavel = It. ineluttabile, (. L. inr-
luctabiliy, <. in- priv. + cluctabilis, that may be
escaped from, \ eluctari, struggle out: eeoeluc-
tatc.] Not to be overcome or escaped from.

She realized that she and he were alike helpless— both
strugKliiiK in the grip of some force outside themselves,
inexorable, ineluctable.

Mrs. H. Ward, Robert Elsmere, xxviii.

ineludible (in-e-lu'di-bl), a. [= Sp. ineludible;
as i'»-3 + eludible.] Not eludible; not to be
eluded or escaped.

One would think that an opinion so very obnoxious, and
so lyable to such grand inconveniences, should not be ad-
mitted but upon most pressing reasons and inrhidible de-
monstrations, {llanville, Pre-existence of Souls, ii.

inembryonate (in-em'bri-on-at), «. [< in-3 +
i-iiilii-j/iinatt:] Not embryouate ; not formed in
embryo. [Hare.]

inemendablet (in-o-mon'da-bl), «. [= It. >»<•-
mi'Hilttbilc; as in-3' + MMndOM*.] Not to be
emended; not to be atoned for: said formerly
of certain crimes. Kersi-y, 1708.

inenarrablet, «. [< OP. inenarrable, F. inenar-
rablc = Hp. inenarrable = Pg. inciiiirmi '< / = It.
iiK'iinrriiliili; < L. inciHirrabilit:, tliat cannot be
described, < ('«- priv. + tfiiarrubilin, that can be

3073

described, < enarrare, describe, relate in detail :
see enarration.] Incapable of being narrated
or told.

This blyssed Lordo is to be set by aboue al tbynKe, he Is
to be loued belt, for his inenarrable goodnes.

Up. Fulier, Seven Penitential Psalmi, Ps. cxlrll.
'1 In- princes then, and nauie that did bring
These so inenarrable troopes, and all their soylcs, I sing.

Chapman, Iliad, i i.

inenchyma (iu-eng'ki-ma), n. [NL., < L. in, in,
+ Gr. tj ,t''/"', an infusion: see enchymatous.]
In l>:i/. , a nbrocellular tissue the elements of
which have the appearance of spiral vessels.
Baillon.

inept (in-epf ), a. [= F. inepte = Sp. Pg. inepto
= It. inetto, < L. ineptus, unsuitable, improper,
senseless, < in- priv. + aptus, suitable: see apt.
Cf. inapt.'] 1. Not apt, fit, or suitable; inapt.

The Aristotelian philosophy is inept for new discoveries,
and therefore of no accommodation to the use of life.

Olanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xix.

The genius of the order [of Druids] admitted of no inept
member. For the acolyte unendowed with the faculty of
study, all initiation ceased.

/. D'ltraeli, Amen, of Lit, I. 18.

2. Inappropriate; out of place; foolish.

To view attention as a special state of intelligence, and
to distinguish it from consciousness, is utterly inept.

Sir W. Hamilton.

The suggestion which from a later standpoint appears
inept may be recognized as ingenious from the earlier.

Q. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 803.

Inepti (in-ep'ti), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. ineptus,
stupid: seeing^/.] 1. A term proposed by Illi-
ger (1811) to include birds related to the dodo,
Didus ineptus. — 2. In Bonaparte's system of
classification (1854), the fourth order of Ares,
of his subclass Insessores (see Altrices), consist-
ing of the family Didida; in which he misplaces
the genera Mpyornis and Pezophaps, together
with his Ornithoptera and Cyanornis: the last
two are equivalent to Apterornis of Selys. The
group is thus an artificial one.
ineptitude (in-ep'ti-tud), H. [= OF. and F. in-
eptitude = Sp. ineptitud = It. inettitudine, < L.
ineptititdo, < ineptus, inept: see inept. Cf. iii-
aptitude.] The quality or state of being inept ;
lack of aptness or adaptation ; unfitness ; un-
suitableness ; inaptitude ; foolishness.

To avoid therefore that ineptitude for society, which Is
frequently the fault of us scholars, . . . I take care to visit
all publick solemnities. Taller, No. 203.

The unthinking ineptitude with which even the routine
of life is carried on by the mass of men.

H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 303.

It would seem likely that the French word (Topinam-
bour] is an endeavour to imitate phonetically the red In-
dian name of the plant [artichoke], a process for which
the French usually show an extraordinary ineptitude.

S. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 110.

ineptly (iu-ept'li), adc. In an inept manner;
unsuitably; awkwardly; foolishly.

They [the Perlpateticks] ineptly fansled . . . [the crys-
talline humour of the eye] to be the immediate organ of
vision wherein all the species of external objects were
terminated. ftay, Works of Creation, ii.

ineptness (in-ept'nes), n. The quality of being
inept; unfitness; awkwardness; ineptitude.
The feeblenesse and miserable ineptneste of Infancy.

Dr. H. More, Pre-existency of the Soul, Pref.

inequable (in-e'kwa-bl or in-ek'wa-bl), a. [<
iii-3 + equable.'] Not equable ; not uniform ;
changeable ; fitful : as, an inequable climate or
temper.

Lnequal (in-e'kwal), a. [< ME. inequttl, < OF.
inequal, P. inegal = Sp. inigital = It. ineguale,
inuguale, inequale, < L. imrqiinlin, not equal, un-
even. < in- priv. + mqualis, equal : see equal.]
It. Unequal; unjust.

Welcome all toils the inegual fates decree,
While tolls endear thy faithful charge to thee.

Shenstone, Judgment of Hercules.
Such a divulsion may be made in glass by but an inegual
motion between the neighbouring parts.

Boyle, Works, I. 469.

2. In entom., covered with irregular elevations
and depressions: said of a surface— inequal
hour, annum- formed by dividing the day (from sunrise to
sunset) and the night (from sunset to sunrise) into twelve
parts each.

inequalitarian (in-e-kwol-i-ta'ri-an), n. [< in-
equality + -drian.] A believer in inequality ;
one who upholds the principle of social or po-
litical inequality. [Rare.]

In practice they [the English people] are what I may
call determined inrqualitariant.

Oladttone, N. A. Her., CXXVIL 204.

inequality (in-e-kwol'i-ti), n. ; pi. inequalities
(-tiz). [= OF.'tii<-(/wa/i<«, F. inegaliti = Sp. i»i-
igualdad = It. inci/nnliti'i, < L. inH'</ualita(t-)g,
liuequalness, unevenuess, < iiia-qualiy, unequal:

Inequitate

see inft/ual.] 1. Lack of equality in character
or attributes ; unlikeness between things of the
same kind; diversity; disparity: as, inequality m
size, numbers, etc. ; the inequality of the fingers.

Though human souls are Mid to be equal, yet Is there
no small inequality in their operations.

Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., 1IL 14.

2. Lack of equality in the state or condition
of a person or thing ; want of uniformity of re-
lation, level, surface, etc.; variation or variable-
ness; unevenness: as, inequalities of temper;
inequalities of rank or fortune ; inequalities of
the earth's surface.

An infinite variety of inrqualilia and shadowing!, that
naturally arise from an agreeable mixture of hills, grove*,
and valleys. Addiiun, Remarks on Italy (cd. Bonn), L 488.

Inequality of condition IB ... indispensable to pro-
gress. Calhoun, Works, I. 56.

The inequality . . . dealred by the artist and the man
of science is an inequality In fame ; that desired by the
productive laborer is an inequality in riches.

W. H. Malloek, Social Equality, p. 121.

3. Injustice; partiality.

We sometimes find men complaining of ineffttalitit.* In
events, which were indeed the effects of a molt equal
providence. Warburton, Divine Legation, v. | 4.

4. In outran., the deviation in the motion of a
planet or satellite from its uniform mean mo-
tion.— 6. In alg., an expression of two unequal
quantities connected by either of the signs of
inequality > or <; thus, o> 6, signifying that
" is greater than b, and a < 6, signifying that «
is less than 6, are inequalities.— Diurnal Inequal-
ity. See diurnal.— First Inequality* (inoequalitas tolu-
to), that inequality in the motion of a planet or of the moon
which Is irrespective of its angular distance from the sun.
In the case of a planet It is corrected by the equation
of the argument, In that of the moon by the equation
of the orbit (see both, under equation).— Second ine-
qualityt (incequalitax aUigata\ that inequality in the mo-
tion of a planet or of the moon which depends upon its an-
gular distance from the sun, and disappears at oppositions
and conjunctions. In the case of the moon it is the evec-
tion (which see). — Third Inequality t of the motion of the
moon, the variation (which see).— Fourth Inequality*
of the motion of the moon, an inequality discovered by
Tycho Brahe, consisting in a quicker motion of the moon
while the stm is in perigee than while he is in apogee.
Its greatest effect upon the longitude is about 1 •_•'.

inequation (in-e-kwa'shon or -zhon), n. [< in-3
+ equation.] In math., an inequality. See in-
equality, 5.

inequidistant (in-e-kwi-dis'tant), «. [< in-3 +
equidistant.] Not equidistant ; not equally dis-
tant.

inequilateral (in-e-kwi-lat'e-ral), a. [< in-3 +
equilateral.] 1. Not equilateral; having un-
equal sides: as, an inequilateral triangle. — 2.
In conch., specifically, having the anterior and
posterior ends of each valve, as divided by an
imaginary vertical line from the umbones, un-
equal. All true or lamellibranch bivalves are more or
less inequilateral, while the brachiopods, with very few
exceptions, are equilateral. Those lamelllbranchs which
are least inequilateral, as for example the Lucinidcr, are
described as subequilateraL See inefjuiralue.
3. In Foraminifera, not having the convolu-
tions of the shell in the same plane, but ob-
liquely wound around an axis. — 4. In bnt., un-
symmetrical from the greater development of
one side, as the leaves of Begonia, the elm, etc.

in equilibrio (in e-kwi-lib'ri-o). See equilib-
rium, 1.

inequilobate (in-e-kwi-16'bat), a. [< L. in- priv.
+ aquus, equal, + NL. lobux, lobe: see lobate.
Cf. emtilobed.] Unequally lobed; having un-
equal lobes.

inequipotential (in-e'kwi-po-ten'shal), a. [<
in-3 + equipotential.] In a condition of unequal
stresses ; potentially unstable.

inequipotentiality ( in -e ' k wi - po - ten - shi - al ' i-
ti), «. [< ineqitipotential + -ity. ] A condition
of potential instability, as that of a glacier.

inequitable (in-ek'wi-ta-bl), a. [< in-3 +
equitable.] Not equitable; not according to
the principles of equity; unjust.

Nor when they were in partnership with the farmer, as
often was the case, have I heard that they bad taken the
lion's share. The proportions seemed not inequitable.

Burke, Rev. in France.

Inequitable government can be upheld only by the aid
of a people correspondingly inequitable in its sentiment*
and act*. //. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 398.

inequitably (in-ek'wi-ta-bli), adv. In an in-
equitable manner ; unjustly; unfairly.

Conditions which if passed into law would, it Is con-
tended, press inequitably upon employers.

The Engineer, LXV. 80S.

inequitatet (in-ek'wi-tat), r. t. [< L. inequita-
tux, pp. of incquitare, ride upon or over, < in,
on, 4- equitare, ride: see equitation.] To ride
on ; ride over or through. Sir T. More.

Inequitelse

_ j (in-e-kwi-te'le), «._

*Iniquiielce,( L. iniquus, unequal (see iniquous'),
+ tela, web.] A group of true spinning-spiders,
having conical, convergent, slightly exserted
spinnerets arranged in a rosette, eight unequal-
ly large eyes arranged in two transverse rows,
and very slender legs : opposed to Tubitelce and
Orbitelw. These spiders spin irregular webs, approbati6n as «
the threads of which cross in all directions, ings.

3074

errant ; freedom from error.

In neither case does it [Article XIX.] militate against
spinneVeTsarranged in aj-osette7eight unequal- the inerrancy of the whole ^^^^J^i,.,^ p 40_

Awritermustbeenviablyconfldentof hisown perceptive inertitudet (in-er'ti-tud), n.
inerrancy, thus to set up . . . his individual aversion and

F. Hall, Mod. Eng., p. 196.

inessential

Inaction, bodily and intellectual, pervading the same
character, cannot but fix disgust upon every stage and
every state of life. Vice alone is worse than such double
inertion. Hint Durney, Camilla, i. 5.

The young and impatient poet was mortified with the
inertion of public curiosity.

/. D'Israeli, Calam. of Authors, II. 75.
[< 'LLSinertitudo

(given from a glossary in the erroneous form
\%ersitudo)> ine£tiaj < L. iner(t-)s, inert : see in-
ert.'} Inertness. Coles, 1717.

In an inert manner;

autograph manuscripts of the Holy Scriptures were abso-
lutely inerrantf Christian Union, XXXV. 20.

formation.] Lack of equity or abstract jus-
tice ; disagreement with equitable principles ; lutely ii

injustice; also, an unjust action or proceeding. inerratic (in-e-rat'ik), a. [< in-3 + erratic.'] inertness (in-ert'nes), n.

Not erratic or wandering; fixed.

The inequity implied by it [militant organization] rami-
V fles throughout all social relations.

^ U ^'.. .....

The looseness.

sible misapprehensi' — _.

detta], apart from higher considerations, is its condemna-
tion. To this we must add its radical inequity.

N. A. Rev., CXXXIX. 74.

[< in-3 + erring, ppr.
adr. Unerringly.

Glanmlle.

inert (in-erf), a. [= F. inerte = Sp. Pg. It.
inerte, < L. iner(t-)s, unskilled in any art, inac-
[< ire-3 + equi- tive,indolent,<i»-priv. + ar(t-)s,art: see art2.]

1. Having no inherent power of action, motion,
or resistance; without inherent force; inani-
mate ; lifeless : applied to matter in its intrin-
sic character: as, an inert mass of clay; an in-
ert corpse.

But if you'l say that motion is not of the nature of mat-
ter, but that it is inert and stupid of it self —then it must
be moved from some other.

Dr. H. Mare, Antidote against Atheism, ii. 1.

Then the head fell back upon his shoulder, and there
was a piteous murmur and a flutter, as he laid his inert
burden on the grass. J. W. Palmer, After his Kind, p. 291.

2. Indisposed or unable to move or act ; inac-
tive; sluggish: as, an inert drug.

Accordingly, as we ascend from creatures that are inert
to creatures that are vivacious, we advance from weak to
strong skeletons, internal or external.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 2.

Is it not strange, if the albuminate of mercury is so in-
ert, that the disinfection of these cultures should be so
successful? Science, XIII. 64.

inequivalve (in-e'kwi-valv), a _
valve.} In conch., having unequal valves, as
a bivalve mollusk; having one of the valves
larger than the other : applied both to lamelli-
branch bivalves, in which the valves are lat-
eral, and to brachiopods, in which the valves
are a dorsal and a ventral one. An inequilateral
valve is unsyiametrical in itself ; an inequioalve bivalve
has one valve unsymmetrical with the other. An oyster-
shell is both inequilateral and inequivalve, having aflat
valve and a deep valve, neither of which is equal-sided.

The shell [of a brachiopod] is always inequivalve and
equilateral : that is to say, each valve is symmetrical within
itself, and more or less unlike the other valve.

Huxley, Aunt. Invert., p. 897.

inequivalved (in-e'kwi-valvd), a. [< inequi-
valvc + -ed2.} Same as inequivalve.

inequivalvular (in-e-kwi-val'vu-lar), a. [< ine-
quiealve, after valvular.} Same as inequivalve.

ineradicable (in-e-rad'i-ka-bl), a. [< in-3 +
eradicable.} Not eradicable ; incapable of be-
ing eradicated.

An ineradicable bloodstain on the oaken stair yet bids

defiance to the united energies of soap and sand. . , _. — „ . — „ .

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 16. =Syn. Inactive, Lazy, etc. (see idle); lifeless, passive,

ineradicably (in-e-rad'i-ka-bli), adv. In an in- inertia (in-er'shia), n. _[= P. inertie = Sp. Pg.

, iternal Night! . . .

Suspend awhile your force inertly strong.

Pope, Dunciad, iv. 7.

The state or quality

of being inert, (a) Lack of activity or exertion; ha-
bitual indisposition to action or motion ; sluggishness.

It is not humanity, but laziness and inertness of mind,
which produces the' desire of this kind of indemnities.

Burke, Policy of the Allies.

The Universities are not, as in Hobbes's time, "the core
of rebellion," no, but the seat of inertness.

Emerson, Fugitive Slave Law.

(i) The state of being inherently destitute of the power of
motion or actioji; that property 1>y which bodies tend to
persist in a state of rest, or of motion derived from exter-
nal force. See inertia.

So long and deep a swoon as is absolute insensibility
and inertnesse may much more reasonably be thought to
blot out the memory of another life.

Glanmlle, Vanity of Dogmatizing, v.

The especial characteristic by which we distinguish dead
matter is its inertness. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 53.

inerudite (in-er'B-dlt), a. [= It. inerudito, <
L. ineruditus, un'instructed, < in- priv. + eru-
ditus, instructed: see erudite.} Not erudite;

'pa-bl), a. [= OF. inen-
chapalle; as in-3 + escapable.} Not to be
eluded or escaped, or escaped from; inevitable.
She was looking along an inescapable path of repulsive
monotony. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxvi.

Looking back over the history of the nation, we can now
see that the civil war was inescapable.

The Century, XXXIV. 155.

eradicable manner; so as not to be eradicable.

inerasable (in-e-ra'sa-bl), a. [< in-3 + erasa-
ble.} Not to be erased or obliterated: as, the
inerasable records of sin.

inergeticalt (in-er-jet'i-kal), a. Having no en-
ergy or activity.

Those eminent stars and planets that are in the hea-
vens are not to be considered by us as sluggish inergetical
bodies, or as if they were set only to be as bare candles to
us, but as bodies full of proper motion, of peculiar opera-
tion, and of life. Boyle, Works, V. 640.

inerm (in-erm'), a. [= F. inerme = Sp. Pg. It.
inerme,< L. inermis, unarmed, < i«- priv. + anna,
arms: see arm2.] In bot., unarmed; destitute
of prickles or thorns, as a leaf. Also inermous.

Inermes (in-er'mez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. in-
ermis, unarmed : see inerm.} A group of achffi-
tous gephyrean worms, represented by such
genera as Sipmiculus and Priapulus; the spoon-
worms, or Sipunculacea proper: opposed toAr-
mata or Cluetifera. Also Inermi.

Inermia (in-er'mi-a), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
L. inermis, unarmed: see inerm.} A tribe of
dictyonine silicious sponges without uncinates
and scopulse. It contains the family Meandro-
spongidce.

inermian (in-fer'mi-an), a. [< Inermia + -an.}
Of or pertaining to the Inermia.

inermous (in-er'mus), a. Same

Inert pupa, in entom., a pupa which exhibits no move- inescatet (in-es'kat), V. t, [< L. inescatus, pp.
ments or only very slight ones : opposed to active pupa, otinescare (> It. inescarc), allure with bait, \

in, in, + csca,bait.] To bait; allure with bait ;
allure; tempt.

Proteus like in all formes and disguises [they] goe abroad
in the night, to inescate and beguile young women.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 496.

inercia = It. inersia, < L. inertia, lack of art or
skill, inactivity, indolence, NL. inertia (def . 2),
< iner(t-)s, unskilled, inactive: see inert.} 1.
Lack of activity; sluggishness; passiveness; inescationt (in-es-ka'shon), n. [< LL. inesca-
inertness. — 2. In physics, that property of mat- tio(n-),<.inescare, allure with bait: see inescate.}
ter by virtue of which it retains its state of The act of baiting or alluring; temptation,
rest or of uniform rectilinear motion so long Herein lies true fortitude and courage, in overcoming
as no foreign cause changes that state. Also (ji the deceitful allurements and inescations of flesh and
called vis inertias (force of inertia). Quantitative- blood. Hallywell, Excellence of Moral Virtue (1692), p. 107.
ly considered, inertia is the same as mass^ The term was inescutcheon (in-es-kuch'on), n. [< in-2 +

introduced by Kepler. See massZ and moment "m.

How the force must be applied which causes a body, in
spite of its inertia, to move on a curve, is easily under-
stood from some common instances.

fait, Properties of Matter, § 115.

In

her., a
or

the representation of a
shield, used either as a
bearing or charged upon
the escutcheon for a spe-

6y the force of gravity. Ojal purpose, as an es-

W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., I. 141.

3. In med., want of activity; sluggishness: a
term especially applied to the condition of the
uterus when it'does not contract properly in par-
turition.— Center of Inertia. See center*.— Elec-
tric Inertia, the resistance offered by a circuit to sud-
den changes of current, due to self and mutual induction,

but not to electrostatic charge.— Ellipsoid of Inertia. . — « - „

See e(Kp»oid.-Inverse ellipsoid of Inertia. See mo- inesite (m'e-sit), n. A hydrated silicate ot man-
mental ellipsoid, under ellipsoid. — Magnetic Inertia, ganese and calcium, occurring in masses having
that property of a magnetic substance which prevents fibrous and radiated structure and flesh-red
its being instantaneously magnetized when subjected to " f ™
magnetic force - Moment Of Inertia, (a) Of a body or color. It is found in the Dillenburg region Germany,

of pretense, or
very small and borne in
chief by a baronet, in
which case it is charged
with the red hand of Ul-
ster. When there are several inescutcheous,
they are usually called escutcheons.

Inescutcheon.

inermous (in-er'mus) a Same as , inerm. "=' of bodTeTu^n -round a^axi^Tlie sum^'the and also in Sweden, where it has been called rhoaotme.

inerrability (m-er-a-bil i-ti), «. [< inerrable: pV0ducts obtained by multiplying each element of mass inespeciallyt, adv. [An erroneous form, due

see -bility.} The condition or quality of being
inerrable ; freedom or exemption from error or
from the possibility of erring; infallibility.

It is now meet, that I add some few words : viz., what
our opinion is of the inerrability of a General Council,
truly so called, and qualified as hath been formerly de-
scribed. Hammond, A Pareenesis, v. § 13.

inerrable (in-er'a-bl), a. [= Sp. inerrable =
It. inerrabile, < LL. inerrabilis, unerring, < in-
priv. + "errabilis, erring: see errable.} Incapa-
ble of erring ; exempt from error or mistake :
infallible.

He [the sonne] is the profoundite of thy inerrable wyse-
dom, so yt he knew what was profytable for us, and what inertial (in-er'shial), a. [< inertia + -al.}

taining to inertia; of the nature of inertia.

This the author attempts by means of the subsidiary
conceptions which he puts forward of "the inertial sys^-

a acceptable to thee.

Bp. Fisher, Seven Penitential Psalms.

inerrableness (in-er'a-bl-nes), n. Inerrability.

Infallibility and inerrablenexs . . . [are] assumed and in- tern the inertial scale, inertial rotation, and inertial rest,

closed by the Komish Church. Hammond, Works, I. 479. Mind, XII. 161.

inerrably (in-er'a-bli), adv. With freedom inertion (in-er'shon), n. [Irreg. < inert + -ion.}

from error; infallibly. Inertia; inertness; absence of exertion. [Rare.]

to a confusion of in especial, improp. written
as one word, with especially.} Especially.

Inemecially for as muche as, a great number of hys soul-
dyers beinge eyther deade or maymed wyth woundes, the
matter was driuen to so hard a point that fewe remayned
able to make defence. Golding, tr. of Ctesar, fol. 130.

•'the body begin to twist about that screw alone. See i,, e8ae (iu es'e). [L.(NL.): in, in; esse.be (here
'.-Product Of Inertia, with reference to two or- L ' '.,' -, fn bp_

mal axes or two planes perpendicular to those axes, used as a noun, being). (Ce.J 1

_ _* *i — i — I.* — « — „- ««,.K ,,,,,IH,,I;..,I htr thA jjwy - m actuality ; actually existing. Compare

in 2>osse.

Over the sofa, Mrs. Bayham Badger when Mrs. Dingo.
Of Mrs. Bayham Badger in esse I possess the original,
and have no copy. Dickens, Bleak House, xiii.

Per- inessential (in-e-sen'shal), a. [< i»-3 + essen-

by the square of its distance from the axis. (6) With re-
gard to a plane or poim\ the sum of the elements of mass
each multiplied by the square of its distance from the
given plane or point.— Principal screw of Inertia, one
of a system of screws equal in number to the degrees of
freedom of the body whose inertia is considered, such that
an impulsive wrench about any one of these screws will
make the^body bi
screw. -

the sum of the elements of mass each multiplied by the
product of its distances from the two planes. — Reduced
Inertia of a machine, the mass which, concentrated at the
driving-point, would have the same kinetic energy as the
entire machine.— The principal axes of Inertia. See

tial.} 1. Not essential; unessential.

The setting of flowers in hair, and of ribands on dresses,
were also subjects of frequent admiration with you, not
inessential to your happiness. Sum*.

2. Immaterial. [Rare.]

His infxwntial figure cast no shade

Upon the golden floor. Shelley, Queen Mab, vii.

inessential

Prime sinter of th1 in?**tntial hands,

Erect, persuasive Expuctation^tatuU. Congtantl(u

— 1.1. /• '»• iv '\f v

inestimable (m-es ti-ma-bl), a. [< Mh. ines-

tmaola, < OF. (also 1' . ) inestimable = Pr. tnes-
limable = 8p. iiifxtinniMi: = !'•;. im-ntimavel =
It. i,«:xlhii<il>il,; < L. iiiiiv/iiitiihilig, inestimable,
< «»- priv. + a>/ftimabilis, worthy of estimation :
see estimable.] 1. Not to be estimated or com-
puted; beyond measure.

•• The toMMMib wasting and consumption of the an.
cient revenues of the realm " was noticed as "manifestly
apparent" by the Commons on their ftrst grant of a sub-

3076

inewet (i-nu'), v. t. [Early mod. E. ineaic ; <
iw.2 + ewe*.] To dip or plunge into water.

And (whcnl the BharP. cruel hawks they at their back* do
vlew_

Themselves for very fear they instantly ineawe.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xx. 234.

in OX. An abbreviation of in( the) exergue. See

exergue.
inexact (in-eg-zakf), a. [= F. inexact = 8p.

Pg. inexacto = It. incsatto; as in-3 + exact.]

Not exact ; not precisely correct, accurate, or

punctual.

inexorability

inexhalable (iu-eks-ha' la-bl), a. [< in-3 +
fxhittahlr.] Not exhalable'j incapable of being
exhaled or evaporated.

A new-laid egg will not wearily he boiled hard, because
It contains a greater stock of humid parts, which must be
evaporated before the beat can bring the inexhalaUeautt
into consistence, T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vl 28.

inexhaustedt (in-eg-zas'ted), a. [< t«-3 + ex-
haunted.] Unexhausted.

A quarre of free stone . . . mlnlstreth that inexhautted
»leW <* "tone for their house., torjra/. Cruditle^ I.

- we mi?ht *et c"Ti', It farther, and discover, in the
particle of this little world, a new

Taxe8lngland n ^

2. Of very great value or excellence: «,'<«.«-
nifililf blpssfiiL's

A most inestimable rich crosse, very gorgeously adorned
with wondrous abundance of pretious stones.

Coryat, Crudities, 1. 4c,.
Heaps of pearl,
IneMimalile stones, unvalued jewels.

Shak., Rich. HI., I. 4.

Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst
. ,. .. , . .... . „

inestimably (in-es tl-ma-Dll), aau. bo as to be
incapable of being estimated or rated.

A crown in some sort proportionate to, and yet inert,
maW» outvaluing, the toil, and difflculties requisite to
obtain "• I*** Works, II. 388.

ineunt (in'e-unt), n. [< L. inwns (ineunt-), ppr.
of inire, go'in, begin : see initial.] In math., a
point of a curve.

The line through two consecutive ineunta of the curve
is the tangent at the iiieuni. The point of Intersection of
two consecutive tangents is the ineunt on the tangent.

Cayley, Sixth Memoir on Quantic. (1859), S 185.

ineunt-point (in'e-unt-point), n. Same as in-
cunt

inevasiblflfmeva'zibn a f< in 3 + erasfble 1
ne-va Zl-w;,a. L\«' <"«-J

Notevasible; incapable of being evaded.

inevidencet (in-ev'i-dens), «. T= Pg. inert-

dencia; as iii-3 + evideMc.] TEe quality of

being iuevideut ; lack of evidence ; obscurity,

Charge them, says St Paul, that they trust not in un-

sat *ta*-ffi * ln

or inaccurate , inexactness.

This resume will afford me a suitable opportunity of
exhibiting the numerous inexactitude! into which both
Kupfter and Meynert have fallen

Alien, and Neural., \'i. 316.

We have another example furnished of geographical
inexactitude. The American, VIII. 879.

inexactly (in-eg-zakt'li), adv. In an inexact
manner; not exactly; not with accuracy or pre-
Cision; not correctly.

He [William of Orange] spoke and wrote French. Eng-
lish, and German, inelegantly, it Is true, and inexactly, but
fluently and intelligibly Macaulay Hist Eng vii

Thiselementof earthquake motion, the velocity of trans-
mission through the earth's crust, is very £M% known.

Science, IV. 618.

inexactness (in-eg-zakt'nes), «. The quality

of being inexact ; incorrectness ; want of pre-

cision.
inexcitability (in-ek-si-ta-bil'i-ti), ». [< inex-

citable : see -bility.] The state or quality of

being inexcitable. Kogct.
inexcitable (in-ek-si'ta-bl), a. [= F. inexcita-

^ < L g^gjfl^ ? <,/_' priv.L + LL. excita.

bilis, that may be excited: see excitable.] Un-
oTnituWo- nnt tn Yto (xi^ilv o-roitAfl n» i-nncorl

^.,' roused.

What pleasure, late emploid, letts humour steepe

Thy lidds in this inexcitable sleepe?

Chapnan, tr. of Homer's Hymn to Venus,

inexcusability (in-eks-ku-za-bil'i-ti), n. [««-
excusable : sej -bility.] The quality or state of
being inexcusable or unjustifiable.

inexhaustibility (in-eg-zas-ti-bil'i.t;)«. [«n-
exhaustible: see -btltty.] Inexhanstibleness.

inexhaustible (in-eg-zas'ti-bl), a. [= OF. in-
^ITT , , '•' -i -J- ,

exhaustible : < »«-•* + exhaustible.] Not exhaus-

tible; incapable of being exhausted, spent, or
wearied; unfailing: as, an inexhaustible supply
of water ; inexhaustible patience.

An inexhaustible flow of anecdote. Macaulay.

They (mountaineer.) are, however, almost inexhaurtMe
bytoif. A. B. L^rtreel, Georgia .Scene* p. W7.

Inexhaustible bottle, a toy used by conjurers, consist-
ing of an opaque bottle, usually of sheet-iron or gutta per-
cha, with several Inclosed vials, which communicate with

from the corresponding hole, thus admitting air to the
bottom of the vial, and permitting the liquor to escape.
inexhaustibleness (in-eg-zas' ti-bl-nes), it.
The state of being inexhaustible. Bailey, 1727.
inexhaustibly (m-eg-zas'ti-bli), adv. In an
inexhaustible manner or degree.
Cambridge is delightfully and inexhaustibly rich.

U. &„,,,, 'jr.. Portraits of places, p. 302.

It (» scientific pursuit] may be full of an occupation for
the thoughts so inexhaustibly interesting as to make en-
nul> in 81fch a man.B ,1(e au 4Unct ana almost fabulous
form of evil. J. R. Seelcy, Nat. Religion, p. 116.

-_i.. *<_«/• « 't- \

inexhaustive (m-eg-zas tiy), a.

^e.] 1 Not exhaustive; that does not
°r tOt^tly eousume— 2»- Not

vious; obscure. [Rare.]

They may as well be deceived by their own weakness
as persuaded by the arguments of a doctrine which other
men, as wise, call inevtdfnt.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 294.

inevitability (in-ev'i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [= OF.
inevitabilitc, < ML. inevitabilita(t-)s, < L. tnevi-
tubiliji, inevitable: see inevitable. ] The state
or character of being inevitable ; inevitable-
ness.

Ambition . . . falls under the inevitability of such ac-
cidents, which either could not be foreseen or not pre-
vented. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I. 77.

inevitable (in-ev'i-ta-bl), a. [= OF. inentable,
F. inevitable = Sp. inevitable = Pg. inevitavel =
It. inevitabile, (. L. inevitabilis, unavoidable, <
in- priv. + evitabilis, avoidable: see evitable.]
Not evitable ; unavoidable ; admitting of no es-
cape or evasion: as, inevitable calamities.

Thel would destroy y fre wil of man * lay y» weight of
their owne synnes to y° charge of God's ineuytable pre-
sciens, & their own ineuitabte destiny.

Sir T. More, Works, p. 645.
Alcldes bore not long his flying foe,
But, bending his inevitable bow,
Keach'd him in air, suspended as he stood,
And in his pinion fix'd the feather'd wood.

•r. of Ovid's Metamorph., xii.

inexcusable (in-eks-ku'za-bl), a. [= F. inex-
cusable = It. inescusabile, < L. inexcusabilis, <
in-3 + excusabilis, excusable: see excusable.]

, „,,»•». [< i"-2 + exist.] To

exist in something else ; inhere. [Bare.]

The ancients, holding* the eternity of forms and Ideas,
supposed them substances inexMiny within the divine
mind. A. Tucker, Light of Nature, II. i. 11.

Not warped . . . into that constraint or awkwardness
jvhieh is the m^^teeffectof conscious exposure to pub-

je vmncey, »iyie, i.

The profound ignorance of all agricultural pursuite in-
eritaMe in a man who had passed life hitherto in towns.

Lady Holland, in Sydney Smith, v.
Inevitable accident. («) An accident which ordinary

'.-i/ (which see, under act)-— The Inevitable, that which
cannot be avoided or evaded ; that which is sure to hap-
pen : as, it is in vain to fight against the inevitable.
inevitableness (in-ev'i-ta-bl-nes), n. The state
or character of being inevitable; inevitability,

There was such an infallibility, inemtaMenets, in that
which he [a prophet] had said, as that his very saying of

n«v
Donne, Sermons, vi.

inevitably(iu-ev'i-ta-bli), adr. In an inevita-
ble manner ; so as to render escape or evasion
impossiblo; unavoidably.

Power is as ineeitabla lost by inactivity as it Is gained
by activity. It. Spenter, Social Statics, p. 310.

Therefore tt, art *«« Oan, whoever thou
"*• that judgest. Horn. U. l.

Of all hardnesses of heart, there is none so inexcusable as
that of parents towards their children. Spectator, No. 181.
.=Syn. Injustiflable, unpardonable, indefensible.
meXCUSableness (m-eks-ku'za-bl-nes), «. The
character or state of being inexcusable.

Tnelr inexcttiableneia is stated upon the supposition of
this very thing, that they knew God, but for all that did
not glorify him as God. South, Sermons, II. 263.

inexcusably (in-eks-ku'za-l»li), adv. In an in-
excusable manner; unpardonably.

He that sins against these inward checks presumes, and
wnat ia more $ presumes inexcusably.

South, Works, VII. xi.

ineXCUSSiblet (iu-eks-kus'i-bl), a. [< «'«-8 + ex-

cugs + ^We -i Not to be geize(l an<J detained bv

J

'aw-
ineXCUSSiblvt (in-eks-kus'i-bli) adr In an in-

ex si pie manner.
mexecrable (m-ek se-kra-bl), a. [Appar. <

,-,,.2 intensive + execrable; but prob. an orig.

misprint for jneroraftfe.] Most execrable. The

form ocean, on]y ln the following passage, where some

modern MUma 8ul)8tltute ^»C

0, be thou damn'd, in««crn6;< dog !
And for thy life let justice be accus'd.

Shot., M. of V., iv. 1.

,. _--,,i0 v-i. /:„ -L. -s i,,-./*- w\ /, ft ;,, t J.
ineXeCUtaDle (m-ek-Se-KU ta-bl), d. \_\ in-** "T

executable.] Not executable ; incapable of be-
^ ™™<**, performed, or enforced.

The king has accepted this constitution, knowing before-
hand that it will not serve ; he studies it, and executes it
in the hope mainly that it will be found inexecutablr.

Cartyle, French E«y., n. v. 8.

inexecution (in-ek-se-ku'shon), ». [< tn-3 +
execution.] Lack or neglect of execution ; non-
performance: as, the inexecution of a treaty.

He. .. decided quarrels arising between husbands and
wive9_ wlthollt there ,,em(? anv iHextmtion or com-

plaint against his decisions and decrees.

»*•* *• °' ^ "">» 8 Hlst- Medlcl C168^ P- S06-
inexertion(in-eg-zer'shon), n. [< i«-a + exer-
*»"»»•] W»nt of exertion; defect of effort or
action. Imp. Diet.

(in-eg-zis'tens), n. [= Sp. in
istencia; as tn-2 + existence.] Existen<
in ; inherence. Also inexistency.

Concerning these gifts we must observe also that there
was no small difference amongst them, as to the manner
of their inexiittiux. in the persons who had them.

South, Sermons, III. 414.
not divided from the subsistence of the
,, ..n ,,i i. ,,, the Father, And the Father in them, by
ain inexigtencr, or inhabitation so called.

Dp. Bull, Works, LL v.

inexistence- (iu-eg-zis'tens), n. [= F. inexis-
tence; as tw-3 + existence.] Lack of existence;
non-existence.

When we talk of these as instance, of inrxiotrnce, we do
not mean that, in order to live, it is necessary we should
be always in jovial crews. Steele, Spectator, No. 100.

inexistencyt (in-eg-zis'ten-si), «. ; pi. inexisten-
cies (-siz). Same as inexistence1.

If you examine what those forms and ideas were, you
will tlnd they were not God, nor attribute., nor yet dis-
tinct substances, but inexittencirt In him : which inexi*-
fcncvwas a very convenient term, implying somewhat that
was both a substance and not a substance, and so carrying
the advantage, of either.

A. Tucker, Light of Nature, II. L 15.

inexlstent1* (in-eg-zis'tent), a. f= 8p. Pe. i»-
entente; as i»-2 I S^.^ Existing^ slme-
thinir nlsn • inhnrpnt Also iarrintin,

Though it could be proved that earth Is an ingredient
actually iaemetent in the vegetable and animal bodies,

TeV jt wnnld not necefwjirilv follow that earth nj
preexistent element does with other pitaclple«convene
E. make np those bodies. &#. Wo^T JJL

inexistent- (in-cg-zis'tent), «. [< in-3 + ex-
istent.] Not existing ; having no existence;

P61

still i^do^atntreSb^e my frienc"'"
Nor loose him from his inexintent trance.

Sttele, Lying Lover, v. L

inexorability (in-ek'so-ra-bil'i-ti), w. [= F.
inexorability = Pg. inexorabilidade = It. toeso-
rabilita: see inexorable and -bility.] The char-
acter Or quality of being inexorable or unyield-
ing to entreaty.

Your father's iw*oroWJa» not only grieves but amaze.
me. Joknton, in BonreU.

inexorable

inexorable (iu-ek'so-ra-bl), n. [= F. inexora-
ble = Sp. inexorable = Pg. inexoravel = It. in-
esorabile, < L. inexorabilis, < in- priv. + exora-
bilis, that can be moved by entreaty: see ez-
orable. ] Not to be persuaded or moved by en-
treaty or prayer ; unyielding; unrelenting: as,
an inexorable creditor ; inexorable law.
You are more inhuman, more inexorable,
O, tea times more, than tigers of Hyrcania.

Shak., 3 Hen. VI., L 4.

They pay off their protection to great crimes and great
criminals by being inexorable to the paltry frailties of little
men. Burke, Nabob of Arcot

But she

No saint — inexorable — no tenderness —
Too hard, too cruel. Tennyson, Princess, v.

=8yn. Inexorable, Unrelenting, Relentless, Implacable;
immovable. Inexorable, literally not to be moved or
changed by prayer or petition, expresses an immovable
firmness in refusing to do what one is entreated to do,
whether that be good or bad ; it is also used figuratively :
as, inexorable death, time, fate. The other three words
apply to feeling, which is generally bad, but unrelenting
and relentless may by figure apply also to action : as, an un-
relenting pursuit ; a relentless massacre. Implacable ap-
plies wholly to feeling, meaning unappeasable, and in this
use is the strongest of the three ; it goes with such strong
words as animosity and resentment.
Kief t was inexorable, and demanded the murderer.

Bancroft, Hist U. 8., II. 289.
Slaughter'd by the ireful arm
Of unrelenting Clifford. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1.

Only in destroying I find ease
To my relentless thoughts. Milton, P. L., ix. 180.
Let there be nothing between us save war and implacable
hatred. Longfellow, Courtship of Miles Standish, iv.

inexorableness (in-ek'so-ra-bl-nes), n. The
state or quality of being inexorable.
The former aversation and inexorableness is taken away.
Chillingworth, Sermon on Bom. viii. 34.

inexorably (in-ek'so-ra-bli), adv. In an inex-
orable manner; so as to be immovable by en-
treaty.

There find a Judge inexorably just.

Cowper, Hope, 1. 227.

inexpansible (in-eks-pan'si-bl), a. [< in-3 +
expansible.] Incapable of being expanded, di-
lated, or diffused. Tyndall.

inexpectablet (in-eks-pek'ta-bl), «. [< in-3 +
expectable.] Not to be expected; not to be
looked for.

With what inexspectable, unconceivable mercy were they
answered ! Bp. Halt, Works, V. 223.

inexpectant (in-eks-pek'tant), a. [< in-3 +
expectant.] Not expecting; unexpectant.

Loverless and inexpectant of love.

Charlotte Bronte, Villette, xiii.

inexpectationt (in-eks-pek-ta'shon), n. [< in-3
+ expectation.] The state of having no expec-
tation or prevision.

It is therefore fit we take heed of such things as are like
Multiplying-gla&ses, and shew fears either more numerous
or bigger far than they are. Such are inexpectation, un-
acquaintance, want of preparation.

Feltham, Resolves, ii. 6.

inexpectedt (in-eks-pek'ted), a. [< in-3 + ex-
pected.] Not expected; unexpected.
An imposed and inexpecled end. Ford, Line of Life.

inexpectedlyt (in-eks-pek'ted-li), adv. [< in-3
+ expected + -ly2.] Unexpectedly.

How could it bee otherwise, when those great spirits of
hers, that had beene long used to an uncontrolled sover-
aigntie, flnde themselves so unexpectedly suppressed.

Bp. Hall, Athaiia and Joash.

inexpectednesst (in-eks-pek'ted-nes), ». Un-
expectedness.

The inexpectedness of pleasing objects makes them many
times the more acceptable. Up. Hall, Esther Suing.

inexpectlyt (in-eks-pekt'li), adv. [< in-3 + ex-
pect(ed) + -tyv.] Same as unexpectedly.

I startled to meet so inexpertly with the name of Bishop
Hall disgracefully ranked with Priests and Jesuits.

Bp. Hall, Works, VIII. 603.

inexpediblet (in-eks-ped'i-bl), o. [< L. inexpe-
dibilis, that cannot be extricated, (. in- priv.
+ "expedibilis, < expedire, expedite, extricate:
see expede.] Cumbersome ; not to be got rid of.
Bailey.

inexpedience (in-eks-pe'di-ens), n. [< inexpe-

dien(t) + -ce.] Inexpediency." Johnson*. [Rare.]
inexpediency (in-eks-pe'di-en-si), n. [< inex-
j>e<hen(t) + -cy.] The condition or quality of
being inexpedient, inappropriate, or unadvisa-
ble ; unsuitableness to the purpose or circum-
stances ; inadvisability.

By this subscription they seemed to allow the lawful-
ness of the garments, though on account of the inexpedi-
ency of them they declined to use them.

Strype, Abp. Parker, an. 1654.

It is not the rigour but the inexpediency of laws and acts
of authority which makes them tyrannical.

Paley, Moral Phllos., vi. 6.

3076

inexpedient (in-eks-pe'di-ent), a. [< in-3 +
expedient.] Not expedient; not suited to the
purpose or the circumstances ; not judicious or
advisable.

A little reflexion will shew that they [certain pursuits)
are indeed inexpedient— that is, unprofitable, unadvisable,
improper in a great variety of respects.

Bp. Hurd, Works, VII. xlviii.

It is indeed possible that a tax might be laid on a par-
ticular article by a state which might render it inexpedi-
ent that a further tax should be laid on the same article
by the union. A. Hamilton, Federalist^ No. xxxii.

= Syn. Unadvisable.

inexpediently (in-eks-pe'di-ent-li), adv. Not
expediently; unfitly.

inexpensive (in-eks-pen'siv), a. [< in-3 + ex-
pensive.] Not expensive or costly.

Leaving Millicent to bemoan his want of appetite, and
to devise elegant but inexpensive suppers.

E. S. Sheppard, Charles Auchester, iii. 1.

inexperience (in-eks-pe'ri-ens), n. [= F. in-
experience = Sp. inesperiencia = Pg. inexperi-
encia = It. inesperiema, < LL. inexperientia, in-
experience, < L. in- priv. + experientia, expe-
rience: see experience.] Want of experience,
or of knowledge gained by experience : as, the
inexperience of youth.

Prejudice and self-sufficiency naturally proceed from in-
experience of the world and ignorance of mankind.

Addixon.

We hug the hopes of constancy and truth, . . .
But soon, alas ! detect the rash mistake
That sanguine inexperience loves to make.

Cowper, Valediction, 1. 56.

inexperienced (in-eks-pe'ri-enst), a. [< in-3 +
experienced.] Lacking, or "characterized by
lack of, experience or the knowledge or skill
gained by experience ; not experienced.

But (as a child, whose inexperienc'd age
Nor evil purpose fears nor knows) enjoys
Night's sweet refreshment, humid sleep sincere.

J. Philips, Cider, ii.

In his letter introductory to Green's Arcadia, Nash uses
the expression "in my inexperienced opinion."

F. Hall, False Philol., p. 82.
Left . . . the poor inexperienced bride
To her own devices.

Browning, Ring and Book, I. 07.
= Syn. Unpractised, unversed, " raw," "green."

inexperiencedness (in-eks-pe'ri-enst-nes), ».
Lack of experience ; inexperience. [Bare.]

The damsel has three things to plead in her excuse: the
authority of her parents, the persuasion of her friends, and
the inexperiencedness of her age.

Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, p. 318.

inexpert (in-eks-pert'), a. [=F. inexpert= Sp.
Pg. inexperto = It. inesperto, < L. inexpertus, un-
tried, unaccustomed, unproved, < in- priv. 4- ex-
pertus, tried, experienced: see expert.] Not
expert; not skilled; not having knowledge or
dexterity derived from practice.

By this means the secrets of state are frequently di-
vulg'd, and matters of greatest consequence committed to
inexpert and novice counsellors, utterly to seek in the full
and intimate knowledge of affairs past.

MUton, Free Commonwealth.
O [Albion] inexpert in arms,
Yet vain of freedom, how dost thou beguile
With dreams of hope these near and loud alarms !
Akenside, To the Country Gentlemen of England.

In letters and in laws
Not inexpert. Prior.

inexpertness (in-eks-pert'nes), n. Lack of ex-
pertness.

inexpiable (in-eks'pi-a-bl), a. [= F. inexpiable
= Sp. inexpiable = Pg. inexpiavel = It. inespia-
bile, < L. inexpiabilis, that cannot be atoned
for, < in- priv. 4- *expiabilis, that can be atoned
for: see expiable.] 1. Not to be expiated ; ad-
mitting of no expiation or atonement: as, an
inexpiable crime or offense.

If they do follow him into error, the matter is not so in-
expiable. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 372.
Should I offend, by high example taught,
'Twould not be an inexpiable fault.

Pomfret, Love's Triumph over Reason.

2. Not to be satisfied or appeased by expiation;
implacable.

They will not speake one to another : so inexpiable ha-
tred doe the other lewes conceiue against them.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 143.
My love how
To raise in it

As well might we in England think of waging inexpia-
ble war upon all Frenchmen for the evils which they nave
brought upon us in the several periods of our mutual hos-
tilities. Burke, Rev. in France.

Inexpiable war, a war between Carthage and its mer-
cenary troops which lasted for about three years after the
close of the first Punic war (241 B. 0.).

inexpiableness (in-eks'pi-a-bl-nes), ». The
state of being inexpiable.

inexpressible

inexpiably (in-eks'pi-a-bli), adv. In an inex-
piable manner or degree; so as to admit of no
atonement.

Excursions are inexpiably bad ;

And 'tis much safer to leave out than add.

lloscmnmon, On Translated Verse.

inexpiatet (in-eks'pi-at), a. [< LL. inexpiatiis,
not expiated, < L. in- priv. + expiatus, pp. of ex-
piare, expiate: see expiate.] Not expiated, ap-
peased, or pacified.

To rest inexpiate were much too rude a part.

Chapman, Iliad, ix.

inexplainable (in-eks-pla'na-bl), a. [< in-3 +
explainable.] Not explainable; incapable of
being explained; inexplicable. Bailey, 1731.

inexpleablyt (in-eks'ple-a-bli), adv. [Irreg. <
L. inexplebilis, insatiable, < i»t-priv. + *expUbilis,
< explere, fill up : see expletive.'] Insatiably.

What were these harpies but flatterers, delators, and the
inexpleably covetous? Sandys, Travailes, p. 8.

inexplicability (in-eks'pli-ka-bil'i-ti), n. [= F.
inexplicabilite ; as inexplicable + -ity: see-bility.]
The character or quality of being inexplicable ;
also, something that is inexplicable.

The insistence upon this one ultimate inexplicability left
no solid basis for the natural science of mind or body.

Mind, IX. 370.

inexplicable (in-eks'pli-ka-bl), a. and ». [= F.
inexplicable = Sp. inexplicable = Pg. inexpKcavel
= It. inesplicabile, < L. inexplicabilis, that cannot
be unfolded or loosed, < in- priv. + explicabilis,
that can be unfolded : see explicable.] I. a. Not
explicable ; incapable of being explained or in-
terpreted; not to be made plain or intelligible :
as, an inexplicable mystery.

The groundlings, who for the most part are capable of
nothing but inexplicable dumb shows and noise.

Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2.

Their views become vast and perplexed, to others in-
explicable, to themselves uncertain.

Burke, Eev. in France.
That ni.irht, by chance, the poet watching
Heard an inexplicable scratching.

Cowper, Retired Cat.

There is always a charm to me in the inexplicable wind-
ings of these wayward tracks.

Higginton, Oldport Days, p. 242.

= Syn, Unaccountable, incomprehensible, inscrutable,
mysterious.

II. n. pi. Trousers; "inexpressibles." [A
humorous euphemism.]

He usually wore a brown frock-coat without a wrinkle,
light inexplicables without a spot.

Dickens, Sketches (Mr. Minns).

inexplicableness (in-eks'pli-ka-bl-nes),«. The
state or quality of being inexplicable.

inexplicably (in-eks'pli-ka-bli), adv. In an
inexplicable manner; in a way or to a degree
that cannot be explained.

But what of all this, now the power of godliness is
denyed by wicked men. How then? what is their case?
Surely inexplicably, inconceivably fearefull.

Bp. Hall, The Hypocrite.

inexplicate (in-eks'pli-kat), a. [< in-3 + ex-
plicate.] In bot., not completelyrolled or closed
up, as the apothecia of some lichens. [Bare.]

inexplicit (in-eks-plis'it), a. [< in-3 + explicit.]
Not explicit or clear in terms or statement ; not
clearly stated.

inexplorable (in-eks-plor'a-bl), a. [= F. in-
explorable; as in-s + explorable.] Not explor-
able; incapable of being explored, searched,
or discovered.

inexplosive (in-eks-plo'siv), a. [< iw-3 + ex-
plosive.] Not liable to explode ; not of an ex-
plosive nature or character; free from explo-
sions.

Going forth to enjoy themselves in the mild, inexplosive
fashion which seems to satisfy Italian nature.

Howelli, Venetian Life, xvii.

The inexplosive materials of which dynamite is com-
pounded. The American, VIII. 38.

inexposablet (in-eks-po'za-bl), a. [< in-3 + ex-
pose + -able.] Secure or free from exposure.

Those whom nature or art, strength or sleight, have
made inexposable to easy ruin may pass unmolested.

Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 83.

inexpressible (in-eks-pres'i-bl), a. and ». [<
in-3 + expressible.] I. a. Not expressible; in-
capable of being expressed; that cannot be
uttered or represented in words; unspeakable;
unutterable : as, inexpressible grief or joy.

Distance inexpressible
By numbers that have name.

Milton, P. L, viii. 113.

She bore an inexpressible cheerfulness and dignity in her
aspect. Addison, Religions in Waxwork.

= Syn. Unspeakable, indescribable, ineffable.

inexpressible
II. ».pl. Trousers; '•uiinn'iitioimblPH."

The just Creator condescends to write,

In l«Jains of inextinguishable light,

His names of wisdom, goodness, pow'r, and love,

On all that blooms lielow, or shines above.

Cuwper, Hope, 1. 134.

humorous euphemism.]

Such "mixed spirits "... as could condescend to don
at the same time an iilizabethan doublet and lioml-street
iiu-xpre»»iblfn. llurham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 89.

inexpressibly (in-eks-pres'i-bli), nrfr. In an
inexpressible manner or degree ; unspeakably ;
unutterably : as, an inci}>roKsil>ly dreary day.

It [the hair! is ... fastened with a bodkin, in a taste
which we thought inexpressibly elegant

<•„„«•, S.vnn.l Voj:ip., II. \ii.

inexpressive (in-eks-pres'iv), a. [= F. iuex- inextinguishably (in-eks-ting'gwish-a-bli),

fiv.v.s// = Pg. inexpressive; astn-3 + expressive."] ,,f;,._ fn an inextinguishable manner; so as
. Not expressive; wan ting expression; notdis- not to be extinguished.

tinctly significant or representative : as, an in- inextirpablet (in-eks-ter'pa-bl), a. [= F. inex-
expremtire gesture or portrait. tirpable = Pg. inextirpavet "•= It. inestirpabile, <

The inexprctnive semblance of himself. Akenride. L. inexstirpabilis, that cannot be rooted out, <

2 Not to be expressed ; inexpressible ; ineffa- in- priv. + "exstirpabilis, that can be rooted out,
ble. [Rare.] < exstirpare, root out: see cxtirp, extirpate.]

Not extirpable ; incapable of being extirpated.
E. Phillips, 1706.

in extremis (in eks-tre'mis). [L. : in, in; ex-
tremis, abl. pi. of extremus, extreme: see in1,
in2, extreme?] In extremity. Used specifically -
(a) Of a person at the point of death, Implying a mortal
wound or Illness under which the sufferer, If conscious, Is

[< infaltiblf
who maintains

3077 infame

[A inextinguishable (in-ekn-ting'gwiRh-a-bl), n. infallibilist (in-fal'i-bi-li-

[< iM-;) + t-jctinijHishaMe.] Not extinguishable ; (ML. ini'ulliluli *)+-<**.] One
incapable of being extinguished; unquench- the dogma of the infallibility of the Pope.

able.

So under flery cope together nub'd
Moth battels main, with ruinous assault

And intMnvuMau, rage. Mutan, p. L., vi. -2i7.

[Rare.]

The iitexprestive strain
Diffuses its enchantment.

Akeiunde, I'leasures of the Imagination, 1. 124.
Harpinga high of inexpressive praise.

W. Mason, Elfrida, Chorus, Ode.

inexpressiveness (in-eks-pres'iv-nes), n. The
state or quality of being inexpressive,
inexpugnable (in-eks-pug'- or in-eks-pu'na-bl)

aware that his end is near, (b) Of a person or thing in ex-
treme danger.

t= F. inexpugnable = Sp. inexpugnable =

assault; unconquerable; impregnable.

Its lofty embattled walls, its bold, projecting, rounded
towers, that pierce the sky, strike the imagination, and
promise inexpugnable strength.

Burke, A Heglclde Peace, Iv.

This bad been not only acknowledged by his Highness
himself, but with vehement and inexpugnable nucnund
authorities defended. R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., U.

(in-eks-pug'- or in-eks-pu'na-

inexpugnably (in-eks-pug'-

\>\\),adv. In an inexpugnabli

nably: as, "inexpugnably lodged, "Dr.
inexs'uperablet (in-ek-su'pe-ra-bl), a. [For- jnertricableness (in-eks'tri-ka-bl-nes), w. The

merly also inexuperable; < L. iMMfjiraMH^in- 8tate of being inextricable.

ile manner; impreg-
r.H.Mo

freed from intricacy or perplexity; not permit-
ting extrication.

To deceive him

Is no deceit, but justice, that would break
Such an inextricable tie aa ours was.

B. Jonson, Alchemist, v. •>.

She trembling stands, and does in wonder gaze.
Lost In the wild inextricable maze. Blackmore.

Man

To man, were grappled In the embrace of war,
Inextricable but by death or victory. Shelley, Hellas.

Plantler, Archbishop of Msmes, . . . was a zealous in-
fallibilut. llarprr't Weekly, June 19, 1876.

infallibility (in-fal-i-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. infail-
hlnlitf = Sp. infalibilidad = Pg. infalliliiliilmli
= It. injiilliliiliia, < NL. inj'«lt,l,,lit<i(t-)s, < ML.
niiiiilili'ilix, infallible: see infallible."] 1. The
quality of being infallible, or incapable of error
or mistake ; entire exemption from liability to
error. In theology the doctrine of the infallibility of the
church Is the doctrine that the church u a whole cannot
err In Its spiritual faith and its religious teaching, and that
consequently the religious teaching of the church is infal-
libly true. In Roman Catholic theology the doctrine of
the infallibility of the Pope Is the doctrine that when the
Pope speaks ex cathedra (that Is, when he speaks officially
and on matters of faith and morals) he is divinely guarded
from all error. The theory of the Pope's official infallibility
was long maintained by ultramontane theologians as the
basis of pontifical supremacy ; but It was first promulgated
as a binding dogma by the Vatican Council in 1870, in the
restricted form above given. See Old Catholics, under
catholic.

Infallibility is the highest perfection of the knowing
faculty, and conaequently the firmest degree of assent.

TiUotson.

The highest infallibility in the teacher* doth not pre-
vent the possibility or the danger of mistaking In the hear-
ers. Stiltingfleet, Works, IV. 11.

Infallibility ... Is just that which certitude is not ; It Is
a faculty or gift, and relates not to some one truth in par-
ticnlar, but to all possible propositions in a given subject-
matter. J. II. Urn-man, Gram, of Assent, p. 214.

2. Incapability of failure; absolute certainty
of success or effect: as, the infallibility of a
remedy.

The prestige of the gun with a savage is in his notion of
its infallibility. Kane, Sec. Grinnell Exp., I. 216.

infallible (in-fal'i-bl), a. [= F. infaillible = S

ledge, judgment, or opinion ; exempt from fal-
lacy or liability to error; unerring.

It is humane frailty to err, and no man is infallible here
on earth. Milton, True Religion.

For not two or three of that order, ... but almost the
whole body of them, are of opinion that their infallible

- - „,,..,,,,,,,,.. ,........,..,.,... — , „ ... — master has a right over kings, not only In the spirituals

over or surmounted ; impassable ; msurmount- j^^^Uy (m-eks'tri-ka-bli), adv. In an in- but temporals.
i^xtendedV-eks-ten'ded), a. [< <»-3 + ex- extricable manner; beyond extrication or dis-
tended."] Unextended; without extension.
They, suppose itjthe soul] to be Extended, or to have MSffiWtSStoStoftS?1

Inextricably fasten'd. Qlorrr, Leonidaa, vll.

The [esthetic and religious element* were inextricably
interwoven. J. Caird.

surmountable, < in- priv. + exsuperabilis, sur-
mountable : see exsuperable.] Not to be passed

no parts or quantity.

Watte, Essay towards Proof of a Separate State, § 1.

There la no perplexity in thee, my God, no iiwxtricable-
nest In thee. Donne, Devotions (1625X p. 122.

A man la infallible whoae worda are always true, . . .
but a man who is certain In some one definite case Is not
on that account infallible.

J. B. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 215.

inextensible.

Its quality of inextennbility (that of timber) is greatly
diminished in value to the constructor on account of the
comparatively alight resistance It offers to compressing
power. Kncyc. Brit., IV. 448.

inextensible (iu-eks-ten'si-bl), a. [= F. inex-
ii itsihlc = Pg. inextensivel ; as in-s + extensible."]
That cannot be stretched ; not extensible : ap-
plied hi geometry to a surface which can be bent

inexten8ibility(in-eks-ten-si-bil'i-ti), n. [< «»-

extenitible: see -bility.~] The quality of being . .

in«vt.Br,H;wP. inextricatet (m-eks'tn-kat), a.

catus, unextncated, undeveloped, < L. in- pnv.
+ extricatus, pp. of extricare, extricate: see ex-
tricate.'] Permitting no extrication or escape ;
inextricable.

But the equall fate

Of God withstood his stealth ; inextrieate
Imprisoning banda, and sturdy churlish swalnes,

2. Unfailing in character or effect; exempt
from uncertainty or liability to failure ; abso-
lutely trustworthy.

To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion
by many infallible proofs.

There is scarcely a disorder incident to humanity against
which our advertising doctors are not possessed with a
most infallible antidote. Galdnnith, Quack Doctors.

His face, that infallible index of the mind.

Irring, Knickerbocker, p. 150.

He ... mended china with an infallible cement

R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 64.

infalliblenessOn-fal'i-bl-nes), n. Infallibility;

That were the heardsmen, who withheld with chains

The stealth attempter. Chapman, Odyssey, xt ,

in any way, but" only so that each element re- iaexuperablet a. S&me&sinexsuperable. Cock- exemption from liability to failure or error.

mains unchanged in magnitude and shape. tr<im. ! have not ?ta11 8ald enough of the infallibleneu of fine

A physical line is flexible and inextemnble, and cannot inevet (in-i'), t'. t. [Late ME. eneye ; On-1, en-1,
be <='"- Enfv- Bnt- • XIV- 127- + 'we1. Cf . inoculate."] To inoculate or bud ;

technical work aa a proof of every other good power.

Lectures on Art.

The famous theorem that, in whatever way a flexible and
inrxteiuible surface may be deformed, the sum of the ri"rrc
principal curvatures at each point will always be the same. 01 a Dua.
Pop. Sci. Mo., XXX111. 696.

. inocuae. T . , .....

, as a tree or plant, by the insertion infallibly (m-fal 1-bli), adv. In an mfal

manner; without failure or mistake ; certainly;

inextension (in-eks-ten'shon), n. [< fn-3 + ex-
tension.] Lack of extension; unextended state.
in extenso (in eks-ten'so). [ML. (NL.) : L. in,

Let sage experience teach thee all the art*

Of grafting and in-eyeiny. J. Philips, Cider, i.

An abbreviation (a) of the Latin infra,

surely.

If this disorder continues, learning and philosophy Is t'n-
fallibly torn to pieces. Baron, Physical Fables, Ui. , Expl .

The lessening of the sun's heat would infallibly dlmln-

stretch out: see t'nl, in2, extend.'] At full Before the court.

length; in full; without abridgment: as, to jn facie ecclesiae (in fa'shi-e e-kle'zi-e). [L.:

print a paper in extenso.
inexterminable (in-eks-ter'mi-na-bl), a. [=

F. i>irsti'r»ii»abl«, < LL. i iiextermlnabilis, < iii-

priv. + extermiiiabilix, extermiuable : see exter-

minablc.'] Not exterminable ; incapable of be-
ing exterminated,
inextinct (in-eks-tingkf), a. [< «n-s + extiitct. ]

Not extinct or quenched.
inextinguiblet (in-«'ks-ting'gwi-bl).o. [= F. jjifaUf (in'fal), n.

' = Sp. fUMtfNfWMfo = Pg. illi'Xtilt-
' = It. iiicxtiiigitiliili- ; as in-3 + "extinyiii-

hl<\<. L. i-ftiiiiiiiri-f, Cxtinguish (see extinguish),

+ -ibli:'] Inextinguishable.
The chaffe and strawe he shall burne up with hn-xtin-

iiii/Uf fyre. Sir T. More, Works, p. 825.

c, it |l>ituiiu>ii) IB iiifxtinijuible. unlesse
Holland, tr. of Ainmianus, p. 444.

in, in; facie, abl. of fades, face; ecclesice, gen.
of ecclesia, church : see in1, »»2, face1, fades,
ecclesia.'] Before the church; with priestly
sanction ; with ecclesiastical publicity: said of
marriage solemnized by the church, as distin-
guished from a clandestine or a purely secular
contract,
infair, ». See »n/are.

' (in'fal), n. K in1 + /oZJ1.] An incur-
sion; an inroad. [Rare.]

Lincolnshire, infested with infallt of Camdeners, has its
own Malignancies too.

Carli/lf, Cromwell, Letters, Hay, 1643.

(in-fal'i-bi-lizm), n. [< infallible

= Sp. infamadon = Pg. iiifamag3o = It. inft
-imir, < LL. infamatio(n-), calumny, defamation
(not found in sense of 'reproach, rebuke'), <
infamare, disgrace, defame, also reproach, re-
buke, blame : see infante, r.] Reproach; blame;
censure.

For vpon thys lesson he bryngeth in, as you see, his
charitable infamadon of the cleargies cruelUe.

Sir f . Man, Work*, p. 915.

infamet (in-fam'), a. [< F. infdme = Pr. Sp.
Pg. It. infame,< L. infamis, without (good) fame,
of ill fame, < in- priv. + fama, fame: see/a»ie.
Cf. infiiHiiiim.'] Infamous.

I believe it is the first time that a scandalous infame
state libel was honoured with a direct encomium in a sol-
emn History that titles rUelf compleat

Roger Kurth, Examen, p. 142.

+ -(.«/«.] The principle of pa- infamet (in-fam'), r. t. [< F. infamer = Pr. t'w-

famar. infamar = Sp. Pg. ffUWMf = "; '"f"-

jml infallibility; belief in or adherence to the
dogma of infallibility.

.
mare, < It. infamare, bring into ill repute, de-

Infame

fame, < inf amis, of ill fame: see infame, a., in-
famous.] To reproach; censure; defame.

Yet bicause he was cruell by nature, he was infamed by
writers. llolinshed, Chron., I. 8.

Livia is infamed for the poisoning of her husband.

Bacon, Empire (ed. 1887).

Hitherto obscured, infamed,
And thy fair fruit let hang, as to no end
Created. Milton, P. L., ix. 797.

infamed (in-famd'), p. a. Defamed or dis-
graced: specifically applied in heraldry to a
lion or other beast shown without a tail,
infamize (in'fa-inlz), v. t.; pret. and pp. infa-
mized, ppr. infamizing. [< infame, a., + -ize.]
To make infamous ; defame. [Bare.]
With scornful! laughter (grace-less) thus began
To infamize the poor old drunken man.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Ark.
Is some knot of riotous slanderers leagued
To infamize the name of the king's brother?

Coleridge, Zapolya, i. 1.

infamonizet (in-fam'o-mz), v. t. A perverse ex-
tension of infamize. [Ludicrous.]

Dost thou infamonize me among potentates? thou shall
die. Shak., L. L. L., v. 2.

infamort, ». [< infame, «>., + -or.] One who
brings infamy or disgrace.

Nor Rome shall not repute theim as hir naturall chil-
dren, but as cruell enemies ; and not for augmentours of
the commonwelth, but infamours and robbers of clem-
ency. Golden Book, xi.

infamous (in'fa-mus, formerly also in-fa'mus),
a. [< OF. infameux, < ML. infamosus, equiv.
L. infamis, of ill fame, ill spoken of: see in-
fame, a., famous.] 1. Of ill fame; famous or
noted for badness of any kind ; notoriously evil ;
of vile character or quality; odious; detestable:
applied to persons or things.

Is it not pity, I should lose my life

By such a bloody and infamous stroake?

Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, v. 1.

We had a very infamous wretched lodging.

Evelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646.

As the Christians are worse here than in any other parts,
so also the Turks indulge those vices here to the highest de-
gree for which they are generally infamous; with many of
them, drinking wine takes the place of opium ; but they are
secret in this practice.

Pococke, Description of the East, II. 125.

The islanders, however, were not alone guilty of this in-
famous trade in men. Howells, Venetian Life, xvi.

After all, perhaps, the next best thing to being famous
or infamous is to be utterly forgotten, for this also is to
achieve a kind of definite result by living.

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 347.

2. Involving or attributing infamy ; branded,
or that brands, with infamy: as, an infamous
crime ; infamous punishment.

Infamous punishments are mismanaged in this country,
with respect both to the crimes and the criminals.

Paley, Moral PhUos., vi. 9.

Infamous crime or offense, in law : (a) In the common-
law rule of evidence disqualifying convicts to testify as
witnesses or serve as jurors, an offense a conviction of
which would at common law disqualify the person as a
witness or juror, because creating a strong presumption
against truthfulness ; in general, an offense punishable in
a state prison, (b) In the constitutional provision that no
one can be held to answer for an infamous offense without
presentment or indictment by grand jury, a crime punish-
able capitally or by imprisonment in a state prison or peni-
tentiary, with or without hard labor. In this sense re-
stricted by some authorities to those offenses which in-
volve falsehood and are calculated to affect injuriously the
public administration of justice. = Syn. 1. Wicked, Hei-
nous, etc. (see atrocious); disgraceful, shameful, grossly
dishonorable, nefarious, execrable, ignominious.
infamously (in'fa-mus-li), adv. In an infamous
manner or degree; odiously; scandalously; dis-
gracefully.

Now was the time to unlock the sealed fountain of
royal bounty which had been infamously monopolized and
huckstered. Burke, Present Discontents.

infamousness (in'fa-mus-nes), «. The condi-
tion, quality, or character of being infamous ;
infamy. Bailey, 1727.

infamy (in 'fa-mi), n. [= F. infamie, OF. in-
fame = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. infamia, < L. infamia,
ill fame, < infamis, of ill fame : see infame, a.,
infamous.] 1. Evil fame; public reproach or
disgrace ; scandalous repute.
Fie, what dishonour seek ye ! what black infamy !

Fletcher, Loyal Subject^ v. 8.

Wilful perpetrations of unworthy actions brand with
most indelible characters of infamy the name and mem-
ory to posterity. Eikon Basilike.

2. Infamous character; disgracefulness; scan-
dalousness ; extreme baseness or vileness : as,
the infamy of an action. — 3. In law, the pub-
lic disgrace or loss of character incurred by
conviction of an infamous offense. See infa-
mous. =Syn. 1. Obloquy, Opprobrium, etc. (see ignominy),
dishonor.— 2. Wickedness, atrocity, villainy, shame-fulness.
See atrocious.

3078

infantry

'fon ail M F— F piifanre — Srj
fan-si), n. L . *. eiya ce

Our humble petition to your honors ... is, that you
^ leaaecf to continue your favorable aspect upon

Pg. infanwa = It. infanzia, < L,. mjantia, in- these ' illfaut pi.,ntati,ms.

ability to speak, infancy, < infan(t-)s, unable winthny, Hist. New England, II. 363.

' If. Inabil-

to speak, an infant: see infant.'} f. na- Shall I shriek if a Hungary fail?

ity to speak distinctly ; want of utterance ; ver- or an infant civilisation be ruled with rod or with knout ?
bal hesitation. Tennyson, Maud, iv.

[< F. enfanter = Pr. eii-

bal hesitation.
So darkly do the Saxon Annals deliver their meaning infantt (in'fant), v. t.

, . . .

with more than wonted infancy. jtfitton, Hist. Eng.,v. jantor> effantai; efantar = It. infantare, bring
2. The state of being an infant; the earliest forth, < LL. infantare, nourish as an infant

period of life, in formal classification reckoned
as extending to the seventh year, but commonly
or popularly as including only about two years,
or the time of teething, after which childhood
begins.

Great God, which hast this World's Birth made me see,

Vnfold his Cradle, shew his Infancy.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., Eden.

The Babe yet lies in smiling infancy.

Milton, Nativity, 1. 161.
Heaven lies about us in our infancy.

Wordsworth, Immortality, st 5.

3. In common law, the period of a person's life

< L. infan(t-)s, an infant: see infant, «.] To
bring forth as an infant; hence, to give origin
or rise to.

But newly he was infanted,
And yet already he was sought to die.

G. Fletcher, Christ's Victory in Heaven.

If we imagine that all the godly Ministers of England
are not able to new mould a better and more pious Liturgy
then this which was conceav d and infanted by an idola-
trous Mother, how basely were that to esteeme of Gods
Spirit! Hilton, Apology for Smectymuuus.

Have not I invention afore him? learning to better that
invention above him ? and infanted with pleasant travel ?
B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1.

[Sp. Pg.,fem. of infante:
ish or Portuguese princess
of the royal blood. See infante.
infante (in-fan'te), n. [Sp. Pg., an infant,

in the history, existence, or development of a

SiSS^

r>D^^. o» thoi'n/VrB/.unftliRwr.rlfh thftinfanm cf. c/jwd, n., S.J A son ot a bpamsn or ror

guese sovereign; m specific use as a title, a
younger prince of the royal blood. The oldest son
or heir apparent in Spain is called Prince of Asturias, and

Ui. < I1I1LII1VUH , UUV inav Vfa*', w^giiillilif^, "* V l***J

period: as, the infancy ot the world; tbeinfancy
of an institution or an art.

The difference between the riches of Roman citizens in
the infanc;/ and in the grandeur of Rome will appear by
comparing the first valuation of estates with the estates
afterwards possessed. Arbuthnot, Weights and Measures,
infandoust (in-fan'dus), a. [< L. infandus, un-

the heir apparent of Portugal was called Prince of Brazil

The state of beinf? an infant ; infancy.

England lately more than anywhere else.

Howell, Letters (10th ed.), I. v. 11.

infangtheft (in'fang-thef), n. [ME. (ML.),
repr. AS. infangenetheof, < infangen, pp. of in-
fon, onfon, seize (< in, o« on + /o», pp. fong- .^ on, e thejr own lnfanti

, seize : see fang), + theof, thief. Cf . outfang- Chri»tophalgia (1680), p. 52.

= Sp. Pg.

one who kills an infant, < infa»(t-)s, an infant,
+ -cida, < caidere, kill.] One who kills an in-
fant.
Christians accounted those to be infanticides . . . who

mej.\ noianmj.iaw,iii u infanticide2 (in-fan'ti-sid), ». [= F. infanti-

of a manor to sit in judgment upon thieves ^"^pg. it. infanticidio, < LL. infantici-
*•*"' "" *"" mBT1"r dium, the killing of an infant, < L. infan(t-).-.;

an infant, + -cidium,<.c<edere, kill.] The killing
of an infant ; specifically, the destruction of a
child, whether newly born, in the course of par-
turition, or still in utero; child-murder. In Chris-
tian and Hebrew communities infanticide has always been
regarded as not less criminal than any other kind of mur-
.ler ; but in most others, in both ancient and modern times.

taken on his manor.

They shall haue Infangthefe, and that they shall be
wreckefree, lastagefree, and louecopfree.
Charter granted by Edw. I. to liarons of the Cinque Fortes,
[quoted in Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 117.

In 20 Edward I. (1292), the prior of Kertmel was called,
on a Quo Warranto, to show his right to have sheriff's turn,
assize of bread and beer, wreck of sea, waif, infangenthef,
to hold pleas of withernam, in Kertmel in Furneys, and to
be exempt for himself and men from fines and amercia-
ments, and from suit and service to county and wapen-
take. Quoted in Barnes's Hist. Lancashire, II. 678.

infant (in'fant), n. and a. [= F. enfant, OF.
enfant (> ul't. ME. fount) = Pr. enfan, effan,
efan = Sp. Pg. It. infante, < L. infan(t-)s, a
child that cannot yet speak, an infant, prop.
adj., not speaking, < in- priv. + fa/i(t-)s, ppr.
of /art, speak: see fable.] I. w. 1. A child
during the earliest period of its life ; a young
child. See infancy.
And the stretis of the citee schulen be flllid with in-

it has been practised and regarded as even excusable,
and in some enjoined and legally performed, as in cases
of congenital weakness or deformity among some of the
communities of ancient Greece.

Infanticide, as is well known, was . . . admitted among
the Greeks, being sanctioned, and in some cases enjoined,
upon what we should now call " the greatest happiness
principle," by the ideal legislations of Plato and Aristotle,
and by the actual legislations of Lycurgus and Solon.

Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 27.

Though among the Tasmanians the paternal instinct is
described as having been strong, yet there was infanticide,
and a new-born infant was buried along with its deceased
mother. //. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 87.

fauntis and maydens pleynge in the stretis of it.

Wyclif, Pistil on the II<J Wednesday of Advent, Zech. viii. infantile (in fan-til or -til), rt..
From fields of death when late he shall retire,
No infant on his knees shall call him sire.

Pope, Iliad, v. 498.

2. In law, a person who is not of full age ; spe-
cifically (in Great Britain, the United States,
etc.), one who has not attained the age of twen-
ty-one years. Technically, by an application of the old
rule that the law does not regard fractions of a day, it has
been settled that a person becomes of age at the beginning
of the last day of the twenty-first year. See age, n., 3.
3f. A noble youth. See child, n., 8.

The Infant [Arthur] hearkned wisely to her tale.

Spenser, F. Q., VI. viii. 25.
The noble infant [Rinaldo] stood a space
Confused, speechless.

Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, xvi. 34.

v [= Sp. Pg. iii-
fan til = It. infantile, < L. infantilis, of or be-
longing to infants, < infan(t-)s, an infant: see
infant.] 1. Of or belonging to infants or little
children ; pertaining to or characteristic of in-
fancy or an infant.

The file lies all the winter in these balls in its infantile
state, and comes not to its maturity till the following
spring. Derham, Physico-Theology, viii. 6.

2. Of the character of an infant ; infant-like.

The children at any age, however incapable of choice
in other respects, however immature, or even infantile,
are yet considered sufficiently capable to disinherit their
parents. Burke, Popery Laws.

Hectic Infantile fever, infantile remittent fever.
See /ewri.— Infantile paralysis. Seeparalyxis. =Syn.
Infantine, etc. See chudlike.
Infant-class, infant-school, a class of or school for in infontinp fin'fnn tin or -tin) a IX infant +
fants or young children, usually under seven years of age. iniantine (m Ian-tin or Tin;, a. |> JJ

II. a. 1. Of, pertaining to, characterized by, •**•] Same as MfanMe.

or characteristic of infancy; hence, tender: The sole comfort of his declining years, almost in in/on-
infantile; incipient: as, infant beauty; infant ««« imbecility. Burke, Marriage Act.
fortunes.— 2. Of or pertaining to the legal state infantlyt (in'fant-li),a. [< [infant + -ly1.] In-
of infancy; minor. fant-like ; infantile; childish.

A very important part of the law of infancy ... is that He utters such single matter in so infantly a voice,
which determines the obligation of the parents in respect Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, iii. 1.

to infant children. Amer. Cyc., IX. 267. tt -m . , o

3. Figuratively, not yet fully grown; still in infantry, (m'fan-tri), n. [<F. ,nj,inty;c, < Sp.
an early stage of development or growth: as, l'y?_"T.'f n; „£•'"£?* "L" -":.!"J""""":J"":
infant colonies; an infant bud.

Within the infant rind of this weak flower
Poison hath residence, and medicine power.

Shak., R. and .'., ii. .'<.

teria, infantry; < Sp. Pg. infinite = It. infant',
fantc, a young person, a foot-soldier (orig. ap-
par. a page to a knight: see infant, n., 3), < L.
infan(t-)s, an infant: see infant.] 1. Soldiery

infantry

serving on foot, n H ilisiin.u'itislicil from caval-
ry; that part of a military establishment using
small-arms, and equipped for marching and
fighting on foot, constituting the oldest of the
••arms" into which armies are conventionally
divided: as, a company, regiment, or brigade
nf infiiiili-i/. Abbreviated inf.

rlavThiMiso, . . . leading them | his cavalry] in squad-
rons throuKh tin1 intervals anil round the flanks of the
royal infantry, formed them In lini- im tin: nuior.

Hi-<>tt, (Ilil Mortality, xix.

As soon as mimntril infantry hcgins to attempt ma-
nanivres on horseback, It necessarily becomes a very infe-
i lur cavalry. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 359.

2. [As if directly < infant, n., 1, + -ry.'} In-
fants in general; an assemblage of children.
[Humorous.]

There's a schoolmaster
Hangs all his school with his sharp sentences,
And o'er the execution place hath painted
Time whlpt, as terror to the infanirii.

K. Jonson, Masques, Time Vindicated.

infantryman (in'fan-tri-man), «. ; pi. infantry-
mi-n (-men). A foot-soldier.

To re-enforce his own small body of cavalry with picked
infantrymen. Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass., xv. 63.

infarcet (in-fiirs'), c. t. Same as enforce.

By fury changed into a horrible figure, his face infarceit
with rancour. Sir T. Elyot, The (Jovernour, fol. 99 b.
My facts [deeds] infant my life with many a flaw.

Mir. for Hags., p. 145.

Betweene which . . . they are rather infarced . . . than
otherwise laid and reared orderly.

Holland, tr. of Pliny, xxxv. la.

infarct (in-fiirkt'), H. [< L. *lnfaretiis, prop. i«-
fartus or infartttis, pp. of infarcire, stuffed : see
enforce.} In r>athol., that which stuffs; the sub-
stance of an infarction.

A hemorrhaglc infarct Is a firm, red, usually wedge-
shaped patch, which is found in certain organs as the ef-
fect of arterial embolism. Quoin, Med. Diet., p. 434.

infarcted (in-fark'ted), a. [< LL. 'infarctus,
pp. (see infarct), + -cd?.] Characterized by in-
farction; stuffed; obstructed.

Sclerosis of the cortex In infantile syphilis . . . may
possibly be sometimes primary, although generally it is
the result of inflammation in infarcted areas.

The Lancet, So. 3411, p. 64.

infarction (in-fiirk'shon), ». [< infarct + -ion.]
The act of stuffing or' filling; the condition of
being stuffed ; the substance with which some-
thing is stuffed or filled. Formerly applied In pathol-
ogy to a variety of morbid local conditions; now usually
restricted to certain conditions caused by a local fault in
the circulation.

An hypochondriack consumption is occasioned by an

infarction and obstruction of the spleen. Hartley.

The congestion and infarction following embolism are

produced by an afflux of arterial blood into the territory

from collateral channels. (juain, Med. Diet.

Just as a capsule forms around any foreign body, as

around a bullet or an old infarction.

Duck's Handbook of Med. Seirnea, III. 413.
EmboliC infarction, the morbid condition In the area
of distribution of an end-artery after It is obstructed as by
au embolns. This may be red by reflux engorgement of
its vessels and hemorrhage into the tissues (heinorrhagic
"/.Mrc(i'on), or this engorgement may be wanting and the
color of the necrosed tissue may be light (white infarc-
'<'"/*). Tlio term hemorrhagic infarctionis sometimes ap-
plied to simple hemorrhage Into the tissues.
infare (in-far'), r. »'. ; pret. and pp. infared,
ppr. iiifnriiii/. [< ME. iufaren, < AS. infant n
(= OFries. infara = D. invarcn = MLG. «'ti-
nti-en = G. einfahren), < in, in, + faran, fare,
go: seo/arfi.] To go in; enter. [Local, Eng.j
infare (in'far), ». [< ME. infarc, < AS. inforu,
a going in, invasion, infivr, entrance, < infaran,
p> in: see infare, v.] 1. An entertainment
given to friends upon newly entering a house;
a housewarming. Jamicson,

And quhen the houssis biggit wer.
He gert purway him rycht weill thar;
Kor he thouc.ht to mak an infar,
And to mak guil cher till his men.

Barbour, The Bruce, xvi. 340 (MS. X

2. A wedding reception; the housewarming
entertainment given by a newly married couple.
[Prov. Eng., Scotch, and U. S.]

Infare (groom's wedding dinner).

Tram. Amer. rhilol. Ass., XVII. 4a

There could be no wedding in a Hoosler village thirty

or forty years ago without an in/are on the following day.

In those days Hi,/ faring into the house of the bridegroom's

I'arcuM »:ii uiiscrvcd with great rejoicing.

E. Kfjt/leiton, Roxy, xxix.
Also hit'tiir.

infashioriablet (in-fash'gn-a-bi), (i. [< iw-a +
fothionable.] Unfashionable.

infatigablet (in-fat 'i-ga-bl), «. [= F. inf,ili;/<i-
lili = Sp. iiifafitiahle = Pg. i/ifii/ii/iini = It.
iiifatirahilt; iiifiitiiinhilr, < L. iiifatijialiilix, that
cannot be wearied, < in- priv. '+ (LL.) fatii/a-

hili.1, tliat may bo worried: *pffntiiinl>lr.~\ Indc-
fii livable.
Th' infaligalile hand that never ceas'd.

Daniel, Civil Wars, vi

infatuate (in-fat'u-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
fatuated, ppr. injiititaliiifl. [< L. infatiiatux, pp.
of iufntuarc (> It. infatuare = Sp. Pg. infatuar
= F. iiifiitui-r), make a fool of, ( in, in, + fatu-
U8, foolish : see fa titoun. ] 1 f. To make foolish ;
reduce to foolishness, or show the foolishness of.

God hath infatuated your high subtle wisdom.
Tyndalc, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Hoc. , 1850X p. 284.

We are furnished with answer enough to infatuate this
pretence for lay-elders.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 249.
Almighty God . . . infatuated his [Shaftesbury s| coun-
sels, and made him slip his opportunity.

Dryden, Post, to Hint, of League.

2. To affect with folly; inspire with an ex-
travagant or foolish passion beyond the con-
trol of reason; excite to extravagant feeling
or action: as, to be infatuated with pride, or
with a woman.

Certainly then that people must needs be mad or strange-
ly infatuated that build the chief hope of thlr common
happiness or safety on a single Person.

Milton, Free Commonwealth.

Snch is the bewitching nature of spiritual Pride and
Hypocrtsie that it infatuates the minds of Men to their
ruin. Stillingfleet, Sermons, I. viil.

Some the style [of a book)
Infatuates, and through labyrinths and wilds
Of error leads them, by a tune entranc'd.

Cmrper, Task, vl. 103.

infatuate (in-fat'u-at), a. [< L. infatuates, pp. :
see the verb.] Infatuated.
There was never wicked man that was not infatuate.

Bp. Hall, Asa.

infatuated (in-fat'u-a-ted), p. a. Manifesting
extravagant folly; caused by infatuation: as,
an infatuated passion for cards. =Syn. Abmnl,
Silly, Foolinh, etc. (see abturd) ; deluded, doting. See also
list under foolish.

infatuation (in-fat-u-a'shpn), n. [= F. infatu-
ation = Sp. infatuation = "Pg. infatuafSo, t LL.
infatuatio(n-), < L. infatuare, infatuate: see in-
fatuate.'] The act of infatuating, or the state
of being infatuated; extravagant folly; fatu-
ous devotion or passion : as, infatuation for an
unworthy object.

Such Is the infatuation of self-love, that, though in the
general doctrine of the vanity of the world all men agree,
yet almost every one flatters himself that his own case is
to be an exception from the common rule.

//. Blair, Works, II. vii.

The infatuations of the sensual and frivolous part of
mankind are amazing : but the infatuations of the learned
and sophistical are incomparably more so. Is.'Taylor.

infaust (in-fast'), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. infauxto, <

L. iiifaustux, unfortunate, unpropitious, < in-,

not, + fauntitx, propitious.] Unlucky; unfor-

txinate; inauspicious. [Rare.]

It was an infaimt and sinister augury for Austin Caxton.

Bultcer, The Caxtons, vil. 1.

Taurus, . . . whose infaust aspect may be supposed to
preside over the makers of bulls and blunders.

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 303.

infaustingt (in-fas'ting), «. [< infaust + -ing1.']
Unluckiness ; ill fortune.

Hee did with all bring a kind of malediction and I'H-
fatisting upon the marriage as an ill prognostlcke.

Bacon, Hist Hen. VII., p. 198.

infeasibility (in-fe-7.i-bil'i-ti), H. [< infeasible:
see -bility.] The condition or quality of being
iufeasible ; impracticability.

The infearibilitij of the thing they petitioned for to be
done with justice gave the denyall to their petition.

Fuller, Ch. Hist, III. T. 42.

infeasible (in-fe'zi-bl), a. [< iw-3 + f,ntiibie.]
Not feasible; incapable of accomplishment;
impracticable.

It was a conviction of the king's incorrigible and infat-
uated adherence to designs which the rising spirit of the
nation rendered utterly infeasible. Ilallam.

infeasibleness (in-fe'zi-bl-nes), «. Infeasi-
bility.

Presently then. In conformltie to this order, he began
the work : and being disabus'd In point of the inf ratable-
ness, pursu'd his task, and perfected It in less time than he
had before lost in sleeping.

IT. Montague, Devoute Essays, II. vl. % 3.

infect uu-fekt'), r. t. [< ME. infcctcn, enfecten,
< OF. infecter, P. infecter = Sp. Pg. infeetar =
It. infettare, infect, < L. infectus, pp. of inficcrr,
put in, dip in, dye, mix, spoil, infect, < in, in,
+ faccre, do, make : see fact. Cf. affect, con-
feet, etc.] 1. To affect as with something in-
fused or instilled; imbue; impregnate; per-
meate : used especially of that which is bad or
hurtful, but sometimes also of that which is
good or indifferent.

infection

He (a dead dragon) Enf'tte the fflrmament with his felle
noise [offensive savor).

llettruetion nf Troy (E. E. T. S-X 1. 980.

One droppc of poyson infecteth the whole tiinne of Wine ;

one leafe of I'olloqulntida marreth and spoyleth the whole

pot of porredge. Lyly, Euphues (1MT9X p. 3».

Breathing ... a holy vow
Never to taste the pleasures of the world,
Never to be infected with delight

Mult., K. John, IT. ::.

Men have used to infect their meditations, opinions, and
doctrines with some conceits which they have most ad-
mil' I. Bacon, Advancement of Learning,!. 50.

Our sweating hinds their salads now defile,
Infectiny homely herbs with fragrant oil.

Dryden, tr. of 1'ersius s Satires, vl. 91.
I had been reading Flchte, and Emerson, and Carlyle, and
had been infected by the spirit of these great men.

TyndaU, Pop. Set Mo., XXVI. 334.

Specifically— 2. To taint with disease or the
seeds of disease, either physical or moral: as,
to infect a person with smallpox; literature i«-
fected with immorality.

Infected be the air whereon they ride.

Shale., Macbeth, IT. 1.

Till I [Sin] in man residing, through the race,
His thoughts, his looks, words, actions, all infect.

Milton, P. L, x. 608.

But vice and misery now demand the song,
And turn our view from dwellings simply neat
To this infected row we term our street

Crabbe, Works, L 4-2.

3. In law, to taint or contaminate with illegal-
ity, or expose to penalty, seizure, or forfeiture.
= Syn, To poison, pollute, d'eflle.
infectt (in-fekf), «. [< ME. infect, enfectc, <
OF. infect, < L. infectus, pp.: see the verb.] 1.
Infected; tainted; affected unfavorably.

A grete laboure Is to correcte
A molde In this manor that is enfeete.

Palladium Husbondrle (E. E. T. S.), p. 11.

Beware of subtle craft and guyle, therewith be not inf. -ft

Babef» Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 9«.

And in the imitation of these twain . . . many are in-
fect. Shot., T. and C., L S.

2. Contaminated with illegality; having a flaw
in the title.

Al was fee symple to him In etfecte,
His purchasyng mlghte nought ben enfeete Ivar. su»pect\.
Chaucer, Gen. ProL to C. T., I. 320.

3. Marred ; discolored ; darkened.

The homes of the fnlle moene waxen pale and infect by
the boundes of the derke nyght.

Chaucer, Boethlus, iv. meter :>.

infectedness (in-fek'ted-nes), n. The fact or
state of being infected.

The infeftetlneniot the patient is first made known to the
observer by ... general pyrexia. ',>"" ' », Med. Diet

infecter (iu-fek'ter), H. One who or that which

infects,
infectible (in-fek'ti-bl), a. [< infect + -Me.}

Capable of being infected.

Such was the purity and perfection of this thy glorious
guest (Christ) that it was not possibly infectible, nor any
way obnoxious to the danger of others' sin.

/>'/'. Hull, Contemplations.

infection (in-fek'shou), H. [= F. infection =

infect: see i nfcct.'] 1. The act of infecting, (a)
Communication of some quality, property, or state, whe-
ther good or bad, by contact, diffusive or emanative Influ-
ence, example, etc. ; more especially, the communication
of some taint, or noxious or pernicious quality 6t element,
etc.; contamination; taint.

There, while her tears deplor'd the godlike man
Through all her train the soft infection ran ;
The pious maids their mingled sorrows slii.il,
And mourn the living Hector, as the dead.

Pope, Iliad, vi. 645.
Mankind are gay or serious by infection.

Johnson, Rambler.

(b) The communication of disease or of disease-germs,
whether by contact with a diseased person or with mor-
bid or noxious matter, contaminated clothing, etc., or by
poisonous exhalations from any source. Compare conta-
ffion, 1.

There was a strict order against coming to those pits,
and that was only to prevent infection. De JW.

(r) Contamination by illegality, as In possessing contra-
band goods, etc.

In 1744, under Louis XV., a regulation freed neutral
ships from the infection of the hostile cargo, but the same
enactment ordained that neutral goods, the growth or fab-
ric of enemies, should be confiscated.

Wootiey, Introd. to Inter. Law, { 174.

2. That which infects, or by which some qual-
ity or state is communicated, (a) That which
taints, poisons, or corrupts by communication from one
to another: contaminating influence: as, the infection of
error, or of an evil example.

It was her [Queen Margaret's] chance to light
Amidst the gross infection of those times.

Daniel, Civil Wars, v.

infection

(&) That by which disease is or may be communicated ; an

3080

inference

Same as infeudathm.

The essential feature of malignancy was due not to in- infeodationt, »•
etlrenem, but to the indefinitely sustained activity of jnfpofft v t A

Finding that the sickness had been ceased at Christo-

N. Y. Med. Jour., XL. 306.

phers three months before they came forth, so as there . f j ,:„ « t,,,,,i/ „,, ;n fpl<'llr,rl1 n K ME

could be no danger of infection in their persons, they gave mteCUntt (m-le-Kuntt or m-ieK Una;, a. \\ mji.

infeeunde = P. wfecond = Sp. Pg. tnfecundo =
It. infecondo, < L. infecundus, unfruitful, < in-

them liberty to continue on shore.

Winthrop, Hist New England, II. 381.

3. Ill gram., a modification of a vowel-sound prv. , .

by another following, whereby the first takes fecund; not bearing; unfruitful; barren,
on the sound of the second: applied to such
modification in Celtic speech. Windisch, Irish
Gram, (trans.).

about; lead forward or advance ; adduce.

One day inferred that foile
Whereof so many yeares of yore were free.

Fesanntes up to bringe is thus to doo :
Take noon but of oon yere ; for, infeeunde
Are olde.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 25.

a F= F infectieux •

as wieuuvjn, T -„,„.., 1. Communicable by infecundity (in-fe-kun'di-ti) ». [= F infe-
infectionj easily diffused or spread from per- ^^~^^^^^^^^^.

son to person or from place toplace, as a disease,
a moral influence, or a mental condition : spe-
cifically applied to diseases which are capable
of being communicated from one to another, or
which pervade certain places, attacking per-
sons there, independently of any contact with
those already sick. Infectious diseases include
contagious and miasmatic diseases.

In a house
Where the infectious pestilence did reign.

Shalt., E. and J., v. 2.

Grief as well as joy is infection*. Kames.

Infectious horrour ran from face to face,
Arid pale despair.

Armstrong, Art of Preserving Health.

His gayety was so irresistible and so infectious that it
carried everything before it.

Lady Holland, in Sydney Smith, iv.

= It. infecondiiA, < L. infecundita(t-)s, unfruit-
fulness, < infecundus, unfruitful: see infecund.']
The state of being infecund ; absence of fecun-
dity; unfruitfulness ; barrenness.

Such a state of original promiscuity as that which Mc-
Lennan and Morgan postulate tends nowadays to a patho-
logical condition very unfavourable to fecundity ; and in-
fecundily, amid perpetually belligerent savages, implies
weakness and ultimate destruction.

Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 205.

infecnndoust (in-fe-kun'dus), a. [< L. infe-
cundus, unfruitful: 'see infecund."] Unfruitful;
infecund.

That the Aristotelian physiology cannot boast itself the
proper author of any one invention, is pregnant evidence
of its infecundou* deficiency.

Qlanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xix.

infeeblet (in-fe'bl), v. t. An obsolete form of
enfeeble.

2. Capable of communicating infection; that jafeftment (in-feft'ment), n. [< iiifeft, pp. of
infects, taints, or corrupts; contaminating : as, »i((, .- f -V + _,„<,„••,-, In Scof^ f \$* old
infectious clothing ; infectious air ; an infectious '•»' J _$_- 8vmbolical nossession of heri-

infcctious clotli
vice.

Which haue made all the worlde druncken and mad
with her poyson and infectious drincke.

J. Udatt, On Rev. xviii.
Thy flatteries are infectious, and I'll flee thee
As I would do a leper.

Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 1.

It [the court] is necessary for the polishing of manners,
. . . but it is infectious even to the best morals to live al-
ways in it. Dryden, Ded. of Virgil's Georgics.

Every sewage contamination which chemistry can trace
ought, prima facie, to be held to include the possibility of
iitfectiowi properties.

E. Fnmldand, Exper. in Chem., p. 611.

3. In law, capable of contaminating with ille-
gality; exposing to seizure or forfeiture.

Contraband articles are said to be of an infectious na-
ture. Kent.

*=Syn. 1. Catching, communicable.— 2. Contaminating, infelicitous (in-fe-lis'i-tus), a. [< t«-3 4- felici-
poisoning, defiling totts.] 1. Not felicitous, happy, or fortunate ;

infectiously (m-fek'shus-h), adv. In an mfec- u^py. agj an infelicitous marriage.— 2. Un-
skilful; inapt; inappropriate; ill-timed: as, an
infelicitous expression.

v In an infec-
tious manner ; by infection.

The will dotes that is inclinable
To what infectiously itself affects,
Without some image of the affected merit.

Shak., T. and C., ii. 2.

infectiousness (in-fek'shus-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being infectious: as, the infectiousness of
a disease, of an evil example, or of mirth.

Sometimes the plague ceases, or at least very notably
abates of its infectiousness and malignity.

Boyle, Works, V. 65.

infective (in-fek'tiv), n. [< ME. infectif, < OF.
infectif = Sp. infectivo = It. infettivo, (. L. infec-
ticus, serving to dye (in neut. pi. as noun, dye-
stuffs)^ infectus, pp. of inficere, dye, infect : see
infect."] If. Of a nature to infect or affect inju-
riously; injurious.

Whenne it is uppe and hath fertilitee,
Turne it efte in, it doungeth best the vynes,
All other dounge is infectif of wynes.

Palladius, Hushondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 171.

2. Infectious; tending to communicate or
spread, or capable of communicating, infection.

Y1 is ordered that all such persons as have any notori-
ous infective decease uppon him shall not be sente to the
said house of correction to remayne there.

Ilarl. 3/S., quoted in Ribton-Turner's Vagrants and

[Vagrancy, p. 118.
True love, well considered, hath an infective power.

Sir P. Sidney.
All infective material . . . should be destroyed.

Science, IV. 441.

The morbid products are absorbed, and originate tuber-
culosis by an infective process. Quain, lied. Diet, p. 697.

infectiveness (in-fek' tlv-nes), «. Infective
quality or power.

The conversion of ordinarily harmless microphytes into
agents of deadly infectiveness. Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 715.

Arthur, A Tragedy, F 4, b. (If ares.)

— - -_, „ , Without doing, inferring, or inflicting, or suffering to

priv. + fecundus, fruitful : see fecund.] .Not he done i,^errea, Or inflicted, to them or any of them, in

body or goods, any disturbance or impeachment.

Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 212.

What need I infer more of their prodigal glisterings
and their spangled damnations, when these are arguments
sufficient to show the wealth of sin?

JUiddlcton, Black Book.

When the King preferreth any to the dignitie of a Man-
darine, or to a higher office, their custome is to put vp a
libell of supplication, inferring their insufficiencie, with
many modest refusals. Pttrchas, Pilgrimage, p. 440.

2. To form as an opinion or belief in conse-
quence of something else observed or believed ;
derive as a fact or consequence, by reasoning
of any kind ; accept from evidence or premises ;
conclude.

The wit no sooner conceiueth that there is a God, but
the will inferreth that he ought to be worshipped.

Purehas, Pilgrimage, p. 31.

Judging from the past, we may safely infer that not one
living species will transmit its unaltered likeness to a dis-
tant futurity. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 436.
From mere difference we can infer nothing.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 415.

3. To bear presumption or proof of ; imply.

To stay with follies, or where faults may be,
Infers a crime, although the party free.

li. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. ;i.
Creation inferring providence (for what father forsaketh
the child that he hath begotten), and providence presup-
posing creation. Kalevjh, Hist. World, Pref., p. 44.
What he dared not do inferred some peril, I suppose.
R. Choate, Addresses, p. 292.

II. intrans. To conclude ; reach a conclusion
by reasoning.

I do not, brother,

Infer as if I thought my sister's state
Secure. Wilton, Comus, 1. 408.

To infer is nothing but, by virtue of one proposition laid
down as true, to draw in another as true.

Locke, Human Understanding, IV. xvii. 4.

inferable (in-fer'a-bl), a. [< infer + -able. Cf.
inferrible.] Capable of being inferred or de-
duced; that may be concluded from evidence
or premises. Sometimes inferrible.

I have seen much of human prejudice, suffered much
from human persecution, yet I see no reason hence in-
ferable which should alter my wishes for their renovation.
Shelley, in Dowden, I. 218.

If excess of pressure arrests nerve-action, and if the
normal amount of pressure allows the normal amount of
nerve-action ; then it is inferable that nerve-disturbances
will pass' with undue facility if the pressure is deficient.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 26.

infelicity (in-fe-lis'i.-ti), «.; pi. infelicities (-tiz). inferet adv. See in fere, under feerl.
[= F. infelidtc = fep. infelicidad = Pg. infelici- inference (in'fer-ens), n. [= F. inference =
dade = It. infelidta, < L. infelicita(t-)s, misfor- gp- Pg inferencia" < ML. inferentia, inference,
tune, unhappiness, ill luck, < infelix, unfruitful,
unfortunate, unhappy, < e«- priv. + /eta, happy:
see felicity.] 1. Lack of felicity or good for-
tune; unhappiness; misfortune; misery.

To suppresse and hide a mans mirth, and not to haue
therein a partaker, or at least wise a witnes, is no little
griefe and infelicity.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 36.
One of the first comforts which one neighbour adminis-
ters to another is a relation of the like infelicity, combined
with circumstances of greater bitterness.

Johnson, Rambler, No. 52.

2. Unf avorableness ; inappropriateness ; inapt-
ness: as, the infelicity of the occasion.

With characteristic infelicity he blundered into the
room. Bret llarte, Shore and Sedge, p. 171.

3. An inapt, unskilful, or imperfect mode of

process of giving symbolical possession of heri-
table property, the legal evidence of which is
an instrument of sasine.

The Sacrament [the Lord's Supper] is one of the seals of
the covenant of grace which God makes with believers in
Christ ; & by it He gives them seisine and infeftment of all
the benefits of the covenant, and of the glorious inheritance
purchased for them by Christ.

Rev. J. Willison, Practical Works.

Base infeftment, a disposition of lands by a vassal, to be
held of himself.— infeftment in security, a temporary
infeftment to secure paymentof some debt. — Infeftment
Of relief, a similar security to relieve a cautioner,
infelicific (in-fe-li-sif 'ik), a. [< L. infelix (-ic-~),
unhappy (see infelicity), + -ficus, < facerc,
make.] Productive of unhappiness. [Rare.]
The breach of any moral rule is pro tanto infelicific,
from its injurious effects on moral habits generally.

U. Sidguiick, Methods of Ethics, p. 423.

expression, or the expression itself: as, infe-
licities of style.

Errors and infelicities are ... thoroughly wrought into
our minds, as parts of our habitual mode of expression.

Whitney, Lang, and Study of Lang., p. 16.

infelonious (in-fe-16'ui-us), a. [< wz-3 + feloni-
ous.] Not felonious; not legally punishable.

The thought of that infelonious murder [of a canary-
bird] had always made her wince.

George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, iii.

infelt (in'felt), o. [< in1 + felt.] Felt within
or deeply ; heartfelt.

The gentle whispers of murmuring love, the hall-smoth-
ered accents of it/ -felt passion.

Life of Quin (reprint 1887), p. 37.

Sp. hu

< L. iiiferre, infer: see infer.] 1. The forma-
tion of a belief or opinion, not as directly ob-
served,but as constrained by observations made
of other matters or by beliefs already adopted ;
the system of propositions or judgments con-
nected together by such an act in a syllogism
— namely, the premises, or the judgment or
judgments which act as causes, and the con-
clusion, or the judgment which results as an
effect; also, the belief so produced. The act of
inference consists psychologically in constructing in the
imagination a sort of diagram or skeleton image of the es-
sentials of the state of things represented in the premises,
in which, by mental manipulation and contemplation, rela-
tions that had not been noticed in constructing it are dis-
covered. In this respect inference is analogous to ex-
periment, where, in place of a diagram, a simplified state
of things is used, and where the manipulation is real in-
stead of mental. Unconscious inference is the determina-
tion of a cognition by previous cognitions without con-
sciousness or voluntary control. The lowest kind of con-
scious inference is where a proposition is recognized as
inferred, but without distinct apprehension of the premises
from which it has been inferred. The next lowest is the sim-
ple consequence, where a belief is recognized as caused by
another belief, according to some rule or psychical force,
but where the nature of this rule or leading principle is not
recognized, and it is in truth some observed fact embodied
in ahabitof inference. Such, for example, is the celebrated
inference of Descartes, Cnyito, er<jo sum (' I think, there-
fore I exist '). Higher forms of inference are (he direct syl-
logism (see xiilloiiitiH); iipagogic inference, or the reduc-
tio ad absnrdum, which involves the principle of contradic-
tion; dilemmatic inference, which involves the principle
of excluded middle; simple inferences turning upon rela-
tions; inferences of transposed quantity (see below) ; and

inference

Mir I'Yniialian inf.- • .iinttiiinl. Scientific In-

ferences lire either inductive orhyjxithutic. See iniluctinn,

a, anil analogy, :t.

2. Reasoning from effect to cause ; KMOnlng
from signs; conjecture from premises or cri-
teria; hypothesis.

An excellent discourse on ... the Inexpressible happi-
ness and satisfaction of a holy life, with pertinent infer-
ences to prepare us for death mid a future state.

Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 21, 1708.

lie has made not only illogical inference*, but false state-
inenN. Macaulay, Mitforu's Hist Greece.

Take, by contrast, the word inference, which I have been
using : It may stand for the act of inferring, as I have used
it ; nr for the connecting principle, or inferentia, between
premises and conclusions ; or for the conclusion itself.

J. It. Newman, Oram. of Assent, p. 264.

Alternative inference. See alternative. - Ampllative
Inference, See explicative inference, below. — An^lQgi-
cal inference, the inference that a certain thing, which
is known to possess a certain number of characters be-
longing to a limited number of objects or to one only,
also possesses another character common to those ob-
jects. Siieh would be the Inference that Mara is Inhab-
ited, owing to Its general resemblance to the earth. Mill
calls this Inference from particulars to particulars, and
makes it the basis of induction.— Apagoglcal infer-
ence, an inference reposing on the principle of contra-
diction, that A and not-A cannot be predicated of the
same subject ; the inference that a proposition is false
because it leads to a false conclusion. Such is the ex-
ample concerning mercury, under deductire inference,
below.— Comparative inference. See comparative.—
Complete inference, an Inference whose leading prin-
ciple involves no matter of fact over and above what
Is implied in the very conception of reasoning or infer-
ence : opposed to incomplete inference, or enthymcipc.
Thus, If a little girl says to herself, "It la naughty to do
what mamma tells me not to do ; but mamma tells me
not to squint; therefore, it Is naughty to squint," this is
a complete Inference ; while If the first premise does not
clearly and explicitly appear in her thought, although
really operative In leading her to the conclusion, it ceases
to be properly a premise, and the inference is incomplete.
— Correct inference, an Inference which conforms to
the rules of logic, whether the premises are true or not.

— Deductive inference, inference from a general prin-
ciple, or the application of a precept or maxim to a par-
ticular case recognized as coming under It: a phrase
loosely applied to all explicative Inference. Example:
Mercury is a metal, and mercury is liquid ; hence, not all
metals are solid. The general rule here la that all metals
are solid, which is concluded to be false, because the ne-
cessary consequence that mercury would be solid Is false.
— Direct deductive inference, the simple inference
from an antecedent to a consequent, in virtue of a belief
in their connection as such. Example: All men die; Enoch
and Elijah were men ; therefore they must have died.—
Disjunctive Inference. Same as alternative inference.

— Explicative Inference, an Inference which consists
in the observation of new relations between the parts of a
mental diagram (see above) constructed without addition
to the facts contained in the premises. It Infers no more
than is strictly involved in the facts contained in the
premises, which It thus unfolds or explicates. This Is the
opposite of ampliatioe inference, In which, In endeavoring
to frame a representation, not merely of the facts contained
in the premises, but also of the way In which they have
come to present themselves, wo are led to add to the facts
directly observed. Thus, if I see the full moon partly
risen above the horizon, it is absolutely out of my power
not to Imagine the entire disk as completed, and then par-
tially hidden ; and it will be an addition to and correction
of this idea If I then stop to reflect that since the moon
rose last the hidden part may have been torn away : the
inference that the disk of the moon Is complete is an Irre-
sistible ampllative inference. All the demonstrations of
mathematics proceed by explicative Inferences.— Fer-
matlan inference. See Fermatian.— Hypothetic in-
ference, the inference that a hypothesis, or supposition,
Is true because its consequences, so far as tried, have
been found to be true ; in a wider sense, the inference that
a hypothesis resembles the truth as much as its conse-
quences have been found to resemble the truth. Thus,
schliemann supposes the story of Troy to be historically
true in some measure, on account of the agreement of
Homer's narrative with the findings in his excavations, all
of which would be natural results of the truth of the hy-
pothesis—Immediate inference. See immediate.— In-
complete Inference. See complete inference, above.—
Indirect Inference, any Inference reposing on the prin-
ciple that the consequence of a consequence is itself a con-
sequence. The same inference will IKS regarded as direct
or indirect, according to the degree of Importance attached
to the part this principle plays in it. Example : All men
die ; but if Enoch and Elijah died, the Bible errs ; hence,
it Enoch and Elijah were men, the Bible errs.— Inductive
Inference, soeinluction, r>. - Inference of transposed
quantity, any inference which reposes on the fact that
a certain lot of things is finite in numlier. so that the in-
ference would lose Its cogency were this not the case.
The following is an example : Every Hottentot kills a Hot-
tentot. ; but nobody is killed by more than one person ;
consequently, every Hottentot Is killed by a Hottentot.
If the foolish tlrst premise is supposed to hold good of
the Unite number of Hottentots who are living at any
one time, the inference is conclusive. But if the intinite
succession of tri'nerations is taken into account, then each
Hottentot miKht kill a Hottentot of the succeeding gener-
ation, say one of his sons, and yet niunv might escape be-
ing killed.— Leading principle of inference, the for-
mula of the mental h:il>it governing an inference. — Ne-
cessary inference, an explicative inference in which it is
logically impossible for the premises to he true without
t he t ruth of the conclusion. — Probable inference, a kind
of inferenceemnracing all ampllative and some explicit h e
inference, in which the premises are recognized as |>ossibly
true without the truth of the cor, elusion hut in which it is
felt that the reasoiier is f. tlli > wing a rule which may be trust-
ed to lead him to the truth in the main and in the long run.

3081

— Rlcardlan inference, the mode of Inference employed
by Kicardo to establish his theory of rent. See Jiicanttan.

— Statistical inference, an inference in regard to the
magnitude of a quantity, » here it is concluded that a
certain value Is the most probable, and that other possi-
ble values gradually fall olf in probability as they depart
from the most probable value. All the inferences of
those sciences which are dominated by mathematics ore
of thi* character. = Syn. Analusi*, Anticipation, Argu-
ment, Argumentation. Auay, Aarnt, A**umptum,Cmclu-
nun. Conjecture, Conviction, Corollary, Criterion, Decision,
Deduction, Demonstration, Dilemma, Discooenj, Stench,
KnthyiHfinf, Kxaminatiun, h'x/triiiieiit, Kxfrimentation,
Fitvftng, Forecast, Generalization, Gueis, Hypothetic Illa-
tion, Induction, Inquiry, Investigation, Judgment, Lent-
ma. Moral, Persuasion, Parian, Prediction, Prevision, Pre-
sumption, Isolation, Prognontication, Proof, Ratiocina-
tion, Kf atoning. Research, Si/tiny, Surmise, Test, Theorem,
Verdict. Of these words, illation Is a strict synonym for
inference In the first and principal meaning of the latter
word, but Is pedantic and little used. Reasoning has the
same meaning, but Is not used as a relative noun with of;
thus, we speak of the inference of the conclusion from
the premises, and of reasoning from the premises to the
conclusion. A reasoning may consist of a series of acts
of inference. Ratiocination is abstract and severe reason-
ing, involvingonlynecessaryinferences. Conclusion differs
from inference mainly in being applied preferentially to
the result of the act called inference ; but conclusion would
further usually imply a stronger degree of persuasion than
inference. Conviction and perxuaiiivn denote the belief
attained, or Its attainment, from a psychological point of
view, while inference, illation, reasoning, ratiocination,*™!
conclusion direct attention to the logic of the procedure.
Conviction is perhaps a stronger word than persuasion,
and more confined to serious and moral inferences. /'••
cision, judgment, finding, and rerdict are inferences from
which practical results will Immediately follow. Discov-
ery Is the inferential or other attainment of a new truth.
Analysis,assay,examination,experiment,experimentation,
inquiry, investigation, and research are processes analo-
gous to Inference, and also Involving acts of Inference.
Anticipation, assent, assumption, and presumption express
the attainment of belief either without Inference or con-
sidered Independently of any inference. Presumption is
used for a probabl e Inference or for the ground of It. Argu-
ment, argumentation, demonstration, probation, and proof
set forth the logic of Inferences already drawn. Criterion
and test are rules of inference. Klench is that relation
between the premises which compels assent to the conclu-
sion ; it U translated "evidence " in Heb. xL 1, where on
Intellectual perception is meant. Corollar;/, deduction,
dilemma, enthymtme, forecast, generalization, induction,
lemma, moral, porism, prediction, prevision, prognostica-
tion, lifting, ana theorem are special kinds of inference.
(See these words.) Conjecture, guess, hypothesis, and sur-
mise are synonyms of inference In its secondary sense.
Guess and surmise are weaker words.

inferential (iu-fe-ren'shal), a. [< ML. inferen-
tia, inference, -f -«/.] Of or pertaining to an
inference; deduced or deduciblo by inference.

It Is not on inferential, but a palpable fact, that Eng-
land is crowded. //. James, Jr., Tram. Sketches, p. 15.

The faith of Christ is not Identical with the body of in-
frrential theology which is the growth of later ages.

Contemjiorary Ret., L. 350.

inferentially (in-fe-ren'shal-i), adc. In an in-
ferential manner; \>y way 'of inference.

It Is shown inferentially that movements correspond to
the action of the central nerve-mechanism.

F. Warner, Physical Expression, p. 50.

inferiae (in-fe'ri-e), n. pi. [L., < inferi, the in-
habitants of the infernal regions, the dead: see
inferior, infernal.'] Among the ancient Romans,
sacrifices offered to the souls of deceased mem-
bers of their families.

inferior (in-fe'ri-or), a. and n. [= F. iiiferieur
= Sp. Pg. inferior = It. inferiors, < L. inferior,
lower, inferior, compar. of inferus, low, nether,
underground, orig. a compar. Cf. Skt. adhara,
lower, related with adhas, down, beneath.] I.
<i. 1. Lower in space; situated below or in
a lower position; subjacent: as, the inferior
maxillary bone; the inferior limb of the moon.
The right mcmbrana tympanl was entirely destroyed,
with the exception of a narrow rim, the remains of the in-
ferior and posterior portions of the membrane.

O. S. Hall, German Culture, p. 245.

The mouth, Instead of opening In the inferior part of
the head, as In common sharks, was at the extremity of
the head, the jaws having the same bend.

Nature, XXX. 368.

2. Lower in grade or in any scale of reckon-
ing; less important or valuable; of smaller
consideration ; subordinate : as, goods of infe-
rior quality ; a man of inferior rank.

Our nation Is In nothing inferiour to the French or Ital-
ian for cople of language, subtil tie of deuice, good method
and proportion in any forme of poeme.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 48.

The body, or, as some love to call it, our inferiour nature,

is wiser in its own plain way, and attends ita own business

more directly than the mind, with all its boasted subtilt y.

Burke, Vind. of Nat. Society.

Why he at the charge of providing logic of the best
auditor; when a very iijfriirr article will be equally ac-
ceptable 7 ilacaula;/, Gladstone on Church and State.

3. In 60*., growing below some other organ.
An inferior calyx is one that Is inserted below tha ovary,
or free ; an inferior ovary is one with adnate or superior
calyx. Compare superior.

infernal

4. In axtrtin.: (<i) Situated or occurring between
the earth and the sun: as, the inferior planets ;
an inferior conjunction of Mercury and Venuw.
(b) Lying below the horizon: as, the inferior
part of a meridian. — 5. In music, lower in pitch.
— 6. In entom., pertaining to the lower or ven-
tral surface of an insect; below; nearer the
ventral surface than other parts. — 7. In print-
ing, occupying the lower part of the shank of
the type; standing below other type in the
same line: as, the inferior figures used in
chemical notation — Inferior antenna or eyes,
antenna; or eyes situated on the lower surface of the
head. — Inferior court, (a) A court not of general juris-
diction. (6) A court the proceedings or determinations
of which ore subject to the supervision or review of an-
other court, of general jurisdiction, of the same state. Few
phrases In law are more indeterminate than this. It is a
well-settled maxim that jurisdiction Is presumed in favor
of the proceedings of superior, but not those of Inferior,
court*. The rule originated In England, where the courts of
Chancery, Queen's (or King's) Bench, Common Fleas, and
Exchequer, all having an ancient common-law existence,
and general, though not identical, jurisdiction, were
known as the superior courts ; and thedlstlnctlon between
them and Inferior courts of special or limited jurisdiction
was clear. In American law the term is variously used,
without on exact meaning, except as afforded by the con-
text.— Inferior margin of a wing, the margin lying be-
neath when the wing is folded against the body ; the an-
terior margin : used principally in describing the tegmlna
of grasshoppers, etc.— Inferior surface of a wing, the
surface lying beneath when the wing U spread.— Inferior
valve, In zool., the valve of an adherent bivalve by which
it Is united to other substances.— Inferior wings, in en-
torn., the posterior or hind wings : so called because they
fold under the anterior pair.

II. n. A person who ranks below another;
one who holds a lower place ; a subordinate :
as, an inferior in qualifications or experience ;
the inferiors in a great household.

It Is fit I should commit offence to my inferiors.

Shot., Cymbeline, IL 1.

A person gets more by obliging his inferiour than by
disdaining him. South, Sermons.

The man who chooses to be with his inferiors Is de-
graded. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 248.

inferiority (in-fe-ri-or'i-ti), n. [= F. inferio-
rM = Sp. iiiferioridad = Pg. inferioridade = It.
inferiority, < ML. i»feriorita(t-)g, < L. inferior,
lower : see inferior.'] 1 . The state of being in-
ferior, especially in degree or quality ; a lower
state or condition.

The genuine effect of a nearer or more attentive view of
infinite excellency is a deep sense of our own great m-
feriority to it. Boyle, Works, V. 164.

I declare I always feel my inferiority almost too much
when I am with people who can really talk — talk like
that C. F. Woolson, Jupiter Lights, xv.

2. In logic, the character of a sign, name, prop-
osition, or inference which is applicable to only
a part of the cases to which another is applica-
ble.

inferiorly (in-fe'ri-or-li), atlr. In an inferior
manner, position, or relation; on or in the di-
rection of the lower part or the inferior surface :
as, an insect marked inferiorly with black, or
having a band dilated inferiorly.

infernal (in-fer'nal), a. and «. [< ME. infernal,

< OF. enfernal, infernal, F. infernal = Pr. infer-
nal, yfernal = Sp. Pg. infernal = It. infernale,

< LL. infemalis, belonging to the lower regions,

< L. infernus, lower, underground, belonging
to the lower regions, < inferus, low : see infe-
rior.] L a. 1. Pertaining to the lower re-
gions, or regions of the dead, the Tartarus of
the ancients.

The flocking shadows pale
Troop to the infernal jail ;
Each fetter'd ghost slip* to his several grave.

Milton, Nativity, 1. 233.

As deep beneath th' infmial centre huri'd
As from that centre to th' ethereal world.

Pope, Iliad, vili. ID.

O thou, whose worth thy wond'rous works proclaim ;
The flames, thy piety ; the world, thy fame ;
Though great be thy request, yet shalt thou see
Th' Elyslan fields, th' infernal monarchy.

Garth, tr. of Ovid's Meiamorph., xiT.

2. Pertaining to or resembling hell; inhabiting
hell ; suitable or appropriate to hell or its in-
habitants ; hellish: fiendish ; diabolical : as, in-
fcrnal cruelty. [Often used colloquially as an
adjectiveof emphasis, equivalent to outrageous:
as, an infernal shame; an infernal nuisance.]

A goat's rough body bore a lion's head ;
Her pitchy nostrils flaky flames expire:
Her gaping throat emits infernal fire.

Pope, Iliad, vL -»4.

The instruments or abettors In snch infernal dealings.
Addison, Spectator, No. 243.

To look at Him who form'd us and redeem'd, . . .

To recollect that, In a form like oars.

He bruls'd beneath his feet th1 infernal powers.

Coicper, Charity, 1. 584.

3082 infidel

___ ^ [< L. in- infestiveH (in-fes'tiv), a.

liiystery iii Tt I can't compre- "ferMs"low"'that is below, + mediamis, that is Troublesome; annoying,
hend! Sheridan, The Duenna, iii. 1. v^ ^g middle < medius middle: see median.] For I will all their ships inflame, with whose infestive

S,?po^ Fear8Zkueric,andhiddeunearthe,rkeel8,3ejconquer'd

prickly pod. Also called dn-il's-flg.—T.-'-

infernal

Well it is the most unaccountable affair ! 'sdeath! there inferomedian (in*fe-ro-me'di-an), a.
is certainly some infernal mystery in it I can t compre-
* — '•* — "''•" Duenna, iii. 1.

Ill I [1C UllUtllC, \ MH/W-HtO, *ijl\*^"** . uu~ ....* —

Situated in the middle of the under side,
ne inferoposterior (in"fe-ro-pos-te'ri-or), a. [< L.

n * • _j* i— _~ < i...i Zr, V-nl nttr -I- t»/^o#oW/ii' nciTnna.v.

Greeks shall choke.

[< infrst + -we.]

,
Chapman, Iliad, viii. 151.

rean Stygian!— 2. Devilish, Satanic, flendlike, nefarious.
II. 11. 1. An inhabitant of hell or of the low-
er regions.

That instrument ne'er heard,
Struck by the skilful bard,

It strongly to awake;
But it th' infernalx scar'd,
And made Olympus quake.

Drayton, To Himself and the Harp.

infertile (in-fer'til), a. [= F. infertile = Pg.
infertil = It. infertile, < LL. infertilis, not fer-

„.„„„., . ,. tile, < L. in- priv. +fertilis, fertile : see/er«te.]

2 A person or thing of an infernal character Not fertile; not fruitful or productive ; barren ;
in any sense or of Supposed infernal appear- sterile: as, an infertile soil; infertile ideas.

ance: specifically applied to a fire-ship, tor-
pedo, infernal machine, or the like.

This [part of the line] the commodore ordered to be in-
stantly cut away, for fear of hauling up another of the in-
femals, as he termed it.

Men and Manners in America, p. 189.

infernality (in-fer-nal'i-ti), n. [= Sp. infernali-
dad = Pg. infernalidade = It. infernalita; as in-
fernal + -ity.] The character or condition of
being infernal; hellishness.

ignorance being of itself, like stiff clay, an infertile
soil when pride comes to scorch and harden it, it grows

-u-ous.] Mischievous ; harmful ; noxious. Also
infestions.

The natural pravity and clownish malignity of the vul-
ear sort are, unto princes, as incestuous as serpents.

Bacon.

Caus'd them from out his kingdom to withdraw,
With this infestious skill, some other-where.

Daniel, To Sir Thos. Egerton.

perfectly impenetrable. Government of the Tongue. infeudation (in-fu-da'shon), n. [Formerly also

If we say " Man is man," the proposition is infertile, be- infeoaation. _ p.' infeodation = Sp. enfeudacion

ause ^^^^^^^^ Mind T „ § 79. =pg. enfeudaeao = It. infeudazione, < ML. tn-

The offspring are usually entirely infertile. feudatio(n-), < infeudare infeodare, confer in

E. D. Cope, origin of the Fittest, p. 129. fee, < in, in, + feudum,, a feud, fee : see feud*.]

-ti) 11. [= F. infertilite In Eng. law: (a) The act of conferring an estate

infertilidade, < LL. i'nfertilita(t-)s, < in- in fee; the relation of lord and vassal estab-

.,•'..,-, m, ^j- liguedby the grant and acceptance of an estate

= P

fer tilts, not fertile: see infertile.] The condi-
The appalling union of the infallibility of Heaven with fc^ nf ^ncr irlf ArtilA: unnroductiveness : bar- m fee.

the infernalilyoi Hell. Lowe, Bismarck, II. 261.

infernally (in-fer'nal-i), adv. In an infernal or

devilish manner; diabolically; outrageously .-

All this I perceive is infernally false. Sp. Ilaeket.

inferno (in-fer'no), n. [< It. inferno, helljthe

tion of being infertile; unproductiveness; bar-
renness: as, the infertility of land.

Commonly the same distemperature of the air that oc-
casioned the plague occasioned also the infertility or
noxiousness of the soil, whereby the fruits of the earth be-
came either very small, or very unwholesom.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 214.

The lights of the town dotted and flecked a heaving ra-
fern<> of black sea with their starlike specks, beyond which
tumbled the upward avalanches of the breakers.

If. //. Russell, Diary in India, I. 19.

dere, strike : see fend1.] Hostile; hurtful; mis-
chievous; harassing; troublesome.

But with fierce fury and with force infest,
Upon him ran. Spenser, F. CJ., VI. iv. 5.

For well she knew the wayes to win good will
Of every wight, that were not too infest.

Spenser, F. Q., VI. vi. 41.

infero-. [Mod. combining form of L. inferus,
low, or inferior, lower.] An element in some
recent scientific compounds, meaning 'low' or
'lower,' and implying that something is below,

on the lower side, or inferior in position or .

relation. =&yn. Infero-, lufra-. In zoology these pre- infest (m-fesf), r. JX OF. (also F.) wfester

Toward others he was so infest and cruell.

Holland, tr. of Ammianus (1609).

fixes refer to position or relation of parts, not to quantity,
quality, or degree. Infero- generally means low or down
with reference to the thing itself ; infra- means below or
under something else; liut this distinction is not always
observed. Thus, n^/ecobranchiate means having the gills
low down ; j'Hfrabranchial would mean being below the •
gills.

infero-anterior (in"fe-ro-an-te'ri-or), a. [< L.
inferus, low, that is below, + anterior, that is
in front: see anterior. .] Situated below and
in front.

inferobranch (in'fe-ro-brangk), n. One of the
Inferobranchiata. "S.'P. Woodward. Also infe-
robranchian.

Inferobranchia (in"fe-ro-brang'ki-a), n. pi.
[NL. , < L. inferus, low, that is below, + branchial,
gills.] Same as Inferobranchiata, 2. Latreille,
1825.

inferobranchian (in//fe-ro-brang'ki-an), a. and
«. I. a. Same as infe'robranchiate.
II, n. Same as inferobranch.

Inferobranchiata (in//fe-ro-brang-ki-a'ta), «.
pi. [NL., neut. pi. of inferobranchiatus: see
inferobranchiate.] 1. In the old systems of
De Blainville and Cuvier, an order of nudi-
branchiate gastropods having lamellar gills un-
der an expanded mantle, as the families Phi/l-

= Sp. Pg. infestar = It. infestare, < L. infestare,
attack, molest, < infesttis, hostile : see infest, a.]
I. trans. To attack; molest; harass; haunt or
prowl around mischievously or hurtfully; at-
tack parasitically.
The part of the desert towards the convent was very

that stings the beasts as well as men.

Pococke, Description of the East, I. 158.

The cares that infest the day
Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs,
And as silently steal away.

Longfellow, The Day is Done.

This cow was soon after stolen by a notorious thief named
Drac, who infested the neighbourhood.

O'Curry, Anc. Irish, II. xx.

The county of Suffolk was especially agitated, and the
famous witch-finder, Matthew Hopkins, pronounced it to
be infested with witches. Lecky, nationalism, I. 125.

=Syn. To annoy, harass, torment, plague, vex, molest,
overrun.

Il.t intrans. To become confirmed in evil ;
become habitually vicious.

Their vitious living shamefully increaseth and augment-
eth, and by a cursed custome so grown and infested that a
great multitude of the religious persons in such small
houses do rather choose to rove abroad in apostasie than
to conform themselves to the observation of good religion.
Fuller, Ch. Hist., vi. 310.

The relation of the lord to the vassals had originally
been settled by express engagement, and a person wishing
to engraft himself on the brotherhood by commendation
or infeudation came to a distinct understanding as to the
conditions on which he was to be admitted.

Maine, Ancient Law, p. 353.

(b) The granting of tithes to laymen.

A decree of the Council of Lateran, held A. D. 1179, only
prohibited what was called the infeodation of tithes, or
their being granted to mere laymen.

Blackstone, Com., II. iii.

infibulate (in-fib'u-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
fibulated, ppr. iitfibulating. To clasp or confine
with or as with a buckle or padlock ; attach a
clasp, buckle, or ring to.

infibulation (in-fib-u-la'shon), n. [= F. infibu-
lation = Pg. infibulayao = ft. infibulazione,<M'L.
*infibulatio(n-), < L. infibulare, put a clasp or
buckle on, < in, on, + fibula, a clasp : seefibida.]
1. The act of clasping or confining with or as
with a buckle or padlock. — 2. The attachment
of a ring, clasp, buckle, or the like to the sexual
organs in such manner as to prevent copulation.
This operation was very generally practised in antiquity
upon both young men and young women, but in later
times chiefly upon the latter ; and it is said to be still in

Hdiidw and Dinhyllidiidfe. In De Blainville's classi

fication(i825)theyweretheiourthorderof his second sec- infestation (m-fos-ta'shon), n. [= F. infesta-
tion = Sp. infcstacion = Pg. infestaqao = It.
infestazioiie, < LL. infestatio(n-}, a molesting,

tion of Paracephalophora monoica, composed of the two
gene_ra PhyUidia, and Linguella.

2. In later systems, a suborder of nudibran-
chiates extended to include forms without
branchiae, but otherwise resembling the typi-
cal forms. Thus extended, the order embraces the fam-
ilies Phyllitliidae, HypobranchaMce, Pleurophylliidte,a.nA
Dermatobrunchiidce.

Also called Inferobranchia, Hypobranchia,
Hypobranchiata, Dipleurobranchia.

troubling, < L. infestare, molest : see infest, v.]
1. The act of infesting or harassing; harass-
ment; molestation.

Touching the infestation of pirates, he hath been care-
ful. Bacon, Speech in the Star-Chamber, 1617.

Infranchiz'd with full liberty equal to their conquerors,
whom the just revenge of ancient pyracies, cruel captivi-

Hiipobra ictoata, VtoleuroOrawsMa. anfl the caugeleft infextatim-6i our coagt had war.

mierobrancniate (m^te-ro-brang ki-at), o. rantably call'd over, and the long prescription of many

and n. [< NL. inferobranchiatus, < L. inferus.
low, that is below, + branchial, gills.] I. a.
Having the gills inferior in position; specifi-
cally, of or pertaining to the Inferobranchiata.
Also inferobranchian.
II. n. A member of the Inferobranchiata.

,
hundred years. Milton, Articles of Peace with the Irish.

2. A harassing inroad; a malignant or mis-
chievous invasion.

The experiences of remorse anil horror I was undergo-
ing were diabolic infestations, rather than any legitimate

operation of the Divine spirit within me. 0 f. =___

inferolateral (in"fe-ro-lat'e-ral), a. [< L. in- S. Jam's, Subs, and Shad., p. 123. jects the inspiration of the Scriptures, or the

ferus, low, that is b'elovy, + "idius (later-), side: infester (in-fes'ter), «. One who or that which divine origin and authority of Christianity as

infests. revealed in the Bible.

= It. infedele, faithless, unfaithful,
unbelieving, < L. infidelis, unfaithful, faithless
(LL. unbelieving, ML. also as noun, an unbe-
liever), < in- priv. + fidelis, faithful: see fidelity,
feal1.] I. a. 1. Without faith; unbelieving;
disbelieving; especially, rejecting the distinc-
tive doctrines of a particular religion, while per-
haps an adherent of some other religion.
The barbarous Turk is satisfied with spoil ;
And shall I, being possess'd of what I came for,
Prove the more infidel ?

Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, v. 1.

Specifically — 2. Bejecting the Christian re-
ligion while accepting no other; not believing
in the Bible or any divine revelation : used es-
pecially of persons belonging to Christian com-
munities.— 3. Due to or manifesting unbelief.
Through profane and infidel contempt
Of holy writ. Cowper, Task, i. 740.

II. n. 1. An unbeliever ; a disbeliever ; one
who denies the distinctive tenets of a particular
religion.

And sore we war offeryd to be dryff in to Barbaria,
where Dwellyth ower Mortall Enimys, as Turkes, Mam-
noluks, Sarrazyns, and other infideliis.

Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travel!, p. 59.
Now, infidel [Shylock], I have thee on the hip.

Shak., M. of V., iv 1.

On her white breast a sparkling cross she wore,
Which Jews might kiss, and infidels [Mohammedans]

adore. Pope, R. of the L., ii. 7.

Mohammed . . . now began to threaten the infidels

with the Judgment of God for their contempt of His'mcs-

sage and His messenger. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 640.

Specifically — 2. A disbeliever in religion or
divine revelation in general; especially, one
who denies or refuses to believe in the Christian
religion while accepting no other ; one who re-

see lateral.] Situated below and to one side ;

inferior and lateral.
322.

Hurley, Anat. Invert., p. infesteredt (in-fes'terd), a. [< in-2 + fester1 +

.] Rankling; inveterate.

Have mercy upon all Jews, Turks, Infidels, and Heretics.
Book of Common Prayer, Collect for Good Friday.

infidel

3t. In feudal law, one who violated fealty.
i;n/i<ilj< intil Ijtirri'iifi:. =Syn. Infidel, UnMitver, bin-
belteoer, Deitt, Atheist, Aiiiumtii; Saytie, free-thinker.
The word injitlel I* generally used in upptohriiiin. Itmay
mean either a disbeliever in one's own religion as opposed
to another (as a Christian in the view of a Mohammedan,
or the contrary), or a deist, an atheist, or an agnostic.
(See helow.) In strict use, however, it is not applicable
to one- ttlro has never heard (if Christianity, nor to one
who rejects some particular doctrine of the Christian

Ing the fundamental doctrinesol 'Christianity, but willing
to lie taught and persuaded. The first Is a heathen, the
I a heretic, the third a skeptic. Unbeliever and din-
believer are negative In form, but dixbeliever Is positive in
Its implication that one actually refuses to believe; the
unbeliever only fails to believe. (See disbelief.) Unbeliever
Is almost always general, applying to Christianity as a
whole ; disbeliever Is specitlc, but has a wider range of pos-
sible application : as, a disbeliever In the divine right of
kings. A de.i*l believes in a God, but denies the fact or
possibility of a revelation. An atheist denies the existence
of a (lad. An agiusKe denies (a) any possible or (6) any
actual knowledge concerning God aim a future life. A
skeptic either doubts whether any truth or principle can
be philosophically established, or, specifically, doubts the
truth of all propositions in the field of religion. Free-
thinker, though inoffensive by derivation, is opprobrlously
used, the freedom of thinking being held to be lawlessness
or license. None of these words draws the line distinctly
between honesty and dishonesty in the treatment of the
evidences of Christianity.

The Saxons were Infidels, and brought in with them Di-
versity of Idols, after whose names they gave Appellations
to the several Days of the Week. Baker, Chronicles, p. 2.

I love to consider an infidel, whether distinguished by
the title of deiit, atheist,, or free-thinker, In three different
lights : lu his solitudes, his afflictions, and his last mo-
ments. Addition and Steete, Taller, No. 111.

By night an atheist half believes a God.

Young, Night Thoughts, v. 172.

He on the thought-benighted skeptic beamed
Manifest Oodhead.

Cokridye, Religious Musings, 1. 31.

infidelity (in-fi-del'i-ti), n. ; pi. infidelities (-tiz).
L< F. infid6lit<!=Pi.infidelitat = Sp. infidelidad
= Pg. infidelidade = It. infedelitd, infedelKi,
infidelita, unfaithfulness, unbelief, < L. infideli-
td(t-)s, unfaithfulness, < infidelis, unfaithful,
uubelio ving : see infidel.] 1 . Lack of faith or
belief; unbelief; disbelief: with reference to
the essential tenets of any religion.

The promyses of God can not bo disapolnted by mannes
infidelite, as S. I'aule saith.

Dp. Gardiner, Explication, fol. 78.

That the fume of an Agath will avert a tempest, or the

that m/Mc w</ are likely to end our days.

Sir T. Browne, Pseud. Epld. (1646X 1L 5.

Specifically — 2. Disbelief in revealed religion;
rejection of the doctrine of inspiration of the

3083

infllet (in-fil'), f. t. [< in-2 + file*. Ct.enfile.]
To place in u file ; arrange in a file or rank.

UvlllllHl.

infill (iu'lil), r. t. [< i»l + filft, rVJ To fill in ;
fill.

The impressions have been produced by the infilled
tracks and burrowinga of marine animals.

Geol. Man., X. »., IV. 80.

infilling (in'fil-iug), n. [Verbal u. of infill, ».]
That which fills in, or has been made to occupy
cavities or vacant places of any kind or dimen-
sions: same as filling.

The skeleton is more or less extensively composed of
phosphate of lime, with the chambers occupied, through-
out or in part, by phosphatic infilling.

A mer. Geologitt, L 256.

infilm (in-film' ),v.t. [<«n-l 4- film.'] To cover
with a film, as in gilding.

infilter (in-fil'ter), v. t. [= F. infiltrer = Sp.
Pg. infiltrar = It. injiltrare; as in-'* + filter*.]
To filter or sift in.

infiltrate (in-fil'trat), c. ; pret. and pp. infil-
trated, ppr. infiltrating. [< tn-2 + filtrate. Cf.
infilter.] I. intrans. To pass by filtration; per-
colate through pores or interstices.

The water infiltrates through the porous rock.

Addlson, 'travels in Italy.

II. trans. To pass into or through the pores
or interstices of; filter into or through.

The quantity [of rain] which infiltrated the chalk dis-
trict In the neighbourhood of King's Langley to replenish
the springs ana livers of that neighbourhood was ascer-
tained and recorded.

T. Bailey Denton, Sanitary Engineering, p. 25.

infiltrate (in-fil'trat), n. [< infiltrate, r. Cf. fil-
trate, n.] That which infiltrates; specifically,
inpathol., the substance which passes into the
tissues to form a morbid accumulation, as the
fat of fatty infiltration.

infiltration (iu-fil-tra'shon), n. [= F. infiltra-
tion = Sp. infiltracion = Pg. infiltrnqflo = It. in-
filtrazionc; as infiltrate + -ion.] 1. The act or
process of infiltrating.

The landslips are occasioned by infiltrations of water
into ground which retains it in great quantity.

Trans, in J. C. Brown's Rebolseinent in France, p. 249.

2. In pathol., a morbid condition of any portion
of tissue produced by the accumulation in it
of substances introduced from without : distin-
guished from degeneration, where the substance
abnormally present is produced from the tissue
itself through faulty metabolism.— 3. That
which infiltrates; a fluid, or matter carried by
a fluid, which enters the pores or cavities of a
body.
Calcareous infiltrations filling the cavities of other

of religious faith. Thus, infidelity includes atheism,
or disbelief in God ; deism, or belief In Uod accompanied
with disbelief In Christianity ; and agnosticism, or disbe-
lief In the possibility of extrumundano knowledge.

I hear with sorrow ... that a very anti-chrlstian arti-
clehascrept In the last number of the Edinburgh Review.
. . You must be thoroughly aware that the rumour of in-

3. Breach of trust ; unfaitlif ulness to a charge
or an obligation; dishonesty; disloyalty; de-
n-it : as, t In- infidelity of a friend or a servant.

I have had, In twenty years' experience, enough of the
uncertainty of princes, the caprices of fortune, . . . and
the infidelity of friends.

Sir W. Temple, Memoirs from the Peace In 1097.

The infidelities of the post-offices, both of England and
France, are not unknown to you.

Je/rmon, Correspondence, I. 325.

Specifically— 4. Unfaithfulness to the mar-
riage-vows; adultery.

Too much indulgence has been shown to the extrava-
gance, dishonesty, and domestic infidelity of men of wit.

Lord John Ku»»ell, in Lady Holland's Sydney Smith, vi.,

[note.

infieldt (in-feld'), r. t. IX in-i + field.] To iii-
close, as a piece of land; make a field of.

infield (in'feld), a. [<ini+ field.] Undercrop;
noting arable land which is still kept under
crop: distinguished from outfield. [Scotch.]

The rich infield ground produced spontaneously rib
grass, white, yellow, and red clover, with the other plants
of which cattle arc fondest. Kdin'mryh Her., CXLV. 196.

in-field (in'feld),H. [</nl+ field.] lnl»isr-l,,il!.
See fi,-lil, ii. ,3.

in fieri (in fi'e-ri). [L. : in. in; fieri, become
(here us a noun, becoming), used as pass. ,i|'
fart vr, make, do: tMjfe&j In process; yet in
the making: said of legal proceedings whioh.
though actually pending, have not yet been
completed, and therefore may yet be molded as
accuracy and justice require.

as lardaceuitx diseate. (which see, under lardaceoun). — Fat-
ty Infiltration, the deposit in the cells of globules of fat,
taken up by the cell from without, and not formed by the
degeneration of the proteld substance of the celL
infinitant (in-fin 'i-taut), a. [< ML. infini-
tttn(t-)s, ppr. of infinitare, infinitate : see infini-
tate.] In logic, applied to a sign of negation
which is closely connected with a general term,
as the won. in non-existent.

infinitary (in-fin'i-ta-ri), a. [< infinite + -<iry.]
Pertaiuingto infinite quantity — Inflnitary prop-
erty Of a function, In math, . a property belonging to
the function when the variable becomes Infinite. — Inflni-
tary type of fx, a quantity having a finite ratio to/r :f'x
when i becomes Infinite.

infinitate (in-fin'i-tat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. tii-
finitated, ppr. iiifinitating. [< ML. infinilitiT
(Abelard), negate, mark as infinite, < L. infini-
(«*-, infinite: see infinite.'] To render infinite ;
in logic, to negate by attaching a sign of nega-
tion to: said particularly of terms, as objects
of the action, and also of propositions,
infinitation (in-fin-i-ta'shon), «. [< infinitate

+ -ion.] The act or result of iiifinitating.
infinite (in'fi-nit), u. and n. [< ME. infinite,
iiit'iinyte = F. infini = Pr. infinit, enfenit = Sp.
Pg. It. infinito,' < L. infinitus, boundless, un-
limited, without end, endless, indefinite, ( in-
priv. + finitus, bounded, ended : see finite.] I.
a. 1. Immeasurably or innumerably great ; so
great as to be absolutely incapable of being
measured or counted. Space Is the most familiar
example of an object ordinarily conceived to be infinite.
Anaximander and other early Greek philosophers appear
to have called this »cipar, unbounded, and the Latin in-
i translation of this Greek word. The two
Ideas, that of the Immeasurable and that of the unbouml-
i il were confused by the early Greeks, and also by some
modern philosopban, as HobDM and Hegel. Ordinary
geometry regards space as both unbounded and im-
measurable; but the hypothesis of modern geometers
••onecniing the properties of space, culled elliptic non-
Euclidean geometry, makes space measurable (In that it
supposes that a point proceeding along a straight line.

infinite

after having traversed a vast but Unite distance, would
return from behind to Its original starting-point), and this
supposition, which Is entirely self-consistent, leaves spue
unbounded just as the surface of a spherical body, such as
a pea, or the circumference of a circle is unbounded. But
it Is no more the usage of ordinary language than of math-
ematics to coll the surface of a pea infinite. On the other
hand, geometers conceive that If from an unbounded and
immeasurable (Infinite) right line a small port be cut
olf, what remains, having two terminals, Is liounded but
Immeasurable; and in ordinary as in mathematical lan-
guage such a line would be called itiji nile. 'I hns, the usual
and mathematical meaning of the word infinite departsfrom
the suggestion of its etymology. Mathematicians speak of
the ratios of Infinite quantities ; such an expression sup-
poses that the arrangement of the units or elements re-
mains essentially unchanged In the measurement. Thus, a
line two inches long, comprising an infinity of points, may
be said to have twice as many points as one which mea-
sures only one Inch and also comprises an Infinity of points :
but this only means that the former multitude appears
twice as great as the hitter when the points are not com-
pletely dlsinU.'grated. So orders of infinity are spoken of.
(See infinitesimal.) These expressions have le<l metaphy-
sicians to suppose that the infinite quantity of the mathe-
maticians Is not the maximum, and consequently 1s not
truly infinite. But the points of a line, however short, can
be brought Into a one-to-one correspondence with those of
all space— that is, for every point in all space there Is a
distinct and separate point in the line, and that although
the space considered have an Infinite multitude of dimen-
sions ; so that the multitude of points in a line Is the great-
est possible quantity. Mathematicians distinguish, how-
ever, two kinds of infinity. The multitude of finite whole
numbers may be said to be infinite, since the counting of
then, cannot be completed. But the multitude of points
upon a line, which corresponds to the multitude of nun,-
bers expressible by an infinite series of decimals. Is in-
finitely greater, in that it cannot be brought Into a one-
to-one correspondence with the former. If *> represents
the former multitude. 10*> will represent the hitter, so
that the former Is analogous to a logarithmic infinit*, or
infinite of order zero. The former Is said to be improperly
or discretely infinite, the latter properly or continuomly iii-
finile.

In the extension of space-construction to the Infinitely
great, we must distinguish between itnboundedness and in-
finite extent ; the former belongs to the extent-relations,
the latter to the measure-relations.

Rieuiann, Hypotheses at the liases of Oeometry (tr. by
t\V. K. Clilford), III. I 2.

2. All-embracing; lacking nothing; the great-
est possible ; perfect ; absolute : applied only to
Divinity.

But shining with such vast, such various Light,
As speaks the Hand that form d them (stars) Infinite.

I'rior, Solomon, 1.

That which is conceived as absolute and infinite must be
conceived as containing within Itself the sum not only of
all actual, but of all possible modes of being.

Maiuell, Limits of Religious Thought.

3. Boundless; unbounded; endless; without
limit; interminable. In this sense the surface of a
pea Is Infinite, while a plane of immeasurable extent whose
continuity is interrupted by one small hole is finite. [Rare,
except by confusion with def. 1 (which see). |

The environment of any finite portion of space is and
must be necessarily other portions of space. But if any
limited space has space for its environment, It Is not lim-
ited by it, but continued by It. Any possible limited or
finite space is continued by an environment of space, and
the whole of space is infinite. . . . Self-environment U the
characteristic of the infinite.

W. T. Harris, Philos. in Outline, f 10.

4. By hyperbole, indefinitely extensive; be-
yond our powers of measuring or reckoning.

Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing.

Shak., M. of V., L 1.

What a piece of work Is a man ! How noble In reason !
how infinite to faculty ! SAaJr., Hamlet, II. •>.

Man differs from man ; generation from generation ; na-
tion from nation. Education, station, sex, age, acciden-
tal associations, produce infinite shades of variety.

Hacavlay, Mill on Government.

5. [Tr. Gr. aAptarof: see aorist.] In logic, mod-
ified, as a term, by a sign of negation — Infinite
being, a being In whose mode of existence there is no de-
fect; specifically (the Infinite Beimj), God; the absolute
Deity.— Infinite decimal, a decimal which Is Intern,!-
nate, or which may be carried to infinity. Thus, If the di-
ameter of a circle be 1, the circumference is 8.14159205,
etc., carried ro infinity.— Infinite distress, divisibili-
ty, group, hyperbola, etc. See the nouns. — Infinite
ellipse. Same as ellipiiiis.— Infinite series, a series the
terms of which go on Increasing or diminishing without
coining to an end. See series. = 8yn. boundless. Immea-
surable, illimitable, interminable, limitless, unlimited, un-
bounded.

II. n. Anything which is infinite, in any sense.
Specifically— (a) [cap. or 1. e.] In philo*., the Infinite
Being; the absolute Deity.

The nothingness of the finite is due to an Implicit con-
sciousness of the Infinite that is rising within the spirit.
J. Coin/, in Faiths of the World.

The finite Is relative to something else : the infinite Is
self-related. J'. //. Bradley, Ethical Studies, p. 71.

The being of the Infinite may be a consciousness, but it
Is not our consciousness, nor is ours related to it as the
port to the whole, or in any way necessary to it.

I'eitch, Introd. to Descartess Method, p. cxllil.
(6) In math., a fictitious or supposed quantity, too great
to be capable of measurement. See infinitesimal.

It is already a doctrine of Aristotle's that an inliniu
can never be actu (I. e. actual and ai>en\ but only poten-
tia. ... He expounds the antinomies in hi* short way.

infinite

and then says, "A mediator is required " ; upon which he
gives the solution that the infinite, both of the world in
space, and in time and in division, is never before the re-
gressus, or progressus, but in it. This truth then lies in
the rightly apprehended conception of the infinite. Thus
one misunderstands himself if he imagines that he can
think the infinite, of whatever kind it may be, as some-
thing objectively present and complete, and independent
of the regressus.
Schopenhauer, Will, tr. by Haldane and Kempe, ii. llo.

If Zero is the sign of a vanished quantity, the Infinite is

the sign of that Continuity of Existence which has been

ideally divided into discrete parts in the affixing of limits.

0. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. vi. I 5.

(ct) A large number ; a crowd.

Their gates are walled vp ; and there are infinite of
Frier-like companions passing to and fro in the Citie.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 428.

Gods defend me,
What multitudes they are, what infinites!

Fletcher, Bonduca, iii. 5.

Arithmetic of infinites, a name given by Dr. Wallis to
a method invented by him for the summation of infinite
series.

infinitely (in'fi-nit-li), adv. Innumerably; im-
measurably ; incomparably ; in the highest con-
ceivable degree : often used in hyperbole : as,
to be infinitely obliged for favors.

I am a soldier, and a bachelor, lady ;

And such a wife as you I could love infinitely.

Fletcher, Rule a Wife, i. 0.

We know that a good constitution is infinitely better
than the best despot. Hacaulay, Milton.

Matter is concluded not to be infinitely divisible.

A. Daniell, Prin. of Phys., p. 194.

infiniteness (in'fi-nit-nes), n. The state of be-
ing infinite ; infinity ; immensity.

Let us always bear about us such impressions of rever-
ence, and fear of God, that we may humble ourselves be-
fore his Almightiness, and express that infinite distance
between his infiniteneiui and our weaknesses. Jcr. Taylor.

If we consider the quality of the person appearing, that
he was no other than the eternal Son of God, how ought
we to be wrapt with wonder and astonishment at the in-
finitenets of the divine condescention I

Abp. Sharp, Works, I. xi.

infinitesimal (in"fi-ni-tes'i-mal), a. and n. [=
F. infinitesimal = Sp. Pg. infinitesimal = It.
infinitesimalc, < NL. infinitesimalis, infinitesi-
mal, < infinitesimus (fern, infinitesima (> It. in-
finitesima = Pg. infinitesima = F. infinitesime),
sc. pars, an infinitesimal), a quasi-ordinal nu-
meral, a term of an infinite convergent series
which is preceded by an infinite number of
terms, hence infinitely small, < infinitum, a
quasi-cardinal, neut. of L. infinitus, infinite:
see infinite. For the ordinal termination, cf.
centesimal, millesimal, etc.] I. a. Infinitely
or indefinitely small ; less than any assignable
quantity.

The distance between them may be either infinite or
infinitesimal, according to the measure used.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol.

Its Ihomeopathy's] leaders have long ceased to insist
upon infinitesimal dosage as an essential principle of
treatment. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXII. 537.

Infinitesimal analysis, in ninth. See analysis, s M.—
Infinitesimal transformation. See transformation.

II. ». In math., a fictitious quantity so small
that by successive additions to itself no sensi-
ble quantity, such as the unit of quantity,
could ever be generated. If n is a finite quantity,
and i an infinitesimal, we always assume a + i = a, a fun-
damental proposition of the infinitesimal calculus ; but
whether this is because the infinitesimal is a fictitious
quantity strictly zero, or because equality is used in a
generalized sense in which this is true, is a question of
logic, concerning which mathematicians are not agreed
Most writers use the method of limits (which see, under
limit), which avoids this and other difficulties. It is as-
sumed that all the mathematical operations can be per-
formed on these quantities. Every power of an infinitesi-
mal is infinitely smaller than any inferior power of the same
infinitesimal. (See infinite, 1.) Any infinitesimal may be
assumed as a base or standard, by comparison with which
the magnitudes of others are estimated. The base itself
is said to be of the first order, its square of the second
order, its cube of the third order, etc. Finite quantities
are of the zero order of infinitesimals, and infinite quan-
tities are generally of negative orders. The logarithm of
any infinitesimal of a finite order is of order zero, although
it is infinite. In like manner, in every order of infinitesi-
mals there are quantities infinitely greater and quanti-
ties infinitely smaller than the power of the base of that
order. The square, cube, etc., of an infinitesimal of the
zero order remains of the zero order : yet there is nothing
peculiar about these infinitesimals ; any one of them might
have been taken as the base, and then its square would
have been reckoned as of the second order, while the infi-
nitesimal In comparison with which it was of the zero
order would now appear as of the infinite order.

Infinites are composed of Unites in no other sense than
as finites are composed of infinitesimals.

Dr. Clark, Fourth Reply to Leibnitz.

infinitesimally (in"fi-ni-tes'i-mal-i), adv. By

infinitesimals ; in infinitely small quantities ;

to an infinitesimal extent or in an infinitesimal

degree.

3084

Just as he himself forms an infinitesimally small part
of the universe, so his personal knowledge is utterly in-
commensurate with the sum total of existence.

J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, II. 18.

infinitiont (iu-fi-nish'on), n. [= OF. infinicion,
< L. infinitio(n-), boundlessness, infinity, < in-
finitus,'boundless : see infinite.'] Infinitation;
negation.

For what Joy is so great but the conceipt

Of falling to his Infinition
Of blacke Non-essence will confound it strelght?

Dames, Wittes Pilgrimage, p. 23.

infinitival (in-fm-i-ti'val or in-fin'i-ti-val), a.
[< infinitive + -al.] In gram., of or belonging
to the infinitive.

To all verbs, then, from the Anglo-Saxon, to all based
on the uncorrupted infinitival stems of Latin verbs of
the first conjugation, and to all substantives, wheuceso-
ever sprung, we annex -able only.

F. Hall, -Able and Reliable, p. 47.

infinitive (in-fin'i-tiv), a. and n. [= F. infini-
tif= Pr. infinitiu, enfenitiit = Sp. Pg. It. infini-
tiro = D. infinitivus = G. Dan. Sw. infinitiv, <
LL. infinitivus, unlimited, indefinite (modus
infinitivtis or simply infinitivus, the infinitive
mode), < L. infinitus, unlimited: see infinite."]

1. a. In gram., unlimited; indefinite: noting
a certain verb-form sometimes called the in-
finitive mode. See II.

II. n. 1. Ingram., a certain verb-form ex-
pressing the general sense of the verb without
restriction in regard to person or number, as
English give, German geben, French donner,
Latin dare, Greek itd&ixu. In the grammar of Lat-
in and of the most familiar modern languages, it is used
as the representative form of the whole verb-system. It
is by origin simply a verbal noun in an oblique case (often-
est dative); and hence its tendency to use with a stereo-
typed prefixed preposition, as to in English, zu (= English
to) in German, at(= English at) in Scandinavian, de ('of')
or d (' to1) in French, and so on ; but the preposition is no
part of the infinitive. In the old grammars, and in many
recent ones, it is called a mode ; but the term is objec-
tionable, and is going out of use. Abbreviated inf.
2f. An endless quantity or number; an infinity.
Fie, that the spyrit of a single man

Should contradict innumerable wills ;
Fie, that infinitiueit of forces can
Nor may effect what one conceit fulfills.

G. llarkham, Sir R. Grinuile, p. 69.
Historical infinitive. See historical, 4.
infinitively (in-fin'i-tiv-li), adv. In gram., in
the manner of an infinitive,
infinite (in-n-ne'to), a. [It., = E. infinite, q. v.]
In music, perpetual, as a canon whose end leads
back to the beginning.

infinitude (iu-fin'i-tud), n. [= F. infinitude, <
ML. as if * infinitude, < L. infinitus, infinite:
see infinite."] 1. The state or quality of being
the greatest possible, or inconceivably great:
as, the infinitude of power or grace.

And thou the third subsistence of Divine Infinitude, il-
lumining Spirit^ the joy and solace of created things.

Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.

Such wide and undetermined prospects are as pleasing
to the fancy as speculations of eternity or infinitude are
to the understanding. Spectator, No. 412.

2. Infinite extension; infinity; innumerable or
immeasurable quantity: as, an infinitude of
space or of stars.

We see all the good sense of the age cut out, and minced
into almost an infinitude of distinctions.

Addition, Spectator.

The infinitude of the universe, in which our system
dwindles to a grain of sand.

Sumner, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 1846.

infinituple (in-fiu'i-tu-pl), a. [< infinite +
-uple, as in duple, quadruple, etc.] Multiplied
an infinite number of times. Wollaston. [Rare.]

infinity (in-fin'i-ti), n. [= F. infinite = Pr.
infinitat, enfenitat = Sp. infinidad = Pg. in-
finidade = It. infinita, < L. infinita(t-)s, bound-
lessness, endlessness, < infinitus, boundless,
endless: see infinite."} 1. The condition of be-
ing infinite or the greatest possible; immea-
surableness; innumerability ; perfection: as,
the infinity of God; infinity of duration.

One whose eternity passeth al time, and whose infinity
passeth all nombre, that is almightye.

Sir T. More, Works, p. 636.

If we dare not trust God with the circumstance of the
event, and stay his leisure, ... we disrepute the infinity
of his wisdom. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 35.

This endless addition or addibility . . . of numbers . . .
is that . . . which gives us the clearest and most distinct
idea of infinity. Locke, Human Understanding, II. xvi. 8.

2. Unlimited extension; figuratively, exhaust-
less quantity or number: as, inconceivable in-
finity; an infinity of details.

Here has been that infinity of strangers !

B. Jonson, Devil is an Ass, v. 1.

Adorn'd with an infinity of statues, pictures, stately
altars, and innumerable reliques.

Evelyn, Diary. Nov. 19, 1644.

infirmary

In an infinity of things thus relative, a mind which sees
not infinitely can see nothing fully.
Shafteslmri/, Moralists, ii. § 4, quoted in Fowler, p. 111.

3. In geom., the part of space at an infinite dis-
tance from the part chiefly considered. Owing
to the mechanical properties of the straight line, the most
important mode of geometrical transformation is that
which transforms every straight line into a straight line,
its position only being changed. But this transforms the
part of space at infinity into a plane, just as in a perspec-
tive view of an unbounded plane the infinitely distant parts
are compressed into a line. Hence, mathematicians gen-
erally speak of the plane at infinity, or the line at infinity
in a plane. In analytical geometry the plane at infinity is
best considered as two coincident planes, fastened together
at an imaginary nodal circle, and constituting a degenerate
sphere, called the sphere at infinity. (See absolute, n., 2.)
In the theory of functions, the most important mode of
transformation of the plane is one which preserves the
magnitudes of all angles, and this transforms the infinite-
ly distant parts of the plane into a point ; hence, in that
branch of mathematics, the point at infinity is spoken of.
infirm (in-ferm'), a. [< ME. infirm, < OF. in-
firm, enferm, anferm, emfarm, F. infirme = Pr.
eferm, enferm = Sp. Pg. enfcrmo == It. infermo,
infirmo, < L. infirmus, not strong or firm, < in-
priv. + firmus, strong: see firm."] 1. Not firm,
stable, or strong ; lacking- stability or solidity ;
faltering; feeble: as, an infirm support; an in-
firm judgment.

The Bonne . . . may . . . nat by the infirme lyht of his
beemesbrekyn or percenthe inward entrailes of the erthe.
Chaucer, Boethius, v. meter 2.
Macb. I'll go no more :

I am afraid to think what I have done;
Look on 't again I dare not.

Lady M. Infirm of purpose !

Give me the daggers. Shah., Macbeth, ii. 2.

Infirm the stalks, unsolid are the leaves.

Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xv. 307.
He who fixes on false principles treads on infirm ground.

South, Sermons.

Specifically — 2. Not sound in health; impaired
in health or vitality ; enfeebled ; weak : as, in-
firm in body or constitution.

Here I stand, your slave,
A poor, infirm, weak, and despis'd old man.

Shak., Lear, iii. 2.
The unhealthful east,

That breathes the spleen, and searches ev'ry bone
Of the infirm, is wholesome air to thee.

Cooper, Task, iv. 365.

3. Voidable ; obnoxious to legal objection that
may destroy apparent efficacy. =gyn. i. Vacillat-
ing, wavering, shaky.— 2. Enfeebled, debilitated, sickly,
decrepit shackly.

infirmt (in-ferm'), v. t. [< F. infirmer = Pr.
enfermar, enfirmar = Sp. Pg. enfermar, infirmar
= It. infirmare, < L. infirmare, make infirm,
weaken, ML. also be infirm or sick, < infirmus,
infirm : see infirm, a."] 1. To weaken; enfeeble.
If they be strong, you do what you can to infirm their
strength. J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc. , 1853), II. 120.

2. To make less firm or certain ; render doubt-
ful, questionable, or dubious.

Some contrary spirits will object this as a sufficient rea-
son to infirm ail those points. Raleigh, Essays.

This is not infirmed because we read how God doth seem
in some things to alter his will, before not determined, but
dependant upon man's behaviour.

J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 180.

Socrates, . . . professing to affirm nothing, but to infirm.
that which was affirmed by another, hath exactly expressed
all the forms of objection, fallacy, and redargution.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 224.

infirmarert (in-fer'ma-rer),w. [< ML. infirmari-
«s (see infirmarian) -f E. -er1.] Same as infir-
marian. I. Campbell, St. Giles Leet., 1st ser.,
p. 78.

infirmarian (in-fer-ma'ri-an), ». [< ML. infir-
marius (as defined) (see infirmary) + -an.] An
officer in a monastery who has charge of the
quarters for the sick.

Antony de Madrid . . . had to nurse St Stanislaus in
his last illness, as infirmarian of Sant' Andrea.

Life of St. Kotka, p. 83.

The Community [Freres des Ecoles Chr^tiennesl, which
during the whole time of the war had sent five hundred in-
firmariang into the battle fields.

Quarterly Rev., CLXII. 354.

infirmary (in-fer'ma-ri), •«.; pi. infirmaries
(-riz). [Formerly enfenuerie, by apheresis/er-
mary,fermery.ferm«ry,firmary, etc. (seeferme-
ry); < OF. enfermerie (alsofermerie), F. infirme-
rie = Pr. effermeria, efermaria = Sp. enfermeria
= Pg. enfermaria = It. infermeria, < ML. infir-
»iarti»», au infirmary or hospital (cf. infirmarivs,
m., one in charge of the sick), < L. infirmus, in-
firm: see infirm, a."] A place for the treatment
of the infirm, or persons suffering from disease
or injury.

Here, in the farthest Nook of the Meadow, is a little Ban-
glutting House ; there I sup sometimes in Summer, and I
make Use of it, as an Infirmary, if any of my Family be
taken ill with any infectious Disease.

A". Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, I. 200.

infirmary

Mon- particularly — (a) A general hospital for the Inhab-
itants of a small town, or for the members of an institution,
as a convent or school, (b) A bureau or oltice for gratui-
tous aid and advice to outdoor patient.* in general, or for
the treatment of special Infirmities or deformities, as of
the eye, car, throat, cic.

infinnativet (in-l'iVma-tiv), a. [= F. infinna •
I if; as infirm + -alirt\] Weakening; tending
to make void. Cob/rave.

infirmatoryt (in-fiVraa-to-ri), «. [Also iiifinni-
t"i'U ; < ML. iiifinnaliiriiiM, also infirntitorium,
an infirmary, < L. infiriniis, infirm: see infirm,
a.] An infirmary.

The Jnfirmitnrji where the sick lay was paved with va-
rious colour d marbles. Eoelyn, Diary, Jan. 25, 1645.

infirmity (in-fer'mi-ti), n. ; pi. infirmities (-tiz).
[< ME. infirmite, f OF. enfermete, cnfermeteit,
F. infirmite = Pr. enfermetat, infermetat = Sp.
enfermedad = Pg. enfermidade = It. infermila,

< L. infirmita(t-)s, infirmity, < infirnots, infirm:
see»»rtri».] 1. Thestateof being infirm; weak-
ness ; especially, an unsound or unhealthy state
of the body; :i malady: as,the»«/tr»jjfi«sof age.

A certain man was there which had an infirmity thirty
and eight years. John v. 5.

2. A weakness; failing; fault; foible.

We then that are strong ought to bear the ittfirmitien of
the weak, and not to please ourselves. Rom. xv. 1.

We cannot " be perfect, as our heavenly Father Is," but
shall have more of human infirmities to be ashamed of
than can be excused by the accrescences and condition of
our nature. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 89.

Natural Infirmity, a natural incapacity of regulating
one's actions according to a natural law. = Sy n . Indispo-
sition, Malady, etc. (see ditaur); Imbecility, etc. (see de-
bility).

infirmly (in-ferm'li), adv. In an infirm man-
ner.

The chosen sceptre is a withered bough,
Infirmly grasped within a palsied hand.

Wordtworth, French Army in Russia.

infirmness (in-fenn'nes), n. The state of being
infirm; infirmity; weakness.

The iiifirmnesx and insufficiency of the common peripa-
tetick doctrine (about colour). Buyle, Works, I. 695.

infistulated(in-fis'tu-la-ted), a. [< ML. infistu-
latus, pp. of iiiiisiiilin'i (> OF. infistuler), pro-
duce a fistula in, < L. in, in, on, + fistula, a
fistula: see fistula.] Converted into a fistula ;
full of fistulas. Bailey.

infit (iii'fit), v. t. [< i»l + fifl. Cf. outfit.]
To furnish with supplies for use on shore.
[Local.]

The merchant is as anxious to " infit " as he was to "out-
fit" him, but the man must now bring an order from the
agent or owner of the vessel. Fisheries of U. S., V. 11. 226.

infitter (in'fit-er), n. One who furnishes men
with such supplies and articles of clothing as
they may need when their vessel returns from
a fishing-cruise. Fisheries of U. S., V. if. 226.
[Local.]

infix (ill-files'), r. t. [< OF. infixer, < L. infixuy,
pp. of inflgirc, fix in, thrust in, < in, in, +
figere, fix: see fix.] 1. To fix or fasten in;
insert forcibly; implant firmly: as, to infix a
dart; to infix facts in the memory.

The poysnous sting which infamy
Inftieth in the name of noble wight.

Spenter, F. Q., VI. vi. 1.

How vain those cares ! when Meges In the rear
Full in his nape infix'd the fatal spear.

Pope, Iliad, v. 98.

2. To insert additionally or accessorily. See
infix, n.

Of the iniir'n'i of a letter between the first and third
radical there seems to be no uure proof.

filter. Jour. Philol., IV. 847.

infix (in'fiks), «. [< infix, v.] Something in-
fixed ; in gram., an element having the value of
a suffix or a prefix, but inserted in the body of
a word, as practised in some languages.

sometimes It (the derivative element] Is intercalated in
the boily of the word, and is then called an infix; but that
Bathed of derivation is rare. Pan. Sci. Mo., XXIX. 103.

infixion (in-fiU'shon), ». [< L. as if "infixio(n-),

< infigere, pp. infixiis, infix: see infix.] The
act of infixing; insertion. See infix, n.

The infixion of a nasal in the formation of tense-stems.
Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 7S'.i.

inflame (in-flam'). r. ; pret. and pp. inflamed,
\>pr. iiiflitinini/. [Formerlv also <•»//««< ; < ME.
'i-nflammi n. enflatrmen, < OF. enflammcr, F. cn-
flautmer = Pr. niflamar = Sp. inflamar = Pg.
inflammar = It. infianiniare, < L. inflamninri-.
set on fire, inflame. < in, in, on, +flamma, flame :
see .//<(»/<•. 1 I. Iran*. 1. Tosetonfire; kindle;
i to burn with a flame.

Old wood inflam'd doth yield the bravest lire.

Sir P. Si'dik-y, Arcadia, ii.

A flash

Of rnfliiiiii'il powder, whose whole light doth lay It
Open to all discovery. /:. Jonson, New Inn, L 1.

The sunlight may then be shut off, and a photo made
on the lower half of the plate of the spectrum of any sub-
stance inflamed In the electric light. »

Sri. Atner., N. 8., LVUL 17.

2. To raise to an unnatural or morbid heat;
make hot or red as if from flame ; excite in-
flammation in: as, wine inflames the blood; the
skin is inflamed by an eruption.

For not the bread of man their life sustains,
Nor wine's inflaming juice supplies their veins.

Pope, Iliad, v. 426.

3. To excite to a high degree ; stimulate to high
or excessive action or emotion; exacerbate;
make violent: as, to inflame the passions; to
inflame the populace.

But nowe Pryde, Covetyse and Envye nan so enjlavintd
the Uertes of Lordes of the World.

Mandemlle, Travels, p. 3.

Such continued 111 usage was enough to inflame the
meekest spirit. Swift, Conduct of Allies.

The particular skill of this lady has ever been to inflame
your wishes, and yet command respect.

Steele, Spectator, No. 113.

The meditations of a single closet, the pamphlet of a
single writer, have inflamed or composed nations and
armies. B. Choate, Addresses, p. 129.

4. To aggravate in amount ; magnify ; exagge-
rate. [Kare.]

I have often seen a good sideboard, or a marble cbini-
neypiece, though not actually put in the bill, inflame the
reckoning confoundedly.

Ooldanith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii.

=8yn. 3. To fire, arouse, nettle, incense, enrage.

U. intrans. To take fire; burst into flame;
glow with ardor of action or feeling.

Fierce Phlegethon,
Whose waves of torrent flre inflame with rage.

Milton, P. L., U. 581.

inflamed (in-flamd'), p. a. In her., either burn-
ing, as a torch (seeflamant), or
decorated with separate flames
along the edge, as a bend, fesse,
or the like.

inflamer (in-fla'mer), ». One
who or that which inflames.

Interest is . . . a great inflamer, and
sets a man on persecution under the

Colour of zeal. Bend inflamed.

.lililinin. Spectator. No. 186.

inflammability (iu-flam-a-biri-ti), n. [= F.
iuflammabilite = Sp. inflamabilidad = Pg. iii-
flanimabilidade = It. infiammabilita; as inflam-
mable + -ity: see-biliti/.] 1. The state or qual-
ity of being inflammable ; susceptibility of tak-
ing fire: as, the inflammability of alcohol. — 2.
Liability to sudden excitement; excitability;
fieriness.

He has one foible, an excessive inflammability of tem-
per. Jeferson, Correspondence, II. 90.

inflammable (in-flam'a-bl), a. [= F. inflam-
mable = Sp. inflamable "= Pg. inflammavel = It.
infiammabile, < L. as if "inflammabilia, < inflam-
mare, set on fire: see inflame.] 1. Capable of
being set on fire; susceptible of combustion;
easily fired.

The term "naphtha" originally Included all inflammaH-
fluids produced during the destructive distillation of or-
ganic substances. Ure, Diet, 111. 88e.

2. Easily excited or inflamed ; highly excitable.

In this inflnmniiriili' state of public feeling, an incident
occurred which led to a general explosion.

Preneott, Ferd. and Isa., U. 6.

Mrs. Ducklow's inflammaUr fancy was so kindled by it
that she could find no comfort In prolonging her visit.

J. T. Trowbridge, Coupon Bonds, p. 43.

Inflammable air*, hydrogen : formerly so called on ac-
count of its inflammability.— Inflammable cinnabar.
Same as idrialite.

inflainmableness (in-flam'a-bl-nes), «.. The
quality of being inflammable ; inflammability.

I do not think the easy inflammablenett of bodies to be
always a sure proof of the actual sensible warmth of the
minute parts U consists of. Boyle. Works, III. 336.

inflammably (in-flam'a-bli), adv. In an in-
flammable manner.

inflammation (in-fla-ma'shon), H. [= D. i'«-
flammatie = G. Dani Sw. inflammation (in sense
3), < F. inflammation = Pr. enflamacio, inflam-
macio = Sp. inflamacion = Pg. inflammac3<> =
It. infi<iiiiiii«i/i<>i/i'. inriammazione. < L. inflam-
matio(n-), a setting on fire, < inflammare, set on
fire: see inflame.] 1. The act of inflaming:
the act of setting on fire or of taking fire, ac-
lually <>r figuratively.

For prayer kindlcth our desire to behold God by specu-
lation ; and the mind, delighted with that contemplative
sight of Ood, taketh every where new inflammation! to
pray. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 34.

inflated

Inflammation! of air from meteors may have a power-
ful eHect upon men. Sir W. Temple.

The temperature at which inflammation occurs varies
widely with different substancec

KuKot and Schorlemmer, Chemistry, L 182.

2. A fiery, heated, or inflamed condition, es-
pecially as resulting from passion, excessive
stimulation, as by intoxicating liquors, etc.
[Bare.]

They are generally fools and cowards : which some of us
should be too, but for inJIamiaatiiM.

Shale., 2 Hen. IV., Iv. 8.

The iiiflanimali'in of fat and viscous vapours doth pres-
ently vanish. lip. Wiltint, Dedalus.

I like London better than ever I liked It before, and sim-
ply, I believe, from water-drinking. Without this, Lon*
don is stupefaction and inflamnvition.

Sydney Smith, Letters, evil.

3. In pathol., a morbid condition usually char-
acterized by swelling, pain, heat, and redness.
The Inflamed tissue contains blood In excess, or is hyper-
emic. and the blood-vessels are so modified as to allow a
large transit of plasma and blood-corpuscles through their
walls; these extravasated materials accumulate in the
surrounding tissues, which exhibit more or less profound
derangement of nutrition.

This acrimonious soot produces another sad effect, by
rendering the people obnoxious to inflammations.

H, Fumifugium, L

Adhesive Inflammation, croupous Inflammation,
etc. See the adjectives.— Parenchymatous inflam-
mation. Same as rlumhi smiling (which see, under
cloudy).

inflammative (in-flam'a-tiv), a. [= OF. in-
flammatif; as inflammai(ion) + -ir/e.] Causing
inflammation; having a tendency to inflame;
inflammatory. Jiailey. [Kare.]
inflammatory (in-flam'a-to-ri), a. [= F. inflatn-
matoire = Sp. influmatorio = Pg. inflammatorio
= It. infiammatorio,<. ML. aaJfinflanimatoritin,
< L. inflammare, inflame: see inflame.] 1.
Tending to inflame, or to excite or produce
inflammation: as, inflammatory medicines. — 2.
Of the nature of, or accompanied or caused by,
the morbid condition called inflammation : as,
inflammatory rheumatism. — 3. Of, pertaining
to, or indicative of inflammation, or an inflamed
condition: as, inflammatory symptoms. — 4.
Tending to excite passion, desire, etc. ; of a
nature to rouse anger, animosity, tumult, sedi-
tion, etc.: as, an inflammatory harangue.

Far from anything inflammatory, I never heard a more
languid debate in this house. Burke, American Taxation.
Who, kindling a combustion of desire,
With some cold moral think to quench the Ore, . . .
Howe er disguised th' inflammatory tale.

Cotrper, Prog, of Err., L 827.

Inflammatory fever. See /ewri.
inflatable (in-fla'ta-bl), a. [< inflate + -able.]
Capable of inflation ; that may be inflated or
distended.

An inflatable proboscis overhanging the mouth [of the
hooded seal). Science, IV. 340.

inflate (in-flat'), r. t.; pret. and pp. inflated,
ppr. inflating. [< L. inflatns, pp. of inflare
(> It. eiifiare = Sp. Pg. inflar = Pr. enflar, eflar
= F. enfler), blow into, puff up, < in, in, + flare,
blow: see flatus.] 1. To swell or distend by
inhaling or injecting air or gas; distend in any
manner : as, to inflate the lungs, a bladder, or a
balloon.

When passion's tumults In the bosom rise,
Inflate the features, and enrage the eyes,
To nature's outline can we draw too true,
Or nature's colours give too full to view?

./. Scott, Essay on Painting.

Notwithstanding the enormous size of the balloon, M.
Oodard asserted that it could be inflated In half an hour.

Encyc. Brit., L 1KI.

2. To swell or extend unduly ; expand beyond
proper or natural limits; raise above the ju^t
amount or value: as, to inflate the currency or
prices; to inflate the market (that is, the price
of marketable commodities, as stocks). — 3. To
puff out or up; make swollen or turgid.

Poems ... so inflated with metaphor that they may
be compared to the gaudy bubbles blown up from a solu-
tion of soap. Goldnnith, Metaphors.

4. To puff up; elate: as, to infltite one with
pride or self-importance.

The crowd, ... If they find
Some stain or blemish In a name of note, . . .
Inflate themselves with some insane delight

Tennyton, Merlin and Vivien.

Are we to refrain from acts of benevolence, because we
may inttat:- ourselves upon them with our insane pride?
Gladstone, Might of Eight, p. tan.

inflate (in-flat'), «. [< L. infltttut, pp.: see the
verb.] Inflated. A'. FMBtesX 1706.

inflated (in-fla'ted), fi.it. 1. Swol len or puffed
out by air or gas; hence, in -<•"'/. and bot., <\\^-
tcnded or dilated in every direction, and hol-
lowed out, as if by inflation: as, iufla tt-d petioles;

inflated

inflated bladderwovt : applied in conchology to
rotund shells of light, thin texture, in contra-
distinction from ventricose. — 2. Turgid; bom-
bastic; pompous: as, inflated oratory — Inflated
antenna or pedlpalp, one having the terminal joint
much larger than the rest and irregularly globular.— In-
flated joint, a joint that is round and bladder-like,
inflater (in-fla'ter), «. [< inflate + -«•*.] One
who or that which inflates or distends; spe-
cifically, one who inflates prices. As applied
to certain mechanical appliances, also spelled
inflator.

The clamor of contending inflate.™ ... at the stock
exchange. The American, VIII. 84.

inflatile (in-fla'til), a. [= OF. inflatil, < LL.
inflatilis, of or for blowing, < inflare, blow in :
see inflate and Jlatile.] In music, sounded by
means of air: as, inflatile instruments (that is,
wind-instruments).

inflatingly (in-fla'ting-li), adv. In a manner
tending to inflate.

inflation (iu-fla'shon), n. [= P. inflation = Pr.
inflacio, enflazon = Sp. inflation = Pg. inflaqao
= It. enfiagione,< L. inflation-), a blowing into,
blowing wp,<inflare, blow into: see < inflate.'] 1.
The act of inflating or distending with air or gas.
The improvements that have been made in the manage-
ment and inflation of balloons in the last ninety years
have only had reference to details. Encyc. Brit., 1. 189.

2. The state of being inflated or distended;
distention : as, the inflation of the lungs. — 3.
Undue expansion or elevation; increase be-
yond the proper or just amount or value : as,
inflation of trade, currency, or prices ; inflation
of stocks (that is, of the price of stocks). — 4.
The state of being puffed up ; turgidness ; pre-
tentiousness; conceit: as, inflation of style or
manner.

If they should confidently praise their works,

In them it would appear inflation.

B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.

inflationist (in-fla'shon-ist), n. [< inflation +
-fo«.] One who inflates; one who causes or
favors inflation ; specifically, in the United
States, one who favors increased issues of pa-
per money : opposed to con tractionist.

Mr. M. . . . will have double work to do trying to get
the inflationists to be satisfied with the "Fathers' Dol-
lar." The Nation, XXVII. 169.

The cry that we want "sufficient money for the de-
mands of trade " is the cry of the inflationist, the dema-
gogue, or the ignoramus. N. A. Rev., CXLIII. 100.

inflator, ». See inflater.

inflatus (in-fla'tus), TO. [L., a blowing into, <
inflare, blow into: see inflate."] A blowing or
breathing into; hence, inspiration; afflatus:
as, "ineffable inflatus," Mrs. Browning.

inflect (in-flekf), v. [= F. inflechir = It. inflet-
tere, <. L. inflectere, bend, inflect, < in, in, +
flectere,bend: see/e-c1.] I. trans. 1. To bend;
turn from a direct line or course.

Are they [rays of light] not reflected, refracted, and in-
fleeted by one and the same principle? Newton, Opticks.
The outer integument is inflected inwards, . . . and be-
coming of excessive tenuity, runs to near the bottom of
the sack. Darwin, Cirripedia, p. 53.

2. In gram., to vary, as a noun or verb, by
change of form, especially in regard to end-
ings ; decline, as a noun -or adjective, or conju-
gate, as a verb ; more specifically, to denote a
change of office in (words), not by added ele-
ments only, but more or less by alteration of
the stem or root itself.

The irreconcilability of the Norman and the Saxon modes
of inflecting adjectives compelled the English to discard
them both. G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xxiv.

3. To modulate, as the voice.

II. intrans. To receive inflection; undergo
grammatical changes of form.
The verb inflects with remarkable regularity.

Science, III. 550.

inflected (in-flek'ted), p. a. 1. Bent or turned
from a direct line or course : as, an inflected ray
of light. — 2. In sool., anat., and hot., bent or
turned inward or downward: as, the inflect-
ed mandibular angle of marsupials; inflected
leaves, stamens, or petals. — 3. In gram., denot-
ing change of office by variation of form: as,
an inflected verb — Inflected arch, or curve, an ogee
arch or curve.

inflection, inflexion (in-flek'shon), n. [Prop.

inflexion (cf. flection, flexion); = F. inflexion =
Sp. inflexion = Pg. inflexao = It. inflessione, <
L. inflexio(n-), a bending. < inflectere, pp. in-
flexus, bend: see inflect.'] 1. The act of in-
flecting, or the state of being inflected ; a bend
or bending.

They affirm it [the elephant] hath no joynt, and yet
concede it walks and moves about ; whereby they conceive

3086

inflicter

[<j«-i + fit-all.] Same

there may he a progression or advancement made in mo- inflesh (ill-flesh'), V. t.
tion without inflexion of parts. ag ciiflesh.

Str r. Aw*. \ nig Err., Id 1. -^ ^ and man.g flegh delfled

The first step is seen to be the subdivision of the endo- p Fletcher, Purple Island, vi.

chronynd the inflexion of the ectoplasm around H. ^ ^^ ^ ^ .^^ S(mthey

2 In optics, the peculiar modification or devia- infiex (in-fleks'), v. t. [< .L. inflexus, pp. of ra-
tion which light undergoes in passing the edges flectere, bend : see ^nflect.] To inflect ; bend ;
of an opaque body, usually attended by the Hex or curve inward.

'-•-- -a - -i — j jj_i . „„ — ... ..,,!,. David's right-heartedness became inflcx'd and crooked.

Feltham, On Luke xiv. 20.

formation of colored fringes : more commonly
culled diffraction

Turned; bent. Sp

The course of Light-rays is altered not only by refraction inflexed (in-flekst'), p. a.
when they pass from one transparent medium into ano- ciflcaUy -(o) In hot., bent inward. An inflexed
ther, and ny reflexion when they fall on polished surfaces
which they do not enter, but also by inflection at the
edges of objects by which they pass.

W. B. Carpenter, Micros., § 156.

3. In gram., the variation of nouns, etc., by
declension, and of verbs by conjugation ; more
specifically, variationin part by internal change,
and not by added elements alone.

Inflections are the changes made in the forms of words,
to indicate either their grammatical relations to other
words in the same period, or some accidental condition of
the thing expressed by the inflected word.

G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xv.

We have ... as corresponding present and preterit, I
lead and I led, ... I give and I gave. These two are the
only tenses distinguished by real inflection in our verb.
W hitney, Essentials of Eng. Grammar, p. 103.

4. Modulation of the voice in speaking, or any
change in the pitch or tone of the voice in sing-
ing

one that is curved upward and has the apex turned in-
ward toward the stem. ((/) In zool., inflected; bent or
folded downward or inward : as, an inflexed margin.

The inflexed portions of the elytra, along the sides, are
called epipleurse. Leconte.

Inflexed head, in entom., a head so much bent that the
superior surface forms an acute angle with the pronotum,
as in a roach.

inflexibility (in-flek-si-bil'i-ti), n. [— F. in-
flexibiliti = Sp. inflexibilidad = Pg. inflexibili-
dade = It. inflesnibilita ; as inflexible + -ity : see
-bility.] The quality of being inflexible ; inca-
pability of being bent; unyielding stiffness; ob-
stinacy of will or temper; firmness of purpose.

That grave inflexibility of soul

Which reason can't convince, nor fear control.

Churchill.

The airs [of the Spanish muleteer) are rude and simple,
consisting of but few inflections. Irving, Alhambra, p. 13.

=Syn. Tenacity, resolution, perseverance; doggedness,

stubbornness, obstinacy,
inflexible (in-flek'si-bl), o. [= F. inflexible =

Sp. inflexible = Pg. inflexivel = It. inflcssibile, <

L. iiiflexibilis, that cannot be bent, < in- priv.

5. In geom., the place on a curve where a tan- + flinbilis, that can be bent : see flexible.~\ 1.
gent moving along the curve by a rolling mo- Not flexible ; incapable of bending or of being
tion changes the direction of its turning, and bent ; rigid : as, an inflexible rod.
begins to turn back ; a stationary tangent. The i had previously seen snakes in frosty mornings in my
point of tangency at an inflection is called a point of in- path with portions of their bodies still numb and inflexi-
flection or point of contrary flexure ; but as it is now usual w,, waitini "
to consider a curve as being as much generated by the
rolling tangent as by the moving point, geometricians
speak of the inflection, meaning the tangent which be-
comes here for an instant stationary, and do not mention
the point without special reason for doing so.— Plane in-
flection, a stationary osculating plane in the generation
of a non-plane curve. Through three consecutive points
of the curve let a plane be described; then, if the infi-
nitely neighboring parts of the curve preceding and fol-
lowing these points lie on opposite sides of the plane,
there is a plane inflection at that place ; otherwise, not.
Or, the tortuous curve may be considered as the envelop
of a moving plane, and this plane as always turning about
an instantaneous axis lying within itself ; then, where the
direction of rotation of the plane is reversed, there is a
plane inflection. = Syn, 4. Inflection, Modulation, Accent.
Inflection and modulation may be the same, but modula-

g for the sun to thaw them out.

Thoreav, Walden, p. 46.

2. Unyielding in temper or purpose ; that will
not yield to prayers or arguments ; firm in pur-
pose ; incapable of being turned ; not to be pre-
vailed on.

Let him look into the errors of Phocion, and he will be-
ware how he be obstinate or inflexible.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 20.

Be not unlike all others, not austere
As thou art strong, inflexible as steel.

Milton, 8. A., 1. 816.

A man of an upright and inflexible temper, in the exe-
cutions of his country's laws, can overcome all private
fear. Addison.

tion is always musical and agreeable while inflection may 3 Not to be changed or altered ; unalterable ;

be harsh ; modulation also may refer to more delicate

changes of pitch in the voice than are expressed by inflec- not permitting variation.

tion. Accent is used to express such habitual inflections
or modulation* as mark a person, district, race, rank, etc.:
as, an Irish accent ; the Parisian accent. See emphasis.

inflectional, inflexional (in-flek'shon-al), a.
[< inflection, inflexion, + -al.] 1. Pertaining to

The nature of things is inflexible. Watts.

In religion the law is written and inflexible.

Goldsmith, Vicar, xxi.

= Syn, 1. Rigid, stiff.— 2. Inexorable, inflexible, resolute,
steadfast, unbending, unyielding, immovable, unrelenting;

.- , «• . .' _ " . ' _ T - T_*T_*i* BlGttUlnBl, UIIU1-IIU11I£, UI1J1L.1U1

or having inflection. — 2. In gram., exhibiting obstinate, stubborn, dogged.

inflection; inflective; pertaining to inflection, inflexibleness (in-flek'si-bl-nes), «. Inflexibil-

The radical nature of the vowel sounds, together with ity.

the delicate inflexional machinery of the Aryan languages, inflexibly (in-flek'si-bli), adv. In an inflexible
must be reckoned among the chief reasons why the final , niiev vimrllv inpvornrilv
stages of alphabetic development should in so many cases mannw > rigidly , mexor,

have been effected by Aryan nations. All those who adhered inflexibly to the Jacobite Inter-

Imac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 49. est opposed every step that was made with great vehe-

Inflectional languages. See under agglutinate—In- mence- "*>• Bu>'net' Hl8t' Own Times' »"• 1706'

flectlonal tangent of a plane curve, the tangent at inflexion, inflexional, etc. See inflection, etc.
inflection. See inflection, 5.- Inflectional tangents to inflexivel (in-flek'siv), a. [< inflex + -me.~] In-
a surface at any given point, in geom., two lines having "
each a three-point contact with the surface : they are the

asymptotes of the indicatrix, and of course are only real infleXlVO2 (m-flek Siv), a. [< IH-* + flextve.] Ill-
incase the surface is _saddle-8haped. flexible; inexorable. [Rare.]

And to beare safe the burthen undergone
Of foes inflexiue, and inhuman hates,
Secure from violent and harmeful fates.

Chapman, tr. of Homer's Ode to Mars.

[< inflex + -tire. Cf.
flexure.'] An inflection; a bend or fold.

tangent of a plane curve, tne tangent at inflexion, inflexional, etc. See z«
See inflection, 5.- Inflectional tangents to innexivei (in-flek'siv), a. [< inflex
t any given point, in geom., two lines having " ' \D -i "

e-point contact with the surface : they are the . nectiye. ^ [Kare.J _ _
of the indicatrix, and of course are only real
... surface is saddle-shaped.

inflectionless, inflexionless (in-flek'shon-les),
a. [< inflection, inflexion, + -lens.] Character-
ized by loss or absence of inflection.

The language [modern English] had at length reached

the all but inflexionlesi state which it now presents. inflexure (in-flek'sur), n.

J. A. H. Murray, Encyc. Brit., VIII. 398. • - -""

The contrivance of nature is singular in the opening

and shutting of bindeweeds, performed by five infleiure*.

Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, iii.

, t.

inflective (in-flek'tiv), a. [< inflect + -ire. Cf.
inflexive1.] 1. Having the power of bending.

Although this inflective quality of the air be a great in-

cumbrance and confusion of astronomical observations, inflict (in-flikf), V. t. [< L. inflictus, pp. of iii-
yet is it not without some considerable benefit to naviga- jHjJJL 7> B it flianere — Sr> Pe Pr inHit/i '• • —

Ji. 'Hooke, Posth. Works (ed. Derham), Navigation, p. 446. F.'infliger), strike on or against, < in, on, + fli-
2. In gram., exhibiting or characterized by in- gere, strike. Cf. afflict, conflict.'] To lay on in-
flection, or variation of the grammatical char- impose as something that must be borne or sut-
acter of words in part by internal change : dis- * ered ; cause to be suffered : as, to inflict pun-
tinguished from agglutinative.

The Caucasian dialects present many exceptional and
difficult features, and are in great part of so high a grade
of structure as to have been allowed the epithet inflective
by those who attach special importance to the distinction
thus expressed. Whitney, Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 780.

infledged (in-flejd'), a. [< i/i-3 + fledged.]
Not feathered; unfledged. [Bare.]

He therein made nests for many birds which otherwise.

ishment on offenders; to inflict a penalty on
transgressors.

On him, amidst the flying numbers found,

Eurypylus inflicts a deadly wound.

Pope, Iliad, v. 1W.

Death . . . was never mflictt'd except for murder.

Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 251.

So ended the year 1744, during which a fearful sum of
human misery had been inflicted on the world.

Lecky, Eng. in ISth. Cent., iii.

being either inflnlyed or maimed, must have been ex- .

posed to wind and weather. Fuller, Worthies, Berkshire, inflicter (m-flik'ter), n. One who inflicts.

inflicter

But ye(, will) fortitude rrsign'd,
I'll thank 111' infln-ter "I (hi' blow.

' fhititi'rh.u, The Resignation.

infliction (in-llik'slmn*, ». [= P.ia/ftotfonatSp.
infliction = Pg. iufl'iiyiiii = It. injli:ione, < LL.
injliftio(n-), < L. injlii/i-i'f, pp. iiulicliix, strike
on or aguinst. inilict : si'e inflict,"] 1. The act
of inflicting <>r imposing: ;is. the infliction of
punishment.

.sin rnils certainly In death : death not only as to merit,
but also as to actual infliction. South, Sermons.

2. That which is inflicted; suffering or punish-
ment imposed.

(Jods, let me ask ye what I am, ye lay

All your infliclioiu on me? hear me, hear me!

Fletcher, Valentiuian, v. 2.

(iod doth receive glory as well from his inflictiom and
punishments as from his rewards.

Abp. Sharp, Works, III. xii.

inflictive (in-flik'tiv), a. [= F. inflictif= Sp.

Pg. inflictieo ; as inflict + -ire.] Tending or

able to inflict.

Though liritain feels the blows around,
Ev'n from the steel's inflictive sting
New force she gains.

Whitehead. Ude, For his Majesty's Birthday, June 4, 1779.

inflorescence (in-flo-res'ens), N. [= F. inflores-
cence = Pg. inflorescencia, < LL. infloreseen(t-)x,
ppr. of infloreaccre, begin to blossom, < L. in, in,
+ florescere, begin to blossom : see florescence. ]
1. A beginning to blossom; a flowering; the
unfolding of blossoms. — 2. In bot., the arrange-

Innnrescence.

i. spike of Plantafo ; 3, simple umbel of Ascltpias ; 3, corymb of
Pyrttt arbttt ifolia ; 4, raceme of Canvatlaria ntajalis; 5. spailix
of Catta within the spalhe : 6, head of Cefhalantitus; 7, female
catkin of Salix ; 8, anthoditmi of Solidafo; 9, compound umbel of
Slum; 10, panicle of CatttopHyllntn; n, cyme of Cfrastiunt.

ment of flowers on the axis and in relation to
each other. This term, meaning literally time of flower-
bearing, was tlrst proposed by Linneeus, and should be re-
placed by the more correct term ant It o(oxi*,which is formed
on the analogy of phyllotaxi*. Inflorescence is really the
subject of ramification or branching, but is also interested
in part in foliation and phyllotaxy. Notwithstanding the
seemingly many diverse kinds of inflorescence, they are all
reducible to two fundamental types, the definite or cymose
ami the indefinite or butnjase. The figures alwve illustrate
some of thu most important modifications of the two
types.

We may properly count those deviations of structure
which constitute inftoreiwence. sis among the morphologi-
cal dilferentiations produced by local innutrition.

//. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 240.

Acropetal or centripetal inflorescence. See cenlrip-
• I'd Centrifugal, definite, or determinate inflo-
rescence. see c-ntrifuml. -Conglobate, indefinite,
etc., inflorescence. *«• the adjectives.— Indetermi-
nate inflorescence, sanu- as unli-finite inflorescence.
inflow (in'ttd), ». [< iiil + //owl, «.] The net of
flowing in or into ; that which flows in ; influx.

The sole communication . . . with the arctic basin is a
strait so shallow as only to pi-nutt an it\tL»r of warm sur-
face water. J. CrM, Climate and Time, p. 137.

+ -e<fA]

inflowed (in-flod'), «. r< "i-
That has flowed in. [Bare.]

Either of these !|iiv<rri|>ti.ins>, if timely applied, will
ot only resist the influx, but dry up tin- iiillotce't hu-
Wisemm. rhlnirgii-al Treatise.'*, i. 3.

not
mour.

:tt)S7

infloweiing (in-flou'er-ing), H. [< in-2 + flmn-r
+ -i".'/1.] in perfumery, the process of extract-
ing the aroma olf flowers by absorbing the es-
sential oils in an inodorous fatty body, without
recourse to heat; enfleurage.

Certain flowers, such as jasmine, tuberose, violet, cas-
sia, either do not yield their attars by distillation at all,
»r do it so sparingly as not to admit of its collection for
commercial purposes. ... In these cases the odours are
secured by the processes of inflotrerimj (enfleurage), or by
maceration Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 62«.

influence (in'ttp-ens), «. [< ME. influence, < OF.
influance, influence, F. influence = Pr. Sp. Pg.
influenced = It. influenza, < ML. influentia, a
flowing in, < L. influen(t-)a, flowing in: see *H-
fluent.} If. A flowing in ; direct influx of en-
ergy : followed by into.

(iotl hath his influence into the very essence of all things.
Hooker, Eccles. Polity ,VTK

Those various temperaments that have ingredlence and
influence into him {man).

Sir U. Hole, Orig. of Mankind, p. 158.

2. In astral., the radiation of power from the
stars in certain positions and collocations, af-
fecting human actions and destinies; a sup-
posed positive occult power exerted by the
stars over human affairs.

Influence [F.], a flowing in, and particularly an influent-?,
or Influent course, of the planets : their vertue infused
into, or their course working on, inferiour creatures.

Cotyrace.

The astrologers call the evill influtncet of the stairs,
evil aspects. Bacon. Envy.

He is my star ; in him all troth I find,
All influence, all fate.

J. Fletcher, Honest Man's Fortune.

3. Outgoing energy or potency that produces
effects (primarily internal), or affects, modifies,
or sways by insensible or invisible means that
to which it is directed or on which it operates:
sometimes used for the effect produced : as, the
influence of heat on vegetation ; the influence of
climate on character; the influence of the moon
on the tides; the influence of example on the
young.

Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault.

Hilton, P. L., ill. 118.

It was not without the influence of a Divinity that his
decessor Augustus, about the time of Christ's nativity, re-
fused to be called Lord.

Jtr. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S5), I. 43.

We do not yet know precisely how early the Bactrian
kingdom extended to the Indus, but we feel Its influence
on the coinage, on the sculpture, ami generally on the
arts of India, from a very early date.

J. Fergutson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 48.

4. Capacity or power for producing effects by
insensible or invisible means ; authority ; pow-
er; ascendancy over others ; sway: as, a man
of influence; a position of great influence.

This town (Bayreut) is under the influence of the Maro-

nites and Druses, as many other places arc under the Arabs.

Pococlre, Description of the East, II. L 91.

She was wise, shrewd, and loving, and she gradually
controlled her little charge more and more by simple in-
fluence. H. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. WU.

5. In elect, and magnetism, game as induction, 6.

When any magnetic body Is placed in a magnetic field,
it becomes Itself a magnet. This Is a magnetisation by
influence, or induced magnetisation.

Atkinson, tr. of Mascart and Jonbert. I. 289.

Physical Influence, in metaph. See phyncal influx, un-
der influx. = 8yn. 4. Influence, Authority, Ascendancy,
t-tc. See authority.

influence (in'fl^-ens), r. t. ; pret. and pp. influ-
enced, ppi. influencing. [= F. influcncer ; from
the noun.] To exercise influence on ; modify,
affect, or sway, especially by intangible or in-
visible means; act on or affect by the trans-
mission of some energy or potency: as, the
sun influences the tides ; to influence a person
by the hope of reward or the fear of punish-
ment.

These experiments succeed after the same manner in
vacuo as in the open air, and therefore are not influenced
by the weight or pressure of the atmosphere. AVtrfon.

This standing revelation ... is sufficient to influence
their faith and practice if they attend. Bp. Atterbury.

Who will say that the esteem and fear of the world's
judgment, and the expectation of worldly advantages, do
not at present most powerfully influence the generality of
men in their profession of Christianity?

J. H. Xewman, Parochial Sermons, 1. ISO.

The career of Charles the Great has influenced the his-
tory of tile world ever since.

E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., i> VS.

=Syn, To lead, induce, move, impel, actuate prevail
upon.

influence-machine (m'flij-eus-rna-shen'), n.
In elect., a machine for producing charges of
electricity by induction. See induction. 6, and

<'/tftrit:

influx

influence! (in'fl<J-en-ser), ». One who or that

which influences,
influencive (in-flij-eii'siv), a. [< influence +

-i>'.] Tending to influence; influential. [Rare.]

llow influrncive and Inevitable the sympathy !

It. Choate, Addresses, p. 168.

influent (in'flij-ent), a. [< ME. influent, in-
fluential, < OF. influent, F. influent = Sp. Pg.
It. influente, influential, < L. influen(t-)s, flow-
ing in, ppr. of influere, flow in, (in, in, +fluere,
flow: see fluent.} 1. Flowing in.

The chief intention, of chirurgery, as well a* medicine,
is keeping a just (equilibrium between the influent, fluids
and vascular solids. Arouthnol, Aliment*, v. :

They . . . laid down the reported lake In IU supposed
position, showing the Nile both influent and effluent.

Sir S. W. Baket, Heart of Africa, p. ittt.

2t. Exerting influence; influential.

I find no office by name assigned unto Dr. Cox, who was
virtually influent upon all, and most active. Fuller.

And as It [hnmilityl Is healthful for their own minds,
so it is more operative and influent upon others than any
other vertue. W. Montague, Devoute Essays, II. ix. I •!.

influential (in-flij-eu'shal), a. [< influence (ML.
infliienlia) + -al.~} Having or exerting power
or influence; possessing or characterized by
the possession of influence, or of power to in-
fluence: as, influential friends.

Thy influential vigour relnsplres
This feeble flame. W. Thompmn, Sickness, 111.
With a discontented people, the wrong-thinkers are
certain to be most influential, and they may therefore
come to have the making of our laws.

ff. A. Ren., CXXXIX 514.

influentially (in-flj}-en'shal-i), adv. In such a
manner as to exercise influence ; so as to affect,
sway, incline, or direct.

Of those who are to act influentially on their fellows
we should expect always something large and public in
their way of life, something more or less urbane and com-
prehensive In their sentiment for others.

R. L. Stevenson, John Knox.

influenza (in-flij-en'/.tt), n. [= F. influenza, <
It. influenza, influenza, lit. influence: see in-
fluence.'] 1. An epidemic catarrh of an ag-
gravated kind, attended with serious febrile
symptoms and rapid prostration, it attacks all
ages and conditions of life, but is not frequently fatal
except to the aged, or the very young, or to those suffer-
ing from other diseases. So called because supposed to
be due to some peculiar atmospheric influence.

In all cases of influenza all depressing treatment should
be avoided. Quain, Med. Diet.

The year (18871 began with the influenza. Everybody
had it. The offices of the various departments of the Civil
Service were deserted because all the clerks had influen-
za. Business of all kinds was stopped because merchants,
clerks, bankers, and brokers all had influenza ; at Wool*
wich fifty men of the Royal Artillery and Engineer* were
taken Into hospital daily, with influeuia. The epidemic
seems to have broken out suddenly, and suddenly to have
departed. W. Besaiit, Fifty Years Ago, p. 19.

2t. A prevailing influence ; an epidemic.

The learned Mlchaells has taken notice of this fatal
attachment, and speaks of It as a strange illusion ; he
says that It is the reigning influenza, to which all are
liable who make the Hebrew their principal study.

./. Bryant, New System (1774), L 19V.

influingt, ». [< L. influere, flow in: see infln-
ent.'] Influence. Danes.

Canst thou restrain the pleasant influimj
Of Pleiades (the Ushers of the Spring)?

Sylvester, Job Triumphant, Iv. 451.

influx (in'fluks), M. [= F. influx = Sp. influjo =
Pg. iiifluxH = It. influsKO, < L. influtun, a flowing
in, < influere, pp. iiiflujrus, flow in : see influent.]

1. The act of flowing in ; an inflow: as, an in-
flux of light.

The influx of the knowledge of God, in relation to this
everlasting life, is infinitely of moment. Sir 3f. Hule.

It is man's power to combine and direct the spiritual
elements of his being, his power to free the Intellect from
prejudice and open it to the influx of Truth.

Channinff, Perfect Life, p. 10.

2. Infusion; intromission.

Up to the present time philosophers have Inferred the
existence of a spiritual injiux proceeding from the soul
Into the body.

Swedenbory, Christian Psychol. (tr. by Gorman), p. lui.

3f. Influence; power.

Your Lordship knows that there be divers Meridians
and climes In the Heavens, whence Intux** of differing
Qualities fall upon the Inhabitants of the Earth.

lloirell. Letters, II. 60.

4. A flowing or coining in; continuous intro-
gression : as, a great influx of goods into a coun-
try.

The iutax of food into the Celtic region, however, was
far from 'keeping pace with the influx of consumers.

Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvil.

Henry II. avoided either ruling or controlling England
by foreign ministers, and did very little to encourage an
initux of foreign ecclesiastics.

• SluUf, M.-dii-val and Modem Hist., p. UW.

influx

5. The place or point at which one stream flows
into another or into the sea : as, at the influx of

the brook — Physical Influx or Influence, in metaph.,
the process of producing effects of sensation upon the mind
by a causal action through the brain. The doctrine is that
matter can act immediately upon mind, and be acted upon
by it, by direct causation.

influxion (in-fluk'shpn), n. [= F. influxion, <
LL. influxio(n-), a flowing in, < L. tnfluere, pp.
influxus, flow in : see influx.] An influx or flow-
ing in ; inflow ; infusion ; intromission.

The retiring of the mind within itself is the state which
is moat susceptible of divine influxions.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 204.

Preserve the brain from those sudden influxiotis of blood
to which it would ... be ... exposed.

Holden, Anat. (1885X p. 735.

iufluxionism (in-fluk'shon-izm), n. [< inflexion
+ -ism.'] The doctrine of physical influx. See
influx.

influxionist (in-fluk'shon-ist), n. [< LL. in-
fluxionista; as influxion + -ist.] An adherent
of the metaphysical theory of physical influx.
See influx.

infiuxioust (in-fluk'shus), a. [< influx + -ious.]
Influential.

Men will be men while there is a world, and as long as
the moon hath an influxious power to make impressions
upon their humours, they will be ever greedy and covet-
ous of novelties and mutation. Howell, England's Tears.

influxivet (in-fluk'siv), a. [< influx + -ive.]

1. That flows or tends to flow in. — 2. Influ-
ential ; that has or exerts a modifying, direct-
ing, or swaying influence.

He is the influxive head, who both governs the whole
body, and every member which is in any way serviceable
to the body. Holdsworth, Inauguration Sermon (1642), p. 9.

influxivelyt (in-fluk'siv-li), adv. In an influx-
ive manner; by influxion.

infold (ill-fold'), v. t. [Also enfold; < in-l +
fold1.] 1. To wrap up or inwrap; involve;
inclose.

So were the weeds infolded with the water, not to be
waded, nor by boat to be past thorow.

Sandys, Travailes, p. 73.

So that first intelligible world infoldelh the second : in
this are nine Spheres, moued of the immoueable Empy-
rean. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 175.

Doth gouty Mammon's griping hand infold

This secret saint in sacred shrines of sov'reign gold?

ijinidif, Emblems, iv. 13.

Infold his limbs in bauds. liloxkmore.

2. To clasp with the arms ; embrace.

Let me infold thee,
And hold thee to my heart.

Shak., Macbeth, i. 4.

infoldment (in-fold'ment), ». [< infold +
-ment.] The act of infolding, or the state of
being infolded. [Bare.]

infoliate (in-fo'li-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. info-
Hated, ppr. infoliating. [Also enfoliate ; < in-%
+ foliate.] To cover or overspread with leaves.
[Bare.]

Long may his fruitful vine infoliate and clasp about him
with embracements. Howell.

inforcet, inforcementt. Obsolete forms of en-
force, enforcement.

in fore (in fo're). [L. (NL.): in, in; fore, fut.
inf. of esse (ind. sum), be : see ens and fee1.] In
prospect; prospective; future: as, the governor
in fore (the future governor). Compare in esse,
in posse.
inforestt (in-for'est), v. t. Same as enforest.

All such Iforestsl as were found to haue been itiforeited
since the flrst coronation of Henry the second to be disaf-
forested. Daniel, Hist. Eng., p. 128.
inform1 (in-fdrm'), v. [Early mod. E. also en-
form ; < ME. informen, enformen, < OF. enfor-
mer, enfourmer, informer, F. informer = Sp. Pg.
informar = It. informare (cf . D. informeren = G.
informiren = Dan. informerc = Sw. informera), <
L. informare, give form to, delineate, sketch,
inform, instruct, < in, in, on, + formare, form:
see form, v.] I. trans. 1. To impart form or
essence to, the object of the verb denoting some
kind of matter, and the result being the pro-
duction of a thing of some definite kind; de-
termine the character or quality of; hence, to
animate ; actuate.

If the potter please t' inform the clay, .
That proves a vessel, which before was mire.

Quartet, Emblems, iv. 8.

If one soul were so perfect as to inform, three distinct
bodies, that were a petty trinity.

Sir T. Browne, Beligio Medici, i. 12.
Her constant beauty doth inform
Stillness with love, and day with light.

Tennyson, The Day-Dream, Sleeping Beauty.
2. To enlighten; teach; instruct; advise: as,
to inform one how he should proceed. .

3088

Thou shalt observe to do according to all that they in-
form thee. Deut. xvii. 10.

Princesse, my Muse thought not amys
To ettfofme your noble raynde of this.

Puttenham, Parthcniades, xiii.
That you are poor and miserable men
My eyes inform me.

Fletcher (and anotlter), Sea Voyage, iii. 1.

3. To communicate information to; acquaint
with facts ; apprise.
Tertullus . . . informed the governor against Paul.

Acts xxiv. 1.

4f. To make known ; disclose ; tell of or about.
He commanded, of his specyalle grace, to all his sub-
gettes, to lete me seen alle the places, and to cnforme me
pleynly alle the Mysteries of every place.

MandemUe, Travels, p. 82.
Haply thou mayst inform
Something to save thy life.

Shak., All's Well, iv. 1.

At the court it was informed that some of Salem had
taken out a piece of the cross in their ensign.

Winthrop, Hist New England, I. 462.
My servant talk'd to a favourite janizary of the Aga's
he had appointed to be with me, as if he was a spy, and
had inform'd what presents I had made.

Pococke, Description of the East, I. 119.
5f. To guide ; direct.

If old respect,

As I suppose, towards your once gloried friend,
My son, now captive, hither hath inform'd
Your younger feet, . . . say if he be here.

Milton, 8. A., 1. 335.

= Syn. 1. To inspire, quicken.— 2 and 3. Of inform of:
To apprise of, signify, communicate, disclose, reveal, ac-
quaint with, advise of, notify or notify of, teach.

II. intrans. If. To take form or shape; be-
come visible.

It is the bloody business which inform*

Thus to mine eyes. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 1.

2. To give intelligence or information : gener-
ally with against or on.

Alb. Knows he the wickedness?

Mess. Ay, my good lord ; 'twas he inform'd against him.

Shak., Lear, iv. 2.

Informing form, in metaph. See form.
inform2t (in-f6rm'), a. [= OF. (and F.) in-
forme = Sp. Pg. It. informe, < L. informis, that
has no form, < in- priv. + forma, form, shape.
Cf. deform^, a.] Without regular form ; shape-
less ; deformed.

An office that . . . joins in marriage as Cacus did his
oxen, in rude, inform, and unhallowed yokes.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 261.

You. . . who are able to make even these informe blocks

and stones daunce into order. Evelyn, To A. Cowley.

informal (in-for'mal), a. [= Sp. informal; as
in-3 + formal.] 1. 'Not formal ; not in the regu-
lar or usual form or manner ; not according to
rule or custom ; unceremonious ; irregular : as,
an informal writing; informal proceedings; an
informal visit.

The proffered cession of Venetia was neither accepted
nor refused, and there ensued a sort of informal suspen-
sion of hostilities, which was neither war nor peace.

E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 292.
I saw everything up to Gravelotte in virtue of an in-
formal scrap of permission C.eneral von Ooeben had given
me as I passed through Coblentz on my way to the front.
Arch. Forbet, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 39.

2f. Distracted or deranged in mind.

These poor informal women are no more
But instruments of some more mightier member
That sets them on. Shak. , M. for M., v. 1.

informality (in-for-marj-ti), «.; pi. informali-
ties (-tiz). [= Sp. informalidad: as informal +
-ity.] The state of being informal ; want of reg-
ular or customary form ; an informal act or pro-
cedure : as, the informality of legal proceedings
may render them void.

But they concluded that, whatever informalities or nulli-
ties were pretended to be in the bulls or breves, the Pope
was the only competent judge of it.

Up. Bnrnet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1531.

informally (in-for'mal-i), adv. In an informal
manner; irregularly; without the usual forms ;
unceremoniously.

informant (in-fo'r'mant), a. and n. [= Sp. Pg.
It. informante, < L. informan(t-)s, ppr. of infor-
mare, inform : see inform1.] I. a. Giving form ;
transmuting matter by communicating to it a
form; informing — Informant act, in metaph. See
act. — Informant form, in metaph., a form which affects
the specific essence of a thing, which penetrates the being
of the matter, and is not merely extrinsically joined to it,
as an assistant form, producing only motion.

II. n. One who informs or gives information ;
an informer.

It was the last evidence of the kind. The informant was
hanged. Burke, Affairs of India.

"Ahmed, "said the informant, "spurns at restraint, and
scoffs at thy authority." Irving, Alhambra, p. 460.

= Syn. Informant, Informer. Informant is special, re-
lating only to a given occasion : as, who was your in/arm-

informative

ant ? Informer may be special or general, relating to
one occasion or, more commonly, to a practice or occupa-
tion, as implying a habit of informing, or a dishonorable
betrayal of knowledge gained in confidence. It has ac-
quired odious associations.

This sour informer, this bate-breeding spy, . . .

This cany-tale, dissentious Jealousy.

Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 655.

in fprma pauperis (in fdr'ma pa'pe-ris). [L.:
in, in ; forma, abl. of forma, form ; pauperis, gen.
of pauper, poor: see/omand pauper.] In the
character of a pauper. Courts of equity having discre-
tionary power to award or refuse costs adopted the practice
of granting leave to sue, without liability to costs in case of
unsuccess, to suitors showing a good cause of action, and
making oath to poverty, the privilege being confined to
those not having above £5 or 820. The power to grant
such leave is now generally extended by statute to com-
mon-law courts, and in some jurisdictions the limit lias
been increased.

information (iu-f§r-ma'shou), «. [< ME. infor-
macion,enformacion (= D. mformatie = G. Dan.
Sw. information), < OF. information, F. informa-
tion = Sp. informacion = Pg. inforniafao = It. in-
formazione,(. L. informatio(n-), outline, sketch,
idea, conception, representation, < informare,
sketch, inform: see inform.] 1. Communica-
tion of form or element ; infusion, as of an ani-
mating or actuating principle. [Bare.]

There does not seem any limit to these new informations
of the same Spirit that made the elements at first.

Emerson, Works and Days.

2. Knowledge communicated or received ; par-
ticular intelligence or report ; news; notice: as,
to get information of a smpwreck.

Also whan the Prelate of the Abbeye is ded, I have un-

dirstonden, be informacioun that his Lampe quenchethe.

MandevUle, Travels, p. 60.

I went, in Suez, to the house of a Greek priest, and the
next day met with a Turkish captain of a ship, a very
obliging man. who gave me several informations in rela-
tion to the navigation of the Red sea.

Pococke, Description of the East, I. 138.

H was at a loss in what manner to communicate his

information to the officer in command at Bedford.

Cooper, The Spy, vi., note.

3. Knowledge inculcated or derived^ known
facts or principles, however communicated or
acquired, as from reading, instruction, or ob-
servation: as, a man of various information;
the information gathered from extended travel.

Sweet bashfulness ! it claims at least this praise :
The dearth of information and good sense
That it foretells us always comes to pass.

Coicper, Task, iv. 71.

His information is various, and his learning catholic, as
well as profound. N. A. Rev., CXLII. 595.

4. In law : (a) An official criminal charge pre-
sented, usually by the prosecuting officers of the
state, without the interposition of a grand jury.
Wliarton. This is the sense in which it is more com-
monly used in American law. In American constitutional
law, clauses securing trial by jury in prosecutions by in-
dictment or information are construed as excluding com-
plaints before local magistrates for minor offenses, such
as have always been summarily tried, (ft) A criminal
charge made under oath, before a justice of the
peace, of an offense punishable summarily.

Seeking tales and informations
Against this man. Shak., Hen. VIII., v. 3.

Informations were given in to the magistrates against
him [ l-'ust as a magician, and searching his lodgings a
great number of copies [of the Bible] were found.

/. D' Israeli, Curios, of Lit., I. 133.

(c) A complaint, in a qui tarn action in a court of
common-law jurisdiction, to recover a penalty
prescribed by statute or ordinance, (d) In Eng.
law, a complaint in the name of the crown, in a
civil action, to obtain satisfaction of some obli-
gation to, or for some injury to the property or
property rights of, the crown, (e) In Scots law,
a written argument in court. — 5. In mctapli.,
the imparting of form to matter. In logic the in-
formation of a term is the aggregate of characters predica-
ble of it over and above what are implied in the definition.
[This meaning is found in Abelard.]

The sum of synthetical propositions in which the sym-
bol is subject or predicate is the information concerning
the symbol. C. S. I'eirce.

Bill of information, an information ; the document or
pleading stating the ground of complaint. — Criminal
information, iii In n: see criminal. —Ex offlcio informa-
tions, in ana. law, the term by which purely public prose-
cutions by information were designated (usually had in the
King's Bench), as distinguished from crnim information*.
by which prosecutions in the interest of private or prop-
erty rights were designated (had in the Exchequer), and
from i]ui turn information*, or informations qui tain, those
prosecuted for a penalty which the informer is entitled
to take or share.— Information of Intrusion, a suit
in the English Exchequer against a trespasser on crown
lands, or the pleading by which such a suit was insti-
tuted.

informative (in-fdr'ma-tiv), a. [= F. iiiforma-
tif= Sp. Pg. It. informative; as inform + -atwe.]
1. Having power to form or animate.

informative

Many put out their forcu informative
III tlK-lr cthiTeull corporeity.

Dr. U. Mure, I'sychathanasia, I. ii. 24.

2. Didactic; instructive: u.-, a simpU • inform-
utivc rather limn iloi,'Mialic .spirit.

Mr. 's editorial notes are, moreover, precisely what

editorial notes hhmilil lif UbmoMw, elucidatory, some-
times speculative and miggcstive.

The Academy, Juno 29, ISsfl, No. 896, p. 4.19.

inforraatory (in-for'ma-to-ri), a. [< inform +
-at-ori/.] Full of information; affording know-
lodge; instructive.

The passage Is infurinatory, but too long to quote fully.
N. and «., 7th »er., VI. 801.

informed1 (in-f6rmd'), p. a. [< inform*, »., +
-<:<V.] Formed; animated; actuated.

Man Is a soul, informed by divine Ideas, and bodying
forth their Image. Alcott, TableU, p. nit;.

Informed breadth and depth, the logical breadth and
depth of a term in a given state of positive knowledge or
information.

informed- (in-formd'), a. [< in-3 + fnrmril.
Cf. inform'*.} Unformed; formless; shapeless.

So, after N tins inundation,

Infinite shapes of creatures men doe fynd

Jnformed In the mud on which the Sunne hath shynd.
Spemer.f. Q.. III.vl.8.

Conceptions, whether animate or inanimate, formed or
in/or ined. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, II. 3.

Informed stars, in astron., stars not Included within
the figures of any of the ancient constellations. Ptolemy,
in his star -catalogue, under each constellation begins with
a list of stars each described as being situated in this or
that part of the human or other figure supposed to be
represented. After this follows another list, headed oi
ntpi avroy aMop^tuToc, stars lying without the figure, Latin
gtelltz injormev, informed stars.
informer (in-fdr'mer), n. 1. One who informs
or animates.

In/urmer of the Planetary Train !

Without whose quickening glance their cumbrous orbs

Were brute unlovely mass, inert and dead.

Thornton, .Summer, 1. 104.

2. One who imparts intelligence or gives in-
formation; an informant. — 3. In law, one who
communicates to a magistrate a knowledge of
a violation of law; a person who lays an in-
formation against or prosecutes in the courts
one who offends against the law or any peual
statute. Such a person Is generally called a common
informer, if he makes it his business to lay informations
for the purpose of obtaining a reward.

But these are call il informers; men that live
By treason, as rat-catchers do by poison.

Beau, and t'l., >Voman-Hater, v. 2.

Hence — 4. One who makes a business of in-
forming against others; a mischief-maker.
But woo to suche informer*, who they be,
That maketh their malice the mater of the power.

Skelton, Euell Information.
= 8yn. ln,f<irmant, Informer. See infiirmant.

informidablet (iu-f6r'mi-da-bl), a. [< »»-3 +
.formidable.'] Not formidable ; not to be feared
or dreaded.

Of limb

Heroic built, though of terrestrial mould ;
Foe not informidakle ! Milton, P. L., U. 486.

informityt(iii-fdr'mi-ti),». [= OF. informiU =
Sp. informidad = If. informita, < LL. informi-
>a(t-)n, unshapeliness,< L. informis, unshapely,
shapeless : see inform*.] Lack of form ; shape-
lessness.

If we affirm a total informity, it cannot admit so forward
a term as an abortmeut. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ill. 6.

informoust (in-for'mus), a. [< L. informi.*-.
shapeless: see iitformity.] Of no regular form
or figure; formless; shapeless.

That a bear brings forth her young informmui and un-

shapcn ... is an opinion . . . delivered by ancient writers.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., lii. 6.

in foro conscientiae (in fo'ro kon-si-en'shi-e).
[L.: in, in ; foro, abl. of forum, a court; consci-
cntia; gen. of cotifcientia, conscience : see forum
and conscience.] In the court of the conscience ;
according to the verdict of the moral sense.

in foro domestico (in fo'ro do-mes'ti-ko). [L.:
»», in; foro, abl. of 'forum, a court; domestico,
abl. neut. of domesticus, domestic : see forum
and domestic.] In a domestic court; in a tri-
bunal of tlie home jurisdiction, as distinguished
from a foreign court.

in foro secular! (in fo'ro st-k-u-la'ri). [L.: •»,
in; foro, abl. of forum, a court; tteculnri, abl.
neut. of secularis, secular: seefnritm and secu-
lar.] In a secular court: according to the law
of a civil tribunal, as distinguished from that of
an ecclesiastical court.

infortunatet (in-for'tu-nat), «. [ME. infortu-
nate = Pr. iufurtitnai = Sp. Pg. iiifortiinndo =
It. infortunato, < L. iiit'ortiiiiutK--, unfortiiuate. <
iii-priv. + fortunutu*, fortunate: &eefortun<ite.~\
Unfortunate.

3080

I WM

Of alle lovers the most tn/ortu>tale.

Pulitical Poem*, etc. (ed. Furnlvall), p. 68.

infortunatelyt (in-for'tu-nat-li), <nlr. Unfor-
tunately.

infqrtunet (in-fdr'tun), n. [< ME. infortune, <
OF. infortune, F. infortune = Sp. Pg. infortinnn
= It. iiifiirliniiii, iitfortuiio, < L. iitfortuitiuiii,
mischance, misfortune, < in- priv. + forlunn.
chance, fortune: see fortune.] 1. Ill fortune;
misfortune.

Yf thel be merchauntes, dyvision of heritage is bettyr
than commvuion, that the tnftirtune of oone hurte not
the other. Political Poenu, etc. (ed. Furnlvall), p. S3.
For of Fortunes sharp adversitc
The worste kynde of infortune Is this :
A man to nan hen In nrusperitc,
And it remembren, when It passed is.

Chaucer, Troilus, 111. 1828.

The infortune is threatened by the malignant and ad-
verse aspect, through means of a youth, and, an I think, a
rival. Scott, Kentlworth, \\iii.

2. In astral., the planet Saturn or Mars, or even
Mercury when he is much afflicted. H'. Lilly.
infqrtunedt, a. [ME., < infortune + -ed*. Cf .
infortunnte.] Unfortunate.

I, woful wrech and inftrrtuned wight.

Chaucer, Troilus, Iv. 744.

inf ortunity (in-f6r-tu'ni-ti), « . [= OF. infortu-
nite,(. L. infortunita(t-)x, misfortune, < i«-priv.
+ fortuna, fortune. Cf . infortuuate.] Misfor-
tune.

Other there be that ascribe bis infortunitie only to the

stroke and punishment of Uod. Hall, Edward IV., an. 9.

They [the Romans] are well tamed with the infortuniti"

of this battell. Uolland, tr. of Llvy, p. 1152.

infossous (in-fos'us), a. [< L. infoxxw, pp. of
infodere, dig into, < «'«, in, + fodere, dig: see
foss^.] In hot., sunk in, as veins in some
leaves, leaving a channel.

infoundt (in-found'), v. t. [< ME. infounden, <
OF. infondre, infundre = Sp. Pg. infundir, < L.
infunaere, pp. infants, pour in, < in, in, + fun-
dere, pour: see found3. Cf. infund, infuse.] To
pour into ; infuse.

Wynedregges olde In water let infounde;

Yeve hem this drinke, anoon thai wol be sounde.

Palladiut, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 211.
But I say Ood is hable in such wyse to inspire and in-
founde the faythe, if that him lyste.

Or T. More, Works, p. 582.

infra. [L. infra, adv. and prep., on the under
side, below, LL. ML. also 'within,' contr. of in-
ferd, abl. fern, (sc.parte) of inferus, low, below :
see inferior.] A Latin preposition meaning
'below, beneath,' occurring in some phrases
occasionally used in English.

infra-. [L. infra, prep, and adv., used as a pre-
fix: see infra.] A prefix of Latin origin, mean-
ing 'below, beneath.'=Byn./K/«ro-, infra-, seein-
/«•«-.

infra actionem (in'frji ak-shi-6'nem). [L.: in-
fra, below, within; actionem, ace. of actio(n-),
action (canon): see action.] In the canon of
the Roman mass, a prayer: same as commuiti-
cantes.

infra-axillary (in'frft-ak'si-la-ri), a. [< L. «w-
fra, below, + axilla, axil: see axilla, axillary.]
1. In lint., situated beneath the axil, as a bud.
— 2. In 2007. and anat., situated below the ax-
illa or armpit.

infrabrancnial (in-fra-brang'ki-al), a. [< L.
infra, below, + bronchia; gills : see branchial.]
In conch., situated below the gills: applied es-
pecially to the inferior chamber of tne pallial
cavity.

infrabuccal (in-fra-buk'al), a. [< L. infra, be-
low, + bucca, cheek (mouth): see buccal.] Sit-
uated beneath the buccal mass or organ of a
mollusk : as, an infrabuccal nerve.

infraclaviCUlar (iii'frii-kla-vik'u-lar), a. [< L.
infra, below, + clacicula, clavicle: see clavicu-
lar.] Situated below or beneath the clavicle

or collar-bone.— Infraclavlcular fossa or triangle,
a space below the clavicle bounded by that bone above, by
the upper border of the great pectoral muscle below and
on the inner side, and by the fore border of the deltoid mus-
cle on the outer side. Deep pressure in this region com-
presses the axillary artery against the second rib. — Infra-
Clavicular region, a region of the front of the chest
bounded above by the clavicle and below (in ordinary
usage) by the third rib.

infraconstrictor (iu'frii-koii-strik'tor), «. [<
L. infra, below, 4- NL. constrictor, q. v.] The
inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx.

infracorticaKin-i'i'ii-kor'ti-kiil). «. [< L. infi-n.
below, + cortex (cartic-), bark (N I<. cortex) : see
cortical.] Lying or occurring below the cere-
bral cortex.

infracostal (in-fra-kos'tal), n. and n. [< NL.
infrucostaliti, < L. infra, below, + costa, rib.]

infrahyoid

1. a. In an/it., Mtu;.'e<l In-low or beneath arib;
subcostal: as, an infracostal artery, nerve, or
muscle.

II. n. An infracostal muscle,
infracostalis (in'fra-kog-ta'lis), ».; pi. infra-
rnxinii-- t-lez). [NL. : see infracostal.] An
infracostal muscle. In man there are a series of In-
fracostales, arising from the under side of a given rili,
and inserted into the first, second, or third rib nest below.
In their oblique, direction they resemble Internal Intercot-
tal muscles. They occur most frequently on the lower ribs.
infract1 (in-frakf), v. t. [< L. infractus, pp.
of i>ifringere, break off, break, weaken: see
infringe.] To break off; violate; interrupt.
[Rare.]

Falling fast from gradual slope to slope,
With wild infracted course, and lessen 'd roar,
It gains a safer bed, and steals at last
Along the mazes of the quiet vale.

Thornton, Summer, L 604.

infract2* (in-frakf), a. [< L. infractus, un-
broken, < in- priv. + fractus, broken: see frac-
tion.] Unbroken; sound; whole.
Had I a brazen throat, a voice infract,
A thousand tongues, and rarest words refin'd.

Mir. Jar Magi., p. 786.

Their [martyrs'] faith infract with their owne bloods did

seal,
And never did to any Tyrant stoop.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Triumph of Faith, ill. 23.

infracted (in-frak'ted), a. In zool., bent sud-
denly inward, as if partly broken; geniculate.

infractible (iu-frak'ti-bl), a. [< infractl+ -ible.]
Capable of being infracted or broken. [Rare.]

infraction (in-frak'shon), n. [= F. infraction
= Sp. infraction = P^g. infracpfto = It. infra-
zione, < L. infractio(n-), a breaking. < infringere,
pp. infractus, break :: see infract^.] 1. The act
of infracting or breaking ; a breakage or frac-
ture. [Rare.]

Very distinct In type from the infractiinu and extrava-
gant distortions of the osteomalveic skeleton.

VMOI'H, Med. Diet, p. 997.

2. Breach ; violation ; infringement: as, an in -
fraction of a treaty, compact, or law.

An infraction of Ood's great law of Right and of Love.
Sumner, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 1848.

Whoso suggesU or urges the infraction of another's
rights must be held to have transgressed the law of equal
freedom. //. Spencer, Social .Statics, p. 167.

infractor (in-frak'tor), n. [= F. infracteiir =r
Sp. Pg. infractor, < ML. infractor, one who
breaks or violates, < L. tnfrinyerc, pp. infractun,
break: see infract1.] One who infracts or in-
fringes ; a violator ; a breaker.

Who shall be depositary of the oaths and leagues of
princes, or fulminate against the perjur'd infraftorit of
them? Lord Herbert, Hist. Hen. VIII., p. 363.

infractous (in-frak'tus), a. [< L. infractus, pp.
of infringere, break: see infract1, infringe.] In
hot., bent abruptly inward. [Rare.]

infra dig. (in'fra dig). [An abbr. of L. infra
dignitatem : infra, below; dignitatem, ace. otdig-
nita(t-)s, dignity: see dignity.] Beneath one's
dignity; unbecoming to one's character, posi-
tion, or status in society. [Colloq.]

infra-esophageal (in'frft-e-so-faj'e-al), a. [<
L. infra, below, -r- oesophagus, esophagus: see
esophagcal.] Same as subesopkageal.

The nervous system in the Amphipoda consists of supra-
oaophageal or cerebral ganglia, united by commissures
with an injra-a*i>phi«jcal mass.

Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 316.

infraglottic (in-fra-glot'ik), a. [< L. infra, be-
low, + NL. glottis, glottis: see glottis, glottic'*.]
Situated below the glottis.

infragrant (in-fra'grant), a. [< tn-3 + fra-
grant.] Not fragrant; inodorous.

We shall both be a brown infragrant powder In thirty
or forty years. Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, xii.

infragular (in-fra-gu'iar), a. [< L. infra, be-
low, + gula, the "throat: see aular.] Subeso-
phageal. as a ganglion of certain mollusks.

The under part of the infragular ganglion is 6-lobed [In
ItelKKlte], whilst it Is 4-lobed in Limacidee.

Knight's Cyc. Xat. But. (1856X I1L SB.

infrahuman (in-frft-hu'man), a. [< L. infra,
below, + liumanus, human: see human.] Hav-
ing attributes or qualities lower than the hu-
man in the scale of being: the opposite of ,*«-
perhuntan.

We must conceive of it I ultimate entity] as either Intel
lectual or unintellectual, and U it U not human, then ai
superhuman or infrahuman.

Fortnightly Jtev., N. S., XXXIX. 65.

infrahyoid (in-fra-hi'oid). a. [< L. infra, below,
+ NL. hi/oides, hyoid: see hyoid.] Situated be-
low the hyoid bone : specifically applied in hu-
man anatomy to a region of the front of the
neck, and to a group of muscles in this region.

infrahyoid

as the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid,
and omohyoid, collectively known as depressors
of the os lii/oides: opposed to suprahyoid.

infralabialis (iu-fra-la-bi-a'lis),w.; pi. infrala-
biales (-lez). [NL.,"< L. infra, below, + labium,
lip : see labial.'] A muscle of the lower lip,
commonly called the depressor labii inferioris.
Coxes and Sliute.

infra] apsarian (iu-fra-lap-sa'ri-au), a. and n.
[< L. infra, below (after), + lapsus, fall, lapse
(see lapse, «.), + -aria*.] I. a. Pertaining to
infralapsarianism or to those who hold it.

II. a. [cap.] One who believes in infralapsa-
rianism.

infralapsarianism (in"fra-lap-sa'ri-an-izm), «.
[< infralapsarian + -ism.] In tlieot, the doc-
trine, held by Augustiuians and by many Cal-
vinists, that God planned the creation, permit-
ted the fall, elected a chosen number, planned
their redemption, and suffered the remainder
to be eternally punished. The Sublapsarians be-
lieve that God did not permit but foresaw the fall, while
the Supralapsarians hold that God not only permitted but
decreed it.

Even the Canons of Dort, the Westminster Confession,
and the Helvetic Consensus Formula, which are most pro-
nounced on the doctrine of decrees, stop within the limits
of iiifralapsarianisin.

Schaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 162.

inframammary (in-fra-mam'a-ri), a. [< L. »«-
fra, below, + mamma, breast : see mammary. ]
Lying below the breasts — Inframammary re-
gion, the region of the front of the chest bounded above
by the sixth rib and below by the lower limit of the chest.

inframarginal (in-fra-inar'ji-nal), a. [< L. in-
fra, below, + margo"(-gin-), breast : see margi-
nal.'] In entom., below or posterior to the mar-
ginal cell in an insect's wing Inframarglnal

cell, an outer cell in the anterior wing of certain aphids,
or plant-lice, behind the marginal cell, and limited pos-
teriorly by the furcal vein.— Inframarginal convolu-
tion, the superior temporal convolution.

inframaxiilary (in-frji-mak'si-la-ri), a. and «.
[< L. infra, below, + maxilla, jaw: see maxilla-
ry.} I. a. 1. Situated under the jaws; submax-
illary: as, the inframaxiilary nerves. — 2. Of or
pertaining to the inferior maxillary or lower
jaw-bone in general; mandibular — Inframaxii-
lary nerve, the third or lower division of the fifth cranial
or trifacial or trigeminus nerve, more commonly called
the inferior maxillary division.

II. «.; pi. inframaxillaries (-riz). The man-
dible or lower jaw-bone of a vertebrate; the
inferior maxillary bone. See intermaxillary.

inframe (in-fram'), v. t. Same as enframe.

This nature in which we are inframed answers to the
subjective frame-work of our own mind.

Hoppin, Old England, p. 198.

inframedian (in-fra-me'di-an), a. [< L. infra,
below, + medius, middle : see median.'] In zoo-
geog., below the median belt or zone: applied
to one of five zones into which the sea-bottom
has been divided with reference to its fauna.
The inframedian is succeeded by the abyssal
zone. See zone.

inframercurial (in"friUmer-ku'ri-al), a. [< L.
infra, below, + Mercurius, Mercury: see mer-
curial.'] Same as intramercurial.

inframundane (in-fra-mun'dan), a. [< L. in-
fra, below, + mundiis'j the world: see mundane."]
Lying or being beneath the world; belonging
to the lower regions or infernal world.

infranatural (in-fra-nat'u-ral), a. [< L. infra,
below, + tiatura, nature: see natural.'] Below
nature; subnatural; hypophysical: the opposite
of supernatural. See hypophysical.

If there is a craving In man for the preternatural gener-
ally, there seems to be a special tendency in the human
mind, when left to itself, to nanker after the infra-natural
forms of it. H. JV. Oxen/tarn, Short Studies, p. 421.

infranchiset, infranchisementt. Obsolete
forms of enfranchise, enfranchisement.
infrangibility (in-fran-ji-bil'i-ti), ». [< iufrnn-
gtble: see -bility.] The state or quality of be-
ing infrangible ; infrangibleness.
infrangible (in-fran'ji-bl), «, [< F. infran-
gible = Sp. infrangible = It. infrangibile ; as
m-s + frangible."] 1. Not capable of being
broken or separated into parts.
The primitive atoms are supposed infrangible.

G. Cheijne.

The sword broke short, nor could the force withstand
(No earthly temper of a mortal hand
Could arms divine, infrangible sustain ) •
The brittle weapon shiver'd on the plain.

Uoole, tr. of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered, vli.

2. Not to be violated or infringed; inviolable:
as, an infrangible oath.

infrangibleness (in-fran'ji-bl-nes), M. The state
or quality of being infrangible.

3090

infra-obliquus (in"fra-ob-irkwus), n. ; pi. in-
fra-obliqui (-kwi). [NL., < L. infra, below, -t-
obliquus, oblique: see obliquus.] The lower
oblique muscle of the eyeball ; the obliquus
inferior.

infra-ocular (in"fra-ok'u-lar), a. [< L. infra,
below, + oculus, eye: see 'ocular."] In entom.,
below the compound eyes: said of antennae
when they are inserted beneath these eyes.

infra-orbital (in"fra-6r'bi-tal), a. [< L. infra,
below, + tii'bita, orbit: see orbital."] Situated
on the floor of, or below, the orbit of the eye ;
suborbital: chiefly applied to a branch of the
trifacial nerve, to the track of that nerve along
the floor of the orbit, and to a foramen on the
cheek just under the orbit, whence the nerve
emerges — Infra-orbital canal, foramen, etc. See

the nouns.

infra-orbitar (in"fra-6r'bi-tar), a. Same as in-
fra-orbital.

infra-orbitary (in"fra-6r'bi-ta-ri), a. Same as
infra-orbital.

infrapatellar (in"fra-pa-tel'ar), a. (X L. infra,
below, + patella, the kneepan.] Below the
patella.

infrapose (in-fra-poz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
fraposed, ppr. infraposing. [< L. infra, below,
+ E. pose: see pose2.] To place under or be-
neath.

I had further an opportunity of seeing . . . his own dis-
covery of an instance of terrestrial surface infraposed to
the drift-gravels at the east end of the Isle of Wight.

Austen, Proc. Geol. Soc., No. 42.

infraposition (in"frS-po-zish'ou), n. [< L. in-
fra, below, + positio'(n-), position: see position."]
Position or situation beneath or under.

infraradular (in-fra-rad'u-lar), a. [< L. infra,
below, + NL. radula, q. v.] Situated under or
below the radula or lingual ribbon of a mol-
lusk.

On the top of the muscles of the infraradular sheet there
are two ganglia united to each other and to their fellows
on the opposite side.

R. J. H. Gibson, Trans. Roy. Soc. of Edin., XXXII. 627.

infrarectus (in-fra-rek'tus), n. ; pi. infrarecti
(-ti). [< L. infra, below, + rectus, right : see
rectus."] The lower straight muscle of the eye-
ball; the rectus inferior. See cut under eye-
ball.

infra-red (in'fra-red), a. [< L. infra, below, +
E. rerfl.] Below the red. The infra-red rays of the
spectrum are those invisible rays which have a greater
wave-length and are less refrangible than the red rays
at the lower end of the visible spectrum. (See spectrum.)
Contrasted with ultra-vivlet.

infrascapular (in-frii-skap'u-lar), a. [< L. in-
fra, below, + scapula, shoulder-blade: see
scapular."] Situated beneath the scapula — that
is, on its under surface or venter; lying be-
neath the shoulder-blade ; subscapular.

infrascapularis (in-fra-skap-u-la'ris), «.; pi.
infrascapulares (-rez)." [NL.: see infrascapu-
lar.'] The teres minor. See teres.

infraserratus (in'fra-se-ra'tus), n. ; pi. infra-
serrati (-ti). [< ~L."infra, below. + serratus,
serrate: see serrate."] The serratus posticus
inferior.

infraspinal (in-fra-spi'nal), a. [< L. infra, be-
low, •+• spina, spine: see spinal.] Same as in-
fruspinous.

infraspinate (in-fra-spi'nat), a. [< L. infra,
below, + spina, spine: see spinate."] Same as
infraspinowi.

infraspinatns (in"fra-spl-na'tus), n. ; pi. in-
fraspinati (-ti). [NL" : see infraspinate.'] The
muscle which occupies the infraspinous fossa,
and is inserted into the middle facet of the
greater tuberosity of the humerus.

infraspinous (in-fra-spi'nus), a. [< L. infra,
below, + spina, spine : see spinous.] Situated
below the spine of the scapula. Also infraapi-

nal, (H/ras/mmte.-infraspinous fascia, fossa, etc.
See the nouns.

infrastapedial (in"fra-sta-pe'di-al), a. and n.
[< L. infra, below, + stapes, stirrup, mod.
stapes.] I. a. Situated below the axis or main
part of the stapes or columella auris : specifi-
cally applied to an element or part of that
bone in some animals, as birds, supposed by
Flower to represent the stylohyal bone of a
mammal.

The stylo-hyal of a mammal is not fairly developed in a
bird, unless contained in or represented by another claw
of the stapes (an infra-stapedial element).

Coues, Key to N. A. Birds (1884), p. 18B.

II. w. An inferior element of the columella
auris ; an infrastapedial bone.

Infra-stapedial, which will unite with ... the stylo-
hyal. Cwut, Key to N. A. Birds (1884), p. 154.

infrigidation

infrastigmatal (in-fra-stig'ma-tal), a. [< L.
infra, below, + NL. stigma, q. v'.'] In entom.,
situated below the stigmata or breathing-pores :
as, an infrastigmatal line on a larva.

infrastipular (in-fra-stip'u-lar), a. [< L. in-
fra, below, + NL. fiiipida, q. v.] In bot., situ-
ated below the stipules : applied to outgrowths,
usually in the nature of spines, below the stip-
ules, as in some roses.

infrathoracic (in"fra-tho-ras'ik), a. [< L. in-
fra, below, + NL. thorax', q. v.] 1. Situated be-
low the thorax. — 2. Situated on the lower part
of the thorax: specifically applied to the lower
six pairs of thoracispinal nerves.

infnitrochlear (in-fra-trok'le-ar), a. [< L. in-
fra, below, + trochlea, pulley: see trochlca.]
Situated below the trochlea or pulley of the
superior oblique muscle of the eyeball, at the
inner corner of the orbit of the eye: as, the
infrafrochlear nerve, a branch of the fifth cra-
nial nerve, which issues from the orbit below
the trochlea.

He had relieved the pain in a glaucoma absolutum by
lacerating the infratrochlear nerve — Badals operation.
Medical News, XLIX. 188.

in fraudem legis (in fra'dem le'jis). [L. : in,
in ; fraudem, ace. offraus, fraud; legis, gen. of
lex, law : see fraud and lex.~\ In fraud of the
law: said of something devised so as to evade
or circumvent the law or to pervert its pro-
ceeding, in such sense as to be void on that
account.

infravaginal (in-fra-vaj'i-nal), a. [< L. infra,
below, + NL. vagina, vagina: see vaginal.]
Situated below the vaginal junction: as, the
infraraginal cervix uteri.

infrequence (iu-fre'kwens), n. [= F. infre-
quence = Sp. infrecuencia = Pg. infrequencia =
It. infreqiiensa, < L. infrequentia, a small num-
ber, fewness, solitariness, < infrequen(t-)s, sel-
dom, rare, infrequent: see infrequent.] Same
as infrequency. [Rare.]

Is it solitude and infrequemx of visitation? This may
perhaps be troublesome to a man that knows not to en-
tertain himself. JBp. Hall, Free Prisoner, § 4.

infrequency (in-fre'kwen-si), n. [As infre-
quence: see -ency.~] 1. The state of being in-
frequent or of rarely occurring; .uncommon-
ness; rareness.

Either through desuetude, or infrequent*/, or meer for-
mality of devotion, he has sun* ered his mind to grow alien-
ated from God. Young, Sermons (1678), p. 18.

2t. The state of being little frequented; seclu-
sion; solitude.

It was the solitude and infrequency of the place that
brought the dragon thither.

Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 1078.

infrequent (in-fre'kwent), a. [= F. infrequent
= Sp. infrecuente = 'Pg. It. infrequente, < L.
infrequen(t-)s, infrequent, seldom, rare, < in-
priv. + frequen(t-)s, crowded, frequent: seefre-
quent.'] 1. Not frequent or customary; rare;
uncommon; unaccustomed.

The acte where of -[frugality] is at this daye as infra-

nit or out of use amonge all sortes of men as the termea
traunge vnto them which haue not bene well instruct-
ed in Latyn. Sir T. Elyut, The Governour, iii. 21.
A sparing and infrequent worshipper of the Deity betrays
an habitual disregard of him.

Wollaston, Religion of Nature, 1 1.

2. In zool., being, as component parts, far
removed from one another; distant; not nu-
merous or close: as, infrequent spines, punc-
tures, etc.

infrequently (in-fre'kwent-li), adv. Not fre-
quently.

infrictfon (in-frik'shon), M. [< in-2 + friction.]
A rubbing in, as of a medicine.

The inflammation, he said, set in after the fourth in-
friction. Medical News, LIII. 101.

infrigidatet (in-frij'i-dat), r. t. [< LL. infrigi-
datus, pp. of infrigidare, make cold, < L. in, in,
to, + frigidare, make cold, < frigidus, cold: see
frigid.] To chill; make cold: refrigerate.

Whose coldness as it seems did not infrigidaie those
upper parts of the glass to whose level the liquor itself
did not reach. Boyle, Works, I. 393.

infrigidationt (in-frij-i-da'shon), n. [= OF. iii-
f>-ii/ii/atii>n, < LL. infrigidati'o(n-), a cooling, <
infrigidarK, make cold: see infrigidaie.] The
act of iufrigidating or making cold; refrigera-
tion.

The infrigidation of that air by the snow.

Boyle, Works, II. 513.

Madame de Bourignon . . . used to boast that she had
not only the spirit of contlnency in herself, but that she
had also the power of communicating it to all who beheld
her. This the scoffers of those days called the gift of in-
frigidation. Taller, No. 126.

Infringe

infringe (in-frinj'), '•.; pret. ami pp. iufriiit/i'd.
ppr. iiij'fiiii/i/i;/. [< L. iitfringere (> It. /«-
friiiiii-n- = Sp. Pg. iiil'riiii/ir = F. eiifrfindri'),
break off, break, bruise, weaken, destroy, < in,
in, + frangerr, break: see fraction, and d'. /»-
/raetf.] f. fra/M. 1. To commit a breach or in-
fraction of; act contrary to, as a law. right, or
obligation; transgress, either by action or by
negligence ; violate ; break.

The King told them it never was In his Thought to t'n-
/Vi'ii.w their Lil>i'rties. Bake.r, chronicles, p. ISO.

Why should we attempt to infringe the rights and prop-
erties of our neighbors?

Waehinyton, quoted in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 456.

He could infringe the franchises of the fellows of a col-
lege and take away their livings.

D. Wetmter, Speech, March 10, 1818.

2f. To annul or hinder.

Homilies ... do not infringe the efficacy, although hut
read. Booker, Eccles. Polity.

All our power
To be infringed, our freedom and our being.

Milton, P.R.,1. 62.

II. intrant. To encroach; trespass; intrude:
followed by on or upon: as, to infringe upon
one's rights.

The sides of the front are dilated, infringing on the eyes.

Sum.

= 8yn. Enrriiach upon, Trench upon, etc. See tretpazx,
v. i.

infringement (in-frinj'ment),)>. [< infringe +
-mentT] A breach or infraction, as of a law,
right, or obligation; violation; transgression.

We scarce ever had a prince who, by fraud or violence,
had not made some infringement on the constitution.

Bnrlte, Vind. of Nat. Society.

Where an attempt at infringement was made, the aggres-
sor found himself matched against a wide and powerful
union of powers instinctively actuated by the intention
of right Stuliux, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 213.

Infringement of copyright, patent, or trade-mark,
such a copying, Imitation, or reproduction as violates the
exclusive right of the owner, and therefor will sustain an
action. Syn. Breach, non-fulfilment, invasion, intrusion,
trespass, encroachment.

infringer (in-frin'jer), n. One who infringes or
violates ; a violator.

To see the infringers of this commandment to be im-
prisoned, he gave charge to all justices, maiors, sheriffs,
bailiffs, and constables.

Striipe, Memorials, Edw. VI., an. 1548.

infringiblet (in-frin'ji-bl), a. [< OF. infringible,
in frangible, < L. in- priv. + frangere, break.]
Unbreakable; indissoluble. [Rare.]

Hailing betwixt themselues sealed with their hands the
iitfrini/ible band of faith and troth in the heart, . . . bee
tooke leaue of his fake lady.

Breton, An Olde Man's Lesson, p. 13.

infructuose (in-fruk'Ju-6s), a. Same as infruc-
titoii*.

infructuous (in-fruk'tu-us), a. [= F. infruc-
iiu'iix = Pr. infructuos = Sp. Pg. infructuoso
= It. infrnttnoso, < L. infriietuosux, unfruitful, (.
in- priv. + frwctuostts, fruitful : see fructuous.]
Not fruitful; unproductive ; unprofitable.

Lntheranism . . . bound itself hastily to definitions and
formula; which produced new divisions, and a scholasti-
cism more bitter, controversial, and infructnou* than the
old. Contemporary Ken., LIV. 715.

infructuously (in-fruk'tu-us-li), ado. In an in-
t'ructuous manner; uselessly; unprofitably.

He [the actor] soon found that his art was infntctw)ii#ly
employed in obtaining applause; his reputation began to
depend upon press notices.

Dion Bomicault, X. A. Rev., CXLV. ai.

infrugal (in-fro'gal), a. [< ««-3 + frugal.'] Not
frugal; extravagant; prodigal; wasteful.

What should betray them to such infrugal expences of
time, I can give no account without making severe reflex-
ions on their discretion.

J. Goodman, Winter Evening Conferences, p. 21.

infrugiferoust (in-fri?-jif 'e-nis), a. [< fii-3 +
flrvgybroiu.] Not bearing fruit. Jiailei/, 17:27.

infucatet (in'fu-kat), v. t. [< LL. (MVM&u,
painted, as if pp. of "iiifncare, paint, < HI, in,
on, + furart; paint, (fucus, paint: see fitcus.]
To paint; stain; daub. Coles, 1717.

infucationt ^in-fu-ka'shon), H. [< infucate +
-mi/.] The act of painting or staining, espe-
cially the face. E. Phillips, 1706.

infula (in'fu-la), «.; pi. infuhe (-le). [L., a
band, a woolen fillet.] 1. In Rum. antiq., a
flock of white and rod wool, drawn into the
form of a wreath or fillet, worn on the head on
solemn occasions, as by priests and vestals,
mi'] hound to tho head of sacrificial victim*.
Brides iilso carried wool on a distaff, which they twisted
into an infnht and fixed upon the husband's door on enter-
ing his house.

2. Ecclvx.: (a) In the ancient diureli, a head-cov-
ering of Christian priests or bishops. (6) In
medieval times, a chasuble. (<•) One of the two

3091

lappets of a miter. Formerly called /niton . — 3.
In t>cr. : (a) A cap or head-dress used an a bear-
ing. Many different forms have been used, (b)
One of the ribbons of a miter or of the electoral
crown, generally represented as fringed.

Two short bands of some rich material, fringed at the
ends, form the injiitm of a mitre, and depend from it, one
mi either Bide. A'/i, /«•. Brit., VI. 408.

infumate (in'fu-mat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. infu-

niiitfil, ppr. iitj'ii muting. [< L. infumatus, pp.

of infumare, smoke: see infuine.'] To dry by

smoking; smoke.

Infiiiiinifd, smoked ; dried in the smoke. Bailey, 1737.
infumate (in'fu-mat), a. [< L. infumatus, pp.:

see the verb.] In entom., clouded slightly with

brownish black; shaded as if with smoke,
infumated (in'fu-ina-ted), a. Same as infu-

wfitr.
infumation (in-fu-ma'shon), H. [< infumate +

-KIII.] The act of drying or curing in gmoke;

smoking. Bailey, 1731.
infumet (in-fum'), v. t. Same as enfume.
in fund (in-fund'), v. t. [< L. infundere, pour

in: see tnfound, an older form. Cf. fuse1.] To

pour in. Davieg.

They are . . . only the ministers of Him which infumt-
elh and poureth into all men grace. Becon, Works, II. 582.

infundibula, n. Plural of infundibulum.

infundibular (in-fun-dib'u-l&r), a. [< infun-
dibulum + -ars.] Same as infundibuliform.

Infundibulata (in-f un-dib-u-la'tft), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of infumlibulatus: see infundibulate.}
Gervais's name for the marine polyzoans as an
order of Polygon which have the cell-mouth cir-
cular and infundibulate. It corresponds to the
modern order (jymnolcrmata, and contains the Ckilosto-
iitata, CyclnKtomata, and Ctenortomata, as distinguished
from the Phylactolannata.

infundibulate (in-fun-dib'u-lat), a. [< NL. «'n-
fundibulatus, < L. infundibulum, funnel : see i/i-
fundibulttm.] 1 . Having a funnel or infundibu-
lum ; specifically, of or pertaining to the Infun-
dibulata. — 2. Same as infundibiiliform.

infundibuliform (in-funHlib'u-li-f6nn), a. [<
L. infundibulum, a funnel, -t- forma, shape.]
Having the form of a funnel; ,

funnel-shaped.

Where the sac of an inguinal hernia
passes through the Internal ring, the in-
fiiwlibtilifonn process of the transvcr-
snlis fascia forms one of its coverings.

H. Gray, Anat,

Specifically — (n) In bot. , having the form
of a tube enlarging gradually upward
and spreading widely at the summit:
said of a gamopetalous corolla, as that of
a morning-glory, (ft) In rnlom., applied
to joints of the antennn?, etc., when the
nasal part is cylindrical or nearly so, and
the apical part gradually increases in di-
ameter: distinguished from crateriform.
Also infundibular, infundibulate.

Certain ciliated infundilnilifnrm organs . . . occur on
the Intestinal mesentery of Sipunculus.

Encyc. Brit., II. 70.

Infundibuliform fascia. Seofatda.
infundibulum (in-fun-dib'u-lum), n. ; pi. infun-
dibula (-la). [L., a funnel, lit. that which is
poured into, < infundere, pour into, < HI, into,
•4- fiindere, pour: see founds, fuse1. Hence
u\t. funnel.] 1. In anat., a funnel-shaped organ
or part. — 2. In cool.: (a) The funnel or siphon
of a cephalopod, formed by the coalescence or
apposition of the epipodia: supposed by Hux-
ley to be formed by the union and folding into
a tubular form of processes which correspond
to the epipodia of pteropods and branchiogas-
tropods. See cut under Dibrancliiata. (b)
One of the gastric cavities of the Ctcnoplioru ,
into which the gastric sac leads; a chamber con-
necting the gastric cavity with the entire sys-
tem of canals of the body, and also leading to
the aboral pores. It corresponds to the com-
mon axial cavity of actinozoans. See cut under
CfmopAoro, (c) The dilated upper extremity
of the oviduct of a bird, whicn receives the
ovum from the ovarium, corresponding to the
fimbriated extremity of the Fallopian tube of a
mammal. — 3. [on/'.] A genus of mollusks. —
Infundibula of the kidney. * («) The calyces, (ft) The
two or three main divisions of the pelvis of the kidney,
formed by the confluence of the calyces — Infundibula
of the lungs, the elongated and funnel shaped sacs set
with air-cells which terminate the air-passages of the
lungs.— Infundibulum of the brain, the funnel shaped
downward proloni.-;iii. m of the floor of the third ventricle,
which it connects with the pituitary body. — Infundibu-
lum Of the COChlea, the thin plate of ton*, shaped like
one half of a funnel divided longitudinally, at the apex of
the modiolus of the ear. It is the termination of the lam-
ina of bone whieh tiividi s tin- turns of the coohlea from
one another.— Infundibulum of the ethmoid bone,
tin' passage in the ethmoid bone which leads up from the

infuse

middle mcatns of the nose to the anterior ethmoid cells.
— Infundibulum of the heart, the oinieal upper part
of the right ventrli -le, from which the pulmonary artery
arises. Also called ronu* artrt iottut (.arterial cone).

infuneralt (iu-fu'ne-ral), *• '• L< i«-a +/«««-
ni i. J To bury with funeral rites.

As though her flesh did but infttni-ral

Her buried ghost. (J. Fletcher, ( hrisfs Victory.

infurcation ^in-fi-r-ka'shgn), ». f < in-2 + fur-

nd

cation. Cf. ML. infvrcare, susj
< L. in, on, + fureare, fork,

on a gibbet,
bet.] A forked

Inrundihulifonn
Corolla of Datura
Stra rn,<i: tu "i .

expansion or divergence. Craig,
infuriate (in-fu'ri-at), f. t.; pret. and pp. infu-
riated, ppr. infuriating. [< ML. infuriatus, pp.
of iiifuriare, enrage, < L. in, in, + furiare, en-
rage, </«ria, rage, fury: Bee fury.] To render
furious or mad ; enrage ; make raging.

They tore the reputation of the clergy to pieces by their
infuriated declamations and invectives, before they lacer-
ated their bodies by their massacres.

Burke, A Regicide Peace, II.

infuriate (in-fu'ri-at), a. [< ML. infuriatun,
pp.: see the verb.] Enraged; raging; mad:
as, an infuriate lunatic.

A mine with deadly stores
Infuriate burst, and a whole squadron'd host
Whirl'd through the riven air.

H'. Thompson, Sickness, v.

infuscate (in-fus'kat),.r. /.; pret. and pp. «»/«.s-
cated, ppr. infuscating. [< L. infuseatus, pp. of
infuscare, make dark or dusky, < in, in, 4- fun-
care, make dark, </«.«,•««, dark, dusky: see/w*-
coiis. Cf. obfuscate.'] To darken ; make dusky ;
obscure. Bailey. [Bare.]

infuscate (in-fus'kat), a. [< L. infuscatus, pp. :
see the verb.] In en tow., clouded with brown ;
darkened with a fuscous shade or cloud: as,
apex of the wing infuttcate.

infuscation (in-fus-ka'shon), H. [< iitfuscate
+ -ion.] The act of darkening ; obscuration ;
the state of being dusky or clouded. Bailey.
[Bare.]

infuse (in-fuz'), v. t.; pret. and pp. infused, ppr.
infusing, [< ME. enfusen = F. infttser, (. L. t'n-
fusuit, pp. of infundere, pour in, spread over : see
infund, infound.] 1. To pour in or into, as a
liquid; introduce and pervade with, as an in-
gredient: as, to infuse a flavor into sauce.

Tis born with all : the love of Nature's works
Is an Ingredient In the compound man
Infuv'd at the creation of the kind.

Coirper, Task, IT. 738.

2. To introduce as by pouring; cause to pene-
trate; insinuate; instil: with «'»fo: chiefly in
figurative uses.

Many other axioms and advices there are touching those
proprieties and effects which studies do it(fute and Instil
into manners. Bacon, Advancement of learning, ii. 291*.

It Is tropically observed by honest old Socrates that
heaven infuxcx tnto some men at their birth a portion of
intellectual gold. Irviny, Knickerbocker, p. 812.

It [Alexander's conquest) had the effect of uniting into
one great interest the divided commonwealths of Greece,
and infivring a new and more enlarged public spirit into
the councils of their statesmen. Etnemon, War.

3. To steep; extract the principles or Duali-
ties of, as a vegetable substance, by pouring's
liquid upon it ; make an infusion of.

Yet such [Rack] as they have they esteem as a great
Cordial ; especially when Snakes and Scorpions have been
infused therein, as I have been Informed.

Dampier, Voyages, II. L S3.

One ounce of dried leaves is infused in ten ounces of
warm water. Core.

4. To affect or modify by infusion; mingle:
hence, to imbue; tinge: followed by with.

Drink inftiied m'th flesh will nourish faster and easier
than drink and meat together. Bacon, Nat. Hist.

Methlnks a woman of this valiant spirit
Should, 11 a coward hear her speak these words,
fnfute his breast trtTA magnanimity.

SA<i*., 3 Hen. VI., r. 4.
Besides, the Briton is so naturally in,fni'd
Wi'h true poetic rage that in their measures art
Doth rather seem precise than comely.

Draytun, Polyolbiou, rt 264.

5t. To pour, or pour out ; shed; diffuse.

Yf ofte nppon the rootes as thai stonde
The boles guile enfu*ed be.

Palladium, Htlsbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 88.
With those clear rays which she t'nfut'd on me,
That beauty am I bless'd with which you may see.

Shot., 1 Hen. VI., t !.

Infused cognition. See cognition. =Syn. 2. Intlil, In-
'•ulraff, etc. See implant.

infuset (in-fuz'), n. [< L. I'M/ttStts, a pouring in,
< infundere, pp. infusus, pour in : see infuse, r.]
An infusion.

Vouchsafe to shed into my barren spright

-Snne little drop of thy celestiiUl dew,

That may my rymes with sweet infiitf embrew.

Sptmer, Hymn of Heavenly Lore. L 47.

infuser

infuser (in-fu'zer), n. One who or that which
infuses.

It was a strange exaction of Nebuchadnezzar upon his
magi to declare to him not onely the meaning, but the
very dream, as if they had been the infusers of it.

If. Montagw, Devoute Essays, I. xri. § 6.

infusibility1 (in-fu-zi-bil'i-ti), n. [< infusible^
+ -ity : see -bility.] Capability of being infused
or poured in.

infusibility2 (in-fu-zi-bil'i-ti), n. [= P. infusi-
bilite = Sp. infu,iibilidad — Pg. infusibilidade =
It. infusibilita; as infusible? + -4ty: see -bility.]
Incapability of being fused or dissolved.

infusible1 (in-fu'zi-bl), a. [As infuse + -ible.]
Capable of being infused. [Bare.]

From whom the doctrines being infusible into all, it
will be more necessary to forewarn all of the danger of
them. Hammond.

infusible2 (in-fu'zi-bl), a. [= F. Sp. infusi-
ble = Pg. infusivel = It. infusibile; as i»-3 + /«-
sibk.] Not fusible; incapable of fusion or of
being dissolved or melted: as, an infusible cru-
cible.

infusibleness (in-fu'zi-bl-nes), n. Infusibility.

infusion (in-fu'zhon), n. [= F. infusion = Pr.
infusio, enfuzio ="Sp. infusion = Pg. infusao =
It. infusione, < L. infusio(n-), a pouring in, a
watering, < infundere, pp. infusus, pour in: see
infound, infuse.] 1. The act of infusing, pour-
ing in, imbuing, or instilling: as, the infusion
of good principles.

Our language has received innumerable elegancies and
improvements from that inflation of Hebraisms which are
derived to it out of the poetical passages in lloly Writ.

Addison.

In Italy the question of rights had become so compli-
cated that nothing but the iiifurion of an element of idea
could have produced even a semblance of order out of the
chaos. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 222.

2. That which is infused or diffused; something
poured in or mingled.

With what infusion doth it [deceitf illness] so far intoxi-
cate mankind to make them dote upon it, against the con-
victions of reason and dictates of Conscience.

Stillingflaet, Sermons, II. iii.

She could not conceive a game wanting the spritely in-
fusion of chance. Lamb, Mrs. Battle's Opinions on Whist.

There is then an undoubted British infitriim in the Eng-
lish people. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 149.

3. The process of steeping a substance, as a
plant, in water, in order to extract its virtues.
— 4. A liquid extract or essence obtained by
steeping a vegetable substance.

Infusions are generally prepared by pouring boiling wa-
ter upon the vegetable substance, and macerating in a
tightly closed vessel till the liquid cools.

U. 5. Dispensatory, p. 788.

5. A pouring, or pouring out, as upon an ob-
ject; affusion: formerly used of that method of
baptism in which the water is poured upon the
person.

The priests, when they baptize, shall not only pour wa-
ter on the head of the children, but shall plunge them into
the laver. This shows that baptism by infusion began to
be introduced in cold climates. Jortin, On Eccles. Hist.

The infant is represented as seated naked in the font,
while from a vessel the priest pours the water upon the
head. Originally used only for sick or infirm persons,
the method of baptism by infusion became gradually the
established practice, and all doubts as to its validity were
removed by appeal to papal and other high authority.

Encyc. Brit., IX. 361.

Method of infusion, in beer-manuf.t a method of pre-
paring the mash by treating the bruised malt with water
at a temperature of 70" to 75°.

infusive (in-fu'siv), a. [< infuse + -ire."] Hav-
ing the power of infusion ; capable of infusing
or imbuing.

Still let my song a nobler note assume,

And sing th' infusive force of Spring on Man.

Thomson, Spring, 1. 866.

Infusoria (in-fu-so'ri-a), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L.
infusorium, q. v.] 1. A name given by Otho
Fr. Miiller to an indiscriminate assemblage of
minute, and for the most part microscopic, ani-
mal and vegetable organisms frequently devel-
oped in infusions of decaying organic sub-
stances. The Infusoria in this sense comprehended va-
rious desmids, diatoms, and other low plants, with many
protozoan animalcules, and also rotifers or wheel-animal-
cules. Some of these organisms were known to Linneeus,
and thrown by him into a genus which he called Chaos.
at the end of his class Vrrm?s. Lamarck, Gmelin, and
others followed Miiller in his understanding of Infusoria.
Cuvier made Infusoria the fifth class of Itadiata, divided
into two orders, Rotifera and Ilomogenea. See Microzoa,
Polygastrica.

2. A class of minute, mostly microscopic, ani-
malcules, provisionally regarded as the highest
class of Protozoa. They are endoplastic, having a nu-
cleus ; there is a mouth and a rudimentary stomach or
gastric cavity ; there are vibratile cilia or flagella, but no
proper pseudopodia. Most are aquatic and free-swimming,
and some are internal parasites ; but others form colonies

3092

uoles may appear. A nucleus, which is supposed to be
an ovary, having attached to it a spherical particle, the

Infusoria in a Drop of Water, highly magnified.
I, I, Astasia hatnatodes; 2, 3, Phacui longicauda ; 3, 3, Stentor

-ing

[< NL. *(«/«-
'.. Infusorial, as an
containing infusorial
shells.

II. w. ; pi. infusories (-riz). An infusorian.
in futuro (in fu-tu'ro). [L.: in, in; futuro,
dat. of futurus, future: see future.] In the
future ; at a future time ; for the future.
ing (ing), K. [< ME. ing, < AS. ing = Icel. eng,
f ., a meadow, engi, iieut., meadow-land, = Dan.
eng = Sw. ring, a meadow.] A meadow; es-
pecially, a low meadow near a river. The word
is found in some local names, as Ingitam, Ing-
thorpe, Dorking, Deeping, li'apping, etc. Coles;
Bailey. [Prov. Eng.]

Bill for dividing and inclosing certain open common
fields, ings, common pastures, and other commonable
lands, within the manors or manor and township of Hem-
ingby, in the county of Lincoln.

Journals of the House of Commons, 1773.

Those alluvial flats which are locally known as ings.

E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, III. 239.

In the lowest situation, as in the water-formed base of
a rivered valley, or in swampy dips, shooting up among
the arable lauds, lay an extent of meadow grounds, or inge,
to afford a supply of hay, for cows and working stock, in
the winter and spring mouths.

Maine, Village Communities, p. 91.

rosoma virgaria; o.
emmipara: n, Chil
«, the same, about to

Acintlafrrrum tquinum; lo, Podofhiya

¥• ME-

later alSO -»HO (= OS. -»»</ =
-. -.,-

,

cvcullus ; iza, Stylonychia myttlus; -p. -.,-T ft. V 43 „„„ r»TTn tirtfin

me, full of Sfharcfhrya D. -JWfiT = MLtr. L,(r. -Ung = OMLr. -MMJT«,

ries. -ing =

rate ; iar. the same,

; n», the same, individuals .Ung6j -ung, G. -!««</ = Icel. -ling = Dan. -ing =

Sw. -ing), a suffix forming nouns of action or be-
nucTeolus, supposed to be a spermatic gland, is embedded ing from verbs.] A suffix of Anglo-Saxon origin,
in the cortical substance. Contractions of the body are usually forming nouns from verbs, expressing
Reproduction takes place va- the action o( the verb. Such nouns may be formed
from any verb whatever, and are usually called verbal
nouns, being in grammars and dictionaries usually ac-
counted a part of the verb-inflection. It is often a mere
chance whether, in a particular instance, the form in -ing
is treated as a noun or as a verb. These verbal nouns are
now identical in form with the present form of adjectives
(present participles) in -ing?. In sentences like " he is

effected by sarcode fibers. Reproduction ta
riously. The cilia or flagella are not only organs of loco-
motion, but form currents by which food is carried into
the mouth. The Infusoria have been variously subdi-
vided. A current classification is by division of the class
into four orders, based on the character of their cilia or
flagella, namely, Ciliata, Flagellata, Choanoflaijellata, and
Suctoria or Tentacvlifera. By S. Kent, the latest monog-
rapher, the Ii\fusoria are called a "legion " or superclass
of Protozoa, and include the sponges ; and they are divided
into three classes, Flagellata or llastigophora, Ciliata or
Trichophora, and Tentaculifera.

Excluding from the miscellaneous assemblage of hete-
rogeneous forms which have passed under this name
the Desmideffi, Diatomacete, Volvocinete, and VibrionidBB,
which are true plants, on the one hand, and the compara-
tively highly organized Rotifera on the other, there remain
three assemblages of minute organisms, which may be
conveniently comprehended under the general title of In-
fusoria. These are — (a) The so-called " Monads," or In-
'fusoria fta<iellata; (b) the AcinetsB, or Infusoria tentacu-
lifera ; and (c) the Infusoria ciliata.

Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 89.

infusorial (in-fu-so'ri-al), a. [< infusorium +
-al.] In zool. : (a) Developed in infusions, as
animalcules. (6) Containing or consisting of in-
f usorians : as, infusorial earth, (c) Having the
characters of the Infusoria; pertaining in any
way to the Infusoria — Infusorial earth, B very fine
white earth resembling magnesia, but composed largely of
the microscopic silicious shells of the vegetable organisms

called diatoms. Deposits are found not infrequently under ,„ , . . , , ...

peat-beds, and also on a large scale in certain parts of the -ien(t-)s = Gr. -uv (-OVT-), suffix of ppr. of verbs.

Ba\iitn1nSNevade8POr%aon 'and'caJUtamialrtiere thereare a.U sueh P'688?* participles being also usable a s
massls of'rock! hundrlds'of feet 'in thrcknels, largely made simple adjectives, and such adjectives as nouns
upof infusorial earth, occurringusuallyinterstratifled with of agent: see -ant1, -ent, which are thus ult.
volcanic materials, and often in connection with a fine- identical with -infif2.] A suffix of Anglo-Saxon
eMil^dUH^tSshed^S^e^8™^8^^^^^^""* °"gm' tne regular formative of the English
polishing articles of metal, and' as an absorbent in mak- present participle of verbs, as in coming, Weir-
ing explosives with nitroglycerrn. Also called infusorial ing, Jicaring, leading, etc., such participles be-
silica and fossil flour, and sold in the United States with mg often used as ordinary adjectives, as in ' the

(presen- , , — _ „

building a house," the form in -ingV, though originally a
norm in -ingi, is now regarded as a present partidple in
-ing%, and treated, with the auxiliary is, as a finite transi-
tive verb. Strictly, all verbal nouns in -ingl, being inde-
pendent words, and no part of the verb, should be entered
and defined separately in the drctionaiies; but their great
number (limited only by the number of verbs) makes this
impracticable, and their mixture with the verb, from
which their meaning can always be inferred, makes it un-
necessary. In this dictionary verbal nouns are entered
when there is anything noteworthy in their use or history ;
others are, to save space, ignored, or if noticed, as in
quotations, are included under the original verb. The
suffix -ing as attached to verbs is equivalent in force to the
Latin suffix -tio(n-\ E. -tion (-ation, etc.). In some words,
as evening, mttrning, no accompanying verb is in use.
-ing2. [< ME. -ing, -yng, -inge, -ynge, an altera-
tion, through confusion with the verbal-noun
suffix -ing1, of orig. -end, -ende, -inde (-and, -ande ) ,
< AS. -ende (in derived nouns -end) = OS. -ende
= OFries. -and = D. -end = MLG. -ende, LG.
-end = OHG. -anti, -enti, -ende, MHG. G. -end
= Icel. -andi = Dan. -ende = Sw. -ande = Goth.
-ands(-jands,-onds,-jo»ds) =L. -an(t-),

the trade-name of electro-silicon. See Diatomacete, dy-
namite.

The mixture of nitro-glycerin and infusorial earthfKie-
selguhr) called dynamite or giant powder is now one of
the commonest explosives met with.

Encyc.Brit.,S.VI. 445.

infusorian (in-fu-so'ri-an), n. and a. [< infu-
sorium + -an.] I. n. An infusorial animal-
cule ; one of the Infusoria.
II. <i. Same as infusorial.

infusoriform (in-fu-s6'ri-f6rm), a. [< infusori-

cming man)> <a leading citizen,' 'a cnarming
woman/ etc. It corresponds to the Latin suffixes -ont,
-ent (which see). By reason of the alteration and the
mixture of idiomatic uses of the verbal noun (in -inland
the verbal adjective (present participle\ great confusion
has resulted, and in many constructions the form in -ing
may be referred with equal propriety to either origin.
See -ingl.

-ing3. [< ME. -ing, < AS. -ing = OHG. -ing, -inc,
MHG. -ing, -ung, G. -ung = Icel. -ungr, -ingr,
orig. an adj. suffix.] A suffix of nouns, denot-

+ -form.] Infusorial in form'; resembling ing o«gin. and hence a common patronymic

remaining in some English family or local

an infusorian.

Ai
twi
bytbj

Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 197.

Infusoriform embryo, in Dicymida, the embryo of a
rhornbogenous dicyema. It is bilaterally symmetrical,
and consists of an urn, a ciliated body, and two refractive
bodies. See cut under Dityema.

infusorium (in-fu-so'ri-um), n. [NL., neut. of
"infusorius (cf. LL. infusorium, equiv. to suffu-
sorium, a vessel for pouring, < infusor, one who etc
pours), < L. infundere, pp. infusus, pour in : see inn',
infuse, infusion.] One of the Infusoria ; an in-
fusorial animalcule.

Rearming, son of Beorm; Aitltelwulfing, son of
Etholwulf ; cethling, son of a noble, etc. Such
patronymic names, extending to all the members of a par-
ticular family, or tribe, or community, gave rise to many
local names formed of such patronymics, properly in geni-

An infusorium swims randomly about.

B. Spencer. Data of Ethics, p. 10.

tive plural, with ham, home (village), as in Anglo-Saxon
Ileormingaht'nn, 'the Beormings' town,' Birmingham;
Wcelsingaham, Walsingham ; Snottinijahnm, Nottingham;
In some words, as farthing, herring, riding-, n-ln't-
(a fish), lording, gelding, the suflrx is less definite. In
Itenny and king the suffix is disguised.
-ing4. An apparent suffix in some local names,
being ing, a meadow, in composition, as in
Dorking, etc.

Flowering Branch of Infa/errufinea.
a, flower; i>, fruit.

Inga

Inga (ing'gii,), a. [NL., of S. Anirr. origin.)
A genus of plants of the natural order /.<•-
<l H in i name, type
of the trilir /«-
'/"r. They are
large unarmed
shrubs, or IIVIM
Krowini? to a height

Of tin 1'it i-l unit r,

with spikes or
heads of largo red
or white flowers,
and abruptly pin-
nate leaves. The
pods are flntU'licd
or roundish, with
thickened edges,
and the seeds are
enveloped in a
sweet, generally
white, pulp. Aliout
150 species are
known, all natives
of South America.
/. ferrmjinea is a
beautiful species
sometimes culti-
vated in conserva-
tories, /.cera, call-
ed inga-tree and
i-ii<-<i.tfood, has pods
about 6 Inches
long, curved like a
sickle, and leaves with winged stalks. /. spectabilis is a
large showy tree of the Isthmus of Panama, and is culti-
vated for Its edible pods, as is also /. t'eiiillei of Peru. It
is an ancient form, five extinct species having been recog-
nized in a fossil state in the Cretaceous and Tertiary forma-
tions of Europe.

ingaget, ingagementt. Obsolete forms of en-
gage, engagement.

ingalleyt, i'. t. [< iV2 + galley.] To confine in
the galleys.

It pleased the judge in favour of life to inyally them
for seaven yeares. (.""/•/<•.'/, Wits, Fits, and Fancies (1614).

ingan, ingun (ing'gan, -gun), ». Dialectal cor-
ruptions of. inioit*, a variant of onion.

And If frae name

My poueh produc'd an ingan head,
To please my wame.

Jtanutiitft A Miser's Last Speech.

ingangt (in'gang), «. [< ME. ingang, ingong, <
AS. ingang (= OFries. ingong, ingung = D. tw-
(JIIIKJ = MLG. ingank = OHG. ingang, inkang,
incanc, MHG. inganc, G. eingang = Icel. »««-
gangr = Dan. indgang = Sw. ingang), < in, in,
+ gang, a going: see gang.'] An entrance
or entrauceway; specifically, the porch of a
church.

ingannationt (in-ga-na'shon), ». [= It. ingan-
tiagione, < ingannare, cheat, dupe, < imjanno,
fraud: see inganno.] Cheat; fraud.

Whereunto whosoever shall resign their reasons, either
from the root of deceit In themselves or inability to re-
sist such trivial ingannatioiix from others, . . . yet are
they still within the line of vulgarity, and democratlcal
enemies of truth. Sir T. Browm; Vulg. Err., i. 8.

inganno (in-gau'no), it. [It., fraud, error, =
OF. engan, cngaiiig, engcn, rn., etc., cngaigne, en-
gaiif, etc., f., address, trick, ruse, dexterity,
etc. ; ult. < L. ingeniitm, ingenuity : see engine,
etc. ; also ingannation.] In »IM«IC, an interrupted
cadence(whichsee,undercrt</eHce); also. an un-
expected or sudden resolution or modulation.

ingaolt, r. t. An obsolete form of enjail.

ingate (in'gat), n. [< t»l + gatei.] If. En-
trance ; passage inward.

One noble person, who . . . stoppcth the inflate of all
that evill that is looked for. Spenner, State of Ireland.

2. In founding, the aperture in a mold through
which fused metal is poured : also called inset
and tedge. — 3. In coal-mining, an entrance to a
mine from the shaft.

ingather (in-gaTH'er), t>. [< («l + gather.'] I.
ti'iniK. To gather in ; bring together.

Two senatus consults . . . enabled the (beneficiary) . . .
to treat directly with debtors and creditors of the testa-
tor's and himself iivjatht'r the corporeal items of the in-
heritance. Encye. Brit.. XX. 707.

II. intrans. To gather together.

Then the ingathering streams are to branch off like the
Nile into as many channels to empty the river as had
united to nil It. The Advance, March 24. 1887.

ingathering (in'ga<FH''er-ing), n. [Verbal n. of
ingttthcr, i\] The act of gathering or collecting
together; specifically, the gathering in or stor-
ing of a harvest.

I require you in God's behalf to consider the great need
the prisoners of God are in the prisons at London, and make
some iii'iiilln i -iii'i.i amongst yom- neighbours for tlie relief
of them.

Bp. Ridley, in Bradford's Works (Parker Soc., 1853X II. 400.
Feast of Ingathering. Smm us ;•', •-,«> ,,f Tabernacles
(which see, under tabernacle).

The /<"!»' "/ !n:iiHlirrin:i, whii-h is in the end of the year,
when thou hast gathered in thy labours out of the Bud

Ex. x.\iii. n;.

3093

Inges (in'jo-6), H. pi. [NL., < Inga + -e<r.] A
tribe of plants of the natural order foguminonie,
typified by the genus Inga, having regular flow-
ers, a valvate calyx and corolla, many, often
very numerous, stamens, and the pollen-grains
aggregated.

ingelable (in-jel'a-bl), «. [< L. 'ingelabilis, <
i«- priv. 4- "gelaliilis, that may be frozen, < </< -
Inn; freeze: see geafl.] Incapable of being
congealed.

ingeminatet (in-jein'i-nat), r. t. [< L. ingemi-
natuti, pp. of ingeminare, redouble, repeat, < in,
in, + geminare, double: see geminate.] Tore-
double; repeat.

Euclla . . . appears In the heavens, singing an applau-
sive Song or Pawn of the whole, which she takes occasion
to ingeminate In the second chorus.

It. Jonson, Love's Triumph.

lie would often ingeminate the word peace, peace !

ClareniluH, Great Rebellion.

ingeminatet (in-jem'i-nat), a. [< L. ingemina-

tim, pp. : see the verb.] Redoubled; repeated.

In this we are sufficiently concluded by that ingeminate

expression used by St. Paul: "In Jesus Christ nothing

can avail but a new creature."

J*r. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), I. 185.

ingeminationt (in-jem-i-na'shqn),»i. [< ingemi-
nate + -ion.] Repetition; reduplication; iter-
ation.

The iteration and insemination of a given effect, mov-
ing through subtile variations that sometimes disguise
the theme. De Quineey, Style, i.

ingent, »• A Middle English form of engine.

Agaynste jeauntls on-gentill bane we joined with m-
iienili*. York Plays, p. 292.

ingendert, ingenderert. Obsolete forms of en-
gender, engenderer.

ingendruret, ». See engendrure.

ingenet, «• [< L. ingenium, genius: see ingc-
mints, engine, ingine.] Genius; wit; ingenuity.

ingenert, «. Same as enginer.

ingener ability1 (in-jen'e-ra-biri-ti), ». [<tw-
generable^: see -bility.] Capability of being in-
generated or produced within. [Rare.]

ingenerability2t (in-jen'e-ra-biri-ti), n. [< »«-
generable'2 : see -bility.] Incapability of being
generated.

ingenerable1 (iu-jen'e-ra-bl), «. [< L. as if
"ingenerabilis, that may be generated, < inge-
nerare, ingenerate, generate: see ingenerate^.]
That may be ingenerated or produced withiu.
[Rare.]

ingenerable2t(in-jen'e-ra-bl),«. [=F. ingene-
rable = Sp. ingenerable = It. ingenerabile ; as
in-3 + generablc.] Not generable; incapable
of being engendered or produced.

Xenophanes holdeth the world to be eternal), ingener-
able, uncreated, and incorruptible,

Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 670.

I must mind you that, if you will not disbelieve lie 1-
mont's relations, you must confess that the trla prima are
neither ingenerable nor incorruptible substances.

Boyle, Works, I. 602.

ingenerablyt (iu-jen'e-ra-bli), adv. Not by
generation ; so as not to tie generable.

Endued with all those several forms and qualities of
bodies ingenerably and incorruptibly.

Cvdtmrth, Intellectual System, p. 85.

ingenerate1 (in-jen'e-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
generated, ppr. ingenerating. [< L. ingeneratus,
pp. of ingenerare (= It. ingencrare, etc. : see en-
gender), generate within, generate, engender,
<! in, in, T generare, generate: see generate, and
cf. engender, gender, v.] To generate or pro-
duce within. [Bare.]

Those noble habits are ingenerated In the soul.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.

The Spirit of God must . . . ingenerate In us a true hu-
mility, and a Christian meekness of spirit.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), IL 8.

ingenerate1 (in-jen'e-rat), a. [< L. ingenera-
tus, pp. of ingenerare, generate within : see in-
generate, v.] Generated within; inborn; in-
nate.

Those virtues were rather feigned and affected things
to serve his ambition than true qualities int/enerate i:i
his judgement or nature. Bacon, Hist, Hen. VII.

By your Allegiance and ingenerate worth, . . .

By everything, I you conjure to be

True to yourselves. J. Beaumont, Psyche, iv. 204.

ingenerate- (in-jen'e-rat), a. [< L. in- priv.
+ gfin-nttn.1, pp. of generare, generate: see
generate.] Not generated; unbegotten; not
brought into existence or not receiving being
l>y general ion. At the time of the Arian controyerey
the Arians used a corresponding word (afevirrwt) of God
tlie son in the sense 'not receiving being by generation,'
while the orthodox understood it, as so applied, in the
sense 'not brought into existence, increate, and discrimi-
nated the word from iyfafrot, uubegotten.

ingeniousness

ingeneration (in-j«'n-e-ra'shon), «. [= It. in.
i/i in rii:iniif, < L. as if 'ingeneratio(n-), < ingene-
rare, produce, engender: Bee engender and </' »
eratf.] The act of ingeuerating or producing
within. Hiixlnit II.

in genere (in jen'e-re). [L.: in, in; genere, abl.
of genitt, kind: see genus.] In kind; in like or
similar articles, as distinguished from in specie,
or the very same article.

ingeniatet (in-je'ni-at), v. t. [< ML. ingeniatu*,
pp. of ingeniare, contrive: see engine, v.] To
contrive; plan.

I must all I can ingrniate
To answer for the same.

Daniel, Funerml Poem.

ingenio (in-je'ni-6; Sp. pron. in-ha'ni-o), n.
[Sp., = Pg. ingenho, engenho: gee engine.] En-
gine; mill; works; specifically, sugar-works;
a sugar-plantation. [Cuba.]

The iiujenioi or sugar estates, with large buildings and
mills for sugar-refining and distillation of rum, are the
most important industrial establishments of the Island
(Coba). Encyc. Brit., VI. 881.

ingeniosityt (in-je-ni-os'i-ti), M. [= F. ingeni-
osM = Sp. ingeniosidad, (. ML. ingeniosita(t-)s, <
L. iiigi-iiinxiix, ingenious : see ingenwug.] The
quality of being ingenious; wit; ingenuity; con-
trivance; iugeniousness.

The like stralne of wit was In Ludan and Julian, whose
very images are to bee had in high repute for their i»-
yeniosity, bat to be spurned at for their grand Impiety.

Optic* Qlajstc of //'/ mini/ « (liii'.i).

Whose cunning or ingeniority no ail or known specific
can possibly reach to by imitation.

Ci/iliiini/i. Intellectual System, p. 08. (Latham.)

ingenious (iu-je'nius), a. [= F. ingtnieux = Pr.
enginhos = 8p. engenoso, ingenioso = Pg. enge-
nltoso, ingenioso = It. ingenioso, < L. ingeniosus,
ingenuostui, endowed with good natural capa-
city, gifted with genius, < ingenium, innate or
natural quality, nature, natural capacity, ge-
nius, a genius, an invention (> ult. E. engine,
obs. ingine, ingen, and contr. gin*, q. v.), < in, in,
+ gignere, OL. genere, produce: see genug.] 1.
Possessing inventive genius or faculty ; apt in
inventing, contriving, or constructing ; skilful
in the use of things or words: as, an ingenious
mechanic; an ingenious author.

The Natives [of Guam) are very ingrniouji beyond any
People in making Boats, or Proes, as they are called in
the East-Indies, and therein they take great delight.

Dampier, Voyages, L 298.

As chance is the operator assigned In a fortuitous con-
course of atoms, we would know what this chance, this wise
and iiiyeni'M artist, is. Brooke, Universal Beauty, ii. , note.

2f. Mentally bright or clever; witty; convers-
able.

We had y greate poet Mr. Waller in our companie, and
some other ingeiwnu persona. Evelyn, Diary, July 5, 1040.

3. Marked or characterized by inventive ge-
nius: displaying or proceeding from skill in
contrivance or construction ; witty or clever in
form or spirit ; well conceived ; apt : as, an IH-
gt'iiious machine; an ingenious process or per-
formance; ingenious criticism. — 4f. Manifest-
ing or requiring mental brightness or clever-
ness; intellectual; improving.

Here let us breathe, and haply Institute
A course of learning, and »n*/«mVm* studies.

Shak., T. of the S., i. 1.

6t. Ingenuous. [Ingeniout and ingemiaut were for-
merly often used interchangeably, and sometimes it Is dif-
ficult to determine which sense was really Intended.]
Amintor, thou hast an ingenious look,
And shoutdst be virtuous : it amazeth me
That thou canst make such base malicious lies.

Bcoti. and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, UL 1.
Such was the Operation of your most ingenious and af-
fectionate Letter, and so sweet an Entertainment It gave
me. lluirrll, Letters, I. L 32.

The (early) printers did not discriminate between . . .
ingenuous ana ingenious.

G. P. Manh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xx.
= Syn. 1. Inventive, bright, acute, constructive. See ye-
nius.

ingeniously (in-je'uius-li), adv. 1. In an inge-
n 10 us manner ; with ingenuity ; with skill ; wit-
tily; cleverly.

It was ingeniously said of Vaucanson that he was as
much an automaton" as any which he made.

/. D'ltneK, Lit Char., p. 1S7.
2f. Ingenuously; frankly.

For my part, I ingeniously acknowledge that hitherto
... I never fawned upon any man's fortunes, whose per-
son and merit I preferred not. Ford, Line of Life.

ingeniousness (in-je'nius-nes), n. 1. The qual-
ity of being ingenious or prompt in invention ;
ingenuity.— 2f. Cleverness; brightness; apt-
ness.

He shewed as little ingenuity as inijenunntneae who C»T-
Illed at the map of Urecia for imperfect because Us fa-
ther's house in Athens was not represented therein.

Fuller, General Worthies, ITT.

ingeniousness

3f. Ingenuousness; candor.

Tlie greater appearance of ingeniausness, as well as in-
nocence, there is in the practice I am disapproving, the
more dangerous it is. Boyle, Works, II. 444.

ingenitet (in-jen'it), a. [== Sp. ingenito = Pg.
It. ingenito, < L. ingenitus, inborn, pp. of ingig-
nere (OL. ingenere), ingenerate, implant, < in,
in, + gignere (OLS generc), produce, generate,
born: see genus. Cf. ingenuous.]

VV
In

3094

That finest color In nature, according to the ancient
Greek, the blush of an ingenuous youth.

Sumner, Orations, I. 169.

Elaborate sculptures, full of ingenuous intention and of
the reality of early faith, are in a remarkable state of pre-
servation. B. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 79.

4f. Same as ingenious.

Let us spend ... all our desires and stratagems, all our
witty and ingenuous faculties, . . . towards the arriving
thither. Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, ii. § 4.

. 3. Frank, Naive, etc. (see candid); unreserved, art-

>p. genitus,
mate; inborn; native; ingenerate. _„_-.- ^ htforward truthful

ch comes by some drfect of ingenuOUS?yVn-Jeu'u-us-ii), a(lv- In an ingen-
uous manner ; frankly; openly; candidly,
ingenuousness (in-jen'u-us-nes), «. 1. The
character of being ingenuous; openness of
heart; frankness; candor.

In Petrarch's [sonnets] all ingenuousness is frittered
away into ingenuity.

Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 369.

So what you impart

Comes not from others principles, or art,
But is ingenite all, and still your owne.

Cartwriykt, Poems (1651).

Since their ingenite gravity remains,

What girder binds, what prop the frame sustains?

Sir R. Blackmore, Creation, iv.

ingeniuni (in-je'ni-um), n.
nius: see ingenious, engine.]
mind; innate talent. [Rare.]

[L., ability, ge- 2f. Same as ingenuity, 2.

Bent or turn of Byhis«'n3«jmoMjm«*8he[thegoodhandicraftBman]leaves
his art better than he found it. Fuller, Holy State, ii. 19.

It [a poem] will serve to show something of Jan's youth- ingenyt, ». [< L. ingenium, innate or natural
\lingenium. Oeo. MacDonald, What's Mine's Mine, p. 96. quality, genius : seeingene, ingine, engine.] Wit;

f ul ing:

ingenue (an-zha-nii'), n. [F., fern, of inginu, <
L. ingenitus, ingenuous: see ingenuous.] An
ingenuous, artless girl or young woman; a
woman or girl who displays innocent candor
or simplicity; specifically, such a character
represented on the stage, or the actress who
plays it.

Was this lady more or less of a woman of the world than
he had imagined? Was there not after all something of

ingenuity; genius.

According to the nature, ingeny, and property of Satan,
which is a liar, and the father of all lying.

Becon, Works, p. 277.

Sir I receive your son, and will wind up his ingeny, fear
it not. Shirley, Love Tricks, iii. 5.

-jer'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ingered, ppr.
[Also ingire, injeer; < F. ingerer = Sp.
' e, thrust in, refl. thrust

ingenng.

viiere nut alter uu Muiii'iniuf; \ji &' . _ "_- — . T • .

the ingenue about her? To be sure, a widow cannot, as a oneselt in, meddle, < La wgererc, carry or put

in: see ingest.] To thrust in or introduce by

indirect means; insinuate. [Scotch.]
J. Hawthorne, Dust, p. 67.

He must be entreated ... to permit us more of beauty
and of charm than is vouchsafed by the scanty utterances
of the ingenue of the present play.

general thing, be accurately described as an ingenue; but,
practically, this widow might be so.

To

The Academy, April 6, 1889, p. 245.

ingire hymself to Latyne King.

damn Douglas, tr. of Virgil, p. 316.
This is a shaft out of the heretic's quiver — a stratagem
from first to last, to injeer into your confidence some es-
pial of his own. Scott, Abbot, xvii.

ingenuity (in-je-nu'i-ti), ». [= F. iMjtnuite = ingerminate (in-jer'mi-nat), i: t. ; pret. and
Sp. ingenuidad = Pg. wgenmdade = It. mge- r>r>. ingeminated, T,m.ingerminating. [< in-* +
nuita, ingenuity, cleverness, < L. mgenmta(t-)s, t)erminate.] To cause to germinate or sprout.
the condition or character of a free-born man, \orflt British Her.

frankness, < ingenuus, native, free-born: see in- ingegt (in.jest'), v. t. [< L. iiigestiis, pp. of in-
genuous. The senses are m part (2, 6) depen- (.erere carry, put pour, or throw into or upon,
dent on the related adjective ingenious.] If. < ,-,, L + gerere, carry: see gesft.] To put,
Ingenuousness; frankness; openness of heart. bring; or throw in: use(j ehie'fly of the intro-

He had found upon Oath such a Clearness of Ingenuity
in the Duke of Buckingham that satisfied him of his In
nocency. Howell, Letters, I. iii. 29.

See the ingenuity of Truth, who, when she gets a free
and willing hand, opens herself faster than the pace of
method and discours can overtake her.

Milton, Areopagitica, p. 22.

duction of substances, as food, into the body.
Some the long funnel's curious mouth extend,
Through which ingested meats with ease descend.

Blackmore.

It may be premised that the fate which befalls a given
xample of ingested food does not depend solely upon the

True faith is full of ingenuity and hearty simplicity,
free from suspicion, wise and confident. \^nnat-n r™ \

Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, iv. 1. mgesta (m-J

2. The quality of being ingenious ; inventive
capacity or faculty; aptness in contrivance

theoretical power of the digestive juices to act upon it.
Kncyc. Brit., XVII. 676.

a), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of in-
gestus, pp. of ingerere, carry or put in : see tii-
gest.] Substances introduced into an organic
body, especially through the alimentary pas-

) -

or combination, as of things or ideas; skill; g '. hence, any things put or taken in and in-
P.lfivArrmsa: a.s. fcuMuiiAi disnlavprt in the con- co?porated, as into the mind : opposed to egesta.

cleverness: as, ingenuity displayed in the con
struction of machines, or of arguments or
plots.

I think their greatest ingenuity [that of the Achinese]
is in building their Flying Proes ; which are made very
smooth, kept neat and clean, and will sail very well.

Dampier, Voyages, II. i 127.

I do not know what can occur to one more monstrous

Objects are taken up from without into the interior of
the growing and moving plasmodiuni, one may say engulf-
ed by it, ... and they may be provisionally termed the
solid mgesta. De Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 425.

For the time being, the bulk of the ingesta must be de-
termined by the existing capacity.

H. Spencer, Education, p. 244.

than to see persons of ingenuity address their services jngestion (iu-ies'chon), «. [= F.-ingestion =
and performances to men no way addicted to liberal arts. QB "•„"%•„„ TJ •"„;,„<»„ • ,„*• / TT
steele, Spectator, No. 188. 8P- »»0e*<»o» = Pg. tngestSo, mgestion, < LL.
ingestio(n-), an uttering, < ingerere, pp. inges-

There is no limit to the ingenuity of a lover in framing
excuses for the actions of the person beloved.

Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xli.

PPTb

tits, carry or pour in: see ingest.] The act
of throwing, putting, or taking in, as into

3. Ingenious contrivance; skilfulness of de- the stomach : as, the ingestion of milk or other
sign, construction, or execution: as, the inge- .food! opposed to .egestion.
nuity of a machine; the ingenuity of a puzzle mgestive (m-jes;tiv), a. \<%ngest + -ive.] Of
or a poem. =Syn. 2. VTOM™, etc. (see „. °J Plaining to ingestion ; having the function
IUH-S); inventiveness, turn, knack, smartness. - ingestion.

ingenuous (in-ien'u-us), a. [= F. ingenu = Sp. Tlle dermal pores take on the function of ingestive ca-
Pg. It. ingemto, < L'. ingenuus, native, free-born, nals- Oegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 113.

noble, upright, frank, candid, < ingignere (OL. Inghamite (ing'am-it), n. [< Ingltam (see def.)
ingenere), ingenerate: see ingenite.] 1+. Free- + -He2.] A member of an English denomina-
born; of honorable extraction. tion founded by Benjamin Ingham (1712-72),

Rods and ferulas were not used by Ammonius, as being which combines elements of Methodism and
properly the punishment of slaves, and not the correction Moraviamsm. The conversion of Ingham to Sande-
of ingenuous freeborn men. Dryden, Plutarch, II. 359. manian views led to the disruption and nearly total ex-

2. Generous ; noble : as, an ingenuous ardor or
zeal.

Nothing depraves ingenuous Spirits, and corrupts clear
Wits, more than Want and Indigence.

Howell, Letters, I. vi. 14.

3. Free from restraint or reserve ; frank; open;
candid: used of persons or things: as, an ingen-
uous mind; an ingenuous confession.

And in 's ingenuous countenance having read
Pure characters of Worth, he doubted not
All freest Trust in his fair Slave to put.

J. Beamnont, Psyche, i. 140.

inglorious

Kejanus labours to marry Livia, and worketh (with all
his ingint) to remove Tiberius from the knowledge of pub-
lic business. B. Jonmn, Sejanus, Argument.

Thou may'st find ... a strop whereon to sharpen thine
acute iiujine. Scott, Monastery, xv.

2f. An artful contrivance ; a subtle artifice :

same as engine, 2.

This boast of law, and law, is but a form,
A net of Vulcan's filing, a mere ingint.

B. Jonson, Sejanus, iii. 1.

3 (in'jin). A mechanical contrivance; a ma-
chine : same as engine, 4. [Now only a prov.
Eng. and U. S. pronunciation of engine.]
inginert, ». Same as enginer.

He is an architect, an inginer,

A soldier, a physician, a philosopher.

B. Jonson, Neptune's Triumph.

inginoust, '<• Same as enginous.
ingire, r. t. See ingere.
ingirtt (in-gerf), v. t. Same as engirl.
ingle1 (ing'gl), n. [< Gael, aingeal, fire, light,
sunshine, = Corn, engil, fire; prob. < L. ignis
= Skt. agn i, fire : see igneous.] If. Fire ; flame ;
blaze. [Scotch.]

Sum vtheris brocht the fontanis wattir fare.
And sum' the haly ingil with thame bare.

Qavin Douglas, tr. of Virgil, p. 410.

2. A household fire or fireplace. [Scotch.]

His wee bit ingle, blinkin' bonnily,

His clean hearth- stane, his thriftie wine's smile, . . .

Does a' his weary kiaugh an' care beguile.

Burns, Cottar's Saturday Night.

ingle2t (ing'gl), n. [Also engle (irreg. englde) ;
in form exactly as if < ME. engle, engel, < AS.
engel, angel (see angel) ; but the connection
lacks confirmation. Also, with epithesis of n
(from the art. an, or poss. mine), ningle. The
history is obscure, the word being usually taken
in a sinister sense.] 1. A favorite, particu-
larly a male favorite, in a bad sense ; a para-
mour.

What ! shall I have my son a stager now ? an enghle for
players? B. Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1.

2. In a general sense, a person beloved; a
friend.

Ingle, I prithee make recourse unto ns ; we are thy
friends ana familiars, sweet ingle.

B. Jonson, Case is Altered, ii. 4.

His quondam patrons, his dear ingles now.

Matsinger, City Madam, iv. 1.

"Ha! my dear friend and ingle, Tony Foster!" he ex-
claimed, seizing upon the unwilling hand.

Scott, Kenilworth, iii.

ingle2t (ing'gl), r. t. [Also engle; < ingle2, n.]
To wheedle ; coax.

Do not ingle me ; do not flatter me.

Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, ii. 2.

I'll presently go and enghle some broker for a poet's

gown. B. Jonson, Poetaster, ii. 1.

ingle-cheek (ing'gl-chek), n. The fireside.
[Scotch.]

There, lanely, by the ingle^heek,
1 sat and ey'd the spewing reek.

Burns, The Vision.

ingle-nook (ing'gl-nuk). «. A corner by the
fire. [Scotch.]

The ingle-nook supplies the simmer fields,
An' aft as mony gleefu' maments yields.

Fergusson, An Eclogue.

ingleside (ing'gl-sid), ». A fireside. [Scotch.]
It's an auld story now, and everybody tells it, as we were
doing, their ain way by the inglexide.

Scott, Guy Mannering, xii.

inglobate (in-glo'bat), a. [< in-2 + globate.]
Formed into a globe or sphere, as nebulous

n'jin or in-jin'), n. [< ME. ingyne; a
var. of engine, u\t. < L. ingenium, ability, genius,
ML. an ingenious contrivance, an engine : see
engine, ingenious, ingeny, etc.] It. Mental en-
dowment; natural ability; ingenuity: same as
engine, 1.

A tyrant earst, but now his fell ingine
His graver age did somewhat mitigate.

Fairfax, Tasso, i. 83.

And this is there counted for a grete myracle, bycause
it is done without mannes mt/.'/n-'.

Sir R. Guylforde, Pylgryniage, p. 54.

pp:

globe of; fix"within or as if within a globe.

So that Prelaty . . . must be fain to inglobe or incube
herself among the Presbyters.

Milton, Church-Government, i. 6.

inglorious (in-glo'ri-us), n. [= F. inglorieitx
= Sp. Pg. It. inglorioso, < ML. *ingloriosus, in-
glorious, < L. in- priv. + gloriosus, glorious. Cf .
L. inglorius, without glory, < in- priv. + gloria,
glory.] 1. Not glorious; without fame or re-
nown ; obscure.
The inglorious arts of peace.

Marvell, Cromwell's Return from Ireland.

Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest.

Gray, Elegy.

2. Dishonorable ; disgraceful ; ignominious.

Inglorious shelter in an alien land.

J. Philips, Blenheim.

Me would'st thou move to base inglorious flight?

Pope, Iliad, v. 311.

= Syn. 1. Undistinguished, unhonored.— -2. Discreditable,
disreputable.

inglorlously

inglorlously (in-glo'ri-us-li), ailr. In an inglo-
rious manner ; without glory, fame, or honor.

ingloriousness (in-glo'ri-us-nes), n. The state
or quality of being inglorious; want of fame
or honor.

inglutt, »'• t. Same as i-nglut.

lint al.i.-se. Honouring Time, that swalloweth hi- owne
olT-spi'ink', was nut content to ham- in<it<:tt--<l his insatia-
ble pamirh with the Ilesh of those beasts and men.

Purchat, Pilgrimage, p. 628.

ingluvial (in-glo"vi-al), «. [< inyluviet + -al.]

Of or pertaining to {ho ingluvies.
ingluvies (in-glo'vi-ez), H. [L., perhaps < in,
in, + fllutire, swallow: soe glut.] In sool,, a
crop, craw, or some other dilatation of the di-
gestive tube situated in advance of the true
stomach or digestive cavity proper. Specifically—
(a) In vrnith., the crop or craw.

The <i<s<>j>hagus of many birds becomes modified into a
special pouch — the crop or craw, inytuvie*, where the
food is detained to be macerated In a special secretion
before passing on to the true stomach.

Coua, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 214.

(M In mammal., the paunch or rumen of a ruminant, (c)
In entom., an expansion of the esophagus forming a kind
of preliminary stomach or crop, before the provcntriculua.
In many hangtellate insects ft la transformed Into an ex-
pansible sucking-stomach, and In some groups It Is want-
Ing. The ingluvies lies in the posterior part of the thorax
or partly in the abdomen. See cut under Blattidtx.
ingluvin (m-glO'vin), ». [< L. ingluvies, the
crop, maw, + -j'»2.] A preparation made from
the gizzards of fowls, used as a substitute for
pepsin and to allay vomiting,
ingoing (iu'go-iug), ». [< ME. ingoing! verbal
n. of "ingo, v.] The act of entering; entrance.
Hit is fnl hard, hi myn hed ! ony of ow alle
To gete t>t-<j<iynye at that jat bote grace beo the more.

Pier* Plowman (A), vi. 117.
The ushers on his path would bend
At ingoing as at going out.

D. G. KoxseUi, Dante at Verona.

ingoing (in'go-ing), a. Going in; entering: op-
posed to outijuing: as, an ingoing tenant,
ingoret, v. t. Same as engorel.
ingorget, v. See engorge.

ingot (ing'got), n. [< ME. ingot, a mold for
molten metal, orig. that which is poured in (=
MHGr. ingtiz, Or. einguns, a pouring in, an in-
got), < AS. "ingoten, pp. of "ingeotau (not
found) (= D. ingictCH = Or. eingiessen = Dan.
indgyde = Sw. iiigjuta), pour in, < in, in, + gco-
tan (= D. gieten = Gt. giessen = Icel. gjota =
Dan. gytle = Sw. gjuta = Goth, giutan), pour:
see gush, and cf. gut, from the same AS. verb
gcotan. The F. lingot, ingot, orig. Fingot, i. e.
le (def. art.) ingot, is from E.] It. A mold
into which to pour metals ; an ingot-mold.
And for I wot wel ingot have I noon,
i .ot h. walketh forth, and brynge us a chalk-stoon ;
For I wol make oon of the same shap
That Is an ingot, if I may ban hap.

Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 195.
2. A mass of metal cast in a mold, ingots of
gold and silver are of various sizes and shapes. Those
produced In the United States mint for coining are about
12 inches long and A inch thick, the width varying from 1
to 2} inches, according to the size of the coin to be made.
Some others [heaps of gold] were new driven, and distent
Into great Ingouvt (read ingaten} and to wedges square.

Spenser, F. Q., II. vlt 5.
Whoso . . . hath seen rich Ingots tride,
When forc'd by Fire their treasures they dluide
(How fair and softly Gold to Uold doth puss,
Siluer seeks .Siluer, Brass consorts with Brass),

Nylretttr, tr. of Du Ilartas's Weeks, L 4
Again I say to t In v, aloud, Be rich.
This day t lion shalt have ingot*.

B. J onion. Alchemist, U. 1.

ingot-Iron (ing'got-I'ern), n. See steel.
ingot-mold (ing got-mold), H. A flask in which

metal is cast into blocks or ingots. Those for

cast-steel are made of cast-iron, In two parts separating

longitudinally, and secured by collar-clamps and wedges.

K. H. Kniyht.
ingpwet, a- An error for ingot, found in Spenser.

It is a mere misprint . or else oiie of his sham archaisms.

8«e quotation under in<rot, 2.
ingracioust, «. Ungracious. Holland.
ingrafft (in-graf), P. t. [< i»-2 + graft*.] To

Ingraft,

According to our humanitie and gracious hvji-affeil dis-
position, the requests of her Maiestie were accepted of vs.
llatluyt't Votiuges, II. 143.

His IKiiiR Richard's! greatest Trouble was with Philip
Kins of France, in whom was . . . ingrafeil a Spleen
against K. Richard. Baiter, Chronicles, p. 05.

ingraft, engraft (in-, en-graft'). ''• t. [Former-
ly also I'lii/rnff; < in-" + i/r/it't".] 1. To insert,
ns ;i seion of one tree or plant into another, for
propagation; propagate by insertion; hence, to
fix as on or in a stock or support ; embed; in-
sert: as, to ingraft a peach on a plum.
Faith ingraft* us into Christ.

Jer. Tni/liir. Works (ed. 1S35). II. •>'.<,.
195

3095

This fellow would ingraft a foreign name

Upon our stock. Dryden.

2. To subject to the process of grafting, as a
tree; furnish with a graft. — 3. Figuratively,
to set or fix deep and firm; infix; implant.

The ingrafted love he bean to Cwsar. Shalt., J. C., II. 1.

For a spur of diligence therefore we have a natural thirst
after knowledge ingrafted in us.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, I. 7.

The most frightful maxims were deliberately engrafted
Into the code of morals. Premitt, Ferd. and Isa., i'i. 7.

The dialogue [In the Ureek drama] was ingrafted on
the chorus, and naturally partook of its character.

Miii-iiii In i/, Milton.

4f. To inoculate. Compare inoculate, 1.

The small-pox, so fatal and so general amongst us, 1s
here entirely harmless, by the invention of ingrafting,
which is the term they give It.

Lady M. W. Montagu, Letters, xxxi.
= Syn, 3. Inculcate, etc. See implant.
ingraftt, engraftt(in-, en-graft'), p. a. Ingraft-
ed. [Hare.]

Hatred is ingraft In the heart of them all.
Lord Buclchurtt, quoted In Motley's United Netherlands,

[U.1ZS.

ingraftation (in-grtf-ta'shon), n. [< ingraft +
-«rtwn.] Same as ingraftnient. [Rare.]

ingrafter, engrafter (in-, en-grafter), «. One
who ingrafts.

ingraftment. engraftment (in-, en -graft '-
raeut), H. [Formerly also engraffment ; < in-
graft + -ment.] 1. The act of ingrafting.

In the planting and engraftment of Classical learning
In England at that time, St. John's College, Cambridge
— founded on 9th April 1611 — had a most distinguished
share. Axchmu, The Scholemaster, p. 3.

2. That which is ingrafted.

ingrail, ingrailed, etc. Same as engrail, etc.

ingrain, engrain (in-, en-gran'), r. t. [< ME.
engreynen; < in-2 + gradf, v. ; with special ref.
to the phrase in grain : see under grain*, n.] 1.
To dye with grain or the scarlet dye produced
by the kermes-inseet; hence, from the perma-
nence and excellence of this dye, to dye in any
deep, permanent, or enduring color.

And round about he taught sweete flowres to growe :
The Rose entjrained in pure scarlet die.

Spenner, Vlrglls Gnat.

Seest how fresh my flowers beno spredde,
Dyed in Lilly white and Cremsin redde,
With Leaves engrained In lusty greene 1

Spemer, shep. Cal., February.

2. To dye in the grain or raw material before
manufacture. Hence — 3. To work into the
natural texture; imbue thoroughly; impreg-
nate the whole substance or nature of, as the
iniiiil.

Our fields ingrain'd with blood, our rivers dy'd.

Daniel, Civil Wars, ill.

Mere sensuality, and even falsehood, would vanish away
in a new state of existence ; but cruelty and jealousy seem
to be ingrained in a man who has these vices at all.

Help,.

It may he admitted that this taste for calling names Is
deeply tngrained In human nature.

B. S. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 4.

The virtue of dogmas had been so ingrained In all re-
ligious thought, by the teaching of more than twelve cen-
turies, that it required a long and painful discipline to
weaken what Is not yet destroyed.

Lfi-lcu, Rationalism. L 80.

4f. To lay on, as color.

Thenne engreyne

A smaller coote [of whitewash) aboveon that, and thenne
A thrldde on alle, as small as It may renne.

Palladiwi, Husbondrle (E. E. T. S.), p. 16.
= Byn. 3. Ingrained, Inbred, Inliorn, etc. Use inherent.

ingrain (in'gran)? a. and n. [< ingrain, v., or
the phrase ingrain.] I. a. If. Dyed with grain
or kermes. See gram1, 11. — 2. Dyed in the
yarn or thread before manufacture : said of a
textile fabric. — 3. Belonging to the fabric from
the beginning; imparted to it in the thread or

yarn: said of a color used in dyeing Ingrain

carpet. See carpet.

II. «. 1. A yarn or fabric dyed with fast
colors before manufacture. — 2. A quarter of a
chaldron of coals given in excess of the mea-
sure when the total exceeds 5 chaldrons.

ingrammaticism (in-gra-mat'i-sizm), n. [<
/H-3 + ijrammatic + -ism.] An ungrammatical
form or construction. [Rare.]

She has discarded the present tense, but remains con-
stant to her quotations and intrrainmiticimu.

Atheiurum, No. 8150, p. SO*.

ingrapplet (iu-grap'l), p. [< in-2 + grapple.]
I. trans. To grapple ; seize on.
Look how two lions fierce, Iwth hungry, both pursue
One sweet ami selfsame prey, at one another fly.
And with their armed paws inyrapited dreadfully.

Drayton, Polyolbiou, xii. 292.

II. in trans. Same as engntpplv.

ingrave

Ingrassian (in-gras'i-an), n. [< Ingrawiat
(sec def.) + -an.] Pertaining to the Italian
anatomist Ingrassias (sixteenth century).— in-
grasslan processes, the lesser wings of the sphenoid
DOM; tin- oihitosphcnoids.

ingrate (in'grat), a. and H. [< ME. ingrat,< OF.
(and ¥.)ingrat = Sp. Pg. It. itnjrnti>,(. li.ingra-
tus, unpleasant, disagreeable, unthankful, < t'»-
priv. + grains, pleasing, thankful: see gratt$,
grateful.] I. a. Unthankful; ungrateful.

I'orchase al the pardoun of Paumpelon and of Rome,
And indulgences yknowe and bo tngrat to thy kynde.
The holygost huyreth the nat ne nelpeth the, be thow
certayn. Piers Plowman (C), xx. 210.

Who. for 10 many benefits received,
Turu'd recreaut to God, ingrate and false.

Milton, P. R., ill. 188.

II. ». An ungrateful person; one who re-
wards favors with enmity or treachery.

Ingrate, he had of me
All he could have. Milton, P. L., ill. 9!.

ingratefult (in-grat'ful>, a. [< t»-3 + grateful.
Cf. ingrate.] Ungrateful.

Ingrateful to heaven's bounty.

Mtuiin/jer, Emperor of the East, v. 8.

What he glvei

(Whose praise be ever sung) to man In part
Spiritual, may of purest spirits be found
No ingrateful food. Mi/ton, P. L., v. 407.

ingratefullyt(in-grat'ful-i), adv. Ungratefully,
ingratefulnesst (m-grat'ful-nes), ». Ungrate-
fulness.
ingratelyt, adt. Ungratefully.

Nor may we smother or forget, ingrately,
The heaven of silver that was sent but lately
From Ferdlnando.

Sytcenter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, p. 1SS.

ingratiate (in-gra'slu-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
ingratiati-d, ppr. ingratiating. [< ML. as if
"ingratiatus, pp. of *ingratiarcC>lt. inyraaare),
l)ring into favor, < L. in, in, + gratia, favor,
grace: see grace.] 1. To establish in the con-
fidence, favor, or good graces of another ; make
agreeable or acceptable : used reflexively, and
followed by with.

The AlciiiaronideB, to ingratiate thrmnelret irith the
oracle, . . . rebuilt it [the temple of Ik-lphil with I'arian
marble. J. Adami, Works, IV. 486.

I wanted, at first, only to ingratiate m>i»elf with Lady
Teazle, that she might not be my enemy with Maria.

Sheridan, School for Scandal, II. 2.

2. To introduce by exciting gratitude or good
will; insinuate or recommend by acceptable
conduct or sentiments: absolute or with into.

The old man . . . had already ingratiated himself into
our favor. Coo*.

In order to ingratiate myself, I stept in to his assist-
ance. Gotdtmith, The Bee, No. 5.

Perhaps the mention of the duke's name was designed
to ingratiate him into their toleration.

/. D'liraeli, Curiosities of Lit., IV. 888.
3f. To recommend.

What difficulty would it (the love of Christ] not t'noro-
Hate to us'; Hammond, Works, IV. 664.

4t. To bring into a state of grace.

God hath ingratiated us ; He hath made us gracious In
the Son of His love. T. Brooke, Work*, V. 220.

ingratitude (in-grat'i-tud), ». [= F. ingrati-
tude = Pr. iiigratitut = Sp. ingratitud = Pg. in-
gratitude = It. ingratituaine, < LL. iiigratitudn
(-din-), unthankfulness, < L. ingratus, unthank-
ful: see ingrate. Cf. gratitude.] Lack of grati-
tude ; indisposition to acknowledge or recipro-
cate favors ; a state of unthaukfuluess for bene-
fits conferred.

Blow, blow, thoii winter wind,
Thou art not so unkind
As man's ingratitude.

Shat., As you Like it, U. 7 (song).
You have a law, lords, that without remorse
Dooms such as are beleper'd with the cane
Of foul ingratitude unto death.

Beau, and fl., Laws of Candy, v. 1.
It is the ingratitude at mankind to their greatest bene-
factors, that they who teach us wisdom by the surest way»
. . . should generally live poor and unregarded.

Dryden, Plutarch.
= 8yn. See grateful.

ingratttityt, ». [Irreg. < L. ingratus, ungrate-
ful ; as if < in-3 + gratuity.] Ingratitude.

Did Curtius more for Rome than I for theo,
That willingly (to saue thee from annoy
Of dire dislike for injratuitee)
Do take vpon me to exprease tby Joy?

Da riff, Mlcrocownos, p. IV.

ingrave't (in-grav'), r. t. [< i»-i + gravel.

Cf. i-nitmrri-.] An obsolete form of engrave^.
ingrave2t (in-grav'), c. t. [< in-1 +' grace*.

Cf. engrave?.] Same as engrare^.

Or els so glorious tombe bow could my youth have craved.

As in one self same vanlte with thee haply to be iugrated t

Itomea* and Juliet, I. 338. (.Vore*.)

ingrave

At last they came where all his watry store
The flood in one deep channel did ingrave.

Fairfax.

ingravescent (in-gra-ves'ent), a. [< L. ingra-
veseen(t-)s, ppr. of ingravescere, grow heavier, <
in, in, -t- gravescere, grow heavy, < grams, heavy,

3096

ingravidatet (in-grav'i-dat), v. t. [<
gravidatus, pp. of ingravidare, make heavy,
make gravid, impregnate, < in, in, + gravidfire,
make gravid, < gravidus, gravid: see gravid.]
To impregnate.

ingravidationt (in-grav-i-da'shon), n. [< ««-
gravidate + -ion.} The act of ingravidatmg or
impregnating, or the state of being pregnant
or impregnated.

ingreatt (in-graf), v. t. [< «*•» + great.] To
make great.

It appeareth that there is, in all things, a desire to di-
late and to ingreat themselves.

Fotherby, Atheomastix (1622), p. 174.

ingrediencet (iu-gre'di-ens), «. [< ingredien(t)
+ -ce.] 1. A going or entering into as an in-
gredient.

Those various temperaments that have ingredience and
influence into him [man].

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 158.

2. [Appar. orig. an erroneous spelling of in-
gredients."] An ingredient.

ingredienced (in-gre'di-enst), «. [< ingredi-
ence + -ed%.] Having ingredients; compounded.
[Rare.]

May the descending soot never taint thy well ingredi-
enced soups. Lamb, Elia, p. 187.

ingrediencyt (in-gre'di-en-si), n. [As ingredi-
ence: see -cy.] The state of being an ingre-
dient; ingredience.

It should be upon the account of its ingredicncjt, and
not of its use, that anything should be affirmed or denied
to be an element. Boyle, Works, I. 516.

ingredient (in-gre'di-ent), a. and n. [< F. in-
gredient = Sp. Pg. It. ingrediente, an ingredient
(II., 2); < L. ingredien(t-)s, ppr. of ingredi, go
into, enter, engage in, begin, < in, into, + gradi,
go, walk: see grade1, gradient."] I.t a. Enter-
ing as a component part ; constituent.

He makes a bishop to be ingredient into the definition
of a church. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 234.

II. n. If. A person entering; an incomer.

ingress (in-gres'), v. i. [< L. ingressus, pp. of
ingredi, go into, enter: see ingredient.] io go
in or enter. Dwight. [Rare.]

ingression (in-gresh'on), n. [= OF. ingression
= Sp. ingresion, < L. ingressio(n-), an entering,
< ingredi, pp. ingressus, enter : see ingress. ] The
act of entering, as into union or incorporation
with something; a passing into or within.

Mercury . . . may happily have a more powerful in-
gression into gold than any other body.

Sir K. Digby, Of Bodies, c. 15.

Traces are manifest [among critics of the Iliad] of an
inclination to suffer the ingression of antique forms.

Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 371.

ingressive (in-gres'iv), a. [< ingress + -ive.]

Entering; denoting entering on or beginning.

The sigmatic aorist is decidedly ingressive, and we do

not want the ingressive action here, however desirable it

may be in the final sentence proper.

Amer. Jour. Philol, VL 71.

ingreSSU (in-gres'u), n. [That is, a writ de in-
gressu, of entry: L. de, of; ingressu, abl. of in-
gressus, entry, ingress : see ingress, n.~] In law, a
former writ of entry into lands and tenements.

ingressus (in-gres'us), «. [L., ingress: see in-
gress.] In Eng. law, the relief which the heir
at full age formerly paid to the head lord for
being allowed to enter as owner of the fee,
after lands had reverted by the tenant's death
or by forfeiture.

Ingrian falcon. See falcon.

ingrievet(in-grev'),f. t. [< in-2 + grieve'-.] lo
make more grievous.

' in lieu

inhabitance

It is written of Epicurus that, after his disease was
judged desperate, he drowned his stomach and senses
with a large draught and ingurgitatwnol wine.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 197.

ingustable (in-gus'ta-bl), a. [< L. ingustabilis,
that cannot be tasted, < in- priv. + gustabilis,
that may be tasted: see gustable.] That can-
not be tasted ; tasteless ; insipid. Also, less
properly, ingustible.

The body of that element [air] is ingustable, void of all
sapidity. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 111. 21.

ingwortt (ing'wert), n. [< ing + wort.] The
meadowwort or meadowsweet.

inhabilet (in-hab'il), a. [= F. inhabile = Sp.
Pg. inhabit — It. inabile, < L. inhabilis, that can-
not be managed, unfit, unable, < in- priv. + ha-
bilis, that can be managed, fit : see habile, hable,
able*. Cf. inable.] 1. Not apt or fit; unfit;
not convenient: as, inhabile matter. — 2. Un-
skilled; unready; unqualified: used of persons.
Bailey, 1727. [Rare.]

inhabilityt (in-ha-bil'i-ti). «• [= F- ***«£?"*'
inhabilete = Sp. inhabilidad = Pg. inhalnhdade
= It. inabilita, < L. as if *inhabilita(t-)s, < in-
habilis, inhabile : see inhabile. Cf . inability.]
The quality of being inhabile; unfitness; m-
aptness ; want of skill ; inability.

Whatever evil blind ignorance, . . . inhability, un-
wieldiness, and confusion of thoughts beget, wisdom pre-
vents. Barrow, Works, I. i.

inhabit (in-hab'it), v. [Formerly also enhabit;
< ME. inhabiten, enhabiten, enabiten, < OF. inha-
bitcr, enhabiter = It. inabitare, < L. inhabitare,

anguis in herba — The serpent lurks there.

Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 159.

2. That which enters into a compound, or is a
component part of a compound or mixture ; one
of the elements of a combination or composi-
tion, as a dish, drink, or medicine.

This even-handed justice

Commends the ingredients of our poison'd chalice
To our own lips. Shale., Macbeth, i. 7.

There's one main ingredient
We have forgot, the artichoke.

B. Jonson, Neptune's Triumph.

She thought him ... a very fine gentleman ; and such
as consider what powerful ingredients a good figure, fine
clothes, and fortune are, in that character, will easily for-
give her. Goldsmith, Vicar, vil.

ingress (in'gres), n. [< ME. ingress; = Sp. in-
greso = Pg. It. ingresso, < L. ingressus, a going
into, < ingredi, pp. ingressus, go into: see in-
gredient. Cf. congress, egress, etc.] L. A go-
ing in; the act of entering or passing in; en-
trance.

Til Octob'r from the ingresm of this moone
Ys Coriander (sette) is [in ?] fatty londe.

Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 114.
The phenomena seem very favourable to their hypothe-
sis that suppose congelation to be effected by the ingress
of frigoriflck atoms into the water or other bodies to be
congealed. Boyle, Works, II. 630.

For your ingress here
Upon the skirt and fringe of our fair land,
You did but come as goblins in the night.

Tennyson, Princess, v.

2. Provision for going in ; a place of entrance :
as, the ingress and egress are on opposite sides.

Whenne thou dredest hail or hevynesse
Lete honge it in thi yates or ingress
Of hous or towne.

Palladim, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 85.

3. In astron., the entrance of the sun into a
sign of the zodiac, or of a planet upon the disk
of the sun in a transit; in astrol., the transit
over the part of the zodiac occupied by the sun,
moon, medium ceeli, or ascendant.— 4. In canon
law. See access, 7 Ingress paper. See paper.

ingroove (in-groV), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
grooved; ppr. ingrooving. [< in-1 + groove.]
To groove in ; join or fix as in a groove.
So let the change which comes be free
To ingroove itself with that which flies,
And work, a joint of state, that plies ^

Its office, moved with sympathy.

Tennyson, Love Thou thy Land.

ingrosst, ingrossert. Obsolete forms of en-
gross, engrosser.

ingrowing (in'gro-ing), a. [< in1 + growing.]
Growing inward; in surg., growing into the
flesh: as, an ingrowing nail.

ingrowth (in'groth), n. [< in1 + growth.]
Growth inward ; also, that which grows inward.
In embryonic development the [retina] ... is an out-
growth from the brain, the [lens] ... an ingrowth from
the epidermis and cutaneous tissues.

Le Conte, Sight, p. 24.

The pouch is nothing but an ingrowth of part of the
blastoderm. Huxley, Crayfish, p. 209.

ingrumt, a- A provincial corruption of ignorant.
Pray, take my fellow, Ralph ; he has a psalm-book ;
I am an ingrum man.

Fletcher, Wit without Money, v. 1.

inguen (ing'gwen), n. [L.] The groin. E.
Phillips, 1706. [Rare.]

inguiltyt (in-gil'ti), a. [< in-S + guilty.] Guilt-
less; innocent. JJp..ffaM,Cont.Haman Hanged.

inguinal (ing'gwi-nal), a. [= F. inguinal = Sp.
Pg. inguinal = It. 'inguinale, < L. ingtiinalis, <
inguen (inguin-), the groin.] Of or pertaining
to the groin: as, an inguinal tumor or hernia.
— Inguinal arch. Same as crural arch (which see,
under crural).— Inguinal canal. See canali. — Ingui-
nal glands. Seegland.— Inguinal hernia. Use hernia.
—Inguinal rings, external and internal, the abdominal
rings. See abdominal.

ingulf, v. t. See engulf.

ingulfment. n. See engulfment.

ingun, n. See ingan.

ingurgitate (in-ger' ji-tat), v. ; pret. and pp. in-
gurgitated, ppr. ingurgitating. [< L. ingurgita-
tus, pp. of ingurgitare (> It. ingurgitare = Sp.
ingurgitar = F. ingurgiter), plunge into, gorge,
< in, in, + gurges (gurgit-), a gulf: see gorge.]

1. trans. 1. To swallow greedily or in great
quantity.

Ingurgitating sometimes whole half glasses.

Cleaveland, Poems, p. 112.

2. To plunge ; engulf.

If a man do but once set his appetite upon it [pleasure],
let him ingurgitate himself never so deep into it, yet shall
he never be able to fill his desire with it.

Fotherby, Atheomastix (1622), p. 206.

II. intrans. To drink largely ; swill.
Nothing pesters the body and mind sooner than to be
still fed, to eat and ingurgitate beyond all measure.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 283.

ingurgitation (in-ger-ji-ta'shon), n. [= F. in-
gurgitation == Sp. ingurgitacion, < LL. ingurgi-
tatio(n-), immoderate eating and drinking, < L.
ingurgitare, plunge into, gorge : see ingurgitate.]
1. The act of swallowing greedily or in great
quantity. — 2. That which is thus swallowed.

as a habitation or dwelling-place; have an
abode or residence in.

Zif it hadde Ryveres and Welles, and the Lond also were
as it is in other parties, it scholde ben als fulle of Peple
and als fulle enhabyted with Folk as in other Places.

Mandeville, Travels, p. 43.

With Riches full Rife & myche Ranke godys,
The yle well enabit & onest with in.
And lyuet after law of the lell gentils.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 2858.

Thus saith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eter-
nity Isa. Ivii. 15.
To inhabit a mansion remote
From the clatter of street-pacing steeds.

Cowper, Catharina.

2f. To make at home ; hence, figuratively, to be

bound by the tie of residence.

She that I serve, ywis, what so thou seye.
To whom myn herte enhabit is by right,
Shal ban me holly hires, til that I deye.

Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 443.

II. intrang. 1.- To dwell; live; abide.
Nother man ne woman durste ther-ynne enhabite.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ill. 666.

O thou that dost inhabit in my breast.

Shak., T. G. of V., v. 4.

2t. To rest or be kept fixedly.

Her eye inhabits on him. Fletcher, Mad Lover, iii. 4.
inhabitable1 (in-hab'i-ta-bl), a. [Cf. AF. en-
habitable, inhabitant; < LL. inhabitabilis, that
can be inhabited, < L. inJiabitare, inhabit : see
inhabit.] Capable of being inhabited, or of
affording habitation; suitable for habitation;
habitable.

The fixed stars are all of them suns, with systems of in-
habitable planets moving about them. Locke.

inhabitable2t (in-hab'i-ta-bl), a. [< ME. in-
habitable, < OF. (also F.)"inhabitable = Sp. in-
habitable = Pg. inhabitai-el = It. inabitabile, in-
abitevole, < L. inhabitabilis, that cannot be in-
habited, < in- priv. + habitabilis, habitable : see
habitable.] Not habitable ; uninhabitable.

He caused it [the town] to be defaced and razed flat to
the earth, and made it inhabitable.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 217.

In Ynde and abouten Ynde ben mo than 5000 iles gode
and grete, that men duellen in, withouten tho that ben
inhabitaMe. ilandcmlle, Travels, p. 161.

Some inhabitable place,

Where the hot sun and slime breeds nought but monsters.
B. Jonson, Catiline, v. 1.

inhabitance, inhabitancy (in-hab'i-tans, -tan-
si), n. [< inhabit + -ance, -anci/.] 1. Resi-
dence ; abode in a dwelling-place for the time
being. It is distinguished from the temporary sojourn
of a transient person ; but, as often used, it does not ne-
cessarily imply the finality of intention respecting abode
that is implied by domicile. Inhabitance refers rather to
the actual abiding ; domicile to the legal relation, which
is not necessarily suspended by absence.

Persons able and fit for so great an employment ought
to be preferred without regard to their inhabitancy.

Hallam.

He [Sterling] is come to look at some habitations with
an eye to inhabitancy, Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 132.

inhabitance

2f. The state of being inhabited ; inhabitation.
Here's nothing, sir, but poverty and

No promise of inhabitants ; neither track
Of beast nor foot of man.

Fletcher (and another). Sea Voyage, iv. 1.

inhabitant (in-hab'i-tant), a. and n. [< AF. ._v vi
OF. inhabitants L. inhabitants, ppr. of in- U naDlet. !.': ('
linhitii re, inhabit: see inhabit.] I. «. Inhabit-
ing; resident. [Rare.]

The inhabitant householders resident in the borough.
... It is highly probable the word burgess . . . meant
literally the free inhabitant householder of a borough.

Uallani, Hist. Eng., III. 48.

The rates were levied by select vestries of the inhabi-
tant householders. Macavlay, St. Denis and St. George.

[< inhabiter +

3097

inhabitort, ». See inhabiter.
inhabitresst (in-hab'i-tres), n.
'.-••. I A female inhabitant.
The church here called the inliahitr?** of the gardens.
lip. Hichardwn, Ubs. on Old Test. (1A6&), p. S&O.

[< "tnhable, inable, a.] To make
unable ; disable.

inherit

sik fault as inhabit* the person of the giner to be
distributer of the sacrament.

wiinl is used (in the plural) of the citizens of a town in
their collective capacity as a Ixxly corporate.

To this [parish] meeting all those who had benefit of the
things there transacted might eonie: that is to say, all
householders, and all who manured land within the par-
ish. Such were technically termed inhabitant*, even
though they dwelt in another town.

K. Clianniny, Town and County Gov't in Eng. Colonies
(of North America.

The Jackal is not an importation from anywhere else
into f'urzola ; he is an old inhabitant of Europe, who has
kept his ground in Curzola after he has been driven out
of other places. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 204.

Capital Inhabitant, in English municipal corporation
law, a chief inhabitant ; an inhabitant or citizen chosen
as a member of the common council of the city, from
among the inhabitants and citizens at large, and corre.
spondlng to the common-eonncilmen or assistant alder-
men of American municipalities.

inhabitatet (in-hab'i-tat), v. t. [< L. inhabita-
/«.--, pp. of inliabitare, dwell in: see '>nlml>it.\
To inhabit; dwell in.

He was inhaiutlinij his smoking tea, which went rolling
and gurgling down his throat.

Thackeray, Book of Snobs, xxil.

inhearse (in-ln'T8'),». t. ; pret.andpp.tnAeareed.
ppr. inliinrsiiifi. [Formerly also inherse; < in-*
+ hearnc1.] To put into a hearse.

See, where be lies, inherited In the arms
Of the most bloody nurser of his harms.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., IT. 7.

VI., 1597 (ed. 1814), p. 167. inheoldt, inhieldt, i'. t. [ME. inhilden, inhield-
• a. inheldrii ; < in, in, + hilden, helden, pour, in-
cline : see hecld.] To pour in.

Ve In my nalcyd herte sentement
Inhilde [var. inhifld.]

Chaucer, Trollus, III. 44.

[< <n-l + helfl.] To consign to
put in hell.

She, for whose sake
Id flnde in his heart to iit-hell hlm-selfe.

Manton, What you Will, IT. 1.

pores through which streams of water enter), inhere (in-her'), v. i.; pret. and pp. inhered,

ppr. inhering. [< L. inha-rere (> It. inerire =

in hac parte (in hak par'te). [L.: in, in; hue,
abl. feui. of hie, this (see /te1); parte, abl. of
purs, a part: see part.'] On this part or side ;
in this behalf.

duct; the inhalant pores of sponges (that is, the

Also

See cuts under Porifera and Spongilta.
spelled inhalent.

These inhalent and exhalent currents go on, so long as
the animal [the fresh-water mussel) is alive and the valves
are open. Uuxley, Biology, xi.

inhalation (in-ha-la'shon), n. [= F. inhalation
= Sp. inhalation = Pg.'inhala^So = It. iiialazi-
one, < L. as if *inhalatio(n-), < inhalare, inhale :
see inhale.] 1. The act of inhaling; inspira-
tion ; an indrawing, as of air or medicinal va-
pors into the lungs.

The medicine of inhalation is still in its infancy.

Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 186.

2. In phar., a preparation intended to be in-
haled in the form of vapor.

Stimulating moist inhalationx can be prepared with
various volatile oils. Quain, Med. Diet.

'g. inherir), stick in, stick, inhere, < •'», in,
hairere, stick :: see hesitate. Cf. adhere, cohere,]

1. To be in, as an accident is in a substance;
be related as an accident to a substance, as the
predicate of a proposition is related to its sub-
ject, or an adjective to its substantive.

An accident cannot inhere in another accident.
Burgertdiciui, tr. by a Gentleman, Monltio ixigica, I. T. 1 1.

2. To dwell or exist as an element ; have place
as a quality or attribute; belong intrinsically;
be innate or characteristic.

So fares the soul which more that power reveres
Man claims from God than what In God inhere*.

Parnell, Donne's Third Satire versified.
The leading influence of Roman absolutism, a tendency
that inhered In It from the start, aided essentially in pro-
ducing a sense of equality among men.

O. P. Fixher, Begin, of Christianity, p. 52.

Of all the people which inhabitate Asia. inhale (in-hal'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. inhaled, ppr.

Uollaml, tr. of Llvy, p. 992. inhaling. [= F. inhaler = Pg. inhalar = It. ««- inherence (in-her'ens), ». [= F. inherence =

alare, < L. inhalare, breathe on (breathe in). <
in, in, into, on, + halare, breathe. Cf. exhale i.J
To draw in, as air into the lungs ; draw in by
breathing, or by some analogous process.

That play of lungs, inhaliny and again
Respiring freely the fresh air. Coicper, Task, 1. 187.

Same as inhalant.

Sp. Pg. iiiherencia = It. inerenza, < ML. inhttren-
tia, < L. »»A<rren(f-)s, inherent: see inherent.]
1. The state of being inherent or of inhering;
intrinsic existence. — 2. The relation to its sub-
ject of an accident, or that which cannot exist
out of a substance as subject. Thus, the rela-
tion of mortality to man is inherence.

deity to

the " adhivasa" or inhabitation.

E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 163.

2f. Population ; the mass of inhabitants.
Noise call you It, or universal groan.
As if the whole inhabitation perish'd I

UUton, 8. A., L 1512.

inhabitative (in-hab'i-ta-tiv), a. [< inhabitate
+ -ire.] Of or pertaining to inhabitation.

inhabitativeness (in-hab'i-ta-tiv-nes), ». [<
inhabit + -atirt'-ni'ss.] Inhabitiveness.

inhabitation (in-hab-i-ta'shon), n. [= AF.
inhabitiicion = It. inabitazinne, < LL. inhabita-
tiii(n-), a dwelling, < L. inliabitare, dwell in : see
inhabit.] 1. The act of inhabiting, or the state
of being inhabited.
Temporary hollow clay Idols . . . which receive no

veneration for themselves, and only become objects of inhalent (in-ha'lent), a. „„. „., .„ ,„.

da^%dw%in^imueViMrform!b»ttleo«wira^l inhaler (in-ha'ler), n. 1. One who inhales.— inherency (in-her'en-si), n. Same as inher-

2. In mcd., an apparatus for inhaling vapors

and volatile substances, as steam of hot water,

vapor of chloroform, iodine, etc. — 3. An appa-
ratus which enables a person to breathe with- , .

out injury in a deleterious atmosphere, as that ^e™?*J™:her ^..^...^/v"'^^ =>?'•

used by persons of delicate lungs to prevent

damp or cold air from entering the lungs, or

that used by cutlers and others who breathe

an atmosphere charged with metallic particles;

a respirator.

Obsolete forms of

cnce.

Borrowing his little and imaginary complacency from
- .,_,._,.. .,.-. . v..._ not from any 'inherr *try of h'u own

?pr. of inhcfrere, stick in, inhere: see inhere.]
. Inhering; infixed; sticking within; strongly

lodged or incorporated.

inhabited1 (in-hab'i-ted), p. a. [< inhabit + inhancet, inhancement.
-«/'-.] 1. Dwelt in; having inhabitants: as, a enhance, enhancement.
thinly inhabited country. inharmonic (in-har-mon'ik), a. [= Pg. inhar-

How had the world monico ; as «w-8 + harmonic.] Not harmonic;

Inhabited, though sinless, more than now,

not according to the principles of harmony in

music; inharmonious; discordant Inharmonic

relation. Same as/ol*e relation (which see, under fal«e\

Avoided pinching cold and scorching heat?

Milton, P. L., x. 690.

inharmonical (in-har-mon'i'-kal), "a. [< i'nhar-

Tmteh. I am here with thee and thy goats, as the most
capricious poet, Ovid, was among the Goths.

monie + -al.] Same as inharmonic.

Jan. [Aside.] O knowledge m-inhalritea! worse than inharmonious (in-har-mo'ni-us), a. [= F. i«-
Jove in a thatched house ! Shale., As you Like it, lit s. '•—•"'•"• — <s- n- -••

Imnnonieitx = Sp. Pg. inharaionioso ; as t'n-8
harmonious."] 1. Not harmonious in sound; des-
titute of musical harmony ; discordant: as, iw-
harmonioiin voices; inharmonious verse.

Sounds inharmmiious in themselves and harsh.

Coirpcr, Task, L 207.

2. Not harmonious in sentiment, action, or re-
lation ; disagreeing; conflicting: as, inharmo-
,. .t mow* proceedings; inharmonious colors.

mhabitert inhabitort (m-hab i-ter, -tor). M. inharmoniously (in-har-mo'ni-us-li), adv. In
h -<T!. -or.] An inhabitant. an inharmonious manner; without harmony;

Woe to the inhabiters of the earth I ROT. vlil. 13. discordantly.

The

inhabited-t (in-hab'i-ted ),a. [< i»-3 + habited.

Cf. F. MMMM = Sp. Pg. inhabitado = It. «'«a6i-

tato, uninhabited.] Not habited ; uninhabited.

Posterity henceforth lose the name of blessing,

And leave th' earth inhabited, to purchase heav'n.

neau. and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, iii. 1.

inhabitedness (in-hab'i-ted-nes), H. The state
of ))eii)g inhaliited or occupied.

ngth of this side is (according to the opinion of inharmoniousness (iii-hiir-mo'ni-us-nes), »

mnabltiveness(in-liab'i-tiv-nos), ». [<inhabit Light of Nature I i 1

-ire + -next.] In ,>hren, a propensity for re- inharmony (in-har'mo-ni), «. [= F. inharmonic
m:uninP in an accustomed place of habitation ; = Sp. inhtrmom* ; as «»-3 + harmony.] Want
ov,. of locality country, and home : supposed of harmony; discord; disharmony. [Rare.]
.. In „„ H,,I,.,I by a posterior cranial develo- inhauler(in'ha-ler),n. [< ,'»! + bnt.lr,-.] A««/.,

Kime development, and calls it cnncentratieene**.
cut under phmiut<i:>:i.

See

liin/nt.] To frequent ; haunt.

*

»'- +

Some persons think that inhatatiiKwia may give the de-
light to see foreign countries. :niil to travel, but it isquito
the reverse; the former delight depends on Locality, inhaust
POM who have rnAoMtftmMi large. :md Locality small, ~
do not like to lc:iv,. h.mi,-; th,i«,. who have DOthonuu
large, like to tmvel, but to return home and settle at last.
Combe, System of Phrenol. (ed. 1843), I. 213.

This creeke with rnning passadge thee channel inhaunt-
"'• stanihunt, .Kneid, i. 168.

(in-hast"), r. t. [< L. in, in. + Jiang-
of haurirc, draw: see haunt-. Cf. ci-
To draw or drink in. [A humorous
coinage.]

tus, pp

[Rare.]

I will not do 't:

Lest I surcease to honour mine own truth,
And, by my body's action, teach my mind
A most inherent baseness. Shak., Cor., iii. 2.

Ftd. I can forgo things nearer than my gold.
Piero. But not your love, Knlgoso.
Fill. No, she's inherent, and mine own past losing.

Ford, Lady's Trial, II. 1.

2. Existing as an element, quality, or attri-
bute ; innately characteristic ; intrinsic : as,
inherent color ; inherent beauty of character.

There was inherent in them [the bishops) a power of
cognition of causes, and coercion of persons.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), II. 206.
I consider an human soul without education like mar-
ble In a quarry, which shows none of Its inherent beauties
till the skill of the polisher fetches out the colours.

Spectator, No. 215.

The forms . . . have an inherent power of adjustment
to each other and to surrounding nature.

A. R. Wallace, Nat. Select, p. 268.
Condition inherent. See condition.— Inherent form,

in inrtaph. See/onn. =SyTL 2. Inherent, Innate, Inborn,
Inbred, Ingrained, native, natural. Inherent implies per-
manence and inseparableness : as, an inherent weakness or
defect. Innate and inborn are literally the same, hut in-
nate is chiefly the word of philosophy, while ini»>rn is the
word of common life and literature : as, it Is disputed whe-
ther there are innate ideas or an innate belief in a God,
but few deny that there are inborn aptitudes for excellence
in certain kinds of work ; he has an inborn love of truth.
Inbred applies to that which is worked into one by breed-
ing or training, or. more figuratively, by habit : as, inbred
laziness. Ingrained applies to that which has become
thoroughly worked Into the texture or fiber, literally or
figuratively : as, ingrained baseness. See intrintie, under

i lull':-.

inherently (in-her'ent-li), adv. By inherence;
inseparably.

inherit (in-her'it), p. [< ME. inheritcn, enheri-
trn, < OF. enhfriter, inhcriter, < LL. inhtrcditare.
appoint as heir, ML. also put in possession, in-
herit, < L. in, in, + hcrc.t (hcreil-), hr-ir: sec heir
and heritage.] I. trans. 1. In laic, to take by
descent from an ancestor; get by succession,
as the representative of the former possessor:

inherit

receive as a right or title descendible by law
from au ancestor at his decease : as, the eldest
son of a nobleman inherits his father's title.
In law it is used in contradistinction to acquiring by will ;
but in popular use this distinction is often disregarded.

When he maketh his sons to inherit, that which he hath,
... he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn be-
fore the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn.

Deut. jcxi 16.

Though a man's body is not a property that can be in-
herited, yet his constitution may fitly be compared to an
entailed estate. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, f 71.

2. To receive from one's progenitors as part of
one's physical or mental constitution ; possess
intrinsically through descent.

Habits are inherited, and have a decided influence : as in
the period of the flowering of plants when transported from
one climate to another. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 25.

Some peculiar mystic grace

Made her only the child of her mother,

And heap'd the whole inherited sin . . .

All, all upon the brother. Tennyson, Maud, xiii.

3. To receive by transmission in any way ; have
imparted to or conferred upon; acquire from
any source.

Good Master, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal
life? Mark x. 17.

An Generall Instructioun to Kyngis, how thay sal alsweill
inhereit the Benin as the erth.

Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.), To the Kediu-.

4. To succeed by inheritance. [Rare.]

For surely now our household hearths are cold :
Our sons inherit us ; our looks are strange.

Tennyson, Lotos Eaters, Chorlc Song.

5f. To put in possession ; seize : with of.
It must be great, that can inherit us
So much as of a thought of ill in him.

Shak., Rich. II., i. 1.

II. in trans. To be vested with a right to a
thing (specifically to real property) by opera-
tion of law, as successor in interest on the death
of the former owner; have succession as heir:
sometimes with to.

Thou shalt not inherit in our father's house.

Judges xi. 2.

The king and all our company else being drowned, we
will inherit here. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2.

The children of a deceased son inherited to the grand-
father in preference to a son or jointly with him.

Brougham.

inheritability (in-her"i-ta-bil'i-ti), «. [< in-
heritable: see •Ability.'] The quality of being in-
heritable, or of being descendible to heirs.

inheritable (in-her'i-ta-bl), a. [< OP. (AF.)
inheritable, enheritable, < inheritor, inherit: see
inherit and i-«We.] 1. Capable of being inherit-
ed; transmissible or descendible from the an-
cestor to the heir by course of law; heritable:
as, an inheritable estate or title.

While property continued only for life, testaments were
useless and unknown; and, when it became inheritable,
the inheritance was long indefeasible.

Blackstom, Com., IL i.

2. Capable of being transmitted by or received
from progenitors: as, inheritable qualities or in-
firmities.

All organic beings are modifiable, [and] all modifications
are inheritable. H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 338.

3. Capable of inheriting ; qualified to inherit.

By attainder . . . the blood of the person attainted is so
corrupted as to be rendered no longer inheritable.

Blackstone.

inheritably (in-her'i-ta-bli), adv. By inheri-
tance ; by way of inheritance ; so as to be capa-
ble of being inherited.

He resumed the grants at pleasure, nor ever gave them
even for life, much less inheritably. Brougham.

inheritaget (in-her'i-taj), «. [< ME. inheritage,
enheritage; < inherit + -age. Cf. heritage.]
Possession.

I graunte yow inheritage
Peaceably withoute strive.

Isle of Ladies, 1. 1192.

Where standeth a little Chappell, . . . the inheritage of
the Calargy, a family that for this thousand yeers have re-
tained a prime repute in this Island.

Sandys, Travailes, p. 174.

inheritance (in-her'i-tans), n. [Formerly also
enheritance; < OF. (AF.) inheritance, enheri-
taunce, inheriting, < enheriter, inherit : see in-
herit.'} 1 . The act of inheriting, in any sense of
that word: as, the inheritance of property or of
disease.

You shall understand that Darius came not to his em-
pyre by inheritaunce, but got into y« seate of Cyrus by the
beneflte of Bagoas, hys eunuche.

J. Brende, it. of Quintus Curtius, fol. 143.

In these laws of inheritance, as displayed under domes-
tication, we see an ample provision for the production,
through variability and natural selection, of new specific
forms. Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 61.

3098

Or how should England, dreaming of his sons,
Hope more for these than some inheritance
Of such a life, a heart, a mind ?

Tennyson, Idylls of the King, Bed.
We are led to the conclusion that the oldest customs of
inheritance in England and Germany were in their remote
beginnings connected with a domestic religion and based
upon a worship of ancestral spirits, of which the hearth-
place was essentially the shrine and altar.

C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 216.

2. In law, the estate cast upon the heir by
law immediately on the death of the ancestor
(Broom and Hadlei/); a legal right to real prop-
erty not limited by years or the owner's life,
so that it will pass by descent ; an estate inur-
ing to a person and his heirs ; real estate. See
estate of inheritance, under estate.

The commons prayed that neither in parliament nor
council should any one be put on trial for articles touch-
ing freehold and inheritance. Stvbbs, Const. Hist., § 371.

3. That which is or may be inherited ; the im-
movable property passing in a family by de-
scent ; in a more general sense, any property
passing by death to those entitled to succeed;
a patrimony; a heritage.

And Rachel and Leah answered and said unto him, Is

there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father's

house? Gen. xxxi. 14.

In all his ancient inheritances, he hath houses built after

their manner like arbours.

Capt. John Smith, Works, 1. 142.
My father's blessing and this little coin
Is my inheritance. •
Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, ii. 2.

4. A possession received by gift or without pur-
chase ; a permanent possession.

Meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in
light. Col. i. 12.

5f. Possession ; ownership ; acquisition.

You will rather show our general lowts
How you can frown, than spend a fawn upon them,
For the inheritance of their loves. Shak., Cor., ill. 2.

Against the which, a moiety competent

Was gaged by our king ; which had return'd

To the inheritance of 1'ortinbras,

Had he been vanquisher. Shak., Hamlet, i. 1.

Canons of inheritance. See cemoni.— inheritance
Act, an English statute of 1833 (3 and 4 Wm. IV., c. 10«) re-
casting the law of descent. — Inheritance tax law, a stat-
ute imposing a tax on those acquiring property by inheri-
tance or will : sometimes taxing only collateral relatives
and strangers, and in such case commonly called a collat-
eral-inheritance tax law. — Several Inheritance, a sev-
eral estate of inheritance : as, where a partition between
two heirs allotted the land for half of the year to each in
turn, their cotenancy was terminated and each was said
to have a several inheritance ; or where land was given to
two persons (who could not possibly intermarry) and then1
issue, they had a Joint inheritance for their Joint lives, and
their issue had several inheritance. — Words of Inheri-
tance, expressions in a conveyance or will manifesting an
intent that the grantee or devisee should take more than
a life estate, the usual words being "and to his heirs for-
ever," added after the designation of the grantee; com-
monly also with the words "and assigns," to manifest in-
tent that the estate is assignable. By statute in many of
the United States words of inheritance are not required
in order to pass an estate of inheritance,
inheritor (in-her'i-tor), «. [< ME. enheritonr,
< AF. *enneritour, an heir, < enheriter, inherit :
see inherit."] An heir; one who inherits or may
inherit.

Thierry was tho a full noble knyght ;

Gaffray ther hym made hys enheritour

Off all the centre which he hild hym dyght.

Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6120.
From that time forward the priests were not chosen out
of the whole number of Levites, as our bishops, but were
born inheritors of the dignity.

Milton, Church-Government, i. 4.

inheritress (in-her'i-tres), n. [< inheritor +
-ess."] An heiress ; a female who inherits or is
entitled to inherit. Also inheritrix.

Joanna II., the inheritress of the name, the throne, the
licentiousness, and the misfortunes of Joanna I.

Milman, Latin Christianity, xiii. 10.

inheritrix (in-her'i-triks), ». [< AF. inheritrix;
fern, form of inheritor."] Same as inheritress.
Thou then whom partial heavens conspired in one to frame
The proof of beauty's worth, th' inheritrix of fame.

Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 565).

inherset, «. t. An obsolete form of inhearse.

inhesion (in-he'zhon), n. [= It. inesione, < LL.
inh(esio(n-), a hanging or adhering to, < L. in-
hcerere, pp. inhcesus, inhere: see inhere.'] The
state of existing or being fixed in something ;
inherence.

Many have maintained that body is only a collection of
qualities to which we give one name ; and that the notion
of a subject of inherion, to which those qualities belong,
is only a fiction of the mind.

Reid, Intellectual Powers, ii. 8.

in-hexagon (in'hek"sa-gon), n. [< in(scribed)
_ + hexayon,} An inscribed hexagon,
inhiatet, «'• i. [< L. inhiatus, pp. of iiihinrr.
gape, stand open, < in, in, on, + hiare, gape:
see hiatus.'} To open the jaws; gape.

in hoc

How like gaping wolves do many of them inhiate and
gape after wicked mammon. Becon, Works (1843), I. 253.

inhiationt (in-hi-a'shon), «. [< LL. inhiatio(n-),
an opening of the mouth, < L. inhiare, open the
mouth, gape: see initiate."] An opening of the
jaws ; a gaping, as in eager desire.

A thirst and inhiation after the next life, and a frequen-
cy of prayer and meditation in this. Dunne, Letters, xx.

inhibit (in-hib'it), v. t. [< L. inhibitus, pp. of
inhibere (> It. inibire = Pr. Sp. Pg. inhibir = F.
inhiber), hold back, restrain, forbid, < in, in, on,
+ habere, have, hold: see habit. Cf. exhibit,
prohibit.'] 1. To hold back; hinder by obstruc-
tion or restriction ; check or repress.

Rather than they would be suspected of any lothsome
infirmity, which might inhibit them from the Princes pres-
ence, or enterteinment of the ladies.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 252.
What shall be done to inhibit the multitudes that fre-
quent those houses where drunk'nes is sold and harbour'd?
Milton, Areopagitica, p. 24.

2. To forbid ; prohibit ; interdict.

Inhibiting them upon a greate payn not once to ap-
proche ether to his speche or presence.

Hall, Union, etc., 1548, Hen. V., fol. 1. (Halliu-ell.)

Humaine weakenes, that pursueth still

What is inhibited. Uarston, The Fawne, v.

It [the treaty-making power vested in the government

of the United States] is ... limited by all the provisions

of the constitution which inhibit certain acts from being

done by the government. Calhoun, Works, I. 203.

inhibitor, inhibitor (in-hib'i-ter, -tor), n. 1.
One who or that which inhibits.
They operated as inhibitors of digestion.

Medical News, LIII. 23.

2. Specifically, in Scots law, a person who takes
out inhibition, as against a wife or a debtor.
inhibition (in-hi-bish'on), n. [= F. inhibition
= Sp. inhibieion = Pg. 'inhibifSo = It. inibizione,
< L. inhibitio(n-), a restraining, < inhibere, re-
strain: see inhibit."] 1. The act of inhibiting,
or the state of being inhibited ; prohibition ; re-
straint; embargo.

Mahomet . . . made a strict Inhibition to all his Sect
from drinking of Wine, as a Thing profane.

Hovxll, Letters, ii. 54.

This is the Question heer, or the Miracle rather, why
his onely not agreeing should lay a negative barr and in-
hibition upon that which is agreed to by a whole Parla-
ment. Milton, Eikonoklastes, vL

2. In Eng. law, a writ to forbid a judge from
further proceedings in a cause depending be-
fore him, issuing usually from a higher eccle-
siastical court to an inferior one, on appeal. —

3. In physiol., the lowering of the action of a
nervous mechanism by nervous impulses reach-
ing it from a connected mechanism.

Now, however skilfully we may read older statements
between the lines, no scientific— that is, no exact— know-
ledge of inhibition was possessed by any physiologist until
Weber, by a direct experiment on a living animal, discov-
ered the inhibitory influence of the pneumogastric nerve
over the beating of the heart.

M. Foster, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 23.

It is evident, therefore, that reflex actions may be re-
strained or hindered in their development by the action
of higher centres. This is termed the " inhibition of re-
flex action." Encyc. Brit., XIX. 28.
Inhibition against a debtor, in Scots law, a writ pass-
ing under the signet, whereby the debtor is prohibited
from contracting any debt which may become a burden
on his heritable property, or whereby his heritage may
be attached or alienated to the prejudice of the inhibiter's
demand.— Inhibition against a wife, at the instance of
a husband, in Scots law, a writ passing the signet which

Srohibits all persons from dealing with the wife or giving
er credit

inhibitive (in-hib'i-tiv), a. [< inhibit + -we."}
Inhibitory.

inhibitor, n. See inhibiter.

inhibitory (in-hib'i-to-ri), a. [= F. inhibi-
toire = Sp. Pg. inhilniprio = It. inibitorio, <
ML. inhibitorim, inhibitory, < L. inhibere, in-
hibit: see inhibit."] Inhibiting or tending to
inhibit ; holding back ; curbing, restraining, or
repressing; checking or stopping.

Pain . . . has an inhibitory effect on all the reflex ac.
tions. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 101.

We referred a short time back to the phenomena of
"inhibition." It is not too much to say that the discov-
ery of the inhibitor;/ function of certain nerves marks one
of the most important steps in the progress of physiology
during the past half -century.

M. Foster, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 23.

Inhibitory nerves, nerves which, when stimulated, di-
minish or repress action. Thus, the vagus contains fibers
which on stimulation lower the pulse-rate.

inhieldt, inhildet, v. t. See inheeld.

inhiye (m-hiv'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. injured, ppr.

inliiring. [< j«-l + hive."] To put into a hive;

hive. [Rare.]
in hoc (in hok). [L. : in, in; hoc, abl. of hoc,

neut. of hie, this: see hie jucet."\ Herein; in

this respect.

inhold

inhold(in-hold'), P. t. ; prut, and pp. iuhcM, ppr.
nilinliliii/i. [<(«-! + hold1.] To have inherent ;
contain within. [Hare.]

Light . . . which the sun inholdelk and casteth forth.

Raleigh.

inholdert (in -hoi 'dor), n. An iudwoller, or
anything indwelling; an inhabitant or occu-
pant; in the extract, the active forces of na-
ture.

I [Dome Nature] do possesse the worlds moit regiment ;
As if ye please it into parts divide,
And every parts inhnlden to convent,
Shall to your eyes appeare incontinent.

Spenser, F. Q., VII. vtt 17.

inhOOpt (ill-hop'), V. t. (< i«-l + hoop1.] To
confine or inclose as with a hoop or hoops;
coop up.

His quails ever
Beat mine, inhoop'd, at odds.

Shale., A. and C., U. 3.

inhospitable (in-hos'pi-ta-bl), a. [< OP. inhos-
pitable = Sp. inhospitable; as in-3 + hospitable.]
Not hospitable ; indisposed to exercise hospi-
tality; unfavorable or inimical to visitors ; not
affording accommodation or shelter : as, an in-
lit>.*/>ittible tribe; inhospitable wilds.

Since togs'd from shores to shores, from lands to lands.
Inhospitable rocks, and barren sands. Dryden, Jineid.
Jael, who with inhospitable guile
Smote Sisera sleeping, through the temples nail'd.

Maton,S. A.,1. 989.

Have yon no touch of pity, that the poor
Stand starv'd at your tnAo»//i(oWe door?

Camper, Prog, of Err., L 260.

inhospitableness (in-hos'pi-ta-bl-nes), n. The
quality of being inhospitable.

inhospitably (in-hos'pi-ta-bli), adv. In an in-
hospitable manner ; unkindly.

inhospitalt, «. [< OF. inhosnital = Sp. inhoitpi-
tal; as i«-3 + 'hospital.'] Inhospitable.

Lonely hermit's cage inhmpitall.

Sp. Hall, sin irr.s IT. 5.

inhospitality (in-hos-pi-tal'i-ti), ti. Inhospita-
bleness. lip. Ball, Balm of Gilead, x. $ 2.

inhuman (in-hu'man), a. [= P. inhumain =
Sp. Pg. iiilin inn mi = It. iiiHiiKtni), inhuman, < L.
inhumanus, not suitable to the human condition,
rude, savage, ill-bred, also LL. superhuman, <
L. in- priv. + humunus, human : see human. Cf.
inhumane.] 1 . Not human ; not governed by
feelings proper to human nature; specifically,
not humane; hard-hearted; unfeeling; cruel.

lie did not only scorn to read your letter,
But, most inhuman as he is, he curs'd you,
i 'in s tl you most bitterly.

Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 2.

Princes and peers, attend ! while we impart
To you the thoughts of no inhuman heart.

Pope, Odyssey, vii. 246.

2. Not proper to human nature ; destitute of
human quality; specifically, showing want of
humanity ; marked by uufeelingness or cruelty.

Thy deed, inhuman and unnatural,
Provokes this deluge most unnatural.

SAo*., Rich. Ill i. '

Thou most unjust, most odious in our eyes 1
I n/i n ma it discord is thy dire delight,
The waste of slaughter, and the rage of fight.

Pope, mad, T. 1098.

The place yielded to the Emperor, whose soldiers soon

surrendered themselves to the inhuman excesses of war.

Simmer, Orations, I. 221.

= Syn. Pitiless, merciless, brutal, ruthless, remorseless,
inhumane (in-hu-mau' ), n. [Formerly identical
with inhuman, but in present form and accent
like humane, directly from the L.; < L. iiihuma-
nus, savage, inhuman, < in- priv. + Inimanus,
human, humane: see inhuman.] Not humane;
inhuman; hard-hearted; cruel.

Bloud was so odious in each Ethnicke's sight,
That who did kill (as inhumane) none lov d.

Stirling, Doomes day. The Fifth Hour.

inhumanelyt (in-hu-man'li), ado. Inhumanly.

inhumanity (in-hu'-man'i-ti), n. [= P. inliu-
iiiiniili' = Sp. inliiiiiiitiiiiliid = Pg. inhumaiiidade
= It. inumiiuita, < L. inhumaiiita(t-)s, inhuman
conduct, barbarity, ill breeding, < inhuman us,
inhuman: soc inhuman.] The state or quality
of being inhuman or inhumane; cruelty; bar-
barity.

Howsoeuer the bodies of these men before the Floud
wen- composed, certain their mindes were disposed to all
monstrous inhumaniti/, which hastened llu'ir di-st ruction.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 38.
Mini's inhumanity toman
Makes countless thousands mourn !

/•Vr/t-, M;tn was made to Mourn.
= Syn. I "kindness, brutality, ruthlessness.
inhumanly (iii-liu'm;iii-li), atlr. In an inhuman
manner; with cruelty ; barbarously.

3099

inhumatet (in'hu-mat), p. t. [< L. iw/i«/««/».v.
pp. of itili/iiiiin-fj bury: see inhume.] To in-
hnme. Builry, 1731.

inhumation (in-hu-ma'shon). n. [= 8p. in-
humation = It. inumaziotie, < L. as if *inhu-
matio(n-),<.inhumare,bury: see inhu mate.] 1.
The act of burying in the ground, especially as
opposed to incremation ; interment.

The soberest nations hare rested In two ways, of simple
Miuinnlivn and burning. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, I.

In the year 1810, a case of living inhumation happened
in France, attended with circumstances which go far to
warrant the assertion that truth is, indeed, stranger than
fiction. Pat, Tales, I. 327.

2. In i-lt i- HI., a method, now obsolete, of digest-
ing substances by burying the vessel containing
them in warm earth or manure,
inhume (in-hum' ),«. t. ; pret. and pp. inhumed,
ppr. inhuming. [= P. inhumer = Sp. inkumar
= It. inumari; < L. in»i<flmre,bury in the ground,
< in, in, + hwntts, ground: see humus. Cf. ex-
hume.] 1. To deposit in the earth, as a dead
body; bury; inter.

They had a neate Chapell, In which the heart of the
Duke of Clere, their founder, lies inhum'd under a plate
of brasse. Evelyn, Diary, Sept 17, 1641.

No hand his bones shall gather or inlimnt.

Pope, Iliad, xxl. 376.

2. In client., to digest in a vessel surrounded
with warm earth or manure. — 3*. To serve as
a tomb for.

We took notice of an old-conceited tomb, which m-
humt'l a harmless shepherd.

Sir T. Herbert, Travels, p. 126.

-inl. [NL., L.,masc. pi. of -inus: see -in1, -ine1.]
A suffix forming New Latin names of some

froups in zoology, as in Acanthurini, Salmonini,
tenini.

Inia1 (in'i-ft), n. [NL., from a S. Arner. name.]
A genus of delphinoid odontocete cetaceans,
type of the familv Iniidte. It contains the Ama-
zonian dolphin, /. geu/renrii or /. Mirinuin, about 8 feet
long, with the dorsal fin a mere ridge, a long cylindrical
snout, the jaws armed with from 104 to 132 teeth, the verte-
bne about 40, the ribs 13, and the sternum consisting of a
single piece. F. Cumer, 1836.

inia-, n. Plural of inion2.

inial (in'i-al), a. [< inimP + -al.] In anat., of
or pertaining to the inion.

iniid (in'i-id), «. A member of the family
Iniidce.

Iniidae (i-ni'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Inia (native
name in Bolivia) + -idee.] A family of dol-
phins, of the order Cete and suborder Denticete,
typified by the genus Inia. They have the pro-
longed rostrum and other characters of the Delphinouita,
lacrymal bones coalesced with the jugals, the tubercular
and capitular articulations of the ribs blending posteri-
orly, unosslned costal cartilages, rudimentary maxillary
crests, teeth mostly with complete cingulum, eyes of mod-
erate size, and a transversely crescent-shaped blow-hole.
Also Iniincr, as a subfamily of Plalanistidce.

inimaginablet (in-i-maj'i-na-bl), a. [= F. im-
maginable = Sp. inimagindble = It. inimagina-
bile; as i'n-3 + imaginable.] Unimaginable;
inconceivable. Dp. Pearson.

inimical (i-nim'i-kal), a. [< ML. inimicalis,
unfriendly, hostile, t L. iuimicus, unfriendly,
an enemy: see inimieous, enemy1.] 1. Having
the disposition or temper of an enemy; un-
friendly; hostile: chiefly applied to private en-
mity.

I am sorry the editors of the Review should so construe
my article as to suppose It inimical to the free circulation
of the Scriptures. Sydney Smith, To John Murray.

2. Adverse; hurtful; repugnant.

Associations in defence of the existing power of the sov-
ereign are not, in their spirit, inimical to the constitution.
Btami, Political Associations (ITWiX

The reaction which ensued throughout the continent
upon the collapse of the revolutionary outbreak was in-
imical to the political principles for which Sardinia had
contended. /,'. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 109.

= 8yn. Artrte, Adctrte, etc. (see hostile), unfriendly, an-
tagonistic, opposed, hurtful.

inimicality (i-uim-i-kari-ti), n. [< inimical +
•it i/.] The state of being inimical; hostility;
unfriendliness. Boucher.

inimically (i-nim'i-kal-i), adv. In an inimical,
adverse, or unfriendly manner.

inimicitioust, a. [< L. as if 'inimicitiosus, < ini-
micitia, hostility, < inimicus, hostile: see inimi-
eous.] Inimical; unfriendly.

His majesty's subjects, with all the inimititioti* passions
» Inch belong to them. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. -a.

inimicoust (i-nun'i-kus), fl. [< L. inimicus, un-
t'rirndly, liostile, < IK- priv. + amicus, friendly,
a friend, < amare, love : see amor. Cf. enemy1,
ult. < L. inimicus.] Inimical.

And indeed (besides that they [radishes] decay the teeth)

\IH rieiice tells us that ... it is hard of digestion, in-

i;>ii,Miij to the stomach. Eotlyn, AceUria.

iniquitous

inimitability (in-iin'i-ta-l.il'i-ti), n. [= F. iu-
imitnlii/iti:: KCfinimitablc&nd-bility.] Thequal-
ity of being inimitable.

Truths must have an eternal existence In tome under-
standing : or rather they are the same with that under-
standing Itself, considered as variously representative,
according to the various model of inunitaljtiiln or parti-
cipation, aorrii.

inimitable (in-im'i-ta-bl), a. [= F. inimitable
= Sp. inimitable = Pg. inimitartl = It. inimitn-
bile, < L. inimitabilis, that may not be imitated,

< in- priv. + imitabilis, that may be imitated :
see iniititti/i:] Not imitable ; incapable of be-
ing imitated or copied; surpassing imitation.

Thick with sparkling orient gems
The portal shone, inimitable on earth
By model or by shading pencil drawn.

Milton, P. L., iii. MS.

The original national genius may now come forward In
Perfectly new forms, without the sense of oppression from
inimitable models. De Quincey, Style, III.

= Syn. Matchless, peerless.

inimitableness (in-im'i-ta-bl-nes), n. Inimita-
bility.

inimitably (in-im'i-ta-bli), adv. In an inimi-
table manner; to a degree beyond imitation.
Charms such as thine, inimitably great. Broome.

These two small but inimitably nne Poems ("L'AHegro"

and "II Penseroso " ] are as exquisite as can be conceived.

// Blair, Rhetoric, xL

in infinitum (in in-fi-ni'tum). [L. : in, in; IH-
Jtnitum, ace. neut. of infnitus, infinite : see »«-
finite.] Without limit ; indefinitely.

in initio (in i-uish'i-6). [L.: in, in ; initio, abl.
of i /i iii n in, a beginning: see initial.] In the be-
ginning; at the outset.

in integrant (in in'te-grum). (X. : in, in ; tn-
tcgrum, ace. neut. of integer, entire: see integer,
entire.] Entire.

in Invitum(in in-vi'tum). [L. : in, in; intittim,
ace. of in i'ii us. unwilling, reluctant.] Against
the unwilling; compulsory. A decree divesting an
insolvent or bankrupt of his property by adverse proceed-
ings Is said to be in ineitutn, as contrasted with a volun-
tary assignment for the benefit of creditors.

iniome (in'i-om), n. Any member of the Iniomi.

Iniomi (in-i-6'mi), n. pi. [NL., < Or. tviav, the
muscle at the back of the neck (see ini'on^), +
<i//of, shoulder: see humertis.] A suborder or
an order of teleost fishes, having the shoulder-
girdle disconnected from the side of the crani-
um and at most impinging upon the back of the
cranium at the nape or nuchal region, and the
coracoid bones and actinosts normally devel-
oped. It includes fishes of the families Nyno-
dontid<E, Scopelidte, Chauliodontida;, Alepisauri-
dce, Sternoptychida; and a number of others.

iniomous (in-i-6'mus), a. [< Iniomi + -«««.]
Pertaining to the Iniomi, or having their char-
acters.
The characteristics and families of iniomoui fishes.

Science, VII. 874 a.

inionH (in'yon), n. [Also corruptly ingan, in-
gen, ingun; var. of onion: see onion.] An on-
ion. This pronunciation is shown, without the
changed spelling, in the second extract.

Your case in lawe is not worth an t'nfon.

J. Heyvood, Spider and File (ISM).
And you that delight In trulls and minions,
Come buy my four ropes of hard St. Thomas's onion*.
K. Taylor, Hog hath Lost his Pearl (Hazlett s Dodsley,

[XI. 438),

inion2 (in'i-on), n.; pi. inia (-ft). [< Gr. Mm,
the muscle between the occiput and the back,
the back of the head, the nape of the neck, <
if (iv-), a sinew, fiber, lit. strength, force, orig.
*Fiy = li.vis (cir-), force: see rim.] In anat., a
ridge of the occiput to which muscles of the
nape are attached; now, specifically, the ex-
ternal occipital protuberance.

Inlophthalmat (inM-of-thal'mii). w. pi. [NL.,

< Gr. Iviov, the muscle at the back of the neck,
+ o^ftjfyiof, eye.] A tribe of proboscidiferous
gastropods, having the eyes sessile behind the
tentacles. The principal families are Actaonidu:
Pyramidellidce, and Oolariida:

iniquitablet, a. [Var. of inequitable, after ini-
fjutty.] Same as inequitable.

Who ever pretended to gainsay or resist an Act of Par-
liament, although ... It may be as iniouiiable as any
action of a single person can be?

Roger Xorth, Examen, p. 333.

iniquitous ( i-nik'wi-tus), a. [< iniquity + -oug.]
Characterized by iniquity; unjust; wicked: an,
an iniifiiitouii bargain.

In this dty Athens there were parties, and avowed ones
too, for the Persians, Spartans, and Macedonians, sap-
ported r uch of them by one or more demagogues pen-

-J! ir •! ;in<l bribed l<> this iiiitiuitotu service.

fiiiriv, Vinil. of Nat. Society.

iniquitous

Las Casas lived to repent, . . . declaring afterwards
that the captivity of black men is as iniquitous as that of
Indians. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., 1. 135.

= Syn, Illegal, Wicked, etc. (see criminal) ; unfair, inequi-
table, unrighteous, unprincipled, nefarious.
iniquitously (i-nik'wi-tus-li), adv. In an ini-
quitous manner; unjustly; wickedly.

His grants were from the aggregate and consolidated
funds of judgments iniquitously legal.

Burke, To a Noble Lord.

iniquity (i-nik'wi-ti), n. ; pi. iniquities (-tiz).
[< ME. iniquite, < OF. iniquiteit, iniquite^ F. ini-
quite = Pr. iniquitat, inequitat = Sp. iniquidad
= Pg. iniquidade=ilt.i>tiquita, < L. iniquita(t-)s,
unequaluess, injustice, < iniquits, unequal, un-
just: see iniquous. Cf. equity, inequity.'} 1.
Lack of equity ; gross injustice ; unrighteous-
ness; wickedness: as, the iniquity of the slave-
trade.

Some contesting for privileges, customs, forms, and that
old entanglement of iniquity, their gibberish laws, though
the badge of their ancient slavery.

Milton, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.

There is a greater or less probability of an happy issue to
a tedious war, according to the righteousness or iniquity of
the cause for which it was commenced. JBp. Smalridge.

2. A violation of right or duty ; an unjust or
wicked action ; a wilful wrong or crime.

Your iniquities have separated between you and your
God. Isa. lix. 2.

He himself dispatches post after post to demand Jus-
tice, as upon a traitor ; using a strange iniquity to require
justice upon him whom he then waylayd and debarr'd from
his appearance. Milton, Eikonoklastes, viii.

3f. In Scots law, inequity; a judicial act or de-
cision contrary to law or equity. — 4f. [cap.~\
A comic character or buffoon in the medieval
English moralities or moral plays, often other-
wise called the rice, and sometimes by the name
of the particular vice he represented. His chief
business was to make sport by tormenting the imperson-
ated Devil, and he was the prototype of the later clown or
fool, Punch, and Harlequin.

Thus, like the formal Vice, Iniquity,
I moralise two meanings in one word.

Shale., Rich. III., Hi. 1.

That was the old way, gossip, when Iniquity came in,
like Hokos Pokos, in a juggler's jerkin, with false skirts,
like the knave of clubs. B. Jonson, Staple of News.

= Syn. 1 and 2. Sin, Transgression, etc. See crime.
iniquoust (in-i'kwus), a. [= F. inique = Pr. inic,
enic = Pg. It. iniquo, < L. iniquits, unequal, un-
even, unjust, < in- priv. + cequus, equal: see
equal.] Unjust; wicked; iniquitous.

Whatsoever is done thro' any unequal affection is ini-
~quou$, wicked, and wrong.

Shaftesbury, Inquiry concerning Virtue, L ii. § 3.

inirritabllity (in-ir"i-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [< inirri-
table : see -bility.'] The quality of being inirri-
table ; good nature.

inirritable (in-ir'i-ta-bl), a. [< in-3 + irritable.]
Not irritable; good-natured; in physiol., not
reacting to stimulation.

inirritative (in-ir'i-ta-tiv), a. [< in-3 + irrita-
tive .] Not irritative ; not producing or attend-
ed with irritation or excitement.
inisle (in-il'), r. t. [< in-* + fefei.] Same as
enisle.

Into what sundry gyres her wonder'd self she throws,
And oft inisles the shore, as wantonly she flows.

Drayton, Polyolbion, vlii. 448.

Gambia's wave inisles
An ouzy coast, and pestilential ills
Diffuses wide. Dyer, The Fleece, iv.

initial (i-nish'al), a. and n. [< F. initial = Sp.
Pg. initial = It. iniziale, < L. initialis, of the
beginning, incipient, initial, < initium, begin-
ning, < inire, go in, enter upon, begin, < in, in,
+ ire, go: see iter, iterate, etc.] I. a. 1. Of or
pertaining to the beginning; incipient: as, the
initial step in a proceeding.

The highest form of the incredible is sometimes the
initial form of the credible.

De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.

In the case of voluntary attention the initial stimulus
is some internal motive.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 94.

Even when the initial move has been made by the mis-
sionary, the trader, scenting the chance for gain, is not
slow to follow. Pop. Sei. Mo., XXVI. 285.

2. Placed at the beginning; standing at the
head: as, the initial letter of a word, or of a
chapter in a book.

There, now, is an initial letter !

Saint Ulric himself never made a better !

Finished down to the leaf and the snail,

Down to the eyes on the peacock's tail !

Longfellow, Golden Legend, iv.

Initial cells, in Int., the cells from which the primordial
layers or masses of nascent tissue arise.— Initial letter.
See II., 1, 2.— Initial line. See polar coordinates in a
plane, under coordinate. — Initial stress. See stress. —

3100

Initial tension, the stress developed in the consecutive
elementary cylinders of a composite cylinder, or the body
of a built-up gun, by the method of fabrication, or, in the
case of a cast gun, by cooling from the interior. Initial
tension is produced by shrinking over another a heated
tube or hoop that will have a slightly smaller diameter
when cooled, or by forcing it over by hydrostatic pressure.
Each cylindrical layer compresses the one beneath it. In
a properly constructed gun the greatest initial tension
exists in the exterior cylindrical layer, and decreases pro-
gressively toward the bore, where the initial tension is
negative, or becomes an initial compression. The initial
tension should never exceed the elastic limit of the mate-
rial.

II. n. 1. The initial or first letter of a word;
an initial letter. A person's initials are the first let-
ters in proper order of the words composing his name. To
sign a paper with one's initials is to write only the first let-
ter of each of one's names, including the surname. A per-
son's surname being known or separately written, his ini-
tials are the first letters of his other names : as, what are
Mr. Jones's initials ?

2. The first letter of a book or writing, or of
any division of it, distinguished from the body
of the text by larger size or more ornamental
character, or both. The initials of medieval manu-
script books are often works of high art, elaborate in de-
sign and bright in color, generally red. Ornamented and
colored initials were also used in many early printed books,
sometimes separately executed by hand. In modern books
initials, when used, are either plain or ornamental ; and
they are still sometimes printed in red.

No book or document was approved unless it had some
ornamented and illuminated initials or capital letters.

Encyc. Brit,., XXIIL 682.

3. In plain-song, a tone with which a melody
may begin. In strict usage the initials for each mode
are prescribed, and called absolute initials.

initial (i-nish'al), v. t.; pret. and pp. initialed
or initialled, ppr. initialing or initialling. [<
initial, »».] To put one's initial or initials to or
on ; sign or mark with initials : as, an initialed
handkerchief ; initialed paper.

Oval plaque, . . . initialed by the artist

Cat. Soulages Coll., p. 100.

initially (i-nish'al-i), adv. In an initial man-
ner; at the beginning; at first.

The vibration of the ether is initially of the nature of
a forced vibration. A. Danie.ll, Prin. of Physics, p. 432.

initiate (i-nish'i-at), v.; pret. and pp. initiated,
ppr. initiating. [< LL. initiatus, pp. of initiare
(> It. iniziare = Sp. Pg. iniciar = F. initier),
begin, originate (in classical L. only the spe-
cial sense 'initiate'), < L. initium, beginning:
see initial.'] I. trans. 1. To begin or enter
upon; make a beginning of; introduce; set
going or on foot.

Mutual dependence of parts is that which initiates and
guides organization of every kind.

B. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 331.

A few gentlemen met at a room, oroflice, in "the Krem-
lin," a building so called, in Buffalo, and then and there
initiated the "Anti-Masonic party."

N. Sargent, Public Men and Events, I. 140.

2. To introduce by preliminary instruction or
forms; guide primarily; admit formally; in-
duct : as, to initiate a person into an art, or
into a society.

The first Element of his knowledge is to bo shewne the
Colledges, and initiated in a Tauerne by the way, which
hereafter hee will learne of himselfe.
Bp. Earle, Micro-cosmographie, A meere young Gentle-

[man of the Vniuersitie.

You are not audacious enough ; you must frequent or-
dinaries a month more, to initiate yourself.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iii. 1.

1 was not initiated into any rudiments till neere four

yeares of age. Evelyn, Diary, p. 7.

The bookseller . . . initiated Leonard into many of the

mysteries of the bibliographist.

Bulwer, My Novel, vi. 16.

The Initiated, those who have been formally instructed
on any particular subject, or in the theories of any par-
ticular association, especially a secret one ; specifically, in
the early church, those who had been baptized and ad-
mitted to the full privileges of the church, anbUo a know-
ledge of the more exalted teachings of Christianity.

Il.t intrans. To do the first act ; perform the
first rite ; take the initiative.

The king himself initiates to the pow'r,
Scatters with quiv'ring hand the sacred flour.

Pope, Odyssey, iii. 564.

initiate (i-nish'i-at), a. and n. [< L. initiatus,
pp.: seethe verb.] I. «. If. Pertaining or in-
cident to the beginning or introduction ; initial
or initiatory.

Come, we'll to sleep : my strange and self abuse
Is the initiate fear, that wants hard use.

Shale., Macbeth, iii. 4.

2. Initiated; commencing; introduced to know-
ledge ; prepared for instruction.

To rise in science, as in bliss,
Initiate in the secrets of the skies !

Youny, Night Thoughts, vi.

Initiate tenancy by the courtesy. See courtesy of
England, under courtesy.

inition

II. n. One who is initiated ; specifically, one
who has been admitted to a knowledge of or
participation in secret doctrines, mystic rites,
or the like.

initiation (i-nish-i-a'shon), n. [< F. initiation
= Sp. iniciacion = Pg. iniciay&o = It. inizui~ione,

< L. initiatio(n-), an initiation (in mysteries or
sacred rites), < initiare, begin, initiate: see ini-
tiate.'] 1. The act of initiating or setting on
foot; a beginning or starting: as, the initiation
of a new enterprise. — 2. Introduction by pre-
liminary instruction or ceremony; initial gui-
dance or admission, especially in some set or
formal way, as into knowledge of or participa-
tion in anything, membership in an associa-
tion, or the like.

Silence is the first thing that is taught us at our initia-
tion into the sacred mysteries.

W. Broome, Notes on the Odyssey. .

John Ogilby was one who, from a late initiation into
literature, made such a progress as might well style him
the prodigy of his time.

WiHstanlt/, quoted in Pope's Dunciad, L 141, notes.

In cases of children, and much more so in the case of
strangers, a special initiation was required before any per-
son could be admitted as a member of the Household.

JF. E. Ilearn, Aryan Household, p. 131.

initiative (i-nish'i-a-tiv), a. and n. [< F. ini-
tiative, n., = Sp. iniciativo, a., = Pg. iniciativa,
n., = It. iniziativo, a., < ML. "initiativits, serving
to initiate, < LL. initiare, begin, L. initiate : see
initiate.] I. a. Serving to initiate ; initiatory.

II. n. 1. An introductory act or step; the
first procedure in any enterprise ; leading move-
ment: as, to take the initiative.

When all reinforcements should have arrived, I expected
to take the initiative by marching on Corinth, and had no
expectation of needing fortifications.

U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 332.

She was the only one whose mind was disengaged and
free to follow every new initiative.

Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xlvi.

2. The power of commencing, originating, or
setting on foot; the power of taking or the
ability or disposition to take the lead: as, the
popular branch of a legislature usually has the
initiative in making appropriations.

And if private enterprise is more advantageous than
joint-stock management, because it has more initiative
and adaptability, so joint-stock management is for the
same reason more advantageous than the official central-
ised management of all industry.

J. Roe, Contemporary Socialism, p. 361.

The Emperor reserves the initiative concerning the
rights of the Serbs on the basis of the wishes of their Na-
tional Congress. Nineteenth Century, XIX. 457.

Nobody felt so deeply as Mr. Lincoln the terrible em-
barrassment of having a general in command of that mag-
nificent army who was absolutely without initiative.

The Century, XXXVI. 919.

initiator (i-nish'i-a-tor), u. [= F. initiateur =
It. iniziatore, inizzaiore, < LL. initiator, a be-
ginner, founder, < initiare, begin, L. initiate:
see initiate.] One who or that which initiates.

An absolutely uniform species . . . would be deprived
of that iuitititu,' of change which maintains its existence
as a species. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 96.

Gaetano Cenni, in vol. i. of his " Dissertations," does not
agree with Benedict XIV., but thinks Leo IX. was the
initiator of the Golden Rose. N. and Q., 7th ser., VI. 114.

Those sublime initiators without whom the Academy
would be but a collection of fossils.

Set. Amer. Supp., p. 9085.

initiatory (i-nish'i-a-to-ri), a. and n. [< initiate
+ -ory.~\ I. a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or suita-
ble for a beginning or introduction; introduc-
tory: as, an initiatory step.

The initiatory movements of the States General were
concerted by Lafayette and a small circle of friends.

Everett, Orations, I. 487.

2. Initiating or serving to initiate; introdu-
cing by instruction, or by prescribed formali-
ties.

It hath been euer the fashion of God to exercise his
champions with some initiatory incounters.

Bp. Hall, Samson's Marriage.

Two initiatory rites of the same general import cannot
exist together. J. M. Mason.

II. «.; pi. initiatories (-riz) . An introductory
process or form.
Baptism is a constant initiatory of the proselyte.

L. Addison, State of the Jews, p. 67.

initiatrix (i-nish'i-a-triks), n. [= It. iniziatrice,
inizzatrice, < LL. initiatrix, fern, of initiator, a
beginner, a founder: see initiator.'} A female
initiator.

initiont (i-nish'on), n. [< OF. inition, inicion,

< ML. "initio(n-), a beginning, < L. inire, pp.
iiiiliis, begin: see initial.'] A beginning.

Here I note the inition of my lord's friendship with
Mountjoy. Sir Ji. Saunton, Fragmenta Reg., Lord Essex.

injealous

injealoust (iu-jel'us), c. t. [< tw-a •+• jealous.'}
To make jealous.

1'hey liuud together la that ainltio as on[ol bed and
buonl is sayd to hane serunl Ilicm huth, which so iiiirul-
osed the oicle king am he railed home his sonne.

Danid, Hist. Eng., p. 93.

Inject (in-jckf), r. t. [< K. injcft/r = Sp. ini/rr-
tur = Pg. injeclar = It. iiijcltare, < L. injectare,
lay on, apply, t'req. of injicerc, iniccre, pp. »»y'cc-
<its, throw or put in, into, or upon, < in, in, on,
+ juccrv, throw: see jeft. Of. adject, conject,
deject, eject, etc.] 1. To throw in; cause to
pass in by impulsion or driving force, as a fluid
into a passage or cavity : as, to inject medicine
by means of a syringe ; to inject cold water into
a steain-condeuser.

I observed three vertical dikes, so closely resembling
In general appearance ordinary volcanic dikes that I did
not doubt, until closely examining their composition, that
they had been injected from below.

Darwin, Qeol. Observations, U. 489.

2. To treat by injection; charge with an im-
pelled fluid.

Another method of anatomical preparation consists of
injecting the vessels with some colored substance.

Amer. Cjfc., I« 459.

Since almost any animal injected may afford some organ
worth preserving, it seems better to employ permanent
colors for tinging the mass.

C. 0. Whitman, Microscopical Methods, p. 224.

When the whole brain Is to be preserved. Its vessels
should be injected under slow pressure till the fluid comes
out of the veins. Alien, and Neural., VI. 681.

3. Figuratively, to introduce arbitrarily or in-
appropriately ; insert out of place or unseason-
ably; lug in: as, to inject a polemical argument
into a prayer.

Ceesar also, then hatching tyranny, injected the same
scrupulous demurs to stop the sentence of death.

Milton, Eikonoklastes.
The District Attorney tried to inject an objection.

New York Eeeniiwj Pott, April 27, 1886.

4f. To cast or throw in general.

They . . . surround
The town with walls, and mound inject on mound.

Pope, Odyssey.

injecta (iu-jek'ta), n. pi. [L., neut. pi. of in-
ieetus, thrown in i: see inject.'} Things thrown
in; substances injected: opposed to ejecta.
injected (in-jek'ted), p. a. Filled as by injec-
tion; hyperemic; bloodshot.

After massage the eyes were still more injected, bat on
the day following were less so than before massage.

Buck's Handbook </ Med. Sciences, IV. 660.

The whole eyeball was highly injected, and tender to the

touch. The Lancet, No. 3421, p. 570.

injection (in-jek'shon), n. [= F. injection =
Sp. imjeccion = Pg."injecc.3o = It. injezioHe,( L.
injectio(n-), a throwing in, < iiijicere, inicere, pp.
injectus, throw in : see inject.] 1. The act of in-
jecting or throwing in; the act of forcing in,
as a fluid into a passage, cavity, or substance
of loose texture : as, the injection of a drug by
means of a syringe ; the injection of cold water
into a steam-condenser to produce a vacuum.
— 2. In a a, 1 1.. the act .of injecting a body for
dissection; the process of filling the vessels or
other cavities of a body, or some part of a body,
with a preservative, coloring, or other fluid. —
3. Specifically, in med., the giving of an enema ;
also, the enema given. — 4. That which is in-
jected, as a fluid ; specifically, any substance or
preparation forced into an animal body to pre-
serve it, display it, or otherwise fit it for dissec-
tion or other examination. There are many kinds of
injections, all reducible to three categories : (1) Preserva-
tive injections, which retard or arrest decomposition, thus
keeping a subject, or any part of one, fit for dissection. Ar-
senic is the usual basis of such injections. (2) Pigmentary
injections, which contain coloring matters that tinge or
stain certain parts of a different color from their surround-
ings thus displaying them. Injections often combine the
l>t vs,-rv;itive and coloring properties. (3) Gaseous InjeC'
lions, us air, used to display a tissue or organ by dlstention
or Intlation. Quicksilver is also used as an injection to ill-
nitrate nnd distend minute vessels.

5. The state of being hyperemio or blood-
shot: as, the injection, of the conjunctiva of an
inflamed eye'.

Massage is contra-indicated when it is found to cause
, M-. <-i\, injtvtian, and especially if there be photophobia
and l:\chrymation; and it must not be employed in the
presence of iritis.

Budc'» Handbook of Med. Sciences, IV. 660.

6. Figuratively, a throwing in, as of a remark,
hint, or suggestion; an injected saying or in-
fluence. [Rare.]

One thing he hath irrefragably proved, That there Is no
temptation which a man is subject to, but what might be
suggested by our own corruption, without any i/ii''<-fi<"i
of Satan. Fuller, Worthies, Gloucestershire.

Hard Injection, an injection which Is used in a fluid
state, auu afterward solidities or sets, on cooling or drying.

3101

Plaster of Paris, white or colored, makes the usual hard
injection. -Hypodermic Injection. Seehypodrrmi,; i.

injection-cock (in-jek'shon-kok), ». In a steam-
engine, the cock by which cold water is thrown
into a condenser.

injection-COndenser(in-jek'shon-kon-den'ser),
n. A vessel in which steam is condensed by the
direct rout act of water.

injection-engine (in-jek'shou-en'jin), ». A
steam-engine in which the steam is condensed
by a jet of cold water thrown into the con-
denser.

injection-pipe (in-jek'shon-pip), n. A pipe
through which water is injected into the con-
denser of a steam-engine, to condense the
steam.

injection-syringe (in-jek'shon-sir'inj), n. In
mint., a syringe used in injecting.

injection-valve (in-jek'shon-valv), ». The
valve controlling the entrance of water into
the condenser of a steam-engine.

injection-water (in-jek'shon-wa'ter), «. The
water which is injected into the condenser of
a steam-engine in order to condense the steam.

injector (in-jek'tor), «. [= F. injecteur, < L. as
if 'injector, < iiijicere, pp. injectus, throw in: see
inject.] One who or that which injects; spe-
cifically, an apparatus for forcing water into a
steam-boiler. It was first reduced to practical form by
Oitfard, hence often called Gi/ard't injector. It is essen-
tially a jet-pump, in which a jet of steam is continuously
changed by rapid condensation to a water-jet, the mole-
cules of which are obliquely directed toward the longitu-
dinal axis of the jet by the conical node through which
the steam Issues. There results from this a jet of water
very much smaller than the steam-jet from which it is
condensed, but retaining the same velocity. The entire
energy of the jet is thus applied to a much smaller area
than the cross-section of the steam-jet, this area being in-
versely as the density of the water is to that of the steam
before condensation. Thus, a considerable part of the
pressure upon the area of the steam-jet being concentrat-
ed upon a much smaller area by the conversion of the
energy In the water-jet into work, the latter is competent
to force other water into the boiler. The essential parts of

onc-
in-

Clfard's Injector.

the Giffard Injector are shown in the diagram. In which
a is the steam-pipe with conical nolle c, b the water-
supply pipe, d d & combiuing-tube, e a water-tube lead-
ing to the interior of the boiler, and / an overflow for water
and steam. A check-valve prevents back-flow. Adjust.
ability of the steam-nozle and various modifications which
Increase efficiency and render the Injector more conve-
nient in use have been added by other inventors. In op-
eration steam flows through the pipe a, and, driving the
air out of d, produces a partial vacuum in 6. Water rising
through b to fill the partial vacuum surrounds the steam-
node and steam-jet, sudden condensation follows, and
the energy of the water -jet so produced drives it and
the water which has entered d past the central opening
In d d and past the check-valve Into the tube e, and
thence into the holler. The proportion of water to steam
requires careful adjustment In the Sellers injector the
combining-tnbe Is self-acting, and regulates the supply
of water to the pressure of the steam. In other injectors
a separate lever must be moved to adjust the apparatus to
the pressure, to prevent waste of steam or water. In the
diagram the excess of either water or steam escapes be-
tween the opposed nodes at/. Injectors are also used
to obtain a vacuum in continuous railroad-brakes, but in
this instance the apparatus seems to be more properly an
ejector. See ejector.

injector-valve (in-jek'tor-valy), n. The valve
between the boiler and the injector in the sup-
of a steam-boiler, which prevents the
ill-flow of the water.
injeer, v. t. See ingcre.

injelly (in-jel'i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. injellicd,
ppr. injellying. [< in-2 + jelly."} To bury in
jelly.

A pasty costly-made,

Where quail and pigeon, lark and leveret lay,
Like fossils of the rock, with golden yolks
Imbedded and injeUied. Tennyion, Acidley Court

injoint, f. t. An obsolete form of enjoin.
injoint1 (in-joint'), t-. t. [< «M-2 + joint.] To
unite together as with joints; join. [Rare.]
The Ottomites, reverend and gracious,
Steering with due course toward the isle of Rhodes,
Have there injoiitted them with an after fleet

Shall., Othello, L S.

injoint2t, v- t. [< in-3 + joint.'} To unjoint;
disjoin.

Those miserable wretches had their ears cropt and their
noses cut off, for that the foresaid bridge by a mighty tem-
pest was injounted and broken.

Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 126.

injoyt, e. An obsolete form of enjoy.

injucundt (iu-.i6'kund), a. [< L. injucundtis,
unpleasant, < in- priv. + juciindiis, pleasant:
see jocund,} Unpleasant. Bailey.

injunction

injucundityt (in-jij-kun'di-ti), ». [< L. i«j«-
i-iniilita(t-)s, unpleasantness, < injucuudus, un-
pleasant: see injucund.] Unpleasantness; dis-
agreeableness. Cockeram.

injudicable (in-j8'di-ka-bl), a. [< in-* + judi-
cable."} Not cognizable by a judge. Bailey.

injudicial (in-jij-dish al)? a. [< in-3 + judicial.'}
Not judicial ; not according to the forms of law.

in judicio (in j^-dish'i-d). [L. : in, in; judicio,
abl. of /ml ii-n, HI, judicial investigation, trial:
see judicial, jMwe.J In court; in judicial pro-
ceedings.

injudicious (in-jfl-dish'us), a. f= F. injudi-
ctcux; as iu-3 + judicious.] 1. Not judicious
in thought, speech, or action ; deficient in judg-
ment ; imprudent : as, an injudicious ally.

It Is painful to be thus obliged to vindicate a man who.
in his heart, towered above the petty arts of fraud ana
imposition, against an injudicious biographer, who un-
dertook to be his editor, and the protector of his memory.
A. Murphy, On the Life and Genius of l)r. Johnson.

2. Not judicious in character or kind; ill-
judged or ill-advised ; contrary to sound judg-
ment or discretion ; unwise : as, an injudicious
measure.

One of the victims of his [James II.'s] injudiciout par-
simony was the poet laureate. Macaulay, Hist Eng., vil.

The most injudicious charity . . . has commonly a ben-
eficial and softening influence upon the donor.

Lecty, Europ. Morals, 1L 80.

- Svn. Indiscreet, inconsiderate, imprudent, rash, hasty,
injudiciously (in-jij-dish us-li), adv. In an in-
judicious manner; unwisely.

The artillery, also, was so injudirimuly placed as to be
almost entirely useless. Irving, Granada, p. 66.

injudiciousness (in-jij-dish'us-nes), n. The
quality of being injudicious or unwise.

injunction (in-jungk'shon), n. [= F. injon
tton = Pr. injunction = Cat. injuneio, < LL. i:
junctio(n-), a command, < L. injungere, pp. in-
junctus, command, enjoin: see enjoin.'] 1. The
act of enjoining or directing; admonition as to
action or duty ; requirement.

The Institution of God's law Is described as being estab-
lished by solemn injunction. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

2. That which is enjoined ; a command, order,
or admonition.

I shall most willingly conform to any other Injunctions
of your Lordship s, and esteem them always as Favours.
Howell, Letters, ii. 17.

My wife always generously let them have a guinea each,
to keep in their pockets, but with strict injunction! never
to change it. Goldsmith, Vicar, x.

3f. An obligation ; engagement; imposition.

Ar. I am enjoin'd by oath to observe three things. . . .
Par. To these injunction* every one doth swear
Ult comes to hazard for my worthless self.

Shak., M. of V., U. ».

His error was Imperious, and would command all other

men to renounce theirown reason and understanding, till

they perish d under the injunction of his all-ruling error.

Milton, EUconoklastea, vL

4. In law, a judicial process or order requiring
the person to whom it is directed to do or to
refrain from doing a particular thing.

She 1s always contriving some improvements of her
jointure land, and once tried to procure an injunction to
hinder me from felling timber upon it for repairs.

Johnson, Rambler, No. SS.
5t. Conjunction; union.

It can be but a sorry and Ignoble society of life whose
inseparable injunction depends meerly upon flesh and
bones. Milton, Divorce, ii. 8.

Ad Interim Injunction, Injunction pendente lite,
Interlocutory injunction, preliminary Injunction,
provisional Injunction, temporary injunction, an
injunction granted in an action, before the rights of the
parties have been tried, as a provisional remedy, for the
purpose of maintaining the subject of the action In statu
quo meanwhile, as distinguished from a final injunction,
which Is awarded only by judgment The terms are in-
terchangeably used, except that preliminary injunction is
more appropriate where the application U made at the
commencement of the action than where it is delayed ;
temporary, ad interim, and preliminary are more appro-
priate to indicate an Injunction for a transient period, as
until further order, or until a hearing of the defendant
In opposition, while pendente lite Indicates that the In-
junction is Intended to continue till judgment, and in.
terlocutory Is not often used of an ex parte injunction.—
Common Injunction, an injunction such as is ordinarily
incident to actions of a class (such, for Instance, as cred-
itors' suite), and commonly granted In default of opposi-
tion, or even without notice, and which remains in force
until answer and the further order of the court, as distin-
guished from a trpecial injunction, which Is ordinarily ex-
pressed to continue in force until answer or further order.
—Mandatory Injunction, an injunction which In effect
commands the doing of an act, as, for instance, the re-
moval of a wall, by forbidding the person to whom the In-
junction is addressed to permit the wall to remain. — Per-
manent injunction. (») An injunction which is final or
perpetual, as distinguished from one pending the action.
(b) An injunction granted to continue pending the action,
as distinguished from one merely temporary, or until op-
position can be heard. — Special Injunction, a prohlbl-

injunction

tory writ or interdict against some act of a party, such as
waste, nuisance, piracy, etc.

injure!, »• A Middle English form of injury.

injure (in'jor), v. t. ; pret. and pp. injured, ppr.
injuring. [Formerly also injury, q. v. ; < OF.
injurier, injurer, F. injurier = Pr. enjuriar = Sp.
Pg. injuriar = It. ingiuriare, < L. injuriari, do an
injury, injure, < inj'uria, an injury: see injury.]
To doharm to; inflict damageor detriment upon;
impair prdeteriorate in any way ; subject to any
deleterious or noxious action or influence ; hurt ;
harm : a word of very wide application : as, to
injure property by misuse or neglect; to injure
the health by overwork or dissipation ; to injure
another's reputation by slander; to injure the
cause of morality by bad example.

When have I injur'd thee? when done thee wrong? —
Or thee?— or thee?— or any of your faction?
A plague upon you all ! Shak., Rich. III., i. 3.

Ay me ! can Pity injure Justice so
As to relieve me with a gracious glance ?

J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 148.

He [Bacon] thought he could serve Essex without injur-
ing himself. Macaulay, Lord Bacon.
=Syn. To mar, disfigure, abuse, maltreat, wrong.
in jure (in jo're). [L.: in, in; jure, abl. of jus
(jur-), right, law : eeejusft.'] In law; in juris-
prudence.—Confession In jure, in Horn. law. See
confession, 1 (e).

injured (in jord), p. a. Manifesting a sense of
injury; hurt; offended.

The keeper had ftred four times at an Indian, but he said,
with an injured air, that the Indian had skipped around
so 's to spile everything. S. L. Clemens, Roughing It, iv.

injurer (in'jjir-er), n. One who or that which
injures or harms.

HI deeds are well turned back upon their authors;
And 'gainst an injurer the revenge is just.

B. Jonson, Catiline, iv. 4.

The upright judge will countenance right, and discoun-
tenance wrong, whoever be the injurer or sufferer.

Bp. Atterbury.

An injured man may be moved by an impulse of pity to
spare his injurer, while a regard for justice and a desire
of revenge combined impel him to inflict punishment.

H. Sidgwiek, Methods of Ethics, p. 349.

injuria (in-jo'ri-a), ». [L. : see injury.] In
law, a violation of rights ; a wrong of such na-
ture that the law will take cognizance of it.
Injury includes all kinds of hurt. Injuria does not in-
clude those that are done without any violation of right,
as where one consents to undergo a surgical experiment,
or where a child is punished by its parent, or where pub-
lic authority changes the grade of n road which it has free
right to change, impairing the use and value of the property
of the abutting owner. In all these cases there may be
injury, but no injuria. Such a case is damnuni absque
injuria.— Injuria absque damno [L.: injuria, injury
(see injury) ; absque « abe, off, from, with generalizing
suffix -que\ without; damno, abl. of damnum, harm : see
damnuin), a violation of one's lights without causing any
harm, as where, to a stream which was already sufficiently
polluted by others to complete the nuisance to an own-
er below, another wrong-doer adds other foul matter; or
where one sets his foot on another's land against objection,
but doing no harm. In such cases the law gives a remedy,
but the absence of damage is considered in determining
the measure of relief or redress.

injurious (in-jo'ri-us), a. [< P. injuricux = Pr.
enjurios = Sp. Pg. injurioso = It. ingiurioso, <
L. injuriosus, acting unjustly, wrongful, inju-
rious, < injuria, wrong, injury : see injury.'} 1.
Tending to injure or impair; inflicting harm,
wrong, or mischief; of a harmful nature or
quality; deleterious; detrimental; hurtful: as,
an injurious action or speech; conduct injuri-
ous to health or morality.

Tho' I have been content to let you debate the Matter
of Succession, yet I advise you to beware, that you be not
injurious to your Prince's Patience.

Baker, Chronicles, p. 335.

One part of carbonic acid in a thousand parts of re-
spired air indicates the presence of an amount of organic
matter which, according to Dr. Parkes, is perceptible to
the senses and positively injurious to health.

Huxley and Youmans, Physiol., § 383.

2. Prone to injure; having disposition or ca-
pacity to inflict harm or suffering; hostile;
dangerous.

Did injurious nature bind

My soul earth's 'prentice, with no clause to leave her?
Quarles, Emblems, v. 13.

The result is the death of his proud and injurlmLs en-
emy. Twknor, Span. Lit, I. 130.

Yet beauty, though injurious, hath strange power,

After offence returning, to regain

Love once possess'd. Milton, S. A., 1. 1003.

3. Abusive; insulting.

Injurious duke, that threat's! where is no cause.

Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 4.

sharp was his voice, which, in the shrillest tone,
Thus with injurious taunts attack'd the throne.

Pope, Iliad, ii. 274.

= Syn. 1. Damaging, disadvantageous, prejudicial, mis-
chievous, destructive.

3102

injuriously (in-jo'ri-us-li), adv. In an injurious
or hurtful manner; wrongfully; mischievously;
abusively; maliciously.

I mean that defence of myself to which every honest
man is bound when he is injuriously attacked in print.

Dryden, Hind and Panther, Pref.

The poison of the cobra acts far more injuriously on the

protoplasm of the higher animals than on that of Drosera.

Darwin, Insectiv. Plants, p. 209.

in.juriousness (in-jo'ri-us-nes), n. The quality
of being injurious or harmful; hurtfulness.

Some miscarriages might escape, rather through sudden
necessities of state than any propensity either to injuri-
ousness or oppression. Eikon Bagilike.

injury (in' jo-ri), n.; pi. injuries (-riz). [< ME. in-
jurie, also injure; < OF. (and F.) injure = Pr.
injuria, enjuria = Sp. Pg. injuria = It. ingiuria, <
L. injuria, wrong, violence, harm, injury, < in-
jurius, acting unlawfully or wrongfully, injuri-
ous, < in- priv. + jus (jur-), law, right : Me/W&1
1. That which injures; harm inflicted or suf-
fered; mischief; damage; hurt.

And put to all iniuryes yt myght be deuysed, and fynal-
ly condempned to deth.

Sir B. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 29.

She us'd few words,

But yet enough to make me understand
The baseness of the injury you did her.

Beau, and Ft., Maid's Tragedy, T 4.

There is no such injury as revenge, and no such revenge
as the contempt of an injury.

Sir T. Broume, Eeligio Medici, ti. 7.

The former [private] wrongs are an infringement or pri-
vation of the private or civil rights belonging to individu-
als considered as individuals ; and are thereupon frequent-
ly termed civil injuries. Blackstone, Com., III. i.

2f. Injurious speech ; detraction; calumny.

He fell to bitter Invectives against the French king, and
spake all the injuries he could devise of Charles. Bacon.

Mess. "Tell him," quoth she, "my mourning weeds are

done,
And I am ready to put armour on."

K. Edu>. . . . But what said Warwick to these injuries!
Sftot.,SHen. VI., iv. 1.

Civil Injury, a violation of a right of a party, as distin-
guished from a criminal offense ; a wrong in respect of
which the law entitles the injured party to redress for his
own benefit against the wrong-doer, as distinguished from
the amenability of the wrong-doer to punishment by the
state. The same act may be both a civil injury and a
criminal offense, as an assault or a libel. Civil injury has
been sometimes defined as the violation of the right of an
individual as an individual ; but by this is meant only the
game distinction. The violation of a private right of a
corporation, or even of the state, such as the breach of a
contract with the government, is a civil injury as truly as
if it affected only an individual. — Irreparable injury.
See irreparable. = Syn. 1. Injury, Detriment, Damage,
Hurt, Harm, Mixchtef, Injustice. These words represent
evil inflicted with or without intention, except that in the
last three instances it is presumablyintentional. Each has
considerable range of m eaning. Inj u ry is the general word,
but usually expresses more than slight loss ; damage is a
diminution of value greater than detriment; harm is pre-
sumably less in degree and kind ; by hurt we mean some-
thing more serious, especially something physical and at-
tended with pain ; mischief may be great, especially wide-
spread, and is often the result of wantonness or love of
evil. Injustice is the strongest in its expression of inten-
tion. Detriment is chosen when the smallest degree of
harm is to be included : as, it is the duty of the dictator
to see that the state suffers no detriment. See loss.
injuryt (in'jo-ri), v. t. [< injury, «.] To injure ;
hurt; harm.

They are always in mutuall wars one with another, yet
will not they iniury a stranger.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 624.

That accordingly iustice may equally be done vnto our
marchants by you & your subjects, which marchants haue
In like sort bene iniuried. Hakluyt's Voyages, 1. 159.

Pray, use me like a gentleman ; take all, but injury not
my body. Middleton, Your Five Gallants, iii 2.

injustt, ". [< ME. injust, < OF. (and F.) injuste
= Pr. injust. = Sp. Pg. injusto = It. ingiusto, <
L. injustus, not just, < in- priv. + Justus, just :
see jtisfl.~\ Unjust.

This is the descripcion of a wyked and iniust iudge.

Joye, Expos, of Daniel, iii.

injustice (in-jus'tis), n. [< F. injustice = Pr.
Sp. injusticia = Pg. injustiqa = It. ingiustieia, <
L. injiistitia, injustice, < injustus, not just : see
iiijiist."] Lack of justice or equity; unjust ac-
tion; violation of another's rights; wrong in-
flicted.

Thrice is he arm d that hath his quarrel just,
And he but naked, though lock'd up in steel,
Whose conscience with injustice is corrupted.

Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2.

It were great injustice . . . that honest creditors should
be cousened and defrauded of the summe of thirty or forty
thousand duckats. Coryat, Crudities, I. 167.

The idea to which the name injustice is given being the
invasion or violation of that right [property].

Locke, Human Understanding, IV. iii. 18.

= Syn. Damage, Harm, etc. (see injury/): unfairness, foul
play, grievance.

ink

injustifiablet (in-jus'ti-fl-a-bl), a. [< in-3 + jus-
tifiable.] Not justifiable ; unjustifiable.

Or whether it was that they blindly resolved to follow

that injuxtijiable precedent of passing over so necessary a

rule to all courts, of giving the partys accused an hearing.

Bp. llurnet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1540.

injustlyt, adv. Unjustly.

The Burgonions beynge sore displeased assembled a
greate army, bothe to reuenge theirquerrelles, and also to
recouer againe the touues from theim injustely taken.

Hall, Hen.V., an. 11.

ink1 (ingk), n. [Early mod. E. also tuck; < ME.
inke, ynke, inc, enk, enke, encke = D. inlet, < OF.
cnque, enche, F. encre = Pr. encattt = It. inchio-
stro, ink, < LL. encaustum, < LGr. e; -KCLVOTOV, pur-
ple ink, later (MGr. ) any ink, neut. of eyKavaTof ( >
L. encaustus). burnt in: see encaustic. Other
words for 'ink' are Sp. Pg. tinta, G. tinte, dinte
(see tint) ; Sw. bl&k, Dan. tltek (see black) ; NGr.
l&Mvri (black), etc.] 1 . A colored fluid of slight
viscosity used for writing or drawing, or a more
viscous colored substance used in printing : dis-
tinguished as writing-ink and printing-ink. Com-
mon black writing-ink is generally made of an infusion of
galls, copperas, and gum arable. The coloring matter 13
the gallotannate of Iron, which "is suspended in water
by gum arabic; a little logwood is generally added to
deepen and improve the color. Sulphate of copper is
also sometimes used in making writing-ink, but is rather
injurious than otherwise. Printing-ink is a mechanical
mixture of boiled oil and a black or colored pigment.
For most inks linseed-oil is used, generally with some
rosin ; but rosin alone is used for the coarsest inks, and
nut-oil or other fine oil for the finest. The pigment for
black ink is lampblack or other carbonaceous matter.
Soap is added to increase the facility of impression.

Y haue mo thlngis to write to gou, and I wolde not bi
parchemyn and cnke [var. ynke}. Wycltf, 2 John 12(Purv.).

And where also he asked penne and ynke, and wrote of
his sone. Sir R. Quylforde, Pylgrymage, p. 39.

He pronounced all these words unto me with his mouth,
and I wrote them with ink in the book. Jer. xxxvi. 18,

2. In zool., the inky fluid of a cephalopod, as

the cuttlefishi— Blue writing-ink, an ink consisting
of sulphate of indigo dissolved in water or of Chinese blue
made soluble with oxalic acid.— Book-Ink, a printing-
ink prepared from refined gas-black and other ingredients
mixed with a thicker and more carefully prepared oil than
news-ink.— China <"> See India ink, under India.—
Copying-ink, an ink composed partly of a soluble mate-
rial, as gum arabic, sugar, or glycerin, to prevent it from
drying too rapidly or thoroughly. "When letters or manu-
scripts written with it are placed against a moistened
sheet, a part of the ink is transferred, making a reversed
copy. Translucent paper is used for taking the copy, which
is turned over to bring the copied letters into their normal
position, and read from the opposite side.— Diamond ink,
a dilute solution of hydrofluoric acid, preserved in gutta-
percha bottles, and used for writing on glass. — Gold or
silver Ink, writing-fluid In which gold or silver, or some
imitation of either metal, is suspended in a state of fine
division in water by means of gum arabic or honey. — In-
delible Ink, a special ink so made as to make a mark that
cannot easily be obliterated by washing or use : used espe-
cially for marking linen, etc. Such ink is usually made effi-
cacious by the incorporation of a chemical agent, as nitrate
of silver. Also called marking .ink. — India or Indian ink.
See India, a. — Invisible ink. Same as sympathetic ink.

— Lithographic ink, an ink used in lithography for wilt-
ing on stone, or for transferring autographically from paper
to stone. It is a composition of virgin wax, dry white soap,
tallow or lard, shellac, mastic, and lampblack.— Mark-
ing-Ink. (a) Same as indelible ink. (b) A mixture of
lampblack and turpentine used with a brush or stencil for
marking packing-cases and other packages.— News-ink,
a printing-ink usually made of lampblack and linseed-oil
slightly boiled.— Permanent Ink. Same as indelible ink.

— Red writing-ink, a solution of alum colored withbrazil-
wood or an ammoniacal solution of cochineal, much used
for the specific parts of

formal writings, as rec-
ords, deeds, diplomas,
etc.— Safety-Ink, (a)
A delicate printing-ink
for checks, to prevent
tampering, (b) A writ-
ing-ink which cannot
be changed by chemi-
cals. — Sympathetic
ink, a writing -fluid
which remains invisi-
ble on the paper until
it is developed by some
means, such as expo-
sure to heat, strong
light, or chemical re-
action. Solutions of
cobalt thus become
blue or green, a very
dilute sulphuric acid
blackens, and lemon-
juice turns brown.
Also called invisible
ink. — To sling 1nTr_
to write, especially to
make a business of
writing. [Slang, I", s. ]
ink1 (ingk), r. t. [<
iwA-1, «.] 1. To
color with ink. —
2. To spread ink

f , .j,

daub With

Alimentary Canal of Cuttlefish (Stpia

qfficinalis).

a, anus ; M, ink-bag ; >nb, buccal
mass ; gb, buccal ganglion ; s', poste-
rior salivary glands; e, esophagus; ft,
ink — Tn inV fart liver ; rfA, hepatic duct ; K. stomach ; z'.
iiilk.— 1O inn laiT. pyioric c:ecum ; fsf splanchnic gan-
«oo /•„»! * HL- - inteHine.' "

fan. a.

ink

Ink- (insk), «. [Origin obscure.] 1. In fal-
nuiri/, the neck, or that part from the head to
the body of the bird that a hawk preys upon.
llnlliuicll. — 2. The socket of a mill-spindle.
ttailry.

ink-bag (ingk'bag), n. A bladder-shaped sac
found in somr dil>r:iui'hiate cephalopoda, con-
taining a black and vi>cid fluid resembling ink,
by ejecting which, iu case of danger or pursuit,
they can render the surrounding water opaque
and thus conceal themselves. This fluid Is used to
some extent in the Uncarts, under the naiueof sepia, from
the genus which first supplied it for commerce. AlsoinA:-
!/l'tnil, ink-sa£. See cut on preceding page.

ink-ball (ingk'bal), «. 1. Hame as balft, 9.—
2. A kind of round oak-gall, produced by some
eynipid, and containing tannin enough to be
used in making a poor quality of ink.

The Juice of poke-herriea, compounded with vinegar, or
the distillation of a vegetable product known as " ink lialli,"
usurped the place of ink. The Cetttury, XXXVI. 7(15.

ink-bench (ingk'bench), n. The inking-table
of a ]>rint ing-press.

inkberry (infjk'ber'i), «.; pi. inkberries (-iz). 1.
An elegant shrub, Ilex glabra, found on the At-
lantic coast of North America. It grows from 2 to
more than 4 feet high, has slender, flexible stems and lea-
thery evergreen leaves, shining on the surface and of a
lanceolate form, and produces small black berries.

2. The plant Kandia aculeata, called the East In-
dian inkberry. — 3. The plant Mollincdia macro-
phylln (Kibara macrophylla of authors), called
the Australian or Queensland inkberry,

inkberry- weed (ingk'ber'i-wed), n. The poke-
weed, Phytolacea dccandra.

ink-block (ingk'blok), n. In printing, a small
square table, sometimes with a slightly raised
rim, used with some hand-presses, on which
printing-ink is spread out or distributed in a
thin film, to be taken up by the inking-roller.

ink-bottle (iugk'bofl), n. An inkstand; also,
the receptacle for ink in an inkstand. [Eng.j

Take a little bit of glass, as a wine-glass, or the ink-
bottle, and play it about a little on the side of your hand
farthest from the window.

Hiixkin, Elem. of Drawing, p. 54.

ink-bray er (ingk'bra'er), ». In printing, a
short wooden cylinder fitted with a handle,
used to spread ink on an ink-block.

ink-CUP (ingk'kup), n. A dip-cup for ink, usu-
ally of glass or india-rubber.

ink-cylinder (ingk'sil'in-der), n. In a print-
ing-machine, a revolving drum of iron, usually
placed between the inking-trough and the ink-
mg-rollers to facilitate the even distribution of
printing-ink.

ink-duct (ingk'dukt), n. A contrivance which
conducts printing-ink from an ink-fountain to
the distributing-table or rollers. It is usually
an iron roller made to vibrate and revolve at
stated intervals.

inker (ing'ker), n. 1. A device on a recording
instrument by which the dot or trace is made.
Knight. — 2. One of the large rollers on a print-
ing-press which apply the ink to the type.

inket (iug'ket), n. [< tnfcl + -c«.] An inkstand.
[Eng.]

A small mahogany table furnished with n papier mAche
inl. I and blotting-case.

Mrs. Riddell, Her Mother's Darling, Iv.

inkflsh (ingk'fish), w. Same as calamary, 1.

ink-fountain (iugk'foun'tan), ». An iron
trough attached to a printing-press to contain
ink and control its flow to tne iuking-rollers ;
an inking-trough.

ink-gland (ingk'gland), n. Same as ink-bag.

inkholder (iugk'nol"der), n. A vessel for hold-
ing ink; the part of an inkstand that contains
the ink.

inkhorn (ingk'hdrn), «. and o. [< ME. "ynk-
hont, 1'iikliorn ; < ink1 + horn.] I. ». 1. Aport-
able case for ink and writing-instruments, made
of a horn, or (usually) of wood or metal, for-
merly in common use in Europe, and still in
some parts of the East. See kdlumdiiii.

One man among them was clothed with linen, with a
writer's in!Ji<i.-u by his side. Ezek. ix. 2.

Hang him with his pen and iiiklmrn about his neck.

Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 2.

The notary had his small table, his int-harn and quills,
his Iwoks, papers, and assistant scrivener, in an angle of
the lower hall. The Century, XXXVII. 87.

2. In her. See pcnner.

H.t «. Pertaining to an inkhorn, or to a writ-
er or pedant ; bookish ; pedantic.

Hee that can catche an ynke tiornt terme by the taile,
him they euunipt to be a fine Englishman and a good rhe-
toriciiin. Sir T. »'it< m. Art of Rhetoric, p. 166.

Strange aud inJchvrn? tearnu-s.

AKham, The Scholemaster, p. 111.

3103

Inkhorn mate, a fellow who carries an inkhorn ; a book-
ish or pedantic man.

And ere that we will sutler auch a prince,

Ho kind a father of iln commonweal,

To be disgraced by an inktitu n intitf,

We, and our wives, and children, all will nght.

Sliak., 1 lieu. VI., iu. 1.

inkhornismt (ingk'hdrn-izm), n. [< inkhvrn +
-ism.] A bookish, pedantic, or bombastic ex-
pression.

Singing hit love, the holy Spouse of Christ,
Like as she were some light-skirts of the rest,
In mightiest iiikhiirnumui he can thither wrest.

Bp. UaU, Satires, II. via 12.

inkhornizet (ingk'horn-iz), v. i. [< inkhorn +
-ize.~\ To use inkhorn terms. Cotgrave.

Btconher le Latin {Jf.\ to inkhornite It, or ue« inkhorn
tearmes. Cotyrane.

inkhornizert (iugk'h6rn-i-zer), n. One who
inkhornizes. Cotgrave.

inkindlet (in-kin'dl), v. t. An obsolete form of
i n/.'iiidle.

inkiness (ing'ki-nes), n. The state or quality
of being inky.

inking-ball (ing'king-bal), n. Same as bain, 9.

inking-pad (ing'king-pad), n. An absorbent
pad of felt or other porous material for hold-
ing and supplying ink to hand-stamps and
other printing and recording devices.

inking-roller (ing'king-ro"ler), «. In priii ting,
an elastic cylinder made of a composition of
glue and molasses, or of glue, glycerin, and
sugar, cast in a mold around a spindle or stock,
for applying ink to type by being rolled over it.
Inklng-rollers (first made of cloth covered with leather)
did not entirely supersede ink ing-halls for ordinary use till
the early part of the nineteenth century. The stock was
originally of wood, but is now usually of wrought-lron.
The diameter of hiking-rollers for power-presses is about
8} inches, but as formerly made for hand-presses it was
considerably more. Inking-rollers are rotated on a table
or In contact with other rollers to spread the Ink evenly
before they are rolled over the types or plates for the im-
pression. On different kinds of presses they are used
either singly or In gangs of two or more. Also ink-raUer.

inking-table (ing'king-ta'bl), n. In printing, a
table of wood, iron, or stone, used with some
kinds of hand- and power-presses, on which
printing-ink is evenly spread out in a thin film,
to be taken up by the inking-roller or gang of
rollers, which conveys it to the type.

inking-trough (ing'king-tr&f ), n. The reser-
voir from which an inking-roller is supplied with
ink: called by American printers ink-fountain.

ink-knife (ingk'nif ), n. In printing, a long blade
in the ink-duct regulated by means of keys so
as to govern the amount of ink to be given at
each impression.

inkle1 (ing'kl), v. t.-. pret. and pp. inkled, ppr.
inkling. [< ME. 'inklen, incleti^ hint at ; origin
uncertain.] 1. To hint at; disclose. In this
use somewhat uncertain, being found only in
the following passage :

A brem brasen borde bringes hee soone,
Imped in luory, too incle the truthc,
With goode siluer & golde gailich atired.

Alitaunder of Mucrdnine (E. E. T. s.\ 1. 616.

2. To have a hint or inkling of; divine. [Bare.]

"He has stolen a hundred thousand pounds." "John,"
cried my mother, "you are mad !" And yet she turned as
pale as death, . . . and she inkled what it was.

K. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, IU.

inkle2 (ing'kl), n. [Also incle, appar. for "ingle,
which stands for lingle (the / being appar. mis-
taken for the F. def. art. le, before a vowel P),
thread, shoemakers' thread: see lingle, lingel.]

1. A kind of tape or braid formerly employed
as a trimming, being sewed upon the surface as
in modern braided work. It was either of a sin-
gle polor or of several in stripes.

He hath ribands of all the colours i' the rainbow : . . .
inkles, caddisses, cambrics, lawns. Shot., W. T., Iv. 4.

My wife is learning now, sir, to weave inkle.

Beau, and PL, Scornful Lady, v. 3.

'I twltch'd his dangling Garter from bis Knee;
He wist not when the hempen String I drew ;
Now mine I quickly doff of Inkle Blue.

Gay, Shepherd's Week (1714X p. 37.

2. A material formerly used for decorative
needlework, either crewel or embroidery-wool,
or perhaps silk or flax.

Her art sisters the natural roses;
Her inkle, silk, twin with the rubied cherry.

Shot., Pericles, v., Prol.

He can thread needles on horseback, or draw a yard of
inkle through his nose.

/>'. Jonson, Gipsies Metamorphosed.

3. In modern use, a broad linen tape ; wrought
spinel.

Spinel Is bleached yarn for the manufacture of the tape,
and is known u unwrought inkle. K. II. Kiwjhl.

inkwood

The majority (of wleksj consist of itttle, a line flax yarn.
Spmu' Encyc. Manvf., I. 690.

inkling (ingk'ling), n. [< ME. inkling, ynkiliiiy;
verbal u. of tiiMr1, r.] 1. A hint; an intima-
tion; a slight or imperfect idea or notion.

He was thither come with all his hoste and power bo-
fore the confederates hearde any irJcelvng of his man-li yng
forward. //,.//, Hen. IV., an. 0.

Whilst these Things were enacted, Cardinal Wolsey had
an lukltnij of the King's Affection to Anne Bullen, Uaugh
ter of the Viscount Uuchford. Baker, Chronicles, p. 277.

Aug. I thought you, Julio, would not thus have stolen
a marriage without acquainting your friends.
Jut. Why, I did give tliec iiMiityi.

Bean, and Ft., Captain, v. 6.

2f. Inclination; desire. Grose.

ink-mushroom (ingk'mush'rom), n. A name
given to species of the genus Coprintts, which
is closely allied to the genus Agaricus or com-
mon mushrooms, from which it differs by the
habit of deliquescing into a blackish fluid re-
sembling ink, whence the popular name.

in-kneecT(in'ned), a. Knock-kneed.

inknit (in-nif), v. t.; pret. and pp. inknitted or
inknit, ppr. inknit ting. [< ii«l + /;»//.] To knit
in. Southey.

inknot (in-nof), v. t.', pret. and pp. inknotted,
ppr. inknotting. [< «'i|i 4- knot1.'] To bind with
or as if with knots.

John Stafford, archbishop of Canterbury, when the land
was more replenished with silver, inkntitteth that priest
In the greater excommunication that should consecrate
"poculum stanneum." Fuller, Holy War, p. 131.

ink-nut (ingk'nut), n. The astringent frnit
of several species of Terminalia, as T. Chebula,
T. Bellerica, etc., used by the natives of India in
producing a permanent black. It is exported
under the name of myrobalan.

ink-pad (ingk'pad), n. Same as inking-pad.

ink-pencil (ingk'pen'sil), «. A pencil filled
with a coloring material of varied composition
that makes an ink-like mark, which is indelible
and can be reproduced in the copying-press.

ink-plant (iugk ' plant), n. A low European
shrub, Coriaria myrtijulia, used in dyeing black.

ink-pott (iugk'pot), ». and a. I. «. An ink-
horn; an inkholder.
U. «. Pedantic: same as inkhorn.

To use many metaphors, poetical phrases In prose, or
incke-pot termes, smelleth of affectation.

Wright, Passions of the Mind (Cens. Lit, IX 176X

ink-powder (ingk'pou'der), n. A powder from
which ink can be readily made by steeping it
in water. This is generally supposed to be a modern in-
vention, but in 1718 James Austen introduced in London
"Persian ink-powder."

ink-roller (ingk'ro'ler), «. Same as inking-
roller.

Turning the ink-rotter on the left, which takes Its sup-
ply from another roller. Ur«, Wet., IV. «8S.

ink-root (ingk'rflt), n. The marsh-rosemary,

Statice Limnnium, var. Caroliniana.
ink-sac (ingk'sak), n. Same as ink-bag.
inkshed (ingk'shed), n. A shedding or spill-
ing of ink : a facetious imitation of blood-
shed.

What iiikfhi'il springs from altercation I
What loppings off of reputation !

l.ln.nl, A Familiar EpUtle, To J. ]!., Esq.

ink-slinger (ingk'sling'er), n. A professional
writer; one who makes a business of writing.
[Slang, U. 8.]

inkstand (ingk'stand), n. A small cup-like re-
ceptacle, witn or without a cover, for holding the
ink used in writing. Inkstands are of various mate-
rials, as glass, porcelain, metal, etc., or of combinations
of materials (as a glass cup or Ink-well in a wooden or
metallic container), and of many forms, as the globular, the
well, the fountain, the chambered, and the invertible Ink-
stands.

ink-stone (ingk'ston), n. 1. Native copperas
or iron sulphate (also called iron vitriol and,
in mineralogy, melaiiterite), or a stone contain-
ing this substance: used in making ink. — 2.
A slab of slate, sometimes of marble or other
stone, used for rubbing down the Chinese and
Japanese solid ink known in Europe as In-
dia ink, usually made with a gradual slope ter-
minating in a well at one end. Occasionally it is
carved around the edge, or has a borderof sculp-
ture. See writing-box.

ink-table (ingk'ta'bl), n. An inking-table.

ink-well (ingk'wel), n. A cup or reservoir for
ink in use, fitted into the top of a desk, an ink-
stand, or other convenient receptacle j the con-
taining part of an inkstand, as distinguished
from the frame.

inkwood (ingk'wud), n. A small tree. Hypelatf
iiiiiiii-Mlntn, a native of southern Florida and the
West Indies.

ink-writer

3104

inlumine

ink-writer (ingk'n'tar), «. In teleg., a record- inlardt (in-lard'), v. t. Same as enlard. inleaguert (in-le'ger), v. i. [< in-% + leaguer^.]

ing instrument using int. inlarget, inlargementt. Obsolete forms of en- To encamp with an army ; lay siege.

The form of instrument [telegraph recorder] almost large, enlargement. Scylla did inleaguer before the City of Athens.

universally used in Europe makes the record in ink, and inlatet »• An obsolete form of inlet. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 161.

inlawt, a. [ME. inlagk, inlage (ML. (AL.) "in- Meakt (in'lek), ». [Also foleefe; < t»l + Zeafc.]

fe*V' < AS' *"' ln» + lagu' law' Ct OM*fa"'-] A hole where water leaks in.
One being ^1^ or regtored to the protection

hence is sometimes called the

inky (iug'ki), a. [< ink1 + -yl.~] Consisting of
ink ; containing ink ; smeared or stained with
ink; resembling ink ; black.

'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, . . .
That can denote me truly. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2.

Seing these North-easterne Seas are so frozen and im-
passable, I will therefore in an inkie Sea flnde an easier
passage for the Reader. Purehas, Pilgrimage, p. 435.
Peter had a son, who . . . would needs exchange the
torn and inky fustian sleeves for the blue jacket and white
lapelle. Scott, Redgauntlet, ch. i.

Strew'd were the streets around with milk-white reams,
Flow'd all the Canongate with inky streams.

Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.

inlace (in-las'), v. t. Same as enlace.

and benefit of the law.
inlaw (in-la'), v. t. [< ME. inlawen,
(> ML. (AL.) inlagare: see inlagary, inlagation),
inlaw; < inlaw, n. Cf. outlaw."] To clear of
outlawry or attainder; restore to the protec-
tion and benefit of the law.

It should be a great incongruitie to haue them to make
lawes who themselves were not inlawed.

Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 12.

Swegen was inlawed — that is, his outlawry was reversed.
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, II. 75.

Graunt plancks from forrest too clowt oure battered in-
lecks. Stanihurst, JEneid, iii. 538.

inlet (in-let'), v. t.; pret. and pp. inlet, ppr. in-
letting. [< ME. inleten (= D. LG. inlaten) ; <
JB-i + left, ».] If. To let in; admit.

Upon the inlettiug of this external air, the water was
not again impelled to the very top of the tube whence it
began to fall, but was stopped in its ascent near an inch
beneath the top. Doyle, Works, I. 48.

2. To insert ; inlay.

All round the framing of the doors tablets of solid ivory,
chased with arabesques, are inlet . and the topmost part
of each panel is marked off for an even richer display of
chased tablets and crosses.

The scandalous inlawing of such a criminal.

J. R. Green, Short Hist. Eng., p. 98.

inlagaryt (in-lag'a-ri), n. [< ML. (AL.) in- inlay (iu-la'), v. t.; pret. and pp. inlaid, ppr. Quoted ln Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 39.

lagaria (E. as if *inlawry), < "inlagus, inlaw: inlavina. [Formerly also enlaii • < iii-T- + Uaft 1 inlet (in'let), w. [< ME. inlate (= LG. inlat =
see inlaw. Cf. utlagary."] The restitution of " ~ ' '
an outlaw to the protection and benefit of the
law. Minsheu.

inlagationt (in-la-ga'shon), n. [< ML. (AL.)
iiilagatio(n-),<.inlagare,'inla,vr: see inlaw. Cf.
utlagation."] Same as inlagary. Coles, 1717.
inland (in'land), n. and a. [< i»l + land."] I.
n. 1. The interior part of a country.
Besides, her little rills, her in-lands that do feed,
Which with their lavish streams do furnish every need.
Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 403.
The rest were all

Far to the inlantt retired, about the walls
Of Pandsemonium, city and proud seat.

Milton, P. L., x. 423.

2. In feudal law, land reserved by the lord of
the manor to be cultivated by his serfs or used
for the manor, as distinguished from the lands
occupied or enjoyed by the tenants. See out-
land.

II. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the interior, as
distinguished from the coast ; away or retired
from the sea or the main ocean : as, an inland
town or lake.

In this wide Inland sea, that bight by name
The Idle lake, my wandring ship I row.

Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 10.
Where brief sojourners, in the cool, soft air,
Forgot their inland heats, hard toil, and year-long care.

If. To lay in, as a hiding-place; conceal.
From the world's common having sever'd thee,
Inlaid thee, neither to be seen uor Bee.

Donne, Elegy.

Of all the inlaid Isles her sovereign Severne keeps,
That bathe their amorous breasts within her secret deeps.
Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. 19.

2. To lay in ; provide ; store up. [Prov. Eng.]
— 3. To lay or insert in something ; fix into or
upon something, as for ornamentation.

When I every day see Greek, and Roman, and Italian,
and Chinese, and Gothic architecture embroidered and
Maid upon one another. Walpole, Letters, II. 455.

4. To decorate with ornamental materials laid
in a common groundwork; ornament with in-
serted work: as, to inlay a cabinet with ivory
or ebony; an inlaid table.

A broad rich Baldrick there extendeth round,
In-laid with gold vpon an azure ground.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Magnificence.
But these are things related of Alexander and Caesar,
and, I doubt, thence borrow'd by the Honks to inlay thir
story. Milton, Hist. Eng., vi.

A thousand tumbling rills inlay
With silver veins the vale.

G. einlass); < inlet, v. Cf. outlet.] 1. A pas-
sage or opening by which an inclosed place
may be entered ; place of ingress ; entrance.

Doors and windows, inlet* of men and of light, I couple
together. Sir H. Wotton, Elem. of Architecture.

He commanded us rather to " put our eyes out " than to
suffer them to become an offence to us — that is, an inlet
of sin. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), L 215.

An increase of our possessions is but an inlet to new
disquietudes. Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, i.

Though barks or plaited willows make you hive,
A narrow inlet to their cells contrive.

Addison, tr. of Virgil's Qeorgics, iv.

2. A waterway leading into a sea or lake, and
forming part of it; a strip of water running
from a larger body into the land; a creek; a
channel.

On the inmost shore of one of the" lake-like inlets of the
Hadriatic . . . lay his own Salona, now desolate, then one
of the great cities of the Roman world.

E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 140.

Shallows on a distant shore,
In glaring sand and inlets bright.

Tennyson, Mariana in the South.

3. Inserted material. Simmonds.

T. Warton, The First of April.
. ie embroidery in which the pieces
I close together, so as to make a sort of

The Istrian hills, . . . and the higher mountains be-
yond them, tell us something of the character of the inland
scenery. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 88.

In the act of July 2, 1864, | 7, that no property seized
upon "any of the inland waters of the United States" by
the naval forces shall be regarded as maritime prize,
"inland " applies to all waters upon which a naval force
could go, other than bays and harbors on the sea-coast.

Anderson, Law Diet.

2. Carried on within a country; domestic; not
foreign: as, inland trade. — 3. Confined to a
country; drawn and payable in the same coun-
try: as, an inland bill of exchange (distinguish-
ed from a foreign bill, which is drawn in one
country on a person living in another). — 4f.

Whittier, Terit on the"Beach. inlay^in'la or in-la'), n. [< inlay, t'.] 1. That

id in something else,

which is inserted or lai

cially for the proc
feet.

Somewhat refined or polished; civilized: op- sale>.

inlettert (in-let'er), v. t. [< in-2 + letter."] To

Inlaid applique^ applique embroidery in which the pieces engrave with or in letters; inscribe,
of cloth are fitted close together, so as to make a sort of when he nad ^ ,he wa]lg of Thebes 8he offer,d (o

re-edify them, with condition this sentence might but on
them be inletter'd : " Alexander pulled them down, but

„ , Phryne did rebuild them." Feltham, Resolves, i. 46.

especially for the production of ornamental ef- inlicneif, adv. A Middle English form of inly.

The sloping of the moon-lit sward SuMl'fe A ^ff '" W^ iT * I**
Was damask-work and deep inlay mlier C™ h'6r)' "• L< W|1 + lterl ^ 9eo1-' a
Of braided blooms unmown, which crept part of one formation completely surrounded
Adown to where the waters slept. by another that rests upon it : opposed to out-
Tennyson, Arabian Nights. Her.

tombs have been found manj precious inlightt, v. i. [ME. inligten, < AS. inlihtan, in-

tlfe Decoration of^wood ' lyhtan, inledhtan, enlighten, < in, on, + lihtan,

C. T. Newton, Art and'Archax)!., p. 398. light: see light1, v.~\ To shine.

2. An ornamental design produced by inlay- He hatl1 i^Kyted in cure hertis.

ing one material in another, or by inserting Wyclif, 2 Cor. iv. 6 (Oxf.).

several materials in combination, as in a mo- inlightent (in-H'tn), v. t. [< ME. inligtnen; <

posed to upland, the old expression for 'rustic.

An old religious uncle of mine taught me to speak, who
was in his youth an inland man, one that knew courtship
to° welL Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2. of execution.

Inland ice. See ice-cap,i.- Inland navigation, reve- inlavpr (in'la-Ar) i
nue, etc. See the nouns.-Inlaud sea, a large body of *!UWW V.m.la *h «•
salt water only slightly or not at all connected with the
ocean. The only true inland seas are the Black (with that
of Azov), Caspian, and Aral, in Europe and Asia ; but the
name is sometimes applied to great lakes, as Lake Superior
in North America. The Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee
are small lakes, the former of salt water. The so-called
Inland Sea of Japan (the Suwonada) is a part of the Pacific
ocean inclosed by three of the principal islands.
inland (in'land), adv. [< inland, a.] In or
toward the interior of a land.

Yet am I inland bred,
And know some nurture.

Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7.

The greatest waves of population have rolled inland . ,-
from the east Sharon Turner, Hist. Anglo-Saxons, 1. 1. inla;
inlander (in'lan-der), n. One who lives in the
interior of a country, or at a distance from the
sea.

The inlanders .

This delicate and beautiful work belongs to the time
°' ''

live of milke and flesh, and clad

in-T+ lighten1. Cf. inlight and enlighten."] An
obsolete form of enlighten.

abl. of limen, threshold: see eliminate."] On the

Bird-wood, Indian Arts, II. 43. threshold; at the outset. Technical objections to
, „ , . the regularity of legal proceedings are for the most part

1. One wuo produces in- required to be taken in Kmine, and are waived by going

iam work for artistic decoration. on without objecting.

The swelling bunches which are now and then found Inllstt, inlistmentt. Obsolete forms of enlist,

on the old trees afford the inlayer pieces curiously cham- enlistment.

Wetted. Evelyn, Sylva, xviii. § 5. inlivet (in-liv')', v. t. Same as enlvse.

2. Something laid in; something forming an What she did here, by great example, well,

inner layer, sheathing, or coating. T' inline posteritie, her fame may tell.

The two ends joined by overlapping with a proper in- . £m Jmsm' HeCT on ***' Anne Pawlet"

layer of paper. J. Thomson, Hats and Felting, p. 63. UUOCkt (m-lok ), V. t. [< inA + lock1.] Same

Into each cone of wool or bat an inlayer is now placed as unlock. Cotgrave.

to prevent the Inside from matting. Encye. Brit., XI. 619. in lOCO (in lo'ko). [L. : in, in; loco, abl. of

locuj, place: see locus."] In place; in the par-
ticular place in question.
n loco parentis (in lo'ko pa-ren'tis). [L.:
in, in; loco, abl. of locus, place; parentis, gen.
of paren(t-)s, parent.] In place of a parent.
One who has voluntarily assumed to stand in loco parentis
cannot ordinarily claim to be reimbursed from the child's

3. In zool., an entoderm : correlated with mid-

1 outlayer.

_ _ (in-la'ing), n. [Verbal n. of inlay, v.~\
The art of decorating articles, as arms, furni-
ture, objects of art, etc., with pieces of wood,
metal, marble, ivory, tortoise-shell, etc., dis-

property for support.

, .
-------- — „„ „ ----- „„, „.„ „,„, posed in patterns and let into the surface. See pro,,erly Ior support.

selves m skins. Holland, tr. of Camden, p. 29. biM, damascene work (under damascene), and inlook (iii'luk), n.

inlandisht (in-lan'diah), a. [< inland + -fefti.] marquetry. tion.

foi^pf™ r™ at» r°/'TeHth5 celeb.rated masters were, A hearty sincere inlook tends
foi Pietra Comme

Introspec-

Inland; native: opposed to outlandish.
Thou art all forinlandwh meat, and outlandish sawces
Rede, God's Plea for Nineveh (1657). (Latham.)

H . ,

a kind of mosaiq or inlaying of va- iloriflcatton
nous coloured marble, and other more precious stones),

nlani/la+ai /' /• ' an az

i-lap i-dat),» t [<L. t»,m, + inleaguet (in-leg'), «.

ttonv 'srtSE™' 3± ° T° COnVert An °^olete fo™ «f e

, stony substance; petrify.
There are some natural spring waters that will inlavi-
date wood. Bacm, Nat. Hist., § 85.

. in no manner to self-
Caroline Fox, Journal.

Dominico XenettfindMi^uC'Emili/n, Diary" MaytieS! in-lot (in'lot), n. [< in1 + lot."] In parts of
t. [< in-2 + league1.'] the United States acquired from France, one of
enleague. the lots in a village, large enough for houses,

With a willingness inteaffuf our blood outhouses, and gardens, and so occupied. Such

With his, for purchase of full growth in friendship. , l°ts generally contain about half an arpent.

Ford, inluminet (in-lu'min), v. t. Same as enluminc.

inly

inlyt (in'li;, a. [< in1 + -ly1.] Internal; In-
ward.

Didst thou but know the inly touch of love,
Thou wouldst as soon go kindlo lire with snow
As seek to quench the fire of love with words.

Shak., T. O. of V., a 7.

inly (in'li), adv. [< ME. inly, indly, inliche ; <
in" + -ly'2.] 1. Internally; inwardly; within;
secretly.
So in' ii ful of drede. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 31.

I will do ... whatever inly rejoices me and the heart
approves. Kmerton, Self-reliance.

I inly curse the bore
Of bunting still the same old coon.

Lowell, Without and Within.

2f. Heartily; fully; hence, extremely.

Then vnto ther way went thay ful nere,
For the mone gan shine inly fair and clere.

Bom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.\ 1. 168.
Perdie. so farre am I from envle,
That their fonduesse inly I pitie.

Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.

inmantlet (in-man'tl), v. t. [< in-2 + mantle.]
To inwrap as in a mantle ; enshroud.

The dewy night had with her frosty shade
Inmantled all the world. 6. Fletcher.

inmate (in'mat), n. and a. [< i»i or inn +
mute1.'] I. ». One who is a mate or associate
in the occupancy of a place ; hence, an indwell-
er ; an associated lodger or inhabitant : as, the
inmates ot a dwelling-house, factory, hospital, or
prison.

Religion, which before had bin a priuate in-mate in
Adams houshold, was now brought into publike exercise.
I'ufi-liiiK, Pilgrimage, p. 34.
He is but a new fellow,
An inmate here in Rome, as Catiline calls him.

B. Jonson, Catiline, it 1.

Without acquaintance of more sweet companions
Thau the old inmates to my love, my thoughts.

Ford, Lover's Melancholy, 1. 1.
Bo spake the enemy of mankind, enclosed
In serpent, inmate bad ! Milton, P. L., ix. 495.

II. t a. Dwelling in the same place ; residing
jointly.

Now grown

Suspected to a sequent king, who seeks
To stop their overgrowth, as ininatf guests
Too numerous. Milton, P. L., xU. 166.

None but an inmate toe could force us out.

Dryden, Aurengzebe.
Unknowing that beneath thy rugged rind
Conceal'd an inmate spirit lay confln'd.

Hoole, tr. of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, vi.

inmatecyt (in'mat-si), n. [< inmate + -ey.]
The state or condition of being an inmate.
[Rare.]

As became a great mind, thither the Doctor repaired,
like a good Christian, and found our laughing philosopher
In the usual plight of such an inmatecy, poor and penny-
less. Jon Bee, Essay on Samuel Foote, p. clxviL, note.

inmeat (in'met), n. [< ME. inmete, inmette =
Sw. inmate, intestines; as in1 + meat.'] 1. pi.
The entrails.

Ewyue into inmette the gyaunt he hyttez.

Morte Arthure (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 1122.
I shall try six Inches of my knife
On thine own inmeats.

Sir B. Taylor, Ph. van Artevelde, II., ill. 1.

2. Part of the intestines of an animal used for
food, as the sweetbread, kidneys, etc. Jamie-
«»«. [Scotch.]

The hide, head, feet, and in-meat were given for at-
tendance. Maxwell's Select Transaction*, p. 275.

in medias res (in me'di-as rez). [L. : I'M, in;
iinili/is, ace. fern. pi. of mediun, -that is in the
middle; res, ace. pi. of res, a thing: see res.]
Into the midst of things or matters,
inmellet, ndv, and prep. A variant of imell.
in memoriam (in me-mo'ri-am). [L. : in, in,
to; mriitoritiiH, ace. o'f memoria, memory.] In
memory (of); to the memory (of); as a memorial
(to) : a phrase often put at the beginning of
epitaphs or obituary inscriptions or notices.
inmcsh (in-mesh'), r. t. [< in-2 4- mesh. Cf.

i «i ««•«/!.] Same as iiuiiii'.v/i.
inmewt (iu-mu'), v. t. [< in-3 4- mew*.] Same
as emiiicic.

I have seen him scale
As if a falcon had run up a traine,
Clashing his warlike pinions, his steel'd cnrasse,
And at his pitch inmetr the town below him.

Beau. anJ Fl., Knight of Malta, U. 1.

in-raidl, jirep. [ME. : see timid.] Amid.

He fel wete
In-myd the see, and ther he dreynte.

Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 923.

in-middest, i>rt-i>. [ME. : see amidst.] Amidst.

Ryght even in-myddes of the wey
Betwexen hevene and erthe and see.

Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 714.

3105

inmoevahletet, «. An obsolete form of im-

mtiriiliHilij. ( iiaucer.

inmongt, prep. A Middle English form of among.
inmongest, /""•/'• A Middle English form of

amongst.

imnoret, a. [<«»! + -more. Cf. inmost.] Inner.
Of these Angles, some part having pawed forward into

the imnore quarters of Germanic, . . . went a* farre at

Italic. Holland, tr. of Cainden, p. 131.

inmortalt, «. An obsolete form of immortal.

in mortua manu (in mdr'tu-a ma'nu). [L.: in,
in; mi >rt a a. abl. fern, of mortuug, dead; manu.
abi. of manus, hand: see mortmain.] In a dead
hand ; in mortmain.

inmost (in'most), a. and n. [ < ME. inmost, in-
ntest, ynmast, inemast, innemest, < AS. innemest,
with superl. suffix -eat, < 'innema, superl. of
inne, in: see in1 and -most.] I. a. superl. 1.
Furthest within ; remotest from the boundary,
surface, or external part: as, the inmost recess-
es of a forest.

The silent, slow, consuming fires,
Which on my inmost vitals prey.

AdditOH, Travels in Italy.

2. Deepest; most interior or intimate; most
real or vital.

From thy inmost soul
Speak what thou know'st, and speak without controul.

Pope, Iliad, L 107.
O ye powers that search

The heart of man, and weigh his inmost thoughts,
If I have done amiss, Impute it not !

Additon, Cato, v. 1.

To enthrone God in our inmn*t being is an immeasur-
ably grander aim than to dispose of all outward realms.

Channing, Perfect Life, p. 16.

After a calm of fifteen years the spirit of the nation was
again stirred to Its inmost depths.

Macaulay, Horace Wai pole.

II. n. The most interior part. [Rare.]
He shot through the shlld A the shene maile,
To the ynmatt of his arniur, angardly fast.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.\ L 6402.
Briefly partake a secret ; but be sure
To lodge it in the inmoft of thy bosom.

ford. Fancies, U. J.

inn1 (in), n. [Earlymod. E. also in; < ME. inn,
in, < AS. I'HW, in ( = Icel. inwi), an inn, a house,
a chamber, < in, inn, in, within: see in1, prep.
and adv.] It. A house; a dwelling; a dwell-
ing-place ; an abode.

For who-so wolde senge a cattea skyn,
Than wolde the cat wel dwellen In his t'n;
And if the cattes skyn be slyk and gay,
She wol nat dwelle in house half a day.

Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, L 850.

Thou most beauteous inn,

Why should hard-favour'd grief be lodg'd In thee,
When triumph la become an alehouse guest ?

$Aa*.,Rlch. II., v. 1.

2f. Habitation ; abode ; residence.

Which good f ellowes will sone take a man by the sieve,

and cause him to take up his innr some with beggary, etc.

Atcham, Toxophllus, p. 47.

Therefore with me ye may take up your In

For this same night Spenter, F. Q., I. L 88.

3. A house for the lodging and entertainment
of travelers; in law, a public house kept for
the lodging and entertainment of such as may
choose to visit it, and providing what is neces-
sary for their subsistence, for compensation ; a
tavern; a public hotel. In consequence of thus hold
ing out the house as a place of public entertainment, the
keeper comes under obligation to serve all comers, and to
answer, within restrictions provided by the law, for the
safety of their property.

And she brought forth her firstborn son . . . and laid
him In a manger ; because there was no room for them in
the inn. Luke ii. 7.

When I leave this Life, I leave it as an Inn, and not as
a Place of Abode. For Nature has given us our Boole* aft
an Inn to lodge In, and not to dwell in.

.V. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, I. 133.

4f. A college or building in which students
were lodged and taught: now retained only
for the Inns of Court, in London. See below.
[Eng.] — 5f. The town residence of a person
of quality; a private hotel: as, Leicester Inn.
[Eng.]

Clifford's Inn was the residence of the Lords Clifford,
Scrape's 1 nn of the family of the Scropes, and Mack-
worth's Inn may have been, and in all probability was, the
town residence of the Mackworths.

.V. and Q., 7th ser., IL 141.

Inns a court*. See t'nnx of nnirt. — Inns of chancery,
colleges in London in which young students formerly be-
gan their law studies. These are now occupied elm tly li>-
attorneys, solicitors, etc. — Inns Of court, (n) Incorpo-
rated legal societies in London, which have the exclusive
privilege of calling candidates to the twr, and maintain
instruction and examinations for that purpose.

Mai. He is at Oxford still, is he not?

NiV. Indeed, sir, to my cost.

Shal. He must, then, to the inn* vf court shortly. I
was once of Clement's Inn. Shale. ,2 Hen. IV.. lit 2.

innate

M

in-

iluch desired In England by ladles, inn* a court gentle-
•n, and others. Wit't Interpreter (105&X p. 27.

CO The precincts or premises occupied by these societies
respectively. They are the Inner Temple, Middle Tem-
ple, Lincoln's Inn, and (tray's Inn. The first two origi-
nally belonged to the Knights Templars, whence the name

The Queen (Dulness) confers her titles and degree*.
Her children first of more distinguished sort,
Who study Shakespear at the Inn* of Court, . . .
Shine in the dignity of F. R. 8. Pope, Dnnclad, Iv. Mg.

= 8yn. 3. Hotel, HOUK, etc. See tavern.
inn't (in), v. [< ME. innen, < AS. innian, put in,
lodge, < in, inn, in : see in1, v. Now taken as
directly < in»l, n.] I. trans. To furnish enter-
tainment and lodging to ; place in shelter.

He hadde brought hem Into his cite.
And ynned hem. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, L 1834.

Eche man al niat inned him where he inigt.
& u han hit dawed deliuerll dede hem homward.

William of PaUrne (E. E. T. 8.), L 2479.

Codr. When came yon?

Katy. I have but inn'd my horse since.

Middleton, Michaelmas Term, L 1.

U. intrans. To take up lodging; lodge.

Art sure old Mayberry t'nru here to-night?

Deleter and Webtter, North-ward Ho, L 1.

Where do yon intend to inn to-night?

Addieon, Tory Foxhunter.

inn2t, fidr. An obsolete form of inl.

innascibilityt (i-nas-i-bil'i-ti), n. [< "inna&cible
(= Sp. inaciblo), < LL. initaxrilrilix, that cannot
be born, < L. in- priv. + nascibilifi, that can be
bprn,< nasci, be born: see nascent. ~) Incapa-
bility of being born ; hence, self-existence.

InnatcMlity we must admltt

The Father. Danes, Mlrum In Modum, p. 17.

innatablet (i-na'ta-bl), a. [< L. in- priv. +
natabilis, that can swim, < ware, pp. natux,
swim. Cf . L. iinitiiiiii*. that cannot be swum
in, < in- priv. + nitre, swim.] That cannot be
swum in. Bailey.

innate (in'nat or i-nat'), a. [= F. inn6 = Sp.
Pg. It. innato, < L. innatus} inborn, pp. of in-
na«ci, be born in, grow up in, < in, in, + nasci,
be born : see natal, native. Cf . agnate, cognate.]

1. Inborn; natural; pertaining to the inherited
constitution of body or mind ; not derived or
acquired from any external source; especially,
native to the mind; instinctive: as, an innate
tendency to virtue or vice; innate ideas.

There Is a great deal of difference between an innate
law and a law of nature ; between something Imprinted
on our minds . . . and something that we, being ignorant
of, may attain to the knowledge of by the use and due ap-
plication of our natural faculties.

Lockf, Human Understanding, I. ill. 18.

Now shine these Planets with substantial Rays?
Does innate Lustre gild their measur'd Days?

Prior, Solomon, L

The greater height, weight, and fertility of the crossed
plants may l>e attributed to their possessing greater innate
constitutional vigour.

Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 286.

So far from the mathematical Intuitions being i/m<i'< ,
the majority of mankind pass to the grave without a sus-
picion of them. Lewei, Probs. of Life and Mind, L j 189.

Dryden knew Latin literature very well, but that inwir<-
scepticism of his mind which made him an admirable
critic would not allow him to be subjugated by antiquity.
Louxll, New Princeton Rev., I. 154.

2. In bot. : (a) Borne on the apex of the support-
ing part: as, an innate anther, which is one that
directly continues and corresponds to the apex
of the filament. (6) Born within ; originating
within the matrix, or within the substance of the
plant — Innate Idea, an idea which arises not from sen-
suous experience, but from the constitution of the mind ;
an Idea which the mind possesses Independently of sense-
experience, though it may not be conscious of it except on
the occasion of such experience. The question of the exis-
tence of such Ideas is a much-disputed point in philosophy.
Their existence is denied especially by the followers of
Locke, who affirm that sense-experience is the source of all
Ideas; that without the senses the mind is an unwritten tab-
let — tabula rota. None of their opponents, however, not
even the Platonists, who have attributed some of our Ideas
to a reminiscence of a previous state of existence, have
maintained that there are ideas Innate In the sense that
they are actually In the consciousness at birth, and do not
require any occasion to call them forth. Nor has any one,
on the other hand, carried the doctrine of the tabula rasa
to such an extreme as to deny that the character of the feel-
Ings excited In us by given excitations depends to some ex-
tent upon the nature of the mind. Accordingly, there are
strictly only differences of degree between the opinions of
philosophers in regard to this matter. Modern scientific
p*)vholoir!sts carry the belief in innate ideas further than
did any of its older metaphysical advocates; but their atti-
tude toward the question Is a radically different one, being
based not upon metaphysical presuppositions and natural
judgments, but upon the principles and methods of mod-
em science. =Syn. 1. Inborn, Inbred, etc. See inherent.

innate! (i-naf), r. t. [< innato, a.] To bring
or call into existence ; inform.
The First Innating Cause. JfarXon, Antonio's Revenge.

innated
innatedt (i-na'ted), a. [< innate +

In-

nate; inborn.

Their countenances labouring to smother an innated
sweetnes and chearefulnes.

Decker, Entertainment of James I. (1604), sig. E, 4.

In the true regard of those innated virtues, and fair
parts which so strive to express themselves in you, I am
resolved to entertain you to the best of my unworthy
power. B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 3.

innately (in'nat- or i-nat'li), adv. In an innate

manner ; by birth.

innateneSS (iu'nat- or i-nat'nes), n. The qual-
ity of being innate. Bailey.
innative (i-na'tiv), a. [< i«-2 + native, after
innate.] Native or natural. [Rare.]

All that love

Which by innative duty I did owe her
Shall henceforth be converted into hate.

Marlowe, Lust's Dominion, iv. 2.

And some intuitive weakness there must be

In him who condescends to victory

Such as the Present gives, and cannot wait.

Lowell, Abraham Lincoln.

innaturallyt (i-nat'u-ral-i), adv. Unnaturally.
Fabyan.

3XQ6 innocence

insic worth of an honorary medal may be very small innerVC (i-nerv'), »• '• ! pret. and pp. inner eed,
ortion to the esteem in which it is held. See in- ppr iHHerring, [=lt.innenare; as m-* + nerve.}

To give nerve to; invigorate; strengthen,
inness (in'nes), ». [< in1 + -ness.] The condi-
tion or state of being in or within ; inwardness ;

the

in propoi
herent.
The cloud filled the inner court.

Ezek. x. 3.

How angerly I taught my brow to frown,
When inward joy enforc'd my heart to smile!

For nearly two hundred years after the age of Tacitus
very little is known of the internal history of the German
tribes, and nothing new of their political institutions.

Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 20.

With Shakespeare the plot is an interior organism, in
Jonson an external contrivance.

Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 198.

Among the many noted critics and essayists . . . there
is none who has ... justified his popularity by compo-
sitions of more intrinsic excellence than Thomas Babmg-
ton Macaulay. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 12.

II. n. 1. The division of a target next to and
outside of the center. See target.— 2. A shot
which strikes the inner of a target.
innert, adv. [ME. innere (= MHG. innere); <
inner, a] Further within.

Wolde they . . . lete hem pleye in the porche, and presse
non ynnere. Richard the Reddest, ill. 195.

If you so hard a toil will undertake,
As twice to pass the innavigable lake.

Dryden, MneiA, vi. 204.

inne1t, prep, and adv. An obsolete form of in1.

inne2t, »• An obsolete form of inn1.

innectt, v. t. [< L. innectere, fasten together,

< in, in, to, + nectere, tie. fasten ; cf. annect,

connect.] To fasten together.

He .

he BU
terna

innerly (in'er-li), a. [= D. innerlijk = MHG.
G. innerlich = Dan. inderlig = Sw. innerUg; as
inner + -ly1.] Inward; deep-seated. [Bare.]
So mature, so large, and so innerly was his [Dr. W. H.
Scott's] knowledge, that after his death letters of sorrow
came . . . indicating that he was considered twice his
real age. Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. 286.

[< ME. innerly, inwardly

)tecr-J innerly (in'er-li), adv. [< ME. innerly, inwardly

e . . . gave (in allusion of his two Bishopricks, which , D innerujjf intrinsically, = Dan. inderUg,
uccesasively enjoyed) two <^ *.jA £*£ excessively) Dinner + -^./Within; inwardly.

inner (in'er), a. and n. [< ME. inner, innere,
inre, < AS. innera, innra, inra, adj. (innor, adv.)
(= OFries. inre = OHG. innor, innero (also iima-
roro, iniierero), MHG. inner, G. inner = Dan. in-
dre = Sw. inre), compar. of inne, in, in: see in1.]

[Bare.]

The swerd of the Lord . . . innerly fattid [L. incraaa-
tus ext adipe, Vulgate] it is with tabz of blod of lombis and
of get [goats]. Wyclif, Isa. xxxiv. 6 (Oxf.).

The white hardback, a cream-like flower, innerly blush-
ing. S. -I mill, Margaret, ii. 1.

I. a. 1. Further inward; interior: as, an inner imiermoret, adv. [ME., also innermare; < in-
chamber ; the inner court of a temple or palace : ner + .more.] Further within.

Wold come non innermare
For to kythe what be war.
Sir Perceval (Thornton Bom., ed. Halliwell), 1. 1233.

[< inner +

opposed to outer.

They cast them into prison, charging the jailor to keep
them safely : who, having received such a charge, thrust
them into the inner prison. Acts xvi. 24.

innermost (in'er-most), a. superl

2. Inward; internal; not outward: as, to re- .most.] Furthest inward; most remote from
fresh the inner man, physically or spiritually. the outward part.

This attracts the soul,
Governs the inner man, the nobler part.

Milton, P. R., ii. 477. .

Some o'erflowing rays, mnermOStly (m'er-most-li),^.

Streamed from the inner glory, shall abide

Upon thy spirit through *

The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go
down into the innermost parts of the belly. Prov. xviii. 8.

In the inner-
most part or place. [Bare.]

His ebon cross

, .
3. In zool. and anat., lying nearer the median innervate (i-ner'vat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. tuner-

- ' ---------- " T "'" :" ---- "

.

line.— 4. Coming from within; inward; not
loud; smothered, as if coming from far within.
[Bare.]

With an inner voice the river ran.

Tennyson, Dying Swan.

5. Not obvious; dark; esoteric: as, an inner

meaning — Inner apical nervures, in the anterior
wings of certain Hyinenoptera, two diagonal cross-veins,
between the median and submedian veins, inclosing the
apical cell. Also called the submarginal ncnures.— In-
ner barrister. Same as bencher, i.— Inner form, house,
light, etc. See the nouns.— Inner marginal cell, an
apical cell behind the first longitudinal vein, and limited
posteriorly by the second longitudinal, found in the wings
of certain Diptera.— Inner margin of the wing, in en

vated, ppr. innervating. [< L. in, in, + nervus,
nerve (see nerve), + -ate?.] To give nervous
influence to ; stimulate through nerves ; in-

interiority. [Bare.]

Gravitation knows nothing of inness and outness.

Argyll, Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 156.

It is the mersion only, the position of inness, which is
called for. J. W. Dale, Christian Baptism, p. 100.

innestt, a. [ME., also ynnest; < in1 + -est1.
Of. innerest, inmost.] Inmost.

He hath cast awai hise ynneste thingis.

Wyclif, Ecclus. x. 9 (Purv.).

innholder (in'hoFder), n. A person who keeps
an inn or house for the entertainment of travel-
ers; an innkeeper; a taverner.

You shall also inquire whether . . . butchers, inn-hold-
ers, and victuallers, do sell that which is wholesome and
at reasonable prices. Bacon, The Judicial Charge, etc.
No innliolder, vinter, alehouse-keeper, common victual-
ler, common cook, or common table-keeper shall utter or
put to sale upon any Friday . . . any kind of flesh victuals.
Privy Council (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 300).
The " Licensed Victuallers' Association," as the Guild or
Trades society of inn-holders and keepers of public houses
is termed, is a wealthy and powerful body.

B. J. Hinton, Eng. Radical Leaders, p. 215.

inning (in'ing), «. [< ME. inninge, < AS. innung,

a putting in, verbal n. of innian, put in: see

for, v., inn1, v. The second sense is recent.] It.

A bringing or taking in ; an ingathering, as of

grain ; a winning or gaining. Tusser Sedivivus.

By the ill-judged gaining, or, as the old technical phrase

is, inning, of two thousand acres of marsh out of the sea.

Campbell, Survey. (Latham.)

2. The time during which a person or party is
in, or in action, in a game or an operation ; a
turn: usually (in Great Britain always) in the
plural form, whether with a singular or a plural
sense. Specifically — (<i) In cricket, base-ball, and simi-
lar games, as much of the game as is played (1) while one
side is at the bat (in this case often called a half-innings
with respect to the next use), or (2) while each side in turn
is at the bat — that is, between the appearance of one side
at the bat and its reappearance.

The Marylebone men played carelessly in their second
inninge, but they are working like horses now to save the
match. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 8.

All-Muggleton had the first innings.

Dickens, Pickwick Papers, vii.

(&) The term of office of a person ; the time during which
a party is in power ; more generally, any opportunity for
activity or influence : as, it is your innings now.

3. Land inclosed, when recovered from the sea.
Halliwell.

innis. See ennis.

innitencyt (i-ni'ten-si), re. [< L. inniten(t-)s,
ppr. of inniti, lean upon, rest upon, < in, on, +
niti, lean.] A resting upon; pressure.

The innitency and stresse being made upon the hypo-
mochlion or f ulciment in the decussation.

Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, ii.

innixiont (i-nik'shon), n. [< L. innixus, pp. of
inniti, rest upon : see innitency] Incumbency ;
a resting upon. Derliam.

nerve: as, the facial nerve innervates the mus- innkeeper (in'ke"per), «. The keeper of an

cles of expression.

The olfactory ganglion in the lamellibranch would in-
nervate the gills, adductor muscle, mantle, and rectum,
parts which in gastropods are innervated from the visceral
ganglia. Eneyc. Brit., XVIII. 106.

We not only dream of speaking and being spoken to, but
we actually innervate the appropriate muscles and talk in
our sleep. New Princeton Rev., V. 25.

inn; an innholder;*a taverner; in tow, one who
holds himself out to the public as ready to ac-
commodate all comers with the conveniences
usually supplied to travelers on their journeys.
The shirt, to say the truth, stolen from my host of Saint
Alban's. or the red-nose innkeeper of Daventry.

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 2.

The digestive organs are mainly innervated by the pneu- innoblet, t'. t. An obsolete form of ennoble.
mogastrics. Pop. Sri. Mo., xxiv. 643. innocence (in'o-seus), n. [< ME. innocence, <

POP- Sri. MO., xxiv; 643. innocence (in'o-sens), «. [< M

torn', the "part of the posterior margin YxtendingTroin the innervation1 (in-er-va'shon), n. [< LL. inner- OF. (also F.) innocence = Pr. innocencia, igno-

base to the posterior angle or to the anal angle, when ei- t.jS; nerveless (< in- priv."+ nervus, nerve), + cencia = Sp. inocencia = Pg. innocencia = It.

-ation.] A state of nervelessness. Ogilvie. ;- /T ••—'—»«'• fco™io<>.>-

nnervation2 (m-er-va'shon), «. [= F. inner-
vation; < innerve + -ation.] 1. The act of in-
nervating or innerving; in physiol., supply of

nervous influence or control; the sending of

stimulation to some organ through its nerves, wrong ; untainted purity of heart and life ; un-

Counting requires a series of innervations, if not of ac- impaired integrity; sinlessness; artlessness:

tual muscular contractions. M ind, XL 59. aSl the innocence of childhood; angelic inno-

Unequal innervation of the two sides of the face is com-
mon. Mind, IX. 96.

ther of these is present. In the Hymenoptem it includes
the edge from the base to the inner angle, which is a notch
in the posterior border of the wing, formed by the junction
of the internal and submedian veins. — Inner part or
voice, in music, a voice-part intermediate between the
highest and the lowest, as, in ordinary four-part music, the
altoor the tenor. — Inner pedal, in music, a pedal or organ-
point in an inner voice-part. See organ-point.— Inner pe-
ridlum. Seeperidium. — Inner sense. Same as internal
setae (which see, under internal).— Inner tunic. See tu-
nic. = Syn. 1 and 2. Inner, Inward, Internal, Interior, In-
trinsic. Inner, internal, and interior are primarily physi-
cal, the others moral. Inner, as a comparative, is opposed
to outer: as, the outer door was of oak, and the inner of
baize. Within the inner may be an inmost or innermost.
Inward is opposed to outward or visible. An example of
the occasional use of inward in a physical sense is :

The sovereign's! thing on earth
Was parmaceti for an inward bruise.

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., L 8.

Internal is opposed to external : as, the internal arrange-
ments of a house ; an internal injury ; the internal fires of
a volcano. Internal applies to all that is within the sur-
face or boundary ; interior generally applies to that which
is at some distance within it : as. they pressed on into the
interior districts. Intrinsic indicates that a quality is in
or belongs to a person or thing by nature, as opposed to
that which is extrinsic, or added in any way from without :

innocensa, innocenzia, < L. innocentia, harmless-
ness, blamelessness, uprightness, < innocen(t-)n,
harmless: seeinnocent.] 1. Harmlessness; in-
noxiousness : as, the innocence of a neutral arti-
cle of diet in disease.— 2. Freedom from moral

Derangements of function precede abnormalities of
structure, hence the innervation must be at fault before
the organ fails. Alien, and Neural., VI. 529.

2. In anat., the disposition of the nervous
system in an animal body or any part of it. —
Feeling or sensation of Innervation, a feeling which
is supposed by many psychologists to accompany acts of
innervation, and to account in the main for the sense of
effort. Others deny that there is any sense of effort apart
from ordinary sensations from the part.

cence.

Is all the counsel that we two have shar'd,
The sisters' vows, the hours that we have spent,
When we have chid the hasty-footed time
For parting us— O, is it all forgot?
All school-days' friendship, childhood innocence?

Shak., M. N. D., lu. 2.

Receive him pleasantly, dress up your Face in Innocence
and Smiles ; and dissemble the very want of Dissimulation.
Congreve, Old Batchelor, iii. 1.
In Eden, ere yet innocence of heart
Had faded, poetry was not an art.

Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 585.

The sensations of innervation constitute a uniform state 3 Freedom from legal or specific wrong ; ab-
,f minrt though there_ are^ appreciably differences of < • gence of particular guilt or taint ; guiltlessness :

*. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 158. as, the prisoner proved his innocence.

Innocence

It wu . . . |tho kinff'H] interest to sacrifice Hacon mi
the supi>o»itioM of lii- guilt; but not on the supposition "t
liis iii/iiH-ritce. Mni-anlny, Lord Hacon.

4. Freedom from legal taint; absence of illi-
gality: said of tilings, particularly of property
that might be contraband of war: as, the inno-
cence of u cargo or of merchandise. — 5. Simple-
mindedness; mental imbecility; want of know-
ledge or of sense ; ignorauce or idiocy.

He was torn to nieces with n bear : this avouches the
shepherd s Bull : who has Dot only his innocence (which
aeeiuB much) to justify him, but a handkerchief, and rings,
of bin, that Paulina knows. Shak., W. 1'., v. 2.

6. The bluet, Uouxtunia cterulea. SeeHoustonia.
innocency (in'o-sen-si), «.; pi. innocencies(-siz).
The state or quality of being innocent ; inno-
cence; an iunocent trait or act.

If euer the nature of man he ginen at any tyme more
than other to receiue goodnes, It Is In innncencit of yong
yeares. Axchain, The Scholemaster, p. 45.

Kuthless stare turned in upon one's little innocent* of
heart. T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, XY|.

innocent (in'6-sent), a. and n. [< ME. iimocent,
iniiosent, < OF. (also P.) innocent = Pr. inno-
cent, ifliiocen = Sp. inocente = Pg. innoccnte =
It. innocente, < L. innoccn(t-)s, harmless, blame-
less, upright, disinterested, < ia- priv. + ?i«-
cen(t-)s, ppv. of tiocere, harm, hurt: see nocent.]

1. a. 1 . Free from any quality that can cause
physical or moral injury; harmless in effect ;
innoxious.

Down dropp'd the bow ; the shaft with brazen head
Fell innocent, and on the dust lay dead.

Pope, Iliad, xv. 547.

I hope scarcely any man has known me but for his bene-
fit, or cursorily but to his innocent entertainment.

Johnson, To Mrs. Thrale, July 9, 1783.

2. Free from any moral wrong; not tainted
with sin; upright; pure: as, innocent children ;
an innocent action.

The aidless innocent Lady, his wish'd prey.

Milton, Comus, 1. 574.

3. Free from legal or specific wrong; guiltless :
as, to be innocent of crime.

Of all this werk the kyng was innocent.
And of ther falsed no thing perseyuyd,
The more pite he shnld be so disseyued.

Generydes (E. E. T. S.X L 967.

I am innocent of the blood of this just person ; see ye
to it. Mat. xxrii. 24.

4. Free from illegality: as, innocent goods car-
ried to a belligerent. — 5. Artless; naive.

Shall I tell you your real character? . . . Yon are an
innocent fox ! C. Reade, Love me Little, xiv.

Chaucer indeed made a very innocent use of the words
tragedy and comedy when he applied them simply to
poems ending happily or unhappily.

A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 7.

6. Simple ; wanting knowledge or sense ; im-
becile; idiotic.

I can find out no rhyme to "lady" but "baby," an inno-
een( rhyme. Shalt., Much Ado, v. 2.

That same he is an innocent fool.

Diet o' the Vow (Child's Ballads, VL 69).

7. Small, modest, and pretty : applied to chil-
dren and flowers. [Colloq.]— Innocent convey-
ance. See cunueyonce. =Syn. Guiltless, spotless, Im-
maculate, sinless, unblamable, blameless, faultless, clean,
clear.

II. n. 1. An innocent person, especially a
little child, as free from actual sin.

Also In thy skirts is found the blood of the souls of the
poor innocent*. Jer. U. 84.

Oh, wicked men !

An innocent may walk safe among beasts ;
Nothing assault* me here.

Beau, and Ft., Pbllaster, Iv. 2.

2. An artless or simple person ; a natural ; a
simpleton ; an idiot.

The shrieve's fool, ... a dumb innocent, that could not
say him nay. Shak., All's Well, iv. 3.

Then she hits me a blow o' the ear, and calls me Inno-
cent .' B. Jotuon, Epicoene, 1. 1.

3. Same as innocence, 6. [U. S.]

Killing his hat with wild violets, sorrel, and the frail,
azure Innncentt.

Marion Harland, The Hidden Path, p. 410.
Innocents' day, a church festival celebrated in the Ro-
man Catholic and Anglican churches on the 28th of De-
cember, in commemoration of the Innocents murdered
by Herod. Also called Holy Innneent* and Childfrii\n>.
— Massacre or slaughter of the innocents, the mur-
der of the children of liethlehem by llerod, as recorded
in Mat. ii. 10.

innocently (in'o-sent-li), adv. In an innocent
manner; harmlessly; guilelessly.

Innocua (i-uok'u-ij), «. X [NL., neut. pi. of L.
ilium-nun, innocuous: see innocuous.] The in-
nocuous serpents ; the colubriform or non-ven-
omous serpents; in some systems, one of three
subordri-s of Ojihidia (the other two being Sus-
pectu and t'enenosa). The Innocua have no polson-

flings or venom-glands; they have solid hooked teeth In
lioth I-M-*, tin- body scaled, and the head plated. The
term is . cinivah-nt to Cnlubrina or Coliibrtformia, and
most snakes belong to this group of ophidians.

innqcuity (i-no-ku'i-ti), n. [= F. innocvite", < L.
as if *i><Hocitita(t-)s, < innoemis, harmless: see
taMMMC.] The quality of being innocuous;
harmlessness. [Rare.]

innocuous (i-nok'u-us), a. [= Sp. It. innocuo,

< L. iniiiH-iiii.i, harmless, < •'«- priv. + nocttux,
harmful, < nocere, hurt: see noeent.] 1. Harm-
less; producing no ill effect; incapable of barm
or mischief.

A generous lion will not hurt a beast that lies prostrate,
nor an elephant an innocuctu creature.

Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 348.

The doves and squirrels would partake
From his innocuotw hand his bloodless food.

Shelley, Alastor.

Under the guidance of a forester armed with an ii>noc-
i""'« gun. Lathnip, Spanish VIsUs, p. 117.

Specifically— 2. In herpet., not venomous,
innocuously (i - nok ' u - us - li ), adr. In an in-
nocuous manner; harmlessly; without injuri-
ous effects.

Where the salt sea innocuouf/i/ breaks.

Wordiworth, Excursion, III.

innocuousness (i-nok'u-us-nes), n. The state
or quality of being innocuous ; harmlessness.

Their I Dominicans') i nnocuou«ne«» In Ireland is surpris-
ing, because one can trace in them ancestral traits of
paganism which might have held on In Ireland as many
others did. The Century, XXXVIII. 117.

innodatet (in'6-dat), r. t. [< L. innodatus, pp.
of innodare (> Pg. innodar), fasten with a knot,
(. in, in, + nodare, < nodus = E. knot : see node.]
To bind up in or as if in a knot ; knot up.

Those which shall do the contrary we do fnnodafe with
the like sentence of anathema.

Fuller, Church Hist., IX. ii. M.

innominable (i-nom'i-na-bl), a. and n. [< ME.
innominable, < OF. innoniinable = It. innomina-
bile, < LL. innominabilis, that cannot bo named,

< L. in- priv. + "nominabitis, that can be named,

< nominare, name: see nominate.] I.t a. Not
to be named ; unnamable.

And then namely of foule thyngs mnominaMe.

Textamenf of Love, 1.

II. n.nl. "Inexpressibles"; trousers. [Hu-
morous.]

The lower part of his dress represented innotninaolrt
and hose in one. Southey, The Doctor, p. 688.

innominata1 (i-nom-i-na'ta), n.; pi. innomi-
nate (-te). [NL., fern. sing, of LL. innotni-
natus, nameless: see innominate.] In mini.:
(a) The innominate or brachiocephalic artery;
the anonyma : one of the great arteries arising
from the arch of the aorta. In man there is but
one Innominata, the right, arising from the beginning of
the transverse part of the arch of the aorta, ascending ob-
liquely to the right for an Inch and a half or two inches,
and dividing opposite the sternoclaviculor articulation
into the right subclavian and right common carotid ar-
tery. It rests upon the trachea behind, has the left com-
mon carotid to Its left and the right lung and pleura to
its right, and is covered in front by the manubrium ster-
ni. the right sternoclavicular articulation, the origins of
the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, the remains
of the thymus gland, the left brachiocephalic vein, the
right Inferior thyroid vein, and the right inferior cervi-
cal cardiac branch of the pneumogastrlc nerve. See cut
under lung, (&) An innominate or brachiocepha-
lic vein ; a vein which joins another to form a
precava OP superior caval vein. In man there are
two innominate, right and left, each formed primarily by
the union of the internal jugular with the subclavian vein,
and usually receiving other veins, as vertebral, thyroid,
thymic, mammary, pericardiac, and intercostal, especially
on the left side. The right and the left vein differ much
in length and direction : the former is nearly vertical, ly-
ing alongside the innominate artery, and about an inch
and a half long : the latter crosses the root of the neck
nearly horizontally, passing in front of the origins of the
three great branches of the aortic arch, and is about three
Inches long. See cut under lung.

innominata'2, «. Plural of innominatum^.

innominate (i-nom'i-nat). a. [= F. itmominr
= Sp. Pg. innominado = It. innoniintito, < LL.
innoniinntus, unnamed, nameless, < L. «'»- priv.
+ nominatta, named: see nominate.] Hav-
ing no name; anonymous: in anat., specifi-
cally noting an artery, a vein, and a bone. See

iMMomiMflfal, innominatvm Innominate artery.

Same as innorninotai (a). —Innominate bone. Sameos
iiinominatutn. — innominate contract, cause of ac-
tion, light. In lt"i'i. lair, an innominate contract was an
unclassified contract. Some transactions more complex
than the ordinary classes of contracts were thus termed,
such as exchange, compromise, etc. In modern usage
the term inimininute caiute of action, contract, or right is
sometimes used to designate one which has not some recog-
nized short name like band or deed, foreclomre or parti-
t<"it, hut requires description, such as a contract for sup-
port during life, or an action to determine conflicting
claims to real property.— Innominate vein. Same as
inmmtinatal (6),

Innovation

innominatum (i-nom-i-na'tum), «.; pi. innomi-
nata Hji). [NL., neut. of LL. hinuiiiniatvx,
nameless: see innominate. The bone was prob.
HO called as being left nameless after the con-
crescence of the three named bones of which
it is composed.] 1. In anat., the innominate
bone, more expressly called ox inmnirinatwn ;
the haunch-bone, flank-bone, hip-bone, or os
coxa1. It Is fanned of three confluent bones, the ilium.
Ischium, and publs ; it forms, with Its fellow of the oppo-
site side and with the sacrum and coccyx, the bony basin
called the pelvis ; and it furnishes the socket for the femur
or thigh-bone, thus making the hip-joint. The two In-
nominata form the hip-girdle or pelvic arch. In man each
Innominatum is articulated behind with the sacnim by the
sacro Iliai' synchondrosls, and joined In front with its fel-
low by the pubic symphysis. The iliac port is flattened
and expansive; the ischiac and pubic ports are narrower,
and by their rami meet again to circumscribe the obturator

Outer i A) and Inner (B) Surface of Right Human Innominate Bone.
a, acetabulum ; at. anterior inferior spinous process of ilium ; at.
anterior superior spinous process of ilium ; an, auricular surface for
articulation with sacrum ; c, crest of ilium ; i, ischium ; it, iliac fosM :
if. iliopectineal eminence ; ft, cotvloid notch ; o, obturator foramen :
f, horizontal r.inms of pubis ; ft, posterior inferior spinous process
of ilium ; fs , posterior superior spinous process of ilium ; t, spine of
ischium : /, tutierosity of ischiuui ; sy, symphysis pultis. Between j
and /is the lesser sciatic notch ; between t an<f ft is the greater
sciatic notch.

foramen. The three parts of the compound bone come
together at the acetabulum or cotylold cavity. The main
axis of the bone is in the direction of the iliopectineal line,
which forms the brim of the true pelvis. The right and
left Innominate bones are together called oxwi innominata.
See also cut under pelcis.

2. Something whose use and name are un-
known: a term used frequently in schedules and
the like with respect to objects of antiquity.

in nomine (in nom'i-ne). [L.: «'», in; nomine,
abl. of nonien, name: see nonien.] 1. In the
name (of a person mentioned). — 2. In medieral
music : (a) A certain kind of motet or antiphon :
probably so called because once written for a
text containing the words "in nomine." (ft)
Noting a fugue in which the answer does not ex-
actly correspond to the subject ; a free or ' ' nom-
inal" fugue.

innovate (in'o-vat). r.; pret. and pp. innovated,
ppr. innorating. [< L. innotatus, pp. of inno-
earc (> It. innorare = Sp. Pg. Pr. innorar = F.
innover), renew, < I'M, in, + norare, make new,

< novtts = E. new : see norel. Cf. ennetc.] I.t
/ri?n«. 1. To change or niter by bringing in
something new.

It Is objected that to abrogate or innorxite the Gospel
of Christ, If men or angels should attempt it, were most
heinous and cursed sacrilege.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, ill. 10.

\\ h'-T-rin Moses had innoitatrd nothing, an some will
bane him. neither In the letters, nor in the Language, but
vsed them as they were long before his time.

I'urchas, Pilgrimage, p. 48.

2. To bring in as new ; introduce or perform
by way of innovation.

So that if any other do iniiouat* and hrynge vp a woorde
to me afore not vsed or not hearde, I would not disprayse
it. J. Udall, On Luke, Pref.

Every moment alters what is done.
And innovate* some act till then unknown.

Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xv. 277.

EC. intrans. To bring in something new;
make changes in anything established: with
<>n and sometimes in before an object.

It were good . . . that men In their innovations would
follow the example of time itself, which indeed innnmtfth
greatly, but quietly. Bacon, Innovations (ed. 1867).

Though he [Horace] innoratnl little, he may Justly be
called a great refiner of the Roman tongue.

Dryden, Def. of F.pil. to Coni|. of Granada, li.

The Bill, however, does indirectly innorat* upon the
British practice. Fortnightly Ben. , N. S., XXXIX. 70*.

innovation (in-o-va'shon), n. [= F. iHiiorn-
tion = Pr. ennoracio = Sp. innovation = Pg.
innova^So = It. iiinora^one, < LL. i>mnratio(n-),

< innorare, renew: see innoratf.] 1. The act
of innovating; the introduction of new things
or methods.

.Some of them desirous of innonnfion In the state, oth-
ers aspiring to greater fortunes by her libertie and life.

PutfenAaiN. Artc of Eng. Poesle, p. 207.
Innovation is not necessarily improvement.

Story. Misc. Writings, p. S59i

innovation

2. A novel change in practice or method ; some-
thing new introduced into established arrange-
ments of any kind; an unwonted or experi-
mental variation.

There can hardly be discovered any radical or funda-
mental alterations and innovations in nature.

Baton, Advancement of Learning, ii. 173.

Private property, though an innovation, may still be a
wholesome innovation. But an innovation it certainly is ;
the property of the tribe is older than the property of the
individual. E. A. freeman, Amer. Lecte, p. 284.

3. In Scots law, the exchange, with the credi-
tor's consent, of one obligation for another, so
as to make the second obligation come in the
place of the first, and be the only subsisting ob-
ligation against the debtor, both the original
obligants remaining the same. Also called
novation. — 4. In lot,, a newly formed shoot or
extension of the stem : used especially with ref-
erence to the mosses, in which the new shoot
becomes independent by the dying off behind
of the parent axis.

innovationist (in-o-va'shon-ist), «. [< innova-
tion + -ist.] One who favors or practises in-
novation; a believer in or advocate of experi-
mental change.

innovative (in'o-va-tiv), a. [< innovate +
-ive.] Tending to tiring in something new;
introducing or tending to introduce innova-
tions ; characterized by innovations.

Some writers are, as to manner and diction, conserva-
tive, while others are innovative.

F. Sail, Mod. Eng., p. 27.

innovator (in'o-va-tor), n. [= F. innovateur
= Sp. Pg. innovador = It. innovatore, < L. as if
"innovator, < innovare, renew : see innovate.']
One who innovates ; an introducer of changes.

Myself

Attach thee as a traitorous innovator,
A foe to the public weal. Shak., Cor., iii. 1.

innoxious (i-nok'shus), a. [= Pg. innoxio, < L.
innoxius, harmless, < in- priv. + noxius, harm-
ful: see noxious. Cf. innocuous."] Not noxious
or harmful ; doing no harm ; innocuous : as, an
innoxious drug.

Thrice happy race ! that, innocent of blood,
From milk, innoxious, seek their simple food.

Pope, Iliad, xiii. 12.

innoxiously (i-nok'shus-li), adv. In an innox-
ious manner ; harmlessly.

innoxioiisness (i-nok'shus-nes), w. The state
or quality of being innoxious ; harmlessness.

innuatet, r. t. [Irreg. < L. innuere, nod to, in-
timate (see inmtent), + -ate2.] To intimate;
signify; insinuate.

As if Agamemnon would innuate that, as this sow (be-
ing spayed)is free from Venus, so had he never attempted
the dishonour of Briseis. Chapman, Iliad, xix., Comment.

innubilous (i-nu'bi-lus), a. [< L. innubilus, un-
clouded, < in- priv. + nubila, a cloud.] Free
from clouds; clear. Blount. [Rare.]

in mice (in nu'se). [L. : in, in; mice, abl. of
nux, nut.] In a nutshell.

innuendo (in-u-en'do). [L., abl. ger. of innu-
ere, give a nod or sign, intimate, hint: see in-
nnent.] 1. [L.] Intimating; insinuating; sig-
nifying: a word used at the beginning of an ex-
planatory parenthetical clause in Latin (Middle
Latin), and still occasionally in English, plead-
ings, introducing the person or thing meant : as,
lie (innuendo the plaintiff) did so and so. — 2. n.;
pi. innuendos or innuendoes (-doz). An oblique
hint ; an indirect intimation about a person or
thing; an allusive or inferential suggestion:
commonly used in a bad sense, but sometimes
in an innocent one. Also, erroneously, inuendo.

Pursue your trade of scandal picking, . . .
Your innuendoes, when you tell us
That Stella loves to talk with fellows.

Swi/J, Stella's Birthday.

What is the universal sense of want and ignorance, but
the fine innuendo by which the soul makes its enormous
claim? Emerson, The Over-Soul.

Solomon's Proverbs, I think, have omitted to say, that
as the sore palate flndeth grit, so an uneasy consciousness
heareth innuendoes. George MKot, Middleman*, I. 327.

=Syn. See hinti, v. t. (end of comparison).

innuentt (in'u-ent), a. [< L. innuen(t-)s, ppr.
of innuere, give a nod, nod, intimate by a nod
or sign, hint, < in, in, to. + *nmrc, = Gr. verem,
nod : see nod. ] Conveying a hint ; insinuating ;
significant.

Innuit (in'u-it), n. [Eskimo, lit. the people.]
The native name of the Eskimos.

The Eskimo do not speak of themselves by the name so
commonly given them by foreigners, bnt simply and
proudly as Innuit, that is 'the people,' as though they
were the only people on the face of the earth.

Quarterly Rev.

3108

innumerability (i-nu"me-ra-biri-ti), ». [=
Sp. innmneralii/idad = Pg. innumerabilidade =
It. innumerabilita : as innumerable + -ity.~] The
state of being innumerable.

innumerable (i-nu'me-ra-bl), n. [< ME. innu-
merable, < OF. innumerable, also innombrablc,
F. innombrable = Sp. innumerable = Pg. inni<-
meravel = It. innumerabile, < L. innunierabilis,
that cannot be numbered, < in- priv. + ntime-
rabilis, that can be numbered: see numerable.]

1. That cannot be counted ; incapable of being
enumerated or numbered for multitude ; count-
less ; hence, indefinitely, very numerous.

Beholdyng them with countenaunce right stabill,
Hym semyd they were pepill innumerable.

Oenerydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1988.
Ye cedars, with innumerable boughs
Hide me, where I may never see them more !

Milton, P. L., ix. 1089.

2. Not measurable by rhythmical numbers;
unmusical; tuneless. [Rare.]

The grasshoppers spin into mine ear

A small innumerable sound.
A. Lampman, quoted in Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 822.

=Syn. 1. t'nnumbered, numberless, myriad.

innumerably (i-nu'me-ra-bli), adv. Without
mimber ; in numbers so great as to be beyond
counting.

innumerous (i-nu'me-rus), a. [= Sp. innumero
= Pg. It. inmimero, ^L. innumerus, numberless,
countless, < in- priv. + numerus, number : see
number. Cf. numerous.'] Without number; num-
berless; innumerable. [Poetical.]

In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs.

Milton, Comus, 1. 849.

As in a poplar grove when a light wind wakes
A lisping of the innumerous leaf and dies.

Tennyson, Princess, v.

innutrition (in-u-trish'on), n. [< in-S + nutri-
tion.'] Lack of nutrition; failure of nourish-
ment.

Innutrition will afterwards cause prostration or paraly-
sis. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 26.

innutritions (in-u-trish'us), a. [< in-3 + nutri-
tious.'] Not nutritious ; deficient in nourishing
qualities; supplying little or no nourishment.

The innutrition* residuum is eventually cast out by the
way it entered. Huxley and Martin, Elem. Biology, p. oe.

innutritiye (i-nu'tri-tiv), a. [< in-3 + nutritive.]
Not nutritive or nourishing; supplying little
or no nutriment.

Ino (I'no), w. [L., < Gr. 'Iva, a sea-goddess,
daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, also called
Leucotliea .] 1. A genus of crustaceans. Oken,
1815. — 2. A genus of lepidopterous insects, of
the family ZygamiHtr, or hawk-moths. See Pro-
cm. W. E. Leach, 1819.— 3. A genus of cole-
opterous insects. Laporte, 1835. — 4. A genus
of mollusks. Hinds, 1843.

-ino. [Sp. Pg. It. -ino, ID.., < L. -inus, m., -inum,
neut.: see-inl,-i««l.] The Spanish, Portuguese,
and Italian form of the suffix -i»l, -inel, occur-
ring in some nouns more or less current in Eng-
lish, as in albino, bambino, casino, merino, etc.

inobediencet (in-o-be'di-ens). «. [< ME. inobe-
dience, < OF. inobedience = Sp. Pg. inobediencia
= It. inobbedienzia, < LL. inobaidientia, inobau-
dientia,< inobo3dien(t-)s, not obedient : see inobe-
dient.] Disobedience; neglect of obedience.
I hadde in custom to come to scole late ; . . .
Wex obstynat by inobedience.
Quoted Iii Babees Book (E. E. T. S.\ Pref., p. xliv.
Ther is inobeditnce, avanntynge, ypocrisie, despit, arro-
gance, impudence, etc. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.

inobedientt (in-o-be'di-ent), a. [< ME. inobe-
dient, < OF. inobedient = Sp. Pg. inobediente =
It. inobediente, inobbediente, < LL. inobcedien(t-)s,
not obedient, ppr. of inobaidire, not to obey, <
"L.in- priv.+ oboedire, obey: see obedient.] iiis-
obedieut.

In-obedient to holy churche and to hem that ther seruen.
Piers Plourman <C\ vil. 19.

Inobedient is he that disobeyeth for despit to the co-
mandementz of God and to hise sovereyns and to his
goostly fader. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.

inobedientlyt (in-o-be'di-ent-li), adv. In a dis-
obedient manner ; disobediently.
Whom I have obstinately and inobediently offended.

Bp. Bumet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1536.

inobeisancet, »• [ME. inobeishaxnce,< OF. ino-
beissance, disobedience; as /w-3 + obeisance.]
Disobedience. Wyclif.

inobeisantt, a. [ME. AtoMMWt < OF. inobeis-
sant, disobedient; as in-s + obeisant.] Dis-
obedient. Wyclif.

inobservable (in-ob-z6r'va-bl), a. [< in-3 +
observable.] Incapable of being directly ob-
served even with the aid of instruments. "

inoculate

inobservance (in-ob-zer'vans), n. [= F. inob-
Hfmiiiff = Sp. Pg. inobserrancia, < L. inobser-
vantia, inattention, < (lAj.) inobservan(t-)s, inat-
tentive: see inobservant.] Lack of observance ;
neglect of observing; non observance.

Breach and inobservant? of certain wholesome and pol-
itic laws for government. Bacon, The Judicial charge.
Infidelity doth commonly proceed from negligence, or
drowsy inobscrrance and carelessness. Barrou;The Creed,
inobservancy (in-ob-zer'van-si), w. The act or
habit of nonobservance ; inobservance.
This unpreparedness and inobsrrvancy of mind.

Hodgfim, quoted in Pop. Mci. Mo., XXXIV. 727, note.

inobservant (in-qb-zer'vant), a. [= Sp. Pg.
inobserrante, < LL. i»observan(t-)s, inattentive,
unobserving, < L. in- priv. + obserran(t-)s, at-
tentive: see observant.] Not taking notice; not
quick or keen in observation ; unobservant.

If they are petulant or unjust, he, perhaps, has been
inobservant or imprudent. Bp. Hurd, Works, VI. xxiii.

inobservation (in-ob-zer-va'shon), n. [= F.
iuobservation ; as in-3 + obserraiion.] Neglect
or lack of observation. [Rare.]

These writers are in all this guilty of the most shame-
ful inobservation. Shudtford, The Creation, p. 118.

inobtrusive (in-ob-trb"siv), a. [< in-3 + ob-
trusive.] Unobtrusive.

inobtrusively (in-ob-tro'siv-li), adv. Unob-
trusively.

inobtrusiveness (in-ob-tro'siv-nes), «. Unob-
trusiveness.

Inocarpese (i-no-kar'pe-e), n. pi. [NL. (Rei-
chenbach, 1841), < Inocarjmx + -ea1.] A section
of plants of the natural order Leguminosa;, in-
cluding the genus Inocarpus. This arrangement
is no longer accepted, the genus Inocarpus be-
ing referred to the tribe Dalberaiea'.

inocarpin (I-no-kar'pin), n. [< NL. Inoearpus,
< Gr. <f ('"-), a fiber, nerve, lit. strength, forco
(orig. *f'r, = L. vis (vir-), force: see rim), +
napirof, fruit.] A red coloring matter con-
tained in the juice of Inocarpus edulis, a tree
growing in Tahiti.

Inocarpus (I-no-kar'pus), n. [NL. (Forster,
1776), < Gr. <f (iv-), a fiber (see tmotP), + /tapjrof.
a fruit, in allusion to the fibrous envelops.]
A small genus of plants of the natural order
Leguminosa', tribe Dalbergiea;, type of the old
section Inocarpcce. They are large unarmed trees,
with unifoliate coriaceous leaves and yellow flowers in ax-
illary spikes. Only three species are known, natives of the
Pacific islands and the Indian archipelago. I. edulis, the
Fiji chestnut, which is a large tree, furnishes seeds that are
much prized as food by the natives of the Indian archi-
pelago. When roasted they taste not unlike chestnuts.
The juice yields the red coloring matter inocarpin.

inoccupation (in-ok-u-pa'shon), w. [= F. in-
occupation; as in-3 4- occupation.] Lack of
occupation. Sydney Smith.

Inoceramus (i-no-ser'a-mus), ;
fiber, + Kfpa^of , a tile, shell :
see ceramic.] A genus of fos-
sil bivalve mollusks of the
family Avicitlida>, character-
istic of the Cretaceous pe-
riod. The genus was founded by
Sowerby. The shell has a long
straight hinge furnished with nu-
merous ligamentary pits, and the
form is oval or oblong with prom-
inent umbones. The internal layer
of the shell is nacreous and the ex-
ternal thick, prismatic, and fibrous.
Numerous species are described. /„„-„„»,,„ s,,ieatu,

inpculability (in-ok"u-la-
bil'i-ti), «. [= F. inoculabtlite ; as inocitlable
+ -ity,] The character or state of being in-
oculablo.
The inoculability of tubercle.

Auxtin Flint, Pract. of Medicine, p. 41.

inoculable (in-ok'u-la-bl), a. [< inocul(ate) +
-able.] Capable of being inoculated, as a per-
son, or of being communicated by inoculation,
as a disease.

inocular (in-ok'u-lar), a. [< L. in, in, + ocu-
lus, eye: see ocular.] In entom., within the
compound eyes: said of the antenna? of insects
when they are inserted in notches in the inner
margins of the eyes, which partly surround their
bases, as in many Cerambycida>.

inoculate (in-ok'u-lat),». t. ; pret. and pp. inocu-
lated, ppr. inoculating. [< ME. inoculate, < L.
inoculatua, pp. of inoculurc, ingraft an eye or
bud of one plant into (another), implant, < in,
in, + oculns, an eye: see ocular. Cf. hmcii/i'
and ineye.] 1. To graft by budding; insert a
bud or germ in, as a tree or plant, for propaga-
tion.

In Aprill flgtreen inoculate
May best be there as drie landes be.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 127.

[< Gr. if (iv-), a

inoculate

Virtue cannot so inoculati' our old stock hut we shall
relish of it. .SVi.i*-., llumlut, ill. 1, 11H.

Hence — 2. To introduce a foreign germ or ele-
ment into ; specifically, to impregnate with dis-
ease by the insertion of virus; treat by inocula-
tion for the purpose of protecting from a more
malignant form of the disease : as, to inociilnii
a person for the smallpox: often used figura-
tively.

inoculation (in-ok-u-la'shon), ». [< ME. inocii-
l/icion — F. inoculation = Sp. iiiocn/ncion = Pg.

an inoculating, ingrafting, < L. inoculare, pp. in-
ocitltttua, ingraft, implant: see inoculate.] 1.
The act or practice of grafting by budding.

Nu» <• hare I mado inocvlacion

Of pert and appultree ; the experience

Hath preved wel.

Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S,\ p. 165.

Fruit cornea slowly from the kernel, but goon by inoeu-
laliim or incision. Bacon, Physical Fables, IT., Expl.

Hence — 2. The ingrafting of any minute germ
in a soil where it will grow; especially, the act
or practice of communicating disease by intro-
ducing through puncture infectious matter into
the tissues; the introduction of a specific ani-
mal poison into the tissues by puncture or
through contact with a wounded surface; spe-
cifically, in mcd., the direct insertion of the
virus of smallpox in order, by the production
of a mitigated form of it, to prevent a more
severe attack of the disease in the natural way.
The operation was introduced into Europe from the East
by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and was first performed
in London in 1721. It was superseded about 1SUO by the
milder and more successful practice of inoculating with
vaccine virus. See vaccination. — Inoculation Of grass-
lands, in ayri., a process for securing a luxuriant growth
of grass, consisting in preparing the soil as if it were to
be seeded down with grass-seed, but covering it first with
small fragments of turf taken from the best old pasture-
land, after which grass-seed mixed with clover in the or-
dinary way is scattered over the surface, and the field Is
rolled to press down the pieces of sod and press in the
seed.

inoculative (in-ok'u-la-tiv), a. [< inoculate +
-ive.] Pertaining or relating to inoculation ;
inoculatory.

Cultivation of spores of molds, etc., Is ... found to
cause a depreciation of their inoculative efficacy.

Pup. Sci. Mo., XX. 426.

The few inoculative experiments that have been made
upon monkeys have been unsuccessfuL Science, XI. 140.

inoculator (in-ok'u-la-tor), n. [= F. inocula-
triir = Sp. Pg. inocnlador, < L. inoculator, an
ingrafter, < inocitlarc, ingraft: see inoculate.]
A person who or a thing which inoculates;
one who or that which propagates by inocula-
tion.

Holy relics ... are inoculators of all manner of con-
tagious diseases. Sir S. W. Baker, Heart of Africa, p. 52.

inoculet, r. t. [ME. inoculen, < OF. (and F.)
inoculcr = Sp. Pg. inocular = It. inocchiare, in-
ocnlnrr, < L. inoculare, ingraft: see inoculate.]
Same as inoculate. 1. I'alladius.

inodiatet (in-6'di-at), r. /. [< ML. "inodiatus,
pp. of 'inodiare, > It. inodiare, innodiare (rare),
bring into hatred, make hateful, annoy, < L. I'M,
in, + odium, hate : see odium. Cf. annoy, ult.
< ML. 'inodiare.] To make hateful.

God intends, in the calamities which he indicts upon a
pardoned person, partly to give the world fresh demon-
strations of his hatred of sin, and partly to intniiate and
imbitter sin to the chastised sinner. South, Works, VI. vi.

inodoratet (in-6'do-rat), «. [< Hi-3 + odorate.]
Inodorous.

Whites are more inodorate (for the most part) than flow-
ers of the same kind coloured. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 507.

inodorous (in-6'do-rus), a. [= F. inodore = Sp.
inMuro = Pg. It. inotloro, < L. inodomg, with-
out smell, < in- priv. + odor, smell: see odor,
odorous.] Destitute of odor; having no scent
or smell.

The white of an egg is a viscous . . . inodoroux liquor.
Arbuthnot, Aliments,

inodorqusness (in-p'do-rus-nes), ». The state
or quality of being inodorous ; absence of odor,
inoffensive (in-o-feu'siv). n. [= F. ino/cnsif=
Sp. initfcnsiro — I'g. iiioflcn.iiro : as i'»-:i + ojfen-
xiri'.] Not offensive; giving no offense; doing
no harm; 7iot causing disturbance or uneasi-
ness; free from anything of a displeasing or
Disturbing nature: as. an inoffi-ii.iin- animal:
iHojffnxii'e remarks.

For drink the grape

She crushes, inoffrwrive must, and meaths
From many a berry. Milton, V. L., v. 345

Tillotson, the most popular preacher of that age, and in
manners the most ino/ensirc of men.

Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.

3109

inoffensively (in-o-fen'siv-li), adv. In an in-
offensive manner; without giving offense; in a
manner not to offend, disturb, or displease.

inoffensiyeness (in-o-fen'siv-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being inoffensive ; harmlessness.

inofficial (in-o-fish'al), «. [= F. inofficiel ; as
i«-3 + official.] Not official ; destitute of offi-
cial character or authority; unofficial: as, «'«-
official intelligence.

It raUed him into a new moral power In the state ; an
inofficial dictator of principle. Everett, Orations, I. 615.

inofficially (in-o-fish'al-i), adv. In an inofficial
manner ; wi thout official character or authority.

inofficious (in-o-fish'us), a. [= F. inofficieux =
Sp. inoficioso = Pg. inofficioso = It. inofficioso,
inoffi^ioso, < ML. inofficiosus, contrary to duty,
harmful, < L. I'M- priv. + officiosus, dutiful, of-
ficious: see officiouK.] Regardless of the ob-
ligations incident to one's office or position;
contrary or inattentive to duty. [Rare.]

Up, thon tame river, wake ;
And from thy liquid limbs this slumber shake ;
Thou drown Bt thyself in imjficious sleep.

Jl. Jonmn, K. James's Coronation Entertainment.

Let not a father hope to excuse an inofficioui disposition

of his fortune by alleging that "every man may do what he

will with his own." Paley, Moral Philos,, III. 111. 9.

Inofficious testament or will, a testament or will dis-
posing of property contrary to the dictates of natural af-
fection and to Just expectations.

inogen (in'o-jen), n. [< Or. if (iv-). nerve, fiber,
+ -yevlft, producing: see -gen.] A hypothetical
complex substance which is assumed by certain
physiologists to decompose in the muscular tis-
sue during contraction, yielding carbonic acid
and lactic acid and a nitrogenous body, and to
be re-formed during repose.

inogenic (in-o-jen'ik), a. Of or pertaining to
inogen.

inoilt, v. t. Same as enoil. Dories.

If it [the oil] be wanting, that king is yet a perfect mon-
arch notwithstanding, and God's anointed, as well as if he
was inoiled. Strype, Cranmer, ii. 1.

inomet. A Middle English past participle of vim.
Inomycetes (i-no-ml-se'tez), n. pi. [NL. (Mar-

tius, 1817), < Or. <f (iv-), a fiber, + pvia/f, pi.

ftviarref, a mushroom.] A former division of

hyphomycetous fungi.
inoperable (in-op'e-ra-bl), a. [< in-3 + opera-

ble.] That cannot be operated on. [Rare.]

The treatment of inoperable uterine cancer.

Medical Xe.wi, XLVIII. 462.

inoperationt (in-op-e-ra'shon), ». [< LL. as if
*inoperatio(ii-), < inopcrari, effect, produce, < L.
»'», in, + operari, work, operate: see operate.]
Agency; intimate influence; inworking.

A true temper of a quiet and peaceable estate of the soul
upon good grounds can never be attained without the in-
niteration of that Holy Spirit from whom every good gift.
and every perfect giving, proceedeth.

Bp. Hall, Remedy of Discontentment, § 2T>.

inoperative (in-op'e-ra-tiv), a. [< i«-3 + ope-
rative.] Not operative or operating; destitute
of activity or of effect ; inert : as, laws rendered
inoperative by neglect; inoperative remedies.

I do not want to issue a document that the whole world
will see must necessarily be inoperative, like the Pope's
bull against the comet ! Lincoln, In Raymond, p. 213.

inopercular (in-o-per'ku-lar), a. [< in-3 + oper-
culnr.] Same as inoperculate. Kir R. Owen.

Inoperculata (in-o-per-ku-la'tS), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of inoperculatus, without an opercu-
lum: see inoperculate.] A division of Pulmo-
nifera containing those univalves the shell of
which has no operculum, such as snails. Most
of these mollusks are inoperculate. as the families //•'.'-
cidir or snails, Limacida; or slugs, Limiurida or pond-
snails, and others. In many species which hibernate.
however, there is formed a temporary operculum called
the epiphratjm. See Oprrcitlata.

inoperculate (in-o-per'ku-lat), a. [< NL. ino-
pcrculatus, < L. I'M- priv. + operculatus, cover-
ed: see opereulate.] 1. Having no true oper-
culum, as a snail; specifically, of or pertaining
to the Inoperculata.

The rest [of the Pulinoni/era] are inopercnlatr,am\ some-
times shell-leas. £ P. Wovdirard, Molluscs (1875), p. 285.

2. In bot., not provided with an operculum or
lid.

Also taOMmdor. inoperculated.
inoperculated (in-o-per'ku-la-ted), a. Same as

inorganic

tun, not expected, < I'M- priv. + opinatiu, pp. of

Un

inopinablet (in-o-pi'na-bl), a. [< OF. ini>iii>iii-
lilr — Sp. iiiopiittih/i' =: \'g. iiiti/iiiiiircl == It. I'MO-
jiiiiahili', < L. inopinabilis. not to be supposed,
< I'M- priv. + opinabili.1. that is supposed, im-
aginary, < optnari, suppose: see opine.] Not
to be expected. La timer, Works, I. 476.

inopinatet (in-op'i-nat), a. [= Sp. Pg. inopi
iiinlii = It. iinipinato, innopinato, < L. inopina

i, suppose, expect : see opine.] Unex-
pected.

Casuall and inoninate cases, as wounds, poysotu, burn-
ings, plague*, ana other ]x>pular hanues.

Time « Storehoute, 760, 2. (Latlum.)

inopportune (in-op-or-tun'), a. [= F. inoppor-
tiin — Sp. iiioportiiuo — Pg. It. inoppitrtuno, <
L. iniipportuiius, unsuitable, < in- priv. + »/<-
portunitx, suitable: see opportune.] Not op-
portune; inconvenient; unseasonable ; unsuit-
able; inappropriate; unfit.

God at first makes all alike ; but an indisposed body, or
an inopportune education, or evil customs superinduce va-
riety and difference. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S5X I. 3112.
= Syn. Untimely, ill-timed, malapropos.

inopportunely (in-op-or-tun'li), adv. In an in-
opportune manner; unseasonably; at an incon-
venient time.

inopportuneness (in-op-or-tun'nes), n. The
character or quality of Deing inopportune.

The inopportuneneti of the proposal at a time of for-
eign war, when the rebellion, too. in Ireland was not com-
pletely suppressed, was the main argument of Fox and
his followers in opposition at Westminster.

Quarterly Kev., CXLV. 523.

inopportunity (in-op-or-tu'ni-ti), «. [= F.
inopportunitf = Sp. inoportunidad = It. inop-
portunittl; as inopportune + -ity, after opportu-
nity.] Lack of opportuneness; unseasonable-
ness. [Rare.]

The light. . . . hidden under the bushel of misappre-
hension or inopportunity, flames forth at fitting moment.
Aleut', Tablets, p. 14*1.

inoppressive (in-o-pres'iv), a. [< iM-3 + op-
pressive.] Unoppressive ; not burdensome,
inppulent (in-op'u-lent), «. [< in-3 + opulent.]
Not opulent; not wealthy; not affluent or rich,
inorb (in-drb'), r. t. [< tn-2 + orb.] To form
or constitute as an orb.

Sceptred genius, aye inorbed,
Culminating in her sphere.

Emerson, Hermione.

inordert, r. t. [< in-2 + order.] To order;
arrange. Hotrell.

inordinacy (in-6r'di-na-si), M. [< inordina(te)
+ -cy.] The state of being inordinate; a go-
ing beyond prescribed order or proper bounds :
disorderly excess; immoderateness: as, thetn-
ordinacy of desire or other passion.

'Tis, I say, great odds, but that we should be carried to
inordinacy, and exceed the bounds the divine laws have
set us. Qlanville, Pre-existence of Souls, 11.

inordinancyt (in-6r'di-nan-8i), ». Same as in-
ordinncy. Davies.

inordinate (in-6r'di-nat), a. [= OF. inordonc
= Sp. inordenado = It. inordinato, < L. inordi-
natiis, not arranged, disordered, irregular, <
I'M- priv. + ordinatus, pp. of ordinare, arrange,
order: see ordinate, order, v.] Beyond pre-
scribed order or proper bounds; not adequate-
ly limited or restrained; disorderly; exces-
sive; immoderate: as, inordinate demands; in-
ordinatc vanity: rarely applied to persons.

Marcus Antonlus . . . was Indeed a voluptuous man.
and inordinate. Bacon, Love (ed. 1887).

Sir, this is from your wonted course at home :
When did you there keep such inordinate hours?
Go to bed late, start thrice, and call on me ?

Fletcher (and another), Noble Gentleman, II. 1.
Much Incapacity to govern was revealed In this inordi-
nate passion to administer.

Motley, Dutch Republic. II. 513.

Inordinate proportion, a statement of equality of ratios
in which the order of statement of the terms is irregular,
inordinately (in-or'di-nat-li), adr. In an in-
ordinate manner; excessively; immoderately.

The commons thought they had a right to the things
that they inordinately sought to have.

Latitner, Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1550.

inordinateness (in-6r'di-nat-nes), n. Inordi-
imey: immoderateness; excess. Sp. Hall.

inordinationt (in-dr-di-na'shon). ». [= It. in-
nrdin<i;ioiic, < LL. inordinatio(n-), disorder, ir-
regularity, < L. inordinatus, disordered: see
inordinate.] Irregularity ; deviation from rule
or right ; inordinateness.

Some things were made evil by a superinduced prohibi-
tion, as eating one kind of fruit ; some things were evil
by inordination. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), L, 10, Pref.

inorganic (in-6r-gan'ik), a. [= F. inorganique
= Sp. inorgdnico = Pg. It. inorganico; as in-3
+ organic?] 1. Not organic; not organized:
specifically, not having that organization which
characterizes living bodies. See organic and
organism.

The horizontal lines of surface decoration break In-
juriously upon the vertical lines of the windows, and the
forms of the highly ornamented gables are curiously in-

inopina- C. S. Xorton, Church-bunding in Middle Ages, p. 229.

inorganic

Both [Comte and Spencer) saw that Evolution begins
with inoryanic matter and ends with human society.

L. *'. Ward, Dynam. socioL, 1. 145.

2. Not produced by vital processes: as, an in-
organic compound. — 3. In philol., of unintend-
ed or accidental origin; not normally devel-
oped: as, the distinctions of lead and led, of
man and men, of was and were, which are of
phonetic origin; or the t of Fr. vient (L. »«»«),
as compared with that of mats (L. im^fe)!
-Inorganic chemistry, the branch of chemistry which
treats of those substances which do not contain car-
bon Formerly organic chemistry treated of substances
produced by animal or vegetable organisms or formed by
metamorphoses of such organisms, which invariably con-
tained carbon, and usually both hydrogen and oxygen,
while nitrogen was present in very many of them. They
were called organic compounds. Inorganic chemistry
treated of all other substances. It was the prevalent
opinion that organic substances could be produced only
by a force peculiar to living organisms, called vital force,
But since many so-called organic compounds have been
made artificially from inorganic materials, the distinction
has disappeared. Organic chemistry is now the chemistry
of carbon and all its compounds, and inorganic chemistry
is the chemistry of all other elements and compounds.

inorganical (in-6r-gan'i-kal), a. [< in-3 + or-
qamcal.] Same as inorganic. Boyle.

inorganically(in-6r-gan'i-kal-i), adv. Without
organs or organization.

inorganisabie, inorganisation, etc. See inor-
ganizable etc.

inorganit'yt (in-6r-gan'i-ti) n [Irreg < in-

''0

31 10

inosic (i-nos'ik), (i. [Appar. < 'inose (< Or.
(r (it>-) strength force nerve fiber. + -ose) +
^ '^ ejgj» ^ a word uged on]y in the foUow.

{„„ phrase.— Inosic acid, a name given by Liebig to
an acid found in the mother-liquor of the preparation of
creatine from flesh-juice. Its existence as a definite com-

i\ ,, f(innfl ir + itffi -, A sae
o-sit), n. [< mos-ic + -**£.] A sac

charme substance (C6H12O« + 2H2O) found
m the musc^ar substance ofthe heart and in
the lungs, kidneys, brain, etc. It has been found
in the urine in some cases of glucosuria and of albunnnu-
ria, and it exists also in several plants. It is very sweet,
and does not undergo alcoholic fermentation, but yields

_ lactic acid when fermented.

mOUgnt, a,., n., and adv. An obsolete torm ot

or state of be~

. ,. 6, , . d f< , i + -, j .

ln.-°veW &••?,, Lo£r „ iV

Also; besides. WitliaU.— 2. Nearer to any ob-

ject ; close : opposed to out-wer. [Scotch.]
J ' Svne she sets bv the smnnine wheel

ig™ ! ^J"S %?£K££ them weel

' er- an il" n"n,,L Tales D 32
. . '

in-OVer (in o"ver), a. Same as may.
in OVO (in 6'vo). [L. : in, in; ovo, abl. of omim,
an egg: see ovum.} In the egg ; in an inchoa-
tivo state.

inower (in-6'er), adv. Same as in-over.
inoxidizable (in-ok'si-di-za-bl), a. [< t»-3 +
oxidieable.] In ehem., that cannot be oxidized
or converted into an oxid.

' c< ifl"3

inquest

lie.'] In a potential state of being; not yet
actually existing, but ready to come into exis-
tence when certain conditions are fulfilled.
in potentia (in po-ten'shia). [L. : in, in; po-
teiitid, abl. ofpoteHtia, power: see potent, power,
etc.] Potentially; in possibility.
in potestati parentis (in po-tes-ta'ti pa-ren'-
* ^f— 1>0testati, abl. of potesta(t-)s,

' L ^ . J ttmi(t.)| a parent:

l^oet(lttpar'e>ft^ Subject to the authority
. a* rent ' *

' •/'-„•> , r, ,-„! j. , ,,,,,.1 eaTv,o

inpOUT (m por), «. [< !»* + pour.] hame as

inpouring.

The Den,etuai inp0nr of a coin made full legal tender

{or jts face Report Sec. Treasury. 1886, L xxxvii.

r, • -,

mpOUrmg (m'por"mg), n. [< %nl + pottnng.]

A pouring in ; a great influx.
•*• * ' *

Y'%thl8 SPSffiZ. ta i^ri« rallroa<l8' <»<*ories,
and a thousand prolific industries rxxvll .

' CXXVIL 4"

MaT we describe Christianity as a vast extension and
deepening of all the higher ranges of human conscious-
ne88i by means of which the inpouriny of divine influence,
in greatly increased volume, was made possible'/

in prsesenti (m pre-zen'ti). [L.: in, in; prce-
senti, abl. of pra>sen(t-)s, present: see present.]
Now; at the present time : in contradistinction
toinfuturo. The promise of marriage at the betrothal
is a promise in future ; that at the wedding is a promise

This Is a sensible and no Inconsiderable argument of
th« ,-nnmn,,;i,, nf tho anni

8^T. Browne, Keligio Medici, 1. 36.

Not oi7ablp-
~ized [ AKo swelled

l a

t<in-3 +
of

.
It [the bra n] is exposed to the effects of aniemia and

hypernemiii, the latter being sometimes accompanied by
organizable or iaorganizaOi Texudates.

E. C. Mann, Psychol. Med., p. 34.

inoreanization (iu-6r"gan-i-za'shon), ». [<
in-3 + metallization,-} The state of being unor-
ganized; 'absence of organization. Also spelled
inorqanisation

intrrganimtim, which the untrained mind applies to the
world of matter. Science, VI. 66.

inorganized (in-6r'gan-izd), ti. [< in-3 + or.
qunized.] Not having organic structure; un-
organized. Also spelled inorganised.

inornate (in-6r-nat'), a. [< »»-3 + ornate.] Not
ornate; plain.

His [Lord Stowell's) style is chaste, yet not inornate.

Encyc. Brit., XXII. 580.

inorthographyt (in-6r-thog'ra-fi), «. [< »»-3 +
orthography.] Incorrect orthography ; amis-
spelling Feltham

inosculate (in-os'ku-lat), v. ; pret. and pp. in-
osculated, ppr. inosculating. [< L. in, in, on, +
osculum, dim. of os, mouth (> osculari, kiss):
see osculate.] I. trans. To unite by openings,
as two vessels in an animal body; anastomose,

It is an opinion . . . that the sap circulates in plants
as the blood in animals; that it ascends through capillary
arteries in the trunk, into which are inosculated other
vessels of the bark answering to veins

-.ley, suis, § c4.

nJylay^^^'S? i±'thf juridic^polftyVall
continental Europe, as a fundamental rule.

Story, Misc. Writings, p. 505.

II. intrans. 1. In anat., to unite by little
openings; have intercommunication by run-
ningtogether, as the vessels of the body; anas-
tomose : as, one vein or artery inosculates with
another.

™, ,.

The underlying muscles and maculating tOawu tissue.
Darmn, Cirripedia, p. 190.

Hence - 2. To unite or be connected so as to

have intercommunication or continuity; run

together; blend by being connected terminally.

Drear, dark, inosculating leaves. Cratbe.

The several monthly divisions of the journal may inoa-
c,Uate, but not the several volumes. De Quincey.

inosculation (in-os-ku-la'shon), n. [= F. inos-
eulation = It. inosculazione ; as inosculate +
-ion.] 1. The union of two vessels of an ani-
mal body by openings into each other, so as to
permit the passage of a fluid; anastomosis,
Hence— 2. Some analogous union or relation;
a running together ; junction: as, in botany,
the inosculation of the veins of a leaf, or of a
ciou with the stock in grafting.

There has been a perpetual inosculation of the sciences
and the arts. H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 188.

The newly-formed pigment is separated from the wax-
idized copper by washing on a sieve.

Wcrtohop Receipt,, 2d ser., p. 411.

inp-. For words formerly so beginning, see imp-.
in-parabola (in'pa-rab'56-la), n. [< inscribed)
H^SBSSj An inscribed parabola.

inpartt,«. f<*»a+lpart] An inward part.

" J

O, my bi east, OreaK quickly,
And shew my friends my in-part,, lest they think
I have betrayed them. J3. Jonson, Catiline, UL 1.

in partibus infldelium (in par'ti-bus in-fi-de'-
li-um). [L.: in, in; partilus, abl. pl.of par(t-)s,
a part, portion, region ; infidelium. gen. pi. of
infidelis, unbelieving, infidel: see infidel] In
the regions of infidels ; in countries'inhabited
by unbelievers: in the W. Cath. Ch., a phrase
describing titular bishops (called briefly bishops
jn partibus) appointed over territories not yet
erected into a see.

inpatht (in'path), n. [< iw1 + path.] An in-
tricate way. Davies.

Italy is hence parted by long crosse dangerous inpathx.
Stamhmst, ^Eneid, iii. 396.

in-patient (in'pa"shent), n. [< !«1 + patient.]
A patient who is lodged and fed as well as
treated in a hospital or infirmary. See out-pa-
tient.

in pectore (in pek'to-re). [L.: in, in; pectore,
abl. of pectits, breast, bosom: see pectoral.] In
or within the breast ; in reserve : as, a cardinal
*w pectore (one whose appointment has not been
promulgated).

in-pensioner (iu'pen'shon-er), «. [<inl + pen-
•«<>««;.] In the Jiritish army, a pensioned man
who is lodged and maintained in a public in-
stitution: opposed to out-pensioner, who lives
where he pleases.

in.pejitahedron (ra'pen-ta-he^dTOn), n. [<
fO^^) + pentahedron.]" An inscribed pen-
tahedron.

inperntt.o. A Middle English form of imperfect.

^ perpetuum (in per-pet'u-um). [L. : in, in,
on' tor; perpetumn, ace. of '.iiernetuus, perpetual:
see perpetual, perpetuity.] In perpetuity ; for

, ever-

m Persona (ID per-SO na). [L. : III, in ; persona,
abl. of persona, person: see person.] In person.

,lu
' **,

PL • in in to

otwrsona Derson"' see
. ot per 3ee

d

corrupted.

He ... set before his eyes alway the eye of the ever-
lasting judge and the inpravaMe Judgintf-place

in propria causa (m pro'pn-a ka'za). [L.: in,
in; j>roprW, abl. fern, of jm^ritu, own, proper;
«««««, abl. of c««s«, cause: see JWO/WT and
caMW-] In his or her own suit.

„_!/„_;« «A-nx'«xx
in propna persona (m pro pri-a per-SO na).

[L. : in, in; propna, abl. fern, of propnus, own,
proper; persona, abl. of persona, person.] In
one's own person ; by or through one's self and

.not another.

mpurisnaturallbus(mpu risnat-u-ral i-bus).
[L- : *", in ; puris, abl. neut. pi. of purm, pure,
mere; naturalibus, abl. neut.pl. of natural*,
natural.] In mere natural guise ; entirely un-
clothed; naked.

inpushing (in'push"ing), n. [< i»i + pushing.]
A pushing in.

This is accomplished by inpushings of the epiblast at the
extremities of the body. Stand. Nat. Hint., Int., p. xi.

jnputt (in-put'), r. t. [ME. inputten; < t«l +
putl.] To put in; put on. Wyclif.

input (in'put), n. [< input, v.] Contribution, or
snare in a contribution. [Scotch.]

An Ilka friend wad bear a share o' the burthen, some-
thing might be dune— ilka ane to be liable for their ane
«'»!«"• Scott, Heart of Mid- Lothian, xii.

in-quadric (in'kwod"rik), n. [< inscribed) +
quadric.] An inscribed quadrie surface.

in-quadrilateral (in'kwod-ri-lat"e-ral), ». [<
inscribed) + quadrilateral.] An inscribed
quadrilateral.

inquartation (iu-kwar-ta'shon), «. [< Mi-2 +
quartation.] In metal., same as qnartatiiiii.

inqueret, f. See inquire.

inquest (in'kwest), M. [Early mod. E. also in-
guist; < MB «•««««, enqueue, < OF. enqueste,
F. enqvAte = Pr. enquesta = It. mchtesta, inquiry,
< L. inquisita, ML. inquista (sc. res), a thing
inquired into, an inquiry, prop. fern, of inqui-
situs, inquistus.pp. of inquirere, inquire into:
see inquire. Cf. quest.] 1 . Inquiry ; search ;
quest.

For-thy, syr, this enque»t I require yow here,
That je me tellewitn trawthe, U euer ge tale herde
Of the grene chapel.

Sir Gaw«!"le and (Ac Green Knight (K E' T" 8^ L 1066-

™* is the laborioua and vexatious ing*,* that the soul
mUBt make after science. sSuth, Works, I. vi.

of another, and of proceedings to enforce a
right by judgment binding only on the party
proceeded against, such as a suit to recover a
debt : in contradistinction to a right or a pro-
ceeding in rent, which binds all the world, such
as a proceeding to condemn a ship or to dis-
solve a marriage. See action, 8 (fc).

in petto (in pet 'to). [It.: i«,in; petto,< L.peetus,
breast. Ct. in pectore.] In or within the breast ;
in reserve ; not disclosed.

in-polygon (m'pol"i-gon), n [< inscribed) +
polygon.] An inscribed polygon.

in posse (in pos'e). [NL. : L. in, in ; posse, be
able, can (used as » noun): see posse, pOSSt-

: (a) A judicial inquiry, especially an
inquiry held before a jury ; specifically, a pro-
cee(Jing before a jury to determine the amount
to be recovered in an action, when there is no
tnal in tne ordinary sense, because the right to
recover ^has been admitted; m common use, a
coroners inquest.

Also that the Baillies from this tyme take [not] eny en-
?i««* for the kynge, but by xU>rewe just and lawfulle men.

cft'v The iurv itself ' P'

Winthrop, Hist. New Eng., I. 271.

coroner's inquest. See coroner.- Great inqnestt, a
grand jury,

inquest

And that the price of ale he sessed at euery Inwday by
the 'fret eminent, or by the mostc party of them.

Kn'iliih (iilil»(K. E. T. S.), p. 382.

Halifax Inquest. See Halifax law, under law!.— In-
quest of office, an inquiry made by the sheriff, eoroner,
or escheator, or l»y commissioners specially appointed, aet-
Ing with theakl of a jury, r,,ini i ninu' any matter that en-
titles the state or sovereign to the possession of real or per-
sonal property, as to determine the right to lands) claimed
to be held by aliens. 'Hie term Is also loosely used of an
inquiry into a person's right to the possession of an office
held by the government to be forfeited.

The proceeding (impeachment of Judge Pickering] was
a mere inquent of ojllce under a judicial form.

//. Adamt, John Randolph, p. 133.

inquiett (in-kwi'et), r. t. [< F. inquieteY = Pr.
Sp. Pg. inquietar = It. inquietire, inquietare, <
L. inquietare, make unquiet, disturb, < inquie-
tus, unquiet: see inquiet, a.] To disturb; dis-
quiet.

That no person or persons, bodies politic or corporate,
&c., he troubled, impeached, sued, inquitttd, or molested,
for or by reason of any otfencc.

Milton, Articles of Peace with Irish.

inquiett (in-kwi'et), a. [< F. inquiet = Sp. Pg.
It. inqttieto, < L. inquietus, restless, unquiet, <
in- pnv. + quietus, quiet: see quiet, a.} Un-
quiet.

inquietationt (in-kwl-e-ta'shon), n. [= F. in-
quiettition = Sp. inquietacion "= Pg. inquietafSo
= It. inquietazione, < L. inquietatio(n-), disturb-
ance, < inquietare, disturb : see inquiet, v.] The
act of disquieting; disturbance.

To the high displeasure of God, the inquvftafon & dam-
age of the Kyngis People, & to the marvaylous disturb-
ance of the Comon Weale of this Realme.

Laws (if lien. VII 1. (1530), quoted In Rlhtou-Turner's
[Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 73.

How many semely personagls, by outrage In rlote, gam-
inge, and excesse of apparalll, be induced to theft and
robry, and somtlme to murder, to the inquietation of
good men? Sir T. Elyot, The Oovernour, 11. 7.

inquietnesst, «. Inquietude ; disturbance.

It will gender sedlclons and vprores and miche inqui-
etenes in thy realme. •''."•', Expos, of Daniel, vl.

inquietude (in-kwi'e-tud), n. [< F. inquietude
= Pr. inquietut = Sp. inquietud = It. inquietu-
dine, < LL. inquietudo, restlessness, < L. inquie-
tws, restless, unquiet : see inquiet, a.] 1. Lack
of quietude or tranquillity; restlessness of
manner or feeling; unrest. — 2. Disturbance
of mind or body; a feeling of uneasiness or
apprehension ; disquietude.

There mighty Love
Has flx'd his hopes, inquietudes, and fears.

Johnson, Irene, HI. 1.

Inquilinse (in-kwi-U'ne), n. pi. [NL.. fern. pi.
of Li. inquilinus, a sojourner, tenant, lodger:
see inquiline.] A group of hymenopterous in-
sects, the guest gall-flies, a division of Vynipi-
dte, containing those cynipids which are unable
to produce galls themselves, and consequently
lay their eggs in galls made by other insects.

inquiline (iu'kwi-lin), H. and a. [= Sp. Pg.
It. inquilino, < L. inquilinita, an inhabitant of
a place which is not his own, for *incolinust <
incola, an inhabitant, < in, in, + colere, inhabit :
see i-iiltiti-i:\ I. a. In sool., an animal that
lives in an abode properly belonging to another,
either at its expense, as certain insects that live
in galls made by the true gall-insects, or merely
as a cotenant, as a pea-crab which lives in an
oyster-shell, or a sea-anemone growing on a
crab's back; a commensal. See cut under <•«»-
crisocial.

There are several genera of gall-flies which, although
they live in galls, do not produce them. These are known
as guest gall-flies or iii'[iii[ine.<. Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 510.

II. o. Having the character of an inquiline ;
commensal — Inquiline gall-fly. Same as guest.jty.

inquilinous (in-kwi-li'nus), a. [< inquiline +
-ni'ti.] Same as inquiline. Encyc. Brit., X. 46.

inquinatet (m'kwi-nat), v. t. [< L. inquinatu-s,
pp. of ini/iihi/ire (> It. inqiiinare = Sp. Pg. itt-
qitiHar), defile, befoul, < in, in, on, + OL. cutiire,
void excrement.] To pollute; contaminate.

For nn opinion it was of that nation [the Egyptian] that
Ibis feeding upon serpents, that venemous food so Vn-
iiniiKtt<-rl their ovall conceptions, or eggs within their
bodies, that they sometimes ciune tana in serpentine
shapes. Sir T. Broime, Vulg. BIT. , 111. 7.

inquinationt (iu-kwi-na'shon), M. [= Pg. IH-
qiiinnyflo, < Llj. inquiinilio(n-), < inquinare, de-
file: see ini/iiiiiitti .] The act of defiling, or the
state of being defiled ; pollution; corruption.

And the middle action, which produceth such imperfect
bodies, is fitly called (by some of the ancients) i»n/»..
or Ineoctlon. Bacon, Nat. Hist.. §837.

inquirable (in-kwir'a-bl), «. [< iiiquiri- 4-
-able.] Capable of being inquired into; sub-
ject to inquisition or inquest.
1<J(5

8111

Taking In hand to thewe the articles inquirable before
the luatlce. Hnltluyt'i Voyages, I. 17.

inquirancet, enquirancet, ». [ME. enquimnce,

nil/in riniiii-i •; us itiquiri- + -finer.] Inquiry.

Of Goddes mystery and his werking

Make never, my childe, to ferre rmiverav.net.

MS. Cantali ft. I. 6, f. 156. (Uallimll.)

inquiration (in-kwi-ra'shon), n. [Irreg. < in-
quire + -ation.] Inquiry. [Prov. Eng.]

A decent woman as spoke to her atwut . . . making
secret inquiration concerning nf me.

Dtckcnt, David Copperfleld, 11.

inquire (in-kwir'), r.; pret. and pp. inquired,
ppr. inquiring. [Also enquire ; < ME. inqueren,
enqueren, < OF. enquerre, enquerir, F. enquerir
= Pr. enquerer, enquerir, enquerre, inquerer =
Sp. Pg. inquirir = It. inquerire, inquirere, inchi-
erere, < L. inquirere, seek after, search for, in-
quire into, < ««, into, + qucerere, seek : see query,
quest. Cf. acquire, exquire, require, conquer.]

1. trans. If. To search for; seek out; make
investigation concerning.

She pulled off her gowne of greene,

And put on ragged attire,
And to falre London she would go,

Her true love to enquire.
The Bailiff Daughter of Islington (Child's Ballads, IV. 159>

2. To ask about (a thing or person); seek know-
ledge of by asking.

Of euery man he enqueryd the certente,

Whlche of his men were ded and which were take.

Oenerydet (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 2566.

Into whatsoever city or town ye shall enter, enquire
who In it is worthy. Mat x. 11.

There mighty nations shall inquire their doom.

/'ope/Windsor Forest, L 381.
3f. To call ; name.

Now Caiitium. which Kent we comenly inquire.

Spenser, V. Q., II. x. 12.
4f. To ask of; question.

She asked and enquered hym of many thinges, and he
her taught all her askynge for the grete love that he hadde
to hlr. Merlin (E. E. T. a), 111. 418.

To Inquire out, to find or find out by question ; gain
knowledge of by inquiry or investigation: as, to inquire
mil the plans of an enemy.

Enquire her out, do'st hear, Fellow ? And tell her her
Nephew, Sir Wilfull Witwoud, is In the House.

Congreve, Way of the World, ill. 14.

=8yn. Aik, Inquire, Quettian, etc. See o»*l.

II. intrann. 1. To seek for knowledge or in-
formation; make inquisition or investigation;
use means for discovering or learning some-
thing.

That Is the path of righteousness,
Though after it but few enquire*.

Tlwmtu the Rhymer (Child's Ballads, I. 111).
The most Antlchristian Councel, and the most tyran-
nous Inquisition that ever inquir'd.

Milton, Areopagitlca, p. 12.

He who inquire* has not found ; he is in doubt where
the truth lies. ,/. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 181.

2. To ask for information; seek knowledge of
something by asking a question or questions:
as, I will inquire about it.

Sir, It seems your nature Is more constant than to In-
quire after state-news. Beau, and /•'•'., Phllaster, 1. 1.
(The principal prepositions used after inquire are of be-
fore the person or subject questioned ; for, and sometimes
after, before a thing the discovery or possession of which
is desired ; about, concerning, or after, and sometimes i>i\
before a thing about which information Is sought ; and
into before a subject for detailed investigation or exami-
nation. At is used before the place where or source
whence information is sought, and by (In the Bible) be-
fore the person through whose agency Inquiry Is made.]
inquiret, "• [< inquire, «.] Inquiry; search;
investigation.

At last from Tyre,

Fame answering the most strange inquire, . . .

Are letters brought. SAo*., Pericles, lit., Prol., 1. •".

inquirendo (in-kwi-ren'do), n. [< L. (de) in-
qinrendo, (of) inquiring, abl. ger. of inquirere,
inquire: see inquire.] In /</K>, an authority
given in general to some person orpereons to in-
quire into something for the advantage of the
crown or state.

inquirentt (in-kwir'ent), a. [< L. inquiren(t-)s,
ppr. of inquirere, inquire: see inquire.] Mak-
ing inquiry; inquiring; seeking to know.

Delia's eye.

As in a garden, roves, of hues alone
Inquirent, curious. Shemtone, Economy, ii.

inquirer (in-kwir' er), M. One who inquires,
searches, or examines ; a seeker; an investiga-
tor. Also enquirer.

Expert inauirm after truth ;
Whose only care, might truth presume to speak,
Is not to find what they profess to seek.

Coicper, Tirocinium. 1. 192.

inquiring (in-kwir'ing), j>. a. Given to inquiry
or investigation; searching; inquisitive: as, an
inquiring mind or look. Also enquiring.

inquisition

inquiringly (in-kwir'ing-li), iuh: In an in-
quiring manner; by way of inquiry. Also en-
i/xirini/lu.

inquiristt (in-kwir'ist), ». [< inquire +
An inquirer.

But the inqiiiriit keeping himself on the reserve as to
employers, the girl refused to tell the day or to give him
other particulars. Hichardian, Clarissa llwlowe, IV. 321.

inquiry (in-kwir'i), ».; pi. inquiries (-iz). [Also
< -in/uiry; an extended form of inquire, enquire,
n., perhaps suggested by query.] I. Search
for truth, information, or knowledge; exami-
nation into facts or principles : us, an inquiry
into the truth of a report.

I have been engaged In physical inguiriet. Locke.

Learning stimulated inquiry; inquiry created doubt.
Story, Misc. Writings, p. 4S1.

2. The act of inquiring; a seeking for infor-
mation by asking questions ; interrogation; in-
quisition.

He could no path nor tract of foot descry,
Ne by inquine learne, nor ghesse by ayme.

Spen*er, V. Q., VI. Iv. 24.

The men which were sent from Cornelius had made en-
quiry for Simon's house, and stood before the gate.

Acts x. 17.

3. A question; an interrogation ; a query.

It Is an iii>iiiii->i of great wisdom, what kinds of wits and
natures are most apt and proper for what sciences.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i i. 257.
Inquiriet none they made ; the dreadful day
No pause of words admits, no dull delay.

Pope, Iliad, v. 631.

Court of Inquiry. See cow rt. — Writ of Inquiry, a writ
directing an inquest; more specifically, a process ad-
dressed to the sheriff of the county In which the venue In
the action Is laid, stating the former proceedings In the
action, and commanding the sheriff that by the oath of
twelve honest and lawful men of his county he diligently
Inquire what damages the plaintiff has sustained, and re-
turn the inquisition into court. This writ is necessary
after an interlocutory judgment, the defendant having let
the proceedings go by default, to ascertain the question
of damages. =Syn. 1. Investigation, Scrutiny, etc. (see ex-
amination and inference), study. — 3. Query, Interroga-
tion. See question.

inquisiblet (in-kwiz'i-bl), a. [Irreg. < L. in-
quirere, pp. inquisitus, inquire into (see inquire),
+ -ible.] Admitting of judicial inquiry. SirM.
Hale.

inquisitet, ''• '• [( L- inquisitus,p]t. of inquirere,
inquire into: see inquire, r.] To make inquisi-
tion; inquire. Davieg.

He inquiaited with Justice and decorum, and determined
with as much lenity towards his enemies as ever prince
did. Roger North, Lord Gullford, IL 40.

inquisition (in-kwi-zish'on), n. [= F. inquisi-
tion = Pr. iuquisido = Sp. inquisition = Pg. in-
quisifSo = It. inquisisione, < L. inquisitio(n-), a
seeking or searching for, a seeking for grounds
of accusation, < inquirere, pp. inquinitug, seek
for, inquire into: see inquire.] 1. The act of
inquiring ; close search or examination ; inves-
tigation; inquiry.

The two principal senses of inquisition [are] the eye and

the ear. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, 1. 8.

But what concerns it thee, when I begin

My everlasting kingdom? Why art thou

Solicitous? What moves thy inquisition'

Milton, P. R., 1U. 200.

But It Is dangerous to institute an inqninlion into the
motives of individuals. Krerril, Orations, I. 289.

2. In late : (a) Inquiry by a jury impaneled by
the sheriff, a coroner, or a board of commission-
ers, to ascertain facts necessary for judicial or
legal purposes other than the trial of an ac-
tion. The term Is used of a proceeding, or the verdict
on a proceeding, taken by a magistrate or administrative
officer and a jury to Inquire into a matter of fact con-
cerning any special case, as distinguished from the trial
by Jury in court of a contested issue between parties.
(o) The document embodying the result of
such inquiry. — 3. [cap.] In the Kom. Cath. Ch.,
an ecclesiastical court, officially styled the Holy
Office, for the suppression of heresy by the de-
tection and punishment of heretics and by other
means. Punishment of heretics, even by death, was
practised from the fourth century onward, bat the In-
quisition proper arose in the twelfth century. It was de-
veloped In the thirteenth century by Pope Innocent III.
and the synod of Toulouse, and extended to France.
Spain, Italy, Germany, and other countries. The original
inquisitors were the bishops in their own dioceses, with
special assistants. On the formal organization of the In-
quisition, it was placed In charge of the Dominican order,
under a central governing body at Rome called the Con-
gregation of the Holy Office. The Spanish Inquisition
was reorganized and put under the control of the state
at the end of the fifteenth century, and become especially
noted for its severity and the number of Its victims, who
(as elsewhere) were burned or otherwise punished, accord-
ing to sentence, by the secular authority. (See auto dffe.)
The proceedings of the court were eon. in. te.l with the ut-
most secrecy : and the contiileiitirtl officers employed by It
were called familiars. It was at its height iti the six-
teenth ceutury, and its methods were extended into Por-

inquisition

inquisitor] Making strict inquiry; inquisi-
torial.

Under whose inquisitorious and tyrannical duncery no
free and splendid wit can ever flourish.

Milton, Church-Government, ii.

now with heretical" literature!— Inquisition of innuisitrcss (in-kwiz'i-tres), n. [< inquisitor
Mefermlne1 £f aeZ 5S5? 'of" £&% % + -«••] Afemale inquisitor; aninqnisitive or

tugal, the Netherlands, and the Spanish and Portuguese
colonies. The influence of the Inquisition diminished in
the eighteenth century. It was suppressed in France In
1772, in Portugal under John VI. (died 1826), and in Spain
finally in 1834. The Congregation of the Holy Office still
exists as a branch of the papal system, but its chief con-
cern is
the dead,
quest had

escheat on the death of one leaving no heirs. = Syn. f. cunous woman,

Investinalion, Scrutiny, etc. See examination. Little Jesuit inquisitress&s she was, she could see things

inquisitiont (in-kwi-zish'on), ». t. [< inquisi- in a true light. Charlotte Bronte, Villette, xxvi.

tioit, n] To subject to inquisition or inquiry ; inquisiturientt (in-kwiz-i-tu'ri-ent), a. [< L. as

investigate. Milton. if *inquisiturien(t-)s, ppr. of *inquisiturirc, desire

inquisitional (in-kwi-zish'on-al), a. [< inqui- to inquire, a desiderative verb, < inquirere, pp.

sition + -al] 1. Pertaining to or character- inquisitits, inquire: see inquire] Given to in-

ized by inquisition ; especially, marked by strict quisition, or makingstrict inquiry; inquisitorial.

or harsh inquiry ; inquisitorial. This was the rare morsell so officiously snatcht up and

It is thought irony, addressed to some hot bigots then so ilfavourdly imitated by our i nquiriturient Bishops.

in power, to shew them what dismal effects that inquisi- Milton, Areopagitica, p. 13.

tional spirit with which they were possessed would have jnraced (in-rasf), a. [< *»-2 + race& = rase.]
'SJ6 'n genie]2''i*t altime when public liberty jn ner ^ game as indented, 2.
Warburton, Ded^to'the Freethinkers, an. 1738. inracinate (in-ras'i-nat), v. t.; pret. and pp. in-

2. Of or pertaining to the Inquisition racinated, ppr. inracinating. [ ( F. inraciner, en-

L. as if "inqui'sitivus, ? inqulrere, pp. inquisitus,
inquire into: see inquire ,.1 1 Addicted to , in-
quiry orresearch; disposed to seek iniormation, 8ame „ an t do wilfully vioiate, it may be reformed

given to prying into matters; eagerly curious.

Whan these four hundred of the castell come to these

sex score, Ewein white honde, that was more enqiiesitif,

asked of whens the! were. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), ii. 292.

and inrailed again by that general authority whereunto
each particular is subject. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iv. 13.

, v. t. An obsolete form of enrapture.
). [L.: i»,in; re, abl. of res, a thing:
see res] In the matter of: used especially in
°Ford, Broken Heart, ii. 3. legal phraseology.
Errors ... are incident oftentimes even to the best inredt, a. [t,lE.inred,inread; < in-1 (intensive)
and most inquisitive of men. + rea.l Verv red.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 418. He ^ ^^ whyjt „„ ^

2. Marked by inquiry; questioning; curious; And [an] inred man he was.

hence, searching out; bringing to view. Seven Sages, 1. 60.

That our desires of serving Christ be quick-spirited, inregistert, v. t. An obsolete form of enregister.

active, and effective, inquisitive for opportunities. jjj rem (in rem). [L. : in, in, to; rem, ace. of res,

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), 1. 181. a thing: see res] In relation to a thing: as,

inquisitive attention wblSfrST an action i» rem : opposed to in personam. See

Cowper, Task, iv. 52. action, 8 (0).
A girl in a white-figured gown at work, . . . white win- in rerum natura (in re'rnm na-tu'ra). [L. : ill,

dow-curtains about her, and the inquisitive light stream- in; rerum, gen. pi. of res, a thing ; natura, abl.

ing around her. Mag. of Art, vil. 163. of natura, nature.] In the nature of things ;

=Syn. Prying, etc. (see curious), inquiring. from the very constitution of things,

inquisitively (in-kwiz'i-tiv-li), adv. In an in- J_ JJ. ]£_ J. An abbreviation of Latin lesus Naza-

quisitiye manner; with curiosity to obtain in- renus,KcxIudceoriim(Jes\isof Nazareth, King of

formation; with scrutiny. the Jews): an ecclesiastical inscription in desig-

inquisitiveness (in-kwiz'i-tiv-nes), n. The nation of Christ in the Christian church, taken

character of being inquisitive ; the disposition f rom the writing placed by Pilate over Christ's

to inquire, ask questions, or investigate ; cu- cross (John xix. 19).

riosity to learn : as, the inquisith'eness of the inricht, ». t. An obsolete form of enrich.

human mind. inringt, >'. t. An obsolete form of curing.

inquisitor (in-kwiz'i-tor), n. [=F. inquisiteur inriset, t'. ». [ME. inrisen (tr. L. insurgere); <

= Sp. Pg.inqnisidor = ll. inqiiisitore, < L. inqui- in-l + rise^] To rise up. Wyclif.

sitor, a seeker, searcher, < inquirere, pp. in- inrisert, n. [ME. itirisere (tr. L. instirgen(t-)s);

quisitus, inquire into: see inquire.] 1. One < inrise + -erl] One who rises up. Wyclif.

who inquires or investigates; particularly, one fao (in'ro), n. [Jap., < Chin, yin, a seal or

whose official duty it is to inquire and exam- stamp, + lung, a basket. Chin. I becomes Jap.

ine: as, the inquisitors of the Holy Office or In- r< an(} chin, -ting, -ing, -ung, and -ung usually

become Jap. -o] A small ornamental nest of
boxes of lacquer- ware, ivory, etc., carried by
Japanese at the girdle, and used to hold the
seal (hence the name), medicines, perfumes, or
the like. The boxes fit upon one another in such a way
as to form a single flattened cylinder with almost invisible
lines of division, and are held together by a silk cord which
passes through tubular holes at the sides, and to which
is fastened the netsuke or " bob " by which the inro is sus-
pended from the girdle.

2f. An inquisitive or curious person. Feltham. inroad (in'rod), n. [< in1 + road] 1. Apred-

incerrta'inrau^tries0p'articular?yi(n Portuga? and'srain011 atory.or hostile incursion; a raid by public

inquisitor-general (in-kwiz'i-tor-jeu'e-ral), «. enemies; a temporary or desultory invasion.

The head of the court of inquisition in several ..Neither wer there any more inroto now by land as

TCnrrmftflTl pnnntripn no Snniri thfi Npthorlnnrla they were wont to be from Corinth slde hv the wav of
ies, as spam, tne JN etnerlanas, Megara ^ng mto their territories.

etc. The most noted in history were Torque- Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 786.

mada (appointed in 1483) and his successors in ip the 1st century B. c. the_great Scythian inroad e*

quisition.

Whereas God hath appointed them ministers of holy
things, they make themselves inquisitors of men's per-
sons a great deal farther than need is.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 64.
He dismissed the impertinent inquisitors.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 268.
Where they looked for proof, it was in a way more be-
coming inquisitors than judges.

Bp. But-net, Hist Own Times, an. 1690.

the Spanish Inquisition.
inquisitorial (in-kwiz-i-to'ri-al), a. [= P. in-
quisitorial = Sp. inquisitorial; as inquisitor +
-in?.] Pertaining to inquisition; specifically,

pertaining to the Inquisition, or resembling its croachment.

pelled the Macedonians from Bactria.

Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 326.

2. Forcible entrance ; powerful or sudden in-
flux or incursion; forcible or insidious en-

practices; making strict or searching inquiry.

For a while the latter [Marsh] was unobservant of the
inquisitorial survey with which he was regarded.

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 138.

The bishops themselves could and did exercise strin-
gent inquisitorial powers. Catholic Diet.

The luminous inferior orbs, inclosed

From Chaos, and the inroad of Darkness old.

Milton, P. L., iii. 421.
A fierce banditti, . . .
That with a black, infernal train,
Make cruel inroads in my brain.

Cowper, To Robert Lloyd.

All Englishmen who valued liberty and law saw with
uneasiness the deep inroad which the prerogative had
inquisitorially (in-kwiz-i-to'ri-al-i), adv. In an made into the province of the legislature,
inquisitorial manner. ilacaulay, Hist. Eng., ii.

inquisitprioust (in-kwiz-i-to'ri-us), a. [< ML. inroad (in'rod),!). [< inroad, n] I.f trans. To
"inquisitorius, < 1,. inquisitor, an inquisitor: see make an inroad into ; invade.

The council of five [at Carthage] had criminal jurisdic-
tion and inquisitorial power. J. Adams, Works, IV. 471.

insane

The Saracens . . . conquered Spain, inroaded Aquitain.

Fuller.

II. intrans. To make an inroad; encroach;
depredate. [Bare.]

A growing liberalization is inroading upon the old doc-
trine of future everlasting punishment.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 269.

inroader (in'ro-der), n. [< inroad + -erl] An
invader. [Rare.]

The Danes never acquired in this land a long and peace-
able possession thereof, living here rather as inroders than
inhabitants. Fuller, Worthies, xxiv.

inrollt, inrolt, <'• '• Obsolete forms of enroll.

inrolled (in'rold), «. [< t«l + rolled] In bot.,
rolled in, as the apex or margin of a leaf.

Fertile specimens [of Hijpnea musciformis] from the
West Indies are more robust and do not so frequently
have inrolled apices. Farlow, Marine Alga?, p. 157.

inrollert, inrolmentt. Obsolete forms of en-
roller, enrolment.

inruption (in-rup'shqn), ». [A 'restored 'form
of irruption] A breakingin; irruption. [Rare.]
The true mouth [in the development of an aurelia] then
forms by inruption at the opposite pole.

Encye. Brit., XII. 557.

inrush (in'rush), H. [< i«l + rush, n] A rush-
ing in; a sudden invasion or incursion; an ir-
ruption.

Mordecai was so possessed by the new inrush of belief
that he had forgotten the absenceof any other condition to
the fulfilment of his hopes.

Oaorije Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxxviii.

inrusht (iu-rush'), <'• «• [< i"1 + rush, v] To
rush in.

The sea ... inrusheth upon a little region called
Keimes. Holland, tr. of Camden, p. 654.

in ssecula sseculorum (in sek'u-la sek-u-16'-
rum). [L. : in, in, unto; sactila, ace. pi., scecu-
lorum, gen. pi., otsasculum, an age: see secular]
To ages of ages ; to all eternity : a phrase oc-
curring in a common Latin form of doxology.

insafetyt (in-saf 'ti), n. [< in-3 + safety] Lack
of safety. Nannton.

insalivate (in-sal'i-vat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
salivated, ppr. insalivating. [< in-'2 + salivate]
To salivate, or mix with the saliva, as food.

Meal, If fed alone, especially to young calves, should be
spread thinly on the bottom of troughs, so that it will be
eaten slowly, and be insalivated. Science, IV. 576.

insalivation (in-sal-i-va'shon), «. [< in-2 +
salivation] In physiol., the mixing of the sa-
liva with the food in the act of eating.

insalubrious (in-sa-lu'bri-us), a. [< in-3 +
salubrious] Not salubrious ; unfavorable to
health; unwholesome: as, insalubrious air.

I was perswaded not to venture over land by reason of
the insalulirious season, the dog-star then raging.

Sandys, Travailes, p. 234.
=Syn. See healthy.

insalubrity (in-sa-lu'bri-ti), n. [< in-s + salu-
brity] Lack of salubrity; unhealthfulness;
unwholesomeness.

Where the soil was rich it was generally marshy, and its
insalubrity repelled the cultivators whom its fertility at-
tracted. Macaulay, Frederic the Great.

insalutary (in-sal'u-ta-ri), a. [= OF. insalu-
taire, < LL. insaluians, not salutary, < L. in-
priv. + salutaris, salutary: see salutary] 1.
Not salutary; not favorable to health or sound-
ness; unwholesome.

So insalutary are the conditions of the environment of
the poor in the cities that only by fitting themselves to
unfavorable conditions is life worth living.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 487.

2. Not safe; not tending to safety; productive
of evil.

insalveable (in-sal'va-bl), a. [< in-3 + salvea-
bte] That cannot be'salved or healed; irreme-
diable. [Rare.]

A disgrace insalveable. Middleton, Family of Love, iv. 4.
in-samet, adv. [ME., <»n1 + same.] Together;
in one place.

Women that be of yuell name,
Be ge not to-gedere in-samr.
Boole of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 48.

insanability (in-san-a-bil'i-ti), n. [= Pg. in-
sanabilifladc ; as insanable + -ity : see -bility]
The state of being insanable or incurable.

insanable (in-san'a-bl), a. [= OF. insanable =
Sp. insatiable = Pg. insanavrl = It. insanabile, <
L. insanabUis, incurable, < in- priv. + sanabilis,
curable : see satiable] Not sanable ; incapable
of being cured or healed ; incurable. For the
legal sense, see itisaniti/.

insanableness (in-san'a-bl-ues), «. Insana-
bility.

insanably (in-san'a-bli), utlr. So as to be in-
curable.

insane (in-san'), «• [= Sp. Pg. It. insano, < L.
iitsaiins, unsound in mind, insane, < »«-priv. +

insane

H, sound, sane: see stnir.] 1. Not sane;
unsound or deranged in mind ; crazy.

Soon lifter Dryden's death she [Lady Elizabeth] became
insane, and was confined under the care at a female at-
tendant. Malone, Drydcn.

2. Characteristic of a person mentally de-
ranged; hi'ucc, wild; insensate; senseless.

The crowd, that If they find
Some stain or blemish In a name of note, . . .
Inflate themselves with some t/ix/i/i. delight.

Ti'nnymn, Merlin and Vlvleu.

3. [Attrib. use of insane used as a noun in
the pi.] Devoted to the use or care of the iii-
sane: as, an insane asylum. — 4f. Making in-
sane ; causing insanity.

Or have we eaten on the innaiie root
That takes the reason prisoner?

Shak., Macbeth, 1. ::.

Syn. 1. Crazed, lunatic, demented, maniacal.
insanely (in-siin'H), adv. In an insane man-
ner; madly; without reason,
insaneness (in-san'nes), ». Insanity,
insaniatet (iu-sa'ni-at), r. t. [Irreg. < L. i»i-
Kdiiirc, bo insane, < iiisanus, insane: see insane.]
To make unsound, distempered, or insane.

Does not the distemper of the body ituaniate the soul?
!•'• IHi'iHi. Resolves, i. 64.

insaniet (in-sa'ni), «. [< OF. insanic = Sp. Pg.
It. iiisania, < L. insanui, unsoundnesa of mind,
insanity, < insanus, insane: see insane.] In-
sanity; madness; insane folly.

Heclepethacalf, cauf ; . . . Thisisabhominable(whlch
he would call abominable) ; it insinuate!!) me of insanit.

Shale., L. L. L., v. 1.
In the days of sixth Henry, Jack Cade made a brag,

With a multitude of people ; but in the consequence,
After a little innanir. they tied tag and rag,
For Alexander Iden he did his diligence.
Wilfred Holme, Fall and Evil Succease of Rebellion.

insanify (in-san'i-fi), r. t. ; pret. and pp. insaiii-
fied, ppr. insanifying. [< insane + -i-fy.] To
make insane ; madden. [Rare.]

There may be at present some very respectable men at
the head of these maniacs, who would insanify them with
some degree of prudence, and keep them only half mad if
they could. Sydney Smith.

insanitary (iu-san'i-ta-ri), «. [< »«-3 + »«»/-
tary.] Not sanitary; hot salubrious ; violating
sanitary rules or requirements.

Misery, insanitary dwellings, and want of food account
for this high mortality. Eneyc. Brit., XXI. 81.

Mr. Punch draws attention to the insanitary state of
London slums. Fortnightly Rev., N. >. . \ I 04.

insanitation (in-san-i-ta'shon), n. An insani-
tary condition ; lack of proper sanitary arrange-
ments. {Rare.]

Insanitation, he said, did not cause the disease [chol-
era]. The American, IX. 26.

insanity (in-san'i-ti), n. [= P. insanttt, < L.
iiixnint(i(t-)s, unsoundness of mind, insanity, <
iiixaiuix, insane: see insane.] A seriously "im-
paired condition of the mental functions, involv-
ing the intellect, emotions, or will, or one or
more of these faculties, exclusive of temporary
states produced by and accompanying acute in-
toxications or acute febrile diseases. From the
denotation of the word are also usually excluded mental
defect* resulting from arrested development and idiocy,
and such conditions as simple trance, ecstasy, and cata-
lepsy, and often senile dementia. The forms of mental
disease are very varied, anil no dassillcation is universally
accepted. The following is that of Kralft-Ebing (1888):
A. Mental disease in the developed brain, (a) Function-
al psychoses, or mental diseases without recognisable ana-
tomical lesion. (1) Psychonouroses, mental diseases de-
veloped in brains not congenitally weak, nor impaired by
early disease, such as meningitis ami other cerebral dis-
cuses, including melancholia, mania, mania hallucinaturia,
acute dementia. (2) Psychical degenerations, diseased
states developing in brains weak from birth or from early
disease, including reasoning mania, paranica, periodical
insanity, and insanities consequent on certain neurotic
conditions, as neurasthenia, hypochondria, hysteria, or
epilepsy, (h) Mental diseases with recognized anatomi-
cal lesions, including delirium acntum, dementia paraly-
tica, senile dementia, cerebral syphilis. To these may be
added, as constituting, however, a link between a and b,
mental dcnumement forming part of chronic alcoholism
and morphinism. B. Mental defect from arrested develop-
ment, or idiocy. Insanity develops at all ages, but most
fmuicntlj in women between twenty-five and thirty-live,
and in men between thirty-five and flfty. The age of pu-
berty, the menopause, and old age are times of peculiar
liability to mental disease. Among the factors of insan-
ity may be mentioned congenital predisposition ; the ner-
vous strain of modern liie; luck uf re-t and amusement,
and consequent indulgence in stimulants of various kinds ;

Cr food; severe illness; failure of ornans otlierthan the
in. resulting in pndnnL'cd cerebral anemia and toxe-
mia; poisons, such as alcohol, opium, ergot, chloral, ab-
sinthe, lead, and mercury ; se\n:tl exeesses ; child-bearing
and lactation; injuries to the head; and severe and de-
pressing emotions. Ordinarily several of these factors
combine to produce the dcr.ingemcnt. The percentage
of cures varies in different hospitals from 20 to 00. de-
pending largely on the classes of cases which predomi-
nate.

3113

All power of fancy over reason IB a degree of insanity.
Johnton, Kasselas, xlill.

The frenzy of the brain may be redrew'd,
By mcd cine well applied; but, without grace,
The heart's intanity admits no cure.

''r, Ta»k, \i. :,•_'.:.

Insanity is an expression only of functional and organic

disorder ; remove t lie disorder upon which the intanity

depends, and the return to mental soundness is secured.

Alien, and Xeunl., VI. MS.

In Its legal use, insanity consists In the lack of such mental
soundness as renders a person criminally responsible, or
capable of making a valid contract, conveyance, or will,
or of managing his own affairs. There is great differ-
ence of opinion as to what extent of disease or imperfect
development, and what, if any, aberrations of mind not
traceable to disease or imperfection of the brain, should
be regarded as constituting this degree of mental unsound-
ness. The tendency of legal opinion has long been to en-
large the scope of the word, and extend the rules as to In-
sanity to derangements not recognized in earlier times,
when iiaane was used as the equivalent of mad or l>:na-
tie, and inmnity generally implied furor or mania, or, at
least, obvious forms of total defect of responsible under-
standing. What constitutes legal insanity — that is, exon-
erative or incapacitating insanity — in doubtful cases is
now universally regarded as depending upon the relation
between the defect in the particular mind and the nature
of the act in question. Thus, insanity, as a defense in crim-
inal law, means, according to the rule In England and in
many of the United States, incapacity to distinguish be-
tween right and wrong, in respect to the act in question, or
incapacity to be conscious of acting contrary to law ; while
by some authorities inability to control the will (irresist-
ible morbid impulse) also is recognized as Insanity. Insan-
ity In reference to the law of contracts Is generally under-
stood to mean such a defect as incapacitates from a ration-
al assent, considering the nature of the contract, whether
marriage, partnership, sale, etc. Insanity (or, as moreeom-
monly expressed, unsoundness of mind) In reference to the
law of wills is generally understood to mean such a defect
as incapacitates from knowing or collecting in mind the
facts respecting the property to be disposed of and the per-
sons naturally and justly to be considered in its disposal, or
from making an intelligent and rational choice as to its
disposal. It has often been defined too narrowly, as con-
sisting only in delusion. It is a disputed question whe-
ther the existence of disease or defect in the brain itself
is an essential fact. Home of those who hold that one or
the other always characterizes insanity are understood to
assert that the disease or defect may be Inferred from the
irrationality of conduct, without other independently ade-
quate evidence.

That insane persons accused of crimes sometimes feign
insanity has long been recognized, and the examiner must
remember that the discovery of deceit on the part of a sus-
pected feigner is not proof of sanity.

Bucks Handbook of Med. Sciencet, IV. 8S.

Affective insanity, moral Insanity.— Circular insani-
y. See circular.— Communicated Insanity, insane
elusions communicated by an insane person to a person

,

ty. See circular.— Communicated Insanity, insane
delusions communicated by an insane person to a person
predisposed to Insanity, who thereby becomes insane. —

, .

Emotional insanity, derangement of the emotional
powers, or inability to control one's impulses. — Homi-
cidal Insanity, an irresistible desire to kill.— Impul-
sive insanity, instinctive monomania.— Insanity of
action, moral insanity.— Insanity of adolescence, he-
bephrenia.— Insanity of doubt See the extract.

The peculiar borderland of insanity known as the tn-
ganity of doubt. The patient has a morbid impulse to do
things over and over again, for fear they are not done ex-
actly right. Science, X. 53.

Insanity of grandeur, megalomania.— insanity of
persecution, insanity in which delusions of being perse-
cuted arc prominent features. — Insanity of puberty,
hebephren la.— Kata tonic insanity, katatonia. — Mora]
Insanity, irresistible inclination to perverse and illegal
action.

What is most difficult to deal with In the way of legal
responsibility Is the state tenned moral insanity, where
the subject is not beyond being Influenced by motives of
prospective pain or pleasure, but has contracted such a
furious impulse towards some one crime that the great-
est array of motives that can be brought to hear is not
sufficient. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 490.*

Partial insanity, monomania.— Pellagrous Insanity,
Insanity appearing as a feature of pellagra.- Periodical
Insanity, a form of mental degeneration In which similar
periods of mania or melancholic condition recur at regular
Intervals. Between such attacks the nervous system shows
more or less extensive departure from a normal condition.
It Includes circular insanity. —Primary delusional In-
sanity, a primary derangement characterized by some-
what fixed, systematized, and limited delusions. There is
little or no mental enfeeblement at first. - Primary In-
sanity, paramra.— Secondary delusional Insanity, a
form of insanity characterized by the presence of delusions
with mental enfeeblement, and developed out of various
other fonns of derangement, such as mania or melancholia,
It either constitutes the final term in the mental decline,
or is succeeded by terminal dementia. Suicidal insan-
ity, a form of Instinctive monomania characterized by an
intense desire to commit suicide. = Syn. Insanity, Lunacy,
Derangement, Craziness, Madne**, Mania, Frenzy. Deliri-
um. Insanityis the sclent iflc and colorless word for marked
disturbance of the mental functions as above described.
Its various forms are enumerated in the classification
given, and will be found defined under those names. Lu-
nacy, aside from its derivation, suggests a condition of
some permanence, and is in literary and legal use. De-
rangement is a softened form of expression for insanity.
Crazinfxi expresses the same thing as inmnity, but with a
suggestion of contempt and an implication of peculiar and
absurd behavior. It seems to imply a certain amount of
incoherence and dementia. Maanf**, as far as It goes
l>c\ .mi! the generic meaning of insanity, suggests violence
in act or expression ; so too, and to a greater degree, dp
mania (especially in its popular use) and frenzy. Deliri-
um indicates a lack of attention to surrounding things and

insatiety

the presence of accredited Illusions and hallucination*,
with more or less extensive delusions. It is applied espe-
cially to temporary states, as in fevers. Most or all of
these words may be used by hyperbole to denote foolish
or peculiar actions not indicative of insanity.

Blasting the long quiet of my breast
With animal heat and dire insanity?

Tennyson, Lucretius.
I have found
The very cause of Hamlet's lunacy.

Shale., Hamlet, II. 2. 40.

The wretch who neglects or maltreats the unfortunate
subject of mental derangement intrusted to his care. If not
himself insane and irresponsible, should be regarded with
universal contempt.

Chambers, Library of Universal Knowledge, VIII. 41.
There Is no crasinetse we feel, that Is not a record of God's
having been offended by our nature.

Up. Mountatrii, Devoute Essays, II. x. 1.
Madness in great ones must not unwatched go.

Shale., Hamlet, IIL 1. 1IW.

It is perfectly certain that the brain of a man suffering
from melancholia differs altogether from that of one In
acute mania. (Juain, Diet, of Med., p. 71£.

Demoniac phrensy, moping melancholy,

And moon-struck madness. Milton, P. L., xl. 485.

Delirium this is call'il which is mere dotage,

Sprung from ambition first.

Ford, Lover's Melancholy, ill. .:.

insaporyt (in-sap'o-ri), n. [< L. in- priv. +
sai>or, taste (< sapere, taste, know), 4- -y'.]
Tasteless; wanting flavor ; insipid.

However Ingrate or insaiiory it seems at first, it becomes
grate and delicious enough by custom.

Sir T. Herbert, Travels In Africa, p. 311.

insatiability (m-sa-shia-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. in-
satiabilite = Sp. insaciabilidati = Pg. insacialiili-
d<tde=lt. insaziabilitn, < LL. insatiabilita(t-)s, <
L. insatiabilis, insatiable : see insatiable.] The
state of being insatiable ; unappeasable desire
or craving ; insatiableness.

He [Mr. SverdrupJ is believed to recognize the folly of
Radical inmHnbility, and the mischief that would result
were Norway to Insist on measures which Sweden thinks
it Impossible to accept. Xinetrentk Century, XXIII. 61.

insatiable (in-sa'shia-bl), a. [= F. insatiable
= Sp. iiiMteiable = I 'jr. iimaeiarrl = It. insa:ia-
bilr, < L. insatiabilis, that cannot be satisfied,
< in- priv. + 'satiaotiis. that can be satisfied:
see satiable.] Not satiable ; incapable of being
satisfied or appeased; inordinately greedy: as,
insatiable desire ; insatiable thirst.

She was a rhymer at the age of ten. . . . Apparently, too,
she had a mind of that fine northern type which hungers
after learning for its own sake, and to which the study of
books or nature is an instinctive and insatiable desire.

Stedman, Viet, Poets, p. 116.

The populace are instinctive, free-lxmi. insatiable beg-
gars. Lathrup, Spanish Vistas, p. 57.

Syn. I'nappeasable, unquenchable, voracious,
insatiableness (in-sa'shia-bl-nes), n. Insatia-
bility ; unappeasable craving or greed.

As the eye In its owne nature is covetous, in that It is
not' satisfied with seeing (Eccl. i. h), so the eye of the cov-
etous hath a more particular insatiablenessp.

Bp. Hall, Fashions of the World.

insatiably (in-sa'shia-bli), «(/(•. In an insatia-
ble manner; so as to be insatiable.

We lounged about the gentle close, and gazed insatitiblii
at that most soul-soothing sight, the waning, wasting after-
noon light. //. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 44.

insatiate (in-sa'slriat), n. [< LL. iiistitiatun,
unsatisfied, < L. in- priv. + sattatus, pp., satis-
fled: sec satiate.] Not to be satisfied or sated ;
insatiable: as, insatiate greed.

The mxrtri'arf' couetons men are neuer content, nor wyll
open their affection, but locke vp theyr treasures.

Golden Boot, xvli.
Hate
Bred in woman is intntiate.

Lust'* Dominion, II. S.
fnxatiats. archer! could not one suffice?
Thy shaft flew thrice : and thrice my peace was slain.
Young, Night Thoughts, i. 212.

insatiately (in-sa'shiat-li), <i<lr. In an insa-
tiate manner; so as not to be satisfied.

But youth had not us therewith to suffice ;
For we on that in*atiately did feed
Which our confusion afterwards did breed.

Drayton, Pierce Gaveston.

He (Mahomet] was so insatialrly libidinous that he is
not ashamed to countenance his Incontlnency by a law.
Sir T. Herbert, Travels In Africa, p. 321.

insatiateness (in-sa'shiat-nes), n. The state
or quality of being insatiate or insatiable.
llnile'/, 17:27.

insatietyt (iu-sa-ti'e-ti), it. [= OF. insatiete, <
L. i»gnliftii(t-).i. < in- priv. + satieta(t-)s, satie-
ty: si'i- wtVty.] Absence of satiety; unsatis-
fied desire or demand.

A confirmation of this intatiety. and consequently un-
profitableness by a cause thereof : " when goods increase,
they are Increased that eat them."

Granger, On Ecclesiastes (1621), p. 12S.

insatisfaction

insatisfaction (in-sat-is-fak'shgn), n. [< i>t-s
+ satisfaction.] Lack of satisfaction ; dissatis-
faction. [Bare.]

In all natures you breed a farther expectation than can
hold out, and so an tnsatisfaction in the end.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 296.

Nor will it acquit the insatisfaction of those which

quarrel with all things. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., 1. 6.

insaturablet (in-sat'ur-a-bl), a. [< in-3 + sat-
urable.] Incapable of being saturated or glut-
ted; insatiable.

Enemies . . . whose hatred is insaturable. Tooker.
insciencet (in'gigns), n. [= OF. inscience =
Pg. imsciencia, <~L. inscientia, ignorance, < insci-
en(t-)s, ignorant: see inscient^.] Ignorance;
want of knowledge or skill ; nescience.
inscient1 (in'sient), a. [< L. in, in; + scien(t-)s,
ppr. of scire, know.] Endowed with insight or
discernment. [Rare.]

Gaze on, with inscient vision, toward the Bun.

Mri. lirowning, Aurora Leigh, ix.

inscient2t (in'gient), a. [= OF. and F. inscient
= Pg. It. insciente, < L. inscien(t-)s, not know-
ing, ignorant, < in- priv. + scien(t-)s, knowing,
ppr. of scire, know : see science,] Not knowing ;
ignorant; unskilful. Coles, 1717.
insconcet, v- *• An obsolete form of ensconce.
inscribable (in-skri'ba-bl), a. [< inscribe +
-able.] Capable of being inscribed,
inscribableness (in-skri'ba-bl-nes), ». The

quality of being inscribable.
inscribe (in-skrlb'), v. t.; pret. and pp. inscribed,
ppr. inscribing. [= F. inscrire =. Pr. inscrire =
isp. inscribir = Pg inscrever = It. inscrivere,
iscrivere, < L. inscribere, write in or upon, < in,
in, + scribere, write : see scri be.] 1. To write
or engrave ; mark, as letters or signs, by writing
or engraving ; specifically, to display in writing
on something durable or conspicuous : as, to in-
scribe a name on a roll, tablet, or monument.

In all you writ to Rome, or else
To foreign princes, "Ego et Bex raeus"
Was still inscrib'd. Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2, 315.
And 'midst the stars inscribed Belinda's name.

Pope, R. of the L., v. 150.

2. To write or engrave the name of, as on a list
or tablet; enroll in writing: as, to be inscribed
among the councilors.

Am I inscribed his heir for certain?

B. Jonson, Volpone, i. 1.

3. To mark with characters or words.

Oh let thy once-loved friend inscribe thy stone,
And with a father's sorrows mix his own.

Pope, Epitaph on Harcourt.

The finest collections of inscribed Greek marbles are of
course at Athens. Encyc. lint., XIII. 124.

4. To dedicate or commend (a book or other
writing) by a short address less formal than a
dedication.

. . is in-
Dryden.

5. To imprint deeply; impress: as, to inscribe
something on the memory. — 6. In geom., to
draw or delineate in or within, as chords or
angles within a circle, or as a rectilinear figure
within a curvilinear one. A figure having angular
points or vertices (as a polygon or polyhedron) is said to
be inscribed in a figure having lines, curves, or surfaces,
when every vertex of the former is incident upon the lat-
ter ; a curved figure is said to be inscribed in a polygon or
polyhedron when every side (in the former case) or every
face (in the latter) is tangent to it.— Inscribed hyper-
bola. See hyperbola.

inscribed (in-skribd'), p- a. In entom., having
conspicuous, more or less angulated, colored
lines or marks, somewhat resembling written
letters.

inscriber (in-skri'ber), n. One who inscribes.
Diagrams . . . which Kircher has passed by unnoticed,
as though making no part of the inscriber's intention.

fownall. Study of Antiquities, p. 48.

inscriptible (in-skrip'ti-bl), a. [= F. inscrip-
tible = It. inscrittibile; < L. inscriptus, pp. of in-
scribere, inscribe, + -ible.] Capable of being
inscribed or drawn in or within anything: spe-
cifically applied in geometry to certain plane
figures and solids capable of being inscribed in
other figures or solids — Inscriptible quadrilat-
eral, a quadrilateral four of whose vertices lie on the cir-
cumference of a circle.

inscription (in-skrip'shon), n. [= F. inscrip-
tion = Pr. escriptio = Sp. inscripcion = Pg. in-
scripf&o = It. inscrizione, iscrizionc, < L. inscrip-
tio(n-), a writing upon, inscription, title, < in-
scribere, pp. inscriptus, write upon : see inscribe.]
1. The act of inscribing, in any sense of that
word. — 2. Inscribed symbols, letters, or word s ;
specifically, a descriptive, explanatory, or illus-
trative memorandum, as a name, title, motto,

One ode, which pleased me in the reading,
scribed to the present Earl of Rochester.

3114

panegyric, etc., written, engraved, or stamped,
as on a monument, a medal, etc. : as, an inscrip-
tion on a tombstone, on a gem, a book, or a
picture; the inscriptions on the obverse and
reverse of a coin or a medal.

Upon the highest Mountain amongst the Alps She left
this ostentous Inscription, upon a great Marble Pillar.

Howett, Letters, I. v. 29.

With sharpen'd sight pale antiquaries pore,
Th1 inscription value, but the rust adore.

Pope, Epistle to Addison, 1. 36.

Monna Giovanna, his beloved bride, . . .
Enthroned once more in the old rustic chair,
High-perched upon the back of which there stood
The image of a falcon carved in wood,
And underneath the inscription, with a date,
"All things come round to him who will but wait."
Longfellow, Wayside Inn, Student's Tale.

Specifically — 3. In arcliceol., a historical, reli-
gious, or other record cut, impressed, painted,
or written on stone, brick, metal, or other hard
surface : as, the inscription on the Rosetta or the
Moabite stone; the cuneiform inscriptions on
rocks or brick cylinders ; the inscriptions on the
Egyptian temples or in the Roman catacombs ;
the inscriptions on Greek vases, votive tablets
of terra-COtta, etc. It is to such inscriptions that onr
knowledge of Egyptian, Assyrian, and some other ancient
languages and institutions is chiefly due ; and study of
the mass of such records left by the Greeks and Romans
has corrected and completed an understanding of the his-
tory and civilization of these peoples, and contributed
greatly to what we know of their language, their laws,
their methods of thought, their traditions, and theirpublic
and private institutions and industries of all kinds.

Roman Inscriptions (by which general name are desig-
nated, in classical archeology, all non-literary remains of
the Latin language, with the exception of coins, letters,
and journals) fall into two distinct classes, viz. (1) those
which were written upon other objects of various kinds,
to denote their peculiar purpose, and in this way have
been preserved along with them ; and (2) those which
themselves are the objects, written, to be durable, as a
rule, on metal or stone. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 124.

4. A form of complimentary presentation or
offering of a book or work of art, less elaborate
than a dedication. — 5. In early cliurch music, a
sign or motto, or both combined, played at the
beginning of a canon written in an enigmatical
manner, to show how it was to be resolved. The
inscription was often designedly more puzzling
than the canon itself. — 6. In the civil law, a con-
sent by an accuser that, if the accusation be
false, he will submit to the same punishment
which would have been inflicted upon the ac-
cused had he been guilty. — 7. Entry on the
calendar, as of a cause in court Ancyrene in-
scription. See Ancyrene.

inscriptional (in-skrip'shon-al), a. [< inscrip-
tion + -al.] Of or pertaining to an inscription ;
having the character of an inscription.
Inscriptional hexameters.

Amer. Jour. PhUol., VIII. 510.

inscriptive (in-skrip'tiv), a. [< L. inscriptus,
pp. of inscribere, inscribe, + -ive.] Of the
character of an inscription ; inscribed.

When the bells of Rylstone played
Their Sabbath music — "God us ayde ! "
That was the sound they seemed to speak ;
Inscriptive legend which I ween
May on those holy bells be seen.

Wordsworth, White Doe of Rylstone, vii.

inscroll (in-skrol'), v. t. [< «j-2 + scroll] To
write on a scroll. [Rare.]

Had you been as wise as bold,
Young in limbs, in judgment old,
Your answer had not been inscroU'd.

Shak., M. of V., ii. 7, 72.

inscrutability (in-skro-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [< in-
scrutable : see -Ulity.] Tlie character of being
inscrutable or not subject to scrutiny.

So let all our speculations, when they are admitted to
the most familiaritie with these mysteries, be still afraid
to inquire directly what they are, remembering that they
are God's own intfcrutabilitie.

W. Montague, Devoute Essays, II. 1. § 3.

inscrutable (in-skro'ta-bl), a. [= F. inscruta-
ble = Sp. inscrutable = Pg. inscrutavel = It.
iscrutabile, inscrutabile, < LL. inscrutabilis, in-
scrutable, < L. in- priv. + * ' scrutabilis, scruta-
ble: see scrutable.] Incapableof beingsearched
into or scrutinized; impenetrable to inquiry or
investigation; incognizable: as, the ways of
Providence are often inscrutable.

The historian undertook to make us intimately ac-
quainted with a man singularly dark and inscrutable.

Macaulay, History.
Every mind is thus inscrutable to every other mind.

Jevons, Pol. Econ., p. 15.

= Syn. Impenetrable, undiscoverable, incomprehensible,
unsearchable, mysterious.

inscrutableness (in-skro'ta-bl -nes), n. The
character of being inscrutable ; inscrutability.

insect

inscrutably (in-skr8'ta-bli), adv. In an in-
scrutable manner ; so as not to be discovered
or explained ; mysteriously.

But there are cases in which it is inxcrvtably revealed
to persons that they have made a mistake in what IB of
the highest concern to them.

Hawthorne, Septimius Felton, p. 58.

insculpt (in-skulp'), v. t. [= OF. insculper =
Sp. Pg. insculpir = It. insculpere, < L. inscul-
pere, cut or carve in or upon, engrave, < in,
in, + sculpere, cut, engrave: see sculp, sculp-
ture.] To engrave; carve.

Engraven more lyvely in his minde than any forme may
be imcuiped upon metall or marble.

Palace of Pleasure, II. S 4. (Nam.)
And what's the crown of all, a glorious name
Jnsculp'd on pyramids to posterity.

lHassinger, Bashful Lover, iv. 1.

insculpsit (in-skulp'sit). [L., 3d pers. perf . ind.
of inscutpere, carve in, engrave: see insculp.]
He engraved (it): a word appended to an en-
graving, with the engraver's name or initials
prefixed.

insculpt (in-skulpf), a. [< L. insculptus, pp.
of insculpere, cut or carve in : see insculp.] In
bot., embedded in the rock: said of some sax-
icolous lichens.

insculptiont (in-skulp'shon), n. [< LL. insculp-
tio(n-), a cutting or carving, < L. insculpere, cut
or carve in: see insculp.] The act of engraving,
or that which is engraved ; carved inscription.

What is it to have

A flattering, false insculption on a tomb,
And in men's hearts reproach?

Toumeur, Revenger's Tragedy, i.

insculpture (in-skulp'tur), n. [= OF. insculp-
ture = Pg. insculptura; as insculp + -ture, after
sculpture.] Sculpture ; an engraved inscription.
My noble general, Timon is dead ;
Entomb'd upon the very hem o' the sea;
And on his grave-stone this insculpture.

Shak., T. of A., v. 4, 67.

insculpture (in-skxilp'tur), v. t. Same as en-
sculpture. Glover, Atlienaid, viii.

in 86 (in se). [L.: in, in; se, refl. pron., sing, and
pi., abl., itself.] In itself; in themselves.

inseat (in-se'), v. t. [< in-1 + sea.] To engulf
in the sea.

Horse and foot insea'd together there.

Chapman, Iliad, xi. 637.

inseal (in-sel'), v. t. Same as enseal.

inseamt, v. t. See cnseam1.

insearcht (in-serch'), v. Same as ensearch.

insecablet (in-sek'a-bl), a. [= F. insecable =
Sp. insecable = Pg. 'inscccavel = It. insecabile, <
L. insecdbilis, that cannot be cut up, < in- priv.
+ (LL.) secabilis, that can be cut, (secure, cut:
see section.'] Incapable of being divided by a
cutting instrument ; indivisible. Bailey.

insect (in'sekt), n. and a. [= D. G. Dan. Sw.
insekt = F. insecte= Sp. Pg. insecto-= It. insetto,
< L. insectum, an insect (cf. Gr. evroftov, insect,
of same lit. sense), prop. neut. of insectus, pp.
of insecure, < in, in, + secare, cut: see section.
The name was orig. applied to those insects
whose bodies seem to be cut in or almost di-
vided in segments. See Entoma.] I. «. 1. A
small, usually winged and many-legged, inver-
tebrate creature whose body appears to consist
of several segments: a term used in popular
speech without exactitude, being applied not
only to flies, fleas, dragon-flies, butterflies,
moths, bees, wasps, crickets, grasshoppers,
roaches, beetles, bugs, lice, and other familiar
creatures properly called insects, but also, im-
properly, to other small creatures whose struc-
ture and relations are not popularly understood,
as the so-called coral insect, which is an actino-
zoan.

So morning insects, that in muck begun,
Shine, buzz, and fly-blow in the setting sun.

Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 27.
May insects prick
Each leaf into a gall. Tennyson, Talking Oak.

2. In eool., any member of the class or other
division of animals called Insecta; an arthro-
pod; acondylopod; an articulated animal with
articulated legs, especially one with six such
legs; ahexapod. See Insecta and Hexapoda, 1.
— Compound eyes of insects. See eyei.— Coral in-
sect, deciduous insects, etc. See the adjectives.— To
expand an insect. See expand.

II. ». 1. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature
of an insect or insects : as, insect transforma-
tions; insect architecture.

The inject youth are on the wing,
Eager to taste the honied Spring.

Gray, Spring.

2. Like an insect in any respect; small; mean;
contemptible.

Insecta

Insecta (in-sek'tft), n. pi. [L., pi. of h
insect: ROO insect.] A C!RHH or other large di-
vision of invertobrated animata, to which dif-
ferent limitM havo been assigned, (a) With Lin-
nieiiB, a class divided into eight orders: Coleoptera, llftnift-
tera, Lejndoptera, M'-nmpt, nit ffyVMM>p6rv, fHptera,
and Aptera. JJut thu last of these ordei-8 included crus-
taceans and arachnklans, so that in this sen HO Insecta cor-
responds to the Cuvierian Artie ulata, the Lntrelllean Con-
tlyti'jwia, or the modern Arthropoda, oue of the main
branches of thu ani-
mal kingdom. (/')
\Vilh Liti-tille, by
exclusion of Crus-
tacea and Arach'
nulit (but with re-
tention of Myn'apo-
da), the third class
of articulated ani-
mals with articulat-
ed lugs, divided into
twelve orders : My-
riapoda, Thysanura,
Parasita, Suctoria,
Coleoptera. Orthop*
te ra, Hemiptera ,
Neuroptera, Ryme-
noptera, Lepidoptera,
Rhipiptera, ana Dip
tera. (c) by exclu
liou of Myriapoda,
the six-footed ar-
ticulated animals ;
hexapod arthropods,
or llexapoda. In
this, the current use
of the word, the /n-
secta constitute the
liirpest class of the
Arthropoda. They
have the head, tho-
rax, and abdomen
distinct or distin-
guishable from one
another; 3 pairs of
legs in the adult, all
situated upon the
thorax ; a pair of an-
temiED ; trachea! res-
piration ; and dis-
tinct sexes. The so-
mites or segments of
the body number not
more than 20, 11 be-
ing assumed as the
typical number. The
head, apparently a
single segment, is
presumed to consist
of several coalesced
somites: besides the
antenme, it bears a
pair of eyes, simple
or oftener com-
pound, and the usu-
ally complicated
mouth- parts. The
thorax is composed
of three definable

sm

Morphology of Parts of the Head of an la-

sect, giving nomenclature.
I.. II., III., side, upper, and under views
of head of cockroach \Btatta oritfttalis).
I. and II. : a. epicrantat suture on the epi-
cranium, e , branching to A. the fcnestrae ; f,
antennae; e, eyes; Ib, labrum ; ttttt, man-
dibl

, , ,

es; ta, cardo ; st, stipes ; /fa, galea;
pi, palpus of maxilla; /, palpus of labiuni,
IT I.ihi.il palp, borne upon the palpiger; ?.
bubmentum of l.ibiutn ; £, the

segments, the pro- marRins of the occTpital forarneni'iVr.'tw
thorax, mesothorax, inferior cervical sclerites; te, lateral cervi-
cal sclerites; fn, pronotum of prothorux.
III. L.tlmim and right maxilla, from be-
low: letters as before, except la, lacinia
of maxilla ; fgt , paraglo&sa ; /», ligula ; /«,
mentum ; srrt, submentum.

and metathonix, the
last two of which
usually bear each a
pair of wines, either
fitted for flight, or.
in the case of the anterior pair, modified into wine-covers
or elytra, which may or may not cover all the abdominal
segments. The abdominal segments, in adult insects,
have no wings or legs ; but some of the terminal segments
may be modified into external sexual organs (of either
sex), as ovipositor, etc., or bear long filaments. The legs
are always Jointed, and normally consist of 5 principal
divisions: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus; the
tarsal segment being composed of from 1 to 5 joints,
and usually ending in a pair of claws. Insects are always
produced from eggs, though in some the phenomenon of
parthenogenesis occurs, as In plant-lice. Nearly all In-
sects undergo metamorphosis, or more or less complete
transformation from the embryo to the imago. Among
tlu' many classifications of laieeta which have been pro-
posed, that which is primarily based upon the absence,
incompleteness, or perfection of metamorphosis is now
usually adopted, giving the three subclasses Ametabola,
ll-'nn :i"it<ih,-!ti. and Metabola (Uolotnetabola), The Aincta-
bola are wingless as well as not subject to metamorphosis.
By some they are made to include four orders, Ann/iluri,
Mallophaya, Collembola, and Thymnura ; but the first two
of these orders are often differently placed, and the last two
merged in one. The Hemimetnbola undergo incomplete
mi'lamorpliosis, the larva differing from the Imago chiefly
in being smaller and wingless, and the pupa being gen-
erally active, or at least capable of movement. The or-
ders Hemiptera (Hoirvtptera and Uctcroptera), Orthoptent,
and Pseiutoneuroptera are hemimetabolous. The ilitta-
bola (/7t»?(iW#fo6oJrt)undergo complete transformation, the
larva being worm-like, as a caterpillar, maggot, or erub,
and the pupa quiescent. These have five leading orders :
\<'«r<i!>ti'i-<t, lUfitfra, Lepidoptera, Cole-optera, and Hy-
•I'lera, to which Aphamptera and Slrrpmplera are
.-'iin.'timwi :uldfd. Sundry other orders of Insecta lire
adopted by some writers, as Tht/mnoptera, Euptrxoplern.
The class Insecta is by far the largest class of animals,
outnumbering all the rest of the animal kingdom in gen-
era, species, and individuals. There are known to be more
than 200,000 species, and there are doubtless many thou-
sands undwcrlb«d. They exist in all parts of the world,
and play a most imp)rtant part in the economy of ani-
mat«il nature, f nrnlshlog food to on* unother and to num-
berless other animal-, and atTcetini; vefrtahle life, both by
assisting in the fertilization of plants and by devouring
or otherwise destroying them.

31 1 r.

insectarium (in-sek-ta'ri-um), n.; pi. insecta-
riuiitK, iiiKCctaria (-urnz, -a). [NL., < L. insectum,
insect, -t- -ariwrn.] A place in which a collec-
tion of living insects is kept; an entomologi-
cal vivarium ; also, the collection itself.
The insectarium at the Zoological Gardens.

W. A. Forbes.

insectary (in'sek-ta-ri), M.; pi. insectaries (-riz).
[< NL. inseetarium, q. v.] Same as insectarium.

We hope that the time is near when the need of an In-
sectary for entomological work will be as fully appreciated
as is the necessity for a propagating house for the horti-
culturist or a conservatory for the botanist.

J. II. Camstodt, Amer. Nat., Dec., 1888, p. 1128.

inscctationt (in-sek-ta'shon), «. [< L. insecta-
tio(n-), a pursuing, pursuit, < insectari, pursue,
follow upon, freq. of insequi, follow upon: see
insequent.'] Persecution; calumniation; back-
biting.

My soule stirred by mine owne conscience (without in-
sectation, or reproche laleng to any other mans).

Sir T. Mure, Works, p. 1431.

insectatort (in'sek-ta-tor), n. [< L. insectator,

a pursuer, < insectari, pursue: sea insectation.]

1. A prosecutor or adversary at law. — 2. A

persecutor. Bailey.
insectean (in-sek'te-an), a. [< insect + -e-an."]

Of or pertaining to the Insecta; insectiform:

as, an insectean form or organ.
Lnsectedt (in-sek'ted), a. T< L. insectus, pp. of

insecure, cut in : see«';wee£.J Incised; cut into

segments like an insect.
We can hardly endure the sting of that small inverted

animal [the beej. llnu-rll, Letters, ii. <>.

insect-fungi (iu'sekt-fun^ji), n.pl. Fungi para-
sitic upon insects, as the Entomophthore<?, of
which the principal genus is Empusa, which
attack the house-fly and other insects, and
Botrytis Bassiana, which produces the disease
known as muscardine in silkworms. See cut
under Cordyceps.

insect-gun (in sekt-gun), n. A small bellows
for blowing insect-powder into crevices in walls
and furniture, or for distributing it upon house-
plants ; a powder-blower.

insecticidal (in-sek-ti-si'dal), a. Pertaining to
the killing of insects, or having the property of
killing them.

insecticide1 (in-sek'ti-sid), ». [< L. insectum,
an insect, + -cifla, a killer, < ccedere, kill.] One
who or that which kills insects.

Its [the starling's] varied song, its sprightly gestures, its

glossy plumage, and, above all, its character as an imtecti-

cide — which last makes it the friend of the agriculturist

and the grazier — render it an almost universal favourite.

A. Newton, Encyc. Brit., XXII. 457.

When the value of Paris green as an insecticide was first

discovered. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIV. 354.

insecticide2 (in-sek'ti-sid), ». [< L. insectum,
an insect, + -cidium, a killing, < ccedere, kill.]
The act of killing insects.

insectiform (in-sek'ti-f6rm), a. [< L. insectum,
an insect, + forma, form.] Having the form
of an insect; insect-like; insectile.

Illustrated with the marvelous likenesses of two hun-
dred figured or rather insectiform Atones.

A. D. White, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXIL 440.

insectifuge (in-sek'ti-fuj), H. [< L. insectum,
an insect, + fugare, cause to flee.] A sub-
stance which serves as a preventive or protec-
tive remedy against insects by expelling them,
but not necessarily killing them.

insectile (in'sek-til), a. and «. [=Sp. insectil ;
as insect + -He.] I. a. Insect-like; having the
nature or character of an insect ; insectiform :
as, insectile animals.

Imeclile animals, for want of blood, run all out into
legs. Bacon.

II. n. An insect. [Bare.]

It is destruction of all the hopes and happiness of in-
fante, a denying to them an exemption from the final con-
dition of beasts and interfile*.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X II. 888.

Insectivora (in-sek-tiv'o-rft), n.pl. [NL., neut.
pi. of insectivorus : see' insectivorous.'] 1. In
mammal.: (a) An order of placental quadrupeds,
comprising small mammals of the most varied
forms, aspects, and habits, terrestrial and fps-
sorial, arboreal, or natatorial, and mostly in-
sectivorous, but in one group flying and fru-
givorous. They have a relatively small, smooth cere-
brum, the hemispheres of which are one-lobed and do not
cover the cerebellum ; the uterus blcornuate ; the testes
abdominal or inguinal ; the penis pendent or suspended ;
the placenta discoidal deciduate; the dentition diphyo-
dont and hetennlont ; the teeth enameled, and typically
3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, and 3 molars in each
side of each jaw, but variable (always more than two
lower Incisors, and the molars tubcrculate and rooted);
limbs well developed, and ambulatorial or modified for
climbing, swimming, or flying ; clavicles present (except

insecurity

In Potamogalidcf) ; the carpal and metacarpal bones well
developed and differentiated ; the feet ungiiiculate and
nearly always five-toed ; and the body furry or spiny.
The order is divisible into two suborder^ Dermovtera
or Pterophora, containing the Galeopithtcida or flying-
lemurs, and Intectinora vera at Bestitr, Including all the
rest, which consist of ten families with many genera
and numerous species, the most familiar of which are the
shrews, moles, and hedgehogs, (i) A division of the
order Cltiroptera, including the insectivorous
as distinguished from the frugivorous bats.
The name being preoccupied by another order of animals,
the term Aniinaliix/ra has been proposed at a substitute
for Innecticora in this sense.

2. In <'iiti>iii., a group of insectivorous hyme-
nopterous insects. J. O. Westvood.

Insectivorffl (in-sek-tiv'o-re). n. pi. [NL.]
In Temminck's classification (1815), an order of
insectivorous birds, such as swallows. Also
Inscctirores. [Not in use.]

insectivore (in-sek'ti-vor), w. An insectivorous
animal; one of the Insccticora or Insectivvra' ;
especially, a member of the order Insectivora.

Insectivor.es (in-sek-tiv'o-rez), n. pi. [NL. :
see Inxectirora.] Same as Insectivorcs.

insectivorous (in-sek-tiv'o-rus), a. [= P. in-
sectivore = Sp. insectiroro = Pg. inaectiroro =
It. insettivoro, < NL. inscetitorus, < L. insectum,
insect, -I- vorare, devour.] 1. Feeding or sub-
sisting on insects, as an animal or a plant. A
number of insectivorous plants have in recent time* been
shown to exist, as the genera Diuntea and Drosera.
Droeera is properly an inaectivorou* plant.

Darwin, Insectlv. Plants, p. 134.

2. Of or pertaining to the Insectivora, in any
use of that name, or having their characters.

insect-net (in'sekt-net), n. A light hand-net
used for the capture of insects. A usual form con-
tiists of a hoop of wire attached by a ferrule to a wooden
handle, and carrying a bag of mosquito-netting, thin mus-
lin, or bobbin-net lace. The depth of the bag is a little
more than twice its diameter.

insectologert (in-sek-tol'o-j6r); ». [As insectol-
ogy + -cr.] One who studies insects; an ento-
mologist.

The Insect itself Is. according to modern ingectolngen,
of the ichneumon-fly Kind. Derhaw, Physico- Theology.

insectologyt (in-sek-tol'o-ji), n. [= F. insecto-
logie = Pg. insectologia, < L. insectum, insect,
+ Or. -)j>yia, < fJkyetv, speak : see -ology.~\ The
science of insects ; entomology.

insect-powder (in'sekt-pou'der), ». A dry pow-
der used to kill or expel insects ; an insecticide
or insectifuge. The principal kinds, used against mu-
seum and household pests, are the Persian, made from
the dry flowers of Pyrethruw roseitm ; the Dalmatian
(also called 1'ersian), from those of Pyrettintm cinerarias-
folium; and the California!!, also made from the last-
named plant, all of which are known as buhach.

insecure (in-se-kur'), a. [= Sp. iiiseguro; as
JH-3 + secure.'] 1. Not secure, firm, or safe;
liable to give way ; unsafe.

Am I going to build on precarious and insecure founda-
tions? Bp. Ilurd.

Four columns had shown such weakness that the vault-
ing arches and the walls that rested upon them had be-
come insecure.

C. E. Sorton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 171.

2. Not fully assured ; not free from apprehen-
sion, fear, uncertainty, or doubt ; uncertain.

He ... is continually insecure not only of the good
things of this life, but even of life Itself. Tillotton.

But is she truly what she seems?
He asks with insecure delight,
Asks of himself and doubts.

Wordsworth, White Doe of Rylstone, i.

insecure!, t'. t. [< insecure, a.] To make inse-
cure; imperil.

Every degree of recession from the state Christ first put
us in, is a recession from our hopes, and an t'furcuriw/ our
condition.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S5), Great Exemplar, I. 187.

insecurely (in-se-kur'li), adv. In an insecure
manner ; without security or safety.

When I say secured, I mean In the sense In which the

word should always be understood at courts, that is inse-

•'•'> Chetterfeld.

insecureness (in-se-kur'nes), ». Insecurity.

insecurity (in-se-ku'ri-ti), «. [= F. ins6curitt;
as i'n-3 + security. Cf\ insecure."] 1. The state
of being insecure or unsafe; liability to give
way, be lost, or become unsafe or fraught with
danger; want of secureness or stability; in-
stability ; liability to damage or loss : as, the
insecurity of a staircase or of a foundation.

There Is also a time of imrruritti, when interest* of all
sorts become objects of speculation.

Burke, Appeal to Old Whigs.

In drawing, the picture is not faultless ; there is a touch
of insecurity in some of the outlines.

Barper's Mag., LXXVt 176.

2. Lack of assurance or confidence, especially
in regard to one's . safety, or the security or

insecurity

stability of something; apprehensiveness of
change, loss, or damage ; doubt ; uncertainty :
as, a feeling of insecurity pervaded the com-
munity.

With what insecurity of truth we ascribe effects . . .
unto arbitrary calculations. Sir T. Browne.

insecutiont (in-se-ku'shon), n. [< LL. insecu-
tio(n-), a pursuing, < L. "inscqui, pp. inseeuttis,
pursue: see inscctation.] A following after
something; close pursuit.

JEacides, that wishly did intend

(Standing asterne his tall neckt ship) how deepe the skir-
mish drew

Amongst the Greeks, and with what ruth the insecution
grew. Chapman, Iliad, xi.

inseminate (in-sem'i-nat), p. t. ; pret. and pp.
inseminated, ppr. inseminating. K L. insemi-
natus, pp. of inseminare, sow or plant in, < in,
in, + seminare, sow, plant, < semen, seed: see
semen. Cf. disseminate.'] To sow; inject seed
into; impregnate. Cockeram. [Bare.]

insemination (in-sem-i-na'shon), n. [= F. in-
semination, < L. as if *inseminatio(n-), < insemi-
nare, sow or plant in: see inseminate."] The
act of sowing or of injecting seed ; impregna-
tion. Coles, 1717. [Rare.]

insensate (in-sen'sat), a. [< LL. insensatim, <
in- priv. + sensatus, endowed with sense, < L.
sensus, sensation, sense: see sense.] 1. Not
endowed with sense ; destitute of the power of
feeling ; naturally senseless ; inanimate.

The silence and the calm
Of mute insensate things. Wordsworth.

2. Wanting or deprived of sense ; destitute of
natural sense or feeling ; stupid.

As their own ruin on themselves to invite,
Insensate left, or to sense reprobate.

Milton, S. A., 1. 1685.

We wonder that a man could possibly be so sottish ; and

yet we ourselves by temptation become no less insensate.

Bp. Hall, Contemplations (ed. 1836X ii. 47.

3. Marked by want of sense or feeling ; mani-
festing insensibility ; irrational ; maniacal.

Wisely they
Despise the inxensate barbarous trade of war.

Thomson, Winter, 1. 844.
The vast, black, raging spaces, torn and wild,
With an insensate fury answer back
To the gale's challenge.

C. Thaxter, At the Breaker's Edge.

insensateness (in-sen'sat-nes), n. The state of
being- insensate or senseless ; want of sense or
feeling; stupidity.

insense1!, v. t. An obsolete spelling of incense^.
insense2 (in-sens'), v. t.; pret. and pp. insensed,
ppr. insensing. [Appar. < in-2 + sense; but
most instances cited are certainly to be re-
ferred to incense1 (formerly often spelled in-
sense), in a similar meaning. Prob. the more
mod. instances (dial.) are understood as < in-2
+ sense."] To instruct ; inform ; make to under-
stand. Grose.

insenselesst (iu-sens'les), a. [< in-3 (here cumu-
lative) + senseless."] Senseless; without feel-
ing; insensible. [Rare.]

In other men 'tis but a huff
To vapour with, instead of proof,
That, like a wen, looks big and swells,
Ineenseless, and just nothing else.

S. Butler, Hudibras, II. ii. 394.

insensibility (in-sen-si-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. in-
sensibilite = Sp. insensibilidad = Pg. insensibili-
dade = It. insensibilita ; as insensible + -ity."\

1. Lack of physical sensibility ; the state of be-
ing insensible to physical impressions ; absence
of feeling or sensation.

There holdeth me sometyme by Almighty God as it were
euen a swone, and an insensibilitie for woonder.

Sir T. More, Works, p. 12.

Insensibility to suffering was no longer professed; in-
domitable strength was no longer idolised ; and it was felt
that weakness and sorrow have their own appropriate vir-
tues. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 256.

2. Lack of moral sensibility, or the power to
be moved or affected; lack of tenderness or
susceptibility of emotion.

Peace (if insensibility may claim

A right to the meek honours of her name).

Cowper, Hope, 1. 235.

One great cause of onr insensibility to the goodness of
our Creator is the very extensiveness of his bounty.

Paley.

Man only can be aware of the insensibility of man towards
a new gown. Jane Austen, Nortnanger Abbey, p. 54.

= Syn. Indifference, Insensibility, Impassibility, etc. See
apathy.

insensible (in-sen'si-bl), n. and n. [= F. insen-
sible = Sp. insensible = Pg. insensivel = It. in-
sensibile, < LL. insensibilis, that cannot be felt,
that cannot feel, < L. in- priv. 4- sensibilis, seusi-

3116

ble: see sensible.] I. a. 1. Not perceptible by
the senses ; imperceptible ; inappreciable.

The delicate graduation of curves that melt into each
other by insensible transitions. J. Caird.

Already in the distance the white waves, the " skipper's
daughters," had begun to flee before a breeze that was still
insensible on Arcs. It. L. Stevenson, Merry Men.

In inland seas, such as the Mediterranean, the tides are
nearly insensible except at the ends of long bays.

Eneyc. Brit., XXIIL 354.

2. Not sensible to the mind; not consciously
apprehended or appreciated ; unconscious.

How many persons do you meet, the insensible influence
of whose manners and character is so decided as often to
thwart then- voluntary influence !

Bushnelt, Sermons for New Life, p. 191.
There are insensible transitions between the humble
salaams of the Hindoo, the profound bow which in Eu-
rope shows great respect, and the moderate bend of the
head expressive of consideration.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Soclol., § 385.

3. Without the power of feeling or sensation;
without corporeal sensibility.

How gladly would I meet
Mortality my sentence, and be earth
Insensible! M ilttm, P. L., x. 777.

Anything which renders a human being totally insen-
sible, sometimes for hours, to the sharpest pain, must be
attended with considerable danger to life.

K T. Tibbits, Med. Fashions, p. 21.

4. Not susceptible of emotion or passion ; void
of feeling or tenderness : as, to be insensible to
the sufferings of others.

Art thou grown

Insensible in ill, that thou goest on
Without the least compunction ?

Beau, and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, iv. 2.
Nothing disturbs the tranquillity of their souls, equally
insensible to disasters and to prosperity.

Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 68.

Laura was . . . not insensible to the renown which his
sonnets brought her.

C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 9.

5f. Void of sense or meaning; meaningless.

If it make the indictment insensible or uncertain, it shall
be quashed. Sir M. Hale, Hist. Pleas of the Crown, ii. 24.

Insensible caloric, an obsolete term for latent heat. See
heat. = Svn. 1. Imperceivable.— 4. Dull, torpid, senseless,
unconscious, unfeeling, unsusceptible, indifferent, bard,
callous.

II. t "• One who is lacking in sensibility; a
thoroughly apathetic person.

His reason and the force of his resolutions enabled him
on all occasions to contain himself, and to curb the very
first risings of passion — and that in such a degree that he
was taken almost for an insensilile.

Roger North, Lord Guilford, II. 53.
What an insensible must have been my cousin, had she
not been proud of being Lady Grandison.

Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, VI. 406.

insensibleness (in-sen'si-bl-nes), n. Insensi-
bility.

And Paneetius, one of the wisest of the Stoicks, is so far
from making insensibleness of pain the property of a wise
man that he makes it not the property of a man.

StiUingfieet, Sermons, I. vi.

insensiblist (in-sen'si-blist), n. [< insensible
+ -ist.] One who is insensible to emotion or
passion ; one who is apathetic or who affects
apathy. [Rare.]

Mr. Meadows, . . . since he commenced insensiblist,
has never once dared to be pleased.

Miss Burney, Cecilia, iv. 2.

insensibly (in-sen'si-bli), adv. In an insensi-
ble manner; so as not to be felt or perceived;
imperceptibly.

His behaviour in an assembly [is] peculiarly graceful
in a certain art of mixing insensibly with the rest, and be-
coming one of the company, instead of receiving the court-
ship of it. Steele, Spectator, No. 340.

The war of Granada had insensibly trained up a hardy
militia. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 3.

insensitive (in-sen'si-tiv), a. [= Pg. It. insensi-
tivo; as in-3 + sensitive.'] Not sensitive; hav-
ing little or no sensibility.
In certain cases the hypnotic is insensitive.

Science, XIII. 50.

People have lived and died without the use of eyes, but
nobody has ever grown up with an insensitive skin.

6. C. Robertson, Mind, XIII. 423.

insensitiveness (in-sen'si-tiv-nes), ». The
quality of being insensitive.

The relation between depth of sleep and frequency of
dreams seems explicable on the supposition that the in-
sensitiveness to outside excitations present in deep sleep
also induces insensitivenesa to internal impressions.

Science, XIII. 88.

insensuous (in-sen'gu-us), a. [< in-3 + sensu-
ous."] Not sensuous; not addressing itself to
or affecting the senses.

That intermediate door
Betwixt the different planes of sensuous form
And form insenmous. Mrs. Brourninij.

insert

insentient (in-sen'shient), a. [< in-3 + sen-
tient.'] Not sentient; "not having perception,
or the power of feeling.

The mind is the sentient being ; and as the rose is in-
sentient, there can be no sensation, nor any thing resem-
bling sensation, in it. Reid, Intellectual Powers, ii. 18.

inseparability (in-sep"a-ra-biri-ti), re. [= F.
inseparabilite = Sp. inseparabilidad = Pg. in-
separabilidade, < lAi.inseparabilita(t-)s, insepa-
rableness,< L. inseparabilis, inseparable : see in-
separable."] The condition or quality of being
inseparable or incapable of disjunction.

The parts of pure space are immovable, which follows
from their inseparability, motion being nothing but change
of distance between any two things.

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xiii. § 14.

inseparable (in-sep'a-ra-bl), a. [= F. insepara-
ble = Sp. inseparable = Pg. inseparavel = It.
inseparable, < L. inseparabilis, that cannot be
separated, < L. in- priv. + sejjarabilis, separa-
ble.] Not separable ; incapable of being sepa-
rated or disjoined; not to be parted.

He fell into a sort of criticism upon magnanimity and
courage, and argued that they were inseparable.

Steele, Spectator, No. 350.

Clouds, and intermingling mountain-tops,
In one inseparable glory clad.

Wordsworth, Prelude, x.

Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and insepara-
ble. Webster, Second Speech on Foote's Resolution.

Inseparable accident, in logic, an accident which can-
not be separated from its subject.— Inseparable ad-
junct, in logic, an adjunct which cannot really be separated
from its subject, although the latter may be conceived
without the adjunct.— Inseparable association. See
association. — Inseparable prefix, in ffrant., a prefix not
having also the character of an independent word, and so
not separable or to be separated from the forms to which
it is added: as be- (of begin, etc.) in English and German,
re- and con- in Latin, etc.

inseparableness (in-sep'a-ra-bl-nes), n. In-
separability.

inseparably (in-sep'a-ra-bli), adv. In an in-
separable manner ; so as not to be capable of
being separated.

Which shall I first bewail,

Thy bondage or lost sight?

Prison within prison

Inseparably dark? Milton, S. A., 1. 154.

The wheat and the tares grow together inseparably,

and must either be spared together or rooted up together.

Macaulay, Leigh Hunt.

inseparate (in-sep'a-rat), a. [= It. inseparato,
< LL. inseparattts, not separate, < L. in- priv.+
separatus, separate : see separate.] Not sepa-
rate; united.

Joy, which is iwcparate from those eyes.

Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 563).

inseparation (in-sep-a-ra'shon), n. [< insepa-
rate + -ion.] In bot.'j the congenital union of
contiguous organs, as the petals of a gamopeta-
lous corolla : a term proposed by Masters as a
substitute for the terms coalescence and adna-
tion.

insepaiizedt, «• [Irreg. < insepar(ate) + -ize +
-edf.] Inseparable.

Knew well the Cares from Crowns inseparitfd.

Sylvester, Memorials of Mortalitie, st. 43.

insequentt (in'se-kwent), a. [< L. insequen(t-)s,
ppr. of iiisequi, follow upon, pursue, < in, on, +
sequi, follow: see sequent."] Following on; sub-
sequent.

The debt was not cancell'd to that rigid and hard ser-
vant, for if he had his Apocha or quietance, to speak after
the manner of men, he were free from all insequent de-
mands. Bp. Backet, Abp. Williams, i. 25.

inserenet (in-se-reV), a. [< L. inserenus, not
serene, < in- priv. + seremis, serene : see serene.]
Not serene ; unserene.

inserenet (in-se-ren'), t>. t. [< inscrene, a.] To
deprive of serenity ; disturb.

Death stood by,
Whose gastly presence inserenes my face.

Davies, Holy Roode, p. 18.

insert (in-sert'), v. t. [< L. insertus, pp. of in-
serere (> It. inserire = Sp. Pg. Pr. iuserir = F.
inserer), put, bring, or introduce into, insert, <
in, in, 4- serere, join : see series. Cf. exsert.] 1.
To put in ; place or cause to be placed in or
among; introduce: as, to insert a key in a
lock ; to insert an advertisement in a newspa-
per.
I will not here insert any consolatory sentences.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 530.

Now the cleft rind inserted grafts receives,
And yields an offspring more than Nature gives.

Pop?, Vertumnus and Pomona, 1. 13.

Since I have communicated to the world a plan which
has given offeuce to some gentlemen whom it would not
be very safe to disoblige, I must insert the following re«
monstrance. Addimn. The Tall Club.

insert

2. lu n mi i. and •»//.. to attach, as a muscle or
ligament to a bone. Bee iiixi-rtinn, '!. — Inserted
column. Same as engaged column (which sec, under cul-

until).

insert (in'sert), «. [< insert, v.] Something

inserted, specifically — (a) An additional sentence or
passage annexed to u proof to be inserted in the print; a
rider. (/» In tliij postal sol-vice, a paper, circular, etc.,

Iilaccd within the foliU of a newspaper or the leaves of a
>ook, pcriuilioil, etc.

inserted (in-si'T'ted), p. a. Put or set in. Spe-
cifically—(«) Iii but., attached to or growing out of some
part : said especially of the parts of a (lower : as, the calyx,
r»rnll;i, and stamens of many flowers are inverted on the
receptacle. ('/) In entom. : (1) Having the base covered
by the parts behind : opposed to/ret;, as, an inserted head.
(2) Situated in ; springing from : as, antennte inserted at
the sides of the front, (c) In amtt., having an Insertion,
as a muscle or ligament ; attached, as the smaller or more
movable end of a muscle : as, the muscle arises from the
humeriis and is inserted ill the ulna.

insertion (iu-ser'shon), n. [= F. insertion =
Pr. tugercio = Sp. insertion = Pg. inserySo = It.
inserzione, < LL. insertio(n-), a putting in, in-
grafting, < L. inserere, pj>. inxertus, put in, insert :
see insert.] 1. A putting in; the act of insert-
ing, or placing, or setting something in or among
other things: as, the insertion of a beam in a
wall.

I would not be understood to speak in prejudice of Lu-
can, who has not only adorned his subject by this digres-
sion from it, but fully compensated for its unseasonable
insertion.

W. L. Lewis, tr. of Htatius's Thebaid, iv. 667, note.

2. That which is inserted. Specifically— (a) A pas-
sage or paragraph inserted in the text of a writing.

He softens the relation by such imtei-tions, before he de-
scribes the event. Broome.

The redactional insertion displaced it [the prayer of Solo-
mon in 1 Ki viii.] in one recension and led to its mutila-
tion lu the other. Kncye. Brit., XIV. 84.

(ft) A band of lace or other ornamental material inserted
in a plain fabric for decorative purposes. Such bands are
often made with both edges alike, and with a certain
amount of plain stutf on either side, to allow them to be
sewed on strongly.

3. Place or manner of attachment, (a) In tot.,
the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its
support. ((.) In aiiat., the place or the mode of attach-
ment of a muscle to the part to be moved: opposed to
origin. There is no absolute distinction between the
origin and the insertion of a muscle, these being converti-
ble terms, as referring to the two ends of the muscle; but
the more movable point of attachment is usually consid-
ered the insertion. (<•) In zoo/., attachment of a part or
organ, with special reference to the site or manner of such
attachment — Epigynous insertion, In bat., an Insertion
on the summit of the ovary. See cut under euigunous. —
Hypogynous Insertion, in hot., an insertion beneath the
ovary.— Perlgynous insertion, in bat., an insertion upon
the ralyx surrounding the ovary.

insertort, insertourt (iu-ser'tor), ». See the
quotation.

Your flrst figure of tollerable disorder is [Parenthesis],
or by an English name the [ Insertour], and Is when ye will
seeme for larger information or some other ;purpose, to
peece or gratfe in the midst of your tale an vnnecessary
parcell of speach. Puttenham, Arteof Eng. Poesie.p. 140.

inseryet (in-serv'), v. t. [< L. inservire, be of
service to, serve, be devoted to, < in, in, to, +
servire, serve: see serve.] To conduce to; be
of use to.

He had inxened to the Vlllany to please the Tyrant.

E. Phillips, World of Words (1700).

inservientt (in-ser'vi-ent), a. [< L. insenn-
cn(t-)s, ppr. of inservire, serve: see inserve.] Of
use in the attainment of an end; assisting.

The other (by which tis conceived the drink doth pass)
is the wcazon, rough artery, or wind-pipe, a part inservi-
ent to voice and respiration.

.S'ir T. Bromie, Vulg. En., Iv. a

By conducting the spirits into the nerves and muscles
insentient to the motion of the limbs, [music) doth make
the patient leap and dance. /:.•///.. Works, II. 181.

insessiont (in-sesh'on), «. [< LL. insessMn-),
< L. insidere, pp. insessus, sit in or upon. < in,
in, on, + sedere, sit: see session.] 1. The act
of sitting in, on, or upon; especially, the act
of sitting in a bath; a sitz-bath.

Also ointments, baths, intention*, foments, and other
such Hkc medicines made of things having restrictive ver-
tue, do profit Burroughs Method of 1'hyrick (1624).

2. That in, on, or upon which one sits.

I a unn'oni be bathing-tubs half full, wherein the patient
may sit Holland.

Insessores (in-se-so'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of LL.
iii.irxsor, a besetter, waylayer, lit. ' one who sits
upon,'< lj. iimidcrc, pp. insessus, sit in or upon:
see tiuesffion.] In ornitli. : (a) The perchers; in
Vigors's system of classification, adopted by
Swaiuson and many others, an extensive order
of birds, of arboreal habits, having the feet fit-
ted for peri-hin";, with :i toes in front and 1 be-
hind, and not raptorial. A majority of all birds were
included in this order, of which the leading types were Co-
nirostres, Dentirostret, Tenuirogfres, and Finsirostrei. The
group thus constituted corresponds exactly to no modern

3117

order, but Is nearly equivalent to Passfren together with
those 1'icariie which are not yoke-toed, thus including all
the true passerine or passeriform birds, and many others.
The term has been used with varying latitude of dcnni-
1 ["n , and is now obsolete, the group of birds it designated
being an artificial one. (ft) Iu Bonaparte's dichoto-
mous physiological classification of birds, one of
two subclasses of Aves (the other being called
Grallatorcs), including those (chiefly monoga-
mous) birds which rear their young in the nest.
As the term had been before employed in a very
different sense, it was subsequently changed to
Altriccs. (c) In Coues's system of classification
(1884), the perchers proper : same as I'usseres.
insessorial (in-se-so'ri-al), a. [As Insessor-es +
-ial.] Of or pertaining to the Insessores; ha-
bitually perching, as a bird; suited for perch-
ing, as a bird's foot.

In the most accomplished inte.t»orial foot, the front toes
are cleft to the base, or only coherent to a slight extent ;
the hind toe is completely Incumbent, and as long and
flexible as the rest. Covet, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 129.

inset (in-set'), t'. t.; pret. and pp. inset, ppr. in-
setting. [< ME. insetten} < AS. insettan, ONorth.
i ii.ii- / tn. appoint, lit. set i n ( = I ). inzetten = MLG.
LG-. in.-.-' Hi n = Or. einsetzen = Dan. indstette =
Sw. insatta), < in, in, + settan, set: see set1.]
To set in ; infix or implant.

The sorwe that is inset greveth the thought

Chaucer, Booth I us, II. prose 3.

inset (in'set), «. [Onset, v.] 1. That which is
set in ; an insertion ; specifically, in bookbind-
ing, a leaf or leaves inserted in other leaves
previously folded, usually in the center of the
folding. The inset of a sheet of duodecimo consists of
the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth pages of the sheet A
map or print specially inserted in a book la also an inset

2. Influx, as of the tide.

The inset Into the Bay of Biscay, which, when it exists,
runs at the rate of a mile the hour.

T. G. Bowles, Flotsam and Jetsam, p. 244.

3. Same as ingate, 2.

inseverable (in-sev'er-a-bl), a. [< in-3 + sever-
able.~\ Incapable of being severed.

We had suffered so much together, and the filaments

connecting them with my heart were ... so inseverable.

De Quincey, Autoblog. Sketches, L 88.

inshadet, »• t. See enshade.

inshave (iu'shav), n. [< in1 + shave."] A coop-
ers' tool for dressing the inner sides of barrel-
staves.

insheathe, ensheathe (in-, en-sheTH'), '•• '•;
pret. and pp. insheathed. ensheathed, ppr. in-
sheathing, ensheathing. [\ in-1, en-1, + sheathe.]
To sheathe; put into a sheath. [Bare.]

On high he hung the martial sword imheath'd.

J. Hughes, Triumph of Peace.

The outer lobe ensheathing the long, sharp-toothed in-
ner lobe. Packard.

inshell (in-shel'), v. t. [< in-1 + shell.] To hide
in or as in a shell.

Thrusts forth his horns again Into the world,
Which were inshell'd when Marcius stood for Rome.

Shale., Cor., Iv. 6, 45.

inshelter (in-shel't6r). v. t. [< in-1 + shelter.]
To place in shelter; shelter, fthak.
insbip (in-ship'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. inshipped,
ppr. inxliiiipiiii/. ^[< in-I + ship.] To place on
board a ship; ship; embark.

See them guarded,

And safely brought to Dover, where inshipp'd,
Commit them to the fortune of the sea.

Shot., 1 Hen. VI., T. 1, 49.
When she was thus inshipp'd, and woefully
Had cast her eyes about.

Daniel, Hymen's Triumph.

inshore (in'shor'), prep. plir. as adr. [< in1 +
snore1; of. ashore.] Near the shore; toward
the shore; on the shore side : as, the ship lay,
or was moving, inshore.

In-shore their passage tribes of sea-gulls urge.

Crabbe, Works, II. 12.

The Polaris was anchored just inshore of the largest Ice-
berg seen since entering Kennedy channel.

C. F. Hall, Polar Expedition, p. 110.

inshore (in'shor), a. [< inshore, adr.] Situ-
ated nearthe shore; relativelynear to the shore;
specifically, as applied to fishing or fisheries,
situated within about five miles of the shore:
opposed to offshore: as, inshore fishing, in the
mackerel-fishery, when a school is raised within the limit,
it is still inshore fishing, no matter how far out the school
may be followed.

With a high tide and an iiuhore wind, their homes and
lives were always in danger of destruction.

C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 61.
In former days the in*h»re cod and halibut fisheries on
the coast of New England were exceedingly valuable.

Science, XII. 220.

inshrinet, t. t. An obsolete form of enshrine.

insidious

inshroudt, r. /. An obsolete spelling of en-
tthrinul.

insiccation (iu-si-ka'shon), n. [< L. in, in, +
xiiTiirc, pp. siccatus, dry : seosiccate.] The act
of drying in.

inside (in'sid or in-sid'), n. and a. [< tn1 + side,
n.] I, n. 1. The inner side or part ; the interior,
as opposed to the outside or exterior: as, the
inside of the hand ; the inside of a house ; the in-
side of a newspaper.

Show the inside of your pane to the outside of hU hand.
Shot., W. T., 1». 8, 8SS.

If I had an ostrich in ray inside — I would drink till
twelve every night, and eat broiled-l>ones till six every
morning. Trollupr, The CUverings, I. 277.

2. ill. Interior parts or appurtenances ; things
within. Specifically — (a) The entrails. (&) Internal
thoughts or feelings, etc.

We count him a wise man that knows the minds and
iixidet of men. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 100.

3. An inside passenger in a vehicle.

So down thy hill, romantic Ashboum, glides
The Derby dilly, carrying three inside*.

Q. Canning, In Loves of the Triangles, L 178.

The lord lieutenant . . . alone pretended to the mag-
nificence of a wheel-carriage . . . bearing eight I'MUM
and six outeides. The insides were then- Graces in person.
Scott, Old Mortality, il.

Inside Of a sheet, in printing, the side which is folded
In ; that side of a sheet which contains the second page ;
an inner form. Kee/orm, tt.— Inside of a sword-hilt,
that part of a sword-hilt which corresponds to the Inside
or palm of the hand when the sword Is held as on guard.
Coiupaie outside.— Patent Inside. See patent.

U. a. Being on the inside ; inner; interior;
internal : as, an inxitlu view ; an inside seat in
a coach.

Is whispering nothing?
Is leaning cheek to cheek? is meeting noses?
Kissing with inside Up? ... Is this nothing?

SAat., W. T.,1 2,287.

Inside gear. See gear.— Inside gearing, teeth cut on
the concave side of an arc. — Inside tin, in Iwokbinding,
a sheet of thin metal placed between the cover and the
fly-leaf, before the process of pasting down, with intent to
keep the leaves smooth and prevent dampness. — To have
tne inside track, to have the inner side of a track or
course in racing and running; hence, colloquially (as the
inner side is shorter on the curves than the outer), to have
the advantage ; be in a position of superiority,
inside (in'sid), adv. and prep. [< inside, n.] I.
adv. 1. Of space: To, into, or in the interior;
within.

A woman asked the coachman, "Are you full inside?"
. . . Lamb put his head through the window and said,
"I am quite full inside; that last piece of pudding at
Mr. Oilman's did the business for me."

Leslie, Autobiographical Recollections.

2. Of time or space : Within the limit : followed
by of. [U.8.J
Both animals had been killed inside of five minutes.

Hartford Courant, Jan. 13, 1887.

U. prep. In the interior of; within: as, in-
side the circle ; inside the letter.
insider (in-si'der), ». [< inside + -er1.] 1.
One who is inside ; one who is within the limits
of some place, structure, society, organization
(as a church), et«.

Yet he was, or he meant to be, as pious as he was ag-
gressive, and he cordially believed that his interest in the
welfare of souls, outsiders and nominal insiders, was as
good as the best Harper's Ma<j., LXXVIII. 891.

Hence — 2. One who has some special advan-
tage, as in a business enterprise. [Colloq.]

insidlatet (in-sid'i-at), c. t. [< L. in.iiilintiii. pp.
of in.iiitiiiri (> It. in#i<i»are = Sp. Pg. insidiar),
lie in wait, lie in ambush, < insiutVp, an am-
bush: see insidious.] To lie in ambush for.
Heyicood.

insidiationt (in-sid-i-a'shpn), n. [< OF. tMi-
ilinti<>n,<. ML.*in«irftVi<»o(n-)!< L. insidiari, lie in
wait: see insidiate.] An insidious or treach-
erous act.

Though heaven be sore and secure from violent rob-
bers, yet these by a wily insidiation enter Into it, and rob
God of His honour. Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 181.

insidiatprt (in-sid'i-a-tor), n. [= F. insidia-
tcur = Sp. Pg. insidiador = It. insidiatore, < L.
inxitliator, one who lies in wait, < insidiari, lie
in wait : see insidiate.] One who insidiates or
lies in ambush.

They [kings] are most exposed to dangers and disasters,
. . . having usually . . . many both open enemies and
close intidiatmm. Burrow, Works, I. x.

insidious (in-sid'i-ns). a. [= F. insidievx =
Sp. Pg. It. insidioso, < L. inxidiosvs, cunning,
artful, deceitful, < insidi(e, a lying in wait, an
ambush, artifice, stratagem, < insidere, lit. sit
in or upon : see inscsxion.] 1. Lying in wait;
hence, deceitful ; sly ; treacherous.

Till, worn by age, and mouldering to decay.

The insiiiiuui waters wash iu base away. Canning.

insidious

i wished never to see the face again of that insidinus,
good-for-nothing, old grey impostor. Latnb, Roast Pig.

2. Designed or adapted to entrap ; deceptive;

insnaring : as, insidious arts.

Till, unemploy'd, she felt her spirits droop,
And took, insidious aid ! th' inspiring cup.

Crabbe, Works, 1. 126.

What cannot be denied is extenuated, or passed by with-
out notice ; concessions even are sometimes made : but
this insidioin candour only increases the effect of the vast
mass of sophistry. Macaulay, History.

Insidious disease, disease progressing to a serious con-
dition without exciting the notice or alarm of the patient
or his friends. =Syn. Crafty, wily, cunning, artful, guile-
ful, snaky, foxy.

insidiously (in-sid'i-us-li), ailr. In an insidi-
ous manner ; deceitfully ; treacherously.

Johnson, Addison.

insidiousness (in-sid'i-us-nes), n. The quality
of being insidious ; deceitfulness ; treachery,
insight (in'sit), n. [< ME. insiht, insigt, insight
(= D. inzigt = G. einsicht = Dan. indsigt = Sw.
insigt); < »«i + sight.] If. Perception; ob-
servation.

So that to fore ne behynde
He seeth no thyng, but as the blynde,
Withoute insight of his courage, „
He doth meruailes in his rage.

Gower, Conf. Amant., vi.

2. Mental vision ; intellectual discernment or
penetration.

Man, y sente thee kindeli instate
Of vndir-stondyng, skil, <S witt,
To rewle thi silf bi resoun rijt.

Political .foems, etc. (ed. 1'urnivall), p. 185.
Franklin had an immense reason, which gave him a
great insight and power in all practical, philosophic, and
speculative matters.

Theodore Parker, Historic Americans, p. 38.

Could ever a man of prodigious mathematical genius
convey to others any insight into his methods ?

Emerson, Spiritual Laws.

3. The immediate cognition of an object ; in-
tuition. [Rare.]=Syn. 2. See list under acumen.
insightedt (in'si-ted), a. [< insight + -erf2.]
Possessed of insight.

Justus Lipsius, deepely insighted in understanding old
authors. Holland, tr. of Camden, p. 687.

insign (in'sm), r. t. In Tier., same as ensign, 2.

insignia (in-sig'ni-a), n. pi. [= F. instgne =
Sp. Pg. insignia; < L. insignia, insignia, pi. of
insigne, a badge of honor or of office, neut. of
insignis, distinguished by a mark, remarkable,
distinguished, < in, in, on, + signitm, mark,
sign: see sign. Cf. ensign.] 1. Badges or dis-
tinguishing marks of office or honor: as, the
insignia of an order of knighthood. The insignia
of an honorary order are the crosses, medallions, stars,
ribbons, etc., which are worn by its members on occasions
of ceremony. Military men wear these when in uniform,
and civilians when in evening dress. The size of each
badge is fixed by statute of the order ; but there has been
introduced a custom of wearing miniature crosses, me-
dallions, etc., a number of which can be worn at once sus-
pended from a gold chain round the neck and hanging
on the shirt-bosom, or attached to the lapel of the coat.
When the cross, medallion, etc., is not worn, it is custom-
ary to wear a small rosette or knot of ribbon in the but-
tonhole, the color being that of the ribbon of the order.
The knot or rosette is worn by members of the lowest
class, the ribbon by all others. See cordon, cross, star,
collar, rosette, ribbon, and cut under garter.
2. Marks, signs, or visible tokens by which any-
thing is known or distinguished.

Rags, which are the reproach of poverty, are the Beggar's
robes, and graceful insignia of his profession.

Lamb, Decay of Beggars.

insignificance (in-sig-nif'i-kaus), n. [= F. in-
signifiance = Sp. Pg. insignificancia; as insig-
nifican(t) + -ce.] The quality or condition of
being insignificant; lack of significance or
import; unimportance; triviality; meanness;
want of force, influence, or consideration.

Higher motives and deeper thoughts, such as engross
the passions and the souls of men, and sink into compara-
tive insignificance the comforts of social life.

Story, Misc. Writings, p. 410.

insignificancy (in-sig-nif'i-kan-si), w. Same as
insignificance.

There is hardly a rich man in the world who has not such
a led friend of small consideration, who is a darling for
his insignificancy. Steele, Tatler, No. 208.

insignificant (in-sig-nif'i-kant), a. [= F. in-
signifiaut = Sp. Pg. It. insignificantc; as in-3
+ significant.] 1. Not significant; void of sig-
nification ; without meaning.

Till you can weight and gravity explain.
Those words are insignificant and vain.

Sir It. Blaclcmore.

2. Answering no purpose ; having no weight or
effect; unimportant; trivial.

3118

Laws must be insignificant without the sanction of re-
wards and punishments, whereby men may be induced to
the observance of them.

Bp. Wilkins, Natural Religion, i. 11.

He considers no anecdote, no peculiarity of manner, no
familiar saying, as too insignifuant to illustrate the op-
eration of laws, of religion, and of education, and to mark
the progress of the human mind. Macaulay, History.

3. Without weight of character; mean; con-
temptible: as, an insignificant fellow. =Syn. 2.
Immaterial, inconsiderable, trifling, paltry, petty,
insignificantly (in-sig-nif 'i-kant-li), adv. In an
insignificant manner ; without meaning ; with-
out importance or effect.

The vulgar may thus heap and huddle terms of respect,
and nothing better be expected from them ; but for people
of rank to repeat appellatives insignificantly is a folly not
to be endured. Steele, Tatler, No. 204.

insignificative (in-sig-nif'i-ka-tiv), a. [< LL.
insiynificativus, not significative (only as ;a noun
(sc. modus), applied to the infinitive), < in- priv.
+ significativus, significative : see significative.'}
Not significative ; signifying nothing; not ex-
pressive by means of external signs. [Rare.]
The ordinary sort of the unmeaning eyes are not indeed
utterly insignificative : for they shew their owners to be
persons without any habitual vices or virtues.

Philosophical Letters upon Physiognomy (1751), p. 230.

insimulatet (in-sim'u-lat), v. t. [< L. insimu-
latus, pp. of insimulare, accuse, charge, < in,
against, + simulare, represent, pretend: see
simulate.] To accuse; charge.

That he [Christ] might give spiritual comfort to all sorts
of women, first to those who should be unjustly suspected
and insimulated of sin and incontinency, when indeed they
were innocent, he was content to come of a mother who
should be subject to that suspicion. Donne, Sermons, iii.

insincere (in-sin-ser'), a. [< L. insincerus, not
genuine, not candid, < in- priv. + sincerus, genu-
ine,candid,sincere: seesincere.] If. Not genu-
ine; unsound; imperfect.

But, ah ! how insincere are all our joys !
Which, sent from heaven, like lightning make no stay.
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.

Oh, why, Penelope, this causeless fear,
To render sleep's soft blessing insincere >

Pope, Odyssey, iv. 1060.

2. Not sincere in character ; making a false or
hypocritical show of opinions or feelings.

We might call him [Horatio] insincere : not that he was
in any sense « hypocrite, but only that he never was and
never could be in earnest.

Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 217.

3. Not sincere in quality; simulated; decep-
tive; false.

Tell her again, the sneer upon her face.
And all her censures of the work of grace,
Are insincere, meant only to conceal
A dread she would not, yet is forc'd to feel.

Cowper, Conversation, 1. 785.

=Syn. 2. Disingenuous, uncandid, double-faced, hollow.

insincerely (in-sin-ser'li), ado. In an insincere
manner ; without sincerity ; with duplicity.

insincerity (in-sin-ser'i-ti), n. ; pi. insincerities
(-tiz). [= F. insinceri'ie = Pg. insineeridade, <
L. as if *insincerita(t-)s, < insincerus, insincere :
see insincere.] The quality of being insin-
cere ; want of sincerity or ingenuousness : dis-
simulation ; hypocrisy ; deceitfulness ; dupli-
city, v

What men call policy and knowledge of the world is
commonly no other thing than dissimulation and insin-
cerity, a. Blair, Works, V. xvii.

He raised his voice unceasingly in condemnation of the
fashionable insincerities of his day.

.1 . Dobson, Int. to Steele, p. xi.

insinewt (in-sin'u), v. t. [< in-1 4- sinew.] To
strengthen ; give vigor to.

All members of our cause, both here and hence,
That are insinew'd to this action,

Shale., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1, 172.

insinking (in'sing'king), ». [< in1 + sinking.]
A sinking in ; a depression.

An insinking of the surface of the body.

Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 400.

That the primary stigma formed by the insinking of the
respiratory book is not the functional one of the adult.

J. S. Kingsley, Micros. Science, N. S., XXV. 538.

insinuantt (in-sin'u-ant), a. [=F. insi»uant =
Sp. Pg. It. insinuatite, < L. i»sinuan(t-)s, ppr.
of insinuare, insinuate: see insinuate.] Insinu-
ating.

Commonly less inventive than judicious, howsoever prov-
ing very plausible, insinuant, and fortunate men.

Sir H. Wotton, Reliquiffl, p. 78.

insinuate (in-sin'u-at), v. ; pret. and pp. insin-
uated, ppr. insinuating. [< L. insinuatus, pp.
of insinuare (> It. insinuare = Sp. Pg. insinuar
= Pr. insinuar, ensinuar = F. insinuer), bring
in by windings or turnings, wind or creep in,
steal in, < in, in, 4- sinus, a winding, bend, bay,

insinuator

fold, bosom: see sinus, ,slne.] I. trans. 1. To
bring in tortuously or indirectly ; introduce by
devious means or by imperceptible degrees;
worm in.

There is no particular evil which hath not some appear-
ance of goodness whereby to insinuate itself.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 7.

He insinuated himself into the very good grace of the
Duke of Buckingham. Clarendon, Great Rebellion.

2. To hint obliquely ; suggest indirectly, or by
remote allusion.

Wilt thou insinuate what I am, and'praise me,
And say I am a noble fellow ?

B. JxiLxnu. Alchemist, ii. 1.

Elohim ; which word, as is sayd, is of the plural num-
ber, insinuating the Holy Trinity.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 6.

You would seem to insinuate, Madam, that I have par-
ticular reasons. Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, i.
=Syn, 2. Intimate, Suggest, etc. See hintl, r. t.

II. intrans. 1. To move tortuously; wind.

[Rare.]

Close the serpent sly,
Insinuating, wove with Gordian twine
His braided train. Milton, P. L, ir. 348.

2. To creep or flow softly in; enter impercep-
tibly or stealthily. [Rare.]

Pestilential miasmas insinuate into the humours and
consistent parts of the body. Harvey.

3f. To gain on the affections or confidence by
cautious or artful means ; ingratiate one's self.

He would insinuate with thee, but to make thee sigh.
Shak., Rich. III., i. 4, 152.

I, ... to insinuate with my young master, . . . have
got me afore in this disguise.

B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, ii. 2.

4. To make hints or indirect suggestions.
insinuating (in-sin'u-a-ting), p. a. Tending to
enter treacherously; insensibly winning favor
or confidence.

His sly, polite, insinuating style

Could please at Court, and make Augustus smile.

Pope, Epil. to Satires, i. 19.

He warns us against it [hypocrisy] as leaven, as a subtle
insinuating evil which will silently spread itself through-
out the whole character.

J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 134.

insinuatingly (in-sin'u-a-ting-li), adv. In an
insinuating manner; by insinuation.
insinuation (in-sin-u-a'shqn), n. [= F. insinu-
ation = Pr. insinuation = Sp. insinuation = Pg.
insinuofSo = It. insinuaeione, < L. insinuatio(n-),
< insinuare, insinuate: see insinuate.] 1. The
act of insinuating ; a creeping or winding in ; a
tortuous or stealthy passage, as into crevices,
or (figuratively) into favor or affection.

Their defeat
Does by their own insinuation grow.

Shak., Hamlet, v. 2,69.

2. The art or power of pleasing and stealing
into the affections.

He had a natural insinuation and address which made
him acceptable in the best company.

Clarendon, Great Rebellion.

3. That which is insinuated ; a suggestion or
intimation by indirect allusion ; an oblique hint ;
an innuendo.

For he gaue them an insinuacion & signification therof,
in that he said, And y< bred that I shall geue you is my
fleshe. Sir T. More, Works, p. 1112.

As Fear moves mean Spirits, and love prompts Great
ones to obey, the Insinuations of Malecontents are di-
rected accordingly. Steele, Conscious Lovers, Ded.

4. In civil law, the lodging of an alleged will
with the officer charged with the duty of regis-
tering wills, as a step toward procuring its
probate, and establishing it as a part of the
records. — 5. In rhet., a kind of exordium, in
which the favor of the judge or hearers is sought
to be gained indirectly or by special considera-
tions, in spite of a discreditable client, an un-
favorable case, prejudice or weariness on the
part of the judge, etc. : distinguished from the
exordium or proem in the narrower sense, in
which a favorable hearing is claimed or solicit-
ed directly and openly.

His insinuation being of blushing, and his division of
sighs, his whole oration stood upon a short narration.

Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.

= Svn. 3. Intimation, Suggestion, etc. See Ainti, v. t.
insinuative (in-sin'u-a-tiv), a. [= Sp. Pg. f'n-
sinuativo; as insinuate + -ive.] I. Making in-
sinuations; hinting; insinuating.

Is a man conscionable? he is an hypocrite; ... is he
wisely insinuative ? he is a flatterer.

Bp. Hall, Great Impostor.

2. Stealing into the affections ; ingratiating.

Any popular or insinuative carriage of himself.

Bacon, Obs. on a Libel.

insinuatOT (in-siu'u-a-tor), «. [= Pg. insinua-
<t<»; < LL. insinuator, an introducer, < L. insinu-

insinuator

are, bring in, insinuate : Bee inxnumii .\ One
who or (hut which insinuates. Defoe,

insinuatory (m-sin'u-a-to-ri), a. [< inniiiiiuii-
4- -on/.] Insinuating; iusinuative. \Vrxtniin-
ster Ker,

insipid (iu-sip'id), a. [= F. insipide = Pr. in-
sipul = 8p. iiutipulo = Pg. It. insipido, < LL. iii-
ttipitiux, tasteless, < L. in- priv. + sapidus, hav-
ing a taste, savory: see sapid.] 1. Without
any taste ; not exciting the sense of taste ; with-
out flavor or savor.

I could propose divers ways of bringing this to trial,
there being several ingipid bodies which I have found this
way divcrsinable. Boyle, Works, IV. 863.

2. Without a definite taste; having a taste
which from its faintness and undecided charac-
ter appears negative, insufficient, or slightly
disagreeable ; flat in taste.

A faint blossom and insipid fruit. Goldsmith, Taste.
Hence — 3. Without power to excite interest
or emotion; without attraction; uninteresting;
dull; flat.

When liberty is gone,
life grows inrijiid, and has lost its relish.

Addiion, Cato, 11. 3.

A refined, iiuipi'd personage, however exalted In station,
was his aversion. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, iv.

Syn. 3. Lifeless, stale, tame, prosaic, stupid,
insipidity (in-si-pid'i-ti), n. [= F. instpidiU =
Pr. insipiditat, < LLl as if *insipidita(t-)s, < in-
sipidus, tasteless: see insipid.] The quality of
being insipid, (a) Tastelessness.

My friend led the way up the slopes of his olive-orchard,
. . . and rewarded my curious palate with the insipidity
of the olive which has not been salted.

The Century, XXX. 207.
(6) Dullness ; lack of interest.

Dryden's lines shine strongly through the insipiditt/ of
Tate's. Pope.

insipidly (in-sip'id-li), adv. In an insipid man-
ner; without spirit or life; without flavor,
insipidness (in-sip'id-ues),». Insipidity. Boyle.
insipience (in-sipM-ens), n. [< ME. "insipience,
iHcypyenx, < OF. iimtpience = Sp. Pg. insipiencia
= It. insipienza, imripienzia, < L. insipientia, un-
wisdom, < insipien(t-)s, unwise: see incipient.]
Lack of sapience or wisdom ; folly ; foolishness.
[Hare.]

Whan In women be fownd no incupyent,
Than put hem in trust and confydens.

Songt and Carols (ed.WrightX p. 67.

Your accession is grateful, my most gentle lump of t'n-

sipience. Shirley, Love Tricks, 11L 5.

insipient (in-sip'i-ent), a. and n. [= OF. in-
siptent = 8p. Pg. It. insipiente,<. L. insipien(t-)s,
unwise,< in- priv. + sapien(t-)s, wise: seesopi-
ent.~\ I. a. Not sapient or wise; unwise; fool-
ish. [Bare.]

There are very learned men who distinguished and put

a great difference between the inriuient man and the fool.

I'/ui-i'iulaii, Tracts,

II. n. An unwise person. [Rare.]

Verely, if he admitte the booke of Sapience to be true
and autentiku, I feare me it will go nye to proue hym an
incipient for grauntyng that there is a purgatory.

Frylh, Works, p. 40.

insist (in-sisf), v. i. [< F. insister = Sp. Pg.
insistir = It. insistere, < L. insistere, stand upon,
follow, pursue, apply oneself to. persevere, per-
sist, < in, in, on, + sistere, stand, < stare, stand:
see state. Cf. uxxi.it, rmixixt, dexixt, etc.] If. To
stand or rest; find support : with on or upon.

The angles on one side insitt upon the centres of the
bottom of thecells [of a honeycomb] on theother side. Hay.

2. To rest, dwell, or dilate earnestly or re-
peatedly; urge: with ow or upon: as, I must in-
xist upon your coming.

We I'nout rather upon what was actual then what was
profitable. Milton, Eikonoklastes, ix.

I shall not insist mww the clime nor soil of the country,
Its commodities, or discommodities.

ff. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 11.

3. To assert or argue emphatically; express a
desire or a belief with urgency or persistence.

Yet I inritted, yet you answer'd not.

SAa*.,J. C., 11. 1,246;

Now, as 1 have already inrialed, the presence In our
consciousness of the first principles of morality is an In-
dubitable fact Fortnightly Rev., N. 8., XLIII. 73.

4f. To be urgent in action ; proceed persistent-
ly; persevere.

Nor still insiit

To afflict thyself in vain. Milton, S. A., 1. 913.

He first trod this winepress, and we must insitt in tbe

same steps. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), II. 70.

insistence (iu-sis'tens), n. [= F. insMaaee =
Sp. Pg. insMeiieia "= It. insistenza, insistcii^in :
as i,i.iixti-n(t) + -<T.] 1. The act of insisting;
urgent or persistent maintenance of an opin-
ion, principle, right, or the like; perseverance
in pressing or supporting anything.

3119

He [Turgot] habitually corrected the headlong intit-
tenee of the revolutionary philosophers.

J. Morley, Burke, p. 173.

2. Persevering action; demonstrative persis-
tence; pertinacity.

What tones were those that caught our own,
tillered through light and distance,

And tossed them gayly to and fro
With such a sweet iiaittencel

//. P. Spo/ord, Poems, p. 14.

insistent (in-sis'tent), a. [= F. insistant =
Pg. insistente, < L."insisten(t-)s, ppr. of insistere,
insist: see insist.'] If. Standing or resting on
something.

That the breadth of the substruction be double to the
innttent wall. Sir //. Wotton, Ueliquto, p. 19.

2. Urgent in dwelling upon anything; persis-
tent in urging or maintaining.

The British shopkeeper has been intittent on a purclr.se.
The Century, XXI. 947.

I suspect that Virgil . . . was also an insistent ques-
tioner of every sagacious landholder.

D. Q. Mitchell.Wet Days, Virgil.

Hence — 3. Extorting attention or notice ; co-
ereively staring or prominent ; vivid; intense.

A world of colonial and Queen Anne architecture, where
conscious lines and intistent colors contributed to an effect
of posing which she had never seen off the stage.

W. D. llowell*, Annie Kilburn, x.

4. In ornith., standing on end: specifically said
of the hind toe of a bird when its base is in-
serted so high on the shank that only its tip
touches the ground: correlated with incumbent.
insistently (in-sis'tent-li), adv. In an insistent
manner; pressingly.

"Then tell me what better I could do," said Gwendolen,
inswtently. George KIM, Daniel Deronda, xxxvl.

insisturet (in-sis'tur), r«. [< insist + -ure.] A
dwelling or standing on something; fixedness.

The heavens themselves, the planets, and this centre,
Observe degree, priority, and place,
Insuture, course, proportion, season, form.
Office, and custom, in all line of order.

Shot., T. and C., L 8, 87.

insitiencyt (in-sish'i-en-si), n. [< L. in- priv.
+ si<j'en(i-)s, ppr. otsiiire, thirst, < sitis, thirst.]
Freedom from thirst.
The insitiency of a cameL Grew.

insitiont (in-sish 'on), n. [< L. insitio(n-), an
ingrafting, < inserere, pp. insitug, sow or plant,
implant, ingraft, < in, in, + serere, sow.] The
insertion of a scion in a stock; ingraftment.

The flesh of one body transmuted by intrition into an-
other. Sir T. Brotcne, Vulg. Err., II. 3.

in situ (in si'tu). [L. : in, in; situ, abl. of
situs, site: see site.'] In its site or position;
in its original or proper location ; in place ; in
the place which it occupied at the time it was
formed or (in speaking of artificial construc-
tions) built : in geological use applied to a mass
of rock which is in its proper place, as a part
of the formation to which it belongs, whether
stratified or unstratified.

inskonset, v. t. An obsolete form of ensconce.

insmitet, e. t. [ME. insmiteit (awkwardly tr.L.
incutere); < in-1 + smite.'] To strike in. Wyclif.

insnare, ensnare (in-, en-snar'), »• *• ; pret.
and pp. insnared, ensnared, ppr. insnaring, en-
snaring. [< i/i-i, en-i, •+• snare.'] To take in a
snare; allure; entrap.

That the hypocrite reign not, lest the people be en-
tnared. Job \ \\ iv. SO.

That bottled spider
Whose deadly web enanareth thee about.

Shale., Rich. III., L 3, 243.

insnarer, ensnarer (in-, en-snar'er), n. One
that insnares.

insnaringly (in-snar'ing-li), adv. So as to in-
snare.

insnarlt (in-snarl'), r. t. Same as ensnarft.

insobriety (in-so-bri'e-ti), n. [= Pg. insobrie-
dade; as in-3 + sobriety. J Lack of sobriety;
intemperateness; drunkenness.

No sooner had we parted than he had visibly lapsed
again into hiccoughs, iucohereucy, and other ugly testi-
monials to intohriety.

Arch. Foroet, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 121.

insqciabilityt (in-sd-shia-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. in-
sociabilite = Sp. insociabilidad = Pg. insociabili-
dade ; as insociable + -ity : see -bility. ] Unso-
ciability. ll'arburtitn, Divine Legation, v. 4.

insociablet (in-so'shia-bl), a. [= F. insociable
= Sp. iiixociabtc = Pg. insociai-el = It. insocia-
bile, < L. insociabilis, that cannot be joined to-
gether, unsociable, < in- priv. + sociabilis, that
can be joined together, sociable: see sociable.']
1. Unsociable; not inclined to society or con-
versation.

insolent

If this austere iiuociable life

Change not your offer made in heat of blood.

Shale., L. L. L., v. 2, 80*.

2. Incapable of being associated or conjoined.
Lime and wood are ineociablr.

Sir II. Wotton, Rellqulis, p. 19.

insociablyt (in-so'shia-bli), adv. Uiisociably.
insociatet (in-so'shi-ai), a. [< in-3 + sociate.]
Xot associated ; unsocial ; solitary.

The most honoured state of man and wife
Doth far exceed the intonate virgin-life.

B. Jonnon, The Barriers.

insolate (iu'so-lat), r. t.; pret. and pp. insolated,
ppr. isolating. [< L. insolatus, pp. of insolare
(> Pg. Sji. i linn/Hi' = F. insoler), place in the sun,
expose to the sun, < in, in, + sol, sun: see sol,
solar.] To expose to the rays of the sun; af-
fect by exposure to the sun, as for drying, ripen-
ing, arousing or stimulating (as the vital forces
of a patient), or the like.

Jnmlnied paper retains the power of producing an im-
pression for a very long period, if it Is kept in an opaque
tube hermetically closed.

W. R. Oroee, Con. of Forces, p. 125.

insolation (in-so-la'shon), n. [= F. insolation
= Sp. insolacion = Pg. insolaySo, < L. inso-
latio(n-), < insolare, place in the sun: see in-
solate.] 1. Exposure to the sun's rays; sub-
jection to the influence of solar heat and light,
as for drying, maturing, or the production of
chemical action; in med., treatment by expo-
sure to the sun, in order to stimulate the vital
forces.

I am almost become confident that one of my ther-
mometers, by such insolation as may be had in England
from our stone walls, hath lost some inches of liquor.

Boyle, Works, VI. 394.

The inmlation [of the ground in northern valleys] dur-
ing the day interferes but slightly . . . with the equilib-
rium of air strata obtained during the night.

Science, III. 563.

2. A local injury of plants caused by exposure
to too strong light, or to the rays of the sun
concentrated as by inequalities in the glass of
a greenhouse, producing excessively rapid evap-
oration which kills the part affected. — 3. The
state of being heated by the sun ; the effect of
exposure to the sun's rays; specifically, as ap-
plied to persons, sunstroke.

The comparative calmness of the atmosphere, tbe clear-
ness of the sky, the dryness of the air, and the strong inso-
lation which took place under these circumstances.

Kncye. Brit.

Disabled in the deserts by initiation produced by ex-
cessive beat. The Century, XXIX. 661.

in-sole (in'sol), n. [< ini 4- sole*.] 1. The
inner sole of a boot or shoe : opposed to out-
sole. See cut under boot. — 2. A thickness of
some warm or water-proof material laid inside
a shoe.

insolence (in'so-lens), ». K ME. insolence, <
OF. (also F.) 'insolence = Sp. Pg. insolencia
= It. insolenza, insolemia, < L. insolentia, un-

accustomedness, unusualness, excess, immod-
eration, arrogance, insolence, < insolen(t-)s, un-
accustomed, unusual: see insolent.] If. The
quality of being rare ; unusualness. Spenser.
— 2. Overbearing or defiant behavior; scorn-
ful or presumptuous treatment of others; in-
sulting speech or conduct.

Then wander forth the sons
Of Belial, flown with imoltncc and wine.

Milton, F. L, L 602.
O monster I mix'd of insolence and fear,
Thou dog in forehead, but in heart a deer t

Pope, Iliad, i. 297.

3. An insolent act; an instance of insolent
treatment; an insult. [Rare.]
Loaded with fetters and insolence* from the soldiers.

Fuller.

= 8yn. 2. Pride, Pretumption, etc. (see arrogance.) ; rude-
ness, abusive language or conduct, sneering,
insolencet (in'so-lens), v.t. [< insolence, ».] To
treat with naughty contempt. [Kare.j

The bishops, who were first faulty, intulenced and as-
saulted. Eiton Batilike.

insolency (iu'so-len-si), ». If. Same as in«o-
lence, 1. [Rare'.] "

Every evil example ... is a scandal : because it Invites
others to do the like, leading them by the hand, taking off
the strangeness and intolenry of the act

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S5X L 277.

2. Insolent character or quality; manifesta-
tion of insolence. [Rare.]

No laws will serve to repress the pride and in-iolmry of
our days. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 476.

insolent (in'so-lent).o. [< ME. insolent, < OF.
(and F.)insoit-nf= Sp. Pg. It. insolentr, < L. in-
x<ilen(t-)s, unaccustomed, unwonted, unusual,
immoderate, excessive, arrogant, insolent, < in-
priv. + solen(t-)s, ppr. otsolere, be accustomed,

insolent

be wont.] If. Unwonted; unusual; uncom-
mon.

They admitted all men that desired it ; ... sometimes
with some little restraint in great or insolent cases (as in
the case of apostacy, in which the council of Aries denied
absolution). Jer. Taylor, Holy Dying, v. 4.

2. Showing haughty disregard of others ; over-
bearing; contemptuously impertinent.

Aiax. A paltry, insolent fellow !
Kett. How he describes himself !

Shak., T. and C., ii. 3, 218.
Does not the insolent soldier
Call my command his donative? and what can take
More from our honour?

Fletcher (and another ?), Prophetess, v. 1.

3. Proceeding from insolence; insulting; su-
percilious : as, insolent words or behavior.

The rugged frowns and insolent rebuffs

Of knaves In office, partial in the work

Of distribution. Cowper, Task, iv. 411.

4. Producing the effect of insolence; exces-
sive; unbearable. [Rare.]

I shall hate the insolent monotony of ocean all my days.
T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, viii.

5f. Unfrequented; lonely.

Where is lande unkept & insolent,
Take from the trunncke al clene until so hie
As beestes may by noon experiment
Attayne, and there let bowes multiplie.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 209.
=Syn. 2 and 3. Insolent, Insulting; abusive, impudent,
contemptuous. Insolent is now chiefly used of language
that is intentionally and grossly rude, defiant, or rebel-
lious. Where it applies to conduct^ the conduct includes
language as the most offensive thing. Insulting is freely
applicable to either words or deeds that are intended to
lower a person's sel'-respect : as, an insulting gesture.
Insolent generally implies pride, but insulting does not.
A man may be insolent or insulting to his superior, his in-
ferior, or his equal. See arrogance and a/ront, n.
insolently (in'so-lent-li), adv. If. Unusually ;
strangely.

The interpreter of Hans Bloome names it [Tsenia] the
top of a pillar, but very insolently ; it being Indeed the
small fascia part of the Doric architrave.

Evelyn, Architects and Architecture.

2. In an insolent manner; with contemptuous
pride; haughtily; rudely; saucily,
insoliblet, a. An obsolete form of insoluble.
insqlidt (in-sol'id), a. [= OF. insolide; < L. in-
solidus, not solid, < in- priv. -I- soMus, solid:
see solid.'] Not solid; incoherent; flimsy.
The second defect in the eye is an insolid levity.

Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 381.

insolidity (in-so-lid'i-ti), «. [= OF. im-ulidile;
as in-s + solidity.] Lack of solidity; weakness :
as, the insolidity of a wall.

in SOlido (in sol'i-do). [L.: in, in; solido, neut.
abl. of solidus, solid: see solid.] Jointly. A num-
ber of persons are said to be liable in solido when they are
liable severally to the same extent, each for the whole.

insolubility (in-sol-u-bil'i-ti), M. [= F. insolu-
bilite = Sp. insolitbilidad = Pg. insolubilidade =
It. insolubilitcl, < LL. insolubilita(t-)s, insolubil-
ity^ L. insolubilis, insoluble: see insoluble."} 1.
Lack of solubility ; incapability of being dis-
solved.

Cocaine itself is not employed for administration on
account of its insolubility, but its salts dissolve in water
readily and several are in use.

Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, II. 219.

2. Incapability of being solved, as a problem
or a doubt ; inexplicability.
insoluble (in-sol'u-bl), a. and «. [< ME. 'in-
soluble, insolible, < OF. (and F.) insoluble = Sp.
insoluble = Pg. insoluvel = It. insolubile, < L. iti-
solubilis, that cannot be loosed, < in- priv. +
solubilis, that can be loosed: see soluble.'] I. a.
If. That cannot be loosed or undone.

Another prest, . . . the which is not maad vp the laws
of fleischly maundement, but vp vertu of lyf insolible, or
that may not be vndon. Wyclif, Heb. vii. 16.

2. Not soluble ; incapable of being dissolved.
Absolutely insoluble bodies are, without exception, taste-
less. O. T. Ladd, Pbysiol. Psychology, p. 312.

3. Incapable of being solved or explained; not
susceptible of solution or explanation.

Freres f ele sithes to the folke that the! prechen
Meuen [move] motifs meny tymes insoliblei and fallaces,
That bothe lered and lewed of here by-leyue douten.

Piers Plowman (C), xvii. 231.

For one great insoluble problem of astronomy or geology
there are a thousand insoluble problems in the life, in the
character, in the face of every man that meets you in the
street. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 74.

H. n. A thing which is insoluble ; a problem
that cannot be solved.

This is an insolible;
If I strogel, slaundred shal I be ;
To satisfye it is but impossible.

Lyi.ga.te, Minor Poems, p. 43.

inaolubleness (in-sol'u-bl-nes), «. Insolubility.
Boyle, Works, III. 624!

3120

insolvable (in-sol'va-bl), a. [= F. insolvable;
as i/(-3 + solvable.'} 1. Not solvable ; incapable
of being solved or explained: as, an insolvable
problem or difficulty. — 2. Incapable of being
paid or discharged. Jolmson. — 3. Incapable
of being loosed.

To guard with bands
Iniolnable these gifts thy care demands :
Lest, in thy slumbers on the wat'ry main,
The hand of rapine make our bounty vain.

Pope, Odyssey, viii.

insolvency (in-sol'ven-si), n. [= OF. insolvenee
= Sp. Pg. insolvencia; as insolven(t) + -cy. Of.
solvency.] 1 . The condition of being insolvent ;
want of means or of sufficiency for the discharge
of all debts or obligations ; bankruptcy; failure
of resources : as, the insolvency of a person or
of an estate. When used of traders or merchants, and
in bankrupt and insolvent laws generally, insolvency sig-
nifies the inability of a person to pay his debts as they
become due in the ordinary course of business. But the
mere fact that a debtor having ample assets is unable in
an emergency to pay every existing obligation as it be-
comes due, is not regarded as insolvency if he is able to
avoid making any actual default by obtaining further
credit, or if the exigency is a general panic suspending all
business, and his suspension of payment is temporary and
terminates with the restoration of a reasonable degree of
general confidence.

2. A proceeding for the application of all the
assets to the payment of debts by judicial au-
thority: as, a petition in insolvency.— Assignee In
insolvency. See assignee.— Discharge In insolvency.
See discharge . = Syn. Bankruptcy, etc. See failure.

insolvent (in-sol'vent), a. and n. [= Sp. Pg.
insolvents; as in-3 + solvent.] I. a. 1. Not sol-
vent; unable or inadequate to satisfy all claims;
bankrupt : as, an insolvent debtor or estate.

When a person is unable to pay his debts, he Is under-
stood to be insolvent. Thus an instrument executed by
an indebted person, reciting that " he is indebted to divers
persons in considerable sums of money, which he is at
present unable to pay in full," admits his insolvency.

Cunningham v. Norton, 125 U. »., 77.

We see that most nations are insolvent, cannot satisfy
their own wants, have an ambition out of all proportion
to their practical force. Emerson, Self-reliance.

Of positive truth he was born insolvent.

J. T. Fields, Underbrush, p. 72.

2. Of or respecting insolvency or bankruptcy :
as, insolvent laws — insolvent law, a law providing
for the release of a debtor from imprisonment for debt,
or from debt itself, on a surrender of his property. The
term is often defined as extending only to laws which do
this at the application of the debtor. In the United States
the term has recently become extended to cover State
laws which release the debtor at the application of either
party, in contradistinction to the United States or national
bankruptcy laws, which, wherever in force, suspend the
State laws to a considerable extent. See bankruptcy laws,
under bankruptcy.

II. «. A debtor who is not solvent. See in-
solvency.

insomnia (in-som'ni-a), n. [= F. inxomnie =
Sp. insomnia = Pg. insomnia = It. insonnio, <
L. insomnia, sleeplessness, < insomnis, sleep-
less, < in- priv. + soinnus, sleep: see somno-
lent. ] Sleeplessness ; inability to sleep, espe-
cially when chronic.

Various cases are on record in which absolute insomnia
has lasted not only for days but even for weeks, inter-
rupted only by mere snatches of sleep. Quain, Med. Diet.

insomnious(in-som'ni-us),a. [< L. insomniosus,
< insomnia, sleeplessness : see insomnia.] Af-
fected with insomnia ; sleepless, or restless in
sleep: as, insomnious patients. Blount.

insomnolence (in-som'no-lens), n. [= Pg. in-
somnolencia; as in-3 + somnolence.] Sleepless-
ness; insomnia. [Rare.]

Twelve by the kitchen clock ! — still restless !— One ! O,
Doctor, for one of thy comfortable draughts ! — Two ! here's
a case of insomnolence! Southey, The Doctor, vi. A. 1.

insomuch (in'so-much'), adv. [Orig. written
separately, in so much. Of. inasmuch.] To
such a degree; in such wise; so: followed by
that, and formerly sometimes by as.

There wee found a mightie riuer, insomuch that wee
were constrained to imbarke our seines, and to saile ouer
it. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 113.

And he answered him to never a word ; insomuch that
the governor marvelled greatly. Mat. xxvii. 14.

insouciance (in-so'si-ans, F. an-so-syoiis'), n.
[< F. insouciance, < insouciant, careless, heed-
less : see insouciant.] The quality of being in-
souciant ; heedless indifference or unconcern ;
carelessness of feeling or manner.

It was precisely this gay insouciance, this forgetf ulness
that the world existed for any but a single class in it, and
this carelessness of the comfort of others, that made the
catastrophe [the French Revolution] possible.

Lowell, New Princeton Rev., I. 164.

insouciant (in-so' si-ant, F. an-so-syon'), a.
[< F. insouciant, careless, heedless, < 'in- priv.
+ souciant, ppr. of soucier, care, < xoiici. care.]
Destitute of care or forethought; heedless of

inspector

consequences or of the future ; indifferent ; un-
concerned.

What race would not be indolent and insouciant when
things are so arranged that they derive no advantage from
forethought or exertion? J. S. Mill.

insoul (in-sol'), v. t. [< in-1 + soul.] 1. See
ensoul. Jer. Taylor. — 2. To place one's soul,
or the affections of one's soul, in.

Modest she was, and so lovely ; That whosoever look't
but stedfastly upon her, could not, but iiuvwl himself in
her. Feltham, Resolves, i. 9.

inspan (in 'span), r.j pret. and pp. inspanned,
ppr. inspanning. [< D. inspannen (= G. ein-
spannen), yoke, as draft-oxen, < in, in, + span-
new, stretch, tie, join, = E. span: see in1 and
span."} I. trans. To yoke to a vehicle ; make
ready by yoking up: as, to inspan the oxen or
the wagon. See outspan. [S. African Eng.]

The oxen and they [the Kafirs] reached us undrowned,
however, and were inspanned to our cart.

Froude, Sketches, p. 221.

II. intrans. To yoke oxen to a cart, espe-
cially in preparation for a journey : as, they
inspanned and started. [S. African Eng.]
inspect (in-spekf), v. [= F. inspector, < L. in-
spectare, look at, observe, view, f req. of inspicere,
pp. inspectus, look at, inspect, < in, in, on, at,
+ specere, look, view : see species, spectacle, etc.
Cf . aspect, expect, etc.] I. trans. To view closely
and critically ; examine (a thing or place) in or-
der to ascertain its quality or condition; espe-
cially, to examine officially in order to make a
formal report.

The eye of the mistress was wont to make her pewter
shine, and to inspect every part of her household furniture
as much as her looking-glass.

Aadison, Pretty Disaffection.
= Syn. To scrutinize, investigate, oversee.

H.t intrans. To look closely ; examine : with
into. Varies.

Their General . . . was a great Mandarin, and was the
person appointed by the King to inspect into our English
Trafflck. Damjiier, Voyages, II. i. 79.

He had not more vigilantly inspected into her sentiments
than he had guarded his own from a similar scrutiny.

Miss Burney, Cecilia, 1. 1.

inspect! (in'spekt), «. [< L. inspectus, a look-
ing at, inspection, < inspicere, pp. inspectus, look
at: see inspect, v.] Inspection.

Not so the Man of philosophic eye,

And inspect sage. Thomson, Autumn, 1. 1134.

inspectingly (in-spek'ting-li), adv. In an ex-
amining manner.

inspection (in-spek'shon), n. [< ME. inspec-
cioun, < OF. (and F .)' inspection = Pr. inspec-
tion = Sp. inspeccion = Pg. inspecqao = It. ispe-
zione, inspezione, < L. inspectio(n-), an examina-
tion, inspection, < inspicere, pp. inspectus, look
at: see inspect.] The act of inspecting; criti-
cal examination; close or careful survey; spe-
cifically, a formal or official inquiry by actual
observation into the state, efficiency, safety,
quality, etc., of something of special moment,
as troops, police, buildings, steam-vessels,
drugs, etc.

Lat hym advert and have inspeccioun
What ther befyl in Awstynes tyme.

Lydyate, Minor Poems, p. 137.
Conceal yonrsel' as well 's ye can

Frae critical dissection ;
But keek through ev'ry othe_r man
Wi' sharpen'd, sly inspection.

Burns, To a Young Friend.

= Syn. Investigation, Search, etc. See examination,
inspectional (in-spek'shon-al), a. [< infection
+ -al.] Of or pertaining to inspection ; giving
results by direct inspection : applied to an in-
strument from which results are read directly
or by inspection, no reduction or calculation
being required.

inspection-car (in-spek'shpu-kar), n. On rail-
roads, a large hand-car provided with seats, or
a platform car fitted with a hood and seats de-
signed to be pushed before an engine, for use
in inspecting the road.

inspective (in-spek'tiv), a. [< LL. inspectivns,
contemplative, considering, < L. iwtpirtre, pp.
inspectus, look at : see inspect.'} Pertaining to
inspection; inspecting; that may be inspected.

These three draughts upon paper belong as much to the
ordonance as the disposition, shewing and describing the
measures and dimensions of tile inspectire parts, order,
and position. Evelyn, Architects and Architecture.

inspector (in-spek'tor), ». [= F. iHspecteur =
Sp. Pg. inspector = It. ixpettorr, inspettore, < L.
inspector, one who views or observes, < inx/ii-
cere, pp. iiix/yectus, view: see inspect.] 1. One
who inspects or oversees ; one whose duty it is
to secure by supervision the proper perform-
ance of work or any kind, or to ascertain by

inspector

examination the quality or condition of the
work, or of any article offered for sale or tin ns-
fer; a public officer charged with such duties:
as, the inspectors of election or of police; :in
•iiixpi-i-liii- of weights and measures. Specifically
— 2. An initiate in the mysteries of Eleusis;
an epopt or seer.

These doctrines were conveyed under allegories and
symbols, and ... the completely Initiated were called
,„ ,.,,/,„•,. 11. I'. Kni'.iM, Anc. Art and Myth. <187eXp. 5.

inspectorate (in-spek'tor-at), n. [< inspector +
-n i< '•'. ] 1 . A district under the charge or super-
vision of an inspector; specifically, one of the
two larger administrative districts into which
western Greenland is divided.— 2. A body of
inspectors or overseers.

inspector-general (in-spek'tor-jen'o-ral), ».
Aii officer charged with the oversight of some
system of inspection, as that of an army, a class
of public works or of machinery, etc — Super-
vising inspector-general of steam-vessels, an officer
of the Treasury Department of the United States, who,
with the aid of a fioiird of inspectors, administer! the
steamboat-inspection laws.

inspectorial (in-spek-to'ri-al), «. [< inspector
+ -«</.] Of or pertaining to an inspector; re-
lating to inspectors.

We are then confronted by a question which was once
proposed in an inspectorial report. The Times (London).

inspectorship (in-spek'tor-ship), «. [<inspector
+ -ship.] The office of an inspector; the dis-
trict embraced under the jurisdiction of an in-
spector— Deed Of Inspectorship, an agreement be-
tween an embarrassed debtor and his creditors, providing
for forbearance, and the carrying on of the business mean-
while by the debtor, under the inspection and control of
a committee of the creditors, called inspectors, to whom
power Is usually given to extend the period fixed by the
deed.

inspectress (in-spek'tres), n. [= P. iiispectnce;
as inspector + -ess.] A female inspector.
Intiieetress General of the royal ge<

insperset (in-spers'), v. t. [< L. inspcrsus, pp.
of inxperaere, scatter into or upon, < in, in, on,
+ xparyere, scatter: see sparse. Cf. asperse,
<li*i>erse.] To sprinkle upon. Bailey.

inspersiont (in-sper'shon), n. [< LL. insper-
sio(n-), a scattering or sprinkling upon, < L. in-
snergere, pp. iitsperstts, scatter upon: see in-
.-./.rrae.] The act of sprinkling; a sprinkling.
('hapmaii, Iliad, xi.

inspeximust (m-spek'si-mus), n. [L., wo have
inspected (1st pers. pi. perf. ind. act. of inspi-
cere, look into, inspect: see inspect): the first
word in many old charters and letters patent.]
An exemplification ; a royal grant.

An inxpexiintis consists of a recital that a previous
document has been Inspected, and a confirmatory regrant
thereof. a. and <j., 6th ser., XII. 411.

insphere, r. t. See cnspnere.

in-sphere (in'sfer), n. [< inscribed) + sphere.}
An inscribed sphere.

inspirable (iu-spir'a-bl), a. [= Sp. inspirable
= Pg. inspiravel; as inspire + -able.] 1. Capa-
ble of being inspired or breathed ; that may be
drawn into the lungs; inhalable, as air or va-
pors.

To these intpirable hurts, we may enumerate those they
sustain from their expiration of fuliginous steams.

Harvey.

2. That may become inspired or infused with
something; capable of being affected by or as
if by inspiration.

insp'irant (in-spir'ant), n. [< L. insptran(t-)s,
ppr. of inspirare, inspire: see inspire.] An in-
spirer ; one who inspires or incites. [Rare.]

He presented and read the following lines which he
I Hartley Coleridge] had written, . . . Aunt Charles being
the iiwipirant. Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 8.

inspiration (in-spi-ra'shou), n. [< ME. inspi-
racioun, < OF. (also P.) inspiration = Pr. inspt-
ratio = Sp. imtpiracion = Pg. inspirac&o = It.
ispirazione, inspvriizione,<. LL. iiispirano(n-), in-
spiration, < L. inspirare, inspire : see inspire.]
1 . The act of inspiring or breathing in ; a draw-
ing into the lungs, as of air; inhalation; the
tiist movement in the act of respiration, fol-
lowed by expiration.— 2. A breathing or in-
fusion into thr mind or soul; an awakening or
r nation of thought, purpose, or any mental
condition, by some specific external influence;
intellectual exaltation ; an inexplicable cogni-
tion, as the knowledge of an axiom, according
to a priori philosophers.

Thei hopen that thorghe itupiracioun of God and of
him the! schulle have the tetter ("onsellle.

IHandeeille, Travels, p. 16.

The inspiration of the Almighty giveth them ninler-
standlng. •»<>>> "*"• «•

3121

Childhood, that weeps at the story of suffering, that shud-
ders at the picture of wrong, brings down 1U insmratvm
"from God, who is our home." 0. W. Holmct, Essays, p. 82.

3. In tlieol., an influence directly and immedi-
ately exerted by the Spirit of Gou upon the soul
of man: in Christian theology, used especially
with reference to the Old and New Testaments,
regarded as written under the direct influcnr,
of God exercised upon the thoughts and feelings
of the writers. This doctrine of the inspiration of the
Scriptures has been maintained In various forms, and with
various definitions of the nature and extent of the divine
influence, the principal being the following : (o) verbal in-
spiration the immediate communication or dictation to
the writers of every word written ; (d) plenary insvira-
tion. Inspiration which is full, complete, entire : Involving
the doctrine that the Bible was inspired in all Its part! and
the writers in all their faculties, so that every statement
of the Inspired writers, whether moral and religious, or
only chronological or scientific, Is to be accepted as true
and authoritative ; (c) moral iiwpiration, inspiration only
for a definite purpose, namely, the moral and spiritual re-
demption and development of the race, so that the Bible
is to be accepted as authoritative only in matters of re-
ligious faith and practice; (d) dynamical inspiration, in-
spiration regarded as acting upon and through the natural
faculties: in contrast to («) mechanical iiwijiration. Inspi-
ration regarded as an influence which merely uses human
organs as an instrument for expression. Thus, dynamical
inspiration to nearly equivalent to moral Inspiration, the
one word indicating, however, rather the method employ-
ed, the other the themes to which inspiration Is supposed
to be limited; while mechanical inspiration is nearly
synonymous with verbal Inspiration.

All scripture is gl ven by inspiration of God, and is profit-
able for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for Instruc-
tion in righteousness. [Ill Wyclif, " Al scripture of God
ynuplred is profitable, etc.; in the revised version,
"Every scripture inspired of God is also profitable, etc.)

2 Tim. 111. 16.

Inspiration then, according to Its manifestation in Scrip-
ture, Is Dynamical and not Mechanical: the human pow-
er! of the divine messenger act according to their natural
laws, even when these powers are supernaturally strength-
ened. Man Is not converted into a mere machine, even in
the hand of God.

Wettcott, Introd. to Study of Gospel!, Int, p. 14.

4. The state or condition of being inspired ; de-
termination or purpose excited by a specific ex-
ternal influence ; communicated bent of mind.

The knight* . . .
On Emily with equal ardour look,
And from her eyes their itvpiratton took.

Dryden, Pal. and Arc., ii. 433.

5. That which is impressed by an inspiring in-
fluence ; a thought or an emotion borne in upon
one by an occult prompting or impulse.
Holy men at their death have good innpiratiana.

The age which we now live in is not an age of inspira-
tion! and impulses. Abp. Sharp, Works, IV. Iv.

It i» ever an inipiratian, God only knows whence ; a
sudden, undated perception of eternal right coming Into
and correcting things that were wrong ; a perception that
nnsscs through thousands as readily as through one.

Emerton, Misc., p. 408.

inspirational (in-spi-ra'shon-al), o. [< inspi-
ration + -al.] Of or pertaining to inspiration ;
partaking of inspiration.

In their initpirational states they (the sacred writers]
were sometimes dynamical, sometimes mechanic^

inspirationist (in-spi-ra'shon-ist), n. [< inspi-
ration + -ist.] One who believes in the inspi-
ration of the Scriptures, or in direct supernatu-
ral prompting of any kind.

inspirator (in'spi-ra-tor), n. [= P. inspirateur
= Sp. Pg. inspirador = It. i.tpiratore, inspira-
tore, < LL. inspirator, inspirer. < L. inspirare,
breathe in, inspire: see inspire.] In a steam-en-
gine, a double injector, or two combined injec-
tors cooperating, the one raising the water from
the pump-chambers or reservoirs and deliver-
ing it to the other, which forces it into the boil-
er. Instead of delivering the water to the boiler, the sec-
ond Injector might throw the water outboard, in which
mode of operation it would be an ejector, and it is some-
times so called. See injector.

inspiratory (in-spir'a-to-ri or in'spi-ra-to-ri),
a. [< inspire + -atari/.'] ' Pertaining to inspira-
tion or inhalation.

inspire (in-spir'). r. ; pret. and pp. inspired, ppr.
inspiring. [< ME. inspiren, ynspyreii-enspiren,
< OP. inspirer, espirer, P. inspirer = Pr. Sp. Pg.
inspirar = It. inspirare, ispirare, < L. inspirare,
blow or breathe into or upon, animate, excite,
inflame, < in, in, + sjnrare, breathe : see spirit.
Cf. aspire, conspire, exirire, etc.] I. trans. 1.
To breathe in ; draw into the lungs ; inhale : as,
to inspire pure air: opposed to expire.

By means of sulphurous ooal smoaks the lungs are sti-
fled and oppressed, whereby they are forced to intpirr and
expire the air with difficulty. Barrey.

It seems as if the intellect resembled that law of nature
by which we now intpire, now expire the breath.

Emtnon, Intellect.

in-square

2. To breathe into ; infuse by or as if by breath-
ing.

Her harty worde* §o deepe into the mynd
Kf the yong IJamrell sunke, that great dealre
Of warlike annes in her forthwith they tynd,
And generous stout courage did inmn.

Spetuer, t. Q., III. III. 57.

Still he breatheth and intpirelh light Into the face ofhU
chosen. Bacon, Truth (ed. US}).

The buildings have an aspect lugubrious,
That inipira a feeling of awe and terror
Into the heart of the beholder.

Longfellow, Golden Legend, vl.

Hence — 3. To actuate or influence ; animate ;
affect, rouse, or control by an infused, animat-
ing, or exalting influence.

Zephirus eek with his swete breethe
Kntpirtd hath in every holte and heethe
The tendre croppes.

Chaucer, Gen. Prol. toC. T., I. 7.

What leal, what fury, hath ttuptVd thee now 7

Slialt., L. L. L., Iv. S, 428.

Descend, ye Nine, descend and sing;
The breathing Instrument* intpire.

Pope, 8t CeclluVt Day, I. 2.

The expression, the sentiment, the thought, the soul,
which innpireti the work.

Sumner, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 27, 1840.

Specifically — 4. To guide or control by divine
influence; instruct or infuse with spiritual or
divine knowledge.
A prophet then, inipir'd by heav'n, arose,
And oolnts the crime, and thence derives the woes.

Pope, Iliad, L 498.

Any one Is inspired, as we now speak. Just as far as he
is raised internally, in thought, feeling, perception, or ac-
tion, by a IMvine movement within.

liuihnrll. Sermons for New Life, p. 30.

n. intrans. 1. To inhale air; draw air into
the lungs : opposed to expire.

IS the intpiring and expiring organ of any animal be
stopped, it suddenly yields to nature.

/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 25.

2t. To blow; blow in.

Her yellow lockes, crisped like golden wyre,
About her shoulders weren loosely shed,
And, when the winde emongst them did inspyre,
They waved like a penon wyde dlspred.

Speiuer, If. I)., II. iii. 30.

inspired (in-splrd'), !>• a. 1. That is or has
been inhaled ; taken into the lungS : as, inspired
air.— 2. Actuated, guided, or controlled by di-
vine influence; informed, instructed, or direct-
ed by the Holy Spirit : as, an intsjrired teacher.
— 3. Produced under the direction or influence
of inspiration : as, the inspired writings (that
is, the Scriptures).

inspirer (in-spir'er), n. One who or that which
inspires.

Intpirer and hearer of prayer,

Thou Shepherd and Guardian of thine.

Toplady, Hymn.

inspiring! (in-spir'ing), «. [Verbal n. of I'B-
synre.] Inspiration.

Attributed to a secret Instinct and iiupiring . . . touch-
ing the happlnesse thereby to ensue in time to come.

Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII., p. 207.

inspiringly (in-spir'ing-li), adv. In an inspir-
ing manner; in such a way as to inspire, as
with courage, hope, etc.

inspirit (in-spir'it), v. t. (< «'n-2 + spirit. Cf.
inspire.'] To infuse or excite spirit within ; en-
liven; animate; give new life to; encourage;
invigorate.

But a discreet use of proper and becoming ceremonies
intviritt the sluggish, and inflames even the devout

worshipper. Bp. Atteroury, Sermons, L xlil.

The life and literature of a people may be inspirited.
stimulated modified, but not habitually sustained and
nourished, by exotic food or the dried fruits of remote
ages. O. P. Marsh, HUt. Eng. Lang., L

=8yn. To Inspire, rouse, cheer, stimulate, fire,
inspissate (in-spis'at), r. t. ; pret, and pp. tn-
spissated, ppr. inspissating. [<LL. inxpissatvs,
pp. of 'inspissare, thicken/ L. in, in, + spissare,
thicken : see spissate.] To thicken, as a fluid,
by evaporation; bring to greater consistence
by evaporation.

Wine sugred inebriatcth less than wine pure — the cauie
is, for that the sugar doth inspissate the spirits of the
wine and maketh them not 10 easle to resolve Into va-
pour.' Bacon, Nat Hist., { 726.

inspissate (in-spis'at), a. [< LL. inspissates,
thickened: see the verb.] Thick; inspissated,
inspissation (in-spi-sa'shon), n. [(.inspissate
+ -ion.] The act of inspissating, or the state
of being inspissated ; increased consistence, as
of a fluid substance.

What more opposite to suht filiation and rarefaction
than iiupimatioH and condensation?

Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 881.

in-square (in'skwSr), n. [_<in( scribed) + square.!
An inscribed square.

inst.

inst. An abbreviation (a) of the adjective in-
stant; (b) of instrumental.

instability (in-sta-bil'i-*^
= Sp. instabilidad = Pg
stabilita, < L. instabilita(t-)s,, .
stabilis, unsteady : see instable.'] The state of
toeing unstable ; want of stability or firmness,
physical or moral; liability to fall, fail, give
way, or suffer change.

The uncertainty, instability, and fluctuating state of hu-
man life, which is aptly represented by sailing the ocean.
Bacon, Physical Fables, u., Expl.

instablet (in-sta'bl), a. [= F. instable = Sp.
instable — Pg. instavel = It. instabile, < L. in-
stabitts, unsteady, < in- priv. + stabilis, steady,
stable : see stable^.'] Not stable ; unstable.

instablenesst (in-sta'bl-nes), n. Unstablehess;
instability. Howell.

install, instal (in-stal'), «. J. ; pret. and pp.

3122

already been paid, if the buyer makes default in any in-
stalment.

instanzia, < L. instantia, a being near, presence,
also perseverance, earnestness, importunity,
urgency, LL. also objection, instance, < in-
stan(t-)s, urgent: see instant.] If. Presence;
present time.

Thou ne shall nat demen it as prescience ol thinges to

comen, but thou shalt demen it more ryjtfully that it is

science of presence or of instaunce that neuer ne fayleth.

Chaucer, Boethius, p. 174.

2. A happening or occurring; occurrence; oc-
casion : as, it was correct in the first instance;
a court of first instance (that is, of primary ju-
risdiction).— 3. A case occurring; a case of-
fered as an exemplification or a precedent ; an

installed, ppr. installing. [Formerly also en- example ; originally, a case offered to disprove vening . instantaneous.

.._-!». J T\ • .I,.?!-,.. Q.-, ana nfftlfl V ~&C+ OYI— r. ..., ^ ,.,,...., i 1 n oci rtT*f 1 f\n • Q C! tVlltJ nQ.Q tl ftTYTifill fi(l "1T1

instanter

You will bear me out with whatinxtancy 1 besought you
to depart. R. L. Stevenson, The Dynamiter, p. 146.

[<OP. (andF.)m-
instan(t-)s, stand-
also urgent, impor-
upon, press upon,

urge, pursue, insist. < in, on, upon, + stare,
stand: see state.] I. «. 1. Present; current;
now passing: as, on the 8th of June instant;
the 10th instant (that is, the 10th day "in the
present month," Latin instante mense) . [Now rare
or obsolete except as opposed to ultimo or proximo alter
the name of a month, or with the word month under-
stood (then often abbreviated inst.).]

I never knew

The perfect treasure thou brought'st with thee more
Than at this instant minute.

Middleton, Chaste Maid, it 1.

The bride-day, you say, is to be on the thirtieth of the
instant month. " Scott, Fortunes of Nigel, xxxvii.

2. Immediate ; with no interval of time inter-

stall; < F. installer = Sp. instalar = Pg. in-
stallar = It. installare, < ML. installare, put in
a place or seat; < in, in, + stallum, < OHG. stal,

a universal assertion : as, this has happened in
three instances.
It is almost without instance contradictory, that ever

Mr Weller, after duly installing Mr. Pickwick and Mr.
Winkle inside, took his seat on the box by the driver.

Dickens, Pickwick, xxxix.

2. To set, place, or instate in an office, rank, or
order ; invest with any charge, office, or rank
with the customary ceremonies.

And, to be had in the more reputacion among the peo-
ple, he [the cardinal] determined to deinstalled or inthro-
nised at Yorke with all the pompe that might be.

Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 22.

3. To place in position for service or use. [A
Gallicism.]

This road has recently been installed by the . . . Elec-
tric Railway and Motor Company. Science, XIII. 116.

installation (in-sta-la'shon), n. [< F. instal-
lation = Sp. instalacion = Pg. instattagcto = It.
installazione, < ML. installatio(n-), < installare,

install : see install.'] 1. The act of installing; r

the formal induction of a person into a rank, the end ol three years,
an order, or an official position : as, the instal- - - - • •
lation of a Knight of the Garter; the installation
of a clergyman over a charge. In the Church of
England the installation of a canon or prebendary of a
cathedral consists in solemnly inducting him into his stall
in the choir and his place in the chapter. The installation
ol an archbishop or a bishop is called enthronization. In-
stallation differs Irom institution, which is the act by
which a bishop commits the spiritual care of a parish to
the clergyman nominated, and also from induction into a
parish, which gives him temporal possession ol the goods
and income annexed to the cure of souls. In non-epis-
copal churches installation is a religious service placing
the minister elect over his particular charge, and ditt'ers
Irom ordination in that the latter inducts the clergyman
into the pastoral office generally, while installation places
him over the particular church or parish to which he is
called : he is ordained but once ; he is installed whenever
he takes a new parish.

With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances.

Shak., As you Like it, ii. 7, 156.

As to the puff oblique, or puff by implication, it is too
various and extensive to be illustrated by an instance.

Sheridan, The Critic, i. 2.

Hence — 4f. Evidence; proof; token.
I have receiv'd
A certain instance that Olendower is dead.

Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iil. 1, 103.
For instance of thy safety,
I offer thee my hand. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, i. 3.

5f. An impelling motive ; influence ; cause.
But he that temper'd thee bade thee stand up,
Gave thee no instance why thou shouldst do treason.

Shale., Hen.V., ii. 2, 119.
6f. The process of a suit.

The instance ol a cause is said to be that judicial pro-
cess which is made from the contestation ol a suit even
to the time ol pronouncing sentence in the cause, or till

Ayli/e, Parergon.

7. In Scots law, that which may be insisted on
at one diet or course of probation. — 8. The act
or state of being instant or urgent ; insistence ;
solicitation; urgency. [Now only archaic or
technical except in the phrase at the instance of.]

The Duple criede to the Lord with gret instaunce.

Wyclif, Judith iv. 8 (Oxl.).

It becomes vs Councellors better to vse instance for our
friend then for the ludges to sentence at instance.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 235.

But, Mr. Todd, surely there is no such instance in the
business that ye could no' wait and look about you. Gait.
At the instance of, at the solicitation or suggestion of.

Edmund Earl ol Arundel, John Daniel, and Thomas
Micheldene, at the Instance of Mortimer, are all three be-
headed. Baker, Chronicles, p. 112.
Causes Of instance, causes which proceed at the solici-

The wreath he won drew down an instant curse.

Cowper, Charity, 1. 61.

The victories of character are instant.

Emerson, Conduct of Life.

3f. Immediate in succession ; very next.
Upon the instant morrow of her nuptials.

Marston, Insatiate Countesse, v.

2. A placing in position for service or use; also,
a complete mechanical apparatus or "plant" in

position and ready for use : especially used of stance court, a branch of the former court of admiralty

_t _l.•__^ _. __i rA *-<_li:..; "1 ;,, l'i ,,,'l.. i,. I .1iofi»ii.i- frr,m flip Y\ri7p-fmirt, °.lnH bavins' illl'IR-

tation of some party.— For instance, for example : in- _

troducing a case to illustrate a general statement. — In- instantt (m Slant), V. t.

4. Insistent; urgent; earnest; pressing. [Ob-
solete or archaic.]

Preach the word ; be instant in season, out of season.

2 Tim. iv. 2.

We are too much wearied and disquieted with the im-
portunate and instant complaints ol our subiects.

Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 161.

Say our rites are instant. B. Jonson, Sejanus, v. 1.

II. M. 1. A particular point of time regarded
as present.

I can, at any unseasonable instant of the night, appoint
her to look out at her lady's chamber-window.

Shak., Much Ado, ii. 2, 16.

The great rule, methinks, should be, to manage the in-
stant in which we stand with fortitude, equanimity, and
moderation. Steele, Spectator, No. 374.

2. A point in duration; a moment ; a very small
period or interval of time : as, he will return in
an instant.

This gracious all-commanding beauty fades in an in-
stant. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 636.

An instant . . . is that which takes up the time of only
one idea in our minds without the succession of another,
wherein therefore we perceive no succession at all.

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xiv. 10.

St. Application; instance.
Upon her instant unto the Romanes for aide.

Holland, tr. ol Camden, p. 687.
= Syn. 2. Minute, etc. Bee moment.
instantt (in'stant), adv. [< instant, a.] Instant-
ly; very soon.

Here he will instant be ; let's walk a turn.

B. Jonson, Sejanus, i. 2.

Instant he flew with hospitable haste.

Pope, Odyssey, i. 157.

[< OF. instanter, press

electrical apparatus. [A Gallicism.]
instalment, installment (in-stal'ment), n. [<
install + -ment.] 1. The act of installing or
giving possession of an office with the usual
ceremonies or solemnities ; installation.

The instalment ol this noble duke
In the seat royal. Shak., Rich. III., lii. 1, 163.

2. The seat in which one is installed. [Bare

The several chairs ol order look you scour
With juice ol balm and every precious flower.
Each lair instalment, coat, and several crest,
With loyal blazon, evermore be bless'd !

Shak., M. W. ol W., v. B, 67.

8. A partial payment on account of a debt due ;
one of several parts into which a debt is divided
for payment at different times : as, to pay for a
purchase by or in instalments; to sell goods on
instalments (that is, on condition of taking pay
by instalments, sometimes with a stipulation
that in default of payment of an instalment the
seller may retake the goods and keep by way of
forfeiture what has been paid). — 4. A part of
anything produced or furnished in advance of
the remainder ; one of a number of parts pro-
duced at different times : as, to publish a novel
or to deliver stores in or by instalments.

An acquisition of exclusive privilege may be an asser-
tion ol a right which, if the surrounding classes were al-

in England, distinct from the prize-court, and having juris-
diction in cases ol maritime contracts and torts committed
at sea, or intimately connected with maritime subjects.
See admiralty court, under admiralty. — Instance side Of
the court, a district court ol the United States sitting in
the exercise of its ordinary jurisdiction in admiralty to de-

upon, < L. instants, pp. of instare, press upon:
see instant, a.] To importune ; urge.

Pilate would shed no innocent blood, but laboured to
mitigate the bishops' fury, and instanted them, as they
were religious, to shew godly favour.

Bp. Bale, Select Works, p. 242.

or confirmation; mention as an example.

I shall not instance an abstruse author.

Milton, Eikonoklastes.

It is not a natural, but a religious sobriety, and may be
instanced in fasting or abstinence from some kinds ol
meat. Jer. Taylor, Works, I., Prel.

He instances some lewd Practices at Feasts, and by the
bye touches the Nobility.

Congrem, tr. ol Juvenal's Satires, xi., Arg.

2. To furnish an instance or example of; ex-
emplify; manifest. [Rare.]

Never think yourself sale because you dp your duty in
ninety-nine points ; it is the hundredth which is to be the
ground of your self-denial, which must evidence, or rather

Slienstone.
ne-us), a. [< ML.
L. instan(t-)s,

instant : see instant and -aneous. Cf . inomen-
taneous, contemporaneous, etc.] 1. Done or pro-
duced in an instant ; occurring or acting with-
out any perceptible lapse of time.

The work is done by instantaneous call ;
Converts at once are made, or not at all.

Crabbe, Works, II. 65.

2. In mech., existing in or referring to an in-
stant of time; momentary: as, instantaneous
position, displacement, velocity, acceleration,
etc. (that is, the position, etc., at any instant).
— Instantaneous axis, instantaneous sliding axis.
See uzixi.— Instantaneous center of rolling. See cen-

"[),adt: In
a moment; in an

an

,

ready free, would look like usurpation, but which, whe
they are downtrodden, gives a glimpse and is itself an in-
stalment of liberty. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 485.

Instalment plan, a system adopted by some traders in

instance and realize, your laith. VroiV7;,,"irfaYi"t5'Vr5

J. H.Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 68. instantaneously (i a ne-i ,-il),

II. t intrans. To take or receive example or ex-
amples; give or find illustration: followed by in.
This story doth not only instance in kingdoms, but in
families too. Jer. Taylor.

A teacher ... (I might instance in St. Patrick's dean)
Too often rails to gratify his spleen.

Coirper, Charity, 1. 499.

(in-stan-ta'ne-us-nes), n.
The character of being instantaneous.
instantanyt, a. [< ML. "instanttmeve : see in-
stantaneous.'] Instantaneous.

An instantany and entire creation ol the world.

substantial articles', such as furniture, sewing-machines, «„,.*.,___ /i_/0ic , 0;\ ,, Tnot^i'ir-p • insistpnr-v ftp. HoJf, Oases of Conscience, 111. 10.

pianos, etc., by which the seller retains the ownership un- instancy (m stau-si), n. Instance, insistency. ....... ,tf,_/tA,', a.,v r< T, instanter ur-

til payment, and stipulates for the right to retake the Those heavenly precepts which our Lord and Saviour instanter (in-stan Ur), aiti. \

article, without return of some or any part of what has with so great instancy gave. Hooter, Eocles. Polity, i. 10. gently, pressmgly, ML. also presently, at ice,

instanter

<instan(t-)s, present,urgent: see instant, a.] At
the present time ; immediately; without delay:
as, Ilic party was compelled to plead iiistmiti-r.
When used of legal proceedings, it is usually deemed to
mean within twenty-four hours. In some jurisdictions,
when -:ii<l of :in .LC.I to In- limn in open cuuit, it is con-
strued to mean before tliu rising of the court for the day,
of any other act affecting the record, before the hour for
closing the clerk's office for the day.
Ay, marry will I, and that instanter.

llarham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 84.

instantial (in-stan'shal), a. [< instance (L. in-
xliiitliu) + -nl.] Pertaining to or of the nature
of an instance or example ; illustrating by in-
stances. [Rare.]

At length all these are found to be instantial cases of
this great law of attraction acting in various modes.

Theodore Parker, Sermons.

instantly (in'stant-li), adv. It. At the same
time; simultaneously.

He ... chiil his truant youth with such a grace
As if he master'd there a double spirit
Of teaching, and of learning, instantly.

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 2, 58.

2. Immediately after ; without any intervening
time : as, to be instantly killed.

Be not too hasty when ye face the enemy,
Nor too ambitious to get honour instantly.

Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1.

St. With urgency; insistently; earnestly; as-
siduously.

And when they came to Jesus, they besought him in-
stnntltj, saying, That he was worthy for whom he should
do this. Luke vii. 4.

instar (in-star'), r. t. ; pret. and pp. instarred,
ppr. instarring. [< iw-i + star.] 1. To set or
adorn with stars or with brilliants; star.
Where pansies mixt with daisies shine,
And asphodels initarr'd with gold.

W. tiarte, The Ascetic.
2. To make a star of; set as a star.

Our heart is high instarr'd in brighter spheres.

Ford, Love's Sacrifice, Iv. 2.

instate (in-staf). v. t.; pret. and pp. instated,
ppr. instating. [Formerly also enstate; < in-2
+ state.] 1> To set or place; establish, as in
a rank or condition.

Hard was the thing that he could not persuade,
In the king's favour he was so instated.

JJrayton, Miseries of Queen Margaret.

Do what you please — only oust Roguery and instate

Honesty. T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, xvil.

2t. To invest.

For his possessions.

Although by confiscation they are ours,
We do i // 'at' and widow you withal.

Shak., M. for M., v. 1, 249.
He knew the place to which ho was to go
Had larger titles, more triumphant wreathes
To instate him with. Webster, Monumental Column.

instatement (in-stat'ment), n. [< instate +
-ment.] The act of instating; establishment.
We expect an instatement of the latter.

Ileney, Meditations, I. 83.

in statu pupillari (in sta'tu pu-pi-la'ri). [L.:
i», in; statu, abl. of status, condition, state;
pupillari, abl. of pupillaris, pupilary: see pupi-
lary.] In the English universities, in a state of
pupilage ; subject to collegiate laws, discipline,
and officers.

in statu quo (in sta'tu kwo). [L. : in, in ; sta-
tu, abl. of status, condition, state ; quo, abl. of
qui, who, which.] In the condition in which (it
was before): a part of the phrase in statu quo
ante fuit, or ante bellum, in the condition in
which it was before, or before the war, used
with reference to the restoration of any person
or property to the situation existing at a pre-
vious time (in this case, sometimes, in statu quo
ante), or to the maintenance of the present sit-
uation unchanged.

instauratet (in-sta'rat), r. t. [< L. instaura-
tus, pp. of instaurare (> It. instattrare = Sp.
Pg. instil it rtir = F. instaurer, > E. instaure, and
tilt, inxtni-i; i •ii.ttorc), set up, restore, repair, re-
new, repeat, < in, in, + "staurare, set up, found
also in rextaurare, set up again, restore: see
utore, enxtore, restore.'] To restore ; repair.

installation (in-sta-ra'shon), n. [= F. to-
x/tiiiratio>i = Sp. instn uracion = Pg. instaura-
f9o m It. instit>trit~ione, < L. instauratio(n-), a,
renewal, repetition, restoration, < instaurarr,
renew: sec instniii-itte.] Restoration; renewal;
repair.

I rather thought, and with religion think,
Had all the characters of Love been lost, . . .
Tlnit lioth his nature and his essence might
Have found their mighty OwtmroMm here.

R. Jon*on, New Inn, iii. '2.

instauratort (in'sta-ra-tor), «. [= F. inxtau-
rateur = Sp. Pg. instaurador = It. instauratore,

3123

< L. instaurator, a restorer, renewer, < instau-
rare, renew, restore : see instaurate.] A re-
storer.

They pretend to be the great instaurntors of his em-
pire. Dr. 11. More, Mystery of Godliness, p. 203.

instaure t (in-star'), v. t. [< L. instaurare, re-
store, renew: see instaurate.] To renew or
renovate.

All things that show or breathe
Are now instaur'd, saving my wretched brest.

Marston, What you Will, L I.

instead (in-sted'), prep. phr. [Prop., as prig.
(ME. i» stede), two words, in stead, and still so
written when the article or a pron. is used (in
the stead, in his stead, etc.): see in1 and stead.']

1. In the stead; in place or room; hence, in
equivalence or substitution: followed by of.

In that Valeye Is a Feld where Men drawen out of the
Erthe a thing that men clepen Cambylle ; and thel etc it
in *'.•/.' ../ Spice, and the! bere It to selle.

Mandevillf, Travels, p. 67.

Let thistles grow instead of wheat, and cockles instead
Of barley. Job xjd. 4a

Especially he (the orator] consults his power by making
instead uf taking his theme. Mmerson, Eloquence.

2. In its stead ; in place of it, or of the thing
or act mentioned.

To rase

Quite out their native language, and instead
To sow a jangling noise of words unknown.

Milton, P. L., rit 54.

insteadfast (in-sted'fast), a. [< «'»-» + stead-
fast.} Not steadfast or firm. Cooke, Theogo-
ny of Hesiod. [Rare.]

insteep (in-step'), v. t. [< <n-l + steep^.] To
steep or soak ; drench.

York, all haggled over,
Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteep'd,
And takes him by the beard.

Shot., Hen. V., Iv. 6,12.

installation (in-ste-la'shon), n. [< L. in, in, +
stellatus, starred: see stellate, and cf. constella-
tion.] A. putting among the stars. [Rare.]

Shakspere has been long enthroned in instillation.

J. Wilson, Noctes Arobroslanae, April, 1832.

instep (in'step), n. [Formerly iiistup, iiistop
(instep being perhaps in simulation of stej>),
perhaps orig. "instoop, i. e. in-bend, < in1 +
stoop'1.] 1. The arch of the foot; the highest
part of the upper side of the human foot, near
its junction with the leg; technically, the up-
per surface of the tarsus.

Low at leave-taking, with his brandlsh'd plume
Brushing his instep, bow'd the all-amorous Earl.

Tennyson, Ueraiut.

Hence — 2. A corresponding part of the hind
limb of some animals, as the front of the horse's
hind leg from the hock to the pastern.
instigate (in'sti-gat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. insti-
gated, ppr. instigating. [< L. instigatus, pp. of
instigare (> It. instigare, istigare = Sp. Pg. in-
stigar = Pr. instigar, istiguar = F. instigner),
stimulate, set on, incite, urge, < in, on, + "sti-
gare, akin to stingtiere. push, goad : see distin-
guish, stigma, stimulus.] 1. To stimulate to an
action or course ; incite to do something ; set or
goad on ; urge : generally in a bad sense : as, to
instigate one to commit a crime.

By ... vaunts of his nobility [the duke]
Did itistiyate the bedlam brain-sick duchess
By wicked means to frame our sovereign's fall.

., 2 Hen. VI., ill. 1,51.

If a servant instigates a stranger to kill his master, . . .
the servant is accessory. Blacks/one.

2. To stir up; foment; bring about by incite-
ment or persuasion: as, to instigate crime or
insurrection ; to instigate a quarrel. = Syn. Impel,
Induce, etc. (see actuate); tempt, prevail upon. See list
under incite.

instigatingly (in'sti-ga-ting-li), adv. Inciting-
ly; temptingly.

instigation (in-sti-ga'shon), n. [= F. instiga-
tion — Sp. instigacion = Pg. instigacjdo = It. »s-
ti;/ii;ione, instigazione, < L. instigatto(n-), < in-
stigare, instigate: see instigate.] The act of
instigating; incitement, as to wrong-doing;
temptation; prompting.

As if the lives that were taken away by his instigation
were not to be charged upon his account.

Sir R. L' Estrange.

All the baseness and villainy that both the corruption of
nature and the instigation of the devil could bring the sons
of men to. Smith, Sermons.

What wonder, then, that the words of that prediction
should have succeeded in setting and keeping at variance
two families already predisposed to quarrel by every insti-
tuition of hereditary jealousy? Pot, Tales, I. 47ft

instigator (in'sti-ga-tor), n. [= F. instigatnir
= Pr. istiijiiiitlor = Sp. Pg. instigador = It. isti-
gatore, instigatore, < L. instigator, an instigator,

instinct

< instigare, instigate : see instigate.] One who
or that which instigates; an inciter.

He aggravated the guilt of his perfidy, In the most atro-
cious degree, by being himself the nrttt mover and inttlga-
tor of that Injustice.

Burke, Charge against Warren Hastings.

instil, instill (in-stil'), v. t.; pret. and pp. in-
stilled, ppr. instilling. [< F. instillcr = op. to-
stilar = Pg. instillar = It. instillare, < L. instil-
lare, pour in by drops, < in, in, on, + stillare,
drop, < stilla, a drop : see stilf*. Cf. distil.] 1.
To pour in by drops.

The Juice of it being boiled with oile, and so dropped or
instilled into the head, is good for the paines thereof.

Holland, tr. of 1'liny, ix. 17.
The starlight dews
All silently their tears of love inttil.

Byron, Chllde Harold, Iii. 87.

Hence — 2. To infuse slowly or by degrees into
the mind or feelings ; cause to be imbibed ; in-
sinuate; inject.

How hast tin MI inttill'd
Thy malice into thousands!

Milton, P. L, vL 289.
=8yn. Infuse, etc. See implant.
instillation (in-sti-la'shon), n. [= F. instilla-
tion = Sp. instilacion = Pg. instilla^So, < L. in-
stillatio(n-), < instillare, pour in by drops: see
instil. ] 1 . The act of instilling or of pouring in
by drops or by small quantities; the act of in-
fusing or insinuating into the mind.

Those petty qualities . . . are every moment exerting
their influence upon us, and make the draught of life
sweet or bitter by imperceptible instillations.

Johnson, Rambler, No. 72.

2. That which is instilled or infused.

instillator (in'sti-la-tor), M. [< L. as if "instilla-
tor, < instillare, pp. instillatits, instil : see instil.]
One who instils or infuses ; an instiller. Cole-
ridge. [Rare.]

instillatory (in - stil ' a - to - ri), a. [< instil +
-atoru.] Relating to instillation. Imp. Diet.

instiller (in-stil'er), M. One who instils.

Never was there snch a Juggle as was played in my mind,
nor so artful an instiller of loose principles as my tutor.
F. Skelton, Deism Revealed, viii.

instilment, installment (in-stil'ment), n. [<
inttil + -ment.] The act of instilling ; also, that
which is instilled.

instimulatet (in-stim'u-lat), v. t. [< L. instimu-
latus, pp. of instimulare, push or urge on, < to,
on, + atimtilara, prick, urge : see stimulate.] To
stimulate; excite. Coles, 1717.

instimulationt (in-stim-u-la'shon), n. [< in-
stimitlatc + -ion.] The act of stimulating, incit-
ing, or urging. Bailey, 1731.

instinct (iu-stingkf), a. [< L. instinctus, pp.
of instinguere, incite, instigate, < to, in, on, +
stinguere, prick : see sting, stimulus, etc. Cf . dis-
tinct, extinct.] Urged or animated from with-
in; moved inwardly; infused or filled with
some active principle : followed by with.

Forth rush'd with whirlwind sound
The chariot of paternal Deity. . . .
Itself instinct with spirit. Milton, P. L., vi. 752.
What betrays the inner essence of the roan must be so
grasped and rendered [by the painter) that all that meets
the eye — look, attitude, action, expression — shall be m-
.-'.'./••' n-i'tli meaning. ./. Caird.

The close buds.

That lay along the boughs, instinct irith life, . . .
Feared not the piercing spirit of the North.

Bryant, Winter Piece.

instinctt (in-stingkf), f- '• [< L. instinctus,
pp. of instinguere, impel, instigate: see in-
stinct, a.] To impress as by an animating
influence; communicate as an instinct.

inextinguishable beauty, . . . impressed and instincted
through the whole. ttrntley.

instinct (in'stingkt), n. [= D. G. Dan. 8w. to-
stinkt = F. instinct = Sp. instinto = Pg. instincto
= It. instinto, istinto, < L. instinctus, impulse, in-
stigation, < instinguere, pp. instinetus, impel: see
iiiftini-t, a.] 1. A special innate propensity,
in any organized being, but more especially in
the lower animals, producing effects which ap-
pear to be those of reason and knowledge, but
which transcend the general intelligence or ex-
perience of the creature ; the sagacity of brutes.
Instinct Is said to be blind — that is, either {he end is not
consciously recognized by the animal, or the connection of
the means with the end is not understood. Instinct Is
also, in general, somewhat deficient in instant adaptability
to extraordinary circumstances.

The lion will not touch the true prince. Instinct is a
great matter. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., U. 4, 290.

Habit differs from instinct, not in its nature, but in IU
origin ; the last being natural, the nrst acquired. Reid.

It will be universally admitted that instinctt are as 1m-
imrunt as corporeal structures for the welfare of each
species tinder its present conditions of life. Under changed
conditions of life it is at least possible that slight modifl-

instinct

cations of instinct might be profitable to a species ; and if
it can be shown that instincts do vary ever so little, then
I can see no difficulty in natural selection preserving and
continually accumulating variations of instinct to any ex-
tent that was profitable. It is thus, as I believe, that all the
most complex and wonderful instincts have originated.
Darwin, Origin of Species (1889), p. 187.

Instinct is purposive action without consciousness of
the purpose. . . . The end to which a definite kind of in-
stinctive action is subservient is not conceived once for
all by a mind standing outside the individual like a provi-
dence, and the necessity to act conformably thereto ex-
ternally thrust upon the individual as something foreign
to him ; but the end of the instinct is in each single case
unconsciously willed and imagined by the individual, and
the choice of means suitable to each special case uncon-
sciously made.

E. von Hartmann, Philosophy of the Unconscious, tr. by

[Coupland, A. iii.

Every animal that has well-developed eyes presents an
instance of the adaptation of means to purpose by uncon-
scious formative intelligence, which is quite as definite as
that shown in any motor instinct, and far more delicate
and subtle. Murphy, Habit and Intelligence, xxvii.

All instincts probably arose in one or other of two ways.
(1) By the effects of habit in successive generations, men-
tal activities which were originally intelligent become, as
it were, stereotyped into permanent instincts. ... (2)
The other mode of origin consists in natural selection, or
survival of the fittest, continuously preserving actions
which, although never intelligent, yet happen to have
been of benefit. Romanes, Encyc. Brit, XIII. 157.

2. Natural intuitive power; innate power of
perception or intuition.

They [poets] came by Instinct diuine, and by deepe med-
itation, and much abstinence (the same assubtiling and
refining their spirits), to be made apt to receaue visions.
Puttenhatn, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 4.
Willingly would I now have gone and asked Mrs. Eeed's
pardon ; but I knew, partly from experience and partly
from instinct, that wa. the way to make her repulse me
with double scorn. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, iv.

The truth was felt by instinct here —
Process which saves a world of trouble and time.

Browning, Ring and Book, I. 182.

instinctiont (in-stingk'shon), n. [< OF. in-
stinctio(n-), < L. as if *i/is'iinctio(n-), < instin-
guere, pp. instinctus, impel: see instinct.'] 1.
Instinct. — 2. Instigation; inspiration.

Tnlli in his Tnsculane questions supposeth that a poete
can not abundantly expresse verses surnciente and com-
plete, or that his eloquence may flowe without labour,
wordes well sounyng and plentuouse, without celestial iii-
stinction. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 13.

instinctive (in-stingk'tiv), a. [< instinct + -ive.']
Prompted by or of the nature of instinct.

Raised
By quick instinctive motion, up I sprung.

Milton, P. L., viii. 269.

An action which we ourselves should require experience
to enable us to perform, when performed by an animal,
more especially by a very young one, without any expe-
rience, and when performed by many individuals in the
same way, without their knowing for what purpose it is
performed, is usually said to be instinctive.

Daririn, Origin of Species, p. 201.

A sceptre once put in the hand, the grip is instinctive.
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 232.
Whether young children have an instinctive dread of
the dark might of course be determined by a careful col-
lection of testimony.

J. Sully, Sensation and Intuition, p. 13.

instinctively (in-stingk'tiv-li), adv. In an in-
stinctive manner; by force of instinct.

They prepar'd

A rotten carcase of a boat, not rigg'd,
Nor tackle, sail, nor mast; the very rats
Instinctively have quit it.

Shak., Tempest, i. 2, 148.

We instinctively demand that everything in God's plan
shall stand in the strict unity of reason.

Bushnett, Nature and the Supernal., p. 261.

instinctivity (in-stingk-tiv'i-ti), n. [< instinc-
tive + -ity.~\ The character of being instinctive
or prompted by instinct. [Rare.]

There is growth only in plants ; but there is irritability,
or— a better word— instinctivity, in insects. Coleridge.

instipulate (in-stip'u-lat), a. [< i»-3 + stipu-
late.] In bot., having no stipules: same as ex-
stipulate.

institorial (in-sti-to'ri-al), «. [< L. institorius,

< institor, an agent, factor, broker, huckster,

< insistere, pp. institus, stand upon, follow, pur-
sue : see insist.] In law, pertaining to an agent
or factor — Institorial action, an action allowed in
Roman law against the principal upon contracts of those
whom he employed as managers or superintendents of a
farm or any other particular branch of business.

institute (in'sti-tut), v. t. ; pret. and pp. insti-
tuted, ppr. instituting. [< L. institutus, pp. of
instltuere (> It. instituire, istituire = Sp. Pg.
inttituir = F. instituer), set up, place or set
upon, purpose, begin, institute, < in, in, on, +
statuere, set up, establish: see statute. Cf.
constitute.'] 1. To set up; establish; put into
form and operation; set afoot: as, to institute
laws, rules, or regulations ; to institute a gov-

3124

ernment or a court ; to institute a suit or an in-
vestigation.

The last particular in the fable is the Games of the
torch, instituted to Prometheus.

Bacon, Physical Fables, ii., Expl.

Here let us breathe, and haply institute

A course of learning. Shak., T. of the S., i. 1, 8.

The monastic and hermit's life was instituted here in
the fourth century by St. Saba ; they say, there have been
ten thousand recluses here at one time.

Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 34.

2. To establish in an office ; appoint; in eccle-
siastical use, to assign to a spiritual charge ; in-
vest with the cure of souls : used absolutely, or
followed by to or into.

When Timothy was instituted into that office [to preach
the word of God], then was the credit and trust of this
duty committed unto his faithful care.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 11.
Cousin of York, we institute your grace
To be our regent in these parts of France.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 1, 162.

A Rev. Alexander Pope was instituted to the living of
Thruxton, Hants, Jan. 5, 1630. N . and Q. , 6th ser., IX. 374.

3f. To ground or establish in principles ; edu-
cate; instruct.

A painfull School-master, that hath in hand
To institute the flowr of all a Land,
Glues longest Lessons vnto those where Heav'n
The ablest wits and aptest wills hath giv'n.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 7.
They have but few laws. For to people to instruct and
institute very few do suffice.

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 9.

Instituted Sign, in logic, a sign which is not natural,
but established^ either by human convention (as a clock-
bell to strike the hours) or by divine ordinance, as a sac-
rament, which is a visible sign of an invisible grace, ac-
cording to St. Augustine. = Syn. 1. To ordain, settle, fix,
set in motion.

institutet, a. [ME. institut; < L. institute, pp. :
see the verb.] Instituted ; established.

When this newe parsoun is institut in his churche,
He bithenketh him hu he may shrewedlichest worche.
Political Songs (ed. Wright), p. 326.

institute (in'sti-tut), M. [= D. instituut = G.
Dan. Sw. institut, < F. institut = Pr. istitut =
Sp. Pg. institute — It. instituto, istituto, < L. iii-
stitutum, a purpose, design, regulation, ordi-
nance, instruction, etc., prop. neut. of institu-
tus, pp. of instituere, set up, institute : see in-
stitute, «.] 1. An established principle, rule, or
law ; a settled order.

Water sanctified by Christ's institute, [was] thought lit-
tle enough to wash off the original spot.

Milton, Reformation in Eng., i.

We profess ourselves servants of so meek a Master, and
disciples of so charitable an institute.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), II. 293.
Greek institutes require
The nearest kindred on the fun'ral stage
The dead to lay. Olover, Athenaid, xxvi.

2. pi. A collection of established laws, rules,
or principles; a book of elements, especially in
jurisprudence : as, the Institutes of Justinian;
Erskine's "Institutes of the Law of Scotland";
Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian Religion."
The word implies a systematic statement of the law or of
the principles of the subject treated, in analytic form, in a
single and complete work, as distinguished from a mere
compilation or collection, and from a commentary ; but it
does not necessarily imply that it is established by any
formal authority.

3. An established body of persons ; an insti-
tution ; a society or association organized for
some specific work, especially of a literary or
scientific character : as, a philosophic or edu-
cational institute; a mechanics' institute; the
Institute of Civil Engineers; the National In-
stitute of France, or specifically the Institute
(see below).

The title of Member of the Institute is the highest dis-
tinction to which a Frenchman of culture can aspire ; it is
the crowning honor of his career.

Harper's Slag., LXXVIII. 601.

4. In Scots law, the person to whom the estate
is first given in a destination. Thus, where a per-
son executing a settlement dispones his lands to A, whom
failing, to B, whom failing, to C, etc., A is termed the in-
stitute, and all who follow him in the succession are heirs,
or substitutes, as they are also termed. — Institute Of
France, an organization formed in 1795 to bring into one
body the previously existing national academies, and call-
ed at first the National Institute. It was at first divided
into three and afterward four classes. It underwent vari-
ous modifications, and, as finally constituted in 1832, con-
sists of the five great academies. See academy, 3.— In-
stitute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a Roman Catho-
lic order of women, founded by Mary Ward in England in
1611. It is thought to be the only Roman Catholic order
of English origin since the Reformation. Also called Eng-
lish Ladies and English Virgins.— Institutes Of Justin-
ian, an elementary work on Roman law composed in the
reign of the Emperor Justinian (who reigned 527 -G5), and
forming part of the Corpus Juris Civilis. — Institutes of
medicine, a name for the more scientific parts of medical
teaching.— Teachers' institute, in the system of common

institution

schools in the United States, an assembly of teachers of
elementary or district schools, convened by a county su-
perintendent or other school authority, to receive or give
normal instruction. The work consists of a brief course
of class exercises, lectures, and examinations.
institute! (iu'sti-tu-ter), H. [< institute, v., +
-erl. Cf. institiitor.] See institutor.
institution (in-sti-tu'shon), n, [< ME. institu-
don, < OF. (and F.) institution = Pr. institutio,
istitutio = Sp. institucion = Pg. instituigao = It.
institusione, istituzione, < L. institutio(n-'), < insti-
tuere, pp. institutus, set up : see institute, ».] 1.
The act of instituting or setting up ; establish-
ment; effective ordination: as, the institution
of laws or government; the institution of an in-
quiry.

There is no right in this partition,

Ne was it so by institution

Ordained first, ne by the law of Nature.

Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 144.

That the institution and restitution of the world might

be both wrought with one hand. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

2. Establishment in office; in ecclesiastical use,
instatement in a spiritual charge ; investment
with the cure of souls. See installation.

For instilucion & indnccion he-schal seue moche of this
god that is pore mennus.

Wyclif, Works Hitherto Unprinted, p. 248.
I, A. B., receive these keys of the House of God at your
hands, as the pledges of my Institution.

Book of Common Prayer, Office of Institution.

3f. Establishment in learning ; instruction.

His learning was not the effect of precept or institution.

Bentley.

4. Established rule or order; a principle of
procedure in any relation; custom; more spe-
cifically, an established habit of action, or body
of related facts, regulating human conduct in
the attainment of a social end, and constituting
an element in the social organization or civil-
ization of a community: as, government, the
family, a language, is an institution.

Never any Religion or Institution in the World made it
so much its business to keep men from doing evil, and to
perswade them to do good, as the Christian doth.

Stilling fleet. Sermons, II. iii.

Literary fosterage was an institution nearly connected
with the existence of the Brehon law schools.

Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 242.

5. An established custom or usage, or a char-
acteristic. [Chiefly colloq.]

The camels form an institution of India — possibly a part
of the traditional policy — and they must be respected ac-
cordingly. Times (London), April, 1868.

The pillory was a flourishing and popular institution in
those days. Authors stood in it in the body sometimes.
Thackeray, Eng. Humorists, p. 207.

6. An establishment for the promotion of some
object ; an organized society or body of persons,
usually with a fixed place of assemblage and
operation, devoted to a special pursuit or pur-
pose: as, an educational institution; a charita-
ble institution; the Smithsonian Institution at
Washington.

This led in 1796 to the formation of a Trade-Society, the
so-called Institution, among the Clothworkers at Halifax,
to prevent people from carrying on the trade in violation
of custom and law.

English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), Int., p. clxxii.

Institution, in a statute exempting property of charita-
ble institutions from taxation, signifies an organization
which is permanent in its nature, as contradistinguished
from an undertakingwhich is transientor temporary. It de-
signates corporations or other organized bodies created to
administer charities, and exempts the property which they
own and use for their charitable purposes, and that only.

Humphries v. Little Sisters oj the Poor, 29 Ohio statutes,

[201.

7f. A system of the elements or rules of any
art or science ; a treatise or text-book.

There is another manuscript of above three hundred
years old, . . . being an institution of physic. Evelyn.

8. Eccles.: (a) (1) The origination of the eu-
charist, and enactment of its observance, by
Christ. (2) The words used by Christ in in-
stituting the eucharist, in the various forms as
recorded in Scripture (Mat. xxvi. 26-28; Mark
xiv. 22-24; Lukexxii. 19, 20; 1 Cor. xi. 23-25),
or transmitted by tradition; in liturgies, the
part of the prayer of consecration of the eu-
charistic elements in which these words are re-
peated. Also called more fully the commemora-
tion, recital, or words of institution, in its fullest
form, as exemplified in Oriental liturgies, in the Scotch
communion office of 17C4, and in the American Prayer-
book, the prayer of consecration consists of three princi-
pal parts, the institution, oblation, and epiclesis or invo-
cation. In nearly all the older liturgies (except the Ro-
man) the institution seems principally conceived in the
character of a recital of Christ's words and actions at the
last supper, the great oblation and epiclesis consummating
the observance commanded by him ; while in the Western
liturgies, Including the Roman and that of the Church of
Kn^land, but not the Mozarabic in its original form, nor
the Scotch and American offices, the institution, with the

institution

manual acts, is regarded as tho full and complete act of
consecration, and there is no invocation.
The true Eastern doctrine seems to be that there must

l,c c,, alion ol Hi.- words of inltitutinn and "f tile in

vocation of the Holy lihost, before the bread and wine be-
come the Body and Mood of Christ.

J. H. Neale, Eastern Church, L 485.

(6) The act by which a bishop commits the
cure of souls under himself in a parish within

Ins iliorese In ii priest ;is re. -tor or vicjir. In the
— — • ' — "- have

3125

St. An instructor ; one who educates.

Neither did he this for want of better instructions, hav-
ing had the learnedest and wisest man reputed of all Brit-
ain the iiutiluter of his youth. Miltmt, Hist. Eng., 111.

The two great alms which every imtitutor of youth
should mainly and intentionally drive at Walker.

„„„ v— Jti-tu-tres), n. [< institutor +
female institutor; a foundress. Archce-
otoyia, XXI. 549.

•alle- instopt (in-stop' ),».*. [< in-1 + stop.] To stop;
glance and canonical obedience, and made the declaration close ; make fast.
agalnxl simony. Institution Is given by the bishop or his wuh boning pitch another near at hand
commissary reading an instrument, the seal of which the (j-rom friendly Sweden brought) the seams irutop*.
clergyman Iwlng Instituted holds, kneeling before him. Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.

\Vlicn (lie bishop is patron of the beneflce, the same act in-*orfli ,, / gee gnstore.

I,., >e« collation instead of institution. After Institution " ret, t • r' °™V t; " { instrumental.

induction admits to temporal possession of the goods and lllStr. An abprevia_

Income attached to the cure if souls. In the American instreaming (m'stre'mmg), n. [< W + stream-
Episcopal Church induction Is not separate from institu- ,',„, 1 A flowing in ; influx,
tion, and there is a public office of institution, set forth in
1804 as the office of induction and revised in 1808 and
1886. The bishop, if satisfied that a clergyman is a quali-
fied minister and duly elected, may act as institutor him.
self or appoint a presbyter to act In his stead. The offloe

instrument

My <iutnustion »hall serve to naturalize thee, §o thon
wilt t>e capable of a courtier's counsel.

.s/i/i*.. All's Well, 1. 1, 222.

Those discoveries and discourses they have left behind
them for our inilruction. Locke.

2. Knowledge imparted; edifying discourse or
precepts; teaching.

And, also, gene je do pretende
Haue hcuinlle loye vnto jour ende,
Than follow this nyxt Imtruetimtn,
Maid for xour Eruditloun.
Lauder, liewtle of Kyngls (E. E. T. $.\ I 150.
Eecelve my instruction, and not silver. Prov. vlli. 10.

3. Direction given ; order ; command ; mandate :
commonly in the plural.

The admiral had received {tufruetioiu not to touch at
Hispanlola on hi, outward vo

consist* in reading the letter of institution, presentation
by the senior warden or other vestryman of the keys of
the church to the new incumbent, his reception within

of proper psalms, lessons, anthem, and prayers, after which
tho instituted minister offers special prayers, and, after a
sermon celebrates the holy communion.— Literary and
Scientific Institutions Act, an English statute of 1854
(17 and 18 Viet., c. 112) which authorizes the gift or sale

There is first the initreaming of the external world
through the senses, as Impressions. wvrr <,i

J. Le Conte, Pop. Set Mo., XXXTI. 812.
He put out his ungloved hand. Mordecal, clasping It
ciurerlv seemed to feel a new iiuttreamimj of confidence.
George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, il

i. 'instrewen, 'instruen, in-
To strew about; spread.
Sum lande Is wont salt humoure up to throwe
That sleeth the corne. There douves dounge uutne,
And leves of cupresse eke on It sowe,
And eree it yune.

J'allatlius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. 8.), p. 180.

My instruction* are that this boy is

=8yn. 1 and 2. Training, Discipline, Nurture, Culliia-
turn Instruction, Teaching, Education; indoctrination,
schooling breeding, advice, counsel Training is the de-
velopment of the mind or character or both, or some fac-
ulty at some length, by exercise, as a soldier is trained or
drilled. Discipline is essentially the same as training, but
more severe. Nurture, by its derivation, expresses a ten-
der continuous, and protracted training, beginning at an
early age. Cultivation, In the active sense, is often used
of the training, discipline, or development of some single
department of the nature : as, the cultirationot the under-
standing, the taste, the conscience. (See culture.) Teach-
ing is the general word for the Imparting of knowledge :
as, the profession of teaching. Instruction has the im-
parting of knowledge for its object, but emphasizes, more

yet be expi ,

ImMhlMMai fetish or to a particular flag.

Leslie Stephen, Eng. Thought, § 18.

Throughout many ages French and English history,
both external and institutioiMl, are bound together as
closely as any two national histories can be.

Stuula, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 88.

2. Relating to elementary knowledge ; elemen-

guide.

The Maids In comely Order next advance ;
They bear the Timbrel, and inttruct the Dance.

Prior, Solomon, 111.

They speak to the merits of a cause, after the proctor
has prepared and instructed the same for a hearing be-
fore the judge. Aylife, Parergon.

discipline that shall make the wisest, noblest, and most
effective kind of man.

instmctionaKiii-struk'shon-al), a. [< instruc-
tion + -al.] Of or pertaining to instruction ;
promoting education ; educational.

Of the inttructional work It is hardly necessary to speak,
further than to say that it follows the modern methods of

**• iwv»wn."g, v" ™- ^ — ' * »» *ii • m A* mriiiei uiun •« °**y *"»» 7.*V •,,

tary; institutionary. — 3. Relating to the office 2. To impart knowledge or information to; teaching the physical sciences. Science, VIII. 574.

inform; teach; speciacally, to train in know- instnlctive (in-struk'tiv), a. [= F. instructif
ledge or skill; teach or educate methodically. _ pr i,ltltructiu — Sp. Pg. instrvctivo = It. in-
unto Timothy, to inttruct him, to teach gtruttivo, istruttivo, < ML. as if "instructive, <

-

of institution.
institutionalism (in-sti-tu'shon-al-izm), M.

[< institutional + -isrm.] The character of be-

ing institutional; in theol., the i spirit which lays him to exhort to courage him

great emphasis on the institutions of religion. Tyndale, Ans. to sir T. More, etc. (Pi Soc., 1850), p. in.
institutionary (in-sti-tu'shqn-a-ri), «. [< insti-

tution + -ary.\ 1. Of or relating to an institu-

tion or to institutions; institutional.
Events are by no means more Important than the intti-

tutionnni development which they cause or accompany.
H. H. Bancroft, Cent. America, Int.

2. Containing the first principles or doctrines;
elementary; rudimentary.
That It was not out of fashion Aristotle declareth In his

politicks, amongst the inttitutionary rules of youth.

Sir T. Browne.

3. Pertaining to appointment to an ecclesias-
tical office. Davics.

Dr. Grant had brought on apoplexy and death by three
great inttitwtionary dinners in one week.

Jane Autten, Mansfield Park, xlvii.

institutist (in'sti-tu-tist), ». [< institute + -ist.]
A writer of institutes or elementary rules and
instructions. [Bare.]

Green gall tho inttitutijiU would persuade us to be an
effect of an over-hot stomach.

Sir, If I have made
A fault of Ignorance, instruct my youth.

Beau, and Ft., Fhilaster, ii. 1.

At present the most . . . instructed intellect has neither
the knowledge nor the capacity required for symbolizing
In thought the totality of things.

H. Spencer, Pop. Set Mo., XXIV. 851.

3. To direct or command ; furnish with orders
or directions : as, to instruct an envoy or a body
of delegates.

L. instruere, pp. instructus, instruct: see in-
struct.] Serving to instruct or inform ; con-
veying knowledge.

Say Memory ! thou from whose unerring tongue

Instructive flows the animated song.

Falconer, The Shipwreck, 111.

In both cases the confusion Is inttruttite, as pointing
to the way in which Slavonic and Turanian nations were
mixed up together, as allies and as enemies, in the his-
tory of these lands. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 180.

There was a lecture occasionally on an initructice sub-

E delegates. ject- such as chemistry, or astronomy, or sculpture.

She, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give jr. Besant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 87.

e here John Baptist's head in a charger. Mat. xlv. 8. j^gtructively (in-struk'tiv-li), adv. In an in-
lf. To notify; apprise. structive manner; so as to afford instruction.

I have partly instructed Sir F. Drake of the state of instrUCtivenCSS (in-struk' tiv-nes), n. The

these

lish.
These words seem inttitutioe, or collative of power.

Barrow, The Pope's Supremacy.

2. Established; depending on institution.

As for that in Leviticus of marrying the brother's wife,
It was a penal statute rather than a dispense; and com-
mands nothing injurious or in it self unclean, only prefers
a soccial reason of charity before an (MtiruBM decency.
Milton, Divorce, ii. 5.

institutively (in'sti-tu-tiv-li), adv. In an in-
stitutive manner; by way of institution; in

Is, quoted In Motley's Netherlands, II. 103.
to adduce evidence in support
of; confirm; vouch; verify: as, to instruct a
claim against a bankrupt estate. =8yn. 2. To in-
doctrinate, school, drill, train. See instruction.— 3. To

„ ,,„. „„. — „ prescribe to.

Baney, Consumptions, instructt (in-strukf), a.
•.] of instruere, build, fun

struct, t'.] 1. Furnished; equipped.

Ships initruct with oars.
2. Instructed; taught.

Who ever by consulting at thy shrine
Return 'd the wiser, or the more instruct,
To fly or follow what concern'd him most?

Milton, f. K.. i. 489.

instructed (in-etruk'ter), n. [< instruct + -tri.
Cf. instructor.] A teacher; an instructor.

What need we magnifle the humane nature as the great
inttmeter in this business, since we may with a little .>!,.

S»*Hty of being instructive ; power of insti

< L. instructs, pp.
msti

Chapman.

(in-struk'tor), n. [= F. instructor

= Pr. istruidor = Sp. Pg. instructor = It. in-
struttore, < L. instructor, a preparer, ML. an
instructor, < instruere, pp. instruc tus, prepare,
instruct: see instruct.] 1. One who instructs;
a teacher; a person who imparts knowledge to
another by precept or information.

Wisdom was Adam's inttructorln Paradise, wisdom en-
dued the fathers who lived before the law with the know-
ledge of holy things. Booker, Eccles. Polity, U. 1.
Poets, the tirst instructor! of mankind,
Brought all things to their proper native use.

Kotcommon, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry.

2. Specifically, in American colleges, a teacher
inferior in rank to a professor. The exact mean-
ing of the term varies in different institutions.
See tutor.

accordance with an institution. Harrington, ractil)le (in-struk'ti-bl), a. [< i

Capab(leofbeinginstructed;t

Bacon, Submission to the House of Lords.

Sp. Pg. iimtitniilor = It. inxtitutorr, istitutore, <
L. institutor, a founder, an erector, < in-stitiiere,
pp. institiiiiiK, set up, begin, found: see insti-

servation find very muchTne like in brutes as well as men ? instructress (in-struk'tres), n. [< instructor +
Sir M. Hale, orig. of Mankind, p. 82. _fgj_ g^ instructrice.] A female instructor; a
instruct + preceptress.

teachable : instructricet (in-struk'tris), n. [= It. instrut-
trice, < ML. as if "instructrix, fern, of instructor:
A king of incomparable clemency, and whose heart Is gee instructor.] Same as instructress.
inttrttctitilc for wisdom and goodness. _ ... Knowledge also, as a perfeyt instructrice and mastresse,

. . . declareth by what meane the sayde preceptes of rea-
son and socletie may be well vnderstande.

tnt<:] 1. One who institutes, establishes, or instruction (in-stmk'shon), n. [= F. instntc-
fouuds ; a founder, organizer, or originator.— (j(>n _ ^ inf>.tr,lftjo — "gp. instruction = Pg.
2. In the Aiiitlican Ch., one who institutes a 1-,,,h.IM.fao _ rt i>lxtriizione, iytrnzione, < L. in- instrument

instrument

instrument, means, furtherance, dress, apparel,
document, < instruere, construct, prepare, fur-
nish: see instruct.'] 1. Something that serves
as a means to the effecting of an end; any-

insubordination

When the Protector wished to put his own brother to instrumentalizet (in-stro-men'tal-iz), v. t. [<

death, without even the semblance of a trial, he found a instrumental + -i:e.] To form as an instru-

ready instrument in """jgj*^ Hallam's Const. Hist, ment; produce as an agent or agency.

_ T , , Of - ' in the making of the first man, God first instrumental-

5. In law, a writing given as tne means perfect bSdy, and then infused a living soul.

thing that contributes to the production of an ating, securing, modifying, or terminating a 1{ev T Adams, Works, III. 147.

effect or the accomplishment of a purpose ; a righti or affording evidence, as a writing con- instrumentally (in-stro-men'tal-i), adv. 1. As

taining the terms of a contract, a deed of con- •»"»" • t v- *»

One of the first acts performed by the new solicitor gen- means to an end.

iral was to draw up an instrument w hich authorized Walker

means; an agency o

Then wash all the instruments of the sences, as the eies, veyance, a grant, a patent, an indenture, etc
the ears, the nostrils, the mouth, the tongue, the teeth, and
all the face, with cold water.

Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 255.

Neither yield ye your members as instruments of un-
righteousness unto sin, but ... as instruments of right-
eousness unto God. Rom. vi. 13.

The lowly classes, clouded by despair, were driven some-
times to admit the terrible thought that religion, which
is the poor man's consolation and defence, might after
all be but an instrument of government in the hands of
their oppressors. Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 366.

Intellect is not a power, but an instrument— not a

an instrument, means, or tool; by way of au
instrument; in the nature of an instrument;

eral was to draw up a

and his proselytes to hold their benefices, notwithstand-
ing their apostasy. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi.
The curious instrument by which Manfred, in May, 1269,
undertook the protection of the city still exists in the
Sienese archives.

C. E. Norton, Church-building in Middle Ages, p. 107.

Absolute, active, chromatic Instrument. See the
adjectives.— Brass Instrument. See wind-instrument.
— Circular Instruments. See circular.— Diatonic In-
struments. See diatonic.— Equatorial Instrument.

thing which itself moves and works, but a thing which is gee equatorial, »~— Instruments of evidence. See em-
moved and worked by forces behimHt. ^ oi ^ _ nM dence— Negotiable, notarial, etc., Instrument. See

H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 382.

From thence they will argue that, the end being essen-
tially beneficial, the means become instrumentally so.

Burke, Popery Laws.

2. By means of an instrument, a tool, or a ma-
chine.

The 13th I took the height of it inttrumentally, stand-
ing near the sea side, which I found to be 34 minutes, the
sun being 28 degrees high. Boyle, Works, V. 709.

3. With instruments of music.

The earlier fathers of the church . . . condemned mu-
sical devotion when instrumentally accompanied.

W. Mason, Church Musick, p. 27.

the adjectives. = Syn. 2. Implement, Utensil, etc. See tool.

Specifically— 2. Something used to produce a instrument (in'stro-ment), v. t. [= OF. in- jnstrumentalness (in-strij-men'tal-nes), n.
mechanical effect; a contrivance with which to strumen ter, play on an instrument; from the Instrumentality; usefulness to an end or pur-
i ....,_ -x i_:_j._i — i noun.] In music, to compose or arrange for in- pOse.

struments, especially for an orchestra ; score. ^ inslrumentalnes8 of riches to works of charity,
instrumental (in-stro-mental), a. and re. |_=-*- Hammond.

instru

Sp,

menta,

adv

perform mechanical work of any kind ; a tool
implement, utensil, or machine.

Sound all the lofty instruments of war,
And by that music let us all embrace.

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 2, 98.

The agriculture appeared to me extremely good, the in-
struments very clumsy.

Sydney Smith, To Mrs. Sydney Smith.

Among their instruments [in the Hippocratic era] were

strument: see instrument.} I. a. 1. Of the
nature of an instrument or tool ; serving as an

ducive to an end ; instrumental. [Rare.] — 2.
In Scots law, of or pertaining to a legal instru-
ment : as, instrumental^ witnesses.

forceps probes, directors, syringes, rectal speculum, bathe- } «' "*

ter, and various kinds of cautery. Encye. Brit., XXII. 674. instrument or means ; used or serving to pro- mDllli< „„,„„„..„„,„.„,„ ^^.

Specifically -3. In music, a mechanical con- mote or effect an object ; helpful ; serviceable : instrumentation (in*8tr9-men-ta'shon),B. [=

trivance or apparatus for producing musical as, the press has been »«sto<raentoZ m enlarging w ,„„,„,.,„„„,„„-„„_ T>™ .•„„*,„„,.„*„,.*,. .«,

sounds-that is, for setting up, either in a solid the ^ou»ds of knowledge.

^L^^^^^&^^^,^: £tt£SttK8G£~!&

ficiently rapid, regular, and definite to produce
tones systematically related to one another. An
instrument involves a vibration-producing agency, avibra-
tile body, usually a resonator of some kind, and various
appliances for regulating the pitch, the force, the dura-
tion, and often the quality of the tones produced. Instru-
ments may be grouped by reference to any one of these

the bounds of knowledge.

All second and instrumental causes, without that oper-
ive faculty which God gave them, would become alto-
gether silent, vu-tueless, and dead. Raleigh, Hist. World.
My chief inducement . . . was to be instrumental in
forwarding your happiness.

Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, ii.

The instrumental weapon of investigation, the spectro-
scope, has made important advances. Science, IV. 182.

F. instrumentation = Pg.
instrument + -ation.] 1. Use of instruments;
work done by means of instruments, especially
in surveying and the like.

Something more is needed than the Engineer, stiff with
his instrumentation and his equations and his economies
of line.

D. 0. Mitchell, Bound Together (Highways and Parks).

2. Instrumental means or aid; facility fur-

menis may ue groupuu uy reieieuue 10 any une ui IMCBC owpv, «« _ . - -

characteristics. Thus, with respect to the vibration-pro- 3 Pertaining to made by, or prepared for nished by instruments; intermediate agency,

ducing agency, they are -(a)infiatile, blown by the breath, :„'„*_,,„,„„*„ B<mp/,iallv musical instruments TRare.1

as a flute ; by mechanically compressed air, as an organ or lnst™m,enL8' _!3*?SS f^™5L2'H^22:

as a flute ; by mechanically compressed air, as an organ or
a concertina ; or by the wind, as an teolian harp ; (b) per-
cussive or pulsatile, struck together, as cymbals ; by a ham-
mer, as a pianoforte, a bell, or a drum ; or by the hand,
as a tambourine ; (c) plucked, pulled aside and then re-
leased, as the strings of a harp or guitar, or the teeth of a
music-box ; (d) fricative, rubbed by the finger, as musical
glasses; by a bow (bow-instruments), as a violin and its
many relatives ; or by a wheel, as a hurdy-gurdy. Again,
with respect to the vibratile body, instruments are — (a)
pneumatic, as the foundation-stops in a pipe-organ ; (b)
stringed, as a harp, a violin, or a pianoforte ; (c) tongued
or reed, as an oboe, a clarinet, or a reed-organ (properly
all the metal wind-instruments belong here); (rf) tym-
panic, as a drum or a tambourine ; (e) vibrating entire,
as a bell or a tuning-fork. The resonators used are vari-
ous, and difficult of classification. Again, with respect to
the means of fixing the desired pitoh of the tone, instru-
ments are — (a) of fixed intonation, as the lyre, which has
a separate string for each tone desired ; the pianoforte
and organ (keyed instruments), which are fitted with keys
or levers to determine which of several vibratile bodies
shall be used ; the guitar, which is fitted with frets over
which the strings can be shortened ; the flute, which
has finger-holes by stopping which the effective length of
the vibrating column of air can be altered ; the cornet-
a-pistons, which has valves by which the air-column can
be supplemented ; or the trombone, the tube of which
slides into itself, etc. ; (6) harmonic, producing the tones
of a harmonic scale according to the method of blowing,
as the horn, trumpet, etc.; (c) of free intonation, as the
violin and its relatives, on which (although the strings are
first tuned to fixed pitches) the player may produce any
conceivable gradation of pitch. Instruments may also be
grouped as — (a) solo, melodic, producing usually but one
tone at a time, as a violin, a flute, a horn, etc.; (b) con-
certed, harmonic, polyphonic, producing many tones at
once, as a pianoforte, an organ, a harp, a lute, etc. Final-
ly, they may be grouped as — (a) popular, used for com-
paratively crude music ; or (b) orchestral, developed into
great perfection of form, and applied to the performance

nation. Popular instruments everywhere belong to the
classes represented hy the pipe, the harp, the lute, the
drum, and the cymbals. The modern orchestra is corn-

Specifically, in music, noting a composition or a passage
intended for instruments rather than for the voice, or in
a style not germane to the voice : opposed to vocal.

Sweet voices, mixed with instrumental sounds,

Ascend the vaulted roof.

Dryden, Cym. and Iph., 1. 579.

The Nightingale . . . breathes such sweet loud music
out of her little instrumental throat.

/. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 26.

Among the earliest specimens of instrumental accompa-
niment that have descended to us m

may be mentioned the

[Rare.]

Otherwise we have no sufficient instrumentation for our
human use or handling of so great a fact and our personal
appropriation of it, ... no fit medium of thought re-
specting it. H. Bushnell.

3. In music, the process, act, or science of
composing or arranging music for instruments,
especially for an orchestra. It includes a know-
ledge of the technical manipulation, compass, tone-qual-
ity, and mutual adaptability of all recognized instruments.
It is one of the most advanced branches of the general
science of composition.

organ parts to some of the services and anthems by Eng- instTUmentist (in ' stro-men-tist), n. [= F.
lish composers of the middle of the 16th century. instrumentiste = Sp. Pg. instrumentista; as in-

Grove, Diet. Mono, I. 20 gtmment + ^fc] £ p|rf ormer upon a musical
3. In gram., serving to indicate the instrument jagtmment . an instrumentalist.

posed of the following classes ; (a) Stringed, including
violins, violas, violoncellos, bass viols, and harps ; (b)
wood wind, including flutes, oboes, English horns, clari-
nets, bassoons ; (c) brass ivintl, including French horns,

lative. Abbreviated inst. or instr.

Could we make out the Teutonic as it was a thousand
years earlier, we might perhaps find a complete instru-
mental form, with an ablative and a locative, the perfect
apparatus of Indo-European noun-inflection.

J. Hadley, Essays, p. 50.
Instrumental score. See score.

II. ". It. An instrument.

Unto the deep, fruitful, and operative study of many insuavityt (in-swav'i-ti), n
sciences . . . books be not the only instrumentals.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 112.

2. The instrumental case. Compare I., 3.

The other treats similarly the instrumental, considering
the A. S. dative-instrumental as corresponding to an old-
er instrumental, under the instrumental of accompani-
ment, of means, of cause, of manner.

Amer. Jour. Philol, VI. 3.

instrumentalist (in-strg-men'tal-ist), n.
instrumental + -ist.]
upon an instrument: opposed to vocalist.

Our own early minstrels . . . [united] the now separate
offices of poet, vocalist, and instrumentalist.

H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 26.

trumpets (cornets), trombones,' ophicleides, etc.; (d) per- instrumentality (in"stro-men-tari-ti), n. ; pi.
cussive, including tympani, long drums, triangles, etc. invtrinnrntaliticv ( tirl K i-
For an account of the human voice as a musical instru-
ment, see voice.

In that place was had fill gret mynstracy ;
Both hye and has instrumentes sondry.

Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 945.
Tantrum Clangley,— a place long celebrated for the skill
of its inhabitants as performers on instruments of percus-
sion. T. Hardy, Under the Greenwood Tree, v. 2.

4. One who is used by another; a human tool.

tal; subordinate or auxiliary agency; agency
of anything as means to an end.

This Robbin (so much talked on)

Was once a man of fame,
Instiled earle of Huntington,
Lord Robert Hood by name.
True Tale of Robin Hood (Child's Ballads, V. 355).
Whereof, I avow, I account nought at all, knowing no
age so Justly to be instiled golden as this of our sovereign
lady queen Anne. Qay, Shepherd's Week, Proem.

[= Pg. insuan-

dade = It. insuavita; as in-3 + suavity.] Lack
of suavity; unpleasantness.

All fears, griefs, suspicions, discontents, imbonities, in-
suaeities, are swallowed up and drowned in this Euripus,
this Irish Sea, this Ocean of Misery.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 215.

insubjection (in-sub-jek'shon), n. [< in-3 +
subjection.] Lack of subjection ; a state of dis-
.... .. obedience to authority or control. Todd.

In music, a performer insubmergible (in-sub-mer'ji-bl), a. [< in-* +
submergible.] Incapable of being submerged.
The latter, insubmergible — so designated, although ac-
tually overflowed by the torrent, and expected and in-
tended to be so at times, and it may be frequently — be-
long to a class of embankments which have been long in
use. Quoted in J. C. Brown's Reboisement in France, p. 80.

insubmission (in-sub-mish'on), n. [< in-3 +
submission.] Want of submission; disobedi-
ence; insubordination. Wilnelm, Mil. Diet.

This I set down, to let the world see that Cranmer was insubordinate (m-sub-or'di-uat), a. [= F. in-

subordonne = Sp. Pg. msitbordmado = It. tnmtli-

not at all concerned in those niceties which have been so
much inquired into since that time, about the instrumen-
tality of faith in justification.

Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1540.

2. An instrumental means or agency; some-

ordinato; as in-3 + subordinate.] Not subor-
dinate or submissive ; not submitting to author-
ity; refractory. =Syn. Disobedient, unruly, disorderly,
turbulent, mutinous.

The finest Device of all was, to have five of the Duke of TV-"" «"«•»--«'-•'..••_—«-««> — . «s~— v i »™— - ^,MU.C..V,_..,UL.,_,UI.O.

pinioned like thing serving as an instrument : as, preaching insubordination (m-sub-or-di-na shon), ». [=

,

Gloucester's Instruments manacled and
Traitors. Baker, Chronicles, p. 221.

The bold are but the instruments of the wise. Dryden.

is the great instrumentality in the spread of
religion.

F.inxHli<»'di>i<ition,=:S\>.imubor(lin<icii>ii =
intubordimgao = It. insubordinazione.] The

insubordination

quality of beinn insubordinate; want of subor-
dination; rcl'nirtiii-inrs*; disobedience; resis-
tance to lawful authority.

The insubordination of the demoralized army was be-
yond the Influence of even the most popular of the gen-
erals. Arnold, Hist. Koine.

Military intnibordination Is so grave and, at the same
time, so contagious a disease, that 11 requires the prompt-
est and most drriMvr rimedles to prevent it from leading
to anarchy. Lecktj, Eng. in 18th Cent., lit.

insubstantial (in-sub-stan'snal), a. [= P. in-
Kiibxlt'iiliel = Sp. insiiliKtitni-iiil, < ML. innubstun-
tialis, not substantial, < L. in- priv. + LL. sub-
stantialis, substantial : see substantial.] Unsub-
stantial.

The great globe Itself,
Yea, all which it Inherit, shall dissolve ;
And, like this (fUvMomW pageant faded,
Leave not a rack behind.

,s/i<(<-., Tempest, Iv. 1, 155.

We elders . . . are apt to smile at the first sorrow of
lad or lasa, as though it were some insubstantial creature
of the element, which has no touch of our afflictions.

H. Vomten, Shelley, I. 98.

insubstantiality (in-sub-stan-shi-al'i-ti), n. [<
iiiHiilistiiHliiil + -ity.] The quality of" being in-
substantial; unsubstantiality.

insubstantiated (in-sub-stau'shi-a-ted), a. [<
ii/-~ + substantiate + -erf2.] Embodied in sub-
stance or matter ; substantially manifested.

A mind or reason . . . inmibitantiated or embodied.

Grate.

insuccationt (in-su-ka'shgn), n. [< L. insucu-
tux, pp. of insucare, iraprop. insuccare, soak in,
< in, in, + sucus, improp. succus, juice : see suc-
culent.] The act of soaking or moistening;
maceration.

As concerning the medicating and iruutxation of seeds,
... I am no great favourer of it. Evelyn, Sylva, 1. 1. § 5.

insuccess (in-suk-ses'), n. Same as unsuccess.

insuccessfulnesst (in-suk-ses'ful-nes), n. Un-
successfuluess. Davcnant, Gondibert, Pref.

insucken (iu'suk-u), a. [< i»l + sucken.] In
Scots lair, in the servitude of thirlage, pertain-
ing to a district astricted to a certain mill : as,
an insucken multure or toll. See multure, ont-
sucken, sucken, and thirlage.

insudatet, a. [< L. insudatus, pp. of insudare,
sweat in or at a thing, < in, in, + sitdare, sweat:
see svdation.] Accompanied with sweating.
ffares.

And such great victories attain'd but selld,
Though with more labours, and itunidate toyles.

Htywood, Troia Britannica (1609).

insuet, r. An obsolete form of ensue.

insuetude (in'swe-tud), ». [= It. insuetudine, <
L. iiiKitttudo (-din-), < insuetus, unaccustomed, <
in- priv. + suetus, accustomed, pp. of suescere,
be accustomed ; cf. consuetude, desuetude.] The
state of being unaccustomed or unused; un-
usualness. [Rare.]

Absurdities are great or small in proportion to custom
or insuftude. Landor.

insufferable (in-suf'er-a-bl), a. [< »n-» + #«/-

lini/iir.\ Not sufferab'le; nut to lie rmlmvil ;
intolerable ; unbearable : as, insufferable cold
or heat ; insufferable wrongs.

Then turn'd to Thracia from the Held of fight
Those eyes that shed insufferable light.

Pope, Iliad, siii. 6.

Though I say nothing to your own conduct, that of your
servant* la insufferable.

Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, Iv.

The fine sayings and exploits of their heroes remind us
of the inm/erable perfections of Sir Charles Orandison.

Macaulay, History.

insufferably (in-suf 'er-a-bli), adv. In an insuf-
ferable manner ; to an 'intolerable degree : as,
insufferably bright ; insufferably proud.

His [Pereius's] figures are generally too bold and dar-
ing; and his tropes, particularly his metaphors, iti»uffer-
ably strained. Dryden, tr. of Juvenal, Ded.

insufficience (in-su-fish'ens), ». [< ME. »«*«/-
flciens (in older form iiisujttsanee, q. v., < OP.
(also F.) iiHtiijH.-niHi-i-); < OF. insufficience = Pr.
Pg. iiisujjicioifia == Sp. insuflcieneia = It. insuf-
Jiricnzit, < LL. insufficientia, insufflcience, < in-
Kiifficien(t-)s, insuflicient: see insufficient.] In-
sufficiency. [Rare.]

And I confess my simple inxuffifiens :
I.itil haf I sene, and reportit »vi! less,
Of this materis to haf experience.
Sooke of Preci-dence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), 1. 102.
We will give you sleepy drinks, that your senses, unin-
telligent of our insufficience, may, though ttu-y cannot
praise us, as little accuse us. Shak., W. T., 1. 1, Id.

insufficiency (in-su-lish' en-si), n. [As I/J.VH/-
tii'irnci' : stv -ci/.J Llflk of sutlioiriicy ; defi-
ciency in amount, force, or fitness ; inadequate-
197

3127

ness ; incompetency : as, insufficiency of sup-
plies ; insufficiency of motive.

If they shall percelue any insufeiencit In yon, they will
not omitte any occasion to harm yon.

lliikluyt'i Voyages, IL 172.

At the time when our Lord came, the insufficiency of the
Jewish religion, of natural religion, of anuent tradition,
and of philosophy, fully appeared.

./in tin. Christian Religion, Iv.

Active insufficiency of a muscle, tin- inability of the
muscle to act, owing to too close approximation of the
points of origin and insertion, as in the case of the gas-
t form-mills when the knee Is bent.

Pg. It. insufficiente, < LL. insufficien(t-)s, not
sufficient, < L. in- priv. + sufficien(t-)s, suffi-
cient: see sufficient.] Not sufficient; lacking
in what is necessary or required ; deficient in
amount, force, or fitness ; inadequate ; incom-
petent: as, insufficient provision or protection;
insufficient motives.

All other inmfflciant |to play In the pageantsl per-
sonnes, either in connyng, voice, or personne, to discharge,
animove, and avolde.

Quoted In York Plays, Int., p. xxxvli.
The bishop to whom they shall be presented may justly
reject them as incapable and insufficient.

Spenser, State of Ireland.

It may come one day to be recognized that the number
of legs, the villoslty of the skin, or the termination of the
os sacrum, are reasons insufficient for abandoning a sensi-
tive being to the caprice of a tormentor.

F. P. Cobbe, Peak In Darlen, p. 145.

insufficiently (in-su-fish'ent-li), adv. In an in-
sufficient manner; inadequately; with lack of
ability, skill, or fitness.

insuffisancet, «• [ME. , < OF. insuffisance, insuffi-
cience: see insufficience.] Insufficiency. Hal-
liicell.

Alle be It that I dide none my self for myiie unable in-
»tijt>it"iii'i', now I am comen horn.

Mandeville, Travels, p. 315.

insuffisantt, a. [ME., < OF. insuffisant, insuffi-
cient : see insufficient.'] Insufficient.

What may ben ynow to that man, to whom alle the world

is iniufflsant > Mmute nil f, Travels, p. 293.

insufflate (iu-suf'lat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. insuf-
Jlated, ppr. insufflating. [< LL. insumatus, pp.
of insufflare, blow or breathe into, C L. in, in,
into, upon. •+• siifflare, blow from below, < sub,
below, under, + flare = E. blow1: see flatus.]

1. To blow into; specifically, in med., to treat
by insufflation. See insufflation, 3. — 2. Eccles.,
to breathe upon, especially upon catechumens
or the water of baptism. See insufflation, 2.

insufflation (in-su-fla'shon), «. [= F. insuf-
flation = Pg. insufflacSo = It. insufflazione, <
LL. insufflatio(n-), a blowing into, < insufflare,
pp. insufflatus, blow or breathe into : see insuf-
flate.] 1. The act of blowing or breathing on
or into.

The Journal of the Franklin Institute observes the meth-
od of insufflation and evaporation referred to is simply the
blowing of streams of air, not necessarily heated, into a
liquid warmed by some usual meant to some desired tem-
perature, which may or may not be the boiling point of
the liquid. Ure, Diet, IV. 860.

2. Eccles., the act or ceremony of breathing
upon (a person or thing), symbolizing the influ-
ence of the Holy Ghost and the expulsion of an
evil spirit. This ceremony is used in some ancient and
Oriental rites, in exorcism of the water of baptism, and in
the Greek and Koman Catholic churches and elsewhere In
exorcism of catechumens. See exfujjtation.

Thus St. Basil, expressly comparing the divine imntjfla-
tion upon Adam with that of Christ, John \v 22, upon the
apostles, tells us it was the same Son of God, "by whom
God gave the inmtJUatian, then Indeed together with the
soul, but now into thesonL"

Bp. Bull, State of Man before the Fall.

They would speak less slightingly of the insufflation and
extreme unction used in the Romish Church. Coleridge.

3. In med., the act of blowing air into the mouth
of a new-born child to induce respiration, or of
blowing a gas, vapor, or powder into some open-
ing of the Dody.

insufflator (in su-fla-tor), n. [NL., < LL. insuf-
flatus, pp. of insufflare, blow into: see insuf-
flate.] 1. A form of injector for impelling air
into a furnace. It is practically an Injector blower.
!'•>• a slight change in the apparatus it becomes a hydro-
carbon burner or blower, for delivering a stream of oil
mingled with air and steam under pressure to a furnace.
2. A medical instrument for blowing air, or a
gas, vapor, or powder, into some opening of the
body. See insufflation, 3.

insuitt (in'siit), ». A word found only in the
plarr citnl. and undoubtedly a printer's error.
Most modern editions have "infinite cunning"
in place of the old " infuite comming."

Insulate

And, In fine,

Her inmit coming with her modern grace,
Subdued me to her rate.

Shot., Alii Well, T. S, 216.

insuitability (in-su-ta-birj-ti), n. [< inauitaMe:
sec -bility.] Uusuitableuess; incongruity.

The inequality and the insuitability of his arms, and his
grave manner of proceeding.

Slulton, tr. of Uon Quixote, Iv. 10.

insuitablet (in-su'ta-bl), a. [< «n-3 + suitable.]
Unsuitable.

Many other rites of the Jewish worship seemed to him
insuitable to the divine nature.

Up. Burnet, Life of Rochester.

insula (in'su-la), n. ; pi. intake (-le). [L., an
island : see /.••'<• I .] In anat., a portion of the cer-
ebral cortex concealed in the Sylvian fissure,
consisting of five or six radiating convolutions,
the gyrioperti. It lies Just out from the lenticular nu-
cleus. Also called island of Kril, lobule oj the Sylvian
fttsure, lobule of the corput ttrialum, tn& central lobe. See
cut under ffi/ru*.— Insula Eellt Same as inrata.

insular (in'su-lar), a. and w. [= F. iumilaire
= Sp. Pg. insular, < L. itisularis, of or belong-
ing to an island, < insula, an island, perhaps <
in, in, + salum, the main sea, = Gr. <rd/oc, surge,
swell of the sea. Hence ult. (< L. insula) E.
isle1, isolate, etc.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to
an island; surrounded by water: opposed to
continental.

Their insular situation defended the people from Inva-
sions by land. .'. Adatnt, Works, IV. 60S.

2. Hemmed in like an island ; standing alone ;
surrounded by what is different or incongru-
ous: as, an insular eminence in a plain.

But how inxular and pathetically solitary are all the
people we know ! Emerson. Society and Solitude.

3. Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of an
island; characteristic of insulated or isolated
persons; hence, narrow; contracted: as, insu-
lar prejudices.

England had long been growing more truly insular in
language and political ideas when the Reformation came
to precipitate nor national consciousness.

LoweU, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 149.

4. In i n In m., situated alone: applied to galls
which occur singly on a leaf. — o. In anat., of
or pertaining to the insula of the brain, or is-
land of Reil — Insular sclerosis. See •clerotit.

H. ». One who dwells in an island; an is-
lander.

It is much to be lamented that our insular* . . . should
yet, from grossness of air and diet, grow stupid or doat
sooner than other people. Bp. Berkeley, Siris, $ 109.

insularism (in'su-lar-izra), ». [< insular +
-isw.] The quality of being insular in personal
character; narrowness of opinion or concep-
tion ; mental insularity.
His [Alfred's] freedom from a narrow intularism.

J. li. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 96.

insularity (in-su-lar'i-ti), ». [= F. insularit^;
as insular +.-iiy.] The state of being an island,
or of being insular in situation or character ;
restriction within or as within an island ; that
which is characteristic of an island or of the
inhabitants of an island ; insularism.

In his first voyage to the South Seas, he discovered the
Society Islands, determined the ins\tlarit;t of New Zea-
land, . . . and made a complete survey of both.

Cook, Third Voyage, T. 3.

We may rejoice in and be grateful for the insularity
of our position, but we cannot escape from the inherent
solidarity of all civilised races.

W. 11. Greg, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 35.
Cosmopolitanism is greater than selfish insularity.

Westminster Rev., CXXV. 815.

insularly (in'gu-lar-li), adi: In an insular

manner,
insulary (in'gu-la-ri), a. and n. [< L. inxularix,

insular: see insular.] I. it. Same as insular.

[Rare.]

Druina, being surrounded with the sea, is hardly to be
invaded, having many other inxularif advantages. HoveU.

H. n. Same as insular. [Rare.]
Clearly, therefore, It Is not for us, poor inmlarirt that
we are, to judge of the moral aspect of the " Naturalist "
movement. Contemporary Rev., LI. 61.

insulate (in'gu-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. insu-
lated, ppr. insulating. [< LL. tendMU. made
like an island, pp. of insulare (> It. isolare (>
ult. E. isolate) = F. insider), make like an island,
< insitla, island : see insular. ] 1 . To make an
island of (a place) by surrounding it with water.
An Impetuous torrent boiled through the depth of the
chasm, and, after eddying round the base of the castle-
rock, which it almost insulated, disappeared in the ob-
scurity of a woody glen. Peaeoclt, Melincourt, i.

2. To place in an isolated situation or con-
dition; set apart from immediate contact or
association with others; detach; segregate.

insulate

In Judaism, the special and insulated situation of the
Jews has unavoidably impressed an exclusive bias upon
its principles. De Quincey.

Everything that tends to insulate the individual — to
surround him with barriers of natural respect, so that
each man shall feel the world as his, and man shall treat
with man as a sovereign state with a sovereign state —
tends to true union as well as greatness.

Emerson, Misc., p. 95.

3. In elect, and thermotics, to separate, as an
electrified or heated body, from other bodies
by the interposition of a non-conductor ; more
specifically, in the case of electricity, to sep-
arate from the earth (since an electrified body
tends to part with its electricity to the earth).
This is accomplished by supporting the body by means of
silk, glass, resin, or some other non-conductor, or surround-
ing It with such materials. See insulator. Also isolate.

4. In chem., to free from combination with
other substances.

insulate (in'gu-lat), a. [< L. insulatus, insu-
lated: see the verb.] In entom., detached
from other parts or marks of the same kind.
— Insulate vein, a discal vein or nervure of the wing
not connected with another.

insulation (in-su-la'shon), n. [< insulate +
-ion.] 1. The act of insulating or detaching,
or the state of being detached, from other ob-
jects.— 2. In elect, and thermotics, that state
in which the communication of electricity or
heat to other bodies is prevented by the in-
terposition of a non-conductor ; also, the mate-
rial or substance which insulates. See insulate
and. insulator.— 3. The act of setting free from
combination, as a chemical body; isolation.
insulator (iu'gu-H-tgr), n. [< insulate + -or.]
One who or that which insulates ; specifically,
a substance or
body that inter-
rupts the commu-
nication of elec-
tricity or heat to
surrounding ob-
jects ; a non-con-
ductor; anything
through which an
electee current
will not pass.
The figures show the
usual forms of in-
sulators employed
in telegraph-lines to
support the wire on
the post. They are
frequently made of
porcelain or glass,
Insulators. an(1 in the sh e o(

.rf.Rlassinsulatorusedon Western Union fln inverted CUD
lines, usually supported by an oak stalk. , , , TV" ^. ^"fP,

Ji, double-cup insulator used on English round which the Wire
lines: c, c' , cups of brown earthenware; is wrapped or is at-
b, an iron stalk by means of which the in- tached by a hook de-

SS."pn'I!oieXCdt0theCrOSS"i""IOfthete'e' pending from it, or
the like. In the case

of electricity the commonest insulators for supports are
glass, porcelain, and vulcanized rubber ; and for covering
wires conveying currents, silk, cotton, gutta-percha, and
rubber. These substances do not absolutely prevent the
communication of electricity, but a good glass Leyden
jar, for example, will hold a charge for months. No per-
fect insulator for either electricity or heat is known, and
the distinction between conductors and insulators is some-
what arbitrary.

insuloust (in'su-lus), a. [< LL. insulosus, full
of islands, < L. insula, island: see insular.']
Abounding in islands. Bailey.

insulset (in-suls'), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. insulso, <
L. insulsus, unsalted, insipid, < in- priv. + sal-
sus, salted, pp. of salere, salt: see salt1, sauce.]
Dull; insipid; stupid: as, "insulse and frigid
affectation," Milton.

insulsityt (in-sul'si-ti), n. [< L. insulsita(t-)s,
tastelessness, insipidity, < insulsus, unsalted, in-
sipid: see insulse.] Dullness; insipidity; stu-
pidity.

To justify the councils of God and fate from the insulsi-
ty of mortal tongues. Milton, Divorce, ii. S.

insult (in-sulf ), v. [< F. insulter = Sp. Pg. insul-
tar = It. insultare, < L. insultare, leap or spring at
or upon, behave insolently toward, insult, ML.
attack, freq. of insilire, leap at or upon,< in, on,
at, + satire, leap : see salient, and cf . assault,
exult, result.] I. trans. 1. To leap upon; specif-
ically, to make a sudden, open, and bold attack
upon ; attack in a summary manner, and with-
out recourse to the usual forms of war. [Bare .]

An enemy is said to insult a coast when he suddenly
appears upon it, and debarks with an immediate purpose
to attack. Stocqueler.

2. To offer an indignity to; treat contemptuous-
ly, igiiommiously, or insolently, eitherby speech
or by action ; manifest scorn or contempt for.
Not so Atrides : he, with wonted pride
The sire insulted, and his gifts deny'd.

Pope, Iliad, i. 493.

3128

A stranger cannot so much as go into the streets of the
town [Damiata] that are not usually frequented by them
without being insulted.

J'ococke, Description of the East, I. 19.

I shall not dare insult your wits so much
As think this problem difficult to solve !

Browning, King and Book, II. 271.

II. intrans. If. To leap or jump.

And they know how,
The lion being dead, even hares insult.

Daniel, Funeral Poem.

There shall the Spectator see some insulting with joy;
others fretting with melancholy. B. Jonson, Discoveries.

2. To behave with insolent triumph ; exult con-
temptuously: with on, upon, or over. [Obso-
lete or archaic.]

You I afford my pity ; baser minds

Intuit on the afflicted.

Fletcher (and another 7), Prophetess, iv. 5.

I insult not over his misfortunes, though he has him-
self occasioned them. Dryden, Duke of Guise.

What then is her reward, that out of peevishness,
Contemns the honest passion of her lover,
Insults upon his virtue? Shirley, Love Tricks, iv. 2.

insult (in'sult), n. [< LL. insultus, insult, scof-
fing, lit. a leaping upon, < L. insilire, pp. insul-
tus, leap upon, insult : see insult, v.~\ If. The
act of leaping on anything.

The bull's insult at four she may sustain.

Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, ill. 99.

2. An assault ; a summary assault ; an attack.
[Bare.]

Many a rude tower and rampart there
Bepelled the insult of the air.

Scott, Marmion, vt 2.

3. An affront, or a hurt inflicted upon one's
self-respect or sensibility ; an action or utter-
ance designed to wound one's feelings or igno-
miniously assail one's self-respect; a manifesta-
tion of insolence or contempt intended to pro-
voke resentment ; an indignity.

To refuse a present would be a deadly insult — enough
to convert the would-be donor into an inveterate and im-
placable enemy. O'Donovan, Merv, xiv.

And I heard sounds of insult, shame, and wrong,
And trumpets blown for wars.

Tennyson, Fair Women.

4. Contemptuous treatment ; outrage.

Yet e'en these bones from insult to protect.

Gray, Elegy.

To take an Insult, to submit without retaliation to
something regarded as insulting : as, I will take no in-
sults from you. = Syn. 3. Indignity, etc. See affront.
insultable (in-sul'ta-bl), o. [< insult + -able.']
Capable of being insulted ; apt to feel insulted ;
quick to take insult.

Civility has not completed its work if it leave us unso-
cial, morose, insultable. Alcott, Tablets, p. 71.

insultancet (in-sul'tans), n.
-ce.] Insult; insolence.

[< insultan(t) +

I staid our ores, and this insul tance vsede ;
Cyclop ! thou shouldst not haue so much abusde
Thy monstrous forces. Chapman, Odyssey, U.

insultant (in-sul'tant), a. [< L. insultan(t-)s,
ppr.of insultare, insult: see insult, v.~\ Inflicting
insult; wounding honor or sensibility; insult-
ing. [Bare.]

Meanwhile for thy insvltant ambassage,
Cherub, abide in chains, a spy's desert.
Hickersteth, Yesterday, To-day, and Forever, viii. 876.

insnltationt (in-sul-ta'shon), n. [= OF. insulta-
tion = It. insultazione, < li'.insultaUo(n-), a leap-
ing upon, a scoffing/ insultare, leap upon: see
insult, v.~\ The act of insulting or treating with
indignity ; manifestation of contempt or scorn.
When he looks upon his enemies dead body, 'tis with a
kind of noble heavines, not insultation.

Sir T. Overbury, Characters, A Worthy Commander.

The impudent insultations of the basest of the people.

Prideaux, Euchologia, p. 185.

insulter (in-sul'ter), «. If. One who attacks.
Her lips are conquerors, his lips obey,
Paying what ransom the insulter wllleth.

Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 550.

2. One who insults or offers an indignity.
insulting (in-sul'ting), p. a. If. Attacking;
injurious.

And the flre could scarcely preuaile against the intuit-
ing tyrannie of the cold, to warme them.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 434.

2. Containing or inflicting insult; derogatory
or abusive : as, insulting language. =Syn. insolent,
Insulting (see insolent) ; abusive, blackguard, ribald.

insultingly (in-sul'ting-li), adv. In an insult-
ing manner ; with insolent contempt.

insultmentt (in-sult'ment), n. [< insult +
-ment.~\ The act of insulting; an insult.

He on the ground, my speech of insultment ended on
his dead body. Shak., Cymbeline, iii. 5, 145.

insumet (in-sum'), v. 1. [< L. insumere, take,
assume, < in, in, + sumere, take: see sumption.
Cf. assume, consume, etc.] To take in; absorb.

insurance

In dressing the roots be as sparing ns possible of the
fibres,. . . which are as it were the emulgent veins, which
insume and convey the nourishment to the whole tree.
Evelyn, Terra (ed. 1825), p. 25.

insuperability (in-su"pe-ra-biri-ti), n. [< in-
superable: see -bility.] "Tne quality of being
insuperable.

insuperable (in-su'pe-ra-bl), a. [< OF. insu-
perable, insoperable = Sp. insuperable = Pg. in-
superavel= It. insuperabile ; as in-A + superable.~\
Not superable; incapable of being passed over,
overcome, or surmounted.

Overhead up grew
Insuperable highth of loftiest shade,
Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm.

Milton, P. L., iv. 188.

The difficulties of his task had been almost insuperable,
and his performance seemed to me a real feat of magic.

H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 278.
=SjTL Insurmountable, impassable, unconquerable, in-
vincible.

insuperableness (in-su'pe-ra-bl-nes), n. The
character of being insuperable or insurmounta-
ble; insuperability.

insuperably (in-su'pe-ra-bli), adv. In an insu-
perable manner; insurmountably; inextricably.
Many who toil through the intricacy of complicated sys-
tems are insuperably embarrassed with the least perplexity
in common affairs. Johnson, Rambler, No. 180.

insupportable (in-sn-por'ta-bl), a. [= F. in-
supportable = Pg. insupportavel, < LL. insup-
portabilis, not supportable, < in- priv. + *sup-
portabilis, supportable: see supportable.] 1.
Not supportable ; incapable of being support-
ed or borne ; insufferable ; intolerable.

To those that dwell under or near the Equator this
spring would be a most pestilent and insupportable Sum-
mer. Bentley.

Too weak to bear
The insupportable fatigue of thought.

Cowper, Task, vi. 106.
2f. Irresistible.

That when the knight he spide, he gan advance,
With huge force and insupportable mayne,
And towardes him with dreadfull fury praunce.

Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 2.

insupportableness (in-su-por'ta-bl-nes), n.
The quality of being insupportable ; insuffera-
bleness ; the state of being beyond endurance.

insupportably (in-su-por'ta-bli), adv. 1. So as
not to be supported or endured ; intolerably.

Who follows his desires, such tyrants serves
As will oppress him insupportably.

Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, v. 1.
2f. Irresistibly.

When insupportably his foot advanced.

aaton, S. A., 1. 136.

insupposable (in-su-po'za-bl), a. [< «n-3 -f
supposable.] Not supposable; incapable of be-
ing supposed.

insuppressible (in-su-pres'i-bl), a. [< j'n-3 +
suppressiblf.] Not suppressible ; incapable of
being suppressed or removed from observation.
insuppressibly (in-su-pres'i-bli), adv. So as
not to be suppressed or concealed.
insuppressive (iu-su-pres'iv), a. [< tn-3 +
suppressive.] Incapable of being suppressed;
insuppressible. [Bare.]

But do not stain

The even virtue of our enterprise,
Nor th' insuppressive metal of our spirits.

Shalt., J. C., 11. 1, 134.
Man must soar ;
An obstinate activity within,
An insuppressive spring, will toss him up
In spite of fortune's load.

Young, Night Thoughts, vil.

insurable (in-shor'a-bl), a. [< insure + -able.]
Capable of being insured against loss, damage,

death, and the like; proper to be insured in-

surable Interest. See insurance, 2.

The French law annuls the latter policies so far as they
exceed the insurable interest which remained in the in-
sured at the time of the subscription thereof. Walsh.

insurance (in-shor'ans), n. [= OF. enseurance,
assurance, < enseur'er, insure: see insure."] 1.
The act of insuring or assuring against loss ; a
system of business by which a company or cor-
poration (called an insurance company, or, rare-
ly, assurance company or society) guarantees the
insured to a specified extent and under stipu-
lated conditions against pecuniary loss arising
from such contingencies as loss of or damage to
property by fire or the efforts to extinguish fire
(fire-insurance), or by shipwreck or disaster at
sea (marine insurance), or by explosion, break-
age, or other accidents to property, or the loss
of future earnings, either through disablement
(accident-insurance) orthrougk death (lifr-iiisur-
ance), etc. Also called assurance. Specifically
— 2. In laic, a contract by which one party, for
an agreed consideration (which is proportioned

insurance

to the risk involvcil), undertakes to compensate
the other for loss on a specified thing, from
specified causes. Thu party agreeing to make the
compensation is usually culled the insurer or underwriter,
the other the injured or sutured, the agreed considera-
tion the pri mi n <K . tin- \\rilt«.-n contract a policy, the
events insured against rink* or perils, anil the subject,
riK'ht, or interest to be protected the intttrablc interest,
Bouvier.

3. The premium paid for insuring property,
life, etc. — 4f. Kngagement; betrothal.

Dyd I not knowe afore of the insurance
Betweene Ouwyn Uoodlucke and Christian Custance?
Udall, KoUter Doister, IT. 6.

Agreement for Insurance. See agreement.— Co-In-
surance, insurance In which two or more parties are
jointly responsible for any loss which may come upon
certain specitled property ; specifically, a form of Insur-
ance In which the Insured, In consideration of a reduced
rate of premium, agrees to maintain insurance upon his
property to a certain specified extent, say 80 per cent,
of its actual cash value, and failing to do so becomes
his own insurer for the difference, and In case of par-
tial loss la jointly responsible with the insurance com-
pany in that proportion.— Graveyard insurance, a
method of swindling insurance companies by means of
insurance effected on the life of a very old or Infirm
person, who, through collusion with the medical ex-
aminer, may be personated by one of robust health, or
otherwise falsely passed upon. — Hazardous insurance.
See hazardou*.— Insurance broker, one whose busi-
ness it is to procure Insurance for other persons, or to
act as broker between owners of property and insurance
companies. — Insurance commissioner, In some of the
United States, a State officer who in behalf of the public
maintains a supervision over the affairs of insurance com-
panies.— Insurance company, a company or corporation
whose business is to insure against loss or damage.— In-
surance policy. See def. 2, above. = 8yn. Assurance,
Insurance. See the extract.

The terms insurance and assurance have been used in-
discriminate^ for contracts relative to life, fire, and ship-
ping. As custom has rather more frequently employed
the latter term for those relative to life, I have in this
volume entirely restricted the word assurance to that
sense. If this distinction be admitted, assurance will
signify a contract dependent on the duration of life, which
must either happen or fail, and insurance will mean a
contract relating to any other uncertain event, which may
partly happen or partly fail.
Babbage, Comparative View of Institutions for Assurance

[of Lives (1826), quoted In Encyc. Brit., XIII. 160.
(The distinction here made has not become established,
although it Is observed to some extent, especially in Great
Britain.]

insurancert (in-shor'an-scr), n. [< insurance +
-ei'l.] An insurer; an underwriter.

The far-fam'd sculptor, and the laurell'd bard,
Those bold irnturancers of deathless fame,
Supply their little feeble aids in vain.

Blair, The Grave.

insure (in-shoV), v. ; prot. and pp. insured, ppr.
insuring. [Also ensure; ME. insure*, ensuren,
enseuren, < OF. (AF.) enseurer, assure, < en- +
seur, sure. Cf. assure, which is earlier.] I.
trims. 1. To make sure, certain, or secure ; give
assurance of ; assure : as, to insure safety to any
one.

The knyght ensured hym his feith to do In this maner.
Merlin (E. E. T. a), lit 884.

I ensure you, very many godly men In divers places give
daily thanks unto God in prayer for you.
T. Lever, in Bradford's Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 137.

It Is easy to entail debts on succeeding ages, but how
to ensure peace for any term of years Is difficult enough.

Swift.

Specifically — 2. To guarantee or secure indem-
nity for future loss or damage (as to a building
from fire, or to a person from accident or death)
on certain stipulated conditions; make a sub-
ject of insurance; assure: as, to insure a ship
or its cargo, or both, against the dangers of the
sea ; to insure a house against fire.

Take a whiff from our fields, and your excellent wives

Will declare it's all nonsense injuring your lives.

0. W. Holme*, Berkshire Festival.

3f. To pledge ; betroth.

There grew such a secret love between them that at
length they were insured together. Intending to marry.

O. Cavendish, Wolsey (ed. Singer, 1826), I. 67.
= Syn. Insure, Assure. Assure may express the making
certain in mind : as, I was aaured of safety by his friendly
manner ; insure has not this sense. Insure is a possible
word to express the making certain In fact, and is more
common than enf'ire: as, his lack of money insured his
early return ; assure has not this sense. Insure and assure
are both used of the act of pledging a payment of money
upon loss or death, but assure is rarely used in that sense
in the United States.

II. intriiii.i. To undertake to secure or assure
atrainst loss or damage on receipt of a certain
payment or premium; make insurance : as, the
company iimurrs at a low premium.
insurer (in-shor'er). ii. I. One who or that
which insures or makes sure or certain.

Tin- mysterious Scandinavian standard of white silk,
having in its centre a ravi'ii. . . . the supposed insurer
of victory. I're'ile, Hist, of the H-.IR, p. 164.

2. One who contracts, in consideration of a
stipulated payment called a jirrmiiim, to in-

3129

demnify a person or company against certain
perils or losses, or against a particular event;
an underwriter.

That the chance of loss is frequently undervalued, and
scarce ever valued more than it Is worth, we may learn
from the very moderate profit of insurers.

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, I. 10.

insurge lin-utrj'), r. ; pret. and pp. insurged,
ppr. fin/urging. [Early mod. E. insourgc; < F. in-
.turgcr = Sp. Pg. insurgir = It. insurgere, < L. in-
aurgere, rise upon, rise up against, \ in, upon, +
sitrgcre, rise: see surge.} I.f intrant. To rise
against anything ; engage in a hostile uprising ;
become insurgent.

It Is the devilishe sort of men that intounjeth and refo-
eth garbolle against the voritie. ./ . Udatl, On Luke xxiii.

What mischief hath insurged In realmcs by Intestine
de vision. //•'/', Hen. IV., Int.

If In the communicacion or debating therof, either
with her sonne or his counsail, ther shulde in*urrfc any
double or difficulty, . . . *he wolde Interpone her au-
thority. State Papers, Wolsey to Hen. VIII., 1B27.

II. trans. To stir up to insurrection. [Bare.]
The news of the dispute between England and Spain
about Nootka Sound in 1790 recalled him [MirandaJ to
England, where he saw a good deal of Pitt, who had de-
termined to make use of him to insurge. the Spanish colo-
nies, but the peaceful arrangement of the dispute again
destroyed his hopes. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 498.

insurgence (in-ser'jens). n. [= F. insurgence;
as iitsurgen(t) + -ce.j Same as insurgency.

There was a moral inturyenee In the minds of grave
men against the Court of Rome.

Oeorge Eliot, Romola, Ixxl.

Insurgency (in-s6r'jen-si), ». The state or con-
dition of being insurgent; a state of insurrec-
tion.

Our neighbors, In their great revolutionary agitation, if
they could not comprehend our constitution, Imitated our
arts of inturyency. 1. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., IL 363.

insurgent (in-ser'jent), a. and n. [< F. insur-
gent = Sp. Pg. It. insurgente, < L. insurgen(t-)s,
ppr. of insurgere, rise up or to, rise up against :
see iiisurgc.] I. a. Rising against lawful au-
thority or established government ; engaged in
insurrection or rebellion : as, insurgent chiefs.

In the wildest anarchy of man's insurgent appetites and
sins, there is still a reclaiming voice. Chalmers.

Many who are now upon the pension rolls, and in re-
ceipt of the bounty of the Government, are In the ranks
of the insurgent army, or giving them aid and comfort.

Lincoln, In Raymond, p. 174.

II. n. One who rises in forcible opposition to
lawful authority; one who engages in armed
resistance to a government or to the execution
of laws.

Rich with her spoils, his sanction will dismay.
And bid the insurgents tremble and obey.

Falconer, The Demagogue.

The instinients rode about the town, and cried, Liberty !
liberty ! and called upon the people to join them.

/ Adams, Works, I. 103.
To advance Is the only safety of insurgents.

R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., XT.

=Syn. Insurgent, Rebel, Traitor. An inmtryenl differs
from a rebel chiefly in degree. The insurgent opposes the
execution of a particular law or scheme of laws, or the
carrying out of some particular measure, or he wishes to
make a demonstration in favor of some measure or to
express discontent; the rel*'l attempts to overthrow or
change the government, or he revolts and attempts to place
his country under another jurisdiction. A traitor is one
who breaks faith or trust by betraying his country or vio-
lating his allegiance, especially a sworn allegiance : the
word Is applied in strong reprobation to one who, even
without express breach of faith, makes war upon his sov-
ereign or country, or goes over from the side to which his
loyalty is due. See insurrection.

insurmountability (in-ser-moun-ta-bU'i-ti), n.
[< iiiftiiniiniiiiliible: see -bility.] The character
of being insurmountable.

insurmountable (in-ser-moun'ta-bl), a. [= F.
iiiKiirmontable; as in-3 + surmountable.] Not
surmountable; incapable of being surmounted,
passed over, or overcome.

The face of the mountain towards the sea is already by-
nature, or soon will be by art, an insurmountable preci-
pice. B. Smnourne, Travels through Spain, vliL

insurmountableness (in-ser-moun'ta-bl-nes),
n. The state of being insurmountable,
insurmountably (in-ser-moun'ta-bli), adv. So
as not to be surmounted or overcome,
insurrect (in-su-rekf), "• <• [< L. insurrectus,
pp. of insurgere, rise up : see insurge, insurgent.']
It. To rise up.

Richard Franck, In his Northern Memoirs, p. 802, uses
inturrect of " vapours." P. Hall, False Philol., p. 78.
2. To rise; make an insurrection. [Colloq.]

If there's any gratitude in free niggers, now they'll «'n-
surrect and take me out of prison.

\'anity Fair, April 5, 1802.

insurrection (iu-su-rek'shon), n. [= F. i».««r-
ri'etion = Sp. intturreecion "= Pg. insurrci$3o =

insusceptive

It. insurrezione,<. LL. innurrectio(n-) (in a gloss),
a rising up, insurrection, < L. insurgere, pp. in-
surrectus, rise up: see insurgent.] It. A ris-
ing up; uprising.

He [an Impulsive man! lies open to every insurrection
of 111 humour, and every Invasion of distress.

//. Blair, Works, II. IL

2. The act of rising against civil authority or
governmental restraint; specifically, the armed
resistance of a number of persons to the power
of the state; incipient or limited rebellion.

It l> found that this city of old time hath made insur-
rection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have
been made therein. Ezra fv. 10.

In the autumn of 1806 his [Napoleon's) troops pene-
trated Into Prussian Poland, where French agents had
stirred up an insurrection, and In lhO7 the Russians, Prus-
sia's only hope, were defeated at Fricdland.

Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. II., p. 403.

It Is not the insurrections of Ignorance that are danger-
ous, hut the revolts of intelligence. Lowell, Democracy.

Whisky Insurrection or Rebellion, an outbreak In
Pennsylvania in 1794 against the enforcement of an act of
Congress of 1791 Imposing an excise duty on all spirits dis-
tilled within the United States. A large body of militia
was sent to the disturbed district, but the Insurrection
was suppressed without bloodshed. =8yn. 2. Insurrection,
Sedition, Rebellion, Recall, Mutiny, Riot. The first five
words are distinguished from the last In that they express
action directed against government or authority, while riot
has this implication only incidentally if at all They ex-
press actual and open resistance to authority, except *edi-
tion, which may be secret or open, and often la only of *
nature to lead to overt acts. An insurrection goes beyond
sedition in that it is an actual rising against the government
in discontent in resistance to a law, or the like. (See in-
surgent, n.) Rebellion goes beyond insurrection In aim, be-
ing an attempt actually to overthrow the government, while
an insurrection seeks only some change of minor Impor-
tance. A rebellion Is generally on a larger scale than an in-
surrection. A remit has generally the same aim as a rebel-
lion, but is on a smaller scale. A revolt may be against mill-
tary government, but Is generally, like insurrection, sedi-
tion, and rebellion, against civil government. A mutiny
is organized resistance to law in an army or navy, or some-
times a similar act by an individual. All these words
have figurative uses. When literally used, only insur-
rection and rerolt may be employed in a good sense. The
success of a rebellion often dignifies it with the name of a
revolution. A riot is generally a blind and unguided out-
burst of fury, with violence to property and often to per-
sons : as, the draft-riots in New York city in 1863.

insurrectional (in-su-rek'shon-al), a. [= F.
insiirrectionnel = Sp. insurreccional ; as insur-
rection + -al.] Of or pertaining to insurrec-
tion; consisting in insurrection.

insurrectionary (in-su-rek'shon-a-ri), a. [< in-
surrection + -<iry.] Of, pertaining to, or of the
nature of insurrection ; favoring or engaged in
insurrection : as, insurrectionary acts.

The author writes that on their murderous inmrrec-
tionary system their own lives are not sure for an hour,
nor has their power a greater stability.

Burke, A Regicide Peace, Iv.

A proclamation was issued for closing the ports of the
insurrectionary districts by proceedings In the nature of
a blockade. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 143.

insurrectiqnert (in-su-rek'shon-er), ». An in-
surrectionist. [Rare.]

What had the people got If the Parliament, Instead of
guarding the Crown, had colleagned with Venner and
other insurrectioners / Roger North, Examen, p. 418.

insurrectionise, r. t. See insurrectioni:e.
insurrectionist (in-su-rek'shon-ist), n. [< in-
surrection + -ist.] One who favors, excites, or
is engaged in insurrection ; an insurgent.

It would tie the hands of Union men, and freely pass
supplies from among them to the insurrectionists.

Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 143.

insurrectionize (in-su-rek'shon-iz), t>. t. ; pret.
and pp. insurrectionizeii, ppr. "insttrrectionizing.
[< insurrection + -ize.] To cause an insurrec-
tion in. Also spelled insurrectionise. [Rare.]

" The Western Powers." he [Bismarck] wrote, "are not
capable of imurrectionisiny Poland."

Loire, Bismarck, L 201.

insusceptibility (in-su-sep-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [<
insusceptible: see -bility.] The character or
quality of being insusceptible; want of sus-
ceptibility.

The remarkable intutcejitHiility of our household ani-
mals to cholera. Science, III. 567.

insusceptible (in-sn-sep'ti-bl), a. [= F. I'K-
suscfptible; as t'n-3 + susceptible.] Not suscep-
tible, (a) Incapable of being moved or affected in some
way or by something : with of.

It is not altogether insutcepHble of mutation, but a
friend to It Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 854.

Who dares struggle with an Invisible combatant? . . .
It acts, and Is intuxvptible of any reaction.

Coleridge, quoted In Choate's Addresses, p. 10G.
(6) Not liable to be moved or affected by something : with
to.

Venomous snakes are insusceptible to the venom of then-
own species. The Academy, May 25. 188B, p. 363.

insusceptive (in-su-sep'tiv), a. [< in-s + stu-
cej/tire.] Insusceptible. [Rare.]

insusceptive

The sailor was wholly insusceptive of the softer passions,
and, without regard to tears or arguments, persisted in
his resolution to make me a 111:111.

Johnson, Rambler, No. 198.

insusurrationt -(m-su-su-ra'shpn), n- [< LL
insusnrratio(n-), a whispering to or into, < in-
susurrare, whisper into or to, insinuate, sug-
gest, < L. in, in, to, + susurrare, whisper, mur-
mur: see susurration.] 'The act of whispering
into the ear; insinuation.

The other party insinuates their Roman principles by
whispers ana1 private in/tusnrrattbtis.

Legenda Lignea, Pref. A. 4 b : 1653. (Latham.)

inswathe (in-swaTH'), v. t. [< «n-l + swathe.']
Same as enswathe.

int. An abbreviation (a) of interest and (6) of
introduction.

irftack (in'tak), n. Same as intake, 4.

intact (in-takt'), a. [= F. intact = Sp. Pg. »»-
tacto = It. intatto, < L. intactus, untouched,
uninjured, < in- priv. + tactus, pp. of tangere,
touch: see tangent, tact.] Untouched, espe-
cially by anything that harms or defiles ; unin-
jured; left complete, whole, or unimpaired.

When the function is needless or even detrimental, the
structure still keeps itself intact as long as it can.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 4J4.

intactable (in-tak'ta-bl), a. [< in-* + tacta-
ble.~] Not perceptible to the touch.

intactible (in-tak'ti-bl), a. Same as intactable.
E. Phillips, 1706.

intactness (in-takt'nes), ». The state of being
intact or unimpaired; completeness.

The intactness of the cortical motor region is a neces-
sary condition for the development of a complete epilep-
tic attack. Alien, and Neural., VI. 449.

Intaeniolata (in-te*ni-o-la'ta), n. pi. [NL. ; <
in-3 + TiEniolaia.~] A group of Hydrozoa con-
taining such as the Campanulariida: and the
Sertitlariidai : opposed to Twniolata. Hamann.

intagliate (in-tal'yat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
tagliated, ppr. intagliating. [< It. intagliato, pp.
of intagliare, cut in, carve: see intaglio.'] To
engrave or cut in the surface of, as a stone, or
to form by engraving or cutting in, as a design
on the stone.

Clay, plaster-of-Paris, or any artificial stone compound
may be used, which is pressed into the mould, so that the
intagliated lines in this will appear upon the plaque or
tile. C. T. Davis, Bricks and Tiles, p. 422.

intaglio (in-tal'yo), n. ; pi. intaglii, intaglios
(-ye. -yoz). [< It. intaglio (= F. intaille), in-
taglio, < intagliare, cut in, carve: see intail,
entail."} 1. Incised engraving as opposed to
carving in relief; ornamentation by lines, pat-
terns, figures, etc., sunk or hollowed below the
surface.

Two large signet rings, on one of which a hunting scene
and on the other a battle were engraved in intaglio.

C. T. Newton, Art and Archeeol., p. 263.
Hence — 2. A figure or work so produced; an
incised representation or design. Specifically—
(a) A precious or semi-precious stone in the surface of
which a head, figure, group, or other design is cut ; an in-
cised gem. (b) Any object ornamented by incised engrav-
ing, (c) In a more industrial sense, any incised or sunk
design intended as a mold for the reproduction of the de-
sign in relief ; an incised or countersunk die.

Bas reliefs beaten into a corresponding intaglio previ-
ously incised in stone or wood.
C. D. E. fortnum, S. K. Cat. Bronzes of European Origin.

intaglio (in-tal'yo), v. t. [< intaglio, n.] To
incise ; engrave with a sunk pattern or design.
[Bare.]

The device intaglioed upon it [a finger-ring) is supposed
to be flowers bursting from the bud.

Art Jour., N. S., VIII. 46.

intaglio-rilevato (in-tal'yo-re-le-va'to), n.
[It.] In sculp., same as cavo-rilievo.

intagliotype (in-tal'yo-tlp), ». [< intaglio +
type.'] A process of producing a design in in-
taglio on a metallic plate, resembling somewhat
the graphotype process. The plate is first coated
with zinc oxid rendered very uniform and smooth by hy-
draulic pressure. Upon this surface the design is traced
with an oily ink. The coating is then washed with a solu-
tion of zinc chlorid, the effect of which upon the parts not
protected by the ink is to harden them, leaving the parts
under the ink-tracings in a friable condition. When these
friable parts are removed by brushes or other implements,
the design is left in intaglio. From the plate so prepared
stereotype or electrotype plates are obtained for use in
printing. Other solutions are sometimes substituted for
the zinc chlorid.

intailt, v. and •«. See en fail.

intake (in'tak), n. [< tnl + fate.] i. \ ta)j.
ing or drawing in.— 2. That which is taken in.
Specifically— 3. Quantity taken in.

The annual in-talremvl out-put of these constituents on
a hectare of beech forest. Nature, XXXIX. 511.

4. A tract of land, as of a common, inclosed;
an inclosure ; part of a common field planted or

3130

sown when the other part lies fallow. Halli-
well. Also intack. .[North. Eng.] — 5. The
point at which a nan-owing or contraction be-
gins, as in a tube or a stocking.

After the Norman Conquest, when a great part of the
first City was turn'd into a Castle by King William I., it
is probable they added the last intake southward in the
angle of the Witham.

Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, III. 4.

6. In hydraul., the point at which water is re-
ceived into a pipe or channel: opposed to out-
let.

The intakes [of the London water-supply] were removed
further from sources of pollution, and more efficient ar-
rangements for filtration were adopted.

Nature, XXX. 165.

7. In mining: (a) The airway going inbye, or
toward the interior of the mine. (6) The air
moving in that direction.

intakenolder (in'tak-hol//der), n. One who
holds or possesses an intake. Also intackholder.
[Prov. Eng.]

Poor People, as Cotlers, Intackholders, Prentices, and
the like, who are engaged by Trades [Isle of Man],

Statute (1664), quoted in Ribton-Turner's Vagrants and
[Vagrancy, p. 446.

intaker (in'ta-ker), «. 1. One who or that

which takes or draws in. — 2f. A receiver of

stolen goods. Spell. Gloss.
intaminatedt (iu-tam'i-na-ted), a. [= It. in-

taminato, < L. intaminatus, unsullied, < in- priv.

+ "taminatus, pp. of "taminare in comp. con-

taminare, sully, contaminate : see contaminate.]

Uncontaminated.
The inhabitants use the antient and intaminated Frisic

language, which is of great affinity with the English Saxon.

Wood, Athenas Oxon.

intangibility (iu-tan-ji-bil'i-ti), ». [< intangi-
ble: see -bility.] The quality of being intangi-
ble.

intangible (iu-tan'ji-bl), a. [= F. intangible =
Sp. intangible = It. intangibilc; as »«-3 + tangi-
ble.'] Not tangible; incapable of being touched ;
not perceptible to the touch: often used figura-
tively.

Tom was not given to inquire subtly into his own mo-
tives, any more than into other matters of an intangible
kind. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 5.

A point imperceptible to the eye, a touchstone intangi-
ble by the finger, alike of a scholiast and a dunce.

Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 234.

intangibleness (in-tan'ji-bl-nes), ». Intangi-
bility.

intangibly (in-tan'ji-bli), adv. So as to be in-
tangible.

intanglet (in-tang'gl), v. t. See entangle.

intanglementt (in-tang'gl-ment), n. Same as
entanglement.

intastablet (in-tas'ta-bl), a. [< t'ii-3 + tastable.]
Tasteless; unsavory.

Something which is invisible, intastable, and intangible,
as existing only in the fancy, may produce a pleasure
superiour to that of sense. drew.

integer (in'te-jer), n. [= F. integre = Pr. in-
tegre, entegre = Sp. integro = Pg. It. integro, < L.
integer, untouched, unhurt, unchanged, sound,
fresh, whole, entire, pure, honest, < in- priv. +
tangere, touch: see tangere, tact. From 'L. inte-
ger, through OF., comes E. entire: see entire.']
An entire entity ; particularly, in arith.,& whole
number, in contradistinction to a fraction.
Thus, in the number 54.7, 54 is an integer, and .7
a fraction (seven tenths of a unit).

integrability (in'te-gra-biri-ti), n. [< integra-
ble: see -bihty.] The quality of being integra-
ble ; capability, as of a differential equation, of
being solved by means of known functions.

integrable (in'te-gra-bl), a. [= F. integrable
= Pg. integravel; as integr(ate) + -able."] 1.
Capable of being integrated; that may be
formed into, or assimilated to, a whole.

An organism whose medium, though unceasingly dis-
integrating it, is not unceasingly supplying it with inte-
grable matter. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psycho!., § 134.

2. In math., capable of being integrated, as a
mathematical function or differential equation.
—Integrable function. See/«ncti<m.— integrable In
finite terms. See ./mite.

integral (in'te-gral), a. and n. [= F. integral
= Pr. Sp. Pg. integral = It. integrale, < ML.
integralis, < L. integer, entire : see integer.] I.
a. 1. Relating to a whole composed of parts
spatially distinct (as a human body of head,
trunk, and limbs), or of distinct units (as a
number).

The integrale partes make perfeicte the whole, and cause
the bigness thereof. Sir T. Wilson, Rule of Reason (1552).

A local motion keepeth bodies integral and their parts
together. Bacon, Nat. Hist.

integral

An integral whole is that which has part out of part.
Parts integral, because each is endued with his proper
quantity, not only differ in themselves, but also in site, or
at least order; so that one is not contained in another.
For this it is to have part out of part. . . . This whole is
termed mathematical, because quantity is of mathematical
consideration : vulgarly, integral.

Buryendiciui, tr. by a Gentleman, Monitio Logica,

[I. xiv. 12.

Hence, and by a reversion to the classical mean-
ing of in teger — 2. Uninaimed ; unimpaired.

No wonder if one . . . remain speechless . . . (though
of integral principles) who, from an infant, should be bred
up amongst mutes, and have no teaching.

Holder, Elem. of Speech, App., p. 115.

3. Intrinsic ; belonging as a part to the whole,
and not a mere appendage to it.

It is a little uncertain whether the groups of figures at
either end of the verandah are integral, or whether they
may not have been added at some subsequent period.

J. Fergusion, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 261.

All the Teutonic states in Britain became first depen-
dencies of the West-Saxon king, then integral parts of his
kingdom. K. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 186.

4. In math. : (a) Of, pertaining to, or being
a whole number or undivided quantity, (b)
Pertaining to or proceeding by integration:

as, the integral method Integral calculus a

branch of the infinitesimal or differential calculus, which
is partly the inverse of the pure differential calculus in
the narrower sense. The integral calculus is sometimes
taken to include the solution of differential equations,
and in that case a comprehensible definition of it can be
given : namely, it is the complete discussion of differential
equations. So considered, it has the theory of functions
as an outgrowth. But the subject of differential equations
is sometimes excluded from the integral calculus ; and
then the latter is left without any clear unity, including
the finding and discussion of integrals, a part of the theory
of functions, the theory of spherical harmonics, the theory
of residuation, etc. The integral calculus is distinguished
irom the differential calculus in the narrow sense by the
far greater importance in it of imaginaries. Compare cal-
culus, 3.— Integral curvature, function, etc. See the
nouns.

II. n. 1 . An integral whole ; a whole formed
of parts spatially distinct, or of numerical parts.

Whole integral is that which consisteth of Integral
parts, which though they cleave together yet they are
distinct and severall in number, as luans body, consisting
of head, brest, belly, legs, etc.

Blundemlle, Arte of Logicke.
2f. An integral part.

They all make up a most magnificent and stately tem-
ple, and every integral thereof full of wonder.

Sir it. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 372.

3. In math., the result of integration, or the
operation inverse to differentiation. An integral
is either the integral of a quantity or the integral of an
equation ; and the latter phrase has two senses, (a) The
integral of a function is relative to an independent vari-
able, and is taken between limits, which, however, may
remain indefinite. A definite integral is conceived as
resulting from the multiplication of each value of the
function by the corresponding value of the differential of
the independent variable, as this variable passes through
a continuous series of values from one of the limits,
called the first, lower, or inferior, to the other, called the
second, upper, or superior, followed by the addition of
all the infinitesimal products so obtained. Suppose, for
example, that the value of a quantity y depends upon that
of another quantity x, so that y = Fa-, where F signifies
some operation performed on x; then, measuring off x
and y, upon the axes of a system of two rectangular coor-
dinates, we shall get a plane curve. (See the figure.) Let
OX and O Y be the axes of x and y respectively. Let A be
the point for which x = a, y = 0 ; and B the point for
which x = b, y = 0. Let P be the point for which x = a,
while y=Fa; and v
let Q be the point
for which x — b,
while y=Sb. Then
conceive the whole
space APQB to be
filled up with lines
parallel to the axis
of Y, p.t infinitesi-
mal distances from
one another. Then
y.Ax will measure
the infinitesimal
area between two
of these lines, the

Integral.

OX is the axis of X, OY of Y. The area
APQB equals y* y.Ax.

axis of abscissas and the curve; and the sum of all such
infinitesimals, or the integral of y relatively to x from x=a

ft
tox = b, written / ydx, will measure the whole area

J a

APQB. It is to be understood that we never pass from
one limit to the other through infinity ; but if the first
limit is greater than the second, the sign of the definite
integral is reversed. This gives a distinct idea of a definite
integral, in case the variable is real. If the variable is
imaginary, the definite integral is still conceived as the
sum of all the values of yAx from one limit to the other;
only there is in this case an infinite variety of different
paths by which the variable can pass from one limit to
the other. It is found, however, that in the plane of the
imaginary variable there are generally certain points such
that integration round one of them in a closed contour
gives a constant value not zero, and but for that the path
nf Integration dues not affect the result, for all ordinary
functions. An indefinite integral is a function of the in-
dependent variable with an arbitrary constant or wholly
indeterminate; constant added to it, and such that if its
value for one value of the independent variable is sub-

integral

traeted from another, the difference la tin- definite Integral
from the I, rat viiliu1 <>f tin- ii.ilfpt'mli-nt viiri.iMr I" tin-
rtiviiml. 11 A is tin- iiidftlnito inteural of JJ relative' to (',
tlirn:iN«> \'.\- thr.lnirn-niial o.rHVinit of A relative toC.
(6) An Integral of ft differential equation or system of such
equal loan lit a system of a lower on I IT (it may be a single
equation, and it may lie one or more ordinary equations)
from which the Drat system U deduuible. If the onl' r "f
the second system is lower than the tlrstby one, the former
is :i //rv/ integral; if by two, u unco n't infi-i/fif, etc. A com-
plete integral is one which contains the greatest possible
1 1 u n it i. -i of arbitrary Constanta for an integral of that order.
A singular intftjrtu is one which contains ;i .smalk-r niun-
bur of arbitrary constants, but is not a particular case of
any irreducible complete integral. A general inttyral is
oni which contains the greatest possible number of arbi-
trary functions; but the complete integral of an ordinary
different ial equation U also tenued a general integral. A
fHtrtit-nltir inti-'ir/if la a particular case of a complete Inte-
gral having a smaller number of arbitrary constants, (c)
A quantity or expression which a system of differential
equations mokea to be constant is also termed an integral
of that system. — Abelian Integral. See Abelian. — Cir-
cular integral, an Integral taken round a circle in the
plane of the imaginary variable, any pole, of the function
being the center. — Closed integral, ;in imaginary Inte-
gral whose upper and lower limits coincide, a circuit being
described by tne variable in the course of the integration.
—Complete Integral «ee complete.— Cosine integral.
See cwnne.— Dirtcnletian integral* an integral of the
form

which for A = oo has a finite and determinate value other
than zero and independent of a. Such, for example, Is

ra sin hx .

Elliptic, Eulerian, exponential Integral. See the ad-
Jectfves. — First Integral, the result of performing the
operation of taking the integral once. — Fourierian inte-
gral, a double integral of the form

A/"

J o J o

which, after the performance of the integration relatively
to y, becomes a Uirlchletlan integral.— Hyperelliptlc,
Imaginary, etc.. Integral See the adjectives.— Inte-
gral Of the first kind, an Abelian integral lor which the
second member of Abel a formula vanishes. — Integral of
the second kind, an Abulian integral for which the second
member of Abel's formula is rational. — Integral of the
third kind, an Al>elian integral for which the second mem.
her of Abel's formula involves a logarithmic function.—
Irreducible Integral, an integral not a rational integral
homogeneous function of integrals of lower degree. — Lin-
ear Integral, an integral along one or more straight lines
In the plane of the imaginary variable. — Line-integral,
surface-integral, volume-integral, having different
values at different points of space, the integral obtained
by breaking a curve, a surface, or a solid into equal ele-
mentary portions, and taking the sum of the products ob-
tained by multiplying each by the value of the quantity
integrated at that point.— Open integral, an integral
whose two limits are unequal.

integralism (iii'te-gral-izm), ». [< integral +
-i."n/.] Same as integrality.

The philosophy developed from unlversology he [Ste-
phen Pearl Andrews] called iiitegralitin.

Appleton't A*n. Cyc., 1886, p. 663.

integrality (iu-te-gral'i-ti), ». [= P. integrattte;
as integral 4- -i'ty.'] The quality of being in-
tegral; entireness. [Bare.]

Such as iu their integrality support nature.

Whitaker, Blood of the Grape.

integrally (in'te-gral-i), adv. In an integral
manner; wholly; completely.

integrant (in'te-grant), a. and n. [= F. \ntt-
grant= Sp. Pg. It. integrantc, < L. integran(t-)s,
ppr. of inteyrarc, make whole, repair, renew:
see integrate.'] I. a. 1. Going to the formation
of an integral whole.

In the integrate whole of a human body, the head, body,
and limbs, its integrant parts, are not contained in, but
each lies out of, each other. Hamilton.

If the sun was not created till the Fourth Day, what be-
comes of the astronomic teaching that earth has been from
the beginning an integrant part of the solar system?

O. D. Boardman, Creative Week, p. 140.

2. Intrinsic : same as integral, 3, but modified
in form by an affectation of precision.

A process ... of degeneration is an integrant and ac-
tive part of the economy of nature.

Maudiley, Body and Will, p. 237.

Integrant molecule, in Haiiy's theory of crystals, the
smallest particle of a crystal that can be arrived at by me-
chanical division.

II, n. All integral part.

integrate (in'to-grai), v. t.\ pret. and pp. int<-
gnitrtl. ppr. (nhgroting. [< Ij. inli i/riiti<g, pp.
of integrarr (> It. intt/inire = Sp. Pg. intfijnn-
= F. integrer), make whole, renew, repair, be-
gin again, < intr<i<r, whole, frosli: see iii/<ii'-r.~\
1. To bring together the parts of; bring to-
gether as parts; segregate aud bring together
like particle-.

All the world must grant that two distinct substances,
the soul and tho body, go to compound ami inl<-imif'- the
SoMh, Work., VIL 1.

3131

There is a property in the horizon which no man has
but he whose eye can integrate all the parU — that Is, the
poet. Etnenon, Nature.

2. To perform the mathematical operation of
integration. The mean value of a quantity over a space
or time U obtained by Integrating that quantity ; hence,
instruments which register the mean values of quantities
or the totals of their instantaneous effects are called in-
tegrating inntrutnenU : as, an integrating thermometer. —
Integrating factor. See factor. — To Integrate a dif-
ferential, in the integral calculus, to determine from that
differential its primitive function,
integrate (iu'te-grat), a. [< L. integratus, pp.:
see the verb;] Summed up ; resulting from the
aggregation of separate parts; complete.

I'hi How liked you my quip to Hedou, about the gar-
ter? Was 't not witty?
Mor. Exceeding witty and integrate.

B. Jonton, Cynthia's Bevels, II. 1.

This whole is termed mathematical, because quantity is
of mathematical consideration : vulgarly, Integral, more
properly, inttyrate. lluryemdiciui, tr. by a Gentleman.

integration (in-te-gra'shpn). n. [= F. inte-
gration = Sp. integration = Pg. iutegraySo = It.
integrazione. < LL. integratio(n-), a renewing,
restoring, < L. intcgrare, renew, restore : see
integrate.} 1 . The act of integrating, or bring-
ing togeth'er the parts of an integral whole;
the act of segregating and bringing together
similar particles.

Integration of parts means the connected play of them,
so that, one being affected, the rest are affected.

W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 95.

The term integration we have already partly defined as
the concentration of the material units which go to make
up any aggregate. But a complete definition must rec-
ognize the fact that along with the integration of wholes,
there goes on (in all cases In which structural complexity
is attained) an integration of parts. This secondary inte-
gration may be defined as the segregation, or grouping to-
gether, of those units of a heterogeneous aggregate which
resemble one another. A good example fs afforded by
crystallization. . . . Integration is seen in the rising of
cream upon the surface of a dish of milk, and In the frothy
collection of carbonic acid bubbles covering a newly. tilled
glass of ale. J. Fitte, Cosmic 1'hilos., I. 336,

2. In math., the operation inverse to differ-
entiation; the operation of finding the integral
of a function or of an equation. — 3. The infer-
ence of subcontrariety from " Some A is B "

to " Some A is not B."— Constant of integration,
the constant which must be added to every integral with
one limit fixed, in order to get the complete expression
for an indefinite Integral : denoted by the letter C. — Fi-
nite integration, the summation of any number of terms
of a series whoselaw is known. — Gaussian method of
approximate integration. See Gaiusian — Indefi-
nite, definite integration. See indefinite integral, un-
der integral.— Integration by parts, integration by the
formula

/Tivdt = u /"vdt - /frvdt) ~ . dt,

by means of which many expressions are integrated.—
Integration by quadratures, the numerical approxlma-
tion to the value of an Integral.— Limits of integration,
the initial and terminal values of the variable, oetween
which a definite integral is taken. — Path of Integration,
the path on the plane of imaginary quantity along which
a complex variable is supposed to vary In integration. —
Sign of integration, the character/, modified from a
long 3 for suminn (sum), used to signify the process of in-
tegration. It was Invented by Leibnitz,
integrative (in'te-gra-tiv), a. [< integrate +
•4ve7] Tending to integrate or complete; con-
ducive to integration or the formation of a
whole.

The integrative process which results in individual evo-
lution. U. Spencer, Prin. of BloL, 8 383.

integrator (in'te-gra-tor), n. [X integrate +
-or.} An instrument for performing numerical
integrations. There are a great variety of such instru-
ments, as planimeters, tide-integrating machines, inte-
grating thermometers, etc.

integripalliate (in'te-gri-pal'i-at), a. An in-
frequent but more correct form of integropal-
liate.

integrity (in-teg'ri-ti), «. [= P. integriti = Pr.
integritat = Sp. integridad = Pg. integridade
= It. integrity, < L. integrita(t-)s, unimpaired
condition, wholeness, entireness, purity, inno-
cence, honesty, < integer, untouched, unimpair-
ed, whole: see integer. From L. integrita(t-)x,
through the OF., comes E. entirety, q. v.] 1.
The state of being integral ; unimpaired extent,
amount, or constitution ; wholeness ; complete-
ness.

In Japanese eyes every alien became a Bateren (padre),
and therefore an evil person harbouring mischievous de-
signs against the intciritii of the empire.

Fortnightly Ker., S. S., XLI. 681.

Left Valve of Oyster (Oitr
iHiana), showing unbroken

To violate the integrity of one part of the Key of India
Is to impair the value of the whole of it

Marvin, Gates of Herat, v.

2. Unimpaired condition ; soundness of state ;
freedom from corruption or impurity.

intellect

Your dishonour

Mangles true Judgment, and bereaves the state
i )f that integrity which should become it.

Shot., Cor., 111. 1, l&s.

We plead for no more but that the Church of God may
have the same purity and integrity which It had In tin-
primitive times. SttUingfttet, Sermons, 1. ix.

3. Unimpaired morality; soundness of moral
principle and character; entire uprightness or
fidelity.

The moral grandeur of independent integrity is the
subllmest thing in nature. sV MWd '

Our foe.

Tempting, affronts us with his foul esteem
Of our integrity. Milton, i1. L., Ix. 320.

There Is no surer mark of integrity than a courageous
adherence to virtue in the midst of a general and scan-
dalous apostacy. /,'/•. Atterbury, Sermons, IL xli.

Law of integrity, in logic, the principle that in any in-
quiry all the known facts should be taken into account.
= Syn, 1. Completeness.— 3. Probity, Uyriglitnett, etc.
See hmiesty.

Integropallia (in'tf-gro-pal'i-a), n. pi. [NL.,
pi. of * tntegropaUix : see iategri>]>alluil.'] A sub-
division of the lamellibrauchiate mollusks, in
which the pallial line in the interior of tho
shell is unbroken in its curvature and presents
no indentation, and which have either no si-
phons or short unretractile ones.

integropallial (in'te-gro-paPi-al>, a. [< L. inte-
ger, whole, + pallium, mantle.] Same as «M-
tegrojialliatf.

integropalliate (in'te-gro-pal'i-at), a. [< L.
integer, whole, 4- pallium, mantle: see palliate.']
In conch., having
the pallial line in-
tegral or unbroken
by a notch or sinus,
as a bivalve mollusk
or lamellibranch :
opposed to sinupal-
liate. Also integri-
palliate, integropal-
lial.

InttgropallUiic and si-
nnpalliate, . . . applied
to Lamellibranchs which have the pallial linecvenly round-
ed or notched. Uuxiry, Anat. Invert, p. 413.

integument (in-teg'u-ment), w. [= F. integu-
ment = Sp. It. iiiteguinento, < L. integtimentum,
a covering, < integere, cover, < in, upon, + te-
gere, cover: see tegmen, tegument.'] 1. In gen-
eral, a covering; that which covers or clothes.

Many and much In price

Were those integument* they wrought, t' adornc thy ex-
equies. I'luii limn Iliad, xxil.

Specifically — 2. That which naturally covers
or invests any animal or vegetable body, as a
skin, shell, case, crust, or rind; especially, a
continuous investment or covering, as the cu-
taneous envelop or skin of an animal body,
with or without its special appendages. The
Integument may be thin, soft, and memnranous, as a flexi-
ble skin, or variously thickened, hardened, crustaceous,
chitinoiis, etc., as the shells of crustaceans and mollusks
or the hard cases of insects ; and it often bears particular
outgrowths or appendages, as hairs, feathers, or scales,
integumental (in-t«g-u-meu'tal), a. [< integu-
ment + -«/.] Same as integumentary.

An inteyumental pit or genital cloaca.

Iluxli'i/ and Martin, Elementary Biology, p. 276.

integumentary (iu-teg-u-men'ta-ri), a. £< in-
tegument + -an/.] 1. (Covering or investing in
general, as a skin, rind, or peel. — 2. Pertain-
ing to or consisting of integument ; tegumen-
tary; integumental; cutaneous.

integumentation (in-teg'u-men-ta'shon), «.
[< integument + -ation."\ The act of covering
with integument; the covering itself.

intellect (in'te-lekt), n. [= F. intellect = Sp.
(obs.) intelecto = Pg. iiitellecto = It. intrlletto, <
L. intellectux, a perceiving, perception, under-
standing, < intetlegere, intelligere, perceive, un-
derstand: see intelligent.'] 1. The understand-
ing; the sum of all the cognitive faculties ex-
cept sense, or except sense and imagination.
The Latin word inteUectiu was used to translate the Greek
row, which in the theory of Aristotle Is the faculty of the
cognition of principles, and that which mainly distin-
guishes man from the beasts. Hence, the psychologists of
the Scotch school use intellect u the synonym of common
•entr, or the faculty of apprehending a priori principles.
11\ts agent or actire intellect, according to Aristotle, is the
impersonal Intellect that has created the world (see phrase
below); the jxurirv, patient, or pottible intellect Is that
which belongs to the individual and perishes with him.
But with St Thomas Aquinas the distinction 1s quite dif-
ferent, the jtnstible inteOfft being the faculty receptive of
the Intelligible species emitted by things, while the agent
intellect Is t lie power of operative thought The term mm
intellect, said to be used by St Augustine, and certainly as
early as Scotus Erigena, had always denoted the divine in-
Mutt, unmixed with matter, until Kant (adopting, as was
his f mjuent practice, the terminology of Luscher) applied
it to intellect as separated, in its use or application, from

intellect

sense. Practical intellect is distinguished from theoretical
or speculative, by Aristotle and all other psychologists, as
having an end in view. The Platonists at all periods dur-
ing the middle ages made intellect a special cognitive fac-
ulty, higher than reason and lower than intelligence —
namely, the faculty of understanding and conceiving of
things natural but invisible, as soul and its faculties and
operations. (Intellectus more often means the cognitive
act, product (concept), or habit than the faculty.) With
Kant the intellect is, first, in a general sense, the non-
sensuous, self-active faculty of cognition ; the faculty of
producing representations, of bringing unity into the
matter given in sense, of conceiving objects, and of judg-
ing ; the faculty of concepts, or rules, of discursive cogni-
tion ; the faculty of a priori synthesis, of bringing the
manifold of given representations under the unity of self-
consciousness ; and secondly, in a narrower sense, the
faculty of conceiving of intuited objects und of forming
concepts and judgments concerning them, but excluding
the pure use of the understanding, which in the Kantian
system is reason.

Intellect, sensitivity, and will are the three heads under
which the powers and capacities of the human mind are
now generally arranged. In this use of it the term intel-
lect includes all those powers by which we acquire, retain,
and extend our knowledge, as perception, memory, imagi-
nation, judgment, &c. Fleming, Vocab. of Philos.

The intellect is only a subtler and more far-seeing sense,
and the sense is a short-sighted and grosser intellect.

W. Wallace, Epicureanism, p. 93.
I was readily persuaded that I had no idea in my intnl-
lect which had not formerly passed through the senses.
Descartes, Meditations (tr. by Veitch), vi.

2. Mind collectively ; current or collective in-
telligence: as, the intellect of the time.

The study of barbaric languages and dialects — a study
that now absorbs so much of the most adventurous intel-
lect of philology. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 265.

3. pi. Wits; senses; mind: as, disordered in
his intellects. [Obsolete or vulgar.]— Agent in-
tellect (L. intellectus agens, tr. Or. vous TTOIIJTIKO?, crea-
tive reason], in the Peripatetic philosophy, a being, facul-
ty, or function, the highest form of mind, or the highest
under the Deity. To determine with precision what Aris-
totle meant by it is an insoluble problem, and it has been
understood in the most widely ditferent senses by differ-
ent philosophers : sometimes it is regarded as consisting
of the intellectual relations really existing in outward
things and acting upon the understanding as upon a per-
ceptive faculty ; sometimes it is conceived as a divine life
which at once animates the soul and creates the objects
of its knowledge ; sometimes it is believed to be a living
being, a sort of angel, imparting knowledge to the mind ;
sometimes it is made a faculty creative of the ideas which
the possible intellect then apprehends ; sometimes it is
little more than the power of abstracting general notions
from singulars ; sometimes it is treated as an uncon-
scious activity of thought : and each of the senses of the
term has had its varieties. =Syn. 1. Soul, Spirit, etc. See
mind.

intellected (in'te-lek-ted), a. [< intellect +
-ed'2.~\ Endowed with intellect ; having intel-
lectual powers or capacities. [Bare.]
In body and in bristles they became
All swine, yet intellected as before.

Cotvper, Odyssey, x. 297.

intellectible (in-te-lek'ti-bl), a. [< ML. intel-
lectibilis, < L. intelUgere, pp. intellectus, under-
stand: see intellect.'] In metaph., of the nature
of a pure self-subsistent form, apprehended
only by the reason. See intelligible, 2.

intellection (in-te-lek'shon), n. [= P. intellec-
tion = Pr. entellectio = Sp. inteleccion = Pg. in-
tellec$ao = It. intellezione, < L. intellectio(n-),
understanding (in L. used only in a technical
sense, synecdoche, but in ML. in lit. sense),
< intellegere, intelUgere, perceive, understand:
see intellect, intelligent.'] 1. An act of un-
derstanding; simple apprehension of ideas;
mental activity; exercise of or capacity for
thought.

I may say frustra to the comprehension of your intellec-
tion. B. Jonson, Case is Altered, i. 2.
The immortality of man Is as legitimately preached from
the intellections as from the moral volitions.

Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 301.
So exquisite was his [Spenser's] sensibility that with him
sensation and intellection seem identical, and we " can al-
most say his body thought."

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 176.

In thinking, or intellection, as it has been conveniently

termed, there is always a search for something more or

less vaguely conceived, for a clue which will be known

when it occurs by seeming to satisfy certain conditions

J. Ward, Encyc. Brit, XX. 7B.

2. In rhet., the figure also called synecdoche.

Intellection . . . isatrope, when wegatherorjudge the
whole by the part or part by the whole.

Sir T. Wilson, Art of Rhetoric (1553), p. 177.
intellective (in-te-lek'tiv), a. [= F. intettectif
= Pr. intellectiu = Sp. intelectivo = Pg. intellec-
tivo — It. intellettivo, < ML. as if •intellective, <
L. intellegere, intelUgere, pp. intellectus, under-
stand: see intellect, intelligent.'] I. Of or per-
taining to the intellect ; having power to un-
derstand, know, or comprehend.

According to his power intellective, to understand to
will, to nill, und such like. Bluntienlle.

3132

For the total man, therefore, the truer conception of
God is as "the Eternal Power, not ourselves, by which all
things fulfil the law of their being ; " by which, therefore,
we fulfil the law of our being so far as our being is ses-
thctic and intellective, as well as so far as it is moral.

M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma.

2. Produced by the understanding. Harris. —

3. Capable of being perceived by the under-
standing only, not by the senses.

Instead of beginning with arts most easy, . . . they pre-
sent their young unmatriculated novices with the most
intellective abstractions of logick and metaphysicks.

Milton, Education.
4f. Intellectual; intelligent.

In my iudgment there is not a beast so intellectiue as
are these Eliphants. Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 235.

Intellective cognition. See cognition.

intellectively (in-te-lek'tiv-li), adv.
tellective or intelligible manner.

Not intellectiuely to write
Is learnedly they troe.

Warner, Albion's England, ix. 44.

intelligence

Upon these intellectualists, which are, notwithstanding,
commonly taken for the most sublime and divine philoso-
phers, Hcraclitus gave a just censure.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i.

These pure and seraphic intellectualists forsooth de-
spise all sensible knowledge as too grosse and materiall
for their nice and curious faculties.

Bp. Parker, Platonick Philos., p. 62.
To satisfy all those intellectualists who might wish to
do the computing and theorizing for themselves.

Piazzi Smyth, Pyramid, p. 172.

intellectualistic (in-te-lek//tu-a-lis'tik), a. [<
intellectualist + -ic.] Of or 'pertaining to in-
tellectualism, or the doctrine of the intellectu-
alists.

Of what may be called spiritualistic or intellectualistic
pantheism. T. Whittaker, Mind, XII. 455.

intellectual (iu-te-lek'tu-al), a. and n. [= F.
intellectual = Pr. intellectual = Sp. intelectual =
Pg. intellectual = It. intellettuale, < LL. intellec-
tualis, pertaining to the understanding, < L. in-
tellectus, understanding : see intellect.] I. a. 1.
Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of intellect
or understanding ; belonging to the mind ; per-
formed by the understanding; appealing to or
engaging the intellect or the higher capacities
of man; mental: as, intellectual powers or opera-
tions ; intellectual amusements.

What is the whole history of the intellectual progress
of the world but one long struggle of the intellect of man
to emancipate itself from the deceptions of nature?

Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 56.

Knowledge of hooks, and a habit of careful reading, is
a most important means of intellectual development.

J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 312.

2. Perceived by the intellect ; existing in the
understanding; ideal.

In a dark vision's intellectual scene. Cowley.

3. Having intellect, or the power of under-
standing; characterized by intellect, or the ca-
pacity for the higher forms of knowledge : as,
an intellectual being.

Could have approach'd the eternal light as near
As th' intellectual angels could have done.

Sir J. Davies, Immortality, Int.

Intellectual cognition. See cognition.— Intellectual
distinctness, the separate apprehension of the different
marks which enter into any idea.— Intellectual feel-
ings. See the extract.

It will also be convenient to include nnder the one term
intellectual feelings not only the feelings connected with
certainty, doubt, perplexity, comprehension, and so forth,
but also what the Herbartian psychologists — whose work
in this department of psychology is classical— have called
par excellence the formal feelings— that is to say, feelings
which they regard as entirely determined by the form of
the flow of ideas, and not by the ideas themselves.

J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 69.

Intellectual Indistinctness. See indistinctness, 2.—
Intellectual intuition, an immediate cognition, or an
intuition of a general truth : a phrase invented by Kant for
the purpose of denying the existence of the thing, which
was afterward asserted by Fichte.

II. n. The intellect or understanding ; men-
tal powers or faculties : commonly in the plural.
[Now rare.]

By these Extravagancies and odd Chimera's of my Brain
you may well perceive that I was not well, but distem-
per'd, especially in my Intellectuals.

Bowell, Letters, ii. 29.

Her husband . . . not nigh,
Whose higher intellectual more I shun.

Milton, P. L, ix. 483.

A person whose intellectuals were overturned, and his
brain shaken out of its natural position.

Swift, Tale of a Tub, ix

intellectualisatioii, intellectualise. See in-
tellectualization, intellectualize.

intellectualism (in-te-lek'tu-al-izm), n. [< in-
tellectual + -ism.] 1. Exercise of intellectu-
ality; devotion to intellectual occupation or
thought.

The whole course of study is narrowed to a dry intel-
lectualism. The American, V. 278.

2. Belief in the supremacy of the intellect ; the
doctrine that all Knowledge is derived from
pure reason.

Here again he [Carneadesl opposed a free intellectual'
ism to what was, in reality, the slavish materialism of the
Stoics. J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, I. 314.

intellectualist (in-te-lek'tu-al-ist), n. [< IH-
tellectual + -ist.~] One who intellectualizes ;
a devotee of the intellect or understanding;
one who believes or holds that all knowledge is
derived from pure reason.

In an in- intellectuality (in-te-lek-tu-al'i-ti), ». [= F.
inteltectualite = Sp. intelectualidad = Pg. intel-
lectualidade = It. intellettualita, < LL. intellec-
tualita(t-)s, < intellectualis, intellectual: see in-
tellectual.] The state of being intellectual ; in-
tellectual endowment ; force or power of intel-
lect.

A certain plastick or spermatick nature, devoid of all
animality or conscious intellectuality.

Ballywell, Melampronoea (1681), p. 84.

He [Hogg] was protected by a fine non-conducting web
of intellectuality and of worldliness from all those influ-
ences which startle and waylay the soul of the poet, the
lover, the saint, and the hero. E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 57.

intellectualizatiqn (in-te-lek'tu-al-i-za'shon),
n. [< intellectttalize + -ation.'] A making in-
tellectual ; development of the intellect. Also
spelled intellectualisation.

A superficial intellectualization is to be secured [in
schools] at the cost of a deep-seated demoralization.

H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 373.

intellectualize (in-te-lek'tu-al-Iz), v. t.; pret.
and pp. intellectualized, ppr. intellectualizing.
[= I *. intellectualiser ; as intellectual + -ize.]

1. To treat or reason upon in an intellectual
manner. — 2. To inform or endow with intel-
lect ; cause to become intellectual ; develop the
intellect or intellectuality of. — 3. To give or
attribute an intellectual or ideal character or
aspect to ; idealize.

Leibnitz intellectualised perception, Just as Locke sen-
sualised the conceptions of the understanding.

E. Caird, Philos. of Kant, p. 506.

The biological bond which binds man to the past and
to the outer world has an intellectualizing effect upon our
conceptions. N. A. Ben., CXX. 259.

Also spelled intellectualise.

intellectually (in-te-lek'tu-al-i), adv. In an
intellectual manner ; by means of the under-
standing ; with reference to the intellect.

intellectualness (in-te-lek'tu-al-nes), n. The
quality of being intellectual; intellectuality.

Is it impossible to combine the hardiness of these sar-
ages with the intellectualnese of the civilized man?

Thoreau, Walden, p. 16.

intelligence (in-tel'i-jens), n. [< ME. intelli-
gence, intelligens, < OF. (also F.) intelligence =
Pr. intettigencia, entelligencia = Sp. inteligencia
= Pg. intelligencia = It. intelligenza, < L. intel-
legentia, intelligentia, discernment, understand-
ing, intelligence, < intellegen(t-)s, intelligences,
discerning, intelligent : see intelligent.'} 1. The
quality of being intelligent; understanding; in-
tellect; power of cognition.

God, of himselfe incapable to sense,

In 's Works, reueales him t' our intelligence.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, 1. 1.
The intelligence is not one thing among others in the in-
telligible world, but the principle in reference to which
alone that world exists, and, . . . therefore, there is no-
thing in the nature of intelligence to prevent it from un-
derstanding a universe which is essentially the object of
intelligence. E. Caird, Hegel, p. 153.

Intelligence is that which sees itself, or is at once object
and subject.

J. Watson, Schilling's Transcendental Idealism, p. 37.

2. Cultivated understanding; acquired know-
ledge ; information stored up in the mind.

An ancient, not a legendary tale,

By one of sound intt'lliyence. rehears'd.

Cowper, Task, vi. 480.

Common instinct is sufficient to guard against palpable
causes of injury ; intelligence alone can protect us from
the latent and deeper agencies of physiological mischief.
Huxley and Youmans, Physiol., § 380.

3. Exercise of superior understanding; address;
skill: as, he performed his mission with much
intelligence.

Oedes regned in the marches tho;
Sagilly hym ruled to intelligens.

-Row. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 5315.

4. Mutual understanding; interchange of in-
formation or sentiment; intelligent inter-
course: as, a glance of intelligence passed be-

intelligence

tween them; to have iittellii/eiicc with the en-
emy.

From whence I found a secret means to have
1 ntetligence with my kind lord, the king.

Drayton, Pierce Gaveston.

The inhabitants eould not long live In good intelligence
among themselves ; they (ell Into disscntions.

J. Adam*, Works, IV. 616.

5. Information received or imparted ; commu-
nicated knowledge; news: as, intelligence of a
shipwreck.

I can give you intelligence of an Intended marriage.

shut.. Much Ado, I. ::,!>..

6. An intelligent being ; intellectual existence;
concrete understanding: as, God is the Supreme
Intelligence.

How fully hast thou satisfied me, pure
Intelligence of heaven, angel serene !

Jtfitton, P. L., vlii. 181.
The great Intelligence* fair
That range above our mortal state.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, bcxxv.

Intelligence department, a burean of statistics or of
information with regard to certain specified matters ; espe-
cially, in the military and naval establishments of several
countries, n department which collects and prepares ab-
stracts of all the information attainable concerning the
resources of all civilized nations for waging offensive or
defensive wars. The subjects of information relatechiefly
to organization of armies, topography and routes, speed and
armament of naval vessels, defenses, strategy ana tactics,
etc.— Intelligence office, an office or place where Infor-
mation may be obtained, particularly respecting servants
to be hired. =8yn. 1. Understanding, intellect, mind, per-
ception, common sense.— 0. Advice, Tidings, etc. (see news),
notification.

intelligence! (in-tel'i-jens), v. t. [< intelligence,
n.] To convey intelligence ; telltales; tattle.

If vou stir far in this, lie have you whlpt, your ears
nall'd for intelligencing o' the pillory, and your goods for-
feit. Beau, and Ft., Scornful Lady, 111. 1.

intelligencer (in-tel ' i- jen-ser), n. [< intelli-
gence, v., + -eri.] One who or that which sends
or conveys intelligence ; one who or that which
gives notice of private or distant transactions ;
a messenger or spy. [The word was formerly much
used In the specific sense of 'a newspaper.']

Alas, I know not how to feign and lie,
Or will a base intelligencer's meed.

Middleton, Father Hubbard's Tales.

It was a carnival of Intellect without faith, . . . when
prime ministers and commanders in-chief could be intel-
ligencers of the Pretender, nay, when even Algernon Sid-
ney himself could be a pensioner of France.

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 400.

intelligencyt (in-tel'i-jen-si), ». Same as in-
telligetice.

From flocks, herds, and other natural assemblages or
groups of living creatures, to hu.uan intelligences and cor-
respondeucys, or whatever is higher in the kind.

Shafteslmry, Ml»c. Reflect., lit 2.

intelligent (in-tel'i-jent), a. [< F. intelligent =
Sp. Pg. It. intelligent, < L. intellegen(t~)s, intelli-
gen ( t-)s, discerning, understanding, ppr. of i ntel-
legere, intcllir/ere, see into, perceive, discern, dis-
tinguish, discriminate, understand, < inter, be-
tween, 4- legere, gather, collect, pick, choose,
read : see legend.} 1 . Having the faculty of un-
derstanding; capable of comprehending facts
or ideas: as, man is an intelligent being.

If worms have the power of acquiring some notion, how-
ever rude, of the shape of an object and of their burrows,
as seems to be the case, they deserve to be called intelli-
gent. Darwin, Vegetable Mould, p. 97.

2. Having an active intellect ; possessing apti-
tude or skill; well informed: as, an intelligent
artisan or officer.

There is nothing that . . . may more easily deceive the
unwary, or that may more amuse the most intelligent ob-
server. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed, 1835X II. 381.

8. Marked by or indicating intelligence; guided
by knowledge or comprehension : as, the intelli-
gent actions of ants; an intelligent answer.

Vallandigham . . . was too far away for intelligent and
efficient direction. The Century, XXXVIII. 553.

4f. Having knowledge ; cognizant: folio wed by

of.

The eagle and the stork
On cliffs and cedar-tops their eyries build :
Part loosely wing the region : part, more wise,
In common, ranged in figure, wedge their way.
Intelligent of seasons. Xiltan, P. L, viL 427.

5f. Bearing intelligence ; giving information ;

communicativo.

Servants, who seem no less ;
Which are to France the spies and speculations
Intelligent of our state. Shai., Lear, ill. 1, 26.

= Syn. 2. Common-stnte, etc. (see trnrible); quick, bright,
acute, discerning, sharp witted, clear-headed,
intelligential (iu-tel-i-jen'shal), a. [< intelli-
gence (L. intHligentia) + -a/.]' 1. Pertaining
to the intelligence; relating to or capable of
understanding; intellectual.

3133

That grand prerogative of our nature, a hungering and
thirsting after truth, as the appropriate end of our intelli-
gential, and its point of union witii our moral, nature.

Coleridge, The Friend, ii. ;i.

The generality of men attend . . . hardly at all to the
Indications ... of a true law of our being on its esthetic
and intelligential side.

M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, I.

2. Consisting of intelligence or concrete mind.

Food alike those pure
Intelligential substances require.

Mdton, P. L, 1. 408.
3f. Intelligent.

In at his mouth

The devil enter'd ; and his brutal sense,
In heart or head, possessing, soon Inspired
With act intelligential. Milton, P. L., Ix. 190.

4. Conveying intelligence ; serving to transmit
information.

The New York telegraph office, radiating 250,000 miles
of intelligential nerves to ten thousand mind-centers in
America, The Century, XXVI. 992.

intelligentiaryt (in-tel-i-jen'shi-a-ri), n. [< i«-
telligence (L. tntelligentia) + -ary.] One who
conveys intelligence; one who communicates
information ; an intelligencer. Holinshed.

intelligently (in-tel'i-jent-li), adr. In an in-
telligent manner; so as to manifest knowledge
or understanding.

intelligibility (in-tel'i-ji-bil'i-ti). ». [= F. »n-
telligibilite = It. intelligibility', < L. as if 'intel-
legibilita(t-)s, < intellegibilis, intelligible: see
intelligible.} 1. The quality or character of
being intelligible; capability of being under-
stood.

I call It outline, for the sake of immediate intellvjiliUi-
ty; strictly speaking, it is merely the edge of the shade.
Kutkin, Elem. of Drawing.

2f. The property of possessing intelligence or
understanding ; intellection.

The soul's nature consists in intelligibility. QlanvUlc.

intelligible (in-tel'i-ji-bl), a. [= F. intelligi-
ble = Sp. inteligible = Pg. intelligirel = It. in-
ti I / i;i Hi il<; < L. intcllegibilis, intelligibilis, that
can be understood, < intellegere.inUUigere, un-
derstand: see intelligent.'] 1. That can be un-
derstood ; capable of being apprehended by the
intellect or understanding; comprehensible.

If Charles had been the last of his line, there would
have been an intelligible reason for putting htm to death.
Macaulay, Uallam's Const. Hist.

2. In the Kantian philosophy, capable of being
apprehended by the understanding only; in-
capable of being given in sense or applied to it.
In the middle ages intelligible and intellective were care-
fully distinguished, the former word having its ordinary
present sense, and the latter that of being apprehended
only by the intellect acting alone, without the senses.
The distinction became later somewhat broken down,
and finally Kant introduced the use of intelligible defined
above.

A real division of objects Into phenomena and noumena,
and of the world into a sensible and intelligible world, is
therefore quit* Inadmissible, although concepts may very
well be divided into sensible and intelligible. No objects
can be assigned to iioumena, nor can they be represented
as objectively valid. . . . With all this, the concept of a
noumenon, if taken as problematical only, remains not
only admissible, but, as a concept to limit the sphere of
sensibility, indispensable. In this case, however, it Is not
a purely intelligible object for onr understanding, but an
understanding to which it could belong is Itself a problem,
if we ask how I could know an object not discursively by
means of categories, but Intuitively, and yet in a non-sen-
suous Intuition — a process of which we could not under-
stand even the bare possibility. ... If by purely intel-
liyible objects we understand things which, without all
schemata of sensibility, are thought by mere categories,
such objects are simply impossible.
Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Max Muller, II. 111.

Intelligible form, In metaph. See form. — Intelligible
matter, in metaph., that which la distinguished as mat-
ter by the understanding.

Aristotle divides matter Into intelligible and sensible :
and intelligible is that when in accidents or other simple
things the mind distinguishes between material and for-
mal. So letters are said to be the matter of words, words
of speech. Burgtrsdicius, tr. by a Gentleman.

Intelligible species. See species. = Syn. 1. Comprehen-
sible, perspicuous, plain, clear.

intelligibleness (in-tel'i-ji-bl-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being intelligible; intelligibility.

intelligibly (in-teri-ji-bli), adv. In an intelli-
gible manner ; so as to be understood; clearly;
plainly: as, to write or speak intelligibly.

intemeratet (in-tem'e-rat), a. [= OF. i'ntemerc
= Pg. It. intemerato, ( L. intemeratus, undeflled,
< I'M- priv. + temeratus, pp. of temerare, defile:
see temcration.] Pure; undefiled.

The entire and internet-ate comeliness of virtues.

Parthenein Sacra, Pr. A. Ulj. b: !&'«. (Latham.)

intemeratenesst (in-tem'e-rat-nes), n. The
state of being intemerate, pure, or undefiled.

intemperature

They (letters] shall therefore ever keep the sincerity and
intemcrateneia of the fountain whence they are derived.

l*mne, Letters, x.

intemperament (in-tem'per-a-ment), n. [= Pg.
iiitimpiramento; as i«-S + temperament.] A
physically bad state or constitution. [Bare.]
The inlcmprrament of the part ulcerated. Haney.

intemperance (in-tem'per-ans), n. [= F. in-
ti-ni/ii'i-iiiii'i: = Sp. intemperdncia = Pg. intempe-
ranca = It. intempcrama, < L. intemperantia,
want of mildness, inclemency (as of weather),
want of moderation, excess (intemperantia vini,
immoderate use of wine), insolence, arrogance,
< inti nijii riin(l-)n, immoderate, given to excess,
intemperate, incontinent, profligate: see intem-
perant, temperance.] 1. The quality of being
intemperate; lack of temperance or modera-
tion ; immoderateness or excess in any kind of
action ; excessive indulgence of any passion or
appetite.

Boundless intemperance
In nature is a tyranny. Shak., Macbeth, IT. S, 07.

God Is In every creature ; be cruel toward none, neither
abuse any by intemperance. Jer. Taylor.

Their fierce and irregular magnificence, their feverish
and strenuous intemperance of rhetoric.

Nineteenth Century, XXIV. 530.

2. In a restricted sense, excessive indulgence
in intoxicating drink ; habitual lack of temper-
ance in drink, with or without actual drunken-
ness.

The Lacedemonians trained up their children to hate
drunkenness and intemperance by bringing a drunken man
Into their company. Watts.

intemperancyt (in-tem'per-an-si), n. Same as
intemperance. North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 619.

intemperant (in-tem'per-ant), a. and n. [< L.
intemperan(t-)n, ppr., intemperate, immoderate,
given to excess, profligate, < in-, not, + tempe-
ran(t-)s, ppr. of temperare: see temper, temper-
ate.] I.t a. Intemperate.

Soche as be intetnperaunt — that Is, f oloersof their naugh-
tle appetites and lustes.

I' 'lull, tr. of Apophthegms of Erasmus, p. 15.

IL n. One who is intemperate ; especially,
one who uses alcoholic liquors intemperately.
Dr. Richardson.

intemperate (in-tem'per-at), a. [< ME. intem-
perat = F. intempere = It. intcmpcrato, < L.
intempcratus, untempered, inclement (of the
weather), immoderate, excessive, < in- priv. +
temperahis, tempered, moderatej temperate:
see temperate.'} 1. Immoderate in conduct or
action; not exercising or characterized by
proper moderation : as, intemperate in labor or
in zeal; intemperate in study.

They understand It not, and think no such matter, but
admire and dote upon worldly riches and honours, with
an easie and intemnerat life.

Milton, Church-Government, IL, ConcL

2. In a restricted sense, immoderate in the
use of intoxicating drink; given to excessive
drinking. — 3. Immoderate in measure or de-
gree; excessive; inordinate; violent: as, intem-
pera ^language; intempera reactions; uninfr-»/-
perate climate.

The fitful philosophy and intemperate eloquence of Tul-
ly. Summer, Orations, L 148.

Intemperate habits, habitual and excessive Indulgence
in the use of alcoholic drinks : In late, the habit of drink-
ing to intoxication when occasion offers, sobriety or ab-
stinence being the exception, atone, ]., in Tatum vs.
State, 63 Ala., 152.

intemperately (in-tem'per-at-li), adr. In an
intemperate manner; immoderately; exces-
sively.

At little or rather less am I able to coerce the people
at large, who behaved very unwisely and intemperately on
that occasion. Burke, Conduct of the Minority.

intemperatene88(in-tem'per-at-nes),H. 1. The
state of being intemperate; want of modera-
tion; excessive indulgence: as, the intemper-
ate-ness of appetite or passion.

For a Christian to excuse his intemperateneme by bis
natural inclination, and to say I am borne cholericke,
sullen, amorous, is an apology worse than the fault

ftp. Hall, Heaven upon Earth, f 7.

2f. Disturbance of atmospheric conditions; ex-
cess of heat or cold.

I am very well aware that divers diseases . . . may be
rationally referred to manifest intemperateneste* at the
air. Boyle, Works, V. 60.

intemperaturet (in-tem'per-a-tur), n. [< OF.
intemperature; < in- priv. + temperature, tem-
perature: see temperature.] Intemperance; ex-

The prince was layed vpon his bed bare beaded, In his
ierkin, for the great heat and intemperatitre of the wea-
ther. HaUuyft Voyages, IL 87.

intemperature

Yet doth it not follow that any one man, with the mul-
titude, should run to Rome to suck the infection of dis-
solute intemi/erature. Ford, Line of Life.

Great intemperatures of the air, especially in point of
heat. Boyle, Works, V. 58.

intemperoUSt (in-tem'per-us), a. [Irreg. <
intemper(ate) + -ous.~] Intemperate.
And rather would, hearts so intemperous
Should not enjoy nun-, than imploy mee thus.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas.

intempestivet (in-tem-pes'tiv), a. [= F. in-
te»ipestif = Sp. Pg. It. internpestivo, < L. intem-
pestivus, untimely, unseasonable, < in- priy. +
tempestivus, timely, seasonable: see tempestive.]
Unseasonable ; untimely.

Intempestive laughing, weeping, sighing.

Burton, Auat. of Mel., p. 233.

intempestivelyt (in-tem-pes'tiv-li), adv. Un-
seasonably.

That sound true opinion that in all Christian professions
there is way to salvation (which I think you think) may
have been so incommodiously or intempestively sometimes
uttered by you. Donne, Letters, xc.

intempestiyityt (in-tem-pes-tiv'i-ti), n. [< L.
intempestivita( t-)s, untimeliness, < intempestivus,
untimely: see intempestive.] Untimeliness; un-
seasonableness.

Our moral books tell us of a vice which they call i«<u-
pin, intempestivity ; an indiscretion by which unwise and
unexperienced men see not what bents times, persons,
occasions. Hales, Sermon at Eton, p. 4.

in tempo (in tem'po). [It. : in, in ; tempo, time :
see tempo.] In music, in strict rnythm.

intenablet (in-ten'a-bl), a. [= P. untenable;
as*»-3 + tenable.~\ 1. Not tenable; untenable;
not to be held or maintained.

His Lordship's proposition may be expressed in plainer
terms, "That the more the world has advanced In real
knowledge, the more it has discovered of the intertable,
pretensions of the Gospel." Warburton, Works, IX. xiii.

2. Incapable of containing. Also intenible.

I know I love in vain, strive against hope ;
Yet, in this captious and intenible sieve,
I still pour in the waters of my love,
And lack not to lose still.

Shak., All's Well, L 3, 208.

intend (in-tend'), v. [Early mod. E. also en-
tend; < ME. intenden, entenden, < OF. entendre, F.
entendre = Pr. entendre = Sp. Pg. entender =
It. intendere, intend, < L. intendere, stretch out,
extend, aim at, stretch toward, direct toward,
turn to, purpose, intend, ML. also attend, < in,
in, upon, to, + tendere, stretch : see tend1. Cf.
attend, contend, extend, etc.] I. trans. If. To
stretch forth or out; extend or distend.

With sharpe intended sting so rude him smott
That to the earth him drove, as stricken dead.

Spenser, F. Q., I. xi. 38.
Unless an age too late, or cold
Climate, or years, damp my intended wing.

Milton, P. L., ix. 45.

By this the lungs are intended or remitted. Sir M. Hale.
2. To direct; turn; fix in a course or tendency.
[Archaic.]

Tyre, I now look from thee then, and to Tharsus
Intend my travel. Shak., Pericles, i. 2, 116.

Guide him to Fairy-land who now intends
That way his flight. Crabbe, Works, I. 193.

For example, a man explores the basis of civil govern-
ment. Let him intend his mind without respite, without
rest, in one direction. Emerson, Intellect.

Our forefathers, by intending their minds to realities,
have established a harmony of thought with external na-
ture which is a pre-established harmony in our nature.

Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 11.

3f. To fix the attention upon ; attend to ; su-
perintend.

There were Virgins kept which intended nothing but to

weaue, and spinne, and dye clothes, for their Idolatrous

seruices. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 882.

Herodicus ... did nothing all his life long but intend

his health. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 270.

I pray you intend your game, sir ; let me alone.

B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, v. 3.

Intend at home,

While here shall be our home, what best may ease
The present misery. Milton, P. L., ii. 457.

4. To fix the mind upon, as something to be
done or brought about ; have in mind or pur-
pose; design: often used with the infinitive:
as, I intend, to write ; no deception was intended.

Whatsoeuer mischiefe they entend to practise against a
man, they keepe it wonderfully secrete.

Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 55.

When he intends any warres, he must first have leave
of the Great Turke. Capt. John Smith, True Travels, 1. 38.

Sir John North delivered me one lately from your Lord-
ship, and I send my humble Thanks for the Venison you
intend me. Howell, Letters, I. iv. 21.

For why should men ever intend to repent, if they did
not think it necessary? Stillingfleet, Sermons, II. Hi.

3134

5. To design to signify; mean to be under-
stood; have reference to.

The words . . . sounded so as she could not imagine
what they might intend. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.

By internal war we intend movements more serious and
lasting than sedition. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 136.

6f. To pretend; make believe; simulate.

Intend a kind of zeal both to the prince and Claudio.

Shak., Much Ado, ii. 2, 35.
Ay, and amid this hurly I intend
That all is done in reverend care of her.

Shak., T. of the S., iv. 1, 206.
7f. To look for; expect.

I that alle trouthe in yow entende.

Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1649.
8f. To intensify; increase.

The magnified quality of this star [Siriusl conceived to
cause or intend the heat of this season.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg, Err., iv. 13.

II. intrans. If. To stretch forward; extend;
move; proceed.

When your mayster intendeth to bedward, see that you
haue Fyre and Candell suffycyent.

Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 69.
He intended homewards. He by this
Needs must have gain'd the city.

Chapman, Revenge for Honour, iii. 1.
Now breaks, or now directs, intending lines.

Pope, Moral Essays, iv. 63.

2f. To attend ; pay attention.

Ech to his owen nedes gan entende.

Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 424.

A man that Intendyth to mynstrels, shalle soone be wed-
dyd to poverte, & his sonne shalle hyte derisione.

Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 31.
They were the first that entended to the obseruation of
nature and her works.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 4.

3. To have intention; be inclined or disposed.
[Rare.]

If you intend so friendly as you say, send hence your
armes. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 210.

To intend fort, to design to go to.

I shall make no stay here, but intend for some of the
electoral courts. Richardson.

intendablet (in-ten'da-bl), a. [< intend +
-able.] Attentive. Hattiwell.

intendance (in-ten'dans), n. [< ME. enten-
daunce, < OF. (and F.)' intendance = Sp. Pg. in-
tendencia = It. intendenza; as intend + -once.]
1. Intendancy; superintendence; direction;
business management ; specifically, in France,
official superintending authority, or a body of
official intendants, especially of the army.

Probably in the history of modern organisations there
is no greater instance of stupendous and abject failure
than the French Intendance.

Arch. Forbee, Experiences of War, 1871, II. 338.
As to improving the arrangements . . . for making the
staff and the intendance [in France, 1867] more efficient,
not a thought was bestowed on these important matters.
Edinburgh Rev., CLXIV. 303.

2t. Attention; care; guidance.

But the maide whom wee would haue specially good
requireth all intendance both of father and mother.

Pities, Instruction of a Christian Woman, i. 1.

intendancy (in-ten'dan-si), n. [Formerly also
intendency; < intendan(t) + -cy. Cf. intendance.]
The office or employment of an intendant ; the
district, duties, direction, etc., committed to the
charge of an intendant.

Hence we went to see Dr. Gibbs, a famous poet and
countryman of ours, who had some intendency in an Hos-
pital built on the Via Triumphalis.

Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 25, 1645.
Promoted to the intendancy of Hispaniola.

Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 234.

intendant (in-ten'dant), n. [Formerly also in-
tendent; < F. intendant = Sp. Pg. It. intendente, a
steward, surveyor, intendant, < L. intenden(t-)s,
ppr. of intendere, exert oneself, endeavor, in-
tend, ML. also attend: see intend. Intendant,
after the F., is the common form, while inten-
dent, after the L., is the reg. form in the com-
pound superintendent. Cf . dependant, dependent.]
One who has the oversight, direction, or manage-
ment of some public business; a superinten-
dent; a manager: used as a title of many pub-
lic officers in France and other European coun-
tries: as, an intendant of marine; an intendant
of finance.
Subordinate to him are four other intendents.

Evelyn, State of France, Lewis XIV.
Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's fleet, and One-
sicrates, his intendant general of marine, have both left
relations of the Indies. Artmthnot.

Yon young gallant —

Your miserly intendant and dense noble —
All — all suspected me. Byron, Werner, iii. 1.

A French medical officer of the navy who was going back
to his duties as Intendant of Pondicherry.

W. H. Russell, Diary in India, I. 6.

intenerate

Specifically — (a) In Canadian law, the second officer in
Canada under the French rule, having civil and maritime
jurisdiction, (b) In Mexican lau; the chief officer of the
treasury or of the district; a high functionary having
administrative and some judicial power: in this use also
written, as Spanish, intendente.

intended (in-ten'ded), p. a. and n. I. p. a. Pur-
posed; to be, or to be done, according to an
agreement or design : as, an intended entertain-
ment; her intended husband.

II. n. An intended husband or wife : with a
possessive pronoun preceding. [Colloq.]

If it were not that I might appear to disparage her in-
tended, ... I would add that to me she seems to be
throwing herself away. Dickens, David Copperfleld, xxiL

intendedly (in-ten'ded-li), adv. With purpose
or intention ; intentionally.

To add one passage more of him, which is intendedly
related for his credit. Strype, Abp. Parker.

intendencyt, intendentt, ». See intendancy,
intendant.

intender1 (in-ten'der), ». One who intends.
intender2t (in-ten'der), v. t. Same as entender.
Night opes the noblest scenes, and sheds an awe
Which gives those venerable scenes full weight,
And deep reception in th' intendered heart.

Young, Night Thoughts, ix. 731.

intendimentt (in-ten'di-ment), n. [< ML. in-
tendimentum, attention: see intendment.'] At-
tention; patient hearing; consideration; un-
derstanding; knowledge; intention.

Into the woods thenceforth in haste shee went,
To seeke for hearbes that mote him remedy ;
For shee of herbes had great intendiment.

Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 32.
The noble Mayd still standing all this vewd,
And merveild at his straunge intendiment.

Spenser, F. Q., III. xii. 5.

intending (in-ten'ding),j>. a. Designing or pur-
posing to be or become.

If the intending entomologist should content himself
with merely learning a string of names by rote, he must
expect to find his lesson a hard and repulsive one.

J. G. Wood, Insects at Home, p. 13.

And what to intending emigrants will prove very useful.

Contemporary Rev., L. 303.

The construction of a roof for an equatorial room (tech-
nically called the "dome," whatever may be its precise
form) is a great crux to the intending builder of an ob-
servatory. Nature, XXXIII. 57.

intendment (in-tend'ment), n. [Early mod. E.
also entendment; < ME. entendement, understand-
ing, sense, < OF. (also F.) entendement = Pr.
entendement, entendemen, intendemen = Sp. en-
tendimiento = Pg. entendimento = It. intendi-
mento, < ML. intendimentum, attention, intent,
purpose, understanding, < L. intendere, intend,
ML. also attend: see ^intend. Cf. intendiment.^
If. Understanding; intelligence.

Mannes hedde imaginen ne can,
Ne entendement considere, ne tonge telle
The cruel peynes of this sorwf ul man.

Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 1696.

By corruption of this our flesh, man's reason and entend-
ment . . . were both overwhelmed.

Sir T. Wilson (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 464).

2f. Intention; design; purpose.

We do not mean the coursing snatchers only,
But fear the main intendment of the Scot,
Who hath been still a giddy neighbour to us.

Shak., Hen. V., i. 2, 144.

See the privacy of this room, how sweetly it offers itself
to our retired intendmenti.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, ii. 1.
Therefore put in act your resolute intendments.

Deltker and Webster, Sir Thomas Wyatt.

3. True intention or meaning: specifically used
of a person or a law, or of any legal instru-
ment— in the intendment of law, in the judgment of
law ; according to the legal view ; by a presumption of law.
The time of their absence is in the intendment of law
bestowed to the Church's great advantage and benefit

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 81.

intenebratet (in-ten'e-brat), v. t. [Cf. It. in-
tenebrare, darken ; < L. in, in, + tenebrare, dark-
en, < tenebra?, darkness : see tenebrte.] To dark-
en; obscure; make shadowy.
A pretty conjecture intenebrated by antiquity.

Sir B. Wotton, Reliquiee, p. 261.

intenerate '(in-ten'e-rat), v. t.; pret. and pp.
inti iterated, ppr. inienerating. [< ML. *intene-
ratus, pp. of *intenerare (> It. intenerare), make
tender, < L. in, in, + tener, tender : see tender.']
To make tender; soften. [Bare.]

So have I seen the little pnrls of a stream sweat through

the bottom of a bank and intenerate the stubborn pavement

till it hath made it fit for the impression of a child's foot.

Jer. Taylor, Sermons (1651), p. 204.

Thus she (Nature] contrives to intenerate the granite
and feldspar. Emerson, Compensation.

inteneratet (in-ten'e-rat), a. [< ML. "inteiie-
nttus, pp.: see the verb.] Made tender; ten-
der; soft; intenerated.

inteneration

inteneration (in-ton-e-ra'shgn), n. [< in/- •«/•-
rate + -ion.] The act of intenerating or mak-
ing soft or tender. [Rare.]

Restauration of some degree of youth, and intenerativn
of tin- parts. Kacon, Nat Hist., § 65.

inteniblet (iii-ten'i-bl), a. [< i«-3 + "ti-iiilil,-
for tenable: see tenable.] Same as intenable, 2.

intensate (in-ten'sat), t>. t.; pret. and pp. ////< «-
anted, ppr. intciinatinij. [<^ intense + -ate'2.]
To make intense or more intense; intensify.
[Kare.]

Poor Jean Jacques ! . . . with all misformations of Na-
ture intfnsated to the verge of madness by unfavourable
fortune. Carlyle, Diderot.

intensation (in-ten-sa'shon), ». [< intense +
•Often.] The act of intensating; elevation to
a higher degree of intensity. [Bare.]

There are cooks too, we know, who boast of their diabolic
ability to cause the patient, by successive intengations of
their ;u t, to eat with uew and ever new appetite, till he ex-
plode on the spot. Carlyle, Diderot.

intensative (in-ten'sa-tiv), a. [< intensate +
-n-'.\ Making intense or more intense ; adding
intensity; intensifying. [Rare.]
intense (in-twu')i «• [< *". intense = 8p. Pg.
It. inteHso, < L. intensus, stretched tight, pp. of
intt'iidere, stretch out: see intend.'} 1. Exist-
ing in or having a high degree ; strong: pow-
erful: as, intense pain; intense activity; hence,
extreme or absolute of its kind: having its
characteristic qualities in a high degree.

I fear that your Love to me doth not continue In so con-
stant and interue a Degree. Howell, Letters, I. v. 1.
The national and religious prejudices with which the
English were regarded throughout India were peculiarly
iiitnisr In the metropolis of the Brahminical superstition.
Macaulay, Warren Hastings.
From the intense, clear, star-sown vault of heaven,
O'er the lit tea's unquiet way.

M. Arnold, Self-dependence.
A passion so intense
One would think that it well
Might drown all life In the eye.

Tennyson, Maud, xxiv. 8.

I prefer a winter walk that takes In the nightfall and
the intense silence that ere long follows Ik

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 51.

2. Exhibiting a high degree of some quality or
action.

I Hi- was| studiously intense In acquiring more know-
ledge. K. Morton, New England's Memorial, p. 341.

3. Susceptible to strong emotion; emotional.
[Recent cant.]

Scene, a drawing-room In Passionate Brompton.
Fair Esthetic (suddenly, and in deepest tones, to .Smith,
who has just been Introduced t<> take her In to dinner).
Are you Intense /

/'.•• Mii/iri- ,; English Society at Home, pi. 49.

4. In iiliiiini/.. same as dense, 3.
intensely (in -tens Mi), adv. 1. In an intense

degree; with intensity; extremely; very: as,
weather intensely cold. — 2f. Attentively; ear-
nestly; intently.

To persons young, and that look intensely It it be dark,
there appear many strange images moving to and fro.

J. Spencer, Vanity of Vulgar Prophecies, p. 108.

8. With intense feeling or emotion.

He lived intensely in his own imaginings, wise or idle,
beautiful or feebly extravagant. S. Dowden, Shelley, 1. 41.

intenseneS8 (in-tens'nes), n. The state or
character of being intense, in any sense of that
word; intensity.

He was in agony, and prayed with the utmost ardency
and intensenest. Jer. Taylor.

intensification (in-ten'si-fi-ka'shon), ». [As
intensify + -ation.] 1. The act of intensifying
or of making intense.

The result of training for prize fights and races is more
shown in the prolongation of energy than in the inttn*i-
fication of energy. B. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., S 80S.

Specifically — 2. In photog., the process of
thickening or rendering more opaque the chem-
ical deposits in the film of a picture. Intensifica-
tion is required to improve the printing quality of a neg-
ative, when the exposure has been ill-timed or the sub-
ject badly lighted. It Is sometimes effected, in the case
of too short exposure, by carrying the development to an
extreme, but more commonly the negative is intensified
by a new chemical process after development.

intensifier (in-ten'si-fi-er), n. One who or
that which intensifies. Specifically— (a) In pAo-
toff., one of the substances which, when applied to a neg-
ative, increase thu opacity of the deposit already formed.
(6) In physical and mechanical appliances, an appara-
tus for intensifying or increasing the pressure upon a
mass of confined air or other fluid. Two directly con-
nected pistons of different areas, working in separate cyl-
inders supplied with proper valves, constitute the main
features of the apparatus. The smaller cylinder receiving
the fluid at a given pressure on one side of its piston, tli,
latter is thereby moved to the end of its stroke, and its
valve Is closed to prevent escape of the- fluid. N'ext the
fluid Is, at the same pressure, admitted Into the larger

3135

cylinder, on the opposite side of 1U piston to that upon
which the admission was effected in the smaller cylinder.
Thw fluid In the smaller cylinder is thus compressed, and
its pressure upon each unit nf interior surface of the cyl-
inder Is intensified In the exact ratio of the areas of the
pistons. By a series of these Intensiflers, or by properly
proportioning the cylinders and pistons, pressure Is thus
increased without limit, except such an u introduced by
the limits of strength In materials.

intensify (in-ten'si-fi), «.; pret. and pp. inten-
sified, ppr. intensifying. [= F. intensifier; < L.
intensus, intense, 4- -ficarc, <facere, make.] I.
trans. 1. To render intense or more intense;
heighten the action or some quality of.

We have seen the influence of universal empire expand
Ing, and the influence of Ureek civilisation intensifying,
the sympathies of Europe. Lrcky, Europ. Morals, II. 290.

2. Specifically, in photog., to render more
opaque, as the chemically affected parts of a
negative. See intensification, 2.

II. intrans. To become intense or more in-
tense ; act with greater effort or energy,
intension (in-ten shon), n. [= Sp. intension =
Pg. intensao = It. intensione, < L. intcnsio(n-), a
stretching out, < intendere, pp. intt H.IH.I, stretch
out: see intend, intense.] 1. Intensity, quan-
tity, or degree of a quality, action, or effect.

The greatness of the glory eternal consists not only In
the eternity of Its duration, but In its intension also, as
being supreme. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 370.

Art demands, In addition to the dimension of extension,
a dimension of intension or degree.

./. Sully, Sensation and Intuition, p. 348.

2. The act of making intense ; intensification.
[Rare.]

It Is by alternate intension and remission of effort that
rhythm Is made obvious to our senses.

J. Hadley, Essays, p. 95.

3. In logic, a term used by Sir William Hamil-
ton for the sum of the characters given in the
definition of a term: intended to replace the
term comprehension — intension and remission of
format. In metaph., higher and lower degrees of substan-
tial forms as they exist in the Individuals : for instance,
one thing may be supposed to possess the elemental form
of fire in a more Intense state than another thing. This
doctrine was held by Duns Scotus and his followers, but
was denied by the rest of the scholastic doctors.

intensity ( in-ten 'si-ti), »t. [= F. intensite =
Sp. intensidail = Pg. intensidade = It. intensita,
< L. as if *intensitti(t-)s, < intensus, tight: see
intense."] 1. The character or state of being
intense; the quantity or degree of a quality,
action, or effect; degree; specifically, a high
degree. Intensity (as opposed to extension) Is a quan-
tity which Is not apprehended by a successive synthesis,
but all at once; a quantity the parts of which are not
separately identifiable, and which has an absolute mini-
mum.

The intensity of the heat was tremendous : the tar melt-
ed in the seams of the deck ; we could scarcely bear it even
when we were under the awning.

JR. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 2.

It Is no doubt also true that intensity of antecedent de-
sire intensifies the pleasure of fruition when that comes
— the pleasure not only appears, as Plato thought, bat ac-
tually is greater. //. Sidgicick, Methods of Ethics, p. 124.

The intentitt/ and persistence of grief at the loss of a
friend measures the depth of the affection.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psycho!., p. 491.

Wealth of expanded and convoluted cerebral hemi-
spheres is, in some general way, a measure of the rich-
ness and intensity of mental life.

Q. T. Ladd, 1'hysiol. Psychology, p. 246.

2. In physics and mech., the amount or degree
of energy with which a force operates or a cause
acts ; effectiveness, as estimated by the result ;
the magnitude of a force, measured in appro-
priate units : as, the intensity of gravitation, in
electricity, the intensity qfa current is properly its strength
(expressed In amperes) ; In popular language, however, it
is often used of the electromotive force or potential dif-
ference of the current, as when a voltaic battery, coupled
in series, is said to be arranged for intensity.

The intensity of light depends upon the extent of the
vibrations of the height of the waves.

Spottismode, Polarization, p. Si.

The inteiim'tti of magnetization of a uniformly magnet-
lied body is defined as the quotient of Us moment by its
volume. J. D. Everett, Units and Phys. Constanta, p. 121.

3. Used absolutely: Intense feeling or emo-
tion ; also, the exhibition or embodiment of in-
tense feeling or emotion.

But this led him to search the Bible and dwell upon It
with an earnestness and mten*t/.v which no determination
of a calmer mind could have commanded.

Southey, Bnnyan, p. S2.

In proportion to the intensity needful to make his
(Wordsworth's] nature thoroughly aglow Is the very high
quality of his best verses.

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 243.

4. In photog., opacity or density, as of a nega-
tive. Sec iiiteiiyiticatii>n.'2.. Chromatic, colorific,
magnetic, etc., intensity, see the adjectives. - inten-
sity of a pressure or other stress, the total force divided
by the area over which It is distributed.

intent

intensive (in-ten'siv), a. and n. [= F. iuten-
M/ = Sp. 1\'. It. iiiti-nsivo, < NL. intensivus, < L.
intensus, intense: see intense.] I. a. 1. Per-
taining or referable to intensity or degree ; in-
creasing in intensity or degree ; making or be-
coming intense ; intensifying.

The pressure [of population], from being simply exten-
sive, has also become intensive.

Amer. Anthropologist, I. 17.

Those persons requiring the intensive treatment [in vac-
cination] have to come again in the afternoon.

Xintteenth Century, XXIV. 868.

2. Intense.

A very intensive pleasure follows the passion or dlsplea-
sore. llurton, Anat, of Mel. , p. 266.

The elevating force Is more intensive In the Chilian An-
des than In the neighboring countries.

Pop. 3d. Mo., XXVL 80.

3f. Intent; unremitted ; assiduous.

Hereupon Salomon said, klsse me with the kisse of thy
mouth, to note the intetitive desire of the soule.

Benvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues (1812).

4. In gram., expressing intensity or a high de-
gree of action or quality ; serving to give force
or emphasis: as, an intensity particle or prefix.
Many particles and prefixes, as well as verbs, are called
intensive, especially In Latin and Ureek grammar, even
when their force is not expressible by paraphrase or trans-
lation. Prefixes originally intensive often become neu-
tral.—Intensive distance, difference in the degree of
some quality.

The intensive distance between the perfection of an an-
gel and of a man is but finite. Sir Jf. //./(-•.
Intensive distinctness, distinctness and completeness
in logical depth.— Intensive gas-burner. See gas burn-
er.— Intensive proposition, a proposition In which the
subject is viewed as the containing whole. — Intensive
quantity, (a) A continuous quantity the parts of which
cannot be separately identified, and which has an absolute
minimum ; degree ; intensity.

That quantity which can be apprehended as unity only,
and In which plurality can be represented by approxima-
tion only to negation — 0, I call intensive quantity. Ev-
ery reality therefore in a phenomenon has intensive quan-
tity—t,b*t Is, a degree.

Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Max Muller.
(ft) Logical comprehension or depth ; the sum of the char-
acters predicable of a term ; the sum of consequences from
a given fact — Intensive sublimity, sublimity due to the
high degree of some quality.

II. n. Something serving to express_ inten-
sity, or to give force or emphasis; specifically,
in gram., an intensive particle, word, or phrase,
intensively (in-ten'siv-li), adv. In an inten-
sive manner; by increase of degree; as regards
intensity or degree.

An object is intensively sublime when It Involves neb
a degree of force or power that the Imagination cannot at
once represent; and the Understanding cannot bring under
measure, the quantum of this force ; and when, from the
nature of the object, the Inability of the mind is made at
once apparent, so that it does not proceed in the ineffec-
tual effort, but at once calls back its energies from the at-
tempt. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xlvl.

Frequently the linguistic material available is of a pre-
carious quality, intensively and extensively.

Trans. Amer. Philoi. Ass., XVt, App., p. xU.

intensiveness (in-ten'siv-nes); n. The charac-
ter or quality of being intensive; intensity.

He chose a solitary retired garden, where nothing might
or could interrupt or divert the intenxiwnex* of his sorrow
and fear. Sir JM. Bale, Christ Crucified.

intent (in-tenf), a. [= OF. intent = Sp. Pg.
It. intento, < L. intentus, stretched, strained,
eager, intent, pp. of intendere, stretch, intend,
attend: see intend. Cf. intent, «.] 1. Firmly
or steadfastly fixed or directed (upon some-
thing); fixed with strained or earnest atten-
tion: as, an intent look or gaze; his thoughts
are intent upon his duty.

People whose hearts are wholly bent toward* pleasure,
or intent upon gain, never hear of the noble occurrences
among men of Industry and humanity.

Steele, Spectator, No. 348.
But this whole hour your eyes have been intent
On that veiled picture.

Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter.

2. Having the mind bent or earnestly fixed
upon something; sedulously engaged or set-
tled: usually with on or upon: as, a person in-
tent tti><»i business or pleasure.

The patient fisher takes his silent stand,
Intent, his angle trembling in his hand.

Pope, Windsor Forest, L 138.
Her head erect, her face turned full to me,
Her soul intent on mine through two wide eyes.

Browning, King and Book, I. 902.

3t. Earnestly attentive; strongly devoted:
with to.

Distractions in England made most men intent to their
own safety. Eiton Basilite.

intent (in-tent'), n. [Early mod. E. also entent;
< ME. intent, usually entent, entente, < OF. en-
tail, m., entente, F. entente, t., = Pr. en ten, m.,
entente, f., = Sp. Pg. It. intento, m., intent, < L.

intent

intentus, m., purpose, intent, ML. also a stretch-
ing out, < L. intendere, pp. intentus, stretch out,
intend: see intend. Cf. intent, a.] 1. That
which is intended; purpose; aim; design; in-
tention; meaning.

Ne no thing wist thai what it ment
That thai honurd with gude entent.

Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 88.
I ask therefore for what intent ye have sent for me?

Acts x. 29.

He [my guide] too went readily in with me ; it may be
not knowing my intent was to buy.

Dumpier, Voyages, II. i. 91.

But Dante recked not of the wine ;
Whether the women stayed or went,
His visage held one stern intent.

D. Q. Rossetti, Dante at Verona.

2. In law: (a) Personal intention; the state
of mind in respect of intelligent volition ; the
voluntary purposing of an act: often distin-
guishable from the motive which led to the for-
mation of the intent. See criminal intent, be-
low, (o) The tendency imputable by law to an
act; the constructive purpose of an action, for
which the doer may be responsible, although
the actual intent was not wrongful : as when a
conveyance is said to be intended to defraud
creditors, because, although it may have been
without actual dishonest intention, it neces-
sarily has that tendency. — 3f. Notion; idea;
thought; opinion.

To myn entent ther is best abydeng,

I wote he will be gladde of your corayng.

Qenerydes (E. E. T. S.), 1. 629.
4f. Attention; heed.

Awake, dougter myne.

And to my talkyng take entent.

Early Eng. Poems, p. 141.
The lesse lyght all-way to the nyght sail take entent.

York Plays, p. 11.

Criminal Intent, the intent to do the criminal act or to
omit the duty, if the law makes the act or omission an of-
fense, irrespective of whether the person knew of the law,
and in many cases irrespective of whether he knew the
facts which bring the act or omission within the law, and
irrespective of motive. Thus, for example, if a person,
whether from the motive of pleasure in the noise, or anger
at a cat, discharges a firearm from his window in a city
with reckless disregard of human life, and kills a person
who is unknown to him, within range, the criminal intent
is the intelligent purpose to discharge the gun in a highly
dangerous manner, as distinguished alike from the motive,
from any purpose to violate law, and from any purpose to
kill a human being. If he was insane in the legal sense,
or if the discharge was accidental, there was no criminal
intent ; otherwise the intent was criminal, although he
had an innocent motive, and was ignorant of the law and
of the existence of the bystander.— Specific Intent, ac-
tual intent.— To all Intents and purposes, in every re-
spect ; in all applications or senses ; in a looser use, prac-
tically ; substantially, but not literally.

To all intents and purposes, he who will not open his eyes
is for the present as blind as he that cannot.

South, Sermons.

intentt, v. t. [< L. intentare, stretch out to-
ward, freq. of intendere, stretch out: see in-
tend.'] To accuse ; charge. Nares.
For of some former she had now made known
They were her errors, whilst she intented Browne.

Verses prefixed to Browne's Pastorals.

intentationt (iu-ten-ta'shon), n. [= It. inten-
tazione, < L. intentatio(n-)'j a stretching out to-
ward, < intentare, stretch out toward: see in-
tent.'] The act of intending, or the result of
such an act; intention. Bp. Sail, Ahab and
Naboth.

intentio (in-ten'shi-6), ». [L., a stretching out:
see intention.'] In anc. music, the process or
_act of passing from a lower to a higher pitch.
intention (in-ten'shon), n. [< ME. intencion,
entencioun, < OF. intencion, entencion, intention,
P. intention = Pr. entencio, entensio = Sp. in-
tencion = Pg. intenySo = It. intenzione, < L. in-
tentio(n-), a stretching out, exertion, attention,
design, purpose, intention, < intendere, pp. in-
few tes, stretch out, intend: see intend.} 1.
Direction of the mind; attention; hence, un-
common exertion of the intellectual faculties ;
closeness of application; fixedness of atten-
tion; earnestness. [Archaic.]

O, she did so course o'er my exteriors with such a greedy
intention, that the appetite of her eye did seem to scorch
me up like a burning-glass ! Shak., M. W. of W., i. 3, 73.
I suffer for their guilt now, and my soule
(Like one that lookes on ill-affected eyes)
Is hurt with mere intention on their follies.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, i. 5.

When the mind with great earnestness, and of choice

fixes its view on any idea, considers it on all sides, and will

not be called off by the ordinary solicitation of other ideas

it is that we call intention or study.

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xix. 1.

It [reading well] requires a training such as the athletes

underwent, the steady intention almost of the whole life

to this object. Thoreau, Waldeu, p. HO.

3136

2. The act of intending or purposing.

It is evident that "good intention" is of the very es-
sence of an act of duty, and not "good results" nor "plea-
surable feelings " felt in its performance.

Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 160.

3. That which is intended, purposed, or meant ;
that for which a thing is made, designed, or
done; intent; purpose; aim; meaning; desire:
often in the plural, especially (in colloquial
use) with regard to marriage.

The chief intention of pillars, in Egyptian buildings, be-
ing to support a weighty covering, it was necessary they
should be very strong.

Pococke, Description of the East, I. 216.

Therefore have they ever been the instruments of great

designs, yet seldom understood the true intention of any.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.

So little intention had we of shooting bears that we had
not brought rifle or even gun with us.

He unbosomed himself with the simplicity of a rustic
lover called upon by an anxious parent to explain his in-
tentions. 0. W. Holmes, Essays, p. 109.

4f. A straining or putting forth of action; ex-
ertion; intension.

The operations of agents admit of intention and remis-
sion. Locke.

5. In surg., and figuratively in other uses, nat-
ural effort or exertion : course of operation ; pro-
cess : as, the wound healed by first or by sec-
ond intention. See below.

The third intention is deligation, or retaining the parts
so joined together. Wiseman, Surgery.

You discern at a glance that it is only what was natural
to him and reached by the first intention.

Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 45.

6f. A mental effort or exertion; notion; con-
ception; opinion.

A monke, by our Lordes gras,
Off Maillers it is myn entettcion.

Bom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.\ L 2643.

7f. Understanding; attention; consideration.

Thi passioun & thi mercy
We take to oure entensioun.

Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.X p. 21.

8. In law, intent ; the fixing of the mind upon
the act and thinking of it as of one which will
be performed when the time comes. StepJten;
Harris. It depends on a joint exercise of the
will and the understanding. — 9. In scholastic
logic, a general concept of the mind. [This use of
the word (Latin intentio), first found in a translation from
Avicenna, was common throughout the thirteenth, four-
teenth, and fifteenth centuries. Aquinas says that the in-
telligible species or first apprehension is the beginning,
while the intention is the end of the process of thought.]
— Declaration of Intention. See declaration.— First

Second intention, in logic, a general conception obtain-
ed by reflection and abstraction applied to first intentions
as objects. Thus, the concepts man, animal, and thing are
first intentions ; but if we reflect that man is a species of
animal, and animal a species of organism, we see there is
no reason why this process should not be continued until
we have a concept embracing every other object or being
(ens) ; and this concept, not obtained by direct abstraction
from the species offered by the imagination, but by think-
ing about words or concepts, is a second intention. In
particular, the concepts of a genus, of a species, of a spe-
cific difference, of a property, and of an accident were
considered to be derived from the consideration of par-
ticular genera, species, differences, properties, and acci-
dents, and so to be second intentions par excellence. At
the present day such terms as being, nothing, identity,
negation, and the like are called terms of second inten-
tion when it is desired to emphasize the fact that they are
obtained by abstraction from the logical relations of other
terms.— Special Intention, the celebration of the eu-
charist for a specific object Lee's Glossary.— To heal
by first intention, in surg., to cicatrize without sup-
puration, as a wound.— To heal by second intention,
in surg., to unite after suppuration, as the borders of a
wound.

intentional (in-ten'shon-al), a. and n. [= Sp.
Pg. intentional = It. in'ienzionale = F. intention-
nel; as intention + -al.~\ I. a. 1. Done with
intention, design, or purpose; intended; de-
signed.

inter-
standing, and other things whose essence only consists in
their apparition. Burgersdiciux, tr. by a Gentleman.

intentionality (in-ten-sho-nal'i-ti), n. [< in-
tentional + -4ty.~\ The character or fact of be-
ing intentional ; designedness.

To render the analysis here given of the possible states
of the mind in point of intentionality absolutely complete,
it must be pushed to such a farther degree of minuteness,
as to some eyes will be apt to appear trifling.

Bentham, Introd. to Principles of Morals, viii.

intentionally (in-ten'shon-al-i), adv. In an
intentional manner ; with intention or design ;
of purpose ; not casually.

intentioned (in-ten'shond), a. [< intention +
-erf2.] Having intentions or designs, of a kind
specified by some qualifying term : as, well-in-
tentioned ; ill-intentioned.

intentivet (in-ten'tiv), a. [< ME. ententif, <
OF. ententif = Pr. ententiu= It. intentivo. < LL.
intentivus, intensive (said of adverbs), < L. in-
tendere, pp. intentus, stretch out: see intend.
Cf. intensive.] 1. Having an intent or pur-
pose; intent; attentive.

Who is so trewe and eke so ententyf

To kepe him, syk and hool, as is his make?

Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 44.

While Vortimer was thus intentive for his Countrey's
Liberty, Rowena the former King's Wife, being Daughter
to Hengist, was as intentive to bring it into Servitude.

Baker, Chronicles, p. 4.

But her most intentive care was how to unite England
and Scotland in a solid friendship.

Baker, Chronicles, p. 367.

Objects
Worthy their serious and intentive eyes.

B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, Ind.

2. Of or pertaining to attention.

Our souls for want of spirits cannot attend exactly to so
many intentive operations. Burton, Anat. of MeL, p. 256.

intentivelyt (in-ten'tiv-li), adv. [< ME. en-
tentifly; < intentive + -fy2.] Attentively; in-
tently.

And for his grete bewte the maydenys be-hilde hym
often entenlifly. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 608.

Whereof by parcels she had something heard,

But not intentively. Shak., Othello, i. 3, 155.

intentivenesst (in-ten'tiv-nes), n. Closeness
of attention or application of mind; attentive-
ness. W. Montague, Devoute Essays, ii. 224.

intently (in-tent'li), adv. In an intent man-
ner; with close attention or application; with
eagerness or earnestness ; fixedly.

And he be-heilde hym ententely that he loked on noon
other, and after that he be-heilde his felowes, that were
stille and koy, that seiden not o worde, but be-heilde hym
that spake. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 818.

intentness (in-tent'nes), n. The state of be-
ing intent; close or earnest attention or ap-
plication.

inter1 (in-ter'), v . t. ; pret. and pp. interred, ppr.
interring. [Formerly enter; < ME. enteren, <
OF. enterrer, F. enterrer = Pr. Sp. Pg. enterrar
= It. interrare,<. ML. interrare, put in the earth,
bury, < L. in, in, + terra, earth: see terra.] 1.
To place in the earth and cover with it. [Rare
in this general sense.]

The best way is to inter them as you furrow pease.

Mortimer, Husbandry.

Specifically — 2. To bury; inhume; place in a
grave, or, by extension, in a tomb of any kind.

The princes entred in to the town gladde and ioyfull,
and dide entere the deed corps.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 603.
To be enterit in a towmbe, as a triet qwene,
And laid by hir legis, that the lond aght.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 11568.
The evil that men do lives after them ;
The good is oft interred with their bones.

Shak., J. C., iii. 2, 81.

inter2 (in'ter), prep. [L., in the midst, be-
tween, during, among (in comp. also under,

service. Rogers.

2. In metaph., pertaining to an appearance,
phenomenon, or representation in the mind:
phenomenal; representational; apparent.-inl
tentional abstraction, being, etc. See the nouns"-
Intentional enst. &a.measintentional,n.-~ Intentional
existence, existence as an immediate object of conscious-

:is .o

lo a true bein

opposed bein

n, as genus,

used in some Latin phrases occurring
in EnSlish b,ooks. »s in inter nos (between or
among ourselves), inter arma silent leges (laws
' Fe N ? among arms— that is, in time of
war)' etev and very common as a prefix. See
Mter-.
inter3t, V. A Middle English form of enter*.

-a

entre-,™relyinter-,< OF .entre-,mter-,< F.entre-,
entre- inter- — Tt enter in-
'

-

they commonly say intentional*, as the rainbow, colours Vi m intellfgere, mtelligere, understand: see in-
appearing, species's and spectres of the senses and under, tellect, intelligent, etc.), a very common pre-

inter-
fix, being the adv. ami prop, inter used with
verbs ami nouns, with the moaning 'between,
iimonir. amid, during,' in some instances
' under, do wn ': see inter1!.] A common prefix
meaning 'between' or 'among' or 'during,' oc-
(•urriiig in niuny Knglish words taken from the
Latin, eitherdirectly or through Middle English
and Old French or French forms (being then
in Middle Knglish also enter-, and so retained
in some modern forms : see enter-), or formed in
Kntrlisli on (lie Latin model. Words formed in
English with this prcHx may have the second element of
non-Latin origin, us in intcrdash, ittterknow, intertable,
iHfertoeaoe, etc. The second element la (in the original)
either a verb, as in interact, v., intercalate, intercept, in-
terchange, etc.. or a noun, as In interact, n., interaxis, in-
terval, Hitenalf, etc. The prefix is freely used in English
in the making of new compounds, often without immedi-
ate reference to its Latin status. In such cases, in the
following etymologies, it is, for the sake of brevity, usually
treated as an English prefix, and not carried back to the
Latin preposition, as in other cases. For the relation of
inter- to the second element in adjectives, compare the
similar relation of ante-, anti-, etc.

intcraccessory (in//ter-ak-ses/o-ri or in-ter-ak'-
se-so-ri), a. [< inter- + accessory.'] In anat.,
situated between accessory processes of verte-
bras: as, an interaccessory muscle.

interacinous (in-ter-as'i-nus), a. [< L. inter,
between, + NL. acinus, q. v.] Situated or oc-
curring between the acini.

The growth [of a tumor] is accompanied by a strong
vascularization of the interacinoux connective tissue.

Buck's Handbook o/Med. Sciences, III. 353.

interact (in-ter-akf), «. [= F. entr'acte = Sp.
Pg. entreacto; as inter- + act, n.] In the drama,
the interval between two acts, or a short piece
between others ; an interlude ; hence, any in-
termediate employment or time.

interact (in-ter-akf), v. i. [< inter- + act, «.]
To act reciprocally; act on each other.

The two complexions, or two styles of mind — the per-
ceptive class, and the practical finality class — are ever in
counterpoise, interacting mutually.

Emerson, English Traits, xiv.

interaction (in-ter-ak'shon), n. [< interact, v.,
after action.] Mutual or reciprocal action ; ac-
tion or influence of things upon each other.

The interaction of the atoms throughout infinite time
rendered all manner of combinations possible. Tyndali.
There can be no morality when there is not interaction
between the moral subject and the moral object.

H. N. Day, Princeton Rev., Sept, 1879, p. 811.

interactional (in-ter-ak'shon-al), a. [< inter-
action + -al.~] Pertaining to or of the nature
of interaction. [Bare.]

The sum of being consists of the two systems of sub-
stantial forms and interactional relations, and It reappears
in the form of concept and judgment, the concept repre-
senting being and the judgment being in action.

Kncyc. Brit., XXL 112.

interactive (in-ter-ak'tiv), a. [< inter- + ac-
tive.'] Mutually active; acting upon or influ-
encing each other.

These phenomena are ever intermingled and interac-
tive. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 39.

interadditive (in-ter-ad'i-tiv), a. [< inter- +
additive.'] Inserted parenthetically, or between
other things, as a clause in a sentence. Cole-
ridge.

interagency (in-ter-a'jen-si), n. [< inter- +
agency.'] The act or acis of one acting as an
interagent; intermediate agency.

interagent (in-ter-a'jent), n. [< inter- + agent.']
An intermediate agent.

Domitian . . . tried by secret interagcnts to corrupt the
fidelity of Cerialis. Gordon, tr. of Tacitus.

inter alia (in'ter a'li-a). [L.: inter, among;
aKa, neut. pi. ace. of alias, other: see alias."]
Among other things or matters : as, he spoke,
inter alia, of the slavery question,
interallt, n. An obsolete variant of entraifl-.
When zephyr breathed into the watery interall.

O. Fletcher.

interalveolar (in'ter-al-ve'o-lar), a. [< inter-
+ alveolar."] 1. In zool., situated between the
alveoli: applied to the transverse muscles which
connect the apposed surfaces of the five alve-
oli of the dentary apparatus of a sea-urchin.
See lantern of Aristotle, under lantern. — 2. In
anat., situated between or among the alveoli
of the lungs.

interambulacr a. « . Plural of in terambulacrum.

interambulacral (in-ter-am-bij-la'kral), a.
[= F. intcrtimbulin-ral; as inter- + ambulacra!.]

1. In echinoderms, situated between ambula-
cra; interradial. See cut under Astrophyton .

Transverse muscles connect the two interambulacral
pieces, the oral edges of which are articulated with a long
narrow plate, the torus angularis.

Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 4S3.

2. Of or pertaining to interanibulacra.

3137

interambulacrum (in-ter-am-bu-la'krum), n.;
pi. inturiimbuliicra (-krH.). [< inter- + ambula-
crum.] In cool,, one of the imperforate plates

which occupy the intervals of the perforate

of
derms. See ambulacrum.

plates, or ambulacra, in the shells of echiuo-

interamnian (in-ter-am'ni-an), a. [< LL. inter-
amnus, between two rivers, < L. inter, between,
+ amn is, a river. ] Situated between two rivers :
applied specifically to Mesopotamia.

From one end of the Inter-amnian country to the other.
Piazzi Smyth, Pyramid, p. 75.

interanimate (in-ter-an'i-mat), v. t.; pret. and
pp. interanimated, ppr. interanimatintf. [< in-
ter- + animate.] To animate mutually.

When love with one another so
Jnteranimates two souls.

Donne, The Ecstasy.

interantennal (in'ter-an-ten'al), a. [< inter-
+ antennae + -al.] Situated between the an-
tennae : as, the interantennal clypeal region of
a myriapod.— Interantennal ridge, a longitudinal
ridge or carina between the antenna), seen in many Hyme-
noptera.

interarborationt (in-ter-ar-bo-ra'shon), n.
[< inter- + arbor1 + -ation.] The intermixture
of the branches of trees standing in opposite
ranks.

And though the inter-arboration do imitate the Areo-
stylos, or thin order, not strictly answering the proportion
of intercolumniations ; yet in many trees they will not ex-
ceed the intermission of the columnes in the court of the
Tabernacle. Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus, iv.

interarticular (in't6r-ar-tik'u-iar), a. [= F.
interarticulaire ; as inter- + articular.] Situ-
ated in a joint (that is, between the articular
ends of the bones that compose the joint). —
Interarticular cartilage, fibrocartllage. See carti-
lage.

interarytenoid (in-tor-ar-i-te'noid), a. [< in-
ter- + arytenoid.] Situated between the ary-
tenoids.

This Inflammatory action In the interarytenoid space is
responsible for the spasmodic attacks characterizing per-
tussis. Medical News, Lilt. 60L

interatomic (in'ter-a-tom'ik), a. [< inter- +
a torn + -ic. ] Existing or acting between atoms,
especially those of a single molecule.

It may be also [admitting] an interatomic energy, be-
tween the atoms of the Individual molecules.

Encyc. Brit., XVI. 611.

interaulic (in-ter-a'lik), a. [< L. inter, be-
tween, + aula, a hall: see aulic.] Existing
between royal courts: as, "interaulic politics,"
Motley. [Bare.]

interauricular (in'ter-a-rik'u-lar), a. [< in-
ter- + auricula, auricle, + -ar&.] In anat., situ-
ated between the auricles of the heart : as, the
interauricular septum.

interaxal (in-ter-ak'sal), a. [< interaxis + -al.]
In arch., situated in an interaxis.

interaxillary (in-ter-ak'si-la-ri). a. [< L. inter,
between, + axilla, axil, + -ary.] In bot., situ-
ated between the axils of leaves.

interaxis (in-ter-ak'sis), ». [< L. inter, be-
tween, -I- axis, axis: see axis*.] In arch., the
space between axes.

interbastationt (in'ter-bas-ta'shon), n. [< in-
ter- + baste$ + -ation.] Patchwork. [Bare.]
A metaphor taken from interbastation, patching or piec-
ing, sewing or clapping close together.

J. Smith, Portrait of Old Age (1666X p. 184.

interbedded (in-ter-bed'ed), a. Same as in-
terstratified.
Interbedded or contemporaneous [rock].

Oeikie, Encyc. Brit, X. 807.

interblend (in-ter-blend'), v. t.; pret. inter-
blended, pp. interblended or interblent, ppr. in-
terblending. [< inter- + blend1.] To blend or
mingle so as to form a union.

Three divisions of the Apocalypse, though the first and
second interblend imperceptibly with each other.

E. a. Sean, Fourth Gospel the Heart of Christ, p. 100.

interbrachial (in-ter-bra'ki-al), a. [< inter- +
brachium + -al.] Situated between brachia,
arms, or rays, as of a starfish ; interradial ; in-
terambulacral : as, the interbrachial area of an
ophiurian.

The reproductive organs . . . open by orifices on the
ventral surface of the body or in the interbrachial areas.
//. .1. Nicholson, ZooL (5th i>d.), p. 196.

interbrain (in'ter-bran), n. [< inter- + brain.]
The diencephalon.

interbranchial (in-ter-brang'ki-al), a. [< inter-
+ bronchia: + -al.] Situated between or among
branehire or gills.

interbreed (iu-ter-bred'), c. [< inter- + breed.]
I. trans. To breed by crossing species or varie-
ties; cross-breed.

intercalation

H. intrans. 1. To practise cross-breeding, as
a farmer. — 2. To procreate with an animal
of a different variety or species : as, hens and
pheasants interbreed.

interbreeding (in-ter-bre'ding), n. The pro-
cess of breeding between different species or
varieties; cross-breeding; hybridization.

interbringt (in-ter-bring'), v. t. [< inter- +
bring.] To bring mutually.

Bless'd pair of swans, oh, may you interbring
Daily new joys, and never sing.

Donne, Eclogue, Dec. 26, 1613.

intercalar (in-ter'ka-lfir), a. [= F. intercalate
= Sp. Pg. intercalar = It. intercalare, < L. inter-
calaris (also intercalarius), of or for insertion
(dies or mentis intercalates, an inserted day or
month). < intercalare, insert: see intercalate.']
Intercalary.

Which is the cause that the king's reputing the third of
these intercalar dales to be desusterous and dismal.

Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 1062.

intercalare (in-ter-ka-la're), n. ; pi. intercalaria
(-ri-fi). I^NL., neut. of L. intercalaris : see in-
tercalary?] The opisthotic bone of the skull.
Gegenbaur; Cope.

intercalary (in-ter'ka-la-ri), a. [= It. interca-
lario, < L. intercalartusj equiv. to intercalaris :
see intercalar.] 1. In chron., inserted in the
calendar out of regular order, as an extra day
or month; having an additional day or month,
as one of a cycle of years. The lunar reckoning and
other features of the Greek, Roman, and other ancient
calendars made the year of twelve months too short, and
intercalary days and months were officially added at Inter-
vals to adjust the difference. Since the reformation of the
calendar by Julius Ceesar, in 48 B. c., only one intercalary
day in every fourth year, or leap-year, has been required:,
the 29th of February.

Ve Adar was an intercalary month, added, some years,
unto the other twelve, to make the solar and lunary year
agree. Raleigh, Hist. World, II. ill. i 6.

Thenamesof the Parthian months were as follows: . . .
together with an intercalary month inserted occasionally,
called Embolimus.

B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 692.

Hence — 2. Inserted or coming between oth-
ers; introduced or existing interstitially : as,
intercalary beds in geology.

How shall these chapters be annominated? Intercalary
they shall not That word will send some of my readers
to Johnson's Dictionary for its meaning; and others to
Sheridan or Walker for its pronunciation.

Suuthey, Doctor, intcrchapter i.

The truth was that the poet began his career at an fii-
tercalary transition period. Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 209.

3. In biol., intermediate in character between
two types, yet not representing the actual ge-
netic passage from one form to the other; in-
terposed or intercalated, yet not biologically
transitional.

It seems not improbable that these ancient corals rep-
resent an intercalary type between the Hexacoralla and
the Octocoralla. Huxley, Anat Invert., p. 149.

Intercalary days, (a) In chron., see def. 1, and bissextus.
(b) In meil. , the days intervening between the critical days
or crises of a disease.— Intercalary growth, in bot., a
form of growth observed in certain fungi and algee, in
which the new part is intercalated into the old. In Kdo-
gonium, for example, the cells frequently present a striated
appearance at one extremity, the striation being the result
of intercalary growth — that is, just below the septum of
the cell a ring or cushion of cellulose is formed, and at
this point the cell-wall splits, as if by a circular cut, into
two pieces, which separate from each other, but remain
attached to the ring or cushion. The process is repeated,
the next ring forming a little further away from the sep-
tum.

The typical form of intercalary growth takes place in
definite belts which surround the cell.

Betsey, Botany, p. 22.
Intercalary verse, a refrain.

intercalate (in-ter'ka-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
intercalated, ppr. intercalating. [< L. interca-
lates, pp. of intercalare (> It. intercalare = Sp.
Pg. intercalar = F. intercaler), proclaim the
insertion of a day or month in a calendar, < in-
ter, between, -I- calare, call: see calends.] 1.
In chron., to insert in the calendar by procla-
mation or authority, as an extra day or month.
See intercalary, 1.

In the time of Solon, and probably that of Herodotus
also, it was the custom with Greeks to add, or, as it is
termed, to intercalate a month every other year.

Priestley, History, xiv.

Hence — 2. To insert between others; intro-
duce interstitially ; interject or interpolate, as
something irregular or unrelated.

So wrote Theodoret in days when men had not yet inter-
calated into Holy Writ that fine line of an obscure mod-
ern hymn, which proclaims . . . that " There is no repen-
tance in the grave." C. Kingsley, Hypatia.

intercalation (in-ter-ka-la'shon), w. [= F. «n-
tercalation = Sp. intercalacion = Pg. intercala-
cekt = It. intercalazione, < L. intercalatio(n-), <

intercalation

01 U.UIY Wi IU LL1\J JJ.I.JJ. iil UUU iCiiUlOll. &WAt~ . , , ..-.., 1 J» • J. J

the calendar, to make the year of the intercentra, «. Plural of mtercentrnm.
gth. See intercalary, 1. intercentral (m-ter-sen'tral), a. [< t»terce»-

. <r«»» + -ai.] Passing between or connecting

intercalare, intercalate: see intercalate.] 1.
In chron., an official insertion of additional
time, as a day or a month, in the regular reck-
oning of th
right leni

The number of days required to bring the lunar year into
correspondence with the solar had been supplied by ir-
regular intercalations at the direction of the Sacred Col-
lege. Froude, Cfflsar, p. 472.

Hence — 2. The insertion of anything between
other things; irregular interposition or inter-
jection, as, in geology, the intrusion of layers
or beds between the regular rocks of a series.
Intercalations of fresh-water species in some localities.

Mantell.

Effective scale Of Intercalations, in math. See effec-
tive.

intercalative (in-ter'ka-la-tiv), a. [< interca-
late + -ive.] Tending to intercalate; that in-
tercalates; inphilol., same as incorporative.

3138

Experience, however, has shown the rate of increase of
the London population to have been very steady in previ-
ous intercensat periods. The Lancet, No. 3436, p. 26.

] Passing between or connecting
centers; situated between vertebral centra;
having the character of an intercentrum.

Intercentral Nerve-Fibres. These, which do not convey
impulses to or from peripheral parts and nerve-centres,
but connect one centre with another, form a final group
in addition to eif erent and afferent nerve-fibres.

Martin, Human Body (3d ed.), p. 187.

intercentrum (in-ter-sen'trum), n. ; pi. inter-
centra (-tra). [NL., < L. inter, between, +

interchange

intercessions, < L. intercessio(n-), a coming be-
tween, intervention, intercession, < intercedere,
pp. intercessus, come between, intercede: see
intercede.] 1. The act of interceding ; media-
tion; interposition between parties; solicita-
tion or entreaty in behalf of, or sometimes
against, a person or an action.

And when he was in tribulacion, he besought the Lorde
hys God, and humbled hymselfe exceadynglie before the
God of his fathers, and made intercession to tiyni.

Bible of 1561, 2 Chron. xxxiii. 13.

His perpetual intercession for us (which is an article of
faith contained In plainest words of Holy Scripture) does
not interfere with that one atonement made upon the
Cross. Pusey, Eirenicon, p. 35.

centrum, center (centrum).] In anat., an inter- 3. In liturgies, a petition or group of petitions

mpHinrp vprtpHral />ATirTnm • a. ppnt.nmn int.Ar- *„— 1 ~e ,_j -5i 7_ •_ AI. _

mediate vertebral centrum; a centrum inter-
polated between two others, as in the extinct
batrachian order Ganocephala. Such a centrum oc-
cupies the position, and to some extent has the relations,
of the intervertebral substance of ordinary vertebra.

. . r /• *ii i i/\ r/ • j i ui me mi/el veiteurai suubiiiiiuo UI UTOUMKir veiwsura;.

intercanal (m*ter-ka-nal ), n. [< inter- + ca- intercept (in-ter-sepf), v. t. [< F. interceptor

In sponges, an incurrent canal.
These canals are the intercanals of Haeckel, now gener-
ally known by their older name of incurrent canals.

Encyc. Brit., XXII. 413.

intercarotic (in"ter-ka-rot'ik), a. [< inter- +
carot(id) + -ic.] Situated between the exter-
nal and internal carotid arteries: as, the in-
tercarotic ganglion or glandule. See ganglion.

This gland [Luschka's] should be considered as an arte-
rial gland, of which the intercarotic ganglion is another
example. Balden, Anat. (1886), p. 607.

intercarotid (in"ter-ka-rot'id), a. [< inter- +
carotid.] Same as intercarotic.

intercarpal (in-t&r-kar'pal), a. [< inter- + car-
pus + -al.] Situated between or among carpal
bones: as, intercarpal ligaments.

intercede (in-t6r-sed'), v. ; pret. and pp. inter-
ceded, ppr. interceding. [= F. intereeder = Sp.
Pg. intereeder = It. intercedere, < L. intercedere,
come between, intervene, interpose, become
surety, etc., < inter, between, + cedere, go : see
cede.] I. intrans. If. To come between; pass
or occur intermediately; intervene.

Miserable losses and continual had the English, by their
frequent eruptions, from this time till the Norman con-
quest : 'twixt which intercedes two hundred and seventy-
nine years.

Selden, Illustrations of Drayton's Polyolbion, L

2. To make intercession ; act between parties
with a view to reconcile those who differ or con-
tend; plead in favor of another; interpose;
mediate : followed by with, formerly sometimes
by to.

I to the lords will intercede. Milton, S. A., 1. 920.

She being certainly informed, that they first sued to the
French K. for help, denied the Request, yet promised to
intercede earnestly with the K. of Spain for Peace.

= Sp. Pg. interceptar = It. intercettare, < L.
tercipere, pp. interceptus, take between, inter-
cept, < inter, between, + capere, take : see ca-
pabte.] 1. To take or seize by the way; inter-
rupt the passage or the course of; bring to a
halt or a stop: as, to intercept a letter or a mes-
senger; to intercept rays of light.

I then . . .

March'd toward Saint Alban's to intercept the queen.
Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1, 114.

I believe in my conscience I intercept many a thought
which heaven intended for another man.

Sterne, Tristram Shandy, viii. 11.

If we take any gas, such as oxygen, and pass light
through it, we find that that gas intercepts, or weakens, cer-
tain particular colors. W. K. Clifford,, Lectures, I. 169.

2. To interrupt connection with or relation to ;

for various orders of men and classes in the
church, whether living or departed; a form of
conjoint or mutual prayer for or with the liv-
ing, the departed, saints, and angels Great In-
tercession, in liturgies, the intercession in the canon of
the liturgy, as distinguished from intercessions outside
the canon.— Intercession of Christ, the pleading of
Christ with God In heaven on behalf of the redeemed
(Heb. vii. 25).— Intercession of saints, prayer offered
in behalf of Christians living on earth by saints— that is,
by the faithful departed in the intermediate state or in
heaven (especially those canonized as saints) and by an-
gels. The doctrine of the intercession of saints was gener-
ally believed in among the Jews and early Christians, and
is authoritatively taught by the Orthodox Greek and other

_ Oriental churches and by the Human Catholic Chnrch.

intercessional (iu-ter-sesh'on-al), a. [< inter-
cession + -al.] Of, pertaining to, or containing
intercession or entreaty: as, an intercessional
hymn.

intercessionatet (in-ter-sesh'on-at), v. t. [< in-
tercession + -ate2.] To intercede with. [Bare.]
To intercessionate God for his recovery.

Nash, Terrors of the Night.

cut or shut off by interposition or interference ; intercessor (in-ter-ses'or), n. [= F. intercessevr

obstruct : as, to intercept one's view or outlook.
We must meet first and intercept his course. Dryden.

From the dry fields thick clouds of dust arise,
Shade the black host, and intercept the skies.

Pope, Iliad, xi. 196.

3f. To interrupt; break off; put an end to.
To intercept this inconvenience,
A piece of ordnance 'gainst it I have plac'd.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., L 4, 14.
God will shortly intercept your brethe.

Joye, Expos, of Daniel, x.

4. In math., to hold, include, or comprehend.

Right ascension is an arc of the equator, reckoning to-
ward the east> intercepted between the beginning of Aries
and the point of the equator which rises at the same time
with the sun or star in a right sphere. Bailey.

Intercepted axis, in geom., the abscissa.— intercept-
ing trochanter, a trochanter intervening between the
coxa and the femur so as to separate them entirely.

Il.t trans. To pass between
Those superficies reflect the gn

Baker, Chronicles, p. 351. intercept (in'ter-sept), M. [< intercept, v.] That . called in terventor.

reen. which is intercepted ; specifically, in geom., the mtercessorial (in

;reatest quantity of light part of a line lying between the two points at cess,ory + -<«•]

Inrr nnnrf». . 4Vt«* fo ...KJ..V, •m'UIn'U i-4- Zr, i-., 4-,,« „„•!.„ J T A - il T • _ _ _ 1 I, A 1 11 T.PTY* PSS1 HT1 * 1

= Sp. intercesor = Pg. 'intercessor = It. interces-
sore, < L. intercessor, one who intervenes, a me-
diator, surety, fulfiller, performer, etc., < inter-
cedere, pp. intercessus, intervene, intercede : see
intercede.] 1. One who intercedes or makes
intercession, especially with the stronger for
the weaker; a person who pleads with one in
behalf of another, or endeavors to reconcile
parties at variance ; a mediator.

Christ doth remain everlastingly a gracious intercessor,
even for every particular penitent.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vt 6.

The generality of the Moos'lims regard their deceased
saints as intercessors with the Deity.

E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. 304.

2. Eccles., in the early African Church, an offi-
cer who during a vacancy of a see administered
the bishopric till a successor was elected. Also
called in terventor.

ter-se-so'ri-al), a. [< inter-
Pertaining to an intercessor or

•which have the greatest refracting power ; that is, which which it is intersected by two other lines bv . to intercession ; intercessory. [Bare.]

inte/reflg medium:-* t li:il il i it'i-r mi i-;i in t In -h- ri-tV-ii'i i i-n 1 1 ,.i _ i A . _ T_ ^ * J «/ iiitjefCGSflOl'V (in— ter-S&s'o-ri) fl r OF infpv

intercede mediums that differ most in their refractive den-
eitii

intercedencet (in-ter-se'dens), n.
+ -ence.] Intercession;"'
mediation.

inter-

Without the intercedence of any organ.

Bp. Reynolds, The Passions,

included between two cusps — intercepted sign,
in astrol., a sign found between the cusps of two houses
and not in either of them.

interceptor (in-ter-sep'ter), n. One who or
that which intercepts; an opponent.

cessoire, < ML. intercessorius, intercessory, < L.
intercessor, intercessor: see intercessor.] Con-
taining intercession ; interceding.

The Lord's prayer has an intercessory petition for our
enemies. Earbery, Modern Fanaticism (1720), p. 39.

interchain (in-ter-chan "),v.t. [< inter- + chain.]

intercedent (in-ter-se'dent), a. [= OF. inter- Thy intercepter, fun of despight, bloody as the hunter, To c

cedent, < L. interceden(t-}s, ppr. of intercedere, attends thee at the orchard end. Shak., T. N., iiL 4, 242. mlv-
go between: see intercede.] Passing between ; interception (in-ter-sep'shon),«. [= F. inter-
mediating; pleading. Ash. [Bare.] «M,*.-«« — T>- ..v,.*™. — j.-~ " o_ .-..* —

intereeder (in-ter-se'der), ». One
cedes ; a mediator ; an intercessor.

intercellular (in-ter-sel'u-lar), a. [< L. inter,

1_ _ A. I -*TT 1. 1 *•,•,"•,' . *•«-. f^,, . '

Two bosoms interchained with an oath.

M. N. D., U. 3, 49.

intereeder (in-ter-se'der), n. One who inter- Pg. interc^colo = It. intercezione, < L. intercen- interchange (m-ter-chanj'),tf.; pret. andpp.jn-

cedes; a mediator; an intercessor. tto(n-), a taking away (interception) <interci- tercnan9ed> Ppr. interchanging. [Formerly also

ntercellular (in-ter-sel'u-lar), a. [< L. inter, pere. take between, intercept: see intercept ] Interchange; <'M.E.enterchangen,entreehaungen,

between, + NL. cellula, cellule, + -arS.] Situ- 1. The act of intercepting; a stopping or cut- ' "• entrechangier, < entre, between, + chan-

n.t.Acl Vlpf.w-PPTl m* vmflnrr /tpllo. i*it-nwo4-I+J n 1 in . i : _£C. _T . J.I - 1_J__ 3 ft-lW . f\htlvtnlvr plla.TKrp' tim fjlnttlfto fli ~\ T fi..,....

ated between or among cells; interstitial in a
cellular tissue : as, the intercellular substance or
matrix of cartilage. In a broad
sense, all tissues or histological
structures consist of intercellular
substance except in so far as they are
composed of cells themselves.— In-
tercellular passages, in anat.,
the ultimate ramifications of the
lobular bronchial tubes, beset with
air-cells or alveoli.— Intercellular
spaces, in bot., spaces or passages
of greater or less size which occur
within the tissues of plants. They
are formed by the separation of the
walls of the cells through unequal
growth, or by the breaking down of intermediate cells

ting off; obstruction; hindrance.

a, a. Intercellular
Spaces.

in appearance diminish the breadth.

Sir H. Wotton, Elem. of Architecture.
Loving friends, as your sorrows & afflictions have bin
great, so our croses & interceptions in our proceedings
hear have not been small.

Quoted in Bradford's Plymouth Plantation, p. 138.

2f. Intrusion; intervention.

We might safely suppose the ice to be as solid as entire
pieces of ice are wont to be with us, and not to be made
up of icy fragments cemented together, with the intercep-
tion of considerable cavities filled with air.

Boyle, Works, II. 542.

These spaces may contain only air or air and watery sapi intercpnt.ivp Cin tpr-spn'tiv1! n f< interi-pnt 4-
or some of the substances usually formed in cells asresin m.lerceplive (in-rer-si uv;, a. \\vntercept
crystals^etc. The intercellular spaces occurring within .Jl'ffJ perving.to^mtercept or obstruct.

l i »i — "ranfut* 1-'WU1111I|$ WllilIlU > , _ *^J,, ,±

plants of loose tissue are generally connected with one an- mtercerebral (m-ter-ser e-bral), a. [< inter- +

other, and with the outer air by means of stomata. cerebral. ] Situated between the right and left

intercensal (m-ter-sen'sal), a. [< L. inter, be- cerebral hemispheres, or connecting two cere-

tween^ + census census: see census.] Occur- bral ganglia: as, an mtercerebral commissure.

ig between the taking of one census and intercession (in-ter-sesh'on), w. [= F. inter-

ler. LKare.J cession = Sp. intercesion = Pg. intercessao = It.

gier, changer, change: see change, v.] I. trans.

1 . To exchange mutually or reciprocally ; put
each of in -the place of the other; give and take
in reciprocity: as, to interchange commodities;
to interchange compliments or duties.

The hands the spears that lately grasp'd,
Still in the mailed gauntlet clasp'd,
Were interchanged in greeting dear.

Scott, L of L. M., T. &
With whom, friends

And foes alike agree, throughout his life
He never interchanged a civil word.

Browning, Ring and Book, I. 179.

Sweet is the scene where genial friendship plays
The pleasing game of interchanging praise.

O. W. Holmes, An After-Dinner Poem.

2. To cause to follow one another alternately:
as, to interchange cares with pleasures.

But then nee had withall a strange kind of interchang-
ing of large and inejtpected pardons with seuere execu-
Bacon, Hist. Hen. ATI., p. 236.

II. intrans. To change reciprocally ; succeed
alternately.

interchange

His faithful friend and brother Euarchus came no mighti-

ly to his succour that, with some iuterchaii<jin<j changes

of fortune, they begat of a Just war the best child — peace.

Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, ii.

3139

intercipientt (in-ter-sip'i-ent), a. and n. [< L.

iiili rfi/nfn(t-)s, ppr. of intercijiere, intercept: see

interchange (in'irr-chanj), ». [= OF.
chanyv; from the verb.] 1. The act of ex-
changing reciprocally; the act or process of
giving and receiving with reciprocity: as, an
interchange of civilities or kind offices.
Ample interchtimje of sweet discourse.

Sluik., Rich. III., v. 3, 99.

Their encounters, though not personal, have been royal-
ly attorneyed with inteardiauye of gifts, letters, loving em-
bassies. Shak., W. T., i 1, 30.

It is this recognition of something like our own con-
scious self, yet so widely sundered from It, which gives
something of their exquisite delight to the interchange*
of feeling even of mature men and women.

./. Sully, Sensation and Intuition, p. 252.

2. Alternate succession: as, the interchange of
light and darkness.

Sweet interchange
Of hill, and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton, P. L., IT. 116.
= Syn. 1. See exchange.

interchangeability (in-ter-chan-ja-bil'i-ti), ».
[< inteniiiuii/fitble: see -bility.] The state of
being interchangeable ; interchangeableness.

interchangeable (in-ter-chan'ja-bl), a. [=OF.
entrechnngeable ; as interchange + -able.] 1.
Capable of being interchanged; admitting of
exchange.

80 many testimonies, interchangeable warrants, and
counterrolments, running through the hands and resting
in the power of so many several persons, Is sufficient to
argue and convince all manner of falsehood.

/:•'.•, .,,, Office of Alienations.

2. Appearing in alternate succession.

Darkness and light hold interchangeable dominions.

Sir T. Browne, Garden of Cyrus.

interchangeableness (in-ter-chan'ja-bl-nes), «.
The state of being interchangeable.
interchangeably (in-ter-chan'ja-bli), adv. In
an interchangeable manner; reciprocally; al-
ternately.
The lovers interchangeably express their loves.

6. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, Arg.

The terms clearness and distinctness seem to be em-
ployed almost interchangeably.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 228.

Interchangeably posed, In her.,
placed or lying across one another, as
three fishes, three swords, three arrows,
etc., the head of each appearing be-
tween the tails, hilts, or butts of the
others.

interchanged (in-ter-chanjd'), a.
Inker., same &acounterchanged,2.
interchangement (in-tfer-chanj'-
ment), ». [< OF. entrechange-
m'ent; as interchange + -ment.~\
mutual transfer. [Kare ]
A contract . . .
Strengthen'd by interchannement of your rings.

SAofc.T. N., v. 1,162.

interchanger (in-ter-chan'jer), ». One who or
that which interchanges ; specifically, in artifi-
cial ice-making, a tank containing a coil of pipes,
or its equivalent, through which the brine cool-
ed by the ice-machine, after extracting all the
heat possible from the ice-molds in the ice-
making tank, is caused to flow. Water placed In
the interchanger in contact with the exterior surface of the
coll is cooled preparatory to being placed in the molds for
freezing it, thus increasing the economical efficiency of the
apparatus.

interchapter (in'ter-chap-ter), ». [< inter- +
chapter.'] An interpolated chapter. Southey.

interchondral (in-tfer-kon'dral), a. [< inter- +
chondrus + -al.] Situated between aay two
costal cartilages: as, an interchondral articula-
tion.

intercidencet (in-ter' si-dens), n. [< interci-
dcn(t) + -ce3.] A coming' or falling between ;
an intervening occurrence.

Talking of the instances, the insults, the intercideneet,
communities of diseases, and all to shew what books we
have read, and that we know the words and tearmes of
physick. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 508.

intercidentt (in-ter'si-dent), a. [< L. interci-
den(t-)s, ppr. of intercidere, fall between, < in-
ter, between, + cadcre, fall: see cadent, case1.]
Falling or coming between other things ; inter-
vening.

Nature rouses herself up to make a crisis, not only upon
improper, and, as physicians call them, intercident days,
such as the third, fifth, ninth, &c ..... but also when
there appear not any signs of coction.

Boyle, Free Enquiry, p. 220.

intercilium (iii-tt'r-sil'i-um), «.; pi. inlfi-i'ili/i
(-ft). [LL.,< L. inter, between, 4- ciliitm, eyelid:
see cilium.] The space between the eyebrows;
the glabella. See cut under craniometry.

mil rffiii.] I. «. Intercepting; seizing or stop-
ping on the way.

II. n. One who or that which intercepts or
'

Interchangeably
posea.

Interchange ;

stops on the way.
intercision (in-ter-sizh'on), n. [= OF. interci-
sion = It. intercisione, < LL. intereigu>(n-), a cut-
ting through, < L. intercidere, pp. intercisus, cut
through, cut asunder, < inter, between, + ccedtre,
cut.] A cutting off; interception. [Rare.]

Whenever such intercition of a life happens to a vicious

person, let all the world acknowledge it for a judgment.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836X L 287.

Some sudden intercitiunt of the light of the sun.

J. Spencer, Prodigies, p. 233.

intercitizenship (in-tfer-sit'i-zn-ship), n. [< in-
ter- + eitizem<h\p.] The principle of citizenship
of a person in different political communities
at the same time ; the right to the privileges of
a citizen in all the states of a confederation.

The Articles of Confederation were framed with the
grand principle of inlerntizensliiv, which gave to the
American confederation a superiority over every one that
preceded it. Bancroft, Hist. Const,, IL 121.

interclavicle (in-t6r-klav'i-kl), n. [< inter- +
flurifli .] In zoiil. and anat., a median mem-
brane bone developed between the clavicles,
or in front of the breast-bone, in many Ver-
tebrata. Different names have been given to a bone
answering to t Ii is definition. In the monotremes, where
alone in Mamma-
lia a true Interclav-
icle occurs, it is
the large T-shaped
bone which pro-
longs the sternum
anteriorly, bearing
upon its arms the
small splint-like
clavicles. In a
bird, when devel-
oped, it is always
incorporated with
the clavicles, as the
hypoclidium. (See
cut under furcula.)
In a reptile, when
developed, It is
distinct from the
clavicles, and in a
turtle It is the en-
toplastron or ento-
tternum, the me-
dian anterior piece
of the plastron.
(See second cut un-
der Chelania.) In
a frog It appears to be represented by the omnsternmn.
(See cut under omoiternum.) Certain presternal elements
-in placental mammals are sometimes called interclamcles.
In some fishes the Interclavicle Is an intermediate element
of the scapular arch, and, like the supraclavlcle and post-
clavicle, is variously homologized by different writers.
See pogtclaficle, and quotation under supraclavicle.
interclavicula (in*ter-kla-vik'u-la), ».; pi. in-
terclavicula; (-le). [NL., <; L. inter, between, +
NL. clavicula, q. v.] Same as interclavicle.

In many Vertebrata, the inner ends of the clavicles are
connected with, and supported by, a median membrane
bone which is closely connected with the ventral face of
the sternum. This 18 the interclavicula, frequently called
episternum. lluxley, Anat. Vert, p. 86.

interclavicular (in'ter-kla-vik'u-lftr), a. [=
F. inter claviculaire; < L. inter, between, + NL.
clavicula, q. v., + -ar3.] 1. Situated between
clavicles: as, the interclavicular space; inter-
clavicular ligament. Specifically used — (a) In herpet.,
with reference to the entoplastron of a tortoise or turtle:
as, the interclavicular scute. See plastron, and cut under
carapace (fig. 2). (d) In ornith., with reference to the in-
ternal inferior air-sac of the neck of birds.
2. Of or pertaining to an interclavicle.

intercloset (in-t6r-kloz'), v. t. [Also enterclose
(cf. OF. entreclos, pp.); < inter- + close*. Cf.
interclude.] To shut in or within ; confine.

I see not why it should be impossible for art to inter-
close some very minute and restless particles, which, by
their various and incessant motions, may keep a metalline
body In a state of fluidity. Boyle, Works, L 63&

intercloudt (in-t6r-kloud'), v. t. [< inter- +
cloud1.] To shut within clouds.

None the least blackness interclouded had
So fair a day, nor any eye look'd sad.

Daniel, Civil Wars, v.

intercludet (in-ter-kl8d'), f- *• [= OF. entre-
clore,entreclorre^: It. interchiudere, intereludere,
< L. intereludere, shut off, shut in, < inter, be-
tween, + claudere, shut, close : see close1. Cf .
interclose.] To shut off from a place or course
by something intervening; intercept; cutoff.

Laying siege against their cities, interclvding their ways
and passages, and cutting off from them all commerce with
other places or nations. Pococke, On llosea, p. 53.

interclusiont (iu-ter-klo"zhon), n. [= Sp. »'»-
terdusion, < L. interclujtio(n-'), < intereludere, pp.

Ventral View of Shoulder-girdle or a Young
Duckbill (.OmithortiynchMS paradoxes}.

ict, interclavicle. or tau-bone: ct. clar-
Icle ; f, s, scapula ; cr, coracoid ; ecr, epi-
coracoid ; att, omosternura ; r, r, two pairs
of sternal ribs; fl, glenoid fossa of shoul-
der-joint.

intercommon

interrlusus, shut off: see interclude.] Intercep-
tion ; a cutting or shutting off.
The intrrclitnon of commerce. Bittet, Burke, I. 411.

intercoccygeal (in'ter-kok-sij'e-al), a. [< inter-
+ riH-i-ijf (eoccyg-) + -<•-«/.] Situated between
portions of the coccyx — Intercoccygeal flbrocar-
tilage. See JUjrocartilage.

intercoccygean (iu"ter-kok-sij'e-an), a. Same
us ititerfiienjiji'iil.

intercollegiate (in't<T-ko-16'ji-at), a. [< L. in-
tir, lift ween, + collegium, college: see collegi-
ate.] Between colleges ; of or pertaining to dif-
ferent colleges in participation : as, an tntercol-
l< <iii i it- contest or discussion.

intercolline (in-ter-kol'in), a. [< L. inter, be-
tween, + eollit, a hill : see coWine.] Lying be-
tween hills or hillocks: as, an intercolline ham-
let. Specifically, In geology, applied by Lyell to the hol-
lows which He between the conical hillocks made up of
accumulations from volcanic eruptions. [Bare.]

intercolonial (in*ter-kor16/ni-al), a. [= F. in-
tercolonial; < L. inter, between, + colonia, col-
ony, + -al.] Between colonies ; of or pertain-
ing to different colonies in intercourse : as, in-
tercolonial commerce.

Happily for the national interests of British North
America, Its public men agreed at this critical juncture
in their affairs to a political union, which has stimulated
intercolonial trade. Wettiuinttcr Her., (XXV. 404.

intercolonially (in'ter-ko-16'ni-al-i), adv. As
between colonies.

intercolumnar (in'ter-ko-lum'nar), a. [= F.
intercolumnaire = Pg. intercolumnar, < L. inter,
between, + columna, column : see columnar.]
Between two columns; specifically, in anat.,
extending between the pillars or columns of
the external abdominal ring.

Recumbent figures fill the spandrlls of the arches thrown
over the inter-columnar spaces.

C. C. Perkinn, Italian Sculpture, p. 190.

Intercolumnar fascia. See/o**a.— Intercolumnar
fibers, transverse fibers on the surface of the aponeurosls
of the external oblique muscle, extending across the up-
per part of the external abdominal ring, between its pillars
or columns.

intercolumniation (in'ter-ko-lum-ni-a'shon),
«. [< L. intercolumnium, the space between
two columns ((. inter, between, + columna,
column: see column), + -ation.] 1. In arch.,
the space between two columns, measured at
the lower part of their shafts, usually taken as
from center ,
to center. This
space, In the
practice of the
ancients, varied
in proportion in
almost every
building. Vitru-
vlus enumerates
five varieties of
intercolumnia-
tlons, and as-
signs to them
definite propor-
tions expressed
In measures of
the inferior di-
ameter of the

Intercolunmiation.

,areosryle: B, coupled columns; C, diasryle ;
D, eustyle.

column. These are : the pycnogrylf, of one diameter and
a hah* ; the gygtyl?, of two diameters ; the diantyle, of three
diameters ; the areoityle, of four or sometimes five diame-
ters ; and the eratyle, of two and a quarter diameters. It
is found, however, on examining the remains of ancient
architecture, that the Intercolumnlatlons rarely if ever
agree with the Vltruvian dimensions, which must there-
fore, like nearly all other theories of Vitruvius, be regarded
as arbitrary.

2. The system of spacing between columns,
particularly with reference to a given building.
The position of the other two [columns] must be de-
termined either by bringing forward the wall enclosing
the stairs, so as to admit of the intercolumniation east and
west being the same as that of the other columns, or of
spacing them so as to divide the inner roof of the pronaos
into equal squares. J. Ferguaon, Hist Arch., I. 269.

intercombatt (in-t6r-kom'bat), «. [< inter- +

fn in lnii.\ A combat ; fight.

The combat granted, and the day aacign'd,
They both in order of the field appear,
Most richly furnlsh'd In all martial kind,
And at the point of intercombat were.

Daniel, Civfl Wars, i.

intercomet (in-ter-kum'), v. i. [< inter- + come.]
To intervene ; interpose ; interfere.

Notwithstanding the pope's intercoming to make him-
self a party in the quarrel, the bishops did adhere to their
own sovereign. Proc. againxt Garnet (1606X Rr. a. (Rich.)

intercommon (in-ter-kom'on), r. [< ME. en-
tercomenen, entercombnen, <OF. entrecommuner,
eittrecomuner, intercommon; as inter- + com-
mon, v. Cf. intrrcommune.] I, intrans. 1. To
participate or share in common ; act by inter-
change ; also, to keep commons or eat together.
[Bare.]

intercommon

That thowe cannyst nat, percaase anoder can,
To entyrcomyn as a brodyr clothe with a-noder,

Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 22.
To this adde that precept of Aristotle, that wine be for-
borne in all consumptions : for that the spirits of the wine
do prey upon the roscide juyce of the body, and intercom-
man with the spirits of the body, and so deceive and rob
them of their nourishment. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 55.

2. In Eng. law, to graze cattle reciprocally on
each other's common; use two commons inter-
changeably or in common.

Common because of vicinage, or neighbourhood, is
where the inhabitants of two townships which lie con-
tiguous to each other have usually mtercommoned with

3140

Intercommunity (in"ter-ko-mu'ni-ti), n. [<
inter- + community."] 1. Reciprocal communi-
cation or possession ; community.

It admits of no tolerance, no intercommunity of various
sentiments, not the least difference of opinion.

Bp. Lowth, To Warburton, p. 13.

2. The state of living or existing together in
harmonious intercourse.

intercrural

—Intercostal vessel, an intercostal artery, vein, or lym-
phatic duct.

II. n. An intercostal structure, as an artery,
and especially a muscle ; an intercostalis.
The intercostals are two layers of muscular fibers occu-
pying the intercostal spaces, running obliquely, and for
the most part between any two successive ribs. They are
respiratory in function.— External Intercostals, the
outer layer of intercostal muscles, running obliquely
downward and forward from one rib to another. In man
there are 11 on each side of the chest. — Internal inter-
costals, the inner layer of intercostal muscles, the direc-
tion of whose fibers crosses that of the external layer.
Some of them usually run over more than one intercostal
space ; such are called tubcostalt or infracostals.

When, in consequence of that intercommunity of Pagan-
ism, . . . one nation adopted the gods of another, they
did not always take in at the same time the secret wor-
ship or mysteries of that god.

Warburton, Divine legation, ii. 4.

one another. Bl'ackstone, Com., II. iii. intercomplexity (in"ter-kom-plek'si-ti), n. [< intercostalis (in"ter-kos-taTlis); "»."•" pi. inter-
Il.t trans. To denounce for criminal commu- inter- + complexity.'] A mutual involvement costales (-lez). [NL. : see intercostal."] "hi anat.,
nication or fellowship. See intercommoning. or entanglement. an intercostal ; one of the intercostal muscles.

But it appeared that there had been no such designs, Intercomplexities had arisen between all complications interCOStohumeral (in-ter-kos-to-hu'me-ral),
by this, that none came into it but those desperate inter- and interweavings of descent from three original strands, a. and n. [< intercosttal) + humeral."] ' I "a
comtnoned men who were as it were hunted from their ™- f*~- ° *-*- *r — ---*»<•» -.• . . . -

nerve .' . . is larger than the others, and is called the in-
tercosto-humeral .because it supplies the integuments of

Eng. law, a privilege enjoyed by the inh'abi- f+ condyl! f -°id^ Jnanat, situated between

tonto nf t-mn ny. »W™«> «n«+;™,,«,,o tWO COnttyleS: aS, the interCOndmOld fOSSa Of •»••«"•'•""•"«»••», uroaunc m »uinuieo me micguiuenui OI

tants Ot two or more contiguous manors or th ffimll/.a a«™S«iid snp™ hfitwAAn th« itinPT- tne am- • • • The corresponding branch of the third in-

townships of pasturing their cattle in com- iur,aaepre space Detween tne inner tercostal is also an intercosto-humeral nerve,

mon. . and the outer condyle of that bone. Holdcn, Anat. (1885), p. 332.

intercommonert (in-ter-kom'on-er),». One Interconnect (m"ter-ko-nekt'), v. t. \<inter- intercostohumeralis (in-ter-kos-to-hu-me-ra'-

who intercommons or intercommunes; speeifi- + connect."] To connect or conjoin mutually lis); M-; pl- intercostoliumerales (-lez). [NL.:

cally, a joint communicant. an£ %^ZZL_^ m.M „ „„.„„„„ , ,_ see intercostonumeral."] An .intercostohumeral

They are intercommoners by suflrance with God, chil-
dren, and servants. Gataker.

intercommoningt C

bal n. of intercommon

lawing for criminal

ning between, intervention, interposition (ML.
also intercommunication), < intercurrere, pp.
intercursus, run between, intervene : see inter-
cur, intercurrent."] 1. Communication between

they had it in their power, to be Involved^n'the same intercontinental (in-ter-kon-ti-nen'tal), a. [= persons or places; frequent or habitual meet-

«uilt- BP- B<*rnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1676. F. intercontinental, etc. ; < inter- + continental.]

intercommune (in"ter-ko-mun'), v. i.; pret. Subsisting between different continents: as,

and pp. intercommuned, ppr. intercommuning. intercontinental trade. . ...

[In older form intercommon, q. v. ; < OF. entre- intercontradictory (in-ter-kon-tra-dik'to-ri), reciprocal dealing : as, the intercourse between

communer, < ML. intercommunicare, communi- «• [< inter- + contradictory.] Contradictory town and country.

cate, < L. inter, between, + communicare, com- one of the other, as statements or depositions.

municate, commune: see commune^."] 1. To interconversion (in'-'ter-kon-ver'shon), n.

commune together or jointly; unite in com- [< inter- + conversion."] Reciprocal iionver-

munion or intercourse. — 2. To hold communi- sion; interchange of form or constitution.

cation or intercourse : as, to intercommune with Till it shall be shown . . . how their interconversion

rebels. [Scotch.] —Letters of Intercommuning [that of form8 of molecular movement] is effected.

in Scotch hist., letters from the Privy Council prohibiting

intercourse (in'ter-kors),

upon that great numbers were outlawed; and a

that harboured such

did not seize them, when

', System of the Heavens.

ing or contact of one person with another, or
of a number of persons with others, in conver-
sation, trade, travel, etc.; physical interchange;

SirJ. Herschel, Pop. Lects., p. 473.
'ter-kon-vfer'ti-bl), a. [<

In the year 1676 letters of intercommuning were pub-
lished. Hallam.

Convertible each into the
other; capable of being exchanged equiva-
_________ lently, the one for the other: as, interconverti-

intercpmmunicability (in"ter-kg-mu//ni-ka- We terms. .

bil'i-ti), n. [< intercommunicate": see -bility'."] mtercoracoid (in-ter-kor'a-koid), a. [< inter-
The quality of being intercommunicable ; ca- "*" coracp^."] Situated between the coracoids :
pability of being mutually communicated. . as> *ne intercoracoid part of the sternum.

The intercommunicabiKty of scarlet fever and diphthe- intercorallite (in-ter-kor'a-lit), a. [< inter- +
ria. Quoted in Minium's Morbid Germs, p. 28. coralhte.] Situated between corallites ; noting

intercommunicable (in"ter-ko-mu'ni-ka-bl) a space or substance so placed: as, intercorallite
[< intercommunicate) + -able. Cf. communi- .w.alls; intercorallite tissue xn..»^««,

cable."] Capable of being mutually communi- mtercosmic, intercosmical (m-t6r-koz'mik, his daily food.
cated. Coleridge. -mi-kal), a. [< inter- + cosmos, the universe : sexual Intercourse, coition

intercommunicate (in//ter-ko-mu'ni-kat), v.; see co^Wicai!.] Between the constituent parts intercoxal (in-ter-kok'sal), a. [< inter- + coxa
pret. and pp. intercommunicated, ppr. intercom- of tne unlverse. + _az.] in entom., situated between the coxse

municating. [< ML. intercommunicate, pp. of t.Th.e doctrine of attenuated matter scattered through or bases of the legs.-intercoxal nrocess aDro-
intercomnmnicare, communicate : see intercom- he lntereofmical 8Pace» of OI^m'z?d,,sy«tem:| ^ distinct, jection of the hard integument between Ithe coxi: spe-
" WmcheU, World-Life, p. 49. ciflcally applied to a process of the first ventral segment

At the last shall ye come to people, cities, and towns,
wherein is continual intercourse and occupying of mer-
chandize and chaSare.

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), i.
Euen then when in Assyria it selfe it was corrupted by
entercouree of strangers. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 47.

By which [bridge] the spirits perverse
With easy intercourse pass to and fro.

Milton, P. L, ii. 1031.

2. Mental or spiritual interchange ; reciprocal
exchange of ideas or feelings; intercommu-
nion.

Food of the mind [talk] or this sweet intercourse
Of looks and smiles. Milton, P. L., ix. 238.

Thou wast made for social intercourse and gentle greet-
ings. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 54.
The neighboring Indians in a short time became accus-
tomed to the uncouth sound of the Dutch language, and
an intercourse gradually took place between them and the
new comers. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 101.
His intercourse with, heaven and earth becomes part of

Emerson, Nature.

mune and communicate."] I. intrans. To have
or hold recirjrocal comrniitiiMtinTi

Ho«and'tr-ofPlutarch,P.»54.

intercommunication (in'^er-ko-mu-ni-ka'-
shon), n. [= P. intercommunication < ML

e, com

municate : see intercommunicate.] Reciprocal
communication or intercourse.

intercostal (in-ter-kos'tal), a. and n. [= F. in- of th.e abdomen extending between the posterior coxal

4A»«AA4»7 cj— TI_ .•._.! — "__.i_7 TJ. ..._j . * cavities. It is found especially in many Coleoptera.

6s'), v. [< inter- + cross1.']
ciprocally ; specifically, in
fertilize by impregnation of one spe-
variety by means of another; inter-

These plants [those capable of self-fertilization] are fre-
quently intercrossed, owing to the prepotency of pollen
from another individual or variety over the plant's own
pollen. Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 2.

Natural species . . . are nearly always more or less ster-
ile when intercrossed.

A. R. Wallace, Fortnightly Rev., N. 8., XL. 301.

II. intrans. In oiol., to become impregnated

ing between successive ribs of the same side
of the body : as, intercostal muscles, vessels,
spaces — Intercostal artery, an artery, generally a
branch of^the thoracic aorta, situated in an intercostal
enerally as many such arteries as there

permost of which are branches of the subclavian artery
tne remaining pairs being derived directly from the aorta!

It is hard to say what . . . may be due to the more
ngniy organised state of society, the greater activity of
ts forces, the readier intercommunication of its parts.

Gladstone, Gleanings, I. 136.

Common felons are allowed almost unrestricted inter-
communication and association in the forwardini

* as speedily as practicable to 8u»u-iu

<?. Kennan, The Century, XXXV. 761.
intercommunion (in"ter-ko-mu'nyon), n. [<
inter- + communion."] Communion one with

»u.jm w* mi'Gii.uauu iimsuies. — intercostal lascue see T, A-JX 2. • ± . . — *

fascia.— Intercostal gland, a lymphatic gland situated "f a different variety or species, or, in the case

in an intercostal space. In man there are several inter- of hermaphrodites, by a different individual.
betw^nTh^'layer^ Cultivated plants like those in a state of nature fre-

for the most part into the thoracic duct. ' ttonal pecuHaritS ""

i J?*l!f?n. tnese inter<:°st£t glands enlarged and dis- Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 255.

«««u»iu>cu«.«ro i«iu association in tne torwardine nrisons eased in nhthisia rr^ifi^. A«O* i¥aaz\ ;„ "<Si — ' *" ~

and are deported as speedily as practicable to Siberia ^t! .* i iv % golden Anat. (1885), p. 213. intercross(in'ter-kr6s), ». [< intercross, p.] An

~ rtury, XXXV. 761. J?*!™?.8,1^.^6.18011. muscle, ete., Seethenouns.-In- instance of cross-fertil !,;«,« on. T}nr,m«
'nyon), n. [<

j ^^^.^.^TllnTl fvno writV,

another; intimate intercourse.

tercostal ne^ anante^ioTlIrlnch of any sphiaT ner^e . lni ' ot, «rOi; ertulzation. Varmn

which runs in an intercostal space to a greater or less intercrural (m-ter-kro ral), a. [< inter- + crura

extent. In man there are 12 pairs of such nerves. They + -al.] In^o67.: (fl)Of or'pertaining to thespace

pre^ent^'^lTn^reSLrS' S° ?eC"SRhto.?r """^ "^Igil o'f an lStSort!l^ ^-IntercoTtall
™. _«i!_i' '. uuenumiimnion witn tne idola- vein, a vein running with and corrfis™>nrHn<r tn on i,,tor.

submental. (b) Situated between

trous reliiri nsround'fhVm — 'fZ',*"rhZ?" 'Vi' lhe.idol.a" veln.a'vein running witfa'andco'iresponding txTanTnter- the crura cerebri, as the interpeduncular space
them. Law, Theory of Religion, n. costal artery, and usually emptying into an azygous vein, or area at the base of the brain.

Intercultural

intercultural (in-ter-kul'tur-al), a. [< inter- +
cidtiiri' + -<i/.] Intermediate in the process of
cultivation.

By "intrrcultural tillage," Dr. Sturtevant means tilling,
stirring the Roil, while the plant is growing. The value of
interculturut tillage has long been understood.

Pa,,. Sn. Mo., XIII. 378.

The intrrcultural tillage should be applied whenever the
upper soil has regained ... its eonneotion with the lower
•oil Mature, XXXVII. 624.

intercurt (in-tor-kdr'), w. i. [Early mod. E. en-
Irn-orre, < OF. eittrecorre, eiitrccourre, < L. inter-
currere, run between, run along with, mingle
with, intercede. < inter, between, + currcre. run :
see current^. Cf. concur, decur, incur, etc.] To
run or come between ; intervene.

1 1 \Volsry as your lieutenaunt being alwaies proplce and
redy to entercorre, as a loving mynister for the stablishing
&c. of good amyte bitwene your hignes and hym.

State Papers, Wolsey to Hen. VIII., 1527.

So that there intercur no ain in the acting thereof.

Shelton, tr. of Don CiuUote, II. Iv. 9.

intercurl (in-ter-k6rl'), v. t. [< inter- + curl.'}
To curl or twine between ; entwine.

Queen Helen, whose Jacinth-hair curled by nature, but
intercurled by art (like a fine brook through golden sands),
had a rope of fair pearl. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, i.

intercurrence (in-ter-kur'ens), n. [< intercur-
ren(t) + -ce.] 1. A running or coming be-
tween; intervention. [Rare.]

We may . . . consider what fluidity salt-petre is capa-
ble of, without the intercurrence of a liquor.

Boyl,; Hist. Fluidity, XT).

2f. An intervening occurrence ; an incident.

To be sagacious in such intercurrences is not supersti-
tion, but wary and pious discretion.

Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., L 29.

intercurrent (in-ter-kur'ent), a. and n. [= F.
intercurrent = Sp. intercurrente = Pg. intercor-
rente, < L. intercurren(t-)s, ppr. of intercurrere,
run between, intervene: see intercur.'] I. a.

1. Running between or among ; occurring be-
tween; intervening. [Rare.]

Transacts with the Dane, with the French, the rapture
with both ; together with all the intercurrent exploits at
Ouiny, the Mediterranean, West Indies, and other signal
particulars. Evelyn, To my Lord Treasurer.

The ebbing and flowing of the sea Des Cartes ascribeth
to the greater pressure made upon the air by the moon,
and the intercurrent ethereal substance, at certain times
(of the day, and of the lunary mouth) than at others.

Boyle, Works, I. 41.

2. Specifically, in pathol,, occurring in a pa-
tient already suffering from some disease : said
of a second disease.

He died of intercurrent disease.

Alien, and Neural., VL 404.

H.t n. Something that intervenes; an inter-
currence ; an incident.

[Fortune] having diversified and distinguished even
from the beginning our enterprise, like a play or enter-
lude, with many dangerous intermrrcnts, was assistant
and ran with us, at the very point and upshot of the exe-
cution thereof. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 998.

intercurset, »• An obsolete form of intercourse.

intercutt (in-ter-kuf), v. t. [< inter- + cut."] To
intersect.

The countrey whence he sprung ... is so inlayed and
everywhere so intercutt and indented with the sea or
fresh navigable rivers that one cannot tell what to call it,
either water or land. Howell, Parly of Beasts, p. 5.

intercystic (in-ter-sis'tik), a. [< inter- + cyst
+ -ic.J Lying or occurring between cysts: as,
the intercystic tissue of a cystic tumor,
interdash (in-ter-dash'), v. t. [< inter- + dash.']
To intersperse. [Rare.]

A prologue interdash'd with many a stroke.

Cooper, Table-Talk, 1. 638.

interdealt (in'ter-del), n. [Also enterdeal; <
inter- + deal1.] 1. Intercourse; conduct.

To learne the enterdeale of Princes strange,

To marke t h intent of counsells, and the change

Of states. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 786.

2. Commerce; traffic.

The trading and interdeale with other nations rounde
about have chaunged and greatly altered the dialect ther-
of. Spenser, State of Ireland.

interdental (in-ter-den'tal), a. [< L. inter, be-
tween, + <len(t-)s =E. tootn: see dental.'] Oc-
curring or produced between the teeth.
The interdental sound of z. Uncyc. Brit., XXII. 350.

Interdental space, the space or interval between the
cogs of a geared wheel.

interdentil, interdentel (in-tfrr-den'til, -tel),
n. [(inter- + (lentil, dcntrl.] In arch., the space
between two dentils.

interdependence, interdependence (in'ter-
de-pen'dens, -den-si), ». [= F. interdipen-

3141

dance; as inter- + dependence, dependency.]
Mutual dependence.

There la an intimate interdependence of Intellect and
morals. Emerson, Conduct of Life.

The wonderful interdependence shown by Darwin to ex-
ist between insects and plants in the fertilization of the
latter. K. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 146.

interdependent (in*ter-de-pen'dent), a. [<
inti-r- + dependent.'] Mutually dependent.

And this because phenomena are independent not less
than interdependent.

O. H. Lews, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 88.

Ignorance, intemperance, immorality, and disease —

these things are all tnterdcpendetU and closely connected.

Westminster Rev., CXXV. 18.

Painting, for example, is an interdependent process, and
both in its execution and results its interdependence lies
in purely physical combinations of visible and touchable
materials. Argyll, Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 162.

interdestructiveness(in-ter-de-struk'tiv-nes),
n. [< inter- + destructiveness.] 'Mutual destruc-
tiveness. Godwin, Mandeville, II. 103.
interdict (in-ter-dikf), v. t. [In ME. entredi-
ten, < OF. entredit (pp. of entredire) ; < L. inter-
dictus,pp. of interdicere (> It. interdicere, inter-
dire = Sp. entredicer, interdecir = Pg. entredizer,
interdizer = OF. entredire, F. interdire), inter-
pose by speaking, contradict, forbid, < inter, be-
tween, + dicere, speak, say : see diction.'] 1. To
declare authoritatively against, as the nee or
doing of something; debar by forbidding; pro-
hibit peremptorily.

Let the brave chiefs their glorious toils divide,
And whose the conquest, mighty Jove decide ;
While we from interdicted fields retire,
Nor tempt the wrath of heav'n's avenging sire.

Pope, fliad, v. 43.

Nature, however, ... is an excellent friend in such
cases ; sealing the lipa, interdicting utterance, command-
ing a placid diasimulation. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, vii.

2. To prohibit from some action or proceeding ;
restrain by prohibitory injunction ; estop ; pre-
clude.

To prevent their aeeking relief from the slow agonies of
this torture, they would be interdicted the use of knives and
forks, and every other instrument of self-destruction.

Everett, Orations, I. 600.

They {the Plantagenets] were interdicted from taxing ;
but they claimed the right of begging and borrowing.

Macaulay, Hist. Eng., 1.

Specifically — 3. Eccles., to cut off from com-
munion with a church ; debar from ecclesias-
tical functions or privileges.

The reame was therefore nygh thre yere enderdited, and
stode a-cursed that neuer manes body ne womans was
byried in noon halowed place.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.X ill. 466.

Becket had gotten him more Friends at Rome, and by
their means prevailed with the Pope to give him Power
to interdict some Bishops in England that had done him
Wrong. Baker, Chronicles, p. 57.

=Syn. Protabit, etc. See/orWd.
interdict (in'ter-dikt), ». [In ME. enterdit. <
OF. entredit, F. interdit = Pr. entredich = Sp.
entredicho, interdicto = Pg. interdicto = It. in-
terdetto; < L. interdictum, a prohibition, neut. of
interdictus, pp. of interdicere, forbid, prohibit:
see interdict, ».] 1. An official or authorita-
tive prohibition ; a prohibitory order or decree.

No interdict
Defends the touching of these viands pure.

Milton, f. E., It 869.

2. In Horn, law, an adjudication, by a solemn or-
dinance issued by the pretor, in his capacity of
governing magistrate, for the purpose of quiet-
ing a controversy, usually as to peaceable pos-
session, between private parties. More specifi-
cally— (a) in earlier times, a prohibition or Injunction in-
cidental or introductory to an action, forbidding Interfer-
ence with possession until the right should have been de-
termined ; ( '<) in later times, the extension of this remedy
so as to include not merely such injunctive relief, but also
production or discovery (called exhibitory interdict or in-
terdict for production), and the delivery of possession, the
reinstatement of a previous situation, or other undoing
of a wrong (called interdict of restitution). Throughout
the various extensions of the term the characteristic idea
seems to have been the act of the pretor in assuming in
some sense the functions of a plaintiff or a prosecutor on
grounds of public policy, somewhat as in modern practice
the court makes orders or decrees upon some subjects.
which, though made in a private controversy, it will en-
force in the name of the people by proceedings for con-
tempt.

3. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., an ecclesiastical sen-
tence which forbids the right of Christian burial,
the use of the sacraments, and the enjoyment
of public worship, or the exercise of ecclesi-
astical functions. Interdicts may be general, as ap-
plied to a country or city, or particular, as applied to a
church or other locality ; they may be local, as applied to
places, personal, as applied to a person or some class of
persons, or mixed, as directed against both places and per-
sons. General and local interdicts have rarely been pro-
nounced since the middle ages.

interdigitation

The pope sent his nuncio to no purpose, and then put
the city under an interdict. J. Adams, Worka, V. 22.

4. In Ncotn law, an injunction." See nu»t>cnsion.
interdiction (in-ter-dik'shon), ». [= F. inter-
diction = Sp. interdiction = Pg. interdiccSo = It.
interdizionc, < L. interdictio(n-), a prohibiting,
< interdicere, pp. interdictw, prohibit, forbid:
see interdict, ».] 1. The act of interdicting; au-
thoritative prohibition ; declaratory estoppel.

The truest issue of thy throne
By his own interdiction stands accnrs'd.

Shot., Macbeth, iv. 8, 106.
Sternly he pronounced
The rigid interdiction, which resounds
Yet dreadful in mine ear. tfOton, P. L.,vul. 884.

By this means the Kingdom was released of the interdic-
tion. Baker, Chronicles, p. 78.

2. In law, judicial restraint imposed upon one
who, from unsoundness of mind, weakness, or
improvidence, is incapable of managing his own
affairs, or is liable to imposition. An inquisition
of lunacy relates to the present or past. The interdiction
expressed or implied by the confirmation of the inquisition
and the appointment of a guardian relates to the future,
and from the time of interdiction no act of the person is
valid without the intervention of the court

3. In Horn, law, an edict or decree of the pre-
tor to meet the circumstances of a particular
case, but granted usually from considerations
of a public character. Bee interdict, n., 2. — 4.
Same as interdict, n., 4.— interdiction of fire and
water, banishment by an order that no man should sup-
ply the person banished with fire or water, the two neces-
saries of life. Jlapalje and Lawrence.

interdictive (in-ter-dik'tiv), a. [< interdict +
-ice.] Of the nature of an interdict ; constitut-
ing an interdict; prohibitory.

A timely separation from the flock by that interdictive
sentence ; lest his conversation unprohibited, or unbrand-
ed, might breathe a pestilential murrain into the other
sheep. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonat.

interdictory (in-ter-<lik'to-ri), a. [< LL. inter-
dictoriug, prohibitory, < L'. interdicere, pp. inter-
dictus, prohibit: see interdict, t>.] Serving to
interdict or prohibit.

interdifferentiation (in-t6r-dif-e-ren-shi-a'-
shon), n. [< inter- + differentiation.'] Differen-
tiation between or among.

interdiffuse (in'ter-di-fuz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
interdiffused, ppr. interdiffusing. [< inter- +
diffuse"] To diffuse or spread among or be-
tween. North British Rev. [Rare.]

interdiffusion (in'ter-di-fu'zhon), n. [< inter-
+ diffusion.'] The act of interdiffusing; mu-
tual diffusion.

In the case of molten metals the interdifunon may be
extremely rapid. Sci. Amer. Supp., p. 8788.

interdigital (in-ter-dij'i-tal), a. [= F. interdigi-
tal; <L. inter, between, 4- digitus, finger: see
digital.] Situated between digits; connecting
fingers or toes one with another. The webbing
of a duck's foot is interdigital; so is most of the
membrane of a bat's wing.

interdigitate(in-ter-dij'i-tat), ».; pret. and pp.
interdigitated, ppr. interdigitating. [< L. inter,
between, + digitus,finger: see digitate."] I. trans.
To insert between the fingers ; interweave like
thejoined fingers of the two hands. [Rare.]

II. intrans. 1. To be interwoven; commin-
gle like interlocked fingers.

The groups of characters that are essential to the true
definition of a plant and animal interdigitate, so to speak,
in that low department of the organic world from which
the two great branches rise and diverge. Omen.

2. In anat., specifically, to interpose finger-like
processes or (limitations between similar pro-
cesses of another part, as one muscle may do to
another ; inosculate by means of reciprocal ser-
rations: followed by trith. Thus, the human serra-
tns magnus muscle interdigitates by several of its serra-
tions irith similar processes of the external obliqne muscle
of the abdomen.

In certain species of Mustelus ... a rudimentary pla-
centa is formed, the vascular walls of the umbilical sac
becoming plaited, and interdigitating with similar folds of
the wall of the uterus. Huxley, Anat Vert., p. 120.

interdigitation (in-ter-dij-i-ta'shon), n. [< in-
terdigitate + -ion.] 1. The act of inserting be-
tween the fingers, or of inserting the fingers
of one hand between those of the other ; hence,
the state of being inextricably interwoven or
run into each other, as is the case with the
characters of the lowest classes of plants and
animals; intermixture. — 2. In anat., specifi-
cally— (a) Reciprocal digitation; the state or
quality of being interdigitated or reciprocally
interposed by means of digitate processes. In-
terdigitation presents an appearance as of two saws with
the teeth of one set In the spaces between the teeth of
the other, (b) The set of spaces between digits
or finger-like processes.

interduce

interduce (in'ter-dus), n. [< L. inter, between,
+ ducere, lead: see duct.] In carp., same as
intertie.

interepimeral (in-ter-ep-i-me'ral), a. [< inter-
+ epimera + -al.] Situated between epimera:
as, the interepimeral membrane. Huxley, Anat.
Invert., p. 269.

interepltnelial (in-ter-ep-i-the'li-al), a. [< in-
ter- + epithelial.] Situated between or among
epithelial cells. Also intra-epithelial.

interequinoctial (in-ter-e-kwi-nok'shal), a. [<
inter- + equinoctial.] Coming between the
equinoxes.

Spring and autumn I have denominated equinoctial
periods. Summer and winter I have called interequinoc-
tial intervals. Asiatic Researches.

interesst (in'ter-es), v. t. [Also interesse; < OF.
interesser, F. interesser (formerly chiefly in pp.
interesse'), interest, concern, OF. also damage,
= Pr. interessar = Sp. interesar = Pg. interessar
= It. interessare, concern, in terest, < L. interesse,
be between, be distant, be different, be present
at, be of importance, import, concern (impers.
interest, it concerns), < inter, between, + esse,
be: see be1. Cf. interest.] To interest; con-
cern; affect; especially, to concern or affect
deeply.

To whose young love

The vines of Prance and milk of Burgundy
Strive to be interess'd. Shak., Lear, i. 1, 187.

To love our native country, and to study its benefit and
its glory, to be interested in its concerns, is natural to all
men, and is indeed our common duty.

Dryden, Epick Poetry.

interesst (in'ter-es), ». [Also interesse; < ME.
interesse (= G. Dan. interesse = Sw. intresse), <
OF. interesse = Pr. interesse = Sp. interns = Pg.
It. interesse,<. ML. interesse,n., concern, interest,
premium on money lent, right, etc., < L. inter-
esse,v., concern: see interess, v,] Interest; con-
cern ; deep concern.

That false forsweryng have there noon interesse.

Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 210.
But wote thou this, thou hardy Titanesse,
That not the worth of any living wight
May challenge ought in Heavens interesse.

Spenser, F. Q., VII. vi. 33.

interesse termini (in-ter-es'e ter'mi-ni).
[ML.: interesse, interest (see interess, n.); ter-
mini, gen. of term inus, end, ending: see term,n.]
The right of entry upon land vested in a lessee.
It is not an estate, but an interest for the term ; and the
right may be exercised by the executors or administrators
of the owner if he dies without having entered.

interest (in'ter-est), n. [Late ME. interest (=
D. interest), < OF. interest, interest, concern,
also damage, prejudice, F. inttrtt, interest,
profit, advantage, < L. interest, it concerns, it
is to the advantage, 3d pers. sing. pres. ind.
impers. of interesse, concern: see interess, v.
Practically interest is a later var. of interess,
n.] 1. That which concerns or is of impor-
tance ; that which is advantageous, or connect-
ed with advantage or welfare; concern; con-
cernment; behoof; advantage: as, the com-
mon interests of life ; to act for the public in-
terest.

We destroy the Common-wealth, while we preserve our
own private Interests, and neglect the Publick.

Selden, Table-Talk, p. 58.
'Tls for the fowler's interest to beware
The bird intangled should not 'scape the snare

Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love, 1. 444.
Inglorious slave to int'rest, ever Join'd
With fraud, unworthy of a royal mind !

Pope, mad, i. 195.

By the term interests I mean not only material well-be-
ing, but also all those mental luxuries, all those grooves
or channels for thought, which it is easy and pleasing to
f ollow, and painful and difficult to abandon.

Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 203.

The provinces were ruled, or rather plundered, in the
interest of the privileged class, above all in the interest of
the leading members of the privileged class.

S. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 332.
2. The feeling that something (the object of
the feeling) concerns one ; a feeling of the im-
portance of something with reference to one's
self; a feeling of personal concernment in an
object, such as to fix the attention upon it;
appreciative or sympathetic regard: as, to feel
an interest in a person ; to excite one's interest
in a project ; a subject of absorbing Interest.
From all a closer interest flourish'd up,
Tenderness touch by touch.

Tennyson, Princess, vii.

Something further is necessary to that lively interaction
of mind and object which we call a state of attention-
and this is interest. J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 92.'
A little more than a year ago the whole world was fol-
lowing with intense interest the fortunes of the English

3142

flying column dispatched by Lord Wolseley from Korti to
cross the desert of Matammeh.

Westminster Rev., CXXV. 557.

3. Personal or selfish consideration ; regard to
private benefit or profit : as, his actions are con-
trolled by interest; the clashing of rival inter-
ests.

11 Interest and passion" may "come in, and he too strong
for reflection and conscience," but still reflection and con-
science are always present with us to bear witness against
them. Fowler, Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, p. 145.

A man never pleads better than where his own personal
interest is concerned. Addison, Trial of the Wine-brewers.

Interest . . . ought in reason to be treated as an objec-
tion to the credit of a witness, and not to his competence.
Nineteenth Century, XX. 455.

4. Influence from personal importance or ca-
pability; power of influencing the action of
others : as, he has interest at court ; to solicit a
person's interest in behalf of an application.

Come, come, Lydia, hope for the best— Sir Anthony shall
use his interest with Mrs. Malaprop.

Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 2.
Ingeniously made interest with the Pope
To set such tedious regular forms aside.

Broivning, King and Book, 1. 191.

5. Personal possession or right of control;
share or participation in ownership: as, to
have great interests in a county; an interest in
a stock company ; also, anything that is of im-
portance from a commercial or financial point
of view ; a business ; property in general: as,
the mining interests.

Anjou, a Dutchy, Main, a County great,

Of which the English long had been possest ;
And Manus, a city of no small receit,
To which the duke pretended interest.

Drayton, Miseries of Queen Margaret.
All your interest in those territories
Is utterly bereft you : all is lost.

Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ill. 1, 84.

The Priests and Levites they bid consider what would
become of them all if the Law of Moses was abrogated
by which their interest was upheld.

Stttlingjleet, Sermons, I. iii.

The contest was for an interest then riding at single an-
chor. De Quincey, Essenes, ii.

6. In law, in the most general sense, legal con-
cern of a person in a thing or in the conduct of
another person, whether it consist in a right of
enjoyment in or benefit from property, or a right
of advantage, or a subjection to liability in the
event of conduct; more specifically, a right in
property, or to some of those uses or benefits
from which the property is inseparable, in a
narrower sense it was used in the English common law of

interfemoral

Vested In Interest, conferred in title or ownership, al-
though it may be as yet expectant, and not with a present
right of possession. See nested.— Vested Interest, a;i in-
terest completely assured, and constituting such a right as
a change in the law generally ought not to take away ex-
cept for public use and upon compensation.
interest (in'ter-est), v. t. [A var. of earlier in-
teress, v., prob. through confusion of interessed
= interest, pret. and pp. of the verb, with inter-
est,n.: see interess.] If. To concern; affect; be
of advantage or importance to.

After his returne for England, he endevoured by his
best abilities to interest his Countrey and state in those
faire Regions. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 266.
Or rather, gracious sir,
Create me to this glory, since my cause
Doth interest this fair quarrel. Ford.

2. To engage the attention of; excite concern
in ; stimulate to feeling or action in regard to
something.

The multitude is more easily interested for the most un-
meaning badge, or the most insignificant name, than for
the most important principle. Macaulay, Milton.

To interest the reader in a contest against heresy in the
East, and then transport him to a battle against Erastian-
ism in the West. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 8.

We are interested in a thing when we are affected by it
either pleasurably or painfully.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 83.

3. To cause to take a personal concern or share ;
induce to participate : as, to interest a person
in an enterprise. — 4f. To place or station.

Interested him among the gods. Chapman.

interested (in'ter-es-ted), p. a. 1. Concerned
in a cause or in consequences ; hence, biased
by personal considerations; concerned chiefly
for one's private advantage; also, springing
from or influenced by self-interest or selfish-
ness : as, an interested witness.

His familiars were his entire friends, and could have no
interested views in courting his acquaintance.

Steele, Spectator, No. 497.

Ill successes did not discourage that ambitious and in-
terested people. Arbuthnot, Anc. Coins.

We have no interested motive for this undertaking, be-
ing a society of gentlemen of distinction.

Goldsmith, Magazine in Miniature.

2. Having an interest or share ; having money
involved: as, one interested in the funds.

interestedly (in'ter-es-ted-li), adv. In an in-
terested manner; with interest.

interestedness (in'ter-es-ted-nes), «. The state
of being interested, or of having an interest in
a question or an event ; hence, regard for one's
own private views or profit.
I might give them what degree of credit I pleased, and

7.Payment,orasumpaid,fortheuseofmoney,

and is to be paid at certain stated times, as once or twice
a year. The money lent or due is called the principal,

interesting (in'ter-es-ting), p. a. Exciting or
adapted to excite interest ; engaging the atten-
tion or curiosity: as, an interesting story.

Ja"» u ulea. lne fW nnr PTTipripncn

per cent., or simply the per cent. The rate per cent, is .

of PsychoL, p. 450.

understood that legal interest is intended I when no"speciflc quality of being interesting.

the locamy

terest may be either simple or compound. Simple inter-
est is the interest arising from the principal sum only,
and, though not paid, is not itself chargeable with inter-
est Compound interest is the interest paid not only on
the original or principal sum, but also on the interest as it
falls due and, remaining unpaid, is added to the principaL
Who pawn their souls and put them out at interest for a
very small present advantage, although they are sure in
a very little time to lose both their Interest and the Prin-
cipal too. SWingfleet, Sermons, I. xii.

ft <5™,o+i,;« AAA • •,

— 8. Something added or thrown m by

way of premium or enhancement; an added

1., §54.

interface (in'ter-fas), n. [< inter- + face.] A
plane surface regarded as the common boun-
dary of two bodies.
The inter/ace of the two liquids in the axial line.

Encyc. Brit., XV. 264.

interfacial (in-ter-fa'shial), a. [< L. inter, be-
tween, + fades, face : see facial, and cf. inter-
face.] 1. In geom., included between two
faces : thus, an interfacial angle is formed by
the meeting of two planes. — 2. Pertaining to
an interface.

With all speed,
You shall have your desires, with interest.

Shak., IHen. IV., iv. 3, 49.

Beneficial Interest, a right or interest to be enjoyed for
ones own benefit, as distinguished from the right of a
trustee for the benefit of another.— Chattel interest
See cAatt^-Equitable Interest, such an interest as is
^T™,V"d* P™1:^ by co"rte of equity, although it

ter- + fascicle + -arS.] 1. In anat., situated
or occurring between fascicles: as, interfascic-
ular veins; interfascicular spaces. — 2. in lot.,
lying between the fascicles or fibrovascular
bundles. Interfascicular cambium is that part of the
cambium zone which lies between the flbrovascular bun-
dles in the stems of gymnospenns and dicotyledons. Bos-
tin.

interfectiont (in-ter-fek'shon), n. [< L. inter-

executed even though the insured have no insurable in-

Jff rf in*e. su^ct-matter.- Landed mtereBt See

landed.— Maritime Interest. See maritime.— Party In

interest, a person who, though he may not be named in a

ntract as a contracting party, or in a suit as a party on

; record has a legal interest in the subject.- To make

interest for a person, to secure influence on his behalf.

I made interest with Mr. Blogg the beadle to have him

Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, i. 16.

— i, destroy, interrupt, lit. put between, < inter,
between, +facere, do: see/ac£.] Killing; mur-
der. Bailey.

interfemoral (in-ter-fem'o-ral), a. [< L. inter,
between, -I- femur, pi. femora, thigh: see fem-
oral.] Situated between the thighs ; connect-
ing the hind limbs: as, the interfemoral mem-
brane of a bat.

interfere

Interfere (in-ter-fer'), r. t. ; prot. and pp. in-
terfered, ppr. inti'rfrri»g. [Formerly also m-
terfcre; < ME. enterferen. < OF. entreferir, ex-
change blows, F. btterferer. interfere, < ML.
'interferire, strike between, < L. inter, between,
+ ferire, strike.] 1. To take a part in the af-
fairs of others ; especially, to intermeddle ; act
in such a way as to check or hamper the action
of other persons or things.

So cautious were our ancestors In conversation, as never
to interfere with party disputes lit the state. Sie\ft.

Our war no interfering kings demands,
Nor shall be trusted to Barbarian hands.

Rowe, tr. of Lucan's Pharsalia, viii.

A Sheik Arab, who lives here [SuezL has really all the
power, whenever he pleases to interfere.

J'oeoclce, Description of the East, I. 133.

2. To clash ; come in collision ; be in opposi-
tion: as, the claims of two nations may inter-
fere; the two things interfere with each other.

Nature is ever interfering with Art. Emerson, Art.

3. In farriery, to strike one hoof or the shoe
of one hoof against the fetlock of the opposite
leg (of the same pair): said of a horse. — 4. In
pXyeict, to act reciprocally upon one another
so as to modify the effect of each, by augment-
ing, diminishing, or nullifying it: said of waves
of light, heat, sound, water, etc. See interfer-
ence, 5.

When two similar and equal series of waves arrive at a
common point, they interfere, as it is called, with one
another, so that the actual disturbance of the medium at
any instant is the resultant of the disturbances which it
would have suffered at that instant from the two series
separately. P. 0. Tail, Enoyc. Brit., XIV. 606.

=8yn. 1. Intermeddle, Intervene, etc. See interpose.
interference (iu-ter-fer'ens), «. [= F. inter-
ference = Pg. interferenifia = It. interferenza ;
as interfere + -ence.] 1. The act of interfer-
ing; interposition; especially, intermeddling.

This circumstance, which is urged against the bill, be-
comes an additional motive for our interference.

Burke, On fox's East India Bill.

A part of the European powers have attempted to es-
tablish a right of interference to put down revolutionary
principles in that continent.

Wooltey, Introd. to Inter. Law, 8 4a.

2. A clashing or collision ; the act of coming
into violent contact. — 3. In farriery, a strik-
ing of one foot against the one next to it, as
one hind foot against the other. — 4. In Amer.
patent law, the conflict between two patents or
applications for patent which claim in whole
or in part the same invention. Hence, to go into
interference (of an application for a patent) is to be reserved
for the purpose of litigating the question In the patent of-
fice before the application shall be granted.
5. In physics, the mutual action of waves of any
kind (whether those in water, or sound-, heat-,
or light-waves) upon one another, by which, un-
der certain conditions, the vibrations and their
effects are increased, diminished, or neutral-
ized. The term was first employed by Dr. Young to ex-
press certain phenomena which result from the mutual
action of the rays of light on one another. In general, if
two systems of waves come together, they interfere — that
is. they unite to reinforce or destroy one another, the actual
disturbance of the medium at any Instant being the re-
sultant of the two disturbances considered separately.
For example, if the two systems are of equal intensity and
in the same phase, the result will be a doubled disturb-
ance ; if, however, they are half a wave-length apart, the
result will be rest. Thus, two sounds of the same pitch and
intensity produce a note of double the intensity when they
meet in the same phase, the point of condensation of one
corresponding to that of the other ; when, on the other
hand, the point of maximum condensation of the first cor-
responds to that of rarefaction of the other, they destroy
eacn other. Again, if two notes differing but slightly in
pitch (say one vibration per second) are sounded together,
there will be one instant in each second when the two
wave-systems will nearly coincide in phase, and one when
they will be half a wave-length apart ; the result is that
they alternately strengthen and weaken each other at
these moments, and the ear perceives the pulsations in the
noto called beats (see Aeotl, 7). The same principles hold
true in the case of light, as was first shown by Young. The
interference of light-waves is illustrated by the phenom-
ena of diffraction (see diffraction) : thus, a diffraction grat-
ing gives with monochromatic light a series of light and
dark bands (interference fringes), corresponding respec-
tively to the points of maximum and minimum motion re-
sulting from the mutual action of the two wave-systems ;
for the former they are in the same phase, for the latter
they differ in phase liy half a wave-length. If white light
is employed, a series of spectra
(interference spectra) of different
orders is obtained. Newton's
rings, obtained, for example, when
ordinary light is reflected from a
convex lens of long focus pressed
upon a plate of glass, arc circular
interference spectra. The colors
of thin films, as of oil on water or
of a soap-bubble, are due to inter-
ference, as is also the iridescence
of some antique glass or of mother-

lnterf<-rence Figure of ., of -peart. Still again, the beailti-
Uniaxial Crystal. fill figures produced when a sec-

198

3143

(ion of a nnlaxial crystal cut normal to the axis, or of a bi-
axial crystal cut normal to the bisectrix, is viewed i >n

verging I
hence cal

•ystalcut normal to the bisectrix, is viewed In con-
; polarized liuht are similar phenomena, and are
•allc-,1 interference figure*. Recently (1888-0) Hertz

Interference Figures of a Biaxial Crystal : (I) when the axial plane
(passing through the two ovals) is Inclined 45° to the vibration-planes
of the polarizer and analyzer, and (a) when It is respectively parallel
and perpendicular to them.

has shown that electric waves, produced, for example, by
Induction discharges between two metal surfaces ana prop-
agated through space, also exhibit under proper conditions
interference phenomena. These waves may have a length
of several feet. See wave. =8yn. 1. Mediation, Interven-
tion, etc. See interposition.

interferer (in-ter-fer'er), n. One who 01- that
which interferes.

interferingly (in-ter-fer'ing-li), adv. In an
interfering manner; by interference; by in-
termeddling.

interfibrillar (in'ter-fi-brirar), o. [= F. »«-
terfibrillaire ; as inter- + fibrilla + -ar3.] Sit-
uated between fibrils.

Tumours In which we have ... a swollen and semi-
liquid condition of the interfibrillar substance.

Ziegler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), i. i 143.

interfibrillary (in-ter-fi'bri-la-ri), a. Same as

interfibrillar.
interfibrous (in-ter-fi'brus), a. [< inter- +

fiber1 + -oim."] Situated between fibers.

Pressing the combined lime and interfibrous matter out
of the tissue. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 384.

interfilamentar (in-ter-fil-a-men'tSr), a. [< in-
ter- + filament + -ar3.] Situated Setween fila-
ments. E. B. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XVI. 689.

interflllet (in-ter-fil'et), v. t. [< inter- + fillet.]
To bind in and over ; weave. [Bare.]

There Is an actual predominance of the practical or
ethical aim, not only as the immediate motive and ulti-
mate goal of his endeavor, but constantly interfilleted and
Interwoven with the theoretical tissue.

Harper's Mag., LXXVin. 887.

interflow (in-ter-flo'), v. i. [< inter- + floici.]
To flow between.

What way the current cold

Of Northern Ocean with strong tides doth interflow and
swell. Holland, tr. of Camden, p. 12.

interfluent (m-ter'flij-eut). a. [< L. interflu-
en(t-)s, ppr. of interfluere, flow between,< inter,
between, + fluere, flow: see fluent.'] 1. Flow-
ing between ; flowing back and forth.

The agitation of some interfluent subtile matter.

Boyle, Works, II. 603.

2. Flowing together; harmoniously blending:
of sounds, forms, etc.

As written by Chaucer, it was picturesque, full of music
and color — the interfluent, luxurious pentameter couplet,
revived by Hunt and Keats.

SUdman, The Century, XXIX. 608.

interfluous (in-ter'flij-us), a. [< L. interfluns,
flowing between, < interfluere, flow between :
see interfluent.'] Same as ntterfluent.

Hated to hear, under the stars or moon,
One nightingale in an interfluous wood
Satiate the hungry dark with melody.

Shelley, The Woodman and the Nightingale.

interfold (in-ter-fold' ), v. t. [< inter- + fold*.]
To fold one into the other; fold together.

Life's most beautiful Fortune
Kneels before the Eternal's throne ; and, with hands t'n-

terfolded,

Praises thankful and moved the only Oiver of blessings.
Longfellow, tr. of TegneYs Children of the Lord's Supper.

interfoliaceous (in-ter-fo-li-a'shius), a. [< L.
inter, between, + folium, leaf: see foliaceous.]
In bot., situated between opposite leaves: as,
interfoliaceous stipules in the Bubiaeece.

interfoliate (in-ter-fo'li-at), v. t.; pret. and
pp. interfoliated, ppr. interfoliating. [< L. in-
ter, between, + folium, leaf: see foliate.'] To
interleave.

So much [Improvement of a book] as I conceive is neces-
sary, I will take care to send yon with your interfoliated
copy. Evelyn, To Mr. Place, Aug. 17, 1696.

Almost Immediately upon receiving Information that a
new work is to be produced, he [the stage-manager] inter,
foliates the piano score with blank leaves, upon which he
notes what is to occur simultaneously with the playing of
certain bars of music on the page opposite.

Scribner's Mag., IV. 443.

interfretted (iu-ter-fret'ed), a. [< inter- +
fret2 + -erf2.] In her., same as interlaced, but
applied especially to objects which are closed

intergrade

no that the interlacing cannot be separated:
as, two keys interfretted by their bows,
interfriction (in-ti'-r-frik'shon), ». [< inter- +
frirtion.] A rubbing together; mutual fric-
tion. [Bare.]

Kindling a fire by interfriction of dry sticks.

De Quincey, Spanish Nun, | IB.

interfrontal (in-ter-fron'tal), a. [= F. inter-
froutal; as inter- + frontal.] Situated between
the right and left frontal bones, or the right and
left halves of the frontal bone : aa, an interfron-
tal suture.

interfulgentt (in-ter-ful'jent), a. [< L. inter-
fnli/en(t-)s, ppr. of interfulgere, shine between,
< inter, between, +fulgere, shine: see fulgent.]
Shining between. Bailey.

interfuse (iu-ter-fuz'), v. t.; pret. and pp. in-
terfused, ppr. interfusing. [< L. interfusus, pp.
of (LL.) interfundere, pour between, < inter, be-
tween, + fitndere, pour: see found3, fuse1.] 1.
To pour or spread between or among ; diffuse
throughout ; permeate or cause to permeate.

The kingdom of China Is In all parts thereof interfused
with commodious riuers. HaMuyt's Voyage*, II. 11. 89.

The ambient air, wide interfused,
Embracing round this florid earth.

Milton, P. L., vii. 88.

Ice upon ice, the well-adjusted parts

Were soon conjoin'd, nor other cement ask'd

Than water interfus'd to make them one.

Cowper, Task, v. 148.

And through chaos, doubt, and strife,
Interfuse Thy calm of life

Whittier, Andrew Rykman's Prayer.

2. To fuse together or interblend ; associate ;
make interdependent.

A people amongst whom religion and law were almost
Identical, and in whose character both were so thoroughly
interfused. Hawthorne, scarlet Letter, II.

interfusion (in-ter-fu'zhon), «. [< LL. interfu-
sio(n-), < interfundere, pp. iiiterfumis, pour be-
tween: see interfuse.] The act of pouring or
spreading between ; an intimate intermingling.

I foresaw that I should find him a true American, full
of that perplexing interfusion of refinement and crudity
which marks the American mind.

//. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 24.

interganglionic (in-ter-gang-gli-on'ik), a. [<
inter- + ganglion + -ic.] Situated between
ganglia; connecting ganglia: specifically ap-
plied to the commissures or connecting nervous
cords of ganglia, especially of the sympathetic
system.

intergatoryt (in-ter'ga-to-ri), ». A contraction
of interrogatory.

Let us go In ;

And charge us there upon inter'gatories,
And we will answer all things faithfully.

Shale., M. of V., v. 1, 99.

I have an entrapping question or two more
To put unto them, a cross intergaiory.

B. Jonson, Staple of News, v. 2.

intergenital (in-ter-jen'i-tal), a. [< inter- +
genital.] Situated between the genitals: ap-
plied to the calcareous plates of echinoderms
which are attached to and come more or less
between those which bear the orifices of the
genital organs.

intergernt (in-ter-gern'), v. i. [< inter- + gcrn.]
To exchange grins or snarls. Davies.

The angry beast [a badger] to bis best chamber flies,
And (angled there) sits grimly inter-gerning.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ti., The Decay.

interglacial (in-ter-gla'shial), a. [< inter- +
glacial. ] In geol. , formed or occurring between
two periods of glacial action : as, interglacial
beds ; an interglacial period.

interglandular (in-ter-glan'du-l&r), a. [< in-
fer- + glandular.] Situated between glands.

interglobttlar (in-ter-glob'u-lftr), a. [< inter-
+ globular.] Situated between globules.

Interylobular spaces are represented as black marks.

Micros. Science, XXIX. I. 16.

intergradation (in'ter-gra-da'shon), n. [< in-
tergrade + -ation.] Intermediate gradation.

intergrade (in-ter-grad'), r. »'. ; pret. and pp.
intergraded, ppr. iutergrading. [< inter- +
grade1, v.] To become alike gradually, or ap-
proach in character by degrees, as one animal
or plant compared with another; be graduat-
ed with diminishing degrees of difference, or
graded into one another, as two or more spe-
cies. See the extract.

I compromised the matter by reducing to the rank of
varieties the nominal species that were known or believed
to intergrade. . . . We treat as "specific" any form, how-
ever little different from the next, that we do not know or
believe to intergrade. Cmtes, Key to X. A. Birds, p. 79.

intergrade

intergrade (in'ter-grad), w. [< inter- +
n.] ,An intermediate grade.

That nephele, north of the belt, breeds true, is certain,
because the intergrades and alope are not found here.

Nature, XXXIX. 194.

intergrowth (in'ter-groth), n. [< inter- +
growth.'] A growing together; a growth be-
tween.

There are not wanting signs of an intergrowth of the
two minerals. Geol. Jour., XLIV. 449.

intergyral (in-ter-ji'ral), «. [< inter- + gyrus
+ -al.] Situated between gyri of the brain.

interhemal, interhaemal (in-ter-he'mal), a.
and n. [< inter- + hemal.] I. a. Situated
between hemal spines. -internemal bone, inter-
hemal spine, in ichth., one of the dermal bones or spines
which support the rays of the median or unpaired fins of
fishes on the hemal or lower side of the body : so called
from their situation deep in the flesh between hemal spines.
See interneural.

II. M. An interhemal bone.
A series of interfuemals. Encyc. Brit., XII. 641.

interhemicerebral (in-ter-hem-i-ser'e-bral), a.
[< inter- + hemieerebnim.] Situated between
the hemispheres of the brain.

interhyal (in-ter-hl'al), a. and n. [< inter- +
hy(oid) + -al.] I. a. Situated between or among
parts of the hyoid arch of a fish, in relation
with the hyomandibular and symplectic bones.
The lower part of the [hyoid] arch retains its connec-
tion with the upper part, in fishes, by means of an inter-
hyal piece. Stand. Nat. Hist., III. 21.

II. n. An intermediate osseous or cartilagi-
nous element of the hyoid arch of a fish, con-

3144

interjectural

side of anything that limits, incloses, or con-
ceals; internal; further toward a center: op-
posed to exterior or superficial: as, the interior
parts of a house or of the earth.

Aiming, belike, at your interior hatred,
That in your outward action shows itself.

Shak., Rich. III., i. 3, 65.
This fall of the monarchy was far from being preceded

BwtrA'R'egicide'pet'ceT interjaculate (in-ter-jak'u-lat), v. t. ; pret. and
pp. interjaculated, ppr. interjaculating. [< inter-

jacere, lie: seejacent. Of. adjacent, etc.] Lying
or being between ; intervening: as, interjacent
isles.

Observations made at the feet, tops, and interjacent parts
of high mountains. Boyle, Works, I. 89.

The Saxon forces were employed in subduing the mid-
land parts of Britain, interjacent between their two first
established colonies. Sir W. Temple, Hist. England, Int.

2. Inland ; remote from the limits, frontier, or
shore: as, the interior parts of a country; an
interior town. — 3. Of or pertaining to that
which is within ; inside: as, an interior view.

+ jaculate.] To ejaculate in the midst of con-
versation; interject (a remark).

" 0 Dieu ! que n'ai-je pu le voir? " interjaculates Made-
moiselle. Thackeray, Newcomes, vii.

(in-ter-jang'gl), v. i. ; pret. and pp.

perceive within one's self; inward; inner; in-
most; mental.

The Earle of Northumberlande . . . began secretely
to communicate his interior imaginacions and priuie
thoughtes with Richard Scrop, Archebishop of Yorke

Han, Hen. IV., an. 6.

Rather desiryng soner to die then lenger to Hue, and
perauenture for this cause, that her interiour iye sawe
priuily, and gaue to her a secrete monicion of the great
calamities and aduersities which then did hang ouer her
hed. Hall, Edw. IV., an. 10.

Sense, inmost, interior, internal. This was introduced,
as a convertible term with consciousness in general, by the
philosophers of the Cartesian school, and thus came to be
frequently applied to denote the source, complement, or
revelation of immediate truths. It is however not only
in itself vague, but is liable to be confounded with in-
ternal sense in other very different significations. We

i another.

The divers disagreeing cords
Of interjangling ignorance. Daniel, Musophilus.

„ (in-ter-jekt'),r. [< L. interjectus, pp.

of interjacere, interjicere, throw between, put
between, < inter, between, + jacere, throw: see
jet1. Cf. abject, adject, conject, deject, eject, in-
ject, etc.] I. trans. To throw in between other
things; insert; interpolate.

But Athryilatus, the physician, a Thasian born, inter-
jected some stay of farther searching into this cause.

Holland,, tr. of Plutarch, p. 564.

II. intrans. To come between; interpose.
[Rare.]
The confluence of soldiers, interjecting, rescued him.

Sir G. Buck, Hist Rich. III., p. 61.

"*» v"v>m^j j jijv/i^ srnai sense in otner very amerent significations. We

necting its upper and lower parts, in relation need not therefore regret that in this relation it has not interjection (in-ter-jek'shon), n. [= P. inter-
with the hyomandibular and symplectic bones ; Sh°"f,hp?-u tchf?on set an example) been naturalized in jectio(n-) = Pr. inter jectio = Sp. interjeceion =
an element connecting the hyomandibular with StrW. Hamuton. r>~ .-„,„.•„•-»-.. Ti •'.•„„„-.-,.„'.

the branchiostegal arch.

interim (iu'ter-im), adv. [L., in the mean
while, meantime, < inter, between, + *im, equiv.
to eum, ace. of is, that: see he1.] In the mean
while ; meantime.

I hope some gentleman will soon be appointed in my
room here who is better able to serve the publick than I
am. Interim, I am, gentlemen, your most obedient ser-
vant,

Benedict Arnold, Letter, May 23, 1775 (Amer. Archives).
interim (in'ter-im), n. and a. [< interim, adv.']

1. n. 1. The mean time; time intervening.

Between the acting of a dreadful thing
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream.

Shak., J. C., ii. 1, 64.

2. A provisional arrangement for the settle-
ment of religious differences between Protes-

the sun.— Interior screw, a screw cut on the interior
surface of anything hollow, as a nut or a tap-hole.— In-
terior slope, in Sort., the slope from the superior slope
to the treaa of the banquette. See cut under parapet.
= Svn. Inward, Internal, etc. See inner.
II. n. 1. The internal part ; the inside.

The fool multitude, that choose by show,
Not learning more than the fond eye doth teach,
Which pries not to th' interior.

Shot., M. of V., ii. 9, 28.

2. In art: (a) An inside part of a building,

terjecting. — 2. The act of ejaculating, exclaim-
ing, or forcibly uttering.

Laughing causeth a continual expulsion of the breath,
with the loud noise which maketh the interjection of laugh-
ing. Bacon.

3. In gram., an interjected or exclamatory
word ; a word thrown in between other words
or expressions, but having no grammatical re-
lation to them, or used independently, to indi-
cate some access of emotion or passion, and

considered as a whole from the point of view commonly emphasized to the eye in writing by

of artistic design or general effect, convenience,
etc.

a mark of exclamation, as oh! ah! alas! hur-
rah ! Interjections are regarded as constituting a part
of speech by themselves, although they are properly no
"part of speech," but holophrastic utterances, originally
more or less instinctive, though coming, like the rest of
speech, to be used conventionally. Some interjections,

tants and Roman Catholics in Germany during Tnere is a grandeur and a simplicity in the proportions
the Reformation epoch, pending a definite set? Stt^»Sy?tf±ffla3^S?Sffi
tlement by a church council. There were three in- J. Fergmson, Hist. Arch. I 311

ffig&ttj^vsss^&g. <» A r 'r of -r h,an in.ci°.sed ^&^ « of Sssss &^^^^^^

burg Interim, proclaimed also by Charles V., May 15th 1548 °-'"v anKinnt <./%T,OI/IO»O^ .,o ,.,ui.;,, 1 :_.i_

but not carried out by many Protestants ; and the Leipsic

wr^r^^^r^s^rS <***>***«***.-*• mt.^-^-^^^ ™~

anrl -i-LiiliUfli.L.l no 4-U<i. r>,,^«*.«« T_i. • i._ »V i. -, — " ., fit* Sr.a.Tft W til An ia or a n/trtoisiat>a Kl a ^1ici4-n-nnA A» T

,

and published as the Greater Interim in March, 1649 ; it
met with strenuous opposition. Eeligious toleration was
secured for the Lutherans by the peace of Passau, 1662.

II. «. Belonging to or connected with an in-
tervening period of time; temporary: as. an
interim order.

The first and second interim reports of the Royal Com-

any subject considered as within such an inclo-
sure, or under the conditions of lighting, etc.,
obtaining therein.— 3. That part of a country
or state which is at a considerable distance
from its frontiers.

Her frontier was terrible, her interiour feeble.

Burke, A Regicide Peace, ii.

In some regions . . . rivers afford, if not the only means
of access to the interior, still by far the easiest means.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 112.

im factor,

service,
of a bai
tor, to preservi

This practice' ,

ing a judicial factor.
interimist (in'ter-im-ist), n.

Abbreviated inter}.

Dij vestram fldem, O good Lord, it standeth always in
the place of an interjection of meruayling, and not of call-
Udatt, Flowers (trans.), fol. 98.

As I am cholerick, I forbear not only swearing, but all
interjections of fretting, as pugh ! pish 1 and the like.

Tatter, No. 1.

4. A manner or means of expressing emotion
with the effect of an interjection. [Rare.]

"He rent his garments " (which was the interjection of
the country, and custom of the nation).

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 293.

interjectional (in-ter-jek'shon-al), a. [< inter-
-al.'] 1. Thrown "in "between other

wardness. [Rare.]

„ ... [< interim + -lst.~\ He had been a breaker of the law in its essential spirit,

Eccles. , a German Protestant who accepted one m w8 ™te™>™*!'. "g. tne w»y through-
of the interims. H~ W' Beecher- Hymouth Pulpit, March 19, 1884, p. 496.

interimistic (in'ter-i-mis'tik), a. [< interimist interiorly (in-te'ri-or-li), adv. In the interior
+ -4c.] Pertaining to the decree of Charles V. Part! internally; inwardly,
in 1548 at Augsburg, known as the Interim or The. di™e nature sustains and interiourly nourisheth
to the subsequent agreement of Melanchthon ^ things- Donne, Hist. Septuagint, p. 205.

and others partially in accord with this. inter j. An abbreviation of interjection.

The Emperor had strongly urged upon the ambassadors iaterjacenee (in-ter-ja'sens), n. [< interjacent t)
imlfe doctrine* °' reUgion a(?reeable to the !«&• . t ^ A l^S .or *?™g between.
Byrchman, to Bullinger, Dec., 1649, in R. W. Dixon, Hist.

ily by the in-

[Church of Eng., HI. 98, note

interinhibitive (in'ter-iu-hib'i-tiv) n IV ,'„ . England and Scotland [are] . . . divided only 1
ter- + inhibitive.] Mutually inhibitive ^<^ncy of the Tweed and some desert groun^.

An impairment of the interinhibitim functions

Mauddey, Body and Will, p. 267.
interior (in-te'ri-pr), a. and n. [Early mod. E

... WJH. ifofe.

2. That which is interposed or lies between.

[Rare.]

should both evangelists make the same interjectional sug-
gestion at the same place ?

J. A. Alexander, On Mark xiii. 14.
2. Partaking of the character of an interjec-
**on ' consisting in or characterized by excla-
mations.

Demosthenes, ... in an interjectional form, . . . in-
vokes the vengeance of the gods on Philip of Macedon.

<?. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xiii.
The staccato sharpness of interjectional croaks and brit-
tle calls from the river edge and swamp.

Harper's Mag., LXXVIII. 48.

1. Same as interjectionally (in-ter-jek'shon-al-i), adv. In
an interjectional manner ; by way of interjec-
tion.

she had said interjectionally to her sister, " It would he
a mercy, Fanny, if that girl were well married !"

George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, ix.

interjectionary (iu-ter-jek'shon-a-ri), a. [ < i ii-

'inter-
in tf i--
ii terject)

interjectural

He started back two or three paces, rapt out a dozen m-
terjcrturnl oaths, and itski-<l what the devil had brought
you here. Sheridan, The Rivals, 11. 1.

interjoin (in-trr-join'), »•. /. [< OF.

< L. iii/i'i-jiiiii/crc, join together, < inter, between,
+ jungere, join: see join. Cf. interjunctum.]
To join one with another; combine.

So, fellest foes . . . shall grow dear friends,

And interjoin their Issues. SAot., Cor., iv. I, 2i

interjoist (in'ter-joist), ». [< inter- + joist.]
In building, the space or interval between two
joists.

interjunction (in-ter-jungk'shon), n. [< inter-
+ junction. Cf. interjoin."] A mutual joining.
.Smart.

interknit (in-ter-nif), »'. t. ; pret. and pp. inter-
knitted or interknit, ppr. interknitting. [< inter-
+ knit.] To knit together. [Rare.]

interknot (in-ter-nof), v. t.; pret. and pp. in-
terknotted, ppr. inter/matting. [< inter- + knot1.]
To knot together mutually and intricately.
[Rare.]

Millennial oaks interlmntttd their python roots below
its surface, and vouchsafed protection to many a frailer
growth of shrub or tree. Harper's Hag., LXXVI. 743.

interknowt (in-ter-no' ), r. t. [< inter- + know1. ]
Same as enter-know.

How familiarly do these prophets inter/mow one an-
other ! Bp. flail, Rapture of Elijah.

interknowledget (in-ter-nol'ej), n. [< inter- +
knowledge.] Reciprocal knowledge.

See them In mutuall inter-knoidedyc, enjoying each
other's blesaednesse. /.'/'. Hall.

interlace (iu-ter-las'), ».; pret. and pp. inter-
faced, ppr. interlacing. [Formerly also enterlace;

< ME. entrelnccit, < OF. entrelacier, entrelacer,
entrelasser, interlace/ entre-, between, + lacier,
lacer, tie, entangle, lace: see lace, v.] L trann.
To cross one with another; interweave: as, to
interlace wires ; hence, to mingle ; blend, in the
mathematical theory of knots, to interlace three or more
closed bands Is to put them together so that no two are
linked together, and yet so that they cannot be separated
without a breach of continuity.

St. Paul, when he boasts of himself, doth oft interlace
" I speak like a fool." Bacon, Praise (ed. 1887)i

Very rich flesh coloured marble interlaced with veynes
of white. Coryat, Crudities, I. 52.

They acknowledged what services he had done for the
commonwealth, yet interlacing some errors, wherewith
they seemed to reproach him. Uayward.

The Innermost layer ... Is composed wholly of fine
interlaced fibers of the optic nerve. Le Conte, Sight, p. 56.

II. intrans. To cross one another as if woven
together, as interlacing branches ; intertwine ;
blend intricately.

Her bashful shamefastnesse ywrought
A great increase In her faire blushing face,
As roses did with lilies interlace.

Speruer, F. Q., V. ill. 21.

Interlacing arches, In arch., an arcature of which the
arches intersect

••• ; ; v i - •

as In the figure.
They are fre-
quent in medie-
val architecture
of the twelfth
and thirteenth
centuries.

interlaced
(in-ter-last'),
p. a. In her.,
represented
as interwo-
ven : said of

Interlacing Arches, Norwich Cathedral, Eng-
land.

Three Crescents
Interlaced.

sickles, crescents, and the like,
two or three in number. Com-
pare interfretted.

interlacement (in-ter-las'-
ment), ». [< OF. entrelacenient,
enircliiKxciiii nt. nil interlacing, <
eiitrclacer, interlace: see inter-
lace and -meat.'] An interla-
cing; interweaving; intertwining. Imp. Diet.

interlacing (in-ter-la'sing), n. [Verbal n. of
in teiidcc, r.] The act of interweaving or cross-
ing threads or lines; the threads or lines so
in In-woven or crossed.— Animal interfacings, a
name given to the decoration of early Northern aim es
pecially Irish manuscripts, and other works of art, dlstin
gniahed by a freo employment of interwoven bands which
are finished with heads, paws, etc., of animals

interlamellar (in-ter-lam'e-lar), a. [< inii-r-
+ Idmella + -ar3.] Between lamella;: as, the
interliuiii l/tir spaces of the cornea.

interlaminar (in-ter-lam'i-niir), n, [< inter-
+ laminar.] Same as intrrliiminitti-il.

interlaminated (iu-ter-lam'i-na-ted), a. [<
inter- + laminated,] Placed between lamina-
or plates; inclosed by lamina;.

314B

interlamination (in-ter-lam-i-na'shon), n. [<
inter- + lamination.] The state of being inter-
laminated.

interlap (in-ter-lap'), i>. i. ; pret. and pp. inter-
lapped, ppr. interlapping. [< inter- + lap?.]
To fold or infold mutually ; lap one with an-
other.

Thus, in case of any serious accident, the whole of the
mains can, by one turn of a screw, be disconnected from
the dynamos, the interlapping pieces all dropping out.

Elect, Rev. (Eng.), XXIV. 281.

interlapse (in'ter-laps), ». [< inter- + lapse.]
The lapse or flow of time between two events ;
interval. [Rare.]

These dregs are calcined Into such salts, which, after a
short interlapse of time, produce coughs. Uarney.

interlard (in-ter-lard'), ». t. [< OF. entrelarder,
mix in between, mingle (different things, as
fat and lean) together, lit. put fat in between
(the lean), < entre, between, + lard, fat: see
lard, n. and v.] 1. To mix, as fat with lean;
hence, to insert between or among other things;
sandwich.

Your fourth [verse] of one blsslllable, and two mono-
sillables interlarded.

Puttrnham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 103.

2. To mix ; diversify by mixture or by interjec-
tion : as, to interlard discourse with oaths.

Those other Epistles lease question 'd are yet so inter-
larded with Corruptions as may Justly indue us with a
wholsome snspltion of the rest.

Milton, Prelatical Episcopacy.

Ignorant and Illogical persons are naturally very prone
to interlard their discourse with these fragmentary ex-
pressions [expletives).

O. P. Marth, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xiii.
=Syn. 2. To intersperse, intermix,

interlardment (in-ter-lard'ment), ». [< OF.
entrelardement, an interlarding, < entrelarder,
interlard: see interlard and -ment.] The act of
interlarding, or the state of being interlarded ;
intermixture.

I know thou cheerest the hearts of all thy acquaintance
with such detached parts of mine [letters] as tend not to
dishonour characters or reveal names ; and this gives me
an appetite to oblige thee by interlardment.

Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, III. 89.

interlayt (iu-ter-la' ),v.t. [< inter- + lay 1.] To
lay or place among or between. Daniel, Civil
Wars, iv.

interleaf (in'ter-lef), n. ; pi. interleaves (-levz).
[< inter- + leaf.] One of a number of (blank)
leaves inserted between the leaves of a book
for notes and additions.

interleague (in-ter-leg'), v. t.; pret. and pp.
interleayued, ppr. interleaguing. [< inter- +
league^-. ] To combine in a league ; engage in
joint action.

Their strength the Fire, the Water gave
In ijiterleaffued endeavor.

Bulwer, Fridolin (tr. from Schiller).

interleave (in-ter-leV), ». t. ; pret. and pp. »H-
terleaved, ppr. interleaving. [< inter- + leaf
(leave3).] 1. To insert a leaf or leaves in: as,
to interleave a book with blank leaves or with
illustrations.

If he may be said to have kept a commonplace, it was
nothing more than a small interleaved pocket-almanack, of
about three inches square.

Bp. Surd (Wartrarton's Works, I. 87).
An interleaved copy of Bailey's Dictionary, In folio, he
[Johnson] made the repository of the several articles.

Sir J. Haw/tint.

2. To insert between leaves : as, to interleare
engravings, or blank leaves for notes or addi-
tions, in a book.

interlibel (in-ter-li'bel), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
terlibeled, interlibelled, ppr. interUbeling, inter-
libelling. [< inter- + libel.] To libel mutually
or reciprocally. Bacon.

interline1 (in-ter-lln'), v. t.; pret. and pp. «H-
terlined, ppr. interlining. [< OF. entreligner, <
ML. interfinearc, write between lines. < L. in-
ter, between, + linea, line: see Kne2.] 1. To
insert between lines : as, to I'M terline corrections
in a writing. — 2. To write or print between the
lines of, as of something already written or
printed.

Then the accuser will be ready to interline the schedules
of thy debts, thy sins, and insert false debts.

limiiif. Sermons, ix.

The minute they had signed was in some places dashed
and interlined. Bp. Bnrnet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1530.

3. To write or print in alternate lines : Is, to
interline Greek with Latin.

When, by ... interlining Latin with English one with
another, he has got a moderate knowledge of the Latin

tongue, he may then be advanced.

Locke, Education, 5 188.

interlock

interline1 (in'tor-lin), n. [< OF. fntMiane; an
inter- + lint?, «. Cf. interline1, r.] A line be-
tween other lines.

There 1> a network of wrinkles at the temple, and linn
and interline* about the brow and side of the nose.

Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 11.

interline2 (in-ter-lin'), r. t.; pret. and pp. m-
iei -lined, ppr. interlining. [< inter- + linc^, r. \
To insert, as a thickness of fabric or material,
between the lining and the outer surface of (a
garment) : as, a cloak lined with silk, and tn-
terlined with flannel.

interlineal (iu-ter-lin'e-al), a. [= 8p. Pg. »H-
terlineal; as inter- + liiieV + -al. Ct. lineal.]
Between lines; interlinear. Imp. Diet.

interlinear (in-ter-liu'e-ar), a. [= F. interli-
ndaire = 8p. interlinear = It. interlineare, < ML.
interlinearis, being between lines. < L. inter,
between, + linea, line: see Kwe2. Cf. interline^,
v.] 1. Situated between the lines; inserted
between lines; hence, intermediate: as, inter-
linear corrections. Also interlineary.

He sometimes saved his cash
By intrrlinrar days of frugal hash.

CraMe, Works, IV. 110.

2. Having interpolated lines; interlined: as,
an interlinear translation (one in which a line
of the translated text is followed by a corre-
sponding line of the translation) interlinear

system, the Hamlltonlan system of teaching languages,
by using texta with interlined translations.

interlinearily (in-ter-lin'e-a-ri-li). adv. Same
as interlinearly. Bp. Halt, (Jreat Impostor.

interlinearly (iu-ter-lin'e-ar-li), adv. In an
interlinear manner; by interlineation.

interllneary (in-ter-lin'e-a-ri), a. and n. [<
ML. interlinearis : see interlinear.] I. n. Same
as interlinear.

Devotion is no marginal note, no interlineary gloss, no
parenthesis that may be left out ; it is no occasional thing,
no conditional thing. Donne, Sermons, xxlll.

II. ». ; pi. interlinearies (-riz). A book hav-
ing interlined matter. [Rare.]

The inflnit helps of interlinearieg, breviaries, synopses,
and other loitering gear. Milton, Areopagitlca, p. 41.

interlineation (in-ter-lin-e-a'shon), n. [< ML.
*interlineatio(n-), < interlineare, interline: see
interline1.] The act of interlining; alteration
or correction, as of written or printed matter,
by interlinear insertion; also, that which is in-
terlined; specifically, in law, an alteration made
in a written instrument by inserting any matter
after it is engrossed.

Of these lines, and of the whole first book, I am told
that there was yet a former copy, more varied, and more
deformed with interlineations. Johnmn, Pope.

Oerald took a slip of manuscript from his hand. It
was written in pencil and showed many corrections and
interlincationi. The Century, XXXVII. 80S.

interlining1 (in-ter-li'ning), ». [Verbal n. of
interline1, v.] Same as interlineation.

We blot out this hand-writing of God's ordinances, or
mingle it with false principles and interlining* of our
own. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), L 800.

interlining2 (in-ter-li'ning), n. [Verbal n. of in-
terline'^, v7] A layer of textile fabric or other
material placed between the lining and the outer
surface, as of a garment.

interlink (in-ter-lingk'), v. t. [< inter- + link1,
v.] To join together by or as by links; unite
by strong ties, as of interest or affection.

These are two chains which are interlinked, which con-
tain and are at the same time contained.

Drydm, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting, | 71.
Many an incomparable lovely pair
With hand In hand were interlinked seen,
Making fair honour to their sovereign queen.

Sir J. Daniel, Dancing.

interlink (in'ter-lingk), ti. [< inter- + link1,
n.] A link in a chain ; hence, an intermediate
step in a process of reasoning. Coleridge.

interlobular (in-ter-lob'u-lar), a. [< inter- +
lobule + -arS.] Situated Between or among
lobules: specifically said of structures in the
liver, and correlated with intralobular inter-
lobular veins, branches of the portal vein which ramify
between the lobules of the liver. Also called peripheral
veint, as distinguished from central or intralobular rein*.

interlocationt (in»t<T-lo-ka'shon), n. [< inter-
+ location.] A placing between; interposition.
Your eclipse of the sun is caused by an interlnmtirm of
the moon betwixt the earth and the siin.

Buckingham, Rehearsal.

interlock (in-ter-lok'), r. [< inter- + lock1.] I.
intrans. To be locked together; mutually en-
gage, clasp, or cling; embrace: as,theirifc>r/w<--
ing boughs of a wood.

In the first, the edges of the bones are in close contact,
often interlocking by means of projections of one bone nt-
ting Into corresponding depressions of the other.

H'. 11. Flower, Osteology, P- 8.

interlock

Interlocking system of signals, in railroading, any
system of devices whereby signals denoting the positions
of switches at stations, junctions, and bridges are, by
means of locking mechanism, connected with and con-
trolled by the switch mechanism, in such manner that
any movement of the switches operates the proper signal
to indicate to engine-drivers and others the position in
which the switch is set. Various systems have been in-
troduced, and they have added greatly to the safety of
modern railway traffic.

II. trans. To lock or clasp together; lock or
hitch one in another: as, cattle sometimes in-
terlock their horns.

My lady with her fingers iuterlock'd.

Tennyson, Aylmer s Field.

interlocular (iu-ter-lok'u-liir), a. [< inter- +
locultis + -ar.] Situated' bet ween loculi; of or
pertaining to an interloculus.

The internal cavity of the corallites is divided into a
series of closed longitudinal chambers or interlocular
spaces. Seal. Jour., XLIV. 209.

interloculus (in-ter-lok'u-lus), n. ; pi. interloculi

(-11). [NL.,< inter- + 'loculus.] A space or

chamber between any two loculi, as of a coral.

This matrix usually infills the cups and some of the in-

terloculi in the specimens. ueol. Jour., XLV. 130.

interlocution (in"ter-lo-ku'shon). w. [= F.
interlocution = Sp. interlocution = Pg. interlo-
cufato = It. interlocuzione, < L. interlocutio(n-), a
speaking between, < interloqui, speak between,
interrupt, < inter, between, + loqui, speak: see
locution.'] 1. Interchange of speech; alternation
in speaking; dialogue.

It [rehearsal of the Psalms] Is done by interlocution, and
with a mutuall returne of sentences from side to side.

Booker, Eccles. Polity, v. 8 87.

A good continued speech, without a good speech of in-
terlocution, shewes slownesse. Bacon, Discourse.
The Hearer of prayer invites interlocution with man.
It. Taylor, Nat. HisC Enthusiasm (ed. 1863), p. 47.

2. Intermediate discussion or argument; in
law, an intermediate act or decree before final
decision.

interlocutor (in-ter-lok'u-tor), n. [= F. inter-
locuteur = Sp. Pg. interlocutor = It. interlocu-
tore, < L. as if "interlocutor, < interloqui, speak
between: seeinterlocution.] 1. One who speaks
in a dialogue or takes part in a conversation.

The interlocutors in this dialogue are Socrates and one
Minos, an Athenian, his acquaintance.

Bentley, On Phalaris.

2. In Scots law, a judgment or sentence pro-
nounced in the course of a suit, but which does
not finally determine the cause. The term, how-
ever, in Scotch practice, is applied indiscriminately to
the judgments or orders of any court of record, whether
they exhaust the question at issue or not.
interlocutory (in-ter-lok'u-to-ri), «. [= F. in-
terlocutoire = Sp. Pg. It. interlocutorio, < L. as
if "interlocutoritis, (. interloqui, speak between :
see interlocutor.] 1. Consisting in or partak-
ing of the character of dialogue ; pertaining to,
characterized by, or participating in conversa-
tion ; conversational : as, interlocutory instruc-
tion; an interlocutory encounter.

There are several interlocutory discourses in the Holy
Scriptures. Fiddes.

The recitative consequently is of two kinds, narrative
and interlocutory. Jaffa, Adam, an Oratorio.

2. Spoken intermediately ; interjected into the
main course of speech ; specifically, in law, ut-
tered or promulgated incidentally ; not deter-
minative or final in purport: as, an interlocu-
tory argument ; an interlocutory order, decree,
or judgment (that is, one relating to a particu-
lar question or point in a case, but not to the
final issue).

It is easy to observe that the judgment here given is not
final, but merely interlocutory. Blackstone, Com. , III. xxiv.

The effect of the Governor's eloquence was much dimin-
ished, however, by the interlocutory remarks of De Herpt
and a group of his adherents.

Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 359.

3. In law, intermediately transacted; taking
place apart from the main course of a cause.

The interlocutory hearings before the judges in chambers
were numerous.

£. J. Hinton, Eng. Radical Leaders, p. 321.
Interlocutory Injunction. See injunction.— inter-
locutory Judgment or decree, a judgment or decree
which, though it may determine the substantial rights of
the parties, yet is preliminary to a further hearing and
decision on details, or amounts, or other questions involv-
ing such matters, and necessary to be determined before
a judgment can be awarded that can be executed or ap-
pealed from : as, a decree adjudging that plaintiff is en-
titled to an accounting from defendant, and directing the
account to be taken, in order that he may have a final de-
cree for the balance found due.

interlocutress (in-ter-lok'u-tres), n. [< inter-
locutor + -ess. Cf. interlocutrice.] A female
interlocutor.

For ten minutes Longmore felt a revival of interest in
his interlocutress. H. James. Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 867.

3146

interlocutrice (in-ter-lok'u-tris), n. [= F. in-
terlocutrice = It. interlocutrice, < L. as if "inter-
locutrix: see interlocutrix.] An interlocutress.
Have the goodness to serve her as auditress and inter-
locutrice. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xiv.

interlocutrix (in-ter-lok'u-triks), »(. [As if L.,
fern, of 'interlocutor: see interlocutor.] An in-
terlocutress.

interlope (in-ter-16p'), v. i.; pret. and pp. in-
terloped, ppr. interloping, [(interloper, q. v.]

1 . To run between parties and intercept the ad-
vantage that one should gain from the other ;
traffic without a proper license ; forestall.

Saints may not trade, but they may interlope.

Dryden, The Medal, 1. 41.

The patron is desired to leave off his interloping trade, or
admit the knights of the industry to their share. Tatter.

2. To obtrude one's self into a business in which
one has no right.

interloper (in'ter-lo-per), n. [< D. enterlooper,
a coaster, a coasting vessel, hence a smuggler,
smuggling vessel ( one that runs in and out along
the coast), < F. entre, between (see enter-finter-),
+ D. looper (= E. leaper), a runner, < loopen = E.
leap, run: see leap1, lope. IheF. interlope, Sp.
interlope, an interloper (vessel), interloping, are
from E.] 1. One who trades without license.
Whatever privileges are allowed your company at Dort
will be given by the other towns, either openly or covert-
ly, to all those interlopers who bring their woollen manu-
facture directly thither.

Sir W. Temple, To the Gov. and Comp. of Merchant
[Adventurers, March 26, 1675.

2. One who interferes obtrusively or officious-
ly; one who thrusts himself into a station to
which he has no claim, or into affairs in which
he has no interest.

The untrained man, . . . the interloper as to the pro-
fessions. I*. Taylor.

interlucatet (in-ter-lu'kat), v. t. [< L. interlu-
catus, pp. of interlucare, let the light through (so.
trees, by cutting away some of the branches), <
inter, between, + lux(luc-), light: seelight1.] To
admit light through, as by removing branches
of trees. Cockeram.

interlucationt (in^ter-lu-ka ' shon), n. [< L.
interlucatio(n-), , < interlucare: see interlucate.]
The act of thinning a wood to let in light.
Evelyn.

interlucent (in-ter-lu'sent), a. [< L. interlit-
cen( t-)s, ppr. of interlucere, shine through, be vis-
ible, < inter, between, + lucere, be light, shine :
see lucid.] Shining between.

interlude (in'ter-lud), H. [Formerly also en-
terlude; < ME. entrelude, < OF. entrelude, < ML.
interludium, an interlude, < L. inter, between,
+ ludus, play : see ludicrous.] 1. In dramatic
art, an intermediate entertainment ; a short in-
dependent performance introduced on the stage
between the parts or in the course of the mam
entertainment; also, any similar by-play or
episode or incident occurring in other circum-
stances.— 2. In the early English drama, a
play ; particularly, a play from real life, dis-
tinguished from the mysteries and moralities.
They were generally short and coarse. The first plays dis-
tinctively so called were those of John Heywood, begin-
ning about 1521, although the name had previously been
applied occasionally to dramas of any kind, and at an early
date to the moralities.

Their new comedies or ciuill enterludes were played in
open pauilions or tents of linnen cloth or lether, half <• dis-
played that the people might see.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 29.
Comedy is the immediate successor of the Interludes,
which are themselves only a popularized form of the Mo-
ralities, abstractions having been converted into individ-
ual types. A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., Int., p. xxi.
The Interlude — a short humorous piece, to be acted in
the midst of the Morality for the amusement of the peo-
ple—had been frequently used, but Heywood isolated it
from the Morality, and made of it a kind of farce. Out of
it, we may say, grew English comedy.

Stopford Brooke, Primer of Eng. Lit., p. 79.

3. In music, a subordinate passage or compo-
sition inserted between the principal sections
of a work or performance. Specifically — (o) A short
instrumental or vocal piece inserted between the acts of
a drama or an opera; an intermezzo. (6) An instrumental
passage between the stanzas or the lines of a hymn or
metrical psalm.

Interludes are played, in Germany, not between the
verses of the Choral, but between the separate lines of
each verse. drove, Diet. Music.

(c) An Instrumental piece between successive parts of a
church service.

interluded (in'ter-lu-ded), «. Inserted as an
interlude ; having interludes,
interlude!" (in'ter-lu-der), n. One who performs
in an interlude. [Rare.]

They make all their scholars play-boys ! Is 't not a fine
sight to see all our children made interluders >

B. Jonfon, Staple of News, HI. 2.

intermaxillary

Here are a certain company of players — ...
Country comedians, interluders, sir.
Middleton (and another), Mayor of Queenborough, v. 1.

interludial (in-ter-lu'di-al), a. [< ML. inter-
ludium, interlude, + -a/.] Pertaining to or of
the nature of an interlude.

At first [comedy was] wholly unregarded as a sphere for
art uses, then admitted for interludial purposes in a fab-
rication styled intermezzo, that was played between the
acts of a serious composition. Encye. Brit,., XVII. 94.

interluencyt (in-ter-lu'en-si), n. [< L. inter-
lucn(t-)s, ppr. of interlu'ere, wash under, flow
between, < inter, between, + luere, wash: see
lave, lotion.'] A flowing between; interposition
of water. [Bare.]

Those parts of Asia and America which are not dls-
joyned by the inter-luenty of the sea might have been
formerly in some age of the world contiguous to each
other. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 193.

interlunar (in-ter-lu'nar), a. [= F. interltt-
naire = Pg. interlunar /"< L. inter, between, +
luna, the moon : see lunar.'] Pertaining to the
moon's monthly interval of invisibility; be-
tween the periods of moonlight: as, interlunar
nights. The interlunar cam is the place of seclusion into
which the moon was anciently supposed to retire at such
times.

And silent as the moon,
When she deserts the night,
Hid in her vacant interlunar cave.

Milton, 8. A., 1. 89.

Prometheus . . . repairs to a certain exquisite inter-
lunar cave, and there dwells in tranquillity with his be-
loved Asia. S. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 100.

interlunaryt (in-ter-lu'na-ri), a. Same as in-
terlunar.

If we add the two Egyptian days in every month, the
interlunary and plenilunary exemptions, eclipses of sun,
etc. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iv. 13.

interlyt, <«h-. A Middle English form of en-
tirely.

He Idles thiim so that like aman may fele,
And what thei may interly knowe
Yf thei were dyme [obscure],
What the prophettis saide in ther sawe,

All longis to hym. York Plays, p. 206.

intermarriage (in-ter-mar'aj), n. [< inter- +
marriage.] 1. Marriage contracted between
members of two families, classes, tribes, or
races; connection or relation by virtue of such
marriage : as, the estates of the families were
united by intermarriage. — 2. Consanguineous
marriage; marriage between persons nearly
related by blood. [Rare.]

Intermarriage certainly predisposes to disease.

Quoin, Diet of Med.. p. 884.

intermarry (in-ter-mar'i), v. i. ; pret. and pp.
intermarried, ppr. intermarrying. [< inter- +
marry1.'] To become connected by marriage,
as two families, clans, classes, or tribes.

About the middle of the fourth century from the build-
ing of Rome, it was declared lawful for nobles and plebe-
ians to intermarry. Sivtft, Contests in Athens and Rome.

As the Gentoo tribe never intermarry, India may prop-
erly be said to contain four different nations.

Mickle, Inq. into the Brain in Philosophy.

intermaxilla (in"ter-mak-sU'a), n, ; pi. inter-
maxillae (-e). [< inter- + maxilla.'] The inter-
maxillary or premaxillary bone; the premax-
illa. See intermaxillary, n.

intermaxillary (in-ter-mak'si-la-ri), a. and n.
[< L. inter, between, + maxilla, jaw: see max-
illary.] I. a. (a) Situated between the max-
illary or upper jaw-bones : specifically applied
to the intermaxilla or premaxilla. (6) Of or
pertaining to the intermaxilla: as, intermaxil-
lary teeth (that is, in mammals, incisors), (c)
In Crustacea, situated between those somites
of the head which bear the maxill» : as, the in-
termaxillary apodeme (which is developed from
the membrane connecting the two maxillary
somites). — Intermaxillary lobe, in entom., a name
given by Straus-Durckheim to the maxillary lobe or apex
of the maxilla.

II. n. ; pi. intermaxillaries (-riz). 1. The in-
termaxilla or premaxilla ; one of a pair of bones
of the upper jaw, situated between or rather
in front of the maxillary bones, and in relation
with its fellow of the opposite side. In man It is
small, and speedily unites with the supram axillary, with
obliteration of all signs of its previous distinctness. In
most mammals it is large, permanently distinct, and
prominent ; and, being usually rather in front of the su-
perior maxillaries than between them, it is oftener called
premaxillary. Whatever its size, shape, or situation, it is
the bone of the upper jaw which bears the incisor teeth,
when these occur. In birds it is by far the largest and
principal bone of the upper mandible. It is single and
median, representing a coalesced pair of bones ; it repre-
sents that part of the upper jaw which is sheathed in horn,
and its shape conforms with that of the beak. It has
usually three prongs, one of which mounts to the fore-
head, the other two running along the palate. See cuts
under Anura, Baltenidce, Crotalus, and Gallinoe,

intermaxillary

2. One of the foremost pair of the upper jaw-

bones in most teleostean fishes, cm<-e generally

supposed to be homologous with the intermaxil-

lary of the higher vertebrates. — 3. The inter-

maxillary lobe of an insect. See I.

intermeant (in'ter-men), n. [< inter- + mean**.]

Some thing dan* lathe mean time; an interact.

The propensity to laugh at the expense of good sense

and propriety is well ridiculed in the /ntermeane at the

end of the first uetof the "Staple of Newcs" by Jonson.

xtriitt, SporU and Pastimes, p. 282.

intermeationt (iu'ter-me-a'shon), «. [< L. as
if *intt:rnte<itio(n-), < intenueare, pass through or
between, < inter, between, + meare, pass: see
meatus.] A flowing or passing between. Bai-
ley, 1731.

intermeddle (in-t6r-med'l), r. ; pret. and pp.
intermeddled, ppr. intermeddling. [< ME. enter-
medlen, entremvdlen, < OF. cntrcwedlcr, entremes-
ler, entremeller (> ME. inlirnii'lliii: see inter-
mell), F. entremcler (= Pr. entremesclar = Sp.
entremezclar = It. intraminchiare), intermeddle,
< entre, between, 4- medler, mesler, etc., mix,
meddle: see inter- and meddle.] I. intrans. 1.
To take part in some matter ; especially, to in-
terfere officiously or impertinently; take part
in business with which one has no concern.

Henry, Earl of Northumberland, who, though on King
Richard B Side, intermeddled not In the Battel, was Incon-
tinently taken into Favour, and made of the Council.

Baker, Chronicles, p. 238.

And [they] over boldly intermeddle with duties whereof
no charge was ever given them.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. «2.

It IB usually thought, with great justice, a very imper-
tinent thing In a private man to intermeddle in matters
which regard the state. Steele, Quardlan, No. 128.

2f. To give one's self concern.

Through desire a man, having separated himself, seek-
eth and intermeddleth with all wisdom. Prov. xvHl. 1.
= Svn. Interfere, Intervene, etc. See interpose.

II. t trans. To intermix; mingle; mix up.

Agein the peple of Pounce Antonye, that alle were en-
termedled with the peple of Arthur, that foughten full
hardc on that oo part and the tother.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), lit 402.

He hath intermedled in his historic certaine things con-
trary to the trueth. UaKluyt's Voyages, L 672.

This kynde of workemanshippe intermedled of stone and
timber ... is no mil syght.

Qolding, tr. of Caesar, foL 191.

Verltie Is perfect when It Is not intermedled with fals-
hood. Demi Conjia'd (159«).

intermeddler (in-ter-med'ler), «. One who in-
termeddles ; a meddler in affairs which do not
concern him, or with which he cannot properly
interfere.

Nor did I ever know a Man that touch'd on Conjugal
Affairs could ever reconcile the jarring Humours, but in
a common hatred of the Intermedler.

Steele, Grief A-la-Mode, 1. 1.

''The consequence was, as but too of ten happens, "wrote
the afflicted intermeddler, "that all concerned became In-
imical to me." E. Dowden, Shelley, I. 106.

intermeddlesome (in-ter-med'1-sum), a. [<
intermeddle + -some.] Prone to Intel-meddle ;
meddlesome. Imp. Diet.

intermeddlesomeness (in-ter-med'1-sum-nes),
«. The quality of being intermeddlesome.
Imp. Met.

intermedia, ». Plural of intermedium.

intermediacy (in-ter-me'di-a-si), n. [< inter-
ntcdia(te) + -cy.] The state of being interme-
diate, or of acting intermediately ; intermediate
agency ; interposition ; intervention.

In birds the auditory nerve is affected by the impres-
sions made on the membrane by only the intermediacy of
the columella. Derham, Physico-Theology, iv. 3, note 20.

intermedia! (in-ter-me'di-al), a. [< L. inter-
iHt-dius, that is between (see intermedium), +
-<il.~l Intermediate ; intervening ; intervenient.

Since all thy creatures obey thy word, I alone may not
disorder the creation and cancel those bands and inter-
medial links of subordination.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 64.

Black, white, red, or any other of the intermedial colours.

Evelyn, Sculpture, 1. 6.

intermediant (in-t6r-me'di-an), a. [< L. inter-
ini-iliiHs, that is between (see intermedium'), +
-tin.] Lying between ; intermediate. Blonnt.

intermediary (in-ter-me'di-a-ri), a. and n.
[= F. intcrmi'dittirc = Sp. intermediar = It. in-
ttrmediario; < L. intermedius, that is between
(see intcrmi'diiini), + -ary.] I. a. Being or oc-
curring between; having an intermediate po-
sition or action: as, an intrrmfiliury process. —
Intermediary function, in math., a function holomor-
phic in the whole plane which satisfies the conditions

f (* -f u<)=e" • '• fi

where w and w are t[iiusi-perioda.

3147

II. «.; pi. iiitifiii<-iliuri<'n(-r'u.). One who or
that which interposes or is intermediate; an
intermediate agent; a go-between.

They I senates] have been Instruments, but never inter-
mediaries. Landor.

England was acting only as an intermediary.

The Atlanta, XLIX. 7"i.

Sometimes two or three intermediaries would be em-
ployed. J. R. Soley, Blockade and Cruisers, p. IK).

The enterprising Hellenes becoming the intermediaries
between the native Libyan population of the Interior and
the outer world. B. V. Head, lilstoria Numorum, p. 725.

intermediate (in-ter-me'di-at), v. i. ; pret. and
pp. intermediated,ppi.interntediating. [< ML.ta-
li rnii'diatus, pp. of intermediare, come between,
act as a mediator, < L. intermedius, that is be-
tween: see intermedium. Cf. mediate.] To act
intermediately; intervene; interpose.

Ill tell ye what conditions threaten danger,
Unless yon intermediate. Ford, Lady's Trial, v. 1.

By interposing your intermediatiny authority, endeavour
to avert the horrid cruelty of this edict.

MilUm, Letters of State, Oliver to Oustavus Adolphus.

intermediate (in-ter-me ' di-at), a. and n. [=
F. iiittrmediat, < ML. intermediatus : see inter-
mediate, v.] I. a. Situated between two ex-
tremes ; coming between, in either position or
degree; intervening; interposed: generally fol-
lowed by between when the extremes are men-
tioned: as, an intermediate space; intermediate
obstacles.

Arvlragus, the king's son, . . . having escaped with life
in the late battle, had employed the intermediate time in
privately collecting his father's scattered forces, to put
him again into a condition of facing the enemy.

W. Mason, Caractacus, Arg.

These plants are beautifully intermediate between the
oxlip and the primrose.

Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers, p. 70.

Intermediate area, a part of an insect's wing between
the subcostal and the internal vein. — Intermediate ge-
nus, in logic, a genus narrower than the widest and wider
than the narrowest class. — Intermediate grade or
school, in the system of graded common schools in the
United States, the grade or department next above the
primary and below the grammar grade. See grammar-
school, 2.— Intermediate palpi, the maxillary palpi of
those insects in which the outer lobes of the maxilke
are palplfonn, so that apparently there are three pairs of
palpi, two on the maxilla) and one on the labium.as in the
Cicindelidte and Carabidts. — Intermediate rafter. See
rafter.— Intermediate state, in theol., the state or con-
dition of souls after death and before the resurrection
of the body ; by extension of meaning, the place of de-
parted spirits, as distinct from both earth and heaven;
Hades.— Intermediate terms, in arith. and alg., the
terms of a progression or proportion between the first and
last, which are called the extremes: thus, in the propor-
tion 2 : 4 : : 6 : 12. four and six are the intermediate terms.
— Intermediate witness or authority, one who wit-
nesses to a thing not by virtue of his own direct know-
ledge of it, but resting on other testimony.

H. n. 1. In raaM., a syzygetie function: thus,
if U and V are quantics of the same order, and
if /I and // are indeterminate constants, HI + /uV
is ian intermediate of U andV. — 2. An interme-
diary. [Rare.]

That sea he had read of, though never yet beheld, . . .
gladly would he have hailed it as an intermediate betwixt
the sky and the earth.

O. Macdonald, Warlock o' Glenwarlock.

intermediately (in-t&r-me'di-at-li), adv. In an
intermediate manner; by way'of intervention.
Johnson.

intermediation (in-ter-me-di-a'shon), n. [<
intermediate + -ion, after mediation.] The act
of intermediating, or the state of being inter-
mediate ; intervention ; interposition ; interme-
diacy.

An external action being related to a feeling only through
an intermediate nervous change, the intermediation can-
not well be left out of sight.

H. Spencer, Prln. of Psychol., f 77.

The latter consists of a lateral arch upon each Bide, unit-
ed ... by the intermediation of medial basal elements
below. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 114.

intermediator (in-ter-me'di-a-tor), n. [< ML.
intermediator, a middleman, < L. 'inter, between,
+ LL. mediator, one who mediates: see media-
tor.] A mediator between parties; any person
or thing that acts intermediately.

In touch, it is the epidermis . . . which Is the inter-
mediator between the nerve and the physical agent.

Huxley and Youmanx. PhysioL, S 240.

intermedietto (in-tfer-me-di-et'o), n. [It.,
dim. of intermedia, an interlude: see interme-
dious.] A short interlude.

intermedioust, «• [= F. intermede = Sp. Pg.
It. itili'i-iiK'/lio. intermediate; as a noun, an in-
terlude; < L. intermedius, that is between: see
inli'riiiciliiiiii.] Intermediate.

There was nothing intennedious, or that could possibly
be thrust in between them.

Owiworth, Intellectual System.

intermezzo

intermedium (iu-tt-r-me'di-uiu), ». ; pi. inter-
iii' did (-ii). [< L. int<-nii' ilium, neut. of interme-
iliii.t, that is between, < inter, between, + mcdius,
middle: M-C mi ilium.] 1. Intermediate space.
[Rare.] — 2. That which intervenes; an inter-
vening agent or medium.

The influence of the elastic intermedium on the voltaic
»rc. W. Jt. drone, C'orr. of Forces, p. 7.

3. In imii!. and zool., a median carpal or tarsal
bone of the proximal row, so called from its
situation between the ulnare and the radiale
in the carpus, and between the tibiale and the
fibulare in the tarsus. See cuts under carpux
and Ichthyosauria.

intenneett, »• *• [Early mod. E. entretneete; ap-
par. < inter- + nteefl, but perhaps for intermete,
old form of intermit, mingle.] To meet toge-
ther; mingle.

Upon her cheekes the Llllie and the Rose
Did entremeete wyth equall change of hewe.

<Jaseoigne, Dan Bartholomew of Bath.

intermellt (in-ter-mel'), »• [< ME. intermetteit,
entermellen, < OF. entremeller, var. of entremcttler
(F. entremcler), intermix: see intermeddle.] I.
trans. To intermix; intermingle.
U. intrans. To interfere ; meddle.

But thay loved eche other passynge well,
That no spyes durst with thaine intermell.

MS. Lansd. 208, f. 19. (UaUiwell.)
To ... boldly intermel
With sacred things.

Marston, Scourge of VUlanie, Satire Ix. 110.

intermembral (in-ter-mem'bral), a. [< L. in-
ter, between, + membrum, member, + -al.] Ex-
isting (as a relation) between the limbs: as,
intermembral homology (the homological corre-
spondence between the fore and hind limbs of
vertebrates or the corresponding members of
other animals).

intermenstrual (in-ter-men'stro-al), a. [< in-
ter- + menstrua + -al.] Occurring between the
menstrual periods.

interment (in-ter'ment), n. [< ME. enterment,
entierment, < OF. enterrement, < ML. interrn»ien-
tum, burial, < interrare, bury, inter: see inter 1
and -ment.] The act of interring or depositing
in the earth ; burial ; sepulture.

Achilles hade appetite, & angardly dissiret,
The Citie for to se, and the solemne fare
At the entierment full triet of the tru prlnse.

Destruction o/ Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 8108.

Interment In churches of favourite martyrs and apostles
was at one time much sought after. Encyc. Brit., IX. 826.

intermention (in-ter-men'shon), v. t. [< inter-
+ mention.] To mention among others ; include
in mentioning. [Bare.]

There is scarce any grievance or complaint come before
us in this place wherein we do not find him [Archbishop
Laud] intermentioned. Grimstone. (Latham.)

intermesenteriaKin-ter-mez-en-te'ri-al), a. [<
iwter- + mesentery + -al.] Same as intermesen-
teric. G. C. Bourne, Micros. Science, XXVIII.
34.

intermesenteric (in-ter-mez-en-ter'ik), a. [<
inter- + mesentery + -ic.] Situated between
mesenteries; in Actinozoa, noting specifically
the chambers between the partitions or mes-
enteries which radiate from the gastric sac to
the body-wall. See cut under Actinozoa.

As the mesenteries increase in number, the tentacles
grow out as diverticula of the intermetenterie spaces.

Huxley, Encyc. Brit., I. 130.

intermesst, ». [< OF. entremets, F. entremets,
something put between, a side dish: see entre-
mets.] An interlude.

I likewise added my little History of Chalcography, a
treatise of the perfection of Payntlng. . . . with some
other ititermesaes which might divert within doorea.

Evelyn, To Lady Sunderlami

intermett, v. [ME. mtermetten: see entermit.]
Same as entermit.

For loue of hir even cristene thei intennettid hem with
worldely besynes in helpyuge of hir sugettis ; and sothly
that was churite.

Uampole, Prose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 26.

intermetacarpal (in-ter-met-a-kar'pal), a. [<
inter- + metacarpus + -al.] Situated between
metacarpal bones: as, intermetacarpal liga-
ments.

intermetatarsal (in-ter-met-a-tar'sal), a. [<
iiitfr- + metatarsal.] Situated between meta-
tarsal bones: as, intermetatarsal ligaments.

intermew (in-ter-mu'), r. i. [< inter- + mev:*.
Cf. LL. intermutatus, interchanged.] To molt
while in confinement : said of hawks.

intermezzo (in-ter-med'zo), H. [It., < L. inter-
mt'dins, that is between : see intermedium.] 1.
A light and pleasing dramatic entertainment

intermezzo

introduced between the acts of a tragedy, com-
edy, or grand opera; later, a ballet divertisse-
ment introduced in like manner.

The theatre itself came to supplement its waning attrac-
tions by every species of illegitimate intermezzo.

A. W. Ward, Bug. Dram. Lit., I. 10.

2. in music: (a) A short musical work of light
character inserted between the acts of a serious
drama or opera ; a burlesque or comedy. The
intermezzo was the germ of the opera bouffe or
comic opera. (6) A short composition, with-
out any definite musical form, introduced in
an extended musical work, or a piece composed
in a similar style.

intermicatet (iu-ter-mi'kat), y. t. [< L. inter-
micatus, pp. of intermicare, glitter among, < in-
ter, between, among, + micare, glitter, shine:
see mica.'] To shine between or among. Blount.

intermicationt (in//ter-mi-ka'shon), ». [< in-
termicate + -ion.} A shining between or among.
Bailey.

intermigration (in"ter-mi-gra'shon), n. ^in-
ter- + migration.'] Reciprocal migration; ex-
change of persons or populations between dis-
tricts or countries.

Nay, let us look upon men in several climates, though in
the same continent, we shall see a strange variety among
them in colour, figure, stature, complexion, humour ; and
all arising from the difference of the climate, though the
continent be but one, as to point of access and mutual in-
tercourse, and possibility of intermigrations.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 200.

interminable (in-ter'mi-na-bl), a. [= F. inter-
minable = Sp. interminable = Pg. interminavel
= It. interminabile, < LL. interminabilis, endless,
< in- priv. + "terminabilis, terminable: see ter-
minable,'] Without termination; endless; hav-
ing no limits or limitation; unending; long
drawn out : as, interminable space or duration ;
•interminable sufferings.

As if they would confine the Interminable,

And tie him to his own prescript,

Who made our laws to bind us, not himself.

Milton, 8. A., L 807.

The word

That, finding an interminable space
Unoccupied, has filled the void so well.

Cowper, Task. v. 656.
=Syn. Limitless, illimitable.

interminableness (in-ter'mi-na-bl-nes), n. The
state of being interminable ; endlessness.

The interminableness of those torments which after this
life shall incessantly vex the impious.

Annotations on Qlanmtte, etc. (1682), p. 59.

interminably (in-ter'mi-na-bli), adv. In an in-
terminable manner or extent ; endlessly.

interminate1 (in-t6r'mi-nat), a. [= OP. inter-
mine = It. interminato, < L. interminatns, un-
bounded, < in- priv. + terminatus, bounded: see
terminate, a.] Not terminated; unbounded;
unlimited; endless.

Within a thicket I reposde ; when round
I ruffled vp falne leaues in heape, and found
(Let fall from heauen) a sleepe interminate.

Chapman, Odyssey, vii.

The Epicurean hypothesis admits not of such an inter-
minate division of matter, but will have it stop at certain
solid corpuscles, which, for their not being further divisi-
ble, are called atoms, aro^oi. Boyle, Works, III. 661.

Interminate decimal, a decimal conceived as carried
to an infinity of places : thus, the decimal .010010001 +,
where the number of ciphers between successive ones is
conceived to increase in arithmetical progression to in-
finity, is an interminate decimal.

interminate2! (in-ter'mi-nat), v. t. [< L. inter-
minat-us, pp. of interminari, also interminare,
threaten, < inter, between, + minari, threaten :
see menace.'} To menace.

Enough, enough of these interminated judgements

wherewith ... I might strike your hearts with just hor-

Bp. Bail, Remains, p. 163.

interminationt (in"ter-mi-na'shon), n. [< LL.
interminatto(n-), < L. interminari, i threaten : see
interminate^.] A menace or threat.

It were strange that it should be possible for all men to
keep the commandments, and required and exacted of all
men with the interminatian or threatening of horrid pains
Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 43o!
intermine (m-ter-mln'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
termined, ppr. intermining. [< inter- + mine*.]
To intersect or penetrate with mines.
Her large oaks so long green, as summer there her bowers
Had set up all the year, her air for health refln'd
Her earth with allom veins so richly intermin'd.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxviii. 344.

intermingle (in-ter-ming'gl), v. ; pret. and pp.
intermingled, ppr. tnter mingling. [< inter- +
mingle.'] I. trans. To mingle or mix together ;
mix up ; intermix.

I'll intermingle everything he does

With Cassio's suit. Shak., Othello, Hi. 3, 25.

3148

II, intrans. To be mixed or incorporated.
They will not admit any good part to intermimjle with
them. Shak., Much Ado, v. 2. 64.

So sportive is the light

Shot through the boughs, it dances as they dance,
Shadow and sunshine, intermingling quick.

Cowper, Task, i. 347.

intermingledom (in-ter-ming'gl-dum), n. [<
intermingle + -dom.] Something which inter-
mingles. [Humorous.]

The case is filled with bits and ends to ribbons, pat-
terns, and so forth, of all manner of colours, faded and
fresh ; with intermingledoms of gold-beater's skin plasters
for a cut finger.

Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, VI. 184.

interministerium (in-ter-min-is-te'ri-um), n.
[Formed after the analogy of interregnum; <
L. inter, between, + ministeriiim, ministry : see
ministry.] The period between the dissolution
of one ministerial government and the forma-
tion of another. [Bare.]

The regency are so temporizing and timid, especially in
this interministerium, that I am in great apprehension of
our having the plague. Walpole, To Mann, July 31, 1743.

intermiset (in'ter-miz), n. [< F. entremise, in-
tervention, interference, < entremettre, pp. en-
tremis, intervene : see intermit.] Interference ;
interposition. Bacon.

intermisst, n. [< L. intermissus, an intermis-
sion^ intermittere, pp. intermissus, intermit: see
intermit.] Intermission.

In which short intermiss the King relapseth to his for-
mer errour. E. Fannant, Hist. Edw. II. (1680X p. 94.

intermission (in-ter-mish'on), n. [= F. inter-
mission = Pr. intermissio = Sp. intermision =
Pg. intermixsao = It. intermissione, < L. inter-
missio(n-), a breaking off, interruption, inter-
mission, < intermittere, pp. intermissus, break
off: see intermit.] 1. The act of intermitting,
or the state of being intermitted; temporary
cessation; pause: as, to labor without inter-
mission ; intermission of the pulse.

Thou hast no intermission of thy sins,

But all thy life is a continued ill.

Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, v. 4.

The spirit of man cannot demean it selfe lively in this
body without some recreating intermission of labour, and
serious things. Milton, Church-Government, Pref., ii.

2. In med., the temporary cessation or subsi-
dence of a disease, as fever ; interval between
paroxysms. Intermission is an entire cessation, as dis-
tinguished from remission or abatement of fever.

3. Period of cessation ; an intervening time ;
interval ; specifically, recess at school.

But, gentle heavens,
Cut short all intermission; front to front
Bring thou this fiend of Scotland and myself.

Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3, 232.

Times have changed since the jackets and trousers used
to draw up on one side of the road, and the petticoats on
the other, to salute with bow and courtesy the white
neckcloth of the parson or the squire, if it chanced to pass
during intermission.

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser.. p. 242.
4f. Interference.

No other . . . towns, whom those Countries did no
way concern, shall in any part meddle byway of friendly
intennission tending to an accord.

Heylin, Hist. Presbyterians, p. 126.
= Syn. 1 and 3. Rest, Suspension, etc. (see stop, n.\ inter-
val, interruption, respite.

intermissive (in-ter-mis'iv), a. [< L. intermis-
sus, pp. of intermittere, intermit, + -ive.] In-
termitting; coming by fits or after temporary
cessations; not continuous.

Wounds will I lend the French, instead of eyes,
To weep their intermissive miseries.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., L 1, 88.

Make pleasure thy recreation or intermissive relaxation,
not thy Diana, life, and profession.

Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 23.

intermit (in-ter-mif), v. ; pret. and pp. inter-
mitted, ppr. intermitting. [< ME. intermetten,
entermeten, < OF. entremettre, intremettre, F. en-
tremettre = Pr. entremetre = It. intermettere, <
L. intermittere, pp. intermissus, leave off, break
off, interrupt, omit, leave an interval, cease,
pause, (inter, between, + mittere,senA: see mis-
sion. Cf. amifi, admit, commit, omit, etc.] I.
trans. 1 . To put a temporary stop to ; suspend
or delay ; interrupt : as, to intermit one's efforts.
Yet once againe, my muse, I pardon pray,
Thine intermitted song if I repeate.

Wyatt, Death of the Countesse of Pembroke.
If nature should intermit her course, and leave alto-
gether, though it were but for a while, the observation of
her own laws, . . . what would become of man himself?
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 3.

Thou intermittest not
Thine everlasting journey.

Bryant, River by Night.

2f. To omit; pass by or over; neglect.

intermixedly

Pray to the gods to intermit the plague
That ueeds must light on this ingratitude.

Shak., J. C., i. 1, 59.
Wer't your case,

You being young as I am, would you intermit
So fair and sweet occasion ?

Webster and Rowley, Cure lor a Cuckold, v. 1.

II. intrans. To cease or break off for a time ;
come to a temporary stop ; stop or pause at in-
tervals : as, a spring that intermits once in three
minutes ; an intermitting pulse.

Why intermete, of what thou hast to done?

Cartwright, Ordinary, iv. 2.

That power [of self -dislocation] by which a sequence of

words that naturally is directly consecutive commences,

intermits, and reappears at a remote part of the sentence.

De Quincey, Rhetoric.

=Syn. Subside, etc. See abatf,.

intermittence (in-ter-mit'ens), n. [< intermit-
ten(t) + -ce.] The state or condition of being
intermittent ; intermitting character or quality :
as, the intermittence of a fever, or of a spring.

The intermittence [of the heart] continued until the end
of the voyage. B. W. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 471.

intermittency (iu-ter-mit'en-si), ». Same as
intermittence.

Thirteen [tobacco-users] had intermittency of the pulse.

Science, XII. 223.

intermittent (in-ter-mit'ent), a. and n. [= F.
intermittent = Sp. intermitente = Pg. It. inter-
mittente, < L. intermitten(t-)s, ppr. of intermit-
tere, leave off, cease, pause : see intermit.] I.
a. Ceasing at intervals ; that alternately stops
and starts; intermitting: as, an intermittent fe-
ver ; an intermittent spring.

As to me, I was always steadily of opinion that this dis-
order was not in its nature intermittent.

Burke, A Regicide Peace, ii.

Good water is spoiled and bad water rendered worse by
the intermittent system of supply.

E. Frankland, Exper. in Chemistry, p. 557.

Intermittent current. See electric current, under cur-
renti . — Intermittent earth, fever, etc. See the nouns.
— Intermittent gear, any arrangement of geared wheels,
as a mutilated gear, or a cog-wheel with a part of the
cogs left out, or a rack, pinion, segment, or cam, devised
to produce a regular pause or change of speed in the mo-
tion of any machine, as in many printing-presses, motors,
counters, etc. ; an intermittent wheel. — Intermittent or
Intermitting spring, a spring which flows lor a time
and then ceases, again begins to flow after an interval, and
again ceases, and so on. Such alternations may depend
directly on the rainfall; but the name of intermittent
spring is more properly applied to a spring whose periods
of flowing are pretty regular, and are determined by the
fact that the water is conveyed from a reservoir in the
interior of a hill or rising ground by a siphon-shaped
channel which is able to discharge a greater quantity of
water than the reservoir regularly receives. When the
cavity is filled till the surface of the water is as high as
the bend of the siphon, the water begins and continues
to How till it sinks as low as the inner aperture of the
siphon, whereupon the outflow ceases till the water is
again as high as the bend of the siphon, and so on. — In-
termittent wheel, a general name for all kinds of es-
cape-wheels, counting-wheels in registers and meters,
stop-motions In watches, clocks, etc.

II. n. [L. febris intermitten(t-)s, an inter-
mittent fever.] Intermittent fever.

The symptoms of intermittent are those of a decided
and completely marked " cold stage." After this occurs
the " hot stage." Dungliion.

intermittently (in-ter-mit'ent-li), adv. In an
intermittent manner; by alternate stops and
starts.

intermitting (in-ter-mit'ing), p. a. Ceasing for
a time ; stopping or pausing at intervals.

The vast intervals between the local points from which
the intermitting voice ascends proclaim the storm-like
pace at which he travels. De Quincey, Style, ii.

Intermitting spring. See intermittent.
intermittingly (in-ter-mit'ing-li), adv. In an

intermitting manner; with intermissions; at

intervals.
intermix (in-ter-miks'), v. [< inter- + mix, after

L. intermiscere, mix among, < inter, between,

+ miscere, mix.] I. trans. To mix together;

intermingle.

They sing praises unto God, which they intermix with
instruments of music.

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), ii. 11.

He doth ever intermix the correction and amendment
of his mind with the use and employment thereof.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 97.

II. intrans. To be mixed together; become
intermingled.

intermix (in'ter-miks), n. [< intermix, v.] An
intermixing or intermixture. [Rare.]

Just so are the actions or dispositions of the soul, angry
or pleasant, lustful or cold, querulous or passionate, ac-
cording as the body is disposed by the various intermixes
of natural qualities. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 41.

intermixedly (in-ter-mik'sed-li), adv. In an
intermixed manner; with intermixture ; indis-
criminately. Locke.

intermixtion
intermixtionti "• L<- intermix + -//»».] Same

;is nili-riiii.rliiri'.

Tho whole congregaclon of tnio christen people In this
world, which, without intertnixcinn of obstinate heresies,
protease tho ryghtu cathollkc faith.

Sir T. Murr, Works, p. 202.

intermixture (in-U'r-miks'tur), ». [< intenni.r
+ -tare, after mixture.] l". The act of inter-
mixing or intermingling.

Hut for intermixture "f rivers, and continuity of situa-
tion, the inlands of Montgomery, Kadnor, and Brecknock
are partly infolded.

Selden, Illustrations of Drayton'a Polyolblon, rt

2. A mass formed by mixture ; a mass of in-
gredients mixed. — 3. Admixture; something
additional mingled in a mass.

In this height of impiety there wanted not an intermix-
ture of levity and folly. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VIL

intermobility (in'ter-mo-bil'i-ti), n. [< inter-
+ mobility.] Capability of moving amongst
each other, as the particles of fluids. Brande.

intermodillion (iu'ter-mo-dil'ygn), n. [< in-
ter- + mecMMoM.] In arch., the space between
two modillions.

intermolecular (in'ter-mo-lek'u-liir), a. [<
inter- + miileeiile + -ar'3.] between molecules;
among the smallest particles of a substance:
as, "intermolecular action," A. Daniell.

intermontane (iu-ter-mon'tau), a. [< L. inter,
between, + mon(t-)s, a mountain: see moun-
tain.] Lying between mountains: as, inter-
montane soil. Mease.

intermundane (in-ter-mun'dan), a. [< L. in-
ter, between, + mundus, world: see mundane.]
Lying between worlds, or between orb and orb.

The vast distances between these great bodies [sun,
planets, and nxed stars] are called intermundane spaces.
Locke, Elem. of Nat. Phil., ii.

intermundian (in-ter-mun'di-an), a. [< L. in-
tenintndia, netit. pi., spaces between the worlds
(in which, according to Epicurus, the gods re-
side), < inter, between, + mundus, world. Cf.
iiiti-rmiii/tliiiK'.] Intermundane. Coleridge.

intermural (iu-ter-mu'ral), a. [= Pg. intermu-
i-d/, < L. interinuralis, between walls, < inter,
between, + murus, a wall: see mural.] Lying
between walls.

intermuret (iu-ter-mur'), v. t. [< L. inter, be-
tween, + murus, a wall. Cf. immure.] To sur-
round with walls; wall in.

A bulwark interinur'd with walls of brass,
A like can never be, nor ever was.

Ford, Fame's Memorial.

intermuscular (in-ter-mus'ku-lar), a. [< L.
inter, between, 4- museulus, muscle: see muscu-
lar.] Situated between muscles or muscular
fibers — intermuscular fascia. See fascia.— Inter-
muscular ligaments, in lower vertebrates, tendinous
bands separating myocommata.— Intermuscular sep-
tum, (a) An interspace between muscles, or between
myotomcs.

The interspaces between them appearing as intennta-
cular septa. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 44.

(b) A fascia of white fibrous connective tissue separating
two muscles or muscular fibers.

intermusculary (in-ter-mus'ku-la-ri), n. Same
as intcrmuxcular. Beverley.

intermutation (in'ter-mu-ta'shon), K. [< LL.
as if *inti'rmiitatio(n-), < intermutare, inter-
change, < L. inter, between, + mittare, change :
see mute*, mutation.] Interchange ; mutualor
reciprocal change.

Mutation is the replacement or substitution of elements,
and when the change occurs between vowels we may term
it inteniiutation. S. S. Haldeman, Etymology, p. 17.

intermutualt (iu-ter-inu'tu-al). <i. [< inter- +
mutual.] Mutual.

A solemn oath religiously they take,

By inttrmutual vows protesting there
This never to reveal, nor to forsake
So good n cause for danger, hope, or fear.

Daniel, Civil Wars, ill.

intermutuallyt (in-ter-mu'Ju-al-i), adv. Mutu-
ally. Daniel, Civil Wars, vii.
intern (in-tern'), a. and n. [Also interne (as F.);
< F. interne = Sp. Pg. It. inter-no, < L. internus,
inward, internal, < inter, between, < in, in, with-
in: see in1, /»-, inter2, interior, etc. Cf. extern.]
I. (i. Internal. [Rare.]

Yuiir predicaments, substance and accident,
Series extern and intern, with their causes.

B. Jonson, Alchemist, iv. 1.

II. M. An inmate, as of a school; especially,
sin assistant resident physician or surgeon in a
hospital, usually a student or recent graduate,
acting in the absence of the attending physician
or surgeon. [A recent use. from the French.]
intem (in-tern'), <•. t. [< F. iii turner = Sp. Pg.
internal' = It. internare, send into the interior,

3140

confine in a certain locality, < I-. inti-ritiis, in-
ternal: sec mil i-ii, a.] 1. To send into the in-
terior of a country, as merchandise. — 2. To
confine within fixed or prescribed limits; spe-
cifically, to cause to reside in an interior local-
ity without permission to leave it. [Chiefly used
in connection with French subjects, in either
sense.]

Calderon is a greater poet than Ooethe, but even in the
most masterly translation he retains still a Spanish ac-
cent, and is accordingly interned (if I may Anglicize a
French word) in that provincialism which we call nation-
ality. Lntcett, Wordsworth.

internal (iu-ter'nal), a. [= OF. internet; as
intern + -at.] 1. Situated or comprised with-
in, or in an inner part or place; inclosed; on
the finite side of a bounding surface or line;
within the outer boundary of ; visceral.

If all depended upon the frame of our bodies, there must
be some internal organs within us as far above the organs
of brutes as the operations of our minds are above theirs.
StiUinyJIeet, Works, III. viL

2. Pertaining to the subject itself, and inde-
pendent, or relatively so, of other things. Thus,
the internal affairs of a country are the affairs of its peo-
ple with one another. (This is the most proper sense of
the word, which no other expresses so well. ]

Mine eyes he closed, but open left the cell
Of fancy, my internal sight. Milton, P. L., viii. 401.
His [Warren Hastings'sl internal administration, withall
Its blemishes, gives him a title to be considered as one of
the most remarkable men in our history.

Miinmlitii, Warren Hastings.

The question of internal improvement within the States
by the federal government took a new and large develop-
ment after tho war. T. II. Beaton, Thirty Years, I. 8.

3. Inner; pertaining to the mind, or to the re-
lations of the mind to itself. [In this sense the
word interior is preferable.]

With our Saviour internal purity is everything. Paley.

Inasmuch as consciousness is the condition of all inter-
nal experience whatsoever, we cannot deduce or explain
the essential nature of consciousness from other forms of
such experience. 6. T. Load, Physiol. Psychology, p. 644.

4. In anat. and zotil., in general, inner or in-
terior; not superficial; deep-set; away from
the surface or next to the axis of the body or
of a part: as, the internal carotid or iliac ar-
tery; the internal head of the gastrocnemius.
— 5. In entom.: (a) Nearest the axis of the
body: as, the internal angles of the elytra; the
internal surfaces of the tibi». (6) On that sur-
face of the tegumentary parts or organs which
is opposed to the external or visible surface:
as, the internal plica? of the elytra in certain
Coleoptera. [In all senses opposed to exter-
nal]—internal adjunct, an adjunct which belongs to
its subject irrespective of other things.

Adjuncts are divided Into internal and external. Ad-
j a IK-IK internal are those which inhere in the subject. Ex-
ternal, which are ordered and disposed externally about
it A subject receives adjuncts internal into itself : as
snow, whiteness; the soul, science or knowledge;— exter-
nal to itself : as the sight, colour ; soldiers, arms, etc.

Buryersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman.

Internal bisector, capsule, carotid, etc. See the nouns.
— Internal cause, a cause constituting a part of its ef-
fect; the matter or form, according to the peripatetic
philosophy. See internal proximate cause, below. — Inter-
nal cell, a cell behind the internal vein, distinguished in
many Hymenoptera. It Is sometimes divided into two. —
Internal criticism, judgment concerning the authen-
ticity of a writing based on the contents thereof. — Inter-
nal denomination!. See denomination.— Internal epl-
condyle. See epicundyle.— Internal evidence, evidence
in regard to a thing or a subject afforded by its intrinsic
character or quality.

There is strong internal evidence that he himself wrote
the last part of the work. Ticknar, Span. Lit, I. 144.

Internal forces. See force*.— Internal friction. See
friction, 2.— Internal gage, gear, good etc. See the
nouns.— Internal intercostals. See intercostal.— In-
ternal multiplication, that kind of multiplication In
which the order of the factors is indifferent See multipli-
cation. —Internal necessity, a necessity springing from
the very nature of the subject— Internal proximate
cause, a cause which resides in the same subject in which
the effect is produced, as the emanative and synectic or
continent cause of Galen and the physicians.— Internal
quantity, in logic, the sum of the marks of a logical term ;
logical depth or comprehension. — Internal revenue.
See revenue. — Internal sense, or inner sense, the im-
pressions produced on the mind by what is within the
soul or organism ; immediate empirical consciousness ;
self-consciousness; the apprehension of what passes in
the world of thought ; reflex perception.

The other fountain from which experience furnisheth
the understanding with ideas is the perception of the
operations of our own mind within us, as It is employed
about the ideas It has got ; which operations, when the soul
comes to reflect on and consider, do furnish the under-
standing with another set of ideas, which could not be had
from things without ; and such are perception, thinking,
doubting, believing, reasoning, knowing, willing, and all
the different actings of our own minds : which we being
conscious of, and observing in ourselves, do from these re-
ceive into our understandings as distinct ideas, as we do
from bodies affecting our senses. This source of ideas
every man has wholly in himself ; and though it be not

international

sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet
It itt very like it, ami ntiuht properly enough be called in-

tf-f/lllt x.'/ov. I',!!! a.S ! rail till- lltlpl M'!l-:l'!'Mi, M I ''all

this reflection. Locke, Hmmui I nikTstanding, II. I. 4.

Internal or spiritual sense of the Word, according
to Bwedenlwrg, the symbolic or spiritual meaning of
those parts of the liible which are written according to
the correspondence of all natural things with spiritual
principles or things in the spiritual world, and which
alone, therefore, he regards as constituting the true Di-
vine Word. These parts are the Pentateuch, Joshua.
Judges, the books of Samuel and Kings, the Psalms ana
the prophets, the Gospels, and the Apocalypse.— Inter-
nal triangle, a small triangular cell, adjoining the In-
ner side of the larger or discoidal triangle, found In the
wings of some dragon-flies. - Internal vein, a longltudi- •
nal vein, nearly parallel with and close to the tuner mar-
gin, found in the wings of many Levidtrptera and Hyme-
noptrra.— Internal wheel, an annular cogged wheel,with
presentation of the cogs on the interior periphery.— In-
ternal work. In physio. See wort.— Policy Of Inter-
nal improvements. See imprurement. = gyn. 1 and X
Inward, Interior, etc. See inner.

internality (iu-ter-nal'i-ti), ». [< internal +
-ity.] The quality of being internal ; the state
of being interior ; inwardness.

All ligaments [of bivalve shells) are external [In relation
to the body of the animal], and their internality or exter-
nality is In respect of the binge-line.

Huxley, Anat. Invert, p. 406.

internally (in-ter'nal-i), adv. 1. Interiorly;
within or inside of external limits; in an in-
ner part or situation; in or into the interior
parts: as, to take or administer medicine in-
ternally.— 2. With regard to internal affairs.

There never was seen so strong a government internally
as that of the French municipalities.

Burke, On French Affairs.
3. Inwardly; spiritually.

We are symbolically in the sacrament, and by faith and
the Spirit of God internally united to Christ Jer. Taylor.

internarial (in-ter-na'ri-al), a. [< L. inter,
between, 4- wares, nostrils: see narial.] Situ-
ated between or separating the nostrils ; inter-
nasal.

internasal (in-ter-na'zal), a. [< L. inter, be-
tween, + nasus, nose: see nasal.] Situated be-
tween nasal parts or passages, or dividing them
right and left.

A thin vertical lamella— the internasal septum.

Oegenbawr, Conip. Anat (trans. \ p. 648.

internation (in-ter-na'shon). ». [< Sp. interna-
cion ; as intern + -ation.] " The act of interning ;
internment.

Importations and intimations which are made from the
1st of April to the date on which this ordinance takes ef-
fect, through the frontier custom-house of Paso del Norte,
shall be subjected to the provisions in the tariff laws of
November 8, 1880. U. S. Cons. Sep. , No. 53} (1886X p. 282.

international (in-ter-nash'on-al), a. and n, [=
F. international = Sp. Pg. in ternacional = It. in-
ternariona/e(allafterE.); as inter- + national.]

1. a. 1. Pertaining to or mutually affecting two
or more nations ; concerning different nations
in common: as, an international exhibition; in-
ternational law; international relations.

With regard to the political quality of the persons whose
conduct is the object of the law. These may, on any given
occasion, be considered either as members of the same
state, or as members of different states : in the flrst case,
the law may be referred to the head of Internal, in the
second case, to that of international jurisprudence. . . .
The word internatinnal, it must be acknowledged. Is a new
one ; though, It is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intel-
ligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant
way, the branch of law which goes commonly under the
name of the law of nations : an appellation so uncharac-
teristic that, were It not for the force of custom, it would
seem rather to refer to internal jurisprudence. The chan-
cellor D'Aguesseau has already made, I find, a similar re-
mark : he says that what is commonly called druit des
gens ought rather to be termed drolt entre les gens.

Betitham, In trod, to Principles of Morals, xvli. 25, note.

2. [cap.] Of or pertaining to the society called
the International.

The essence of the Internatinnal movement was a fed-
eral association, a combination of movements In part al-
ready begun, with the social end in view of raising the
operatives up over against the employers and capitalists.
Wooltey, Communism and Socialism, p. 138.
International alphabet. See Morse alphabet, under al-
phabet.— International copyright. See copyright.— in-
ternational embargo. Seeemoargn, l.— Internation-
al law, the law of nations ; those maxims or rules which
independent political societies or states observe, or ought
to observe, In their conduct toward one another; "the
system of rules which regulates the Intercourse and de-
termines the rights and obligations of sovereign states "
(Minor). More specifically. International law is the ag-
gregate of the rules which Christian states acknowledge
as obligatory In their relations to each other's subjects.
The rules also which they unite to Impose on their sub-
jects, respectively, for the treatment of one another, are
included here, as being in the end rules of action for the
states themselves.

The classical expression for international law is Jus Fe-
ciale, or the law of negotiation and diplomacy.

Maine, Ancient Law, p. 53.

International laic, as we have viewed it. is a system of
rules adopted b> the free choice of certain nations for the

international

purpose of governing their intercourse with each other,
and not inconsistent with the principles of natural jus-
tice. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 203.

Private international law. the rules by which the

laws of one state are recognized and applied, in the courts
of another, to civil or private rights of persons of, or prop-
erty within, the former.

It is the province of private international law to decide
which of two conflicting laws of different territories is to
be applied in the decision of cases ; and for this reason

3150

of the dorsal flu or tins of fishes. They are generally dag-
ger-shaped, and are plunged, as it were, up to the hilt in
the flesh between the neural spines. See interliemal.

II. n. An interneural part or formation, as
in a fish.

Groups of cartilaginous parts representing interneurals.
Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, p. 632.
A series of flat spines . . . called interneurals.

Encyc. Brit., XII. 640.

this branch is sometimes called the conflict of laws. It internity (in-ter'ni-ti), ». [= It. internitd,, < L.

ing classes of all countries in promoting so- intprnmont fin

• i j • j i * i a i_ i • j_ • i *** UCl lllilMll If I IJU -

cial and industrial reform by political means. m/>»/ 1 T>H> eta
I^«^.^»wf^J1)*«8u^rd.in^l°!^ital^^ tevnpH , co«fi,±

internus, inner, internal: see intern and -ity.~]
The state or condition of being internal; in-
wardness. [Rare.]

The internity of His ever-living light kindled up an ex-
temity of corporeal irradiation.

Brooke, Fool of Quality, II. 249.

is called private, because it is concerned with the private
rights and relations of individuals.

Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 69.

II. it. [cap.] 1. A society (in full, "the Inter-
national Workingmen's Association"), formed
in London in 1864, designed to unite the work-

-tern'ment), n. [< intern +
state or condition of being in-

bor through the transference of industrial enterprises from ternecf; confinement, as of prisoners of war, in
the capitalists to bodies of workingmeu ; (2) the encou- the interior of a country.

ragement of men on strike by gifts of money, or by pre- internodal (iu-ter-no'dal), a. [< internode +
venting laborers of one locality from migrating to an- ,al -j 1 Qf) pertaining to, or situated on an in-
ternode, as a flower-stalk proceeding from the
intermediate space of a branch between two
leaves. — 2. Constituting or including an inter-
node, as the space between two nodes or joints
in a plant or an animal.

other when the laborers in the latter are on strike ; (3)
the overthrow of all laws, customs, and privileges con-
sidered hostile to the working classes, and the encourage-
ment of whatever aids them, as the shortening of hours of
labor, free public education, etc.; (4) the end of all wars.
By 1867 the International had become a powerful organi-
zation, though strenuously opposed by the continental

European governments; but its manifestation in 1872 of internode (iii'ter-nod), «. [= F. entrenoeud =
sympathy with the doings of the Paris Commune in the gp. ft, internodio, < L. internodium, the space

between two knots

or joints, < inter,

between, + nodus,

a knot, joint: see

node.] A part or

2. A member of the International, or a believer space between two
in its principles and methods.
Internationalism (in-ter-nash'on-al-izm), ».
[< international + -ism.] The principles, doc-
trine, or theory advocated by Internationalists.
internationalist (in-ter-nash'on-al-ist), n. [<
international + -ist.] 1. A student, expounder,
or upholder of international law.

In the days of Elizabeth, the publicists of England, both
as constitutionalists and internationalists, in so far as in-
ternational law was then understood, had nothing to fear
from a comparison with their continental rivals.

North British Rev.

preceding year, and internal dissensions, caused a great
loss of reputation and strength.

Of the International Marx was the inspiring and con-
trolling head from the beginning ; and the German social
democracy, though originated by Lassalle, before long fell
under Marx's influence. Encyc. Brit., XXII. 214.

knots or joints, (a) In
bot., the space which in-
tervenes between two
nodes or leaf-knots in a
stem. (6) In anat.: (1)
The continuity of a part,
as a bone, between two

daily, one of the phalan-

geal bones of the fingers or toes, as extending between the

nodes or joints of the digits.

The individual bones of the fingers and thumb are
termed internodes.

Portion of Stem of Ayenia, showing
a, internode.

F. Warner, Physical Expression, p. 155.
2. leap.] A member of or a believer in the In- (c) In zool., the part of a jointed stem between any two

ternational.

joints, as of a polyp, a polyzoan, etc.

Plural of internodium.

internationalize (in-ter-nash'on-al-lz), v. t.; internodia. n. Plural of internodium.
pret. and pp. internationalized, ppi. mtematton- internodialt (in-ter-no'di-al), a. [< L. interno-
aliging. [(international + -ise.] To make in- dium, internode, + -al.] Same as internodal.
ternational ; cause to affect the mutual rela- But the inter-nodial parts of vegetables, or spaces be-
tions of two or more countries : as to interna- tween the joynts, are contrived with more uncertainty.
tionalize a war. sir T- Browne- Garden of Cyrus, iii.

internationally (iu-ter-nash'on-al-i), adv. internodium (in-ter-no'di-um), ». ; pi. interno-
dia (-a). [NL. : see internode.] In anat. and
zool., an internode; specifically, one of the
phalanges or bones of a finger or toe.

With reference" to the mutual relations 'or in-
terests of nations ; from an international point
of view.

Internationally speaking, they may be looked upon as intemomedial (in-ter-no-me'di-al), a. [< L.
export duties. J. s. Mill, internus, inner, internal, + (LL.) medialis, mid-

Stone &s intern. die: see medial.'] Same as internomedian.

[< L. in- internomedian (in-ter-no-me'di-an), «. [<

'

interne, n. .

interneciary (in-ter-ne'shi-a-ri), a.

ternecium, slaughter (see iniernecion) + -an/.]

Same as internecine. [Rare.]
internecinal (in-ter-nes'i-nal), a. [< interne-

cine + -al.] Same as internecine. [Rare "1
internecine fin- ter-ne'sinl a f< T, tmtenu
'

, .

L- »»*»"*««, inner, internal, + median'us, middle:
see median.] Inentom., within the median line
or.vein; between the median and the internal

vein — Internomedian cell, a basal cell of the wing, be-
tween the median and internal veins, distinguished in the

ly ; accompanied with much slaughter.

interosseus

An official representative or ambassador of the
papacy at a minor court, in distinction from a
nuncio, who is its representative at a more im-
portant court.

The internuncio at Brussels proceeded to censure those
that were for it, as enemies to the papal authority.

Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1662.

Hence — 2. A messenger between two parties.
[Rare.]

They onely are the internuntio's or the go-betweens of
this trim devis d mummery.

Milton, On Def. of Humb. Eemonst.
internuncius (in-ter-nun'shi-us), n. [F. inter-
nonce = Sp. Pg. internuncio = It. in ternunzio, for-
merly internuncio; < L. internuntius, less prop.
internuncius, a messenger between two parties,
a mediator, < inter, between, + nuntiua, a mes-
senger: see nmicio.] Same as internuncio.
interoceanic (in-ter-6-she-an'ik), «. [< inter-
+ ocean + -ic.] Between oceans; extending
from one ocean to another: as, interoceanic
traffic ; an interoceanic canal or railroad.

Difficulties concerning interoceanic transit through Nic-
aragua are in course of amicable adjustment.

Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 417.

interbcular (in-ter-ok'u-lar), a. [< L. inter,
between, + oculus, eye.] Situated between
the eyes, as the antennas of some insects; in-
terorbital.

interolivary (in-ter-ol'i-va-ri), a. [< inter- +
olivary.] Lying between the olivary bodies of
the brain.

interopercle (in'ter-o-per*kl), w. Same as in-
teroperculum.

interopercula, «. Plural of interoperculum.

interopercular (in^ter-o-per'ku-lar), a. [< in-
teroperculum + -ar3.] Situated among opercu-
lar bones in the gill-cover of a fish ; having the
character of an iuteropereulum ; pertaining to
an interoperculum: as, an interopercular bone.

interoperculum (in"ter-o-per'ku-lum), n. ; pi.
interopercula (-la). [< inter- + operculum.] In
ichth., one of the four bones of which a tele-
ost fish's gill-cover usually consists. It lies be-
hind the angle of the jaw, is more or less covered by the
preoperculum, and generally has a posterior process inter-
posed between the preoperculum in front and the suboper-
culum and operculum behind. In some types it is rudimen-
tary or lost Also interopercle. See cut under teleost.

interoptic (in-ter-op'tik), a. [< NL. interopti-
cus, < L. inter, between, + NL. opticus, optic
(lobe).] Situated between the optic lobes of
the brain : applied to a lobe of the brain of some
reptiles.

interopticus (in-ter-op'ti-kus), n. ; pi. interop-
tici (-si). [NL.: see interoptic.] The interop-
tic lobe of the brain of some reptiles.

interorbiseptum (in-ter-6r-bi-sep'tum), n. ; pi.
interorbisepta (-ta). [< L. inter, between, +
orbis, orb (orbit), + septum, partition.] An
interorbital septum; a partition between the
right and left orbits of the eyes.

interorbital (in-ter-6r'bi-tal), a. [< inter- + or-
bit + -al.] In anat. and zool. , situated between
the orbits of the eyes: as, the interorbital sep-
tum. See cut under Esox — Interorbital foramen.
See/oramen.

interosculant (in-ter-os'ku-lant), a. [< inter-
Interosculating; connecting by

S. Butter, Hudibras, I. i. 772.

interneciont (in-ter-ne'shon), ». [< L. inter-
necio(n-), internicio(n-), slaughter, destruction
< internecare, slaughter, kill, < inter, between,
+ necare, kill.] General slaughter or destruc-
tion. [Rare.]

The number of internecions and slaughters would ex-
ceed all arithmetical calculation.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 215.

internecive (in-ter-ne'siv), a. [< L. interneci-
•KUS, deadly, destructive, < internecare, kill: see
internecioii.] Internecine. Carlyle. [Rare.]
internectiont (in-ter-nek'shon), n. [< L. inter-
nectere, bind together, < inter, between, + nec-
tere, tie, bind. Cf. connection, etc.] Reciprocal
connection ; interrelation.

He coupled his own goodness and man's evils by so ad-
mirable an internection that ev'n the worst parts of the
chain drew some good after them.

W. Montague, Devoute Essays, II. iv. 1.
interneural (in-ter-nu'ral), a. and n. [< inter-
t- neural.] I. a. In anat., situated between
the neural spines or spinous processes of suc-
cessive vertebras— Interneural spine, in ichth., one
the spimform bones more or less interposed between the
iural spines, and usually connecting with rays or spines

butterflies.

inter nos (in'ter nos). [L.: inter, between,
among; nos, ace. pi. of ego, I: see/2.] Be-
tween ourselves: a parenthetical phrase im-
plying that something is said in confidence. In
French form, entre nous.

internuclear (in-ter-nu'kle-ar), a. [< inter- +
nucleus + -a>-s.] Situated between or among
nuclei.

By a parity of reasoning, muscular tissue may also be
considered a cell aggregate, in which the inter-nuclear
substance has become converted into striated muscle.

Huxley, Crayfish, p. 190.

internuncial (in-ter-nun'shal), a. [(internun-
cio, internuncius, + -al.] 1 ."Of or belonging to
an internuncio or his office. — 2. In physiol.,
pertaining to, resembling, or possessing the
function of the nervous system as communi-
cating between different parts of the body.

It is more probable that "Kleinenberg's fibres" are
solely internuncial in function, and therefore the primary
form of nerve. Uwdey, Anat. Invert., p. 62.

internuncio (in-ter-nun'shi-6), n. [Formerly
also internuntio; < It. internuncio, now inter-
nunzio, < L. internuntius, less prop, internuncius,
a messenger, mediator : see internuncius.] 1.

pp. interosculated, ppr. interosculating. [< inter-
+ osculate.] To form a connecting-link be-
tween two or more objects ; be interosculant.

interosculation (in-ter-os-ku-la'shqn), n. [< in-
terosculate + -ion.] Interconnection by or as
if by osculation.

Without allowing nearly enough for the intermediate
stages and the infinite interosculation of emotional, intel-
lectual, and association;*) disturbances.

O. Allen, Mind, XII. 121.

inter OSSeal (in-ter-os'e-al), «. Same as inter-
osseous. [Rare.]

interossei, n. Plural of interosseus.

interosseous (in-ter-os'e-us), a. [= F. inter-
osseux = It. interosseo, < NL. interosseus, < L.
inter, between, + os (oss-), bone : see osseous.]
Situated between two bones, or among several
bones: specifically applied to different liga-
ments, as the various intercarpal ligaments,
the radio-ulnar and the tibiofibular ligaments,
and others — Interosseous cartilage, ganglion,
etc. See the nouns.— Interosseous muscle. Same as
interossew.- Interosseous saw, a fine thin saw with
which surgeons work between bones, as those of the fore-

_ arms, the ribs, etc.

interosseus (in-ter-os'f-us), «.; pi. interossei
(-i). [NL. : see interosseoim.] An interosse-

interosseus

3161

interpolate

otis muscle; a muscle lying iu an int.-n.-s ..... i- interpellation (in'ter-pe-la'shgn), n. [< F. i«- Interpilaster (in't.'-r-pi-liis't.'-r) H \<.iiittr-

• -

space, as between the mctuciirpiil bones of the
hand or the mettitarsnl l)oncs of the foot. Those
which appear II]KHI flic back of the hand in- inslc'p of the
Idol arc culled (tVraocf interostteior doTaomci; those appearing
cm the palm and sole are n -i.eeih, 1> called palmar ami
lAiiitar interossei or palmossei Audplanttissei. In man then
i» . interossei of the' hand. 1 dorsal and H palmar. They
all arise from the sides of the metacarpuls, and are Insert-
ed into the bases of the proximal phalanges and Into the
ai>oiieuru.seH of tlic extensor tendons. They Hex the proxi-
mal phalanges on the metacarpal bones, and extend the
wc'iincl and third phalanges. Thedorsal Interossei abduct
tiic1 liMireiH fii.ni an imaginary line drawn through the
middle finger, and the palmar adduct them toward the
same. There are in man the same number of both dorsal
and plantar interoasei of the foot.arranged like those of the
ind. In birds there are two muscles of the maims, called

h, ,,,-,-h., the (sternl between two

interrupting or interfering by speech; verbal
interruption.

Good sir, I crave pardon,
If I so chance to break that golden twist

ie'i^TK"^,LPsychoa)la,ii.44. interplanetary (in-ter-plan'et-a-ri), a.
2. The act of interceding ; interposition by en-
treaty or request ; solicitation.

lively flex and extend the phalanges of the longest digit.

interpage (in-t6r-paj'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. iii-
trrpaged, ppr. inti-r/iin/inii. [< intir- + /)«</'' '•']
1. To insert intermediate pages in. — 2. To in-
sert on intermediate pages.

"Troilns and I'ressida" is interpayed between histories
and tragedies. Atheiueum, No. 3187, p. 7»7.

interpalet (in-tcr-pul'), r. t. [< inter- + i>atel.]
To divide by pales, as in heraldry; arrange
with vertical divisions.

He ware upon his head a diademe of purple interpaled
with white. J. Brende, tr. of (juintus t'urtius, fol. 151.

interpapillary (in-t&r-pap'i-la-ri), a. [< intir-
f papilla + -dry.'] Lying or occurring be-

i = Sp. iiili-rpi-liK-itin = 1'f,'. niifrpflln- /n/n.'/r,.}
yHi> = It. iittt /•/><!/, i.:initc, < "L. interpellatio(n-), pilasters,
an interruption, < iiili;-pi-llrtn; interrupt: see interplacet (in-tcr-plas'), v. t. [< inter- +
interpel.] 1. The^act of interpellating, or^of place.] To place between or among.

Your nature, virtue, happy birth.
Have therein highly interplac'd your name.
Von may not run the least course of neglect.

Daniel, To Lady Anno Clifford.

[X in-
ter- }• planet 4- -aryi.] " Situated between the
planets ; within the solar system, but not with-
in the atmosphere of the sun or any planet.

^^^^^s^^^s^s^^ j&^&*5>s&«i~&&3X.

ceasing renewing the request till I obtain my desire. llearly 18C>00° mlle8 per IM-""1U' ™tt, Light, | M.

- 231. interplay (ia'tte-pU), w. [< inter- + play.]
Reciprocal action or influence ; interchange of
action and reaction, as between the parts of a
machine ; concurrent operation or procedure ;
interaction.

Indicating rhythms merely with the interplay of strokes
between hands and thighs, feet and floor, is capable of a
considerable degree of complexity.

5. Lanier, Sci. of Eng. Verse, p. 247.
The interplay of manly affection in the two admirals.
The Century, XXVL 291.

interplead (in-ter-pled'), «-. [Formerly also en-
terplead; < inter- + plead.] I. intrans. In law,
to litigate with each other, in order to deter-

lle wan. to mention the urgent interpellations made to
him l>y the electors and princes of the Empire In their re-
cent embassy. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 2B».

3. A summons; a citation.

In all extrajudicial acts one citation, monition, or extra-
judicial interpellation Is sufficient. Ayli/e, Parergon.

4. A question put by a member of a legislative
assembly to a minister or member of the gov-
ernment: used originally with reference to pro-
ceedings in the French legislature.

Interpellation followed upon interpellation, and Slgnor
Mancinl could only answer that the Red Sea expedition
was a first step In the way to that colonial expansion
which the country had shown its desire to achieve.

Contemporary Rev. (trans.), LI. 289.

tween the papillro: as, the interpapillary por-
tion of the epidermis (that which lies between interpenetrate (in-ter-pen'e-trat), v. ; pret. and
the papillfB of the corium). PP- interpenetrated, ppr. interpenetrating. [< in

interparenchymal (iu//ter-pa-reng'ki-mal), a. ter- + penetrate.] I. trans. 1 . To penetrate o
[< inter- + parciu-lnjma, + -<tl.] Situated in the
infusoriau, as a vacuole.

parenchyma of an

.s. Kntt.

interparietal (in*ter-pa-ri'e-tal), a. and ». [<
inter- + parietal.] I. a. Situated between the
right and left parietal bones of the skull : as,
the interparietal suture — interparietal bone a
membrane bone lying between the supraoccipital and the
parietal bones. It is peculiar to mammals. In man it
coossifles with the rest of the occipital, and forms the up-
permost part of the supraoccipital. It is occasionally
separate, as in the Peruvian mummies, where it has been
termed os Iiicce. It is frequently separate in mammals
other than man. The l>one in fishes so called by some
old authors is the supraoccipital. See cut under Felida
—Interparietal crest. Same as parietal crest (which
see, under crest).

II. n. In ichth., the median bone of the pos-
terior part of the roof of the skull, now gener-
ally called supraoccipital. See cut under para-
xphenoid.

interparietale (in'ter-pa-ri-e-ta'le), n.; pi. in-
ti-rpiirietalia (-li-ft). [NL.: see interparietal.]
An interparietal bone.

interparlet (in'ter-piirl), n. Same as enterparle.
interpauset (iu'ter-p&z), n. [< inter- + pause.]
A stop or pause between ; a temporary cessa-
tion.

Outwardly these iifward hates agreed,
Cilving an intrruause to pride and spite ;
Which breath'd but to break out with greater might.
Daniel, Civil Wars, vi.

interpealt (in-ter-pel'), v. t. [< OF. entrepeler,
interrupt: see interpel. Cl.appeal.] 1. Same
as interpel. — 2. To intercede with.
Here one of us began to interpeal
Old M neraon. Dr. 11. More, Psychozoia, lit 81.

interpeduncular (in"ter-pe-dung'ku-lar), a. [<
inter- + pednin-nlitx + -ar^."] Situated between

,tn-

i penetrate or

pass into reciprocally; unite with by mutual
penetration.

We feel that in a work of art [classical poetry] thought
and language, idea and form, so interpenetrate each other . ,

that the Impression produced is a result of substance and interpleader '

mine who is the rightful claimant. See inter-
pleader^.

Two several persons being found heirs to land by two
several officers in one county, the king is brought in doubt
whether livery ought to be made ; and therefore, before
livery be made to either, they must enterplead : that Is, try
between themselves who Is the right heir. Cowell.

II. trans. In law, to cause to litigate with each
other.

(in-ter-ple'der), n. [< interplead

expression subtly interbleuded. J. Caird. + -er1.] A party who iuterpleads.

2. To penetrate between or among (the com- interpleader^ (in-ter-ple'd6r), n. [Formerly

*

ponent parts of a body or substance) ; pass into
or within the different parts of (a body); pene-
trate in various directions or throughout.

II. intrans. To penetrate mutually; become
united by mutual penetration,
interpenetration (in-ter-pen-e-tra'shon), n.
[< interpenetrate + -ion."] 1. The act of inter-
penetrating; reciprocal or mutual penetration ;
the occupation of the same space by the parts
of two bodies.

also enterpleader; < inter- + pleader*, a plea, <
OF. plaider, plead, inf. as a noun: see plead.]
1. A suit by which a person having property
belonging to or subject to the claim of others,
but uncertain which of adverse claimants is
entitled, brings the adverse claimants before
the court, that the right may be determined
and himself exonerated : as, a bill of interplead-
er. The court usually allows him to surrender the prop-
erty or pay the debt into the custody of the law, and be
discharged, and allows the claimants to inter]

„ , iterplead — that

is, to proceed to trial as against each other.
2. The process of trial between adverse claim-
ants in such a case: as, the court awarded an
interpleader.

We meet as water meets water, or as two currents of
air mix, with perfect diffusion and interpenetration of na-
ture. Emerson, Compensation.
The view of Kant that matter Is not absolutely impene-
trable, and that chemical union consists in the interpene-
tration of the constituents. interpledgc (in-ter-plej'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. ««-
C. 5. Peirce, Amer. Jour. Sci., Jan., 1883. terpledtjed, ppr. interpledging. f<inter-+ pledge.]

,M^7^i. f «.._.. -.«.-^ To'gjve^nd take as^i mutual pledge.

In all distress of various courts and war,
We interpledge and bind each other's heart.

Sir W. Davenant, Oondlbert, L 5.

2. In late MMMol arc/i.,from the end of the fif-
teeuth century, the system of continuing mold-
mgs which meet each other independently past
the intersection, and generally of considering
the identity of various architectural members interpleural (in-ter-plo'ral), a.

as preserved after one has come to coincide
partly with another or to be swallowed up in it,
so that, for instance, the angles and edges of a
square member which has become united with
a member having a curved surface are shown
on the curved surface as if projecting through
it. Interpenetration is characteristic of the so-called con-
tinuous impost (See impost.) It is inartistic, and con-
trary to sound architectural principles, as purporting to

[< inter- +

pleura + -al.J Situated between the right and

left pleurae or pleural cavities Interpleural

space, the mediastinum.

A space is left between them [the right and left pleure)
extending from the sternum to the spine. . . . This inter-
val Is called by anatomists the interpleural space or the me-
diastinum. UoUen, Auat. (1888X p. 181.

peduncles; intercrural: specifically applied in . rePrtlsellt a fal8« method of construction.
anatom to the sace or area between the r interpenetrative (lu-ter-

anatomy to the space or area between the right
and left crura cerebri.
interpelt (in-ter-pel' ), v. t.
interpelle'
,„>!„,• =
int,rpcll

ilfcss, < inter, between, + pelltre, drive, urge:
see n/)/"'"'. fompel, expel, impel, propel, repel,
etc.] To interrupt; break in upon; distract.

Why should my tongue or pen
Presume to interptl that fulness?

S. Joiuton, I'nderwoods, cii.

pen'e-tra-tiv), a. [<

pocula (in'ter pok'u-lft). [L.: inter, be-
tween, among; pocula, ace." pi. of poculum, a
cup: see poculent.] Literally, between cups;
during a drinking-bout.

interpenetrate + -ive.] Reciprocally penetrat- interpointt (in-ter-poinf), r. t. [< inter- +
ing; mutually penetrative. point.] Todistinguishbystopsormarks; punc-

tuate.

Her heart commands her words should pass out first,
And then her sighs should interpoint her words.

Daniel, Civil Wars, U.

[< inter-
occurring be-

A very pleasant chatty tea with the ( )wens, talking over
-

phrenology, mesmerism, and interpmmul influence, interpolate (in-ter'po-la-bl), a. [< L. as if *l«-

terpolabilis, < interpoiare, interpolate: see in-
terpolate.] Capable of being interpolated or
inserted; suitable for interpolation. De Mor-
gan.

Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 171.

interpetalary (in-ter-pet'a-la-ri), a. [< inter-
+ petal + -ary.] In bot., 'between the petals.

f Tliomas, Med. Diet. [Rare.]

No more now, for I am inttrpelled by many Businesses, interpetaloid (in-ter-pet'a-loid). a. [< inter- interpolar (in-ter-po'lar), a. [< inter- + pole*
Umeett, Letters, I. vi. i. +, petal + -aid.] Intervening between peta- + -ar3.] Situated between or connecting the
uoerpellate (in-ter-pel'at), r. t. ; pret. and pp. lold Parts. as of an echmoderni. poles, as of a galvanic battery.

intrrpi-llah-il, ppr. intcrpellatiiui. [X L intrriicl- The f***9&kit spaces [on parts of recent and fossil
l<it>(x. pp. of int, r,,rllare, interrupt in speaking: ' ld" are plaln' and devold of "^''S^ IV *>-

..•specially,6 to question TormallV or publicly! "iterpetiolar (in-ter-pet'i-o-lar), a. [< iw/er-
demand an answer or explanation from: usi«d £JS •f-flr30 In 6o«., situated between t]

originally in connection with French legisla- «Pf "?s-, ... ... ,- . . .. r, ,*; -,

ttvc proceedings: as. the ministry were inti-r- mterphalangeal (m'ter-fa-lan je-al), o. [< interpolate (in-ter'po-lat), p. t.; pret. and pp.

pi'llittril with regard to their iiiH-n'tioiis mt^r- + pli,il,mx (-amj-) + -e-al.] Situated be- interpolated, ppr. interpolating. [< L. jnterpo-

intheChamberthe(:(,vt'rn,1H,,twasa,1K-rilyi»fJrpe«(,(eli twee» aily tw<> successive phalanges of a finger latM,j>P. of interpoiare (> It. interpoiare = &p.

as to th.Tc.nventi.m between Italy. Switzerland, and tier- r V' .no>lal> of a d'K1* : as- an txttrplialan- Pg. Pr. interpolar = F. intcrpoler), polish, fur-

mam, which was described as highly detrimental to the .'/"'' articulation (one of the joints of a finger bish, or dress up, corrupt, < inttrnolix iil-o in-

Interests f the Empire. Lom. ifemarck, I. 4<«. or toe). terpolut, di-essed up, altered in form or appear-

Connect them by a certain interpolar wire of which the
wire of a galvanometer forms a part.

J. TmutoAdge, New Physics, p. 2ia

interpolary (in-ter'po-la-ri), a. [< interpolate)
+ -ary.] Pertaining to interpolation — Inter-
polary function. '

the

interpolate

ance, falsified, < inter, between, + polirc, pol-
ish: see polish1.] 1. To insert in a writing;

3152

Lop downe these interponents that withstand
The passage to our throane.

Heywood, Rape of Lucrece.

ized.

The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by an-
other law, which was cited by Solon, or, as some think,
interpolated by him for that purpose. Pope-

I should give here what I have thus found so strangely
interpolated among the fragmentary remains of the Ke-
turns sent up by the old Gilds.

T. Smith, English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 134, note.

portal (in-ter-por'tal), a. [< inter- • _
. al.] Existing between ports ; specifically,
carried on between ports of the same country
or region.

The total exports by sea exceeded 57 millions, of which
32 millions represent interportal, and 25 millions foreign
trade. Encyc. Brit., XII. 764.

Owing to the competition by foreigners in the inter-
portal trade of the East, it is the cargo steamers which
' ' rule the freight market. " The Engineer, LXVI. 517.

2. To alter, as a book or manuscript, by inser- interposal (in-ter-po'zal), n. [< interpose +
tion of new matter; introduce new words or .ai,] The act of interposing ; interposition,
phrases into ; especially, to corrupt or vitiate How qulckly all our designs and measures, at his [God's]
by spurious insertions or additions. interposal, vanish into nothing. H. Blair, Works, II. xiii.

How strangely Ignatius is mangled and interpolated !you ijjterDOSe (in-ter-poz'), i\ ; pret. and pp. inter-

SKME" TSBBBT 35$S^3&£&*

3. In math, and physics, to introduce, in a series
of numbers or observations (one or more in-
termediate terms), in accordance with the law
of the series; make the necessary interpola-
tions in: as, to interpolate a number or a table
of numbers.

The word interpolate has been adopted in analysis to de-
note primarily the interposing of missing terms in a series

magnitude, but secondarily and more generally to denote
the calculating, under some hypothesis of law or continu-
ity, of any term of a series from the values of other terms
supposed given. Boole, Finite Differences (2d ed.).

4f. To carry on with intermissions ; interrupt
or discontinue for a time.

The alluvion of the sea upon these rocks might be eter-
nally continued, but interpolated.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 96.

6. To interpose ; place in an intermediate po-
sition.

It is quite certain that one can pass from a high state
of pleasure to one of intense pain without any interpolated
neutral feeling. <?. T. Ladd, Physiol. Psychology, p. 510.

interpolation (in-ter-po-la'shon), n. [= F. in-
terpolation = Pr. interpolacio "= Sp. interpola-
Ho = It. interpolazione, < L.

poser, place : see inter- and pose3, and cf . inter-
pone.] I. trans. 1. To place between ; cause
to intervene : as, to interpose an opaque body
between a light and the eye.

What watchful cares do interpose themselves

Betwixt your eyes and night? Skak., J. C., U. 1, 98.
Were not this banke interposed like a bulwarke betwixt

the Citie and the Sea, the waves would utterly overwhelm . „_„_„,-. /•:.. t^. r,n'vf,r}
and deface the Citie Coryat, Crudities, I. 199. interpOSUT .m:t6l

The sun, though so near, is never seen, but a thick
screen of watery clouds is constantly interposed, and yet
the heat is such that Fahrenheit's thermometer rises to
100° in the shade. Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 495.

2. To place between or among; intrude; pre-

interpretate

between, interpose: see interpone, interpose.]

1. A being, placing, or coming between, as of
something that obstructs or interferes; inter-
vention.

It is a mere privation of the sun's light by reason of the
interposition of the earth's opacous body.

Bp. WiUdns, That the Moon may be a World.

2. Intervenient agency ; agency between par-
ties; interference; mediation.

Great and manifold have the instances been of God's in-
terposition to rescue this church and nation, when they
most needed it. Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, I. ix.

This evenhanded retribution of justice, so uncommon
in human affairs, led many to discern the immediate in-
terposition of Providence. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 8.

3. That which is interposed.

A shelter, and a kind of shading cool
Interposition, as a summer's cloud.

Milton, P. R., iii. 222.

= Syn. 2. Interposition, Interference, Intervention, Media-
tion. The first three of these have the same differences
as the corresponding verbs. (See interpose.) Intervention
and interference are used of persons or things ; interposi-
tion and mediation only of persons. Mediation is a friend-
ly act performed in order to reconcile those who are es-
tranged or opposed : as, France refused all offers of me-
diation, and seemed bent upon war. The word mediation
is rarely used where the friendly interposition is not con-
sented to by the parties to the controversy, or where it is
iot at least in some degree successful.

^ "__ ' n.

-ure."\ Interposition.

Some extraordinary interposure for their rescue.

Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, xiv.

iterpret (in-ter'pret), v. [< ME. interpreten,
~ . interpreter, F. interpreter = Pr. interpre-

mterruption, or moon- te enterpretar = Sp. Pg. interpretar — It. inter-
venience, or for succor, relief, or the adjust- pretare % L. interpretari, explain, expound, in-
ment of differences : as, the emperor interposed „!*,»»...« /.•_.. *\ . — . — ,,t i,,,.,i-/,,.

sent as an obstruction, interruption, or incon-

adjust-

•i -tl, %?££* ieipi&t,<interpres (interpret-), an agent, broker,
his aid or services to reconcile the contending expiajner) interpreter, (inter, between, + -pre*

The Queen interpos'd her Authority, and would not suf-
fer it to be enacted. Baker, Chronicles, p. 345.
You, Sir, who listen but interpose no word,
Ask yourself, had you borne a baiting thus?

Browning, Ring and Book, I. 89.

to Pharaoh.

were none that could interpret them [his dreams]

Gen. xli. 15.

Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.

Mat. L 23.

A third interprets motions, looks, and eyes.

Pope, R. of the L., UL 15.

(-pret-), prob. connected with Gr. <ppd^ew, point
out, show, explain, declare, speak, > <j>pa6?/, un-
derstanding, ippdaif, speech: see phrase.] I.
trans. 1. To expound the meaning or signifi-
cance of, as by translation or explanation;
elucidate or unfold, as foreign or obscure lan-

i/w/c — A K. Kftn/ij/iu'wya*" — -*«• «.v*v. f^™«vv..>~, * ~. — euatre, a mvsterv, etc.; make plain or intelli-

interpolatio(n-), a dressing up, alteration, < in- assume an intervening position or relation; "Ejg^

terpolare, dress up, alter: see interpolate.] 1. stand in the way. There w

The act of interpolating; the insertion of new — — «. -•-• j ...s^j. — I..

words or expressions in a book or manuscript ;

especially, the falsification of a text by spurious

or unauthorized insertions. — 2. That which is

interpolated; new or (especially) spurious mat-
ter inserted; an unannounced or unauthorized

insertion in a text.
Sir, I beseech you to accept or pardon these trifling in-

terpolaUans which I have presumed to send you : not that

they add any thing to your work, but testify the disposi-
tion I have to serve you.

Evelyn, To Mr. Aubrey, Feb., 1675.

3. In math., the process of finding, from the

given values of a function for certain values

of the variable, its approximate value for an

intermediate value of the variable. The formuue

ordinarily used for this purpose assume that the function

is expressible as a polynomial in powers of the variable of

the lowest order consistent with the given values.
interpolator (in-ter'po-la-tor), n. [< LL. inter-
polator, one who corrupts or spoils, < L. inter-

polare, dress up, alter, spoil: see interpolate.]

One who interpolates ; one who inserts in a

book or manuscript new or spurious words or

passages; one who adds something deceptively

or without authority to an original text.
interpolisht (in-ter-pol'ish), v. t. [< inter- +

polish*-, after L. interpolare, polish, furbish, or

dress up : see interpolate.] To furbish up, as

a writing; improve by interpolation or alter-
ation.

II. intrans. 1. Toeome between otherthings;

Clouds interpose, waves roar, and winds arise.

Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, L 246.

2. To step in between parties at variance ; in-
terfere; mediate: as, the prince interposed and
made peace.

A stout seaman who had interpos'd and saved the Duke
from perishing by a fire-ship in the late warr.

Evelyn, Diary, May 25, 1673.

With clashing falchions now the chiefs had clos'd,
But each brave Ajax heard, and interpos'd.

Pope, Iliad, xvii. 601.

3. To put in or make a remark by way of inter-
ruption.

The office of this goddess consisted in interposing, like
the Roman tribunes, with an "I forbid it" in all courses
of constant and perpetual felicity.

Bacon, Political Fables, v., Expl.

eral weeks intervened ; an intervening piece of woods. A
piece of woods may interfere with a view ; we must inter-
fere in a quarrel when life is threatened. See intrude.

All this will not fadge, though it be cunningly interpol- interpOSCt (in'ter-poz), n. [< interpose, V.] In-
isht by some second hand with crooks and emendations. tampan 1 • intArnnsirinn

.,-,. S-,L i. rt tic (CPpOoHl , llll.trl l.'UMllull.

Milton, Church-Government, i. 5.

,.. ,. , ,,. ... r, . . , , Suchfrequent breakings out in the body politick are in-

mterpollty (m-ter-pol 1-ti), »i. [< ^nter-+pol- dicationsofmanynoxiousanddangeroushumourstherein,
ity.] Intercourse between communities or which, without the wise interpose of state-physicians, pre-
countries; interchange of citizenship. [Rare.] "age ruin to the whole. J. Spencer, Prodigies, p. 119.
An absolute sermon upon emigration, and the trans- interpOSer (in-ter-pd'zer), n. One who inter-
planting and interpolity of our species. poses or comes between others ; a mediator or

Bulwer, Caxtons, xiii. i. agent between parties.

interponet (in-ter-pdn'), «. t. [= Sp. interponer i must stand first champion for myself

= Pg. interpor = It. interporre, < L. interponere, Against all interposers.

put, lay, or set between, < inter, between, -t- •Beou- "«*«•. Laws of Candy.

ponere, put, set, place: see ponent. Cf. inter- interposit (in-ter-poz'it), n. [< L. interpositns,

pose.] To set or insert between; interpose. a putting between, < interponere, pp. interposi-

Porphyrius interponed it [the Psyche or soul] betwixt tus, put between: see interpone, interpose.] A
the Father and the Son, as a middle between both.

Cudworth, Intellectual System.

2. To show the purport of; develop or make
clear by representation : as, to interpret a drama
or a character by action on the stage. — 3. To
construe; attribute a given meaning to: as, the
company interpreted his silence unfavorably.

Nothing new is free from detraction, and when Princes
alter customes, even heavie to the subject, best ordinances
are interpreted innovations.

Habinyton, Castara, Author's Preface.

No evil can befall the Parlament or Citty, but he posi-
tively interprets it a judgement upon them for his sake.

Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxvi.

= 8vn. 2. Interpose, Interfere, Intermeddle, Intervene. To
intermeddle is both unwelcome and impertinent. To in-
terfere is unwelcome to the one interfered with, and
often but not necessarily improper : as, the court inter-
fered to prevent further injustice. In this sentence in-
terposed would have been a very proper word to express
the benevolence and helpfulness of the action of the
court, while interfere suggests the checking of what was
going on and the balking of selfish plans. Interpose in
its personal application is generally used in a good sense.
Interfere may be used of a person or of a thing ; inter-

meddleonlyot a person or theactof apersou. Intervene .,,•.•,,. ,.,± ^,-. -F «

is used only of things literally or figuratively coming be- interpretable (m-ter pre-ta-Di;, a. |_ S . ««-
without either praise or blame: as, sev- terprdtable = Sp. interpretable, < LL. mterpre-

tabilis, that can be explained or translated, <
L. interpretari, explain, translate: see inter-
pret.] Capable of being interpreted or ex-
plained.
But howsoever the law be in truth or interpretable (for

= Svn. 1. Render, Construe, etc. (see translate) ; Expound,
Elucidate, etc. (see explain).

II. intrans. To practise interpretation; make
an interpretation or explanation ; tell or deter-
mine what something signifies.

Do all speak with tongues? do all interpret?

1 Cor. xii. 30.

My former speeches have but hit your thoughts,
Which can interpret further. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 6, 2.

tween, and hence \

it might ill beseem me to offer determination in matter of
this kind), it is certain that, etc.

Selden, Illustrations of Drayton's Polyolbion, xvii. 207.

Even the differences arising among the limbs, originally
alike, were seen to be interpretable by la principle men-
tioned). H. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 335.

interpretanientt (in-ter'pre-ta-ment), n. [< L.
interpretamentum, explanation, ^ interpretari,
explain: see interpret.] Interpretation. [Rare.]

This bold interpretament, how commonly soever sided
with, cannot stand a minute with any competent rever-
ence to God or his law, or his people.

Milton, Tetrachordon.

place of deposit between one commercial city interpretatet (in-ter'pre-tat), v. t. [< L. iti-
or country and another. Mitford. terpretatus, pp. of interpretari, interpret: see

interponentt (in-ter-po'nent), «. [< L. inter- interposition (m"ter-po-zish'on), «. [= F. in- interpret.] To interpret,
ponen(t-)s, ppr. of interponere, put between: terposition = Pr. interpose = Sp. interposicion How dare Merpretate tne8e words, «niy sheep,"
see interpone,] One who or that which inter- = Pg. interposiqao = It. interposizione, < L. in- i.my iamo8j • to be the universal church of Christ?
pones or interposes. terpositio(n-), < interponere, pp. interpositns, put J. Bradford, Letters (Parker isoc., 1853)> II. 148.

interpretate

If one consult the erltics thereupon,

Same place» have a note, mime others none;

And when they t:iki' int- />/ •, Inln, I pains,

Sometimes the uitlietilty still rem:iin-.

fiyrum, Critical Kcmarku on Horace.

interpretation (in-tto-pre-tt'ihoti), ». [< ME.

interpretation, interpretaotowi, < OK i-nln/in-
tutiiiii. hilir/iri'/ittiiiii, F. iii/i'i-i>i-i'-tiitinii = Pr.
mli 1'iin l/ii'iii = Sp. interpretation = Pg. inter-
prctacSo = It. iiitcr/iri'td-iniic, < L. inti r/in-tn-
tiit(ii-), explanation/ inter/iretttri, explain: see
interpret.'} 1. The act of interpreting, expound-
ing, or explaining; translation; explanation;
elucidation : as, the interpretation of a difficult
passage in au authot
dreams or of prophecy,

Look how wo can, or sad or merrily,

lnt,-riii;-liil!'iit ivill misijiinle mil- looks.

Slink., 1 Hen. IV., v. 2, 13.

3153

a point or mark placed between the parts or
members of a sentence ; intermediate punctua-
tion.

interrogation .

Thousand worse Pastttnns then posaest
The Inttr-rri/tiiiiii nf n,\ breast.

Ciiti'lnj, The Chronicle, «t. 9.

Between the lost dandelion anil violet . . . and the flr«t
spring blossom . . . there is a frozen interregnum lu the
vegetable world. 0. W. Uolmet, Old Vol. ofLife, p. 17».

The whole course of our life is full of interpunctiont or
commas-, death is but the period or full point.

Jackson, Works, III. 499.

A various inierpunction, a parenthesis, a letter, an ac- interreignt (in'ter-ran), n. [< F. interregne =
cent, may much alter the sense. bp. Pg. It. interregna, < L. interregnum, inter-

regnum: see interregnum.] An interregnum.
Comparing that confused anarchy with this interreiyn.

,

which every word is divided from the rest by a single
fashion which we flnd occurring in Greek MSS.

point ; a 1
of late date.

ng I

J. Kendel Harris.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 888.
Interpunction in the wider sense of the insertion of a

distinguishing point is as old as the Moabite Stone, In -„,

_ut_u _ _j ,_ .... . . .. mutiin, Hist Eng., ill.

interrelate (in'ter-re-laf), v. t.; pret. and pp.

is, me interpretation 01 a difficult 4, interrelated, ppr. interrelating. [< inter- + re-

n author; the interpretation of interpunctuation (m-ter-pungk-tu-a'ghon), ». late.] To bring into reciprocal relation; con-
>rophecy. .< mi'-r- + punctuation.] Same as tnterpuno- nect intimately. [Rare.]

' . Spaces Intervening between the areas may readily be

1 he device of the letter, which by the false interpunc- conceived to be filled with fibrils and cells that interrelate
tiintinn of the parasite conveys to the heroine the directly
opposite meaning to that which his master intended it t«
bear, is amusing enough.

A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit, I. 142.

This habit, carried Into the interpretation of things at

large, altects it somewhat as the mathematical habit af- , „.„, „„-. Mlu^ „„, ,

H Spencer, study of Sociol., p. 821. interracial (in-ter-ra'sial). a. [< inter- 4 race*
,:.... .•?.!?"!e_?1-V-t"^'a"-m!terP.ret?J; assumed + -ial.] Existing or "taking place between

races, or members of different races.

these and other functions complexly.

Amer. Naturalist, XXII. 616.

If interracial marriages were legalized (as
yet), such unions would always be toe
ground for alarm.

meaning; apparent meaning; signification: as,
varying interpretations of the same passage or
event; to put a bad interpretation upon any-
thing. In law, Interpretation in this sense usually implies
either (1) that a word or phrase, read in the light of other
parts of the instrument or of extrinsic evidence. Is found to
have a running different from that first apparenton its face ;
or (2) that a word or passage not clear in Itself is found, by
transposition or reconstruction of the order of words or by
dilferent punctuation, to have a clear meaning ; and hence
the maxim that it is not allowable to interpret that which
has no need of interpretation.

Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is .8Ome crinoids; an interradiale.
of any private interpretation. 2 Pet. i. 20. interradiale (in-ter-ra-di-a'le), «.; pi.

,/.,./;.. / 1: K \ TXTT . _ .«-. .*. ._ J.«_T

It 1* a sine qua non that the experiments made with the
object of solving such problems be throughout logically
interrelated. Xattnre, XXXVU. 267.

interrelation (in'ter-re-la'shon), n. [< inter-
+ relation.] Reciprocal relation or correspon-
r» ouc incite . ive dence > interconnection. Athcn<eum.

'iPertminster*Xc%™T&V.l3ao. interrelationship (in'ter-re-la'shon-Bhip),n.

.in-ter-ra'di-al), a. and w.
-, between, + radius, "ray: see radial^\ I.
a. Situated between the radii or rays : as, the
interradial petals in an echinoderm. Compare
ndradial.

[< interrelation -f -ship.] Th'e state of being in-
terrelated; the condition of reciprocal relation
or correspondence.

The interrelationship between Matthew, Mark, and Luke
is perhaps the most complicated . . . problem in the his-

beseech thee to prosper this great sign, and to give

n. «. A ray situated between rays, as in **!?** &^, Hist ChAt Church, I. 5 79.

ids: an interradiale. interrepellent (in'ter-re-pel'e.nt), a. [< inter-

+ repellent.] Mutually or reciprocally repel-
lent. De Quinceu. [Rare.]

/i« + A*. 'A. ' ~

g(-li-&). [NL. : see interradial.] That

.. */ woubi»ii biicc i*/ pi wojjer tins Kit :u M^ii arm 10 give > W™ L «»*• j *. UOIK ,, .~ / \

us the interpretation and use of it in mercy. Bacon, which is situated between rays, as of an echino- Interrer (in-ter er), ». One who inters or

3. The representation of a dramatic part or £c™; specifically, in Crinoidea, a plate or part t^™^ f^ffi?^
character, or the rendering of a musical com-
position, according to one's particular concep-
tion of it : as, an original and spirited interpre-
tation of " Hamlet. "—Allegorical Interpretation, interradially (in-ter-ra'di-al-i), adv. Between

between radialia.

In the calyx of the TesseUata there are plates, interradi-
alia, present between the radialia. Encyc. Bra., VII. 686.

interrex (in'ter-reks), n.; pi. interreges (in-ter-
re'jez). [L.,< inter, between, + rex, king: see

See allegorical.— Interpretation clause. See clause.—

irresistible and immediate conviction, the entire series
leading up to widely general principles. = Syn. 1 and 2
Elucidation, construction, version, rendering. See trans-
late.

interpretative (in-ter'pre-ta-tiv), a. [=: F. t«-
terpretati/ = Pr. interpretaiiu = Sp. Pg. inter-
pretative, < L. as if "interpretativus, < interpre-

rex.] In ancient Rome, a regent; a magis-
trate who governed during an interregnum.
On the death of a king ten Interreges were appointed by
the senate, each holding the chief power five days, until a
new king nominated by them was approved by the curiie.
Under the republic interreges were appointed to hold
the comitia when successors to the consulate failed to be
elected at the proper time, or a vacancy occurred other

, __._„,. — ™,™.— or among rays : as, " an in terradiallu placed ma-

Interpretation of nature, in Bacon's philosophy, sclen- dreporite," Encyc. Brit.

^na^n^y^^^^^l^ie^^^^^^:. interradius (in-ter-ra'di-us), ».; pi. interradii

' (-i). [< inter- + radius.] An interradial part ;
specifically, one of the secondary or intennedi- „
ate rays or radiating parts or processes of a hy- in'terrogate (iu-ter'6-gat), v. ; pret. and pp. in-

urozoan, alternating with the perradu or pn- *'>«*.«^ — -5-J *— *-i____^i

mary rays.

The madreporite lies in
of the sea-urchin.

wise.

the right anterior interradius

terrogated, ppr. interrogating. "[< L. interroga-
tus, pp. of interrogare (> It. interrogare =
Pg. interrogar = Pr. interrogar, enterrogar

reciprocal. Johnson, Eng^ Diet, PrefT

80 that by this interpretative compact each party hath
made that lawful in time of war which is unlawful in time
of peace. Sir M. Hale, Cont, Mat vii. 12.

2. Inferential; implied; constructive.

-law

The rejecting their additions may Justly be deemed an
interpretative siding with heresies. Hammond.

interpretatively (in-ter'pre-ta-tiv-li), adv. By

submental; intercrural.
amicorn (in-ter-ram'i-kdrn), «. [< L. in-
_ between, + ramus, a branch, + cornu, a
horn.] In ornith., a separate piece of the horny
sheath of the bill which is found in some birds,

The traveller, . . . coming to the fortified habitation of
a chieftain, would probably have been intemxjated from
the battlements. Johnson, Jour, to Western Isles.

= Syn. Inquire, Question, etc. (see <a*l); catechize.

n. *-*--

as the albatrosses, between the rami of the

lower mandible.

, , v r_ ™^.T-iv, „„,. „_, The <ntmwmt<»r» formrthe gonal element of the bill.

interpretation; so as to interpret or give ground . . ve>> " hUlL Acad-' 1886> p" 276- interrogatet (iu-ter'o-gat), ». r< interrogate, v.]

for interpretation ; inferentially. interreceive (m"ter-re-sev ), c. t. ; pret. and A question ; an interrogation. Bp. Hall Cases

pp. interreceived, ppr. interreceirAng. [< inter- of Conscience, iii. 10

intrans. To ask questions.

By his instructions touching the queen of Naples, it
seemeth he could interrogate touching beauty.

/,'".•"//. Hist 1

Hen, VII.

,.,

explain : see interpret.] One who or that which
interprets; one who explains or expounds; an
expositor; a translator ^specially, Le who ex-
plains what is said in a different language.

And they knew not that Joseph understood them ; for
he spake to them by an interpreter. Gen. xUi. 23.

It is therefore an error to suppose that the Judiciary is
the only interpreter of the Constitution, for a large field is
left open to the other authorities of the government

J. Bryce, American Commonwealth, I. 365.

ing between kings. cja] Evidence, "n. iv. $ 6.

twTieiUhe crime [the massacre of the Huguenots] came interrogates (in-f

execution of*" • •

[< interrogate

ineun.uieu HIRI acciuenuu; me isolated execution of an ; rr0"""," LR^re.J

interrtyal consph-acy, existing for half a generation, yet interrogation (m-ter-o-ga sbon), «. [= F. IH-

exploding without concert.

Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 261.

interregencyt (in-ter-re'jen-si), n. [< inter- +
regency.] The space of 'time, or the govern-
ment, while there is no lawful sovereign on the
throne ; an interregnum. Blount.

inter- +
interreg-
201.

. was to superintend all high affairs

(m-ter-pu bik), a. [< L. inter, be- tween reigns; an interval of time elapsing be-
.•ii. + Mtafc pubes : see pubic.] Situated be-

terrogation = Pr. interrogattb, enterrogacio =
Sp. interrogation = Pg. interrogac&o = It. inter-
rogazione, < L. interrogatio(n-), a questioning,
a question, < interrogare, question: see interro-
gate.] 1. The act of questioning ; examination
by questions.

Pray yon, spare me

Further interrogation, which boots nothing
Except to turn a trial to debate. Byron.

2. A question put ; an inquiry.

How demurely soever such men may pretend to sanctity
that interrogation of God presses hard upon them, Shall I
count them pure with the wicked balances, and with the
bag of deceitful weights? Government o/the Tongue.

3. Any proposition doubted or called in ques-

e"-,7~ J'«of,pubes: see pubic.] Situated be- tween the end of one reign and the beginning -, »

t ween the right and left pubic bones: as, the in- of the next, as in the case of a disputed or un- tlon m the disputations with which, during the
t<-ri>i<ln<- articulation. or svmnhv«i<.™iWa- 8nj«- certain succession

terpubie articulation, or symphysis pubis
terpvbto ligument or cartilage.lmterpubic flbro-
cartilage. See Jibrocartilage.

interpunction (in-teispnngk'shpn), «. [< L.

iiiti'r/iiiiifli'i(n-), a placing of points between
words, < iiit,-r/iiin,/i'n; place points between
words, < inter, between, + jiuni/m-i; point: see
pungent, point.] The pointing of sentences, or

A great meeting of noblemen and gentlemen who had

piojierty in Ireland was held, during the interregnum, at

the house of the Duke of Orniond In Saint James's Square.

Mn, 'ii n In n. Hist Eng., xii.

Hence — 2. An intermission in any order of suc-
cession; any breach of continuity in action or
influence.

prevalence of scholasticism, boys were exercised
in the schools. — 4. See interrogation-point. —
Fallacy of many interrogations. ' See fattaciet in
things (7), under fallacy.— Note or mark of interroga-
tion, Same as intrrrnyation point.

We are compelled to read them with more alertness, and
with a greater number of mental note* of interrogation.

The Academy, Nov. S, 1888, p. 288.
= Syu. 2. Query , Impiiry, etc. See question, n.

. interrogation-point

interrogation-point (in-ter-o-ga' shon-point .), M .
A note, mark, or sign (?) placed after a question
(or in Spanish both before and after it, in the
former position inverted) in writing or printing.

interrogative (in-te-rog'a-tiv), a. and n. [=
F. interrogattf x Pi. enterrogatiu = Sp. Pg. It.
interrogativo, < L. interrogations, serving to ques-
tion, < interrogate, question: see interrogate^
I. a. Asking or denoting a question ; pertain-
ing to inquiry ; questioning: &s,axi.interrogatwe
phrase, pronoun, or point ; an interrogative look
or tone of voice.

The regular place of the interrogative word, of whatever
kind, is at the beginning of the sentence, or as near it as
possible. Whitney, Essentials of Eng. Grammar, § 470.
Interrogative accent. See accent, 7.— Interrogative
Judgment, in logic, a mental product corresponding to
an interrogative sentence : opposed to determinative judg-
ment (which see, under determinative).

II. n. 1. In gram., a word (pronoun, pronom-
inal adjective, or adverb) implying interroga-
tion, or used for asking a question: as, who?
what? which ? why t — 2. A question; an inter-
rogation. [Bare.]

"Who are you, sir, and what is your business?" de-
manded the Marquis. . . . "That is a fair interrogative,
my lord," answered Dalgetty.

Scott, Legend of Montrose, xii.

interrogatively (in-te-rog'a-tiv-li), adv. In an
interrogative manner; in the form of a ques-
tion; questioningly.

interrogator (in-ter'o-ga-tor), n. [=F. interro-
gateur = It. interrogatore,"< LL. interrogator, <
L. interrogare, question : see interrogate.'] One
who interrogates or asks questions.

interrogatory (in-te-rog'a-to-ri), a. and «. [=
F. interrogatoire = Pr. interrogators = Sp. Pg.
It. interrogatorio, < LL. interrogatorius, consist-
ing of questions. < L. interrogare, question: see
interrogate.] I. a. Interrogative ; containing
or expressing a question ; pertaining to or con-
sisting of questions: as, an interrogatory sen-
tence; the interrogatory method of instruc-
tion.

II. n. ; pi. interrogatories (-riz). A question
or inquiry; in law, usually, a question in writ-
ing: as, to file interrogatories to be answered
by a party or a witness. Formerly also inter-
gatory.

Their speech was out off with this one brief e and short
interrogatorie : whether Philip would quit those three
cities aforesaid or no? Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 882.

Cross Interrogatory. See crossi, a. -Demurrer to In-
terrogatory. See demurrer^. =Syn. Query, Inquiry, etc.
See question, n.

in terrorem (in te-ro'rem). [L.: in, in, to, for;
terrorem, ace. of terror, terror: see terror.] As
a warning; by way of intimidation.

intemile (iu-ter-rol'), v. t.; pret. and pp. inter-
ruJed, ppr. interruling. [< inter- + rule.] To rule
between; mark with intervening ruled lines.

The picture being completed, it is ruled over in squares,
each of about twelve inches. These are again intemded
with small squares. Ure, Diet., III. 388.

interrupt (in-te-rupf), v. t. [ME. interrupten
(corruptly intrippe), < L. interrupts, pp. of in-
terrumpere (> It. interrompere = Pg. interromper
= Sp. interrmnpir = Pr. entrerompre = F. in-
terrompre), break apart, break to pieces, break
off, interrupt, < inter, between, + rmnpere, break:
see rupture. Cf. abrupt, corrupt, etc.] 1. To
make a break or gap in ; break the course or
continuity of; hence, to break off; bring to a
pause or cessation; hinder the continuation of.
I'll interrupt his reading. Shak., T. and C., lit S, 98.

This would surpass

Common revenge, and interrupt nis joy
In our confusion. Milton, P. L., ii. 371.

2. To break in upon or disturb the action of;

stop or hinder in doing something.
Intrippe no man where so that thou wende,
No man in his tale, til he haue maade an eende.

Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 31.
Ill hear you more, to the bottom of your story,
And never interrupt you. Shak., Pericles, v. 1, 167.
Th' emphatic speaker . . . had a world of talk
With one he stumbled on, and lost his walk.
I interrupt him with a sudden bow,
Adieu, dear sir ! lest you should lose it now.

Cowper, Conversation, 1. 281.

interruptt (in-te-rupf), a. [ME. interupt, inte-
ript, < OF. interrupt; < L. interruptus, pp.: see
the verb.] 1. Gaping; spreading apart, as the
sides of anything.

Our adversary, whom no bounds
Prescribed, no bars of hell, nor all the chains
Heap'd on him there, nor yet the main abyss
Wide, interrupt, can hold. Milton, P. L., iii. 84.

2. Irregular; interrupted.

Menacing, ghastly looks ; broken pace ; interrupt, pre-
cipitate, half turns. Burton, Auat. of Mel., p. 612.

3154

3. Disturbed; interrupted.

We will do to yow oure homage and of yow holde oure
honoures, and we be-seke yow to respite youre sacriuge
in to Pentecoste, ne therfore shull ye nothynge be interipl,
but that ye shull be oure lorde and oure kynge.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 10S.

They are in paradise for the time, and cannot well en-
dure to be interrupt. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 24«.

interrupted (in-te-rup'ted), p. a. 1. Broken;
intermitted; fitful; acting irregularly or un-
equally.

How is it that some wits are interrupted,
That now they dazzled are, now clearly see?

Sir J. Dames, Immortal, of Soul, xxii.
All is silent, save the faint
And interrupted murmur of the bee.

Bryant, Summer Wind.

2. In bot.: (a) Having the principal leaflets di-
vided by intervals of smaller ones: applied to
compound leaves, (b) Having the larger spikes
divided by a series of smaller ones : applied to
flowers: opposed to continuous. — 3. In zool.,
suddenly stopped; having a gap or hiatus: as,
an interrupted stria — interrupted cadence, cur-
rent, screw, etc. See the nouns.

interruptedly (in-te-rup'ted-li), adv. With
breaks or interruptions — interruptedly pinnate,
in bot., same as abruptly pinnate (which see, under ab-
ruptly).

interrupter (in-te-rup'ter), n. One who or that
which interrupts! Also interruptor.
For, on the theater of France,

The tragedie was ment
Of England too : wherefore our queene
Her interruptors sent.

Warner, Albion's England, x.

Specifically— (o) In elect., any instrument for interrupt-
ing an electrical current, as the automatic arrangement
used with the induction-coil.

The interruptors of induction coils are usually sell-act-
ing. 5. P. Thompson, Elect, and Mag., p. 864.

(b) In milit. engin., an electrical device which forms part
of a system of apparatus for determining the velocity
of projectiles, used in connection with wire targets and
chronographs. The passage of the ball or shell through a
target serves to interrupt a closed electrical circuit, and
thus release the automatic registering mechanism of the
chronograph at the instant of passage. Often a number
of targets are used, placed at accurately measured and
uniform intervals in the path of the projectile, and the
registered data serve as a basis for determining the vari-
ation of velocity in diff erent parts of the path.
interruption (in-te-rup'shon), n. [< ME. inter-
rupcion, < OF. (also F.) interruption = Sp. inter-
rupcion = Pg. interrupgao = It. interruzione, <
L. interruptio(n-), an interrupting, < interrum-
pere, pp. interruptus, interrupt : see interrupt.]

1. The act of interrupting or breaking in upon
anything.

Places severed from the continent by the interruption
of the sea. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.

Dissonance, and captious art,
And snip-snap short, and interruption smart.

Pope, Dunciad, ii. 240.

2. The state of being interrupted; the state of
being impeded, checked, or stopped.

Had they held a steady ha»d upon his Matyu restaura-
tion, as they might easily have don, the Church of England
had emerg'd and flourish'd without interruption.

Evelyn, Diary, March 12, 1672.

Persons who eminently love, and meet with fatal inter-
ruptions of their happiness when they least expect it.

Steele, Tatler, No. 82.

3. Obstruction or hindrance caused by a break-
ing in upon any course, current, progress, or
motion ; stoppage : as, interruptions in the exe-
cution of a work.

They shall haue full power to gene sentence vpon ye
same, & that sentence to be obeyed w'out interrupcion.
Fabyan, Car. 6, an. 1377. (Richardson.')

4. Cessation; intermission; interval.
Amidst the interruptions of his sorrow, seeing his peni-
tent overwhelmed with grief, he was only able to bid her
be comforted. Addison, Spectator.

No one, in the face of Church-history, can or does main-
tain that all interruptions of intercommunion destroy
unity. Pusey, Eirenicon, p. 62.

5f. A prorogation of Parliament : used in the
seventeenth century. Nares.

interruptive (in-te-rup'tiv), a. [< interrupt +
-ive.] Tending to interrupt ; interrupting.
Interruptive forces. Bushnell.

interruptively (in-te-rup'tiv-li), adv. By in-
terruption ; so as to interrupt.

interruptor (in-te-rup'tor), n. See interrupter.

interscalm (in'ter-skalm), n. [< L. interscal-
mium, the space between two oars in a galley,
< inter, between, + scalmus, a peg to which an
oar was strapped, a thole, a thole-pin.] In an
ancient Roman galley, the space between any
two successive oars.

interscapilium (in"ter-ska-pil'i-um), «.; pi. in-
terseapilia (-a). [L., the space between the

intersectional

shoulders, < inter, between, + scapuUe, shoulder-
blades: see scapula.] Same as interscapulum.

interscapula, «• Plural of interscapulum.

interscapular (in-ter-skap'u-lar), a. and w. [<
inter- + scapula + -arS.] I. a. Situated be-
tween the scapulae or shoulder-blades.

II. n. In ornitn., an interscapular feather;
one of the feathers of the interscapulum.

interscapulary (in-ter-skap'u-la-ri), a. and n.
Same as interscapular.

interscapulum (in-ter-skap'u-lum), ». ; pi. in-
terscapula (-la). [NL., < L. 'inter, between, +
scapula;, shoulder-blades : see scapula. Cf . in-
terscapilium.] In ornith., the fore part of the
back; the dorsum antieum; the region of the
upper back between the shoulder-blades. Also
interscapilium. See cut under bird1.

interscendent (in-ter-sen'dent), a. [< L. inter,
between, + scanden(t-)s, ppr. of scandere (in
comp. -scendere), climb: see scan.] In alg.,
containing radicals in the exponents: thus,
x^v or xva is an interscendent expression: so
called by Leibnitz as being intermediate be-
tween algebraic and transcendental quantities,
but properly belonging to the latter category.

interscene (in'ter-sen), n. [< inter- + scene.]
A pause, interval, or transition between two
scenes, as in a play. Amer; Jour. Philol., IX.
348.

interscindt (in-ter-sind'), v. t. [< L. interscln-
dere, cut off, separate, break down, < inter, be-
tween, + scindere, cut: see scission. Cf. ex-
scind.] To cut in two in the midst. Bailey,
1731.

interscribet (in-ter-skrlb'), «. t. [< L. inter-
scribere, write between, < inter, between, +
scribere, write: see scribe.] To write between;
interline. Bailey, 1731.

interscriptiont (in-ter-skrip'shon), n. [< L.
as if *interscriptio(n-), < interscribere, pp. inter-
scriptus,vrrite between, < inter, between, + scri-
bere, write.] A writing between, or interlining.
Bailey, 1731.

inter se (in'ter se). [L.] Among or between
themselves.

intersecant (in-ter-se'kant), a. [= OF. interne-
quant, < L. intersecan(i-)s, ppr. of intersecare,
cut between, cut off : see intersect.] Dividing
into parts ; cutting across ; crossing. [Rare.]

intersect (in-ter-sekf), v. [< L. intersectus,
pp. of intersecare (> It. intersecare = Sp. (obs.)
intersecar), cut between, cut off, < inter, be-
tween,-!- secure, cut: see section.] I. trans. 1.
To cut or divide into parts; lie or pass across:
as, the ecliptic intersects the equator.

The surface of Norway, as it is shown flat upon a chart,
is lined and intersected by these water-ways as the surface
of England is by railways. Froude, Sketches, p. 64.

2. To cut apart; separate by intervening.

[Rare.]

Lands intersected by a narrow frith

Abhor each other. Cowper, Task, ii. 16.

II. intrans. To cut into one another; meet
and cross each other; have, as two geometri-
cal loci, one or more points in common : as, in-
tersecting lines. In the ordinary language of geometry
a curve and its tangent are not said to intersect, but in a
more careful use of language they no doubt would be said
to do so. See extract under intersection, 2.
intersection (in-ter-sek'shon), n. [= F. inter-
section = Sp. interseccion = Pg. interseccSo =
It.intersecazione,intersezione,<~Li.interseetio(n-),
< intersecare, cut between, intersect: see inter-
sect.] 1. The act of intersecting; a cutting
or dividing, or cutting across : as, the intersec-
tion of a map by lines of latitude and longi-
tude.

The frequent intersections of the sense which are the
necessary effects of rhyme. Johnson, Thomson.

2. A place of crossing; specifically, a point com-
mon to two lines or a line and a surface, or a
line common to two surfaces: as, a house at
the intersection of two roads; the intersection
of two geometrical lines or figures.

The locus (if any) corresponding to a given aggregate
relation is the locus common to and contained in each of
the loci corresponding to the several constituent relations
respectively ; or, what is the same thing, it is the intersec-
tion of these loci.
Cayley, On Abstract Geometry, § 27, Phil. Trans., 1870, p. 65.

3. In logic, the relation of two classes each of
which partly excludes and partly includes the
other.— Apparent intersection, a point where two
curves not in one plane appear to intellect when viewed
from any center of projection.

intersectional (in-ter-sek'shou-al), «. [< in-
tersection + -al.] Relating to or formed by an
intersection or intersections.

intersegmental
intersegmental (in-ter-seg'men-tal), a.

3155
[< L. intersperse (in-ter-npere'), r. t. ; pret. and pp.

interstratify
tere, pp. interstitvs, stand between, < inter, be-

inter, between, + .icijmentum, segment, + -al.] interspersed, ppr. interspersing. '[^ L. interiiper- tween,"+ sislere, stand : see sist, assist, etc. ] 1.

Pertaining to two or more Hi'i'iiicnN: situated sus, ppr. of intersperyere, scatter or sprinkle An intervening space; an opening; especially,

between, separating, or connecting segments: between or among, < inter, between, + spar- a small or narrow space between apposed sur-

ns, an jnterav/meMto/ septum between myotomw gere, scatter, sprinkle : see spa me. Cf. asperse, faces or things; a gap, chink, slit, crevice, or

disperse.] 1. To scatter between; place here

or other metameric parts.

interseminatet (in-U'T-sem'i-nat), v. t. [< L.
iiiii'i'xi-miiKitu.i, pp. of intersriiiinare, sow be-
tween or at intervals, < inter, between, + seini-
inirc, sow: see seminate.] To sow between or
among. SuiU-i/, I7:d.

interseptal (iu-ter-sep'tal), a. [< inter- + sep-
tum + -al.] Situated between septa.

The interruption of the cavities of the locnll lin Octn-
coratla] may be more complete by the fonnatiun of Bhelvea

. cranny,

;uid there among other things: as, to inter-
sperse shrubs among trees.

There, iiitrrnperitd in lawns and opening glades,
Thin tree* arise, that shun each outer's shades.

Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 21.

2. To diversify by scattering or disposing va-
rious objects here and there.

The actors . . . iiitersperned their hymns with sarcastic
Jokes and altercation. Qvldsmiih, Origin of Poetry.

Set. . . . Texture woven with large interstices or
meshes, used commonly as a snare for animals. . . . Any.
thing made with Interstitial vacuities. . . . Xetnork. . . .
Anything reticulated or decussated, at equal distances,
with interstices between the Intersections.

Johnson, Dictionary.

I will point out the interstice* of time which ought to be
between one citation and another. Aylife, Parergon.

Every change of atmospheric pressure produces, from
he

stretching from septum to septum, but lying at different Intarsnprsirm fin tftr snAr'shorO t f( intfr
heights in adjacent locull. These are interseutal dlsscpi- in^rspersion (in- snonj, w. |^ tnter-

Uuxley, Encyc. Brit., 1. 130. sperse + -ton. Cf. asjterston, dispersion, etc.]

The act of interspersing, scattering, or placing

here and there.

These sentiments have obtained almost in all ages and

day to day, exits or entrances of the air into all the ittter-
stices of the soil. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., |7.

2. In canon law, the interval of time required
for promotion from a lower to a higher degree
of orders.

intersticed (in'ter-stist or in-tir'stist), a. [<
interstice + -ed%.] Having an interstice or in-
terstices: as, an intersticed ceiling; intersticed
columns.

incuts.

intersertt (in-ter-serf), v. t. [< L. intersertux,
pp. of interserere (> It. interserire = Sp. inter-
serir), put or place between, < inter, between,
+ ,m^join,Pweave: see series. Cf. inert.] SSB-ttf^^SSSW

adJS"*^ °r 86t °r PUt ^ betW6en Other For want of the interspersion of now *» ^ „. „
""W- glack or a lyrlck ode. Watts, Improvement of Mind, interstinctivet (m-ter-stingk'tlv), a. [< L. in-

If I may intersert a short speculation. Brerewood. interspicular (in-ter-spik'u-lar), a [< inter- terstinctus, pp. of interstinguere, separate, di-

intersertiont (in-ter-ser'shon), ». [< L. as if + spicule + -ai-s.] Situated between or among 71 e> a18*1,11?".1811' mark off by pricking, < inter,
"intcr«ertio(n-), < interserere, put or place be- spicules, as of a sponge. between, + stinauere, pnck: see distinguish, ex-

tween: see i« terser*.] The act of inserting be- interspinal (in-ter-spi'nal), a. [= It.inter#j>»- «•*«**•] stinguishing; dividing,
tweeu other things, or that which is inserted. nale, < NL. interspinalis, < L. inter, between,

+ spina, spine : see spinal.] In anat., situ-
ated between spines — that is, between spi-
nous processes of successive vertebne : as, an
-..._,-. interspinal muscle.

set or put between. Daniel, Civil Wars, viii. interspinalis (in'ter-spi-na'lis), «.; pi. inter- interstitial (in-ter-stish'al), a. [< L. intersti-
mtersnockt (in-ter-shok'), ». (. [< inter- + spinales (-lez). [NL.: see interspinal.] One of <»"'". interstice, + -al.] 1. Pertaining to, situ-

Daniel, Chorus a number of small muscles situated between "*"J :" "~ " — *:*"*: :-i — "

the spinous processes of any two contiguous
[< L. in- vertebras.

The bu«'ness o

'» lo "k the f"Toar of

,
er then

umb. Eemonst.

»<i « . w ,

holy and ancient. JMton, On Def. o

intersett (in-ter-sef ),».«. [< infer- + se<l.] To

e used; and what care is taken of the
Points , ; : .

WaUit, To Dr. Smith (Aubrey's Letters, I. 78).

shock\.] To shock mutually.
in Philotas.
intersidereal (in'ter-si-de're-al), a.

.

i'i; between, + siting (sirfer-), star: seesidereal.] interspinous (in-ter-spi'nus), a.

Situated between or among the stars; inter-
stellar: as, intersidereal space.

intersocial (in-ter-so'shal), a. [< inter- + so-
cial. ] Pertaining to intercourse or association ;
having mutual relations or intercourse ; social.
[Rare.]

intersomnious (in-ter-som'ni-us), a. [< L. in-
ter, between, + somnus, sleep: see somnolent.]
Occurring between periods of sleep; done or
happening in a wakeful interval. Dublin Her.
[Rare.]

intersonant (in-ter'so-nant), n. [< L. interso-

[< L. inter,
Situ-

between, + spina, spine: „. _._,

ated between spines; interspinal. Specifically ap-
plied in Ichthyology to certain bones of the dorsal fin of a
teleost fish which are developed between the spines of the
vertebne. See the quotation. See also shackle-joint.

When the dorsal fin exists In the trunk, its rays are
articulated with, and supported by, elongated and pointed
bones — the interspinous bones. . . . Not unfrequently,
the articulation between the fin-rays and the interspinmis
bone is effected by the Interlocking of two rings, one be-
longing to the base of the fin-ray and its included dermal
cartilage, the other to the summit of the interspinous bone
—like the adjacent links of a chain.

Huxley, Anat Vert, p. 131.

W, ppr. of inter'son'are, sound between or interspirationt (in'ter-spi-ra'shon), w. [< L
•, < inter, between, + sonare, sound: see interspiratio(n-), < interspirare, fetch breath be-

among,

sonant.] Sounding between. Imp. Diet.
intersourt (iu-ter-sour'), r. t. [< inter- + sour.]

To mix with something sour. Daniel, Octavia

to M. Antonius.
interspace (in'tfir-spas), n. [< ME. entcrspace,

< LL. interspatium, space between, interval, <

.

tween, < inter, between, + spirare, breathe:
see spirant. Cf. inspiration, etc.] A breath-
ing-spell ; an interval of rest or relief.

What gracious respites are here, what favourable inter-
tpirations, as if God bade me to recollect myself.

Up. Hall, Satan's Fiery Darts Quenched, 11.

L. inter, between, + spatium, space: see space.] interstaminal (in-ter-stam'i-nal), a. [< L. ««-
1. A space between objects; an intervening ter, between, + stamen, a thread (NL. stamen),
space ; an interval. + -ai.] in hot., situated between the stamens.

Thyne (interspace in oon raaner thou kepe. Thomas, Med. Diet. [Rare.]

Palladia,, Husbondrie (E. E. f. 8.), p. 47. interstate (in'ter-stat), a. [< inter- + state.]

Posteriorly to the mouth, we come, in the larva, to a ra-
ther wide interspace without any apparent articulation or
organ

ated in, or constituting an interstice or inter-
stices: as, interstitial change.

Bow many chasms he would find of wide and continued
vacuity, and how many interstitial spaces unfilled, even
in the most tumultuous hurries of business.

Johnton, Rambler, No. 8.

These snatches and interstitial spaces — moments literal
and fleet— these are all the chances that we can borrow
or create for the luxury of learning.

R. Choate, Addresses, p. 211.

2. In entom., situated between strite, etc. : as,
interstitial punctures on the elytra of beetles. —
Interstitial emphysema. See emphysema.— Inter-
stitial growth or absorption (as of boneX growth or
absorption taking place throughout the substance of the
organ, and not merely on its surface.— Interstitial In-
flammation, Inflammation in which the morbid changes
are diffuse and involve mainly the interstitial connective
tissue, as distinct both from a circumscribed abscess and
from parenchymatous inflammation. In this sense we
have such terms as interstitial hepatitis, interstitial ne-
phritis, interstitial pneumonia. — Interstitial lines, In
entom., the spaces between strise.— Interstitial tissue,
the fine connective tissue which occurs between the cells
of other tissues and binds them together and supports
their blood- and lymph-vessels,
interstitially (in-ter-stish'al-i), adv. In or by
interstices ; in interstitial spaces.

It [water] may be deposited inters! itially.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., f 303.

This thickening takes place . . . intertKKatty.

R. Benttey, Botany, p. 19.

Chalcedonlc quartz Is also present, sometimes intersti
tially. Qtol. Jour., XLIV. 86.

where never creeps a cloud.

Tennyson, Lucretius.

Specifically — 2. In . f ntom., the space between
two longitudinal veins or yeinlets of the wings :
used especially in describing the Lepidoptera.

Existing or taking place between different

"Darwin flrrine D 26 states, or persons in different states; especial- interstitiont, «• [ME., < L. interstitio(n-), a
Th« i,,nM .•»(~~ lv> carried on between the States of the Ameri- pause, interval, < iiitentistere, pause : see inter-

can Union, or by persons in one State with per- Htafc] T^t»^ai
sons in another.- Interstate commerce. See ann-
merce.— Interstate Commerce Commission, a body
of five commlsslonera appointed by the President of the
United States and confirmed by the Senate, under act
of Congress of February 4th, 1887. The commission Is
charged with the regulation of the business of common
carriers as provided for under this act, with the Invest!- interstratiflcation

/ *rr - - ---^ v i.- ~^.»~~,...j gation of complaints, and is required to render an annual

1 o make or fill the space between ; occupy the report to the Department of the Interior,
interval between. interstellar (in-ter-stel'ar), a. [<L. inter, be-

Fog and storms blur the glory of the sky, and foul days tween,+ Stella, star: see Stella.] Existing be-
. . . interspace the bright and fair. tween stars; situated among the stars: as, in-

Bushntll, Nature and the Supernal., p. 192. terstellar spaces or worlds.

DlaUnuml8 °' "'' CUlar """^^(..f/STTTO M" Suc,h comeU! M haTe- b/ " Section through the lether,
Elect. Rev. (Eng.), XXIV. 58. for „ iong time wandered through the celestial or inter-

interspatial (in-ter-spa'shal), «. [< LL. inter- *<Kar part of the universe. Boyle, Worka, I. 379.

simtitim, interspace, + -at'.] Of or pertaining interstellary (in-ter-stel'a-ri), a. Same as in-
to an interspace; in entom., situated on the in- terstellar.
terspaces of the wing: as, iitterspatial dots. intersternal (in-ter-ster'nal), a. [< inter- +

interspatially (in-ter-spa'shal-i), adi: In the sternum + -al.] 1. In anat., situated between
interspace or interspaces; in entom., so as to the pieces of which the breast-bone is corn-
correspond to the interspaces of an insect's
wing: as, a mark interxpatMly angulated.

interspecific (in'ter-epe-sif 'ik), a. [< inter- +
"I" iv/iV.] Existing between species.

Interval.

The first e periferie of all
Engendreth mist, and ouermore
The dewes, and the frostea hore,
After thilke intersticion,
In whiche thei take Impression.

dower, Conf. Amant, vll.

(in-ter-strat'i-fi-ka'shon),
[< interstratify : see -fication.] The state
of being interstratified, or of lying between
other strata; in geol., the condition of a bed,
stratum, or member of an aqueous deposit,
with reference to the overlying and underly-
ing beds.

The interstratijication ... of loess with layers of pumice
and volcanic ashes.

Sir C. LyeU, Manual of Elem. Geology, x.

interstratified (in-ter-strat'i-fid), a. [< infer-
stratify + -ed?.] Inclosed between or alternat-
ing with other strata ; forming part of a group
of stratified rocks. Also interbedded.

- - . .

posed: as, an intersternal articulation.— 2 mterstratlfy (m-ter-strat'i-fi),r.; pret. and pp.

'

.
In zool., situated between the sternites or in-

PPr- wtcrstratifyina. [< inter- •

feromedian parts of the successive somites of stratify.-] 1._trans. Ingeo?., to cause to occupy
an arthropod.

As the description of the relations of organs character-
ized the physiology of the individual, so that of interspe-
cific adaptations is the physiology of the race.

When the abdomen la made straight. It will be found
that these intersternal membranes are stretched as far as
they will yield. Huxley, Crayfish, p. 97.

Nature, xxxix. 287. interstice (in'ter-stis or in-ter'stis), n. [< F.
interspeecn(iu'ter-spech).». [«»*«•- +HMM&.] interstice = Sp. Pg. iiiterstieio = It. interstizio,
A speech interposed between others. Blount. < L. interstitium, a space between, < intersis-

a position among or between other strata; in-
termix as regards strata.

Adjacent to Milford the red sand Is abundantly inter-
stratified with the white, with which are also occasional
seams of coarse pebble*.

Amer. Jour. Sd., 3d sen, XXIX 42.

Dolomttic limestone is inientratifted with the gneisaic
rock*. Nature, XXX. 45.

interstratify 3156 Interval

But interttratified with these [sandstones and shales] are intertransversalis (in4er-trans-ver-8a'lis), ».; intertwistingly £a^*fwi£tia£li)> adv.

By

tra.

intersynapticular (in-ter-sin-ap-tik'u-lar), a.
[< inter- + synapticula + -ars.] Situated be-
tween or among synapticulaa.
These ligaments passing down through the intersynap-

xxvifsos: intertransversus (in*ter-trans-ver'sus), ».; pi.

many" beds containing marine fossils. \~intertransversales (-lez). [NL., < intertrans- intertwisting or being intertwisted.

A. H. Green, Phys. Geol., p. 302. *ersus v -j In maL> one of a 8eries of mus- interunion (in-ter-u'nyon), n. [< inter- +
II. intrans. To assume a position between cieg situated between the transverse processes union.] An interblending. [Bare.]
or among other strata. of successive vertebras. The . . . more eloquent interunion of human voices in

interstrial (in-t6r-stri'al), a. [< inter- + stria intertransversarius(in-ter-trans-ver-sa'ri-us), the choir. G. W. Cable, Creole Days, p. 18.

+ -al.] In entom., situated between striaa; in- B. p\. intertmnsversarii (-i). [NL.,< intertrans- interval (in'ter-val), n. [Formerly also inter-
terstitial: as, interstrial punctures on the ely- versus, q. v.] Same as intertransversalis. vail; = P. interval^ = Pr. entreval = Sp. inter-

intertransverse (in"ter-trans-vers'), a. [< NL. Valo = Pg. It. intervallo, < L. intervallum, space
intertransversus, q. v.] Situated between the between, interval, distance, interval of time,
transverse processes of successive vertebras : pause, difference, lit. space between two pali-
specifically applied to ligaments and muscles sades or walls, < inter, between, 4- vallum, pali-
of the spinal column so placed. sade, wall: see wall1.] 1. A vacant or unob-

structed space between points or objects ; an
intervening vacancy ; an open reach or stretch
between limits: as, the intervals between the
ranks of an army.

Twixt host and host but narrow space was left,

A dreadful interval. Milton, P. L., vi. 105.

2. Specifically, a low level tract of land, as
along a river, between hills, etc. Also inter-
vale. [U. 8.]

The winding Pemigewasset, . . .

. . . whitening down its rocks,
Or lazily gliding through its intervals.

WhitOer, Bridal of Pennacook.

In a green rolling internal, planted with noble trees and
flanked by moderate hills, stands the vast white caravan-
sary. . C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 210.

There was no wind, except in the open glades between
the woods, where the frozen lakes spread out like meadow
intervals. B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 22.

3. Any dividing tract in space, time, or de-
separating reach or stretch of any kind : with
reference either to the space itself or to the
points of separation or division : as, an interval

intertransversi (-si). [NL.,< L. inter, between, +
transversus, transverse : see transverse.] Same
as intertransversalis.

The anterior lymph-heart ; lying in an interspace be-
tween the small muscles (intertramversi).

Huxley and Martin, Elementary Biology, p. 95.

intertalkt (in-ter-tak'), v. i. [< inter- + talk.]
To talk to one another; exchange conversa-
tion.

Among the myrtles as I walk'd,
Love and my sighs thus intertalk'd.

Carew, Enquiry.

intertable (in-ter-tang'gl), „. t. ; j.ret. and pp. ^^^Cfafe

tribes; passing from tribe to tribe: as, inter-
tribal war or commerce.

It must ever be borne in mind that African slavery is of
two distinct kinds : first, inland or intertribal slavery or
serviture, which ... is the normal condition of all rude

[Formerly also
To intertwist ;

intertangled, ppr. intertangling.
entertangle; < inter- + tangle.]
tangle together.

Now also haue ye in euery song or ditty Concorde by
compasse & Concorde entertangled and a mixt of both.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 69.
Their intertangled roots of love.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, i. 3.

intertarsal (in-ter-tar'sal), a. [< inter- + tar-
sus + -al.] 1. Situated between the proximal
and distal rows of tarsal bones ; mediotarsal :
as, the intertarsal joint of a bird or a reptile.
— 2. Situated between or among any tarsal
bones: as, intertarsal ligaments.

intertentacular (in"ter-ten-tak'u-lar), a. [< L.
inter, between, 4- NL. tentaculum, tentacle, +
-ar3.] Placed between tentacles.— Intertentacu-
lar organ of Farre, a ciliated passage opening between
two tentacles of the lophophore in Membranipora, Alcyo-
nidimn, and other forms of polyzoans.

intertergal (in-ter-ter'gal), a. [< L. inter, be-
tween, + tergum, back, + -al.] Situated be-
tween successive terga or tergites of an ar-
thropod.

The transparent layer of the cuticle and the uppermost
layer of the cells of the hypodermis are continued into the
intertergal membrane. Micros. Science, XXIX. iii. 230.

interterritorial (in-ter-ter-i-to'ri-al), a. [< in-
ter- + territory + -al.] Between or among ter-
ritories, or the people of different territories,

nations divided into petty contiguous tribes.

Nineteenth Century, XXIV. 443.

intertrigo (in-ter-tri'go), ». [L., a chafing or
galling of the skin in riding, walking, etc., <
inter, between, + terere, pp. tritus, rub: see
trite.] A slight inflammation of the skin, oc-
curring in creases or folds where one part of
skin rubs on another. B. W. Richardson, Pre-
vent. Med., p. 252.

intertroclianteric (in-ter-tro-kan-ter'ik), a. [<

between two troehanters: specifically applied
to a line or ridge between the greater and the
lesser trochanter of the femur. See cut under
trochanter.

The posterior intertrochanteric ridge.

N. Y. Med. Jour., XL. 621.

intertrochlear (in-ter-trok'le-ar), a. [< inter-
+ trochlear.] Fitting into the middle of a
trochlear or pulley-like surface of a joint: as,
the intertrochlear ridge along the greater sig-
moid cavity of the ulna.

A tongue and groove i" intertrochlear crest") in the el-
bow-Joint. E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 348.

A call for an inter-territorial convention of the four j,.*.*., 4>i>nni/»al /in toi» trrm'i lrnT\ n V< inter- +
north-western Territories -the two Dakotahs, Montana, intertropical (m-ter-trop 1-^
and Washington. Philadelphia Ledger, Dec. 4, 1888. tropic + -al.] Situated between the tropics.

intertext (in-ter-teks'), v.t. [< L. intertexere, in-
terweave, intertwine, < inter, between, + tex-
ere; weave: see text.] To interweave; inter-
twine.

Lilies and roses, flowers of either sex,
The bright bride's path, embellished more than thine,
With light of love this pair doth intertex.

Round many intertropical islands, . . . the bottom of
the sea is entirely coated by irregular masses of coral.

Darwin, Coral Reefs, p. 79.

Intertropical portions of the old world. Science, III. 606.

intertubular (in-ter-tu'bu-lar), a. [< inter- +

tubule + -ar$.] Situated between tubes: as,

the intertubular cells.

B. Jonson, Underwoods, xciv. interturtt, v. t. [< L. interturbare. disturb

intertexture (in-ter-teks'tur), n. [< intertex,
after texture.] The act of interweaving; the
condition of being interwoven ; joint or com-
bined texture.

by interruption,< inter, between, + turbare, dis-
turb, trouble: see trouble, disturb.] To dis-
turb.

Even so do I interturb and trouble you with my bab-
bling. J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 22.

They understood not the salt and ingenuity of a witty .
and useful answer or reply, as is to be seen in the inter- mtertUTbert, n. A disturber.

textures of Aristophanes' comedies._ The world percase fantazlng us to be an interturber of

the peace rather than an indifferent mediator.

Henry VIII., To Wyatt, May, 1538.

Jer. Taylor, Works, I. xxiii.

And the close intertexture of the several parts is as strong

a proof,of unity in the design and execution as the intense jntertwine (in-ter-twin'), v. ; pret. and pp. in-
tertwined, ppr. intertwining. [< inter- + twine,
v.] I. trans. To unite by twining or twisting
one with another; interlace.
Wherever, under some concourse of shades,
Whose branching arms thick intertwined might shield
From dews and damps of night his shelter'd head.

Muton, P. E,,iv. 405.

II. intrans. To twine together; be inter-
woven : as, intertwining vines.

My dwelling stands — a sweet recluse abode !
And o'er my darken'd casement intertwine

life and consistency in the conception of Achilles.

De Quincey, Homer, iii.

intertidal (in-ter-t!'dal), a. [< inter- + tide +
-al.] Living between nigh-water mark and low-
water mark.

At low tide the limpet (being a strictly intertidal organ-
ism) is exposed to the air. Encyc. Brit., XVI. 648.

intertie (in'ter-ti), n. [< inter- + tie.] A short
piece of timber used in roofing, and in timber-
framing generally, to bind upright posts toge-
ther.

intertissuedt (in-ter-tish'ijd), a. [< inter- +
tissued.] Same as etitertissutd.

intertrabecular (in"ter-tra-bek'u-lar), a. [< in- intertwine (iu'ter-twin), n.

ter- + trabecula + -ar$.] Situated between the
cranial trabecute.

intertraffic (in'ter-traf-ik), n. [< inter- + traf-
fic, n.] Traffic between two or more persons
or places ; reciprocal trade.

intertraffic (in-ter-traf 'ik), v. i. ; pret. and pp.
intertrafficked, ppr. intertrafficking. [< inter- +
traffic, v.] To trade together.

And intertrajficke with them, tunne for pound.

Dames, Microcosmos, p. 61.

intertranspicuous (in"ter-trans-pik'u-us), a.
[< inter- 4- transpicuous.] Transpicuous be-
tween. Shelley. [Rare.]

The fragrant briar, the woodbine, and the vine.

Scott, Eclogues, i.

[< intertwine, v.]

A mutual or reciprocal twining or winding.
[Rare.]

Ill

Such intertwine beseems triumphal wreaths
Strewed before thy advancing.

Coleridge, To Wordsworth.

mtertwiningly(in-ter-tw!'ning-li),acfc. By in-
tertwining or being intertwined.
intertwist (in-ter-twisf), v. t. [< inter- +
twist.] To twist one with another; twist or
twine together.

Ye, with your tough and intertu'isted roots,
Grasp the firm rocks ye sprung from.

W. Mason, Caractacus.

an interval in conversation with music ; an in-
terval of ease or of relapse in disease ; a lucid
interval in delirium ; to set trees at intervals of
fifty feet: to breathe only at long intervals; the
clock strikes at intervals of an hour.

This is the freshest, the most bnsie and stirring intermit
or time betweene. that husbandmen have.

Holland, tr. of Pliny, xviii. 26.

Short as the internal is since I last met you In this place
on a similar occasion, the events which have filled up that
interval have not been unimportant. Canning.

There seems to be no interval between greatness and
meanness. Emerson, Heroism.

4. Specifically, in entom., one of the spaces be-
tween longitudinal striaa of the elytra. When the
strise are regular, both they and the intervals are
numbered from the suture outward. — 5. In mu-
sic, the difference or distance in pitch between
two tones. If the tones are sounded simultaneously,
the interval is harmonic ; if successively, melodic. An in-
terval is acoustically described by the ratio between the
vibration-numbers of the two tones : thus, an octave is
represented by the ratio 2 : 1 ; a fifth, by the ratio 3 : 2, etc.
Musically the intervals between the key-note of a major
scale and its several tones are regarded as the standards
with which all possible intervals are compared and from
which they are named. The standard intervals are as fol-
lows: do to do (C to C, F to F, etc.) Is called a first, prime,
or unison; do to re (C to D, F to G, etc.), a second; do to
mi (C to E, F to A, etc.), a third; do to fa (C to F, F to
Bb, etc.), a fourth; do to do' (C to C, F to F', etc.), an
eighth or octave, etc. These intervals are usually further
designated thus : standard firsts, fourths, fifths, and oc-
taves are perfect; standard seconds, thirds, sixths, sev-
enths, ninths, etc., are major. If an interval is a half-step
longer than the corresponding standard interval, it is called
augmented (or sharp, superfluous, extreme, redundant):
thus, do to f (C to FJ, F to BB, etc.) is an augmented fourth;
do to li (C to AJ, F to D& etc.) is an augmented sixth, if
an interval is a half-step shorter than the corresponding
major interval, it is called minor (or flat): thus, do to me
(C to E(j, F to A);, etc.) is a minor third, etc. If an inter-
val is a half -step shorter than the corresponding perfect
or minor interval, it is called diminished : thus, do to sofl>
(C to GK, F to Ch, etc.) is a diminished fifth (also called im-
perfect) ; di tote (CJt to Ah, FJJ to Dh, etc.) is a diminished
sixth, etc. (This nomenclature is ooviously inconsistent,
and another is also in use, according to which all standard
intervals are called major, all a half-step longer than the
corresponding major intervals are called augmented, all a
half-step shorter than the corresponding major are called
minor, and all a half-step shorter than the corresponding
minor are called diminished.) A given interval is mea-
sured and named by comparison with a major scale based
on the lower tone of the interval. Intervals not greater
than an octave are called simple ; those greater than an
octave, compound — compound intervals being reducible
to simple ones by subtracting one or more octaves. When
the upper tone of a simple interval is transposed an octave
downward or its lower tone an octave upward, the inter-
val is said to be inverted : inverted firsts become octaves,
seconds become sevenths, thirds become sixths, etc. ; and
perfect intervals remain perfect, major intervals become
minor, minor intervals become major, augmented inter-
vals become diminished, and diminished intervals become
augmented. Intervals are consonant or dissonant : the per-
fect consonances are standard firsts, fourths, fifths, and
octaves ; the imperfect consonances are major or minor
thirds and sixths ; and the dissonances are major or minor
seconds and sevenths, with all augmented and diminished

interval

intervals. The acoustical values of the more Important
recognized Intervals are as follows:

Pure. Tempered.

Primeorunl-

son (CtoC, Fto F) 1:1 1:1

Augmented

prime (C to CJ, F to FJ) 24 :25

Minor

second
Major

..(CtoD, FtoO) 8:9 (or 9:10)

3157

interviewer

. . .(C to 1%, F to GW 15:16

},„

2. To come between in act ; aot intermediately
or mediatoriallyj interfere or interpose, as be-
tween persons, parties, or states.

Another consideration must here be Interposed, con-
cerning the intervening of presbyters tn the regiment of
the several churches. Jer. rajrfor,Works<ed. 1885X11. 230. ijiterve'ntricular (in'ter-ven

corae between : see intervene.] 1. /uv/™.,samp
us intercessor, 2. — 2. An inspector in a mine,
whose duty it is to report upon the works car-
ried on, and upon the use made of supplies.
(iregory Yale. [Western U. 8.]

-trik'u-

..(C to DJ, F toGJ) 64:76

. .(C to El), F to Ab) 6:6

..(CtoE, Fto A) 4:6

..(CtoF, FtoBb) «:«

second . .
Augmented

second . .
Minor third
Major third
Perfect

fourth . .
Augmented

fourth (trl-

tone) —
Diminished

fifth (C to Ob, F to Q>) 45 : 64 (or 26 : 86)

Perfect fifth. ..(C to 0, F to C) 2:3
Augmented

fifth (C to GJ, F to Cffl 16:26

Minor sixth .. (C to A|j, F to Dh) 6:8
..(CtoA, FtoD) 8:6

But Providence himself will intervene

To throw his dark displeasure o'er the scene

' '

-lilr), a.

[<
+

}l:2*
1:2^

i,. inter, between, + ventricul/ix, ventricle.
^3 j j _ j^ anat piace(j between ventricles,
as those of the heart or brain: as. an interven-
tncular opening in the heart.-!! In ,„/„»,.
coming between the chambers of the dorsal
vessel or heart — Interventrtculax valvulw, In en-
torn., small valves opening toward the anterior end of the
dorsal vessel, and separating the chambers.

. .(C to F$, F to Bfl) 32: 45 (or 18: 25) i

Major sixth.
Augmented

sixth

Minor

seventh . .
Major

seventh . .
Diminished

octave —
Octave

.(C to Aft F to Df) 128 : 225

.(C to Bb, F to E|j) 9:16(or6:9)

.(CtoB, FtoE) 8:16

,(C to CT), F to F>) 136 : 256
.(CtoC" FtoF) 1:2

>s
}•"

commons. J. Adam*, Works, V. 67.

About the time Austria and Prussia proposed to the diet
to intervene in the affairs of Schleswlg on international
grounds. Wooltey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. IL, p. 429.

3. In law, to interpose and become a party to intervenuet, «. [< OF. intervene, entrevenue,
a suit pending between other parties: as, intervention^ tnterventt, pp. .of [**tertemr, inter
stockholders may intervene in a suit against
directors — Intervening subject, In contrapuntal mu-
sic, an intermediate or secondary subject or theme. Syn.
2 and 3. Interfere, Intermeddle, etc. See interpose.

II. trans. To come between ; divide. [Rare.]

The values given in the first column are those of the ideal
intervals, such as are secured by using pure intonation ;
those given in the second column are those of equally tem-
pered intonation, such as is used on keyed instruments, like
the pianoforte and the organ. (See intonation^ and tem-
perament. ) A diatonic interval is one that occurs between
two tones of a normal major or minor scale. A chromatic
interval is one that occurs between a tone of such a scale
and a tone foreign to that scale. An enharmonic interval
is one on an instrument of fixed intonation, that is ap-
parent only in the notation, being in fact a unison, as, on
the pianoforte, the Interval from FJ to Qfe. In musical
science the theory of intervals is introductory to that of
chords and to harmony in general.
6. In logic, a proposition. [Rare.] — Angular
intervals, In attnn. See, angular.— At intervals, (a)
After Intervals. See def. 8. (6) During or between in-
tervals; between whiles or by turns ; occasionally or alter-
nately : as, to rest at intermit.

Miriam watch'd and dozed at intermit.

Tennyson, Enoch Arden.

Consecutive or parallel Intervals. See consecutive.
—Direct interval, in music, an interval In its usual posi-
tion : opposed to inu^rted interval. See def. 5. — Implied
interval. See imply.— Natural intervals. In music,
the Intervals of the diatonic scale.— The extremes of
an Interval See extreme.

intervale (in'ter-val), n. [A var. of interval,
as if < inter- + vale1.] A low level tract of
land, especially along a river; an interval. See
interval, 2. [Local, U. 8.]

At one place along the bank of a stream, there was a
broad tract which Albert thought would make ... "a
beautiful piece of intervale."

Jacob Abbott, Mary Ersklne, ii.

The woody intervale just beyond the marshy land.

The Century, XXIX. 769.

intervallic (in-ter-val'ik), a. [< interval (L.

intervallum) + -ic.] In uninii; pertaining to

intervals ; pertaining to pitch as distinguished

from force, duration, or quality.
intervallumt (in-t6r-val'um), n. [< L. inter-

vallum, an interval: see interval.'] An interval.

I will devise matter enough out of this Shallow to keep
Prince Harry in continual laughter the wearing out of
six fashions, which is four terms, or two actions, and a'
shall laugh without intervallums.

Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 1, 91.

interveined (in-ter-vand'), «. [< inter- +
veined.] Intersected with or as if with veins.

Fair champain with less rivers intenein'd.

Milton, P. R., ill. 257.

intervenant (in-ter-ve'nant), n. [< F. inter-
venant, ppr. of intervenir, intervene: see inter-
vene.] In French law, an intervener; one who
intervenes.

intervene (in-ter-ven'), v. ; pret. and pp. inter-
vened, ppr. intervening. [= F. intervenir = Pr.
iiiterrniiir, entrevenir = Sp. intervenir = Pg.
intrrrir = It. intrrwnirt; < L. intervenire, come
betweeu, < inter, between, + venire, come: see
fitnic.] I. intninn. 1. To come between ; fall
or happen between things, persons, periods,
or events ; be intermediate, or appear or hap-
pen intermediately.

I proceed to those errors and vanities which have inter-
vened amongst the studies.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, i. 38.
No pleasing Intricacies intervene,
No artful wildness to perplex the scene.

Pope, Moral Essays, Iv. 115.

Between the fall of the Duke of Bourbon and the death
of Fleury. a few years of frugal and moderate government
intervened. Maraulay, Mlrabeau.

Self-sown woodlands of birch, alder, Ac., initroening
the different estates. De Quincey.

intervenet, »• [< intervene, v.]
gether; a meeting.

They [Buckingham and Olivarez) had some sharper and
some milder differences, which might easily happen in
such an intervene of grandees, both vehement in the parts
which they swayed. Sir H. Wotton, Reliquiae, p. 287.

intervener (in-tfer-ve'ner), n. One who inter-
venes ; specifically, in law, a third person who
intervenes in a suit to which he was not origi-
nally a party.

intervenience (in-ter-ve'niens), n. [< interve-
nien(t) + -ce.] A coming between ; interven-
tion. [Rare.]

vene : see intervene. Ct. avenue.] Intervention.

Mount.

ntervenular (in-ter-ven'u-lar), a. [< inter- +

renule + -<ir3.] In entoni.. lying between the

veins of an insect's wing.

With the usual marginal row of minute black intenen-
ular lunules. Paekard.

A coming to- intervertt (in-ter-vert'), v. t. [= F. intervertir,
< L. intervertere, turn aside, turn in another
direction, < inter, between, + vertere, turn : see
verse. Cf. avert, divert, invert, etc.] To turn
to another course or to another use; divert;
misapply.

The good never intervert nor mlscognlze the favour and
benefit which they have received.

Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 893.

intervertebra (in-ter-v6r'te-bra), «. ; pi. inter-
vertebra; (-bre). [NL.,< L. j'nfrrjbetween, + ver-
tebra, vertebra: see vertebra.] In Carus's sys-
tem of classification (1828). an intervertebral

L. J | U1I1 \JL 4'lilnmillillltHL ^ .LO**Uy» ail 111 LCI. Vd LfCMl **I

In respect of the intervenience of more successive Instru- element of the skull; the skeleton of a sense-

mental causes. Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 335.
intervenient (in-ter-ve'nient), a. [< L. inter-
venien( t-)s, ppr. of intervenire, come between :
see intervene.] Coming or being between ; in-
tervening. [Bare.]

In the mathematics, that use which Is collateral and
interivnient is no less worthy than that which is principal
and intended. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, il. 172.

On the horizon's verge,

O'er intenenitnt waste, through glimmering haze
Unquestionably kenned, that cone-shaped hill.

organ regarded as of vertebral nature and in-
terposed between successive cranial vertebral
segments. Carus had three such Intervertebra? — audi-
tive, optic, and olfactory. The distinction Is perfectly
sound, and still endures, though Carns's Interpretation
of the homologles of the parts is abandoned. The three
intervertebne are now regarded as the skeletons of the ear,
eye, and nose : namely, the auditory or otic capsule or oto-
crane (the petrosal or petromastoid part of the temporal
bone), the sclerotic coat of the eyeball (extensively ossified
in many animals), and the ethmoid bone (mesethmoid and
pair of ethmotnrbinals).

Wordsuxrrth, Near Aquapendente. intervertebral (in-t6r-ver'te-bral), a. [= F. iw-
intervenium (in-ter-ve'ni-um), w. ; pi. interve- tervertebral ; as inter- + vertebra + -al.] Sit-
nia (-a). K L. intcrvenium, the space between uated between any two successive vertebrae. —
veins "(in the earth, in stones, etc.), < inter, be- Intervertebral disk, the intervertebral flbrocajMtage
rwopn + rma vpin • RPO rein 1 In tint thfi or substance when of discoidal form, as In man.— Inter-
tween, f lena, veil i vetn.\ wt., it vertebral flbrocartilage See fibrocartilage.— inter-
space or area occupied by parenchyma between vertebral foramlnaTsee foramen.- Intervertebral
the veins of leaves. Linaley. substance, in human anat., concentric laminic of flbrou

interventt (in-t6r-venf), v. t. [< L. interven-
tus, pp. of intervenire, come between: see «'n-
tervene.] To obstruct; thwart.

To Ida he descends, and sees from thence
Juno and Pallas haste the Greeks' defence :
Whose purpose his command, by Iris given,
Doth intervent. Chapman, Iliad, viii.

I trust there is both day and means to intervent this bar-
gaine. ff. Ward, Simple Cooler, p. 56.

intervention (in-ter-ven'shon), n. [= F. in-
tervention = Sp. intervencioii = Pg. intervenyflo
= It. interrenzione, < LL. »nferre»tto(»i-)? an in-
terposition, giving security, lit. a coming be-
tween. < L. intervenire. pp. intervening, come be-
tween: see intervene.] 1. The act or state of
intervening; a coming between ; interposition;
mediatorial interference : as, light is interrupt-
ed by the intervention of an opaque body; the
intervention of one state in the affairs of an-
other.

Till In soft steam

From Ocean's bosom his light vapours drawn
With grateful intervention o'er the sky
Their veil diffusive spread.

Mallet, Amyntor and Theodora.
There was no pretext of a restraint upon the king's lib-
erty for an armed intervention in the affairs of France.

Wooltey, Introd. to Inter. Law, J 46.
Let us ever bear in mind that the doctrine of evolution
has for its foundation not the admission of incessant di-
vine intervention!, but a recognition of the original, the im-
mutable flat of God.

J. W. Draper, Pop. Scl. Mo., XXXII. 189.

2. In law, the act by which a third person in-
terposes and becomes a party to a suit pending
between other parties. =Syn. Interference, Media-
tion, etc. See interposition.

interventionist (in-ter-ven'shon-ist, n. [< m-
tfrrrnttoH + -ist.] In med., one who favors in- ,

tissue and more internally flbrocartilage, with soft i
matter in the Interior, forming an elastic cushion beti
any two contiguous vertebral bodies.
interview (in'ter-vu), n. [Early mod. E. enter-
view; < OF. entrevue, F. entrevue, interview,
meeting, < entrevoir, refl., meet, visit, < entre,
between, + voir, see, > vue, view, sight: see
view.] 1. A meeting of persons face to face;
usually, a formal meeting for conference.

To bring your most imperial majesties
Unto this bar and royal interview.

Shalt., Hen. V., v. 2, 27.

'Twas in the temple where I first beheld her. . . .
The church hath first begun our interrieir,
And that's the place must join us into one.

MMdlrtan, Changeling, I. 1.
But if the busie tell-tale day
Our happy enterview betray—
Lest thou confesse too, melt away.

Habington, Castara, L

2. Injotirnaligtn: (a) A conversation or collo-
quy held with a person whose views or state-
ments are sought for the purpose of publishing
them.
Mr. 's refusal was full notice . . . that there would

be no use in trying to get out of him through an interview
what he was not willing to furnish through his own pen.
The Kation, Nov. 18, 1886.

(6) A report of such a conversation,
nterview (in'ter-vu), v. [Early mod. E. en-
tervieu, enterveu ; < intervieu)r n.] I. trans. To
have an interview with ; visit as an interview-
er, usually with the purpose of publishing what
is said.

H.t intrans. To hold an interview; converge
or confer together. [Kare.]

Their mutual! frendes . . . exhorted thelm ... to

met* and enteruieu in some place decent and connenient-
llnll. Hen. VI., an. 12.

terfering with the course of a disease for there- interviewer (in'ter-vu-er), n. One who inter-
peutic purposes under certain circumstances, views; a person, especially a newspaper re-

as contrasted with one who under these circum- *— ~- :-

stances would leave the patient to nature,
interventor (m-t£r-ven'tpr), ». [< L. interven-
tor, one who comes in. a visitor, LL. a sure-
ty, an intercessor, < intervctiire, pp. intervening,

porter, who holds an interview or practises in-
terviewing for the purpose of publishing what
is said to nim.
The interviewer is a product of over-civilization.

0. IT. Holmet, The Atlantic, LI. 72.

interviewing

interviewing (in'ter-vu-ing), «. [Verbal n.
of interview, «.] The practice of seeking inter-
views and colloquy, especially with persons of
some importance or consplcuoiisness, for the
purpose of publishing their remarks in news-
papers.

When interviewing began to be a regular enterprise, a
few years ago, the English leader-writers denounced it
as the most dreadful form which American impertinence
had yet assumed. The Nation, Nov. 29, 1883, p. 440.

This led to an article on intervietcing in the Nation of
January 28, 1869, which was the first formal notice of the
practice under that name, and caused the adoption of the
term both in this country and in England.

The American, IX. 329.

intervisible (in-ter-viz'i-bl), a. [< inter- + visi-
ble.'] Mutually visible ; that may be seen the
one from the other: applied to signal- and sur-
veying-stations.

intervisit (in-ter-viz'it), ?'. i. [< inter- + risit,
v.] To exchange visits. [Rare.]

Here we trifled and bathed, and intermitted with the
company who frequent the place for health.

Evelyn, Diary, June 27, 1654.

intervisit (in-ter-viz'it), «. [< intervisit, v.]
An intermediate visit. Quarterly Rev . [Rare.]

intervital (in-ter-vi'tal), a. [< L. inter, be-
tween, + vita, .life: see vital.] Between two
lives; pertaining to the intermediate state be-
tween death and the resurrection. [Rare.]

If Sleep and Death be truly one,

And every spirit's folded bloom

Thro' all its intervital gloom
In some long trance should slumber on.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, xliii.

intervocalic (in//ter-vo-kal'ik), a. [< inter-
+ L. vocalis, a vowel: see vocalic.] Between
vowels.

Showing that i ntervocalic i of the Provencal MSS. should
not invariably be reproduced as J.

Amer. Jour. Philol., VIII. 490.

intervolivtion (in"ter-v6-lu'shon), n. [< inter-
volve, after volution.] The state of being inter-
volved. [Rare.]

intervolve (in-ter-volv'), <;. /. ; pret. and pp. iii-
tervolved, ppr. intervolving. [< L. inter, between,
among, + volverc, roll: see volute.] To wind or
involve reciprocally, or one within another.
Mystical dance, which yonder starry sphere
Of planets, and of ftx'd, in all her wheels
Resembles nearest, mazes intricate,
Eccentric, interoolved, yet regular
Then most when most irregular they seem.

Milton, P. L., v. 623.

Great Artist ! Thou, whose finger set aright
This exquisite machine, with all its wheels,
Though intervolv'd, exact.

Young, Night Thoughts, ix.

interweave (in-ter-wev'), v. t.; pret. inter-
wove, pp. interwoven (sometimes interwove,inter-
weaved), ppr. interweaving. [< inter- + weave.]

1. To weave together into a single fabric, as
two or more different materials or strands: as,
to interweave silk and cotton.

A mass of silvery gauze was thrown back, revealing
Cicely attired in an old-fashioned ball dress made of lace
interwoven with silver threads.

Barker's Mag., LXXVIH. 254.

2. To intermingle as if by weaving ; blend in-
timately; intertwine; interlace.

Words interwove with sighs found out their way.

MMon, P. L., i. 621.

He so interweaves truth with probable fiction that he
puts a pleasing fallacy upon us. Dryden.

He has interwoven in the Body of his Fable a very beau-
tiful and well invented Allegory.

Addison, Spectator, No. 273.

interwind (in-ter-wind'), v. i.; pret. and pp. in-
terwound, ppr. interwinding. [< inter- + wind1,
v.] To move in a serpentine course, as one
among others moving in the same manner.
[Rare.]

Uncounted sails which . . . pass and repass, wind and
interwind. E. S. Phelps, Sealed Orders.

interwisht (in-ter-wish'), v. t. [< inter- + wish.]
To wish mutually.

The veuome of all stepdames, gamesters' gall,
What tyrants and their subjects interwish.

Donne, The Curse.

interwork(in-ter-werk'), v. i. [< inter- + work:]
1. To work together; act with reciprocal ef-
fect.— 2. To work between ; operate interme-
diately.

The doctrine of an interworlting providence.
E. H. Sears, The Fourth Gospel the Heart of Christ, p. 335.

interworld (in'ter-werld), re. [< inter- + world.]
A world between other worlds.

Other worlds, or imaginary inter-worlds and spaces be-
tween. Ilottand, tr. of Plutarch, p. 640.

interwoiind1 (iu-ter-wond' or -wound'), v. t, [<
inter- + wound1.] To wound mutually.

3158

The Captain chuses but three hundred out ;
And, arming each but with a Trump and Torch,
About a mighty Pagan Hoast doth march,
Making the same, through their drad sodain sound,
With their owne Arms themselues to inter-wound.
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The t'aptaines.

Hence discontented sects and schisms arise ;
Hence interwounding controversies spring,
That feed the simple, and offend the wise.

Daniel, Musophilus.

interwound2 (in-ter-wound'). Preterit and past
participle of interwind.

interwove (in-ter-wov'). Preterit and occa-
sional past participle of interweave.
interwoven (in-ter-wo'vn). Past participle of
interweave.

interwreathe (iu-ter-reTH'), r. t. ; pret. and
pp. inter wreathed, ppr. interwreathing. [< inter-
+ wreathe.] To twist or plait into a wreath.
[Rare.]

Say, happy youth, crown'd with a heav'nly ray
Of the first flame, and interwreathed bay,
Inform my soul in labour to begin,
los or anthems, paeans or a hymn.

Lovelace, Posthuma, ii., To Mr. E. R.

interWTOUght (in-ter-raf). A preterit and past
participle of interwork.

interzOOBCial (in"ter-zo-e'sial), «. [< inter- +
zoceeium + -al. ] Intervening between or among
the zooecia of a polyzoan: as, "the interzocecial
pores," Nature, XXX. 306.

interzygapophysial (in-ter-zi"ga-po-fiz'i-al), «.
[< inter- + zyyapophysis + -al.] Situated be-
tween the zygapophyses or articular processes
of a vertebra.

intestable (in-tes'ta-bl), a. [= F. intestable =
It. intestabile, < L. intestaWis, disqualified from
witnessing or making a will, < in- priv. + ten-
tabilis, qualified to give testimony: see testable'2.
Of. intestate.] Legally unqualified or disquali-
fied to make a will : as, an idiot or a lunatic is
intestable.

Such persons as are intertable for want of liberty or
freedom of will are by the civil law of various kinds ; as
prisoners, captives, and the like. But the law of England
does not make such persons absolutely intestable.

Blackstone, Com., II. xxxii.

intestacy (in-tes'ta-si), n. [< intesta(te) + -cy.]
The condition of 'dying intestate or without
leaving a valid will; the leaving of property
not disposed of, or not effectually disposed of,
by will. Partial intestacy exists where some of the
property is effectually bequeathed, but not all.

The statute 31 Edward III. c. 11. provides that, in case
of intestacy, the ordinary shall depute the nearest and most
lawful friends of the deceased to administer his goods.

Blackstone, Com., II. xxxii.

intestate (iu-tes'tat), «. and n. [= F. intestat
= Sp. Pg. intestado = It. intentato, < L. intesta-
tns, having made no will, < in- priv. + testatns,
having made a will, pp. of testari, make a will:
see test2, testament. Of. intestable.] I. a. 1.
Having made no will, or no valid will ; having
left property not effectually disposed of by will.
The decedent is properly said to have died intestate as to
any part of his property not so disposed of.

In case a person made no disposition of such of his
goods as were testable, whether that were only part or the
whole of them, he was, and is, said to die intestate.

Blackstone, Com., II. xxxii.

The ecclesiastical jurisdiction in testamentary matters
and the administration of the goods of persons dying in-
testate was peculiar to England and the sister kingdoms.
Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 400.

Children inherited equally as co-partners the property
of intestate parents, whether real or personal.

Bancroft, Hist. IT. S., I. 884.

2. Not disposed of by will ; not legally devised
or bequeathed: as, an intestate estate — intes-
tates' Estates Act, an English statute of 1884 (47 and 48
Viet., c. 71) relating to administration of personal estate,
and escheat of real estate.

II. n. A person dying without making a valid
will, or leaving any property not effectually
bequeathed.

in testimonium (in tes-ti-mo'ni-um). [L.: ix,
in, for; testimonium, ace. of testimonium, wit-
ness, testimony: see testimony.] In witness.

Intestina (in-tes-ti'na), n.pl. [NL., neut. pi. of
intestinus, internal: see intestine.] Intestinal
worms — that is, worms living in the intestines
of other animals ; entozoa in general, it was the
first Linnean order of the class Vermes, including worms
which for the most part inhabit the bodies of other ani-
mals. The term has no exact technical meaning, and is
not now in use. Also Intestinalia.

intestinal (in-tes'ti-nal), a. [= F. intestinal
= Sp. Pg. It. intestinale, < NL. intestinalis, (.
li.intestinum, an intestine: see intestine, n.] 1.
Of or pertaining to the intestine, or the intes-
tines in general ; enteric : as, the intestinal tube
or tract; intestinal movements.

intestine

The ciecum has been called the second stomach, the
idea once being that in it the final process of intestinal
digestion was carried out.

B. W. Richardson, Prevent. Med., p. 117.

2. Having an intestine or enteron: the oppo-
site of anenterous: applied to nearly all the
Metazoa as distinguished from the Protozoa.
— 3. Inhabiting the intestine; entozoic; of
or pertaining to the Intestina or Intestinalia.
—Intestinal fever. See feveri.— Intestinal follicle.
See follicle, 2.— Intestinal glands. See gland.— In-
testinal Juice, the secretion found in the intestine, or
more strictly that secreted by the intestinal glands them-
selves, independently of the gastric, pancreatic, and he-
patic contributions ; succus entericus. It has some, but
apparently unimportant, digestive power. — Intestinal
navel, worm, etc. See the nouns.

Intestinales (in-tes-ti-na'lez), n. pi. [NL., pi.
of intestinalis, intestinal: see intestinal.] The
intestinal ascidians, in which the intestinal
canal lies entirely behind the small branchial
sac, as in the salps: distinguished from the
branchial ascidians.

Intestinalia (in-tes-ti-na'li-a), n. pi. [L. , neut.
pi. of intestinalis: Bee intestinal.] Same as In-
testina.

intestine (in-tes'tin), a. and n. [= F. intestin
= Sp. Pg. It. intestine, < L. intestinus, inward,
internal, intestine (neut. intestinum, usually in
pi. intestina, entrails), < intus, within, < in = E.
in : see in1. -Cf. internal arid entrails, from the
same source.] I. a. 1. Internal; inward; per-
taining to the interior part of something.

Epilepsies, fierce catarrhs,
Intestine stone and ulcer. Milton, P. L.,xi. 484.

From chaos and parental darkness came
Light, the first fruits of that intestine broil,
That sullen ferment, which for wondrous ends
Was ripening in itself. Keats, Hyperion, ii.

2f. Inner; innate; inborn.
Everything labours under an intestine necessity.

Oudworth.

3. Internal with regard to a company, com-
munity, or nation; domestic: usually applied
to what is evil: as, intestine feuds.

Thair was not sen King Keneths days
Sic strange intestine crewel stryf.

Battle of Harlaw (Child's Ballads, VII. 189).
Hereof aryse these intestine batails betwixt the crysten
kynges, to prepare the waye more esey for the Turke to
inuade vs. Joye, Expos, of Daniel, v.

No country in Europe . . . was so sorely afflicted with
intestine anarchy as Castile. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int.

The boycotter thus becomes the intestine enemy of so-
ciety and its peace. The Century, XXXII. 321.

Intestine motion, the motion of very small parts of a
body, as of molecules.

EC. n. In (mat. the lower part of the alimen-
tary canal, extending from the pyloric end of the
stomach to the anus; gut; bowel: in popular
use usually in the plural: the guts; bowels; en-
trails. In a wider sense, in biology, the term is also used
to include the whole alimentary Canal or enteron. (See ali-
mentary and enteron.) In man, as in other vertebrates and
many invertebrates, the intestine is the tube into which
partly digested food is received from the stomach, for the
completion of the digestive process by the action upon
the food of certain secretions (as the hepatic, pancre-
atic, and intestinal), the draw-
ing of! of the assimilable ma-
terial by the blood-vessels and
lacteals, and the ejection of the
refuse or non-assimilable sub-
stances, as feces or excrement,
by the anus. The length of the
human intestine is Jive or six
times that of the body, such
extent representing, perhaps,
an average of relative length;
the intestine is generally short-
er in carnivorous animals, and
longer in those which are her-
bivorous. It is a musculomem-
branous tube invested with a
peritoneal coat, lined with mu-
cous membrane, and having
in its walls both longitudinal
and circular muscular fibers.
It lies coiled in many convolu-
tions in the abdomen, the coils
being freely movable, though
the tube as a whole is held in
place by mesenteric folds of

,1

Human Stomach and Intes-
tines.

a, vermiform appendage :
ascending col -

peritoneum. Into it are poured £,f"^t£&2l£i of IS-

the secretions of the liver and mach; rf, duodenum; tfc.de-

*, .UU....U..L... v. esophagus:

tube in man and mammals gen- py, pyloric end of stomach.

erallvhascaused its division ill- whence the coiled small intes-
to a small and a largeintestine. g&fSSSSsSpg'KE
Theformerextendsfromthepy. verse colon.
lorus to the iliocrccal valve, and

is subdivided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The
latter consists of the crecum or head of the colon, with its
appendix venntformis ; of the colon proper, divided into
ascending, transverse, and descending; and of the rectum
or straight gut, continued from the descending colon by
the sigmoid flexure. The small intestine is smoothly and
simply tubular ; the large is more or less extensively sac-
fillnted. This distinction does not hold as a rule below

intestine

iiKiinmnls, In many of which, also, the crecum Is nf com-
paratively rnormous extent. Thus, In liinl«, in which
there are commonly n pair of crcca. t lie site nf these organs
marks the only distinction between the pier. Mini.' ami
succeeding portions of the tube. In many lower verte-
brates, as nahee.cieca may be very numerous, and situated
near the pylorus. In all vertebrates the cavity of the in-
testine is primitively continuous with that of the umbil-
ical vesicle, and in those which have an allantoia with the
cavity of that organ. In Its simplest jiossihlc fonn the
intestine represents the Interior of a gustrula. ** cut
under ijanlrula.

The intestines appear to be affected with albuminoid
disease next In frequency to the spleen, liver, kidneys, and
lymphatic glands. Quoin, Med. Diet., p. 750.

Clavate Intestine. See efamfei.— Thick Intestine,
in certain insects, a distention of the posterior end of the
ileum. forming a large blind sac which la turned back
toward the veiitriculus. It is thickened, and ridged on
the inner surface. Its function appears to be to subject
the food to a second digestion before It Is passed out of
the body.

intestinifprm (iu-tes'ti-ni-f6rm), a. [< L. »'»-
testiiiuiii, intestine, + forma, shape.] Resem-
bling an intestine in form.

Stomach greatly elongated, intestiniform.

Quoted In Eneyc. Brit., I. 415.

intextt, n. [< L. intextwt, an interweaving, join-
ing together/ intexere, interweave, weave into,
< in, in, + texere, weave : see text, and cf. con-
text.] The text of a book; the contents.

I had a book which none
Co'd reade the intact but my selfe alone.

Harriet, To his Cloiet-Oods, 1. 6.

intextine (in-teks'tin), n. [< L. intus, within,
+ E. extine.'] In hot., a supplementary mem-
brane which is sometimes present in the outer
coat (extine) of pollen-grams, as in (Knothera,
where the extine separates into a true extine
and an intextine.

intextured (in-teks'turd), a. [< L. intexere,
pp. intextus, inweave,"? in, in, + texere, weave.
Cf. texture.} Woven or worked in. Wright.

in thesi (in the'si). [L.: in, in; thesi, abl. of
thesis, thesis: see thesis.'] As a proposition;
in the nature of a thesis.

inthirstt (in-thersf), »• *• [< '"-1 + thirst.'] To
affect with thirst; make thirsty.

Using our pleasure as the traveller doth water, not as
the drunkard does wine, whereby he Is Inflamed and in
thirsted the more. Bp. Ilail, Christian Moderation, I. 8.

inthrall, inthral, r. t. See enthrall.
inthralment, inthrallment, «. See enthral-

ment.

inthrone (in-thron'), v. t. See enthrone.
inthrong (in-throng'), ». ». [< in1 + throng."]

To throng in.
His people like a flowing stream inthrong. Fairfax.

inthronizatet, «• [< ML. inthronizatus, pp. of
inthronizare, enthrone: see enthronize.] En-
throned.

In the (east of all saintes, the archbishop was inthro-
nizate at Cantorburie.

HMnshed, Chron., II., V 6, coL 2. (Norn.)

inthronization (in-thro-ni-za'shou), n. See en-

Ilironization.

inthronize (in-thro'nlz), v. t. See enthronize.
inticet, inticementt, etc. Obsolete forms of
entice, etc.

intilt (in-til'), prep. [< ME. intil, intyl « O8w.
intil, in til, Sw. infill = Dan. indtil), a var. of un-
til: see until. Cf. I'M to.] 1. Into; in.
It was infill a pleasant time,

Upon a simmer's day.

The Earl of Mar" » Daughter (Child's Ballads, I. 171).
She's ta'en the keys iniill her hand,
And threw them deep, deep In the sea.

77,, Knight'i Ghost (Child's Ballads, I. 211).
2. Unto.

Although he sought oon intyl Inde.

Born. o/ the Rose, I. 624.
But age, with his stealing steps,
Hath elaw'd me in his clutch,
And hath shipped me intil the land,
As if I had never been such.

Shalt., Hamlet, T. 1, 81.

intima(in'ti-ma),n.; pl.in<»m«(-me). [NL.,fem.
of L. intimus, inmost: see intimate.'] In zool.
and anal., an intimate (that is, an innermost or
lining) membrane, coating, or other structure
of some part or organ; Hpecifically, the inner-
most coat of an artery or vein, consisting of the
endothelial lining backed by connective and
clastic tissue. The full term is tunica intima.

\\ hen the larva undergoes ecdysis, the intima of a por-
tion of the tracheal system is also cast off by means of some
of these chords. Oeyenoaur, Coinp. Anat. (trans. >, p. 289.

The coats which were found to have undergone morbid
change were thet'nfwmz and the middle coat.

Lancet, No. 3424, p. 749.

intimacy (in'ti-ma-si), «.; pi. intimacies (-siz).
[< intima(te) + -<•!/.] 1. The state of being
intimate; close union or conjunction.
199

3159

Explosions occur only . . . where the elements con-
cerned are . . . distributed among one another molecu-
larly, or, as in gunpowder, with minute intimacy.

II. Spencer, 1'rin. of Psychol., | 35.

2. Close familiarity or fellowship; intimate
friendship.

Rectory and Hall,
Bound In an immemorial intimactff
Were open to each other.

Tennyson, Aylmer's field.

The peculiar art of alternate gushing intimacy and cool
oblivlousness, so well known to London fashionable wo-
men. Peep at Our Cousins, IT.
= Byn. Familiarity, etc. See acquaintance.
intimadot, »• [Appar. < Sp. Pg. intimado (pp.)
= E. intimate (a. and ».); but no such use of
Sp. Pg. appears.] An intimate friend ; a con-
fidant.
Did not I say he was the Earl's Intimadot

Roger North, Examen, p. 23.

intimae, ». Plural of intima.
intimate (in'ti-mat), v. t.: pret. and pp. inti-
mated, ppr. intimating. [< L. intimatus, pp. of
intimare (> It. intimare = Sp. Pg. Pr. intimar =
F. intimer), put or bring into, press into, an-
nounce, publish, make known, intimate, < inli-
mus (> ult. E. intime), inmost, innermost, most
intimate, superl. (cf. interior, compar. ) of intus,
within, < in, in: see interior.'] 1. To make
known, especially in a formal manner; an-
nounce.

The coniuratoures . . . Imagined wyth themselfes that
their enterpryse was intimate and published to the kyng.

Ho«,Hen. IV., an. 1.

At lost he found the most gracious Prince Sigismundus,
with his Colonell at Lipswlck In Misenland, who gave him
his Passe, intimating the service he had done.

Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 43.

Each Highland family has a domestic spirit called ban-
shee, who intimatet approaching disaster by shrieks and
waitings. Chambers's Journal, No. 748.

2. Specifically, to make known by indirect
means or words; hint or suggest; indicate;
point out.

This fable intimatet an extraordinary and almost singu-
lar thing. Bacon, Moral Fables, vil., Expl.

We intimated our minds to them by signs, beckoning
with our hand. Rob. Knnx (Arber's Eng. Garner, 1. 421).

He did not receive us very politely, but said he wonder *d
for what end the Franks went up to the Cataracts, and ask'd
if I had a watch to sell : which is a way they have of inti-
matiny that they want such a present.

Pococke, Description of the East, 1. 83.
= Syn. 2. Suggest, Insinuate, etc. See Unfl, v. (.
intimate (m'ti-mat), a. and n. [< L. intima-
tus, pp., made known, intimate: see the verb.]

1. a. 1 . Inner ; inmost ; intrinsic ; pertaining to
minute details or particulars: as, the intimate
structure of an organism; the intimate princi-
ples of a science.

Enough beauty of climate hangs over these Roman cot-
tages and farm-houses, . . . but their charm for seekers
of the picturesque is the way in which the lustrous air
seems to illuminate their intimate desolation.

II. Jaw*'*, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 148.

2. Pertaining to the inmost mind; existing in
one's inner thoughts or feelings; inward: as,
intimate convictions or beliefs; intimate know-
ledge of a subject.

They knew not

That what I motion 'd was of Ood ; I knew
From intimate impulse. Milton, S. A. , 1. 223.

His characteristics were prudence, coolness, steadiness
of purpose, and inlimnlf knowledge of men.

Prescott, Kerd. and Isa., ii. 24.

3. Closely approximating or coalescing; near;
familiar: as, intimate relation of parts; inti-
mate union of particles; intimate intercourse.

When the multitude were thundered away from any
approach, he [Moses] was honoured with an intimate and
immediate admission. South, Sermons.

I crown thee [Winter] king of intimate delights,
Fire side enjoyments, homeborn happiness.

Coirper, Task, Iv. 139.

4. Close in friendship or acquaintance; on
very familiar terms ; not reserved or distant.

I sent for three of my friends. We are so ultimate that
we can be company in whatever state of mind we meet,
and can entertain each other without expecting always to
rejoice. Stetle, Taller, No. 181.

Barbara . . . took Winifred's waist in the turn of her
arm — as Is the way of young women, especially of such
as are intimate enemies.

J. W. Palmer, After his Kind, p. 282.

5. Familiarly associated; personal.

These diminutive, intimate things bring one near to the
old Roman me. ... A little glass cup that Roman lips
have touched says more to us than the great vessel of an
arena. //. Jama, Jr., Little Tour, p. 214.

II. n. A familiar friend, companion, or guest;
one who has close social relations with another
or others.

Poor Mr. Murphy was an intimate of my first husband's.
Mrt. Thrak-Piozzi, Aug. ••:>, 1-10.

intinction

Thackeray was one of the intimates at fJore House.

IF. Il,-*,int, 1 If ly Years Ago, p. 204.

I testify that our lord and our Prophet and our friend

Mohham'mad In his servant, and his apostle, and his elect,

and his intimate, the guide of the way, and the lamp of

the dark.

Quoted in K. W. Lane'i Modern Egyptians, I. 101.

intimatedt (in'ti-ma-ted), a. Made intimate
or friendly ; intimate.

A goodly view of majesty it was

To see such intimatftf league betwixt them.
O, what a gladsome sight of joy It Is
When monarchs so are llnk'u in amity !
Ford, Honour Triumphant, Monarchs' Meeting.

intimately (in'ti-mat-li), adv. In an intimate
manner; inwardly ;' closely ; familiarly: as, to
know anything intimately ; two fluids intimately
mixed; two writers intimately associated.

intimation (in-ti-ma'shpn), n. [= F. intima-
tion = Pr. intimation = bp. intimacion = Pg. in-
tima^So = It. intimazione, < L. intimatio(n-), an
announcement, < intimare, announce : see inti-
mate.'] 1. The act of intimating or announ-
cing.— 2. An announcement; a formal decla-
ration or notification: as, an intimation from
the Foreign Office.

The intimation* and surveys necessary for obtaining
drawbacks, debentures, or bounties, according to the Ex-
cise laws. Ure, Diet, I. 576.

3. Information indirectly or covertly impart-
ed; a suggestion or hint; an implied meaning:
as, an intimation that one's presence is not de-
sired; intimation of danger.

Besides the more solid parts of learning, there are sev-
eral little intimations to be met with on medals, that are
very pleasant to such as are conversant In this kind of
study. Addition, Ancient Medals, i.

If they [the Sodducees] had rejected the prophets, he
[Josephus] would have charged them with It expressly,
and not have left us to collect it from oblique hints and
dork intimation*. J&rtin, Remarks on Eccles. Hist., App.

Let us compare with the exact details of Dante the dim
inKmaKata of Milton. Macaulay, Milton.

=8yn. 3. Suggestion, Intimation, etc. See Aintl, r. t,
intimet, «. [< F. iittime = So. intimo = Pg. It.
intimo, < L. intimus, inmost, intimate : see in-
timate, v. and «.] Intimate; inward; close.

The composition or dissolution of mixed bodies . . . is
the chief work of elements, and requires an intime appli-
cation of the agents. Sir K. Dtgby, On Bodies, v. i 6.

intimidate (in-tim'i-dat), v. t.; pret. and pp.
intimidated, ppr. intimidating. [< ML. tnfimt-
datus, pp. of intimidarc (> Sp. Pg. intimidar =
F. intimider), make afraid, < L. in, in, + timi-
du&, afraid, timid: see timid.'] To make timid
or fearful; make afraid; inspire with fear; de-
ter by threats. See intimidation, 2.

When a government Is firm, and factions are weak, the
making some public examples may intimidate a faction
otherwise disheartened.

Bp. Burnet, Hist. Reformation, an. 1553.

One day a single man on horseback came and told me
that there was a large cavern under the temple, where
often a great number of rogues lay hid, and bid me take
care, seeming to design to intimidate me.

Poeoete, Description of the East, I. 91.

= Syn. To abash, frighten, scare, daunt, cow.
intimidation (in-tim-i-da'shon), n. [= F. in-
timidation = Sp. intimidacion = Pg. intimidayffo,
< ML. as if 'intimidatio(n-'), < intimidare, in-
timidate: see intimidate.'] 1. The act of intim-
idating or making fearful, or the state of being
intimidated ; fear excited by threats or hostile
acts.

Before the accession of James the First, or, at least, dur-
ing the reigns of his three Immediate predecessors, the
government of England was a government by force : that
is, the king carried his measures in parliament by intimi-
dation. Paley, Moral Phllos., vi. 7.

One party is acted on by bribery, the other by inMmt-
Jatiini. The Times (London), Oct. S, 1866.

2. In law, the wrongful use of violence or a
threat of violence, direct or indirect, against
any person with a view to compel him to do
or to abstain from doing some act which he
has a legal right to do or to abstain from doing.

intimidatory (in-tim'i-da-to-ri), a. [< intimi-
date + -ory.] Producing or intended to pro-
duce intimidation.

intinction (in-tingk'shon). n. [< LL. intinc-
tio(n-), a dipping in, a baptizing. < L. intin-
gere, intinguere, pp. intinettttt, dip in, LL. bap-
tize, < L. in, in, + tingere, pp. tinctus, tinge, dye :
see tinge.'] If. The act of dyeing. Blouiit. —
2. In the Greek and other Oriental churches,
the act of steeping parts of the hosts or con-
secrated oblates in the chalice, in order thus
to communicate the people with both species
(of bread and of wine). For this purpose the
cochlear or eucharistic spoon is used, except by the
Armenians. In the Western Church intinctimi is men-
tioned in the seventh las a method of communion for the
sick already in the llfth) century, and was a general prac-

intinction

tice in the tenth anil two succeeding centuries. It fell
into disuse with the denial of the chalice to communi-
cants. Inunction is to be distinguished from the act of
commixture, which is done with a particle of the host or
oblate with which the priest communicates himself.

intinctivityt (in-tingk-tiv'i-ti), ». [< L. in- priv.
+ tinctus, pp. of tingere, dye (see tinge, mat).
+ -ive + -ity. Formally, < in-'* + "tiuctivity, <
"tinctive + -ity.'] Lack of coloring quality: as,
the intinctivity of fullers' earth. Kirwan.

intine (iu'tin), «. [< L. intus, within, + -ine2.]
In hot., the inner coat of the shell of the pollen-
grains in phenogamous plants, of the spores of
fungi, etc. It is a transparent, extensible mem-
brane of extreme tenuity.

These become invested by a double envelope, a firm ex-
tine, and a thin intine. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., §386.

intire, intirely, etc. Obsolete or dialectal forms
of entire, entirely, etc.

intiset, »• *• An obsolete form of entice.

intitlet, »• t. An obsolete form of entitle. B.Jon-
son.

intitulationt, »• [< ML. *intttulntio(n-), < in-
titulare, intitule : see intitule.'] The act of en-
titling, or conferring a title. Bailey.

intitule (iu-tit'ul), v. t. ; pret. and pp. intituled,
ppr. intituling. ' [Also entitule; < F. intituler =
Pr. entitolar, intitular = Sp. Pg. intitular = It.
intitulare, intitolare, < ML. intitulare, entitle, <
L. in, on, + titulus, a title: see title. Cf. entitle,
a doublet of intitule.'] To give a right or title
to, or distinguish or call by, as a title or name ;
entitle or entitule. [Obsolete, or exceptionally
used only in the latter sense, as in acts of the
British Parliament.]

But beauty, in that white intituled,

From Venus' doves doth challenge that fair field.

Shah., Lucrece, 1. 57.

I did converse this quondam day with a companion of
the king's, who is intituled, nominated, or called Don Adri-
ano de Arinado. Shak., L. L. L., v. 1, 8.

That infamous rhapsody, intituled
" The Maid of Orleans." Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 2.

into (in'to), prep. [< ME. into, < AS. in to (two
words), into: in, in; to, to. Cf. onto and unto.']

1. In and to; to and in: implying motion : used
to express any relation, as of presence, situa-
tion, inclusion, etc., that is expressed by in, ac-
companied by the idea of motion or direction in-
ward. Compare in1, (a) Of motion or direction in-
ward : after such verbs as go, come, run, fly, flee, fall, bring,
lead, throw, put, look, show, etc.

Thenne entreth »/rt to the Schyp azen, and by syde the
Haveue of Tyre, and come nought to Lande.

Mandeville, Travels, p. 126.

From God, the fountaine of all good, are deriued into the
world all good things.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 79.
The governour and Mr. Winthrop wrote their letters
into England to mediate their peace.

Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. 163.
The Interpreter takes them apart again, and has them
first into a room where was a man that could look no way
but downward. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 250.

(6) Of change of condition : after such verbs as pass, fall,
grow, change, convert, transmute, etc. Into, as thus indi-
cating change, may when used with an intransitive verb
give it a transitive force : as, to talk a man into submis-
sion ; to reason one's self into error.

For many ban into mischiefe fall,
And bene of ravenous Wolves yrent.

Spenser, Shep. Cal., September.

Know ye not that so many of us as were baptized into

Jesus Christ were baptized into his death? Kom. vi. 3.

Samoa is hilly, and, like all the other islands, is very

rocky ; it runs naturally into wood, of which there are all

sorts that grow in Asia.

Pococke, Description of the East, II. ii. 24.

Those two blush-roses [on a girl's cheeks] . . . turned

into a couple of damasks. 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, p. 239.

2. In: not implying motion : as, he fought in to
the Revolution. [Prov. Eng., Scotch, and U. S.]

Lord Ingram wooed the Lady Maiserey,
Into her father's ha'.

Childe Vyet (Child's Ballads, II. 73).
They hadna stayed into that place
A month but and a day.
Sir Patrick Spens (Child's Ballads, III. 340).
3f. Unto; until. Compare intil.

Heil be thou, Marie, gloriouse moder hende !
Meeknes & honeste, with abstynence, me sende,
With chastite & charite into my lyues ecnde.

Hymns to Viryin, etc. (E. E. T. ».), p. 7.
Lete it stonde in a glas vpon a litil fler into the tyme
that the vynegre be colourid reed.

Booh of Quinte Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 10.
4. Within, implying deficiency: as, the pole was
long enough into a foot. [Local, New Eng.]
intolerability (in-tol"e-ra-bil'i-ti), n. [= F.
intolerabilite = Sp. intoler'abilidad ; as intolera-
ble + -ity: see -bility.] The state or character
of being intolerable.

The goodness 0{ y0ur true pun is in the direct ratio of
itsintalcrabi/iti/. poe, Marginalia, Int.

3160

intolerable (in-tol'e-ra-bl), a. [Formerly also
intolerable; < ME. intollerable, < OF. intolerable,
F. intolerable = Sp. intolerable = Pg. intoleravel
= It. intollerabile, < L. intolerabilis, that cannot
bear, or cannot be borne, < in- priv. + tolera-
bilis, that can be borne : see tolerable.] Not
tolerable ; not to be borne or endured ; insup-
portable; insufferable; insufferably objection-
able or offensive : as, intolerable pain, heat, or
cold; an intolerable burden.

For lenger to endure it is intollerable.

Lamentation of 11. Magdalene, 1. 372.

That huge amphitheatre wherein those constant ser-
vants of lesus Christ willingly suffered many intollerable
and bitter tortures for his sake. Coryat, Crudities, I. 63.

0 monstrous ! but one halfpennyworth of bread to this
intolerable deal of sack ! Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4, 592.

And in matters of Religion there is not any thing more
intollerable then a learned foole, or a learned Hypocrite.

Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.
The hatred and contempt of the public are generally
felt to be intolerable. llacaulay, Mill on Government.
=Syn. Unbearable, unendurable, insupportable,
intolerableness (in-tol'e-ra-bl-nes), n. The
character of being intolerable or insufferable.
intolerably (in-tol'e-ra-bli), adv. To an intol-
erable degree ; beyond endurance : as, intolera-
bly noisy.

HewastnJoWeraWyangrie; and thenmostwhenhe should
have bashed to be angrie.

Holland, tr. of Ainmianus, p. 353.

intolerance (in-tol'e-rans), n. [= F. intole-
rance = Sp. Pg. intolerancia = It. intolleranza,

< L. intolerantia, intolerance, < intoleran(t-)s,
intolerant: see intolerant.'] 1. The quality of
being intolerant ; incapacity or indisposition to
bear or endure ; non-endurance : as, intolerance
of heat or cold. — 2. Lack of toleration; indis-
position to tolerate contrary opinions or be-
liefs; bigoted opposition or resistance to dis-
sent.

Intolerance has its firmest root in the passion for the
exercise of power. A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 124.

A boundless intolerance of all divergence of opinion was
united with an equally boundless toleration of all false-
hood and deliberate fraud that could favour received
opinions. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 16.

intolerancy (in-tol'e-ran-si), n. Same as in-
tolerance. [Rare.]

intolerant (in-tol'e-rant), a. anin. [= F. in-
tolerant = Sp. Pg.'iniolerante = It. intollerante,

< L. intoleran(t-)s, intolerant, < in- priv. + to-
leran(t-)s, ppr. of tolerare, bear, tolerate: see
tolerant.] I. a. 1. Unable or indisposed to
tolerate, endure, or bear: followed by of.

The powers of human bodies being limited and intoler-
ant of excesses. Arbuthnot.

2. Not tolerant ; indisposed to tolerate con-
trary opinions or beliefs ; impatient of dissent
or opposition ; denying or refusing the right of
private opinion or choice in others; inclined
to persecute or suppress dissent.

Intolerant, as is the way of youth
Unless itself be pleased.

Wordsworth, Prelude, vii.
Religion harsh, intolerant, austere,
Parent of manners like herself severe.

Cowper, Table-Talk, 1. 612.

The gloomiest and most intolerant of a stern brother-
hood. Hawthorne, Snow Image.

II. n. One who does not favor toleration.
You might as well have concluded that I was a Jew, or
a Mahometan, as an intolerant and a persecutor.

Bp. Lowth, Letters to Warburton, p. 62.

intolerantly (in-tol'e-rant-li), adv. In an in-
tolerant manner ; without toleration.
intolerate (in-tol'e-rat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
tolerated, ppr. intolerating. [< i«-3 + tolerate.']
Not to tolerate or endure.

They who observed and had once experienced this in-
toleratiny spirit could no longer tolerate on their part.

Shaftesbury, Reflections, ii. 2.

1 would have all intoleration intolerated in its turn.

Chesterfield.

intoleration (in-tol-e-ra'shon), n. [< tn-3 +
toleration.'] Want of toleration ; intolerance.
That narrow mob-spirit of intoleration. Chesterfield.
intombt, *>. '. An obsolete form of entomb.
intonaco, intonico (iu-to'na-ko, -ne-ko), ».
[It., rough-cast, plaster, < intonacare, intoni-
care, plaster, cover, < in, on, + toniea, tunic: see
tunic.] The last coat of plaster laid on a wall
as a ground for fresco-painting.

The intonaco being spread, the artist painted his subject
in a slight manner with terra rossa, laying in the chiaro-
scuro and details, after which the plaster was allowed to
dry. Encijc. Brit., IX. 770.

intonate1!, v. i. [< L. intonatus, pp. of into-
nare, thunder, resound, cry out vehemently, <
in, in, on, + tonare, thunder : see thunder. Cf.

intort

<lrh»iate.] To thunder; make a rumbling noise.
Bailey.

intonate2 (in'to-nat), i\; pret. and pp. into-
nated, ppr. intonutiny, [< ML. intonatus, pp. of
intonare (> It. intonare = Pg. entoar = Sp. Pr.
cntonar = F. entimncr), sing according to tone,
intonate, < L. in, in, on, + tonus, tone : see tone.]

1. intrant. 1. To intone. — 2. To sound tin-
tones of the musical scale; practise solmiza-
tion.

II. trans. To pronounce with a tone ; intone ;
utter with a sonant vibration of the vocal cords.

The great TerfAearai (it is finished] shall be intonated by
the general voice of the whole host of heaven.

5. Harris, On Isa. iii. (1739), p. 262.

The I sets the tip of the tongue against the roof of the
mouth, but leaves the sides open for the free escape of the
intonated breath. Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang., p. 66.

intonation1! (in-to-na'shon), n. [< intonate1 +
-ion.] A thundering; thunder.

intonation2 (in-to-na'shon), n. [= F. intona-
tion = It. intonaeione; as intonate^ + -ion. Cf.
detonation.] 1. Utterance of tones; mode of
enunciation ; modulation of the voice in speak-
ing; also, expression of sentiment or emotion
by variations of tone: as, his intonation was
resonant or harsh.

Erskine studied her [Mrs. Siddons's] cadences and into-
nations, and avowed that he owed his best displays to the
harmony of her periods and pronunciation.

Doran, Annals of the Stage, II. 262.
To us, whose intonations belong not to the individual
word, but to the whole period, it is difficult to conceive
of the tone with which a word is uttered as a constant,
essential, characteristic and expressive ingredient of the
word itself. 0. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang. , xiii.

2. The act of intoning or speaking with the
singing voice ; specifically, the use of musical
tones in ecclesiastical delivery : as, the intona-
tion of the litany. — 3. In music : (a) The pro-
cess or act of producing tones in general or a
particular series of tones, like a scale, espe-
cially with the voice. The term is often also used
specifically to denote the relation in pitch of tones, how-
ever produced, to the key or the harmony to which they
properly belong ; and it is then applied both to vocal and to
instrumental tones, and is characterized s&pure,just, true,
or as impure, false intonation. (6) In plain-song, the
two or more notes leading up to the dominant
or reciting-tone of a chant or melody, and usu-
ally sung by but one or a few voices. The
proper intonation varies with the mode used,
and also with the text to be sung — Fixed into-
nation, fixed pitch : applied to the organ, pianoforte, and
other instruments in which the pitch of each note is fixed,
and not, as in the violin, horn, etc., subject to the will of
the performer.

intonator (in'to-na-tor), n. [< intonate^ + -or.]
A monochord mathematically subdivided for
the precise study of musical intervals.

intone (in-ton'), »•. ; pret. and pp. intoned, ppr.
intoning. [< ML. intonare, intone, intonate:
see intonate2. Cf. entune.] I. trans. 1. To
give tone or variety of tone to ; vocalize.

It is a trite observation that so simple a thing as a clear,
appropriate, and properly intoned and emphasized pro-
nunciation in reading aloud is one of the rarest as well
as most desirable of social accomplishments.

G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., xiii.

2. To bring into tone or tune ; figuratively, to
imbue with a particular tone of feeling. [Rare.]

Everyone is penetrated and intoned, so to speak, by the
social atmosphere of the particular medium in which he
lives. Maudslcy, Body and Will, p. 156.

3. To speak or recite with the singing voice:
as, to intone the litany.

II. intrans. 1. To utter a tone ; utter a pro-
tracted sound.

So swells each wind-pipe ; ass intones to ass, . . .
Such [twang] as from lab'ring lungs the enthusiast blows,
High sound, attemper'd to the vocal nose.

Pope, Dunciad, ii. 253.

Specifically — 2. To use a monotone in pro-
nouncing or repeating; speak or recite with
the singing voice ; chant.

I heard no longer
The snowy-banded, dilettante,
Delicate-handed priest intone.

Tennyson, Mand, viii.

People of this province [Toledo] intone rather than talk ;
their sentences are set to distinct drawling tunes.

Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 51.

3. In music: (a) To produce a tone, or a par-
ticular series of tones, like a scale, especially
with the voice; sing or chant, (b) In plain-
song, to sing the intonation of a chant or mel-
ody.

intorsion, n. See intortion.

intortt (in-tort'), v. t. [< L. intortus, pp. of iu-
torqiiere, curl, twist, < in, in, + torqitere, twist :
see toraion. Cf, distortion.] To twist; wreathe;
wind.

intort '•'• i i '• i intr amandibular

with reverend hand the king presents the gold, flominal.] Situated within the cavity of tho nh- intractability (in-trak-ta-))il'i-ti), n. [< hitrac-

whidi round tli iiit>.ri.-it iii.rns ih.' gilder roll d. _^_ ilomcn. tiiblr : see -hility.] Same as tntractabtcncxs,

ssey, lit S65. jntra.arterjai (Jn'tra-ar-te'ri-al), a. [< L. in- He subdued the <ntra<*»MK«y of nil the four element*,

intortion (in-tor'shon), n. [Also intorsion (< fro, within, + OrtWta.firtWT! Me OTtHW.] Ex- and made them imlwenrient to the use of man

K. ,„.',„•«„„ = IV. ,;(W.s*,); < L. t»«»r^(f..), istin- within ..n artery. Harfrurfon, On Popes E»»y ou Man («L 1751), 111. ;, .

aeurliug, twisting. < inlnrlux, pp. (if inton/urm, intrabranchial (in-trii-brang'ki-al), n. [< L. intractable (in-trak'ta-bl), fl. [= It. tntratta-

ein-1, twist: seo iiilort.] A winding, bending, ,,,/m, within, + lirnnc'liiu; gills: see branchial.'] Me, < L. intra ctabilis, that may not be handled.

or twisting: s|>ei-ilirally, in liot., the bending or Situatedbetweenbranchiasorgills; lyingwithin unmanageable, < in- priv. + tractabilis, that

turning of any part of a plant toward one side gills or among parts of the branchial a]marat us. may lie handled : see tractable.] 1. Not trac-

or the other, or in any direction from the ver- intrabuccal (in-tra-buk'al), a. [< L. intra, table or to be drawn or guided by persuasion;
tical. within, + hin-cii, the cheek':' see buccal.] Situ- uncontrollable.

in totidem verbis (in to-ti'dem ver'bis). [L.: ated within the mouth or within the cheek. What comforte of life shall he have, when all hlsparish-

»«, in ; tot'xlcni. just RO many (< tot, so many, + intracalicular (in*tra-ka-lik'u-lar), o. [< L. in- l°"e™ »" soe unsociable soe intractaUe, w. > ill aBected
demonst, syllable -,/,,„): verbi*, abl. pi. of ver- <„, ™M^+ caliculus, a small cup : see calicu- unto "»• M ""* U8UaUy "" to 'L'^fi^o', ireUnd.

/,«»/ a won 1 : soe per6.] In just so many words; Uir, calyck.] Placed within or inside the caly- Hee who „ fntrMtoJfe, he whom nothl'n(? ^ persw.de,

nit hose very words. cle of a polyp. may boast himself invincible. Miiton, Eikonoklastes, Ix.

in totO (in to'to). [L : in = E. .» ; toto, ab . of intracapsular (in-tra-kap'su-lar), a. [< L. ««- 2 N 1 1 be brought into the desired order or
,,/«,» neut. of /»/««, all: we totof.] nail; m ,r«, witTun, + ca/)««k a small chest (NL. cap- conditi unmanageable ; resisting effort: as,

tho whole; who ly; without qualification sule): seowtar.] Lying or occurnng with- an ,-,ltra(4 We disposition ; an intractable sub-

mtoxicable (in-tok si-ka-bl), a. [< ML. as if m a capsule, as a fracture occurnng within the - ,. fn_ ,ifnrnrv j2C

'intoj -irabUi*, < intoxicare, intoxicate: see in- capsular ligament of the hip-joint ; specifically, Je° "

A,,,,,,,, | .'...pableof being intoxicated or made inWtaSa, situated witfiin the central ca£- ,*£*&& Stt
drunk; hence, liable to be unduly excited or gule. C.Z>. rarn<rr, Roundabout Journey, p. 821.

controlled by the passions. intracardiac (in-tra-kar'di-ak), a. [< L. intra, =Byn stubborn. Refractory, etc. (see otettnote) ; unruly,

If ... the people [were] not so intoxicabtc as to fall In within, + Gr. napdia = E. lieart: see cardiac.) unmanageable, ungovernable, wilful.
with their brutal assistance, no good could come of any Lying or occurring within the heart. intractableness (in-trak'ta-bl-nes), n. The

false plot •R°!7erjrort/l'E]'ame"'p-3U- intracarpellary(in-tra-kar'pe-la-ri), a. [< L. character or quality of being intractable. Also

intoxicant (m-tok'si-kant), «. [< ML. tutoxi- intra, within, + NL. carpellum, carpel: see car- intractability.

can(t-)s, ppr. of intoxicare, intoxicate: see »«- pellary.} Produced among or interior to the intractably (in-trak'ta-bli), adv. Inanintrac-
toxicatc.] That which intoxicates; an intoxi- carpel's. Cooke, Manual of Botanic Terms. table manner; uncontrollably; unmanageably.

eating substance, as brandy, bhang, etc. intracartilaginous (in-tra-kar-ti-laj'i-nus), a. intractedt (in-trak'ted), a. [< L. in, in, +

intoxicate (in-tok'si-kat), v.; pret. and pp. in- [< L. i,ltr<lt w;thin, + cariilago, cartilage: see tractus, drawn (see tract^),+ -«P.] Indrawn;
toxicated, ppr. intoxicating. [< L. intoxicatus, cartilaginous.] Lying or occurring within car- sunken.

pp. of intoxicare (> It. intossicare = Sp. entosi- tilage : as, intracartilaginous ossification. With hot intraeted tongue and sonken een.

gar, entosicar, atosigar, atosicar, intoxicur = Pg. intracavital (in-tril-kav'i-tal), a. [< intra- + f. Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's Judith, iii. 299.

entoxicar, atoxicar = Pr. entoyssegar, entuysegar, ^fity + -al.~\ In hot., within the cavities : said intractilet (in-trak'til), a. [< in-3 + tractile.]
entoxtguar = F. mtoxtqiter), poison, < L. tn, m, of t^e 8upposed path of water in traversing the Not tractile; incapable of being drawn out.
+ toxicum, poison: see toxic.] I. trans. 1. To stems of plants. Bacon, Nat. Hist., ? 839.

poison. [Uare.J intracellular (in-trjl-sel'u-lar), o. [< intra- + intracystic (in-trft-sis'tik), a. [< intra- + cyst

Meat, I say, and not poison. For the one doth intoxi- cellula + -orS.l Existing or done inside of a + -ic.] Situated"or occurring within a cyst.
mte and slay the eater the other feedeth and nourisheth ceU . opposed to extracellular : as, intracellular Intrada (in-trS'da), ». [For "intrata, < It. in-

Bemain^ I. 36. circulafton or dige8tion; intracellular forma- trata, an entrance, entry, prelude : see entry.]

2. To make drunk, as with spirituous liquor; ti of in certam fungi. Most of the In music, an introduction, usually instrumen-

mebnate. v^-n,.!-,. vital activities or functions of the Protozoa are tal, often found in old operas and suites.

lie intoxicate tne leper-man, *AHI » * ^ /. ../ji-\ i*r, »• ^ j / o TJ

With liquors very sweet mtracellular. intradot (m-tra'do), n. [For *mtrada,< 8p. Pg.

Sir Hugh le Blond (Child's Ballads, HI. 256). The intracellular duct of the nephridium and the inter- entrada, entry: see entry.] 1. Entry.
As with new wine intoxicated both, cellular duct of the vas deferens may be explained by the d , d k h {rarada mA ^^s &„

They swim iu mirth. Milton, P. L., Ix. 1008. different functions which the organs perform t work of »ne d* Genttfman Instructed, p. 117.

jjUcyc. ant., AAIV. osa. '

3. Figuratively, to excite to a very high pitch intracellularly (in-tra-sel'u-lar-li), adv. With- 2- Income.

of feeling; elate to exaltation, enthusiasm, or ju tae cej|s The statute of Mortmaine, and after it that of Premu-

frenzv: as, one intoxicated by success. nire was made; . . . these much abated his intrado.

1 J Endophytes which vegetate intracettularly. fuller Church Hist, V. Ui 35.

With grace of Princes, with their pomp and State, * rje Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 362. . ' , -T

Ambitious Spirits he doth intoxicate. . .. . .. intrados (m-tra dos), w. [<F. mtradon,<. L. tn-

Syleetter, tr. of Du Bortas's Weeks, L i. intracephaUc (in'tra-se-fal ik or m-tra-sef a- t within, + dorsum (> F. dos), the back : see

Into what phrenzy lately art thou hapt, lik), o. [< L tntra, within, + Qr.Mtaa*, head: aorsei.] In arch., the interior or lower line,

That in Ais sort intoxicates, thy brain? see icepkahc.] Placed within the head, or with- eurve, or 8nrface of an arch or vault. The ex-

_ . ^ ' T310™18' v . m the brain terior or upper curve or surface is called the

II. rntrans. 1. To poison. [Bare.] mtracerebral (in-tra-ser'e-bral), a. [< L. intra, f:rtrados See arcfcl, 2

Because the poyson of this opinion does so easily enter, within, + cerebrum, the brain. J Situated or oc- in'tra-enithelial (in-t'riiWi-the'li-al), a. Same
and so strangely intoxicate, 1 shall presume to give an an- curringwithinthecerebrum.orwithm the brain. , ;„/,,::,.,,;

tidote against it. &«*, Works, in. 144. intraclitellian (in'tra-kli-tel'i-an), a. and n. ^trafou'ceous (in-tra-fo-li-a'shius)

2. To cause or produce intoxication; have the [< L. intra, within, -f NL. clitellum, q. v., + ^S^^^-^2^^-K^7o
property of intoxicating: as, an intoxicating li- W] I. a/Having the ducts of the te'sf open- gf^^J fi&"'l5
iq+°r- ./• tv-i,-fN r/MT -t • ing in, and not before or behind, the clitellum, ^ntr,,foliaceSus stipules in the BMacea-.
intoxicatet(in-toksi-kat),o. < ML. mtoxtca- as certain temcolous annelids or earthworms, intragyral (in-tra-ji'ral), «. [< L.fwfra, within,
tus, pp.: see the verb.] Intoxicated. n. n. An earthworm having this structure. + NlTwViJs a gyre:' see gural, ayre.] Situ!

Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself, Perrier divided earthworms into three groups : - (1) Pre- ated in a evre or convolution of the brain .

Crude or intoxicate, collecting toys. clitelllans (e. g. Lumbricus), wherethe male pores are situ- {'il'i, '*$>,. /;" VtJi 1,5 " „ 1 " vV J f( 1 .„ f.a

Milton, P. R., iv. 328. ated in front of the clitellum ; (2) MnMHWMiM (e. g. mtrahepatlC (innra-he-pat ik), a. [< L. i«(ra

, . ., . . ae n ron c ; e. g.

fiii-tok-si-ka'shoii) n f— Sn Eudrilus), where the male pores are within the clitellum ; within, + Gr. t/Trap (ijjrar-), the liver: see He-

™ < MT /, ,riV««nr» V^ni«n,Tti^ < and <3> P<»t«»tellians (e. g. Perichata), where the male patic.] Situated or occurring within the liver.

tntoxtcacton, <, ML,, intoxicatio(n-), poisoiimg, <. pores open behind the clitellum. i'ncj/c. Brit., XXIV. 683. intrail* r * Same as entraiP

nto^carc, poison: see vitoxwte.] 1. Poison- i^racUtelline(i»'tra-kU-tel'in),«. [<L.<»lr», Stetilst, ^ />« In obsolete , torn of entrails.

within, + NL. clitellum, q. v., + -tne1.] Placed intraint, ?• *• Same as entrain.

It has been supposed that only in the case of abraded -^thin rhn fiTrrnnr nf tliA f-litplliim intrplornollar fin tra lum'p IHr^ a f<L, intra

surfacescouldMi/orworionwithsolutionstofcorroslvssub- Wltnin tl lum. intraiameiiar ( ! ^^V L, ,

llmate] of i to looo and i to 2000 occur. mtracloacal (m'tra-klo-a'kal), a. [< L. intra, within, + lamella, a thin plate (NL. lamella) :

E. P. Dans, Medical News, I. SlO. within, + cloaca, cloaca: see' 'cloacal.] Situated see lamellar.] In bot., situated within the la-

2. The act of inebriating, or the state of being inside the cloaca, as the penis of a turtle or a mellee. In the Hymenomycetes the intraiameiiar

inebriated; drunkenness; the state produced crocodile. tissue is the same as the trama.

by drinking too much of an alcoholic liquid, or intracoelomic(in*tril-se-lom'ik),a. [<L.«n«ro, intralaryngeal (in'tra-la-rin'je-al), a. [< L.

by the use of opium, hashish, or the like.— 3. within, -f- co}loma + -»c.] Contained in a cce- intra, within, + larynx, larynx: see larynx.]

Figuratively, high excitement of mind ; uncon- loma : as, intractflomic muscular bands of a Situated or occurring within the larynx.

trollable passion ; fvenzy. worm. Proc. Zool. Soe., London, 1888, p. 217. intraligamentoUS (in-tra-lig-a-men'tus), a. [<

A kind of intoxication of loyal rapture, which seemed to intracontinental (in-tra-kon-ti-nen'tal), a [< intra- + ligament + -ous.] Situated in a liga-

pfrvadc the whole kingdom. Scott, infra- + continent + -al.] Within the borders ment ; specifically, occurring between the two

=Syn. 2. Inebriety.— 3. infatuation, delirium. or in the interior of a continental land-mass; layers of the broad ligament of the uterus, as

intra (iu'tra). [L. intra, adv. and [prep., within, inland ; not pertaining to the sea-coast. a tumor. Also intraligamcntary.

fern. abl. '(sc. parte) of 'interus, within: see intracostalis(in'tra-kos-ta'lis),n.; pi. intracox- intralobular (in-tra-lob'u-lar), a. [< intra- +

inter- and interior.] A Latin preposition and talcs (-lez). [NL., < L. intra, within, + costa, lobule + -ar3.] Situated within a lobule: spe-

adverb, meaning 'within, 'used in some phrases rib: see costal.] An internal intercostal mus- cifically applied to veins in the lobules of the

occasionally met in English. cle; one of the intercostales interni. liver. See interlobular and svblobular.

intra-. [L. intrti-, being the prep, and adv. as intrapranial (in-tra-kra'ni-al), n. [< li. intra, The intraiobvlar vein returns the blood from the center

prefix: soe intra.] A "prefix in many words within, + cranium, the skull: see crania?.] Sit- of the lobule, and opens immediately into a sublobular

from the Latin, meaning 'within.' In the fol- uated within the cranium. veln- HoUea, Anat. (1885). p. 598.

lowing etymologies it is treated much like intracmrSBUS (in'tra-kro-re'us), n. ; pi. in fro- intralst, «. /'/. An obsolete form of entrails.

inter-. i-i-iirit'i(-i). [< L. intra, within, + NL. minnm.] intramandibular (in'tr^-man-dib'u-18r), a. [<

intra-abdominal (in'tril-ab-dom'i-nal), «. [< The inner part of the crurseus muscle, com- L. intra, within. -f- mandibulum. lower jaw (man-

L. intra. within, + alxliiim •». abdomen: see ab- monly called the rantiis intermix. See crurams. dible): see mandibular.] Situated in the man-

intramandibular

dible — that is, between the two sides of the
lower jaw ; interramal.

intramarginal (in-tra-mar'ji-nal), n. [< L. in-
fra, within, + margo (margin-), margin: see
marginal.] Situated within the margin : as, the
intramarginal vein in the leaves of some of the
plants belonging to the myrtle tribe.

intramatrical (in-tra-mat'ri-kal), a. [< L. in-
tra, within, + matrix (-ic-), matrix, + -al] In
hot., situated within a matrix or nidus.

intramedullary (in'tra-me-dura-ri), a. [< L.
intra, within, + medulla, pith (medulla): see
medullary.'] Situated within the substance of
the spinal cord: as, intramedullary tumors.

intramembranous (in-tra-mem'bra-nus), a. [<
L. intra, within, + membrana, membrane: see
membranous.] Situated or occurring within the
substance of a membrane : as, intramenibranous
ossification.

intrameningeal (iu"tra-ine-nin'je-al), a. [< L.
intra, within, + Gr. [ifjviy!;, the membrane in-
closing the brain : see men ingeal.] Situated or
occurring within the meninges of the brain.

intramercurial (in"tra-mer-ku'ri-al), a. [< L.
intra, within, + Mereurius, Mercury: see mer-
curial.] Lying within the orbit of the planet
Mercury. The existence of an intramercurial planet has
been suspected both from irregularities in the movement
of Mercury and from observations during eclipses ; but at
present the evidence is rather against the existence of such
a planet.

intramercurian (in"tra-mer-ku'ri-an), a. Same
as intramercurial.

intramolecular (in*tr&-mo-lek'u-lftr), a. [<
intra- + molecule + -or3.] Being or occurring
within a molecule.

Intramolecular work [is] done within each several mole-
cule [in the! production of intramolecular vibration.

A. DanieU, Prin. of Physics, p. 823.

intramundane (in-tra-mun'dan), a. [< L. in-
tra, within, + mundus, world : see mundane.]
Being within the world ; belonging to the ma-
terial world. Imp. Diet.

intramural (in-tra-mu'ral), a. [< L. intra,
within, + murus, wall: see mural.'] 1. Being
within the walls or boundaries, as of a city or
building: as, intramural interment is now pro-
hibited in many cities.

The same sort of impressiveness as the great intramu-
ral demesne of Magdalen College at Oxford.

H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 184.

2. In anat. and med., situated in the substance
of the walls of a tubular or other hollow organ,
as the intestine.

intramuscular (in-tr&-mus'ku-lar), a. [< L. in-
tra, within, + musculus, a muscle: see muscu-
lar.] Located or occurring within, a muscle.

A ... very close-meshed network, the intramuscular,
whose varicose fibrillse occupy the narrow passages be-
tween the contractile cells.

Prey, Histol. and Histochem. (trans.), p. 326.

intranasal (in-tra-na'zal), a. [< L. intra, with-
in, + nasus, nose: see nasal.] Situated or oc-
curring within the nose.

Neurotic asthma and other neurotic maladies in their
relations to intranasal disease. Medical News, XLIX. 213.

intranceH, »• An obsolete spelling of entrance'1-.

intrance2t, intrancementt. Obsolete forms
of entrance^, enhancement.

intranquillity (in-trang-kwil'i-ti), «. [< in-3 +
tranquillity.^ Lack of tranquillity; unquiet-
ness; inquietude.

That intranquillity which makes men impatient of lying
in then- beds. Sir W. Temple.

intrans. An abbreviation of intmnsitive.
intranscalency (in-trans-ka'len-si), n. [< L.
iw-priv. + trans, over, through, + calescen(t-)s,
ppr. of calescere, grow hot, < calere, be hot: see
calescence.] Imperviousness to heat. [Rare.]
This extraordinary intranscalency of aqueous vapour to
rays issuing from water has been conclusively proved by
Tyndall. JB. Frankland, Exper. in Chem., p. 977.

intranscalent (in-trans-ka'lent), a. [< in-3 +
transcalent.] Impervious to heat. [Bare.]
Water is intranscalent to rays of obscure heat.

E. Frankland, Exper. in Chem., p. 985.

intransformable (in-trans-for'ma-bl), a. Not
transformable ; incapable of transformation.
The transformable gives place to the intransformable.

J. Sully, Mind, XII. 118.

intransgressible (in-trans-gres'i-bl), «. [<
tn-8 + transgressible.] Not transgressible ; in-
capable of being passed.

A divine reason or sentence intransgressible and inevit-
able, proceeding from a cause that cannot be diverted or
impeached. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 859.

intransient (in -tran ' shent), a. [< wa-3 + tran-
sient.] Not transient; not passing suddenly
away.

3162

An unchangeable, an intransient, indefeasible priest-
hood. Killingbeck, Sermons, p. 93.

intransigent (in-tran'si-jent), a. and ». [= F.
intransigeant, also intransigent (after Sp.); <
Sp. intransigente, not compromising, not ready
to compromise, < L. in- priv. + transigen(t-)s,
ppr. of transigere, pp. transactus, transact, come
to a settlement : see transact.] I. a. Befusing
to agree or come to an understanding; uncom-
promising; irreconcilable: used especially of
some extreme political party. See intransi-
gentist.

The opposition secured 83 seats out of 114 in the new
Storthing, and was able to elect all its most intransigent
members into the Lagthing.

Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 69.

II. ii. Same as intransigentist.
intransigentism (in-tran'si-jen-tizm), ». [< in-
transigent + -izm.] The doctrine or program
of the intransigentists.

Communism, intransiyentism, and nihilism are not well
represented in scientific reunions.

Goldmn Smith, Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 757.

intransigentist (in-tran'si-jen-tist), n. [< in-
transigent + -ist.] 1. An irreconcilable per-
son.— 2. Specifically, in politics: (a) A mem-
ber of a radical party in Spain, which in 1873-
74 fomented an unsuccessful insurrection. (b)
A member of a faction in France whose par-
liamentary program includes various radical re-
forms and socialistic changes. Also intransi-
gent.

intransitive (iu-tran'si-tiv), a. and n. [= F.
intransitif = Sp. Pg. It. intransitivo, < LL. in-
transitivus, not transitive, (. in- priv. + transiti-
vus, transitive: see transitive.] I. a. 1. Ingram.,
not expressing an action that passes immedi-
ately over to an object ; not taking a direct ob-
ject : said of verbs that require a preposition
before their object, or take one only indirectly,
or in the manner of a dative : as, to stand on
the ground; to swim in the water; to run away.
But the distinction of transitive and intransitive is not a
very sharp one in English. Every transitive verb is capa-
ble of being used also intransitively, or without an ex-
pressed object; and, on the other hand, many intransi-
tives may be used transitively (the verb being usually
causal), taking a direct object, as in to run a horse, or
merely a cognate object, as in to run a race; or are used
factitively with a more general object, as in to breathe a
prayer, to look love, or with an objective predicate, as in to
siny one's self hoarse, to stare one out of countenance, and
so on. Owing, also, to the non-distinction of dative and
accusative in modern English, a construction often seems
transitive which is historically intransitive : as, toforyive
us, where us is historically dative, the direct object being
understood, or expressed as in "forgive us our debts." Ab-
breviated intrans.

2. Not transitive, in the logical or mathemati-
cal sense.

II. n. In gram., a verb which does not prop-
erly take after it an object, as sit, fall, run, lie.

intransitively (in-tran'si-tiv-li), adv. In the
manner of an intransitive verb; without pass-
ing over to or governing an object.

in transitu (in tran'si-tu). [L.: in = E. in;
transitu, abl. of transitus, passage : see transit]
In transit ; on the way ; in course of transpor-
tation : as, if one who buys goods without pay-
ing is insolvent, the seller has a right to stop
the goods in transitu. In law the important ques-
tion as to the scope of this phrase is in the very common
controversy as to the point at which the transit is deemed
to have ceased, and the goods to have come under the do-
minion of the buyer.

intransmissible (in-trans-mis'i-bl), a. [= Pg.
intransmissivel ; as i»-3 + transmissible.] Not
transmissible ; incapable of being transmit-
ted.

intransmutability (m-trans-mu-ta-bil'i-ti), n.
[= Sp. intransmutabilidad ; as intransmutable +
-ity : see -nility] The quality of being intrans-
mutable.

intransmutable (in-trans-mu'ta-bl), a. [= F.
intransmuable = Sp. intransmutable = It. in-
trasmutabile ; as «»-3 + transmutable.] Not
transmutable ; incapable of being transmuted
or changed into another substance.

Some of the most learn'd and experienc'd chymists do
affirm quicksilver to be intransmutable, and therefore call
it liquor teternus. Bay, Works of Creation, i.

intrant (in'trant), n. [< L. intran(t-)s, ppr. of
intrare, go in, enter: see enter1, and cf. en-
trant.] 1. Same as entrant.
A new oath was imposed upon intrants.

Hume, Hist. Eng., liii.

2. In English universities, an elector; one who
is elected to choose with others a person to fill
an office.

intranuclear (in-tra-nu'kle-ar), a. [< L. intra,
within, + nucleus, nucleus: see nuclear.] Situ-
ated within a nucleus : opposed to extranuclear.

intratelluric

intra-OCUlar (in-tra-ok'u-lar), a, [< L. intra,
within, + oculus, eye: see ocular] Situated
within the eye — that is, within the eyeball.

intra-orbital (in-tra-6r'bi-tal), a. [\ L. intra,
within, + orbitti, orbit: see orbital.] Situated
in the orbit of the eye ; lying in the eye-socket.

intra-OSSeous (in-tra^os'e-us), a. [< L. intra,
within, + os (oss-), 'bone : see osseous.] Situ-
ated within a bone.

intra-OVarian (in'/tra-6-ya'ri-an), a. [< intra-
+ ovary + -an.] Contained in or not yet dis-
charged from the ovary, as an ovum.

intrap (in-trap'), v. t. See entrap.

intraparacentral (m-tra-par-a-sen'tral), a. [<
intra- + paracentral.] Lying in the paracen-
tral gyre of the brain : as, an intraparacentral
fissure.

intraparietal(in"tra-pa-ri'e-tal),a. [<L. intra,
within, -f paries (pariei-), a wall: see parietal.]

1. Situated or happening within walls or with-
in an inclosure; shut out from public view;
hence, private: as, intraparictal executions. —

2. In anat., situated in the parietal lobe of the
brain : as, the intraparietal fissure of the cere-
brum. See fissure.

intrapelvic (in-trij-pel'vik), «. [< L. intra,
within, + NL. pe'lvis, q. v.j Situated within
the pelvis.

intraperitoneal (in-tra-per"i-to-ne'al), a. [<
intra- + peritoneum + -al.] Placed in the cav-
ity of the peritoneum.

Intraperitoneal injections cause death in two or three
days. Medical Sew», LIL 641.

intrapetalous (in-tra-pet'a-lus), a. [< L. in-
tra, within, + Nit.petalum, a petal: see petal]
In 2067., situated within a petaloid ambula-
crum of a sea-urchin. See cut under Spatan-
goida.

intrapetiolar (in-tra-pet'i-6-lar), a. [< L. intra,
within, + petiolus, a little stalk, a
petiole (see petiole), + -ar3.] In
hot.: (a) Situated within or interior
to a petiole : applied to a pair of
stipules which unite by the mar-
gins that are nearest to the peti-
ole, and thus seem to form a single
stipule between the petiole and
the stem or branch. (6) Inclosed
by the expanded base of the peti-
ole : applied to buds formed in the
fall immediately under the base of
the petiole of leaves of the previ-
ous summer, into a cavity of which they project
and are not exposed until the fall of the leaf,
as in Platanus, Ithus, etc. It is often confounded
with interpetiolar.

intrapetiolary (in-tra-pet'i-o-la-ri), a. Same
as intrapi'tinlar.

intraphilosophic (in-tra-fil-o-sof'ik), a. [< L.
intra, within, + philosophia, philosophy: see
philosophic.] Within the limits of philosophic
inquiry. [Bare.]

What is the nature of this or that existence in the su-
perascientiflc but intraphilosopftic region?

Hodgson, Phil, of Reflection, I. iii. § 1.

intraplantar (in-tra-plan'tar), a. [< L. intra,
within, + planta, sole: see plantar.] Situated
upon the inner side of the sole of the foot:
opposed to extraplantar : as, the intraplantar
nerve.

intraprotoplasmic (in-tra-pro-to-plaz'inik), a.
[< intra- -r protoplasm -)- -ic.] Being or oc-
curring in the substance of protoplasm.

intrapulmpnary (in-tra-pul'mo-na-ri), a. [<
L. intra, within, + pulmo(n-), lung: see pulmo-
nary.] Situated within the lungs.

intraretinal (in-tra-ret'i-nal), a. [< intra- +
retina + -al.] Situated within the substance
of the retina.

intrasemital (in-tra-sem'i-tal), a. K L. intra,
within, + sem ita, path: see "semita.] Situated
within a semita of an echinoderm.

intraspinal (in-tra-spi'nal), a. [< L. intra,
within, -I- spina, spine : see spine.] Lying, ex-
isting, or occurring within the spinal canal, or
within the spinal cord.

intratarsal (in-tra-tiir'sal), a. [< intra- + tar-
sus + -al.] Situated upon the inner side of
the tarsus.

intratelluric (in-tra-te-lu'rik), a. [< L. intra,
within, + tcllus (teliur-), the earth: see telluric.]
In lithol., a term first used by Bosenbtisch to
designate that period in the formation of an
eruptive rock which immediately precedes its
appearance on the surface. The mineral constitu-
ents which separate or become individualized at or during
that time are called by him intrattUunc.

intratelluric

It was after their slow development In the magma, dur-
ing an iutrn-t,-Uttric period, that the inns* in \vlih-h tiny
floated was upraised. Suture, X X XIX. 273.

intraterritorial (in-trii-ter-i-to'ri-al), (i. [< L.

Infra. within, + territorial!!, territory: see ti-rn-

torial.] Existing within a territory: opposed

to extraterritorial.
intrathecal (in-trii-the'kal), a. [< intm- +

NL. theca, q. v., +-«/.] Contained in the the-

ca, as a part of a coral.

The intrathecal parts of the polyp, the endoderm cells,
are entirely converted into a parcnchymatous tissue.

O. C. Bourne, Micros. Science, XX VIII. 81.

intrathoracic (m'tra-tho-ras'ik), a. [< L. »'«-
tra, within, + NL. tliorax (-ac-), thorax.] Situ-
ated or occurring within the thorax or chest:
as, the heart and lungs are intrathoracic organs.

intratropical (iu-trji-trop'i-kal). a. [< L. intra,
within, T LL. tropiciis, tropic, T -al.] Situated
within the tropics ; of or pertaining to the re-
gions within the tropics: as, an intratropical
climate.

intra-urban (in-tra-er'ban), a. [< L. intra, with-
in, -t- urbs, city: see urban.] Situated within a
city; relating to what is within the limits of a
city.

The telephone Is coming more and more into use for
short distances and intra-urban communications.

Edinburgh tiett., CLXIV. 15.

intra-uterine (in-tra-u'te-rin), a. [< L. intra,
within, + uterus, womb: see uterine.] Lying,
existing, or occurring within the uterus.

intravalvular (in-tra-val'vu-lar), a. [< L. in-
tra, within, + NL. valvula, a "tittle valve : see
valrular.] In bot., placed within valves, as the
dissepiments of many of the Crucifera.

intravasation (in-trav-a-sa'shon), n. [< L. in-
tra, within, + van, vessel, + -atlon. Cf . extrava-
sation.] The entrance into vessels of matters
formed outside of them or in their parietes.
Ihtiiiilimni. [Rare.]

intravascular (in-tra-vas'ku-lBr), o. [< L. (»-
tra, within,-)- vasculiim, a little" vessel: see vas-
cular.] Situated within a vessel, specifically
within a blood-vessel.

intravenous (in-tra-ve'nus), a. [< L. intra,
within, + vena, vein: see venous.] Situated or
occurring within veins.

intraventricular (in*tra-ven-trik'u-lar), a. [<
L. intra, within, + ventriculus, ventricle: see
rentrieujar.] Existing or taking place within
one of the ventricles of either the heart or the
brain.

intravertebrated (in-tra-ver'te-bra-ted), a. [<
intra- + vertebrated.] Having an endoskeleton,
as a vertebrate ; vertebrated, in a usual sense.
Thomas, Med. Diet.

intravesical (in-tra-ves'i-kal). a. [< L. intra,
within, 4- resica, bladder.] Situated or occur-
ring within the bladder.

intrayitelline (in'tra-vi-tel'in), «. [< L. intra,
within, + vitellus, the yolk of an egg.] Situ-
ated or occurring in the substance of the vitel-
lus or yolk.

intraxylary (in-tra-zi'la-ri), a. [< L. intra,
within, + Gr. fd/W, wood, + -ary2.] In bot.,
within the xylem : said of certain tissues that
occur inside the xylem, as in the Combretacea1,
which are characterized, with a few exceptions,
by the presence of an intraxylary soft bast pro-
vided with sieve-tubes.

intreasuret, *. t. See entreasure.

intreatt, »• An obsolete form of entreat. Spen-
Krr.

intreatancet (in-tre'tans), n. [< iittrait +
-niirr.] Same as entredtance. Holland.

intreatfult, intreatmentt. Same as entreatful,
I'lilrt'iitiiient.

intreatyt, n. An obsolete form of entreaty.
HtMuyt.

intrench (in-trench'), v. [Also entrench; < in-2
+ trench.] I. trans. If. To make a trench or
furrow in ; furrow ; cut.
It was this very sword entrenched it [a wound).

Shale., All's Well, il. 1, 46.

His face
Deep scars of thunder had intreneh'd.

Milton, P. L., 1. 601.

2. To surround as with a trench or ditch.

A little further is a bay wherein falleth 3 or 4 prettie
brookes and creekes that halfe intrench the Inhabitants of
Warraaki. >•;«-. Capt. John Stnith. Works, I. 116.

I went to work ... to build me another house, . . .

and MrwaM it round with a ditch. :m,l plant,-,! an hedge.

K. A'nac (Arbcr's EIIJC. (larner, I. 382).

3. To fortify with a trench or ditcli and para-
pet ; strengthen or protect by walls of defense :
as, to intrench a euinii or an army.

3163

The English in the suburbs close intreneh'd.

Shall., 1 Ben. VI., I. 4, 9.

The national troops were now strongly intrenched in
Chattanooga Valley, with ih<- Tennessee Klver behind
them. V. S. Grant, The Century, XXXI. 129.

Hence — 4. To fortify or defend by any pro-
tecting agency; surround with or guard by any-
thing that affords additional security against
attack.

Conscience has got safely entrenched behind the letter
of the law. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, II. 17.

II. in trans. To invade; encroach: with on or

Do you start

At my entrenching on your private liberty,
And would you force a highway through mine honour,
And make me pave it tool

Fletcher, Wife for a Month, iv. 2.
It intrenches very much upon impiety and positive re-
linquishing the education of their children, when mothers
expose the spirit of the child ... to ... the careless-
ness of any less-obliged person.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835X I- «•
= 8yn. Encroach upon. Infringe upon, etc. Seetretpatt,t.i.

intrenchantt (in -tren' chant), a. [< in-$ +
treneAant.] Not trenchantbr cutting ; also, in-
capable of being cut ; indivisible by cutting.

As easy mayst thou the intrenchant air
With thy keen sword impress.

Shalr., Macbeth, v. 8, 0.

intrencher (in-tren'cher), n. One who intrench-
es ; one who digs a trench, or is employed in in-
trenching.

Their fighting redeemed well their shortcomings as t'n-
trenchers. The Century, XXIX. 102.

intrenchment (in-trench'ment), n. [Also en-
trenchment; < intrench + -ment.] 1. The act
of intrenching. — 2. In fort., a general term
for a work consisting of a trench or ditch and
a parapet (the latter formed of the earth dug
from the ditch), constructed for a defense
against an enemy. See cut under parapet. —
3. Figuratively, any defense or protection. — 4.
Encroachment.
The slightest intrenchment upon individual freedom.

Southey.

intrepid (in-trep'id), a. [= F. intre'pide = Sp.
intrepido = Pg. It. intrepido, < L. intrepidus, not
alarmed, undaunted, s in- priv. + trepidux,
alarmed, shaken, anxious: see trepidation.] 1.
Not moved by danger; free from alarm; un-
daunted: as, an intrepid soldier. — 2. Indicat-
ing or springing from courage.

That quality [valour], which signifies no more than an
intrepid courage. Dryden, .-Eneld, Ded.

He [.Stuyvesant ] patrolled with unceasing watchfulness
the boundaries of his little territory ; repelled every en-
croachment with intrepid promptness.

Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 461.

-Syn. Daring, dauntless, courageous, valiant, undis-
mayed, gallant, doughty, heroic.

intrepidity (in-tre-pid'i-ti), n. [= F. intripi-
dite •= It. intrepidita; as intrepid + -ity.] The
quality of being intrepid ; freedom from alarm :
coolness in encountering danger; undaunted
courage or boldness.

While he aasumes the appearance of intrepidity before
the world, he trembles within himself.

a. Blair, Works, III. v&

He had the rare merit of combining sagacity with in-
trepidity in action. Pretcott, Ferd. and Isa., I. 15.

intrepidly (in-trep'id-li), adv. In an intrepid

manner; fearlessly; daringly; resolutely,
in-triangle fin'tri'ang-gl), n. [< inscribed) +

triangle^] An inscribed triangle,
intricablet (in'tri-ka-bl), a. [< L. as if "in-

tricabilin,<. infricare/entangle: see intricate.]

Entangling.

They shall remain captive, and entangled In the amor-
ous intriniiii, net. SheUon, tr. of Don Quixote, I1L 7.

intricacy (in'tri-ka-si), «.; pi. intricacies (-siz).
[< intricate) + -cy.] The state of being in-
tricate or entangled; perplexity; involution;
complication; maze.

The modern tragedy excells that of Greece and Rome In
the intricacy and disposition of the fable.

Spectator, No. 39.
A science whose depths and intricacifn he explored.

Sumner, On Story.

Intricate (in-tri-ka'te), n. pi. [NL. (Nylander,
1854), fern. pi. of L. intricatus, intricate: see
intricate.] A series or division of lichens em-
bracing the tribes Usneei, Soccellei, Ramalinei,
and Cctrariei. They are now regarded as gen-
era of the tribe Pulmellacei.

intricate (in'tri-kat), «. [= OF. entriquf =
Sp. P;;. iiitriiii'iiilii. entangled, < L. in trim tux,
pp.: see the verb.] 1. Perplexiugly involved
or entangled ; hard to disentangle or disengage,

intrigue

or to trace out; complicated; obscure: as, an
inlni-iili- knot; the intricate windings of a laby-
rinth ; intricate accounts; the intricate plot of
a tragedy.

You have put me upon such an odd intricate Piece of
Business that I think there was never the like of It.

Unveil, Letters, IL 18.

Being got about two thirds of the way up, we came to
certain Grotto's cut with intricate Windings and Caverns
under ground. Maundrell, Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 104.

2. In entoin., having unequal elevations and de-
pressions placed irregularly and close together,
but without running into each other: said of a
sculptured surf ace. =8yn. 1. Intricate, Complex, Com-
plicated, Compound. Between ctnttplex and complicated
there is the same difference as between complexity and
complication. (See complication.) That Is complex which
is made up of many parts, whose relation Is perhaps not
easily comprehended ; If this latter be true, especially If
It be true to a marked degree, the thing is said to be com-
plicated; It is also complicated If Its parts have become
entangled : as, the matter was still further complicated by
their failure to protest against the seizure. That is intri-
cate which, like a labyrinth, makes decision with regard
to the right path or course to pursue difficult : as, an in-
tricate question. Compound* generally Implies a mixture
or union of parts in some way that makes a whole : as, a
compound flower ; compound motion ; a compound idea ;
the word does not, like the others, suggest difficulty in
comprehension. See implicate.

intricate (in'tri-kat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. iwtri-
cated, ppr. intricating. [< L. intricatus, pp. of
intricare, entangle, perplex, embarrass, < in, in,
+ tricte, trifles, vexations, perplexities. See in-
trigue, and cf . extricate.] To render intricate or
involved; make perplexing or obscure. [Rare.]

Concerning original sin, . . . there are ... many dis-
putes which may intricate the question.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1885), I. 130.

intricately (in'tri-kat-li), adv. 1 . In an intricate
manner; with involution or infold ings; with
perplexity or intricacy.

The sword (whereto they only had recourse)
Must cut this knot so intricately ty'd,
Whose vain contrived ends are plain descry'd.

Dante/, Civil Wars, vlL

2. In entom., with an intricate sculpture; close-
ly but without coalescence : as, intricately punc-
tured; intricately verrucose.
intricateness (in'tri-kat-nes), n. Intricacy.

I understand your pleasure, Eugenius, and shall en-
deavour to comply with It ; but the difficulty and intri-
catenets of the subject of our discourse obliges me to do
it by steps. Boyle, Works, IV. 418.

intricationt (in-tri-ka'shon), «. [< OF. intri-
cation = Sp. (obs.) entricacion, intricacion, < L.
as if 'iHtncfltio(H-), < intricare, entangle: see
intricate, v.] Entanglement. [Rare.]

I confess I do not see how the motus circularis simplex
should need to be superadded to the contact or intrica-
tion of the cohering firm corpuscles, to procure a cohesion.

Boyle, Works, L 240.

intriet, r. t. [< OF. intruire, intrure, contr. of
introduire, introduce: see introduce.] To in-
troduce ; add.

To cley and chalk the firth part iutrir

Of glpse, and doo the rootes to III yere,

And this wol make hir greynes white and clere.

Palladiui, Husbondrie (E. E. T. 8.), p. 116.

intrigant (in'tre-gant; F. pron. an-tre-gon'), ».
[Also intriguant; •£ F. intrigant (= Sp. Pg. It.
intrigante), prop. ppr. of intriguer, intrigue: see
intrigue, v.] A male intriguer.

Illiterate intriguant!, conscious of the party strength
behind them, insisted on shaping legislation according to
their own fancy. The Century, XXXIII. S3.

intrigante (in'tre-gant; F. pron. an-tre-gont'),
w. [< F. intrigante, fern, of intrigant, ppr. of in-
triguer, intrigue: see intrigue, v.] A woman
given to intrigue ; a female intriguer.

intrigue (in-treg'), r. ; pret. and pp. intrigued,
ppr. intriguing. [= D. intrigaeren = G. intri-
Hiiireu = Dan. intrigere = Sw. intrigera, < F.
intriguer, OF. intriqwer, intricquer, intrinquer,
entriquer = Pr. entricar, intricar = Sp. Pg. in-
trigiir, intricar = It. intricare, intrigare, per-
plex, puzzle, intrigue, < L. intrieare, entangle,
perplex, embarrass : see intricate, v.] L trows.

1. To entangle ; involve; cause to be involved
or entangled. [A Gallicism.]

How doth it [sin] perplex and intrigue the whole course
of your lives ! J. Scott, Christian Life, I. 4.

Because the drama has been in times past and in other
conditions the creature, the prisoner, of plot, it by no
means follows that it must continue so; on the contrary,
it seems to us that Its liberation follows: and of this we
Me signs in the very home of the highly intrimed drama.
Harper-t May., LXXIX. SIR.

2. To plot for; scheme for.

The Duchess of Quc engberry has at last been at court ;
a point she has been intriguiny these two years.

Walpole, Letters, II. 89.

intrigue

II. intrans. 1. To practise underhand plot-
ting or scheming; exert secret influence for the
accomplishment of a purpose ; seek to promote
one's aims in devious and clandestine ways.

Chesterfield, towards the end of his career, intrigued
against Newcastle with the Duchess of Yarmouth.

Lecky, Bug. in 18th Cent., iii.

2. To have clandestine or illicit intercourse,
intrigue (iu-treg'), «. [= D. G. intrigue = Dan.
intrige = Sw. intriij, < F. intrigue, a plot, in-
trigue, formerly also intrigue, intricateuess, a
maze, = Sp. Pg. intriga = It. intrigo, intrico, in-
tricateness, a maze, plot, intrigue; from the
verb : see intrigue, v.~] If. Intricacy ; compli-
cation; maze.

But though this vicinity of ourselves cannot give us the
full prospect of all the intrigues of our nature, yet we have
thereby . . . much more advantage to know ourselves
than to know other things without us.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. 21.

2. Secret or underhand plotting or scheming;
the exertion of secret influence for the accom-
plishment of a purpose.

Habits of petty intrigue and dissimulation might have
rendered him incapable of great general views, but that
the expanding effect of his philosophical studies counter-
acted the narrowing tendency. Macaulay, JIachiavelli.

3. A clandestine plot; a scheme for entan-
gling others, or for gaining an end by the ex-
ertion of secret influence : as, to expose an in-
trigue.

His invention was ever busy in devising intrigues, which
he recommended by his subtle, insinuating eloquence.

Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 8.

In the first Hanoverian reigns the most important in-
fluences were Court intrigues or parliamentary corruption.
Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., iii.

4. The plot of a play, poem, or romance ; the
series of complications in which a writer in-
volves his imaginary characters.

As these causes are the beginning of the action, the op-
posite designs against that of the hero are the middle of
it, and form that difficulty or intrigue which make up the
greatest part of the poem.

Le Bo&su, tr. in pref. to Pope's Odyssey.

5. Clandestine intercourse between a man and
a woman ; illicit intimacy ; a liaison.

Of the three companions I had this last half year, . . .
I was obliged to send away the third, because I suspected
an intrigue with the chaplain. Goldsmith, Vicar, xi.

intriguer (in-tre'ger), «. One who intrigues;

one who forms plots, or pursues an object by

secret means,
intriguery (in-tre'ger-i), n. [< intrigue + -ery.]

The practice of intrigue,
intriguesst (in-tre'ges), n. [< intrigue + -ess.]

A woman who schemes or intrigues.
His family was very ill qualified for that place, his lady

being a mo&t violent intrigueas in business.

Roger North, Lord Guilford, I. 168.

intriguing (in-tre'ging), )). a. Forming secret
plots or schemes ; addicted to intrigue ; given
to secret machinations: as, an intriguing dis-
position.

There is something more intriguing in the amours of
Venice than in those of other countries.

Addison, Eemarks on Italy (ed. Bonn), I. 392.

= Syn. Artful, Sly, etc. (see cunning!) • insidious, design-
ing, deceitful, plotting, scheming.

intriguingly (in-tre'ging-li), adv. With in-
trigue ; with artifice or secret machinations.

intriguisht (in-tre'gish), «. [< intrigue + -isft1.]
Intriguing; underhand; scheming.

Considering the assurance and application of women,
especially to affairs that are intriguish, we must conclude
that the chief address was to Mrs. Wall.

Roger North, Examen, p. 193.

intriguist (in-tre'gist), n. An intriguer. Lever.

intrinset (in-trins'), a. [Irreg. abbr. from in-

trinsicate.] Intricate; entangled.

Bite the holy cords atwain

Which are too intrinse t' unloose.

Shak., Lear, ii. 2, 81.

intrinsecalt, a. See intrinsical.

intrinsecatet, a. See intrinsicate.

intrinsic (in-trin'sik), a. and n. [Prop, "intrin-
sec (the term, being conformed to -ic) = F.
intrinseque = Pr. intrinnec •=. Sp. intrinseco =
Pg. intrinseco = It. intrinseco, intrinsico, < L.
intrinsecus, on the inside, inwardly, < inter ("in-
trim), within, + secus, by, on the side. Of. ex-
trinsic.] I. a. 1. Being within; penetrating
inward; intimate; familiar; intestine; domes-
tic.

And though to be thus elemented arm

These creatures from home-born intrinsic harm.

Donne, Anatomy of the World, i.
Hence — 2. Pertaining to the inner or essential
nature; intimately characterizing; inherent;
essential; genuine; belonging to the subject in

3164

its very existence: as, the intrinsic value of gold
or silver; tne intrinsic merit of an action.

As Coin, which bears some awful Monarch's Face,
For more than its intrinsick Worth will pass.

Congreve, To Dryden.

The intellect pierces the form, . . . detects intrinsic
likeness between remote things, and reduces all things
into a few principles. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. WO.

3. In Scots law, intimately connected with the
point at issue: applied to circumstances sworn
to by a party on an oath of reference that make
part of the evidence afforded by the oath, and
cannot be separated from it. — 4. In anat., ap-
plied to those muscles of the limbs which take
origin within the anatomical limits of the limb,
such limits including the pectoral and pelvic
arches — Hosteler Intrinsic!. See hosteler.— intrin-
sic divisor. See divisor.— Intrinsic equation of a
plane curve. See equation. — Intrinsic mode, i n logic, a
mode which necessarily affects its subject as soon as the
latter comes into actual existence, although the mode is
no part of the definition, general conception, or formality
of the subject, and, indeed, such a mode is incapable of
any general description. The intrinsic modes, according
to the Scotists, are nine — to wit, finite and infinite, act
and power, necessary and contingent, existence, reality,
and hfecceity.— Intrinsic relation, in the Scotistic logic,
a relation which necessarily exists as soon as the related
things exist : such relations are, for example, similitude
and paternity. = Syn. 1. Interior, Inward, etc. See inner.
II. t ». A genuine or essential quality. War-
burton.

intrinsical (iu-trin'si-kal), a. and ». [Prop., as
formerly, intrimecal; {'intrinsic + -a/.] I. a.
Same as intrinsic.

So intriwical is every man unto himself, that some
doubt may be made, whether any would exchange his be-
ing. Sir T. Browne, Letter to a Friend.

How far God hath given Satan power to do good for the
blinding of evill men, or what intrinsecall operations he
found out, I cannot now dispute.

A. Wilson, Autobiography.

He falls into intrinsecal society with Sir John Graham,
. . . who dissuaded him from marriage. Sir II. Wotton.

Il.t ». That which is intrinsic or interior; in-
ward being, thought, etc.

This history will display the very intrinsicals of the Cas-
tilian, who goes for the prime Spaniard.

Hou'ell, Letters, iv. 11.

intrinsicality (in-trin-si-kal'i-ti), n. [< intrin-
sical + -ity.] The quality of being intrinsic;
essentiality. Eoget.

intrinsically (in-trin'si-kal-i), adv. In an in-
trinsic manner; internally; in its nature; es-
sentially.

intrinsicalness (in-trin'si-kal-nes), M. The
quality of being intrinsical; intrinsicality. Bai-
ley, 1727.

intrinsicatet (in-trin'si-kat), a. [Appar. < It.
intrinsecato, intrinsicato, pp. of intrinsicar, make
intimate^ refl. become intimate, < intrinseco, in-
trinsico, inward, intimate, intrinsic : see intrin-
sic. The sense is appar. taken from intricate."]
Entangled ; perplexed. Also intrinsecate.

With thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsicate

Of life at once untie. Shak., A. and C., v. 2, 307.

Yet there are certain punctilios, . . . certain intrinse-
cate strokes and wards, to which your activity is not yet
amounted. B. Jantan, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2.

intro-. [L. intro, prefix intro-, within, on the in-
side, inwardly, neut. abl. of *interus, inner: see
infra-, interior.'] A Latin adverb used as a pre-
fix, signifying 'within, into, in.'

introcession (in-tro-sesh'on), ». [< L. intro,
within, + cessJo(n-), a yielding: see cession.] In
nied., a depression or sinking of parts inward.

introconversion (in"tro-kon-ver'shon), n. [<
L. intro, within, + convermo(n-), conversion :
see conversion.] In ehem., the transformation
or conversion of one of two compounds into
the other.

introconvertibility (in"tro-kon-ver-ti-bil'i-ti ),
». [< intro- + convertible + -iii/.] In chem", the
property common to two or more compounds of
being transformed or converted the one into the
other through a change in their structural for-
mula without change in ultimate composition.
The reactions and introconvertibility of maleic and fu-
marie derivatives cannot be brought in harmony with the
assumption. Amer. Chem. Jour., IX. 371.

introd. An abbreviation of introduction.

introduce (in-tro-dus'), v. t.; pret. and pp. intro-
duced, ppr. introducing. [= F. introduire = Pr.
entroduire = Sp. introducir = Pg. introditzir =
It. introdurre, introducere, < L. introducere, lead
in, bring into practice, bring forward, < intro,
within, + ducere, lead: see duct.] 1. To lead
or bring in; conduct or usher in: as, to intro-
duce a person into a drawing-room; to intro-
duce foreign produce into a country.

introduction

Socrates is introduced by Xenophon severely chiding a
friend of his for not entering into the public service when
he was every way qualified for it.

Swift, Nobles and Commons, iv.
Puff. Now, then, for soft music.
Sneer. Pray what's that for?

Puff. It shows that Tilburlna is coming ; — nothing in-
troduces you a heroine like soft music.

Slteridan, The Critic, ii. 2.

Homer has introduced into his Battel of the Gods every
thing that is great and terrible in Nature.

Addison, Spectator, No. 333.

2. To pass in; put in; insert: as, to introduce
one's finger into an aperture. — 3. To make
known, as one person to another, or two per-
sons to each other; make acquainted by per-
sonal encounter or by letter; present, with the
mention of names and titles.

A couple of hours later [you] find yourself in the "world,"
dressed, introduced, entertained, inquiring, talking.

U. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 138.

4. To bring into notice, use, or practice ; bring
forward for acceptance : as, to introduce a new
fashion, or an improved mode of tillage.

He first introduced the cultivation and dressing of vines.
Bacon, Fable of Dionysius.

5. To bring forward with preliminary or pre-
paratory matter ; open to notice : as, to in tro-
duce a subject with a long preface. — 6f. To
produce; cause to exist; induce.

Whatsoever introduces habits in children deserves the
care and attention of their governors. Locke, Education.

introducement (in-tro-dus'ment), ». [< intro-
duce + -meat.] Introduction. [Rare.]

Without the introducement of new or obsolete forms or
terms, or exotic models. Milton, Free Commonwealth.

introducer (in-tro-du'ser), «. One who or that
which introduces ; one who brings into notice,
use, or practice.

Let us next examine thegreat introducers of new schemes
in philosophy. Swift, Tale of a Tub, ix.

introductt (in-tro-dukf ), v.t. [< L. introductus,
pp. of introducere, lead in: see introduce.] To
introduce. Sp. Racket, Abp. Williams, i. 29.

introduction (in-tro-duk'shon), n. [= F. intro-
duction = Pr. intrdductio = Sp. introduction =
Pg. introducqSo = It. introduzione, < L. intro-
dnctio(n-), a leading in, introduction, < intro-
ducere, lead in: see introduce.] 1. The act of
introducing, or leading or ushering in; the act
of bringing in : as, the introduction of manufac-
tures into a country.

For the first introduction of youth to the knowledge of
God the Jews even till this day have their Catechisms.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 18.

With regard to the introduction of specific types we have
not as yet a sufficient amount of information.

Dawson, Geol. Hist, of Plants, p. 261.

2. The act of inserting: as, the in troduction of
a probe into a wound. — 3. The act of making
acquainted ; the formal presentation of persons
to one another, with mention of their names,
etc. : as, an introduction in person or by letter.
— 4. The act of bringing into notice, use, or
practice : as, the introduction of a new fashion
or invention.

The Archbishop of Canterbury had pursued the intro-
duction of the liturgy and the canons into Scotland with
great vehemence. Clarendon.

5'. Something that leads to or opens the way for
the understanding of something else; specifi-
cally, a preliminary explanation or statement ;
the part of a book or discourse which precedes
the main work, and in which the author or
speaker gives some general account of his de-
sign and subject; an elaborate preface, or a
preliminary discourse.

Thou soon shalt ... see before thine eyes
The monarchies of the earth, their pomp and state ;
Sufficient introduction to inform
Thee, of thyself so apt, in regal arts.

Milton, P. R,, iii. 247.

Were it not that the study of Etruscan art is a necessary
introduction to that of Roman, it would hardly be worth
while trying to gather together and illustrate the few
fragments and notices of it that remain.

J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 28S.

6. A more or less elementary treatise on any
branch of study ; a treatise leading the way to
more elaborate works on the same subject : as,
an introduction to botany. — 7. In music, a pre-
paratory phrase or movement at the beginning
of a work, or of a part of a work, designed to
attract the hearer's attention or to foreshadow
the subsequent themes or development. Intro-
ductions vary in length from one or two chords to an elabo-
rated movement, with its own themes and development.

Biblical introduction, the technical designation of a
work devoted to a consideration of subjects properly intro-
ductory to a detailed study and exposition of the books of
the Bible, as their genuineness, credibility, integrity of

introduction

text, date ami authorship, language, contents, and more
important versions, A liiblie.:il introduction properly in-
cludes an inquiry into the history (1) of each hook, (•>) of
the canon or collection ot thu si-vcr.il l«»,ks into the one
hook, (3) of thu text, including a comparison of the various
texts, and (4) of the trendraODI and versions. = Syn. 6.
E&irdium, Introduction, Preface, Preliule, I'munlili; Prn-
Iniiiti: KairdiuM \» the old or classic technical word In
rhetoric for the beginning of an oration, up to the second
division, whieh may be "narration," ''partition," "prop-
osition," or the like, fntrodvttton is a more general
word, in this connection applying tospoken or written dis-
course, and covering whatever is preliminary to the sub-
ject; in a hook it may he the opening chapter. As dis-
tinguished from the preface, the introduction is supposed
to he an essential part of the discussion or treatment of
the theme, and written at the outset of composition. A
preface is supposed to be the last words of the author In
connection with his subject, and is generally explanatory
or conciliatory, having the style of more direct address to
the reader. A prelude is generally an introductory piece
of music (see the definition of overture) ; a preamble, of a
resolution, an ordinance, or a law : as, the preamble to the
declaration of Independence. A prologue is a conciliatory
spoken preface to a play. All these words have some free-
dom of figurative use.

introductive (in-tro-duk'tiv), a. [= P. intro-
ditctif = It. introdiittivo ; as introduct + -ire.]
Serving to introduce ; introductory : sometimes
followed by of.

The action is of itself, or by reason of a public known
indisposition of some persons, probably introductive of a
sin. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 279.

introductively (in-tro-duk'tiv-li), adv. In a
manner serving to introduce.

introductor (in-tro-duk'tor), n. [= F. intro-
dueteur = Sp. Pg. introductor = It. introdnt-
tore, < LL. introductor, < L. introduce™, lead in:
see introduce.'] One who introduces ; an intro-
ducer.

We were accompanied both going and returning by y
introductor of ambassadors and ayd of ceremonies.

Evelyn, Memoirs, Paris, Sept. 16, 1851.

introductorily (in-tro-duk'to-ri-li), adv. By
way of introduction. Baxter.

introductory (in-tro-duk'to-ri), a. and n. [<
ME. iittroductorie =' Sp. (ob's.) introductory =
It. introduttorio, < LL. introductorius, < introduc-
tor: see introductor.} I. a. Serving to intro-
duce something; prefatory; preliminary: as,
introductory remarks.

This introductory discourse Itself Is to be but an essay,
not a. book. Boyle, Works, I. 303.

= Syn. Preparatory, etc. (see preliminary) ; precursory,
proemial.

Il.t ».; pi. introdiictories (-riz). An introduc-
tion ; a treatise giving the elements or simplest
parts of a subject.

The 5 partie shal ben an introductorie aftur the statutz
of owre doctours, in which thow maist lerne a gret part of
the general rewles of theorik in astrologie.

Chaucer, Prologue to Astrolabe.

introductress (iu-tro-duk'tres), ». [= F. intro-
ductrice = It. introduttrice ; as introductor +
-ess.] A female introducer.

introflcction, introflexion (in-tro-flek'shon), n.
[< L. intro, within, + flexio(n-), a bending: see
flexion. ] A bending inward or within ; inward
curvature or flexure.

Small, spherical chambers, formed by the introflexion of
the walls of the receptacle.

W. H. Harvey, British Marine Algse, p. 12.

introflexed (in-tro-flekst'), a. [< L. intro, with-
in, + .flexus, bent : see flexed.'] Flexed or bent
inward or within.

introflexion, >*. See introflection.

introgression (in-tro-gresh'on), n. [< L. as if
*i>ttrogrcssio(n-), < introgrcdi, pp. introgressus,
go in, enter, < intro, within, + gradi, go: see
grade^. ] The act of going in or of proceeding
inward ; entrance. Blount.

introit (in-tro'it), n. [= F. intro'it = Pr. introit
= Sp. introito = Pg. It. introito, < L. introitus,
& going in, entrance, < introire, go in, enter, <
intro, within, + ire, go: see iter1.] In litur-
gies, an antiphon sung by the priest and choir
as the priest approaches the altar to celebrate
the mass or communion. The name introit (introi-
tus, literally 'entrance') is an abridgmentof antiphon at the
introit (antiphona ad introitum), and has been explained as
referring to the entrance of the people into church rather
than that of the priest into the sanctuary. The introit
seems to have originated in the psalms sung at the begin-
ning of the .fewUli liturgy. The name antiphon has been
triven by preeminenceto the introit, as in the Greek Church,
where it is threefold, answering to the Western introibo,
introit, and Gloria in Excelsis. The Oreek antlphons con-
sist of verses from the Tsalms with a constant response, or
of the psalms called Ti/inca and the Beatitudes. In the
liturgies of St. Mark and St. James the hymn "Only-be-
gotten Son" is the introit, in the Armenian liturgy this
followed by a psalm ami hymn. The " (Inly-begotten Son "
is also subjoined to the Greek second antiphon. The
Roman introit (see initiatory) consists of a verse (the in-
troit in the narrower sense), followed by averse of n psalm,
the Gloria hitri, and the repetition of the first verse. In
the Ambrosian rite the introit is called the ingresao. An

3165

ancient Galilean name for It was the proleijere. In the
Mozniabic liturgy, in certain monaslie rites, and in Nor-
man and Knglisli missals, it is called the nfficiuiit or office.
I'salms as special introits are appointed in the Prayer-
book of 1549 and in the Conjuror's communion office of
1718. In the Anglican Church at the present day a ps:ilm
or anthem is sung as the introit. The name is sometimes
less properly used for a hymn or any musical oompoeitloa
sung or played at the beginning of the communion niho .

Then shall the Clerkes syng in Englishcfor theottiee, m

Intruite (as they call it), a Psaline appointed for that dale.

First 1'rayer Bonk of Edw. VI. (154»), The Communion.

intromission (in-tro-mish'on), n. [= F. intro-
mission = Pr. intromiasio == It. intromessione, <
ML. intromissio(n-), < L. tntromittere, pp. in-
tromissus, send in: see iutromit,] 1. The act
of sending or putting in; insertion, as of one
body within another; introduction within.

The evasion of a tragic end by the invention and intro
murion of Mariana has . . . received high praise for Its in-
genuity. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 204.

2. The act of taking in or admitting ; admission
within.

Repentance is the flrst intromission into the sanctities of
Christian religion. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 86.

A general intromission of all sorts, sects, and persuasions
into our communion. South, Works, II. xii.

3. In Scots and old Eng. law, an interfering with
the effects of another. The assuming of the posses-
sion and management of property belonging to another
without authority is called vicious intromission. The term
is also applied to the ordinary transactions of an agent or
subordinate with the money of his superior : as, to give
security for one's intromissions.

intromit (in-tro-mif), r. ; pret. and pp. intro-
mitted, ppr. intromitting. [< L. tntromittere,
send in, < intro, within, + mittere, send: see
mission.'] I. trans. 1. To sender put in; in-
sert or introduce within. — 2. To allowto enter;
be the medium by which a thing enters.

Glass in the window intromits light, without cold, to
those in the room. Holder.

H. intrans. In Scots and old Eng. law, to in-
terfere with the effects of another.

In any citie, borough, towne incorporate, or other place
franchised or priuiledged, where the said officer or officers
may not lawfully intromit or intermeddle.
Charter of Philip and Mary, in Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 271.

We intromitUd, as Scotch law phrases it, with many fam-
ily affairs. De <iuincey.

intromittent (in-tro-mit'ent), a. [< L. intro-
mitten(t-)s, ppr. of ' intromittere, intromit: see
intromit.'] Throwing or conveying into or with-
in something: as, an intromittent instrument.
— Intromittent organ, in comparative anat., that part of
the male sexual apparatus which conveys the seminal fluid
into the body of the female. It may be directly connected
with the testes, or constitute a separate seminal reservoir
on some other part of the body, as on the pedipalps of a
mole spider, or the second abdominal ring of a dragon-fly.

intromitter (in-tro-mit'er), n. One who intro-
niits ; an intermeddler.

Sacrilegious intromittert with royal property.

Scott, Woodstock, Pref.

intropression (in-tro-presh'on), n. [< L. intro,
within, + i>ressio(n-), a pressing, < premere, pp.
pressus, press: see press*.] Pressure acting
within or inwardly; inward or internal pres-
sure. Battie, Madness, § x. [Rare.]

introreception (in'tro-re-sep'shon), n. [< L.
intro, within, + recepiio(n-), reception: see re-
ception.] The act of receiving or admitting
into or within something. [Rare.]

Were but the love of Christ to us ever suffered to come
into our hearts (as species to the eye by introreception), . . .
what would we not do to recompence . . . that love?

Hammond, Works, IV. 564.

introrse (in-trdrs'), «• [< L- intromus, intror-
sum, adv., toward the inside,
contr. of introversiis,(. intro, with-
in, + versus, turned, pp. of ver-
<cre,turn : see verse. Cf. extrorsc.]
Turned or facing inward: an epi-
thet used in describing the direc-
tion of bodies, to denote their
being turned toward the axis to
which they appertain. In botany
it is applied to anthers when their
valves are turned toward the

Style.

introrsely (in-trdrs'li), adv. To hn

or toward the interior in position rai envelops and
or direction.

introspect (in-tro-spekf), «• [<
L. introspeetare, freq. of introspicere, pp. intro-
spectus, look into, < intro, within, + spicere,
look.] I. trans. To look into or within ; view
the inside of.

II. in trans. To practise introspection; look
inward ; consider one's own internal state or
feelings.

all but four of the
stamens removed.

introversion

We cannot cogitate without examining consciousness,
and when we do this we introspect.

Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 257.

introspection (in-tro-spek'shon), u. [< L. as
if "introx/H •rlin(n-), a looking into, < intronpi-
i-i i'< , ].p. ii/lriK/ifctus, look into: see introspect.]
The act of looking inward ; a view of the inside
or interior; specifically, the act of directly ob-
serving the states and processes of one's own
mind; examination of one's own thoughtN nr
feelings. Introspection is employed In psychology as
the only method of directly ascertaining the facts of con-
sciousness ; but the limits of its applicability and the value
of the results attained by it are subjects of dispute.

I was forced to make an intrutpectivn Into mine own
mind, and into that Idea of beauty which I have formed hi
my own imagination.

Quoted in Dryden's Parallel of Poetry and Painting.

This mutual exclusiveness receives a further explana-
tion from the fact so often used to discredit psychology,
viz. that the so-called introspection and indeed all reflexion
are really retrospective. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 84.

Introspection of our intellectual operations is not the
best of means for preserving us from intellectual hesita-
tions. J. U. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 2UK.

The curious, critical introspection which marks every
sensitive and refined nature, and paralyzes action.

0. IF. Curtis, Int. to Cecil Dreeme.

introspectionist (in-tro-spek'shon-ist), n. [<
introspection + -ist.] One who practises intro-
spection; one who follows the introspective
method in psychological inquiry.

As a rule, skeptics . . . are keen introspectionists.

J. Owen, Evenings with Skeptics, L 812.

Little will they weigh with the inlronpectiimint.

Maudsley, Body and Will, p. 91.

introspective (in-tro-spek'tiv), a. [< introspect
+ -ive.] Looking' within ; characterized or
effected by introspection ; studying or exhibit-
ing one's own consciousness or internal state.

Most introspective poetry . . . wearies us, because it so
often Is the petty or morbid sentiment of natures little
superior to our own. Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 147.

Introspective method, in psychol. , the method of study-
ing mental phenomena by attempting to observe directly
what occurs in one's own consciousness. This method,
though indispensable, is exposed to many difficulties, and
requires the support of other methods, as those of experi-
mental and comparative psychology.

He (Hume] further agrees with Descartes and all his
predecessors in pursuing the simple introspective method :
that is to say, in attempting to discover truth by simply
contemplating his own mind.

Leslie Stephen, Eng. Thought, 1. § 30.

introsumet (in-tro-sum'), o. t. [< L. intro,
within, + sumere, take: see assume, consume,
etc.] To take in ; absorb.
How they elect, then introsume their proper food.

Evelyn.

introsumptiont (in-tro-sump'shon), n. [< tn-
trosunic, after assumption < assume, etc.] The
act of taking into or within; a taking in, espe-
cially of nourishment.

introsusception (in*tro-su-sep'shon), n. [< L.
intro, within, + susceptio(n-), a taking up or
in, < susciperc, pp. susceptus, take up or in : see
susceptible.] 1. The act of receiving within.

The parts of the body . . . are nourished by the intro-
susception of ... aliment.

J. Smith, Portrait of Old Age, p. 160.

The person is corrupted by the introgusception of a na-
ture which becomes evil thereby. Coleridge.

2. In anat. and hot., same as intussusception.
introvenient (in-tro-ve'nient), a. [< LL. intro-
venien(t-)s, pp. of introeenire, come in, enter,
< L. intro, within, + venire, come : see come.]
Coming in or between ; entering. [Rare.]

There being scarce any condition (but what depends
upon clime) which is not exhausted or obscured from the
commixture of introvenient nations either by commerce
or conquest. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., Iv. 10.

introvenium (in-tro-ve'ni-um), n. [NL., < L.
intro, within, + veiia, vein: see vein.] In bot.,
a condition in which the veins of leaves are so
buried in the parenchyma as to be only indis-
tinctly or not at all visible from the surface.
See nermtion, liyphodrome.

introversibility (in-tro-ver-si-bil'i-ti), n. [<
introversible + -ify: see -bility.] The quality
of being introversible; capacity for introver-
sion.

The telescopic introverribility of the lophophore does
not advance beyond an initial stage.

E. R. Lanlcester, Encyc. Brit, XIX. 439.

introversible (in-tro-ver'si-bl), a. [< intro- +
rersible.] Capable of being introverted.

The anterior introversible region [of Paludici-Ua].

B. B. Lanlcester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 4S2.

introversion (in-tro-ver'shon), H. [= Sp. iw-
troversion = Pg. introvers3o = It. introversione,
< L. intro, within, + versio(n-), a turning: see

introversion

version. Cf. introvert.] The act of introvert-
ing, or the state of being introverted ; a turn-
ing or directing inward, physical or mental.

This introversion of my faculties, wherein I regard my
own soul as the image of her Creator.

Bp. Berkeley, Guardian, No. 89.

introversive (in-tro-ver'siv), a. [< L. introver-
SIIK, turned toward the inside, + -ire.] Turn-
ing within ; having an inward or internal direc-
tion. Also introvertive.

When we come to mental derangements, introversive
study is obviously fruitless. Pop. Set. Mo. , XXV. 267.

introvert (in-tro-verf), v. t. [< L. intro, with-
in, 4- vertere, turn : see verse. Cf . invert, etc.]

1. To turn within; direct inward or interiorly.

His awkward gait, his introverted toes.

Cowper, Task, iv. 633.

Struggling, with introverted effort, to disentangle a
thought L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 445.

2. In zool., to turn in, or invert; insheathe a
part of within another part.

introvert (in'tro-vert), n. [< introvert, v] That
which is introverted; in zool., some part or or-
gan which is turned in upon itself, or intus-
suscepted.

We find that the anterior portion of the body of the
polypide can be pulled into the hinder party as the finger
of a glove may be tucked into the hand. It is in fact an
introvert. E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 431.

introvertive (in-tro-ver'tiv), a. [< introvert +
-ive] Same as introversive.

Natures reflective, introvertive, restless.

Faiths of the World, p. 37.

intrude (iu-tr5d'), ». ; pret. and pp. intruded,
ppr. intruding. [= OF. intrure, intruire, < L.
intrudere, thrust in (refl. thrust oneself in), < in,
in, + trudere, thrust, push, crowd : cf . extrude,
obtrude.'] I. trans. If. To thrust in; bring in
forcibly.

An there come e'er a citizen gentlewoman in my name,
let her have entrance, I pray you ; . . . there she is ! good
master, intrude her. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Eevels, v. 2.

If it [a clyster] should be intruded up by force, it cannot
so quickly penetrate to the superior parts.

Greenhill, Art of Embalming, p. 273.

2. To thrust or bring in without necessity or
right; bring forward unwarrantably or inap-
propriately : often used reflexively.

Our fantasy would intrude a thousand fears, suspicions,
chimeras, upon us. Burton, Anat. of Mel. , p. 329.

The envy of the class which Frederic quitted, and the
civil scorn of the class into which he intruded himself,
were marked in very significant ways.

Macaulay, Frederic the Great.

3. To push or crowd in ; thrust into some un-
usual, improper, or abnormal place or position :
as, intruded rocks or dikes in a geological for-
mation. In entomology an intruded part or organ is
one that is nearly concealed in a hollow of the support-
ing parts, only the apex being visible.

Their capitals are intruded between the triforium arches,
appearing as if the vault had pressed them from their
proper station on the clerestory string-course.

The Century, XXXVI. 594.

4f. To enter forcibly ; invade.

Why should the worm intrude the maiden bud?

Shak., Lucrece, 1. 848.

Intruded head, a head nearly withdrawn into the pro-
thorax, as in certain Coleoptera.

II. intrans. To come or appear as if thrust
in; enter without necessity or warrant; espe-
cially, to come in unbidden and uuweleomely:
as, to intrude upon a private circle; to intrude
where one is not wanted.
Where you're always welcome, you never can intrude.

Steele, Lying Lover, i. 1.

Some men are placed in posts of danger, and to these
danger comes in the way of duty ; but others must not in-
trude into their honourable office.

J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 163,
= Syn. Encroach upon, Infringe upon, etc. See trespass, v. i.
Intrude, Obtrude. The essential difference between these
words lies in the prepositions: intrude, to thrust one's
self into places, invading privacy or private rights ; 06-
trude, to thrust one's self out beyond modesty or the lim-
its proper to ourselves, and offensively against the atten-
tion, etc., of others.

intruder (in-tro'd6r), n. One who intrudes;
one who thrusts himself in, or enters where he
has no right or is not welcome.

Go, base intruder! overweening slave !

Shak., T. G. of V., ill. 1, 157.

intrudingly (in-tro'ding-li), adv. By intrud-
ing; intrusively.
I thrust myself intrudingly upon you.

Steele, Lying Lover, i. 1.

intrudresst (in-tro'dres), n. [< intruder +
-ess.] A female intruder.

Joash should recover his rightful throne from the un-
just usurpation of Athaliah, an idolatrous intrudress there-
into. Fuller, Pisgah Sight.

3166

intrunkt (in-trungk'), v. t. [< in-2 + trunk.]
To inclose as in a trunk ; incase.

Had eager lust intrunked my conquered soul,
I had not buried living joys in death.

Ford, Love's Sacrifice, v. 3.

intruse (in-tros'), a. [< L. intrusus, pp. of in-
trudere, thrust in.] In bot., pushed or project-
ing inward. A. Gray.

intrusion (in-tro'zhon), n. [= F. intrusion =
Sp. intrusion = Pg. "intrusao = It. intrusione, <
ML. intrusio(n-), a thrusting in, < L. intrudere,
pp. intrusus, thrust in: see intrude.] 1. The
act of intruding; the act of entering without
warrant or justification ; unbidden, unwelcome,
or unfit entrance into or upon anything.

Why this intrusion f
Were not my orders that I should be private?

Addiion, Cato, v. 2.

Who feared the pale intrusion of remorse
In a just deed ? Shelley, The Cencl, iii. 2.

2. Specifically, in law : (a) A wrongful entry
after the determination of a particular estate,
say for life, and before the freehold remainder-
man or reversioner can enter. Minor, (b) In
Eng. law, any trespass committed on the public
lands of the crown, as by entering thereon with-
out title, holding over after a lease is deter-
mined, taking the profits, cutting down timber,
and the like, (c) Usurpation, as of an office. —

3. A thrusting or pushing in, as of something
out of place; irregular or abnormal entrance
or irruption: as, an intrusion of foreign mat-
ter; the intrusion of extrinsic rocks or dikes in
a geological formation. See intrusive rocks, un-
der intrusive.

The composition is thus better than that of the front
iteelf, as there are two harmonious stages in the same
style, without any intrusion of foreign elements.

E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 249.

Action of ejection and intrusion. See ejection.— In-
formation of Intrusion. See information.

intrusions! (in-tro'zhon-al), a. [< intrusion +
-al] Of or belonging to intrusion ; noting in-
trusion.

intrusionist (in-tro'zhon-ist), n. [< intrusion
+ -ist] One who intrudes, or favors intrusion ;
specifically, one of those in the Established
Church of Scotland who denied the right of a
parish or congregation to resist or object to
the settlement or appointment of an obnoxious
minister by a patron. The exercise of this right of
presenting or appointing a minister against the wishes of
the congregation led to much controversy, and was one
of the causes of the disruption in 1843, when the non-
intrusionists formed themselves into the Free Church of
Scotland. Church patronage was abolished in Scotland
in 1874. See non-intrusionist and patronage.

intrusive (in-tro'siv), a. [< L. intrudere, pp.
intrusus, thrust in (see intrude), + -ive] 1.
Apt to intrude ; coming unbidden or without
welcome; appearing undesirably: as, intrusive
thoughts or guests.

Let me shake off the intrusive cares of day.

Thomson, Winter, i. 207.

2. Done or effected by intrusion; carried out
by irregular or unauthorized entrance : as, in-
trusive interference.

The shaft sunk from the top [of a mound] showed sev-
eral intrusive burials. Science, III. 79.

3. Thrust in out of regular place or order ; in-
troduced from an extraneous source; due to
intrusion or irregular entrance.

The number and bulk of the intrusive masses of differ-
ently coloured porphyries, injected one into another and
intersected by dikes, is truly extraordinary.

Darmn, Geol. Observations, ii. 513.
The greater gods of Greece . . . were the intrusive gods,
the divinities of new comers into the land.

Keary, Prim. Belief, p. 214.

Intrusive rocks, in geol., rocks which have made their
way up from below into another rock or series of beds.
As generally used by geologists at the present time, the
phrase refers only to those rocks often styled Plutonic, or
such as are revealed at the surface by erosion of a certain
thickness of overlying rock. Masses which have come
up to the surface in the manner of ordinary volcanic rock
would not be called intrusive.

intrusively (in-tro'siv-li), adv. In an intrusive
manner; by intrusion.

intrusiveness (in-tro'siv-nes), n. The charac-
ter or quality of being intrusive.

intrusort (in-trb"sor), n. [ME. intrusour, < ML.
intrusor, < L. intrudere, pp. intrusus, intrude:
see intrude] An intruder. Lydgate.

intrust (in-trust'), v. t. [Also entrust; < in-Z,
en-1, + trust] 1. To consign or make over as
a trust; transfer or commit in trust; confide:
followed by to.

I hope . . . that I may have the liberty to intrust, my
neck to the fidelity of my own feet, rather than to those of
my horse. Cotton, in Walton's Angler, ii. 2->a.

intuition

Besides the loftiest part of the work of Providence, en-
trusted to the Hebrew race, there was other work to do, and
it was done elsewhere. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 10S.

2. To invest, as with a trust or responsibility;
endue, as with the care or fiduciary possession
of something: followed by with.

The joy of our Lord and master, which they only are ad-
mitted to who are careful to improve the talents they are
intruded withall. Bp. Wilkins, Natural Keligion, ii. 8.
In a republic, every citizen is himself in some measure
intrusted irith the public safety, and acts an important
part for it* weal or woe. Story, Misc. Writings, p. 513.
=Syn. 1. Confide, Consign, etc. See cotnmit.

intubation (iu-tu-ba'shon), n. [< L. in, in, +
tubus, tube, + -dtion] The act of inserting a
tube into some orifi ce . — intubation of the larynx,
the insertion of a specially designed tube into the glottis
to keep it patent, as in diphtheritic obstruction : a substi-
tute for tracheotomy.

intuit (in'tu-it), v.; pret. and pp. intuited, ppr.
intuiting. [Also intuite ; < L. intuitus, pp. of in-
tueri, look at or upon, observe, regard, contem-
plate, consider, < in, in, on, + tweri, look: see
tuition, tutor.] I. trans. To know intuitively
or by immediate perception.

If there are no other origins for right and wrong than
. . . [the] enunciated or intuited divine will, then, as al-
leged, were there no knowledge of the divine will.

H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 50.

II. intrans. To receive or. assimilate know-
ledge by direct perception or comprehension.

God must see, he must intuit, so to speak.

De Quincey, Rhetoric.

The passage from the Known to the Unknown is one of
constant trial. We see, and from it infer what is not seen ;
we intuit •, and conclude.

O. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. ill. 7.

intuition (in-tu-ish'on), n. [= F. intuition =
Sp. intuicion = Pg. 'intuifSo = It. intuizione, <
ML. intuitio(n-), a looking at, immediate cog-
nition, < L. intueri, look at, consider: see in-
tuit] If. A looking on ; a sight or view.

His [Christ's] disciples must not only abstain from the
act of unlawful concubinate, but from the impurer intui-
tion of a wife of another man.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 215.

2. Direct or immediate cognition or perception ;
comprehension of ideas or truths independently
of ratiocination; instinctive knowledge of the
relations or consequences of ideas, facts, or ac-
tions.

No doubt, with Philolaus the motion of the earth was
only a guess, or, if you like, a happy intuition.

Max Mutter, Sci. of Lang., 1st ser., p. 29.

3. Specifically, in philos., an immediate cogni-
tion of an object as existent.

The term intuition is not unambiguous. Besides its
original and proper meaning (as a visual perception), it
has been employed to denote a kind of apprehension, and
a kind of judgment. Under the former head, intuition
or intuitive knowledge has been used in the six following
significations : — a. — To denote a perception of the actual
and present, in opposition to the abstractive knowledge
which we have of the possible in imagination and of the
past in memory, b.— To denote an immediate apprehen-
sion of a thing in itself, in contrast to a representative,
vicarious, or mediate apprehension of it, in or through
something else. (Hence, by Fichte, Schelling, and others,
Intuition is employed to designate the cognition as op-
posed to the conception of the Absolute.) c. — To denote
the knowledge which we can adequately represent in
imagination, in contradistinction to the symbolical know-
ledge which we cannot image, but only think or conceive,
through and under a sign or word. (Hence, probably,
Kant's application of the term to the forms of the sensi-
bility— the imaginations of space and time — in contrast
to the forms or categories of the understanding.) d.— To
denote perception proper (the objective), in contrast to
sensation proper (the subjective), in our sensitive con-
sciousness, e.— To denote the simple apprehension of a
notion, in contradistinction to the complex apprehension
of the terms of a proposition. Under the latter head it
has only a single signification, viz. : f. — To denote the
immediate affirmation by the intellect, that the predicate
does or does not pertain to the subject, in what are called
self-evident propositions. All these meanings, however,
with the exception of the fourth, have this in common,
that they express the condition of an immediate in oppo-
sition to mediate knowledge.

Sir W. Hamilton, Reid's Works, p. 759, note A, § 5.

The term intuition will be taken as signifying a cogni-
tion not determined by a previous cognition of the same
object, and therefore so determined by something out of
the consciousness. The word intuitus first occurs as a
technical term in St. Anselm's Monologium. He wished
to distinguish between our knowledge of God and our
knowledge of finite things (and, in the next world, of God
also); and, thinking of the saying of St. Paul, " Videmus
nunc per speculum in aenigmate : tune autcm facie ad
faciem," lie called the former speculation and the latter
intuition. This use of "speculation" did not take root,
because that word already had another exact and widely
different signification. In the middle ages the term "in-
tuitive cognition " had two principal senses : 1st, as op-
posed to abstractive cognition, it meant the knowledge of
the present as present, and this is its meaning in Anselm ;
but, 2d, as no intuitive cognition was allowed to be de-
termined by a previous cognition, it came to be used as
the opposite of discursive cognition (see Scotus), and tins
is nearly the sense in which I employ it. C. S. Peirce.

intuition

(Some writers hold that tin- (ifi-man AiM-tifiitiiitif should
not be translated by intuition. I'.nt this trnn is a par t "t
the K:irili:ui trl lllinoloKy, (In- wholr of which \v;lB fliinifil
ill l..i'in Ulxl triiMHlatcit into Crtnian. ami this word ill
particular was used by Kant in his Latin writing* itl tll(5
form iutnitttH, and hr frequently lirackets this form after
Alutcttauuit'f. to make his meanini,' clear. KeMiles, the

CWJllitin inttlitil'tl of Scot US, who anticipated some ot' Kant S

must important \ic\vs MM thin sutije, I. is almost identical
with Kanis own dclinition of Aiutchauung. Intellectual
intuition nsnl since Kanl for an immediate cognition of
the existence of Uod, was by the (K-rman mystics fin-
ployed for their .spiritual Illumination (the term intuMo
ititellectuali* was borrowed by tltcm from Cardinal de
i 'ii.,a i, or light of nature. |

4. Any object or truth discerned by direct
cogiiition; a first or primary truth; a truth
that cannot be acquired by but is assumed
in experience. — 5. Pure, untaught knowledge.

We denote this primary wisdom as intuition, whilst all
later teachings are tuitions. Kinenun, Self- Reliance, p. 60.

Intellectual Intuition. See intellectual.

intuitional (in -tu-ish' on -ai), a. [< intuition
+ -al.] Pertaining to or derived from intui-
tion; based on intuition as a principle: as,
the intniliiinii/ origin of knowledge; the intui-
tional school of philosophy.

intuitionalism (iu-tu-isVon-al-izm), n. [< in-
tuitional + -ixni.] In mctaph., the doctrine that
the absolute is known, in its existence, by an
immediate cognition of the understanding.

intuitionalist (in-tu-ish'on-al-ist), n. [< in-
tuitional + -ist.] A believer in the doctrine of
intuitionalism.

The great opposing theories of the experientialisU and
the iittuitiiinalislJt. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., L 73.

intuitionism (in-tu-ish'pn-izm), ». [(intuition
+ -ism. ] The doctrine of Reid and other Scotch
philosophers that external objects are imme-
diately known in perception, without the in-
tervention of a vicarious phenomenon.

intuitionist (iu-tu-ish'on-ist), n. [< intuition
+ -int.'] An adherent of the doctrine of Reid
concerning immediate perception.

intuitive (in-tu'i-tiv). a. [= F. intuitif = Sp.
Pg. It. intititivo, < ML. intuitivus, < L. intueri,
look at, consider: see intuit, intuition.'] 1. Per-
ceiving directly, without a medium, vicarious
representation, symbol, or phenomenon; per-
ceiving the object immediately as it exists.

Faith, beginning here with a weak apprehension of
things not seen, cndeth with the intuitive vision of God in
the world to come. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

2. Pertaining to a knowledge (especially, but
not exclusively, an immediate knowledge) of
a thing as existent. — 3. Not determined by
other cognitions ; not discursive ; of the nature
of a first premise; immediate; self-evident;
reached without reasoning by an inexplicable
and unconscious process of thought.

Whence the soul

Reason receives, and reason is her being,
Discursive or intuitive. Milton, P. L., r. 488.

4. Presenting an object as an individual im-
age; not general — intuitive certainty, cognition,
judgment, etc. See the nouns.

intuitively (in-tu'i-tiv-li), adv. In an intui-
tive manner; by instinctive apprehension : as,
to perceive truth intuitively.

Ood Almighty, who sees all things intuitively, does not
want logical helps. Bolter, On Learning.

We feel intuitively that there is something not only im-
perfect, but absolutely repulsive, in the purely skeptical
spirit. //. A'. Oxenaam, Short Studies, p. 263.

intuitivism (iu-tu'i-tiv-izm), n. [< intuitive +
-ism.] The doctrine that the fundamental prin-
ciples of ethics are reached by intuition.

The difference between the two phases of Intuitivism in
which these notions [of the relations between right and
good, and that the right is always in our power] are re-
spectively prominent is purely formal ; their practical pre-
scriptions are never found to conflict.

//. Sidywick, Methods of Ethics, p. 99.

intuitivist (in-tu'i-tiv-ist), ». [< intuitive +
-ist.] One who believes in intuition ; one who
believes in the intuitive character of ethical
ideas.

The intuitinit, ... by teaching the latent existence in
the soul of the regulative moral idea. leaves open a door
to a sudden, accidental, and semi-miraculous discovery of
the path of duty.

J. Sully, Sensation and Intuition, p. 189.
intumesce (in-tu-mes'), v. i. ; pret. and pp. in-
tumrxffd, i>pr. iiitunK-scinn. [= Sp. iiiliinnni-
= Pg. iittiiHH-i-er, < L. intumescere, swell up, <
in. in, on. + tumescere, inceptive of tunii-ri:
swell : sec tumid.'} To enlarge or expand, as
with heat ; swell up; become tumid.

A number of the vesicles being half tilled up with a
white-, soft. earth) mcxotypic niin- nil, which iittumesctd
under the blowpipe in a remarkable manner.

Mirin/i.lii'ol. observations, i. 31.

3167

intumescence (in-tu-mes'ens), n. [= F. inin-
ini'xrriirc = 1'g. intiimecencia = Sp. intumescencia
= It. iiiliiHiixn-Hza, < NL. MWMMMlfa) < L. '"-
/niiii.ti-i-ii(t-)», swelling up: see intumescent.'] 1.
The state or process of swelling or enlarging, as
with heat; expansion; tumidity.

Had navigation been at that time sufficiently advance.!
to make so long a passage easily practicable, there is lit-
tie reason for doubting but the intumescence of nations
would have found its vent, like all other expansive vio-
lunce, where there was least resistance.

Johnton, Taxation no Tyranny.

2. A swollen or tumid growth or mass; tume-
faction.

intumescency (in-tu-mes'en-si), n. [As i nl ii-
nnsfi i«-r.} Hume as intumescence. SirT.Ifrowne,
Vulg. Err., vii. 13.

intumescent (in-tu-mes'ent), a. [= Sp. intu-
mescente, < L. intumescen(t-)s, ppr. of intitmes-
cere, swell up, < in, in, T tumescere, begin to
swell: see tumencent.] Swelling up; becoming
tumid.

The treatment consisted in reducing the size of the in-
tujnejtcent membranes. Medical AVirs, LII. 605.

intumulatet (in-tu'mu-lat), v. t. [< ML. in-
tumulatus, pp. of intutnulare, bury, entomb, < L.
in, in, + tumulatuS, pp. of tumulare, bury, < tu-
mulus, & mound, tomb: see tumulus.] To place
or deposit within a tomb or grave; inter or in-
hume; bury.

He also caused the corps of King Richard \ ' Second to
be taken from the earth, whom King Henry the Fourth
had intumulate in the friers Church of Langley.

Stow, Hen. V., an. 1413.

intumulatet (in-tu'mu-lat), a. [< ML. intit-
mulatus,pp.: see the verb.] Interred; buried.
Whose corps was ... on the right hand of the high
aulter, princely enterred and intumulate.

Hall, Edw. IV., an. 23.

intumulatedt (in-tu'mu-la-ted), a. [< L. in-
tumulatus, unburied, < in- priv. + tumulatua,
pp. of tumulare, bury: see intumulate.'} Not
buried. Cockeram.

intunet, "• t. Same as entune.

inturbidate (in-ter'bi-dat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
inturbidated, ppr. inturbidating. [< L. in, in, +
turbidatus, pp. of turbidare, trouble, < turbidus,
troubled: see turbid.] To render turbid, dark,
or confused. [Rare.]

The confusion of ideas and conceptions under the same
term painfully inturbidates his theology. Coleridge.

inturgescencet (in-ter-jes'ens), w. [< LL. i/i-
turgexcere, swell up, < L. in, in, on, + turgescere,
begin to swell, < turgere, swell: see turgid.] A
swelling; the act of swelling, or the state of
being swollen.

inturgescencyt (in-ter-jes'en-si), n. Same as
inturgcsceiice.

fntergexenciei caused first at the bottom [of the seal,
and carrying the upper part before them.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vil. 13.

inturn (in'tern), «. [< in1 + turn, n.] The act
of a wrestler when he puts his thigh between
the thighs of his adversary, and lifts him up.
Then with an inturtie following that,
Upon his backe he threw him flat.

Lucan, Pharsalla (trans.), 1014.

inturned (in'ternd), a. Turned in.

This is, I believe, only an optical effect due to the in-
turned edges of the cuticle. Micros. Sci., XXIX. ill. 265.

intuset, "• |X LL. intusug, pp. of intundere,
pound, bruise, < L. in. in, + tundere, pound,
bruise : cf . contuse.] A bruise.
And, after having aearcht the infuse deepe,
She with her scarf did bind the wound from cold to keepe.
Spenter, ¥. Q., III. v. 33.

intuspose (in-tus-poz'), v. t.; pret. and pp. in-
tusj>osed, ppr. intusposing. [< L. intus, within,
+ pose2.] To introduce ; cause to occupy an
interior position; place within. J. W. Vale,
Classic Baptism, p. xxi.

intusposition(in'tus-po-zish'on),n. [<L.»nhw,
within, + positio(n-), a placing: see position.
Cf. intuspose.] Situation within ; the state or
condition of being within, or surrounded on all
sides, as by an enveloping space or element.
J. W. Dale, Classic Baptism, p. xvii.

intussuscepted (in'tu-su-sep'ted), a. [< L. in-
tiis, within, + Kusceptus, pp. of siiscipere, take
up: see susceptible.] Taken up into itself or
into something else ; invaginated; introverted:
specifically applied to a part of a bowel which
sutlers intussusception.

intussusception (m'tu-su-sep'shon), n. [=F.
intiixxHwi'tiitn = Sp. intitsuscfiH'ion = Pg. in-
tiim-i'in-ao, < L. intus, within, + susceptio(n-), a
taking up, < suscipere, pp. susceptus, take up:
see MMMptfMf.] A receiving within ; recep-

inunction

tion of one part within another part of the same
organ, or of one organ within another of the
same kiml ; imagination ; introversion; intro-
susccj)ti<m. Speciflcally — (a) In pathol., the Introduc-
tion of a part of the Intestine into an adjacent part.

Having once commenced, the iiUwunucefition goes on in-
creasing . . . aa the result of peristaltic action.

Quoin, Med. Diet.

(6) In phyriol., reception of foreign matter by a living or-
ganism, and Its conversion into living tissue; indention,
digestion, and assimilation of food, Including the whole
process of nutrition and growth. It is the mode of inter
stitial growth characteristic of organic life, as distin-
guished from any process of accretion by which a mineral
may increase in size, (c) In but., according to the theory
proposed by Nageli, the growth of cell-walls by the inter-
calation of new solid particles between those already In
existence. The intussusception theory is opposed to the
theory of growth by apposition, which supposes that the
new particles are deposited in layers on the Inner side of
the cell-wall.

intussusceptive (in'tu-su-sep'tiv), a. [< L.
intus, within, + suscipere, pp. susceptus, take
up. Cf. intussusception.] In physiol., of the
nature of or characterized by intussusception ;
interstitial, as a mode of growth. See in tuxgux-
ception (b).

The consequence of this intniamceptite growth Is the
' ' development " or " evolution " of the germ into the visi-
ble bird. Huxley, Evol. in Biology.

intwine, r. See entwine.

intwist (in-twisf), ». t. Same as entwist.

inuendo, «. An erroneous spelling of innu-
endo, 2.

Inula (in'u-la), n. [L., supposed to be a corrupt
form of Or. ttwwv, a plant, supposed to be ele-
campane : see helenium, elecampane.] A genus
of plants of the natural order Composite, type
of the tribe In uloidca;. They are usually inert, rather
coarse herbs, with moderately large heads of yellow-rayed
flowers, and radical or alternate entire or serrate leaves.
About 60 species are known, natives of temperate Europe,
Asia, Africa, and Australia. /. Uelenitttn, the elecam-
pane, elf-dock, horseheal, horse-elder, or scabwort, is a
native of central and southern Europe, Siberia, and the
Himalayas, and has been extensively naturalized in Eng-
land (where it may possibly also be native) and North
America. The root & an aromatic tonic and gentle stim-
ulant, and has been supposed to possess diaphoretic, diu-
retic, expectorant, and emmenagogic properties. It was
much employed by the ancients, but its use at present is
confined to chronic diseases of the lungs. (See cut under
elecampane.) I.Conyza, the rigid inuk'or plowman s spike-
nard, is a native of central and southern Europe; /. dy-
tenterica, the fleabane or fleabane-mullet, has about the
same distribution ; /. crithmoides, the samphire-inule or
golden samphire, is a native of western Europe and of all
the region around the Mediterranean ; /. Puliearia, the
fleabane or herb-christopher, ranges over Europe and Rus-
sian Asia ; and /. salicina, the willow-leafed inule, is also
widely distributed over Europe.

Inulaceae (in-u-la'se-e), n. pi. [NL. (Presl,
1822), < I Hutu + -acete.] A tribe of composite
plants, typified by the genus Inula: now in-
cluded in the Inviuideae. Also Inulea.

inule (in'ul), n. [< NL. Inula.] A plant of
the genus Inula, particularly /. Helenium, the
elecampane.

inulin (m'u-lin), w. [< Inula + -in2.] A vege-
table principle (CgHjoOs) which is spontane-
ously deposited from a decoction of the roots
of Inula Helenium and certain other plants.
It Is a white powder soluble in hot water, Is colored yellow
by iodine, and in its chemical properties appears to be In-
termediate between those of sugar and starch. Also called
dtililin and

inulinoid (in'u-lin-oid), a. [< inul(in) + -oid.]
Resembling or related to inulin.

Inuloideae (in-u-loi'de-e), «. pi. [NL., < Inula
+ -oide<e.] A large and somewhat heteroge-
neous tribe of composite plants, typified by me
genus Inula.

innmbratet (in-um'brat), r. t. [< L. inumbra-
tus, pp. of inumbrare, cast a shadow upon, < I'M,
on, + umbrare, shadow, shade, < umbra, a shad-
ow: see umbra.] To cast a shadow upon.
Bailey.

inumbrationt (in-um-bra'shon), n. [< LL. in-
umbratio(n-), an overshadowing, < L. inumbrare,
overshadow: see inumbrate.] Shade; a shad-
ow ; an overshadowing.

The obstruction and inmnbration beginneth on that side.
Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 956.

inuncatet (in-ung'kat), v. t. [< L. inniii-iitiix.
pp. of inuncare, hook, < in, in, + uncus, a
hook: see adunc.] To hook or entangle. Bai-
ley, 1731.

inunctedt (in-ungk'ted), a. [< L. inunrtux.
anointed: see inunction, and cf. anointed.]
Anointed.

inunction (in-ungk'shon), n. [< L. inunctio(n-),
an anointing, a spreading on, < inungere,
anoint, spread on, < in, on, + ungere, smear:
see unction. Cf. anoint, from the same verb
(L. inungere).] The action of anointing; tine-

inunction

tion ; in med., the act of rubbing in an ointment
or a liniment.

When the skin is cold and dry, or cold and moist, and
insufficiently nourished, as well as in certain fevers and
other morbid conditions, there can be no doubt ol the
value of inunction.

Buck's Handbook of Med. Sciences, IV. 646.

invmctuosity (in-ungk-tu-os'i-ti), n. [<i«-3
+ unctuositi/.] Lack of unctuosity ; absence
of greasiness or oiliness perceptible to the
touch: as, the inunctuosity of porcelain-clay.
Kirwan.

inundant (in-un'dant), a. [= Sp. Pg. inun-
tlante, < L. inundan(t-)s, ppr. of inundare, over-
flow: see inundate. Of. abundant, redundant.]
Overflowing; inundating. [Poetical.]

Days, and nights, and hours,
Thy voice, hydropick Fancy, calls aloud
For costly draughts, immdant bowls of Joy.

Shenstone, Economy, 1.

Inundatae (in-un-da'te), u.pl, [NL. (Linneeus,
1751), fern. pi. of L. inundatug, overflowed: see
inundate.] A division (order) of water-plants
or water-loving plants, containing the genera
Hippuris, CeratopJiyllum, Potamogeton, Ruppia,
Typha, etc., which are now referred to the nat-
ural orders Haloragece, Naiadaeece, Typhacece,
etc.

inundate (in-un'dat or in'un-dat), v. t.; pret.
and pp. inundated, ppr. inundating. [< L. »«-
undatus.pp. of inundare (> It. inondarc, innon-
dare = Sp. Pg. inundar = F. inonder), overflow,
< in, on, + undare, rise in waves: see ound, and
cf. abound, redound, surround.] 1. To over-
spread with or as if with a flood ; overflow ;
flood; deluge.

Noniius reports, in the history of his embassy, that dur-
ing the period when the Nile inundates Egypt there are
very violent storms in the different parts of ^Ethiopia.

Beloe, tr. of Herodotus, ii. 38.

Hence — 2. To gorge with excessive circulation
or abundance; fill inordinately; overspread;
overwhelm.

The calm and the magical moonlight
Seemed to inundate her soul with indescribable longings.
Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 3.
The whole system is inundated with the tides of joy.

Emerson, Success.

inundation (in-un-da'shpn), n. [= F. inonda-
fi'OH=Pr. inondacion = Sp. inundation = Pg. in-
iindacao = It. inundazione, inondazione, < L. in-
undatio(n-), an overflowing, < inundare, pp. in-
undatus, .overflow: see inundate.] The act of
inundating, or the state of being inundated; an
overflow of water or other fluid; a flood; a ris-
ing and spreading of water over low grounds;
hence, an overspreading of any kind ; an over-
flow or superfluous abundance.

Her father, ... in his wisdom, hastes our marriage,
To stop the inundation of her tears.

Shak., R. and J.,lv. 1, 12.

Seuen or eight weekes we withstood the inundations of
these disorderly humors.

Capt. John Smith, Works, II. 101.

The greater portion of the cultivable soil is fertilized by
the natural annual inundation.

E. W. Lane, Modem Egyptians, II. 24.

inunderstandingt (in-un-der-stan'ding), «. [<
jn-S + understanding, ppr. of understand.] Void
of understanding; unintelligent.

Can we think that such material and mortal, that such
inunderstanding souls, should by God and nature be fur-
nished with bodies of so long permansion?

Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, x.

inurbane (in-er-ban'), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. inur-
bano, < L. inurbanus, not civil or polite, < in-
priv. + itrbanus, civil, polite: see urbane.] Not
urbane; uncivil; discourteous; unpolished.

Just it would be, and by no means inurbane, but hard-
ly, perhaps, Christian.

M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, vi.

inurbanely (in-er-ban'li), ado. Without ur-
banity; uncivilly.

inurbaneness (in-er-ban'nes), n. Lack of ur-
banity ; incivility. Bailey, 1727.

inurbanity (in-er-ban'i-ti), n. [= F. iiiurba-
nite = Sp. inurbanidad = It. inurbanitd, < L.
as if *inurbanita(t-)s, < inurbanus, inurbane:
see inurbane, and cf. urbanity.] Lack of ur-
banity or courtesy ; rude, unpolished manners
or deportment ; incivility.

Plautus abounds in pleasantries that were the delight
of his own and of the following age, but which at the dis-
tance of one hundred and fifty years Horace scruples not
to censure for their inurbanity.

Seattle, Laughter and Ludicrous Composition.

inure (in-ur'), v.\ pret. aud pp. inured, ppr.
inuring. [Also enure; < in are, in the phrase
lint in lire, put in practice) : »»!, pre>>.; ure,
work, operation, practice : see ure.] I. traits.

3168

It. To establish by use; put into exercise or

act; insure.

But us he sends upon his high behests

For state, as Sovran King ; and to inure

Our prompt obedience. Milton, F. L., viii. 239.

2t. To use; adapt; qualify; practise; exercise;

ply.

Inwe the with them that byn wyse,
Then to Eyches thow shalt Aryse.
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.), i. 70.
I also inure my pen sometimes in that kind.

Spenser, To 6. Harvey.

A prince may animate and inure some meaner persons
to be scourges to ambitious men.

Bacon, Ambition (ed. 1887).

3. To toughen or harden by exercise ; deaden
the sensibility of; accustom; habituate: fol-
lowed by to.

A nation warlike, and inured to practice

Of policy and labour, cannot brook

A feminate authority. Ford, Broken Heart, v. 3.

Inur'd to hardships from his early youth,
Much had he done, and suffer'd for his truth.

Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 910.
The poor, inur'd to drudg'ry and distress,
Act without aim, think little, and feel less.

Cowper, Hope, 1. 7.

II. intrans. 1 . To pass in use ; take or have
effect; be applied; become available or ser-
viceable : as, the land will inure to the heirs, or
to the benefit of the heirs.

Speaking before of the figure [Synecdoche] wee called
him [QuickC conceit] because he inured in a single word
onely by way of intendment or large meaning, but such
as was speedily discouered by euery quicke wit.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 193.

Almost every privilege conceded by neutrals would be
apt to inure more to the benefit of one than of the other
of two hostile nations.

Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 167.

2. In law, to devolve as a right. It is commonly
used of a devolution by law not intended by the parties :
as, if the holder of a lease with covenant for renewal as-
signs it, and afterward gets a renewal to himself, the re-
newal inures to the benefit of the assignee.
inurement (in-ur'mgnt), n. [< inure + -ment.]
The act of inuring, or the state of being inured ;
practice; habit.

How much more may we hope, through the very same
means (education being nothing else but a constant plight
and inurement), to induce by custom good habits into a
reasonable creature. Sir H. Wotton, Reliquia?, p. 79.

inurn (in-ern'), v. t. [< in-2 + urn.] To put
into an urn, especially a funeral urn ; hence, to
bury; inter; intomb.

The sepulchre,
Wherein we saw thee quietly inurn'd.

Shak., Hamlet, 1. 4, 49.

-iuus. [NL., L., a common adj. suffix : see -in1,
-ine1.] A suffix forming Latin adjectives and
nouns thence derived. It is frequent in New
Latin generic and specific names, as in Acan-
thinus, etc.

inusitatet (in-u'zi-tat), a. [= F. inusM, < L.
inusitatus, unused, unusual, < in- priv. + usita-
tus, used, usual, pp. of usitari, use often, freq.
of uti, pp. usus, use: see use, v.] Unused; un-
usual.

I find some inusitate expressions about some mysteries.
Abp. Bramhall, Works, II. 61.

inusitation (in-u-zi-ta'shon), n. [< L. inusita-
tus, unused, unusual (see inusitate), + -ion.]
The state of being unused; neglect of use ; dis-
use. [Obsolete or archaic.]

The mammee of the male have not vanished by inustta-
tion. Paley, Nat. Theol., xxiii.

inustt, a- [< L. inustus, pp. of inurere, burn in,
brand, < in, in, on, -f were, burn.] Burnt in.

That furious hot inust impression.

Dr. H. More, Psychathanasia, III. iii. 69.

inustiont (in-us'chon), n. [< L. as if "imis-
tio(n-),< inurere, pp. inustus, burn in: see inust.]
The act of burning, or of marking by burning;
a branding; in med., cauterization.

A kingdom brought him to tyranny, tyranny to ...
inuetion of other countries, among which Israel felt the
smart in the burning of her cities and massacring her
inhabitants. Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 354.

in Utero (in u'te-ro). [L. : in, in; utero, abl. of
uterus, womb: see uterus,] In the womb; be-
gotten, but yet to be born. See in ventre.

inutilet (in-u'til), a. [= F. inutile = Pr. in-
util = Sp. inutil = Pg. inutil = It. inutile, < L.
inutilis, useless, < in- priv. + utilis, useful: see
utility.] Unprofitable; useless.

To refer to heat and cold is a compendious and imitile
speculation. Bacon, Nat. Hist.

inutility (iu-u-til'i-ti), n.; pi. inutilities (-tiz).
[= F. inutiliie = Sp. inutilidad = Pg. ini/tili-
dade = It. inutilita, < L. ii/uti/itu(l-')s, useless-

invaginate

ness, < inittilix, useless: see inutile.] 1. The
quality of being useless or unprofitable ; lack
of utility; uselessness; unprofitableness.

It is obvious that utility passes through inutility before
changing into disutility, these notions being related as
+, 0, and — . Jevow, Pol. Econ., p. 63.

Even on their own opinion of their inutility ... I shall
propose to you to suppress the board of trade and planta-
tions. Burke, Economical Reform.

2. Something that is useless.

"Pshaw!" replied Arminius, contemptuously; "that
great rope [the Atlantic cable], with a Philistine at each
end of it talking inutilities .'"

M. Arnold, Friendship's Garland, vii.

inutilized (iii-u'ti-Uzd), «. [< «»-3 + utilised.]
Not utilized. Also spelled inutilised.

The application [of native ultramarine, which is worth,
weight for weight, more than gold], remained inutilfeed
for several years.

W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 80.

in Utroque jure (in u-tro'kwe jo're). [L.: in,

in; utroque, abl. of uterque, either; jure, abl.

ofj«s,law.] In each or either law; under both

laws,
inutterable (in-ut'er-a-bl), a. [< in-s + uttera-

ble.] Incapable of being uttered ; unutterable.

All monstrous, all prodigious things,
Abominable, inutterable, and worse
Than fables yet have feign'd. Milton, P. I.., ii. 626.

There,

If the wolf spare me, weep my life away,
Kill'd with inutterable unkindliness.

Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.

InUUS (in'u-us), n. [NL., < L. Inuus, a name of
Pan.] A notable genus of old-world monkeys,
of the family Cynopitliecidce and subfamily Cy-
nopithecinai, related to the macaques. Inuus
ecaudattts, the well-known Barbary ape, inhabiting the
rock of Gibraltar, is the only species. This animal is
called an ape, and has been placed with the higher simians
in the family Simiidce; but its proper position is with the
lower monkeys, near the baboons. See cut under ape.

in vacuo (in vak'u-6). [L.: in, in; vacua, abl.
of vacuum, vacuum : see vacuum.] In a vacu-
um; in empty space.

invade (in-vad'), v. t.; pret. and pp. invaded,
ppr. invading. [= OF. inrader = Sp. Pg. in-
vadir = It. invadere, < L. invadere, go, come, or
get into, enter into, attack, invade, < in, in,+
vadere,go: see evade. Cf. inveigh.] If. Togo
into or upon ; enter.

Becomes a body, and doth then invade
The state of life, out of the griesly shade.

Spenser, F. Q., III. vi. 37.

This contentious storm
Invades us to the skin. Shak., Lear, iii. 4, 7.

2. To enter or penetrate into as an enemy;
go or pass into or over with hostile intent, as
in a military incursion.

By cordes let fal fast gan they slide adown :
And streight inuade the town yburied then
With wine and slepe. Surrey, r.ncid, ii.

Flur, for whose love the Roman Csesar first
Invaded Britain. Tennyson, Geraint.

Hence — 3. To come into or upon as if by a
hostile incursion ; make an attack upon.
Jove can endure no longer
Your great ones should your less invade.

B. Jonson, Golden Age Restored.
Our Saviour himself, comming to reform his Church, was
accus'd of an intent to invade Cresar's right.

Milton, Eikonoklastes, xi.
The fumes of it [authority] invade the brain,
And make men giddy, proud, and vain.

S. Butter, Miscellaneous Thoughts.

4. To intrude upon; infringe; encroach on;
violate: as, to invade the privacy of a family.

When . . . the rights of a whole people are invaded, the
common forms of municipal law are not to be regarded.
A. Hamilton, Works, II. 96.

invader (in-va'der), n. One who invades; an
assailant ; an encroacher ; an intruder.

Let Erin remember the days of old.

Ere her faithless sons betray'd her,
When Malachi wore the collar of gold
Which he won from the proud invader.

Moore, Let Erin Remember.

Heroes and patriots have successfully resisted the in-
voders of their country, or perished in its defence.

Story, Misc. Writings, p. 341.

invadiatet (in-va'di-at), v. i. [< ML. invadiatus,
pp. of inradiare, engage: see engage.] To en-

_ gage or mortgage lands. Bailey, 1731.

invaginable (in-vaj'i-na-bl), a. [< invagina(te)
+ -ble.] Capable of being invaginated; sus-
ceptible of invagination.

The great proboscis of Halanoglossns may well be com-
pared to the in wrj/inaWe organ similarly placed in tilt' Nu-
mertines. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 187.

invaginate (in-vaj'i-nat), r. t. ; pret. and pp.
iiivayinafed, ppr. iiiruijutatitiy. [< L. in, in, +

invaginate

ruijiiin, a glieath : «ee mi/ina.] To sheathe ;
insert or receive as into a sheath; introvert:

opposed In ( r/ii/iimt< .

Dr. Kingsley claims that thi: ronipoiinil ryo arisen as un
invayiiutted pitof ectuiltTm. Anfr. Satiindixt, XXI. 1120.

invagination (in-vaj-i-nfi'shon), w. [< /«-
rdijniiili + -inn.] Tin' (tc't Mt1 introverting or
sheathing, or the state of being sheathed; in-
sertion or reception as into a sheath ; intus-
susception.

invalescence1t (iu-va-les'ens), ». [< L. «'«-
priv. + v<ili'm;r)i(t-)ti, ppr. of valettccre, grow
strong. Of. convalescence.] Lack of health.

Jollll.lOII.

invalescence'-'t (in-va-les'ens), n. [< L. inva-
li fiTre, become strong, <. in- intensive + vales-
cere, inceptive of valere, be strong: see valid.
Cf. convalescence.'} Strength ; health. Iluiley,
1731.

invaletudinaryt (iii-val-e-tu'di-na-ri), a. [=
F. invaletudinaire = Sp. ini'alitudiitario, < L.
invalt'litdiiinriiiK, sick (used only as a noun), <
in- intensive + raletudinariiis, sick: see vale-
tutli>mry.~] Sick; ill; valetudinary.

Whether usually the most Btudious, laborious ministers
be not tile most invaletudinary and innrm ?
Paper* between the C<im)ni&fionem for Review of the Liturgy

[(1861), p. 127.

invalid1 (in-val'id), o. [= P. invalide = Sp.
invdlido = Pg. It. invalido, < L. invalidiis, not
strong, weak, inefficient, \ in- priv. + validus,
strong: see valid. Cf. invalid2.'] 1. Not valid;
of no force, weight, or cogency ; weak.

But this I urge,

Admitting motion in the heavens, to show
Invalid that which thee to doubt it moved.

Milton, V. L., Till. 118.

The greater our obligations to such writers, the more
desirable is it that their iniitlbl Judgments should be dis-
criminated from their valid. F. Hall, False Philol., p. 2.

2. In late, having no validity or binding force ;
wanting efficacy; null; void: as, an invalid
contract or agreement.

invalid2 (in'va-lid or -led), a. and n. [Formerly
also invalide; = D. inraliede, a., = G. invalide =
Dan. Sw. invalid, u., < F. invalide (= Sp. invdlido
= Pg. It. invalido), a., not strong, sick, invalid;
as a noun, a disabled soldier; < L. invalidus,
not strong: see invalid1."] I. a. Deficient in
health; infirm; weak; sick.

II. n. 1 . An infirm or sickly person ; one
who is affected by disease or disabled by
any infirmity. Hence — 2. Something that is
damaged, or the worse for wear, but not so
much as to be wholly unserviceable. [Humor-
ous.]

The carriages were old second-class iiintliil* of English
lines : but they were luxurious enough after the long
journey in dust and sun.

W. a. Russett, Diary in India, I. 158.

invalid2 (in'va-lid or -led), v. [< invalid^, a.] I,
trans. 1. To affect with disease ; render an in-
valid: chiefly in the past participle.

Mr. Pickwick cut the matter short by drawing the in-

valided stroller's arm through his, and leading him away.

Dickens, Pickwick, xlv.

Rheumatics, who so largely preponderate among the in-
valided visitors at our sulphur springs.

Harper's Mag., LXIX. 43tf.

2. To register as an invalid; enroll on the list
of invalids in the military or naval service;
give leave of absence from duty on account of
ill health.

II. intrans. To cause one's self to be regis-
tered as an invalid. [Rare.]

He hud been long suffering from the insidious attacks
of a hot climate, and though repeatedly advised to invalid,
he never would consent. Marryat, Peter Simple.

invalidate (in-val'i-dat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
iiinilitliilcd, ppr. invalidating. [< ML. *invali-
(iatits, pp. of "invaUdare (> It. invalidarc = Sp.
Pg. invalidar = F. invalider), make invalid, < L.
iurulidtta, invalid: see invalid1. Cf. validate."]
1. To render invalid; destroy the strength or
validity of; render of no force or effect.

Argument is to be invalidated, only by argument, and
is in itself of the game force, whether or not it convinces
him by whom it is proposed. Jnhnson, Rambler, No. 14.

The force of the objection above set forth may be fully

admitted, without in any degree invalidating the theory.

II. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 41.

Specifically — 2. In law, to deprive of binding
force or legal efficacy: as, fraud iiu-<ilidtit<'x a
contract.

invalidation (in-val-i-da'shon), n. [< F. in-
riilidatioii = Sp. invalidiirinii ; us inralidnti +
-ion."] The act of invalidating or of rendering
invalid.

3169

The thirty-four confirmations (of Magna Charta) would
have been only so many repetitions of their absurdity, sit
many new links in the chain, and so m&ny invalidations
of their i i(;lit.

llurke, Powers of Juries in Prosecutions for Libels.

invalidet, a. and «. An obsolete form of in-
valitl-.

invalidhood (iu'va-lid- or-led-hud), «. [< in-
valid- + -hood.] rrhe state of being an invalid;
iuvalidism. [Rare.]

About twenty years ago she had an illness, and, on the
strength of it, has kept up a character for inaalidhnod ever
since. /•' Broughton, Red as a Rose is She, i \.

invalidism (in'va-lid- or -led-izm), n. [< in-
vaUd"* + -ism."] The condition of being an in-
valid; a state of debility or infirmity; espe-
cially, a chronic condition of poor health.

Inoalidurm is a function to which certain persons are
horn, as others are born to poetry' or art as their calling.
O. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 109.

invalidity (in-va-lid'i-ti), n. [= P. invalidity
= Pg. invalidade = ft. iui-<itt<tiiu. invalidity, <
ML. invalidita(t-)s, weakness, infirmity (from a
wound), < L. invalidity, not strong: see invalid1,
invalid^.] If. Weakness; infirmity.

He ordered that none who could work should be Idle ;
and that none who could not work, by age, sickness, or
invalidity, should want. Sir W. Temple.

2. Lack of validity ; want of cogency, force, or
efficacy; specifically, lack of legal force: as,
the invalidity of an argument or of a will.

But, however, to prevent all cavillings, In this place
lie shew the invalitltty of this objection.

GlanmUe, Pre-existence of Souls, IT.

The penalty of invalidity attaching to unstamped docu-
ments of various kinds has proved a very effective deter-
rent to evasion. Encyc. Brit., XX III. 88.

invalidly (in-val'id-li), adv. So as to be in-
valid ; without validity.

Fraudulently bought, and therefore invalidly obtained.
Philadelphia Times, Oct. 26, 1885.

invalidness (in-val'id-nes), n. Invalidity: as,
the invalidness of reasoning. [Rare.]
invalorous(in-val'o-rus),o. [<in-3 + valorous."]
Not valorous; cowardly. D. ff Council.
invaluable (in-val'u-a-bl), a. [< JM-3 + valit-
able."] Above or beyond valuation ; too valu-
able for exact estimate ; inestimable.

The ancient amity <fe friendship betweene both our lands,
with the inualuable commodity of sweet amiable peace.

Uakluyt'e Voyages, I. 160.

There was an invaluable shrine for the head of St. John
the Baptist, whose bones and another of his heads are in
the cathedral at Genoa.

R. Curzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 863.

invaluableness (in - val ' u - a - bl - nes), » . The
character of being invaluable.

Deny, if th.ui canst, the invaluablenesse of this heavenly
gift Bp. Hall, Satan's Fiery Darts, U.

invaluably (in-val'u-a-bli), adv. Inestimably.
That in ml mi hi I/ precious blood of the Sonne of God.

Bp. Hull. Sermon of Thanksgiving, Jan., 1625.

invaluedt (iu-val'ud), a. [< in-S + valued."] In-
estimable; invaluable.

The monument of worth, the angel's pleasure,
Which hoardeth glory's rich invalu'd treasure.

Ford, Fame's Memorial, Epitaphs.

invariability (in-va'ri-a-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. in-
variabilite = Sp. ini-aridbilidad = Pg. invaria-
bilidade = lt.invariabilita;- aeinvariable + -ity."]
Lack of variability or of liability to change ; m-
variableness.

Therfore, this invariabilita in the birds' operations must
proceed from a higher intellect.

Sir K. Digby, Of Bodies, xxxvii.

invariable (in-va'ri-a-bl), a. and n. [= P. t«-
variable = Sp. invariable = Pg. invariavel = It.
invariabile; as in-3 + variable.'] I. a. 1. Not
variable ; constant ; uniform ; unchanging.

If taste has no fixed principles, if the imagination is not
affected according to some invariable and certain laws, our
labour is like to be employed to very little purpose.

Burke, On Taste, Int.

The only evidence of the shells having been naturally
left by the sea consists in their invariable and uniform ap-
pearance of extreme antiquity.

Darwin, Geol. Observations, ii. 242.

2. Not capable of being varied; unalterable;

unchangeable.- invariable antecedent, in logic.
See antecedent, 3 (c).— Invariable pendulum, a pendu-
lum constructed to be transported unchanged from one
station to another, in order to determine the relative ac-
celeration of gravity. Such a pendulum swings upon a
knife-edge (which see).— Invariable system, in dynam.,
a system of points whose relative distances remain con-
stant.

II. n. In math., a quantity that does not
vary ; a constant.

invariableness (in-va'ri-a-bl-nes), n. The
state of being invariable; constancy of state,
condition, or quality; immutability; unchange-
ableuess.

invecked

A variety of dispensations [may] be consistent with an
invariableness of design.

A. Tucker, Light of Nature, II. ill. -J4.

invariably (in-va'ri-u-bli). <nlr. In an invari-
able manner; without alteration or change;
constantly; uniformly.

It |time| Is conceived by way of substance, or Imagined
to subsist of itself, independently and invariably, us all
abstract ideas are. Law, Enquiry, Of Time, U.

Death succeeds life Inevitably and invariably.

J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 187.

invariance (iu-va'ri-ans), w. [< invarian(t) +
-cr.~] In math., the essential character of in-
variants; persistence after linear transforma-
tion.

invariant (iu-va'ri-ant), a. and «. [< in-8 +
nn-iaiit.'] I. «. Not varying or changing; re-
maining always the same.

However variable the visible antecedents may be, the
real determinants — the cooperant factors — are in each
case invari<iiitn.

<]. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. in.

II. n. In math., a function of the coefficients
of a quantic such that, if the quantic is linear-
ly transformed, the same function of the new
coefficients is equal to the first function multi-
plied by some power of the modulus of trans-
formation.-Absolute, differential, skew, etc., in-
variant. See the adjectives.— Theory Of Invariants,
a branch of mathematics which studies the fundamental
invariants of qualities.

invariantive (in-va'ri-an-tiv), a. [< invariant
+ -ice.] Pertaining to an invariant; persist-
ing after a linear transformation.

A curve u = o may have some invariantiee property,
viz. a property independent of the particular axes of co-
ordinates used in the representation of the curve by its
equation. Encyc. Brit., VI. 722.

invaried (in-va'rid), a. [<««-3 + varied.] Un-
varied ; not changing or altering. [Rare.]

Change of the particles, or the lesser invaried words,
that add to the signification of nouns and verbs.

Blackball, Sacred Classlcks, I. 136.

invariod (in-va'ri-od), n. . [L., < in- priv. +
variare, vary, + term, -od, < Gr. Mrff, a path.]
In math., an ultracritical function.

Sir James Cockle suggests that ... it may be possible
by means of semicritlcal relations to form invariods, that
is, ultra-critical functions of the calculus analogous to the
Invariants or ultra-critical functions of algebra.

£. Harley, Proc. Roy. Soc., XXXVIII. 57.

invasion (in-va'zhon), w. [= F. invasion = Pr.
entasio = Sp. invasion = Pg. invasSo = It. in-
rasione, < LL. inrasio(n-), an attack, invasion, <
Ij.invadere, pp. invasus, invade: see invade.] 1.
The act of invading a country or territory as an
enemy; hostile entrance or intrusion.

We made an invasion upon the south of the Cherethites.

1 Sam. xxx. 14.

No Mahratta invasion had ever spread through the prov-
ince such dismay as this inroad of English lawyers.

Macatday, Warren Hastings.

Hence — 2. A harmful incursion of any kind;
an onset or attack, as of disease.

What demonstrates the plague to he endemial to Egypt
is its inraxitin and going off at certain seasons. Arbuthnot.

The invaxiun of the symptoms [in smallpox] is sudden
and severe. Encyc. Brit., XXIL 163.

3. Infringement by intrusion ; encroachment
by entering into or taking away what belongs
to another: as, an invasion of one's retirement
or rights.

Here is no invasion and conquest of the weaker nature
by the stronger, but an equal league of souls, each in Its
own realm still sovereign.

Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 329.

invasive (in-va'siv), a. [= F. im-asif= Sp. Pg.
It. invasivo, < ML. invasirus, invasive, < L. inva-
sus, pp. of invadere, invade : see invade.] Tend-
ing to invade ; characterized by invasion ; ag-
gressive.

Prohibited by the magistrates and rulers to vse or
weare any weapon, either inwuiee or defensiue.

Hatt, Hen. VI., an. 34.

He [Washington] had such admirable self-command
that he was not at all invasive of the opinion of others.

Theodore Parker, Historic Americans, p. 129.

invassalt (in-vas'al), v. t. [< i»-2 + vassal.]
Same as enrassal,

Whilst I myself was free
From that intolerable misery
Whereto affection now invassels me.

Daniel, Queen's Arcadia, U. 1.

invecked (in^vekt').«. [Also envecked; cf. »'»-
vected, inreied.] Bordered exteriorly by small
rounded lobes of slight projection as'compared
with their width ; invected.

The eastern window [of Whalley Church] ... is invecked
with ramified tracery. Baines, Hist Lancashire, II. 7.

It has no sleeves, but reveals an under coat of pale blue
with imecked edges. N. and Q., 7th ser., VII. »7.

invecke'e

inveck6e (in-vek'a), a. [Heraldic F.; cf. in-

vecked.] In her., double-arched,

or, more rarely, triple-arched :

said of a heraldic line, or the

edge of an ordinary, which is

bent into large curves forming

an angle with each other.
invectt (in-vekf), v. i. [< L. in-

vectus, pp. of inveltere, inveigh:

see inveigh.'] To inveigh.

A Chief inveckfe

Fool that I am thus to inivct against her !

Beau, and fl. (?), Faithful Friends, lii. 3.

inverted (in-vek'ted), a. [< L. invectua, pp.
of invehere, bring in or to, en-
ter, penetrate, also attack : see
inveigh. Cf. invexed, convex.']
Formed exteriorly of small con-
vex or outward curves, or slight-
ly projecting rounded lobes:
used in heraldry of a line or the
edge of a bearing: the oppo- A Pale
site of engrailed, in which the

3170

On their coin they stamped the figure of Sappho. Nor
lease honored they Alcseus, a bitter invevjher against the
rage of tyrants that then oppressed this countrey.

Sandys, Travailes, p. 13.

inveigle (in-ve'gl), v. t.; pret. and pp. inveigled,
ppr. inveigling. [Formerly also inveagle, envei-
gle; < ME. (not found), < AF. enveogler, blind,
inveigle, equiv. to F. aveugler = Pr. avogolar =
It. avocolarc, blind, < L. ab, from, + oculits, eve :
see ocular.] To lead astray by making blind
to the truth or to consequences; mislead by
deception ; entice into violation of duty, pro-
priety, or self-interest: now usually with into.

It was Cleopatra's sweet voice and pleasant speech
which inveigled Antony. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 481.

And thus would he inveigle my belief to think the com-
bustion of Sodom might be natural.

Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 19.

He had inveigled the lieges into revolt by a false asser-
tion that the Inquisition was about to be established.

Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 153.
— Syu. To cajole, beguile, lure, insnare, decoy,
inveiglement (in-ve'gl-ment), «. [< inveigle +
-ment.] The act of inveigling; seduction to
evil; that which inveigles ; enticement.

curves are concave or turned inward. Formerly
canelle.

invectiont (in-vek'shon), ». [< L. invectio(n-),
a bringing, an attacking, < invehere, pp. invec-
tus, bring in, attack: see inveigh.] Invective.

Many men wish Luther to have used a more temperate inveiglei (in-ve'gler), n. One who inveigles,
style sometimes, especially against princes and temporal entices, or leads astray by arts and flattery.

Unrein ™™wv™£imm0te™%fnwc™nw^ Kin* W™ »"<*. Ithe >">»«» beit« presented to the Empe-

Hen?vthe8tk Full Answer to P S"ine (S D 28
"*e'Al1 .SB), p. ;a.

A person truly pious . . . may, thro' the inveiglements
of the world and the frailty of his nature, be sometimes
surprised, and for a while drawn into the way of sin.

South, Works, VI. iv.

beauty, ne was known, and the
Sandys, Travailes, p. 14.

This is most strangely invective,

Most full of spite and insolent upbraiding.

B. Jonson, Sejanus, iii. 1.

Let him rail on ; let his invective muse
Have four and twenty letters to abuse.

rour for his

invective (in-vek'tiv) a. and ». [< F.invectif inv^ (^viS ™ «. t [< *»-B + M&1 feme as

= It. invetnvo, invective (as a noun, F. mvec- enveil

tive = Sp. Pg. inveetiva = It. invettiva, f., in- inTei0'pt invelopet v. t. Obsolete forms of en-

vective), < L. invectivus, scolding abusive, in- ^y,"^. Ta/or. '

yective, < invehere, pp. invectus, attack scold, invendibility (in-ven-di-bil'i-ti), «. [< inven-

inveigh: see inveigh.] I. a. Censoriously abu- (Uble . see .^ -, The gtate o ' alitLy of be.

sive ; vituperative ; denunciatory. ing invendible ; unsalableness.

All that is terrible in this case is that the author may
be laughed at, and the stationer beggared by the book's
invendilnlity. Brome.

invendible (in-yen'di-bl), a. [< j«-3 + vendi-
Dryden, Abs. and Achit., ii. 447. We.] Not vendible ; unsalable.
II. n. Vehement denunciation; an utterance invenomt, invenomet, v. t. Obsolete forms of
of violent censure or reproach ; also, a railing .en n°"': .

accusation: vituperation. mvent (m-venf), r. t. [< ME. mventen, < OF.

inventer, F. inventer = Sp. Pg. inventor = It. in-
ventare, < L. inventus, pp. of invenire, come upon,
meet with, find, discover, < in, on, 4- venire,
come : see venture. Cf. advent, convent, event1,
prevent, etc.] 1. To come upon; light upon;
meet with ; find. [Obsolete or archaic.]
Far off he wonders what them makes so glad ;
Or Bacchus merry fruit they did invent,
Or Cybeles franticke rites have made them mad.

Spenser, F. Q., I. vi. 15.

According to the popular belief among the Greeks, it
was in a bed of this tender herb [sweet basil] that Our
Lord's Cross was invented.

Athelstan Riley, Athos, or the Mountain of the Monks
[(1887), p. 71, note.

2. To find out by original study or contriv ance ;
create by a new use or combination of means ;
devise the form, construction, composition,
method, or principle of.

To invent is to discover that we know not.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 217.

He is now

Inventing a rare mouse-trap, with owl's wings
And a cat's-foot, to catch the mice alone.

B. Jonson, Fortunate Isles.

3. In general, to produce by contrivance ; fab-
ricate ; concoct ; devise : as, to invent the plot of
a story ; to invent an excuse or a falsehood.

I say, she never did invent this letter;
This is a man's invention, and his hand.

Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3, 29.

Lies and falsites, and such as could best invent them,
were only in request. Milton, Hist. Eng., iii.

accusation; vituperation.

In the Fathers' writings there are sundry sharp invec-
tives against heretics. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, iii. 8.

So desperate thieves, all hopeless of their lives,
Breathe out invectives 'gainst the officers.

Shalt., 3 Hen. VI., i. 4, 43.
A tide of fierce
Invective seem'd to wait behind her lips.

Tennyson, Princess, iv.

=Syn. Abuse, Invective (see abuse); Satire, Pasquinade,
etc. (see lampoon) ; philippic, objurgation, reproach, rail-
ing, diatribe.

invectively (in-vek'tiv-li), adv. In the man-
ner of invective ; censoriously ; abusively.

Thus most invectively he pierceth through
The body of the country, city, court.

Shak., As you Like it, ii. 1, 58.

invectiyeness (in-vek'tiy-nes), n. The quali-
ty of being invective or vituperative ; abusive-
ness. [Rare.]

I related to them the bitter mockings and scornings that
fell upon me, the displeasure of my parents, the invective-
ness and cruelty of the priests.

Penn, Travels in Holland, etc.

invectivist (in-vek'tiv-ist), n. [< invective +
-ist.] One who employs invective.

It is the work of a very French Frenchman, of a gloomy
and profoundly thoughtful and powerful satirist and in-
vectivist. The Independent (New YorkX June 12, 1862.

Sydney Smith, vi.
Inmnt gee digcoCCT.and

inveigh (iu-va'), v. i. [Formerly also enveigh,
invaigh, invey ; < ME. *enveyen (?) (not found),

< OF. envair, enveir, attack, invade, press, un-
dertake, prob. < L. invadere, attack, invade (see

invade), but also appar. in part (like the E in- . In an CTenin«. °'t«n with a child on each knee, he would

vect, inaction, invective, associated with inveigh) mvent * Me *>r thelr "

. L. teuton* PP. invectns, carry, bear or bring =s 2 and 3

in or to, also attack with words, scold, inveigh, Hon.

< in, in, to, + rehere, carry: see vehicle.] To inventert (in-ven'ter), n. An obsolete form of
make a verbal attack ; utter or write vehement inventor.

denunciation or rebuke ; exclaim or rail against inventfult (in-vent'ful), a. [< invent + -fill.]

persons or things; rail : with against, formerly Full of invention; inventive.

with at or on. Tne genius Of the French government appears powerful

only in destruction, and inventful only in oppression.

Gi/ord, Residence in France (1797).

T. S.. . . was so negligent that . . . I can hardly inhold inventlble (in-ven'ti-bl), a. [< invent + -ible.]
from inmginno- on his memory. Capable of being invented or contrived.

erfl-t i H--C«geUniv.,viii.25. whenflrstlgavemythoughtstomakegunsshootoften,

never fails to inveigh with hearty bitterness against I thought there had been but one only exquisite way in-

demotracy as the source of every species of crime. ventible; yet, by several trials, and much charge, I have

Macaulay, Mitford's Hist. Greece, perfectly tried all these. Century of Inventions, No. 67.

inveigher (in-va'er), «. One who inveighs or inventibleness (in-ven'ti-bl-nes), ». The state

denounces ; a railer. of being inventible.

Drances and Turnus vppon auncient hatred inueigh one
at the other. Phaer, JEneid, xi., Arg.

inventive

invention (in-ven'shon), n. [= F. invention =
Pr. inventio = Sp. invencion = Pg. invenyao = It.
invensione, < L. inventio(n-), finding, discovery,
invention, < invenire, pp. inventus, come upon,
find: see invent.] 1. A finding. [Obsolete, or
archaic, as in the phrase Invention of the Cross.
See cross1.]

As Laurentius observeth concerning the invention of the
stapes or stirrop bone [in the ear], there is some conten-
tion between Columbus and Ingrassius, the one of Sicilia,
the other of Cremona, and both within this Century.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.

2. The act or process of finding out how to make
something previously unknown, or how to do
something in a new way ; original contrivance ;
creation by a new use of means : as, the inven-
tion of printing; the invention of the steam-
engine, or of an improved steam-engine.

The labor of invention is often estimated and paid on
the same plan as that of execution. J. S. Mill.

3. That which is invented ; something previ-
ously unknown, or some new modification of
an existing thing, produced by an original use
of means; an original contrivance or device.
When used absolutely, it generally denotes a new mechani-
cal device, or a new process in one of the useful arts,

God hath made man upright ; but they have sought out
many inventions. Eccl. vii. 29.

The invention all admired, and each, how he
To be the inventor miss'd. Milton, P. L. , vi. 498.
There is no Invention hath been more valued by the
wiser Fart of Mankind than that of Letters.

Stillingjteet, Sermons, III. ii.

An invention is any new and useful art, machine, man-
ufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful
improvement on any art, machine, manufacture, or com-
position of matter, not before known and used. Robinson.

4. Specifically, in mu»ic, a short piece in which
a single thought is worked out, usually eontra-
puntally, but with the comparative simplicity
of an impromptu or of a study. — 5. The act of
producing by the exercise of the imagination ;
mental fabrication or creation: as, the inven-
tion of plots or of excuses.

You divine wits of elder Daves, from whom
The deep Invention of rare Works hath com.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 5.

If thou canst accuse, . . .
Do it without invention, suddenly.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., Hi. 1, 5.

Milton's Characters, most of them, lie out of Nature,
and were to be formed purely by his own Invention.

Addison, Spectator, No. 279.

6. The faculty or power of inventing ; skill or
ingenuity in original contrivance; the gift of
finding out or producing new forms, methods,
processes, effects, etc.; in art and lit., the exer-
cise of imagination in production ; the creative
faculty.

I will prove these verses to be very unlearned, neither
savouring of poetry, wit, nor invention.

Shak., L. L. L., iv. 2, 166.

I had not the assistance of any good book whereby to
promote my invention, or relieve my memory.

Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, Pref.
. can furnish me with nothing so
Dryden, Mock Astrologer, Pref.
7t- A coming in ; arrival.

Whilst green Thetis' Nymphs, with many an amorous lay,
Sing our invention safe unto her long-wish'd Bay.

Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 68.

Invention of the Cross. See cra»i.— Registered in-
vention, an invention protected by an inferior patent. —
Useful invention, in the sense of American law, one not
injurious or mischievous to society, and not frivolous or
insignificant, but capable of use for a purpose from which
some advantage can be derived. When an invention is use-
ful in this sense, the degree or extent of its usefulness is
wholly unimportant. Curtis, Law of Pat. (5th ed.), § 449.
= Syn. 2. Invention, Discovery; fabrication, excogitation.
Invention is applied to the contrivance and production of
something, often mechanical, that did not before exist,
for the utilization of powers of nature long known or
lately discovered by investigation. Discovery brings to
light what existed before, but was not known. We are in-
debted to invention for the thermometer, barometer, tele-
phone, etc. ; to discovery for knowledge of hitherto un-
known parts of the globe, etc. By the invention of the
spectroscope we have made large discoveries as to the me-
tallic elements in many heavenly bodies. See discover. — 6.
Invention, Style, Amplification. Rhetoric is often divided
into the departments of invention and style, invention cov-
ering all that concerns the supply of the thought, and style
all that concerns the expression of the thought in lan-
guage. Some writers divide rhetoric into invention, am-
plification, and style, but amplification is strictly a part of
invention.

inventional (in-ven'shon-al), «. [< invention
+ -al.] Relating to invention; of the nature
of invention.

inventioust (iu-ven'shus), a. [< invention) +
-ous.] Inventive.

It will be most exquisite; thou art a fine inventions
rogue, sirrah. B. Jomon, Cynthia's Revels, ii. 1.

inventive (iu-ven'tiv), «. [< F. iin-cntif= Sp.
Pg. It. inrentivo; as invent + -ive.] 1. Of or

My own invention . .
dull aa what is there.

inventive

pertaining to invention; characterized by or

manifest in;; original contrivance.

The leading characteristics of modern societies are in

consei|Uen< i iii.-iikril ""I nmi-li iimrr by 111. triumphs of

inventive skill t ban by the unstained energy of moral causes.

Leck'f, Kuro|>. Morals, 1. 131.

A short course of lectures cm the Kindergarten, on the

teaching of language, on industrial and inventive drawing.

Nineteenth Century, XXIV. 489.

2. Able to invent; quick at contriving ; ready
at expedients.

As he had an inventive brain, so there never lived any
man that believed better thereof, and of himself.

Raleiyh.

Ingenious love, inventive in new arts,
M inglcd in plays, and quickly touch'd our hearts.
Dryden and Soame, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry, ill. 91.
We should find the most remarkable instance of the dif-
ference between an Imaginative and an inventive poet to
be furnished by the cases of Shakspeare and Spenser.

Athenteum, No. 3088, p. 196.

inventively (in-ven'tiv-li), adv. By the power

of invention,
inventiveness (in-ven'tiv-nes), n. The quality

of being inventive ; the faculty of inventing.

The knowledge that clear and appropriate ideas are
requisite for discovery, although it does not lead to any
very precise precepts, or supersede the value of natural
sagacity and inventiveness, may still be of use in our pur-
suit after truth. Whewell, Hist. Scientific Ideas.

inventor (in-ven'tor), n. [Formerly also iii-
venter; = F. invsnteur = Sp. Pg. inventor = It.
inventore, < L. inventor, a finder, contriver, au-
thor, inventor, < invenire, pp. inventus, find out,
invent: see invent.] One who invents or de-
vises something new ; one who makes an in-
vention.

We but teach

Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return
To plague the inoentor. Shak., Macbeth, i. 7, 10.

His sister Naaniah is accounted by some Rabblnes the
first inuenter of making Linnen and Woollen, and of vocall
Musicke. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 84.

The lone Inventor by his demon haunted.

Lowell, To the Future.

inventorial (iu-ven-to'ri-al), a. [< inventory +
-nl.] Of or pertaining to an inventory.

inventorially (in-ven-to'ri-al-i), adv. In the
manner of an inventory.

To divide him inventorially would dizzy the arithmetic
of memory. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2, 118.

inventory (in'ven-to-ri), ».; pi. inventories
(-riz). [Formerly also, erroneously, invitory ;
prop, "inventory (the form inventory, OF. in-
ventore (< late ML. infentorium), involving an
irreg. use of the suffix -ory) = F. inventaire =
Pr. inventari = Sp. Pg. It. invsntario, < LL.
invstttarium, a list, inventory, < L. invenire,

Sp. iiiventus, find out: see invent."] A detailed
escriptive list of articles, such as goods and
chattels, or of parcels of land, with the num-
ber, quantity, and value of each ; specifically,
a formal list of movables, as of the goods or
wares of a merchant: as, an inventory of the
estate of a bankrupt, or of a deceased person.
There, take an inventory of all I have,
To the last penny. Shak. , Hen. VIII. , Iii. 2, 124.

There are stores laid up iu our human nature that our
understanding can make no complete inventory of.

George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 1.

Benefit of inventory, in civil law, the limit of liability
secured by an executor, legatee, or heir, in respect of
debts of the deceased, by making and filing an inventory
showing the value of the assets coming to his hands.
=8yn. Schedule, Register, etc. See list.

inventory (in'ven-to-ri), r. t. ; pret. and pp. in-
n nt/>ried, ppr. inventorying. [< inventory, n.]
To make a list, catalogue, or, schedule of; in-
sert or register in an account of goods.

I will give out divers schedules of my beauty. It shall
be inventoried, and every particle and utensil labelled.

Shak., T. N., i. 5, 264.

The learned author himself is inventoried and sunim'd
up to the utmost value of his livery-cloak.

MUton, Colasterion.

in ventre (in ven'tre). [L.: in, in; ventre, abl.
of venter, belly, womb: see venter.] In lair, iu
the womb. Also en venter — In ventre sa mere,
begotten but not yet born. The law recognizes the exis-
tence, and protects the rights, of an infant in rentre sa

inventress (in-ven'tres), ». [< OF. ixvexterexse;
as inn-Htiir + -fax. Cf. F. inventrice = It. f«-
i'1'iifricc, < L. inventrix, fern, of inventor, an in-
ventor: see inventor.] A female inventor.

Mistress Turner, the first Inventress of yellow Starch,
was executed in a Cobweb Lawn Ruff of that Colour at
Tyburn. Uowett, Letters, I. i. 2.

At last divine Cecilia came,
Inventress of the vocal frame.

Dryden, Alexander's Feast.

inver-. [Gael.; cf. aber.] An element in some
Scotch place-names of Gaelic origin, meaning

:U71

a confluence of a river with another or with
the sra : us. liirrrnmui, /nrcrnry, /iirrr<i»r<tn>i,
Inri'riirii. luri I'/ocliy.

inveracity (in-ve-ras'i-ti), H. ; pi. inveracities
(-ti/.). [< i'«-:t +' rtracity.] Lack of veracity
or truthfulness; an untruth.

The anile aphorism still triumphs, solemnly devolving
from age to age its loathsome spawn of shams and in-
veracities. I', ll'ill, Mod. Eng., p. 146.

inverisimilitude (iu-ver'i-si-mil'i-tud), n. [<
i//-;! + <•< rixiiiiilitiuti:] Lack of verisimilitude ;
improbability. Coleridge.

invermination (in-ver-mi-na'shon), ti. [< L.
in, iu, + verminatio(n-), a writfiing pain, the
disease called worms, \ vsrntinare, suffer from
worms, < vermis, a worm: see vermin.] In j>a-
thol., the state or condition of being infested
by worms; helminthiasis. [Rare.]

inversatile (in-ver'sa-til), a. [< in-3 + versa-
tile.] In entom., not versatile; not moving on
the supporting parts: as, inversatile antennae.

inverse (in-vers or in'vers), a. and n. K ME.
invern, enters, < OF. invers, F. inverse = Pr. ett-
vers = Sp. Pg. It. inverso, < L. inversus, pp. of
inverters, turn about, invert : see invert.'] I. a.

1. Turned end for end, or in the opposite di-
rection; having a contrary course or tendency;
inverted: opposed to direct.

The reigning taste was so bad that the success of a
writer was in inverse proportion to his labour, and to his
desire of excellence. Macaulay, Dryden.

2. In math., opposite in nature and effect: said
with reference to any two operations which,
when both performed in succession upon the
same quantity, leave it unaltered : thus, sub-
traction is inverse to addition, division to mul-
tiplication, extraction of roots to the raising of
powers, etc. A direct operation produces an unam-
biguous and possible value, and between two operations
the one which combines quantities symmetrically is
preferably considered as direct. Addition, multiplication,
involution, and differentiation are considered as direct
operations ; subtraction, division, evolution, and integra-
tion as Inverse operations. Corresponding to every direct
operation there are, generally speaking, two inverse opera-
tions: thus, if V(x, y) be the direct operation, the two in-
verse operations are the one which gives x from F(z, i/)
and //, and the one which gives // from V(x, y) and r. —
Inverse congrulty, current, difference, etc. See the
nouns. — Inverse curve, line, point, etc., a curve, line,
point, etc., resulting from spherical, quadrlc, and other
varieties of geometrical inversion.— Inverse ellipsoid
of Inertia. See ellipsoid.— Inverse matrix. See ma-
Mx.— Inverse method of fluxions. See fluxion.— In-
verse method of tangents. See tangent— Inverse
mood, in luiilc, an indirect mood. — Inverse order of
alienation, in the law of judicial or forced sales, a fixed
order according to which parcels that the debtor has not
aliened shall be first sold, and of those that he has aliened
the later shall be sold before the earlier : a rule for the pro-
tection of earlier over later grantees.— Inverse problem,
a problem like finding the equation to the ordlnate of a
curve when its arc is given in terms of the abscissa. — In-
verse proportion, ratio, etc. See the nouns. — Inverse
rule of three, the rule of three as applied to quantities
in inverse proportion to one another.

II. n. An inverted state or condition ; a di-
rect opposite ; something directly or absolutely
contrary to something else : as, the inverse of a
proposition.

inversedt (in-versf), a. [ME. enversed; < in-
verse + -ed2.] Inverted.

The bough to sette is best In germynyng, . . .
Hut hem to setto enversrd nought to doone is.

Palladia, Husbondrle (E. E. T. S.), p. 115.

Ill versed proportion », inverse proportion. See propor-
tion.

inversely (in-vers'li), adv. In an inverted or-
der or manner ; in an inverse ratio or propor-
tion, as when one thing is greater or less in
proportion as another is less or greater.

inversion (in-ver'shon), n. [= F. inversion =
Sp. inversion = Pg. invers3o = It. inversione,<.
L. inversion-), inversion, < inverters, pp. inver-
sus, turn about: see invert.'] The act of in-
verting, or the state of being inverted ; a turn-
ing end for end, upside down, or inside out;
any change of order such that the last becomes
first and the first last; in general, any reversal
of a given order or relation.

We shall one day give but an ill and lame account of
our watching and praying, if, by an odd inversion of the
command, all that we do is first to pray against a tempta-
tion, and afterwards to watch for it. South, Works, VI. x.

Specifically— (o) In gram., a change of the natural or
recognized order of words: as, "of all vices, impurity Is
one of the most detestable," instead of " impurity is one
of the most detestable of all vices." (6) In rhet.. a mode
of arguing by which the speaker tries to show that the
arguments adduced by an opponent tell against his cause
and are favorable to the speaker's, (c) In music: (1) The
process, act, or result of transposing the tones of an inter-
val or chord from their original or normal order. The
several inversions of a chord are called first, second, and
third respectively. See interval, 5, and chord, 4. (2) The
process, act, or result of repeating a subject or theme with

Invertebrata

all its upward intervals or steps taken downward, and
vice versa. Also called imilaivin by inoenum or in em-
Irnr/i motion. (See imitation, 3.) Retrograde inversion,
however, Is the same as retrograde imitation (which see,
umlrr imitation, .H). (3) In double counterpoint, the trans-
position of the upper voice-part below the lower, and
vice versa. Inversion is the test of the correctness of the
composition. The transposition may be either of an oc-
tave or of any other Interval, (cf) In niafA. : (1) A turn-
ing backward ; a contrary rule of operation : as, to prove
an answer by inversion, as division by multiplication or
addition by subtraction. (2) Change in the order of the
terms. (:t) Certain transformations. Also the operation of
reversing the direction of every line in a body without alter*
Ing its length. (<•) Inyeol., the folding back of strata upon
themselves, as by upheaval, in such a way that the order
of succession appears reversed. (/) Hilit., a movement
in tactics by which the order of companies in line Is in-
verted, the right being on the left, the left on the right,
and so on. (y) In chew., a decomposition of certain sugars
and other carbohydrates, Induced by the action of a fer-
ment or dilute acid by which the element! of water are
added to a carbohydrate, each molecule of which breaks
up into two molecules of a different carbohydrate. Thus,
cane-sugar in solution, when heated with a dilute acid,
takes up water and breaks up into equal parts of dextrose
and levulose. See invert-sugar.— Circle Of Inversion, a
circle with respect to which a given curve is its own In-
verse.— Geometrical Inversion (usually taken to mean
cyclical or spherical inversion), a transformation by which
for each point of a figure is substituted a point in the
same direction from a fixed point, called the center of in-
version, and at a distance therefrom equal to the recipro-
cal of the distance of the first point.— Inversion of an
organ- or pedal-point. See oryan-point.— Inversion
of parts. See def. (c) (SX- Inversion of subjects.
See def. (c) (2). — Quadiic Inversion, in math., a trans-
formation of a figure consisting In substituting for each
point one lying In the same direction from a fixed center,
and on the polar of the variable point with reference to
a quadrlc surface.— Tangential Inversion, in math., a
transformation by whichfor every straight line of a figure
is substituted a parallel line passing through the pole of
the first with reference to a conic.

inversive (in-ver'siv), a. [< inverse + -ive.]
Of or pertaining to inversion ; capable of caus-
ing inversion.

invert (in-vert'), r. t. [= OF. invertir = Sp.
invertir = Pg. inverter = It. invertere, < L. in-
vertere, turn upside down, turn about, upset,
invert, < in, in, to, toward, + vertere, turn : see
verse. Cf. advert, convert, evert, etc.] 1. To
turn in an opposite direction ; turn end for end,
upside down, or inside out ; place in a contrary
order or position : as, to invert a cone or a sack;
to invert the order of words.

Invert
What best is boded me, to mischief.

Shak., Tempest, lit 1, 70.

Let no attraction invert the poles of thy honesty.

Sir T. Broiene, Christ. Mor., 1. 9.

We begin by knowing little and believing much, and we
sometimes end by inverting the quantities.

'.'...'.•.."• Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 215.

We invert the relation of cause and effect when we con-
sider that our emotions are determined by our imagina-
tive creeds. Leslie Stephen, Eng. Thought, I. 1 16.

2f. To divert ; turn into another.channel ; de-
vote to another purpose.

Solyman charged him bitterly with inverting his trea-
sures to his own private use. Knollet, Hist. Turks.

=8yn. 1. Overthrow, Subvert, etc. See overturn.
invert (in'vert), n. [< invert, v.] 1. In arch.,
an inverted arch; specifically, the floor of the
lock-chamber of a canal, which is usually in
the form of an inverted arch, or the bottom of
a sewer.

The bottom of the sewer is called the inrert, from a
general resemblance in the construction to an " inverted "
arch. Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, II. 445.

2. In teleg., an inverted or reversed insula-
tor.

An effort is at present being made to introduce a form
of invert in which the bolt passes nearly to the top of the
Insulating material.

Preece and Sivemright, Telegraphy, p. 224.

invertant (in-ver'tant), a. [< invert + -ant.]
In her., same as inverted.

invertebracy (in-ver'te-bra-si), ». [< inrerte-
hra(te) + -cy.] The condition of being inverte-
brate, or without a backbone ; figuratively, lack
of moral stamina ; irresolution. [Bare.]

A person may reveal his hopeless invertebracy only when
brought face to face with some critical situation.

New York Semi-weekly Tribune, Dec. 24, 1886.

invertebral (in-ver'te-bral), a. [< in-3 + ver-
tebral.] Same as invertebrate.

Invertebrata (in-ver-te-bra't&), n. pi. [NL.,
neut. pi. of invertebratus, invertebrate : see in-
vertebrate.] That one of two great divisions of
the animal kingdom (the other being the f'erte-
brata) which includes animals having no spinal
column or backbone. It includes seven of the eight
main branches into which Animalia are divisible, namely
Prot<&oa,Caelenterata. Kchinodermata, Vermes, A rthropoda,
Mulluscnidfa, and Miilhixa. thus leaving only the I'erttbrata
as the remaining subkingdom. of equal rank only with
any one of the others, not with them all collectively. The
word, however, no longer retains any exact taxouomic

Invertebrata

significance, being simply used to designate those animals
collectively which are not vertebrate!. The primary di-
vision of the animal kingdom now made is into Protozoa
and Metazoa, and the Vertebrata form one of the divisions
of the latter, to be contrasted with any one of the prime di-
visions of the metazoie Invertebrata, not with the Inver-
tebrata collectively. Both terms (Vertebrata and Inverte-
Itrata) originated with Lamarck, about the beginning of the
nineteenth century. Also called Evertebrata.

invertebrate (iu-ver'te-brat), a. and M. [< NL.
invertebratus, < L. in- priv'. -f vertebratus, ver-
tebrate: see vertebrate.] I. a. 1. Not verte-
brate ; having no backbone ; specifically, of or
pertaining to the Invertebrata. Also inverte-
bral, invertebrated. — 2. Figuratively, flaccid, as
if from lack of a backbone ; wanting strength,
firmness, or consistency; weak; nerveless — In-
vertebrate matrix. See matrix.

II. n. An invertebrated animal ; any one of
the Invertebrata.

invertebrated (in-ver'te-bra-ted), a. Same as
invertebrate, 1.

inverted (in-ver'ted), p. a. [Pp. of invert, r."]
Turned in a contrary direction ; turned upside
down; reversed in order; hence, opposite ; con-
trary.

Such forms have left only their written representatives
— "Your obedient servant," "Your humble servant;" re-
served for occasions when distance is to be maintained,
and for this reason often having inverted meanings.

U. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 394.

Specifically — (a) In her., turned in the
other way from what is usual: as, the
hands inverted when the fingers point
downward. Also invertant. (b)Inbot.,
opposed to the normal or usual position,
as ovules attached to the apex of the
ovary or its cells, or as flowers with the
normally dorsal side ventral, (c) In geol.,
lying apparently in inverse or reverse
order, as strata which have been folded
back on each other by the intrusion of
igneous rocks or by crust movements.
—Inverted arch, in arch., an arch with its intrados be-
low the axis or springing line. Inverted arches are used

in foundations to
connect particu-
lar points, and
distribute their
weight or pres-
sure over a great-
er extent of sur-
face, as in piers
and the like.—

inverted Arches. Inverted chord.

See inversion (c)

(IX and chord, 4.— Inverted comma, in printing, a comma
turned upside down so as to bring it into a superior posi-
tion. The beginning of a quotation is marked by a pair
of inverted commas or by one alone, as the end is by a
pair of apostrophes or by a single apostrophe. (See quo-
tation.) A pair of inverted commas is also often used to
signify ditto, being placed directly under the word to be
repeated.— Inverted counterpoint. See inversion (c) (3),
imitation, 3, and counterpoint, 3. — Inverted-flower, the
name of several little South African plants of the former
genus Parastranthw, which is now regarded as a section
of the genus Lobelia. They differ from typical Lobelia by
having the flowers inverted, whence the name.— Invert-
ed image. See lens.— Inverted interval. See inversion
(c)(i),and interval, 6.— Inverted organ-point or pedal-
point. See organ-point.— Inverted oscillating engine.
See pendulous engine, under engine. — Inverted position,
turn, etc. See the nouns.

invertedly (in-ver'ted-li), adv. In a contrary
or inverted order.

Placing the fore part of the eye to the hole of the win-
dow of a darkened room, we have a pretty landskip of the
objects abroad, invertedly painted on the paper, on the back
of the eye. Derham, Physico- Theology, iv. 2, note 38.

invertible1 (in-ver'ti-bl), a. [< invert + -ible.~]
Capable of inversion ; susceptible of being in-
verted. [Rare.]

invertible2t (in-ver'ti-bl), a. [< L. in- priv.
+ vertere, turn, + -ible.] Incapable of being
turned; inflexible.

Eagle displayed ;
wings inverted.

An indurate and invertible conscience.

Cranmer.

invertin (in'ver-tin), n. [< invert + -i»2.] A
chemical ferment produced by several species
of yeast-plants, which converts cane-sugar in
solution into invert-sugar.

invertqr (in-ver'tor), n. [< invert + -or.'} That
which inverts or changes the direction, as of an
electric current; in elect., a commutator.

invert-sugar (in'vert-shug"ar), n. An amor-
phous saccharine substance" the chief constit-
uent of honey, and produced by the action of
ferments or dilute acids on cane-sugar. It is re-
garded as a mixture of equal parts of dextrose and levu-
Ipse. A solution of cane-sugar turns the polarized ray of
light to the right, while invert-sugar turns it to the left.
From this inversion of the action on polarized light the
process is called inversion, and the product invert-sugar.

invest (in- vest'), v. [< F. investir = Pr. en-
vestir = Sp. Pg. investir = It. investire, < L. in-
vestirc, clothe, cover, < in, in, on, + vestire,
clothe, < vestis, clothing: see vest. Cf. divest,
devest.~\ I. trans. 1. To cover with or as if
with a garment or vesture ; clothe ; indue : f ol-

3172

lowed by with, and sometimes in, before the
thing covering : opposed to divest.

He commaunded vs to invest our selues in the saide gar-
ments. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 105.
Invest me in my motley. Shale., As you Like it, ii. 7, 58.
In the gardens are many fine fountaines, the walls cov-
er'd wth citron trees, which being rarely spread, invest the
stone-works intirely. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 28, 1644.
In dim cathedrals, dark with vaulted gloom,
What holy awe invests the saintly tomb !

0. W. Holmes, A Rhymed Lesson.

2f. To clothe or attire with ; pnt on.
Alas ! for pittie, that so f aire a crew,
As like can not be scene from East to West,
Cannot find one this girdle to invest.

Spenser, ¥. Q., IV. v. 18.

3. To clothe or indue, as with office or author-
ity; hence, to accredit with some quality or
attribute; indue by attribution: followed by
with: as, to invest a narrative with the charm of
romance ; to invest a friend with every virtue.

Beatrice, the unforgotten object of his early tenderness,
was invested by his imagination with glorious and myste-
rious attributes. Macaulay, Dante.

4. In law, to put in possession of something to
be held as a matter of right ; instate or install :
as, to invest a man with rank, dignity, etc.

The Queen in requital invested him with the Honour of
Earl of Glenkare and Baron of Valence.

Baiter, Chronicles, p. 335.

Mary of Orleans . . . had been invested in this princi-
pality by the three estates in 1694.

J. Adams, Works, IV. 375.

5f. To confer ; give ; vest.
It investeth a right of government. Bacon.

6. To surround; hem in or about; especial-
ly, to surround with hostile intent, or in such
a way as to prevent approach or escape ; sur-
round with troops, military works, or other bar-
riers; beleaguer.

I saw a town of this island, which shall be nameless,
invested on every side, and the inhabitants of it so strait-
ened as to cry for quarter. Addison, Husbands and Wives.
Leyden was thoroughly invested, no less than sixty-two
redoubts . . . now girding the city.

Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 553.

A person trying to steal into an invested town with pro-
visions would be summarily dealt with.

Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. iii., p. 464.

7. To employ for some profitable use ; convert
into some other form of wealth, usually of a
more or less permanent nature, as in the pur-
chase of property or shares, or in loans se-
cured by mortgage, etc. : said of money or capi-
tal: followed by in: as, to invest one's means
in lands or houses, or in bank-stock, govern-
ment bonds, etc.; to invest large sums in books.
— Investing membrane. See membrane.

II. intrans. To make an investment: as, to
invest in railway shares.

investientt (in-ves'tient), a. [< L. investien(t-)s,
ppr. of investire, cloth'e : see invest."] Investing ;
covering; clothing.

This sand, when consolidated and freed from its inves-
tient shells, is of the same shape as the cavity of the shell.

Woodward.

investigable1 (in-ves'ti-ga-bl), «. [< LL. in-
vestigaoilis, that can be searched into, < L. in-
vestigare, search into, investigate : see investi-
gate.] Capable of being investigated or search-
ed out ; open to investigation.

In doing evil, we prefer a less good before a greater,
the greatness whereof is by reason investigable and may
be known. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 7.

A few years since it would have been preposterous to
speculate on the present chemical constitution of the
sun's atmosphere ; it would have been one of the myste-
ries which no astronomer would consider investigable.

O. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 21.

investigable2t (in-ves'ti-ga-bl), a. [< LL. in-
vestigabilis, that cannot be searched into, un-
searchable, < in- priv. + *vestigabilis, that can
be searched into, < L. vestigare, search into :
see investigate.'] That cannot be investigated ;
unsearchable.

Woman, what tongue or pen is able

To determine what thou art,
A thing so moving and unstable,
So sea-like, so investigable. Cotton, Woman.

investigate (in-ves'ti-gat), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
investigated, ppr. investigating. [< L. investi-
gatus, pp. of investigare, track or trace out,
search into, investigate, < in, in, on, + vesti-
gare, follow a track, search, < vestigium, a
track, foot-track : see vestige.'] To search into
or search out ; inquire into ; search or examine
into the particulars of; examine in detail: as,
to investigate the forces of nature ; to investi-
gate the causes of natural phenomena; to in-
vestigate the conduct of an agent.

investiture

He went from one room to another with eyes that seemed
to be investigating everything, though in reality they saw
nothing. Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xxiv.

The philosopher investigates truth independently; the

sophist embellishes the truth, which he takes for granted.

Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 797.

= Syn. To scrutinize, overhaul, sift, probe into, explore,
study.

investigation (in-ves-ti-ga'shon), n. [= F.
investigation = Sp. investigacion = Pg. investi-
gaqao = It. investigazione, < L. investigatio(n-),
a searching into,< investigare, search into: see
investigate.'] The act of investigating; the
making of a search or inquiry ; detailed or par-
ticularized examination to ascertain the truth
in regard to something ; careful research.

Your travels I hear much of ; my own shall never more
be in a strange land, but a diligent investigation of my
own territories. Pope, To Swift.

The intercourse of society — its trade, its religion, its
friendships, its quarrels — is one wide judicial investiga-
tion of character. Emerson, 1st ser., p. 259.

=Syn. Inquisition, Inquiry, etc. (see examination)', over-
hauling, probing. See inference.
investigative (in-ves'ti-ga-tiy), a. [< investi-
gate + -ive.~] Of or pertaining to investiga-
tion; given to investigation; curious and de-
liberate in research.

We may work simply for the love of discovery — that is,
the exercise of the investigative instinct and the pleasure
of overcoming difficulties ; or we'may work with the be-
neficent idea of increasing the snm of human knowledge.
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 75.

investigator (in-ves'ti-ga-tor), n. [= F. inves-
tigateur = Sp. Pg. investiga'dor = It. investiga-
tore, < L. investigator, one who searches, < in-
vestigare, search: see investigate.'] One who in-
vestigates or makes careful research.

Not as an investigator of truth, but as an advocate la-
bouring to prove his point. Whately, Rhetoric.

Investigatores (in-ves//ti-ga-to'rez), n. pi.
[NL., pi. of L. investigator, one who searches:
see investigator."] An extensive heterogeneous
group of birds proposed by Reichenbach and
adopted by Brehm, having no characters by
which'it can be defined; the searchers.

investiont, «• [< ML. investio(n-), an invest-
ing, < L. investire, invest : see invest.] The act
of investing; investiture.

We knew, my lord, before we brought the crown,

Intending your invention so near

The residence of your despised brother,

The lords would not be too exasperate

To injury or suppress your worthy title.

Marlowe, Tamburlaine, I., i. 1.

investitive (in-yes'ti-tiv), a. [< L. investitus,
pp. of investire, invest, + -ive.~] Of or pertain-
ing to investiture. See the quotation.

The investitive event [is that] by which the title to the
thing in question should have accrued to you, and for want
of which such title is, through the delinquency of the
offender, as it were intercepted.

Bentham, Introd. to Prin. of Morals and Legisla-

[tion, xvi. 35.

Investitive fact. See fact.

investiture (in-ves'ti-tur), «. [< F. investiture
= Pr. investitura = Sp. Pg. investidura = It.
investitura, < ML. investitura, investing, < L.
investire, invest : see invest."] 1. The act of in-
vesting, as with possession or power; formal
bestowal or presentation of a possessory or
prescriptive right, as to a fief or to the rights
and possessions pertaining to an ecclesiastical
dignity: opposed to divestiture.

The King claimed the Investiture of Bishops to be his
Right, and forbad Appeals and Intercourse to Rome.

Baker, Chronicles, p. 35.

Charles had entirely failed in his application to Pope
Alexander the Sixth for a recognition of his right to Na-
ples by a formal act of investiture.

Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 2.

An excommunication was denounced against all church-
men who should accept investiture of ecclesiastical bene-
fices from lay hands.

E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, V. 95.
The grant of land or a feud was perfected by the cere-
mony of corporal investiture or open delivery of possession.

Blackstone.

2. That which invests or clothes; covering;
vestment.

While we yet have on

Our gross investiture of mortal weeds. Trench.
Let him so wait until the bright investiture and sweet
warmth of the sunset are withdrawn from the waters.

liitsfdn.

Ecclesiastical investiture, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., the
ceremony of conferring possession of the temporalities
and privileges of his office upon a bishop or an abbot, by
delivering to him the pastoral staff and ring, the symbols
of his office. To whom the light of investiture belonged
was long a point of conflict between the papacy and the
monarchs of Europe. About the tenth century the mon-
archs controlled the bestowal of these symbols, but Hilde-
brand (Gregory VII. )in 1075 published a decree forbidding
clergymen to receive investiture from a layman under pain

investiture

3173

of ib jiofition. ! hi

,'. mrrii-

the empei

investiture on condition that the election to the ottice

be held before him or his representative. A similar com-

promise hail IM en niaile in lll'7 between llemy I. of Eng-
land and I'ope 1'ascal II. The kings of Krance contin-
ued the contest, and at length secured the right of con-
ferring sepaialc investiture by means of a written Instru-
ment. At present, in Roman Catholic countries where the
church is supjHirled by the state, special agreements, or
concordat-, irovern inveKtiture ; in nearly all these coun-
triottbeoooWDtol both tbo Pop* and Uwctrtl authorities
is ncc<-^ar\ i, "tore Investiture. — Feudal Investiture,
the public delivery of the land by the lord to the tenant,
which under the feudal system created the estate ill fee
in the tenant, and the obligation of military or other feudal
ser\iie in return. See .fealty. — Investiture ring, the
ring used in the Installation of a pope.

investive (In-vea'tiv), a. [< invest +

Investing; clothing; encircling.

dispute between clinrctl and ftate inveterate ( ill-vet V-rsjt), II.

the verb.] If. Old; long established."
It is an inveterate and received opinion.

/:...•.,„. Nat. Hist

2. Firmly established by long continuance:
deep-rooted; obstinate: generally, though not
;i I ways, in a derogatory sense : as, an inveterate
ili-eitso; an invctii'nti enemy.

The sins he la to mortify are inveterate, habitual, and

continued, having had the growth ami stability of a whole

life. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), L 187.

Friends to congratulate their friends made haste ;

And long inveterate friends saluted as they pasted.

Dryden. Threnodia Angustalls, I. 127.
Some gentlemen have :,n;i. mi, prejudices against any
attempts to Increase the powers of congress.

Monroe, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 445.

3. Confirmed in any habit ; having habits fixed
by long continuance: applied to persons: as,
an inveterate smoker.

Certain It Is that Tlbullns was not inveterate in his pre-
judices against a social glass. D. G. Mitchell, Wet Pays.

The horrid Hie. all mercilesse, did choke
The scorched wretches with investive smoke.

Mir. fur Hays., p. 829.

investment (in-vost'ment), n. [= It. investi-
mento, < ML. investinirntum, < L. investire, in-
vest: see invent.] 1. That with which a per- 4f. Malignant; virulent; showingobstinatepre-
eon or thing is invested or covered; clothing; judice.

Would to Ood we could at last learn this Wisdom from
our enemies, not to widen our own differences by inveter-
ate heats, bitterness and animosities among our selves.

Staling fleet, Sermons, II. L
Thy most inveterate soul,
That looks through the foul prison of thy body.

BanJrt.

. „ , =Syn. 2. Keep seated, chronic. — 3. Habitual, hardened.

2. The act of investing, or the state of being in- inveterately (in-vet'e-rat-li), adv. In an in-
vested, as with a right, office, or attribute ; en- .vet orate manner; with obstinacy,
j i. = ^_._ inveterateness (in-vet'e-rat-nes), n. Invete-

vestment; covering.

You, lord archbishop, . . .
Whose white investments figure Innocence.

SAot., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1, 45.

Such separable investment* (shells and cysts] are formed
by the cell-bodies of many iVotozoa, a phenomenon not
exhibited by tissue-cells.

E. R. Lankfster, Encyc. Brit., XIX. 8S4.

racy.

As time hath rendred him more perfect in the art, so
hath the invfteratenegse of his malice more ready In the
execution. Sir T. Brmcne, Vulg. Err., vti. 12.

dowment; investiture.

What were all his most rightful honours but the people's

gift, the iiir.-'iiii.-ni of that lustre, majesty, and honour

. . . which redounds from a whole nation into one person?

Miltnn, Eikouoklastes.

3. A surrounding or hemming in; blockade of inveteration (in-vet-e-ra'shon), n. [< L. inve-

the avenues of ingress and egress, as for the teratio(n-), < inveterare, keep for a long time :

besieging of a town or fortress; inclosure by see inveterate.] A growing into use by long

armed force or other obstruction. custom. Bailey.

I now had my three corps up to the works built for the inVOXed (iu-veksf). a. [< ML. invexus, equiv.

defence of Vlcksburg, on three roads — one to the north, to L. conrexus, arched (see ciin-
one to the east, and one to the south-east of the city. By

the morning of the 19th the investment was as complete as
my limited number of troops would allow.

U. S. Grant, 1'ersonal Memoirs, I. 629.

4. An investing of money or capital ; expen-

rex), + -e<ft.] In her., arched or
shaped in a curve: especially
applied to a bearing which is so
shaped on one side only, the

diture for profit or future benefit; a placing or curve being concave or toward
conversion of capital in a way intended to se- the bearing.

cure income or profit from its employment: as, "ITiCtt (in-vrkt ), a. [< L. invic- A
an investment in active business, or in stocks, <«*,unconquered,< »n-priv.+ vic-

A chief ...vexed.

,

land, or the like; to make safe investment of
one's principal.— 5. That which is invested;
money or capital laid out for the purpose of
producing profit or benefit.

*"*> PP- of ^ncere, conquer: see victor.] Un-
conquered.

Who weens to vanquish Him, makes Him im**.
Sylvater' tr" of P' Mathieu " Tr°Phle" of 1Ien- tl[f <*l.

A certain portion of the revenues of Bengali has been, inviptedt C in-vik'tedt n K L iuKirtus iiiicnn
for many years, set apart to be employed in the purchase mV1C, K JW "' J-} L>--"'1 t**' UI

of goods for exportation to England, and this is called the V«WO (see mvict), + -ert^.J

investment. Burke, Affairs ot India.

6. That in which money is laid out or invested :

as, land is the safest investment.
investor (in-ves'tor), «. [< invest + -or.] One

who invests or makes an investment,
investuret (in-ves'tur), n. [< invest + -ure.

Cf. inttKtiture and" vesture.] Investiture; in-
vestment.
They (the kings of England] exercised this authority both

over the clergy and laity, and did at first erect blshopricks,

[and] grant inrrstures in them.

Bp. Burnet, Hist Reformation, an. 1581.

investuret (in-ves'tur), v. t. [< investure, n.]

1. To clothe.

Our monks inveetured In their copes. Fuller.

2. To put into possession, as of an office.

He ... hath already imiestured hym in the dukedome
of Prussia. Atcham, Kep. of Affairs of Uermany.

inveteracy (in-vet'e-ra-si), ». [< inretera(tc)
+ -cy.] The state of being inveterate; long
continuance; firmness or deep-rooted persis-
tence.

The inveteracy of the people's prejudices compelled their
rulers to make use of all means for reducing tnem.

Atldimn.

The wicked, besides the long list of debts already con-
tracted, carries with him an inveteracy of evil habits that
will prompt him to contract more.

A. Tuelter, Light of Nature, II. xxix.

inveteratet (in-vet'e-rat), v. t. [< L. inretera-
/•<.-. pp. of i ii rcterarc C> It. inreterare = Sp. Pg.
(rell.) iiin-trnir = V. iiirrterer), keep for a long
time, in pass, become old.< in, in, + refits (ve-

Unconquered.

A more noble worthy, whose sublime
Invicted spirit in most hard assays
Still added reverent statues to his days.

Ford, Fame's Memorial.

invidious (in-vid'i-us), a. [< L. inridiosux, en-
vious, < invidia, envy: see envy. Cf. envious, a
doublet of invidious.] If. Envious ; causing
or arising from envy.

The chymisl there

May with astonishment innMtmu view
His toils outdone by each plebeian bee.

C. Smart, Omniscience of the Supreme Being.

2f. Enviable; desirable.

Such a person appeareth In a far more honourable and
invidious state than any prosperous person. Barrmr

3. Prompted by or expressing or adapted to
excite e.nvious dislike or ill will; offensively
or unfairly discriminating: as, invidious dis-
tinctions or comparisons.

What needs, 0 monarch, this inridwvg praise,
Ourselves to lessen, while our sires yon raise?

Pope, Iliad, iv. 466.

As the gentleman has made an apology for his style, . . .
we shall not take upon us the invidunu task of selecting
Its fault -. Goldsmith, Criticisms.

Hence — 4f. Hateful; odious; detestable.
He rose, and took th' advantage of the times,
To load young Turnus with invidima crimes.

Dryden, .«neld, xi.

=Syn, 3. Invidvw», Ofenrive. lnvidiini», having lost 1U
subjective sense of envious, now means producing or likely
to produce ill feeling because bringing persons or their
belongings into contrast with others in an unjust or morti-
Mngwiy: as, an invidimut comparison or distinction. The
ill feeling thus produced would be not envy, hut resent-

invincibly

If love of case surmounted our desire of knowledge, the
offence has not the inridiinanea of singularity.

Johiuun, Jour, to Western Isles.

invigilance, invieilancy(iii-vij'i-l:ins. -hin-si),

n. Ijack of vigilance ; neglect of WBteUng.
[Hare.]

invigilate* (in-vij'i-lat), r. >. [< L. i«ov/.7«.
tun, pp. of inviijilare, watch diligently, be very
watchful, < in- intensive + rii/iltire, watch : *e«
i-ii/i/ant.] To watch diligently. Hiulu/.

invigilation (in-vij-i-la'snon), n. [< invigilate
+ -«o».] The act of watching ; watchfulness.

It Is certain that no scientific conviction that life was In
danger would probably . . . draw forth the same tender-
ness of inviiiilaliiin for the patient, or force upon him the
same degree of self -watchfulness and compliance, as are
secured by the constant presence or apprehension of pain.
BMiotheca Sacra, XLV. 21.

invigor, invigour (in-vig'or), v. t. [< OF. en-
vigorer, enviyourer (= It. invigorire), render vig-
orous, strengthen, < L. in, in, + vigor, strength :
see vigor.] To invigorate; animate; encou-
rage. [Poetical.]

What pomp of words, what nameless energy,
Kindles the verse, inviituurs every line !

W. Thompson, On Pope's Works.
To inriifour order, justice, law, ami rule.

Lhright, The Country Pastor.

invigorate (in-vig'or-at), v. t.; pret. and pp.
invigorated, npr. invigorating. [As invigor +
-ate*.] To give vigor to; give life and energy
to; strengthen; animate.

This polarity from refrigeration upon extremity and in
defect of a load-stone might serve to inri<j»rnte and touch
a needle any where. Sir T. Brmcne, Vulg. Err., 11. 2.

Would age In thee resign his wintry reign,
And youth inriyorate that frame again.

Coicper, Hope, 1. 34.

invigoration (in-vig-o-ra'shon), n. [= F. iw-
rif/oratioii ; < invigorate + -ion.] The act of in-
vigorating, or the state of being invigorated.

I find in myself an appetitive faculty which is always
in the very height of activity and imiyoraXon. Norru.

invigour. r. t. See invigor.
invilet (m-vil'), v. t. [< OF. "enviler, envillcr
= It. invilire, < ML. inrilare, inviliare, render
vile (cf. LL. invilittire, account vile), < L. in, in,
+ tills, vile : see rile.] To render vile.
It did so much invite the estimate

Of th' open'd and invulgar'd mysteries,

Which, now reduc'd unto the basest rate,

Must wait upon the Norman subtleties.

Daniel, Musophilus.

invillaged (in-vil'fijd), «. [< »»-2 + village +
-ff/2.] Transformed into a village.

There on a goodly plain (hy time thrown downe)
Lies buried in his dust some aunclent towne ;
Who now invillayed, there's only scene
In his vast ruincs what his state has beene.

W. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, L 3.

invinatet (in-vi'nat), «. [< L. in, in, -I- tinum,
wine, + -fttf1.] Embodied in wine.
Christ should be Impanate and invinatf.

Cranmer, Works, I. SOS.

invincibility (in-vin-si-bil'i-ti), H. [< inrinci-
ble: see -bifity.] The quality of being invinci-
ble; invincibleness ; unconquerableness.

Sarah thinks the British arc never beaten, while I do
not put so much faith in their invincibility.

J. F. Cooper, The Spy, i.

invincible (in-vin'si-bl), a. [< F. invincible =
Sp. invencilile = Pg. invenrivel = It. invincibile,
< L. invincilnlis, < in- priv. + rincibilis, conquer-
able: see vincible.] Incapable of being con-
quered or subdued ; that cannot be overcome ;
unconquerable; insuperable: as, an invincible
army ; invincible difficulties.

And the Romans themselves at this time acknowledg'd
they ne're saw a people of a more innnrible spirit and
less afraid of dying than these Mews) were.

StVlingfleet, sermons, I. vill.

Yorick had an invincible dislike and opposition in his
nature to gravity. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, L 11.

It was granted the dangers were great, but not desper-
ate ; the difficulties were many, but not invincible.

W. Bradford, In Tyler's Amer. Lit, L 120.
[Some commentators and editors have been of the opinion
that this word Is used by Jonson. shakspere, Marlowe, and
others as meaning i iirinWc. but the Instances on which the
opinion was formed are somewhat doubtful.

His dimensions to any thick sight were inn'nrilile.

Shot., •> Hen. IV., Ill 2, SS7.]

The Spanish or Invincible Armada. See armada, 1.

r~r' ",V~™- •— - "•".- "'. •". ' ' «« \™- ill feeling thus produced would be not envy but resent- iavincibleness (in-vin'si-bl-nes), n. The qual-
trr-), old: see veteran.] To make inveterate; ment, on account of wounded pride. 0/rntive is a general ">" of '"'"'K invincible ; unconquerableness; in-

render chronic : establish by force of habit.

Keeling the piercing torments of broken limbs, and in
veteraM wounds. Capt. Julm Xmttli. True Travels, I. 23.

Temptations, which have all their force and prevalence . ""* Inanilor-

from lonj; -nstoni an, I inretsralnl habit. inVmiOUSnesS (in-vill 1-US-lies), n. The char-

•y, Sermons, i. acter of being invidious ; offengiveness.

.
word, covering inndimis and all other words characteriz-

« \ n 1 • T
-ll), ddr. In an mvidl-

Against the innnciblenem of general custom (for the
most part) men strive in faith.

Bp. WiMnt, Real Character, L 5.

invincibly (in-vin'si-bli), <«?r. In an invincible
manner; unconquerably; insuperably.

inviolability

inviolability (in-vFo-la-biri-ti), w. [= F. in-
riolnbiliti = Sp. inviolabilidad = Pg. inviola-
hilidade,<. LL. inviolabilita(t-)s, inviolability, <
L. inviolabilis, inviolable : see inviolable."] The
character or quality of being inviolable.

The declamations respecting the inviolability of church
property are indebted for the greater part of their appa-
rent force to this ambiguity. J. S. Mill, Logic, V. vii. § 1.

When we speak of the inviolability of an ambassador,
we mean that neither public authority nor private persons
can use any force or do violence to him without offending
against the law of nations.

Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 92d.

inviolable (in-vl'o-la-bl), a. [= F. inviolable
= Sp. inviolable =• Pg. inviolavel = It. inviola-
bile, < L. inviolabilis, invulnerable, imperisha-
ble, inviolable, < in- priv. + violabilis, violable :
see violable.] 1. Not to be violated; having a
right to or a guaranty of immunity ; that is to
be kept free from violence or violation of any
kind, as infraction, assault, arrest, invasion,
profanation, etc.: as, an inviolable peace or oath;
inviolable territory ; inviolable sanctity.

But honest men's words are Stygian oaths, and promises
inviolable. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 19.

For thou, be sure, shalt give account
To him who sent us, whose charge is to keep
This place inviolable. Milton, f. L., iv. 843.

It is, that you preserve the most
Inviolable secrecy. HuUtck. The Recorder.

2. That cannot be violated ; not subject to vio-
lence ; incapable of being injured.

The inviolable saints,
In cubic phalanx firm, advanced entire,

Milton, P. L., vi. 898.
Th' inviolable body stood sincere,
Though Cygnus then did no defence provide.

Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., xii.
Two lambs, devoted by your country's rite,
To earth a sable, to the sun a white.
Prepare, ye Trojans ! while a third we bring
Select to Jove, th' inviolable king.

Pope, Iliad, iii. 144.

inviolableness (in-vTo-la-bl-nes), n. Inviola-
bility.

inviolably (in-vl'o-la-bli), adv. So as to be in-
violable ; without violation or violence of any
kind: as, a sanctuary inviolably sacred; to keep
a promise inviolably.

The path prescrib'd, inviolably kept,
Upbraids the lawless sallies of mankind.

Young, Night Thoughts, ix.

inviolacy (in-vi'o-la-si), n. [< inviola(te) + -c//.]
The state of being inviolate : as, the inviolacy
of an oath. [Rare.]

inviolate (in-vTo-lat), a. [< ME. inviolate =
Sp. Pg. inviolado = It. inviolate, < L. inviolatvs,
unhurt, < »»-priv.+ violatus, hurt: see violate.]
Not violated ; free from violation or hurt of any
kind ; secure against violation or impairment.

But let inviolate truth be always dear
To thee. Sir J. Denham, Prudence.

In all the changes of his doubtful state,
His truth, like heaven's, was kept inviolate.

Dryden, Threnodia Augustalis, 1. 486.
By shaping some august decree,
Which kept her throne unshaken still
Broad-based upon her people's will,
And compass'd by the inviolate sea.

Tennyson, To the Queen.

inviolatedt (in-vl'o-la-ted), a. Inviolate ; un-
violated.

That faculty alone fortune and nature have left invio-
lated. Shirley, Love Tricks, iv. 5.

inviolately (in-vi'o-lat-li), adv. In an invio-
late manner ; so as not to be violated ; without
violation.

Theire libertye (whiche they had kept inuiolatelye by so
manye ages). J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, fol. 273.

inyiolateness (in-vl'o-lat-nes), n. The quality
of being inviolate.

invious (in'vi-us), a. [< L. inning, without a
road, impassable, < in- priv. + via, road, way:
see via: cf. devious, obvious.'] Impassable; un-
trodden. [Rare.]

If nothing can pppugne love,
And virtue invioug ways can prove,
What may not he confide to do
That brings both love and virtue too?

S. Butter, Hudibras, I. iii. 386.

inviqusness (in'vi-us-nes), n. The state of be-
ing invious or impassable. [Rare.]

Inviousness and emptiness . . . where all is dark and
unpassable, as perviousness is the contrary.
Dr. Ward, tr. of More's Pref. to his Philos. Works (1710).

invirilityt (in-vi-ril'i-ti), ». [< j»-3 + virility.}
Lack of manhood ; unmanliness ; effeminacy.

Was ever the invirility of Nero, Heliogabalus, or Sarda-
napalus, those monsters if not shames of men and nature,
comparable up to that which our artiflciall stageplayers
continually practise on the stage?

Prynne, Histrio Mustix, I., v. a

3174

inviront, ''• t. An obsolete spelling of rnviron.
Boyle.

invirtuedt, a. [< in-2 + virtue + -frf2.] En-
dowed with virtue.
Apolloes sonne by certaine proofe now finds
Th' invertued hearbes have gainst such poyson power.
Heywood, Troia Britannica (1609).

inviscate (in-vis'kat), v. t.; pret. and pp. t»-
viscated, ppr. inviscating. [< LL. inviscatus,
pp. of inviscare (> It. inviscare = Sp. Pg. envis-
car = Pr. inviscar, enviscar = F. invisquer),
smear with bird-lime, < L. in, in, on, + viscttm,
viscus, bird-lime : see viscus.] To daub or smear
with glutinous matter. [Rare.]

Its [the chameleon's] food being flyes, ... It hath in
the tongue a mucous and slimy extremity, whereby, upon
a sudden emission, it inviscates and entaugleth those in-
sects. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 22.

invisceratet (in-vis'e-rat), v. t. [< LL. invis-
ceratus, pp. of inviscerare, put into the entrails,
< L. in, in, + viscera, entrails: see viscera.'] To
root or implant deeply, as in the inward parts.

Our Saviour seemeth to have affected so much the in-
viscerating this disposition in our hearts, as he claimeth
the first introduction of this precept [to love one another].
W. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. xv. § 1.

invisceratet (in-vis'e-rat), a. [< LL. inviscera-
tus, pp. : see the verb.] Rooted in the inward
parts.

Man sigheth (as the Apostle saith) as burthened with
inviscerate interests, longing to put on this pure spiritual!
vesture of filiall love.

W. Montague, Devoute Essays, I. xiv. § 3.

inyiscid (in-vis'id), a. [< in-3 + viscid.} Not
viscid or viscous ; without viscosity.
inyisedt, a. [< L. invisus, unseen (<. in- priv. +
yisus, seen), + -ed2.] Invisible; unseen; un-
inspected. [Rare; known only in the folio wing
passage.]

The diamond — why, 'twas beautiful and hard,
Whereto his invised properties did tend.

Shale., Lover's Complaint, 1. 212.

[The meaning ' inspected, tried, investigated ' is also sug-
gested by some commentators.]

invisibility (in-viz-i-bil'i-ti), n. ; pi. invisibili-
ties (-tiz). [= F. invisibilite = Pr. invisibilitat
= Sp. invisibilidad = Pg. invisibilidade = It. in-
visibilita, < LL. invisibilita(t-)s, < L. invisibilis,
not visible, unseen : see invisible.'] 1 . The state
of being invisible ; incapacity of being seen.

And he that challenged the boldest hand unto the pic-
ture of an echo must laugh at this attempt, not onely in
the description of invisibility, but circumscription of ubi-
quity, and fetching under lines incomprehensible circu-
larity. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 21.
2. That which is invisible.

Atoms and invisibilities. Landor.

invisible (in-viz'i-bl), a. and n. [< ME. invisi-
ble, < OF. invisible, F. invisible = Pr. invisible,
envesible = Sp. invisible = Pg. invisivel = It. in-
visibile, < L. invisibilis, not visible, unseen, < in-
priv. + (LL.) visibilis, visible : see visible.'] I.
a. 1. Not visible; incapable of being seen ; im-
perceptible by the sight.

To us invisible, or dimly seen
In these thy lowest works.

Milton, P. L., T. 157.

In vain we admire the lustre of anything seen: that
which is truly glorious is invisible.

Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., iii. 11.
The atom, then, is invisible; it never directly comes
within the range of our perception.

W. Wallace, Epicureanism, p. 175.
We say therefore a line has always two points in com-
mon with a conic, but these are either distinct, or coin-
cident, or invisible. The word imaginary is generally
used instead of invisible; but, as the points have nothing
to do with imagination, we prefer the word invisible, rec-
ommended originally by Clifford.

0. Henrici, Encyc. Brit, XIX. 799.
2. Out of sight ; concealed or withdrawn from
view: as, he keeps himself invisible.

I'll come in midst of all thy pride and mirth,
Invisible to all men but thyself.

Beau, and Ft, Knight of Burning Pestle, v. 1.
Invisible church, the church in heaven and in the in-
termediate state ; the church triumphant and the church
expectant, as distinguished from the church militant.

Of the Church of God there be two parts, one triumphant
and one militant, one invisible and the other visible. In
the invisible Church are all they who, having finished their
course in faith, do now rest from their labours.

Bp. Forbes, Explanation of the Nicene Creed

l(ed. 1888), p. 269.

Invisible green, a shade of green so dark as scarcely to
be distinguishable from black.— Invisible 1"fr, See inlet .
II. re. 1. A Rosicrucian : so called because
of the secret character of the organization. —
2. One who rejects or denies the visible char-
acter or external organization of the church;
specifically [cap.'], a name given to certain
German Protestants because they maintained
that the church of Christ might be, and some-

invite

times had been, invisible — The Invisible, God;

the Supreme Being.

Th' Invisible, in things scarce seen reveal'd,
To whom an atom is an ample field.

Cowper, Retirement, 1. 61.

invisibleness (in-vix.'i-bl-nes), «. The state of
being invisible ; invisibility.
invisibly (in-viz'i-bli), adv. In a manner to
escape the sight ; so as not to be seen.
Dear madam, think not me to blame ;
Invisibly the fairy came. Gay, Fables, iii.

invisiont (in-yizh'on), n. [< in-3 + vision.'] Lack
of vision ; blindness.

This is agreeable unto the determination of Aristotle,
who computeth the time of their anopsy or incision by that
of their gestation. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., p. 174.

invita Minerva (in-vi'ta mi-ner'va). [L.: in-
vitd, abl. fem. of invttus, unwilling; Minerva,
abl. (absolute) of Minerva, Minerva, the goddess
of wisdom and genius : see Minerva.'] Minerva
being unwilling or unpropitious — that is, when
without inspiration ; when not in the vein or
mood: used with reference to literary or artis-
tic creation.

invitation (in-vi-ta'shon), n. [< F. invitation
= Sp. invitation = lt."invitazione, < L. invita-
tio(n-),<. invitare, invite : see invite.'] 1. The
act of inviting; solicitation to come, attend, or
take part ; an intimation of desire for the pres-
ence, company, or action of the person invited :
as, an invitation to a wedding; an invitation to
sing.

The tempter now
His invitation earnestly renew'd :
What doubts the Son of God to sit and eat ?

MUton, P. R., ii. 367.

I was by invitation from Monsieur Cassini at the Obser-
vatoire Royal. Lister, Journey to Paris, p. 52.

2. The written or spoken form with which a
person is invited.

He received a list, and invitations were sent to all whose
names were in it. Daily Telegraph (London), Sept. 11, 1884.

3. A drawing on by allurement or enticement ;
inducement; attraction; incitement.

The leer of invitation. ShaJc., M. W. of W., L 3, BO.

There is no work that a man can apply himself to, no
action that he can perform, to which there are greater in-
vitations, greater motives— nay, I was going to say, great-
er temptations of all sorts, than to this of prayer.

Abp. Sharp, Works, I. xv.
How temptingly the landscape shines ! the air
Breathes invitation. Wordsworth, Excursion, ix.

4. In the Anglican communion office, the brief
exhortation beginning "Ye that (or who) do
truly and earnestly repent you," and introdu-
cing the confession. It is first found in the "Order
of the Communion " (1548), and in the Prayer-book of 1549,
and has been continued, with gradual modifications, in
the various revisions of the Prayer-book. Also called,
less properly, the invitory.

invitatorium (in-vl-ta-to'ri-um), «.; pi. inyita-
toria (-a). [ML., neut. of LL. invitatorins, invi-
tatory: see invi tatory.~\ Same as invitatory, n.

invitatory (in-vl'ta-to-ri), a. and n. [= F. in-
vitatoire = Sp. Pg. It. invitatorio, < LL. invita-
torius, inviting, < L. invitator, one who invites,
< invitare, invite: see invite.] I. a. Using or
containing invitation — Invitatory psalm, the Ve-
nite or 95th Psalm ("O come, let us sing unto the Lord"),
said at matins or morning prayer before the psalms of the
office : so called as inviting to praise. In the breviary of-
fices it is immediately followed by a hymn. Its antiphon
is called the invitatory.

II. n. ; pi. invitatories (-riz). A form of in-
vitation tised in religious worship ; something
consisting of or containing invitation in church
service.

The invitatnry, "Let us pray for the whole state of
Christ's Church," was new.

R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xv.
Specifically— (o) A form of exhortation to praise; espe-
cially, in the daily office of the Western Church, the vari-
able antiphon to the Venite at matins. In the Anglican
matins or morning prayer the versicle "Praise ye the
Lord " (founded on the former "Alleluia " or " Laus tibi"),
with its response, "The Lord's name be praised," serves
as unvarying invitatory. In the Greek Cnurch the inva-
riable invitatory is the triple "O come, let us worship . . .
(AeuTe, TrpovKwritTuiufi' . . .)" before the psalms at each
of the canonical hours.

Then was sung that quickening call of the royal pro-
phet " Venite, exultemus Domino— Come, let us praise the
Lord with joy, &c.," known in those times as now by the
name of the invitatory.

Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 4.
(6) An early name of the Roman introit. (c) Any text of
Scripture chosen for the day, and used before the Venite
or 9_5th Psalm.

invite (in-vlf), v. ; pret. and pp. invited, ppr.
inviting. [< F. inriter (OF. envier, ult. E. vie,
q. v.) = Pr. Sp. Pg. invitar = It. invitnrc, < L.
iuritare, ask, bid, invite, entertain; origin un-
certain.] I. trans. 1. To solicit to come, at-
tend, or do something; request the presence,

invite

company, or action of; summon because of de-
sire, favor, or courtesy : as, to inritc a, friend to
illimrr: tn mrili one to clmiee.

Abaulum liHtl sheepshearers In liaal hazor, . . . »ii'l u>
salom iiirilnl M thu king's sons. 2 Sum. xiti. -;.

Nil noontide bell invites the country round.

/•»/»•, Moral Essays, 111. 190.
Not to the danco that dreadful voice invite*,
It calls to death, and all the rage of tight*

Pope, Iliad, xv. 600.

They . . . entered Into an association, and the city of
London was invited to accede.

Goldsmith, Hist England, xv.

2. To present allurement or incitement to; draw
on or induce by temptation; solicit; incite.
Yet have they many baits and guileful spclli,
To Inveigle and invite the unwary sense
Of them that pass unwoeting by the way.

Miltini, < 'onius, 1. 538.

I saw nothing In this country that could invite me to a
longer continuance. Strijt, Gulliver's Travels, Hi. 6.

To resent his | Frederic's] affronts was perilous ; yet not
to resent them was to deserve and to invite them.

Macaulay, Frederic the Great.

The outside stations will be the first to invite the sav-
ages, and If too far away we shall not know of the attack
nor be able to come to the rescue.

Harper'1 Hay., LXXVI. 428.

=Syn. 1. Convoke, Bid, etc. See cofli.

ft. intrans. To offer invitation or entice-
ment; attract.

Come, Myrrha, let us on to the Euphrates ;
The hour invites, the galley is prepared.

Byron, Sardauapalus, i. 2.

invite (in-vif), ». [(.invite, v.] An invitation.
[Now only colloq.]
The Lamprey swims to his Lord's incite*.

Sandys, Travalles, p. 305.

Adepts In every little meanness or contrivance likely to
bring about an Invitation (or, as they call It with equal
good taste, an incite). T. Hook, Man of Many Friends.

Quest after guest arrived ; the invite* had been excel-
lently arranged. Dickens, Sketches, Steam Excursion.

invitement (in-vit'ment), ». [< OF. invitement
= It. iiiritamento, < L.' invitamentum, invitation,
< invitare, invite : see invite.] If. The act of in-
viting; invitation.
Nor would 1 wish any invitement of states or friends.

Chapman.
A fair invitement to a solemn feast.

Massinger, Unnatural Combat, ii. 1.

2. Enticement; allurement; temptation. [Rare.]

The little creature . . . was unable to resist the deli-
cious invitement to repose which he there saw exhibited.

Lamb, Ella, p. 189.

inviter (iu-vl'ter), «. One who invites.
Friend with friend, th' inviter and the guest
llarte, Supposed Epistle from Boetius to his Wile.

iuyitiate (in-vish'i-at), a. [< in-3 + vitiate, a.]
Not vitiated ; uncontaminated ; pure.

Hers shall be
The invitiatc firstlings of experience.

Lowell, The Cathedral.

inviting (in-v!'ting), «. [Verbal u. of invite,
».] 1. The act of giving an invitation. — 2.
An invitation. [Rare.]

He hath sent me an earnest inviting.

Shak., T. of A., 111. 6, 11.

inviting (iu-vi'ting), p. a. [Ppr. of invite. v.]
Alluring; tempting; attractive: as, an inviting
prospect.

A cold bath, at such an hour and under such auspices,
was anything but inviting.

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, 1. 144.
You cannot leave us now,
We must not part at this inviting hour.

Wordsworth, Excursion, v.

invitingly (in-vi'ting-li), adv. In an inviting
manner ; so as to attract ; attractively.

If he can but dress up a temptation to look invitingly,
the business Is done. Decay of Christian Piety, p. 123.

inyitingness (in-vl'ting-nes), »i. The quality
of being inviting; attractiveness.

Elegant flowers of speech, to which the nature and re-
semblances of things, as well as human fancies, have an
aptitude and inviting new.

Jer. Taylor (?), Artlf. Handsomeness, p. 165.

invitrifiable (in-vit'ri-fi-a-bl), «. [< ««-3 + "'-
ri liable.] Incapable of being vitrified. See vit-
rilinlilf. riti'iiicution.

invocate (in'vo-kat), v. ; pret.andpp. imocated,
ppr. hiroctttint/. [< L. iiiroctitun, pp. of invocare,
call upon: see inroke.] I. trans. To call on or
for in supplication ; invoke.

Be it lawful that I invocate thy ghost
To hear the lamentations of poor Anne.

Shalt.. Rich. III.,!. 2, a
Look in mine eye,

There you shall see dim grief swimming in tears
Invooating succour. Lust's Dominion, ii. 3.

II. t intninx. To call as in supplication.
L>00

3176

Some call on heaven, some invocate on hell.
\n«l fates and furies with their woe* acmmitit.

Drayton, Idea No. 39.

invocation (in-vo-ka'shon), n. [= F. i
= 1'r. iiiructii-io, invocation = Sp. invocation =
Pg. incocac&o = It. invocazione, < L. invocti-
tio(n-), < inrocare, call upon: see iuroki , tuni-
cate.] 1. The act of invoking or calling in
prayer; the form or act of summoning or in-
viting presence or aid: as, invocation of the
Muses.

"Tis a Greek invocation to call fools Into a circle.

Shot., As you Like it, ii. :,, 61.

There Is in religion no acceptable duty which devout
invocation of the name of (lod doth not either presuppose
or infer. Hooker, Eccles. Polity.

Any fustian invocations, captain, will servo as well as
the best, so you rant them out well. The Puritan, ill. 4.

2. In law, a judicial call, demand, or order: as,
the invocationot papers or evidence into a court.
— 3. Eecles.: (a) An invoking of the blessing
of God upon any undertaking; especially, an
opening prayer in a public service invoking di-
vine blessing upon it; specifically, the words
"In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti.
Amen," " In the name of the Father, and of the
Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen," used at
the beginning of the Roman mass, before ser-
mons in many Anglican churches, and on other
occasions. (6) The third part of the prayer of
consecration in the communion office of the
American Book of Common Prayer, in the
Scottish office of 1764 (from which that prayer
is derived), and in the Nonjurors' office or 1718,
on which, as well as on earlier Scottish and
English offices and ancient Oriental liturgies,
the Scottish office of 1764 is based, it follows the
Institution and the oblation, and invokes God the Father
to send down the Holy .-pint on the encharistic elements
and on the communicants. A similar form of Invocation
(wiriest*), on which this is modeled, is found In the same
sequence in almost all the more important primitive lit-
urgies, and some authorities claim that It was originally
universal. It Is wanting, however, in the Roman Missal
and In the present English Book of Common Prayer. In
the first Prayer-book (1549) the Invocation preceded the
institution, (c) In the Roman Catholic and Angli-
can litanies, one of the petitions addressed to
God in each person and in the Trinity, and to
the saints. The Invocations are the first of the four main
divisions of petitions In these litanies, the others being
deprecation* (with obsecrations), intercessions, and supplica-
tions. The response to the Invocations addressed to God
Is " Miserere nobls," " Have mercy upon us," to which the
Anglican Prayer-book adds "miserable sinners." The
response to the Invocations addressed to saints is "Ora
(or Orate) pro nobls" ("Pray for us"). The Invocations to
saints are omitted in the Anglican litany.— Invocation
of saints, in the Roman Catholic, the Greek, and other
Christian churches, the act or practice of mentioning in
prayer, asking the prayers of, or addressing prayers to
angels or departed saints, In order to obtain their Inter-
cession with God.

invocatory (in-vok'a-to-ri), a. [= F. inroca-
toire = Sp. Pg. It. invocatorio; as invocate +
-ory.] Making invocation; invoking.

invoice (in'vois), «. [Prob. < F. envois, pi. of
envoi, OF. envoy, a sending, conveyance (lettre
A'envoi, an invoice) : seeent'oy1.] In com., a writ-
ten account of the particulars of merchandise
shipped or sent to a purchaser, consignee, fac-
tor, etc., with the value or prices and charges
annexed. The word does not carry a necessary implica-
tion of ownership. In United States revenue law, an in-
voice sent from abroad is required to be made in triplicate
and signed and dated by the seller of the merchandise de-
scribed therein, and subsequently verified by the Ameri-
can consul or commercial agent of the I'nited States in the
port or country of shipment. The three Invoices are clas-
sified as the original, or Importer's, the duplicate, which Is
retained by the consul who verified it, and the triplicate,
which Is forwarded to the collector of the port to which
the merchandise is consigned.

What English Merchant soever should pass through the
Sound, It should be sufficient for him to register an In-
voice of his Cargazon In the Custom-house Book, and give
his Bond to pay all duties at his return.

Homll. Letters, I. vl. 5.

The clerk on the high stool at the long mahogany desk
behind the railing, hardly lifting his eyes from a heap of
invoices before him. W. X. Bolter, New Timothy, p. 148.

Pro forma invoice. See pro forma,
invoice (in'vois), v. t. ; pret. and pp. invoiced,
ppr. invoicing. [< invoice, n.] To write or en-
ter in an invoice ; make an invoice of.

Goods, wares, and merchandise Imported from Norway.
and invoiced in the current dollar of Norway. Madison.

invoice-book (in'vois-buk), ". A book in which
invoices are coied.

invoke (in-vok'), >'• '•; pret. and pp. i
[< F. i»voquer = Sp. Pg.
= It. inrocare, < L. inrocare, call upon, < in, in,

on, + i-ociire. call: see rocal. Cf. aroki . fun-
rote, evoke, provoke, revoke.] 1. To address

involucrum

in supplication : e;ill on fur pr<iteelinii or aid:
as, to iiinil,- the Supreme licin^: to inrnh- tin-
Muses.

Whilst I inviikt the lx>rd, whose power shall mo defend.

Surrey, Ps. Ixxlil.

To this oath they iliil nut intake nny celestial divinity,
or divine attribute, but only called to witness the river
Styx. Bacon, Political Fables, II.

2. To call for with earnest desire ; make suppli-
cation or prayer for: as, to invoke God's mercy.

No storm-tost sailor sighs for slumbering real,
He dreads the tempest, but invoke* the breeie.

Crabbe, The Library.

The King of the Netherlands invoked the mediation of
the five powers. Wooltey, Introd. to Inter. Law, f 4U.

3. In lair, to call for judicially: as, to invoke
depositions or evidence. =Byn. 1 and 2. To implore,
supplicate, adjure, solicit, beseech.

invoker (in-vo'ker), n. One who invokes.

All respectable names, but none of them will In the
long run save its invoker.

M. Arnold, Schools and Universities, p. 27.1.

involatile(in-yora-til), a. [< t'n-3 + r<ilnlilr.\
Not volatile ; incapable of being vaporized.

The ash or involatile constituents of wine.

Encyc. Brit., t 173.

involublet (in-vol'u-bl), «. [< i«-3 + voluble.]
Not turning or changing; unchangeable; im-
mutable.

Even Thee, the Cause of Causes,

Sourseofall, . . .
Infallible, involute, insensible.

Sylvester, Little Bartas (trans.), t 161.

involucel (in-vol'u-sel), ». [= F. involucellc =
Pg. involucello, < NL. involucellum, dim. of I'M-
volucrum, involucre: see involucre.] In hot., a
secondary involucre in a compound cluster of
flowers, as in many of the Umbelliferce. See cut
under inflorescence (fig. 9).

involucella, ». Plural of involucellum.

involucellate (in-vol-u-sel'at), a. [< involu-
cel(l) + -ate1.] Having involucels.

involucellum (in-vol-u-sel'um), ».; pi. involu-
cella (-&). [NL.] Same as involucel.

involucra, n. Plural of inrolucrum.

involucral (in'vo-lu-kral), a. [< involucre +
-al.] Pertaining to an involucre or to an in-
volucrum, or having an involucrum.

Involucratae (in-vol-u-kra't«), n. pi. [NL.
(Hooker and Baker, 1868), fern. pi. of involu-
cratus, involucrate: see involucrate.] A divi-
sion of polypodiaceous ferns, containing those
tribes which have the son or fruit-dots fur-
nished with an involucre or indusium.

involucrate (in-vo-lu'krat), a. [< NL. itirolu-
cratus, < involucrum, involucre : see involucre.]
Having an involucre.

involucre (in'vo-lu-ker), ». [= F. involucre =
Sp. Pg. It. involu-
cro, < NL. involu-
crum, < L. intolrere,
roll up, wrap up:
see involve.] 1. In
bot., any collection
of bracts round a
cluster of flowers.
In umbelliferous plants
It consists of separate
narrow bracts placed In
a single whorl ; In many
composite plants these
organs are Imbricated
In several rows. In
some species of Cornus,
many Labiata, and other
plants, the Involucre is
white or variously col*
"led, constituting the
showy part of the flow-
er. (See cat) The same name is given also to the super-
incumbent covering or indnsium of the sort of ferns. (See
indwium, 2.) In some species of Equinrtmn the Involucre
is the aunnluft or annular girdle situated between the up-
permost whorl of leaf-sheaths and the whorl of sporan-
giferoua scales. (Bennett and Murray, Crypt. Bot, p. 110.)
In the Hepatica it is the sheath immediately surround-
ing the female sexual organs, originating as an outgrowth
of the plant-body. In marine algte it consists of the ra-
mnll subtending a conceptacle. forming a more or less per-
fect whorl around It. (Harvey, Brit. Marine Algas, Glos-
sary.)

2. In anat., a membranous envelop, as the peri-
cardium.— 3. In fool., an involucrum.

involncred (in'vo-lu-kerd), a. In hot., having
an involucre, as umbels, etc.

involucret (in-vo-lu'kret), n. [< involucre +
-ct.] An involucel.

involucriform (in-vo-lu'kri-form), a. [< NL.
involucrum, involucre, + ii-forma, shape.] Re-
sembling an involucre. Thomas, Med. Diet.

involucrum (in-vd-lu'krum), ».; pi. invnlncra
(-kra). [NL., < L. involucrum, that in which
something is wrapped, < inrolrere, wrap up: see

Involucre subtendln&r the clutter of
flowers of Flowering Dogwood i Car-

HHS florid,! .

involucrum

involve.'] 1. In soiil., a kind of sheath or involu-
cre about the bases of the thread-cells of aca-
lephs. — 2. In bot.: (a) Same as involucre, (b)
Same as velum. Persoon.

involuntarily (in-vol'un-ta-ri-li), adv. In an
involuntary manner; not spontaneously ; with-
out one's will.

involuntarineSS (in-vol'un-ta-ri-nes), n. The
quality of being involuntary.

involuntary (in-vol'un-ta-ri), a. [= P. invo-
lontaire = Sp. Pg. involuntario, < LL. involun-
tarius, unwilling, < L. in- priv. + voluntaries,
willing: see voluntary.'] 1. Not voluntary or
willing; contrary or opposed to will or desire ;
unwilling; unintentional: as, involuntary sub-
mission; an involuntary listener.

The gathering number, as it moves along,
Involves a vast involuntary throng.

Pope, Dunciad, iv. 82.

2. Not voluntary or willed; independent of vo-
lition or consenting action of the mind ; with-
out the agency of the will : as, involuntary mus-
cular action ; an involuntary groan.

This at least I think evident, that we find in ourselves
a power to begin or forbear, continue or end several ac-
tions of our minds, and motions of our bodies, barely by
a thought or preference of the mind ordering, or, as it
were, commanding the doing or not doing such or such a
particular action. . . . The forbearance of that action,
consequent to such order or command of the mind, is
called voluntary ; and whatsoever action is performed
without such a thought of the mind is called involuntary.

Locke.
Steals down my cheek the involuntary tear.

Pope, Imit. of Horace, IV. i. 38.
Involuntary action. See action, i (b).— involuntary
bankruptcy. See bankruptcy.— Involuntary escape.
See escape, 3.

involuntomotory (in-voFun-to-mo'to-ri), «. [<
involunt(ary) + motory.] Having or pertain-
ing to motor influence or effect which is not
subject to the will, as the involuntary muscu-
lar action of the heart, intestines, etc. : specifi-
cally applied by Remak to that one of the four
germ-layers of the embryo which corresponds
to the splanchnopleure of other writers. This is
the inner division of the mesoblast, distinguished from the
voluntomotory or somatopleural division.

The inoolunto-motory, corresponding to the visceral wall
or splanchno-pleure. Ericyc. Brit., VIII. 167.

involutant (in-vo-lu'tant), n. [< involute +
-ant.'] In math.,'the topical resultant of the
powers and products of powers of two ma-
trices of the same order.

involute (in'vo-lut), a. and n. [= OF. involu
= It. involutoj < L. involutus, pp. of involvere,
roll up, wrap up: see
involve.'] i, a. 1.
Rolled up ; wrapped
up. Specifically— (a)
In bot., rolled inward
from the edge or edges :
said of leaves in verna-
tion, of the petals of
flowers in estivation, and
of the margin of the cup
in the Discomycetes, etc.
Also involutive. (b) In
conch. , having the whorls
closely wound round the
axis, and nearly or en-
tirely concealing it, as
the shells of Cyprceidce,
Olividce, etc. Also in-
volved, (c) In entom.,

lute leaves; 2, outline of transverse curved Spirally, as the

section of an involute leaf. antennte of certain By-

menoptera.
2. Involved; confusedly mingled. [Rare.]

The style is so involute that one cannot help fancying
it must be falsely constructed. Poe, Marginalia, cxvii.

II. 11. 1. That which is involved. [Rare.]
Far more of our deepest thoughts and feelings pass to
us through perplexed combinations of concrete objects,
pass to us as involutes (if I may coin that word) in com-
pound experiences incapable of being disentangled, than
ever reach us directly, and in their own abstract shapes.
De Quincey, Autobiog. Sketches, i.
2. In geom., the curve traced by any point of
a flexible and inextensible string when the lat-
ter is unwrapped, under tension, from a given
curve ; or, in other words, the locus of a point
in a right line which
rolls, without slid-
ing, over a given
curve. The curve by
unwrapping which a se-
ries of involutes is ob-
tained is said to be their
common evolute, and
any two involutes of a
curve constitute a pair
of parallel curves, their
corresponding tangents
being parallel, and their corresponding points, situated on
the same normal, being at a constant distance from one
another.

. Branch of Poplar, sho'

Involute of a Circle.

3176

involuted (in'vo-lu-ted), n. Same as involute.

involution (in-vo-lu'shon), n. [= P. Involution
= Pr. encolueio '= It. involuzione, < LL. involu-
tio(n-), a rolling up, < L. involvere, pp. involutus,
roll up: see involve.'] 1. The act of involving,
infolding, or inwrapping ; a rolling or folding
in or round.

Gloom that sought to strengthen itself by tenfold in-
volution in the night of solitary woods.

De Quincey, Secret Societies, i.

2. The state of being entangled or involved;
complication.

The faculty to be trained is the judgment, the practical
judgment at work among matters in which its possessor
is deeply interested, not from the desire of Truth only, but
from his own involution in the matters of which he is to
judge. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 17.

3. Something involved or entangled; a com-
plication.

Such the clue

Of Cretan Ariadne ne'er explain'd !
Hooks ! angles ! crooks ! and involutions wild !

Shenstone, Economy, iii.

4f. A membranous covering or envelop ; an in-
volucre.

Great conceits are raised of the involution or membra-
nous covering, commonly called the silly-how, that some-
times is found about the heads of children.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 23.

5. In gram., complicated construction ; the
lengthening out of a sentence by the insertion
of member within member; the separation of
the subject from its predicate by the interjec-
tion of matter that should follow the verb or
be placed in another sentence.

The long involutions of Latin periods. Lowell.

6. In math.: (a) The multiplication of a quan-
tity into itself any number of times, so as to
produce a positive integral power of that quan-
tity. Thus, the operation by which the third power of 5
is found, namely, the multiplication of 5 by itself, making
25, and of the product by 5 again, making 125, is involu-
tion. In this sense involution is opposed to evolution, 3 (b).
(b) The raising of a quantity to any power,
positive, negative, fractional, or imaginary. In
this sense involution includes evolution as a par-
ticular case, (c) Aunidimensional continuous
series of elements (such as the points of a line),
considered as having a definite one-to-one cor-
respondence with themselves, such that infi-
nitely neighboring elements correspond to in-
finitely neighboring elements, and such that if
A corresponds to B, then B corresponds to A :
in other words, the elements are associated in
conjugate pairs, so that any pair of conjugate
elements may by a continuous motion come
into coincidence with any other without ceas-
ing, at any stage of the motion, to be conjugate.
This is the usual meaning of involution in geometry ; it
dates from Desargues (1639). There are either two real
sibi-conjugate or self-corresponding elements in an invo-
lution, when it is called a hyperbolic involution; or there
are none, when it is called an elliptic involution. If U =
0, V = 0, W = 0 are three quadratic equations determin-
ing three pairs of points in an involution, then these three
equations are in a syzygy At! + nV + cW = 0; or if the
three equations are ax% + bxy + cy% = 0, a'x'2 + b'xy
+ c'i/2 = o, a"x% + V'xy + c"y% — 0, then the syzygy may
be thus written :

a b c
a', V, c'
a", b", c"

The six elements are said to be an involution of six, or, if
one or two of them are sibi-conjugate, an involution of five
or of four elements. If the points of a line in a plane are
in involution, let any conic (or degenerate conic) be drawn
through any pair of conjugate points, and another conic
through any other pair ; then any conic through the four
intersections of these conies will cut the line in a pair of
conjugate points. That point of an involution which cor-
responds to the point at infinity is termed the center of the
involution, (rf) Any series of pairs of loci repre-
sented by an equation All + /tV = 0, where A
and /i are numerical constants for each locus,
and U = 0 and V = 0 are equations to two loci of
the same order, (e) Anyunidimensional contin-
uum of elements associated in sets of any con-
stant number by a continuous law. According
as there are two, three, four, etc., in each set,
the involution is said to be quadratic, cubic,
quartic (or biquadratic), etc. (/) The implica-
tion of a relation in a system of other relations.
Cayley, On Abstract Geometry, § 29. — 7. In
physiol., the resorption which organs undergo
after enlargement or distention: as, the involu-
tion of the uterus, which is thus restored to its
normal size after pregnancy — Center of an invo-
lution. Seecenteri.— Elliptic involution. Sen elliptic.
— Involution of six screws, a system of six screws con-
ferring only nve degrees of freedom on a rigid body. — Me-
chanical involution, a relation between a series of pairs
of lines such that, taking any three pairs, forces may be
made to act along them whose statical sum is zero. — The
involution of notions, in Ionic, the relation of a notion
to another whose depth it includes.

0.

invulnerable

involutive (in'vo-lu-tiv), a. l< involute + -we.']
In hot., same as involute, I (a).

involutorial (in"vo-lu-to'ri-al), a. [< involute
+ -ory + -al.~] Of tile nature of geometrical
involution; connecting a system of objects in
pairs — Involutorial homology, a homology whose pa-
rameter is — 1.— Involutorial relation, a relation be-
tween two variables, x and y, such that y = Fx and x = ¥y :
a term introduced by Siebeck.

involve (in-volv'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. involved,
ppr. involving. [< OF. involver = Sp. envoluer
= Pg. involver = It. involvere, < L. involvere, roll
in, roll up, wrap up, < in, in, on, + volvere, roll :
see volute. Cf. convolve, devolve, evolve, revolve.]

1 . To roll or fold in or wrap up so as to con-
ceal; envelop on all sides; cover completely;
infold ; specifically, in zool. , to encircle com-
pletely : as, a mark involving a joint ; wings in-
volving the body.

If it [the sun] should, but one Day, cease to shine,
Th' vnpurged Aire to Water would resolue,
And Water would the mountain tops involve.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 4.

A rolling cloud
Involv'd the mount ; the thunder roar'd aloud.

Pope, Iliad, xvii. 671.

The further history of this neglected plantation is in-
volved in gloomy uncertainty. Bancroft, Hist. U. S. , I. 85.

2. To entwine ; entangle ; implicate ; bring into
entanglement or complication, literally or figur-
atively: as, an involved problem; to involve a
nation in war ; to be involved in debt.

Judgement rashly giv'n ofttimes involves the Judge him-
self. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xii.

Some of serpent kind,

Wondrous in length and corpulence, involved
Their snaky folds. Milton, P. L., vii. 433.

Fearing that our stay till the very excessive heats were
past might involve us in another difficulty, that of miss-
ing the Etesian winds. Bruce, Source of the Nile, I. 43.
We seem to have certain direct perceptions, and to at-
tain to others by a more or less involved process of reason-
ing. Alivart, Nature and Thought, p. 12.

3. To bring into a common relation or connec-
tion ; hence, to include as a necessary or logical
consequence; imply; comprise.

The welfare of each is daily more involved in the welfare
of all. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 483.

A knowledge of the entire history of a particle is shown
to be involved in a complete knowledge of its state at any
moment. W . K. Clifford, Lectures, I. S.

All kinds of mental work involve attention.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 13.

4. In arith. and alg., to raise to any assigned
power; multiply, as a quantity, into itself a
given number of times: as, a quantity involved
to the third or fourth power. =Syn. 2. Entanyle, etc.
(see implicate) ; twine, intertwine, interweave, interlace. —
3. Imply, Involve (see imply); embrace, contain.

involved (in-volvd'),j*. «. 1. In. couch., same
as involute, 1 (6). — 2. In her., same as enveloped.
involvedness (in-vol'ved-nes), n. The state of
being involved; involvement. [Rare.]

But how shall the mind of man . . . extricate itself
out of this comprisure and involvedness in the bodies, pas-
sions, and infirmities?

W. Montague, Devonte Essays, II. x. § 1.

involvement (in-volv'ment), H. [< involve +
-ment.] The act of involving, or the state of be-
ing involved or implicated; entanglement: as,
involvement in debt, or in intrigues.

The spectators were shivering at the Athenian's mishap,
and the Sidonian, Byzantine, and Corinthian were striving,
with such skill as they possessed, to avoid involvement in
the ruin. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 363.

invulgart (in-vul'gar), v. t. [< iw-2 + vulgar.']
To cause to become vulgar or common.
It did so much invile the estimate
Of th' open'd and invulgar'd mysteries.

Daniel, Musophilus.

invulgart (in-vul'gar), a. [< in-3 + vulgar.]
Not vulgar; refined.

Judg'd the sad parents this lost infant ow'd
Were as invulgar as their fruit was fair.

Drayton, Moses, i.

invulnerability (in-vul"ne-ra-biri-ti), n. [=
P. invulnerabilite •=: Sp. inviilnerabilidad = It. in-
vulnerabilita ; as invulnera ble + -ity : see -bility .]
The quality or state of being invulnerable.

invulnerable (in-vul'ne-ra-bl), a. [= P. invul-
nerable = Sp. invulnerable = Pg. iiivulneravel =
It. invulnerabile, < L. invulnerabilis, invulner-
able, < in- priv. + (LL.) vulnerabilis, vulnera-
ble: see vulnerable.'] 1. Not vulnerable; in-
capable of being wounded, hurt, or harmed.

Achilles is not quite inwdnpra ble ; the sacred waters
did not wash the heel by which Thetis held him.

Emerson, Compensation.

Hence — 2. Not to be damaged or injuriously
affected by attack: as, invulnerable arguments
or evidence.

invulnerable

He exhorted his hearers to lay aside their prejudices,
and unn tlit-rnsHvcs against the shafts of maliri- <>i mi.s-
fortime by ineutunrttUe patience. Jnhiuon, Itaaselas, xvili.

invnlnerableness (in-vurne-ra-bl-nes), n. In-
vulnerability.

invulnerably (in-vul'ne-ra-bli), uilv. In an in-
vulnerable manner; so as to be proof against
wounds, injury, or assault; of an argument, ir-
refutubly.

invulnefatet (in-vul'ne-rat), (i. [= Pg. iiinil-
nerudo, < Li. inriiliicraliifi, unwounded, < in- priv.
+ viilneratu,i, pp. of vulnerare, wound : see vul-
ncrate.] Without wound; unhurt.

Not at all on those [skulls]
That are invulnerate and free from blows.

S. Butler, Satire upon Marriage.

invultuation (in-vul-tu-a'shon), ». [< ML. in-
vultuttti<>( H-), iin'iiltii(icio(n-), \ "invultuare, invul-
tnrv (> OF. envouter, F. envouter), stab or pierce
the face or body of (a person), that is (to medie-
val superstition the same thing), of an image of
him made of wax or clay (see def.), < L. in, in,
into, + vultus, face.] The act of stabbing or
piercing with a sharp instrument a wax or clay
image of a person, under the belief that the
person himself , though absent and unconscious
of the act, will thereupon languish and die:
a kind of spell or witchcraft believed in in
ancient times and iii the middle ages. The
practice was so common, and belief In its fatal effects so
general, that laws were enacted against it. It was called
in Anglo-Saxon stamny, ' staking.

invyet, n. A Middle English form of envy.

inwall (in-wal'), v. t. [Also emeatt; < in-1 +
wall1 ; cf . immure.'] To wall in ; inclose or forti-
fy with a wall. Dr. H. More, Psychozoia, iii. 31.

A mountainous range . . . swept far to the north, and
ultimately merged in those eternal hills that inwall every
horizon. 5. Judd, .Margaret, 1. 8.

inwall (in'wal), w. [< in1 + wall1.'] If. An

inner wall.

The hinges piecemeal flew, and through the fervent little

rock
Thnnder'd a passage ; with his weight tli in mill his breast

did knock. Chapman, Iliad, xil. 448.

2. Specifically, the interior wall of a blast-fur-
nace.

inwandering (in' wonder-ing), «. [< in1 +
wandering.] A wandering in. [Rare.]
This {meandering of differentiated cells. A. Hyatt.

inward, inwards (in'ward, -wardz), adv. [<
ME. inward, < AS. inweard, adv., < in, in, +
-weard, E. -ward. The form inwards (= D. in-
waarts = Gr. einivarts = Dan. indrortes = Sw. in-
vertes) is later, with adv. gen. suffix -s.] 1. To-
ward the inside ; toward the interior or center.

Sewed Furres with bones and sinewes for their clothing,
which they ware inward In Winter, outward in Summer.
Purctuts, Pilgrimage, p. 431.

Primitively, however, in all animals, and permanently
in some (e. g. Tortoises), both these joints [the elbow and
the knee] are so conditioned as to open inwards.

Mivart, Encyc. Brit., XXII 117.
2. Into the mind or soul.

Celestial Light,

Shine inward. MUton, P. L, 111. 62.

I would ask what else Is reflecting besides turning the
mental eye inwards' A. Tucker, Light of Nature, 1. 1. 11.
I The forms inward and inward* are used either Indiffer-
ently or with some reference to euphony.]
inward (in'ward), a. and n. [< ME. inward,
in inward, < AS. inneiceard (also innanweard)
(= OHG. inwart, inwarti, imcerti, MHG. inwart,
inwerte), inward, < inne, in(< in, in), + -weard:
see in1 and -ward.] I. a. 1. Situated or being
within; pertaining to the interior or internal
parts : as, the inward parts of a person or of a
country.

So, stubborn Flints their immrd Heat conceal,
'Till Art and Force th' unwilling Sparks reveal.

Congreve, To Dryden.
To gritty meal he grinds
The bones of nsh, or inward bark of trees.

J. Dyer, Fleece, 1.

2. Pertaining to or connected with the inti-
mate thoughts or feelings of the soul.
So, bursting frequent from Atrldes' breast,
Sighs following sighs his inward fears contest,

Pope, Iliad, x. 13.

Behold ! as day by day the spirit grows,
Thou see'st by imranf light things hid before;
Till what God is, thyself, his image shows.

./..//..-• Very, Poems, p. 64.

3f. Intimate ; familiar ; confidential ; private.
Sir, the king is a noble gentleman ; and my familiar, I
do assure you, very good friend. For what is inward be-
tween us, let it pass. Shale., L. L. L., v. 1, 102.
Come, we must be inirard, thou and I all one.

Marxian and Webster, Malcontent.

[He was] so inward with my Lord Obrien that, after a

few moneths of that gentleman s death, he married his

widow. Evelyn, Diary, July 22, 1674.

3177

4. Deep; low; muffled; half-audible: as, he
spoke in an inirnnl voice.

As the dog [in dreams]
With inward yelp and restless forefoot piles
His function of tin- woodland. Tennyson, Lucretius.

Inward euthanasia, light, etc. See the nouns. In-
ward part (of a sacrament)^ that part of a sacrament
which is not perceptible to the senses, as the body and
blood of Christ in the lord's Slipper, or the gift of regen-
eration in baptism. Also called res sacramenti. — Inward
place, in /'"/'V, a place which yields an argument apper-
taining to the nature and substance of the matter in ques-
tion. =Syn. 1 and 2. Internal, Interior, etc. See inner.

II. H. 1. The inside; especially, in the plu-
ral, the inner parts of an animal ; the bowels ;
the viscera.

The thought whereof

Doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw my inwards.

Shak., Othello, 111,308.

The little book which in your language you have called
Saggi Morali. But I give it a weightier name, entitling
it Faithful Discourses, or the Inwards of Things.

Bacon, To Father Fulgent to, 1625.

2f. /'/. Mental endowments; intellectual parts.

To guide the Grecian darts,

Juno and Pallas, with the god that doth the earth embrace,
And most for man's use, Mercurie (whom good wise in-

wards grace),
Were partially, and all employ'd. Chapman, Iliad, xx.

3t. An intimate.

Sir, I was an inward of his : A shy fellow was the duke.
Shak., M. forM., iii. 2,138.

Salute him fairly ; he's a kind gentleman, a very inward
of mine. Middleton, Michaelmas Term, ii. 3.

inwardly (in' wSrd-li), adv. [< ME. inwardliche,
inwardltke, inwardlie, inwardli, < AS. inweard-
lice (= OHG. inwertlihho), < inweard, inward:
see inward.'] 1. In an inward manner ; inter-
nally; privately; secretly.

Let Benedick, like cover'd fire.
Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly.

Shak., Much Ado, Iii. 1,78.

Thou art inwardly desirous of vain-glory in all that thou
sayest or dost. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 127.

2. Toward the center: as, to curve inwardly.
— 3f. Intimately; thoroughly.

I shall desire to know him more inwardly.

Beau, and Fl., Woman-Hater, II, 1.

4. In a low tone ; not aloud ; to one's self.

He shrunk and muttered inwardly.

Wordsworth, White Doe of Rylstone, ii.
Half inwardly, half audibly she spoke.

Tennyson, Geraint.

inwardness (in'wSrd-nes), n. [< ME. iitward-
nesse; < inward +" -ness.] 1. The state of be-
ing inward or internal ; inclosure within.

Such a name [antrum] could not have been given to any
individual cave unless the idea of being within, or inward-
ness, had been present in the mind.

Max Midler, Scl. of Lang., p. 375.

2. Internal state; indwelling character or qual-
ity; the nature of a thing as it is in itself.

Sense cannot arrive to the inwardness
Of things, nor penetrate the crusty fence
Of constipated matter.

Dr. H. More, Psychozoia, i. 28.

3. Inner meaning ; real significance or drift ;
essential purpose.

I should without any difficulty pronounce that his [Ho-
mer's] fables had no such inwardness in his own meaning.
Itiifun, Advancement of Learning, ii. 146.

The true inwardness of the late Southern policy of the
Republican party. New York Tribune, April, 1877.

4+. Intimacy; familiarity; attachment.

You know my inwardness and love
Is very much unto the prince and Claudio.

Shak., Much Ado, iv. 1, 247.

And [the Duke of York] did, with much imcardne&n, tell
me what was doing. Pepys, Diary, Aug. 23, 1668.

5t. The inwards ; the heart ; the soul.

glir ben not angwischid in us, but ;he ben angwischid
in jhoure ynwardnessis. WycliJ, 2 Cor. vi. 12.

inwards, adv. See inward.
inweave (in-wev'), v. t. ; pret. inwove, pp. in-
woven (sometimes inwove), ppr. inweaving. [<
in1 + weave.] 1. To weave together; inter-
mingle by or as if by weaving.

Down they <;i-t
Their crowns inwove with amarant and gold.

Milton, P. L., iii 852.

The dusky strand of Death inwooen here

With dear Love's tie. Tennyson, Maud, xviii. 7.

2. To weave in ; introduce into a web in the
process of manufacture, as a pattern, an in-
scription, or the like.

inwheelt, enwheelt (in-, en-hweT), v. t. [< i«-i
+ ichi'fl.] To encircle.

Heaven's grace inwheel ye !
And :ill good thoughts and prayers dwell about ye !

Fletcher, Pilgrim, i. '2.

inwreathe

inwheel (in'hwel), n. [< in1 + wheel.] The

inner wheel of a mill, aalliwell.
inwick (in'wik), n. [< in1 + wick3.] In the

game of curling, a stroke by which the stone

comes very near the tee after passing through

a wick.
The stone, in a graceful parabola, curls gently Inwards,

takes an inwick oil the Inner edge of another, and circles

in to lie — a pot-lid in the very tee.

Montreal Daily Star, Carnival No., 1884.

inwitt (in'wit), ii. [ME. inwit, inieyt, < AS. /»-
wit, consciousness, conscience, < in, in, + wit,
knowledge: see wit, n.] Inward knowledge;
understanding; conscience. This word is best
known In the title of a Middle English work in the Kent-
ish dialect, "The Ayenbite of Inwyt," that is, Remorse
of Conscience, translated in the year 1340 by Dan Michel,
a monk, from a French work entitled " Le somme des
vices et des vertues."

Inwit in the hed is and helpeth the soule,

For thorw his connynge he kcpeth Caro et Anima

In rule and in reson bote recheles hit make.

Piers Plowman (AX x. 40.

inwitht, prep. [ME. inwith, inewith, iwith; < in1
+ with1. Cf. within.] Within; in.

Ills wyf and eek his doghter hath he left inwith his hous.
Chaucer, Tale of Mellbeus.

in-wonet, v. t. [ME. (= D. MLG. inwonen = G.
einwohnen), < in, in, -r1 iconen, dwell: see won2.]
To dwell in ; inhabit ; hold.

[She] enfourmet hym fully of the fre rewme,
That the worthy in-wonet, as a wale kyng.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.X 1. 13864.

inwoodt (in-wud'), r. t. [< in-1 + icood1.] To
hide in woods.

He got out of the river, and . . . imrooded himself so
as the ladies lost the farther marking his sportfulness.

Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, II.

inwork (in-werk'), r. ; pret. and pp. inworked or
inwronght,ppr.inworicing. [< i»l + work.] I.
trims. To work in or into: as, to inwork gold
or any color, as in embroidery : commonly used
in the past participle.

His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge,
Inwrought with figures dim.

Milton, Lycldas, 1. 105.

And from these dangers you will never be wholly free
till you have utterly extinguished your vicious inclina-
tions, and inwrought all the virtues of religion into your
natures. J. Scott, Christian Life, I. iv. § 5.

II. intrans. To work or operate within.
[Rare.]

inworking (m'wer-king), n. [Verbal n. of in-
work, V.] Operation within ; energy exerted in-
wardly, as in the mind or soul: as, the inwork-
ing of the Holy Spirit.

inworn (in-worn'), a. [< in1 + worn, pp. of
wear.] Worn or worked into ; inwrought.

I perswade me that whatever faultines was but super-
ficial to Prelaty at the beginning, is now by the just judg-
ment of God long since branded and inworn into the very
essence thereof. Milton, Church-Government, 11. 1.

inwrap1, enwrap1 (in-, en-rap'), i'. t. ; pret. and
pp. inwrapped, enwrapped, ppr. inwrapjring, en-
wrapping. [< ME. inwruppen, cnwrappen, also
inwlappen; <to-l, m-1, + wrap.] 1. To coyer
by or as if by wrapping; infold; hence, to in-
clude.

David might well look to be inwrapped in the common
destruction. Bp. Hall, Numbering of the People.

So when thick clouds inwrap the mountain's head.
O'er heav'n's expanse like one black ceiling spread. .

Pope, Iliad, xvi. 354.

Here comes to me Roland, with a delicacy of sentiment
leading and inwrapping him like a divine cloud or holy
ghost. Emerson, Behavior.

2. Toinvolveindifficultyorperplexity; perplex.

The case is no sooner made than resolved, if it be made
not inwrapped, but plainly and perspicuously. Bacon.
And though 'tis wonder that enwraps me thus.
Yet 'tis not madness. Shak., T. N., iv. 3, 3.

inwrap2t, enwrap'-'t (in-, en-rap'), «;. t. [Prob.
for "inrap, "enrap; < in-2, en-2, + rap2. Cf . rapt.]
To transport; enrapture.

For, if such holy song
Enwrap our fancy long.
Time will run back, and fetch the age of gold.

Miltm, Nativity, L 134.

inwrapment, enwrapment (in-, en-rap'ment),
n. [\ inwrap1, enwrap1, + -menl.] 1. The act
of inwrapping, or the state of beingj inwrapped.
— 2. That which in wraps; a covering; a wrap-
per.

They wreathed together a foliature of the fig-tree, and
made themselves enwrapmentt.

Shuckford, The Creation, p. 203.

inwrapped, enwrapped (in-, en-rapt'), p. a.

Sara*1 as dtniodutid.

inwreathe, enwreathe (in-, en-reTH'), r. t. ;
pret. and pp. itncreatlicd, eincreathed, ppr. «"»»-

inwreathe

w>-c(itliiHu,cnicrcf<t)ihi<!. [<»«-!, e»-l, + wreathe.]
To surround with or as if with a wreath.

And o'er the hero's head,
Imoreath'd with olive, bears the laurel-crown,
Blest emblem, peace and liberty restor'd !

Mattel, Amyntor and Theodora.

101 (i'o), inter j. [L. to, = Gr. la, an exclamation
of joy or pleased excitement: cf. 0, oh, etc.]
A Latin interjection, or exclamation of joy or
triumph : sometimes used as a noun in Eng-
lish.

Hark ! how around the hills rejoice,
And rocks reflected ios sing.

Congreve, Ode on Namur, St. 10.

102 (i'o), n. [L. Io, < Gr. 'Li.] 1. In myth.,
a daughter of Inachus, metamorphosed into a
heifer and caused to be tormented by a terrible
gadfly by Hera, in jealous revenge for the favors
of Zeus. See Argus,!.— 2. The innermost of the
four satellites of Jupiter.— 3. Inentom. : (a) A
genus of vanessoid butterflies. (6) [i.e.] The
peacock butterfly, Vanessa io: used both as the
technical specific name and as an English word,
(c) [I. c.] A showy and beautiful moth of North
America, Hyperckiria io, or Saturnia io, of yel-

Hyperchiria 10, natural size.

low coloration, with prominent pink and bluish
eyes on the hinder wings. The larva is covered with
bunches of stinging spines, and feeds on many plants
and trees, as Indian corn, cotton, hops, clover, elm, and
cherry. The eggs are laid in clusters on the under side of
the leaf.

iodal (I'o-dal), n. [< iod(ine) + al(cokol)."] An
oleaginous liquid (CLjCHO) obtained by the
action of alcohol and nitric acid on iodine. Its
effects are said to be similar to those of chloral.

iodargyrite (I-o-dar' ji-rit), «. Same as iodyritc.

iodate* (i'o-dat), u. [< iod(ine) + -ate1.'] Any
compound of iodic acid with a base. The iodates
form deflagrating mixtures with combustibles, and when
they are heated to low redness oxygen gas is disengaged,
and a metallic iodide remains. None of them have been
found native. They are all of very sparing solubility, ex-
cepting the iodates of the alkalis. See iodic.

iodate- (i'o-dat), v. t.; pret. and pp. ioilatcd,
ppr. iodatfag. [< iod(inc) + -ate2.] To com-
bine, impregnate, or treat with iodine.
One variety of iodated paper. Ure, Diet., III. 6C7.

iodic (I-od'ik), a. [< iod(ine) + -ic.] Contain-
ing iodine: as, iodic silver — Iodic acid, HIO;!, an
acid formed by the action of oxidizing agents on iodine in
presence of water or alkalis. Iodic acid is a white semi-
transparent solid substance, which is inodorous, but has
an astringent, sour taste. It is very soluble in water, and
detonates when heated with charcoal, sugar, and sulphur.
Deoxidizing agents reduce it partly to hydriodic acid,
which then reacts upon the remaining iodie acid to form
iodine and water. It combines with metallic oxids, form-
ing salts, which are named iodates, and these, like the
chlorates, yield oxygen when heated, and an iodide re-
mains.

iodide (I'o-did or -did), n. [< iod(ine) + -idel.]
A compound of iodine with an element more
electropositive than itself : thus, sodium iodide,
etc.— Iodide of ethyl, ethyl iodide (C2H5I), a colorless
liquid insoluble in water, having a penetrating ethereal
odor and taste, used in medicine, by inhalation, to intro-
duce iodine rapidly into the system.

iodiferous (I-o-dif'e-rus), a. [< iod(ine) + L.
ferre = E. Mat*.] Yielding iodine : as, iodif-
erous plants.

iodine (i'o-din or -din), ». [= F. iodine, < Gr. lu-
£>K, like a violet (< lov, a violet, = L. viola, > ult.
E. violet), + -ine2.] Chemical symbol, I ; atomic
weight, 126.9. In chem., a peculiar non-metallic
elementary solid substance, forming one of the
group of halogens. It exists in the water of the ocean
and mineral springs, in marine molluscous animals, and in
seaweeds, from the ashes of which it is chiefly procured.
At ordinary temperatures it is a solid crystalline body. Its
color is bluish-black or grayish-black, with a metallic lus-
ter. It is often in scales, resembling those of micaceous
iron ore ; sometimes in brilliant rhomboidal plates or in
elongated octahedrons. The specific gravity of solid iodine
is 4.B47. It fuses at 225° F., and boils at?S47°. Its vapor,
which is very dense, is of an exceedingly rich violet color,
a character to which it owes the name of iodine. It is a
non-conductor of electricity, and, like oxygen and chlorin,

3178

is electronegative. It is very sparingly soluble in water,
but dissolves copiously in alcohol and in ether, forming
dark-brown liquids. It possesses strong powers of com-
bination, and forms with the pure metals and most of the
simple non-metallic substances compounds which are
named iodides. With hydrogen and oxygen it forms iodic
acid ; combined with hydrogen it forms hydriodic acid.
Like chlorin, it destroys vegetable colors, but with less
energy. Iodine has a very acrid taste, and its odor some-
what resembles that of chlorin. It is an irritant poison,
and is of great service in medicine. It is used externally
as a counter-irritant, the skin or mucous membrane being
painted with the tincture ; and also internally, both as
iodine and in combination, especially as iodide of potash.
Starch is a characteristic test of iodine, forming with it a
deep-blue compound. This test is so delicate that a so-
lution of starch dropped into water containing less than
a millionth part of iodine is tinged blue.— Iodine green.
See^reeni. — Iodine scarlet. Same as pure scarfet (which
see, under scarlet).

iodism (i'o-dizm), n. [< iod(ine) + -ism."] In
jiatl/ol., a peculiar derangement of the system
produced by the excessive use of iodine or its
salts.

iodize (i'o-dlz), v, t. ; pret. and pp. iodized, ppr.
iodising. ' [< iod(ine) + -ize.~] 1. In med., to
treat with iodine; affect with iodine. — 2. In
pliotog., to impregnate, as collodion, with io-
dine; add iodine or an iodide to.

iodizer (i'o-dl-zer), n. [< iodize + -er1.]
One who or that which iodizes,
iodobromite (i"o-do-br6'mit), «. \<,iod(ine)
+ brom(ide) + -iie2.~] A sulphur-yellow

El mineral, occurring in isometric crystals at
Dernbach, Nassau, consisting of the io-
dide, bromide, and chlorid of lead.

' iodoform (I'o-do-form), ». [< iod(ine) +
(cMoro)form.'] A solid compound (CHI3)
analogous to chloroform, produced by the
action of iodine with alkalis or alkali car-
bonates on alcohol. It forms lemon-yellow
crystals, with an odor like that of saffron, which are
somewhat volatile at the ordinary temperature, in-
soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and
ether. It is an anesthetic and antiseptic, and has
been considerably used in surgical dressings.

iodoform (i'o-do-forrn), v. t. [< iodoform, n.]
To apply iodoform to; impregnate with iodo-
form.

iodoformize (i'o-do-f6r"mlz),t>. t. ; pret. and pp.
iodoformized, ppr. iodoformizing. [< iodoform
H — ize.~\ To iodoform.

iodohydric (i"o-do-hl'drik), a. [< iod(ine) +
hydr(ogen) + -ic.] Same as hydriodic.

iodol (i'o-dol). n. [< iod(ine) + -ol.~] A yellow-
ish-brown substance (6414X1!) composed of
long prismatic crystals, used in medicine as an
antiseptic.

iodometric (i"o-do-met'rik), a. [< iod(ine) +
metric.] In diem., measured by iodine: used
of analytical operations in which the quantity
of a substance is determined by its reaction with
a standard solution of iodine.

iodyrite (I-od'i-rit), n. [< iod(ine) + Gr. dp}f-
l>6f, silver, + -ifc2 (cf. argi/rite)."] Native sil-
ver iodide, a sectile mineral of a bright-yellow
color and resinous or adamantine luster, occur-
ring sparingly in Chili and elsewhere.

iolite (I'o-lit), n. [< Gr. lov, a violet, + ^.!6of,
stone.] A silicate of magnesium, aluminium,
and iron, a mineral of a violet-blue color with
a shade of purple or black. It often occurs in six-
sided rhombic prisms. The smoky-blue peliom and stein-
heilite are varieties. Iolite is veiy subject to chemical al-
teration, and many names have been given to the more or
less distinct compounds so formed, as pinite, fafilunite, gi-
ijantolite, etc. Also called dichroite (because the tints along
the two axes are unlike) and cordierite.

ion (i'on), ». [< Gr. luv, neut. I6v, ppr. of ifvai,
L. ire, go: see iter.~\ One of the elements of
an electrolyte, or compound body undergoing
electrolyzation. Those elements of an electrolyte
which are evolved at the anode are termed unions, and
those which are evolved at the cathode cations, and when
these are spoken of together they are called ions. Thus
water when electrolyzed evolves two ions, oxygen and
hydrogen, the former being an anion, the hitter a cation.

-ion. [ME. -ion, -ioun, -iun (-on, -un), < OF. -ion,
-inn (-on, -un), F. -ion (-on) = Pr. -ion, -io = Sp.
-ion = Pg. -So = It. -ione, < L. -io(n-), a common
suffix forming (a) abstract (fern.) nouns from
verbs, either from the inf., as legio(n-), a legion,
< legcre, collect, optio(n-), a choice, < optare,
choose, su3picio(n-), suspicion, < suspicere, sus-
pect, etc., or from adjectives, as communio(n-),
communion, < communis, common, unio(n-),
union,< tmtis, one, etc.; or (b) appellative (masc.)
nouns, of various origin, as centurio(n-),& centu-
rion, histrio(n-), an actor, etc. See -tion, -ation,
etc.] 1. A sxiffix in abstract nouns (many also
used as concrete) of Latin origin, as in legion,
opinion, option, region, religion, suspicion, com-
munion, union, etc. — 2. A similar suffix occur-
ring in a few concrete nouns designating per-

lonic

sons or things, as in centurion. Itixtrion, union (a
pearl), onion, parilimi, etc.

Ionian (i-6'ni-an), fl. and n. [< L. lonius, < Gr.
'luvtof, < 'luvla, Ionia, "luwf, the lonians.] I.
a. Relating to Ionia or to the lonians ; Ionic.
— Ionian chiton, mode, etc. See the nouns. — Ionian
school. Same as Ionic school (which see, under Ionic). —
Ionian sea, that part of the Mediterranean which lies
between Greece and Sicily.

II. n. A member of one of the three or (as
some count) four great divisions of the ancient
Greek race, the others being the Dorians and
^Eolians, or the Dorians, ^lolians, and Ache-
ans. Originally they inhabited Attica, Eubcea, and the
district in the Peloponnesus afterward known as Achtoa.
From Attica they spread over most of the islands (the
Ionian Islands) of the /Egean sea, and settled in Ionia on
the coast of Asia Minor. They founded various colonies
on the shores of the Euxine, Propontis, and the ^gean, and
in the west they planted Catana and other colonies in
Sicily ; Rhegium, Cumte, etc., in Italy ; and Marseilles and
others in Gaul. The Asiatic lonians especially did much
to introduce Asiatic civilization and luxury into Greece,
and were often reproached by the other Greeks with ef-
feminacy. Also (rarely) called laetian, and in the plural
Tones.

Ionic (i-on'ik), a. and n. [< L. lonicits, < Gr. Iw-
viKOf , < 'luvia, Ionia: see Ionian."] I. a. 1. Of,
pertaining, or relating to the lones or lonians as
a race, or to one of the regions named from them,
Ionia or the Ionian Islands : as, the Ionic dialect
or school; the Ionic order.— 2. In anc. pros.,
constituting a foot of two long syllables fol-
lowed by two shorts, or vice versa; pertaining
to or consisting of such feet: as, an Ionic foot,
colon, verse, or system ; Ionic rhythm — Axis of
the Ionic capital. See axis*.— Ionic dialect, the most
important of the three main branches of the ancient Greek
language (the other two being the Doric and JEolic), includ-
ing the Attic. Homer's Iliad was written in Old Ionic, the
works of Herodotus in New Ionic, and nearly all the great
Greek works in its later form, the Attic. — Ionic foot, in
pros., a foot consisting of four syllables, either two short
and two long or two long and two short. — Ionic meter, a
meter consisting of Ionic feet. — Ionic mode. See mode. —
Ionic order, in arch., one of the three Greek orders, so
named from the Ionic race, by whom it was held to have
been developed and perfected. The distinguishing char-
acteristic of this order is the volute of its capital. In the
true Ionic the volutes have the same form on the front and
rear, and are connected on the flanks by an ornamented
roll or scroll, except in the case of the corner capitals,
which have three volutes on their two outer faces, that on
the external angle projecting diagonally. The debased
Roman form of Ionic gave the capital four diagonal vo-
lutes, and curved the sides of the abacus. The spiral fll-
lets of the Greek volute are continued along the face of
the capita], beneath the abacus, whereas in the Roman

Ionic Architecture. — Temple of Wingless Victory, on the
Acropolis of Athens.

imitation the origin of the fillet is behind the echinus.
The shaft, including the base and the capital to the bot-
tom of the volute, is normally about 9 diameters high,
and is generally fluted in 24 flutes, separated by fillets.
The bases used with this order are various. The Attic
base often occurs, and is the most beautiful and appropri-
ate. The architrave is normally formed in three bands,
each projecting slightly beyond that below i^ the whole
crowned by a rich molding. The frieze frequently bears
figures in relief. The cornices fall under three classes :
the simple butrichly molded and strongly projecting Greek
cornice, and the less refined dentil and modillion (Koman)
cornices. The best examples of the Ionic order are the
temple on the Ilissus, and the Erechtheum and the tem-
ple of Wingless Victory on the Acropolis of Athens. The
details of the Erechtheum are notable for the delicate
elaboration of their ornament: but the interior capitals of
the Propylffia are, in their simple purity of line, perhaps the
noblest remains of the Greek Ionic. The order was prob-
ably evolved by the Ionian Greeks from forms found in
Assyrian architecture. See also cut under Erechtheum.—
Ionic sect or school, the earliest series of Greek philoso-
phers, Thales (who is said to have predicted an eclipse 5S5
B. c.), Anaximander, Anaximenes!(in the sixth century n.
o.), all of Miletus, and their later adherents. They are called
the early physicists, because they mainly studied the mate-
rial universe, ami that in a rudely observational manner.
The characteristic of the school is the prominence they
gave to the question out of what the world is made (Thales
s:iid water, Anaximenes air), believing apparently that, this
answered, the secret of the universe was solved. They made
little of efficient causes, and, as distinct from living agents,

Ionic

probably bad no conception of such. — Ionic school of
painting, i 1 1 the history of ancient (ireck art, an important
school of painters in thu latter part of the tlfth and the
early part <»f the fourth ceutury H. c. : so called as tlintiii
guishcd from the Attic and Sicyonian schools. Its greatest
masters were Zcuxis and 1'arrhasius.

II. n. In pros.: (a) Au loiuc foot. ('<) Au
Ionic verse or meter.

lonicize (i-on'i-slz), u. t. ; pret. and pp. loni-
ci:cil, ]j|ir. liiuii-i-ini/. [< Ionic + -ize.] To
make ionic; confer an Ionic form upon.

He essays to dissect out a primitive Aeollc core, after-
ward tonicized, and enlarged by interpolations and accre-
tions. New Princeton Ken., V. 412.

lonidium (i-y-nid'i-um), n. [NL., irreg. < Or.
lov, a violet, + dim. suffix -iomv.~\ A genus
of plants of the natural order Violarieif, tribe
I'iii/ete, characterized by the sepals not being
extended at the base, and by the five unequal
petals, one of which is much larger than the rest.
They are herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate or some-
times opposite leaves and generally solitary axillary or ra-
cemed (lowers. About 50 species are known, of which 4 are
found in tropical Asia and Africa, I! in Australia, and the
rest iu America, chiefly tropical. The roots of several of
the species contain an emetic, and have been used as a
substitute for ipecacuanha. /. jiarvijlorum and /. Papaya
are so used by the South Americans. The so-called white
ipecacuanha is 7. Ipecacuanha. I.concolor(Soleaconcolfrr),
the trreen violet, Is a comiuou plant of the eastern United
States.

lonism (i'o-nizm), n. [< Or. as if "luvtau&f, <
lui'/Cf", speak in Ionic fashion: see Ionize.]
An Ionic idiom ; the use of Ionic idioms or dia-
lect. Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 205.

lonist (i'o-nist), n. [< Ion(ize) + -ist.] One
who uses 'Ionic idioms or dialect. Amer. Jour.
Philol., VII. 209.

ionite (i'o-nit), «. [< lone (see def.) + -«<e2.]
A mineral resin found in lone valley, Amador
county, California.

Ionize (i'o-niz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. Ionized, ppr.
/«« /--I'M;/. [< Gr. tuvit,civ, speak in Ionic fash-
ion, < 'lovff, lonians : see Ionic.} To lonicize.
Amer. Jour. Philol., VII. 234.

lonornis (i-o-n6r'nis), ». [NL., irreg. < Gr.
lov, violet (implying purple), + opvtc., a bird.]
A notable genus of ralliform birds, the Ameri-
can sultans, hyacinths, or porphyry gallinules,
family Rallidce and subfamily Gallinulinte, con-
taining such species as the purple gallinule of
the United States and warmer parts of Amer-
ica, /. martinica. Reichenbach, 1853.

iopterous (i-op'te-rus), a. [< Gr. lov, a violet,
+ irrep6v, a feath'er.] Having wings of a vio-
let color, as an insect.

iota (!-6'tft), n. [< L. iota, < Gr. lara, < Pheni-
cian (Heb.) yodh. In earlier E. use with ex-
tended meaning as jot : see.;'o<J.] 1. The name
of the Greek letter 1, /, corresponding to the
Latin and English I, i. In the latter form i, and the
Hebrew form 1 the letter was the smallest of the alpha-
bet. When following a long vowel (as part of a diphthong),
in Oreek as now written, it is placed under the vowel to
which it is attached, being then called iuta subscript, as
in ..... .. .

2. A very small quantity; a tittle; a jot.

Yon will have the goodness then to pat no stuffing of
any description in my coat ; you will not pinch me an iota
tighter across the waist than Is natural to that part of my
body. Bulwer, Pelnam, xllv.

iotacism (i-6'ta-sizm), n. [< L. iotacismu#, <
Gr. iuramo/tof, too much use of iota, repetition
of iota, < Jura, iota: see iota.'] Conversion of
other vowel sounds into that of iota (English
e) ; specifically, in pronunciation of Greek, the
practice of giving the sound of iota (<) also to
the vowels t) and v, and to the diphthongs a, y,
01, and vt indiscriminately. This is the rule in
modern Greek. Also called itacism. Opposed
to etacism. Compare lambdacism, rhotacism.

Unquestionably the most characteristic feature of the
present pronunciation is Its iotacinn.

J. lladley, Essays, p. 139.

iotacist (I-o'ta-sist), n. [< iotac(wn) + -«<.]
One who advocates the system of Greek pro-
nunciation called iotacism.

ioterium ;i-6-te'ri-um), n. ; pi. ioteria (-a).
[XL., < Gr. t6f, poison, + rcptu, pierce.] In en-
t"ni., a poison-gland, as that at the base of the
sting in a hymenopterous insect, or at the base
of the chelicera in a spider. See cut under rhrli-
ccm.

I 0 U (i' 6' u'), n. [So called from the letters
/ O U (standing for / owe yon) used in the ac-
knowledgment.] A memorandum or acknow-
ledgment of debt less formal than a promissory
note, and in England sometimes containingonly
these letters, with the sum owed and the sig-
nature of the debtor. It is not a promisxiry
note, because no direct promise to pay is ex-
pressed.

3170

Hee teacheth ml fellowes play tricks with their creditors,
who Instead of payments write / O V, and so scotfe many
an honest man out of his goods.

Breton, Courtier and Countryman, p. '.'.

Mr. Mlcawber placed hia 7. 0. U. In the hands of Trad-
dies. . . . I am persuaded that this was quite the same to
Mr. Micawber as paying the money.

IMckent, David Copperfleld, xuvL

-ious. A termination consisting of the suffix -««.•.•
with a preceding original or euphonic vowel i.
It formerly alternated with -eons. See -eons
and -o««.

lowan (i'o-wan), a. and «. I. «. Of or pertain-
ing to Iowa, a State of the United States lying
west of the Mississippi.
II. n. An inhabitant of Iowa.

ipecac (ip'e-kak),n. [An abbr. of ipecacuanha.]
same as ipecacuanha.— American Ipecac, an herb of
the genus Oillenia.— Indian Ipecac, the root of a twin-
ing, shrubby, asclepiadaceous plant, Tylophora attthinatica,
used in India as a substitute for ipecacuanha.

ipecacuanha (ip-e-kak-u-an'ji), n. [< Pg. ipe-
cacuanha (== Sp. ipecacuami), < Braz. (as usu-
ally given) ipecaaguen, the native name of the
plant, said to mean 'smaller roadside sick-
making plant.'] The dried root of Cephaelis
Ipecacuanha, a small shrubby plant, a native of
Brazil, the United States of Colombia, and oth-
er parts of South America. There are three varie-
ties, the brown, red, and gray, all products of the same
plant, and their differences are due to little more than
age, place of growth, or mode of drying. The root IB hard,
and breaks short and granular (not lilimus), exhibiting a
resinous, waxy, orfarinaceous interior, white or grayish. It
is emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic, and is much used In
medicine, in large doses (1.5 grams) as an emetic, iu smaller
doses as a depressant and nauseant, in still smaller doses
as a diaphoretic, and in the smallest as a stimulant to the
•tomach to check vomiting and produce appetite. Its
physiological effects seem to depend on the presence of the
alkaloid emetin. The root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha is the
only thing recognized as ipecac by the British or the United
States Pharmacopoeia^ but the name has been applied to
various other plant* with emetic properties, as to the root of
Psychotria emctiea, also called Peruvian, striated, or Mack
ipecacuanha, said to contain emetin ; also to the roots of
various species of Itichardsonia, called white, amylaceous,
or undttlated ipecacuanha. The name American ipecacu-
anha or ipecacuanha sponge is given to Euphorbia Ipecacu-
anha. Oillenia is also called American ipecac. See cut
under Cephaelis.

Iphidea (i-fid'e-U). ». [NL., appar. as Iphis
(Iphid-) + -ea.~\ 1. A genus of chrysomelid
beetles. Baly, 1865. — 2. A genus of brachio-
pods. Billings, 1874.

Iphigenia (ifi-je-ni'a), «. [NL., < L. Iphige-
nia, (. Gr. '\$tyeveta, in legend, daughter of Aga-
memnon.] 1. A genus of bivalve mollusks
of the family Donacid<e, comprising Iphigenia
brasiliensis and related species. Schumacher,
1817. — 2. A subgenus of Clausilia. Gray, 1821.

Iphiona (if-i-6'na), n. [NL. (Cassini, 1817), per-
haps irreg. < Gri ' l$wv, a kind of herb.] A ge-
nus of composite plants, type of Schultz's di-
vision Iphionea; of the Euconyzew, now referred
to the tribe Inuloidea; subtribe Euinulece, and
by some regarded as a section of the genus
Inula, to which the elecampane belongs, but
from which it differs by its somewhat double
pappus, the outer consisting of short bristles.
It embraces about 14 species, inhabiting the Levant, Ara-
bia, central Asia, tropical and South Africa, and the Mas-
carene islands.

Iphioneae (if-i-6'ne-e), ». pi. [NL. (C. H.
Schultz, 1843), < Iphiona + -ece.~\ A division
of the ComposiUc, typified by the genus Iphiona,
now embraced in the tribe Inuloidea; (which
see).

Iphis (i'fis), «. [NL., < L. Iphis, < Gr. 'I^f
('l(t>'-, '!*'<!-), a masc. and fern, name.] 1. A
genus of brachyurous crustaceans of the family
Leucosiida-. W. E. Leach, 1817.— 2. A genus of
click-beetles or elaterids, having several large
Madagascau species. Laporte, 1836.

Iphisa (if 'i-sa), ». [NL. (Gray, 1851) ; cf. Iphis.}
A genus of lizards constituting the family
Iphisida;, I. elegant is a species inhabiting northern
Brazil and Guiana, of an olive-brown color marbled with

ipse dizit

black, the under parts yellowish white. The feet are small,
with the inner finger clawlens ; the eyes are large.

Iphisidae (i-fis'i-<le), n. pi. [NL., < Iphixa +
-«'".] A family of South American lizards,
based by J. E. Gray upon the grims lplii.in. \'
is now merged in the family K «'</«•.

Iphthimus (.if thi-mus), n. [NL., < Or. tytli/iof,
strong, < <>', strongly, earlier *Fi<t>t, perhaps
dat. of if, "PC = L. ris, strength, might: nee
iiiiniiV, ri'/«.] A genus of tenebrione oeetles,
founded by Truqui in 1H37. /. opacui It a species
about three fourths of an inch long, with coarsely punc-
tured thorax and elytra. It IB found under bark.

Ipinse (i-pi'ne), H. pi. [NL. (Erichson, 1843),
v Ips + -in<e.] A subfamily of clavieorn bee-
tles, of the family Xitidulida.', whose typical
genus is Ips, mainly characterized by the pro-
tuberance of the epistoma.

ipocrast, ». An obsolete form of hippocrax.

ipocrisiet, ipocritet, «• Obsolete (Middle Eng-
lish) forms of hypocrisy, hypocrite.

Ipomaea (ip-o-me'a), «. [NL., improp. Ipomcea
(Linnseus), ^ Ips, a name given by Linnams to
Convolrultu, bindweed (< Gr. ty, a worm: see
Ips), + Gr. Aftoiof, like.] A genus of dicotyle-
donous gamopetalous plants, of the natural
order Convolrulacea:, tribe Convolvuleee, charac-
terized by having a 2- to 4-celled ovary, which
is 4-ovuled, or rarely 3-celled and 6-ovuled.
The capsule is 2- to 4-valved, rarely with an operculum,
or rupturing irregularly. The stems are prostrate or erect,
herbaceous or woody and climbing, and the leaves alter-
nate, usually entire. The corolla is hypocrateriform or
campanulate and 5-lobed. About 400 species have been
described, but according to Bentham and Hooker this num-
ber should be reduced to 300 good species. They occur in
the warm parts of the world. Tin- most important plant
of the genus is the sweet potato, furnished by the roots
of 7. Batatas, which is very extensively cultivated hi all

Flowering Branch of Wild Potato- vine Upomaa fandttrata ).
a, root ; t. fruit : r, seed.

tropical countries. Jalap, a well known medicine, is ob-
tained from the roots of /. purya, a native of Mexico.
The he-lalap, male-jalap, or jalap-tops U /. Orizabentit,
and 7. Turpethum is the Indian jalap. The wild potato
of the West Indies is 7. /astiyiata, and 7. Pes-Caprtf
Is the seaside potato of the East and West Indies. 7.
Qvamnclit, the cypress-vine, Indian-pink, American red
bell flower, or sweet-william of the Barbados, was origi-
nally a native of tropical America, but Is now widely nat-
uralized. 7. tiilifrum of the East and West Indies is the
Spanish arbor-vine, Spanish woodbine, or seven-year vine.
f. purpurea, a native of tropical America, is the common
morning-glory of cultivation. 7. Ail is also cultivated for
ornament. 7. pandurata of the eastern United States Is
the wild potato-vine or man-of-the-earth, the media-meek
of the North American Indians. 7. Qerrardi is the wild
cotton of Natal. Also written Jpomea.

ipotamet, ipotaynet, «• Middle English forms

of IlipjIoUlllir.

ippocrast, «. An obsolete

form of hippocras.
Ips (ips), n. [NL. (Fabri-

cius, 1776), < Gr. ty, »

worm that eats horn and

wood; also one that eats

vine-buds.] A genus of

clavieorn beetles, of the

family Xitidulidai, having

the antennal club three-
jointed, labrum connate

with epistoma, anterior

coxae open, and thorax

uot margined at base. Tpt

fasciatus Is a common United

Ips fascia tnj.
(Line shows natural size.)

Ifkisa tltfatti.

M;ilis species, shining-black with two pairs of yellow
bands on the elytra. 7T jferrugineug is a European species.

ipse dixit (ip'se dik'sit). [< L. ipsc dixit, he
himself has said (so): ipse (OL. also ipgvx), he

ipse dixit

himself (< in, he (see /it'1), + -pse for -pte, an
emphasizing suffix, 'self,' 'same,' connected
with potis, powerful: see potent); dixit, 3dpers.
perf. ind. of dicerc, say : see diction.'] An asser-
tion without proof; a dogmatic expression of
opinion ; a dictum.

It requires something more than Brougham's flippant
ipse dixit to convince me that the office of chancellor is
such a sinecure and bagatelle.

Gremlle, Memoirs, March 15, 1831.

To acquiesce in an ipse dixit. Whately.

That day of ipsedixits, I trust, is over.

J. H. Newman, Letters (1875), p. 146.

ipsedixitism (ip-se-dik'sit-izm), ». [< ipse
dixit + -ism.] The practice of dogmatic asser-
tion. [Rare.]

It was also under Weigel's influence that he [Puf endorf ]
developed that independence of character which never
bent before other writers, however high their position,
and which showed itself in his profound disdain

dixitism, to use the piquant phrase of Bentham.

Encyc. Brit., XX. 99.

ipsissima verba (ip-sis'i-ma ver'bii). [L.: ip-
sissima, neut. pi. of ipsissimus, the very same,
superl. of ipse, he himself, the same (see ipse
dixit); verba, pi. of verbum, word: see verb.]
The very same words ; the self -same words ; the
precise language, word for word.

It is his [the medical man's] duty to make, on the spot,
a note of the words actually used. There should be no
paraphrase or translation of them, but they should be the
ipsissima verba of the dying man.

A. S. Taylor, Med. Jurisprudence, p. 7.

ipsq facto (ip'so fak'to). [L.: ipso, abl. neut.
of ipse, he himself (see ipse dixit)-, facto, abl. of
factum, f act : see fact.] By the fact itself ; by
that very fact.

The religion which is not the holiest conceivable by the
man who holds it is condemned ipso facto.

F. P. Cobbe, Peak in Darien, p. 6.

i. q. An abbreviation of Latin idem quod, 'the

same as.'
ir-1. Assimilated form (in Latin, etc.) of in-2

before r. In the following words, in the ety-

mology, the prefix ir-l is usually referred di-

rectly to the original in-2 or in2.
ir-2. Assimilated form (in Latin, etc.) of iti-s

before r. In the following words, in the ety-

mology, the prefix ir-2 is usually referred di-

rectly to the original in-3.
Ir. 1. An abbreviation of Irish. — 2. Iii diem.,

the symbol for iridium,
iracund (I'ra-kund), a. [= OP. iracond = Sp.

Pg. iracundo = It. iracundo, iracondo, < L. ira-

cundus, angry, < ira, anger : see ire2.] Angry;

irritable; passionate. [Rare.]

A spirit cross-grained, fantastic, iracund, incompatible.
Carlyle, Misc., IV. 87.

iracundiously t (i-ra-kun'di-us-li), adv. [< *ira-
cundious (cf. OF. iracondieux), for *iracundous
(cf. OF. iracondos) (< L. iracundus, angry: see
iracund), + -ly2.] Angrily; passionately.
Drawing out his knife most iracundimuly.

Nashe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 166).

irade (i-ra'de), n. [Turk, trade, a decree, com-
mand, order, will, volition.] A written decree
of the Sultan of Turkey.

For the ministers were already obliged to exercise many
of the attributes of the Sovereign, and had constantly to
act upon their own authority in cases where an imperial
irade was strictly requisite.

Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 292.

I-rail (I'ral), n. An iron rail shaped in section
like the letter I ; a reversible rail.

iraint, n. A Middle English form of arain.

Iranian (I-ra'ni-an), a. and n. [< Iran (see
del), < Pers. Iran, Iran, Persia (see Aryan), +
-ian.] I. a. Relating or pertaining to Iran or
the people of Iran, the ancient name of the
region lying between Kurdistan and India, and
the modern Persian name of Persia: specifi-
cally applied to a branch of Indo-European or
Aryan tongues, including Persian, Zend, Peh-
levi, Parsi or Pazend, and cognate tongues.
The word is derived from the legendary history of the
Persian race given in Firdusi's " Book of Kings," accord-
ing to which Iran and Tur were two of three brothers from
whom the tribes Iran (Persians) and Turan (Turks and
their cognate tribes) sprang. See Turanian.

The word Iranian, as yet unappropriated as an alpha-
betic designation, is perhaps less unsatisfactory than any
other name that can be found, since it may fairly be ap-
plied to the oldest as well as to the more modern forms
of the alphabet of the old Persian empire.

Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 229.
II. n. An inhabitant of Iran; a member of
one of the races speaking Iranian languages.

For the ornamentation of their buildings, externally,
and to some extent internally, the Iranians, imitating
their Semitic predecessors, employed sculpture.

0. Hawlinsan, Origin of Nations, p. 102.

3180

Iranic (i-ran'ik), a. [< NL. Iranicus, < Iran :
see Iranian.] Of or pertaining to ancient Iran
or to its inhabitants; Iranian in the widest
sense : as, the Iranic family of languages.

irascibility (i-ras-i-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. irasci-
bilite = Pr. iracibilitat = Sp. irascibilidad = Pg.
irascibilidade = It. irascibilitd; as irascible +
-ity: see -bility.] The quality of being irasci-
ble ; irritability of temper.

The irascibility ol this class of tyrants is generally exert-
ed upon petty provocations. Johnson, Rambler, No. 112.

irascible (i-ras'i-bl), o. [<F. irascible = Sp. iras-
cible = Pg. irascivel = It. irascibile, < LL. irasci-
bilis, < L. irasei, be angry, < ira, anger: see ire2.]

1 . Susceptible of anger ; easily provoked or in-
flamed with resentment ; choleric : as, an iras-
cible man ; an irascible temper.

Middleton when young was a Dilettante in music ; and
Dr. Bentley, in contempt, applied the epithet " fiddling
Conyers." Had the irascible Middleton broken his violin
about the head of the learned Grecian, and thus terminated
the quarrel, the epithet had then cost Beutley's honour
much less than it afterwards did.

D'lsmeli, Quarrels of Authors, p. 395.

2. Excited by or arising from anger ; manifest-
ing a state of anger or resentment.

I know more than one instance of irascible passions
subdued by a vegetable diet. Arbuthnot, Aliments.

I have given it as my opinion that the Irascible emotion
and the strong antipathies are to a certain extent out-
bursts of the sentiment of power, resorted to, like the
tender outburst, as a soothing and consoling influence
under painful irritation.

A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 467.
=Syn. 1. Irascible, Irritable, Passionate, hasty, touchy,
testy, splenetic, snappish, peppery, fiery, choleric. Iras-
cible indicates quicker and more intense bursts of auger
than irritable, and less powerful, lasting, or manifest bursts
than passionate.

irascibleness (i-ras'i-bl-nes), n. Irascibility.

irascibly (I-ras'i-bli), adv. In an irascible man-
ner.

irate (i-raf), a. [= Pg. irado = It. irato, < L.
iratus, angered, angry, < irasei, be angry: see
irascible.] Excited to anger ; made angry; en-
raged; incensed.

Here his words failed him, and the irate colonel, with
glaring eyes and purple face, . . . stood . . . speechless
before his young enemy. Thackeray, Virginians, x.

irchent, irchont, irchount. Obsolete forms of

urchin.

ire1 (i 're), n. [< ME. ire, yre, abbr. of iren, iron.]
Iron. [Now only prov. Eng.]

The cruel ire, red as any glede.

Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1139.
He let nine platus of ire,
Sumdel thinne and brode.

its. Laud, 108, f. 92. (HalliweU.)
Euerych cart that bryngeth yre other steel, twey pans.
English Gads (E. E. T. S.), p. 58.

ire2 (ir), n. [< ME. ire, yre, < OF. ire = Pr. Sp.
Pg. It. ira, < L. ira, anger, wrath.] Anger;
wrath ; keen resentment.

When Antenor had tolde & his tale endit,
The kyng was caste into a clene yre,
And wrothe at his wordes as a wode lion.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1860.
My gode fader, tell me this,
What thing is ire ? Sone, it is
That in our englissh wrath is hote.

Gower, Coat. Amant., I. 280.

Language cannot express the awful ire of William the
Testy on hearing of the catastrophe at Fort Goed Hoop.

Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 222.
= Syn. Vexation, Indignation, etc. Seeongwrl.
ire2t, v. t. [< ME. iren; < ire2, n.] To anger;
fret; irritate.

Eke to noo tree thaire dropping is delite,
Her brere thorne and her owne kynde it ireth.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 67.

ireful (Ir'ful), a. [< ME. ireful, irefull, yreful;
< ire2 + -ful.] Full of ire; angry; wroth.

An yreful body is neuer quyet, nor in rest where he doth

dwel
One amonge .x. is ix. to many, his malyce is so cruell

Quoted in Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. cxxx.
The ireful bastard Orleans ... I soon encountered

Shah., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 6, 16.
Many an ireful glance and frown, between,
The angry visage of the Phantom wore.

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 105.
irefully (ir'ful-i), adv. In an ireful or angry
manner; angrily; wrathfully.

The people . . . began . . . irefully to champ upon the
bit they had taken into their mouths.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, Pref., ii.

irefulness (5r'ful-nes), «. [< ME. irefulnesse; <
ireful + -ness.] The condition of being ireful;
wrath; anger; fury.

Some through couetousnes, and some through irefulnes

and rashnesse, . . . riffled y» goods of the Romane citizens.

Qolding, tr. of Cresar, fol. 204.

Iresine

irent, »• and a. A Middle English form of iron.

Irena (i-re'na), n. [NL. (Horsfield, 1820; later
Irene — Boie, 1826), < Gr. ~ElprjV>i, a personifica-
tion of dpijvrj, peace: see Irene.] In orttith., a
remarkable genus of old-world passerine birds
of uncertain position, type of the subfamily Ire-
ninai; the so-called fairy bluebirds. They are
brilliantly blue and black in color, about as large as robins,
with stout, somewhat shrike-like bill, whose nasal fossa;

Fairy Bluebird (frena p_uella).

are densely feathered, with rictal and nuchal bristles, and
even tail of 12 feathers. There are several species charac-
teristic of the region from India to the Philippines, as /.
puella, I. cyanea, and I. turcosa.

irenarch (I're-nark), n. [Also eirenarch ; <LL.
irenarcha, ir'enarches, < Gr. upr/vapxiK, < Apf/vri,
peace (see Irene), + apxij, government, rule,
\ ap%eiv, rule.] A justice or guardian of the
peace in the eastern part of the Roman em-
pire and under the Eastern and Byzantine em-
pires.

Irene (i-re'ne), ». [< Gr. 'Klpr/vri, a personifica-
tion of eipr/vq, peace, quiet.] 1. The fourteenth
planetoid, discovered by Hind at London in
1851. — 2. In zodl. : (a) A genus of acalephs.
Also written Eirene. Eschsclioltz, 1820. (b) Same
as Irena.

irenic (i-ren'ik), a. [< Gr. eipj/vinof, of or for
peace, peaceful, < dpf/vy, peace: see Irene.]
Promoting or fitted to promote peace ; peace-
ful ; pacific : chiefly used in theology. See wen-
icon and irenics.

Mark has no distinct doctrinal type, but is catholic,
irenic, unsectarian, and neutral as regards the party ques-
tions within the apostolic church.

' ff, Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 81.

irenica, n. Plural of irenicon.
irenical(i-ren'i-kal),a. [< irenic + -al] Of the

character of an irenicon ; conciliatory ; irenic :

as, irenical theology.

The bishop of Carlisle, . . . whose thoughtful essays
are essentially irenical, is an instructive companion.

Science, III. 131.

irenicon (I-ren'i-kon), n. ; pi. irenica (-ka). [<
Gr. eipifviK&v, neut. of elpifviKOf, of or for peace:
see irenic.] 1. A proposition, scheme, or trea-
tise designed to promote peace, especially in
the church.

They must, in all likelihood (without any other irenicon),
have restored peace to the Church. South.

No doubt it [the Gospel of St. John] is an Irenicon of

the church, in the highest and best sense of the term ; . . .

but it is not an Irenicon at the expense of truth and facts.

Schaf, Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 83.

2. pi. The deacon's litany (diaconica) or great
synapte at the beginning of the liturgy of the
Greek Church: named from the petitions "In
peace let us pray of the Lord . . . For the
peace from above . . . For the peace of the
whole world ... let us pray, etc." (response
"Kvrie eleison"), with which it opens.

irenics (I-ren'iks), ». [PI. of irenic: see -ics.]
Irenical theology: opposed to polemics. Scliaff.
Hist. Christ. Church, VI. 650.

Ireninse (i-re-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Irena +
-ina;.] A subfamily of birds, typified by the
genus Irena, of uncertain systematic position.
The Irenince have been considered as related to the drongo-
shrikes, and placed under Dicniridce, as by G. R. Gray
(1869) and others, and to the bulbuls, PymemtUa, as by
Jerdon and Blyth ; and later they have been referred to
Timeliidce.

Iresine (I-re-si'ne), n. [NL. (Linnaeus), so called
in ref. to the woolly calyx, < Gr. npeniuvr/, a
branch of laurel or olive entwined with fillets
of wool, borne in processions at festivals, irreg.
< elpof, wool.] A genus of plants of the natural
order A maran tacea\ tribe GompJirenea.'. They are
herbs, with opposite petioled leaves and minute scarious
white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked and branch-
ing panicles. About 18 species are known, all natives of

Iresine

tropical or subtropical America. /. celnnoidet, the blood- iridescent (ir-i-des'ent), a.
leaf, Julia's Imsh. MI Julia's lirilsh. is native from Ohio t"
Uuenos Ayrea. Several of the species are cultivated for
ornament.

irian (i'ri-an), «. L< '«(*) + -«"•] Same as '''"'-

inn. [Kare.]

The Iris receives the irian nerves. Dungliton.

Iriartea (ir-i-iir'le-ii >, ;.. [NL. (Unix and Pavon,

I7!)4), so ealled from Juan Iriarte, an amateur

SIM n isli botanist.] A genus of tree-palms: same

;i. I't nisi/loll.

Iriarteese (ir-i-ar-te'e-e), n.pl. [NL. (Bentham
:iinl I looker, 1883), < Iriartea + -co:.] Asubtribe
of palms, typified by the genus Iriartea. It era-
Inaces three other genera, which are little more than
m -i -lions of that genus. They are all natives of tropical
America, chiefly of Brazil and the United States of Colom-

3181 Iris

[< iris (irid-) + iridoplegla (ir'i-do-ple'ji-a), «. [NL.,< Gr. Ipif
Exhibiting or giving out colors like (i/«n-), flic irix, + -/JTt'i, a stroke.] Paralysis
those of the rainbow ; gleaming or shimmering of the iris.

with rainbow colors; more generally, glittering Iridoprocne (ir*i-do-prok ne), n.
with different colors which change according ipic(tpiA-), a rainbow, + n^Kvn, in legend daugh-
ter of Pandion, changed into a swallow.] A
genus of Uirundinidte, the type of which is I In-
common white-bellied swaflow of the United

to the light in which they are viewed, without
reference to what the colors are; lustrously
versieolor; of changeable metallic sheen, as
certain birds, insects, minerals, glass, fabrics,
etc.

The whole texture of ... (Chaucer's) mind, though it*

"

States, /. bicolor; the iris-swallows: so called
from the iridescent quality of the plumage.

Cones, 187H.

The whole texture ol ... [cnaucer s| niiiiti, loongn iu <-<!/««.. ICM.I.

substance seem plain and grave, shows itaelf at every turn iridorhexis (ir'l-do-rek sis), «. [NL., < Or.

'

iridescent with poetic feeling like shot ailk.

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 28

Iriartella (ir-i-iir-tel'a), «. [NL. (Wendland,
1862), < Iriartea + dim. -ella.] A monotypic
genus of Amazonian palms, allied to the genus
Iriartea, from which it differs in having a slen-
der trunk scarcely an inch thick, and seldom
more than 20 feet high. The flowers also differ. The
only species, /. teti<jera, Is called the blnwing-canr /,-iii,<
and it

Iridescent glass, glass having a finely lamlnatedsurface
that reflects right in colors like mother-of-pearl. Ancient
glass long buried exhibits this property as aresultof partial
decay. Modern glass is made iridescent in imitation of the

have been made iridescent by chemical treatment. Such
metals are sometimes called iruated metals, while the pro-
cess is called iritation.
iridesis (i-rid'e-sis), n. [NL.] Same as irido-

^employed by the natives of the Amazon and Rio

Ni-u'i-o for making thin blow-pipes for the discharge of iridian (i-rid'i-an), a. [< iris (irid-) + -tan.]
poisoned arrows. _ _ .... In anat., of or pertaining : to the iris of the eye :

Iricismt (i'ri-sizm), M. [< Irish (Latinized Iric-) iridian colors; iridian muscle, nerve, ar-

+ -ism.] Same as Irishism. terv_ AlsOi rarelv> irian_

A pretty strong circumstance o1_lncam. iridicolor, iridicolour (ir'i-di-kul'or), «. [< L.

, c(v'o-),theiris,+ ^f'C,abreaking, ,
break.] In surf/., an operation for artificial
pupil in cases of firm posterior synechia, in
which the pupilary edge of the iris is left at-

im tached, while an outer portion is removed.

ancrentbytieatmentwlthmetaillcfumeswhllehot.orwith iridosmine (ir-i-dos'min), n. [< irid(ium) +
acids under pressure ; but such ^'«»Ju''t^™ralmo™n01i: omi(iniH) + -ine?.] Same as iridosmium.

Metals and fabrics also iridosmium (ir-i-dos'mi-um), «. [NL.. < irid-
(ium) + osmium.] A native alloy of the met-
als iridium and osmium, in different propor-
tions, usually containing also some rhodium,
ruthenium, platinum, etc. it crystallizes In the
fc»iM««i«i system, has a tin-white hi steel-gray color, and
a specific gravity varying from 19.3 to 21, and Is nearly
as hard as quartz. It is found in minute flat scales with
platinum In the Ural mountains. South America, and Aus

lucent, and has not the laminated structure and more or
less marked opacity of the old.

iris (irid-), a rainbow (see iris), + color, color:

tralia, and also In northern California. Iridosmium is fu-
sible with great difficulty, and resists all ordinary chemi-
cal reagent*. It has a limited use for the pointing of
gold pens. Also otmiridium.

H. Walpole, To Mann, April 25, 1743.

irid (i'rid), n. [< L. iris (irid-), < Gr. l/uf (iptt-), gee color!] In zoSl., reflecting' prismatic hues iridotomy (ir-i-dot'o-mi), n. [< Gr. Ipif (ip'A-),
iris: see iris, 6, 8, 9.] 1. The iris of the eye. which change as the surface is seen from vari- the iris, + rofif/, a cutting.] Incision of the
[Rare.] ous directions ; iridescent. iris.

Her friend had quicker vision than herself ; and Caro- iridine (ir'i-din), o. [< iris (irid-)+ -ine^.] In- iris (i'ris), n.; pi. irises, irtdes (i ns-ez, 1 n-dez)-
line seemed to think that the secret of her eagle acute- descent; rainbow-colored. [Rare.] [ME. iris, a precious stone^ = r. iris = ^.P-^g-

The horned-pout, with Ita pearly iridine breast and
brown back. S. Judd, Margaret,

iriditis (ir-i-di'tis), «. [NL.] Same as iritis.

ness might be read In her dark gray iri<lx.

Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xvil.

2. A plant of the natural order Iridea.

Iridaceae (ir-i-da'se-e), n. pi. [NL. (Lindley,
1835), < Irix (Irid-) + -acece.] Same as Iridea;.

iridaceous (ir-i-da'shius), a. [< Iris (Irid-) +
-aceoua.] Resembling or pertaining to plants
of the genus Iris.

Iridaea (ir-i-de'a), n. [NL. (Bory de Saint Vin-
cent, 1829), < Gr. lpt( (ipiS-), a rainbow: see
iris.] A genus of rpse-spored alg» growing on
rocks in the sea, distinguished by its flat, sim-
ple, or loosely divided frond, bearing compound
cystocarps immersed in its substance. /. edulis
Is called dulse In the south of England. (See dulte.) It is
of nutritious quality, and is eaten by fishermen, either raw
or pinched between hot irons.

iridal (I'ri-dal), a. [< iris (irid-) + -al.] Be-
longing to or resembling the rainbow.

Descartes came far nearer the true philosophy of the
iridal colours. \\'lt<-n-?ll.

Iriclese (i-rid'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (Robert Brown,
1810), < Iris '(Irid-) + -ea;.] A natural order
of monocotyledouous plants, which includes 3
tribes, 57 genera, and about 700 species, widely
distributed throughout the temperate or warm
regions of the world. The Iridea are most abundant
in the Mediterranean region and South Africa, and are not

They are perennial herbs, with equitant two-ranked leaves
and regular or irregular perfect flowers, which are from
a spathe of two or more leaves or bracts. The flowers
are usually showy, ami furnish some of the most highly
prized of cultivated plants, among them Irit, Ixia, Cro-
cwt, Oladiiilut, etc. Also Iridacetx. See cuts under Cro-
cwi and Irit.

iridectomy (ir-i-dek'to-mi), n. [< Gr. Ipic; (IpiS-),
the iris, + CUTOUT/, a cutting out, < eKriftvetv, ex-

one state of oxidation to the other ; < Gr. lpi(
(jpd-), a rainbow: see iris.] Chemical symbol,
Ir ; atomic weight, 193. A metal of silver-white
color, belonging to the platinum family, and, so
far as known, always present in native platinum.
Various analyses of Russian platinum give from a trace to 2}
percent, of Iridium; and analyses of California!! platinum
give from 0.85 to 4. 20 per cent, of the same. Iridium also
occurs combined with osmium, forming what Is known
as iridoanium or iridosmine, which also contains more or
less ruthenium and rhodium. (Sec iridonnium. ) Little is
known of the quail ties of the metal Iridium, except as it has
been artificially prepared ; and even in this way it has never
yet been obtained perfectly free from other metals. Irid-
ium as manufactured by Matthey, to be used In the alloy of
platinum and iridium, at the recommendation of the In-
ternational Commission of Weights and Measures, for the
standard kilogram and meter, had (the purest obtained)
a specific gravity of 2-2.38. The alloy thus prepared,
which contained about 10 per cent of Iridium, is believed
to possess those qualities desirable in a standard weight
or measure, which is Intended to be preserved for all
time, in a higher degree than any other known substance
or combination of substances. For the geographical dis-
tribution of the various members of this group of metals,
see platinum.
iridization (ir'i-di-za'shpn), n. [< iridize +

I .M i.. »f toj a |'i • • vjuo ai'Uiic;* s^ J.

d iron- iris = It. iride, < L. iris, < Gr. ipif, the rainbow
L 14. ('Ip(f, L. Iris, the goddess of the rainbow), the
iris of the eye, a kind of lily.] 1. The rain-
bow.— 2. [cap.] In classical myth., the goddess
of the rainbow and messenger of the gods, at-
tached especially to Hera. She was considered as
a radiant maiden borne In swift flight on golden wings, and
was often represented with the herald's attributes of Her-
mes—the talaria and caduceus. Hence sometimes used
for any messenger.

Let me hear from thee ;
For wheresoe'er thou art in this world's globe,
I'll have an Irit I hat shall find thee out.

Shot., 2 Hen. VI., ill. 2, 407.

3. [cap.] The seventh planetoid, discovered
by Hind at London in 1847.— 4. An appear-
ance resembling a rainbow; an appearance
of the hues of a rainbow, as seen in sunlit
spray, the spectrum of sunlight, etc.; any iri-
descence.

In the Spring a livelier irit changes on the burnish'd dove.
Tennyton, Locksley Hall.
6f. A precious stone.

It (a vyne made of fyne gold) hath many clustres of
grapes, somme white, somme grene, . . . the white ben
of cristalle and of berylle and of iris.

Mandeville. Travels, p. 219.

6. In ana*., a contractile colored curtain sus-
pended vertically in the aqueous humor of the

nr--zas, .

The state of 'bemg, or the act or eye, between the cornea and the lens, separat-

^. ••"* • . ;,.., tl,,, n « t IlmM. o rtl \ Tt^klt f»f1 / »1* AtlAmhOVa U'MK'll

In surg., the operation of cutting out a part i

the iris, as for the formation ~* — — t:n"

pupil,
irideremia (ir'i-de-re'mi-a), n. [NL., < Gr.

(IpiS-), iris, + ipifia, solitude,

sence: see eremic, eremite.]

or complete, of the iris.

i plural of iris,
iridesce

ppr. iridesei

iridescent; exhibit iridescence.

process of rendering, iridescent ; exhibition of
the colors of the rainbow.

This rainbow was wholly white, without even as much
indication as Is noticeable in halos.

Pop. Sci. Ho., XXV. 288.

2. In pathol., the rainbow-like appearance
about a light seen by persons suffering from
glaucoma.

Ta/iclv, cut out, < CK, out, + rtfivsiv, rafieiv, cut.]

of Tu "artificial Wdize (ir'>-diz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. iridized, ppr.
1 inditing. [< iris (irid-) + -ize^ To make fri-

descent, purposely

e action of

*-

the

Inflamma-
ris and the choVd coat of the

i-do-si-kli'tis), n. [NL., < iris
q. v.] Inflammation of the
iris and the ciliary body of the eye.

iridescence (ir-i-des'ens). n. [< iridescen(t) +
-<•(•.] The condition of being iridescent; ex-
hibition of alternating or intermingling colors
like those of the rainbow, as in mother-of-pearl,
where it is an effect of interference (see i»-

Ins«r<7.. the operation of drawing a
part of the'iris into an incision in the sclerocor-
neal junction, and fastening it there, for the
purpose of changing the position of the pupil.
Also iridesis.

t. ffrrcnce, 5) ; any shimmer of glittering and iridodonegig'(ir'i^6-d6-ne'sis), n. [NL., < Gr.
changeable colors. -'•• ._,,>,.„ j.

The St. Mark's porches are full of doves, that nestle
among the marble foliage and mingle the soft iridetcence
uf their living plumes, changing at every motion, with
the tints, hardly kv l.'ivcly, that have stood unchanged
for seven hundred years.

RuMii, Stones of Venice, II. Iv. 8 14.

!pl( (,,5.), iris> + -i^^f, a shaking (of.
rof, shaken), < dovciv, shake.] Tremulousness
of the iris, so that it wavers and trembles on
the movement of the eye. It Is produced by any
cause which withdraws the support of the lens from the
edge of the iris, as the removal or dislocation of the lens.

osterior chambers, which
intercommunicate tnrough the pupil. The iris
gives the color to the eye, by the presence or absence of

Elgment. and regulates, by contraction and dilatation of
s aperture, the amount of light admitted to the eye.
The movements of the Iris, and consequently the size and
shape of the pupil, are effected by two sets of muscular
fibers, circular and radiating. The circular fibers which
contract the pupil are under the control of the third cra-
nial nerve, while the Innervatlon of the radiating fibers Is
through the cervical sympathetic. The pupil contracts
when the retina is stimulated by light, and on convergence
or on accommodation. The pupil dilateson stimulation of
the skin. When Its contraction is uniform, the pupil al-
ways remains circular, as in man ; in other cases, as that
of the cat, the pupil is a narrow silt when contracted,
though circular when dilated; in others, again, the pupil
has a more constant oval, elliptical. oblong,or other shape.
Muscular action of the iris Is usually automatic, depend-
ing upon the stimulus of light ; but many animals, as
birds, have striped and probably voluntary iridian mus-
cles. Some drugs affect the iris powerfully and spe-
cifically : thus, opium contracts and belladonna dilates
the pupil. Great as is the range of color in the human
iris, from light-bluish and grayish tints through all shades
of brown to blackish, It is slight in comparison with that
of birds, where not only the browns, but bright reds,
greens, and blues are found, and sometimes pure white.
The Iris of albinos Is generally pink, lieing devoid of pig-
ment, and consequently displaying the color of the deli-
cate blood-vessels. The pupil normally appears black, the
dark choroid coat of the back of the eyeball being seen
tnrough this aperture. See cuts under eyel.

In these (dark-eyed hawks] the wings are pointed, the
second feather in the wing Is the longest, and the iridet
are dark-brown. Encyc. Brit., IX. 6.

7. In entom., the first or inner ring of an ocel-
lated spot, adjoining the pupil, being a light-
colored circle with a dark center and outer bor-

a% stamen; «. stigm

Epidermis of Leaf of

r showing the sto-

ins

der. — 8. [c«/>.] [NL. (Liniueus).] A genus of

monocotyledpnous plants of the natural or-

der Iriilece, tribe Mo-

rwece, having the

perianth 6-parted,

the 3 outer divisions

spreading or reflex-

ed, and the 3 inner

smaller and erect.

The pod is 3- to 6-angled.

They are perennial herbs

with sword-shaped or

grassy leaves and gen-

erally large and showy

purple, yellow, or white

flowers. About 100 spe-

cies are known, natives

of Europe, northern

Africa, and temperate

Asia and America. They

are widely known in cul-

tivation under the name

of fleur-de-lis (flower-de-

luce), 2. Qermanica be-

ing the common culti-

vated form. The Wild

species are very gener-
ally known in America as blue fag, I. vergicolor being the
larger blue flag and /. Virginia!, the slender blue flag. 7.
verna of the eastern United States
is the dwarf iris, and I. cristata of
nearly the same range is the crested
dwarf iris. /. Pseudacorus of Europe
and Russian Asia is the yellow iris
or yellow flag. The roots possess
astringent qualities, and the seeds
when roasted are used in Great Brit-
ain as a substitute for coffee. 7.
I fcetuligyima of western Europe is

WJ / I / fia the fetid iris, gladden, or roast-beef
plant. The orris-root of commerce
is supplied by 7. florentina. This
root possesses cathartic and emetic
properties, and from its agreeable

»g» ,g ^ uaed ,n m^g ^^

and hair-powders. Six extinct spe-
cies of Iris have been described from the Tertiary deposits
of Europe (one in Spitzbergen), and several allied forms
from lower formations, under the names Indium ami Irites.
9. A plant of the genus Iris.

Each beauteous flower,
Iris all lines, roses, and jessamin,
Rear'd high their flourish'd heads.

Milton, P. L., iv. 698.

We glided winding under ranks
Of iris, and the golden reed.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, ciii.

Iris blue. Same as Wee.— Iris diaphragm. See dia-
phragm.— Iris disease, in pathol., herpes iris.— Iris
green. Same as sap-green. — Snake's-head Iris, a plant,
Iris tuberosa.

irisated (i'ri-sa-ted), a. [< iris + -ate1 + -ed".']
Rainbow-colored ; iridescent.

A variety of hooks were used for different kinds of fish
and according to the time of day, irisated shells being ap-
plied at noon and in a bright sun, while white ones served
early in the morning and late in the evening.

Science, X. 115.

irisation (i-ri-sa'shon), «. [< iris + -ation.~]
The process of rendering iridescent ; also, iri-
descence. [Bare.]

iriscope (I'ri-skop), n. [< Gr. tpif, a rainbow,
+ OKoirelv, view.] A philosophical toy for ex-
hibiting prismatic colors. See the extract.

It [the iriscope] consists of a plate of highly polished black
glass, having its surface smeared with a solution of fine soap
and subsequently dried by rubbing it clean with a piece of
chamois-leather. If the breath is directed through a glass
tube upon aglass surface thus prepared, the vapor is depos-
ited in brilliant colored rings, the outermost of which is
black, while the innermost has various colors, orno color at
all.accordingtothequantityof vapor deposited. The colors
in these rings, when seen by common light, correspond with
Newton's reflected rings, or those which have black centers,
the only difference being that in the plate of vapor, which
is thickest in the middle, the rings in the iriscope have
black circumferences.
Sir David Brewster, Philosophical Transactions (1S4 L), p. 43.

ilised (i'rist), a. [< iris + -ed?.] 1. Contain-
ing or exhibiting colors like those of the rain-
bow.

The gay can weep, the impious can adore,
From morn's first glimmerings on the chancel floor
Till dying sunset sheds his crimson stains
Through the faint halos of the irised panes.

0. W. Holmes, A Rhymed Lesson.
2. Having an iris: used in composition: as,
large-trued eyes.

Irish1 (i'rish), a. and ». [< ME. Irish, Irysh,
Irisshe, Irche, etc. (= D. lersch = G. Irisch =
Dan. Ink = Sw. Irish; cf. OF. Ireis, Irois, Ir-
rois), < AS. Irisc, Irish,< Iras (> Icel. Irar), the
Irish (Inland, Irland, Ireland), < Ir. Eire, Erin,
Erin, Ireland.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to Ireland,
or to the people of Ireland, an island lying west
of Great Britain and forming part of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Horn gaii to schupe draje,
With his tjrixse felajes.

Kiwj Horn (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1290.

3182

Clarendon owns that the Marquis of Montrose was in-
debted for much of his miraculous success to the small
baud of Irish heroes under JIacdonnell.

Monre, Irish Melodies, Pref. to Third Number (note).

The early Irish handwriting is of two classes — the round
and the pointed. Enajc. Brit., XVIII. 157.

2f. Pertaining to the Celtic inhabitants (the
Gaels) of Scotland; Erse. [Still sometimes
used of the Scotch Highlanders.]

Four thousand Irish archers brought by the Earl of Ar-
gyle. Patten (Arber's Eng. Garner, III. 63).

Ye Irish lords, ye knights an' squires,
Wha represent our brughs and shires,
An' doucely manage our affairs

In parliament.

Burns, Prayer to the Scotch Representatives.
Irian bagpipe, a variety of bagpipe peculiar to Ireland,
having an air-bellows, three drones, and a softer, sweet-
er tone than the Scotch bagpipe. See bat/pipe. — Irish
broom, see broomi, i.— Irish bull See bull*.— Man
Church Act, an act passed by Parliament for the dises-
tablishment of the Church of Ireland (a branch of the An-
glican Church). It received the royal assent July 26th, 1869,
and took effect January 1st, 1871.— Irish daisy, the com-
mon dandelion, Taraxacum officinale.— Irian duck, a
stout linen cloth made for laborers' frocks and overalls.
— Irish elk. SeeeW.— Irish furze. Seefurze, 1.— Irish
gavelMnd. See gavelkind.— Irish harp, an early form
of harp peculiar to Ireland. — Irish heath. See heath, 2.
—Irish ivy, Jaunting-car, etc. See the nouns.— Irish
Land Act. Same as Landlord and Tenant Act (which see,
under landlord). — Irish moss. See moss.— Irish point,
(a) Irish needle-point lace of any sort. (6) Irish embroi-
dery of any sort— Irish poplin, potato, stew, etc. See
the nouns.— Irish Sisters Of Charity. See charity.—
Irish stitch, a stitch used in wool-work for grounding or
filling in. It consists of long parallel stitches covering four
or five threads of the canvas at once.— Irish work, a name
given to embroidery in white on white, used especially for
handkerchiefs, etc.

II. n. 1. pi. The inhabitants of Ireland, (a)
The aboriginal Celtic race of Ireland. See Cettl. (6) The
present inhabitants of Ireland, especially the Celtic part,
and their immediate descendants in other parts of the
world.

So sore were the sawis of bothe two sidis,
Of Richard that regned so riche and so noble,
That whyle he werrid be west on the wilde Yrisshe,
Henrri was entrid on the est half.

Richard the Redeless, Prol., 1. 10.

2. The language of the native Celtic race in
Ireland. It is in age and philological value the most
important language of the Celtic family, though its an-
tiquity and importance have been much exaggerated by
tradition and patriotism. The alphabet is an adaptation of
the Latin. As heretofore printed, the letters, like the so-
called Anglo-Saxon letters, are usually made to resemble
a conventionalized form of the Latin alphabet in use in
Britain in the early middle ages. Gaelic is a compara-
tively recent form of the Irish spoken by the Celts of Scot-
land. It differs but slightly from the Irish of the same age.
Modern Irish is greatly corrupted in pronunciation, as
compared with the Old Irish ; but it retains in great part
the old orthography. As a living speech it is fast going
out of use.

3. English as spoken by natives of Ireland,
with characteristic peculiarities (the "Irish
brogue"). In an extreme form ("broad Irish ") English
Irish has some Celtic features ; but some peculiarities, for
example taste, spake, for beast, speak, etc., are merely for-
mer English uses retained in Ireland but changed in Eng-
land.

4f. An old game similar to backgammon, but
more complicated. Halliwell. Compare after-
game at Irish, under after-game.

Keep a four-nobles nag and a Jack-merlin,
Learn to love ale, and play at two-hand Irixli.

Beau, and Fl.t Honest Man's Fortune, v. 1.

Abbreviated Ir.
irish2t, «. [< ire? + -isA1.] Wrathful; choleric.

He was so fulle of cursed rage ;

It sette [became] hym welle of his lynage,

For him an irish womman bare.

Rom. of the Rose, 1. 3811.

Irish-American (i'rish-a-mer'i-kan), a. and n.
I. a. Pertaining to persons of Irish birth or de-
scent living in America.

II. ». A person of Irish birth settled in the
United States, or a native American of Irish
parentage.

Irishism (I'rish-izm), n. [< Irish1 + -jsro.] A
mode of speaking peculiar to the Irish ; any
Irish peculiarity of speech or behavior; Hiber-
nicism.

Master Willie had not quite got rid of all his Irishisms.
Black, Shandon Bells, iii.

Irishman (i'rish-man), n. ; pi. Irishmen (-men).
A man born in Ireland, or one belonging to the
Irish race.

Truly, by this that ye sale, it seemes the Irishman is a
very brave souldiour. Spenser, State of Ireland.

Irishry (i'rish-ri), n. [< ME. Irishry, Irchery ; <
Irish1 + -ry.~\ 1. The people of Ireland, or a
company or body of Irish people.
The whole Irishry of rebels. Milton.

The Irishry by whom he [Spenser] was surrounded were
to the full as savage, as hostile, and as tenacious of their
ancestral habitudes as the Scythians.

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 143.

iron

2. Highlanders and Islesmen. Halliwell.

Irishwoman (i'rish-wum"an), n. ; pi. Irishwo-
men (-wim'en). A woman of Ireland or of the
Irish race.

Irishworts (I'rish-werts), n. pi. Same as Irish
heath (which see, under heath, 2).

iris-root (i'ris-rot), n. Same as orris-root.

iris-swallow (i'ris-swoP'o), n. A swallow of
the genus Iridoprocne.

irite (i'rit), «. [< ir(idium) + -Jte2.] A mineral
substance from the Ural, occurring in minute
grains and crystals. It was described as a compound
of iridium, osmium, iron, and chromium with oxygen, but
was later shown to be a mechanical mixture of iridosmium
and chromite.

iritic (i-rit'ik), a. [< iritis + -ic.~\ Pertaining
to or affected with iritis.

iritis (i-ri'tis), n. [NL., < iris, the iris, + -itis.~]
In pathol., inflammation of the iris of the eye.
Also iriditis.

irk (erk), v. [< ME. irhen, yrken, erken = MHG.
erken, feel disgust, < Sw. yrka, urge, enforce,
press, press upon ; perhaps akin to L. urgere,
urge: see urge.'] I. trans. To weary; give pain
to; annoy: now chiefly used with the imper-
sonal it.

Thys discencion beetwene hys frendea sommewhat yrked
hym. Sir T. More, Works, p. 38.

To see this sight, it irks my very soul.

Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 2, 6.
This ugly fault no tyrant lives but irkes.

Mir. for Mags., p. 456.

It irk'd him to be here, he could not rest !

M. Arnold, Thyrsis.

Il.t intrans. To feel weary or annoyed.

Swilke tales full sone will make vs irke,

And thei be talde. York Plays, p. 401.

If I should have said all that I knew, your ears would
have irked to have heard It.

Latimer, 4th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549.

Who not like them fraile pleasures do forbeare,
But even Christ's easie yoke do irke to beare.

Stirling, Domes-day, Fifth Houre.

irkt (6rk), a. [ME. irk, yrk, irke, erke; < irk, v.~\
Weary; tired.

Yn Goddys servyse are swyche men yrk,
When they come unto the kyrke.

MS. Harl. 1701, f. 30. (HalKweU.)
Men therynne shulde hem delite,
And of that deede be not erke.

Horn, of the Rose, 1. 4867.

irkt (6rk), ». [<«»•&, ».] Weariness; irksome-
ness.

Pressed close by irk and ills of earth,

Man looks above,
And steady tends to clearer light
And purer love.
J. Upham, The Forward, VII., No. 5.

irksome (erk'sum), a. [< ME. irkesome, irksum;
< irk + -some.'] 1. Wearisome; tedious; bur-
densome; vexatious; causing annoyance or dis-
comfort, especially by long continuance or fre-
quent repetition.

A sity [sooty?] garment is yrkesome to neybors.

Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 31.

Hee found ... a solitarie darknesse : which as natu-
rally it breeds a kind of irkesome gastfulnesse, so it was to
him a most present terronr. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iv.

Old habits of work, old habits of hope, made my endless
leisure irksome to me. Howells, Venetian Life, ii.

2f. Weary; uneasy.

He could not rest, but did his stout heart eat,
And wast his inward gall with deepe despight,
Yrkesome of life, and too long lingring night.

Spenser, F. Q., I. ii. 6.

= Syn. 1. Wearisome, Tedious, etc. See wearisome.
irksomely (erk'sum-li), adv. In an irksome,

vexatious, wearisome, or tedious manner.
irksomeness (erk'surn-nes), n. [< ME. irke-
sumnesse; < irksome + -ness."] The quality or
state of being irksome; vexatiousness ; tedi-
ousuess; wearisomeness.

Drunkards,

That buy the merry madness of one hour
With the long irksomeness of following time.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, i. 1.

Although divine inspiration must certainly have been
sweet to those ancient profets, yet the irksftmnexs of that
truth which they brought was so unpleasant to them that
everywhere they call it a burden.

Milton, Church-Government, Pref., ii.

irneH, «• <• A Middle English form of earn* and
run.

irne2t, ». A Middle English form of iron.

irnent, «• A Middle English form of iron.

iron (i'^rn), n. and a. [I. n. Early mod. E.
also yron •; < ME. iron, iren, yron, yren, irne,
yrne, also, with loss of formative -n (regarded
appar. as inflectional), ire, i/re (see ire1), < AS.
iren, older isen (> early ME. 'izen) = MLG. inen =
OHG. twin, isen, MHG. isen, G. eisen ; later form

iron

(with term, -rni reduced to -fn) of AS. isern
= OS. i/Ktrn = OFries. im-rii, <.«•/•, ic.««, irser,
NFries. tw» = I). ipcr = MLG. i#erii = OHG.
iniini, M J [( i . imtrn, isrr = Icel. warn, later coutr.
j«r« = Dan. Sw.j'r'rii = (loth, ci/nirii, iron, = Ir.
iarnii, iarun = Gael, iarunn = W. haiarn = Bret.
houiirn, pi. In-fit (whence ult. E. harness, q. v.),
iron; in AS. both noun and adj., but in form
adj., and hence, it has been supposed, perhaps
orig. as if "icon,' < is, ice, in supposed ref. to
the ' glancing ' or ' shining ' of polished iron, as
in swords or knives ; but this is very doubtful.
Nee ici . For the change of orig. s to r, seerAofo-
cism. II. a. < ME. iron, iren, also irnen, yrnen,
etc., < AS. ixen, also iscrn, for orig.'&ernen (=D.
yseren = MLG. iaern = OHG. isarniu, isernin,
MUG. iserin, iscrn, G. eisern; also OHG. isanin,
in f it In, iyiii, MIKi. i.ii'iini, ixin, (i. linni (olis.) =
Goth. eisarueins), of iron, < isern, n., iron, +
-en; the prop. adj. fpnn with reg. adj. suffix
-en'2, partly reduced in AS., etc., to the form
of the noun.] I. n. 1. Chemical symbol, Fe;
atomic weight, 56. A metal, the most abun-
dant and the most important of all those used
in the metallic form. It was formerly thought that
Iron did not occur native, except as meteoric iron, but it
has recently been found in large quantities in the basal-
tic lava of Greenland near Ovifak. This, however, Is not
chemically pure, nor is any iron manufactured from the
ore in the large way free from impurities, and the sub-
stances thus present in manufactured iron are of great
importance in reference to the character of the metal pro-
duced. Of all these impurities carbon is the most impor-
l;in! . and Its relations to Iron are both complicated and
difficult of explanation. Iron, as prepared by Percy, ac-
cording to the method indicated by Berzelius, and be-
lieved to be as nearly chemically pure as possible, had a
specific gravity of 7.8707 before being rolled. Iron depos-
ited from solution by electrolysis, and believed to be pure,
hail a specific gravity ranging from 7.9405 to 8.107. Iron
nearly chemically pure, as obtained by Berzelius. was de-
scribed by him as being very nearly as white as silver, ex-
tremely tenacious, softer than ordinary bar-iron, and scaly

is comparatively soft* malleable, ductile, weldable, and
fusible only at a very high temperature ; (3) steel, which
is also malleable and weldable, but fusible, and — what
is of great importance — capable of acquiring, by being
tempered, a very high degree of hardness, so that it cuts
wrought-iron with ease. By the processes ordinarily
followed, wrought-iron and steel are made not directly
from the ore, but from iron which has been smelted in
the blast-furnace or that which has the fonn of cast-iron.
The name out-iron, however, is ordinarily given to iron
which has been remelted in the cupola-furnace and cast
in any fonn desired for use. The product of the blast-fur-
ilace, out of which wrought-iron and steel are made, is
called pig-iron; but its qualities are not sensibly changed
by simple remelting and casting. Some wrought-iron is,
however, made directly from the ore. (SeeWownery.) The
process by which pig-iron is converted into wrought-iron
is called puddling (which see). Steel, formerly produced
almost exclusively from wrought-irou by "cementation,"
is now largely made from pig-iron by the so-called Besse-
mer process. This process, introduced within a few years,
has in a measure obliterated the distinction between
wrought-iron and steel, as by it a material can be pro-
duced which is Intermediate in character between these,
having the tenacity and durability of steel, and to a certain
extent capable of being tempered. The most striking fea-
ture of the chemical composition of the different grades
of Iron and steel is the din erence in the amount of carbon
they contain, pig-iron containing the most, and wrought-
iron the least. But while the flner kinds of cutlery-steel
— such, for instance, as Is used for razors — contain 1. 5 per
cent, of carbon, so-called " steel rails " made by the Besse-
mer process contain usually only about four tenths of one
per cent. As much as five per cent, of carbon is not un-
commonly present in pig-iron. The ores of iron are widely
and abundantly disseminated over the earth. Their avail-
ability for manufacturing purposes depends largely on the
proximity of good and cheap fuel and a market. What
may truthfully be called mountains of iron ore remain un-
used in varion parts of the world, because not sufficiently
well situated. The valuable ores of iron are all oxids or
oxidized combinations ; the sulphuret is extremely abun-
dant, but useful only as an ore of sulphur. Great Britain
leads the world in the manufacture of iron, more than one
third of the total product being made there. Thequantity
of pig-iron made in Great Britain in 1887 was about 7,500,000
tons. The production of the United States during the same
year was a little over 6,600,000 tons. Germany, France,
and Belgium are next in importance as producers of this
metal, lion lias been known from remote historical times.
In the Homeric poems it is recognized, being considered
as of more value than copper. Copper, sometimes alloyed
with tin, was at that period still generally in use for tools
and weapons. The smelting of iron from its ores is not
necessarily an indication of advanced civilization, since
tribes commonly called savage practise the art, and have
done so for an indefinite time, without any communication
with more highly developed people. See steel and magnet.
Abowte that stoone a grate there is of irne stronge made
Iwys. Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 13«.

Inn! best of metals ! pride of minerals !
Hart of the earth ! hand of the world ! which fals
Heavy when it strikes home. DeMcr, London's Tempe.

2. A utensil or weapon made of iron: often
in combination with a noun or an adjective ex-
pressive of its purpose or character: as, a flat-
iron, gridiron, orshootiug-i><>«

Canst them nil his skin with barbed irontl Job xlL 7.
Specifically— (a) A knife, sword, or other cutting Imple-
ment

Thyn tjrun* kepe In harde and sharpe usage
For gratfyng and for kytting I the charge.

Palladia*, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.\ p. 6.

Come, learn of us, lieutenant : hang your imn up ;
We'll Hnd you cooler wars. Fletcher, Mad Lover, I. 1.
(6) pi. Fetters or other chains fastened to the person of a
prisoner : as, a mutineer is put in irons.

Neuer for me shalt thow be putte In feteres ne In Irenet
seth thow wilt me graunte that thow will not go with-outo
my leve. Merlin (E. E. T. *.), ill. 428.

He ordered him into irons, without allowing him any
food. Steele, Spectator, No. 860.

(c) In whaling, a hand-harpoon ; a toggle- iron, used in strik-
ing a whale. There are two forms, the first and second
irons (which see, below), (d) A. brand-Iron.

Give me the iron, I say, and bind him here.

Shale., K. John, iv. 1, 76.

He sent for burning irons straight,
All sparkling hot to see.
Queen Eleanor's Fall (Child's Ballads, VII. 294).

Berlin Iron-castings, peculiarly delicate castings made
in Berlin, origlnaUyfor the purpose of being given in ex-
change for gold contributed to help pay the expenses of
the war for the redemption of the country from the Iron
grasp of Napoleon. Objects thus given bore the inscription
"Ich gab Gold um Eisen" (I gave gold for iron). The
beauty and delicacy of these castings were due in part to
the fluidity of the iron (made from bog-ore), in part to the
excellent quality of the molding-sand (made of infusorial
silica), and in part to the skill of the workmen employed in
the manufacture, which, however, retains little of its for-
mer importance. — Bessemer Iron, pig-iron suitable for
the manufacture of Bessemer steel. — Bog-iron ore. See
bogi.— Brown iron ore. same as limonite.— Chromic
Iron. Same as chromite.— Clay iron ore. See clay, a.
— Common iron, the commercial term for iron of the
poorest quality. Iron is graded as common, best, best best,
and chain-cable iron. — Converted iron. .See concert. —
Corrugated Iron, common sheet-iron or galvanized iron
whichnas been bent into folds or wrinkled by being passed
between two powerful rollers, the ridges of the one cor-
responding to the grooves of the other, or by hydrostatic
pressure upon a movable upper block driven upon a lower
one. Iron thus treated will resist a much greater strain
than flat iron, each groove representing a half-tube. A sin-
gle sheet, so thin as to be unable to stand without bend-
ing when placed vertically, will after corrugation sustain
700 pounds without bending. Walls and roofs of tem-
porary buildings, railway sheds and bridges, emigrants'
nouses, churches, sheds for dock-yards, etc., are now ex-
tensively made of iron thus treated. From its great light-
ness and power of resisting violent shocks, light boats have
been made of it, and it has been proposed as an advanta-
geous material for life-boats. — Damascus iron. See da-
mascus. — Dialy zed iron. See dinlyze. — Dividing-Iron,
an implement for cutting glass employed before the use
of the diamond was Introduced. It was an iron which
was heated and drawn along the lines where the division
was to be made, the glass if of resistant nature being wet at
the required line of separation. — First iron, in whaliny,
the toggle-iron first thrown into a whale.— Forming-iron,
a blacksmiths' swage-block. — Foundry iron. See/otm-
dry.— Galvanized iron. See galvanize.— Glazed iron,
glazy iron. See glaze.— Green iron ore. Same as du-
/remte.—lron pyrites. Seepyrites.— Iron's length, in
/i h<i!/ii'i, the length of the toggle-iron as a measure of dis-
tance. — Italian iron, an instrument used for fluting linen
or lace garments. It consists of a metal tube ending in a
cone, and heated usually by a hot iron within. [Eng. ; a
different device used for the same purpose is called in the
United States ^trtinj7-iron.]

While the maid was busy crimping or starching, I took
an Italian iron from the fire, and applied the light scarlet
glowing tip to my arm. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxviii.

Malleable iron-castings, or (as more generally called)
malleable cast-Iron, cast-iron decarburized by packing
it with oxld of iron and subjecting it to the temperature
of red heat for several days. Iron thus treated and care-
fully cooled may be bent considerably without breaking,
and is malleable In a slight degree.— Meteoric iron, iron
as found in meteorites, usually combined with from 1 to
10 per cent, of nickel. See meteorite. — Micaceous iron
ore, a variety of hematite or oxid of iron, occurring in
masses composed of thin laminte. — Muck iron, iron ready
for the roller or squeezer.— Nodular iron ore. Same as
eaglestone. — Oligiste iron. Same as specular iron. — Pal-
las iron. See meteorite. — Red iron ore, hematite, espe-
cially those varieties which have a non-metallic or sub-
metallic luster. — Second iron, in whaling, the second
toggle-iron of a whaling-boat. It is carried at the head, in
the boat-crotch, attached to the tow-line by the rope known
as the short icarp by a bowline knot, and is thrown into the
whale, if possible, as soon as the first iron has been darted.
If there is not time for this, it is thrown overboard as quick-
ly as possible, to avoid fouling the tow-line. — Spathic or
sparry iron ore. Same as siderite.— Specular iron, a
crystallized variety of hematite. — Titanic iron ore, or
titanlferous oxid of iron. Same as Umentie.— To be
In irons, (a) To have the hands or feet, or both, confined
by fetters, (o) To have, as a square-rigged vessel, the yards
so braced that, some sails being full of wind and some
aback, the vessel is temporarily unmanageable.

It Is more common for a vessel to come up properly,
and then, when the after yards have been swung, to lie
dead in the water, or in irons. Luce, Seamanship, p. 430.

To have too many irons in the fire, to be engaged in
too many undertakings.

He hath more actors in his tragedy, more irons in the
fire. Burton, Auat. of Mel., p. 607.

They held it not agreeable to the rules of prudence to
have too many irons in the fire.

Ileylin, Hist. Reformation, I. 261.
Tow-catch iron, or tow-iron, the toggle-Iron or har-
poon used in whaling.

iron-black

II. «. 1. Made of iron; consisting of iron: as,
an iron gate ; an iron bar.

Go, get thee gone, fetch me an iron crow.

Shalt., C. of E., iii. 1, 84.
With high yron gates, as is reported.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 68.

2. Resembling iron in some respect, either
really or metaphorically.

Such notes as, warbled to the string,
Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek.

Hilton, II Penseroso, L 107.
The wood which grides and clang*
It* leafless ribs and iron horns.

Tennyton, In MemorUun, evil.
Hence— (a) Harsh; rude; severe.

Iron years of wars and dangers. Rove.

(6) Binding fast ; not to be broken.
Hun death's iron sleep oppressed. Phillips.

(c) Capable of great endurance ; firm ; robust : as, an iron
constitution.

E'en hell's grim king Alt-ides' pow'r contest,
The shaft found entrance in his iron breast.

Pope, Iliad, T. 488.

(d) Not to be bent ; inflexible.

Her iron will was broken in her mind.

Tennyson, Princess, vl.

Iron age, buff, cement, etc. See the nouns.— Iron cross.
See Order of the Iron Cross, below. — Iron crown, the an-
cient crown of the kings of Lombardy, with which many
of the emperors of Germany and some other rulers, includ-
ing Napoleon I., were afterward crowned as successors to
their power In Italy : now preserved in the cathedral of
MI Mi/a, tin- old capital of Lombardy. It takes its name
from a thin band of iron, fabled to have been forged from
one of the nails of Christ's cross, inclosed by its hoop of

gold.— Iron divi-
slont. See diri-
<ion.— iron hat.
[ME. iren hat =
Icel.>drnAottr.](ot)

Same as chapel-de-

a ^fl f''r. (o) In mining,

if.

a. Iron hat. Iith century (from ViollM-le- ™,^
Chic's" Diet, du \tobilierfrancate"). *, Iron ocomove.— rOD
hat. time of Charles I. and Cromwell. lacquer, mask,

natrolite, etc. See

the nouns.— Order of the Iron Cross, a Prussian order
founded in 1818 for military services in the wars against Na-
poleon. Inl870theorderwasreorganized. It consists of the
great cross, conferred only on a few princes and generals,
and two classes comprising several thousand Germans.
The original badge was a cross patt^ of black iron with a
silver rim, upon which were the initials F. W. (Frederick
William) ana the date 1813 or 1815. The modern badge
is a modification of this. The ribbon is black with a
white border.— Order of the Iron Crown, an order
founded by Napoleon I. as king of Italy, and adopted by
Francis I. of Austria after the fall of Napoleon. It con-
sists of three classes. The badge is a double eagle of
Austria resting upon a ring (which represents the iron
crown of Monxa), and surmounted by an imperial crown ;
this is attached to an orange ribbon edged with blue.
iron (i'ern), v. t. [Not found in ME.; cf. AS.
ixenian, furnish or mount with iron (= Icel.
jdrna, put in irons, mount with iron, shoe (a
horse)), < iscn, iron : see iron, ».] 1 . To shackle
with irons; fetter; handcuff.
Tron him then, let the rest go free.

Middleton, Spanish Gypsy, iv. 3.

2. To furnish, 'mount, or arm with iron : as, to
iron a wagon. — 3. To smooth with an instru-
ment of iron, especially with a hot flat-iron,
smoothing-iron, or box-iron.

An a mun have some 'un to iron me out my seams, and
look me out my bits. Mrs. Uanlee.ll, Sylvia's Lovers, I. 69.

iron-alum (i'ern-al'um), n. 1. One of the dou-
ble sulphates of ferric iron and potassium (am-
monium, etc.), analogous to the true alums in
composition, and like them crystallizing in
octahedrons. — 2. The
mineral halotrichite.

ironbark-tree (i'ern-
bark-tre),n. A tree of the
genus Eucalyptus having
solid bark, as /.'. cribra,
but more particularly
the species K. resinifera,
a tree with ovatolan-
ceplate leaves which at-
tains a height of from
150to 200 feet. From this
tree is obtained Botany Bay
kino, used in medicine as a
substitute for kino. When
thebarkof the tree i» wounded
a red Juice flows very freely,
and hardens in the air into
masses of irregular form, inodorous and transparent Sixty
gallons of juice may sometimes be obtained from a single
tree. The timber is also very valuable, and is extensively
used in ship-building and engineering works. The white
ironbark-tree is E. paniculata, a species which furnishes a
hard, durable wood excellent for railroad-ties, etc. The
red-flowered Ironbark-tree is K. Leucoxylon. It attains a
height of 100 feet, and is highlyprized by carpenters and
ship-builders for its durability. The silver-leafed ironbark-
tree is i'. pruinnsa, a tree of moderate size.

iron-black (i'ern-blak), «. See black.

•ranch of Ironbark-tree (f«-
on larger scale.

iron-bound

iron-bound (T ten-bound), a. 1. Bound with

iron.

The old oaken bucket, the iro».bound bucket,
The moss-covered bucket, which hung in the well.

S. Woodwortk, The Bucket.

2. Paced or surrounded with rocks; rock-
bound; rugged: as, an iron-bound coast.— 3.
Hard and fast; rigorous; inflexible as iron.

The French, though beyond question the best actors in
the world. Judge from ^.^^tandard.

3184

hard as iron, < iren, iron, + heard, hard).] 1
The knapweed, Centaurea niqra.—2. Vervain.

iron-hatt, w. See iron hat, under iron, a.

ironhead (i'ern-hed), n. The American gold-
enpve or whistlewimr a rluok f Trumhull
1888^ [Lrth CaSL] *-»**•*

ironheads (i'ern-hedz), ». The knapweed, Ce«-
to««a »tiw: so called in reference to the
knobbed involucres.

, «. Hard-hearted;

ironwood

Under the name of "black" and " iron liquor,' two of
thef ^lts are largely manufactured, the acetate of the
Protox.de and the acetate or ^ ^umxide or perox.de.

<r „ ,- , . , TVi^l.!

iron-man (i ern-man), n. 1. A dealer m or

manufacturer of iron.-S. A coal-cutting ma-

.,' ..i^T;'A2?VL.«.Jto\ 4

^-master (l em-mas t6r)> »• A

iron-cased (i'ern-kast), a. Cased or clad with
iron ; iron-clad.

iron-chamber (I'ern- cham" ber), n. There-
verberatory or charge-chamber of a puddling-
t'urnace where the metal is heated.

iron-clad (i'ern-klad), a. 1. Covered or cased
with iron plates, as a vessel for naval warfare ;
armor-plated. — 2. Figuratively, very rigid or
strict; constructed, as a form of words, so as
to allow no evasion or escape, or permit no
flaw to be detected. [In this use often written
ironclad.]- Iron-clad oath. Seeoo«A.

ironclad (i'ern-klad), M. [< iron-clad, a.] A
naval vessel cased or covered wholly or partly
with thick iron or steel plates, generally hav-
ing a heavy backing of wood, so armored to re-
sist projectiles or the attacks of rams or other
armored vessels. The metal armor is oft«n of great
thickness ; over parts of H. M. 8. Inflexible for example
the metal is as ntuch as 24 inches thick. Even the thfek'-

These iron arted souldiers are s< , cold
Till thej be Sen to a ™nZVaVms '

£««K- andFl., Laws ol Candy, iv. 1.
Think, ye masters iron-hearted,
Lolling at your jovial boards.

Cowper, Negro's Complaint,

ironic (i-ron'ik), a, [= F. ironique = Sp. iro-
nieo — ^S- K- ironico (cf. D. G. ironisch = Dan.
?w- ironisk), < Gr. e'tpuvuttif, dissembling, iron-
io, < cipuvria, dissimulation, irony : see irony2.']
Same as ironical.

I had better leisure to contemplate that ironic* satire
°'JuveiiaL Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 11.

ironical (i-ron'i-kal), a. [< ironic + -al.~\ 1.
Pretending ignorance ; simulating lack of in-
struction or knowledge. See irony, 1. [Obso-
lete or archaic 1

.m, - ,
,™e Clr9le °f .ni? 'aU«7 » very large ; and herein may

' ' e^'e"

moreover, its great weight prevents the application of
heavy armor except to the most vulnerable parts of the

., L ,

Hence— 2. Conveying or consisting of covert
sarcasm • sarcastic under

iron-mold (i'ern-mold), n. Discoloration, in

?loth or the like. cau»ed by stains from rusted
_iron.
iron-mold (i'ern-mold), v. t. To stain or dis-

color, as cloth, by means of iron-rust.
ironmonger (i'ern-mung"ger), n. [< ME. iren-

mongere, iren-manger; < iron + monger.'] A

dealer in ironware or hardware.

Buying several things at the ironmongers; dogs, tongues,
and shovells, for my wife's closet.

P«W, Diary> Sept. 7, l«».

ironmongery (i'ern-mung"ger-i), n. [< iron-
monger + -y : see -ery.] The trade of an iron-
mou8er! tnat which ironmongers deal in.

* m'8nt have been inclined, myself, to regard a coffin-
nail as th^«^est piece of tro^o^eri/ in the trade

. ' '

iron-Oafc (i ern-ok), «.. Same as post-oak.

iron-OCher (i'ern-6"ker), n. See ocher.
^On-red (i'ern-red), n. A red of a somewhat
™T tint Bueh as is produced by iron-rust,
. used eaPe<Jially in decorative art and in pottery.
ITOn-rust (i ern-rust), n. See rust.

ships are now made of very various designs. Many mod- health. Go/ni(A Vicar xi

era vessels have protective iron decks, but the term iron- „ . ,,. , , , .

dad has been confined to vessels whose sides are protect- 3. Addicted to irony ; using disguised sarcasm :

ed. Iron-clad ships are generally armed with two or four as, an ironical speaker
-

s

OXld of iron, or both intermixed. Such sands

are not uncommon alone the ocean-shores in

^°
legions of volcanic or metamorphic rocks.—

. r our , er

heavy breech-loading rifled guns of from 10 to 16 inches ironipallv (I ron'i I™! il n,1,- TV. o ™,;,>oi 2' ihe steel-filings used m fireworks.
SiiS^ A circular sa

''

A circular saw for cut-

iron-cloth (i'em-kl6th), ». 1. Chain-mail in
general. Hewitt, I. 238.— 2. Chain-mail of mod-
ern fabrication, made for cleansing greasy ves-i

.

ironer (i'er-n6r), n. One who or that which

-hmr /i'er niiw hntsl »
( );

(i'er-ning-kl6th), ». A cloth

A „.„.„ *, „„,.

thm^ whlcl1 has great power of endurance or
resistance : specifically used (generally in the
Plural) as f proper name : as, fdmund /ro««We
or Ironsides (an Anglo-Saxon king); Crom-
well's Ironsides (his special corps of troopers);

- ,

n-Hint (i ern-flmt), ». Ferruginous quartz ;

a subspecies of quartz, opaque or translucent
at the edges, with a fracture more or less con-
chmdal, sinning, and nearly vitreous.

iron-rounder (i ern-touu"der), n. One who
makes iron castings.

iron-foundry (i'ern-foun'dri), «. The place

heated by a gas.jet or by steam (the gas and steam being
aPP'ied by» flexible pipeX and those employing a cylinder

^^4 /nd'euidi'n/t^e ^hoav«SIthpSJhiP,pUeAd for mp~
Cni'Ts Tcy^del^teTby rtS^S is^iieTby
machinery over the fabric to be pressed ; in one machine
the cylinder is stationary, the table carrying the fabric to

' ' ' ™ '

or

^- t
- -"nas), ». A general term

lor any torm of iron-working furnace, as a
blast-furnace, puddling-furnace, etc. See fur-

. tutee.

iron-glance (i-eru-glans), n. Specular iron.

iron-grass (i'ern-gras), n. The knot-grass
doorweed, Polygonum aviculare.

iron-gray (i'ern-gra), a. and n. [< ME. irengray,
< AS. isengrwg (= Icel. jdrngrdr = Dan. isen-
graa), < isen, iron, + grteg, gray : see iron and
gray.] I. a. Of a gray hue approaching the
color of freshly fractured iron.

Neither was the stranger's dress at all martial It con
sisted of a uniform suit of iron-grey clothes, cut in rather
uoned form. Scott, Monastery, Int. Ep., p. 13.

II. ». A hue of gray approaching the color
of freshly fractured iron

iron-gumtree (I'ern Wtre),». A very large
tree, Eucalyptus RawetiaHa, a native of Queens-
land, sometimes attaining a height of over 300
feet and a diameter of 10 feet. It furnishes a
very hard dark-colored wood, used for piles
for railroad-ties, and for general building pur^
poses.

iron-handed (i'em-han"ded), a. Exceedingly
strong in the hand; hence, rigorously deter"-
mined or severe ; unmerciful

.. .

-«72.] Rough; unruly. Halliwell.
ironsmith (i'ern-smith), n. [< ME. irensmith
< AS- irensmitli, isensmith (= G. eisenschmied
= !*e\. jarxsmidhr), < iren, isen, iron, + smith,
smith.] 1. A worker in iron, as a blacksmith,
locksmith, etc.— 2. The barbet of Hainan Me-
Oalcema fa^er : so called from its cry, tran'slat-

fition while the table moves. Sometimes called tom&u.

an<1 Woc* ir°ntng-machine.
iron-iodide (i'ern-i"6-did), n. A crystalline de-

liquescent salt formed by the union of iron and

hydriodic acid, used in medicine as a tonic
. diuretic, and emmenagogue.
ironlsh (i'er-nish), a. [< iron + -ts/jl.] Some-

wnat like iron ; irony. [Bare.]

Some, who did thrust a probe or little stick into a chink
of tne com». • • • bringing out some moisture with it
*ound !t of an trontsA taste

Wood' AtheniB °*>n- (John Colet).

ironist (i'rp-nist), «. [< iron(ize) + -tsf.] One
who deals in irony. [Rare.]

A poet or orator . . . would have no more to do but to
8 ' ' • to the irontgt for his sarcasms.

Martinm Smbterus, xiii.

l™^ (5'ro-niz), ,. t . [< Gr. Apu^w, dis-
tWe, < npuv, dissembler: see irony"*.] To
render ironical ; use ironically.

From its loud, peculiar call the Hainan species has
earned among the natives of the island the appellation
°J "»'«">«»«<*." whence I have derived its specific name

. Lr°6CTl' .*' Swinhoe< 1uoted in stand- N»'- Hist., IV. 420.

iron-Stain (I'ern-stan), n. 1. A stain made by
iron-rust, or by the tincture of iron, as on cloth
or clothing. — 2. An appearance like the stain
°f iron produced on the coffee-plant in Vene-
?uela> and apparently also in Jamtica, by the
fungus Depazea maculosa, in the form of circu-
lar or elliptical blotches. Spout? En cue. Manuf.,
I. 700.

ironstone (i'ern-ston), n. Any ore of iron which
is impure through the admixture of silica or
cla.v— Carbonaceous or blackband Ironstone. See
blackband.— Clay Ironstone. See day.— Ironstone
cnlna, a hard white pottery made by mingling with the

If hypocrites why puritaines
,^S terme be ask'd' in breefe,

Warner Albion's England x
iron lino Ci'/-rn KT.I « A v ' • , '

cause™ if brthtbv'irn^ T ? ^ 8Pectrum'
onght by iron in the luminous vapor,

- -

intended to refer only to hardness and durability.
iron-Strap (i'ern-strap), n. In whaling, same

as foreganger, 2.

iron-tree (i'ern-tre), n. See Ixora.
ironware (i'ern-war),«. Hardware; especially,
_ iron pots, kettles, etc.
ironweed (i'ern-wed), n. Same us flattop.
iron-Wittedt (I'eni-wit'ed), a. Dull or heavy-

witted; stupid.

I will converse with iron-tcitted fools,
And unrespective boys.

S/iak., Rich. III., iv. 2, 28.

ironwood (i'ern-wud), u. One of numerous
species of peculiarly hard-wooded trees, be-

ironwood

lOTigint; to iniiiiy onli-rs :md widely distrib-
uted. In North America the name coiniT»Miily(lenoteaO*(-
'///'/ I'iryinica, tin- hop hoi nhi :im or l< \ <>i vvuml ; hut also
Bttm*Waf//t*j"/i/c,-<( southern Iniekthorn), CarffinunC<ir"f//ii
ana (blur Uivrln, L'ltnlln /-rK'i'niitloi-'i, l'l<ltn,,i,i liirtittrinn
(titi, hurkwhnit-tn'i ). // • tdaia (inkwood), and

(l/nri/n Temita. The Murk ironw.mil of the same territory
is t'nnilirl/ri j'Tri'ii ; the rrrl, AY//;j"Xi>/ lttt\fi>li(t ; the white,
llypelate trrfuliata. Of the other ironwoods may he inen-
tioix'il tin- various species of the tropical Reims Sidfrttxft-
Ion, tile Indian Xylia dolabrtformi*, the Eriithrnxiilttn are-
olatum of .l:uii.iir;i. ;niil (lie Tasmania!! NiAelata liyuntriiia.
Several species of IHtwiitfrw (ebony) are called by the same
ii Liiir. Bastard ironwood i- the West Indian l'«:»n-:i
lentiscifolia (Ztttittiuxiiluiti pterrtta); also Trichilia hirta.
The Muck ironwood of South Africa is Oleft uiululata, and
the white is ToddalUt laimeolata. Many of these woods
are valualile in the arts for purposes requiring great firm-
ness or high polish.

iron-worded (i'ern-wer'ded), a. Worded so
as to resist attack; of "iron-clad" character.
[Poetical.]

Spurr'd at heart with fieriest energy
To enihattall and to wall about thy cause
With iron-worded proof.

Tennyeon, Sonnet to J. M. K .

ironwork (1'ton-wtek), «. Objects and parts
of objects made of iron, as locks and keys, uten-
sils, parts of a building, of a vessel, or the like :
as, ornamental ironwork.

iron-worker (!'em-wer*k6r), n. A person em-
ployed in the manufacture of iron, or of arti-
cles of iron.

The colliers now on strike have forced Idleness on the
ironworkers. U. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 24S.

iron-works (i'ern-werks), n. pi. An establish-
ment, consisting usually of several connected
shops, where iron is manufactured, or where it
is wrought or cast into heavy work, as cannon,
shafting, rails, merchant bars, etc. [The word
is sometimes used as a singular.]

A recent strike In an iron works.

N. A. Ret., CXLIH. 167.

ironwort (i'ern-wert), n. 1. A plant of the
labiate genus Sideritis. — 2. A plant of the ge-
nus Galeopsis, G. Tetrahit.

irony1 (i'er-ni), a. [< ME. "irony, yrony, yrun-
ny; < iron + -//!.] Consisting of or resembling
iron; also, resembling any of the distinctive
qualities of iron.

Be heuene that is abooue thee braasny and the lond
that thou tredlst yrony. Wycl\f, Dent, xxviii. 23.

Some springs of Hungary, highly impregnated with
vltrlolick salts, dissolve the body of one metal, suppose
iron, put into the spring : and deposit, In lieu of the irony
particles carried off, coppery particles.

Woodvmrd, Fossils.

irony2 (i'ro-ni), «.; pi. irunirs (-niz). [= D. G.
ironic = Dan. Sw. ironi, < F. ironic = Sp. ironia =
Pg. It. ironia, < L. ironia, < Gr. eipuveta. dissim-
ulation, irony, < elpuv, a dissembler, lit. 'one who
talks' (but says less or more than he thinks),
ppr. olApeiv, speak, tell, talk.] 1. Simulated
ignorance in discussion: a method of exposing
an antagonist's ignorance by pretending to de-
sire information or instruction from him. This
method of discussion, the Socnitic irony, was characteris-
tic of Socrates, with reference to whom the term was first
used.

Socrates at Athens undertook with many sharp and
cutting Ironies to reprove the vices of his Age.

Stillingjteet, Sermons, II. ill.

The Athenian's [Socrates'sl modest irony was of another
taste, and better suited to the decorum of conversation,
than the Syrian's [Lucan's) frontless bulfoonry.

Bp. Hard, Manner of Writing Dialogues, Pref.

Hence — 2. Covert sarcasm; such a use of
agreeable or commendatory forms of expres-
sion as to convey a meaning opposite to that
literally expressed; sarcastic laudation, com-
pliment, or the like.

And call her Ida, tho' I knew her not,
And call her sweet, as if in irony.

Tennyson, Princess, vii.

A drayman In a passion calls out " You are a pretty
fellow," without suspecting that he is uttering irony.

Macanlay, Lord Bacon.

Irony of fate, or of circumstances, an apparent mock-
ery of destiny ; an occurrence or result the opposite of
what might naturally have been expected ; a contradictory
outcome: as, it was the irony qf fate that made Joseph
the ruler over the land of his captivity. = Syn. 2. Saraum,
etc. See satire.
iron-yellow (i'('-rn-yel'6), n. Same as Mars

i/rllnir (which see, under yellow).
Iroquoian (ir-o-kwoi'au), '«. [< Iroquois + -an.]
Same as Iroi/iiiiix.

Iroquois (ir-o-kwoi'), «. and a. [A P. form (with
term. -<>ix, as in Illinois: see -ese) of the native
Indian name.] I. «. One of a former confed-
eration of American Indians, situated in central
New York, originally composed of five tribes —
the Mohawks, Oncidas, Onondagas, Cayugas,
and Senecas — and hence known as the Five

3185

Nations. At n later time a sixth tribe, the Tuncaroras,
who had migrated from North Carolina, was added. The
name is also given to related Indian tribes occupying cen-
tral and western New York ami I pper Canada, :in<l includ-
ing, besides the Iro<|iiols proper, the Hnrons, tin- 1'iirs tin
Neutral Nation, the Andastes, etc. Inthis sense also known
as llur<m-lrotpwit.

II. <i. Belonging or relating to the Iroquois
or their tribes, or to the Iroquois family of lan-
guages.

irourt, »• [ME., = OF. irnr, irur = Pr. iror, an-
ger, < L. ira, auger: see ire2.] Ire; anger. Seven
Xniics, 1. 954.

iroust (ir'us), a. [ME. iroun, irus, iros, < ( )K.
iron, iroua, ireus = Pr. iros= Pg. It. iroso, < ML.
"irosus, angry, < L. ira, anger: see ire*.] Apt
to be angry ; passionate ; ireful.

With full yrouti wreth Oaffrey meued hy,
He salute non, ne spake to gret ne small.

Horn. ofPartenay (E. E. T. S.X L 4889.

It is greet harme and eek greet plte
To sette an iroun man in heigh degree.

Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 308.

irouslyt (Ir'us-li), adr. [ME. ironsly; < irons +
-ly'*.] Angrily.

And whan dorilas sangh with his iye that the! dide so
grete damage that were soche mysbelevynge peple, he
rode vpon hem full Iroutly. Merlin (E. E. T. S.X ii. 243.

irpt (erp), n. and a. [Origin unknown ; found
only in one piece of Ben Jonson's, and perhaps
one of his affected terms.] I. n. A grimace
or contortion of the body.

Spanish shrugs, French faces, smirks, irpei, and all af-
fected humours. /;. Joiusun, Cynthia's Revels, Palinode.

II. a. Grimacing.

If regardant, then maintain your station brisk and /'/•/...
sh«w the supple motion of your pliant body.

/>'. J'nHMin, Cynthia's Revels, ill. .'!.

irradiance (i-ra'di-ans), n. [< irradian(t) +
-<•«.] 1. The act of irradiating; emission of
rays of light. — 2. An appearance of radiated
light; luster; splendor.

Love not the heavenly spirits, and how their love
Express they? by looks only? or do they mix
Irradiance, virtual or immediate touch?

Milton, P. L, viil. 617.

irradiancy (i-ra'di-an-si), n. Same as irradi-
ancf.

irradiant (i-ra'di-ant), a. [< L. irradian(t-).t,
inradian(t-)s, ppr. of irradiare, inradiare, irra-
diate: see irradiated] Emitting rays of light.
So the bright lamp of night, the constant moon,
Unwearied, does her circling journey run ;
Oft thro' the fleecy cloud irradiant bends,
And to benighted lands her influence lends.

Soyee, To Marcella.

irradiate (i-ra'di-at), r. ; pret. and pp. irradi-
ated, ppr. irradiating. [< L. irradiatut, inradi-
atus, pp. of irradiare, inradiare (> It. irradiare,
inradiare = Sp. Pg. irradiar = F. irradier), beam
upon, illumine, < in, on, + radiare, beam : see
radiate.] I. trans.' 1. To illuminate or shed
light upon or into; make luminous or clear;
light up ; enlighten.

So much the rather thou, celestial Light,
Shine Inward, and the mind through all her powers
Irradiate. Milton, P. L., 111. 53.

When the august functions of the Crown are irradiated
by Intelligence and virtue, they are transformed Into a
higher dignity than words can convey, or Acts of Parlia-
ment can confer. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 168.

Those studies that kindle the Imagination, and through
it irradiate the reason. Lowell, Harvard Anniversary.

2. To make splendid or glorious; confer honor
or dignity upon ; exalt ; adorn.

No weeping orphan saw his father's stores
Our shrines irradiate, or emblaze the floors.

Pope, Elolsa to Abelard, 1. 136.

3. To radiate into ; penetrate by radiation.

Ethereal or solar heat must digest, influence, irradiate,
and put those more simple parts of matter into motion.
.sVr Jf. Hale, Orig. of Mankind.

II. intrans. To emit rays; shine.
Day wag the state of the hemisphere on which light ir-
radiated. Bp. Home, Letters on Infidelity, x.

irradiate (i-ra'di-at), a. [< L. irradiatus, pp.:
see the verb.] Illuminated; made brilliant or
splendid. [Poetical.]

Your irradiate Judgment will soon discover the secrets
of this little crystal world.

B. Jonvm, Cynthia's Revels, v. S.
Where irradiate dewy eyes
Had shone, gleam stony orbs. Shelley, Alastor.

irradiation (i-ra-di-a'shon), n. [= F. irradia-
tion = Sp. irradiarion = Pg. irradia^So = It. ir-

< irrailiurt', irradiate: see irradinte."] 1. The
act of irradiating or emitting beams of light :
illumination; brightness emitted; enlighten-
ment.

irrationality

Sooner may a dark room enlighten itself without (lie
irraditttion of a candle or tin- nun than a natural under
standing work out its own ignorance in matters of faith.
South, Works, VIII. xiti.

( Mul iloes give signs, and when he does so, he gives also
irradiation*, illustrations of tin- understanding, that thrv
may be discerned to be his signs. Donne, Sermons, II.

This is that irradiation that dispels the mists of bell.

Sir T. Browne, Rellglo Medici, i. 32.
2. In phynies, the phenomenon of the apparent
enlargement of an object strongly illuminat. •!.
whon si'i-n !i(.'iiiiist a dark ground. It w«« ex-
plained by Plateau as due to the extension of the Impres-
sion upon the nerves of the retina beyond the outlines of
the Image; Helmholtz, however, has ascribed it to the
want of perfect accommodation In the eye, leading to the
formation of diffusion Images about the proper image of
a bright object, so that it encroaches upon the dark space
about it, and hence appears larger than it really Is. Irradi-
ation increases with the brightness of the object, dimin-
ishes as the illumination of the object and that of the Held
of view approach equality, and vanishes when they become
equal.

irradiative (i-ra'di-a-tiv), n. Something which
illuminates or emits light,
irradicate (i-rad'i-kat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. ir-
i-inlimted, ppr. irradicating. [< L. «'«, in, +
radicare, radicari, take root : see radicate. Cf.
eradicate.] To fix by the root ; fix firmly, din-
fold.

irrational (i-rash'on-al), a. and «. [= F. irra-
liniDiel = Pr. irrational = Sp. Pg. irrational =
It. irrazionale, inra&onale, < L. irrationalis, inra-
tionalis, not rational, < in- priv. + rationalist,
rational: see rational.'] I. n. 1. Not rational;
without the faculty of reason; void of under-
standing; unreasoning.

He hath eaten and lives.

And knows, and speaks, and reasons, and discerns,

Irrational till then. MUtnn, P. L., Ix. 766.

Strong passion is brief madness, because the Internal
commotion of It, usurping consciousness, prevents full
and free reflection and adaptation, and, putting the indi-
vidual out of just ratio with persons and things, makes
him irrational. MoMddey, Mind, XII. 510.

2. Without the quality of reason ; contrary to
reason; illogical; unreasonable: as, irrational
motives; an irrational project.

It would be amusing to make a digest of the irrational
laws which bad critics have made for the government of
poets. Macaulay, Moore's Life of Byron.

There is ... nothing more irrational than to criticize
deeds as though the doers of them had the same desires,
hopes, fears, and restraint with ourselves.

U. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 263.

We are constantly the dupes of an irrational attempt
to estimate the universe from a purely human point of
view. Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 243.

Conduct prompted by a series of such unconnected im-
pulses we call irrational, as being absolutely uusystema-
tlzed, and in that sense inconsistent.

H. SidgvMc, Methods of Ethics, p. 26.

3. In math.: (a) In arith., not capable of being
exactly expressed by a vulgar fraction, proper
or improper; surd. In mathematics irrational Is a
translation of Greek a*o>oi', inexpressible (by a fraction),
opposed to punSr. (See surd.) Every irrational quantity
can , however, be conceived as expressed by an Infinite con-
tinued fraction or intenninate decimal (6) In trans-
lations of Euclid, and cognate writings, at once
incommensurable with the assumed unit and
not having its square commensurable with that
of the unit. This is the peculiar meaning given
by Euclid to o/>oyoc, though Plato uses it in
sense (a), above, (c) In alg., noting a quan-
tity involving a variable raised to a fractional
power; or, in a wider sense, noting a quantity
not rational, not a sum of products of constants
and of variables into one another or into them-
selves.— 4. In Gr. pros., incapable of measure-
ment in terms of the fundamental or primary
time or metrical unit.

It was an irrational long ; and the foot to which it be-
longed was irrational also, the whole length of the foot
being expressed by a fractional designation, viz. :U short
times. J. Hadley, Essays, p. 107.

Geometrically Irrational. See geometrically.— Irra-
tional function. See /«?icrton.=8yn. 1 and 2. filly,
Foolith, etc. (see absurd); witless, reasonless, thoughtless ;
brute, brutish; injudicious, illogical.

II. n. That which is devoid of reason, as one
of the lower animals.

But for the poor shiftless irrational*, it is a prodigious
act of the great Creator's indulgence that they are all
ready furnished with such cloathing as is proper to their
place and business. Drrham. Physico-Theology, Iv. 12.

irrationality (i-rash-o-nal'i-ti), n. [= Sp. irra-
cionalidad = Pg. irraciondlidade = It. irra-in-
wtlita ; as irrational + -ity.~] 1. The condition
of being irrational ; want of the faculty or the
quality of reason ; fatuity: as, the irrationality
of brutes; the irrationality of a scheme.

Who is It here that appeals to the frlvoloitsness and ir-
ratinnality of our dreams ? Baxter, On the Soul, Ii. 187.

The unfading boyishness of hope and Its vigorous irrtr-
tinnality are nowhere better displayed than In questions
of conduct JL L. Sternum, Virginibus Puerisque, U.

irrationality

2. That which is irrational; an irrational
thought, action, or thing.

We can see how the human mind arrives by a perfectly
natural process at all its later irrationalities.

Max Midler, India, p. 236.

Irrationality of dispersion, in optics. See dispersion, S.
irrationally (i-rash'on-al-i), adv. In an irra-
tional manner; without reason; in a manner
contrary to reason ; absurdly.

It may not irrationally be doubted whether or no, if a
man were raised to the very top of the atmosphere, he
would be able to live many minutes, and would not quick-
ly die for want of such air as we are wont to breathe here
below. Boyle, Works, I. 105.

irrationalness (i-rash'on-al-nes), n. Irration-

ality.
Unrealizable (i-re'a-ll-za-bl), «. [= F. irrea-

lisable = Sp. irrealizable = Pg. irrealisavel ; as

iw-3 + realizable.] Not realizable; incapable

of being realized or defined.

The just motion ... of suns around that mighty, un-
een centre, incomprehensi
mental effort only divined.

. ,

seen centre, incomprehensible, irrealizable, with strange
divined.

Charlotte Bronte, Villette, xxxvi.

irrebuttable (ir-e-but'a-bl), a. [< in-3 + re-
buttable.] Not rebuttable ; incapable of being
rebutted or repelled.

Compare this sixth section with the manful, senseful,
irrebuttable fourth section. Coleridge.

irreceptive (ir-e-sep'tiy), a. [< in-3 + recep-
tive.] Not receptive ; incapable of receiving.
irreciprocal (ir-e-sip'ro-kal), a. [< in-3 + re-
ciprocal.] Not reciprocal.

The conduction power of the electrical organ of the tor-
pedo was consequently irreciprocal.

Nature, XXXIII. 407.

Irreciprocal conduction, in elect., conduction through
electrolytes when a reversal of the current causes a change
in its magnitude. Also called unipolar conduction.

Irreciprocal conduction is said to occur if a reversal of
the direction of a current causes any change in its magni-
tude. Philosophical Magazine, XXVI. 127.

irreciprocity (i-res-i-pros'i-ti), ». [< in-% +
reciprocity.] Lack of reciprocity or recipro-
cal action. [Bare.]

Here it seems evident that the irreciprocity is due to the

gradual formation of a badly-conducting film on the anode.

Philosophical Magazine, XXVI. 133.

Irreciprocity of conduction, in elect., inequality of con-
duction in different polar directions.

This irreciprocity of conduction obtained only for strong
currents and for those of short duration.

Nature, XXXIII. 407.

irreclaimable (ir-e-kla'ma-bl), «. [= Pg. ir-
reclamavel; < in-3 + reclaimable.] Not reclaim-
able ; incapable of being reclaimed ; that can-
not be restored or redeemed : as, an irreclaim-
able criminal ; irreclaimable land.

Such impetuous, ungovernable, irreclaimable inclina-
tions to what is vitious.

Glanville, Pre-existence of Souls, x.
As for obstinate, irreclaimable, professed enemies, we
must expect their calumnies will continue.

Addisoii, Freeholder.

irreclaimableness (ir-e-kla'ma-bl-nes), ». The
character of being irreclaimable.

Enormities . . . which are out of his power to atone
for, by reason of the death of some of the injured parties,
and the irreclaimableness of others.

Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, VIII. 407.

irreplaimably (ir-e-kla'ma-bli), adv. So as to
be irreclaimable.

Others, irreclaimeably persisting in their rebellion, and
sinking more and more into the body and the relish of its
joyes and pleasures, are still verging to a lower and more
degenerate state.

Olanmlle, Pre-existence of Souls, The Aerial State.

irrecognition (i-rek-og-nish'on), n. [< jw-3 -f
recognition.] Lack of recognition ; absence of
perception or notice.

In all literary history there is no such figure as Dante,
no such homogeneousness of life and works, such loyalty
to ideas, such sublime irrecognition of the unessential.

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 38.

irrecognizable (i-rek'og-m-za-bl), a. [< in-3
+ recognizable.] Not recognizable ; incapable
of being^ recognized.

irreconcilability (i-rek-on-si-la-bU'i-ti), n. [=
It. irreconciliabilita ; as" irreconcilable + -ity :
see -bility.] The quality of being irreconcila-
ble ; irreconcilableness.

There co-exists a kindred irreconcilability between the
sentiments answering to the forms of co-operation re-
quired for militancy and industrialism respectively.

H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 136.

irreconcilable (i-rek'on-sl-la-bl), a. and n. [=
F. irreconciliable = Sp. irreconciliable = Pg. ir-
reconciliavel=:It.irreconciliabik; as in-s + rec-
oncilable.] I. a. Not reconcilable ; not admit-
ting of reconciliation; that cannot be harmo-
nized or adjusted; incompatible: as, irrecon-

3186

cilable enemies or enmities; irreconcilable prin-
ciples.

Since the sense I oppose is attended with such gross ir-
reconcilable absurdities, I presume I need not olfer any
thing further in support of the one, or in disproof of the
other Rogers.

That irreconcilable schism of perdition and apostacy.

Milton, Church-Government, i. 6.

Tertullian had even held the Christian profession to be
irreconcilable with the office of a Roman emperor.

Schaf, Hist. Christ. Church, III. § 13.

Irreconcilable paths, in a surface, paths between two
fixed points such that one path cannot be gradually
changed into the other without passing beyond the boun-
dary of the surface.

II. n. One who refuses reconciliation or com-
promise ; specifically, in politics, one who ad-
heres to an apparently hopeless political pro-
gram, and refuses to accept concessions from
opponents: as, the Irish or French irrecouci-
lables.

Sleep and I have quarrelled ; and although I court it, it
will not be friends. I hope its fellow -irreconcilables at
Harlowe-place enjoy its balmy comforts.

Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, III. 178.

The Opportunists, as the followers of Thiers and Gam-
betta were now styled, united with the irreconcilables in
opposition to the party of order. Encyc. Brit., IX. 628.

irreconcilableness (i-rek'on-sl-la-bl-nes), n.
The quality of being irreconcilable ; irrecon-
cilability; incompatibility; incongruity.

Discourage them from repeating their transgressions,

give them a deep sense of the heinous nature of sin, and

of God's extreme hatred and utter irreconcileableness to it.

Clarke, Evidences, Prop. 13.

irreconcilably (i-rek'on-sl-la-bli), adv. In an
irreconcilable manner ';' so as to preclude recon-
ciliation.

The Bramins are irreconcileably divided among them-
selves upon what are the doctrines of the Shastah.

Mickle, Inq. into the Bramin Philos.

irreconcilet (i-rek'on-sil), v. t. [< in-S + rec-
oncile.] To prevent from being reconciled;
make incompatible.

As the object calls for our devotion, so it must needs
irreconcile us to sin. Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, iii. 15.

irreconciledt (i-rek'on-slld), a. [< in-3 + recon-
ciled.] Unreconciled; not brought under rec-
onciliation, or into harmony or consistency.

II a servant ... die in munyirreconciled iniquities, you
may call the business of the master the author of the ser-
vant's damnation. Shak., Hen. V., iv. 1, 160.

But gothic, rude,
IrreconcU'd in ruinous design.

W. Thompson, Sickness, ii.

irreconcilement (i-rek'on-sil-meut), n. [< in-3
+ reconcilement.] The 'state of 'being unrecon-
ciled or irreconcilable.

Such an irreconcilement between God and Mammon.
Abp. Wake, Rationale on Texts of Scripture, p. 85.

^reconciliation (i-rek-on-sil-i-a'shon), n. [=
Pg. irreconciliac, ao ; as "in-3 + reconciliation.]
Same as irreconcilement.

How irreconciliation with our brethren voids all our ad-
dresses to God, we need be lessoned no farther than from
our Saviour's own mouth. Prideaux, Euchologia, p. 71.

irrecordable (ir-e-kor'da-bl), a. [= It. irre-
cordevole, forgetful; < LL. irrecordabilis, inre-
cordabilis, not to be remembered, < in- priv. +
recordabilis, to be remembered : see recordable.]
Not recordable ; not fit or possible to be re-
corded or remembered. Coles, 1717.

irrecoverable (ir-e-kuv'er-a-bl), a. [= F. ir-
recouvrable; as «»-3 + recoverable2. Cf. irrecu-
perable.] 1. Not recoverable or admitting of
recovery ; incapable of being recovered : as, an
irrecoverable debt.

Er. Indeed you are a very good Husband of Time.
Oa. No wonder I am of that, which is the most pre-
cious Thing in the World, and when past is irrecoverable.
N. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, I. 90.

2. That cannot be recovered from or made
good; irremediable: as, an irrecoverable dis-
ease ; irrecoverable danger.

It concerns every man that would not trifle away his
soul, and fool himself into irrecoverable misery, with the
greatest seriousness to enquire. Tulotson.

In November this year happened a storm at north-west,
with a spring tide, so violent as gave apprehensions of
some loss irrecoverable to the province of Holland.

Sir W. Temple, Hem. from 1672 to 1879.

irrecoverableness (ir-e-kuv'er-a-bl-nes),K.

The state of being irrecoverable. Donne.
irrecoverably (ir-e-kuv'er-a-bli), adv. In an

irrecoverable manner ; beyond recovery.

Life forsook

My heart, which irrecoverably lost
All sense of duty both to thee and Greece.

Olover, Athenaid, xix.
I find, Sir, you are irrecoverably flx'd upon this Lady.

Steels, Conscious Lovers, i. 2.

irreducible

irrecuperablet (ir-e-ku'pe-ra-bl), a. [= F. ir-
recuperable = Sp. irrecuperable = Pg. irreciipe-
ravel = It. inrecuperabilc, irreeuperabile, < LL.
irrecuperabilis, inrecuperabilis, irrecoverable, <
L. in- priv. + *recuperabilis, recoverable : see
recwperable.] Not recuperable or admitting of
recuperation; irrecoverable; irreparable: as,
" irrecuperable damage," Sir T. Elyot, The Gov-
ernour, i. 27.

Assuring his honour, that he feared the danger, if it
were not speedily looked to, would be irrecuperable.

Strype, Abp. Parker, an. 1563.

irrecuperablyt (ir-e-ku'pe-ra-bli), adv. In an
irrecuperable manner; irrecoverably; irrepa-
rably.

irrecurablet, a. [_<.in-3 + recurable,] Incurable.

Forced to sustayne a most grevous and irrecurable fall.

Ulpian Fulwett, Arte of Flatterie, F 2, b.

irrecuredt (ir-e-kurd'), «. [< «»-3 + recurs +
-ed2.] Incapable of being cured.

Striking his soul with irrecured wound.

Sous, Thule (1598). (Latham.)

irrecusable (ir-e-ku'za-bl), «. [= F. irrecusa-
ble = Sp. irrecusable = Pg. irrecusavel, < LL. ir-
recusabilis, inrecusabilis, not to be refused, < in-
priv. + recusabilis, to be refused, < L. recusare,
refuse: see recusant.] Not recusable; not to
be rejected or set aside.

It is a proposition.il form, irrecusable, both as true in
itself and as necessary in practice. Sir W. Hamilton.

irredeemability (ir-e-de-ma-bil'i-ti), n. [<
irredeemable: see -bility.] Irredeemableness.
Craig.

irredeemable (ir-e-de'ma-bl), a. [< »«-3 + re-
deemable. Cf. OF. irredimible = Sp. irredimi-
ble = Pg. irredimivel = It. irredimibile.] 1. Not
redeemable; that cannot or need not be re-
deemed or made good by payment or restitu-
tion; not to be restored or escaped: as, irre-
deemable paper money; an irredeemable loss;
irredeemable slavery.

It [the word money] is used to describe not only gold
and silver, but bank notes, government notes (redeemable
or irredeemable), . . . and wealth generally.

Cyc. Pol. Set., II. 882.

2. Beyond the power of redemption ; irreclaim-
able : as, irredeemable criminals or crime.

Wrought for his house an irredeemable woe.

Tennyson, Maud, xxiii. 1.

irredeemableness (ir-e-de'ma-bl-nes), n. The
quality of being irredeemable.

irredeemably (ir-e-de'ma-bli), adv. In an ir-
redeemable manner ; beyond redemption.

But though past time be gone, we are not to consider it
irredeemably lost. H. Blair, Works, III. iii.

irredentism (ir-e-den'tizm), n. [As Irreden-
tist + -ism.] The system or political program
of the Irredentists.

[Depretis and his supporters declare] its [Pentarchist]
protection of Anarchist tendencies, and especially of irre-
dentiffin, to be fraught with danger to peace within and
abroad. Sew York Evening Post, June 1, 1886.

Irredentist (ir-e-den'tist), n. and a. [< It. ir-
redentista, <. irredenta (Italia'), unredeemed (Ita-
ly), fern, of irredenta, < L. in-, not, + redempttis
(> It. redento), redeemed, pp. of redimere, re-
deem: see redeem.] I. n. A member of an
Italian political party formed in 1878, for bring-
ing about the "redemption" or the incorpora-
tion into the kingdom of Italy of all regions
situated near Italy where an important part of
the population was Italian, but which were still
subject to other governments, and hence called
Italia irredenta.

Capponi himself was not above that pardonable but not
very reasonable grievance. He was not an out-and-out
Irredentist clamouring for Trieste and Istria, the Canton
Ticino, Nice, Corsica, and Malta,

Edinburgh Rev., CLXV. 405.

II. a. Pertaining to or advocating irreden-
tism.

The ultra-Irredentist faction, who would quarrel at one
and the same time with England about Malta, with France
about Savoy, with Austria about the Tyrol, with Switzer-
land about the Ticino, and with Turkey and Greece about
Albania. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLI. 621.

irreducibility (ir-e-du-si-bil'i-ti), n. [< irredu-
cible : see -bility.] The quality or state of being
irreducible.

The fleshy tissue proved to be a mass of omen turn, which
during its many years of irredueibuity had become rounded
and agglutinated. Medical News, LIII. 93.

irreducible (ir-e-du'si-bl), a. [= Sp. irreducible,
= Pg. irreduMcl; as in-3 + reducible.] 1. In-
capable of being reduced to a lower amount or
degree ; not to be diminished or degraded.

What is it that we must hold fast as the irreducible
minimum of churchmanship? The American, XIV. 134.

irreducible

2. Incapable of being brought into a. different
state, condition, or Conn.

The newly mentioned observations seem to argue the
corpuscles of uir to be irreducible unto water.

Boi/te, Works, I. 50.

Each spccilli: sensation remains irreducible to unother.
(,'. //. Lewti, l-mbs. "f Life mill Mind, II. 241.

3. Incapable of being reduced to a desired form
or condition by manipulation : as, an imdncilili-
hernia or fracture — Irreducible case, equation,
function, Integral, etc. See the nouns.— Irreducible
Circuit, in mam. See reducible circuit, under circuit.

irreducibleness (ir-6-du'si-bl-nes), n. The
quality of being irreducible.

irreducibly (ir-e-du'si-bli), tide. So as to be ir-
reducible.

irreductibility (ir-e-duk-ti-bil'i-ti), «. [= F.
irreductibilite ; as irrediictibfc -r -ity: see -Iril-
itif.] Absence of reductibility; irreducibleness.
[Rare.]

M. Comte's puerile predilection for prime numbers al-
most passes belief. His reason Is that they are a type of
irrett uctibility ; each of them is a kind of ultimate arith-
metical fact. J. S. XiU.

irreductible (ir-e-duk'ti-bl), a. [= F. irreduc-
tible = It. irreduttibile ; as »»-3 + reductible.]
Not reductible ; irreducible. [Rare.]

irreduction(ir-e-duk'shon),». The state of being
unreduced; failure to reduce : said of a hernia.

This increase in volume was the only cause of irreduc-
liint lot the hernia). Medical New, i.l 1 . 442.

irreflection (ir-e-flek'shon), «. [= F. irrtflexion
= Sp. it-reflexion; as i«-3 + reflection.'] Want
or absence of reflection ; thoughtlessness.

It gave to the course pursued that character of violence,
impatience, and irreflcctinn which too often belongs to the
proceedings of the multitude. Brougham.

Abiding irreflectum Is quite consistent with increase of
general knowledge. F. Hail, Mod. Eng., p. 281.

irreflective (ir-e-flek'tiv), «. [< «»-3 + reflec-
tivt .} Not reflective; wanting the quality or
the habit of reflection; thoughtless.

From this day I was an altered creature, never again re-
lapsing into the careless, irreflectioe mind of childhood.
De ijniiifi'ii, Autobiog. Sketches, I. 362.

irreflexive (ir-e-flek'siv), «. [< if*-3 + reflexive.]
Not reflexive.

irreformable (ir-e-f6r'ma-bl), «. [= Sp. irre-
formable, < LL. irreformabilis, inreformabilis,
unalterable, < in- priv. + reformabilin, that can
be formed again : see reformable.] 1. Not re-
formable ; not capable of being formed anew
or again ; not subject to revision.

Such definitions of the Roman Pontiff arc irreformable
In their own nature, and not because of the consent of the
Church. Cath. Diet., p. 877.

2. Not capable of being reformed or corrected;
not susceptible of amendment : as, an irreform-
<il>lc drunkard.

irrefragability (i-ref"ra-ga-bil'i-ti), ». [= F.
ii-ri'fnigabiliti = It. irrefraijabilitA ; as irrefragtt-
ble + -ity: see -bility.} The quality of being
irrefragable or incapable of refutation.

A solemn, high-stalking man, with such a fund of indig-
nation in him, or of latent indignation ; of contumacity,
irrefragability. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 80.

irrefragable (i-ref'ra-ga-bl), a. [= F. irre'fra-
qable = Sp. irrefragable = Pg. irrefragavel =
It. inrefragabile, irrefragabile, <f LL. irrefragtibi-
lis, inrefragabilis, irrefragable: see refragable .]
Notrefragable; incapable of being brokendown
or refuted ; incontrovertible ; undeniable ; not
confutable: as, an irrefragable argument; irref-
ragable evidence ; an irrefragable opponent.

What a noble and irrefragable testimony was this to the
power, to the truth of the Messiah !

Bp. Hall, The Ten Lepers.

Yet did not any of these conceive themselves infallible,
or set down their dictates as verities irrefragable.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.

He was an irrefragable disputant against the errors . . .
which with trouble he saw rising in his colony.

C. Mather, Mag. Chris., ii. 1.

Against s(i obstinate and irrefragable an enemy, what
could avail the unsupported allies of genius?

Goldsmith, Polite Learning, ii.

= Syn. Unanswerable, indisputable, unquestionable, in-
dubitable, irrefutable.

irrefragableness (i-ref'ra-ga-bl-nes), «. The
state or quality of being irrefragable; irrefra-
gability.

irrefragably (i-ref 'ra-ga-bli), adv. In an irref-
ragable manner; so as to be irrefragable; in-
controvertibly.

Herein he was irrefrafjably true, that there cannot be
anything more certain and evident to a man that thinks
than that he doth think.

Sir M. Hale, Orig. of Mankind, p. -J4.

irrefrangible (ir-e-fran'ji-bl), a. [= It. irri'-
franyibile; as i«-3 + rt'friiiij/ibli'.] Not refran-
gible ; not to be broken or violated.

3187

An irrefrangible law of country etiquette.

Mrs. Croat, Agatha's Husband, xx.

irrefrangibly (ir-o-fran'ji-bli), adv. So as to be
irrefrangible; iixedly; inviolably.

They knew . . . that the dragons were welded to their
vases more irreframjibly than 1'roinetluMis to his rock.

ll«:iti Conimy, A Family AHalr, p. 16.

irrefutability (ir-e-fa-ta-bil'i-ti), ». [= F. »>-
ri'-fntnbilile; as irrefutable + -ity: see -lnlilij.\
The quality of being irrefutable.

On the irrefutability of which he had privately prided
himself. TheCetitury, XX XX 178.

irrefutable (ir-e-fu'ta-bl), «. [= F. irrefutable
= Pg. irrcfutai'd, < LL. irrcfutabilis, inrefuta-
bilis, < in- priv. + refutabilis, refutable : see re-
futable.'} Not refutable; incapable of being
refuted or disproved.

Yet lie not urge them as an irrefutable proof, being not
willing to lay more stresse upon any thing then 'twllbear.
(Jlaneitle, Pre-existence of Souls, xl.
That irrefutable discourse of Cardinal Caletan.

Bp. Uall, Honour of Married Clergy, p. 12.
=Syn. See list under irrefragable.

irrefutably (ir-e-fu'ta-bli), adv. In an irrefu-
table manner; so as to bo irrefutable.

irreg. An abbreviation of irregular or irregularly.

irregeneracy (ir-e-jen'e-ra-si), n. [< «n-8 +
regeneractj.] Unregeneracy. [Rare.]

irregeneration (ir-e-jen-e-ra'shon), «. [< i»-3
+ regeneration.] Lack of regeneration; the
state of being unregenerate. [Rare.]

irregular (i-reg'u-lar), a. and n. (X ME. irregu-
ler, < OF. irregutier,'F. irregulier = Pr. irregular,
yregular = Sp. Pg. irregular = It. irregolarc, <
ML. irregularis, not regular, < L. in- priv. + re-
gularis. pertaining to rules (regular) : see regu-
lar.'] I. a. 1. Not regular; lacking regularity
or method in some respect ; not conformable to
rule, order, symmetry, uniformity, or a fixed
principle ; deviating from the normal or usual
course or state ; devious ; unmethodical ; un-
even: as, an irregular figure, outline, or sur-
face ; irregular verbs ; irregular troops.

They [the inhabitants of Barbary] are irregular In their

life and actions, exceedingly subiect to choler, speake

aloft and proudly, and are often at buffets in the streets.

Purcha», Pilgrimage, p. 638.

The numbers of pindarics are wild and irregular, and
sometimes seem harsh and uncouth. Cowley.

2. Not regular in action or method ; not con-
formed or conforming to regular rules or prin-
ciples; hence, disorderly; lawless; improper:
as, he is given to irregular courses.

Leading the men of Herefordshire to flght
Against the irregular and wild Glendower.

Sltak., 1 Hen. IV., L 1, 40.
Now that to steal by law is grown an art,
Whom rogues the sires, their milder sons call smart,
And "slightly irregular" dilutes the shame
Of what had once a somewhat blunter name.

Li'/irlt. Tempora Mutantur.

Specifically — 3. In human anat., being of no
determinate shape, as a vertebra : said only of
bones. Bones were formerly classed unnaturally In four
categories, long, short, flat, and irregular. Most bones
fall in the last-named category.

4. In zool. : (a) Not having a definite form ; bi-
laterally or radially unsymmetrical ; not having
the form usual in a group ; differing in an un-
usual mamier from neighboring parts: as, an
irregular third joint of an insect's antenna, (fc)
Not arranged in a definite manner, or varying
in position or direction : as, irregular marks
(that is, marks varying in size or distance from
one another); irregular punctures or strife,
(c) In echinoderms, not exhibiting radial sym-
metry; exocyclic or petalpstichous ; spatan-
goid or clypeastroid : specifically said of the
heart-urchins and other sea-urchins of the
division Irregularia. See cut under petalos-
tichous. — 5. In bot., not having all the mem-
bers of the same part alike : said of flowers.
An irregular flower Is one In which the members of some
or all of its floral circles — for example, petals — differ from
one another in size, shape, or extent of union, as in the
bean, the violet, and the larkspur. The term is also used
li>88 specifically, and is often not discriminated from uneum-
metncal. — Irregular antenna, in entam. , those anten me
in which one or more joints are very greatly developed be-
yond the others. But when this irregularity is confined to
one sex the antenna? are commonly said to be deformed. —
Irregular body. See bndy.— Irregular cadence, an im-
perfect or deceptive cadence. See cadence. — Irregular
determinant, in the theory of numbers, a determinant
of a quadratic form where the forms of the principal genus
are not all powers of some one. — Irregular indorse-
ment, phrase, proof, relation, verb, etc. see the
nouns. = Syn. 1 and 2. I'nsettled, variable, changeable,
mutable, unreliable; exceptional; fltful. capricious. In
regard to conduct or ways of proceeding or managing, tr-
'/•j;fiK'r:illy expresses more blame than it»inrttntdical
in HM^MMHdCCs, and lesa than atunnaltna or disorderly ; it
expresses less of foolishness than erratic, less of oddity
than eccentric, less of carelessness than desultory, and less

irrelative

of moral obliquity than dt.vv>u» or crixikttl. It expresses the
fact of being out of conformity with rule, but Implies
nothing more with certainty. \ et the word Is sometimes
used In a sinister sense, as though It were a euphemism
for something worse.

n. n. One who is not subject or does not con-
form to established regulations; especially, a
soldier who is not in regular service, or a person
practising medicine without belonging to the
regular profession.

Home of those nations that In the last and present war
are famous for furnishing [Austria's! armies with irregu-
Ian are known to have a great turn for trade.

Goldsmith, Seven Years' War, Ir.

irregularistt (i-reg'u-lftr-ist), n. [< irregular +
-ititT] One who is irregular, or one who favors
an irregular course or proceeding. Baxter.

irregularity (i-reg-u-lar'i-ti), n. ; pi. irregulari-
ties (-tiz). K ME. irregularite, < OF. irregu-
larite, F. irregularity = Pr. irregularitat = Sp.
irregularidad = Pg. irregularidade = It. irrego-
laritd, (. ML. irregularita(t-)s, irregularity, < ir-
regularis, irregular : see irregular.] 1. Lack of
regularity; the state of being irregular; devia-
tion from rule, method, order, course, uniform-
ity, etc.; hence, impropriety; disorder; laxity:
as, irregularity of proceedings; the irregularity
of a curve ; irregularity of life or conduct.

As these vast heaps of mountains are thrown together
with so much irregularity and confusion, they form a great
variety of hollow bottoms. Additon, Travels In Italy.

2. That which is irregular or out of due course ; a
part exhibiting divergence from the rest; hence,
aberrant or immoral action or conduct: as, an
irregularity on a surface ; to be guilty of irregu-
larities.

The ill methods of schools and colleges give the chief
rise to the irregularities of the gentry.

Bp. Buniet, Hist. Own Times, Conclusion.

Grandcourt had always allowed Lush to know his exter-
nal affairs indiscriminately — irregularities, debts, want of
ready money. George Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xlvlii.

3. In law, an act or proceeding not wholly be-
yond the power of the court or party, but done
m a manner not warranted by the law or the
state of the cause. — 4. In bot., want of uni-
formity in size, shape, or measure of union
among the members of the same floral circle. —
5. Eccles., in the Bom. Cath. t'h., infraction of
the rules governing admission to the clerical
office and discharge of its functions ; a canoni-
cal impediment to reception of orders, exer-
cise of clerical functions, or advancement in
the church . Irregularities are classed as (1) Ex defectu,
from defects of mind, body, birth, age, liberty, the sacra-
ment (that is, of marriage, including previous digamy,
etc.), lenity (involved In previous military service, homi-
cide, etc.), and reputation (from notorious crime, judicial
sentence, etc.) ; and (2) Ex delicto, from reception of hereti-
cal baptism or ordination, heresy, murder, etc. The term
is used also in the Church of England, In which persons
unable to pass their examinations, those with serious
physical defects, under canonical age, notorious offenders,
etc., are accounted irregular.

irregularly (i-reg'u-lar-li), adv. In an irregu-
lar manner; without rule, method, or order.

irregulatet (i-reg'u-lat), v. t. [< in-3 + regulate.}
To make irregular; disorder.

Its fluctuations are but motions subservient; which
windes, stormes, shores, shelves, and every interjacency
irregulatet. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 17.

irreguloust (i-reg'u-lus), a. [< L. in- priv. +
regula, rule : see regular.] Lawless; irregular;
licentious.

Thou,

Conspir'd with that irreguloui devil, Cloten,
Hast here cut off my lord.

Shale., Cymbeline, iv. 2, 315.

irrejectablet (ir-e-jek'ta-bl), a. [< in-3 + re-
jectable.] Incapable of being rejected.

The former [Calvlnists] affirming grace to be irresistibly
presented; the latter (Armlnlansl deny it to be irrejecta-
ofe. Boyle, Works, I. 278.

irrelapsablet (ir-e-lap'sa-bl), a. [< in-3 + rc-

lapsaole.] Not liable to lapse or relapse. Dr.

H. More.
irrelate (ir-e-laf), a. [< L. in- priv. -f- rclatus.

related: see refafe.] Unrelated; irrelative. I>>

Quinery.
irrelated (ir-e-la'ted), a. [< in-3 + related.]

Unrelated. [Rare.]
The only reals for him [Hume) were certain irrelated

sensations, and out of these knowledge arises or becomes.

Mind, X LI. .'(.

irrelation (ir-e-la'shon), n. [< iw-3 + relation.}
The state or quality of being irrelative ; want
of relation or connection.

The utter irrelafinn, in both cases, of the audience to
the scene . . . threw upon each a ridicule not to be ef-
faced. De Quinrey, Autobiog. Sketches, 1. 190.

irrelative (i-rel'a-tiv), a. and-n. [< i«-3 -(- rein-
tire.} I. a. 1. "Not relative; without mutual
relations; unconnected. Boyle, Works, III. 23.

irrelative

2. In music, not having tones in common; not
connected or related : as, irrelative chords, keys,
etc. (that is, chords, keys, etc., that have few
or no tones in common).

II. «. That which is not relative or connected.

This same mental necessity is involved in the general
inability we find of construing positively to thought any
irrelative. Sir W. Hamilton.

irrelatively (i-rel'a-tiv-li), adv. In an irrela-
tive manner; without relation; unconnectedly.
Boyle, Works, II. 276.

irrelevance (i-rel'f-vans), n. [< irrelevant)
+ -ce.] Same as irrelevancy.

irrelevancy (i-rel'e-van-si), n. [< irrelevant)
+ -cy.] The quality of being irrelevant or
inapplicable; want of pertinence or connec-
tion.

I was unwilling to enlarge on the irrelevancy oJ his ar-
guments. T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney.

irrelevant (i-rel'e-vant), a. [= OF. irrelevant;
as in-3 + relevant.] 1. Not relevant; not hav-
ing relation ; not applicable or pertinent.

Daily occurrences among ourselves prove that the de-
sire to do something in presence of an emergency leads
to the most irrelevant actions.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., App. A.

To concentrate the mind is to fix it persistently on an
object or group of objects, resolutely excluding from the
mental view all irrelevant objects.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 99.

2. In law, having no legitimate bearing on the
real question. See immaterial, incompetent, rel-
evant— Fallacy of irrelevant conclusion. See fal-
lacies in things (3), under fallacy.

irrelevantly (i-rel'e-vant-li), adv. In an irrel-
evant manner.

irrelievable (ir-e-le'va-bl), a. [< j«-3 + reliev-
able.] Not relievable ; not admitting relief .

irreligion (ir-e-lij'on), n. [= F. irreligion =
Sp. irreligion == Pg" irreligiao = It. irreligione, <
LL. irreligio(n-), inreligio(n-), unconscientious-
ness, irreiigion, < L. in- priv. + religio(n-), re-
ligion: see religion.'] Lack of religion; con-
tempt of religion ; impiety.

The two grand relations that concern society are gov-
ernment and subjection: irreligion doth indispose men
for both these. Bp. Wilkins, Natural Religion, ii. 1.

irreligionist (ir-e-lij'on-ist), n. [< irreligion +
-ist.~\ One who contemns or opposes religion.

irreligiosityt, n. [ME. irreligiosite, irreligiosi-
tee, < OF. irreligiosite, F. irreligiosite = It. ir-
rcligiosita; as irreligious + -ity.] Irreligious-
ness; irreligion.

The whiche [the Lord] vnto wrathe is stirid vpon his folc,
for ther irreligiosite. Wyclif, 3 Esd. i. 62 (Oxf.).

irreligious (ir-e-lij'us), a. [= F. irreligieux —
Sp. Pg. It. ir religiose, < LL. irreligiosus, inreli-
giosus, irreligious, < L. in- priv. + religiosus,
religious: see religious.] 1. Not religious ; with-
out religious principles; contemning religion;
impious; ungodly.

It seldome or neuer chaunceth that any man is so ir-
religious that he dareth eyther hide any thyng that is so
taken, or pilfer any thing away that is so pyled.

Golding, tr. of Csesar, fol. 158.

Shame and reproach is generally the portion of the im-
pious and irreligious. South, Sermons.

2. Profane; wicked: as, irreligious conduct.

With our contentions their irreligious humour also is
much strengthened. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 2.

Might not the queen's domesticks be obliged to avoid
swearing, and irreligious profane discourse? Swift.

=Syn. Irreligious, Godless, Ungodly, Unrighteous, Impi-
ous, Profane, Atheistic, are words expressing the position
or conduct of those who deny the existence of a God or
refuse to obey his commandments. Irreligious means
destitute of religion as a principle, contemning religion
and not checked by its restraints ; godless, acknowledging
no God, disregarding God and therefore hia command-
ments, sinful, wicked; ungodly, essentially the same as
godless, but stronger as to both feeling and action ; un-
righteous, disregarding right, contrary to right and by
implication (right being with this word viewed chiefly
as the personal will of God) not only wrong or unjust, but
sinful; impious, irreverent or contemptuous toward God,
defiant or wanton in irreligion ; profane, impious by word
or deed, irreverent or blasphemous ; atheistic, holding the
doctrine of the non-existence of a God (applied, on account
of the natural tendency of men to deny the existence of a
God where their spirit or manner of life is condemned by
the teachings of the Christian religion, to whatever would
be thus condemned or whoever thus denies). See athe-
ous, 2.

irreligiously (ir-e-lij'us-li), adv. In an irreli-
gious manner; with impiety; wickedly.

Perhaps no less dangerous to perform holy duties ir-
religiously than to receive holy signs or sacraments un-
worthily. Milton, Civil Power.

irreligiousness (ir-e-lij'us-nes), n. The state
or quality of being irreligious ; want of religious
principles or practice ; ungodliness.

If we consult the histories of former times, we shall find
that saying of Solomon constantly verified, That righteous-

3188

ness doth exalt a nation, but sin doth prove a reproach to
it. And more especially the sin of irrcli.</WH.mexx and pro-
phaneness. Bp. Wilkins, Natural Religion, ii. 6.

irremeable (i-rem'e-a-bl), a. [= OF. irreme-
able = Pg. irremeavei' = It. irremeabile, < L. ir-
remeabilis, inremcabilis, from which one cannot
come back, < in- priv. + rcmeabilis, that comes
back, < remeare, come back, < re-, back? + meare,
go, come: see meatus.] Not admitting of re-
turn; not retraceable. [Bare.]

My three brave brothers in one mournful day
All trod the dark, irremeable way.

Pope, Iliad, xix. 312.

irremediable (ir-e-me'di-a-bl), a. [= F. irre-
mediable = Sp. irremediable = Pg. irremediavel
= It. irremediabile, < L. irremediabilis, inreme-
diabilis, incurable, < in- priv. + remediabilis,
curable: see remediable.] Not remediable ; be-
yond remedy; incapable of being cured, cor-
rected, or redressed: as, an irremediable dis-
ease ; irremediable evil.

They had also annexed vnto them, perpetuall transgres-

syon afore God, though not alwayes afore men, theyr

knottes beynge indyssoluble, & their snares irremedyable.

Bp. Bale, Apology, fol. 162.

Now that it is over and irremediable, I am thinking
with a sort of horror of a bad joke in the last number of
Vanity Fair. Thackeray, Letters, 1847-1855, p. 23.

= Syn. Incurable, remediless, irretrievable, irreparable.
irremediableness (ir-e-me'di-a-bl-nes), n. The
state or quality of being irremediable.

The first notice my soul hath of her sickness is irrecov-
erableness, irremediableness. Donne, Devotions, p. 13.

irremediably (ir-e-me'di-a-bli), adv. In an ir-
remediable manner ; in a manner or degree that
precludes remedy or correction.

There is a worse mischief then this, . . . which like the
pestilence destroys in the dark, and grows into inconve-
nience more insensibly and more irremediably.

Jer. Taylor, Liberty of Prophesying, viii.

irremissible (ir-e-mis'i-bl), a. [= F. irremissi-
ble = Sp. irremisible = Pg. irremissivel = It. ir-
remissibile, inremissibile, < LL. irremissibilis, in-
remissibilis, unpardonable, < in- priv. + remis-
sibilis, pardonable : see remissible.] Not remis-
sible ; not capable of being remitted ; unpar-
donable : as, an irremissible sin.

If some offences be foul, others are horrible, and some
others irremissible. Bp. Hall, Satan's Fiery Darts, i.

irremissibleness (ir-e-mis'i-bl-nes), ». The
quality of being irremissible or unpardonable.
Hammond, Works, I. 467.

irremissibly (ir-e-mis'i-bli), adv. In an irre-
missible or unpardonable manner.

irremission (ir-e-mish'on), n. [= Sp. irre-
mision ; as in-3 + remission.] The act of refus-
ing or delaying to remit or pardon; the act of
withholding remission or pardon.

It is " It shall not be forgiven ; " it is not " It cannot be
forgiven." It is an irremission; it is not an irremissible-
ness. Donne.

irremissive (ir-e-mis'iv), a. [< in-3 + remis-
sive.] Not remissive or remitting.

irremittable (ir-e-mit'a-bl), a. [< in-3 + re-
mittable.] Not remittable; irremissible; un-
pardonable.

He [Cockburne] writ also De vulgari same scriptures
phrasi, lib. ii. Whereof the first doth intreat of the sinne
against the Holie Ghost, which they call irremittable or
vnto death. Holinshed, Scotland, an. 1569.

irremovability (ir-e-mo-va-bil'i-ti), ». [Also
irremoveability ; < irremovable: see -bility.] The
quality or state of being irremovable.

irremovable (ir-e-mo'va-bl), a. [Formerly also
irremoveable ; < t»-3 + removable. Cf. Sp. irre-
movible = Pg. irremovivel = It. irremovibile.] 1.
Not removable ; not to be removed ; not ca-
pable of or subject to removal ; firmly fixed ;
stable.

Of constant devotion and irremoveable pietie to his
Prince. Holland, tr. of Suetonius, p. 231.

The provision making the Supreme Commissioners . .
irremovable for four years was consistent with the general
rule ol Indian appointments.

Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xv.

2f. Inflexible; unyielding; immovable.

He's irremoveable,
Resolved for flight. Shak., W. T. , iv. 4, 518.

irremovableness (ir-e-mo'va-bl-nes), ». Irre-
movability.

irremovably (ir-e-mo'va-bli), adv. In an ir-
removable manner; so as not to admit of re-
moval; fixedly; inflexibly.

Firmly and irremovably fixed to the profession of the
true Protestant religion.

Evelyn, Misc., News from Brussels.
irremoval (ir-e-mo'val), n. [< in-3 + removal.]
Absence of removal; the state of being not re-
moved. [Bare.]

irreprehensibleness

irremunerablet (ir-f-mu'ne-ra-bl), a. [= OF.
irremunerable = Sp. irremutierablc = It. irrc-
munerabile, inremunerabile, < LL. irremunera-
bilis, inremunerabilis, < L. in- priv. + "remu-
nerabilis, remunerable : see remunerable.] Not
remunerable; incapable of being rewarded.
Cockeram.

irrenownedt (ir-e-nound'), a. [Formerly irre-
nowmed; < ire-3 + renowned.] Unrenowned;
without renown ; of no repute ; obscure.

To slug in slouth and sensuall delights,
And end their dales with irrenomned shame.

Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 23.

irreparability (i-rep"a-ra-biri-ti), n. [= F. ir-
rcparabilite = Sp. irreparabilidad = Pg. irre-
parabilidade; as irreparable + -ity : see -bility.]
The quality or state of being irreparable, or be-
yond repair or recovery.

The poor fellow came back quite out of breath, with
deeper marks of disappointment in his looks than could
arise from the simple irreparability of the fragment.

Sterne, Sentimental Journey, The Fragment and the

[Bouquet.

irreparable (i-rep'a-ra-bl), a. [= F. irrepara-
ble = Pr. Sp. irreparable = Pg. irreparavel = It.
irreparabile, inreparabile, < L. irreparabilis, in-
reparabilis, not to be repaired or recovered, <
in- priv. + reparabilis, that may be repaired :
see reparable.] Not reparable; incapable of
being repaired, rectified, or restored; that can-
not be made right or good.

Then be ye sewer of a soden irreparable miserable de-
struction. Joye, Expos, of Daniel, x.

The only loss irreparable is that of our probity.

Garth, Pref. to Trans, of Ovid.

Irreparable injury, in law, an injury which, though not
necessarily beyond repair or compensation, is so grave,
or so continuing in character, or productive of damage so
difficult of estimation, as to constitute a grievance for
which the right to recover damages does not afford rea-
sonable redress. = Syn. See list under irremediable.

irreparableness (i-rep'a-ra-bl-nes), ». The
state of being irreparable.

irreparably (i-rep'a-ra-bli), adv. In an irrep-
arable manner; irretrievably; irrecoverably:
as, irreparably lost.

irrepassablet (ir-e-pas'a-bl), a. [< OF. irrepas-
sable; as in-s + repassable.] Not repassable;
that cannot be recrossed or passed again.

He had past already (miserable)
Of Styx so black the flood irrepassable.

Hudson, tr. of Du Bartas's Judith, vi. 250.

irrepealability (ir-e-pe-la-bil'i-ti), n. [< irre-

pealable: see -bility'.] The quality of being ir-

repealable.
irrepealable (ir-e-pe'la-bl), a. [< in-S + re-

pealable.] Not repealable ; incapable of being

repealed or annulled.

'Tis such are the confidents that ingage their irrepeal-
able assents to every slight appearance.

GlanvUle, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xxiii.

irrepealableness (ir- e-pe'la-bl-nes), n. Irre-
pealability.

irrepealably (ir-e-pe'la-bli), adv. In an irre-
pealable manner; so as to be beyond repeal.

Excommunications and censures are irrepealably trans-
acted by them. Bp. Oauden, Hieraspistis, p. 120.

irrepentance (ir-e-pen'tans), n. [< j«-3 + re-
pentance.] Lack of repentance ; impenitence.

There are some dispositions blameworthy in men, . . .
as unchangeableness and irrepentance.

Bp. Hall, Select Thoughts, § 47.

irreplaceable (ir-e-pla'sa-bl), a. [< in-S + re-,
placeable.'] Not replaceable ; that cannot be
replaced ; not admitting of replacement or sub-
stitution.

Once or twice in a century some author may appear so
profoundly original that later times may cherish his works
as inestimable and irreplaceable.

Contemporary Rev., LIV. 373.

irrepleviable (ir-e-plev'i-a-bl), a. [< «!-» +
repleviable. Cf. ML. irreplegiaJrilis."] In law, in-
capable of being replevied.

irreplevisable (ir-e-plev'i-za-bl), a. [< in-3 +
replevisable.] Same as irrepleviable.

irreprehensible (i-rep-re-hen'si-bl), a. [= F.
irreprehensible = Sp. irreprensible = Pg. irre-
prehe>isivel = It. irreprensibile, inrepren-sibile, <
LL. irreprehensibilis, inrejjrchensibilis, unblam-
able, < L. in- priv. + LL. reprehensibilis, blam-
able: see reprehensible.] Not reprehensible;
not to be reprehended or censured; blameless.
Whose manners hath ben irrfprfihensible before the
world. Jjyly, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 132.

They were sincerely good people, who were therefore
blameless or irreprehensible.

Bp. Patrick, Ans. to the Touchstone, p. 126.

irreprehensibleness (i-rep-re-hen'si-bl-nes), n.
The quality of being irreprehensible.

irreprehensibly

irreprehensibly (i-rep-re-lien'si-bli), <utr. In
mi vreprehennDlc manner: so as to lie irrepre-
hensible; without bliiinr.

irrepresentable (i-rep-rf-«en'tf-bl). u. [< i»-;)

+ rvpresentable.] Not represent!! Me; incapa-
ble of being represented ; not admitting of rep-
resentation.

Ood'a irrfpresentable nature doth hold aKniiiHt making
imagce of (iixl. Stillinyjlcet.

irrepressible (ir-e-pres'i-bl), u. [= F. irrf-
lnTaxilili- ; as in-3 -r rtpnuible.] Not repres-
sible ; incapable of being repressed, restrained,
or k<'jit under control.

His irrepressible wrath at honour's wound!
1'aHsion and mildness irrepressible?

Browning, Ring and Book, IV. 1129.
Irrepressible conflict. See conflict.
irrepressibly (ir-e-pres'i-bh), adv. In an irre-
pressible manner or degree ; so as to preclude
repression.

irreproachable (ir-e-pro'cha-bl), a. [= F. ir-
n jinichablc = Sp. irreprochable ; as in-3 + re-
proachable.] Not reproachable ; not open to re-
proach or criticism ; free from blame.

He was a serious, sincere Christian, of an Innocent, ir-
reproachable, nay, exemplary life. Bp. Atterbury.
lie was irreproachable in his morals.

Prewott, Ferd. and Isa., U. 25.

= Syn.I''nblamable, blameless, spotles8,immaculate,fault-
less.
irreproachableness (ir-e-pro'cha-bl-nes), ».

The quality or state of being irreproachable.
irreproachably (ir-e-pro'cha-bli), adv. In an
irreproachable manner; blamelessly.
irreproducible (i-re-pro-du'si-bl), a. [< <H-» +
reproducible.] Not reproducible ; incapable of
being reproduced.

Our science is by no means the only one concerned
with phenomena which are at present to a large extent
irreproducible. I'm. Soc. Psych. Hesearch, 1. 149.

irreproductive (i-re-pro-duk'tiv), a. [= F. ir-
n jiioductif; as i«-3 + reproductire.] Not re-
productive; incapable of reproducing lire-
productive function. See function.
irreprovable (ir-e-pro'va-bl), a. [= It. irrcpro-
babile; as i«-3 + reproviible.] Not reprovable;
not liable to reproof ; blameless; unblamable.
These men he [our blessed Saviour] chose to call from
their irrepromble employment of Ashing.

1. Walton, Complete Angler, p. 48.

If among this crowd of virtues a failing crept in, we

must remember that mi apostle himself has not been t>-

repromble. Dp. Atterbury, Character of Luther.

irreprovableness (ir-e-pro'ya-bl-nes), H. The
character or state of being irreprovable.

irreproyably (ir-e-pro'va-bH), adv. So as not
to be liable to reproof or blame.

irreptiont (i-rep'shon), it. [< LL. irreptio(u-),
inreptio(n-), a creeping in, < L. irrepere, in-
repere, creep in, < in, in, + repere, creep: see
reptile.] A creeping in ; stealthy entrance, as
of a harmful influence.

By continual watchfulness ... we shall lessen the in-
clination, and account fewer sudden irreptions.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1S35), I. 211.

irreptitioust (ir-ep-tish'us), a. [< L. irreptus,
pp. of irrepere, inrepere, creep in (see irrep-
tioii),+ -itious,&8 in arreptitiouJ^, surreptitious.]
Creeping in; stealthily introduced; surrepti-
tious. ('iisteU.

irreputablet (i-rep'u-ta-bl), a. [< i»i-a + rep-
iitiible.] Not reputable ; disreputable.

Nor does he [Socrates] declare against their [the Athe-
nians'] most predominant and not irrcputable vices.

Bp. Law, Life and Character of Christ.

3189

irresistibleness (ir-e-zis'ti-bl-nes), n. The

c|ii:ilitv or state, of being irresistible: irresi^ii
bility."

For the remotenesse, violence, irremstitttenetwe of the
blow, are the enemies of the church described by the
speare and dart. /p'/< Hall, Defeat of Cruelty.

irresistibly (ir-e-zis'ti-bli), adv. In an irresist-
ible manner; so as to be irresistible.

If the doctrine of evolution had not existed, palason-
tologists must have invented it, so irresistibly Is It forced
upon the mind by the study of the remains of the Ter-
tiary mammulia which have been brought to light since
l.-.v.i. Iluiley, On " The Origin of Species."

irresistlesst (ir-e-zist'les), a. [< in-3 + resist-
le»s. The negative is erroneously duplicated,
namely. t«-3 and -lens.] Incapable of being
resisted ; irresistible. [A barbarous coinage.]

When beauty in distress appears,
Au irresigtless charm it bears.

Yalden, In Allusion to Horace, Odes, ii. 4.
Rome, that shall stretch her irresullem reign
Wherever Ceres views her golden grain.

Grainger, tr. of Tibullns's Elegies, il 5.

irresoluble (i-rez'6-lu-bl), a. [= F. irresolu-
ble = Sp. irresoluble = Pg. irresoluvel = It. »)'-
resolubile, < L. irresolubilis, inresolubilis, not to
be dissolved, < in- priv. + (LL.) resolubiliu, that
may be dissolved : see resoluble.] 1. Not res-
oluble; incapable of being resolved into ele-
ments or parts ; indissoluble.

It may be here alledged that the productions of chem-
ical analyses are simple bodies, and upon that account
t'rraoJuWe. Boyle, Works, IV. 74.

2f. Incapable of being released or relieved.

The irresoluble condition of our souls after a known sin
committed. /;/ •. Hall, Cases of Conscience, iii. 9.

irresolubleness (i-rez'6-lu-bl-nes), n. The
quality of being irresoluble; incapability of
or resistance to resolution or separation of
parts.

Quercetanus himself, though the grand stickler for the
trla prirna, has this confession of the irresolubleness of dia-
monds. Boyle, Works, I. 514.

irresolute (i-rez'o-lut), «. [= F. irresoln =
Sp. Pg. irresoluto = lt. irresolute, irrisoluto, < L.
irrcsolutus, inresolutus, not loosed, < in- priv. +
rcsolutus, loosed, resolved: see resolute.] Not
resolute or firm in purpose ; unable to form a
resolution ; wavering ; given to doubt or hesi-
tation.
A lukewarm, irresolute Man did never any thing well.

Howell, Letters, ii. 1.

The Scripture therefore alloweth not to the irresolute
and the inconstant the name of men ; they are said to be
children, tossed to and fro with every wind of doctrine.
Bp. Atterbury, Sermons, II. xxiii.

Syn. Vacillating, hesitating, undecided, unsettled, fal-
tering.

irresolutely (i-rez'o-lut-li), adv. In an irreso-
lute or wavering manner.

irresoluteness (i-rez'o-lut-nes), n. The state
of being irresolute.

irresolution (i-rez-o-lu'shon), «. [= F. irreso-
lution = Sp. irresolucion = Pg. irresoluySo = It.
irresoluzioHe ; as t«-3 + resolution, after irreso-
lute.] Lack of resolution ; lack of decision or
purpose ; vacillation.

I was weary of continual irresolution, and a perpetual
equipoise of the mind. Johnton, Rambler, No. 1)6.

=Syn. Indecision, hesitancy, wavering, faltering,
irresolvability(ir-e-zol-va-biri-ti), H. [< irre-
solvable: see -bility'.] Absence of resolvability ;
the state or quality of being irresolvable.

.,. . irresolvable (ir-e-zol'va-bl), a. [< in-3 + re-

irresilient (ir-e-sil i-ent), a. [< i«-3 + resihcnt.] 6.0fco6te.] Not resolvable ; incapable of being
Not resilient. resolved.

The irresolvable nebula: which exhibit bright lines in
all probability consist ... of glowing gas without any-
thing solid in them.

J. Crott, Climate and Cosmology, p. 808.

irresolyableness (ir-e-zol'va-bl-nes), ». lire-
solvability.

irresolved (ir-e-zolvd'), a. [< tn-S + resulted.]
Not resolved; irresolute; not settled in opin-
ion; undetermined.

Many ingenious men continue yet irresnlerd in this no-
ble controversy. Boyle, Works, III. 19».

While a person Is irresoloed, he suffers all the force of
temptation to call upon him.

StUKngJteet, Sermons, IV. xi.

irresolyedly (ir-e-zol'ved-li), adr. Without set-
tled opinion; inconclusively. [Rare.]

irresistance (ir-e-zis'tans), n. [< in-3 +
tancf.] Non-resistance; passive submission.

I'aticnce under utfiinitg and injuries, humility, irresis-
tit'icf. Paley, Evidences, II. 2.

irresistibility (ir-e-zis-ti-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. ir-
n:xifitilii/iti: = Sp. irri'xifitibilidticl = Pg. irresisti-
liiliiluilf; ;is in-1'fiintilile + -ity: sfe-l>ility.] The
quality of lieing irresistible.

With what dreadful pomp is Capaneus ushered in here !
in what bol.l colours has the Poet drawn his impetuosity
and irresistibility !

H'. L. Lewis, tr. of Statins's Thebaid, x. 1059, note.

irresistible (ir-e-zis'ti-bl), a. [= F. irresistible
= Sp. irrcxititibic = Pg. irresistirel = It. irresin-
tiliilc; us i >i-3 + resistible.] Not resistible ; in-
capable of being successfully resisted or op-
posed ; superior to resistance or repulsion.

The Gospel means of grace, powerful as they are, yet
are not, and ought not to be, irretutible.

Bp. Atterbttry, Sermons, II. xlv.

That irresistible eloquence which at the distance of more
than two thousand years stirs our blood, and brings tears
into our eyes. ilacaulay, Mitford s Hist. Onto*

Irresistible grace, see grace.

Divers of my friends have thought it strange to hear

e speak so irresolvedly concerning those things which

some take to be the elements, and others the principles, of

all mixed bodies. Boyle, Works, III. 198.

irrespective (ir-e-spek'tiv), «. [< <«-3 + re-
x/irctire.] If. Not regarding particular circum-
stances or conditions.

irretrievability

Thus did the Jew, liy persuading himself of his particu-
lar irrespective election, think It safe to run Into all sins.

Illlli

2. Regardless; not taking account; indepen-
dent: followed by of before an object: al.-n
often used adverbially, there being no noun to
which it can be directly attached : as, to do one's
duty, iri-i. "/in-tin- (//consequence*.

No abstract intellectual plan of life
Quite irrespective of life's plainest laws.

Browning, bishop Blougram's Apology.

Imipectirt qf the form of government, frequent wan
generate permanent military forces.

U. Spencer, 1'rin. of Hoclol., | 620.

3f. Not showing respect; disrespectful.

In Irreverend and irrespective, behaviour towards myself
and some of mine.

Sir C. Corntmllit, Supp. to Cabala, p. 101.

irrespectively (ir-e-spek'tiy-li), adv. Without
regard to, or not taking into account, other
matters or considerations: with of, formerly
with to.

They advance to such a state of strength as to be able

to feed on the solid meat of virtue, which is the discharge

of our duty to God and man irrespectively to humane praise.

W. Montague, Dovoute Essays, L x. | 4.

irrespirable (ir-e-spir'a-bl), a. [< LL. irrespi-
rabilis, inresftirabilis, that cannot be breathed,
< L. in- pnv. + "respirabilis, that may be
breathed: see respirable.] Not respirable ; un-
fit for respiration: as, an irrespirable atmo-
sphere.

irresponsibility (ir-e-spon-si-bil'i-ti), «. [= F.
irresponsabiUte ; as irresponsible + -ity : see
-bility.] The character or state of being irre-
sponsible; lack of or freedom from responsi-
bility.

The demands of society and the worry of servants so

draw upon the nervous energy nf women that they are glad

to escape occasionally to the irresponsibility of hotel life.

C. D. Warner, Their Pilgrimage, p. 7.

irresponsible (ir-e-spon'si-bl), a. [= F. trre-
sponyable; as in-3 + responsible.] 1. Not re-
sponsible; not subject to responsibility ; not to
be held accountable, or called into question :
as, an irresponsible government; the irresponsi-
ble control of wealth.

That no unbridled potentate or tyrant, hut to his sorrow
for the future, may presume such high and irresponsible
licence over mankind, to havoc and turn upside-down whole
kingdoms of men, as though they were no more in respect
of his perverse will than a nation of pismires.

Million, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.
They left the crown what, In the eye and estimation of
law, it had ever been, perfectly irrespttnsibte.

Burke, Rev. in France.

2. Not capable of or chargeable with responsi-
bility; unable to respond to obligation, as an
insolvent debtor; not subject to or incurring
legal responsibility, as an infant or idiot for
his acts; not of a responsible nature or charac-
ter.

irresponsibly (ir-e-spon'si-bli), uilr. In an ir-
responsible manner ; so as to be irresponsible.

irresponsive (ir-e-spon'siv), a. [< iii-S + re-
upontrire.] Not responsive; unanswering.

irresponsiyeness (ir-e-spon'siv-nes), n. The
state of being irresponsive, or unable or unwill-
ing to answer.

Insensibility to pain, though usual, is liable tostili more
frequent exceptions, as also Is the irresunnsinenest to the
address of persons other than the operator.

E. Gurney, Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, II. 65.

irrestrainable (ir-e-stra'na-bl), «. [< «»-s +
restrainable.] Not restraiiiable ; incapable of
being restrained or held in check. Prynnr,
Treachery and Disloyalty, p. 91.

irresusdtable (ir-e-sus'i-ta-bl), a. [< t;i-3 +
resuscitable.] Incapable oif being resuscitated
or revived.

irresuscitably (ir-e-sus'i-ta-bli), adr. So as
not to be resuscitated.

The inner man . . . sleeps now irresuscitably at the
bottom of his stomach. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, ii. 2.

irretention (ir-e-ten'shon), ». [< in-8 + reten-
fiiin.] Absence of retention ; the state or qual-
ity of being irretentive ; want of power to re-
tain.

From irretention of memory* he [Kant] could not recol-
lect the letters which composed his name.

De Quineey, Last Days of Kant.

irretentive (ir-e-ten'tiv), a. [< «»-3 + ri-tui-
tive.] Not retentive or apt to retain.

His imagination irregular and wild, his memory weak
and irretentive. Stelton, Deism Revealed, IT.

irretraceable (ir-e-tra'sa-bl), a. [< in-S + re-

Inii'iiilili.} Not retraceable.
irretrievability (ir-e-tre-va-bil'i-ti), n. [< ir-
retrievable : see -bility.] The state or condition

irretrievability

dl' hoing irretrievable ; incapability of recovery
or reparation.

Pathetically shadowing out the fatal irretrievabUity of
early errors in life. De Quincey, Secret Societies, ii.

irretrievable (ir-e-tre'va-bl), a. [< in-3 + re-
t rit ruble.] Not retrievable ; irrecoverable; ir-
reparable : as, an irretrievable loss.
The condition of Gloriana, I am afraid, is irretrievable.

Spectator, No. 423.
= Syn. See list under irremediable.

irretrievableness (ir-e-tre'va-bl-nes), «. The
state of beiug irretrievable.

irretrievably (ir-e-tre'va-bli), adv. Irrepara-
bly; irrecoverably.

irretiirnable (ir-e-ter'na-bl), «. [< in-s + re-
turnable.] Not returnable; incapable of re-
turning or of being returned.

Forth irreturnable flieth the spoken word.

Mir. for Mags., p. 429.

irrevealable (ir-e-ve'la-bl), a. [< i«-3 + re-
vealable.] Not revealable ; incapable of being
revealed.

irrevealably (ir-e-ve'la-bli), adv. So as not to
be revealed.

irreverence (i-rev'e-rens), n. [< ME. irrever-
ence, < OF. irreverence ", F. irreverence = Pr. Sp.
Pg. irreverencia = It. irreverenza, irriverenza, in-
reverenza, < L. irreverentia, inreverentia, irrev-
erence, < irreveren(t-)s, inreveren(t-)s, irrever-
ent: see irreverent.] The quality of being ir-
reverent ; lack of reverence or veneration; lack
of due regard to the authority and character of
a superior or an elder ; a manifestation of ir-
reverent feeling.

Irreverence is whan men doon not honour ther as hem
oughte to doou. Chaucer, Parson's Tale.

Others affirm (if it be not irreverence to record their
opinion) that even in wit he [Virgil] seems deficient by
many omissions.

Davenant, Oondibert, Pref., To Mr. Hobbes.

Not the slightest irreverence was intended in these
miracle-plays, which were only dramatic performances
tolerated by the mediaeval Church.

J. Finke, Idea of God, p. 115.

=Syn. Disrespect, incivility, discourtesy, rudeness (all
toward elders or superiors).

irreverend (i-rev'e-rend), a. [< <«-8 + reverend.
Indef. 2 an erroneous form (simulating reverend)
of irreverent.] 1. Not reverend; unworthy of
reverence; devoid of dignity or respectability:
as, the irreverend old age of a miser. — 2f. Ir-
reverent.

If any man use immodest speech, or irreverend gesture
or behaviour, or otherwise be suspected in life, he is like-
wise admonished, as before. Strype, Abp. Grindal, App. ii.

irreverent (i-rev'e-rent), a. [< OF. irreverent,
F. irreverent = Sp. Pg. irreverente = It. irreve-
rente, irriverente, inreverente, < L. irreveren(t-)s,
inreveren(t-)s, not reverent, < in- priv. + reve-
ren(t-)s, reverent: see reverent.] Not reverent;
manifesting or characterized by irreverence ;
deficient in veneration or respect : as, to be ir-
reverent toward one's superiors or elders; an
irreverent expression.

There are not so eloquent books in the world as the
Scriptures; neither should a man come to any kind of han-
dling of them with uncircumcised lips, as Moses speaks, or
with an extemporal and irreverent, or over-homely and vul-
gar language. Donne, Sermons, v.

Sir Gawain — nay,

Brother, I need not tell thee foolish words —
A reckless and irreverent knight was he.

Tennyson, Holy Grail.

I hope it will not be irreverent for me to say that if it is
probable that God would reveal his will to others, on a
point so connected with my duty, it might be supposed he
would reveal it directly to me.

Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 212.

irreverential (i-rev-e-ren'shal), a. [= ML. ir-
reverentialis (rare); as in-3 -$- reverential.] Per-
taining to or marked by irreverence. [Bare.]
Irreverential pleasure. George Eliot, Essays.

irreverently (i-rey'e-rent-li), adv. In an irrev-
erent manner; without reverence.

Who can with patience hear this filthy, rascally fool
speak so irreverently of persons eminent both in greatness
and piety? Miltan, Defence of the People of England.

irreversibility (ir-e-ver-si-bil'i-ti), «. [< irre-
versible: see -bittty.] The quality or condition
of being irreversible ; incapability of reversal
or inversion.

irreversible (ir-e-ver'si-bl), a. [< in-S + rever-
sible.] 1. Not reversible; incapable of being
reversed or inverted.— 2. Not to be recalled or
annulled.

An uncertain sentence which must stand eternally irre-
versible, be it good or bad.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1836), I. 333.
This rejection of the Jews, as it is not universal, so neither
is it final and irreversible.

Jortin, Remarks on Eccles. Hist.

3190

irreversibleness (ir-e-ver'si-bl-ues), «. The
state or quality of being irreversible ; irrever-
sibility.

irreversibly (ir-e-ver'si-bli), adr. In an irre-
versible manner; so as not to be reversed or
annulled. t

irrevocability (i-rev"o-ka-biri-ti), n. [= F.
im'-voctibilite = Sp. irre'vocabilidad = Pg. irrevo-
cabilidade = It. irrevocabilita ; as irrevocable +
-ity: see-bility.] The state of being irre vocable.

irrevocable (i-rev'o-ka-bl), a. [= F. irrevoca-
ble = Sp. irrevocable = Pg. irrevocavcl = It. ir-
revoeabile, inrcvocabile, < L. irrevocabilis, inrevo-
cabilis, that cannot be called back, < in- priv.
+ revocabilis, that can be called back : see revo-
cable.] Not revocable; not to be revoked or
recalled ; that cannot be repealed or annulled:
as, an irrevocable decree.

Firm and irrevocable is my doom

Which I have pass'd upon her ; she is banish'd.

Shak., As you Like it, i. 3, 85.

irrevocableness (i-rev'o-ka-bl-nes), n. Irrevo-
cability.

irrevocably (i-rev'o-ka-bli), adv. In an irrevo-
cable manner; beyonS recall ; so as to preclude
recall or repeal.

irrevolublet (i-rev'o-lu-bl), a. [< in-3 + revo-
luble.] Not revoluble; having no revolution.

Progressing the datelesse and irremluble circle of eter-
nity. Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii.

irrhetorical (ir-e-tor'i-kal), a. [< in-3 + rhe-
torical.] Not rhetorical; iinpersuasive. [Rare.]
irrigable (ir'i-ga-bl), a. [< L. as if "irrigabilis,

< irrigare, irrigate: see irrigate.] Capable of
being irrigated ; that may be made productive
by irrigation.

The question of irrigating the arid but irriffaNe portion
of our public domain is destined to become a leading one.

Science, IV. 158.

irrigate (ir'i-gat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. irrigated,
ppr. irrigating. [< L. irrigatus, inrigatus, pp.
of irrigare, inrigare (> It. irrigare = F. irri-
guer), bring water to or upon, wet, irrigate, <
in, upon, + rigare, water, wet, moisten, akin
to E. rain1, q. v.] 1. To pass a liquid over or
through; moisten by a flow of water or other
liquid.

Lister for some years irrigated a wound with carbolic
lotion during the operation, and at the dressings when it
was exposed. Encyc. Brit., XXII. 679.

Specifically — 2. To water, as land, by causing
a stream or streams to be distributed over it.
See irrigation.

irrigation (ir-i-ga'shon), ». [= F. irrigation
= Pr. irrigacio = Pg. irrigngSo = It. irriga-
sionc,(ii. irrigatio(n-), inrigatio(n-), a watering,

< irrigare, inrigare, irrigate : see irrigate.] The
act of watering or moistening; the covering of
anything with water or other liquid for the
purpose of making or keeping it moist, as in
local medical treatment ; especially, the dis-
tribution of water over the surface of land to
promote the growth of plants. The irrigation of
land is often artificially effected by elaborate and costly
means, consisting of machinery for raising the water from
streams or reservoirs, and ditches through which to dis-
tribute it ; and many regions depend upon such artificial
irrigation for their productiveness.

By irrigation is meant the application of the waters of a
running stream by a riparian proprietor in the cultivation
of his land by artificial means, and not the overflowing of
its natural banks by periodical or extraordinary freshets
or swellings of the stream beyond the customary quantity
flowing therein. Washburn, Eas. and Serv. (3d ed.), p. 308.

Bedwork irrigation, a method of irrigation especially
applicable to level ground, in which the earth is thrown
into beds or ridges.— Upward irrigation, a method of
irrigation in which the water rises upward through the
soil, instead of being carried off through drains, as in the
ordinary circumstances.

irrigator (ir'i-ga-tor), w. [< irrigate + -or.]
One who or that which irrigates ; specifically,
an apparatus, such as a fountain-syringe, for
washing a wound or a diseased surface, or a sur-
face to be disinfected.

irrigUOUS (i-rig'u-us), a. [= It. irriguo, < L.
irriguug, inriguns, supplied with water, < in, in,
upon, + riguus, watered, < rigare, water; cf. ir-
rigate.] 1. Watered; watery; moist.

Like Gideon's fleece, irriguous with a dew from heaven,
when much of the vicinage is dry.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 610.
With ale irriyuous, undismay'd I hear
The frequent dun ascend my lofty dome
Importunate. Warton, Oxford Ale, p. 127.

2. Of such a nature as to irrigate; affording
irrigation.

Rash Elpenor, who in evil hour
Dry'd an immeasurable bowl, and thought
To exhale his surfeit by irriyumw sleep.

J. Philips, Cider, ii.
[Obsolete or archaic in both uses.]

irritable

irrisible(i-riz'i-bl),rt. [< in-3 + risible.] Not risi-
ble; incapable of laughter. Campbell. [Bare.]

irrision (i-rizh'on), «. [= F. irrision = Sp.
irrision = Pg. irrisao = It. irrisioite, inrisionc,

< L. irrisio(H-), inrifio(n-\ a mocking, deriding,

< irridere, iiiriilerc, laugh at, mock, deride, <
in, in, on, to, + ridcre, laugh; cf. derision.]
The act of sneering or laughing derisively;
mockery; derision. [Obsolete or archaic.]

Then he againe, by way of irrigion. Ye say very true in-
deed — That will ye, quoth llee, when a mule shall bring
foorth a fole. Holland, tr. of Suetonius, p. 212.

To abstain from doing all affronts, . . . and mockings
of our neighbour, not giving him appellatives of scorn or
irrision. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 197.

Irrisor (i-ri'sor), ». [NL., < L. irrisor, inrisar,
a derider, mocker, scoffer, < irridere, inridere,
laugh at: see irrision.] 1. The leading and
name-giving genus of birds of the family Irri-
soridie, founded by Lesson in 1831. I. erythrn-
rhynchui, the best-known species, is glossy-blackish, with

Wood-hoopoe {Irrisor erytkrorhynchits}.

coralline bill and feet, and the lateral tail-feathers white-
tipped. Irriior (Scoptelui) aterrimus and Irrisor (Rhino-
pomastes) cyanamelas are other examples.
2. [/. c.] Any bird of the genus Irrisor or fam-
ily Irriswidai: as, the black irrisor; the Narna-
qua irrisor.

Irrisoridae (ir-i-sor'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 7m-
sor + -id(C.] An African family of picarian
birds, related to the Upupidw, having a long,
slender, curved bill, as in that family, but
the tail long and graduated, the head crest-
less, and the plumage glossy; the irrisors or
wood-hoopoes. These birds are of arboreal and scan-
sorial habits, though not yoke-toed ; they are restless and
noisy, and emit an offensive odor. There are 6 or 8 well-
determined species, of the genera Irrisor, Scoptelus, p.nd
Ithinopomaates. See cut under Irrisor.

irrisory (i-ri'so-ri), a. [= Sp. Pg. It. irrisorio,
< LL. irrisorius, inrisorius, mocking, < irrisor,
iiirisor, a mocker: see Irrisor.] Addicted to
laughing derisively or sneering at others.

I wish that, even there, you had been less irrisory, less
of a pleader. Landor.

irritability (ir'i-ta-bil'i-ti), «. [= F. irrita-
bilite = Sp. irritabllidad — Pg. irritabilidade =
It. irritabilitd, < L. irritabilita(t-)s, inritabili-
tu(t-)s, irritability, < irritabilis, inritabilin, ir-
ritable: see irritable.] 1. The quality of being
irritable; an irritable state or condition of the
mind ; proueness to mental irritation ; irasci-
bility ; petulance : as, irritability of temper.

Towards Phoabe, as we have said, she was affectionate,
. . . yet with a continually recurring pettishness and irri-
tability. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, vii.

2. In physiol., the property of nerve, muscle,
or other active tissue of reacting upon stimuli ;
in muscles, specifically, the property of con-
tracting when stimulated.

The irritability of the nerves and muscles is permanent-
ly maintained only so long as both are acted upon in their
natural positions by the circulating blood.

Lotze, Slicrocosmus (trans.), I. 106.

3. In bot., that endowment of a vegetable organ-
ism by virtue of which a motion takes place in
it in respon se to an extern al stimulus. Such motion
may be obvious in a special organ and sudden, as in the
sensitive-plant and Venus's ny-trap, or slow, as in the coil-
ing of a tendril ; or it may be internal in the protoplasm,
of which while living irritability is a fundamental proper-
ty, and from which, indeed, the outward motion proceeds.
"The external stimulus may be mechanical, simply the
contact of a foreign body, or electrical, or chemical ; a
sudden change from light to darkness, or a variation in
the intensity of the illumination, sometimes acts as a stim-
ulus." (Vines, Physiology of Plants, p. 301.) Irritability
is nearly the same as sensitiveness. See sensitive-plant,
protvptastn.

irritable (ir'i-ta-bl), a. [= F. irritable = Sp.
irritable = Pg. irritavel = It. irritabile, < L. irri-
tabilis, inritabilis, easily excited, < irritare, inri-
tare, excite: see irritate1.] 1. Susceptible to
mental irritation ; liable to the excitement of
auger or passion ; irascible ; petulant.

Some minds corrode and grow inactive under the loss
of personal liberty ; others grow morbid and irritable.

Irvimj, Sketch-Book, p. 108.

irritable

2. Susceptible to physical irritation; capable of
being stimulated to net ion by external agency;
liable to contract, shrink, become inflamed,
etc., when excited or stimulated: as, irritnlili
nerves; an irritahli; woiiml. — 3. Siiccilienlly,
in i>hyxii>l. ami /////.. possessing the property of
irritability.

Strictly spi'iikiint, tin- glands ounht to In- called irrita-
ble, as Hi'- ten 11 ><• i i-iti\ '•'„''•" n ;ill\ implies consciousness;
lint no one SUPIMJSOH that tho sensitive plant is conscious.
Daru-in, Insectiv. Plants, p. 19.

4. Responding quickly to .a stimulus ; sensi-
tive; impressible.

One cnnnot help having an irritable brain, which rides
an idea to the moon anil homo uKain, without stirrups,
whilst some folks are getting the harness of words on to
its back. ./. //. h'lring, Dandelion Clocks.

Our modern nerves, our irritaMe sympathies, our easy
discomforts and fears, make one think (in some relations)
less respectfully of human nature.

//. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 2».

= Syn. 1. Passionate, etc. (see irascible)', fretful, peevish.

irritableness (ir'i-ta-bl-nes), n. The quality
or state of being irritable ; irritability.

irritably (ir'i-ta-bli), titlr. In an irritable man-
ner; go as to cause or manifest irritation.

irritamentt (ir'i-ta-ment), n. [= OF. irrite-
ineiit — Hp. irritainirnto = Pg. irritamento = It.
irritamento, inritamento, < L. irritamentitm, in-
ritamentitm, an incitement, provocative, < irri-
tare, inri tare, incite: see irritate1.] An irritat-
ing cause or irritant; a provocative; an incen-
tive.

Irregular dispensations . . . are . . . the perilous irri-
tatnents of carnal and spiritual enmity.

N. Ward, quoted in Tyler's Amer. Lit., I. 2S3.

irritancy1 (ir'i-tan-si), n. [< irritan(t)1 + -«y-]
The state of being irritant or of exciting irri-
tation ; the quality of irritating.

irritancy2 (ir'i-tan-si), n. [< irr<taH(<)2 + -?!!•}
In ticoty law, the state of being irritant or of no
force, or of being null and void. Imp. Diet.

irritant1 (ir'i-tant), a. and n. [= P. irritant =
Sp. Pg. It. irritante, < L. irritan(<-)s, inritan(t-)n,
ppr. of irritare, inritare, excite : see irritate*-.}

1. a. Irritating; exasperating; specifically .pro-
ducing pain, neat, or tension; causing inflam-
mation: as, an irritant poison.

H. n. That which irritates or exasperates;
specifically, a therapeutic agent that causes
pain, heat, or tension, or a poison that produces
inflammation.

Many of the Ranunculacetc are irritant poisons. . . .
Clematis is one of the best known irritants of this class.
Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom.

irritant2 (ir'i-tant), a. [< LL. irritan(t-)s, in-
ritan(t-)g, ppr. of irritare, inritare, make void,
invalidate: see irritate2.] Rendering null and
void. [Rare.]

The states elected Henry, duke of Anjou, for their king,
with this clause irritant: that If he did violate any part
of his oath, the people should owe him no allegiance.

Sir J. Hayicard, Ans. to Doleman, v.
Irritant Clause, in Scot* law, a clause in a deed declaring
void specified acts if done by the party holding under the
deed.

irritate1 (ir'i-tat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. irritated,
ppr. irritating. [< L. irritatus, inritatus, pp. of
irritare, inritare (> It. irritare = Sp. Pg. irri-
tar = P. irriter, > E. irrite1), excite, irritate,
incite, stimulate.] 1. To excite to resentment
or anger; annoy; vex; exasperate: as, to be
irritated by an officious or a tedious person.

Not to molest, or irritate, or raise

A laugh at his expense, is slender praise.

Ctnoper, Retirement, 1. 818.

2. To excite to automatic action by external
agency, as organic tissue ; produce motion, con-
traction, or inflammation in by stimulation : as,
to irritate the skin by chafing or the nerves by
teasing.

When a nerve is irritated not far from its termination
in a muscle, the effect is but small.

B. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 19.

3f. To give greater force or energy to; excite.

Cold inaketh the spirits vigorous, and irritateth them.

Bacon.
Music too,

By Spartans lov'd, is temper'd by the law ;
still tii her plan subservient melt* in notes,
Which cool iind soothe, not irritate and warm.

Olotxr, Leonidas, ii.

= Syn. 1. Provoke, J license, etc. (see exasperate); fret,
chafe, nettle, sting, annoy, gall, inflame, excite, anger, en-
rage.

irritate^ (ir'i-tiit), a. [< L. irritatus, pp.: see

(lie verb.] Excited; exasperated; intensified.

The heat becomes more violent and irritate, and thereby

expelleth sweat. Bacon.

irritate'-'t (ir'i-tat), v. t. [< LL. irritati<st inri-
tutim, pp. of irritare, inritare, make void, inval-
201

3191

Mate, < L. irritnn, iiiritim, void, invalid: see ir-
riti'-.] To render null and void, liramhall.
irritating (ir'i-ta-ting), //. a. Causing irrita-
tion; vexing; provoking; exasperating.
Poor relations are undeniably irritating.

Otarge HIM, Mill on the Floss, I. 8.

The peasantry of France, though freed from the most

oppressive, were still subject to some of the most irritttt-

1/1.7 of feudal burden*. /."•(.", Eng. in 18th Cent., Hi.

irritatingly (ir'i-ta-ting-li), atlv. In an irritat-
ing manner or degree ; so as to irritate.

Her story, It Is right to add, is not only fearfully crude,
but irritatinyly well-intentioned also.

Mlinni n ,,i. No. 3194, p. 49.

irritation (ir-i-ta'shon), n. [= P. irritation =
Sp. irrttacion = Pg"irritacSo = It. irritazione,
iiiritazione, < L. irritatio(n-), inritatio(n-), < ir-
ritare, inritare, excite: see irritate1.] 1. The
act of irritating, or the state of being irritated;
impatient or angry excitement; provocation;
exasperation.

It may appear strange that Marlborough should have
continued in command in spite of so many causes of irri-
tation, bnt he was Implored by his Whig friends to do so.

I. .:•!.- a, Unit, in 18th Cent, L

2. Stimulation; incitement; a stirring up to
activity. [Rare.]

Therefore was nothing committed to historic but mat-
ters of great and excellent persons & things, that the
same by irritation of good courages (such as emulation
cnuseth) might worke more effectually.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 88.

The whole body of the arts and sciences composes one
vast machinery for the irritation and development of the
human Intellect. DC Quineey.

3. In physiol, the act of evoking some action,
or change of state, in a muscle, nerve, or other
living tissue, by some chemical, physical, or
pathological agent ; the state or action thus
evoked.

irritative (ir'i-ta-tiv), a. [= P. irritatif=: Sp.
Pg. It. irritatiro; as irritate1 + -ive.~\ 1. Serv-
ing to excite or irritate.

Every Irritation produces In the cellular elements
some mechanical or chemical change, which change is a
"counter-working against the irritative cause."

Copland, Diet Pract. Med.

2. Accompanied with or produced by irritation.
— Irritative fever. See/ei*ri .
irritatory (ir'i-ta-to-ri), a. [< irritate1 + -ory.~\
Exciting; stimulating; irritating. [Rare.]

The other peradventure Is sufficiently grounded for
principles of faith, yet is weak by reason either of some
passion, or of some irritatory and troublesome humour in
his behaviour. Hales, Golden Remains, p. 46.

irriteH, v. t. [< P. irriter, < L. irritare, incite,
irritate: see irritate1.] To irritate; exasper-
ate; influence; provoke.
IrriMng and prouoklng men unto anger.

Qrafion, Edw. V., an. 1.

irrite2! (i-rif), a. [< ME. irrite, < OF. irrite =Sp.
irrito = Pg. It. irrito, < L. irritus, inritus, un-
decided, unfixed, invalid, void, < in- priv. +
ratus, decided, fixed: see rate2.] Invalid; of
no force; vain; ineffectual; useless.

These irrite, forceless, bugbear excommunications, the
ridiculous alfordments of a mercenary power, are not un-
like those old night-spells which blind people had from
mongrel witches. Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 180.

irroratet (ir'o-rat), v. t. [< L. irroratus, inrora-
tus, pp. of irrorare, inrorare, wet with dew (>
It. inrorare, irrorare = Pg. irrorar), < in, upon,
+ rorare, distil dew, < ros (ror-), dew.] To
moisten with dew.

irrorate (ir'6-rat), a. [< L. irroratus, pp. : see
the verb.] In zool., dotted with white or light
color, as if with dewdrops; in entom., marked
with minute dots of color: said especially of
the wings of lepidopters when numerous single
scales differ from the ground color.

irrorated (ir'o-ra-ted), a. [< irrorate + -e<P.]
Same as irrorate.

irroration (ir-o-ra'shon), n. [= F. irroration;
as irrorate + -ion.'] if. The act of bedewing,
or the state of being moistened with dew.

If during the discharge the irroration should be Inter-
rupted, the portion of eggs then excluded will be barren,
while the rest will be found to have been fecundated.

Trans, of Spallanzanfs Dissertations. (Latham.)

2. In entom., an ill-defined color-mark formed
by scattered dots or scales, as on a butterfly's
wing.

irrotational (ir-o-ta'shon-al), a. [< tn-3 +
rotational.'] Not rotational; devoid of rota-
tion.

The equations which form the foundations of the mathe-
matical theory of fluid motions were fully laid down by La-
grange and the great mathematicians of the end of the last
century, but the number of solutions of cases of fluid mo-
tion which had been actually worked out remained very

small, and almost all of these belonged to n particular
type of fluid motion, which has been since named the ir-
rntational type. Itrit., III. 4:1.

Irrotational motion In hydrodynamics, of a fluid, > mo-
tion in which the infinitesimal parts have no angular ve-
locity of rotation about their own axes — that Is to say, If
any infinitesimal spherical particle of the fluid were sud-
denly to become solidified, It would move without turn-
ing, although IU path would not generally be rectilinear.
Though all the particles of a fluid were moving in parallel
straight lines, its motion uoitM not necessarily lie irrota-
tlonal ; for if parts moving Hide by side had dliTerent ve-
locities a solidified particle would rotate.

irrubrical (i-ro'bri-kal), a. [< i;i-3 + rubrical.]
Not rubrical ; contrary to the rubric.

irrugatet (ir'ij-gat), v. t. [< L. irrugatus, in-
rui/fitus, pp. of irrugare,innigare, wrinkle,<in,
in, upon, + rugare, wrinkle: see rugate.] To
lay in folds; wrinkle.

That the swelling of their body might not imtgate and
wrlnckle their faces. Palace of Pleasure, I., f. t. (Kara.)

irrupted (i-rup'ted), a. [< L. irruptus, inrup-
tiis, pp. of irrumpcre, inrumpere, break or burst
in, rush in.< in, in, + rumpere, break, burst: see
rupture.] Broken violently; disrupted. [Rare.]

irruption (i-rup'shpn), ». [= F. irruption =
Sp. imtpcion = Pg" irrupcSo = It. irruaone, <
L. irruptio(n-), inruptio(n-), a breaking or burst-
ing in, < irrumpere, inrumpere, pp. irrvptus, in-
rttptus, break in : see irrupted.] A bursting in ;
a breaking or rushing into a place; a sudden
invasion or incursion.

Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption
Hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep.

Mitt,,,,, 8. A., 1. 1567.

In 1388 the Austrians made an irruption into the terri-
tory of (ilarus with an army of fifteen thousand men.

J. Adams, Works, IV. 318.

A grand irruption of angels follows, lining the sky with
song and holy gratulation.

Bushnell, Sermons on Living Subjects, p. 12.
= Syn. Foray, raid.

imiptive (i-rup'tiy), a. [< irrupt(ed) + -ire.]
Bursting in ; rushing in or upon anything.

Storms of wrath and indignation dread
Seem ready to displode imtvtice on his head.

Whitehouse, Ode to Justice.

Irvingia (er-vin'ji-a), n. [NL. (Hooker, 1860),
named after Dr. Irving, R. N.] A small genus
of dicotyledonous plants, of the natural order
Simarubea-. It is characterized by having the calyx
4- or 5-parted, the petals 4 or 5 in number, the stamens
10, and the ovary 2-celled. They are trees with curious
annulated branches, alternate simple and entire leaves,
and axillary or terminal panicles of small, yellow, odorous
flowers. Three species, natives of tropical western Africa,
are known. /. Barteri, a tree 40 feet high, Is the wild
mango, dlka-bread, or bread-tree of western Africa. The
seeds are the part eaten, and also contain an oil or fat
similar to cocoa-butter, which is used by the natives in
cooking.

Irvingism (er'ving-izm), n. [< Irving (see def.)
+ -ism.] The system of religious doctrine and
practice peculiar to Edward Irving or the Ir-
vingites, or adherence to that system. See
Irvingite.

Great writers, of World-Wide fame, have devoted them-
selves to studying Gnosticism and Montanism, but scorn
to bestow a thought on Quakerism, Irrinfjism, and above
all on Methodism. Contemporary Ken., LIV. 112.

Irvingite (er'ving-it), n. [< Irving (see def.)
+ -ite2.] A member of a religious denomina-
tion called after Edward Irving (1792-1834), a
minister of the Church of Scotland, who was
settled in London in 1822, promulgated mysti-
cal doctrines, and was excommunicated in 1833.
Irving was not the founder of the sect popularly called af-
ter him, but accepted and promoted the spread of the prin-
ciples upon which, after his death, the sect was formed. Its
proper name Is the Catholic Apostolic Church, and It has an
elaborate organization derived from its twelve "apostles,"
the first body of whom was completed in 1835. It recog-
nizes the orders of apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors
or "angels," eldera, deacons, etc. It lays especial stress
on the early creeds, the eucharist, prophecies, and gift of
tongues. It has an extremely ritualistic service and an
elaborate liturgy. The adherents are not numerous, and
are found chiefly in Great Britain. There are some on the
continent of Europe and in the United states.

iryt (ir'i), a. [< ire^ + -yi.] Angry.

We flame with that which doth our soules refine ;

For in our Soules the iry pow'r It is

That makes vs at vnhallowed thoughts repine.

Davit*, Microcosmos, p. 74.

is (iz). The third person singular present in-
dicative of the verb be. See fte1. The form if was
formerly, and is still dialectally, used for all persons of the
singular, and in negro speech also for all persons of the
plural. Such use in Chaucer, as in modern authors, is in
imitation of dialect speech.

I is as ille a mlllere as are ye.

Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 125.

II hall, by God, Aleyn, thou ii a fonne.

Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, L 1W.

-isH. An obsolete form of -eg1.
-is-'t. An obsolete form of -e«2.

isaac

^'zak), ». [A corrupted form of huyxiirl;,

q. v.] The hedge-sparrow. HalUwell.

isabel, isabelle (iz'a-bel), «. [< F. isabelle =
It. Isabella = Pg. isabel (Sp. isabellino, adj.), a
color so called; < Isabelle, a woman's name.
Color terms are often taken from personal or
local names without any particular reason; and
there is no need to put faith in the stories which
connect the name with that of various Isabelles
of history.] A yellowish-gray or grayish-buff
color; a kind of drab. A mixture by rotating disks
of j hlack, J bright chrome-yellow, and ^ white gives an
isabel-yellow. Also Isabella, isabel-yellow.

Isabella, daughter of Philip II. and wife of the Archduke
Albert, vowed not to change her linen till Ostend was taken ;
this siege, unluckily for her comfort, lasted three years;
and the supposed colour of the archduchess's linen gave
rise to a fashionable colour, hence called 1'Isabeau, or the
Isabella; a kind of whitish-yellow-dingy.

/. D' Israeli, Curios, of Lit., I. 298.

The colour of the Fennec is a very pale fawn, or isabel
colour, sometimes being almost of a creamy whiteness.
7. G. Wood, Pop. Nat. Hist., p. 73.

isabelite (iz-a-bel'It), n. [< Isabel, a woman's
name, + -ite?.] A West Indian name of the
angel-fish, Pomacanthm ciliaris.

Isabella (iz-a-bers), n. [See isabel.'] Same as

3192

lar corolla : < Gr. loos, equal, + avffnf. flower.] A
monotypic genus of North American plants, of
the natural order LabiaUe, having a 5-lobed
regular bell-shaped calyx, and a corolla with a
bell-shaped border and 5 nearly equal spreading
lobes. The single species, 1. ccerulewi, the false penny-
royal, is a low, much-branched annual plant, with nearly
en"re I""**** leay? » and "P1"11 pale-blue flowers on
" ' » °ccure fr°™ &a»>e to "'i™'8 and

Similarly white, but with the ornamental feathers of the
head, breast, and back of Riusty Isabella color, is the buff-
hacked cattle-egret. Stand. Nat. Hist., IV. 178.

If, on being removed therefrom and rinsed in cold water,
the swatch assumes, when immersed in a solution of ace-
tate of alumina, a deep yellowish tinge (Isabella colour),
the oiling is quite what it should be.

W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 324.

isabella-WOOd (iz-a-bel'a-wud), n. The red bay,
Persea Carolinensis.

isabelle, «. See isabel.

isabelline (iz-a-bel'in), a, [= Sp. isabeUino, <
'NL.isabelliniis; as isabcl(l) + -ine1.] Resem-
bling isabel ; of the hue called isabel.

The upper plumage of every bird . . . is of one uniform
isabelline or sand color.

Caiwn Tristram, Ornith. of N. Africa (in the Ibis).
Isabelline bear, the Urms imbellinm, a pale variety of
_the Syrian bear (Ursus syriacus), found in the Himalayas,
isabel-yellow (iz'a-bel-yel"6), n. Same as isa-
bel.
isabnormal (I-sab-nor'mal), a. Same as isoab-

normal.

isadelphpus (I-sa-del'fus), a. [< Gr. laof, equal,
+ <roV/4>oc, brother.] In bot., having the sta-
mens in the phalan ges or bundles equal in num-
ber, as some diadelphous flowers.

• (i-sa-go'je), n. [Also isagogue; < L.

isapostolic (I-sap-os-tol'ik), a. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + aTTooro/UKOf, apostolic: see apostolic.']
Equal to the apostles : an epithet specifically
given in the calendar of the Greek Church to
bishops of apostolic consecration (for instance,
St. Abercius of Hieropolis), holy and eminent
women of the apostolic company (as St. Mary
Magdalene and St. Thecla), the first preachers
of the Christian faith in a country (as St. Nina in
Georgia), and persons of royal or princely rank
who have promoted the success of Christianity
(as St. Constantino and St. Helena).

Isaria (i-sa'ri-a), n. [NL. (Elias Fries, 1829),
so called in allusion to likeness of organs ; < Gr.
iaof, equal.] The typical genus of fungi of the
natural order Isariacei, They are floccose in appear-
ance, with an elongated receptacle. They are found on a
great variety of substances ; some species, as I. pulvcracea
and /. Sphingum, attack and destroy various insects. (E.
Microbes (trans.), pp. 48, 49.) From obser-

ischiopubic

Kothmund mentions two . . , cases of ischceinia of the
retina. J. S. Wells, Dis. of Eye, p. 363.

ischemic, iSChsemic (is-ke'mik), a. [< ischemia
+ -ic.] Pertaining to or affected with ische-
mia.

ischesis (is-ke'sis), ». [NL., < Gr. iaxeiv, hold,
restrain, a form of exelv, hold, have: see hec-
tic.'] Suppression or retention of a discharge
or secretion. Dmiglison.

ischia, n. Plural of ischium.

ischiadic (is-ki-ad'ik), a. [= Pg. ischiadico, < L.
ischiadicus, < Gr. 'textaiusAc, of or relating to the
hips, having gout in the hips, < ioxiaf (iaxia.6-),
gout in the hips, sciatica, prop. adj. (so. vocrof,
disease), < laxiov, the hip-joint, the hips: see
ischium.] Same as ischiatic.

ischiagra (is-ki-ag'ra), «. [< Gr. laxiov, the hip-
joint, + aypa, a taking: see podagra, chiragni,
etc.] In pathol., gout in the hip; ischialgia.

ischial (is'ki-al), a. [< ischium + -al.] Same
as isch ia tic.— ischial callosity. See callosity.

ischialgia (is-ki-al'ji-a), 7i. [< Gr. laxiov, hip-
joint, + a/.} 'of, pain.] In pathol,, pain in the
region of the ischium ; sciatica.

ischiatic (is-ki-at'ik), a. [= Pg. ischiatico;
var. of ischiadic, taken as < Gr. laxiov, hip, +
-atic1. Cf. sciatic, sciatica.'] Of or pertaining
to the ischium ; sciatic. Also ischiadic, ischial.

species of Isaria, including /. Sphingum, I. farinom, and
-*• urachnophila, are really only conditions in species of
other genera.

Isariacei (i-sa-ri-a'se-i), ». pi. [NL., < Isaria
+ -acei.] A natural order of hyphomycetous
fungi, or filamentous molds, containing those
genera in which the fertile threads are com-
pacted and have deciduous pulverulent spores
at their free apices. The spellings Imriadeae, 1m-
**i«", liariece, and Imriei have been used by different

An improper

, /.,v, lead in, introduce, < «f, into, + ayeiv,

lead: see act] An introduction.— The Isagoge
Of Porphyry, an introduction to the book of Categories
of Aristotle, written by the Neoplatonist Porphyry in the
third century A. D. It treats mainly of the five predicables.
isagogic (1-sa-goj'ik), a. [< L. isagogicus,< Gr.
etna-fay iK.6$, introductory, < elaayuyt/, introduc-
tion : see isagoge.] Introductory ; especially,
introductory to the interpretation of the Bible.
The formal, introductory or isagogic, studies have a wide
range, requiring, perhaps more than any other, educated
faculty and the scientific mind.

in., LI. 208.

division, etc., with some variation in its scope.

isarioid (i-sa'ri-oid), a. [< Isaria + -aid.'] In
bot., belonging to or resembling the genus Isa-
ria.

isathyd(i'sa-thid),». [< isat(in) + hyd(rogen).]
A substance formed from isatin by its uniting
with one equivalent of hydrogen.

isatic (I-sat'ik), a. [< Isatis1 + -ic.'] Of or per-
taining to isatin; derived from isatin : as, isatic
acid (CgHyNOa), an acid formed by the action
of caustic alkalis upon isatin.

Isatideae (i-sa-tid'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. P. de
Candolle, 1831), < Isatis1 (-id-) + -eat.} A tribe
of plants of the natural order Cruciferas, typified
by the genus Isatis, characterized by having the
silique short, indehiscent, inarticulate, often
crustaceous, winged, and 1-celled and 1-seeded
or rarely 2-seeded. Also written Isatida;.

isatin (I'sa-tin), n. [< Isatis1 + 4&.\ A com-
pound (CgH5NO2) obtained by oxidizing indi-
go. It forms hyacinth-red or reddish-orange crystals of
a brilliant luster. Its solutions stain the skin, and give
it a disagreeable odor.

Isatis1 (i'sa-tis), n. [NL., < L. isatis, < Gr. loa-
ns, an herb with a milky juice used in heal-
ing wounds, a coloring plant, woad.] A genus
of plants of the natural order Cruciferte, the

ostrich.

ischiatocele (is-ki-at'o-sel), n.
form of ischiocele.

ischiocapsular (is"ki-6-kap'su-lar), «. [< NL.
ischium + L. capsula, capsule: see capsule.]
Ischiatic and capsular: applied to that part of
the capsular ligament of the hip-joint which is
connected with the ischium.

ischiocaudal (is"ki-6-ka'dal), a. and n. [< NL.
ischium, hip-joint, + L. cauda, tail : see cau-
dal.] I. «. Of or pertaining to the ischium
and the tail: applied to a muscle connecting
these parts.

II. n. A muscle which in some animals passes
from the ischium to the tail.

ischiocavernosus (is"ki-6-kav-er-nd'sus), n.;
pl.ischiocavernosi(-si). [NL. : see ischiocaver-
nous.] A muscle of the penis, arising chiefly
from the ischium, and inserted into the cms
penis. Also called erector penis and erector
clitoridis.

ischiocavernous (is"ki-6-kav'er-nus), a. [<
NL. isehioeavernosux, < ischium + L. cavernosum
(corpus).'] Pertaining to the is
the corpus cavernosum of the ]
Anat. Vert., p. 346.

ischiocele (is'ki-6-sel), n. [< Gr. laxiov, hip,
+ Kt/"Ar/, tumor.] In pathol,, a hernia through
the sciatic notch. Also improperly ischiatocele.

ischiocerite (is-ki-os'e-rit). n. [< Gr. laxiov, hip-
joint, + Ktpaf, horn, -F -ite*.] One of the joints
of the developed antenna of a crustacean, borne
with the scaphocerite upon the basicerite, and
bearing the merocerite. See antenna, 1.

A basicerite, to the outer portion of which a flattened
plate, . . . here called the scaphocerite, is articulated;
..-i, ; i ,. to ]tg inner portion an ischwcerite is connected, bear-

~wwBve«v» v*-^i*-fewj i<cs), n. [PI. of isagogic : see
-ics.] That department of theological study
which treats of the books forming the canon
of Scripture, individually and collectively, their
authorship, the date and place of their compo-
sition, their contents, style, inspiration, and
any particular questions connected with them.

_ Also called Biblical introduction.

isagoguet, «. Same as isagoge.

Isaianic (i-za-yan'ik), a. [< Isaiah + -an + -ic.]
Pertaining to Isaiah, a Hebrew prophet and the
traditional author of the book of Isaiah.

The question of the Igaianic or non-Isaianic origin of
the disputed prophecies (especially xl. -Ixvi.) must be de-
cided on grounds of exegesis alone.

Encyc. Brit., XIII. 379.

isandrous (I-san'drus), a, [< Gr. Ivor, equal, +
avijp (avip-), a male (in mod. bot. a stamen).] In
bot., having the stamens similar and equal in
number to the divisions of the corolla.

isantherous (i-san'ther-us), a. [< Gr. taoc,
equal, + avOripof, flowery: see anther.] In bot,,
having the anthers equal. Thomas, Med. Diet
[Bare.]

isanthous (i-sau'thus), a. [< Gr. laof, equal
+ avBof, a flower.] In bot.. having 'regular
flowers.

^Q^11118 ^t^'thus), «. [NL. (F. A. Michaux,
W), so called in allusion to the nearly regu-

cauline sagittate in outline. About 30 (or according to
80me autnors> 60) species are known. They are natives of
,north?™ and mid(»e Asia,

ced

, but it is now cultivated in few localities. I.indi-
is stm cultivated "» a dye-plant in the north of

/-/ - *• N r, ,,TT

(i sa-tis), n. [< NL. watts, a specific

' Jf ' ^estowed b^ J' ,G- Gmeli°

' ^? /°m/ ,vernacular name']
°r arctl° fox> Vttlpes ^OP**-

- . — , .-. Nat. Hist (2d ed.), I. 268.

Iscariotical (is-kar-i-ot'i-kal), a. [< Iscariot
(see del) + 4c-al] Of or pertaining to Judas
Iscariot, that one of Christ's twelve apostles
who betrayed him ; Judas-like ; treacherous.

In the Evangelical and reformed use of this sacred
censure, no such prostitution, no such Iscarintical drifts
are to be doubted, as that Spiritual doom and sentence
should invade worldly possession.

Milton, Reformation in Eng. , ii.
ISCht, ischet, v . i. See ish.
ischsemia, ischaemic. See ischemia, ischemic.
ischemia, ischaemia (is-ke'mi-a), «. [NL., <

Gr. iaxaiftoe, stanching blood, styptic, < laxeiv,
hold, + a'ifia, blood.] In pathol,, local anemia
produced by vasoconstriction or by other local
obstacles to the arterial flow.

Invert., p. 278.

ischiococcygeal (is'ki-6-kok-sij'e-al), a. [< is-
chiococcygeus + -al.] Pertaining "both to the
ischium and to the coccyx; ischiocaudal: as,
an ischiococcygeal muscle.

ischiococcygeilS (is"ki-6-kok-sij'e-us), «.; pi.
ischiococcygei (-i). [NL., < ischium + coccy-
geus.] A muscle which in some animals con-

_ nects the ischium and the coccyx.

ischiofibular (is'ki-o-fib'u-lar), a. [< ischium
+ fibula + -ar3.] Of or pertaining to the is-
chium and the fibula, or connecting these bones,
as the long head of the human bicipitosus or
biceps femoris muscle.

ischio-iliac (is"ki-6-il'i-ak), a. [< ischium +
ilium + -arc.] Pertaining both to the ischium
and to the ilium.

ischion (is'ki-on), n. [NL.] Same as ischium.

ischippodite (is-ki-op'o-dit), n. [< Gr. laxiov,
hip-joint, + ivoiif (xoti-), =E./oo«,+ -ite%.] The
third-joint of a developed endopodite, between
the basipodite and the meropodite. Milne-EA-

_wards; Huxley. See cut under endopodite.

ischiopubic (is"ki-6-pu'bik), a. [< ischium +
fitbis + -ic.] 1. Of or pertaining both to the
ischium and to the pubis.

When the two ventral pieces are united at the ischio-
iis, as they are in the Marsupialia, many Bo-
is elon-
p. 486.

ischiopubic

2. Containing or consisting of both ischium and
pubis; being *pnbo-isi-hium: us.tlio i.*i-liini»i/>ii-
bone of reptiles.

ischiorectal (is"ki-f>-rek'tal), a. [< ixrliimn +
rectum + -nl. ] Connecting, situated between,
or otherwise pertaining to the isehium and
the rectum — Ischiorectal fascia, fossa, etc. See the

D'llltlS.

ischiorrhogic (is'ki-o-ro'jik), a. and H. [< Gr.
urrtoppuyaaf, limping, lit. with broken hips, < io-
X''»', hip-joint, hip, •+• />u£ (/xj; -), a break, broken
bit, tpnyviivai,pert. eppoya, break.] I. a. Inane.
pros., noting a variety of iambic trimeter which
has not only a spondee or trochee for an iambus
in the sixth or last place, as in the choliamb. Imt
a spondee in the fifth place also (~ — w — | w
_ w - | i for a — w — | ~ — ~ — | o —

^ — ). The word ischiorrhogic, literally 'broken at the
hip-joint,' was meant to describe the meter as ' lame ' (see
cAoliam/»)or unrhythmical at a point short of the extrem-
ity or last foot This meter was employed, like the cho-
liamb, In scoptlc poetry. The word has been used In a
transferred sense by Hermann and other modern writers
to describe any Iambic verse with spondees in the Inad-
missible (even) places, especially a trlpody in the form

II. n. A verse or line having this peculiarity.

ischiosacral (is'ki-d-sa'kral), a. [< isehium +
mirnint + -al.] Connecting or pertaining to
the i sr h i 1 1 in and the sacrum ; sacrosciatic ; sa-
cro-ischiac : as, an ischiosacral ligament.

ischiotibial (is*ki-6-tib'i-al), «. [< isehium +
tibia + -«/.] Of or pertaining to the isehium
aud the tibia, or connecting these bones, as the
semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles
of man.

ischio vertebral (is'ki-o-ver'te-bral), a. [< is-
ehium + vertebra + -a/.] Pertaining both to
the ischium and to the spinal column.

The ureter [of the porpoise] lies between the ischio-vcr-
ii bfni fascia and the peritonaeum.

Huxley, Anat Vert, p. 340.

isehium (is'ki-um), ».; pi. ischia (-S). [NL.,
also ischion, < Gr. lax'ov, the hip-joint, hip, the
hips, perhaps < itrji'f, strength, force.] 1. In
mint., the posterior part of the pelvic arch in
vertebrates, the lowermost of the three parts
f onning the os innominatum. It Is the posterior one
of two divisions of the distal part of the primitive carti-
laginous rod, subsequently expanded and variously modi-
tted in shape, and normally ankylosed at the acetabulum
with both ilium and pubis to form the os Innominatum, with
or without additional union with the other pelvic hours. It
is sometimes united witti its fellow of the opposite side,
or with vertebrae. In man it forms the lowermost part of
the haunch-bone, on which the body rests in a sitting posi-
tion. See cuts under Dromceus, innominatum, and Ich-
thyosaitria.

2. In Crustacea, the third joint of the normally
7-jointed leg; the ischiopodite.— Kamus of the
ischlum, a branch of the isehium which unites with the
ramus of the pubis to bound the obturator foramen. — Tu-
ber ischll, the tnberosityof the isehium, upon which the
body rests in sitting. See cut under innominatum.

Ischnosoma (isk-no-so'ma), ». [NL., < Gr. iax-
v6f, thin, slender, +' au/ia, body.] 1. A genus of
fishes: same as Osteoglossum. Spix, 1829. — 2.
A large and wide-spread genus of staphylinids
or rove-beetles : synonymous with Mycetoporus.
Stephens, 1832. — 3. A genus of crustaceans.
Sars, 1866.

ischuretic (is-ku-ret'ik), a. and n. [< ischury +
-ctic.] I. a. Saving the property of relieving
isclmria.

n. n. A medicine adapted to relieve ischu-
ria.

ischuria (is-ku'ri-a), n. [= F. ischurie = Sp. is-
rnriti = Pg. ischuria = It. iscuria, < LL. i.«7i«-
rin, < Gr. iaxovpia, retention of urine, < taxovpciv,
suffer from retention of urine, < laxf'v, hold, +
ni'pov, urine.] In pathol., a stoppage of urine,
whether due to retention or to suppression.

ischury (is'ku-ri), ». Same as ischuria.

iset, ». An obsolete form of ice.

I'se(iz). 1. A vulgar colloquialism in Scotland
and the northern part of England for f shall. — 2.
A vulgar contraction for I is, as used for / fin/,
by negroes and others in the southern United
States.

-ise1. [Early mod. E. also -ize; < ME. -ise, < OF.
-ise, ult. < L. -itia : see -ice.] A termination of
French origin, as in merchandise: also spelled
-ice, as in cowardice, and formerly -ise, as in /<«_--
ii>-tli.:<; etc.

-ise-. [Also sometimes -ise; < ME. -isett, rare
form of -issen, -isheu, etc.: see -ish2.] A ter-
mination of some verbs of French origin, equiv-
alent to aud of the same origin as -ish*, as in
mlfi'rtini; dirrrtise. fratu'liiw. fn franchise, etc.
It merges with -ise$, equivalent to -ize.

-ise;i. A termination of verbs, more usually
spelled -tec (which se> I,

3193

isenergic (i-se-ner'jik), (i. [< dr. inos. equal, +
E. rnfnjir. ] In jilii/irics, denoting equal energy :
us, im-iu-r<iic lines.

isentropic (i-sen-trop'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. ioof,
equal, + ivrpovi/, a turning about, < evrp(rmv,
tuni about, < ev, in, + r/icxetv, turn: see trope.]
I. a. In /ilii/sics, of equal entropy — Isentropic
lines, lines of equal entropy. They denote the successive
states of a body in which the entropy remains constant.

II. «. An isentropic line : usually in the plu-
ral, isentropics.

isepipteses (I-sep-ip-te'sez), H. i>l. [NL., < Gr.
lour, equal, + tjn, upon, to, + xTi/oic, a flight, <
vhtaQat, fly.] Lines on a chart or diagram
connecting the different points simultaneously
reached by birds of a given species in their mi-
grations.

isepiptesial (I-sep-ip-te'si-al), a. [< isepipteses
+ -/«/.] Of or pertaining to isepipteses.

iserin, iserine (e'zer-in), ». [== Sp. iserina; as
Iser(iciese) (see def.) + -in2, -iiie2.] A variety
of t itanic iron occurring in rounded grains in the
diluvium of Iserwiese, a locality of Bohemia.

Isertia (I-ser'ti-S). >i. [NL. (J. C. D. von Schre-
ber, 1774), named after P. E. Isert, a German
surgeon. ] A genus of Central and South Ameri-
can shrubs or trees, of the natural order Kubia-
cea;, tribe Mttss&ndect, type of the old tribe Iser-
tiea:, having flowers with long tubular corollas,
the limb divided into 5 or 6 woolly segments,
large opposite and usually coriaceous leaves,
and 2 large stipules. The floy.3rs are very
showy, being scarlet or sometimes white or
yellow.

Isertiese (i-ser-ti'f-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. P. de
Candolle, 1830), < Isertia + -««•.] A former
tribe of plants of the natural order Riibiacete,
typified by the genus Isertia, which is now in-
cluded in the tribe Muttsanidcw. Also Isertidai
(Lindley) and Isertia; (Richard).

isht (ish), f. i. [< ME. ischen, isshen, issen, icen,
< OF. issir, eissir,< L. exire, go out : see exit and
issue.] To go out; issue.

The shippes were a-rived, and the knyghtes isseden owte,
and alle the other peple. Merlin (E. E. T. &), i. 42.

ish (ish), H. [<>.«/(, r. Of. imiHe, H.] Issue; liber-
ty and opportunity of going out ish and en-
try. In Scats law, the clause "with free Ish and entry," in
a charter, Imports a right to all ways and passages, In so
far as they may be necessary to kirk and market, through
the adjacent grounds of the grantor, who is by the clause
laid under that burden.

-ish1 (ish). [< ME. -tsft, -issh, -isch, < AS. -ise
= OS. -M = OFries. -isk = D. -sch = LG. -isch =
OHG. -ise, MHG. G. -isch = Icel. -»Ar = Sw. -sk,
-ink = Dan. -sfc (also Rom.,< HG. or LG. : It. Sp.
Pg. -esco = F. -estjue, also in part -ais, -ois, OF.
-ats, -eis, -ois, see -esque, -ese), a common forma-
tive of adjectives (which are sometimes in AS.
also used as nouns) from nouns, signifying 'of
the nature of,' as in mennisc, of the nature of
man, human (see mannish, mensk),folcisc, popu-
lar (<folc, folk), etc., or 'of the nativity or coun-
try of,' being the reg. formative of patrial ad-
jectives, as in Englisc, of the Angles (< Etigle,
Jingle, Angles: see English), Frencisc, French,
Scyttisc, Scottish, Grecisc, Greekish, etc.] A
termination of Anglo-Saxon origin, used as a
regular formative of adjectives, (a) Of adjectives
from common nouns, signifying ' of the nature of,' ' being
like' the object denoted by the noun, as animals, as In
apteh, bearish, cattish, doggish, eelish, hnyyixh, mulish, ovA-
wA, piggish, malciih, brutish, etc. ; or persons or supposed
beings, as babyish, boyish, childish, girlish. dtrHish, dun-
cifh, foolish, foppish, ghoulish, impish, roguish, etc.; or
places, as hellish; or acts or qualities, as snappish, etc.
In most of these words it has acquired by association with
the noun a more or less depreciative or contemptuous
force ; and so in some other words, as mannish, womanish,
in which the noun has no depreciative sense. (6) Of adjec-
tives from proper nouns of country or people, being the
regular formative of patrial adjectives, as In English,
Saittish, Irish, Spanish, Netherlandish, Romish, Siceainh,
Danish, Greekish, etc., the sumx in some adjectives of older
date being contracted to -«A or(especially when ( precedes)
to -ch, as In Welsh (formerly also Welch), Scotch, Dutch,
French, etc. Some recently formed adjectives of this type,
used colloquially or made up on occasion, have often a de-
preciative or diminutive implication (as in (c)X as in yew-
Yorlnth, Bostonish, Londonish, etc. (c) Of adjectives from
adjectives, with a diminutive force, expressed by 'rather,'
'somewhat,' as tilnclrix/i, bluish, coldith, coolish, hattith,
palish,rcddixh,talli$h, whitish, yellowish, etc., rather black,
somewhat black, blue, cold, etc. ; also colloquially In oc-
casional adjectives from nouns, as fallish, Xovemberish,
etc., somewhat like fall, November, etc.

-ish'2. [< ME. -ishen, -ischen, -issen, < OF. -iss-,
-is-, a term, of the stem of some parts (ppr.,
etc.) of certain verbs, < L. -escere, -iscere, a
term, of inceptive verbs, the formative -esc-,
-we- (-sc-, Gr. -OTC-) being ult. cognate with E.
- / .-/; l . See -esce, -cscen t, etc . ] A termination of
some English verbs of French origin, or formed
on the type of such verbs, having no assignable

isinglass

force, but being merely » terminal n-lic. it oc-
curs in abolish, astonish, banish, demolish, diminish, estab-
IM, finish, minish, punish, ttabtish, etc. In some verbs It
appears In another form ise, as In advertise. Hec -uet.

Ishmaelite (ish 'ma-el-it), «. [< Ixhiiiael +
-it/-.'] 1. A descendant of Ishmael, Abraham's
son, who, as is related in Genesis (xxi. 14), was
driven into the wilderness with his mother,
Hagar. His twelve sons were "princes" or
heads of tribes. The Arabs regard him as their
ancestor.

They had golden earrings, because they were fihmaelites.

Judges viii. 24.

2. One resembling Ishmael, whose hand was
"against every man, and every man's hand
against him" (Gen. xvi. 12); one at war with
society.

Jos's tents and pilau were pleasant to this little Ish-
iiiiifliii: Thackeray, Vanity Fair, Ixrll.

Ishmaelitishus!i'nia-e!-i-tish),«. [< Ishmaelite
+ -w*i.] Like the'lshmaelites; partaking of
the nature of an Ishmaelite.

ishpingo(i»h-ping'g6),«. [Amer. Ind. (T)] The
Santa F6 cinnamon, Xectandra ciiinamomoideg.

Isiac (I'si-ak), a. [< L. Isiacus, < Gr. 'latanAc,. <
'I<nf, Isis: see his.'] Relating to Isis: as, the
Isiac mysteries; Isiac priests — igiac table, a
plate of copper, of unknown origin, bearing representa-
tions of most of the Egyptian deities, with Isis In the
middle. It first came to notice in the collection of Car-
dinal llcniho, after the sack of Rome by the troops of the
emperor Charles V. in 1527. It was assumed to be a gen-
uine relic of Egyptian antiquity. It Is now in the royal
gallery of Turin. Comparison with the print of it by Vlco,
published in 1S50, shows It to be much mutilated.

isiclet, «. An obsolete spelling of icicle.

isidia, «. Plural of indium.

isidiiferous (I-sid-i-if'e-rus), a. [< NL. isidi-
um + li.ferre = E. feoar1.] Bearing isidia, or
isidioid excrescences. Also isidiopliorous.

They [pycnides) are very common on the margin of the
thallus of isidit/erous states of Feltjgera canina and P.
rufescens, where they have often been mistaken for sper-
mogones. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 566.

isidioid (i-sid'i-oid), a. [< NL. mdium + Gr.
eltiof, form.] Having the form, character, or
appearance of isidia, or provided with isidia.
Also isidiose.

The isidioid condition In crustaceous thalli is the basis
of the old pseudo-genus Isidium. Encyc. Brit, XIV. 554.

isidiophorous (I-sid-i-of'o-rus), a. [< NL. igi-
dium + Gr. -<t>op6f, < Qipstv '= L. fern = E. bear1.]
Same as isidiiferous.

isidiose (i-sid'i-os), «. [< ittidium + -osc.~] Same
as isidioid.

isidium (i-sid'i-um), «.; pi. ixiriia (-a). [NL.]
In hot., one of certain coral-like or wart -like
excrescences produced upon the thalli of some
foliaceous and crustaceous lichens. They are
elevated, stipitate, sometimes branched, but always of the
same color and texture as the thallus, and answer the same
purpose as soredia.

Nylander observes (Flora, 1868, p. 353) that the isidia in
the t'ollemacel (more especially In Collema) "show very
clearly under the microscope the entire history of the
evolution of the thallus from its flrst origin from a cellule
containing a single gonimium to a minute true nostoc, and
ultimately to the perfect texture of a Collema."

Encyc. Brit, XIV. 557.

Isidorian(is-i-d6'ri-an),a. [< Isidores, a proper
name.] Pertaining to any one of the name of
Isidorus or Isidore; specifically, pertaining to
St. Isidore, Archbishop of Seville A.D. 600-636,
author of the encyclopedic work called the
"Origines," and of numerous historical, anti-
quarian, and theological writings, among them
two books on the ecclesiastical offices, contain-
ing among other things an account of the Span-
ish liturgy. A collection of canons and decretals made
in his time is known as the Isidorian collection, and the
Interpolated collection (now called the pseudo- Isidorian
or false decretals), made two centuries later, passed In
the middle ages by the same name.— Isidorian liturgy,
Office, rite. Same as Mozarabic rite (which see, under
Mozarabic).

isinglass (i'zing-glas), n. [A corruption, sim-
ulating E. glass, of ^lD.huysenbla.t, later huizen-
btax (D. huishlad) = G. haasenbltise = Dan.
Jiusblas = Sw. husbloss, lit. 'sturgeon-bladder,'
< MI), huysen, huisen = MLG. htiscn = G. limixru.
etc., sturgeon (see huso), + MLG. blase = G.
blasen, etc., bladder: see blaze*.] 1. The purest
commercial form of gelatin, a substance of firm
texture and whitish color, prepared from the
sounds or air-bladders of certain fresh-water
fishes. Isinglass is manufactured especially from the
sounds of some species of Russian sturgeon, and In the
United States from the sounds of cod. hake, snueteague.
sea-trout, sturgeon, and other fishes, and from the skins of
some of them. An inferior quality Is made from clean
scraps of hide, etc., or from the purified jelly obtained
from skins, hoofs, horns, etc. In the preparation of creams
and jellies isinglass Is in great request It Is also used in
fining liquors of the fermented kind, in purifying coffee.

isinglass

in making mock pearls, and in stiffening linens, silks,
gauzes, etc. With brandy it forms a cement for mending
broken porcelain and glass. It is likewise used as an
agglutinant to glue together the parts of musical instru-
ments, and for binding many other delicate fabrics. It is
used in the manufacture of tine glues and sizes, adhesive
plasters, court-plasters, diamond cement, and imitation
glass, in refining wines and liquors, in adulterating milk,
and in lustering silk ribbons. Grades are known as lyre,
leaf, and book isinglass. In the East Indies, China, and
Japan, isinglass, or its equivalent* is prepared from vari-
ous algse or seaweeds — the same in part which furnish
the material of the bird's-nests prized as a delicacy by
the Chinese. Such is the origin of the important Bengal
isinglass or agar-agar. Japanese isinglass is afforded by
species of Gelidium, and is said to produce a firmer jelly
than any other gelatin. These various products are used
not only for food, but in the arts for stiffening, varnishing,
and gluing.

2. Mica: so called from its resemblance to
some forms of the gelatin.— Book isinglass, the
commercial name for the packages into which isinglass
is folded.— Leaf isinglass, a variety of isinglass made by
cleansing, drying, and scraping the tissues of the stur-
geon.— Long and staple isinglass, the same material as
leaf isinglass, but twisted into different forms.— Ribbon
isinglass, an inferior variety of
isinglass.

isinglass-stone (I'zing-

glas-stou), n. See mica.
ising-st art (I ' zing - star),

H. [Irreg. < ising(lass) +

star.] A bit of shining

mica. [Poetical.]

Some had lain in the scoop of
the rock,

With glittering wing-stars in-
laid. Drake, Culprit Fay.

Isis (i'sis), n. [L., < Gr.

'lovf, < Egypt. Hes, a deity,

the female counterpart of

Osiris (Hesiri).] In Egypt.

myth., the chief female

deity; the sister, wife, and

counterpart or female form

of Osiris, and the mother

ofHorus. She is distinguished

by the solar disk and cows' horns

on her head, often surmounted

by a diminutive throne, and

bears the lotus scepter. By the

Greeks she was identified with

lo. Her worship in a modified

form, as a nature-goddess, was

introduced subsequently to the

Alexandrine epoch into Greece,

and was very popular at Rome

from the end of the republic. The Greek and Roman

priests and priestesses of Isis wore a special costume, and

had as an attribute a peculiar metallic rattle, the sistrum.

She [Cleopatra]

In the habiliments of the goddess Isis
That day appear'd. Shale., A. and C., ill. 6, 10.

Islam (is'lam or -lam), n. [= F. Sp. Islam =
Turk, islam, < Ar. islam, obedience to God, sub-
mission, the orthodox faith, < salama, be free,
be safe, be devoted to God. Cf. Moslem, Mus-
sulman, and salaam, from the same source.] 1.
The religious system of Mohammed.

They [All and Hussein] filled a void in the severe reli-
gion of Mahomet, . . . supplied a tender and pathetic side
in Islam.
M. Arnold, Essays in Criticism, A Persian Passion-Play.

2. The whole Mohammedan world.

All was hardly dead before he became enshrined in le-
gend and in myth. . . . Hence the great schism which
from the first divided the camp of Islam,

J. Darmesteter, The Mahdi (trans.), p. 23.
Islamic (is-lam'ik), a. [< Islam + -to.] Be-
longing or relating to Islam.

Persians were the leaders and shapers of Islamic cul-
ture. Contemporary Rev., LIII. 541.

Islamism (is'lam-izm), n. [= F. Islamisme =
Sp. Pg. It. Isfamismo; as Islam + -ism.'] The
faith of Islam ; the true faith, according to the
Mohammedans; Mohammedanism.

In these reaches I found Islamism of a purer form, and
the people more learned in civilized ways.

H. 0. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 190.
Islamite (is'lam-it), n. [< Islam + -ite^.] A
Mohammedan.

Thronging all one porch of Paradise,
A group of Houris bow'd to see
The dying Islamite. Tennyson, Palace of Art

Islamitic (is-la-mit'ik), a. [< Islamite + -ic.]
Pertaining to Islam or the Islamites ; Moham-
medan.

Islamize (is'lam-Iz), r. t. ; pret. and pp. Islam-
ized, ppr. Islamizing. [< Islam + -4ze.~] To
conform to Islam ; Mohammedanize.

We find most distinctly-marked African ideas of a Su-
preme Deity in the West, where intercourse with Moslems
has actually Islamized or semi-Islamized whole negro na-
tions, and the name of Allah is in all men's mouths.

E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 302.

island1 (I'land), n. [Prop. Hand, the s having
been ignorantly inserted in the 16th century,

ffS^
Isis.
Egyptian Cavo-rilievo.

3194

in conformity with isle1 (which is, however,
wholly unrelated, and in which the s is also a
late insertion : see isle1) ; early mod. E. Hand,
ylond (also occasionally ylelond, etc.), < ME.
'iliind, yland, ylond, < AS. igland, iglond, Hand,
egland, eglond, eigland, "iegland (also edland:
see below) (= OFries. dlond, eiland, East Fries.
eiland = MD. eyland, eylland, eiland = MLG.
eilant, elant, olant, einlant, ciglant, LG. eiland =
MHG. eilant, einlant, G. eiland: the MHG. G.
being prob. < LG.) = Icel. eyland = Norw. de-
land = Dan. oland (= Sw. Gland, Oland), an
island, < ig, eg, eig, *ieg, an island (OLG. ey =
Fries, ooge, an island, = OHG. awa, auuja, ouwa,
owa, MHG. ouwe, owe, G. aue, a meadow near
water, = Icel. ey = Dan. Sw. o, an island), a
word existing unrecognized in mod. E. as an
element in local names, as in Angles-ea, An-
gles-ey, Aldern-ey, Satters-ea, Chels-ea, Cherts-ey,
Orlcn-ey, Tliorn-ey, Whitn-ey, etc. (and in Scand.
names, Faroe (Faro), Oland, Thurso, etc.), as
well as in the derived eyot, ait, an island (see
ait) ; prob. orig. an adj., 'belonging to water,'
'in water,' < ed (*eahw-) = OHG. aha = Goth.
ahwa = L. aqua, water (see aqua and ewe2), +
land, land: see land1. The superfluous second
element land was appar. added when the word
ig was passing out of use ; the var. edland (as if
< ed, water, -f- land, land) was an explanatory
sophistication of the proper compound igland.
Other sophistications of the word appear in
the confusion with isle (early mod. E. ylelond,
as if < He1 (isle1) + land1), and in the MLG.
MHG. form einlant, as if the 'land alone' (<
ein, = E. one, + lant = E. tawfJ1).] 1. A tract
of land surrounded by water, whether of the
sea, a river, or a lake : in contradistinction to
mainland or continent.

And than we sayled by Alango, Nio, with many mo yle-
londes that belonge vnto the Roodes.

Sir S. Guylford, Pylgrymage, p. fid.
My sovereign, with the loving citizens,
Like to his island girt in with the ocean, . . .
Shall rest in London. Shak. , 8 Hen. VI., iv. 8, 20.

2. Something resembling an island: as, an is-
land of floating ice.

The shapely knoll,

That softly swell'd and gaily dress'd appears
A flowery island, from the dark green lawn
Emerging. Camper, Task, iii. 630.

3. A hill rising out of low ground or swampy
land, a small clump of woodland in a prairie, or
the like. [Southern and southwestern U. S.]

At the summit of the hill is a beautiful grove, or island
of timber, where the heroes that fell at the battle of San
.Tacinto sleep their last sleep.

A Stray Yankee in Texas, p. 252.

Coral island. See coral.— Floating island, (a) An is-
land formed in a lake or other inland water, when of natu-
ral origin, by the aggregation of a mass of earth held to-
gether by driftwood and interlacing roots. Sometimes
such islands are large enough to serve for gardens or pas-
ture-grounds. Artificial floating islands have been formed
by depositing lake- or river-mud on rafts of wickerwork
covered with reeds. Both natural and artificial floating
islands were used for market-gardens by the ancient Mexi-
cans ; and artificial ones, secured to the banks of rivers
and lakes, abound in southern China, where they are most
commonly used for raising rice. (6) A meringue of white
of egg and sugar floating in divisions upon soft custard.—
Island Of Reil, in anat., a triangular cluster of cerebral
convolutions (the gyri operti, or hidden gyri) situated in
the Sylvian fissure, immediately out from the lenticular
nucleus. See insula, and cut under gyms.— Islands Of
the Blessed, or the Happy Islands, in Or. myth., imagi-
nary islands said to lie in the remote western part of the
ocean, whither after death the souls of the virtuous were
supposed to be transported.

island1 (l'land),fl.t. [< island1, ».] 1. To cause
to become or appear like an island ; insulate.
[Chiefly used in the past participle.]

She distinguished ... a belt of trees, such as we see in
the lovely parks of England, but islanded by a screen . . .
of a thick bushy undergrowth. De Quincey, Spanish Nun.

On a winter morning, when the mists are lying white
and low and thin upon the plain, when distant hills rise
islanded into the air, and the outlines of lakes are just
discernible through fleecy haze.

J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 112, note.

2. To dot as with islands. [Rare.]

A fair expanse

Of level pasture, islanded with groves,
And banked with woody risings.

Wordsmorth, Prelude, viii.
Not a cloud by day
With purple islanded the dark-blue deep. Southey.

Island2t, Island dogt. See Iceland, Iceland

dog.

islander1 (i'lan-der), n. [= D. Hlander = G. ei-
liinder; as island1 + -erf.] An inhabitant of
an island.

That pale, that white-faced shore,
Whose foot spurns back the ocean's roaring tides
And coops from other lands her islanders.

Shak,, K. John, ii. 1, 25.

-ism

Islander2!, »• An obsolete form of Icelander.
Islandict, "•• and »i. An obsolete form of Ice-
landic.

islandisht (i'lan-dish), a. [< island! + -tsft1.]
Insular. Davies.
Our Islandish Monarchy.

Dr. Dee (Arber's Eng. Garner, II. 65).

islandyt (I'lan-di), o. [< island1 + -y1.'] Per-
taining to islands ; full of islands. Cotgrave.

islay (is'la), 11. A small evergreen tree, Primus
ilicifolia, a native of the California coast-ranges
from San Francisco bay south.

isle1 (II), n. [Early mod. E. also He, yle; < ME.
reg. He, yle, also ille, ylle, ilde, ydle, rarely isle, <
OF. reg. He (later isl«, the silent * being inserted,
as also in later ME., in imitation of the Latin
insula), or of the earliest form isle (the * being at
the earliest OF. period actually pronounced),
F. ile = Pr. isla, ilia, ilha = Sp. isla = Pg. Una
= It. isola, < L. insula, an island; supposed to
be < in, in, + salum, the main sea, = Gr. <ra/u>c,
surge, swell of the sea. The word has no con-
nection with island1, with which it has been con-
fused.] 1. An island. [Now chiefly poetical.]
After hym com Galehaut, the sone of the feire Geaunt
that was lorde of the fer oute ylles, and brought in his
company x*1 men. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 577.

Summer isles of Eden lying in dark-purple spheres of sea.
Tennyson, Locksley Hall.

2. In eniom., same as islet, 2 Emerald Isle.

See emerald.

isle1 (il), v.: pret. and pp. islcd, ppr. isling. [<
isle1, «.] I. trans. To cause to become or ap-
pear like an isle; insulate; island. [Poetical.]

Jsled in sudden seas of light,
My heart, pierced thro' with fierce delight,
Bursts into blossom in his sight. Tennyson, Fatima.

II. intrans. To dwell on an isle. Davies.
Lion and stoat have isled together, knave,
In time of flood. Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.

isle2t, ». An old spelling of aisle.
islest, »• [Also (Sc.) aizle; < ME. isyl, < AS.
ysla, ysela, coals, ashes.] A hot coal ; an ember :
usually in the plural. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch. ]
Isyl of fyre, favilla. Prompt. Pare., p. 266.

Ich hane syneged and gabbe me suluen theroffe and pine
me seluen on asshen and on iselen.

Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), ii. 65.
islesman (Ilz'man), n. ; pi. isksmen (-men). An
islander; specifically [cop.], an inhabitant of
the Hebrides or Western Islands of Scotland.
The Isles-men carried at their backs
The ancient Danish battle-axe.

Scott, Marmion, v. 5.

Isles of Shoals duck. See duck2.
islet (I'let), n. [< OF. islet, Met, m., islete, is-
lette, illette, f., = Sp. isleta = It. isoletta, f., <
ML. insuletum, n., dim. of L. insula, an island:
see isle1 and -et] 1. A little isle or island.

Where islets have been formed on the reef, that part
which I have called the "flat," and which is partly dry at
low water, appears similar in every atoll.

Dancin, Coral Reefs, p. 33.

The cressy islets white in flower. Tennyson, Geraint.
2. Any small spot or space surrounded by
something of different character or color: as,
an islet of verdure in a desert ; the islets on an
insect's wing.

A but less vivid hue
Than of that islet in the chestnut-bloom
Klamed in his cheek. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.

ism (izm), n. [< -ism, this suffix being com-
monly used in words expressing doctrine, theo-
ry, or practice.] A doctrine, theory, system,
or practice having a distinctive character or
relation: chiefly used in disparagement: as,
this is the age of isms; to set up an ism.

It has nothing to do with Calvinism nor Arminianism
nor any of the other isms. Southey, Letters (1809), II. 182.

This is Abbot Samson's Catholicism of the twelfth cen-
tury— something like the ism of all true men in all true
centuries, I fancy. Alas, compared with any of the Isms
current in these poor days, what a thing !

Carlyle, Past and Present, ii. 15.

That land [New England] in which every ion of social
or religious life has had its origin — that land whose hills
and valleys are one blaze and buzz of material and manu-
facturing production. H. B. Stmre, Oldtown, p. 458.

-ism. [= F. -isme = Sp. Pg. It. -ismo = D. G.
-ismtis = Dan. -isme = Sw. -few, < L. -ismus, < Gr.
-io/i6f , term, of nouns signifying the practice or
teaching of a thing, from verbs in -i&iv, being <
-<f- + -ftof, a common noun-formative : see -fee.]
A suffix implying the practice, system, doctrine,
theory, principle, or abstract idea of that which
is signified or implied by the word to which it is
subjoined: tts,dog»iatisni,si>iritiialis»i,so<-i(iliKiH,
Atticism, Americanism, Gallicism, terrorism, van-
dalism, repi<l>lic(inii<»i. .l/m'/H««rvi«, being espe-
cially common in nouns so formed from names

-ism

of persons and designating theories, as !<>•»-
tliiiininiii, I'nnilixiH, Hiiririiiiniii, etc., or theories
associated with practice', especially in words
of temporary use, us I'u'.ntrixm, .liirksiiiiixm,
(Iran/ism, etc., siidi temporary wonls being
formed as occasion requires, in unlimited num-
bers. Such words are usually accompanied by
a noun of the agent in -i.it, and an adj. in -ixlii;
and often by a verb in -ise. See these suffixes.

Ismailian,Ismaelian(is-ma-il'i-an, -el'i-an),«.
[< Imiinil, Ixiiiitfl (see def.), + -tan.'] A member
of a sect of Shiite Mohammedans who main-
tained that Ismail was the seventh and last of
the true imams, and that their chief was his
vicegerent on earth. Their doctrines, like those of
their existing representatives, the Druses and Angara of
Syria, departed widely from orthodox Mohammedanism,
and were made known in detail only to the initiated.
The Ismallians founded the Fatlmlte dynasty of Egypt
and Syria (see t'atimitr'h and the sect of Assassins was an
offshoot from them.

Ismailism, Ismaelism (is'ma-il-izm, -el-izm),
a. [< Jxiiiiiil. Ixutiii'l, + -ism.'] The doctrinal
system of tho Ismailians.

Under the Fatlmite Caliph Hakim, a new religion sprang
out of Ismailixin, that of the Druses, so called from its in-
ventor, a certain Uarazl or Dorzi. Jincyc. Brit, XVI. 594.

Ismailite, Ismaelite (is'ma-il-It, -el-it), n. [<

luiitail, Ismael, + -ite&.] Same as Ismailian.
Ismailitic, Ismaelitic(is*'ma-i-Ht'ik, -el-it'ik),

a. [< Ismailite, Ismaelite, + -ic.] Pertaining to

Ismailism.
The eminent men who revealed to the poet In Cairo the

secrets of the Isma'iKKc faith. Encyc. Brit., XVII. 238.

ismatic (iz-mat'ik), a. [< ism + -atic2.] Per-
taining to isms or an ism ; addicted to isms or
theories. [Bare.]

ismatical (iz-mat'i-kal), a. [< ismatic + -a/.]
Same as ismatic. [Bare.]

ismaticalness (iz-mat'i-kal-nes), «. The qual-
ity of being addicted to isms or theories.
[Bare.]

The Ism is the difficulty. This governs their action ;
this they would thrust upon us. Their Iftmaticaljuws con-
ceals and extrudes the Christian. S. Judd, Margaret, iii.

iso-. [L., etc., iso-, < Gr. loo-, combining form
of I'roc, Attic Z<rof, Epic also Finos, equal, the
same (in number, size, appearance, etc.), like.]
An element in some words of Greek origin,
meaning 'equal.'

isoabnormal (i'so-ab-nor'mal), n. [< Gr. iffof,
equal, + E. abnormal.'] A line, either imagina-
ry or drawn on a map of any part of the earth's
surface, connecting places which have tho
same thermic anomaly, or deviation of the ob-
served mean temperature of a certain period
(month, season, or year) from the normal tem-
perature, or that which is due to a locality in
respect of its latitude alone. Also isabnormal.
Dore has published an elaborate set of maps construct-
ed on this principle, In which he shows by a system of
Thermic IgaunorituUg the deviations from the mean of each
month, and of the year, on the different parts of tho
globe. Ruchan, Handy-book of Meteorology, p. 126.

isobar (i'so-biir), ». [< Gr. toof, equal, + ftapo^,
weight: see barometer.] In phys. geoq., a line
connecting places on the surface of the globe
at which the barometric pressure is the same.
For places not situated at the sea-level, a correction must
be applied to each barometric observation corresponding

to the elevations of the stations, before the isobar connect-
ing such stations can be drawn. Isobars may be purely
imaginary lines ; but generally, that the distribution of
the pressure may be seen at a glance, they are drawn
upon some kind of map or chart of the regions covered
by the observations, isobars may be such as indicate
the distribution of barometric pressure at a certain speci-
fied day and hour, or they may give the mean pressure for
any period of time, as for the entire ><':irur f->r the suimm'r
or winter months. Also called isftkarnmetric line.

A study of the isobars at different seasons throws light
upon all periodical occurrences in the way of winds and
currents. Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 117.

isobaric (i-so-bar'ik), a. [< isobar + -ic.] In-
dicating equal weight or pressure, especially
the pressure of the atmosphere : in the latter
use equivalent to isobarometric.

3195

isobarism (i'so-biir-izm), M. [< ixolmr + -ixni.]
Equality or similarity of weight.

isobarometric (i-so-bar-o-met'rik), a. [< Gr.
""".', equal, + E. barometric.] In phyx. geog., in-
dicating equal barometric pressure. Also iso-
linrii: _ iBObarometrlc line. Same as isobar.

isobathytherm (i-so-bath'i-tWrm), ». [< Gr.
laof, equal, + jiadvf, deep, + Hlp/a/. heat.] A
line connecting points in a vertical section of
any part of the ocean which have the same tem-
perature. .s'/Y ('. II'. Thomson, 1876.

isobathythermal (J-so-bath-i-ther'mal), a. [<
i.^iljii/liittlti-rin + -al.] Of or pertaining to an
isobathytherm ; isobathythermic.

isobathythermic (i-so-bath-i-ther'mik), a. [<
isobathytherm + -ic.] Relating to an isobathy-
thenn ; having the same degree of temperature
at the same depth of the sea.

isobilateral (I'so-bi-lat'e-ral). a. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + E. bilateral.] labot., having the flanks
of the organ flattened surfaces: applied to a
particular kind of bilaterally symmetrical or-
gans, as the leaves of some species of 7m, in
contradistinction from bifacial or dorsiventral
organs, or those with an evident upper and un-
der surface, as in most leaves.

isobrious (i-sob'ri-us), a. [< Gr. laoc, equal, +
fipiav, be strong, make strong.] In hot., grow-
ing or seeming to grow with equal vigor in both
lobes: applied to a dicotyledonous embryo.
Also isodynamous.

isobront (i'so-bront), n. [< Gr. laoc, equal, +
fipovrii, thunder.] A line on a map or chart
connecting those places at which a given peal
of thunder is heard simultaneously.

The isnbronts, or the lines uniting the places where the
first peal of thunder was simultaneously neard.

Set. Amer. Supp., p. 9154.

Isocardia (i-so-kar'di-il), n. [< Gr. laoc, equal,
+ unpaid = E. heart.] A genus of heart-
cockles, of the fam-
ily Isocardiida:. They
have a cordate ventricose
shell, with separated in-
volute divergent beaks,
the cardinal teeth 2 and
the laterals 1 or 2 in each
valve. The extinct spe-
cies are numerous, and,
there are five living spe-
cies. I. cor is an example.
Glosnts is a synonym.

Isocardiidae (i'so-
kiir-di'i-de), n. pi.
[NL., < Isocardia +
-ida;.] A family of
siphonate bivalve

mollusks, named H«,t«x*ie (/««,**, «n.
from the genus Iso-
cardia; the heart-cockles. They have the shell
cordiform and ventricose, and the beaks sometimes sub-
spiral, 2 cardinal and 1 or 2 lateral teeth in each valve, the
muscular impressions narrow, and the pallial line simple.
Isocardia cor, the heart-shell or ox-horn cockle, occurs In
the European seas. Glossidce is a synonym. Also Isncar-
diadte.

Isocarpae (I-so-kar'pe), n.pl. [NL., < Gr. laoc,
equal, + napiroc, fruit.] A division sometimes
made of dicotyledonous gamopetalous plants,
consisting of those in which the carpels are of
the same number as the divisions of the calyx
and corolla, as in tho Ericacea?, Primulacece, etc.

Isocarpese (i-so-kar'pe-e), n. pi. [NL. (Kut-
zing, 1843), < Gr. looc, equal, + Kapir&c,, fruit, +
-ece.] The first of the two classes into which
Etttzing divided all algee. It included the tribes
Gymnospermea; and Angiospermece.

isocellular (I-so-sel'u-iar), a. [< Gr. looc, equal,
+ NL. cellula, cell.] Consisting of equal or
similar cells: as, an isocellular protozoan: op-
posed to heterocellular.

isocephaly (I-so-sef'a-li), n. [< Gr. looc,, equal,
-I- />E0a?.//, the
head.] A rule
or principle il-
lustrated in an-
cientGreekart,
in accordance
with which, for
the sake of sym-
metry, natural
proportions
were somewhat
sacrificed in
certain reliefs,
etc., notably in
friezes, and the heads of all the figures, whether
mounted or on foot, standing or seated, were
carved upon nearly the same level. Also iso-
kephaly.

Isocephaly.— Example from the frieze of
the Parthenon.

isoclinal

isocercal (i-so-»«Vkal). «. [< Gr. i<rof, equal,
+ K»/Mof, tail.] Having the end of the veit.
bral column straight, and not bent up, as a
fish.
The itncercal tall without a caudal fin.

Stand. Nat. »«., m. 1*1.

isocercy (i'so-ser-si). n. [< Gr. iaof, equal, +
KffiKof, tail.] Iniehth., the condition of having
an isocercal tail.

isochasm (i'so-kazm), n. [< Gr. laof, equal, +
X''"!'", a gap/ohasm.] An isocbasmie fine.

isochasmic (i-so-kaz'mik), a. [< isochasm +
-ic.] Indicating equality as regards frequency
of auroral displays — isocnaamlc curves, imaginary
lines on the earth's surface passing through points having
the same annual number of auroras.

It will be noticed that, eastward from England, the i»-
chaxmic curves tend rapidly northward, Archangel being
only on the same auroral parallel as Newcastle.

Encyc. BrlL, III. 97.

isochela (I-so-ke'lii), n.; pi. isochelte (-le). [<
Gr. ioof, equal, + xtfJi, claw.] In sponges, an
anchorate or anchor-shaped flesh-spicule ; a
curved spicule with equal ends extended on the
surface of a rotation ellipsoid, and having both
these ends flat and expanded. See cut under
ancora^.

isochimal (i'so-ki-mal), a. [< isochime + -al.]
Of the same mean winter temperature. Also
spelled isocheimal — Igocnlmal line. Same as ito-
chime.

isochime (i'so-kim), «. [< Gr. (<rof, equal, +
Xti/ia, winter: see hiemal.'] In phys.geoy.,ti\ine
drawn on the map through places on the surface
of the globe which have the same mean winter
temperature. Also spelled isochcim.

isochimenal (i-so-ki'me-nal), a. Same as iso-
chimal.

isochimonal, isocheimonal (i-so-ki'mo-nal),
a. [< Gr. ioof, equal, + xeif"->v> winter, + -al.]
Same as isochimal.

isochor (i'so-kdr), ». [< Gr. iaof, equal, + x^f",
space, room.] A curve of equal volume upon a
diagram in which the rectangular coordinates
represent pressure ami temperature.

isochoric (i-so-kor'ik), a. [< isochor + -ic.]
Pertaining to'equal volume or density: as, an
isochoric curve.

isochromatic (i"so-kro-mat'ik), a. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + ,r/)w/ia(r-'), color: see chromatic.] 1.
Having the same color : said of the two series of
oval curves of the interference figures of biax-
ial crystals. Each curve In the one series has one cor-
responding to It both in form and color In the other. The
two curves or lines that have the same tint are called uo-
chrotnatic Una. See interference fiyuret, under interfer-
ence, s.

Beside these (dark bandsl. there are also variable bands,
which correspond to the brushes which cross the igochro-
matic curves. Sputtimuode, Polarisation, p. 78.

2. In photog., game as ortliochroniatic.

isochronal (i-sok'ro-nal). a. [As isocliron-ous
+ -al.] Uniform in time; of equal time; per-
formed in equal times. Two pendulums which
vibrate in the same time are Isochronal : also, the vibra-
tions of a pendulum in the curve of a cycloid have the
same property, being all performed In the same time,
whether the arc he large or small. Also tgocAronoux. —
Isochronal line, a line in which a heavy body descends
without acceleration or retardation.

isochronally (i-sok'ro-nal-i), adv. So as to be
isochronal; with uniformity or equality of time.
Also isochrottovxly.

isochronic (i-so-krpn'ik), a. [As isochron-
ous + -ic.] Occurring at regular intervals of
time.

isochronism (i-sok'ro-nizm), n. [As isochro-
nous + -ism.] The character of being isochro-
nous ; the property of a pendulum by which it
performs its vibrations in equal times.

isochronon (I-sok'ro-non), n. [< Gr. laAxpovav,
neut. of ia6xpovof, equal in time: see isochro-
nous.] An equal time-keeper; a clock designed
to keep perfectly accurate time.

isochronous (I-sok'ro-nus), a. [< Gr. loAxpovof ,
equal in ago or time. < laof, equal, + ;tpovor,
time: see chronic.] Same us isochronal.

isochronously (i-sok'ro-uus-li), adv. Same as
isochronally.

isochroous (I-sok'ro-us), a. [< Gr. iaoxpoos , like-
colored, < (<rof, equal, T XP°°> color.] Being of
the same color throughout; whole-colored.

isoclinal (i-so-kli'nal), a. and ». [As isoclitte +
-al.] I. a. 'Of equal inclination: applied in
geology to strata which incline or dip in the
same direction. See monoclinal.

The flexures are often so rapid that after denudation of
the tops of the arches the strata are uoclinal, or appear to
be dipping all In the same direction.

A. Oeitie, Text Book of Geology, p. 930.

isoclinal

Isoclinal Lines for 1890.

Isoclinal lines, in magnetism, lines drawn upon a map
through points at all of which the dip of the needle is the
same.
II. n. Same as isocline.

The directions of the isogonals, isoclinals, and lines of
equal horizontal force have been found.

Nature, XXXIX. 565.
Also isoclinic.

isocline (I'so-klin), «. [< Gr. laof, equal, +
i&iveiv, incline: see dine.] In geol., a fold in
which the strata are so appressed that the limbs
or flanks (the parts on each side of the axis of
the fold) are isoclinal, or dip in the same direc-
tion. See monocline. Also called overturn, or
overturned anticlinal.

isoclinic (I-so-klin'ik), a. and n. [< isocline +
-ic.] Same as isoclinal.

The isoclinic lines of the globe run round the earth like
the parallels of latitude, but are irregular in form.

S. P. Thompson, Elect, and Mag., p. 117.
The whole region . . . would have to be surveyed in
order to permit the tracing out of isoclinics.

Science, IX. 217.

isoclinostat (I-so-kli'no-stat), «. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + Mveiv, incline, + arar&f, verbal adj. of
lar&vfu, stand : see static."] A link-work for di-
viding any angle into equal parts. Also iso-
Minostat.

iSOCOlic (l-so-ko'lik), a. [< isocolon + -ic.~\ 1.
In rhet., containing successive clauses of equal
length: as, an isocolic period. — 2. Inane. pros.,
consisting of series or members all of the same
magnitude : as, an isocolic system. See isocolon.

isocolon (i-so-ko'lon), n.; pi. isocola (-la). [<
Gr. ia6nu'Aov, neut. of laonu/.of, of equal mem-
bers or clauses, < loof, equal, + nutov, a member,
limb, clause: see colon1.] 1. In rhet.: («) A
figure which consists in the use of two or more
clauses (cola) in immediate succession having
the same length or number of syllables. If the
equality is only approximate, the figure is prop-
erly called parison or parisosis. (b) A period
containing successive clauses of equal length.
— 2. In anc.pros., a period or system consisting
of cola or series of the same length throughout.

isocrymal (I'so-kri-mal), n. [< isocryme + -al.~\
A line, imaginary or drawn upon a map or chart
of any region, connecting points at which the
temperature is the same during some specified
coldest portion of the year. The word was intro-
duced by J. D. Dana, and used by him with reference to
the mean temperature of the ocean surface "for the cold-
est thirty consecutive days of the year."

It is unnecessary to remark particularly upon the fit-
ness of the other isocrymoJs for the purpose of illustrating
the geographical distribution of marine species.

Dana, Amer. Jour. Sci. (2), xvl. 157.

isocryme (I'so-krim), n. [< Gr. laof, equal, +
Kpvfiof, cold, chill (cf. /cpi'iof, cold, frost): see
crystal.'} Same as isocrymal.

The isocryme of 68° is the boundary line of the coral-
reef seas. Dana, Amer. Jour. Sci. (-2), xvi. 156.

isocyclous (I-so-si'klus), a. [< NL. isoeyclus,
< Gr. ioof, equal, + KvK^of, circle : see cycle1.']
Composed of successive equal or similar rings.

isoeyclus (i-so-si'klus), «. [NL., < Gr. "toot,
equal, + KM/IOC, circle.] An animal the body
of which consists of a series of equal or similar
rings. Sir B. Owen.

isodactylous (5-so-dak'ti-lus). a. [< NL. iso-
dactylus, < Gr. laof, equal, + daKTv/.oc, digit.] In
zool., having the toes or digits of equal length or
otherwise alike : its opposite is anisodactylous.

Isodia (i-so'di-a), B. pi. [< MGr. daoSta, neut.
pi. of Gr. elaodiof, pertaining to entrance, < tiao-
(5of, entrance, in MGr. the feast of the entrance
of the Virgin Mary into the temple, < cif, into,
+ t>66f, way.] In the Gr. Ch., the feast of the
Presentation of the Theotocos or Blessed Vir-

fin Mary in the temple, observed November
1st. See presentation. Also written Eisodia.
isodiabatic (I-so-dl-a-bat'ik), a. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + d«z/far«<if , able to pass through, < Sia-
/3arof, verbal adj. of Sutdaivetv, pass through :
see diabaterial.] Pertaining to the transmis-

3196

sion to or from a body of equal quantities of
heat. Thus, isodiabatic parts of isothermal curves are
parts which represent changes of pressure and density of
the same body during the transmission of equal quanti-
ties of heat, the temperature remaining constant,
isodiainetric (i-so-di-a-met'rik), a. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + Aiduerpof, diameter: see diameter.]
Having equal diameters, or being of equal di-
ameter. Specifically— (a) In crystal., pertaining to crys-
tals having equal lateral axes, as crystals of the tetragonal
or hexagonal systems, which are optically uniaxial. (b)
In tot., having the diameter similar throughout, as organs
or cells.

The tissue when fully formed consists of iaodiametric
roundish or polyhedral cells. De Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 3.

isodiametrical (I-so-di-a-met'ri-kal), a. [< iso-
diametric + -al.] Same as isodtametric.

There are cells which are especially concerned in assim-
ilation, and which may be either iso-diametrical or elon-
gated in a direction either parallel to or at right angles
with the axis. Jour. Roy. Micros. Sue., 2d ser., VI. i. 10».

isodicon (i-sod'i-kon), n. ; pi. isodica (-ka). [<
MGr. eiao6iK6v, neut. of claodiKof, pertaining to
the entrance, < Gr. eiaodof, entrance : see Iso-
dia.] In the Gr. Ch., a troparion or brief an-
them succeeding the third antiphon and ac-
companying the Little Entrance. See entrance.
Also written cisodicon.

isodimorphism (I"so-di-m6r'fizm), ». [< Gr.
laof, equal, + E. dimorphism.] In crystal.,
isomorphism between the members of two di-
morphous groups.

isodimorpnous (I'so-di-mdr'fus), a. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + E. dimorphous.] In crystal., having
the quality of isodimorphism.

isodomon, isodomum (l-sod'o-mon, -mum), n.
[< Gr. laoSofiov, iieut. of iaodo/tof, built alike, <
laof, equal, + 6l-
fitiv. build, > 66/iof,
do/tq, a building :
see dome1.] One
of the varieties of
masonry uscJd in
the best period of
Greek architec-
ture, in which the
blocks forming the
courses were of
equal thickness and equal length, and so dis-
posed that the vertical jojnts of an upper course
came over the middle of the blocks in the course
below it. See pscudisodomon.

isodomous (i-sod'o-mus), a. [< isodomon +
-ous.] Of the nature of isodomon.

A great part of the city-wall, built in flue Hellenic isodo-
mous masonry, and a large square central fortress with a
circular projecting tower, are the only remains now trace-
able. Eneyc. Brit., XVIII. 735.

isodont (I'so-dont), a. [< Gr. laof, equal, + bdoif
(bdovr-) = E\ tooth.] Having the teeth all alike,
as a cetacean; having the characters of the
Isodontia.

Isodontia (i-so-don'shi-a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr.
laof, equal, + bdov; (bfiovr-) = E. tooth.] In
Blyth's edition of Cuvier, an order of placeutal
mammals, consisting of the Cetacea of Cuvier
minus the herbivorous cetaceans (sireuians) of
that author; one of two orders constituting
Blyth's zoophagous type of mammals. [Not
in use.]

isodynamic (i"so-di-nam'ik), a. and n. [< Gr.
laoSvvafiof, having equal power or force : see iso-
dynamous.] I. a. Having equal power or force;
relating to equality of force — Isodynamic lines,
in magnetism, lines connecting those places where the

b

with blocks secured by
dowels.

Isodynamic Lines for 1890.

intensity of the force of terrestrial magnetism is equal.

They have a certain general resemblance in form and

position to the isoclinal lines.

II. n. An isodynamic line,
isodynamous (i-so-di'na-mus), a. [< Gr. laodv-

fo/iof, having equal power or force, < laof, equal,

+ Siva/ttf, power, force: see dynam, dynamic.]

Having equal force ; of equal size ; in hot. , same

as isobrious.
Isoeteae(I-so-et'e-e), n.pl. [NL.,< Isoetes + -eai.]

An order of vascular cryptogamous plants, re-

isogonic

lated to the Selaginellacea', containing the sin-
gle genus Isoetes.

Isoetes (i-so'e-tez), «. [NL., < L. isoetes, small
houseleek or aye-green, < Gr. woirrif, equal
in years (ueut. TO laocrff, an annual plant), <
laof, equal, + srof, a year.] A genus of vas-
cular cryptogamous plants, belonging to the
natural order
Isoetea;. They are
small grass-like or
rush-like aquatic
or semi-aquatic
plants, in which
the plant-body con-
sists of an exceed-
ingly restricted
stem, which gives
off a dense mass of
roots from below
and sends up acorn-
pact tuft of leaves
above. The spo-
rangia are sessile
in the axils of the
leaves, and some
contain macro-
spores (mega-
spores) and some
microspores. The
genus comprises
about 50 species,
and has a very wide
geographical dis-
tribution, occur-
ring in Europe,
Asia, Australasia,
Africa, and North
and South Ameri- Quillwort (

ca. The species, <*. sporangium cut longitudinally, showing
which »rp irpm.nl the luacrospores or megaspores ; *, sporan-

iTktwn3 STSSL ~' SS&S8KKSI ». Scro.

worts, are of no

especial value. /. lacustris is known in England as Mer-
liris-grass. Some half-dozen species have been found in a
fossil state, chiefly in the Tertiary of Europe, but one oc-
curs in the Eocene of Colorado, one in the Upper Jurassic
of Bavaria, and another in the Oolite of Yorkshire, Eng-
land. These lower forms are usually distinguished by the
name Isoetites.

isogamous (i-sog'a-mus), a. [< Gr. laof, equal,
+ ydfiof, marriage.] Characterized by isog-
amy. The isogamous algse are the Zygnemea;
Desmidiea!, etc.

ISOgamy (i-sog'a-mi), n. [< Gr. laof, equal, +
jd/iof, marriage.^] In bot., the conjugation of
two gametes of similar form, as in certain alg£e.
Compare oogamy.

isogenous (i-soj'e-nus), a. [< Gr. laofevf/f, equal
in Kind, < laof, equal, + yevof, kind : see -genoits.]
Of the same or a similar origin; homologous,
in a broad sense, as formed from the same or
corresponding tissues of the embryo. Thus, parts
of the nervous system of worms, mollusks, and vertebrates
are isogenoiw, being derived from the epiblast.

isogeny (i-soj'e-ni), n. [As isogen-ous + -y.]
In biol., similarity or identity of origin; origi-
nation in or derivation from the same or corre-
sponding tissues ; evolutionary homology, in a
broad sense.

It is well to use words which will express our meaning
exactly, and hence a general homology may be indicated
by the word isogeny, indicating a general similarity of ori-
gin. Stand. Ufat. Hist., I., Int., p. xvii.

isogeotherm (I-so-je'o-therm), n. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + yy, the earth, + Qep/ai, heat.] In phys.
geog., an imaginary line or surface under the
earth's surface passing through points having
the same temperature.

isogeothermal (i-so-je-o-ther'mal), a. [< iso-
geotherm + -al.] Inpliys. geog., pertaining to
or having the nature of an isogeotherm.

isogeothermic (i-so-je-o-ther'mik), a. [< iso-
geotherm + -ic.] Same as isogeothermal.

ISOgnathous (I-sog'na-thus), a. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + yvdtiof, jaw.] In odontog., having the
molar teeth alike in both jaws : opposed to an-
isognathoi's.

isogon (i'so-gon), n. [= Sp. It. isogono; < Gr.
iaoywviof, having equal angles, < iaof, equal, +
yuvia, angle.] In math., a figure whose angles
are equal.

isogonal (I-sog'o-nal), a. and «. [< isogon +
-al.] I. a. Having equal angles.
II. n. An isogonic line.

isogonic1 (i-so-gon'ik), a. [< isogon + -ic.]
Having equal angles.— isogonic lines, in magne-
ti*m, lines on the earth's surface at every point of which
the deviation of the magnetic needle from the true north
is the same for a given period. See cut on following page.
On the globe the isogonic lines run for the most part
from the north magnetic pole to the south magnetic polar
region. 5. P. Thompson, Elect, and Mag., p. 117.

isogonic2 (i-so-gon'ik), a. [< Gr. laof, equal,
+ yovof, offspring.] In biol., exhibiting isog-
onism; producing identical generative indi-
viduals from different stocks, as hydroids of
different families may do.

isogoniostat

l&MIL— **JUJ1_3*L _"* ? . .*?

Magnetic Isotfonic Lines for 1890.

isogoniostat (i-so-go'ni-9-stat), n. [< Or. tao-
JIJWH;, equiangular (see isogon), + orarof, ver-
bal adj. of iaravai, stand: see static.] A link-
work for regulating the motion of a train of
prisms.

isogonism (i-sog'o-nizm), n. [< isogon-ic? +
-is m.] In biol., production of similar or identi-
cal sexual organisms or reproductive parts from
diverse stocks.

Medium) of Identical structure, which one would place

In the same genus, may form the sexual generations of

hydroid stocks belonging to different families (isiytituan).

Clam, Zoology (trans.), I. 240.

isogram. (i'so-gram), n. [< Gr. laof, equal, +
•ypa/jfta, that which is drawn or written: see
aranfl, and of. diagram, etc.] A diagram ex-
hibiting a family of curves for the purpose of
showing a relation between three variables.

isographic (I-so-graf 'ik), a. [< isography + -ic.]
Of or pertaining to isography.

isographically (i-so-graf'i-kal-i), adv. In an
isographic manner ; as regards, or by means of,
isography.

The laborious process of isagraphically charting the
whole of Argelanuer's 324,000 stars.

A. M. Clarke, Astron. In 19th Cent, p. 487.

isography (i-sog'ra-fi ), n. [< Or. «o>pa0of, writ-
ing like, < to-of, equal, + ypafytiv, write.] The
imitation of handwriting.

Isogynae (i-soj'i-ne), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. lo-oc,
equal, + ywfi, female (in mod. bot. a pistil).]
A division of dicotyledonous plants, including
the Primulacete, Ericacew, etc., in which the
carpels equal the sepals and petals in number.
They are coextensive with the Isocarpte.

isogynous (I-soj'i-nus), a. [< Gr. io-of, equal,
+ ywi/, female (in mod. bot. pistil).] In bot.,
having the pistils, or the carpels of which the
single pistil is composed, equal in number to
the sepals.

isogyrOUS (i-so-ji'rus), a. [< Gr. loot, equal, +
ywpof, round: »ee gyre.] In bot., forming a com-
plete spire. [Rare.]

isohalsine (i-so-hal'sin), n. [Irreg. < Gr. loos,
equal, + a/If, salt, + -tne1.] A line connecting
points of equal salinity in the waters of the
ocean. Such lines may be drawn to Indicate either the
distribution of the saline matter (about three fourths of
which in the main ocean consists of common salt) at and
near the surface, or its variations in depth. In the latter
case, the isohalslnes are plotted upon a plane surface rep-
resenting a vertical section of the ocean between the de-
sired pointa.

isohyetal (i-so-hl'e-tal), a. and n. [< Gr. looy,
equal, + verof, rain: see hyetal.] I. a. Marking
equality of rainfall: as, an isohyetal curve. Iso-
hyetal lines may be drawn to connect places having the
same amount of annual or of seasonal rainfall. An isohye-
tal map or chart is more generally called a ntinjull chart.
II. M. An isohyetal line or curve.

isokephaly (i-so-kef'a-li), n. See isocephaly.

isoklinostat, n. See isoclinostat.

isolable (is'o- or i'so-la-bl), a. [< isol-ate +
-able.'] That can bo isolated; specifically, in
chem., capable of being obtained pure, or un-
combiucd with any other substance.

It [identityl is quite accurately distinguishable from
difference in known matter, but it is not isolabU from dif-
ference. B. Bosarufuet, Mind, XIII. 359.

isolate (is'o- or i'so-lat), i: t. ; pret. and pp. iso-
lated, Mfc itotottaf. [With suffix -ate*. < F.
IN-,/, , = iv. i.inlar, < It. isolare, < ML. insulan;
pp. iiixutatus, detach, separate: see insulate."]

1. To set or place apart; detach or separate so
as to be aloiie : often used reflexively : as, he
isolated himself from all society.

It IB ... possible to dissect out a nerve with a muscle
attached, to keep it alive tor a time, and thus to inquire
what an isolated nerve will do.

Q. T. l.ii'l'l. Physlol. Psychology, p. 56.

2. In elect., same as insulate, 3. — 3. In them.,
to obtain (a substance) free from all its com-
binations.

isolate (is'o- or i'so-lat), «. [< isolate, p.] Iso-
lated; detached.

3197

The New .Moon swam divinely unfai*

In maiden silence. Lowell, Endymlon, 1.

isolated (is'o- or i'so-la-ted), p. a. 1. Stand-
ing detached from others of a like kind ; placed
by itsolf or alone.

I am not teaching man's isolated energy.

Channing, Perfect Life, p. 17.

2. In rlii-iii., pure; freed from combination. —
Isolated bltaugent. See bitanyent.
isolating (is'o- or i'so-la-tmg), p. a. Employ-
ing the principle or ' producing the effect of
isolation: specifically applied m philology to
monosyllabic languages in which each word is
a simple, uninflected root.

Such languages (agglutinative], constituting the small
minority of human tongues, are wont to be called iso-
lating, I. e. using each element by Itself, in Its integral
form. Whitney, Eucyc. Brit., XVIII. 774.

isolation (is-o- or l-so-la'shou), «. [= F. iso-
lation; as isolate + -ion.] 'The state of being
isolated or alone.

Isolatum from the rest of mankind.

Mil mini. Latin Christianity, vili. 5.

0 God-like isolation which art mine,

1 can but count thee perfect gain.

Tennyson, Palace of Art.

isolator (is'o- or i'so-la-tor), H. [< isolate +
-or.] An insulator.

isologous (i-sol'o-gus), a. [< Gr. loot, equal, +
/djof, ratio, proportion: see logos.'] Having
similar proportions or relations: specifically
applied in chemistry to a series of Hydrocar-
bons each member of which differs in composi-
tion from the next above it in the same series
by having two less hydrogen atoms. Thus,
ethane (C2H6), ethylene (CgH^, and acetylene
(C2H2) form an isologous series.

The number of isologous groups actually known and
studied is comparatively small.

W. A. Miller, Elem. of Chem., i 1122.

isologue (i'so-log), n. [< Gr. looc, equal, + f.o-
yof, ratio, proportion.] A member of an isol-
ogous series of hydrocarbons.

isomastigate (I-so-mas'ti-gat), a. [< Gr. io-of,
equal, + [idoTii- (poorer-), a whip.] Having the
flagella alike or similar, as an infusorian, in
which there may be two or more such flagella :
distinguished from heteromastiqate.

isomer (i'so-mer), n. [< Gr. loofiept/c, having
equal parts: see isomerous.] In chem., a com-
pound that exhibits the properties of isomerism
with reference to some other compound. Also
isomeride.

Isomera (i-som'e-ra), n. pi. [NL. : see isomer-
ous.] A primary division of coleopterous in-
sects, characterized by having (with a very few
exceptions) the same number of tarsal joints on
the posterior legs as on the others. The Isomera
include the five series Adephaya, Claoicornia, Serricornia,
Lamellieornia, and Phytophaga.

isomere (i'so-mer), n. [< Gr. 'iaofiepi/f, having
equal parts: see isomerous. Cf. isomer.'] In
zool., a part or segment of the limb of one ani-
mal which is homologous with or corresponds
to a part in another animal. Thus, the distal end
of a bird's tibia is an isomere of proximal tarsal bones of a
mammal. See isotome, and jiif moral segment (under mem-
bral).

The lines . . . are isotomes, cutting the limbs Into
morphologically equal parts, or isomcret.

Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 229.

isomeria (i-so-me'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. iaouefrijf,
having equal parts: see isomerous.'] A distri-
bution into equal parts. Kersey, 1708.

isomeric (i-so-mer'ik), a. [< isomer-ous + -to.]

1. In chem., pertaining to or characterized by
isomerism.

As I learn from one of our first chemists, Prof. Frank-
land, protein is capable of existing under probably at
least a thousand isomeric forms.

U. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., App., p. 483.

2. In :ool., of, pertaining to, or forming an iso-
mere : as, isomeric segments of the limbs.

isomerical (i-so-mer'i-kal), a. [< isomeric +
-<il.'] Same as isomeric.

isomerically (i-so-mer'i-kal-i), adv. In an iso-
meric manner; as regards isomerism.

isomeride (i-som'e-rid or -rid), n. [< isomer-on.i
+ -/</<•-.] Same as isomer.

isomerism (i-som'e-rizm), n. [< isomer-ous +
-ism.] In chem., identity or close similarity of
composition and molecular weight, with differ-
ence of physical or of both chemical and phy-
sical properties. There are three different cases of
isomerism : first, where compound bodies have the same
ultimate composition and the same molecular weight,
but differ in physical properties and in their behavior
toward the same reagents, being essentially distinct sub-
stances; second, where compounds have the same compo-
sition, the same molecular weight, and the same general

isomorphous

reactions, but ditf er in certain physical or chemical prop-
erties; tliinl, wtirrt- compounds differ solely In certain
physical properties. The facts of isomerism are gener-
ally explained by assuming a difference In the arrange
meiit of the atoms which form the ttomeric molecule*.

Allotropy stands In the same relation to elements that
itamerum doe* to COIII|HHIM<|H.

fr'rankUiud and Japp, Inorganic Chemistry, p. 111.

isomeromorphism(i-89-mer-o-m6r'fizm), n. [<
Gr. ioo//fpi/f,Tiaving equal parts (see isomerous),
+ /M>p^,form,+ -i*»i.J In crystal., isomorphism
between substances having the same atomic
proportions.

isomerous (i-som'e-rus), a. [< Gr. iao/itp//t, hav-
ing equal parts or'shares, < laof, equal, + ulpof,
part, share.] 1. In hot., composed each of an
equal number of parts, as the members of the
several circles of a flower. — 2. In chem., hav-
ing the property of chemical isomerism . — 3. In
e/t tow., having the same number of tarsal joints
of all the legs. When the number is not stated,
isomerous tarsi are understood to be five-joint-
ed or pentamerous. See Isomera. — 4. laodon-
tor/., having the same number of ridges : specifi-
cally applied to molar teeth whose transverse
ridges do not increase in number on successive
teeth, as in the living elephants: opposed to
anisomerons and liypisomerous. Gill.

isomery (i'so-mer-i), «. [< NL. isomeria, q. v.]
Isomerism.

isometric (I-so-met'rik), a. [< Gr. ia6/ierpof, of
equal measure, < toof, equal, + fitrpov, measure.]

1. Of equal measure.

In The Princess we also find Tennyson's most successful

studies upon the model of the Theocritan imnetric verse.

Stedman. Viet. Poets, p. UK;.

2. Iii crystal., pertaining to that system which
is characterized by three equal axes at right
angles to one another. The seven holohedral forms
under this system are the cube, regular octahedron, rhom-
bic dodecahedron, tetrahexahedron, tetragonal and trigo-
nal trlsoctahedron, and hexoctahedron. The tetrahedron
and pyritohedron are the most common hemihedral forms.
Also called monometric, regular, tesndar, cubic. See rri/x-
tattography.— Isometric perspective or projection, a
method of drawing figures of machines, etc. It is an or-
thogonal projection on lines equally inclined to the three
principal axes of the body to be represented.

isometrical (i-so-met'ri-kal), a. [< isometric +
-al.] Same as isometric.

isometrograph (i-so-met'ro-graf), ». [< Gr.
iffof, equal, + /ifr/iov. measure, + ;/xi^m>, write.]
An instrument for accurately spacing and draw-
ing lines at equal distances from each other, as
in cross-hatching sections in mechanical draw-
ing. It consist* of mechanism which moves a straight-
edge or ruler a definite distance parallel to itself, so that
lines drawn along the edge of the ruler are equally spaced.

isomorph (i'so-morf), H. [< Gr. icrof. equal, +
lioptyij, form.] 1. A substance which exhibits
isomorphism. — 2. In ;oi>l., an organism which
has the same form as another, and thus resem-
bles it, though belonging to a different group.

There are sandy forms [of the Rrtieularia\ which it Is
difficult to separate from imperforate Lituolidea and are
nevertheless perforate, in fact are "sandy isomorphi of
Lageua, Nodosaria, Globigerina, and Rotalia."

E. R. Lankester, Encyc. Brit, XIX. 849.

isomorphic (i-so-mor'fik), a. [< isomorjih-ous
+ -ic.J 1. Same as isomoriihoiis. — 2. In biol.,
being of the same or like form ; morphologi-
cally alike; equiformed.

Dlcholophus . . . has assumed peculiar raptorial char-
acters isomorphic with those of Gypogeranii*. which is a
true bird of prey. Nature, XXXIX. 180.

isomorphism (I-s6-m6r'fizm), n. K isonutrjjh-ous
+ -ism.] A similarity of crystalline form: as,
(a) between substances of analogous compo-
sition or atomic proportions, as the members
of a group of compounds like the sulphates of
barium, strontium, and lead; (b) between com-
pounds of unlike composition or atomic pro-
portions. The first of these is isomorphism proper, and
is sometimes distinguished as isomermu or aanomic iso-
morphism ; the second as heteromerous or heteronamic iso-
morphism, or simply as hmnaeomorpliism.— Holohedral
Isomorphism, in math., the identity of the form of two
groups.

isomorphous (i-so-mdr'fus). a. [< Gr. loot,
equal, + pop^i;, form.] Exhibiting the prop-
erty of isomorphism. Also isomorjMc.

Notwithstanding the possibility, In the case of certain
carbonates, of substituting isomorphma constituents for
one another, it cannot be pretended that any evidence as
yet breaks down the list of chemical elements.

J. Jlartineau, Materialism, p. 127.

Isomorphous group, (a) A group of substances having
analogous composition and closely related crystalline form.
Thus, in mineralogy, the carbonates of calcium, magnesi-

um. iron, manganese, and zinc (respectively CaCOs, MgCOs,

p, all

FeCOs, MnCO3, ZnCO3) form an isomorphous group,
crystallizing in the rhombohedral system, and with near-
ly the same angles, the angle of the cleavage rhombohe-

isomorphous

dron varying from 105° to 107£°. Between the members
of an isomorphous group intermediate compounds may
occur, regarded as isomorplious mixtures of the two un-
like molecules. Thus, dolomite, the carbonate of calcium
and magnesium, may be considered as formed by the
union of the calcium carbonate molecules with those of
magnesium carbonate. (&) pi. In math. See groups.

Isomya (i-so-mi'a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. iaos,
equal, + /jvf, a mouse, a muscle, = E. mouse.
Cf. Dimyaria.] Isomyarian mollusks; Dimy-
aria proper, one of three orders into which la-
mellibranchs have been divided : distinguished
from Heteromya and Monomya. They are di-
vided into Integropallia and Sinupallia.

isomyarian (r''so-ini-a'ri-an), a. [< Isomya +
-arian.] Having two adductor muscles of the
same size or nearly so, as most bivalve mol-
lusks ; perfectly dimyarian ; of or pertaining to
the Isomya.

ison (i'son), n. [< Gr. iaov, neut. of laof, equal:
see iso-.] In the music of the Greek Church,
the sign for the key-note.

Isonandra (i-so-uan'dra), n. [NL., irreg. < Gr.
«rof, eq"ual, + avr/p (avdp-), male (mod. bot. sta-
men).] A small genus of gamopetalous plants,
of the natural order Sapotacece. The flowers are
tetramerous, the corolla-tube is elongated, the stamens are
8 in number and nearly equal, and the seeds are albumi-
nous. They are evergreen trees with entire leaves, na-
tives of southern India, Ceylon, and the adjacent islands.
The species of this genus, particularly /. polyantha and
/. obovata, yield a good quality of gutta-percha. /. Gutta,
the true gutta-percha, is now referred to the genus Pala-
quium. Wight, 1840.

Isonandreae (i-so-nan'dre-e), n. pi. [NL.
(Eadlkofer, 1887),'< Isonandra + -ea.] A tribe
of plants of the natural order Sapotacece, con-
taining the genera Isonandra and Payena.

isonephelic (I"so-ne-f el'ik), a. [< Gr. lao; , equal,
+ VCIJI^TI, cloud : see nebula.] Indicating equal-
ity as regards the prevalence of clouds — Isone-
pnellc line, in meteor., an imaginary line over the earth's
surface passing through points which have the same de-
gree of cloudiness of the sky for a given period (month or
year).

A chart of the world showing lines of equal annual
cloudiness (isonephelic) is given by Kenan.

Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 290.

isonomia (i- so -no 'mi -a), ». [< Gr. inovofiia,
equality of rights : see isonomy.] Equality be-
fore the law ; uniformity of rights.
There is no part of our constitution so admirable as this

Blind Isopod (Cacidotea stygia). Mai
Cave, Kentucky.

equality of civil rights, this isonomia which the philoso-
phers of ancient Greece only hoped to find in democrati-
cal government. Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const., p. 200.

isonomic (i-so-nom'ik), a. [< Gr. laovo/ui<6f, <
\aovofiia, equality of laws: see isonomy.] 1.
Of or pertaining to isonomy ; the same or equal
in law or right. — 2. One in kind or origin : spe-
cifically applied in chemistry to isomorphism
subsisting between two compounds of like com-
position : opposed to heteronomic.

isonomy (i-son'o-mi), n. [< Gr. laovofda, equal
distribution, equality of rights or laws, < taovo-
/tof, equally distributed, having equal rights, <
laof, equal, + v6/u>$, distribution, custom, law:
see name.] Equality as regards rights and priv-
ileges ; isonomia.

Philolaus . . . introduced an isonomy into the oligarchy,
and so enabled it to hold its ground.

Von Banks, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. 135.

(i'so-nim). n. [< Gr. iaaw/ios, having
the same name, s icrof, equal, + dvo/ta, ovv/ia,
name.] In philol., a paronym.

isonymic (i-so-nim'ik), a. [< isonym + -ic.] In
plitiol., paronymic.

isonymy (i-son'i-mi), n. [< Gr. laum/iia, same-
ness of name, < iaavv/toc, having the same name :
see isonym.] Same as paronymy.

isopathy (i-sop'a-thi), n. [< Gr. laof, equal, +
Traftjf, suffering, 'disease.] The theory that dis-
ease may be cured by the product of the disease,
as smallpox by minute doses of variolous mat-
ter ; also, the theory that a diseased organ may
be cured by eating the same organ of a healthy
animal. Both theories are, of course, absurd.

isoperimetrical (I-so-per-i-met'ri-kal), a. [<
isoperimetry + -ie-al] 1. Of or pertaining to
isoperimetry. — 2. Having equal boundaries:
as, isoperimetrical figures or bodies.

isoperimetry (!"so-pe-rim'e-tri), n. [< Gr. laoc,
equal, + ireplftsTpov, circumference : see perim-
eter.] In geom., the science of figures having
equal perimeters or boundaries. The problem to
determine among all curves having their extremities at
two given points and a given length that one which in-
closes the maximum area is the problem of isoperimetry ;
and the name is extended to every problem involving the
calculus of variations in the same way.

isopetalous (i-so-pet'a-lus), a. [< Gr. icro?, equal,
+ Trfra/W, a leaf (petal): see petal.] Having
equal petals. Thomas, Med. Diet.

3198

isophorous (I-sof 'o-rus), a. [< Gr.
bearing or drawing equal weights, equal in
strength, < i<rof, equal, + </>epeiv = E. bear*.] In
bot., an epithet used by Liudley to express the
relation to a species of its abnormal forms when
they are sufficiently habitual to have been taken
for distinct plants. Thus, the assumed genus
of orchids Aclinia is now regarded as an isopho-
rous form of Dendrobium.

isopiestic (i'so-pi-es'tik), a. [< Gr. laof, equal,
+ jTOtrrdf, verbal adj. of mifriv, press, squeeze.]
Isobaric ; denoting equal pressure.

Isopleura (i-so-plo'ra), n.pl. [NL., neut. pi. of
isopleurus: see isopfeurous.] A prime division
of gastropods containing those which are equal-
sided or bilaterally symmetrical: contrasted
with Anisoplewa. The isopleural gastropods are
chiefly represented by the chitons, but also include such
worm-like forms as Ckcetoderma and Neomenia. Rank-
ed as a superorder, the Isopleura have been divided into
three orders, Polyplacophora, Chcetodermce, and Ifeomenoi-
dea.

isopleural (i-so-plo'ral), a. [As isopleur-oits +
-al.] Having the right and left sides equal;
bilaterally symmetrical, as most animals; of or
pertaining to the Isopleura.

isopleurous (l-so-plo'rus), a. [< NL. isopleurus,

< Gr. iadK^svpof, having equal sides, equilateral,

< io-oc, equal, + nfavpa, side.] Same as isopleu-
ral.

Isoplexis (I-so-plek'sis), ». [NL. (Lindley,
1821), < Gr. jffof, equal, + irA^fjf, a stroke, <
K^ijaaeiv, strike, cut.] A genus of Scrophu-
larinece, closely allied to Digitalis, but distin-
guished by a shrubby habit and by the fact
that the upper lip of the corolla equals the
lower. The two species, I. sceptrum from Madeira and
I. Canariensis from the Canaries, cultivated in green-
houses, bear terminal racemes of showy yellow or orange-
colored flowers.

isopod (i'so-pod), a. and «. [< NL. isopus (iso-
pod-), < Gr.
tffof, equal, -f

TTOL'f (iTO<5-) =

E.foot.] I. a.
Having the
feet all alike,
or similar in
character;
specifically, pertaining to the Isopoda or having
their characters. Also isopodous.

II. n. An isopod crustacean; any one of the
Isopoda.

Also isopodan, isopode.

Isopoda (i-sop'o-da), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
isopus (isopod-Y, equal-footed: see isopod.] An
order of arthrostracous or edriophthalmous
(sessile-eyed) crustaceans, with 7 free thoracic
somites bearing as many pairs of legs, which
are alike in size and direction, whence the
name; the Polygonata of Fabricius. The body
is usually broad and depressed, and more or less arched ;
the head is almost always distinct from the thorax,
except from the first thoracic ring, with which it is
united ; and the abdomen is short-ringed and often re-
duced. There are no branchial thoracic vesicles, the
respiratory function being carried on by the peculiarly
modified laminar legs of the abdomen. The thoracic legs
of the females may be modified to form brood-pouches for
the eggs by means of delicate membranous plates called
oogteyites. The
sexes are distinct,
except in Cymotho-
id<e. Isopods are
found in both salt
and fresh water,

and also on land. ^3&mk? <^^HHL^

The terrestrial iso-
pods, family Onis-
cidai, are known as
sow-buffs, wood-lice,
and slaters. The
gribble, lAmnoria
terebrans, is a ma- o^^ „„«,„, , common wood-louse o

nne form. Many sow-bujf : a, head ; 6, thorax ; c, abdomen.

Isopoda are ecto-

parasitic, as the Cymothoidce on the gills and in the mouth
of fishes, and the BopyridtK in the gills of prawns. The or-
der was divided by Milne-Edwards into three sections, Se-
dentaria, Natatoria, and Cursoria, according to the hab-
its of the animals. By Claus the Isopoda are made a sub-
order of Arthrostraca, and divided into two tribes, Ani-
sopoda (which resemble amphipods) and Euisopoda, or
genuine isopods. Others reckon about ten families, not
separated into suborders. Leading types are Tanaidce
and Anceidte on the one hand, and on the other Cymo-
thoidce, Spheeromidce, Idoteidx, Asellidce, Bopyridce, and
Oniscidce.

isopodan (i-sop'o-dan), a. and n. [< isopod +
-an.] Same as isopod.

The size of the body far transcends the ordinary Isopo-
dan limit Encyc. Brit., VI. 659.

isopode (i'so-pod), a. and n. Same as isopod.
isopodiform (i-so-pod'i-form), a. [< NL. isopus
(isopod-), isopod, + L. forma, form.] Formed

isoseismic

like an isopod ; resembling an isopod in form :
specifically applied to six-footed, oblong, flat-
tened larvse with a distinct thoracic shield,
long antennre, and caudal bristles or plates, as
those of the roaches.

isopodimorphous (i-so-pod-i-m6r'fus), a. [<
NL. isopus (isopod-), isopod, + Gr. i

il, form.]
Same as isopocliform.

isopodous (i-sop'o-dus), a. [As isopod + -ous.]
Same as isopod.

iSOpOgonOUS (i-so-pog'o-nus), a. [< Gr. laof,
equal, + iruyuv, beard, barb. ] Equally webbed :
said of feathers whose inner and outer webs are
alike in size and shape : opposed to anisopogo-
nous.

Three Types of Isopods.
I, sedentary, Ropynts squillantm. a, na-
tatory, Cymodocea lamarcki. 3, cursorial,
Oniscits asellus. a common wood-louse or

isopolity (i-so-pol'i-ti), n. [< Gr.
equality of civic rights, < I<ro7ro/Urj?c, a citizen
with equal rights, < iaof, equal, + ITO/UT^C, a
citizen: see polity.] Equal rights of citizen-
ship in different communities ; mutual politi-
cal rights.

Niebuhr . . . establishes the principle that the census
comprehended all the confederate cities which had the
right of isopolity. Milman.

Between America and England . . . one would be glad
if there could exist some isopolity.

Clough, To C. E. Norton, Sept. 21, 1853.

Isoptera (i-sop'te-ra), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of
isopterns: seeisopterous.] The termites or white
ants regarded as a suborder of Neuropter/i.
They have large, equal, and naked wings not folded in re-
pose, well-developed manducatory jaws, and short many-
jointed antennee. The larvae and pupae resemble the neu-
ters ; the latter are wingless. This suborder is represent-
ed by the family Termitidce alone.

isopterous (I-sop'te-rus), a. [< NL. isopterns
(cf. Gr. iaoTTTepof, poet., swift as flight), < Gr.
tffoc, equal, + irrepov, wing.] Having the wings
equal ; specifically, pertaining to the Isoptera or
white ants, or having their characters.

isopurpuric (i"so-per-pu'rik), a. [< Gr. loaf,
equal, + L. purpureus, purple : see purple.]
Same as purpuric — isopurpuric add, C8HBN606,
an acid not known in the free state, but forming a potas-
sium salt when strong solutions of picric acid and potas-
sium cyanide are mixed. It was formerly used as a dye,
under the name of grenat soluble.

isopurpurin (i-so-per'pu-rin), n. [< isopiirpur-
(ic) + -iiP.] A coal-tar color (Ci4H5O2(OH)3)
used in dyeing, closely allied to alizarin, formed
by heating beta-anthraquinon disulphonic acid
with caustic soda and potassium chlorate. It is
sold in commerce under the name of alizarin, and pro-
duces the yellow shade of red, while true alizarin gives
bluish shades of red. Also called anthrapurpurin.

Isopyreae (I-so-pI're-e), ». pi. [NL. (Eeichen-
bach, 1837), < Isopyrum + -ea>.] A former tribe
of plants of the natural order Ranunculacea;,
typified by the genus Isopyrum : now merged
in the tribe Hellebores.

Isopyrum (i-so-pi'rum), n. [NL. (Linnaeus),
< L. isopyrmn, < Gr. Ic6vvpov , a plant not iden-
tified (Fitmaria capreolata%),<. laof, equal, + vrv-
poc, wheat (or irvp = E. fire).] A small genus
of plants of the order Sanuneulacew, the type of
the old tribe Isopyrew. They are slender smooth
herbs with perennial root, bi- to triternately compound
leaves, and solitary or loosely panicled white flowers.
Seventy-five species are known in the north temperate
portions of both hemispheres.

isorrhythmic (i-so-rith'mik), a. [< Gr. to-of,
equal, + pvff/ioc, rhythm : see rhythm.] In awe.
pros. , having the same number of morse or units
of time in thesis and arsis: as, an isorrhythmic
measure or foot; characterized by such pro-
portion (1:1) of thesis and arsis: as, the isor-
rhythmic class of feet ; isorrhythmic movement.
The isorrhythmic class (of feet) consists of the
tetrasemic feet, namely : the dactyl (— | >- ^),
the anapest (~ -- \ —), and the spondee (— | — ).

isosceles (I-sos'e-lez), a. [< L. isosceles, < Gr.
roomefAfa, with equal legs (iaoCT/cE?.£f rpiyuvov, a
triangle with two sides equal), < ioof,
equal, + ovce/lof, leg.] Having two
legs or sides equal: as, an isosceles
triangle.

Isosceles (I-sos'e-lez), n. [NL. : see
isosceles, a.] A genus of cerambycid isosceles
longicorn beetles. Newman, 1842.

isoseismal (i-so-sis'mal), n. and a. [< Gr. ;<rof,
equal, + a£ia/i6f, a shaking, an earthquake:
see seismic.] I. n. A curve or line connecting
points at which an earthquake-shock is felt with
equal intensity, or at which there is an "equal
overthrow" (Mallet). See homoseismal.

II. a. Belonging or related to an isoseismal;
having the character of an isoseismal : as, an
isoseismal curve.

isoseismic (i-so-sis'mik), a. Same as isoseis-
mal.

Isosoma

3199

issuably

of different continents; an imiiln rmnl chart.
Also isiithermoiiH. isothermal coordinates, see
coordinate.— Isothermal line, an isotherm.— Isother- ,

mal zones, spaces on opposite sides of the equator hav- ISplua (is P'-uaJi n.
Ing the same mean temperature, and bounded by coin
sponding isothermal lines.
II. H. Aii isothermal line ; an isotherm.

[<Gr.

northwestern India. These wed* are grayish-pink

Isosoma (i-s6-s6'iuii), «. [XL., <Gr. lotou/ax, of the geographical distribution of temperature: ispaghul-seed (is 'pa-gul-sed), w. [K I.,d |
like- body,'< io-ori equal, + ouua, body.] 1. as, an iwthen,,,,! lin.-; the isothermal relations The seed ..l Plottage bpoftato, a native of

. - it • _» _1!A J. i.: „_*._. «. — »».,. Jl> jiKMi'd «li»wf 11 /-ii-f li UL'nut Jtftl Imllft TliAflA anaila •» m*vlah.ninlr

A genus ot hymenopteroui uueoti oi toe fam-
ily t'lttitciilitlir and subfamily l-:«i-i/t<imin<i', con-
taining plant-feeding forms furnishing nn ex-
coption to the rule in this parasitic family. /.
hiii-i/n is known as thti joiiit-irorm Jl;/. II "'/.' '',

Isii'J. — 2. A genus of Elnteruike or click-beetles,

containing one species, /. elateroules, from the isothermobath (i-so-ther'ino-bath), «. [«

Caucasus. Menctrics, 18:!2. loof, equal, + Oipinf, heat, +' /3<i<tof, depth.] A

Isospondyli (i-so-spon'di-li), n. pi. [NL., pi. line drawn through points of equal temperature

otisonpniidyliis:'seeisospondylous.] An order in a vertical section of the ocean. Sir C. ll'y-

oi pliysostomous fishes with no precoracoid ville Thomson, 1876.

arch, the scapular arch suspended to the era- isothermous (i-so-ther'mus), a. Same as iso-

nium, a symplectic bone, the pterotic and an- ///<•;•«»//.

ti'iior vertebra simple, and the parietals sep- isotherombrose (i"s6-the-rom'br6s), o. [<Gr.

ed by the supraoccipital. The order in- ioof, equal, + Oinof, summer, + 6ftf)po(,

arated ... , ....

dudes most malacopterygian fishes. E. D. see imbricate.]

<'"l", 1870. an equal amount

isospondylous (i-so-spon'di-lus), a. [< NL. lines connecting places on the surface of the

isosponilylus, < Gr. iaof, equal, + aitvviv'JM;, ver- globe where this condition exists,

tebra.] Having the characters of the ISOSJIOH- Isotoma (i-sot'6-mft), ». [NL.,<Gr. ioof, equal,
dyli; pertaining to the IsoKi>ondyli.

(i'so-spor), ». [< Gr. loot, equal, +

_v ^ f , [NL. (Gesuer, 1555), appar.

Tm'prop. for h ix/'"'". < !-<• hispidus, rough, shaggy :
see hispid.] If. One of sundry slender-billed
birds, especially the kingfisher or halcyon and
the bee-eater or apiaster. — 2. The technical
specific name of the small kingfisher of Europe,
Alcedo ispida. — 3. [cap.] A genus of kingfish-
ers, equivalent to the modern family Alt'
da; variously restricted by subsequent authors,
and now disused. lirisson, 1760.
ispravnik (is-prav'nik), «. [Kuss. ispravniku
(see def.), < ispravnutt, exact, correct; cf. «»-

enof, summer, + oitppof, rain: ,,rat./ua«,correct,repair,exercise(afunction).]
Ivpliys.geog., characterized by Tne cnief poUco officer of a Russian uyezd or
t of rainfall in summer ; noting ^^j district, and the presiding judge of the dis-
trict police court. His duties are partly judicial and
partly executive, and in some parts of the empire, particu-
larly in the remoter parts, his powers are virtually those of
+ roue, a i cutting, ^.Teaveiv, raueiv, cut.] 1. In a local governor.
entom. I (a) A genus of beetles of the family La- I-?py (i'spi' ), «• [**>. called from the exclama-

re li BU-»IHJrj. H. |\ VII. »uuv, OUUMj i t'JIWTft,. IBJ aWHUUBUl UCC L1CO UJ. Hue LOIUI.I jr x>w- -r* * * / ,u-*.n\ tit »/*J

, a seed: see spore.] 1. An isosporous griida;, containing a few South American spe- tion of ^the , seeker ("it"), "/ spy" (So-and-so),

,-* « » *-» ,_A f. il_ _ *». _j»il wliail ho HlOAAVAVB n MiniUMI lllnVPr.l A Ctlll-

j • • • .-. .

plant. — 2. As employed by Kostafmski, the
same as aygosperm.

Isosporia (i-so-spo'ri-S,), n. pi. [NL. (Baker),
< Gr. loot, equal, -r- airopd, a seed.] A series
of vascular cryptogamous plants, including the
Filices, Equisetacea, and Lycopodiacece, in which
the spores are said to be all of one kind. Later
investigation has shown that this classification is incorrect,
since there are both isosporous (homosporuus) and heteros-
porous Pilices, Equisetacece, and Lycopodiacece. See homos-
poroua.

isosporous (i-sos'po-rus), a. [< Gr. toof, equal,

when he discovers a hidden player.] A chil-
dren's game, the same as hide-and-seek. Also,
with unoriginal aspiration, hi-xpy, hy-spy.

O, the curly-headed varlets ! I must come to play at
Blind Harry and lly-Spy with them.

Scott, Ouy Mannering, Iviii.

+ amipa, a seed: see spore.] Same as homos- isotome (i' so-torn), n. [< Gr. Iooc, equal, +

porous

isostatic (1-so-stat'ik), a. [< Gr. laoft equal,
+ araTMOf, stable.] lu hydrostatic equilibrium
from equality of pressure. Thus, the earth's crust
is conceived to be formed of elementary conical prisms of
equal weight, and hence the crust is isostatic, or in an iso-
static condition.

iSOStemonOUS (i-so-stem'o-nus), a. [< Gr. ioof, ^ _

equal, + arr/fiuv, a stamen.] In but., having iaotomoilS (i-sot'o-mus), a. [<inotome + -ous.]
the stamens equal in number to the sepals or Qf or pertaining' to an isotome: as, isotomous
petals, or to the ground-plan of the flower. segments of a man, horse, and bird. Coues.

isostemony (i-so-stem'o-ni), n. [As isostemo- isotonic (I-so-ton'ik), a. [< Gr. Mrovof, having
nous + -y.] The state or condition of being iso- 6quai accent (or tone), < loot, equal, +
stemonous. * --•-'• "--

isotely (i'so-tel-i), n. [< Gr. loortfata, equality
of tax and tribute, < ioorr/jfa, paying alike, < loot;,
equal, + r^Aof, tax, tribute.] In ancient Ath-

cies. Blanchard, 1845. (6) A genus of thysan-
urous insects, of which /. arborea is the typical
form. There are a number of other species.
Bourlet, 1839.— 2. In bot., a genus of herba-
ceous plants of the natural order Lobeliacea:
The flowers are axillary, with a nearly regular salver-
shaped corolla ; the tube is very long and slender, and only Israelite (iz'ra-el-It), «. [< LL. Israellta, USU-
slightly split or not at all ; and the stamens arc inserted auy ju pi Israelite, < Gr. 'lapat/).i-nif. a descen-
toward the top. About 9 species are known, of which the ~it ,,» T=rool < 'TVimWU < TToh Israel larnpl
most noteworthy is /. Imwflora, called by the Spanish da.ut of Israel, <

orig. another name of Jacob, then a collective
name for the Jews.] A descendant of Israel
or Jacob; one of "the children of Israel";
a Hebrew; a Jew. Israelite* was the name of the
whole people of Israel down to the death of Saul, when it
came to be restricted to those northern tribes who re-
belled against David, and more definitely applied to the
ten tribes that set up a separate monarchy on the death of
Solomon. After the captivity the name again came to be

rthy i» /. Imunfara,
Americans reeenta de cavaMos, because fatal to horses. It
acts upon the human system as a violent cathartic, with
fatal results.

ii, a cutting, < ri/iveiv, rafulv, cut.]
an imaginary line drawn through the same joint,
or between the same segments, of the same
limb in different animals, to indicate those seg-
ments which are homologous. Thus, the tiblotar-
sal Isotome passes through the ankle-joint of man, the hock
of a horse, and the lower end of the tibia of a bird. Couet,
1884. See \tamere.

tone, accent: see tone.] Having or indicating
equal tones — Isotonlc system or temperament, in
music, the system of equal temperament. See tempera-

^ ^ aga

the appellation 'ot the reunited branches of the nation, but
was gradually supplanted by the term Jew, especially
among foreigners.

The Hebrews that were with the Philistines before that
tune, . . . even they also turned to be with the Israelites
that were with Saul and Jonathan. 1 Sam. xiv. 21.

I also am an ItraelUe, of the seed of "Abraham, of the
tribe of Benjamin. Rom. xi 1.

New Israelite, a member of a certain English sect : same
aa.Sc/uMcottuin.

Israelitic (iz"ra-e-lit'ik), a. [< LL. Ixraeliticux,
< Inraelita, Israelite : see Israelite.] Pertaining
to the Israelites; Jewish; Hebrew.

These books give us a fairly trustworthy account of /«-
raeiitu; life and thought in the times which they cover.
Uuxley, Nineteenth Century, XIX. 347.

ens, equality" before the law with citizens, isotrope (1'so-trop), a. [< Gr. iooc, equal, +

granted to an alien; immunity from the disad- rpoirii, a turning, < rpeiretv, turn.] Same as tso-

vantages of alienage. tropic.

The two brothers returned to Athens. . . . Though not isotroplc (i-so-trop ik), a. [As isotrope + -if. lsraeljtish (iz'ra-e-li'tish), a. [< Israelite +

possessing the right of citizenship, they possessed the Cf. tropic.] 1. Having the same properties m _,-^i i Belonging to the Israelites; of the Jew-

wotely. whiton. Notes on Lysias, p. 52. ttu directions: said of a medium witn respect ^ j£ee

isotheral (i'so-ther-al), a. [< isothere + -al.] to elasticity, conduction of heat or electricity, And ^ ^ of an ImelaM w whoge father W1I

Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an iso- or radiation of heat and light. Thus, all cry8tall!ie<l ^ Egvptjan went out among the children of Israel

there; indicating the distribution of summer substances belonging to the isometric system are uotropic Lev. xxiv. 10.

temperature by means of isotheres: as, an iso- wlth re»Pect to heat ">d "«"• . isset „. ,-

theral chart ; Ltheral lines. . The direction of .propagation of a plane wave in an unl- j

isothere (i'so-ther), n. [< Gr. loof, equal, +

Oipof, summer.] An imaginary line over the

earth's surface passing through points which

have the same mean summer temperature,
isotherm (i'so-therm), n. [< Gr. loof, equal, +

Bepfo/, heat.] A lino connecting points on the

earth's surface having the same mean tempera-
ture. Such a line may be either an imaginary one or

one actually drawn on a map or chart of the region em-
braced by the observations. When the term uothenn

is used without qualification, or when it is not otherwise

A Middle English form of issue.

cy,

hen a spherical portion of it, tested by _., ,
', exhibits no difference in quality however it is turned.
W. Thornton, Encyc. Brit, VII. 804.
2. Having equal, common, or non-specific de-
velopmental capacity.

The conclusion (ls| that the nervous system, and corre-
spondingly other organs, may develop from any portion
of the egg-substance — in short, that the egg is uotrnpic.
Encyc. Brit., XX. 416.

necessarily understood from the context, the mean of the isotrOpOUS (i-sot'ro-pus), a. [As isotrope +
year, or, moreproperly of a long seriesof years, is intend- ^-i game ag isoiropic.

ed. The isotherm of the winter months is sometimes des-
ignated as the isochimal or itochimenal; that of the sum- In a previous note . . . theauthorst
mer months as the itotheral.

isothermal (i-so-ther'mal), a. and n. [< Gr.

io-of, equal, + eepwhe&t (see isotherm), + -«!.] isotropy (i'so-tro-pi), n.
I. a. Of the same degree of heat; of the same
temperature; iu phys. geog., pertaining to or

connected with the cooling of a homogeneous and itotro-
ptna solid body. Suture, XXXIX. 239.

sotropy (i'so-tro-pi), n. [As isotrope + -y.]
The state or property of being isotropic.

There is involved no assumption as to the homogeneity issuable (ish'6-a-bl), a. f< issue + -able.]

marking equality' of temperature ; exhibiting or fcotrcw of the dielectric medium. Capable of issuing, or liable to be issued.— 2.

PMo***™ Mag.,jxvi. * pertaining to an issue or issues ; that

S?£K£^^£aS& "*" '°r WWCh -*«-^ i»«? ^ing taken upon it ; in which

A family of homopterous insects, typified by
the genus Issus. It contains thickset robust bugs, many
of which are rough, resembling bits of bark-, and thus ex-
hibit protective mimicry. They are widely distributed in
temperate and tropical countries, and are classified under
about 50 genera and more than 200 species.
Issidioromys (is'i-di-or'o-mis), n. [NL., sup-
posed to be an error for * Isidoromys, < L. Isidorus,
a man's name (referring to Isidore Geoffrey St.
Hilaire), + Gr. pi>c = E. mouse.] A notable ge-
nus of fossil myomorphic rodents from the Eu-
ropean Tertiary, referred to the family Therido-
myida;, having rootless molars whose crowns
are divided into cordate lobes by ree'ntering
enamel-folds. Croi;et, 1840.

1.

isotype (i'so-tip), n. [< Gr. io-ortwof, shaped
alike (having the same type), < «roc, equal (par-
allel), + rim-oc, type, form.] In zoogeog., a form
common to two or more countries : applied to
representatives of the same genus or family oc-
curring in different countries. T. Gill, Smith-
sonian Report, 1881, p. 460.

isotypic (i-so-tip'ik), a. [< isotype + -ic.] Hav-
ing the character of an isotype.

isozodid (i-so-zp'oid), n. [< Gr. loof, equal, +
?<Miiil.~\ In :ofil., the opposite of allozoitid.

issues are made up: as, an isgimWe plea; an «*-
suable term.

For now the course Is, to make the sheriff's venire re-
turnable on the last return of the same term wherein Is-
sue Is joined, viz. Hilary or Trinity terms : which, from
the making up of the issues therein, are usually called u-
tuablc terms. BladnUme, Com., III. xxiii.

Issuable plea, a plea upon which' a plaintiff may take Is-
sue and go to trial upon the merits,
issuably (ish'o-a-bli), adv. In an issuable man-
ner; so as to raise an issue on the merits : as,
"pleading issuably," Burrill.

Lion issuant.

issuance

issuance (ish'6-ans), n. [< issuan(t) + -ce.~\
The act of issuing or giving out : as, the issu-
ance of rations.

issuant (ish'6- ant), a. [X issue + -ant."]
Emerging: in her., said of a beast of which only
the upper half is seen. Especially
— (a) When emerging from the lower
edge or bottom of a chief, and therefore
borne upon the chief : as, a chief gules,
a demi-lion issuant argent. In this sense
contrasted with ascendant, which means
rising from the bottom of a shield or
from the outer edge of a fesse, etc., and
with jessant and naissant, which mean
rising from the middle of an ordinary, as
a fesse, and usually borne partly on the ordinaiy and part-
ly on the field above it. (o) Rising out of any other bear-
ing, or from the bottom of the escutcheon. [Rare in this
sense.}— Issuant and revertant, in her., coming into
sight and disappearing : said of two beasts of which the
upper part of one and the lower part of the other are visi-
ble, as when one of them rises from the base of the shield
and the other disappears at the top.
issue (ish'6), n. [< ME. issue, issu, isshue, isch-
ewe, yssewe, < OF. issue, eissue, essue, F. issue, a
going out, egress, outlet, final event, < issu, pp.
of issir, eisser, < L. exire, go out : see exit. Of.
ish. The noun is in later senses partly from the
verb.] 1. A going, passing, or flowing out;
passage from within outward ; an outgoing,
outflow, or flux.

With my mouthe if I laugh moch or lite,
Myn yen sholde make a contynaunce vn-trewe,
Myn hert also wolde haue ther-of despite,
The wepyng teres haue so large yssewe.

Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 53.

A woman which was diseased with an issue of blood

twelve years came behind him. Mat. ix. 20.

2. Means of egress; an opening or outlet; a
passage leading outward ; a vent.

Than thei gan to repeire a softe paas till thei come to
the ism of the foreste, and than gan it to shewe day.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 357.

The foliage closed so thickly in front that there seemed
to be no issue. Jt. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 120.

3. Specifically, in med., a vent for the passage
of blood or morbid matter ; a running sore, ac-
cidental or made as a counter-irritant.

When any man hath a running issue out of his flesh,
because of his issue he is unclean. Lev. xv. 2.

Issues over the spine have been found useful in chronic
spinal disease. . Quain, Med. Diet., p. 314.

4. An outcome ; a result ; the product of any
process or action ; that which occurs as a con-
sequence ; ultimate event or result : as, a happy
issue of one's labors; the issues of our actions
are hidden from us.

A blisfull begynnyng may boldly be said,

That flolow to the fer end and hath a faire tissue.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2257.

Learning and philosophy . . . had . . . the power to

lay the mind under some restraint, and make it consider

the issue of things. Bacon, Moral Fables, vi., Expl.

Spirits are not finely touch'd
But to fine issues. Shak., M. for M., i. 1, 37.

A Fact is the end or last issue of spirit.

Emerson, Nature.

5. Offspring; progeny; a child or children;
descendant or descendants: as, he had issue a
son ; issue of the whole or of the half blood.

Thare es none ischewe of us on this erthe sprongene

Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1943.
Was Milan thrust from Milan that his issue
Should become kings of Naples?

Shak., Tempest, v. 1, 206.
Might I dread that you,

With only Fame for spouse and your great deeds
For issue, yet may live in vain?

Tennyson, Princess, iii.

6. Produce or proceeds; yield, as of land or
other possessions: as, the issues, rents, and
profits of an estate.

He was first of Inglond that gaf God his tithe,
Of isshues of bestes, of landes, or of tithe.

Hob. of Brunne, p. 19.

7. The act of sending or giving out ; a putting
or giving forth; promulgation; delivery; emis-
sion : as, the issue of commands by an officer,
or of rations to troops; the issue of a book, or
of bank-notes.

The booking-office is not opened for the issue of tickets
until perhaps a quarter of an hour before the time fixed
for the departure of the train.

Saturday Rev., Jan., 1874, p. 14.

Issue is also applied to the mere attempt to dispose of

old stock at a reduced price, where no reprint takes place.

N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 479.

The codification of Bavarian law and the issue of the
Golden Bull were . . . attempts in the direction of civili-
sation in accordance with the highest existing ideal.

Slubts, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 211.

8. That which is sent out, promulgated, or de-
livered; the quantity sent forth at one time,

3200

or within a certain period : as, a large issue of
bank-notes ; the daily issues of a newspaper.

No undeserving favourite doth boast
His issues from our treasury.

Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iv. 4.

To restrict issues, or forbid notes below a certain de-
nomination, is no less injurious than inequitable.

LL. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 434.
The vast development of stereotyping has made the
word issue a partial substitute for the word "edition."

If. and Q., 7th ser., II. 478.

9. A matter of which the result is to be de-
cided; that which is to be determined by trial
or contention; a conclusion held in abeyance
for consideration or debate ; a choice between
alternatives : as, the issues of the day ; a dead
issue.

Thus was raised a simple issue of law to be decided by
the court. Maeavlay, Hist. Eng., vi.

In this act . . . they have forced upon the country the
distinct issue, "immediate dissolution or blood."

Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 141.
The years have never dropped their sand
On mortal issue vast and grand
As ours to-day. Whittier, Anniversary Poem.

10. Inlaw: (a) The close or result of pleadings
in a suit, by the presentation of a controverted
point to be determined by trial. It is either
an issue of taw, to be determined by the court,
or of fact, to be determined by a jury or by the
court. (6) The controversy on any material
fact, affirmed on one side and denied on the
other, in a trial, (c) The sending out or au-
thoritative delivery of a document : as, the is-
sue of execution — At issue, (a) In controversy; op-
posing or contesting; hence, at variance; disagreeing;
inconsistent ; inharmonious.

Face, voice

As much at issue with the summer day
As if you brought a candle out of doors.

Mrs. Browning, Aurora Leigh, ii.
(6) In dispute ; under discussion.

A third point at issue between Carlyle and many is what
he has baptised Anti-rose-waterism in Cromwell.

Colburn's New Mag., N. S., VIII. 206.

(c) Specifically, in law, the condition of a cause when the
point in controversy has been arrived at by pleading.—
Bank of issue. See oankz.— Collateral issue. See col-
lateral.—Distributive finding of the issue. See dis-
tributive.— Feigned issue. See feign.— General issue,
in lav, a simple denial of the whole charge or complaint,
or of the main substance of it, in the form of a denial, as
"not guilty" or "not indebted," as distinguished from a
special denial (see special issue, below), and from allega-
tions conflicting with particular averments, and from spe-
cial pleas of other facts in avoidance. — Immaterial is-
sue, an issue which cannot be decisive of any part of theliti-
gation, as distinguished from a material issue, or one taken
upon a fact which cannot be admitted without determin-
ing at least some part of the rights in controversy. Thus,
if in an action for the price of goods sold defendant with-
out denying the purchase should merely deny that it was
on the day alleged by plaintiff, the issue would be immate-
rial ; but if he should set up that the sale was on a credit
still unexpired, issue joined upon this allegation would be
material.— Issue roll, in old English legal practice, the
roll of parchment on which the pleadings were entered, in
anticipation of trial ; hence, in somewhat later times, the
pleadings in a cause, collected and fastened or folded to-
getherfor the same purpose. — Joinder of issue, joinder
in issue, the act of joining issue in pleading ; the docu-
ment by which one party signifies to the adversary that he
rests the cause for trial on the point at issue on the plead-
ings.— Note of issue, in law, a memorandum showing
issue joined in a cause, which informs the clerk that it is
ready for trial1.— Special issue, an issue taken by deny-
ing a particular part of the adversary's allegations, as dis-
tinguished from the issue presented by a general denial. —
To j oin issue, to take issue, said of two parties who take
up an affirmative and a negative position respectively on
a point in debate.

Were our author's arguments enforced against deists or
atheists only, we should heartily join issue.

Goldsmith, Criticisms.

To pool issues, to unite for the promotion of individual
interests or objects by joint action ; combine for mutual
advantage. [IT. S.] = Syn. 4, Consequence, result, upshot,
_ conclusion, termination. —5. Progeny, etc. Seed/spring.
issue (ish'6), v. ; pret. and pp. issued, ppr. issu-
ing. [< ME. issuen, yssuen; < issue, n.~] I. in-
trans. 1 . To pass from within outward ; go or
pass out ; go forth.

Fele fightyng folke of the fuerse comyns, . . .
At Ector thai asket leue, & yssuit furth somyn [together].
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 6222.
For, I protest, we are well fortified,
And strong enough to issue out and fight.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 2, 20.

2. To proceed as progeny ; be derived or de-
scended; spring.

Of thy sons that shall issue from thee. 2 Ki. xx. 18.

Thy father

Was Duke of Milan ; and his only heir
And princess — no worse issued.

Shak., Tempest, i. 2, 59.

3. To be produced as an effect or result ; grow
or accrue; arise; proceed: as, rents and pro-
fits issuing from land.

isthmian

This is my fault : as for the rest appeal'd,
It issues from the rancour of a villuin.

Shak., Rich. II., i. 1, 143.

4. To come to a result or conclusion ; reach an
end ; close ; terminate : with in before an ob-
ject: as, we know not how the cause will issue ;
the negotiations issued in a firm peace.

Her effort to bring tears into her eyes issued in an odd
contraction of her face.

George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 9.
The child issues in the man as his successor, and the
child and the man issue in the old man.

J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 131.

5. In law : (a) To come to a question in fact or
law on which the parties join in resting the de-
cision of the cause. (6) To go forth as author-
itative or binding: said of an official instrument,
as a mandamus, proclamation, or license. [In
this sense often used in the future, implying that the
court has the right to issue the writ, and will do so upon
application : as, a writ of prohibition will issue to forbid
an inferior court from entertaining a suit of which it has
no jurisdiction.]

II. trans. 1. To send out; deliver for use;
deliver authoritatively; emit; put into circu-
lation : as, to issue provisions ; to issue a writ or
precept ; to issue bank-notes or a book.

After much dispute and even persecution there was is-
sued in 1555 a decree establishing toleration to all.

Brougham.

Arundel found time to issue a series of constitutions
against them [Lollards] in 1409. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 404.

2f. To bring to an issue; terminate ; settle.

It is our humble request, that in case any difference
grow in the general court, between magistrates and dep-
uties, . . . which cannot be presently issued with mutual
peace, that both parties will be pleased to defer the same
to further deliberation.

Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 255.

Endeavour to issue those things, in the wisdom and
power of God, which will be a glorious crown upon your
ministry. Perm, Rise and Progress of Quakers, vL

issueless (ish'o-les), a. [< -issue, »., + -less.']
Having no issue or progeny ; lacking children.

Ah ! if thou issueless shall hap to die,

The world will wail thee, like a makeless wife.

Shak., Sonnets, ix.

issue-pea (ish'6-pe), n. A pea or similar round
body employed for the purpose of maintaining
irritation in a wound of the skin called an issue.
See issue, n., 3.

issuer (ish'o-er), ». One who issues or emits:
as, the issuer of a proclamation, a promissory
note, etc.

ISSUS (is'us), n. [NL. (Fabricius, 1803), < L.
Issus, Gr. 'Iffo-of, a city of Cilicia, on the Medi-
terranean.] The typical genus of insects of the
family IssicUs. The fore wings are rather flat, broadest
near the base, convex on the fore border, smaller and
rounded at the tip. Upward of 60 species are found, in
all parts of the world. Those of North America are small
and inconspicuous. A leading one is /. coleoptratus, widely
distributed in Europe.

-ist. [=F. -iste = Sp.Pg. lt.-ista,< L.-iste,-iste.s,

< Gr. -iffT^f, a termination of nouns of agent
from verbs in -ifrtv, < -<f- + -rr/^, common forma-
tive of nouns of agent. See -ize, -ism.'] A termi-
nation of Greek origin, existing in many Eng-
lish words derived from the Greek or formed on
Greek analogy, denoting an agent (one who
does or has to do with a thing), and corre-
sponding usually to nouns in -er1, with which
in some cases they interchange. Such nouns are
either (a) of pure Greek formation, asAtticist, baptist, evan-
gelist, exorcist, etc., or formed of Greek elements, as ety-
mologist, philologist, physicist, dramatist, economist, etc.
(with equivalent etymologer, phUoloi/er, etc.), or (6) formed
from a Latin or Romance base, as annalist,, artist, jurist,
legist, moralist, pietist, qtdetist, realist, specialist, etc., espe-
cially with reference to political or social theories or prac-
tices, as abolitionist, federalist, unionist, protectionist, social-
ist, nihilist, corruptionist, fusionist, etc., or (c) formed from
an English word (whether native or naturalized), as harp-
ist, druggist, violinist, etc. ; so also saloonist, etc. Words of
the first two classes are very numerous, new formations
being made with great freedom. In the last use the suffix
is but sparingly used, the formative -erl or some other be-
ing preferred. In vulgar use words in -ist are often em-
ployed, humorously or for the nonce, where properly only
-er is permissible, as in shootist, singist, walkist, etc., for
shooter, singer, walker, etc. In some instances, as scientist,
for example, the formation is irregular, and the words are
condemned by purists.

isthmf, isthimt, »• [< OF. isthme: see isthmus.']
An isthmus. Davies.

Logh Nesse, . . . from which, by a verie small Isthlm
or partition of hils, the Logh Lutea or Louthia ... is di-
vided. Holland, tr. of Camden, ii. 50.

isthmian (ist'- or is'mi-an), a. [= F. Istlnnien,

< L. Isthiniux, < Gr. "lafi/Jio/;, pertaining to the
Isthmus of Corinth, < 'InSiwf, the Isthmus of
Corinth: see isthmus.] 1. Of or pertaining to
an isthmus. — 2. [.cup.'} Specifically, of or per-
taining to the Isthmus of Corinth, between the
Peloponnesus and the mainland of Greece. —

isthmian

Isthmian games, «;inirs in honor of I'osi-ftlon ancirntly
rrli'licilr.l fit the ls!liiiii;m sanctuary, un tin- latbmus of
Tori nl h, conBtftutiiiK the srconil in import mire "t thf tnui
Kiv:it national fr*ti\ al <-t (Jivir. '. Th.-y ttx.k plai-t- in A pi il
a 11' I May ill tin' lil'M anil thin I >r:u ,t.t .-irli I Uymplad, ami
im'liitlnl lltr sainr o.ntcstH as tin', Olympian KltmeB, atll-
U'tic, poetic, aii-1 ninsiral. The vii'tnrswere crowned with
wreaths of pine-leaves, which were the only prizes.— Isth-
mian sanctuary, a HIUTIM! .ir^cinrt on the northeast
shore of the Isthmus of Corinth, inclosed hy walls ami
rontainiiiK rii'li temples, altars, a theater, a stadium, iitul
ninny otlu-r public ami jiitvalr iimmiincntK, within wliirli
the uthmiu c-:;i!iirs urro celebrated from time iuinn nni
rial until tin- pn -valence of the Christian religion.

iathmiate (1st'- or is'mi-at), a. [< iethmua +
-i-ate.] In zoiil., having a narrow part con-
necting two broader portions.— Isthmlate tho-
rax, in Ciileaptera, a thorax having a narrowed space he-
tween the prothorax and the elytra, either in consequence
of the former being constricted behind, or because the an-
terior part of the mcsothorax in not covered by the pro-
thorax.

isthmitis (ist- or is-mi'tis), n. [NL., < iatlinin.i,
3, + -itix.] liilhiiiiiiint icin of tho throat.

isthmoid (ist'- or is'moid), a. [< Gr. lotiiioetiqi; ,
like an isthmus, < loOfitif, an isthmus, + eliof,
form.] Kesembling an isthmus; specifically,
resembling the isthmus faucium.

isthmus (isf- or is'mus), «. [Formerly alsowt//*-
mon (and intlim, q. v.); = F. infinite = Pg. ixthmo
= Sp. It. intmtt, < L. isthmus, < Gr. ioSfi&:, a nar-
row passage, a narrow strip of land between two
seas (esp. the Isthmus of Corinth); akin to Wfta,
a step, (ievat (= L. in), go : see j/o.] 1. A narrow
strip of land bordered by water and connecting
two larger bodies of land, as two continents, a
continent and a peninsula, or two parts of an
island. The two isthmuses of most importance are that
of Suez, connecting Asia and Africa, and that of Panama or
Uarien, connecting North and Mouth America. The Isth-
mus most famous in ancient times is that of Corinth, called
distinctively the Isthmus, separating the Peloponnesian
peninsula from the mainland of c recce. A small Isthmus
is often called a neck.

There want not good Geographers who hold that this
Island was tied to France at first ... by an Inthmos or
neck of laud 'twixt Dover and Bullen.

UmceU, Pref. to Cotgrave's French Diet. (ed. 1678).

2. In hot. and cool., some connecting part or
organ, especially when narrow or joining parts
larger than itself. — 3. The contracted passage
from the cavity of the mouth into that of the
pharynx. It Is bounded above by the pendulous veil of
the palate and uvula, at the sides by the pillars of the
fauces, and in low hy the base of the tongue. More fully
called isthmus faucium, isthmus of the fauces. — Isthmus
cerebrl, the isthmus of the brain ; the narrow part inter-
vening between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.— Isth-
mus of the thyroid gland, a contracted part of this
gland, lying across the middle line of the windpipe, and
connecting the two lateral lobes which chiefly compose
the thyroid body.

-istic. [< -i.it 4- -ic.~\ A termination of adjec-
tives (and in tho plural of nouns from adjec-
tives) formed from nouns in -ist, and having
reference to such nouns, or to associated nouns
in -ixm, as in dei-itic, theintic, euphuintic, euphe-
mistic, puristic, linguistic, sabjectivistic, objecti-
I'ixlii; etc. In nouns it has usually a plural
form, as in linguinticn.

-istical. [< -istic + -al.~\ Same as -istic.

Istiophorus (is-ti-of'o-rus), «. See Histiophn-
riin, 1 and 2.

IstiurilS (is-ti-u'rus), n. See Histiiirits, 1.

istle. ystle (is'tl), it. [Mex. ; also ixtle.'] An ex-
ceedingly valuable fiber produced principally
from Kromelia si//fe,«Am\akindof wild pineapple.
It is called pita in Central America, and xilk-frraw in British
Honduras. These names, with the exception of the last, are
also applied to the fiber obtained from various species of
Agave, particularly A. rijida, A. Ixtli, etc., but the spe-
cies are much confused. Rroinelia gylvegtris, which is ex-
tensively cultivated in Mexico, produces leaves 1 to 3
inches wide and 5 to 8 feet long, which yield a very strong
tlber extensively used in the manufacture of bagging, car-
pets, hammocks, cordage, nets, belts, ete. See henequen.

istle-grass ( is'tl-gras), n. The plant, Broun Hit
xilh'egtris, which yields the fiber istle.

Istrian (is'tri-an), a. and n. [< Istria (see def.)
+ -an.'] I. a. Of or pertaining to Istria, a
crownland belonging to the Cisleithan division
of Austria-Hungary, situated near the head of
the Adriatic sea.

The Istrian shore has lost its beauty, though the Istrian
hills, now and then capped by a hill-side town, and the
higher mountains beyond them, tell us something of the
character of the inland scenery.

S. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 98.

II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Istria.
The Istrians are Slavs and Italians, the former
being much the more numerous,
it (it), /iron. [< ME. it, yt, hit, lii/t, < AS. hit (gen.
his, dat. him), neut. of he, he: seeAe1.] 1. Aper-
sonal pronoun, of the third person and neuter
gender, corresponding to the masculine lie and
the feminine .tin; ami having the same plural
forms, tlmj. their, Ihfin. (a) A substitute for the name

3201

of an object (previously mentioned, or understood from the
context or circumstances) not regarded aa possessing sex,
or without regard to the Bex, or for an abstract noun, a
phrase, or a clause : as. ft (a stone) is very heavy ; feed it
i a n Infant) with a spoon ; the moon waa red when it rose ;
the horse stumbles when it (or he) is driven fast ; how
did il (an event) happen? /' is often used vaguely for a
thing, notion, or circumstance not definitely conceived, or
left to the imagination : as, how far do you call in plague
take it ! you'll catch it !

How is it with our general ? Shak., Cor., T. S.

('0 As the nominative of an impersonal verb or verb used
Impersonally, when the thing for which it stands is ex-
pressed or implied by the verb Itself : as, it rains (the rain
rains or Is falling) : il is blowing (the wind Is blowing).
(•• ) As the grammatical subject of a clause of which the logi-
cal subject is a phrase or clause, generally following, and
regarded as in apposition with it: as, it is said that he has
won the prize ; he is poor, il is true, but he la honest ; it
behooves you to bestir yourself ; /' is they that have done
this mischief.

Tis these that gave the great Apollo spoils. Pope,
(d) After an intransitive verb, used transitively for the kind
of action denoted or suggested by the verb : as, to foot it
all the way to town.

Come, and trip it as you go,
On the light fantastic toe.

Miltnn, L1 Allegro, 1. S3.
Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it,
If folly grow romantic I must paint it.

Pope, Moral Essays, IL IS.

(<r) The possessive case, originally Aw (see hel), nowite;
the form it without the possessive suffix having been used
for a time in works written during the period of transition
from the use of hit to that of its.

That which groweth of it [now ito) own accord.

Lev. xxv. 6 (ed. 1611).

ft knighthood shall do worse. It shall fright all ."'
friends with borrowing letters. B. Jonson.

2. In children's games, that player who is called
upon to perform some particular task, as in
I-spy or tag the one who must catch or touch
the other players: as, he's it; who's iff
[In old usage the substantive verb after it often agrees with
the succeeding nominative in the first or second person :
as, " It am I, fader," In Chaucer.]

It. A common abbreviation of Italian.

-it1 , -it2. A dialectal (Scotch) form of -erfi, -er/2.
Twas then we luvtf ilk ither weel.

Mutheru'ell, Jeanie Morrison.

itabirite (i-tab'i-rit). n. [< Itabira, a place
in Minns Geraes, Brazil, + -!<e2.] A quartzose
iron-slate or iron-mica slate ; a rock made up
chiefly of alternating layers of quartz and spec-
ular iron ore. The term is used by writers on
tho geologv of Brazil.

itacism (o'ta-sizm), H. [= F. itacinnie ; < Gr.
f/ra, as pron. e'tft (that is, as if spelled *<ra), +
-c-ixm. Cf. etaclitm, iotacism.~\ Same as iota-
cism.

itacist (e'ta-sist), n. [= F. itacinte; as itac-ixm
+ -int.'] C)ne who practises or upholds itacism.

itacistic (e-ta-sis'tik), a. [As itac-ism + -ist-ic.]
Pertaining to or consisting in itacism; Reuch-
liniau: as, the itacistic pronunciation of ot.

The flothic iliph thong represents the itacixtic pronunci-
ation current In Greece at the time of Ulfilas.

Amer. Jour. Philul., VI. 420.

itacolumite (it-a-kol'u-mit), w. [< Itacolumi,
a mountain in Minns Geraes, Brazil, -I- -ife2.]
A fine-grained, quartzose, talcomicaceous slate,
an important member of the gold-bearing for-
mation of Brazil. In thin slabs it is sometimes
more or less flexible.

itaka-WOOd (it'a-ka-wud), n. [< itaka, a Guiana
name. + K. wow?1.'] A beautiful cabinet-wood
of British Guiana, furnished by a leguminous
tree, Macliti-rium Sehomburgkii. It is richly
streaked with black and brown, and is called
tiger-wood on this account.

Ital. An abbreviation of Italian.

ital. An abbreviation of italic or italics.

Italian (i-tal'yan), a. and n. [= F. Italien =
Sp. Pg. It. Itali'ano (cf. D. Itnliaansch = G. Ita-
lidniscli = Dan. Sw. Italiensk), < ML. "Italianus,
< L. Italia, Italy, < Italug, an Italian, also a
legendary eponymous king. The supposed
deriv. < Gr. iraP-of, a bull ("on account of the
abundance and excellence of its [Italy's] horned
cattle "), is mere conjecture.] I. a. Of or per-
taining to Italy, a country and kingdom of Eu-
rope, which comprises the central one of the
three southern European peninsulas, together
with the adjoining region northward to the
Alps, and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, etc. ;
pertaining to the inhabitants of Italy. The king-
dom of Italy has developed from the former kingdom of
Sardinia, which, through the events of 185&-60, annexed
Lomhardy, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, the kingdom of the
Two Sicilies, and part of the 1'apal States, acquired Venetia
in 1806, and finally Rome in 1870. The title of King of Italy
was assumed by Victor Emmanuel II. of Sardinia in 1861.

Mine Italian brain
'Gan in your duller Britain operate.

Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5, 196.

Italian

Tiber, now no longer Unman, rolls.
Vain of Italian hearth, /talinn muiln.

Pope, bunclad, IT. 800.

Italian architecture, the architectural style* developed
In and characteristic uf Italy; specifically, the architec-
ture of the Italian Kenalaaauce, which was developed
through study of ancient Roman models by BraneUeachl
nnd a few great contemporaries in the fifteenth century,
and quickly disseminated ita influence throughout Europe.

Italian Architecture.— Church of Sta. Maria delta Salute. Venice ;
constructed 1633.

Among the rare merits of this architecture are its liberal
application of the hemiapheruidal dome, and the impres-
sive proportions of many of its palace facades, which show
a great projecting cornice crowning an imposing arrange-
ment of architectural masses. Much of the carved or-
nament of the first decades of the style Is delicate and
refined ; but it soon degenerated to the most offensive
and pretentious vulgarity and coarseness. .See Lombard
architecture (under Lombard) and Italian Gothic (below).—
Italian cloth, a kind of linen jean with satin face, eni-

Eloyed chieflyfor linings. — Italian ferret, a kind of silk
raid or binding.— Italian Gothic, the Pointed archi-
tecture (see Gothic, a., 3) of Italy during the thirteenth
and fourteenth centuries. The style Is based upon the
Romanesque as developed in Italy, which does not dif-
fer essentially from the Romanesque of France and other
countries, though it made more liberal use of ranges of
somewhat small columns (see cut under 'W/ri/j, and
tended to the elaboration of surface-effects of color,
owing to the abundant presence of beautifully tinted
building-marbles. The Italian Pointed forms were in-
fluenced by those of northern Europe, but these were
profoundly modified by the Italian architects. The ex-
teriors of their buildings, particularly the facades, are
hardly more than beautiful screens, bavin*.' little or no
connection with the systems of con struct ion employed
in the buildings themselves. There are no flying but-
tresses, for the carefully studied northern system of vault-
ing was never adopted In Italy ; the walls are in general
comparatively flat, with few projections, the rich and deli-
cate sculpture being placed generally immediately about
the windows and doom, and the large wall-spaces being
treated in colored marbles, incrustation, mosaic, or paint-
ing in fresco; tracery seldom occurs in the windows, ex*
cept as plate-tracery, often pierced with subtle study of
effect. Every district in Italy produced its own school
of Pointed architecture, each admirable in its own way.
(See Venetian architecture, under Venetian.) The Pointed
architecture of Sicily is not properly Italian ; it ap<
proaches more closely the northern style of the Norman
French conquerors, but Is affected by the Saracenic tradi-
tions which abounded on the Island, and influenced by
Byzantine models, particularly In its carvings and in its
wealth of mosaics. — Italian iron, millet, etc. See the
nouns.— Italian painting, the art of painting as de-
veloped and practised itiltaly ; specifically, the group of
schools which had their origin in ancient Roman tradi-
tion and in the imitation of Byzantine models in the early
middle ages, received their first vital impulse from Giotto
in the beginning of the fourteenth century, and culmi-
nated in the great masters of the Renaissance— Tintoret,
Titian, Paul Veronese, and Raphael. I ntil the close of the
fourteenth century the consistent object of this painting
was to manifest to the unlettered the miraculous things
chronicled in the Holy Writ and accomplished by the
sanctiflcation of religious faith. With the fifteenth cen-
tury the modern spirit of naturalism appeared in art, and
made its way until by the hist half of that century the re-
ligious and didactic spirit had vanished, and pictures had
come to be painted in the mere cult of outward beauty,
and for the personal glory and profit of the painter. For
some of the chief schools uf Italian painting, see Bolo>int9tt
/toman, Sienese^ I'mbrian, Venetian. See also Florentine
painting, under Renaiatance, — Italian sixth, in music, a
chord of the extreme sixth, containing the
major third of the bass. See figure.— Italian
string, a superior kind of catgut violin-string,
made in Italy.— Italian warehouse, a shop
where Italian groceries and fruits are sold.—
Italian-warehouseman, a dealer in fine groceries, in-
cluding macaroni, vermicelli, dried fruits, olive-oil, etc.

Italian

II. n. 1. A native of Italy, or one of the Ital-
ian race. — 2. The language spoken by the in-
habitants of Italy, whether the literary speech
or one of the popular dialects.

His name's Qonzago; the story is extant, and writ in
choice Italian. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2, 272.

Abbreviated It., Ital.

Italianatet (i-tal'yan-at), i: t. [< Italian +
-ate'^.} To render Italian or conformable to
Italian principles or manners ; Italianize.

If some yet do not well vnderstand what is an English
man Italianated, I will plainlie tell him.

Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 78.
If any Englishman be infected with any misdemeanour,
they say with one mouth he is Italianated.

Lyly, Euphues.

Italianate (i-tal'yan-at), a, [< Italian + -ate1.]
Italianized; having become like an Italian : ap-
plied especially to fantastic affectation of fash-
ions borrowed from Italy. [Rare.]

All his words,

His lookes, his oathes, are all ridiculous,
All apish, childish, and Italianate.

Dekker, Old Fortunatus.

An Englishman Italianate
Is a devil incarnate.

Quoted in S. Clark's Examples (1670).

With this French page and Italianate serving-man was
our young landlord only waited on.

Middleton, Father Hubbard's Tales.
He found the old minister from Haddam East Village
Italianate outwardly in almost ludicrous degree.

Howells, Indian Summer, p. 173.

Italianisation, Italianise, etc. See Italianiza-
tion, etc.

Italianism (i-tal' yam-tan), «. [< Italian +
-ism.} A word, phrase, idiom, or manner pe-
culiar to the Italians ; Italian spirit, principles,
or taste.

It was, perhaps, an ungracious thing to be critical, among
all the appealing old Italianism^ round me.

U. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 178.

Italianity (i-tal-yan'i-ti), n. [< Italian + -ity.~\
Italianism. [Rare.]

The " Venetian," in spite of its peculiar Italianiti/, has
naturally special points of contact with the other dialects
of Upper Italy. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 494.

Italianization (i-taF'yan-i-za'shon), n. [< Ital-
ianize + -ation.} The act or process of render-
ing or of being rendered Italian. Also spelled
Italianisation.

The border dialects, being numerous and very diverse
in character, present a very strong concentrated drift to-
wards italianization. Amer. Jour. Philol., IV. 488.

Italianize (i-tal'yan-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. Ital-
ianised, ppr. Italianizing. [< Italian + -fee.] I.
intrans. To play the Italian ; speak Italian.

II. trans. To render Italian ; impart an Ital-
ian quality or character to.

Also spelled Italianise.

Italianizer (i-tal'yan-I-zer), n. One who pro-
motes the influence of Italian principles, tastes,
manners, etc. Also spelled Italianiser.
Italic (i-tal'ik), a. and n. [Formerly also Ital-
ick; = P. Italiqite = Sp. Itdlico = Pg. It. Itali-
co, < L. Italicus, Italian, < Italia, Italy, Italics,
an Italian: see Italian.'} I. a. 1. Of or per-
taining to ancient Italy or the tribes, including
the Romans, which inhabited it, or to their
languages.

The Latin was the only Italic dialect known to the
Middle Ages which possessed an alphabetic system.

G. P. Marsh, Hist. Eng. Lang., p. 15.

2. Of or pertaining to modern Italy. [Rare.]
All things of this world are ... as unpleasant as the
lees of vinegar to a tongue filled with the spirit of high
Italic wines. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), I. 65.

Specifically — (a) In arch., same as Composite, 3. (b) [I c.
or cap.] Of Italian origin : designating a style of printing-
types the lines of which slope toward theright(thus, italic),
used for emphasis and other distinctive purposes. The
italic character was first made and shown in type by Aldus
Manutius, a notable printer of Venice, in an edition of
Virgil, 1501, and by him dedicated to Italy. The first italic
had upright capitals, but later French type-founders in-
clined them to the same angle as the small letters. In
manuscript italic is indicated by underscoring the words
with a single line.— Italic school of philosophy. Same
as Pythagorean school of philosophy (which see under Pu-
thagorean).— Italic version, of the Bible, or Itala,& trans-
lation of the Bible into Latin, based upon a still older ver-
sion, called the Old Latin,, and made probablyin the time
of Augustine(A. D. 354-430). The corruption of thetextof
this and the other Latin versions led to the revision called
the Vulgate, the work of Jerome. See Vulgate.

II. n. [I. c.] In printing, an italic letter or
type: usually in the plural: as, this is to be
printed in italics. Abbreviated ital.

The italics are yours, but I adopt them with concurrent
emphasis. y. 4, R^., CXLIII. 22.

Italican (i-tal'i-kan), a. [< Italic + -an.'] Of
or pertaining to ancient Italy, [Rare.]

3202

It [the Etruscan language] has even quite recently
been pronounced Aryan or Indo-European, of the Italican
branch, by scholars of high rank.

Whitney, Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 780.

italicisation, italicise. See italieization, ital-
icise.

Italicism (i-tal 'i-sizm), re. [< Italic + -ism.} An
Italianism.

italieization (i-tal"i-si-za'shgn), n. [< italicize
+ -ation.} The act of underscoring words in
writing, or of printing words underscored in
italic type ; italicizing. Also spelled italicisa-
tion.
The italicisation is mine.

The Academy, March 17, 1888, p. 184.

italicize(i-tal'i-siz),0. t.; pret. and pp. italicized,
ppr. italicizing. [< italic + -ize.} To print in
italic type, or underscore with a single line in
writing : as, to italicize emphatic words or sen-
tences ; in old books all names were commonly
italicized. Also spelled italicise.

italicizing (i-tal'i-si-zing), ». [Verbal n. of
italicize, v.} Same as italieization, and more
common.

Italiot, Italiote (i-tal'i-ot, -6t), re. and a. [< Gr.
'Ira)uuT7if, < IraUa, Italy: see Italian.} I. n. In
anc. hist., an Italian Greek; a person of Greek
birth or descent living in Italy; an inhabitant
of Magna Grsecia.

II. a. Inane. hist., of or belonging to the Greek
settlements in southern Italy.

He sought to reconcile Ionian monism with Italiote
dualism. Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 315.

Our author evidently feels that this parallel progress of
the Jtaliot Greeks tells against his argument.

J. Hadley, Essays, p. 15.

Italisht, a. [< Ital(ic) + -ish. Cf. Italic.}
Italian ; in the Italian manner.

All this is true, though the feat handling thereof be al-
together Italish, Bp. Bale, Select Works, p. 9.

Italo-Byzantine (it'a-16-biz'an-tin), a. In art,
noting the Byzantine styles as developed and
practised in Italy; combining Byzantine and
Italian characteristics.

Numerous fragments of ornaments and animals in the
same Italo-Byzantine style are set into the wall of the
atrium of the church of Santa Maria della Valle.

C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. xii.

ita-palm (it'a-pam), n. [< ita, a S. Amer. name,
+ E. palnfi.] A tall palm, Mauritia flexuosa,
common along the Amazon, Rio Negro, and
Orinoco rivers, where it sometimes presents
the appearance of forests rising out of the wa-
ter. The outer part of the leaves is made into a stout
cord ; the fermented sap yields a palm-wine ; and the in-
ner part of the stem furnishes a starchy substance simi-
lar to sago.

itch (ich), v. i. [< ME. icchen, iken, ykyn, ear-
lier giken, geken (cf. E. dial, yuck, yuik), < AS.
giccan = D. jeuken = MLG. joken, jucken, LG.
jocken = OHG. jucchan, juchan, juchen, jucken,
MHG. G,. jucken, itch.] 1. To feel a peculiar
irritation or tingling of the skin, producing an
inclination to scratch the part so affected.

Oure body wole icche, oure bonis wole ake,
Oure owne fleisch wole ben oure foo.

Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 80.

Mine eyes do itch;
Doth that bode weeping?

Shak., Othello, iv. 3, 58.

Hence — 2. To experience a provoking, teasing,
or tingling desire to do or to get something.

Princes commend a private life ; private men itch after
honour. Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader, p. 35.

Plain truths enough for needful use they found :
But men would still be itching to expound.

Dryden, Beligio Laici, 1. 410.

An itching palm, a grasping disposition ; a longing for
acquisition ; greed of gain.

Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself

Are much condemn'd to have an itching palm,

To sell and mart your offices for gold.

Shak., J. C.,iv. 3, 10.

itch (ich), n. {_< itch, v.] 1 . A tingling sensa-
tion of irritation in the skin, produced by dis-
ease (see def. 2) or in any other way. — 2. An
inflammation of the human skin, caused by
the presence of a minute mite, Sarcoptes scabiei
(see itch-mite), presenting papules, vesicles, and
pustules, and accompanied with great itching;
scabies.

The Itch, the Murrein, and Alcides-grief,
In Ver's hot-moysture doe molest vs chief
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii.. The Furies.

Itches, blains,

Sow all the Athenian bosoms ; and their crop
Be general leprosy ! Shak., T. of A., iv. 1, 28.

Hence — 3. An uneasy longing or propensity;
a teasing or tingling desire: as, an itch for
praise ; an itch for scribbling.

-ite

This itch of book -making . . . seems no less the prevail-
ing disorder of England than of France.

Goldsmith, Criticisms.

There is a spice of the scoundrel in most of our literary
men ; an itch to filch and detract in the midst of fair
speaking and festivity. Landor.

Bakers', bricklayers', grocers', etc., itch. See the qual-
ifying words.— Dhobiers or washerman's itch. See

dhobie.
itchfult (ich'ful), a. [< itch + -/«/.] Itchy.

Palsgrave.
itchiness (ich'i-nes), n. The quality or state

of being itchy ; sensation of itching ; tendency

to itch.

This itchiness is especially marked if the lid and cheeks
become excoriated and inflamed.

J. S. Wells, Dis. of Eye, p. «75.

itching (ieh'ing), re. [Verbal n. of itch, v.} 1.
The sensation caused by a peculiar irrita-
tion with pricking, tingling, or tickling in the
skin.

It (eczema] is chiefly obnoxious through its itching,
which is sometimes so great as to produce violent excite-
ment of the nervous system. Quain, Med. Diet.

Hence — 2. A morbid, irritating, or tantalizing
desire to have or to do something.

The itching of Scribblers was the scab of the Time.

Bowell, Letters, ii. 48.

All fools have still an itching to deride,
And fain would be upon the laughing side,

Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 32.

itching-berry (ich'ing-ber"i), n. The fruit of
the dogrose, Rosa canina: so called because
the hairy seeds produce irritation of the skin.
itch-insect (ich'in"sekt), n. An itch-mite.
itchless (ich'les), a. [< itch + -less.} Free from
itch ; not itching.

One rubs his itchless elbow, shrugs and laughs.

Quarles, Emblems, i. 9.

itch-mite (ich'mit), re. A mite which burrows in
the skin, and causes the disease called the itch

or scabies. There
are several species,
having similartraits,
and all belonging
to the order Aca-
rida, Acaridea, or
Acarina, of the class
Arachnida. The
genuine itch-mite
is Sarcoptes scabiei.
The female is about
,vi of an inch long,
the male much
smaller ; the body
is oval or rounded,
without eyes, and
with 4 pairs of short
3-jointed legs, the
anterior 2 parrs end-
ing in a sucking-
disk, the posterior 2
pairs ending, in the
female, in a long fila-
ment. Its favorite
haunts are between

the fingers, the flexor side of the wrists and elbows, and
the region of the groin. It can be transferred from person
to person.

itchweed (ieh'wed), n. The American false
hellebore, Veratrum viride.

itchy (ich'i), a. [< itch + -yl.] 1. Character-
ized by or having an itching sensation.

Takes the coming gold
Of insolent and base ambition,
That hourly rubs his dry and itchy palms.

£. Jonson, Cynthia's Bevels, iii. 2.

Excess, the scrofulous and itchy plague,
That seizes first the opulent.

Camper, Task, iv. 582.
2. Having the itch: as, an itchy beggar.

-ite1. [= F. -i, -it, m., -ite, f ., = Sp. Pg. It. -ito,
m., -ita, f., < L. -itus, -itus, m., -ita, -ita, f., -Hum,
-Hum, n., term, of the pp. of verbs in -ere, -ere,
or -ire, being the pp. suffix -tus (= E. -d2, -ed%),
with a preceding original or supplied vowel:
see -ate'-, -ed2.} A termination of some Eng-
lish adjectives and nouns from adjectives, and
of some verbs, derived from the Latin, as in
apposite, composite, opposite, exquisite, requisite,
erudite, recondite, etc . Its use in verbs, as in expedite,
extradite, ignite, unite, and in nouns not directly from ad-
jectives, as in granite, is less common. When the vowel
is short, the termination is often merely -it, as in deposit,
reposit, posit, merit, inhabit, prohibit, etc. It is not used
or felt as an English formative. In a few words, as ap-
petite, audit, from Latin nouns of the fourth declension,
no adjective form intervenes.

-ite2. [< F. -ite = Sp. Pg. It. -ita, < L. -ita, -ites,
< Gr. -iTt/f, fern, -irtf, an adj. suffix, 'of the na-
ture of,' 'like,' used esp. in patrial and mineral
names.] A suffix of Greek origin, indicating
origin or derivation from, or immediate rela-
tion with, the person or thing signified by the
noun to which it is attached. Specifically— (o)
Noting a native or resident of a place : as, Stittjyrite, a iia-

Under Side of Itch-mite (Sarcoptes
scabiei}, highly magnified.

-ite

llvcof st:i:{riri,.sV<i» rite, anatlvcofSyharis, etc. (b) Noting
a desrcndiiiit "f :i pcmim "i iiH'intxT of a family or tribe,
:nl'i,,,iiiiiiilf, I rii.lit, \limliitf, Ililtitf, fie. (<•) Nntiui:.-i
disciple, adherent, <>r follower nf :i person, » doctrine, a
class, an order, etc., as ftechabite, Carmelite, Cawf>" u<<* .
Ilictntr, etc-., or (with -it) Jamil. (<() III mineral., noliui;
mekK, minenilii, or any natunil rhemieal e.nnpound or nie-
ehaiiieal a^tfiv^atinu of substances, as ammonite, calcite,
iMoinii- . ,,inifi.-:ir, etc. It has no connection with -lite
lu hieh see), (i i In '-lii-iii., denoting a salt of an acid the name
nf vvliich eniln in tin- Hiitti* -nut, ami \s liich rontafns n rela-
tively smaller |tro|K>rtlon of oxygen, an distinguished from
-ate, denotlnK a wilt uf an :iri<l the name of which ends In
the giitllx -iV, and which contains a relatively larger pro-
portion of i. v. u'l-ii : thus, a sulphite Is a salt of sulphurotu
ari.l, and ii sulphate onefonned from sulphuric acid. (/)
In "mil. mill -<:•!/., noting that which Is part and parcel or
a necessary component uf any part or organ : aa, sterniti:
a piece or segment of the sternum ; pleurite, tergite, iwrfite,
a pai I of the side, back, leg. (</) In jjalerm. and paleobot.,
noting fossiliziition or petrifaction : as, ichnite, trilobite.
Compare def. (d).

Itea (it'e-ii), n. [NL. (Liimeeus), < Ma, a wil-
low, = AS. withig, a willow, E. withe, icithy, a
twig: see withe, withy.] A small genus of plants
of the natural order Saxifragueece, tribe Escal-
!»n it'tc. The petals are linear, the ovary is half-superior
and 2-celled, tne styles are 2-parted, and the capsule is

Itea Virpinica.

1, branch with flowers: 3, branch with fruit, a, flower; b, fruit: f,

flower with petals removed, showing stamens and pistils.

2-beaked. They are trees or shrubs, with alternate oblong
or lanceolate leaves, and usually simple terminal or axil-
lary racemes of small but rather handsome white flowers.
Five species are known, of which one, /. Virginica, call-
ed the Virginia willow, is common in the eastern United
States from New Jersey southward. The others are na-
tives of Japan, China, Java, and the Himalayas,
item (i'tem), adv. [< ME. item (= P. Sp. Pg. It.
item), used as L., < L. item, just so, likewise,
also, < is, he, that, + -tern, a demonstrative suf-
fix.] Also: a word used in introducing the
separate articles of an enumeration, as the sep-
arate clauses or details of a will or the partic-
ular parts of an account or list of things. [Ob-
solete or archaic.]

Item, betwene the Mount Syon and the Temple of Salo-
mon is the place where oure Lord reysed the Mayden in
hire Fadres llows. Mandeniile, Travels, p. 92.

Speed [reads]. Imprimis, "She can milk." . . .
Item, "She brews good ale." . . .
Item, "She can sew."

Skak., T.O. of V., ill. 1,304.

Tt«m, from Mr. Acres, for carrying divers letters — which
I never delivered — two guineas, and a pair of buckles.—
Item, from Sir Lucius OTrigger, three crowns, two gold
pocket-pieces, and a silver snuff-box.

Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 2.

item (i'tem), n. [= P. Pg. item, n., < L. item,
also, as used before the separate articles of an
enumeration: see item, adv.] 1. An article; a
separate particular; a single detail of any kind :
as, the account consists of many item*.

I could then have looked on him without the help of
admiration ; though the catalogue of his endowments had
been tabled by his side, and 1 to peruse him by items.

Shak., Cymbeline, I. 6, 7.

AH these item* added together form a vast sum of dis-
content Marryat, Snarleyyow, I. xvlii.

2. Aii intimation ; a reminder; a hint. [Obso-
lete or local.]

How comes he then like a thief in the night, when he
gives an item of his coining?

Sir T. Broifiu, Religio Medici, L 48.
My uncle took notice that Sir Charles had said he guess-
ed at the writer of the note. He wished lie would give
him an item, as he ealleil il , \\ horn he thought of.

Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, VI. 292.
This word is used among Southern gamblers to imply
information of what cards may be in a partner's or an op-
ponent's hands : this is called " giving item."

Bartlett, Americanisms.

3203

3. A trick; fancy; caprice. [Prov. Eng.] —

4. A paragraph in a newspaper ; a scrap of
news. [Colloq.]

Otis Is item man anil reporter for the "Clarion."

Kimbatl, Was He Successful? p. 129.

City Item. See city, a.

item (i'tem), v. t. [< item, n.] To make a note
or memorandum of.
You see I can item It, Steelt, Tender Husband, T. 1.

I have ii. in',/ it In my memory.

Additon, The Drummer, III. 1.

itemize (i'tem-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. itemi;<d,
ppr. itemizing. JX item + -ize.] To state by
items ; give the items or particulars of : as, to
i/i-iii i:i :>u account.

.•Kachyliis paints these conclusions with a big brush.
. . Shelley itemize! them.

8. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 98.
The excellent character of these bonds will appear from
an inspection of the itemized schedule.

Amer. Hebrew, XXXVIII. 56.

itemizer (i'tem-i-zer), n. One who collects and
furnishes items for a newspaper. [U. S.]

An itemizer of the "Adams Transcript"

Congregationalut, Sept 21, 1860.

iter1 (i'ter), n. [< L. Her (itiner-, rarely Her-),
OL. itiner, a going, a journey, a way, road, pas-
sage, < ire (supine itum) = Gr. ttvat = Skt. ^ i,
go : see 170. Hence ult. eyre1, q. v., and itiner-
ant, etc.] 1. An appointed journey or route;
circuit ; specifically, m old Eng. law, the judge's
circuit. More commonly in. the Old French
form eyre.

The Lord Chamberlain, by his iter, or circuit of visita-
tion, maintained a common standard of right and duties
in all burghs. Encyc. Brit. , I V. 64.

Upon the occasion of an iter, or eyre, in Kent, . . . lift v
marks were granted to the king by assent of the whole
county.

L. C. Pilce, Pref. to reprint of Year- Books 11 and 12,

[Edward III.

2. [NL.] In ano*., a passageway in the body;
specifically, without qualifying terms, the aque-
duct of Sylvius, or iter a tertio ad quartern vcji-
triculitm.— lter ad Infundlbulum, the passage from
the third ventricle of the brain downward into the In-
fnndibulum.— Iter chordae anterius, the aperture of
exit of the chorda tympani nerve from the cavity of the
tympanum into the canal of Huguier.— Iter Chordse
postering, the aperture of entrance of the chorda tym-
pani nerve into the cavity of the tympanum.

iter2t, v. t. [< OF. iterer, < L. iterarc, repeat :
see iterate.'] To renew. HalliweU.

iterable (it'e-ra-bl), a. [< LL. iterabilis, that
may be repeated, < L. iterare, repeat : see it-
erate.'] Capable of being iterated or repeated.
Sir T. Browne, Miscellanies, p. 178.

iteral (i'te-ral), a. [< iteri + -al.] Pertaining
to the iter of the brain.

iterance (it'e-rans), n. [< iteran(t) + -ce.] It-
eration. [R'are.]

What needs this iterance, woman ?

., Othello, v. 2,160.

Ithuriel's-spear

and over again : repetition; repeated utterance
or occurrence.

Your figure that worketh by iteration or repetition of
one word or clause doth much alter and affect the earc
and also the mynde of the hearer.

Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesle, p. 165.
Ot thou hast damnable iteration; and art, indeed, able
to corrupt a saint Shot., 1 lien. IV., L 2, 101.

Like echoes from beyond a hollow, came
Her sicklier iteration. Tennyton, Aylmer's Field.
The pestilent iteration of crackers and pistols at one's
elbow is niaddtMiini.'.

D. a. MiicheU, Bound Together (Old Fourth).

2. In ninth., the repetition of an operation upon
the product of that operation — Analytical Iter-
ation, the iteration of the operation which produces an
analytical function.

iterative (it'e-ra-tiv), a. [= P. ittratif= Sp.
Pg. It. iteratiro, < LL. iterativiut, serving to re-
peat (said of iterative verbs), < L. iterare, pp.
iteratus, repeat: see iterate.] 1. Repeating;
repetitious.

Spenser . . . found the ottara rima too monotonously
iterative. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 178.

2. In gram., frequentative, as some verbs. —
Iterative function, in math., a function which is the re-
sult of successive operations with the same operator.
Ithacan (ith'a-kan), a. and n. [< L. Ithacus,
Ithacan,< Ithacd',< Gr. 'Wanij, Ithaca.] I. a. Of
or belonging to Ithaca, one of the Ionian Is-
lands, noted in Greek mythology as the home
of Odysseus or Ulysses.

II. «. An inhabitant of Ithaca.
Ithacensian (ith-a-sen'si-an), a. [< L. Ithacen-
sis, Ithacan, < Ithaca, Itnaca: see Ithacan.]
Ithacan.

All the ladles, each at each,
Like the Ithacenrian suitors in old time,
Stared with great eyes. Tennyson, Princess, iv.

Ithaginis (i-thaj'i-nis), n. [NL. (Wagler, 1832 ;
also written Itaginis, Reichenbach. 1849 ; and
correctly Itliagenes, Agassiz), < Gr. (ftjycwfa,
Epic IQatyevj/c, of legitimate birth, genuine, <
itii'c, straight, true, + -yevof, birth, race.] A
notable genus of alpine Asiatic gallinaceous
birds, the blood-pheasants, placed with the fran-

Say thou dost love me, love me, love me ; toll
The silver iterance.
Mr». Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese, xxl.

iterancy (it'e-ran-si), n. Same as iterance.
iterant (it'e-rant), a. [< L. iteran(t-)s, ppr. of

iterare, repeat: see iterate.] Repeating.
Waters, being near, make a current echo : bat, being far-

ther off, they make an iterant echo. Bacon, Nat Hist.

iterate (it'e-rat), r. t. ; pret. and pp. iterated,
ppr. iterating. [< L. iterates, pp. of iterare (>
It. iterare = Sp. Pg. Pr. iterar = P. iterer, OF.
iterer, > E. iterV, q. v. ), do a second time, repeat,
< iterum, again, a neut. compar. form, < is, he,
that: see A*1.] To utter or do again ; repeat:
as, to iterate an advice or a demand.

This full song, iterated In the closes by two Echoes.

B. Jonton, Masque of Beauty.

Having wiped and cleansed away the soot, I iterated the
experiment. Boyle, Works, IV. 662.

iterate* (it'e-rat), a. [< L. iteratus, pp. of ite-
rare, repeat"] Repeated.

Wherefore we proclaim the said Frederick count Pala-
tine, &c., guilty of high treason and iterate proscription,
and of all the penalties which by law and custom are de-
pending thereon. Wilton, James I.

iteratelyt (it'e-rat-li), adv. By repetition or
iteration; repeatedly.

The cemeterial cells of ancient Christians and martyrs
were filled with draughtsof Scripture stories; . . . iterately
affecting the portraits of Enoch, Lazarus, Jonas, and the
vision of Ezekiel, as hopeful draughts, and hinting ima-
gery of the resurrection. Sir T. Browne, Urn-burial, Hi.

iteration (it-e-ra'shon), n. [= F. iteration =
Pr. iteratio = Sp. iteracion = It. iterazione, < L.
iteratio(n-), a repetition. < iterare. repeat : see
iterate.] 1. A saying or doing again, or over

colins in the family Tctraonida', and also in
the fhasianidai witn the true pheasants. The
tarsus of the male has several spurs, sometimes as many
as five. The best-known species, 7. cruentus, or eruentu,
or cntentatiiK, inhabits the Himalayas at an altitude of
from 10,000 to 14,000 feet, and goes in flocks. It keeps
near forests, and in winter burrows in the snow. Other
epecies are /. gcoffroyi and /. rinuengig. The genus was
established by Wagler in 18Si

ithand (i'thand), a. [Also i/thand, ythcn, eidettt,
eydent, < Icel. idhinn, assiduous, steady, dili-
gent, < id/i, f., a doing, nlli. n., a restless mo-
tion: see eddy.] Busy; diligent; plodding;
constant; continual. [Scotch.]

ithet, n. [ME., also ythe, tithe; < AS. yth, a
wave, pi. jtha, the waves, the sea, =OS. vthia,
uilhea = OHG. ttndea, unda, MHG. unde, iinde,
wave, water, = Icel. unnr, udkr, a wave, pi.
unnir, the waves, the sea, = L. unda, a wave (>
ult. E. undulate, ound, abound, redound, sur-
round, abundant, inundate, etc.), ult. akin to Or.
vtap, water, and to E. water: see water.] «A
wave ; in the plural, the waves ; the sea.

On dayes and derke niehtes dry ny u on the iitlim,
At Salarue full sound thai set into hauyn.

Detraction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), L 1827.

ither (iTH'er), a. and pron. A dialectal (Scotch)
form of other1.

Nae ithrr care in life ha'e I,
But live, an' love my Nannie, O.

Burnt, Behind yon Hills.
Farewell, '• my rhyme composing brither ! "
We've been owre lang unkenn'd to ither.

Burnt, To William Simpson.

Ithuriel's-spear (i-thu'ri-elz-sper), ». [So
called in allusion to the spear of Ithuriel (Mil-
ton, P. L., iv. 810), which caused everything it
touched to assume its true form.] The Call-

Ithuriel's-spear

fornian liliaceous plant Brodi&a (Triteleia)
laxa.

ithyphalli, «. Plural of itkyphalhu, 1.

ithyphallic (ith-i-fal'ik), a. [< L. itliyphalK-
cus, < Gr. IBvipaAAiKOf, < mvijtaVjic, a phallus, <
Idif, straight, erect, 4- $<M6f, phallus: see
phallus.'} 1 . Pertaining to or characterized by
an ithyphallus, or the ceremonies associated
with its use as a religious symbol, etc.

It is probable that the ithypliallic ceremonies, which
the gross flattery of the degenerate Greeks sometimes em-
ployed to honor the Macedonian princes, had the same
meaning. Knight, Anc. Arts and Myth. (1876), p. 98.

Hence— 2. Grossly indecent; obscene.

An ithyphallic audacity that insults what is most sacred
and decent among men. Christian Examiner.

3. In anc. pros., sung in phallic processions;
specifically, noting a group of three trochees or
a period containing such a group.

ithyphallus (ith-i-fal'us), ». [L., < Gr. WtyaA-
>,of, < ifli'f, straight, erect, + <jaAA6(, phallus.]
1. PI. ithyphalli (-i). In archteol., etc., an erect
phallus.— 2. [cap.'] [NL.] In cntom., a genus
of weevils or curculios: same as Stenptarsus of
Schonherr, which name is preoccupied in the
same order. Harold, 1875.

-itial. [< L. -4tins, -icius, + -al.} A compound
adjective termination occurring in a few words,
as cardinalitial.

Itieria (it-i-e'ri-a), n. [NL. (Saporta, 1873), so
called after the original collector, M. Itier.} A
genus of fossil algre, of the family Laminari-
uceie, having cartilaginous, compressed, many
times dichotomously branching fronds, provid-
ed with turbinate, subglobose, probably blad-
dery, terminal or axillary expansions, which ap-
pear to have served as air-bladders, as in the
bladder- wrack. Two species are known, from the Up-
per Jurassic of Orbagnoux (Ain) and Saint Mihiel (Meuse)
in France.

itineracy (i-tiu'e-ra-si), u. [< itina-a(te) + -cy.
Cf. itinerancy. } The practice or habit of trav-
eling from place to place ; the state of being
itinerant.

The cumulative values of long residence are the re-
straints on the itineracy of the present day.

Emerson, History.

itinerancy (i-tin'e-ran-si), M. [< itlneran(t) +
-cy.} 1. The act of traveling from place to
place ; especially, a going about from place to
place in the discharge of duty or the prosecu-
tion of business: as, the itinerancy of circuit
judges or of commercial travelers. — 2. Espe-
cially, in the Meth. Cli., the system of rotation
governing the ministry of that church, in parts
of the western United States and in England several com-
munities are grouped into "circuits," and each "circuit"
is ministered to by itinerant preachers or ' ' circuit-riders. "
Methodism, with its "lay ministry" and its itinerancy,
could alone afford the ministrations of religion to this over-
flowing population. Stevens, Hist. Methodism.

itinerant (I-tin'e-raut), a. ami «. [< LL. itinu-
ran(t-)s, ppr. of itincrari, travel, journey: see
itinerate.} I. a. Traveling from place to place;
wandering; not settled; strolling; specifically,
going from place to place, especially on a cir-
cuit, in the discharge of duty: as, an itinerant
preacher; an itinerant judge.

In the Winter and Spring time he usually rode the Cir-
cuit as a Judge Itinerant through all his Provinces, to see
justice well administerd. Milton, Hist. Eng., v.

I believe upon a good deal of evidence that these ancient
kings were itinerant, travelling or ambulatory personages.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 179.
Itinerant bishop. See bishop.

II. n. One who travels from place to place; a
traveler; a wanderer; specifically, one who
travels from place to place, especially on a
circuit, in the discharge of duty or the pursuit
of business, as an itinerant judge or preacher,
or a strolling actor.

Glad to turn itinerant,
To stroll and teach from town to town.

S. Butler, Hudibras, III. ii. 92.

Vast sums of money were lavishly bestowed upon these
secular itinerants, which induced the monks and other ec-
clesiastics to turn actors themselves.

Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 233.

Inns for the refreshment and security of the itinerants
were scattered along the whole line of the route from
France. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 6.

itinerantly (i-tm'e-rant-li), adv. In an itiner-
ant, unsettled, or wandering manner.

itinerarium (i-tin-e-ra'ri-um), n. ; pi. itineraries
(-a). [LL. (in del 2, ML.): see itinerary.] 1.
Same as itinerary, 2. — 2. A portable altar.

itinerary (i-tin'e-ra-ri), a. and «. [= F. itine-
raire = Sp. Pg. It. ' itinerario, < LL. itinerarius,
pertaining to a journey, neut. itinerarium, an
accountof a journey, aroad-book, < iter (itiner-),
away, journey: see itinerate.} I. a. 1. Travel-

3204

ing; passing from place to place, especially on
a circuit : as, an itinerary judge.

He did make a progress from Lincoln to the northern
parts, though it was rather an itinerary circuit of Justice
than a progress. Bacon, Hist. Hen. VII.

The law of England, by its circuit or itinerary courts,
contains a provision for the distribution of private Justice,
in a great measure relieved from both these objections.
Paley, Moral Philos., iv. 8.

2. Of or pertaining to a journey ; specifically,
pertaining to an official journey or circuit, as
of a judge or preacher: as, itinerary observa-
tions.— 3. Pertaining to descriptions of roads,
or to a road-book: as, an itinerary unit — Itine-
rary column. See column, 1.

II. n. ; pi. itineraries (-riz). 1. A plan of
travel; a list of places to be included in a
journey, with means of transit and any other
desired details: as, to make out an itinerary of
a proposed tour. — 2. An account of a line of
travel, or of the routes of a country or region,
of the places and points of interest, etc.; a
work containing a description of routes and
places, in successive order: as, an itinerary
from Paris to Borne, or of France or Italy ;
Antonine's "Itinerary of the Roman Empire."
Also itinerarium.

Now Habassia, according to the Itineraries of the ob-
servingst Travelers in those Parts, is thought to be, in re-
spective Magnitude, as big as Germany, Spain France, and
Italy conjunctly. Bou-eU, Letters, ii. 9.

The Rudge Cup, found in Wiltshire and preserved at Aln-
wick Castle, . . . contains, engraved in bronze, an itine-
rary along some Roman stations in the north of England.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 130.

3. An itinerant journey ; a regular course of
travel ; a tour of observation or exploration.

It [Mr. Poncet's journey] was the first intelligible itin-
erary made through these deserts.

Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 474.

4. In the Horn. C'ath. Ck., a form of prayer for
the use of the clergy when setting out on a
journey: generally placed at the end of the
breviary. It consists of the canticle Benedic-
tus, with an antiphon, preces, and two collects.
— 5f. One who journeys from place to place.
[Rare.]

A few months later Bradford was appointed one of the

six chaplains of Edward VI., chosen " to be itineraries, to

preach sound doctrine in all the remotest parts of the

kingdom." Biog. Notice in Bradford's Works (Parker

[Soc., 1853), II. xxv.

itinerate (i-tin'e-rat), r. >.; pret. and pp. itiner-
ated, ppr. itinerating. [< LL. itineratus, pp. of
itinerary, go on a journey, travel, journey, < L.
iter, rarely itiner (stem itiner-, rarely iter-), a
going away, journey, march, road: see iter.}
To travel from place to place, as in the prose-
cution of business, or for the purpose of hold-
ing court or of preaching; journey in a regu-
lar course.

The Bedford meeting had at this time its regular minis-
ter, whose name was John Burton ; so that what Bunyan
received was a roving commission to itinerate in the vil-
lages round about. Southey, Bunyan, p. 38.

There is reason to believe that the English Kings itiner-
ated in the same way and mainly for the same purpose.
Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 181.

itineration (i-tin-e-ra'shon), n. [< ML. "itine-
ratio(n-),<. itinerdri, journey: see itinerate.} A
journey from place to place ; a tour of action
or observation. [Rare.]

A great change has come over this part since last year,
owing, I suspect, to the itinerations which Dr. Caldwell
has undertaken. S. Kimnyton, Madras (1876).

-ition. [< L. -itio(n-), in nouns from a pp. in
-itus: see -ite1 and. -ion, and -Won.] Acompound
noun termination, as in expedition, extradition,
etc., being -tion with a preceding original or for-
mative vowel, or in other words, -ite1 + -4on.
See -ite1, -ion, -tion.

-itious. [< -iti(on) + -ous, equiv. to -ite1 + -ous :
see words with this termination. ] A compound
adjective termination occurring in adjectives
associated with nouns in -ition, as expeditious,
etc. See -ition, -tious.

-itis. [NL., etc., -itis, < L. -itis, < Gr. -mr, fern.,
associated with -ITIK, masc., term, of adjectives
(which are often used as nouns), ' of the nature
of,' 'like,' etc.: see -ite%.} A termination used
in modern pathological nomenclature to sig-
nify 'inflammation' of the part indicated, as
in bronchitis, otitis, conjunctivitis, stomatitis, en-
teritis, etc.

-itive. [< L. -itivus, in adjectives from a pp. in
-itus : see -ite1 and -ive.} A compound adjective
termination of Latin origin, as in definitive, in-

_ finitive, fugitive. See -ite1 and -ive.

its (its). The possessive case of the neuter
pronoun it. See it, 1 (e), and he*, I., C (b).

-ive

itself (it-self), pron. [Early mod. E. also it-
self e; < ME. it self, it selve, being it with the
agreeing adj. self: see it and self, and himself.}
The neuter pronoun corresponding to himself,
herself. (See himself.) Its emphatic and reflex-
ive uses are like those of himself.

The course of heaven, and fate itself, in this,
Will Caesar cross. B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1.

You are gentle ; he is gentleness itself.

Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, ii. 5.

Here doth the river divide ttselfe into 3 or 4 convenient
branches. Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 118.

Mahometism hath dispersed itself over almost one half
of the huge Continent of Asia. Howell, Letters, ii. 10.

By itself, alone ; apart ; separately from anything else.
Lande argillose, and not cley by it selve,
Ys commodiouse.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 49.

This letter being too long for the present paper, I intend
to print it by itself very suddenly. Steele, Tatler, No. 164.

In and by itself, In or of itself, separately considered ;
in its own nature ; independently of other things.

Our Mother tongue, which truelie of it selfe is both full
enough for prose, and stately enough for verse, hath long
time been counted most bare and barren of both.

Spenser, To Mayster Gabriel Haruey.

To be on land after three months at sea is of itself a great
change. Macaulay, Life and Letters, I. 322.

A false theory . . . that what a thing is, it is in itself,
apart from all relation to other things or the mind.

E. Caird, Hegel, p. 10.
In and for Itself. See ini.

ittria, «. Seeyttria.

ittrium, H. See yttrium.

iturite-fiber (it'u-rit-fi'ber), n. [< itur, native
name, + -ite + fiber.} The tough bark of the
Maranta obliqua, a plant of British Guiana. It
is used by the Indians for making baskets.

-ity. [< F. -ite, OF. -ete, -eteit, etc., = Sp. -idad
= Pg. -idade = It. -ita, also *itate, -itade, < L.
-i-ta( £-)s, ace. -itatem , being the common abstract
formative -ta(t-)s () E. -ty) with a preceding
orig. or supplied vowel: see -ty'*.} A common
termination of nouns of Latin origin or formed
after Latin analogy, from adjectives, properly
from adjectives of Latin origin or type, as in
activity, civility, suavity, etc., but also in some
words from adjectives not of Latin origin or
type, as in jollity. The suffix is properly -ty,
the preceding vowel belonging originally to the
adjective. See -ty%.

itzeboot, itzebut, itzibut, «. See bu.

iulant (i-u'lan), a. [< L. iuhis, down, a catkin
(< Gr. ZowXof, down, the down on plants, also,
like oi/lof, a corn-sheaf; cf. oMoj, woolly), +
-an.} Downy; soft like down.

We two were in acquaintance long ago,
Before our chins were worth iulan down.

Middleton, Changeling, i. 1.

Iva (i'vii), n. [NL. : see inj%.~\ 1. A specific
name of the ground-pine Ajuga Iva orA. Chamte-
pitys. — 2. [So named by Linneeus as resem-
bling the ground-pine Ajuga Iva in smell.] A
small genus of composite plants, of the tribe
Heliantlioidea',type of the old tribe Ive<E. They are
herbs or shrubs with entire dentate or dissected leaves, at
least the lower ones opposite, and small spicately, race-
mosely, or paniculately disposed or scattered and common-
ly nodding heads, which incline to be polygamo-dioacious
through abortion of the ovaries. Seven or eight species
are known, from North and South America and the West
Indies. The maritime species, particularly /. frtttescens,
are called marsh-elder or high-water shrub.

ivaarite (iv-a-ii'rit), «. [< Ivaara (see del'.)
+ -ite2.} A mineral from Ivaara in Finland,
resembling and perhaps identical with schorlo-
mite.

ive1!, n. An obsolete form of ivy1.

ive2t, «. See ivy1*.

-ive. [ME. -ire, -if = OF. -if, m., -ive, f., = Sp.
Pg. It. -ivo, m., iva, f., < £. -ivus, m., -iva, f.,
-ivuni, neut., a common term, of adjectives
formed from verbs, either from the inf. stem,
as in gradims, or from the perfect-participle
stem, as in aetivns, active, passims, passive,
relativus, relative, etc., the sense being nearly
equiv. to that of a present participle, as in the
examples cited, or instrumental, 'serving to
do' so and so, as in nominatii-us, serving to
name, etc.] A termination of Latin origin,
forming adjectives from verbs, meaning 'do-
ing' so and so, or 'serving to do' so and so, or
otherwise noting an adjective status, as in ac-
tive, acting, passive, suffering, demonstrative,
serving to show, formative, serving to form,
purgative, serving to purge, adoptive, collective,
festive, furtive, iiatice, infinitive, relative, etc.
Many such adjectives are also used as nouns, as in some
of the examples cited. The termination is commonly at-
tached in Latin to the past-participle stem in -at-, -et-, -it-,
-S-, and hence appears in English most frequently in such

-ive

connections, <iih-<\ -itive (these bring also usable aft Eng-
lish formativesX -five, rarely -etii-r. The associated noun
is in -ivmtfja (acticeitaa, etc.) or -inly (activity, CM •.).

Iveae (i've-e), ti. i>l. [XL. (A. P. de Candollo,
1836), < im + -ni.} A former tribe of com-
posite plants, typified by the genus // •«, \vhi<-h
IB now referred to the tribe Heliantlii/iilni .
Also Ivan if.

ivelt, 'I. and «. A Middle English form of evil1.

ivent, »• •' (• MK. ireti, yrcn, < AS.

*/<••</« (= MD. wrni. in a), a var. of iflij, ivy: see
in/'. Cf. linllt'ii and /iiW/i/1.] Ivy.

ivert, «. A Middle English form of irory1 .

ivied (i'vid), a. [Also ivyed; < ivy1 + -etf*.]
Covered with ivy ; overgrown with ivy.

Upon an ivied stone
Reclined his languid head. Shelley, Alastor.

ivint, n. See wen.

ivoried (I'vo-rid), a. [< ivory* + -*<J2.] 1. Col-
ored and finished to resemble ivory: said of
cardboard, wood, and other materials. — 2.
Furnished with teeth. [Rare.]

My teeth demand a constant dentist,
While he is ivoried like an elephant. Lowell.

ivorlst (I'vo-rist), n. [< ivory1 + -».»<.] A work-
er in ivory.

Tho names of fnmoits Japanese ivorists of the eighteenth
and the early part of the nineteenth century are household
words among native connoisseurs and collectors.

Uarper'iMag., LXXVI. 710.
-ivorous. See -voroiu.

ivory1 (i'vo-ri), ». and a. [Early mod. E. also
ivoric; < ME. ivory, ivorie, yvory, yvorie, evorye,
also ivore, yvore, ivoure, ivere, yvere, yver, evour,

< OF. ii'itrie, "ivorie, later ivoire, F. ivoire = Pr.
evori, arori, bori = It. avorio, avoro, < ML. ebo-
reuin, ivory, prop. neut. of L. eboreus, of ivory,

< ebur, ivory: see eburninc.'] I. n, ; pi. ivories
(-riz). 1. The hard substance, not unlike bone,
of which the teeth of most mammals chiefly
consist; specifically, a kind of dentine valuable
for industrial purposes, as that derived from
the tusks of the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus,
narwhal, and some other animals. Ivory is sim-
ply dentine or tooth-siihstauco of exceptional hardness,
toughness, and elasticity, due to the fineness and regulari-
ty o? the dentinal tubules which radiate from the axial pulp-
cavity to the periphery of the tooth. The most valuable
ivory is that obtained from elephants' tusks, in which the
tubules make many strong bends at regular intervals, re-
sulting in a patteni peculiar to the proboscidean mam-
mals. In ita natural stato the ivory of a tusk is coated
with cement; and besides the fine angular radiating lines,
it shows on cross-section a series of contour-lines concen-
tric with the axis of the tooth, arranged al>out a central
grayish spot which represents the calcined pulp. The
appearance of these contour-lines is due to the regular
arrangement of minute spaces called iHterylubular. Ivory
in comparison with ordinary dentine is specially rich In
organic matter, containing 40 per cent or more. Tusks
of extinct mammoths, furnishing fossil ivory, have been
found 12 feet long and of 200 pounds weight. Those of
the African elephant, furnishing the best ivory, as well
as by far the greater portion of the ivory used In the arts,
sometimes reach a length of 0 feet and a weight of ICO
pounds. Those of the Indian elephant arc never so large
as this ; and in either case tusks average much smaller,
probably under 50 pounds. Elephants' tusks are incisors,
but the large teeth of the hippopotamus nnd walrus which
furnish ivory are canines. A substance which sometimes
passes for ivory, but is really bone, is derived from the
very hard or petrosid parts of the ear-bones of whales.

Vpon a braunche of this pyne was hanged by a cheyne
of siluer an home of yi'orie as white as snowe.

Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), III. 606.
With golde and itmire that so brighte schone,
That alle al>outo the bewte men may se.

Lydyate, Kawlinson MS., f. 34. (HaUiweU.)

There is more difference between thy flesh and hers than
between jet nnd ivory. Shale., M. of V., ill. 1, 42.

2. An object made of ivory.

Saints represented in Byzantine mosaics anil ivoriet.

C. C. Perkint, Italian Sculpture, Ink, p. xlii.

3. pi. Teeth. [Humorous.]

The close-cropped bullet skull, the swarthy tint,thegrin-
ninp ivories, the penthouse ears, and twinkling little eyes
of the immortal governor of Barataria.

G. A. Sola, Dutch Pictures, Shadow of a young Dutch

(Fainter.

Artificial Ivory, a compound of caoutchouc, sulphur,
and some white material, such as gypsum, pipe-clay, or
oxld of zinc.— Brain ivory, the substance of the otolites
or ear-stones of fishes. 8ee otoltif.. — Fossil Ivory, Xee
fossil.— Green Ivory. See the extract.

When first cut it [African ivory] is semi-transparent and
of ,\ warm colour : in tliia state it is called green iron/,
and as it dries it becomes much lighter in color and more
opaque. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 522.

Vegetable Ivory. See imry-nut.

II. «. Consisting or made of ivory; resem-
bling ivory in color or texture: as, the gown
was made of ieory satin.

Then down she layd her ivory combe,

And braided her hair in twain.
Fair Margaret and Sieeet WUIiam(ChUA'i Ballads, II. 141).

8306

One do I personate of Lord Timon s frame.
Whom Fortune with her ivory hand wafts to her.

Win*., T. of A., I. 1, 70.

Ivory barnacle, naianv* eimrnriu.— Ivory gate. See

gatel. — Ivory lines or spaces, inr/i/'x/i., ]M»liHlinl yellow-
ish-white spaces resembling ivory found on rough punc-
tured surfaces, as the elytra of many beetles.

ivory- (i'vo-ri), ». A dialectal form of ivy1,
simulating ivory1.

ivory:t (i'vo-ri), ». [Xamed for James Ivory
(1765-1842), who published a celebrated me-
moir on the attractions of homogeneous ellip-
soids in 1809.] In math., one of two points on
each of two confocal ellipsoids, such that, if the
two ellipsoids be referred to their principal axes,
the coordinates are in the same proportions as
each pair to the axes of the two ellipsoids hav-
ing the same direction.

ivorybill (i'vo-ri-bil), n. The ivory-billed
woodpecker, Campophilus principals : so called
from the ivory-liKo hardness and whiteness of
the bill. See cut under Canipopliiliis. Coueg.

ivory-billed (i'vo-ri-bild), a. Having the beak
hard and white as ivory: as, the ivory-billed
woodpeckers of the genus Campophilux — Ivory-
billed COpt, the common American coot or whitebill, /•'«-
lica ainericana. March. [Jamaica. )

ivpry-black (i'vo-ri-blak'), n. A fine soft black
pigment, prepared from ivory-dust by calcina-
tion in closea vessels, in the same way as bone-
black.

There were different coloured hair powders. The black
was made with starch, Japan ink, ana ivory black.

J. Athton, Social Life in Keign of Queen Anne, I. 148.

ivory-brown (i'vo-ri-broun'), ». See brown.
ivory-gull (i'vo-ri-gul), ». A small arctic gull,
pure white all over when adult, with rough

Ivory-gull ( Ltirtts ebnrneui).

black feet, technically called Lurus ebitrneut,
I'agophila rburnea, or Gavia alba.

ivory-gum (i'vo-ri-gum), n. Same as ivy-gum
(which see, under gum2).

ivory-nut (i'vo-ri-riut), ». The seed of Pltytele-
phas macrocarpa, a low-growing palm, native
of South America. The seeds are produced, 4 to 9
together, in hard clustered capsules, each head weighing
:il n -ii! 25 Ibs. when ripe. Each seed is about as large as a
hen's egg; the albumen is close grained and very hard,
resembling the finest Ivory in texture and color ; it is hence
called vegetable ivory, and is often wrought into ornamental
work. It Is also known as wrozo.

ivory-palm (i'vo-ri-pam), «. The tree which
bears the ivory-nut.

ivory-paper (i'vo-ri-pa'per), n. A fine quality
of hand-made pasteboard, used for printing.

ivory-paste (I'vo-ri-past), «. The material
used in making ivory-porcel&in, having a pe-
culiar dull luster, due to the depolishing of the
vitreous glaze.

ivory-porcelain (i'vo-ri-pors'lan), «. In ceram.,
a fine ware with an ivory-white glaze, manu-
factured at the Royal Worcester factory, and
first shown at the London exhibition of 1862.
It is a modification of Parian ware, and is used
for similar purposes, but is more decorative be-
cause of the glaze.

ivory-shell (i'vo-ri-shel), n. The shell of the
gastropods of ttie genus Ebttrna (which see).

ivory-tree (i'vo-ri-tre), n. A moderately large
tree, Wriglitia tinetoria, a native of Burma: so
called from the wood, which is beautifully white,
hard, and close-grained, resembling ivory and
used for turning. The name is also applied to
other species of the genus used for the same
purpose.

ivorytype (i'vo-ri-tip), n. [< froryl + tyjif.] In
photog., same as hcllenotype.

ivory- white (i'vo-ri-hwif), n. Ancient creamy-
white Chinese porcelain, imitat«d in Japan and
by the modern Chinese.

ivory-yellow (i'vo-ri-yel'6), »i. A very pale
and rather cool yellow, almost white, resem-
bling the color of ivorv. A rotating color-disk com-
posed of A white, A bright chrome-yellow, and i emerald-
green will give what is called irory-yeUow. The mixture
of chrome.yellow and green in these proportions without

ivy-gum

the white would appear as a lemon-yellow cooler than
gamboge: hut the handsomest ivory-yellow is a little
whiter.

ivourt, ivouret, '<• Middle English forms of
fwryi,

ivrayt, ». [< F. ivraie (=. Pr. abrwga, drunk-
enness) (in allusion to the supposed intoxicat-
ing quality of the seeds)/ L. ebriarus, drunken,
< ebrius, drunken : see eferiou*.] The darnel, L<>-
li'ini Ic in uk'ii turn.

ivy1 (i'vi), n. ; pi. tries (i'viz). [Early mod. E.
also ivie, ive; < ME. try, < AS. ijig, ivy; early
mod. E. also I'ITM, etc. (see iven), < AS. ifegn,
ivy; = OHG. ebah, MHO. ebich, ivy; also in a
deriv. form, OHG. ebatri, ebahetci, MHG. ebehou,
ciiliiiu, e/ifou, Q. cpheu, ivy. The G. forms appar.
simulate G. heu, hay, and are also confused with
the forms of eppich (OHG. ephi, etc.), parsley,
in mod. G. also ivy, < L. opium, parsley.] An
epiphytic climbing plant of the genus Hedera

Ivy (tffdtra Helix \

a, flower ; b, fruit ; c , leaf ami afirial roots of young plant.

(H. Heiix), natural order Ariiliacea, and the
type of the series Hetlfrece. The leaves are smooth
and shining, varying much in fonn, from oval entire to :<- and
5-lobed ; and their perpetual verdure gives the plnnt a beau-
tiful appearance. The flowers are greenish and inconspicu-
ous, disposed in globose umbels, and are succeeded by deep-
greenoralmost black berries. //. Helix (the common ivy)ls
found throughout almost the whole of Europe, and in many
parts of Asia and Africa. It is plentiful in fJreat Britain,
growing in hedges and woods, and on old buildings, rocks,
and trunks of trees. A variety called the Irish iry is much
cultivated on account of the large size of its foliage and its
veiy rapid growth. The ivy attains a great age, the stem
ultimately becoming several inches thick and capable of
supporting the weight of the plant. The wood Is soft and
porous, and when cut into very thin plates is used for ill
tertng liquids. In Switzerland and the south of Europe it
is employed for making various useful articles. The Iry
has been celebrated from remote antiquity, and was held
sacred in some countries, as Greece and Egypt.- Ameri-
can ivy. Ampelitpnit iruinqvefolia. — Barren Ivy, a creep-
ing andflowerless variety of ivy.— Black ivy, the common
ivy, Iledera Helix, also named H. nigra : so called In allu-
sion to its sometimes nearly black berries. — Q^rman Ivy,
a species of groundsel, Seiieeio mikanioide*. — Indian ivy.
a plant of the genus Scindajmut, natural onler Aractcf. It
is an East Indian herb, with perforated or pinnately divided
leaves and a climbing stem. —Irish Ivy. See above. — Ja-
panese ivy, Ampelnpri«tricruipidata.— Kenll worth ivy,
or Colosseum ivy, a handsome scrophularlaceous vine,
Linaria Cymbalana, much used In hanging-baskets, etc.
Also called icy-leafed tnad-Jlax and iryirorf. — Poison Ivy,
the poison-oak, K hta tosdcodendron. (See also ground-ivy. )

ivy2 (i'vi), H. [Formerly also ivie, and prop.
ive (chiefly in herb-ivy, herb-ive); < OF. ive (also
called ire arthretique or ive muxmte or muxquee)
= Sp. Pg. It. iva (NL. ira: see Iva), ground-
pine, herb-ivy, a fern, form, corresponding to
F. if (ML. WHS), m., yew, < OHG. itca, MHG.
the, G. eibe = AS. IIP, E. yetc : see ife and yew.
The NLj. form is sometimes spelled iba, a form
suggesting or suggested by a confusion with
the diff. name, L. abiga (sometimes miswritten
ifiif/a), also ajuga, ground-pine (Ajuga Chama--
pitys): see abigeat.~\ Ground-pine: chiefly in
the compound herb-ivy.

ivy-bindweed (i'vi-bind'wed), ». A climbing
European herb, Polygonum Convolvulus, now na-
turalized in America.

ivy-bush (i'vi -bush), «. A plant of ivy: for-
merly hung over tavern-doors in England to
advertise good wine. The ivy was sacred to
Bacchus.
Where the rvine is neat, ther needeth no luie-bvth.

l.uli/. KuphUfs. A n at. of Wit, p. 204.

This good wine I present needs no icy-btuh.

NoUt on Du Bartai (1621), To the Reader.

ivy-gum (I'vi-gum), «. See gum?.

ivy-leaf

ivy-leaf (I' vi-lef ), ». [< ME. ivy leefe;
leaf.] The leaf of the ivy — To pipe in an ivy-
leaf, to console one's self the best way one can ; whistle.
But Troilus, thou raayst now, est or weste,
Pipe in an lay leefe, if that the leste.

Chawxr, Troilus, v. 1434.

ivy-mantled (I'vi-man'tld), «. Covered with a
mantle of ivy.

From yonder ivy-mantled tower
The moping Owl doth to the Moon complain.

(fray, Elegy.

ivy-owl (i'vi-oul), n. The European brown or
tawny owl, Syrnium aluco.

ivy-tod (I'vi-tod), n. An ivy-bush.

I will carry ye to a mair convenient place, where I hae
sat mony a time to hear the liowlit crying out of the ivy
tod. Scott, Antiquary, xxi.

ivy-tree (i'vi-tre), «. A hardy evergreen, Pa-
nax Colensoi, of New Zealand.

ivywort (I'vi-w6rt), n. 1. Same as Eenilworth
icy (which see, Tinder ivy1). — 2. A plant of the
ivy family.

iwt, n. A Middle English form of yew.

iwart, d. A Middle English form of aware.

iwist, ywist (i-wis'), adv. [< ME. (a) iwis, ywis,
iwys, ywys (= MHG. gewis = Sw. visst = Dan.
vist), certainly, prop. neut. of the adj. (see be-
low), which is not used as an adj. in ME.; (6)
iwisse, ywisse, iwysse (= D. gewis = OHG. gawisso,
f/iwisso, MHG. gewisse, G. gewiss), adv., cer-
tainly (cf. also ME. iwislichc, < AS. gewislice =
D. gewisselijk = OHG. *gawislihho, gicisliclio,
MHG. gewisliche, G. gewisslich, certainly), < AS.
gewis, gewiss (= D. gewis, win = OHG. giwis,
MHG. gewis, G. gewiss = Icel. visa = Sw. viss
= Dan. vis), certain, < ge-, a generalizing suffix
(see i-), + *wis = Goth. *wis (for *wiss) in neg.
unwis, uncertain, orig. pp. of the pret. pres.
verb represented by AS. witan, know: see
wit, v. The word, being commonly written in
ME. with the prefix separated, * wis, came to
be understood as the pronoun / with a verb,
"wis," explained in dictionaries, with reference
to wit, as 'know,' appar. taken to mean 'think'
or 'guess,' but there is no such verb.] Cer-
tainly ; surely ; truly ; to wit. This word, very com-
mon in Middle English,"lost somewhat of its literal force,
and became in later use a term of slight emphasis, often
meaningless. In the later ballads, and hence archaically
in modern use, it is thrown in parenthetically, often as a
metrical expletive, and is commonly printed as two words,
/ sots, taken to mean ' I think' or 'I guess.' See the ety-
mology.

Ful sorf ul was his hert iivis. Metr. Homilies, p. 88.
And soe fast he smote at John Steward,
Iwis he never rest.

Childe Maurice (Child's Ballads, II. 317).

/ wis, in all the senate
There was no heart so bold.

Macaulay, Horatius.

iwist, ywist, n. [ME. (= MHG. gewis), cer-
tainty; < gewis, adv. (orig. adj.): seeiwis, adv.'}
Certainty: used in the adverbial phrases mid
iwisse, or to iwisse, for certain, certainly.
Thou art suete myd ywisse.

Spec, of Lyric Poems (ed. Wright), p. 57.
He gan hire for to kesse
Wei ofte mid yieisse.

King Horn (E. E. T. S.), 1. 432.

iwislichet. adv. See iwis.

iwitt, «. see wit.

iwitnesset, »• See witness.

Ixia (ik'si-a), n. [NL., so called with ref. to
the clammy juice, < Gr. ifof = L. riscti-s, bird-
lime, mistletoe : see viscus, meows.] An exten-
sive genus of Cape plants, of the natural order
Iridacete, type of the tribe Ixiea: They have nar-
row sword-shaped leaves, and slender simple or branch-
ed stems, bearing spikes of large, showy, variously colored
flowers. The beauty and elegance of the flowers give them
a high place among ornamental plants. The plant former-
ly called Ixia (Pardanthus) Chinensis is now referred to a
genus Belamcanda.

ixia-lily (ik'si-a-lil"i), n. A plant of the genus
Ixiolirion.

Ixiese (ik-si'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < Ixia + -ece.]
A tribe of plants of the natural order Iridacea;,
typified by the genus Ixia, and characterized
by their coated bulbs and numerous sessile
1 -flowered spathes, the flower being 2-bracted
and sessile within the spathe. The tribe em-
braces about 20 genera, chiefly South African.
Also called Ixiacece.

Ixiolirion (ik"si-o-lir'i-on), n. [NL., < Ixia,
q. v., + Gr. fatpuw, a lily: see lily.'} A small
genus of monocotyledonoug plants of the order
Amaryllidacew, tribe Alstrcemeriex, having tuni-
cate bulbs, simple erect stems, and irregular
umbels of pretty blue or violet flowers with a

3206

6-parted funnel-shaped perianth. Only two species
are admitted by Bentham and Hooker, natives of central
and western Asia. The plants are called ixia-lilies.
ixiolite (ik'si-o-lit), ». [< Gr. 'If/wv, Ixipn, a
mythical king of Thessaly, bound, for his crimes,
to an ever-revolving wheel in Tartarus (where
also Tantalus was tortured: see tantaUte), +
Wof, a stone.] In mineral., a kind of tantalite
from Kimito in Finland.

Ixodes (ik-so'dez), n. [< Gr. <fu%, like bird-
lime, sticky, < ifof, bird-lime (see-Zxm), + eMof,
form.] The typical and largest genus of 7x0-
didte, founded by Latreille in 1796, embracing
eyeless species best known as ticks. They are
flat in the normal state, but swell up when distended with
blood, becoming more or less globular. They adhere very
firmly to the skin of man and beast, requiring some force
to pull them away, but if undisturbed drop off upon re-
pletion. /. ricinus, the dog-tick of Europe, is a character-
istic example. One of the best-known in the United States
is /. albip&hts, the white-spotted tick. See cut under Aca-
rida.

Ixodidse (ik-sod'i-de), n. pi. [< Ixodes + -idee.'}
A family of tracheate Acarida, typified by the
genus Ixodes, and comprising all those mites
which are properly called ticks. The skin is tough
and leathery, and in the female capable of great disten-
tion. The rostrum and mandibles are fitted for sucking,
and the tarsi have two claws and a sucking-disk. In their
early stages the Ixodidce are herbivorous and not parasitic ;
but the adults fasten themselves to various animals and
suck blood. There are about 12 genera, and the species
are numerous.

ixolite (ik'so-lit), n. [< Gr. 2f<5f, bird-lime (see
Ixia), T Ai'ftjf, a stone.] A mineral resin of a
greasy luster found in bituminous coal, which
becomes soft and tenacious when heated. Also,
erroneously, ixolyte.

Ixonanthese (ik-so-nan'the-e), n. pi. [NL.
(Endlicher, 1836-40), < Ixonanthes + -co?.] A
tribe of plants of the natural order Linaeea;,
typified by the genus Ixonanthes, having the
petals contorted and persistent, and the cap-
sules septicidally dehiscent.

Ixonanthes (ik-so-nan'thez), n. [NL. (Jack,
1820), irreg. < Gr.'ifof, bird-lime, mistletoe (see
Ixia), + avOof, flower.] A small genus of smooth
trees, of the natural order Linaeea;, type of the
tribe Ixonanthece, having the petals 10 to 20 in
number and perigynous, and the fruit often with
false partitions. They have alternate, coriaceous, en-
tire or remotely crenate or serrate leaves, and small flow-
ers in usually axillary dichotomous cymes. The three or
four species known are natives of tropical eastern Asia.

Ixora (ik'so-ra), ». [NL. (Linnseus), < Iswara
(< Skt. ifva'ra, "master, lord, prince, < •/ «?> own,
be master; cf. AS. agan, E. owe), given as the
name of a Malabar deity to whom the flowers
are offered. ] 1 . A genus of plants of the natu-
ral order Subiacea, type of the tribe Ixore<e. it
consists of tropical shrubs or small trees, chiefly of the old
world, numbering about 100 species. The flowers have the
corolla salver-shaped, contorted, the stamens exserted; and
they are disposed in trichotomously branching corymbs.
The leaves are coriaceous and evergreen. Many species are
cultivated, for the elegance, and in some cases fragrance,
of their flowers. Several species have a medicinal use. Cer-
tain species, very hard- wooded, are called iron-tree. I. fer-
rea of the West Indies is called hardwood-tree or (with other
species) wild jasmine. I. triflorum, a native of Guiana, is
called hackia. Two extinct species have been discovered
in the Tertiary deposits of Europe, and three other closely
allied forms from a bed of the same age on the island of
Labuan, off the coast of Borneo, have been described un-
der the name Ixorophyllum.
2. [/. c.] A plant of this genus.

Ixoreae (ik-so're-e), n. pi. [NL. (Bentham and
Hooker, 1873), '< Ixora + -ccc.] A tribe of
plants of the natural order Kubiacew, of which
the genus Ixora is the type, and to which the
coffee-plant belongs. It includes 11 genera, natives
of the tropics of both hemispheres. The plants of this
tribe are trees or shrubs with entire stipules, and are
chiefly distinguished from those of other tribes by having
the lobes of the corolla twisted instead of imbricated or
valvate in the bud.

ixtle (iks'tl), n. Same as istle.

lyar (e'ar), n. [Heb.] The second month of
the sacred year among the Jews, and the eighth
of the civil year, beginning with the new moon
of April. Also called Zif.

iyent, «• A Middle English plural of eye*.

lyngidse (I-in'ji-de), n. pi. [NL., < lynx (lyng-)
+ -ifte.] The wrynecks as a family of birds
distinct from Picid(e. Also written lungidte,
Jyngidas, Jungidce, Tungidce.

lynginse (i-in-jl'ne), n. pi. [NL., < lynx (lyng-)
+ -ince.] A subfamily of PicidiE, represented
by the genus lynx, related to the woodpeckers,
but having the tail of 12 soft rounded reetrices
(the outer pair of which are extremely short and
entirely concealed), the first primary spurious,
the bill acute, the tongue extensile, and the pat-

izzard

tern of coloration intricately blended ; the wry-
necks. There are about four species, inhabiting Europe,
Asia, and especially Africa. Also written lunginw, Jyn-
gince, Jungince, Yunyinoe.

lynx (i'ingks), n. [NL., < L. iynx, < Gr. tt^f,
the wryneck, so called from its cry, < iwf«v, cry
out; shout, yell,< «•, an exclamation of surprise;
cf. lav, loii, a cry of distress, to, a cry of delight:
see Jo.] A genus of I'iddte, the wrynecks. See
cut under wryneck. Also written 1'unx.

izar (iz'ar), «. [Also izzar, izor; < Ar. ieer.}

1. A garment worn by Moslems, (o) An outer
garment worn by Moslem women. It is of cotton, and is
long enough to reach the ground when drawn over the
head; it then covers the whole person, except in front,
where the veil hangs down ; and it can be drawn together
in front, covering the veil itself except at the face. (See
burka.) In Syria it is the common outdoor garment. (6)
One of the two cloths forming the ihram or pilgrim's dress.
It is tied around the loins, and hangs down over the thighs
as far as the knees or beyond them. Compare rida.

2. [cap.] A very yellow star, of magnitude 2.6,
on the right thigh of Bootes in the waist-cloth,
called by the astronomers E Bootaa. See cut
under Bootes.

izard, izzard2 (iz'ard), ». [< F. isard, an izard.]
The wild goat of the Pyrenees; an ibex.

He [the izzard-hunter] told them of all the curious habits

of the tezard ; and among others that of its using its hooked

horns to let itself down from the clirfs — a fancy which is

equally in vogue among the chamois hunters of the Alps.

. Mayne Reid, Bruin, xxiii.

-ize. [Also -ise ; = F. -iser = Sp. Pg. -isar, -izar
= It. -izzare,<. LL. ML. -izare,<. Gr. -/fwv, a com-
mon formative of verbs denoting the doing of
a particular thing expressed by the noun or ad-
jective to which it is attached, as in 'ATTini&iv,
speak or act like the Athenians, Atticize, Aaxu-
vtf,uv, speak or act like the Spartans, Laconize,
bifamri&iv, speak or act for Philip, philippize,
etc., f/lTri'few, have hope, < «Xm'f, hope. Some
verbs with this suffix, as fiavTit^uv, baptize, are
practically mere extensions of a simpler form
(as [icnrreiv). To this suffix are ult. due the E.
suffixes -ism and -ist; from the parallel form
-dfciv come -asm and -ast.~] A suffix of Greek
origin, forming, from nouns or adjectives, verbs
meaning to be or do the thing denoted by the
noun or adjective. It occurs in verbs taken from the
Greek, as in Atticize, to be, act, or speak like an Athenian,
Lacrmize, to be, act, or speak like a Spartan, philippize,
to act on Philip's side, etc. (also in a few whose radical
element is not recognized in English, as baptize), and
in similar verbs of modern formation, mostly intransi-
tive, but also used transitively, as in criticize, to be a
critic, philosophize, to be a philosopher, etc. , botanize, ety-

in a particular way something indicated by the noun to
which it is attached, this being often a person's name, re-
ferring to some method or invention, as bowdlerize, to ex-
purgate in Bowdler's fashion, grangerize, to treat (books)
after the example set by Granger, macadamize, to make
a road after McAdam's method, bumettize, to impregnate
with Burnett's liquid, etc. In this use it is applicable to
any process associated with the name of a particular per-
son or thing, being often used for the nonce for humorous
effect, or confined to special trade use. It is sometimes at-
tached without addition of force to verbs already transitive,
as in jeopardize, for jeopard, or where the noun may prop-
erly be used as a verb, as in alphabetize, for alphabet (verb).
In spelling, usage in Great Britain favors -ise in some verbs,
as civilise, but usage there makes most new formations in
-ize, which is the regular American spelling in nearly all
cases. Verbs in -ize are or niay be accompanied by nouns
of action in -ization, as civilize, civilization. Such verbs,
especially those taken from the Greek, as Atticize, Laconize,
may have a noun of action or state in -ism, as Atticism and
Laconiinn, and a noun of agent in -ist, as Atticift (see -ism
and -ist). The termination -ize as a variant of -ts«i m nouns,
as in merchandize, is obsolete ; as a valiant of -ise'2 equiva-
lent to -&A2, as in advertise, divertise, it is obsolete or treat-
ed as -ize above.

iztli (iz'tli), M. [Said to be Aztec.] In Mexico
and former Mexican territory, a knife or cut-
ting-implement of any sort made of a flake of
obsidian.

izzar (iz'ar), n. See izar.

izzard1 (iz'ard), ». [Also dial, iszart: said to
stand for s hard, so called because it is like *,
but pronounced with voice: cf. "hard c," "hard
g"; but evidence of s hard as a current name
for z is lacking. The old name is zed, still used
in Great Britain ; the name now current in the
United States is ze.] A former name of the
letter Z.

As crooked as an izzart, deformed in person, perverse in
disposition ; an oddity.

Wlittby, Glossary (ed. Robinson). (E. D. S.)

From A to Izzard, from one end of the alphabet, and
hence of a period or series of any kind, to the other; all
through.

He has spent his lifetime in the service, and knows/row
a to izzard every detail of a soldier's needs.

Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 783.
izzard2, «. See i;nr(J.

1. The tenth letter in the
English alphabet. The char-
acter la only another form of i, the
two forma having been formerly
used indilTerently, or _;' preferred
when final or affording a terminal
flomixh (as In writing the numer-
als, lilj, etc.: see 2). The differen-
tiation in use was established about
the year 1B30. In Latin, for exam-
ple, i was written where we write
both i and ) — e. y., iuna instead of juris — and had now
the vowrl value of i (see /), and now the consonant-value
of y (sec FX being pronounced as y where we now write
and pronounce j. The only quasi-English word in which
we now give It such a valuo Is hallelujah (better written
halleluiah) ; elsewhere, } is written only where the original
i/ sound has been thickened Into the compound dzh, the
sonant counterpart of the cA-sound, and identical with what
we call the soft sound of g (see G) ; and, with a consistency
very rare In English orthography, it has always (with .the
exception mentioned above) this value and this only. It
occurs chiefly in words of Latin descent, being found only
exceptionally, as a late variant of ch (Anglo-Saxon c). In
words of Anglo-Saxon descent (»eejarl,jar2,jowl). Owing
to the equivalence In Latin of i and ), words beginning with
these letters (as those t>eginnlng with u and r) respectively
have, notwithstanding their great ditf ercnce In pronuncia-
tion, only within a short time been separated In dictionaries.
They are not separated in Hailey (1721-175.") and later), nor In
Johnson (1755X nor in Todd's revision of Johnson (1818), nor
in Nares s Glossary (1822; ed. Halliwell and Wright, 1859).
2. (a) As a numeral, a variant form of I: used
chiefly at the end of a series of numerals, and
now only in medical prescriptions: as, vj (six) ;
viy (eight).

Also ther was a grett Vesell of Sylver, And It had at every
ende rouude rymys gylte and it was iiii cornarde.

Turkington, Diarle of Eng. Travel!, p. 13.

(6) In math., -j stands for the second unit vector
or other unit of a multiple algebra. J usually
denotes the Jacobian. (c) In thermodynamics,
Jis the mechanical equivalent of heat (being
the initial of Joule) — j function. See function.

jaal-goat (ja'al-got), ». [A\sojacl-goat; <jaa!,
an African name, + goat.'] The Abyssinian
ibex, Capra jaala or jaela, a wild goat found
in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt,
and elsewhere.

jab (jab), v. t. i pret. and pp. jabbed, ppr. jab-
bing. [A dial., orig. 8c., form otjoo, in same
sense: seejofei.] 1. To strike with the end
or point of something ; thrust the end of some-
thing against or into ; poke.

The Missouri stoker pulls and jabi his Plutonic monster
aa an irate driver would regulate his mule.

Putnams Mag., Sept, 1868.

2. To strike with the end or point of; thrust:
as, to jab a stick against a person ; to jab a
cane into or through a picture. [Scotch, and
colloq. U. S.]

jab (jab), n. [= job1, n. ; from the verb.] A
stroke with the point or end of something ; a
thrust. [Scotch, and colloq. U. S.]

"O yea, I have," I cried, starting up and giving the fire a
jab with the poker. C. D. Warner, Backlog Studies, p. 279.

jabber (jab'er), v. [Early mod. E. jaber, also
jabble, jabil, assibilated form of gabber and gab-
ble, freq. of gab1 : see gab1, gabber, gabble, gib-
ber1."] I. intrans. To talk rapidly, indistinctly,
imperfectly, or nonsensically; utter gibberish ;
chatter; prate.

We dined like emperors, and jabbered In several lan-
guages. Macaulay, in Trevelyan, I. 213.

II. trans. To utter rapidly or indistinctly.

He told me, he did not know what travelling was good
for but to teach a man to ride the great horse, to jabber
French, and to talk against passive obedience.

AriiKxnn, Tory Foxhunter.

jabber (jab'er), n. [< jabber, v.] Rapid talk
with indistinct utterance of words; chattering.
There are so many thousands, oven in this country, who
only differ from their brother brutes in Houyhnhnmlaml
because they use a sort otjabbrr, and do not go naked.
S<ri.ft, Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver to his Cousin Sympson.

jabberer (jab'er-er), n. One who jabbers.
Both parties join'd to do their best . . .
T' out-cant the Babylonian labourers
At all their dialects of jabberers.

S. Butler, Hudibraa. III. IL 152.
202

jabbering-crow (jab'er-ing-kro), n. The com-
mon crow of Jamaica, Corvus jamaicenxis. It is
a small species, closely related to the fish-crow
(C. ossifragtu) of the United States.

jabberihgly (jab'er-ing-li), adv. In a jabber-
ing manner.

jabberment (jab'er-ment), n. [< jabber +
-went.] Tho act of jabbering; idle or nonsen-
sical talk. [Rare.]

We are come to his farewell, which is to be a conclud-
ing taste of Us jabberment In the law. Miltmi, Colaaterlon.

jabbernowlt, ». Same Asjobbernoll.
jabbleH (jab'l), ». «. [Early mod. E. jabil (for

*jabcl); an assibilated form of gabble, as jabber

is of gabber.] To jabber ; gabble.

To inbil, multum loqul.

Levins, Manip. Vocab. (E. E. T. S.X p. 126.

jabble2 (jab'l), v. t.; pret. and pp.jabbled, ppr.
jabbling. [Also jable; prob. freq. of a form rep-
resented by jaitp: see^'a«;),r.,2.J To splash, as
water: cause to splash, as a liquid. [Scotch.]

jabble2 (jab'l), n. [< jabble^, v.] A slight agi-
tation on the surface of a liquid; small irregu-
lar waves running in all directions. [Scotch.]

The steamer Jumped, and the black buoys were dancing
In the jabble. li. L. Stevenson, Silverado Squatters, p. 12.

jabelt, »• A variant otjavel1. [Prov. Eng.]

What, thnjuMl, canst not have do?
Tim and thl cumpany shall not depart
Tyll of our distavys ye have take part.
Candlemas Day, 1512 (Hawkins, Eng. Drama, I. IK).

jabiru (jab'i-ro), n. [Braz. name.] A large
stork-like bird, Ifycteria americana. The jabiru
and the maguari are the only American representatives of
the subfamily CiennSna. The jabiru inhabits tropical and
subtropical America,occasionallynorth to Texas. Theplu-
mage Is entirely white; the bill, legs, and bare skin of the
neck are black, with a red collar around the lower part of

acutely lobed corolla, and leaves toothed, or va-
riously pinnately dissected. J. runcinata la em-
ployed oy South American nativea to excite amorous pas-
sion.

jabot (zha-W), N. [F.] A frilling or ruffle
worn by men at the bosom of the snirt in the
eighteenth century ; also, a frill of lace, or some
soft material, arranged down the front of a wo-
man's bodice.

They wore men'a shirts, with ruffles tuvljabnt*; their hair
waa clubbed, and their whips were long and formidable.
Fortnightly Rev., N. 8., XLII. 290.

She is debited with uno pairc de marl. Fortunately,
however, for the Comtease'a E<>< ><1 repute, the " pair of hus-
bands" turn out to be a double jabut, or projecting bosom
frill of lace. Fortnightly Km., N. 8., XLII. 287.

jacamar (jak'a-rnar). n. [S. Amer. name.]
Any South American bird of the family Galbu-
lidir. In general aspect the Jacamars resemble the bee-
eaters of the old world, and have to a considerable extent
the habite of the arboreal and insectivorous kingfishers.

American Jabiru {Mjcttri* amtrttama).

the neck. The wing Is 2 feet long ; the bill is a foot long,
extremely thick at the base, and somewhat recurved at
the tip. See Mycteria.

Jablochkoff candle. See electric candle, under
candle.

jaborandi (jab-o-ran'di), n. [Braz. (Guarani).]
A Brazilian plant, Pilocarpuspinnatijblius; also,
the drug obtained from it. The leaves and bark of
the plant furnish an agreeable, prompt, and powerful sudo-
rific and stalogogue, with some diuretic effect, and has be-
come the leading drug of its class. The name is also local-
ly applied to several other plants and drugs having similar
properties— for example, some species of Piper and Her-
pestis, and several other Rutacece, the order to which Pilo-
earpus belongs. A\sojamborandi.

jaborine (jab'o-rin), n. [< jabor(andi) + -iwe2.]
An alkaloid extracted from the leaves of jabo-
randi, and also derivable from pilocarpine. Its
physiological effects are said to resemble those
of atropin.

Jaborosa (jab-o-ro'sa), n. [NL. (Jussieu), said
to bo < Ar. jnbo'rose, a name of allied plants.] A
South American genus of the natural order
Solanace<e, containing C or 7 species of small
herbs, having flowers with long funnelform,

8207

Jacamar (Gfjlfu/a T-irii/tjl.

They neat in holes, and lay white eggs. The plumage in
most cases is brilliant, and aa a rule the bill Is long, slen-
der, and sharp ; the feet arc very weak, with the toea in
pairs (In one genus there are but three toea).

Jacamaralcyon (jak'a-ma-ral'si-on), n. [NL.
(Lesson, 1831), < jacamar + alcyon.] A genus
of jacamars with three toes ; the only three-toed
genus of Galbulid<e. There la but one apeclea. J. tri-
daftyla of Brazil, 7 A inches long, slaty -blaik with a bronze
tint, with white belly, black bill, and brown-streaked head.

Jacamarops (ja-kam'a-rops), n. [NL. (Les-
son, 1831, out used as a F. vernacular name by
Cuvier, 1829), < jacamar + Gr. <J^. eye.] A ge-
nus of Galbulida;, consisting of the great jaca-
mars. They are of large size, with a long curved bill di-
lated at the base and with ridged culmen. a graduated tall
of 12 rectricea, and very abort feathered tarsi. There Is but
one species, J. grandis, a native of tropical America, 11
inches long. goloWgreen In color, with rufous under parts
and a white throat.

jacana (ja-ka'na), n. [Braz. joynnrf.] 1. A
bird of the genus Parra or Jacana, as P. jacana
oiJ. spinosa; the book-name of any bird of the
family Porridge or Jacanida;. There are several

Mexican Jacana (Parra

jacana

genera and species, of both the old and the new world.
These remarkable birds resemble plovers and rails, but are
most nearly related to the former. In the typical American
forms the tail is short, and the legs and toes are long, with
enormous straight claws which enable the birds to run
easily over the floating leaves of aquatic plants. There is
a horny spur on the bend of the wing, and a naked frontal
leaf and wattles at the base of the bill. Parra gymnostoma
is the Mexican jacana, which is also found in the United
States. The pheasant-tailed jacana of India, Hydropha-
sianus chirurgus, has no frontal or rictal lobes, and has a
very long tail like a pheasant. The Indo-African jacanas
belong to the genus Metopodius; that of the East Indies is
Hydralector cristatus.

2. [cap.'] [NL.] A genus of jacanas, the same
as Parra, lately made the name-giving genus of
Jacanidte. Brisson, 1760. Also written lacana.
Jacanidae (ja-kan'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Jacana
+ -id(s.~\ A family of grallatorial aquatic birds
of the order Umicolce, named from the genus
Jacana; the jacanas. They are birds of the wanner
parts of both hemispheres, represented by the genera Ja-
cana (or Parra), Metopodius, Hydralector, and Hydrophasi-
anus. In technical characters they are charadriomorphic,
though they are ralliform in external aspect. The skull is
schizognathous and schizorhinal, with basipterygoid pro-
cesses and emarginate vomer, but no supra-orbital impres-
sions. A metacarpal spur is present in all these birds, and
in some of them the radius is peculiarly expanded. The
family is more frequently called Parridoe.

Jacaranda (jak-a-ran'da), n. [NL. (A. L. Jus-
sieu, 1789) ; a Brazilian name.] A genus of the
natural order Bignoniacece, type of the tribe Ja-
caranaece. It contains about 30 species of tall trees of
elegant habit, native in tropical America. It is separated
from kindred genera by its panicled flowers with short
campanulate calyx, its short pod with flat, transparently
winged seeds, and its twice, or sometimes once, pinnate
leaves. The Brazilian ./. mimostfolia, J. Braziliana, and
J. obtusifolia furnish a beautiful and fragrant palisander-
wood, bluish-red with blackish veins, sometimes, in com-
mon with numerous other timbers, called rosewood. (See
rosewood.) As a popular name jacaranda is not confined
strictly to this genus, but applies to various trees having
similar wood. Three fossil species are described, from the
Lower Tertiary of Italy and Tyrol.

Jacarandeae ( jak-a-ran'de-e), n. pi. [NL. (Ben-
tham and Hooker, 1876), < Jacaranda + -cos.~]
A tribe of Bignoniacece, embracing the genus
Jacaranda and four others. The ovary is l-celled
or becomes so, with parietal placentte and a 2-valved pod.
They are mostly trees or shrubs, all native of tropical
America except the genus Colea, which belongs to Mada-
gascar.

jacare (jak'a-re), n. [Pg. jacart, jacareo; of
Braz. origin.] 1. A South American alligator;
a cayman. Several species or varieties are described,
such as the Orinoco or black jacare, Jacare nigra. Also
written jackare, yackare.

2. [cap.'] [NL.] A genus of South American
alligators. J. E. Gray, 1862.

jacatoot, n. [Appar. an error for "cacatoo: see
cockatoo."] A cockatoo.

A rarely colour'd jacatoo, or prodigious huge parrot.

Evelyn, Diary, July 11, 1664.

jaca-tree (jak'a-tre), n. [Also jak, jak-tree,jack-
tree; < jaca, the native name, + E. tree.] Same
as jack-tree.

jacobus (jak'us), n. [NL.] 1. A small squir-
rel-like monkey of South America, a kind of
marmoset, H apale jacchus. — 2. [c<y;.] A genus
of marmosets: same as Hapale. Also lacchus,
See Mididw.

jacconet, n. See jaconet.

jacent (ja'sent), a. [= Sp. yacente = Pg. ja-
cente, < L. jacen(t-)s, ppr. ofjacere, lie, be pros-
trate, < jac£re, throw, cast: see jet1, jactation,
jaculate, etc. Cf. adjacent, circumjacent, etc.]
Lying at length : prostrate. [Rare.]

Because so laid, they [brick or squared stones] are more
apt, in swagging down, to pierce with their points than in
the jacent posture, and so to crevice the wall.

Sir H. Wotton, Reliquire, p. 20.

jacinth, (ja'sinth), n. [Accommodated in term,
to orig. hyacinth; formerly jaeint, iacint; < ME.
jacint, jacynte, jacynct, < OF.jadnthe = Pr.ja-
cint = Sp. jaeinto = Pg. jacintho = It. jacento,
giacinto, <L. hyaeinthus, < Gr. vatuvdog, hyacinth:
see hyacinth.'] Same as hyacinth.

jacitara-palm (jas-i-tar'a-pam), n. [< S. Amer.
jacitara + E. palm2."] The plant Desmoncus
macroacanthus. See Desmoncus.

jack1 (jak), n. [< ME. Jacke, Jake, Jak, as a
personal name, and familiarly, like mod. Jack,
dial. Jock, as a general appellative ; < OF. Jaque,
Jaques (AF. also Jake, Jaikes), later Jacques,
mod. F. Jacques, a very common personal name,
James, Jacob, = Sp. Jago (formerly written
logo), also Diego = Pg. Diogo, these being re-
duced forms of the name, which appears also,
in semblance nearer the LL., as E. Jacob = F.
Jacobe = Sp. Jacobo = It. Giacobo, Giacobbe, Ja-
copo, and, with altered term. (6 to TO), It. Gia-
como, Jachimo = Sp. contr. Jaime = Pg. Jayme
= OF. Jakemes, contr. Jaime, Jams, James, >

3208

rare ME. James, Jamys, early mod. E. Jeames
(> dim. Jem, Jim), now James; AS. lacob = D.
G. Dan. Icel.. etc., Jakob; < LL. Jacobus, <
Gr. 'Idraj/tof, < Heb. Ta'aqob, Jacob, lit. ' one
who takes by the heel,' a supplanter, < 'dqab,
take by the heel, supplant (see Gen. xxv. 26,
xxvii. 36). The name Jack is thus a doublet
of Jake (still used as a conscious abbr. of Ja-
cob, and occasionally in the same general sense
as Jack, as in country jake, applied in the IT. S.
to a rustic), as well as of James, all being
reduced forms of Jacob; but on passing into
E. Jack came to be regarded as a familiar syn-
onym or dim. of John (ME. Jan, Jon, etc., dim.
Jankin, Jenkin, etc.), and is now so accepted.
The F. name Jacques, being extremely com-
mon, came to be used as a general term for a
man, particularly a young man, of common or
menial condition ; so E. Jack, and its synonym
John, which is similarly used, in its various
forms, in other languages. From this use of
Jack, as equiv. to 'lad, boy, servant' (of. jock,
jockey), has arisen its mod. E. use as a purely
common noun, alone or in comp., applied to
various contrivances which do the work of a
common servant or are subjected to rough
usage. Cf. billy2, jemmyl, jimmy1, betty, etc.,
likewise from familiar personal names, jemmy
or jimmy being ult. identical with jack.'] 1.
[cap.] An abbreviation or diminutive of the
name Jacob, now regarded as a nickname or
diminutive of the name John.

For sweet Jack Falstaff, . . . banish not him thy Harry's
company. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4, 622.

2. A young man; a fellow: used with jill, a
young woman, both being commonly treated as
proper names.

And aryse up soft & stylle,

And iangylle nether with lak ne lylle.

Bailees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 22.

That every man should take his own,

In your waking shall be shown :
Jack shall have Jill ;
Nought shall go ill.

Shak., M. N. D., ill. 2, 461.

3f. [cap, or I.e."] A saucy or impertinent fellow;
an upstart; a coxcomb; a jackanapes; a sham
gentleman : as, jack lord, jack gentleman, jack
meddler, and similar combinations.
Since every Jack became a gentleman,
There's many a gentle person made a Jack.

Shak., Bich. III., i. S, 72.
Marc. What men are these i' th' house?
Tap. A company of quarrelling Jacks, an' please you ;
They say they have been soldiers, and fall out
About their valours.

Beau, and Ft. (?), Faithful Friends, i. 2.

4. [cap."] A familiar term of address used among
sailors, soldiers, laborers, etc. ; hence, in popu-
lar use (commonly Jack Tar), a sailor.

For says he, do you mind me, let storms e'er so oft
Take the top-sails of sailors aback,
There's a sweet little cherub that sits up alofti
To keep watch for the life of poor Jack.

C. Dibdin, Poor Jack.

5. Same as jack in the water (which see, below).
— 6. [I. c. or cap."] A figure which strikes the
bell in clocks : also called jack of the clock or
clock-home: as, the two jacks of St. Dunstan's.

I stand fooling here, his Jack o' the clock.

Shak., Rich. II., v. 5, 60.

This is the night, nine the hour, and I the jack that gives
warning. Middleton, Blurt, Master-Constable, ii. 2.

The jack of the clock-house, often mentioned by the writ-
ers of the sixteenth century, was ... an automaton, that
either struck the hours upon the bell in their proper rota-
tion, or signified by its gestures that the clock was about
to strike. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 244.

7. Any one of the knaves in a pack of playing-
cards.

" He calls the knaves Jacks, this boy," said Estellawith
disdain, before our first game was out.

Dickens, Great Expectations, viii.

8. The male of certain animals ; specifically, a
male ass; especially, an ass kept for getting
mules from mares ; a jackass. [In this sense it
is much used attributively or in composition, signifying
'male': as, jackass, jack-ape.]

9. A name of several different fishes, (o) A pike,
as Eeox luciusor a related species ; especially, a small pike,
or pickerel. Also jack-fish.

I desire you to accept of a Jack, which is the best I have
caught this season. Adaison, Sir Roger and Will. Wimble.

A Jack or pickerel becomes a pike at 2 feet (Walton) and
2 Ib. or 3 Ib. weight. Some see no distinction, calling all
pike ; others fix the limit in different ways.

Day, Brit. Fishes, II. 140.

(ft) A percoid fish, Stizostedium vitreum, the pike-perch,
(c) A scorpsenoid fish, Sebastichthys or Sebastodes pauci-
S]riim, better known as boccaccio. (d) One of several caran-
goid fishes, especially Caranx irisquetos, also called buffalo-
jack, hickory -jack, and jack-fish ; also, Seriola carolinensis.
(e) The pampano, Trachyndtue carolinus.

jack

10. (a) The jackdaw, Corvus monechtla. (6)
The jack-curlew, b'unieniiis hudsonius. (c) A
kind of pigeon ; a jacobin. — 1 1 . One of various
convenient implements or mechanical contri-
vances obviating the need of an assistant : used
alone or compounded with some other word
designating the special purpose of the im-
plement or some other distinguishing circum-
stance : as, a pegging-jacfr;
a shackle;/acfc, or thill-^'ocfc.
Specifically— (a) A bootjack. (6) A
contrivance for raising great weights
by force exerted from below. A sec-
tion of the usual form of this machine
is given in the annexed figure. By
turning the handle a, the screw ft.
the upper end of which is brought
into contact with the mass to be
raised, is made to ascend. This is
effected by means of an endless
screw working into the worm-wheel
c, which forms the nut of the screw.
On the lower end of the screw is fixed
the claw d, passing through a groove
in the stock ; this claw serves at once
to prevent the screw 6 from turning
and to raise bodies which lie'near the
ground. The axis of the endless
screw is supported by two malleable iron plates e /, bolted
to the upper side of the wooden stock or framework in
which the whole is inclosed. Also called jack-screw, and
specifically lifting-jack, (c) In cookery, a roasting-jack ; a
smoke-jack.

We looked at his wooden jack in his chimney that goes
with the smoake, which is indeed very pretty.

Pepys, Diary, I. 116.

(d) A rock-lever or oscillating lever. Such levers are used
in stocking-frames, in knitting-machines, and in other ma-
chinery. Their function is the actuation of other moving
parts to produce specific results at proper periods, (e)
In spinning, a bobbin and frame operating on the sliver
from the carding-machine and passing the product to the
roving-machine. (/) In weaving, same as heck-box, (g)
In the harpsichord, clavichord, pianoforte, and similar in-
struments, an upright piece of wood at the inner or rear
end of each key or digital, designed to bring the motion of
the latter to bear upon the string. In the harpsichord and
spinet the jack carries a quill or spine by which the string
is twanged ; in the clavichord it terminates in a metal
tangent by which the string is pressed ; and in the piano-
forte it merely transmits the motion of the key to the
hammer.

How oft when thou, my music, music play'st, . . .
Do I envy those jacks that nimble leap
To kiss the tender inward of thy hand !

Shak., Sonnets, cxxviii.

(h) A wooden frame on which wood is sawed ; a sawbuck
or sawhorse. (i) In mining: (1) A wooden wedge used to
split rocks after blasting ; a gad. (2) A kind of water-en-
gine, turned by hand, for use in mines. Halliwell. (j) A
portable cresset or fire-pan used for hunting or fishing at
night Also called jack-lamp, jack-lantern, jack-light. (*)
A tin case in which the safety-lamp is carried by coal-
miners in places where the current of ah* is very strong.
[North. Eng.] (0 In teleg. and teleph., a terminal consist-
ing of a spring-clip, by means of which instruments can be
expeditiotisly introduced into the circuit. In telephones
such terminals are sometimes used at exchanges for al-
lowing the lines of different subscribers to be quickly con-
nected. The connection is made by means of a wire cord
on the ends of which are metallic wedges covered on one
side with insulating material. These wedges, called jack-
knives or simply jacks, are inserted into the terminals of the
lines to be connected. Also called spring-jack.

12. A pitcher, formerly of waxed leather, after-
ward of tin or other metal ; a black-jack.

Small jacks we have in many ale houses tipped with sil-
ver, besides the great jacks and bombards of the court.

J. Heywood, Philocothonista (1635).
Body of me, I'm dry still ; give me the jack, boy ;
This wooden skilt holds nothing.

Fletcher (and others), Bloody Brother, ii. 2.

13. Ahalf-pint; also, a quarter of a pint. [Prov.
Eng.] — 14. In the game of bowls, an odd bowl
thrown out for a mark to the players.

Was there ever man had such luck ! when I kissed [that
is, when my bowl touched] the jack, upon an upcast to be
hit away ! I had a hundred pound on 't.

SAai.,Cymbeline, ii. 1, 2.

15. A flag showing the union only: used by
those nations whose national standard con-
tains a union, as Great Britain and the United
States. The British jack is a combination in red, white,
and blue of the crosses of St. George, St Andrew, and St.
Patrick, and dates from 1801. In the United States naval
service the jack is a blue flag with a white five-pointed star
for each State in the Union. It is hoisted on a jack-statf at
the bowsprit-cap when in port, and is also used as a signal
for a pilot when shown at the fore. See union jack, under
union.

In a paper dated Friday, Jan. 14, 1652, "By the com-
missioners for ordering and managing ye affairs of the Ad-
miralty and Navy," ordering what flag shall be worn by
flag-officers, it is ordered, "all the shipps to wear jacks as
formerly." Preble, Hist, of the Flag, p. 151.

16. A horizontal bar or crosstree of iron at
the topgallantmast-head, to spread the royal-
shrouds. Also called jack-crosstree.

Though I could handle the brig's fore royal easily, I
found my hands full with this, especially as there were no
jacks to the ship, everything being for neatness, and no-
thing left for Jack to hold on by but his "eyelids."

R. a. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 210.

jack

3200

17. A kind of schooner-rigged vessel of from 10 =G. jackc, a jacket, jerkin, < OF.jaque,

to 25 tons, until in tho Newfoundland fishcri' s.

A Jack is KoiuTiilly full anil clumsy, with no uvorhang to

UK runnier, and rallies u nmilisnil, foresail, and jib, some-

times alsu a small mainstaysail.

18. [c«y>.] A Jacobite. [Cant.] in the quota

tion it U II.TI! with a punning reference to the Hag. See

dot. 16.

With every wind lie snil'd. anil well cou'd tack,
Had niuny pendents, but abhorr'd A Jack.

Sirift, Elegy on Judge Boat

19f. A farthing. [Eng. slang.] — 20. A card-
counter. [Eng. slang.]

The "card-counters," or, as I have heard them some-
times called by street-sellers, the "small coins," are now
til a very limited sale. The slang name for these articles
Is Jacks and " Half-Jacks."

May/lew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 889.

21. A seal. Munjark. [Old slang.] (The words
in several of the phrases below are very commonly joined
by hyphens, as in the quotations.! — Buffalo-Jack, the
carangold tlsh Caranx pi*quetrn. — Builders' jack, a tem-
porary staging put in a window ; a bracket or seat used
in ele;miim, painting, or repairing a window. Also called
miulme-jack. — California jack, a game of cards resem-
bling alt-fours. After six cards have been dealt to each
player, and the trump determined, the umlealt cards are
placed in a pack on the table face up, so that one card is
exposed. Then the winner of each trick takes the top card
into his hand, and the other players in order each one of
the following cards. Every player thus continues to hold
six cards until the deck is exhausted. Jack and low count
each for the player who takes it. The game Is esteemed
one of the best for two players.— Cheap Jack. See cheap.
— Cornish jack, the chough or Cornish crow, Pyrrkoco-
rax graculus.— Every man Jack, every one without ex-
ception. [Slang.]

Sir Pitt had numbered entry inan Jack of them.

Thackeray, Vanity Fair, vlil.

,jaitjue,jtickctdM. (Norm.)./"/.'

jacq,

= It. giaco, for-
merly giacco, a
jack or coat of
mail. Origin ob-
scure; perhaps,
like jack1 in
other material
senses, ult.< OF.
Jaqw, ./tiri/iiix,
a personal
name: seejackl.
Dim. jacket, q.
v.] A coat of
fence of cheap
make worn by
foot-soldiers,
yeomen, and the
like. The word is
used indiscrimi-
nately for the brig-
andine, gambeson,
and scale-coat, and
is, in short, applied
defensive

Jack.

(From ViolleMe-Dyc's "Diet, du
Mobilicr Trancais." )

to any

garment made of two folds of leather or linen with some-
thing between them. (Bwrget and de Cotton.) Also, a
leather garment upon which rings, etc., were sewed to
form a coat of fence. Compare lorica, 2.

But with the trusty bow,

And jacks well quilted with soft wool, they came to Troy.

Chapman, Iliad, ill.

The Bill-men come to blows, that, with the cmel thwacks
The ground lay strew'd with mail and shreds of tatter'd
jacks. Drayton, Polyolblon, xxli. 186.

To be upon one's jack*, to attack one violently.

Te ulciscar, I will be revenged on thee : I will sit on thy
skirts ; I will be upon your jacke for It.

Terence in English (1614).

My lord lay in Morton College ; and, as he was going
to parliament one morning on foot, a man in a faire and
< hill outward habit mett him, and jossel'd him. And,
though I was at that time behind his lordship, I saw it
not; for, If I had, I should have been upon his jack.

A. Wilson, Autobiography.

iterant clergyman who has no cure, jack3 (jak), M. [Englished from jak, jaca : see

;: aZo^h«^TX s^ ^H *• same «**<7*.-a. ™* ^

._ ^ . _.'-_*'- ,._.. j — Of the jack-tree : same as jaekfrutt. See jack-
tree.

Send them [the children] all to bed ; every man Jack of
them ! C. Reade, Peg Wofflngton, vili.

Five-fingered Jack. See fine-fingered.— doggie-eyed
Jack. See guggle-ei/nl. — Great jack, a Urge Dottle for
liquor: same as (x»n*ard, 4.— Hickory-jack. (o)Sameas
' ' kory-shad, PomoUbv* medioeris.-

... l,9(d). (6) The hick .

Hydraulic jack. *eu hydraulic.— Jack at a pinch, (o)
A person who is employed or selected for some purpose as
a necessity, or (or want of a better ; one who serves merely
as a stopgap : sometimes used as an adverbial compound.
Hence— (6) A poor itii
but officiates for a fee ii

Eng. I— Jack in office, . . .

who gives himself airs. — Jack in the green, a boy dress-
ed with green garlands, or inclosed in a framework of
leaves, for the May-day sports and dances. Also Jack-a-
yreen. (Eng. | — Jack in the water, a man who makes
himself useful about wharves and docks, in landing pas-
sengers, etc., and in doing odd jobs. Also c&\\edjack. [Kng.

^ mon8trou9 jack tnat in iu eccentric bulk contains a
who,e nlagazille j tastl.a an(1 8mells.

p RoUmm, In my Indian Garden, p. 4!>.

, ., . . .

slang.]— Jack o' Bedlam, see Bedlam.— Jack of all Jack4 (jak), M. [Abbr. of Jacqueminot, a florists'
trades, a person who can turn his hand to any kind of name for a favorite crimson variety of tea-rose.]
work or business : often implying that he is not thorough- . T \i«.- jnf.

" aue

ly expert in any one thing as expressed in the proverb,
"Jaacofatt trades, master of none."— Jack Of Dovert,
a dish of some kind.

. T \i«.- jnf.

A Jacqueminot rose. Also Jacque.

"Therosesthat — " " Wliatroses?" said Mrs. Van Cor-
lear. " Why, I ordered some Jacks this morning. Didn't
they come ? ' Scrioner's Mag. , IV. 757.

Many &jakke of Dotxre hastow sold,

That hath beei, i twles hotand twies cold jack-adams (jak'ad'amz), n. [< Jack Adams, a

Chaucer, Prol. to Cooks Tale, 1. 23 J er name.]

fprov En<r 1
L / ,' ¥'*

[It is sometimes explained as the fish called sole, and

, Works, II. 220.

sometimes as a dish warmed up a second time.] — Jack
of straw. Sameasjacfortraw, i.

I hate him,

And would be married sooner to a monkey,
Or to a Jack of Straw, than such a juggler.

Fisher, wudgoose chase, ill. i.

Jack of tie clock. See def. 6.— Jack of the dust, a

. ,' ¥' ,• i/ j /,!••, i • , j

jackadandy (jak'a-dan'di), ». ; pi. jackadan-

<fte» (-diz). [< jack1 + -a- (a meaningless sylla-
ble) + dandy1.] A little foppish fellow; adan-
diprat. Vanbntqh, Confederacy.
ja&.a.green (jak'a-gren'), n. Same as Jack
,-.„ the qrrcn (which 'see, under jack1).

. . . , .

man on board a United Status man-of-war appointed to i__v«lyi.WA« „ rWm™arlv im-l-nJI anmnHmna

assist the paymaster's yeoman in serving outVovlslons jackal (jak al) H. I formerly ja< A n«, sometimes

and other stores.— Jack on both sidest, a man who sides accom. jack-call ; < O* . jackal, jakal, X . cliacal

llrst with one party and then with another.

Header, John Newter, who erst plaid
The Jack on both sides, here is laid.

Wits' Recreation! (1664).

Jack out Of doorst, a houseless person ; a vagrant

(> It. sciacal = G. Dan. Sw. schakal = D. ja-
khals) = Sp. chacal = Pg. cliaeal, jacal = Turk.
chaqal, < Ar. jaqal (usually tcawi or ibn dwi), <
Pers. shagkal, a jackal ; cf . Skt. qrigala, a jack-
al, a fox.] 1. A kind of wild dog somewhat

Xeque pesslmus neque primus : not altogether Jack out resembling a fox, which inhabits Asia and Af-

ofdoores, and yet no gentleman rica; one of geveral species of old-world fox-

r,thals, Diet (ed. 1634), p. 569. ^ '<,„„ w of fte ^ Cani &g c „„„,„ of

Jack out Of Office, a discharged official. ^^ ^ c '^^ «J ^^ The ^^ ^ Qf

For liberalitie, who was wont to be a pnncipall officer, gregarious habits, hunting in packs, rarely attacking the
... is tourned Jacke out of office, and others appointed to
have the ciistodie.
Riche his Farewell to Militant Profession, 1681. (Nares.)

Jack's land, in old English manors and village communi-
ties, odds and ends of land in open fields, lying between tho
allotments to tenants. — Jack Tar. See def. 4. — Round
jack, in hal-makimi, a stand for holding a hat while the
brim is trimmed to shape,— To draw the jacks, in
weaving. See draw.— Union jack. See union — Yel-
low Jack, yellow fever. [Slang. ]
vA'l, n., T

jack-at-the-hedge

<1»K. anil may lie domesticated. The wild jackal emit* a
biKlily 'itTrMhivi- ml"! r nun the jH>pnl:ir but erroneous
notion that the jackal hunts up the prey for the king of
beasts, he has been called the "lion's provider."

The Inhabitants do nightly house their goats and sheep
for fear of the Jacca.it. Sandys, Trsvailes, p. im.

ICurzola] is one of the few spots In Europe where the
jackal still lingers. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 204.

Hence — 2. Any one who does dirty work for
another; one who meanly serves the purpose
of another.

He's the man who has all yonr hills ; Levy is only his
jackal. Bulirer, My Novel, Ii IS.

jackal-buzzard (jak'al-buz'iird), n. A book-
name of liutt'ojackitl, an African buzzard.

jackalegs, jack-o'-legs (jak'a-legz), n. [Cf.
jntk-lntj-knift, under jack-knije, and jockteleg.]
1. A large clasp-knife.— 2. A tall, long-legged
man.

Jack-a-Lent (jak'a-lent), n. See Jack-o'-Lent.

ja9kals-kost ( jak'alz-kost). n. [< jackal + G.
Kost, food (f ).] A plant, Hydnora Africana, of
the natural order Cytinacece. It bean, half-hurled
in the earth, a single large flower, sessile upon the root-
stock and baring a thick fungus-like perianth. It Is par-
asitic upon the roots of succulent euphorbias and similar
plants. It occurs, with other species, in South Africa,
where it Is said to be roasted and eaten by the natives.

jackanape (jak'a-nap), n. See jackanapes.

jackanapes (jak'a-naps), n. [Fororig. Jack <?
apes, Jack of apes, i. e. orig., it is supposed, a
man who exhibited performing apes ; hence a
vague term of contempt, the stress of thought
being laid on ape», wnence the occasionally
assumed singular jackanape, and the use of the
word in the simple meaning ape. Cf. the later
imitated forms, johnanapes and jane-of-apes.~\
If. A monkey : an ape.

With signes and prefers, with noddyng, beckyng, and
mowyng, as It were Jack-an-apes. Tyndale, Works, p. 132.

If I might buffet for my love, or bound my horse for her
favours, 1 could lay on like a butcher, and sit like a jack-
an-apes, never off. Shak., Hen. V., v. 2, 148.

Hence — 2. A coxcomb; a ridiculous, imperti-
nent fellow.

I have myself caught a young jackanapes with a pair of
silver fringed gloves, in the very fact. Spectator, No. 311.

None of your sneering, puppy ! no grinning, jackanapes!
Sheridan, The Rivals, ft. 1.

3. In mining, tho small guide-pulleys of a whim,
jack-ape (jak'ap), n. A male ape.

A great jack-ape o' the forest The Spectator.

jack-arcb. (jak'arch), M. An arch whose thick-
ness is of only one brick.

jackare, «. See jacare, 1.

jackaroo (jak-a-rS'), n. [Australian.] A new
chum ; a new arrival from England in the bush.
[Slang, Australia.]

The young Jackaroo woke early next morning and went
to look around him.

A. C. Grant, Bush Life in Queensland, I. 53.

jackash ( jak'ash), n. [Appar. Amer. Ind.] The
mink or vison of North America, Putorius tison.

jackass (jak'as), n. [< jacW + ossi.] 1. A
male ass; a jack.

A jackass heehaws from the rick,

The passive oxen gaping. Tennyson, Amphion.

Hence — 2. A very stupid or ignorant person:
used in contempt. — 3. JN<JHf.,same as hairse-bag.
Jackass copal, chacaze copal. See copal. — Laughing

jackass, the giant kingflsher, Dacelo gigas : so called from
its discordant outcry. See cut under Dacelo. Also called
settlers' clock. [Australia.]

,

jack1 (jak), v. [ <
ith

11.] I. trans. 1. To
operate on with a jack ; lift with a jack.

As soon as it [the bridge) reaches Its position, It is jacked
up. SW. Amer., N. S., LV1II. 31.

2. To hunt with a jack. See j«cA'1, »., 11 U).

II. in/ran*. To use a jack in hunting or fish-
ing; seek or find game by means of a jack.

The streams are not suited to the floating or jacking
with a lantern in the bow of the canoe.

T. Roosewlt, Hunting Trips, p. 168.

jack- (jak), H. [< WE. jackc, jakkc, jak, a jack,
= OD.jakke, D.jak = S-w.jacka = D&n.jakke

Black-backed Jackal (Camit mtspmtlat).

larger quadrupt'ds. lurking during the day. and coming out

jackass-brig (jak'as-brig), n. Abrigwith square
topsail and topgallantsail instead of a gaff-top-
sail.

jackass-deer (jak'as-der), n. An African an-
telope, the singsing, Kobus singsing.

jackass-fish (jak'as-fish), n. A fish of the fam-
ily Cirritida', Cliilndactylus macropteriix, inhab-
iting the Australian seas, attaining a length of
nearly 2 feet, and esteemed as one of the best
food-fishes of the country.

jackassism (jak'as-izm), ». [< jackass + -ism.]
Stupidity. [Rare.]

Calling names, whether done to attack or to back a schism,
Is, Miss, believe me, a great piece of jack-ass ism.

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends II. 268.

jackass-penguin (jak'as-pen'gwin), n. A sail-
ors' name of the common penguin, Spheniscus
dpHicrsits. See penguin.

jackass-rabbit ( jak'as-rab'it), ». Same as jack-
rabbit.

Our conversation was cut short by a jackass-rabbit bound-
ing from under our horses' feet.

Audubon, Quadrupeds of N. A., II. 95.

at night with dismal cries. They feed on the remnants . . . t^ >,0/)<rn (iat'nt thS hpi'1 « Thfl
of the lion's prey, dead carcasses, and the smaller animals jack-at-the-fteCtge Uej ), II.

and poultry. The jackal interbreeds with the common -'—»«-' ' 1- —It.*

plant Galiiim Jparine, commonly called cleav-

jack-at-the-hedge

ers, which grows in copses and hedges.

3210

ack (?) + -ei

Eng ] Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]

jack-back (jak'bak), M. 1. In brewing, same as jackeen (ja-ken'), «. C< ./«<** f aPP"'

— "• A drunken, dissolute fellow. <!>. v.

[Prov. jacked (jakt), a

Halliwell. [Prov.

Jack Ketch
Spavined, jack-frame (jak'fram), ». In cotton-mainif., a

'Top-back.— "2. A. tank for the cooled wort used " -een.J
in the manufacture of vinegar. [Ireland.]

lack-baker (iak'ba"ker), n. The red-backed jack-engine (jak'en"jm), n.
shrike, Lanius eollurio. [Prov. Eng.]

„„„ ™0 „ .— ID coal-mining, a

donkey-engine j a small engine employed in

fcl + -eV

jack-bird (jak'berd), n. [So called in imita- sinking a shallow shaft. [Eng.]

tion of its cry: cf. chack-bird.'] The fieldfare, jacker (jak'er), ». f<^«cfc

Turdus pilaris. C. Swainson. hunts game with

jack-block ( jak'blok), n. Naut., a block used in jacket (jak'et), n.

sending topgallant-yards up and down, placed que «, m. (= "•

at the mast-head for the yard-rope to reeve

through.
jack-boot (jak'bot), n. [< jack* + looft.'] A

kind of large boot reaching up over the knee.

and serving as defensive armor

for the leg, introduced in the

seventeenth century; now, a

similar boot reaching above the

knee, worn by fishermen and

others. The jack-boots of postilions,

and those worn by mounted soldiers

and even officers of rank, were of exag-
gerated weight and solidity throughout

the seventeenth century and until late

n „ ,.,!,„
One who

',t.,jaqitet,jae-
= It. giacchetta), a jack-

device which imparts a twist to the roving as
delivered from the rollers of the drawing-frame.
It consists of a revolving frame carrying a bobbin, the
axis of which is at right angles with the axis of rotation
of the frame, and upon which the roving is wound, the
revolution of the frame twisting the roving, and the bob-
bin winding on simultaneously. This device was once
highly esteemed, but is now nearly or quite out of use.
Also called jack-in-a-box.
ack-friar, ». A friar : in contempt.

I liked to have Sampson near me, for a more amusing
Jack-friar never walked in cassock.

Thackeray, Virginians, IV. 91.

in the eighteenth. It was difficult to

walk in them.

Then I cast loose my buff-coat, each

holster let fall,
Shook off both my jack-boots, let go belt

and all. Jack-boot, time at

Browning, How they Brought the Good James II.

[News from Ghent to Aix.

About this time 11680] . . . jack-boots resembling those
that had formed a part of the military appointments of
the troopers in the civil war came into fashion.

JSncyc. Brit., VI. 474.

jack-by-the-hedge (jak'bi-the-hej'), n. One of
Beveral plants, (a) Sisymbrimn Alliaria, a plant of
the mustard family growing under hedges. (It) Lychnis
diurna. (c) Tragopjgon pratensis. (d) Linaria minor.
I Prov. Eng.)

jack-capt (jak'kap), n. A leather helmet.

The several Insurance Offices . . . have each of them a
certain set of men whom they keep in constant pay, and
furnish with tools proper for their work, and to whom
they give Jack Caps of leather, able to keep them from
hurt, if brick or timber, or anything not of too great a bulk,
should fall upon them.

Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, II. 148.

jack-chain (jak'chan), n. A kind of small chain
each link of which is formed of a single piece
of wire bent into two loops resembling the fig-
ure of eight. The loops are in planes at right angles
with each other, so that if one loop is viewed in full out-
line, the other will be seen edgewise. The links are not
welded. The chain takes its name from being used on the
wheels of kitchen-jacks.

jack-crosstree (jak'kros"tre), M. Same as jack1,
16. Dana.

jack-curlew ( jak'ker'lu), n. 1 . The European
whimbrel, Numenius plusoptts. Montagu. — 2.
The Hudsonian or lesser American curlew,
Numenius hudsonicus. Cones.

jackdaw (jak'da), n. 1. The common daw of
Europe, Corvus monedula, an oscine passerine
bird of the family Cormdcc. It is one of the smallest

defense against weapons. — 2. A short coat or
body-garment; any garment for the body com-
ing not lower than the hips. Jackets for boys .

throughout the first half of the nineteenth century came jack-hare (jak har ), «. A male nare.
only to the waist, whether buttoned up or left open in
front, and a similar garment is still worn by men in certain
trades or occupations. Short outer garments designed for
protection from the weather and worn by men of rough
occupations are called by this name : as, a monkey -jacket.
Compare zouave-jacket, smokiny-jacket.

All in a woodinans,y'a<*rf he was clad,

Of Lincolne greene, belayd with silver lace.

Spenser, F. Q., VI. 11. 5. jack-hole (jak'hol), II.
Their [sheriffs'] officers were clothed in jacketsot worsted, hole. [Eng.]
or say party-coloured, but differing from those belonging jack-hunting (jak'hun'ting), n. The use of the
40 theS,°q'u±d rstrtu'slports and Pastimes, p. 465. Jack in hunting for game by night ; hunting by

TT a-i a. means of a jack. See jack1, n., 11 (j).

&&rt*W^\^W$^)>»'J&™:

The jack fruit is at this day in Travancore one of the
staples of life. Yule and Burnett.

8(ja

Old Tiney, surliest of his kind,
Who, nursed with tender care,

And to domestic bounds confined,
Was still a wild Jack-hare.

Cowper, Epitaph on a Hare.

jack-hern (jak'hern), H. The European heron,
Ardea cinerea. [Prov. Eng.]

In coal-mining, a bolt-

3. A waistcoat or vest. [Local.
Something designed to be fastened about or

tie-tit or long-tailed titmouse: in allusion to

that of clothing: as, a str&it-jacket, or a swim-
mwg-jacket. — 5. Clothing or covering placed
around a cylindrical or other vessel of any kind,
as a pipe, a cannon, a steam-boiler, a smoke-
stack where it passes through the deck, etc., to
give greater power of resistance, to prevent es-
cape of heat by radiation, etc. Felt, wool, mineral-
wool, paper, wood lagging, asbestos, and many other ma-
terials are in common use for jacketing steam-cylinders
and -pipes, and pipes, tanks, etc., in which it is desirable
to prevent freezing. Air- compressor cylinders are usual-
ly supplied with water-jackets for cooling the cylinders,
which would otherwise become very hot from heat ab-
sorbed from the air, the work of compression being con-
verted into heat in the compressed air, which thus acquires
a high temperature. These cylinders are inclosed in metal
shells which leave an annular space between them and the
cylinder, and through this space cool water is kept con-
stantly flowing by the aid of a pump or other device. When
a steam cylinder is thus inclosed, and the annular space is
supplied with live steam, the arrangement is called aisteam-
jacket. The condensation which would otherwise occur in
the cylinder during the periods of induction and expansion
is thus prevented, and a considerable economy is effected.
See cut under air-engine.

As regards construction and contour, they [Krupp guns]
are built upon the model adopted in 1873 ; the tube, with-
out reinforce, is encircled by a single band or jacket (Man-
tel, in (> ernian), shrunk on, and carrying trunnions and f er-
mature.
Michaelis, tr. of Monthaye's Krupp and De Bange, p. 24.

6. A folded paper or open envelop containing
an official document, on which is indorsed an
order or other direction respecting the disposi-
tion to be made of the document, memoranda
respecting its contents, dates of reception and

jack-in-the-box (jak'in-a-
UUJIB , -mc-i/uno ), n. 1. A kind of toy, con-
sisting of "a box out of which, when the lid is
unfastened, a figure springs.

A collection of bell knobs which will bring up any par-
ticular clerk when wanted with the suddenness of a Jack-
in-the-box. Grenville Murray, Round about France, p. 268.

2. A street peddler who sells his wares from a
temporary stall or box.

Here and there a Jack in a Box, like a Parson in a Pul-
pit, selling Cures for your Corns, Glass Eyes for the Blind,
Ivory teeth for Broken Mouths,andi Spectacles forthe weak-
sighted. Ward, Ihe London Spy.

3. A gambling sport in which some article
placed on a stick set upright in a hole is pitched
at with sticks. If the article when struck falls
clear of the hole, the thrower wins. — 4. Same
KB jack-frame. — 5. A screw-jack used to raise
and stow cargo. — 6. Alarge wooden male screw
turning in a female screw, which forms the up-
per part of a strong wooden box. It is used, by
means of levers passing through it, as a press in
packing, and for other purposes. — 7. A plant of
the genus Hernandia (H. Sonora), which bears
a large nut that rattles in its pericarp when
shaken. — 8. A hermit-crab, as Eupagurus pol-
licaris: so called by fishermen.— jack-in-the-box
gear, a system of toothed-wheel mechanism analogous to
or identical with the mechanism by which the motions
of the jack-frame are obtained — namely, Ihe rotation of
a wheel on an axis which simultaneously moves radially
around a fixed center.

transmission, etc. [U. S.]— 7. A young seal: jacking (jak'ing), n. [Verbal n. of jack*, v.~\
so called from the rough fur. [Newfound- The act or method of using the jack ; use of

land.]-cardiganjacket. Seec<m«tfan.-CorkJack- the 3ack m hunting or fishing: as, jacking f or
et. See corti.— Plaster Jacket. See poster.— To dust eels. Seejoefc1, n., 11 (j).
one's Jacket. Seedurfi.— ^pllne^one's Jacket, to nil jacking-machine (jak'ing-ma-shen"), n. Ama-

chine designed to give to leather the appear-
ance termed "pebbled."
jack-in-the-box, ». See jack-in-a-box.

one's stomach with food or drink. Nares.

II s'accoustre bien. He stuffes himselfe soundly, hee
lines hig jacket throughly with liquor. Cotgrave.

.,..,.. . . _ .. __ ItlUJV-lil-LllC-UUA, /*• KJCC Jw^Jt-fft-u-w^

jacket (jak et), v.t. [< jacket, «.] 1. To cover jack-in-the-bush (iak'in-the-bush'), n. 1. A
with or inclose in a jacket : as, tojacketa, steam- plantj sisymbrium Alliaria. " [Prov. Eng.]— 2.

A plant, Cotyledon UnMlicns, of the order Cras-
sitlace<e, abounding on rocks and walls in Eng-

cylinder, etc. ; to jacket a document. See jacket,
n., 5 and 6.
The cylinders are atesaa-jacketed, and also clothed in felt

land.

and wood. Rankine, Steam Engine, §382. jac]j.in.the-pulpit (jak'in-the-pul'pit), W. The
Another record was made in the book of the office of T "-- * '- •• — • •"— '-«•"» — -* " <•-•

letters received and jacketed. The American, May 16, 1888.
2. To beat; thrash. [Colloq.]
jacketing (jak'et-ing), w. [<jacket_+ -ingi.] 1.

Indian turnip, Arisasma triphyttum, of the natti-
ral order Aracew: so called from its upright spa-
dix surrounded and overarched by the spathe.
See Aracece.

Jackdaw (Corvus monedula}.

The material, as cloth, felt, etc., from which a jack-jump-about (jak'jump'a-bouf), n. One
jacket is made.— 2. A jacket ; a cover or pro- of several plants, (a) Angelica 'sylvestris._ (b)

of crows, being but 13 inches long. It is of a black color,
with a blue or metallic reflection. Jackdaws in flocks fre-

quent church steeples, deserted chimneys, old towers, and
ruins, where they build their nests. They may readily be

[Colloq.]

They may readily be jackey, ».

tamed and taught to imitate the sounds of words. They jack-fish (iak'fish), n. Same as jack*. 9 (a) and
are common throughout Europe. (d). [Virginia.]

When nobody's dreaming of any such thing, jack-fishing (iak'fish"ing), »?. 1. Fishing for
M^Ja*^SKl^SS^,im. the pike or A. .[Virginia.] -2. Fishin| by
„ „, , , ., , means of a jack ; jacking.

2. The boat-tailed grackle, Qmscalvs major a jack-flag (jak'flag), ». A flag hoisted at the
large long-tailed blackbird of the family Age- jack-staff

Jmdw Corns .[Southern U.S.] jack-foolt! n. [ME. jakke foole.] A fool,

jackdogt, n. A dog: used in contempt.

" Go fro the wyndow, Jakke, fool, she sayde.
Scurvy jack-day priest! Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 3, 66. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 622.

lection to an inanimate object, as the felt dium Podagraria. (c)*Lotuscornictilattts. [Prov. Eng".]
covering of a steam-pipe.— 3. A thrashing. Jack Ketch (jak kech). [Said to be from an

executioner of this name (Jack or John SetcJi)
in the time of James II. (See quot. from Ma-
caulay.) The derivation given in the first quot.
is less prob.] A public executioner or hang-
man.

The manor of Tyburn was formerly held by Richard ,Ta-
quette, where felons for a long time were executed ; from
whence we have Jack Ketch. Lloyd's MS., British Museum.

He [Jlonmouth] then accosted John Ketch, the execu-
tioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble
victims, and whose name has, during a century Mid a hair,
been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his
odious office. Macmday, Hist. Eng., v.,note.

jack-knife

jack-knife (jak'nif), «. [K. dial, jark-lnti-knifc,
also jin-l, •<//,,/-,; Sc. jnrl.-i, ,',•!/, said to bo "from
Jacques tie Liege, a cclfhi-iiti-il cutler" (Jamie-
son) of Liege (D. Luik); but proof is wanting.
Cf. Sc. jockteleeiii; an almanac, i. o. 'Jack the
liar,' in allusion to its weather predictions.]

1. A pocket-knifo larger than a penknife.—

2. A horn-handled clu.s|>-kuiiV with a laniard,
worn by seamen. K. II. Knight. — 3. A form
of terminal used for making connections in
central telephone-stations. See jack1, 11 (I).

— Jack-knife carpenter (naut.), one wno Is skilful in
using a jack-knife, as In making models of vessels, carv-
ing, scrimshawing, and the like.— Jack-knife gull, tin-
least tern, Sterna antUlarum. [New Eng.]

jack-ladder (jak'lad'er), ». Same as JacoVs-
linlder, 1.

jack-lamp (jak'lamp), «. 1. A Davy lamp, with
the addition of a glass cyl-
inder outside the gauze.
[Erig.] — 2. Same aajack1,
11 (j).

Occasionally acarinon is killed
at night by the light of a jade-
lamp while seeking the grass
growing In some boatable
stream.

Harper's Mag., JLXXVII. 610.

jack-lantern (jak 'Ian '-
tern), n. 1 . Same as jack1,
11 (j). — 2. Same as Jack-
o'-lantern, 2.
jack-light (jak 'lit), n.

Same asjack'-, 11 (j).
jack-loutt, ». A lout. Compare jack-fool.
jackman (jak 'man), n. ; pi. jackmen (-men).
[< jack% + man.] "1. A soldier wearing a jack;
especially, a follower of a nobleman or knight.

The Scottish laws . . . had In vain endeavoured to re-
strain the damage done to agriculture by the chiefs and
landed proprietors retaining in their service what are call-
ed Jack-men, from the jack, or doublet quilted with iron,
which they wore as defensive armour. These military re-
tainers . . . lived in great measure by plunder, and were
ready to execute any commands of their master, however
unlawful. Scott, Monastery, ix.

2. A cream-cheese. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]

— 3f. A person who made counterfeit licenses,
etc. Fraternitye of Vacabondes, p. 4. (Halli-
well.)

jack-matet, n. A fellow or companion.

Leane not vpon the Boord when that your mayster Is

thereat,
For then will all your Elders thlnke yon be with him lack

mate. Babeet Book (E. K T. 8.), p. W>.

jack-meddlert, n. A busybody. Nares.

A jacke-medler, or busie-body in everie mans matter, ar-
dello. Withals, Diet. (ed. 1608), p. 263.

jack-nasty (jak'nas'ti), it. A sneak or a sloven.
[Eng.]

Tom and his younger brothers . . . went on playing with
the village boys, without the Idea of equality or inequality
. . . ever entering their heads, as It doesn't till it's put
there by Jack Xastys or flue ladies'-maids.

T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, L S.

3211

some player can open the betting with a pair
of jacks or better.

jack-pudding (jak ' pud ' ing), n. [< jack1 +
pudding, liko O. Hanswurst ('Jack-sausage'),
P. Jeini-initiii/f ( 'Jack-soup'), a buffoon, merry-
andrew, being combinations of a characteris-
tic national nickname with a characteristic na-
tional article of food.] [cap. or I.e.] Amerry-
andrew ; a buffoon.

And I persuade myself, the extempore rhymes of some
antic jack pudding may deserve printing better ; so far am
I from thinking uught he says worthy of a serious answer.
""• i, Def. of the People of Eng., L

Jack-pudding in his party-colour'd jacket
Tones the glove, ana jokes at every packet. Bay.
He was attended by a monkey, which he had trained to
act the part of a jack-pudding, a part which he had for-
merly acted himself.

Granger, quoted In Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 825.

jack-rabbit (jak'rab'it), n. One of several
species of large prairie-hares, notable for the

Jack-lamp (def. I).

Jack-rabbit (Lrfui callolis).

length of their limbs and oars, as Lepus campes-
tris, L. callotis, etc. [Western U. S.]

Jack Rabbit, whose dlsproportionally great ear-develop-
ment has earned him this title, Jack being jackass in brief.
Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 9j.

jack-rafter (jak'raf'ter), n. In arch., any raf-
ter that is
shorter than
the usual
length of
the rafters
used in the
same build-
ing. Such
rafters oc-
cur especial-
ly in hip-
roofs.

jack-rib (jak'rib), n. In arch., any rib in a
framed arch or dome shorter than the rest.

jack-roll (jak'rol), ». In mining, a windlass.
[Eng.]

" 'sam'on), n. Apercoid fish of

ti^rt.

A, A, jack-rafters ; BC, BC, hip-rafters.

a parrot. Alsojafco.

jack-oak (jak'ok), n. [Amer.] An American
oak, Quercits nigra. Also called black-jack.

Jack-o'-lantern (jak'o-lan'tern), n. [AlsoJaefc-
a-lantern; abbr. of Jack of (or with) thelantern.]
1. Same as ignis fatutts, or will-o'-the-wisp.— 2.
A lantern used in children's play, made of the
rind of a pumpkin or of a similar vegetable,
in which incisions are made to represent eyes,
nose, and mouth ; a pumpkin-lantern. [U. S.]

Jack-o'-Lent (jak'o-lenf), n. [Also Jack-a-
Lent, orig. Jack of "Lent.] 1. A ragged figure
used as a symbol or personification of Lent
in processions, etc. Hence — 2. A puppet at
which boys throw sticks in Lent.

Thou didst stand six weeks the Jack of Lent,
For boys to hurl, three throws a penny, at thee.

B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, iv. S.

O ye plttif nl Simpletons, who spend your days in throw-
Ing Cudgels at Jack a- Lenta or Shrove-Cocks.

Lady Alimony, 1659, slg. I. 4.

jack-pin (jak'pin), n. Naut., a belaying-pin.

jack-pit (jak'pit), n. In coal-mining, a shal-
low shaft communicating with an air-crossing,
or situated at a fault. [Eug.]

jack-plane (jak'plau), n. In carp., a plane
about 18 inches long used by joiners for coarse
work. See plane.

jack-pot (jak'pot), n. In draw-poker, a pot or
pool in which the ante must be repeated until

If I wotted It would have made him such a Jack sauce
as to have more wit than his vorefathers, he should have
learn'd nothing for old Agroicus, but to keep a talley.

Randolph, Muses' Looking-Glass, iv. 4.

jack-saw (jak'sa), n. The goosander, Mergus
merganser: probably so called from the con-
spicuous teeth of the bill. [Prov. Eng.]

jack-screw (jak'skrS), n. 1. See jack*, 11 (6).
— 2. The screw-mechanism forming part of a
dental instrument called a screw-jack (which
see), for regulating the teeth.

jack-sinker ( jak' sing 'k6r), ». In stocking-
frames and other knitting-machines, a flat
piece of metal attached to a jack or oscillating
lever. In these machines a series of such levers and
sinkers are employed, the jack-sinkers acting in conjunc-
tion with a series of sinkers attached to a bar to press the
thread down between the hooked needles and form loops,
which are engaged by the needles and drawn through the
next previously formed set of loops. See knitting-ma-
rl,/<»-.

jack-slavet (jak'slav'), n. A low servant; a
vulgar fellow.

Every jackslatx hath his belly-full of fighting, and I

must go up and down like a cock that no body can match.

Shak., Cymbeline, ii. 1, 22.

jacksmith (jak'smith), n. A smith who makes
jacks for chimneys.

jack-snipe (jak'snij)). H. [(.jack1 + snipe. Cf.
W. giacli (with g hard), a snipe.] 1 . The lesser
snipe or half-snipe, Scolopax or Gallinago gal-

jackstraw

Hindu. Also called judcocl.; juddnck. [Eng.]

— 2. The common American snipe, Galliinii/n
icitjioni. [U.S.] — 3. The pectoral sandpiper,
Trinija maculata. [U. 8.1 — 4. The dunlin or
purre, Triiiga alpina. [Shetland Islands.]

Jackson (jak'son), n. [That is, Jack?* son. The
surname Jackson , < ME. Jakijs son, is of the same
origin.] A silly fellow. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]

Jacksonia (jak-so'ni-a), ii. [NL. (R. Brown,
1811); named after an English botanist, G.
Jackson.'] A genus of the order Legvminosa;,
containing 28 species of shrubs or shrub-like
plants, all Australian. The genus Is conspicuously
marked by the absence of leaves, which are replaced by
flattened and leaf-like or by spine-like branches. Several
species are cultivated for ornament. £ome are valued
for browsing in the native aiid regions. J. icuparia 1*
locally called dogwood and Jacttim'ibrootn.

Jacksonian (jak-so'ni-an), a. and n. [< Jack-
son (see def.) + -iaw.] 1. a. 1. Of or pertaining
to some person named Jackson. — 2. In V. S.
hist., pertaining or relating to Andrew Jack-
son, the seventh President of the United States,
serving two terms (1829-37), and for many years
one of the most prominent leaders of the Dem-
ocratic party, or to his political principles: as,
Jarksonifin ideas; the Jacksonian Democracy.

— Jacksonian epilepsy (so called from Dr. Hughlings
Jackson), epilepsy in which the spasms are local, as in the
jaw-muscles, the arm, leg, or one side. Such spasms are
also called mnnatpaxmt, or, when they are followed by gen-
eral convulsions, priftogpafmt.

II. n. A member of the Democratic party at-
tached to the political ideas ascribed to Jackson.
During the period of Jackson's administrations and In-
fluence the belief In the power of the masses of the peo-
ple was greatly increased, and the policy of the Demo-
cratic party became fixed In favor of small expenditures
In the national government. The introduction on a large
scale of the "patronage" or "spoils" system into the
Federal civil service dates from the same period.

Jackson's-broom ( jak'sonz-brom), n. See Jack-
sonia.

jack-Spaniard (jak'span'yard), n. A hornet.
[Local.]

Then all, sitting on the sandy turf, defiant of galllwasps
&»d jack-spaniards, and all the weapons of the Insect host,
partook of the equal banquet.

Kingdey, Westward Ho, xvii.

jack-spinner (jak'spin'er), ». In spinning, an
operator who tends and operates a jack.

jack-staff (jak'staf), n. Xaut., the staff upon
which the flag called the jack is hoisted. It is
generally set at the head of the bowsprit.

The stars and stripes for the stern, the boat-flag for the
jacksta/, and two blue flags for the wheel-houses.

Prebte, Hist, of the Flag, p. 609.

jack-stay (jak'sta), n. Naut. : (a) One of a set
of ropes, iron rods, or strips of wood attached
to a yard or gaff for bending a square sail to.
(6) A rod or rope running up and down on the
forward side of a mast, on which the square-
sail yard travels ; a traveler.

jackstone (jak'ston), «. [A form of chackstone,
chuckie-stone : see chuck-*, chuckie^.] One of a
set of pebbles, or of small cast-iron pieces with
rounded projections, which children throw up
and try to catch in various ways, as one, or two,
or more at a time on the back of the hand, etc.,
as in the game of dibs. See dib3.

jackstraw (jak'stra), ». [<Jocfci + straw; orig.
jack of straw.] 1. A figure or effigy of a man
made of straw; hence, a man without any sub-
stance or means ; a dependent. Also jack of
straw.

You are a saucy Jackstraw to question me, faith and
troth. Wyclierlty, Love In a Wood, L 2.

How now, madam ! refuse me ! I command you on your
obedience to accept of this ; I will not be a jackstraw fa-
ther. Richardson, Sir Charles Grandlson, VII. 63.

If ... Salmasius is called "an Inconsiderable fellow
and a jack-straw," why should I not know what a jackrtraw
Is, without recurring to some archaic glossary for this
knowledge?

Abp. Trench, On some Deficiencies in Eug. Dicta.

2. One of a set of straws or strips of ivory,
wood.bone, or the like, used in a children's game.
The jackstraws are thrown confusedly together on a table,
and are to be gathered np singly by the hand, sometimes
with the aid of a hooked instrument, without joggling or
disturbing the rest of the pile.

3. pi. The game thus played.

One evening Belinda was playing with little Charles
Percival at jackstratm. . . . " You moved. Miss Portman,"
cried Charles. " Oh. indeed the king's head stirred the
very instant papa spoke. I knew It was impossible that
you could get that knave clear oh* without shaking the
king." Miss Bdgeworth, Belinda, xlx.

4. [cop.] In Eng. hist., a name assumed by
rick-burners and destroyers of machines dur-
ing the early years of the nineteenth century.

— 5. The whitethroat, Sylvia cinerea, also called
iriiinell-xtraie, from the straw used in making

jackstraw

its nest. See strawsmall. [Local, Eng.] — 6.
The blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla. — 7. The nar-
row-leafed plantain, Plantago lanceolata. Also
called rib-grass and English plantain.

jacktan (jak'tan), n. [African.] A cloth-mea-
sure of the Guinea coast, equal to twelve Eng-
lish feet.

jack-timber (jak'tim'ber), n. In arch., a tim-
ber in a bay which, being intercepted by some
other piece, is shorter than the rest.

jack-towel (jak'tou"el), ». A coarse towel for
general use, hanging from a roller.

Mr. George . . . comes back shining with yellow soap.
. . . As he rubs himself upon a large jack-towel, Phil . . .
looks round. Dickens, Bleak House, xxvi.

jack-tree (jak'tre), n. [< jaca, the native
name, Englished jack, + E. tree.} The Arto-
carpus integrifolia, a native of the Indian ar-
chipelago. See Artocarpits and breadfruit. The
fruit, called jackfruU, is two to three times as large as the
true breadfruit, weighing thirty or forty pounds, and is of
much coarser quality. The wood, called jack-wood, is yel-
low or brown, compact, and moderately hard. It takes a
good polish, is largely used for general carpentry in In-
dia, and is sent to Europe for use by cabinet-makers. Also
jack, jakl jaca, and jak-tree, jaca-tree.

jack weight (jak'wat), n. A fat man. Halli-
well. [Prov. Eng.]

jack-wood (jak'wud), n. [Alsojafc-teood; < jack^
+ woo<Ji.] The wood of the jack-tree. See jack-
tree.

jacky (jak'i), «. [Also written jockey; appar.
dim. of jack1.} English gin. Halliwell. [Prov.
Eng.]

Well, you parish bull prig, are you for lushing jockey or
pattering in the hum-box? Bulwer, Pelham, Ixxx.

jaco, n. Seejacko.

Jacob (ja'kob), n. [A particular use of the per-
sonal name Jacob, < LL. Jacobus, < Gr. 'Idxufiof,
Jacob: see jack1.} The starling, Sturnus vul-
garis. [Local, Eng.]

jacobsea (jak-o-be'a), n. [NL., < LL. Jacobus,
Jacob, James, with ref . to St. James, either be-
cause the plant was used for the diseases of
horses, of which the saint was the patron, or
because it blossoms near his day.] A common
name of Senecio Jacobtea, or ragwort.— Purple
Jacobsea, tin- Senecio elegans, or purple ragwort, from the
Cape of Good Hone.

jacobaea-lily (jak-o-be'a-lil'i), n. A plant of
the order Amaryllidece (Sprekeliaformosissima).

The leaves are
fromthebulbonly,
which sends up a
scape bearing a
single large blos-
som, whose deep-
red perianth is
somewhat 2-lip-
ped, its three up-
per divisions being
curved upward,
while the three
lower are twisted
about the lower
part of the sta-
mens and style. It
is native in Mexi-
co, and cultivated
elsewhere.

Jacobean, Ja-
cobsean (ja-
ko'be-an, jak-
6-be'aii), a. [<
LL. J'acobceus,<
Jacobus, Jacob,
James: see ja-
cobus, jack^.}
Pertaining or
relating to a
person named
Jacobus, Ja-
cob, or James,
specifically to
James I., King
of England,
1603-25 (who
was also James
VI. of Scotland

3212

Jacobian2 (ja-ko'bi-an), a. and n. [< Jaedbi
(see def .) + -an.} I. n. Pertaining to or named
after K. G. J. Jacobi (1804-51), professor of
mathematics at Konigsberg in Prussia.— Jaco-
bian ellipsoid of equilibrium, a heavy rotating fluid
ellipsoid in equilibrium although having three unequal
axes.— Jacobian function. See function.— Jacobian
system of differential equations, a complete system
of the form

** *6-^ -

(h = 1, 2, . . . , m; k = m + 1, . . . , m + n).

II. n. A functional determinant whose sev-
eral constituents in any one line are first dif-
ferential coefficients of one function, while its
several constituents in any one column are first
differential coefficients relatively to one varia-
ble. The vanishing of the Jacobian signifies
that the functions are not independent. It is
indicated by the letter J.

Such [functional] determinants are now more usually
known as Jacobiatis, a designation introduced by Profes-
sor Sylvester, who largely developed their properties, and
gave numerous applications of them in higher algebra, as
also in curves and surfaces. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 31.

Jacobin (jak'6-bin), n. and a. [In first sense
ME. Jacobin, ( OF. Jacobin ; in later senses < F.
Jacobin = Sp. Pg. Jacobino, < ML. Jacobinus,
< LL. Jacobus, Jacob, James: see jack1.'] I.
n. 1. In France, a black or Dominican friar:
so called from the church of St. Jacques (Ja-
cobus), in which they were first established in
Paris. See Dominican.

Now frere menour, nowjacobyn.

Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6838.

2. A member of a club or society of French
revolutionists organized in 1789 under the name
of Society of Friends of the Constitution, and
called Jacobins from the Jacobin convent in
Paris in which they met. The club originally in-
cluded many of the moderate leaders of the revolution, but
the more violent members speedily gained the control. It
had branches in all parts of France, and was all-powerful
in determining the course of government, especially af-
ter Robespierre became its leader, supporting him in the
measures which led to the reign of terror. Many of its
members were executed with Kobespierre in July, 1794,
and the club was suppressed in November.

Itinerant revolutionary tribunals, composed of trusty
Jacobins, were to move from department to department ;
and the guillotine was to travel in their train.

Macaulay, Barere.

Hence — 3. A violently radical politician; one
who favors extreme measures in behalf of pop-
ular government ; a radical democrat : former-
ly much used, often inappropriately, as a term
of reproach in English and American politics.
There are two varieties of Jacobin, the hysterical Jaco-
bin and the pedantic Jacobin ; we possess both, and both
are dangerous. M . Arnold, Nineteenth Century, XIX. 854.

Jacobean Architecture.
Bramshtll House, Hants, England.

from 1567), or to his times; also, in occasional
use, to James II., King of England (1685-88,
died 1701): as (with reference to the former),
Jacobean architecture or literature. Jacobean ar-
chitecture differed from the Elizabethan chiefly in having
a greater admixture of debased Italian forms.

The Jacobean and Civil War poetry is prolific in love
ditties, war songs, pastorals, allegories, religious poetry.
Ediiiiniri/h Rev., CLXIII. 473.

Their [Wykeham's and Waynflete's] successors have the
sense to turn away from Ruskinesque and Jacobcean vaga-
ries, and to build in plain English stilt.

Contemporary Rev., LI. 610.

Jacobian1 (ja-ko'bi-an), a. [< LL. Jacobus,
Jacob, James, + -t-an.] Same as Jacobean.

4. [1. c.} An artificial variety of the domestic
pigeon, whose neck-feathers form a hood.

The jacobin is of continental origin, and has its name
from the fancied resemblance in the hooded round white
head to the cowl and shaven head of the friar.

The Century, XXXII. 106.

5. [(. c.] In ornith., a humming-bird of the ge-
nus Heliothrix, as H. auritus.

II. a. Same as Jacobinic.

They must know that France is formidable, not only as
she is France, but as she is Jacobin France.

Burke, A Regicide Peace.

Giles in return derided Harper as a turn-coat, who, though
now so ready to fight France, was once a member of a
Jacobin society, and in 1791 and 1792 a declaimer for the
rights of man. Schouler, Hist. U. S., I. 385.

Jacobinia (jak-o-bin'i-a), n. [NL. (Stefano
Moricand, about 1846), < Jacobin. ] A genus con-
taining about 30 species of shrubs and herbs of
the natural order Acanthaceai, native in tropi-
cal and subtropical America, frequently culti-
vated for ornament. The corolla has an elongated
tube, with the lips long and narrow, the lower S-cleft.
The flowers are large, variously colored, yellow, red, or-
ange, or rose-purple, and usually disposed in dense ter-

Jacob's-ladder

minal clusters or in axillary fascicles. The leaves are op-
posite and entire.
Jacobinic (jak-o-bin'ik), a. [= Sp. Jacobinico;

< Jacobin + -ic.} Of, pertaining to, or resem-
bling the Jacobins of France ; turbulent ; dis-
contented with government ; radically demo-
cratic; revolutionary. Also Jacobin, Jacobini-
cal.

Jacobinical (jak-o-bin'i-kal), a. [< Jacobinic +
-al.} Same as Jacobinic. "

They arose from her [Austria's] own ill policy, which
dismantled all her towns, and discontented all hersubjects
by Jacobinical innovations. Burke, Policy of the Allies.

The triumph of Jacobinical principles was now complete.

Scott, Napoleon.

Jacobinically (jak-o-bin'i-kal-i), adv. As a
Jacobin, or as the Jacobins.

Jacobinism (jak'6-bin-izm), n. [< F. Jacobi-
nisme = Sp. Jacobinismo ; as Jacobin + -ism.}
The principles of the Jacobins ; unreasonable
or violent opposition to orderly government.

For my part, without doubt or hesitation, I look upon
jacobinism as the most dreadful and most shameful evil
which ever afflicted mankind.

Burke, Conduct of the Minority.

But it is precisely this idea of divinely-appointed, all-
pervading obligation, as the paramount law of life, that
contemporary Jacobinism holds in the greatest abhor-
rence, and burns to destroy.

Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 47.

Jacobinize (jak'o-bin-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp.
Jacobinized, ppr. Jacobinizinij. [< Jacobin +
-ize.} To taint with Jacobinism.

I think no country can be aggrandized whilst France is
Jacobinized. Burke, Policy of the Allies.

Jacobinly (jak'o-bin-li), adv. In the manner

of Jacobins. Imp. Diet.

Jacobi's equation, unit, etc. See equation, etc.
Jacobite (jak'o-bit), «. and a. [= F. Jacobite =

Sp. Pg. Jacobita, < ML. Jacobita, < LL. Jacobus,

< Gr. 'IaKu/3of, Jacob, James: see jack1.} I. ».

1. In Eng. hist., a partizan or adherent of
James II. after he abdicated the throne, or of
his descendants. The Jacobites engaged in fruitless
rebellions in 1715 and 1745, in behalf of James Francis Ed-
ward and of Charles Edward, son and grandson of James
II., called the Old and the Young Pretender respectively.

"An old Forty-five man, of course?" said Fairford. " Ye
may swear that," replied the Provost — "as black &Jaco
bite as the auld leaven can make him."

Scott, Redgauutlet, ch. ill.

2. EccUs., one of a sect of Christians in Syria,
Mesopotamia, etc., originally an offshoot of the
Monophysites. The sect has its name from Jacobus
Baradzeus, a Syrian, consecrated bishop of Edessa about
541. The head of the church is called the patriarch of
Antioch.

The! maken here Confesmoun right as the Jacobytes don.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 121.

II. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the partizans of
James II. or his descendants ; holding the prin-
ciples of a Jacobite.

The Jacobite enthusiasm of the eighteenth century, par-
ticularly during the rebellion of 1745, afforded a theme,
perhaps the finest that could be selected, for fictitious
composition, founded upon real or probable incident.

Scott, Redgauntlet, Int.

2. Of or pertaining to the sect of Jacobites.

In Abyssinia, Jacobite Christianity is still the prevailing
religion. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 313.

In the 6th century the Jacobite revival of the Eutychian
heresy divided the Western Syriac alphabet into two
branches, a northern and a southern.

Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 294.

Jacobitic (jak-o-bit'ik), a. [< Jacobite + -ic.}
Relating to the British Jacobites.

Jacobitical (jak-o-bit'i-kal), a. [< Jacobitic +
-al.} Same as Jacobitic.

Jacobitically ( jak-o-bit'i-kal-i), adv. In a man-
ner or spirit resembling that of the Jacobites
of Great Britain.

Jacobitism (jak'o-bit-izm), n. [< Jacobite +
-ism.} The principles of the British Jacobites,
or of the sect of Jacobites.

The spirit ot Jacobitism is not only gone, but it will ap-
pear to be gone in such a manner as to leave no room to
apprehend its return.

Bolingbroke, Remarks on Hist. Eng.

All fear of the Stuarts having vanished from men's minds,
the Whigs no longer found it answer to accuse their op-
ponents of Jacobitism. Quarterly Rev., CLXIII. 234.

Jacob's-chariot (ja'kobz-char'i-ot), n. The com-
mon monk's-hood, Aconitum Napellus. [Prov.
Eng.]

jacobsite (ja'kob-zit), n. [< Jakobs(berg) (see
def.) + -Jte2.] An oxid of manganese and iron
related to magnetite and belonging to the spinel
group, found at Jakobsberg in Sweden.

Jacob's-ladder (ja'kobz-lad'er),«. [In allusion
to the ladder seen by the patriarch Jacob in a
dream (Gen. xxviii. 12).] 1. Naut., a rope lad-

Jacob's-ladcler
(Poltmonium ccFrHltum).
I, rootstock and lower part of
stem ; 3, upper part of stem with
flowers; ./, half of a flower, from
within ; «, fruit.

Jacob's-ladder

der with wooil<'n strps or spokes by which to
go aloft. Also called jack-ladder. — 2. A com-
mon garden-plant of
the genus I'olemoni-

II III, till' /'. CUT Illflllll,

belonging to the
natural order I'olc-
iiuiniaeetv: »o called
from the ladder-
like arrangement of
its leaves and loaf-
lets. It Is a favorite cot-
tage-garden plant, and la
found In temperate and
northern latitudes in moat
parts of the world. It
grows tall and erect, about
1} feet high, with alter-
nate pinnate, smooth.
bright-green leaves, and
terminal corymbs of hand-
some blue (sometimes
white) (lowers. The name
is sometimes locally ap-
plied to several other
plants.

3. A toy in which
pieces of cardboard,
wood, glass, or other
material are so con-
nected, one above an-
other, with strings or
tapes, that when the

highest one is inverted those below it invert

themselves in succession.
Jacobson's nerve. See nerve.
Jacob's-rod (ja'kobz-rod'), n. A name of the

plant Asi>hodelus lutfus. [Prov. Eng.]
Jacob's-staff (ja'kqbz-staf), n. [So called in

allusion to the starfof the patriarch Jacob (Gen.

xxxii. 10).] 1. A pilgrim's staff.

As he had traveild many a sommers day
Through boyling sands of Arable and Ynde,
And in hie hand a Jacobs staffe, to stay
His weary limbs upon. Spenser, If. Q., I. vt SB.

2. A staff concealing a dagger. — 3. A support
for a surveyor's compass, consisting of a single
leg. instead of the tripod ordinarily used. This
leg Is made of suitable wood, shod at one end with a steel
point to be stuck in the ground, and having at the other
end a brass head with a ball-and-socket joint and axis
above. The advantages of the Jacob's-staff are superior
lightness and portability ; the disadvantages, that it can-
not be used on rocks or frozen ground or on pavements.

4. A cross-Staff. The cross-staff was for a long time a
most important instrument for navigators, by whom, how-
ever, it does not appear over to have been called a ' ' Jacoh's-
staff "; but it was so designated by the Germans (Jakob's
Stab\ and also in English oy some landsmen and poeta, as
shown by the annexed quotations. See quadrant.

Who, having known both of the land and sky
More than fam'd Arcturuide, or Ptolomy,
Would further press, and like a palmer went,
With Jacobs staf, beyond the Armament.

Wits' Recreations, IC..M. (JVanw.)

Why on a sign no painter draws
The full-moon ever, but the half?
Resolve that with your Jacob's staff.

S. Butter, Uudlbras, II. iii. TNI.

6. The group of three stars in a straight line
in the belt of Orion, also called the ell-and-yard,
our Lady's wand,etc. The leader of the three is 6
Orionis. a very white variable star. — 6. Ferbas-
ciiin Tli<ti>8«8, the common mulleu. [Prov.Eng.]

Jacob's stone. See stone.

Jacob's-sword (ja'kobz-sord'), n. IrisPseuda-

K, the yellow iris. [Prov. Eng.]
jacobus (ja-ko'bus), n. [< LL. (NL.) Jacobus,
< Gr. 'Idnuflof, Jacob, James: see jack1, Jaco-
bin.'] A gold coin of James I. of England:
same as broad, 3. See cut under broad.

You have quickly It-unit to count your hundred jam-
Imsses in English. Milton, Def. of the People of Eng., vii.

jacoby (jak'o-bi), n. The purple jacobeea.
jacolattt, n. ' Chocolate.

At the entertainement of the Morocco Ambassador at
the Dutchesse of Portsmouth, . . . (the Moores] dranke
a little milk and water, but not a drop of wine; they also
dranke of a sorbet tuid jacolatt.

Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 24, 1682.

jaconet (jak'6-net), n. [Also written jaconette,
jacconft, with accom. term., < F.jaconas, jaco-
net; origin unknown.] 1. A thin, soft variety
of muslin used for making dresses, neckcloths,
etc., but heavier than linen cambric, original-
ly made in India. — 2. A cotton cloth having a
gl sized surface on one side, usually dyed.

jacouncet, jagouncet, »• [< OF. javonce, ja-
ciinct. jaijonce, < L. hi/iirinthus, hyacinth, ja-
cinth: see jacinth.] Jacinth, a precious stone ;
according to others, garnet.

Rubies there were, saphires, jaijounces [var. ragaunea}.
Rom. of the Rose,l. HIT.

3213

Maters more precious then the ryche jacmmce,
Diamounde, or rubye, or balas of the beste.

Skelton, Speke, Parrot, I. 305.

Jacquard loom. See loom.

Jacque(jak),/i. [Abbr. of Jacqueminot.'] Same
as Jack*.

Jacquemontia (jak-we-mon'ti-a), n. [NL.
( J. D. Choisy, 18IW), named after Victor Jacque-
mont, who traveled in the West Indies early in
the 19th century as a naturalist.] A genus of
plants of the order Conrolinilacece, containing
about 36 species, one African, the rest natives
of tropical America. They are herbaceous or slightly
shrubby plants, of a twining or sometimes prostrate habit.
Their flowers have a bell-shaped corolla, a 2-celled and
4-ovuled ovary, and an undivided style with 2 oblong or
ovate, flattened stigmas. Various species are known in
cultivation.

Jacquerie (zhak-6-re'), n. [F., < OF.jaquerie,
< Jaque, Jacques, or with addition Jacques Bon-
homme, ' Goodman Jack,' a nickname for a peas-
ant: see jack1.] In French hist., a revolt, of
the peasants against the nobles in northern
France in 1358, attended by great devastation
and slaughter ; hence, any insurrection of peas-
ants.

A revolution the effects o( which were to be felt at every
fireside in France, . . . a new Jacquerie, in which the vic-
tory was to remain with Jacques bonhomme.

Macaulay, Mirabeau.

The emissaries of the National League similarly carry
out a sort of Jacquerie, in midnight murders, in attacks
on women and children, In houghing of cattle, in crop-
ping of horses, and in brutalities which would disgrace
the worst brigands. Edinburgh Ren., CLXIII. 461.

Jacquinia (ja-kwin'i-a), n. [NL. (Linnaeus),
named after N. von Jacquin, a botanist of Vien-
na.] A genus of the natural order Myrsinacece,
containing 5 or 6 species of trees or shrubs,
native in tropical America, and cultivated as
hothouse plants. The corolla of the flowers is short -
salver-shaped or bell-shaped and deeply 5 cleft. It has 5
fertile stamens Inserted low down in its tube, and a sterile
appendage at each of its sinuses. The thick coriaceous
leaves are entire and alternate ; the handsome white,
yellow, or purplish flowers are disposed in terminal or
axillary clusters. ./. armillaria bears the names of joe-
wood and currant-tree.

jactancyt (jak'tan-si), «. [= F. jactance = Pr.
jactancia, jactansa = 8p. Pg. jactancia = It.
giattanzia, < L. jactantia, a boasting, < jac-
tan(t-)s, pp. of jactare, throw, reft, boast: see
jactation.] A boasting. Cockeram.

jactation (jak-ta'shon), n. [= F. jactation =
fi.jactacio, < ii.jactatio(n-), a throwing, agi-
tation, a boasting, <. jactare, throw, shake, agi-
tate, discuss, utter, refl. boast, brag, freq. of
jacere, throw, cast: see jet1. Ct. jettison, jet-
sam, ult. a doublet of jactation.'] 1. The act or
practice of throwing, as missile weapons.

We find weapons employed in Jactation which seem un-
fit for such a purpose. J. Beicitt.

2. Agitation of the body from restlessness or
for exercise; the exercise of riding in some
kind of vehicle.

Among the Romans there were four things much in use ;
. . . bathing, fumigation, friction, and jactation.

Sir W. Temple, Health and Long Life.
Jactations were used ... to relieve that intranquilllty
which attends most diseases, and makes men often impa-
tient of lying still In their beds.

Sir W. Temple, Health and Long Life.

3. Boasting; bragging.

jactatort (jak-ta'tor), n. [< li.jactator, a boast-
er, < jactare, boast: see jactation.'} A boaster
or bragger. Bailey, 1731.

jactitation (jak-ti-ta'shon), n. [= F. jactita-
tion,<. ML..;'acH<atto(n-),<! L. jactitare, bnng for-
ward in public, utter (not found in lit. sense),
freq. of jactare, throw, shake, agitate, discuss,
utter, refl. boast, brag: see jactation.'] 1. A
frequent tossing to and fro, especially of the
body, as in great pain or high fever; restless-
ness.— 2. Agitation.

After much dispassionate inquiry and jactitation of the
argument on both sides— it has been adjudged for the
negative. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 29.

3. Vain boasting; bragging; in canon lair, false
boasting; insistence on a wrongful claim, to
the annoyance and injury of another. — 4. In
Louisiana, an action to recover damages for
slander of title to land, or to obtain confir-
mation of title by a public recognition of it. —
Jactitation of marriage, in common law, a boasting or
giving out by a party that he or she is married to another,
whereby a common reputation of their marriage may fol-
low.

jaculablet (jak'u-la-bl), a. [< L. jaculabilis,
that may be thrown, < jaculari, throw : see jacti-
late.] Capable of being or fit to be thrown or
darted. Blaitiit.

jaculate (jak'u-lat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. jacu-
latcd, ppr. jai-ulating. [< L. jaculatus, pp. of

jade

iaculari (> Pg. jocular), throw (a javelin),
hit with a javelin, < jaculum, a Ravelin, dart,
neut. oljaculitK, that is thrown, < jacere, throw :
see jactation e,nd jet1. Cf. ejaculate.] To dart;
throw; hurl; launch. [Obsolete or archaic. )
jaculation (jak-u-la'shon), n. [= F.jaculututn
= Pg. jaculac,3o, < L. jaculatio(n-), < jaculni i,
throw: »ee jaculate.] The action of throwing,
darting, hurling, or launching, as weapons.
[Obsolete or archaic.]

So hills amid the air encounter'd hills,
Hurl'd to and fro with jaculatim dire.

Milton, P. L., TL 665.

It was well and strongly strung with thirty-six barrels of
gunpowder, great and small, fur the more Yiolent ^devia-
tion, vibration, and speed of the arrrows.

Bp. King, .Sermon, Nor. 5, 1668, p. 20.

jaculator (jak'u-la-tor), n. [= F. jaculateur,
< L. jaculator, one who throws (a javelin), <
jaculari, throw: see jaculate.] If. One who
jaculates or darts. — 2. In ichth., the darter or
archer-fish.

Jaculatores (jak'u-la-to'rez), n.pl. rNL., pi.
of L. jaculator: see jaculator.] In Macgilli-
vray's system of ornithology, the darters. See
darter, 3 (b).

jaculatory (jak'u-la-to-ri), a. [= F. jaculatoire
= 8p. Pg. It. jaculatorio, < LL. jaculatorius, of
or for thro wing, <.jacula tor, one who throws:
see jaculator.] 1 . Darting or throwing out sud-
denly; cast, shot out, or launched suddenly. — 2.
Uttered brokenly or in short sentences ; ejacu-
latory.

Jamlatory prayers are the nearest dispositions to con-
templation. Spiritual Conflict (1651), p. 81.

jad (jad), n. [E. dial., a.\sojed,jud,judd; origin
obscure.] 1. In coal-mining, a long gash cut
under a mass of coal in "holing," "kirving,"
"benching," or "undercutting" it, so that it
may afterward fall, or be wedged or blasted
down. — 2. In quarrying, a long deep hole made
in quarrying soft rock for building purposes,
whether the gash is horizontal or vertical.

The Jaddlng pick . . . serves for cutting In long and
deep hollngs, juds, or jads, for the purpose of detaching
large blocks of stone from their natural beds.

Morgans, Mining Tools, p. 140.

jad (jad), r. t. ; pret. and pp. jadded, ppr. jad-
ding. [< jad, n.] In coat-mining and quarry-
ing, to undercut ; form a jad in.

When the face of any heading from which the stone is
to be worked away has been properly jadded under the
roof, the side saw-cuts are proceeded with.

Moryant, Mining Tools, p. 1:.::.

jadder (jad'er), ». [< jad + -er1.] A stone-
cutter. [Prov. Eng.]

jadding-pick (jad'ing-pik), n. [Cf.jedding-ai.]
In coal-mining and quarrying, a form of pick
with which a jad is cut. The helves range from four
to six feet in length, the tools being made in seta, to be
used one after another as the depth of the jad increases.
The same tool is used, and with the same name, in quar-
rying the soft freestones of England, as for instance the
Bath stone.

jaddis (jad'is), n. [E. Ind.] In Ceylon, a priest
of the evil genii or devils, officiating in a kind
of chapel, called Jacco, or devils' house.

jade1 (jad), n. [The initial consonant is prop.
Teut. j = y, conformed to F. j; = E. dial.
(North.) yaud, Sc. yade.yaud, yad, a mare, an
old mare ; < ME. jade (MS. lade), a jade, < Icel.
jalda = Sw. dial, jdlda, a mare.] 1. A mare,
especially an old mare ; any old or worn-out
horse ; a mean or sorry nag.

Be blithe, although thou ryde vpon a jade.
What though thin horse be botbe foul and lene?
If he wll serve the, rek not a bene.

Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, ProL, 1. 46.

There is one sect of religions men in Cairo, called Che-
nesia, which Hue vpon horse-flesh : therefore are lame
lades bought and set vp a fatting.

Pitrchat, Pilgrimage, p. 590.

He was as lean, and as lank, and as sorry a jade as Hu-
mility herself could have bestrided.

Sterne, Tristram Shandy, 1. 10.

This same philosophy is a good horse in the stable, but
an arrant jade on a journey.

GMtnnM, Good-natured Man, L I.

Hence — 2. A mean or worthless person, ori-
ginally applied to either sex, but now only to
a woman; a wench; a hussy; a quean: used
opprobriously.

And thus the villaine would the world perswade
To prowde attempt rs that may presume too high.
But earthly joies will make him prove A jade,
When vertue speakes of loue's diuinity.

Breton, Pilgrimage to Paradise, p. 10.

She shines the Bret of battered jadet. Sv\n.

There are perverse jades that fall to men's lots, with
whom it requires more than common proficiency in phi-
losophy to be able to live. Steele, Spectator, No. 479.

jade

3 A young woman: used in irony or play-
fully. '
You now and Ihen see some handsome young jades.

Addison.

Fie ! Nathan ! flc ! to let an artful jade
The close recesses of thine heart invade.

Crabbe, Parish Register.

jade1 (jad), v. ; pret. and pp. jaded, ppr. jading.

[< jade1, «. The like-seeming Sp. jadear, ija-

dear, pant, palpitate, is quite different, being

*~

, ,

connected ult. with jade*.~\ I. trans. If. To
treat as a jade ; kick or spurn.

The honourable blood of Lancaster
Must not be shed by such a. jaded groom.

Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1, 62.

I can but faintly endure the savour of his breath, at my
table, that shall thus jade me for my courtesies.

B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, iv. 4.

2. To reduce to the condition of a jade; tire
out; ride or drive without sparing; overdrive:
as, to jade a horse.

It Is a dull thing to tire, and, as we say now, to jade
anything too far. Bacon, Discourse.

Mark but the King, how pale he looks with fear.
Oh! this same whorson conscience, how it jades us!

Beau, and Fl., Philaster, i. 1.

3. To weary or fatigue, in general.

The mind once jaded by an attempt above its power is
yery hardly brought to exert its force again. Locke.

Jaded horsemen from the west
At evening to the castle pressed.

Scott, L. of the L, v. 83.

=8yn. 2 and 3. Weary, Fatigue, etc. See tirel, v. t.

fl. intrtms. To become weary; fail; give
out.

They are promising in the beginning, but they fail and
jade and tire in the prosecution. South, Sermons.

jade2 (jad), «. [< F. jade, < Sp. jade, jade, orig.
"piedra de yjada, pierre bonne centre le co-
lique" (Sobrino, Dice. Nuevo, ed. 1734), a name
given (like the later equiv. nephrite, q. v.) be-
cause the stone was supposed to cure pain in
the side: Sp. piedra, < L. petra, stone; de, of;
yjada, now spelled ijada, the side, flank, pain in
the side, colic, < L. as if 'iliata, < ilium, ileiim,
usually in pi. ilia, the flank, the groin: see ilium,
iliac1.] A tough compact stone, varying from
nearly white to pale or dark green in color, much
used in prehistoric times for weapons and uten-
sils, and highly prized, especially in the East,
for ornamental carvings. Two distinct minerals are
included under the name. One of these is nephrite, a
closely compact variety of hornblende (amphibolei classed
with tremolite when nearly white and with actinolite when
of a distinct green color ; it is fusible with some difficulty,
and has a specific gravity of from 2.9 to 3. The other is
jadeite, which is a silicate of aluminium and sodium, analo-
gous in formula to spodumene ; a variety of a dark -green
color and containing iron has been called chloromela-
nite. It is more fusible than nephrite, and has a higher
specific gravity, viz. 3.3. This is the kind of jade most
highly valued. Its translucency and color, varying from
a creamy white through different shades of delicate green,
give great beauty to the vases and other objects carved
from it. The Chinese, who have long made use of jade
for rings, bracelets, vases, etc., call it yu or yu-shih (jade-
stone). A variety of jadeite having a pale-green color is
called by them .fei ts'ui, or kingfisher-plumes. The best-
known locality from which jade has been obtained is the
Kara-Kash valley in eastern Turkestan. Jade implements
have been found in considerable numbers among the relics
of the Swiss lake-dwellers, but it is generally believed that
the material was brought from the East ; they are also
found in New Zealand, in the islands of the Pacific, in
Central America, Alaska, and elsewhere, and the facts of
their distribution are of great interest in ethnography.
(See cut under ax.) The word jade is sometimes extended
to embrace other minerals of similar characters and hence
admitting of like use, as zoisite (saussurite, the jade of
De Saussure and jade tenace of Haiiy), fibrolite, a kind of
serpentine, and others. Also called ax-stone, and by the
Maoris of New Zealand punamu. — Oceanic jade, a name
given by Damour to a fibrous variety of jade found in New
Caledonia and in the Marquesas Islands, having a specific
gravity of 8.18, and differing from ordinary nephrite in
the proportion of lime and magnesia which it contains.
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 540.

jadedly (ja'ded-li), adv. In a jaded manner;
wearily.

Kilgore came and dropped jadedly into a chair.

The Money-Makers, p. 282.

jade-green (jad'gren), n. In decorative art,
especially in ceramics, a grayish-green color
thought to resemble that of the superior kinds
of jade.

jadeite (ja'dit), n. [< jade% + -ite2.] See jade?.

jadery (ja'der-i), n. [< jade* + -ery.~\ The
tricks of a jade or a vicious horse.

Pig-like he whines

At the sharp rowel, which he frets at rather
Than any jot obeys ; seeks all foul means
Of boisterous and rough jadery, to dis-seat
His lord, that kept it bravely.
Fletcher {and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, v. 4.

jadish (ja'dish), a. [< jade* + -ish1.] 1 . Skit-
tish; vicious: said of a horse.

3214

So, In tins mongrel state of ours,
The rabble are the supreme powers,
That horsed us on their backs, to show us
A jadish trick at last, and throw us.

S. Butler, liudibras, III. ii. 1614.

2. Ill-conditioned ; unchaste: said of a woman.

This jadish witch Mother Sawyer.

Ford (and Dekker), Witch of Edmonton, iv. 1.

Tis to no boot to be jealous of a woman ; for if the hu-
mour takes her to be jadish, not all the locks and spies in
nature can keep her honest. Sir li. L' Estrange.

jaeger, n. Seejdger.

jael-goat (jal'got), n. Seejaalyoat.

Jaffna moss. See moss.

jag1 (jag), v. t.; pret. and pp. jagged, ppr. jag-
ging. [< ME. jaggen, joggen, cut, slash, jab;
prob. of Celtic origin: < Ir. Gael, gag, notch,
split, gag, n., a cleft, chink, = W. gay, an aper-
ture, cleft, gtigen, a cleft, chink.] 1. To notch;
cut or slash in notches, teeth, or ragged points.
I iange or cutte a garment. ... I iagge not my hosen for
thriftebutforabragge. . . . If I iayge my cappe thou hast
naught to do. Palsgrave.

2. To prick, jab, or lacerate, as with a knife or
dirk. [Now prov. Eng., Scotch, and southern
U.S.]

[He] enjoynede with a geaunt, and jaygede hym thorowe I
Jolyly this gentille for-justede another.

Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2087.

She sat him in a goolden chair,
Andjagg'd him with a pin.

Sir Hugh (Child's Ballads, III. 335).

3. Naut., to lay or fold in long bights, as a
rope or tackle, and tie up with stops.

jag1 (jag), n. [< ME. jagge, a projecting point
(

jagging-iron

seek aid of, turn with supplication to.] 1.
In Hindu myth., a name given to Krishna, the
eighth incarnation of Vishnu. — 2. A celebrated
idol of this deity at Puri in Orissa. It is a rudely
carved wooden image, of which the body is red, the face
black,amlthe anus gilt; the mouth isopen and red, as if with
blood ; and the eyes are formed of precious stones. Itis cov-
ered with rich vestments, and is seated on a throne between
two others, representing Hala-ttama, the brother, and *u-
bhadra, the sister of Krishna. The t emple at Puri stands in
an area containing many other temples, and inclosed by a
high stone wall about(if>0 feet square. The temple is built
chiefly of coarse granite resembling sandstone, and appears
as a vast mass of masonry surmounted by several towers,
the great tower rising to a height of 192 feet. Under the
main tower are placed the three idols. (Jreat multitudes
of pilgrims come from all quarters of India to pay their
devotions at his shrine. On these occasions the idol is
mounted on an enormous car — tbe car of Juggernaut —
resting on massive wooden wheels, and drawn by the pil-
grims. Formerly many of the people threw themselves
under the wheels to be crushed to death, the victims be-
lieving that by this fate they would secure immediate
conveyance to heaven. The practice is now of very rare
occurrence. [In this sense usually Juijijernaut. ]

Jagataic (jag-a-ta'ik), a. [< Jagatai, the na-
tive name of Turkestan (< Jngatai, one of the
sons of Jenghiz Khan, to whom he left this
portion of his empire), + -ic.] Pertaining to
Turkestan: a term applied to the easternmost
dialects of the Turkish group of tongues, spoken
by the people of Turkestan.

jag-bolt (jag'bolt), ». A bolt having a barbed
shank.

jager, jaeger (ya'ger), n. [G., a hunter.] Any
bird of the family Laridai and subfamily Ster-
corariinai or Lestridina:, as a skua-gull, arctic-
bird, dirty-alien, or dung-hunter.

or dag (of a jagged or'sfthed garinentf; from feSF"*^ J^^"**"*

thevfrb. Cf. <fap3.] 1. A sharp notch or tooth, Jag«. »•.. See ^^,.3. _
as of a saw ; a ragged or tattered point ; a zig-
zag.

Like waters shot from some high crag
The lightning fell with never a jag.

Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, v.
The sailors rowed

In awe through many a new and fearful jag
Of overhanging rock.

Shelley, Revolt of Islam, vii. 12.

You take two pieces of paper, and tear off a corner of
both together, so that t\\ejarts of both are tbe same.

A. P. Sinnett, Occult World, p. 63.

2. One of a series of points or dags cut in
the edge of a garment for ornament: a style
much in favor in France and England in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. See dag3.

jagg,

jagged (jag'ed or jagd), p. a. [< jag1 +

1. Having notches or teeth, or ragged edges;

cleft; divided; laciniate: as, jagged leaves.

The crags closed round with black and jagged arms.

Shettey, Alastor.

Scattered all about there lay
Great jagned pieces of black stone.

William Morrii, Earthly Paradise, I. 858.

I saw some there [in purgatory] with collars of gold
about their necks, . . . some with more jagges on their
clothes than whole cloth.
W. Staunton, Vision of Patrick's Purgatory (1409), Royal

[MS. 17 B 43.
Iagge or dagge of a garment, fractellus.

Prompt. Pan)., p. 255.

Thy bodies bolstred out, with bumbast and with bagges,

Thy rowles, thy ruffes, thy caules, thy coifes, thy jerkins,

and ttiy jagges. Gaecoigne, Challenge to Beauty.

3. A stab or jab, as with a sharp instrument.
[Scotch.]

Affliction may gie him a jagg, and let the wind out o'
him, as out o' a cow that's eaten wet clover.

Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, ix.

4. In bot., a cleft or division. — 5. A barbed
joining or dovetail ; a jag-bolt.

jag2 (jag), v. t. ; pret. and pp. jagged, ppr. jag-
ging. [Origin obscure.] To carry, as a load:
as, to jag hay. [Prov. Eng.]

jag2 (jag), n. [See the verb.] 1. A one-horse
load; a wagon-load. [Prov. Eng. and U. S.]

The wagon stood in the road, with the last jag of rails
Btill on it. Trowbridge, Coupon Bonds, p. 393.

The flint is sold by the one-horse load, called a jag [in
Suffolk, England], and carted to the knappers' shops.

Ure, Diet., IV. 376.

2. A saddle-bag; a wallet. [Scotch.]

" I am thinkingye will be mista'en," said Meg ; "there's
nae room for bags oijauys here."

Scott, St. Bonan's Well, ii.

3. As much liquor as one can carry: as, to have
& jag on; hence, a drunken condition. [Slang,
U. S.]— 4. Af are or catch of fish. [Local, U.S.]
— 5. A lot, parcel, load, or quantity: as, a, jug
of oysters. [Local, U. S.]

As there was very little money in the country, the bank
bought a good jog on 't in Europe.

C. A. Dams, Major Downing's Letters, p. 168.
One broker buying on a heavy order . . . occasionally
caught a jag of 2,000 or 3,000 shares.

Missouri Republican, 1888.

Jagannatha (jag-a-na'ta), ». [In E. usually
in accom. spelling Juggernaut (sometimes Jag-
gernaut), repr. Hind. Jagannath, Skt. Jaganna-
tha, lit. lord of the world, < Skt. jagat, all that
moves, men and beasts (< -\/ gam, go, move, =
E. come, q. v. ), + natha, protector, lord, < •/ ndth,

2. Cut into jags, as sleeves and other parts
of a garment; cut at the edge with leaf-like
serrations: a fashion of garments common in
the early part of the fifteenth century. See
dag3.

If the schisme would pardon ye that, she might go
jagg'd in as many cuts and slashes as she pleas'd for you.
Milton, Church-Government, i. 6.

3. In her., shown with broken and irregular out-
lines, as if torn from something else: said of any
bearing.— Jagged chickweed, ;i name of Holosteuin mn-
bellatum.

jaggedness (jag'ed-nes), n. The state of being
jagged or denticulated; unevenness.

First draw rudely your leaves, making them plain, be-
fore you give them their veins or jaggedness.

Peacham, Drawing.

jagger1 (jag'er), n. [< jag1 + -er1.] 1. One
wno or that which jags. Specifically — 2. A
little wheel with a jagged or notched edge, set
in a handle, and used in ornamenting pastry,
etc. Also called jagging-iron. — 3. A toothed
chisel.

jagger2 (jag'er), «. [< jag* + -er1.~\ 1. One
who works draft-horses for hire. [Prov. Eng.]
— 2. One who carries a jag or wallet; a ped-
dler. [Scotch.]

I would take the lad for a jayger, but he has rather ower
good havings, and he has no pack. Scott, Pirate, v.

jaggeryt (jag'er-i), n. [Anglo-lnd., also writ-
ten jagghery,jaggori/,jagori/.jaggree,jagra, etc.,
repr. Canarese sharkare, Hind, tkakkar. < Skt.
qarkara, Prakrit sakkara, sugar, > Gr. canxapov,
L. saceharon, sugar, and (through Ar.) ult. E.
sugar: see sugar and gaeekorine.'] A coarse
brown sugar obtained in India by evaporation
of the fresh juice of various kinds of palm, as
the jaggery-palm, the wild date-tree, the pal-
myra, and the cocoa. It is usually made in the
form of small round cakes. Also called goor.

The East Indians extract a sort of sugar they call jayra
from the juice or potable liquor that flows from the coco
tree. Beverley, Virginia, ii. H 16.

If you tap the flower-stalk [of the cocoanut] you get a
sweet juice, which can be boiled down into the peculiar
sugar called (in the charming dialect of commerce) jag-
gery. O. Allen, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 50.

It is common in this country [India] to mix a small
quantity of the coarsest sugar— "goor," otjagkerv, as it
is termed in India — with the water used for working up
mortar. Sci. Amer. Supp., p. 9146.

jaggery-palm (jag'er-i-piim), n. A name of
(.'ari/ota wens, the bastard sago.

;-iron (jag'ing-i'ton), w. Same as jag-

Jaggy

jaggy (jag'i), a. [<>'.'/' + -.'/'• I Kct with jags
or teeth; denticulated; notched; jagged.

Her Jaws grin dreadful with three rows of teeth;
Ja</yy they stand, the gii'iint; tlt-n of death.

Pope, Odyssey, xli.

'1'he jaggy board or awn of the barley head.

J. Thornton, Hat* and Felting, p. 16.

jagheerdar, ». Neo jiiyhinlar.

jaghir, jaghire (ja-ger'), ». [Also Jaw*** ja-
i/lt<fi; jiicgliftr, jui/ir, repr. Hind, jdgir, jiiii/ir,
<Pors. juija , juiii'if, :i tenure under assignment
(see def.), a grant, lit. taking or occupying a
place or position, < 1'ors. jd, jay. place, + gir,
scb.iug, taking.] In the East Indies, an as-
signment of the government share of the pro-
duce of a section of land to an individual, either
for his personal behoof or for the support of a
public establishment, particularly a military
establishment.

I say, madam. I know nothing of books ; and yet, I be-
lieve, upon a land carriage fishery, a stamp act, or a ja-
ilhire, I can talk my two hours without feeling the want of
them. Outdanith, Good-natured Man, it

Thirmas. Hir Matthew will settle upon Sir John and hla
lady, for their joint lives, ujagffhire.

SirJ. \jayghire>

Thomas. The term Is Indian, and means an annual in-
.OMH Foote, The Nabob, L

The distinction between khalsa land, or the imperial
demesne, AiiAjaglr lands, granted revenue free or at quit
rent in reward I'm- services, also dates from the time of
Akbar. Encyc. Brit., XII. 795.

jaghirdar (ja-ger'dar), «. [Hind, and Pers.
jagirtlar, < jagir, a tenure, a grant (see jaghir),
+ -tldr, holding, a holder.] In the East Indies,
a person holding a jaghir. Also spelled ja-
ghecrdar.

The Sikhs administered the country by means of jn-
gheerdars, and paid them by their jagheers.

Ji. B. Smith, Lord Lawrence, I. 378.

Jago's goldfinny. See goldfinny, 2.

iagouncet, n. See jacounce.

jagra (jag'rtt), n. Same AS jaggery.

jaguar (jag-war' or jag'u-ar), ». [Also written
jugouaf, yaguar; Yg. jaguar, < Braz. jaguara, a
jaguar. ' ' Jagua in the Guarani language is the
common name for tygers and dogs. The generic
name for tygers in the Guarani language is Ja-
quarete." (Clavigero, Hist, of Mexico, tr. Cullen
(1787), ii. 318.)] A carnivorous mammal, Felix
onca, the largest and most formidable feline
quadruped of America. It belongs to the family Ft-
lidte, and most resembles the leopard or panther of the old
world, being spotted like a pnrd ; but it is larger, and the
spots, instead of being simply black, are ocellated — that is,
they have an eye of tawny color in the black, or are broken

Jaguar (/-'flit ottca).

up Into rosettes of black on the tawny ground. It does not
stand quite so high on its legs as the cougar, but it has a
heavier body, and is altogether amore powerful beast. Tile
length is about 4 feet to the root of the tail, which Is 2 feet
long ; the girth of the chest Is about 3 feet. The jaguar in-
habits wooded parts of America from Texas to Paraguay.

jaguarondi (jag-wa-ron'di), «. [Cf. jaguar.]
A wild cat, Felis yaguanindi of Demarest, in-
habiting America from Texas to Paraguay,
somewhat larger than a large domestic cat, of
slender elongated form, with very long tail
and very short limbs, and of a nearly uniform
brownish color.

Jah (jii, properly yii), n. See Jehovah.

Jahveh (properly ya-va'), «. See Jehovah.

Jahvist (jft'vist, properly ya'vist), ». [< Jah-
i'ili (see,/<7mr ih) + -toi.j Same as Jeliori.tt. 1.

The Hexateuch primarily resolves itself into four great
constituents, rt-sprrtivt'ly known as the works of the Jah-
list, the Elohist, the Deuteronomist, and the Priestly Le-
gislator. The Academy, No. 873, p. 60.

Jahvistic (jii-, properly ya-vis'tik), a. [< Jalt-
rist -t- -it'.] Same as Jehwistic.

"Then they began to invoke the name of Jahveh." The
Importance of this Jahviitic text comes especially from
its contradiction with the Elohlstlc text Exodus vi. 2-3.
Xineteenth Century, XIX. 173.

Ml*

jail (jal), B. [Two series of forms are to be dis-
tinguished: (1) E.jail, < ME. jayle, jaile , jayll,
jaiolc, < OF.jai»le,jaole,jeoille, geole, geolli, F.
geole; assibilated form of (2) E. "gail, repr. by
the artificial form gaol, formerly also spelled
goal, used in old law-books and preserved ar-
chaically in print, though obsolete in pronun-
ciation (gaol, prop. pron. gal, being always
pron. jal, which pronunciation belongs only to
the spelling jail), < ME. guile, gayl, gayhol, <
OF. gaiole, gtiyolle, gaole, gaolle (whence the
form gaol above), a cage, a prison, = Sp. gayuta
= Pg. gaiola, jaula = It. gabbiuola, gabbiota
(also in simple form gabbia), a cage, ML. re-
flex gabiola (also in simple form gabia), a cage,
the prop. L. type being "caveola, dim. of cavea,
a hollow, a cavity, a cage, coop: see care1,
cage, and gabion.] A prison; a building or
place for the confinement of persons arrested
for crime or for debt ; usually, in the United
States, a place of confinement for minor of-
fenses in a county.

And for to determytte this mater,
Qenerydes was brought owt of the itaile.

Generydet (E. E. T. H-), 1. 1695.
Yet, ere his happie soule to heaven went
Out of this fleshlle gaole, he did devise
Unto Ills heavenlie maker to present
Ills bodie as a spotles sacrifice.

Spenser, Kuines of Time, L 296.

Deep in the City's bottom sunk there was

A Goal, where Darkness dwelt and Desolation.

J. Beaumont, Psyche, ill. 164.
Frighted, I quit the room ; but leave it so
As men tmmjaUt to execution go.

Pope, Satires of Donne, iv. 273.

She threatens me every Day to arrest me; and proceeds
so far as to tell me, that if I do not do her Justice I shall
die in a Jayl. Spectator, No. 295.

Jail liberties, jail limits, bounds prescribed by law
encompassing a prison, or tne area within such bounds
(as, for instance, the city in which the jail Is situated), the
freedom of which is allowed to certain prisoners for debt,
etc., usually on giving bond for the liberties, the bounds
being considered, as to such prisoners, merely an extension
of the prison-walls. — To break Jail. See break.
jail (jal), t>. t. [Formerly also gaol and goal; <
jail, «.] To confine in or as if in a jail; im-
prison.

There likewise was a long statute against vagabonds,
wherein two things may be noted : the one, the dislike the
Parliament had of gaoling of them, as that which was
chargeable, pesterous, ana of no open example.

Bacon, Hist Hen. VIL, p. 215.
And slth our Bodyes doe but Jaile our Mlnde,
While we haue Bodyes, we can ne'er be free.

Daviet, Muse's Sacrifice (1612X p. 81.

Trounce him, goal him, and bring him upon his knees,

and declare him a reproach and scandal to his profession.

f-'i'iitli, Sermons, VL 52.

jailbird (jal'b&rd), n. [< jail + bird''-; a hu-
morous term, orig. perhaps with allusion to the
P. sense 'cage' (see jail). Cf. galloicg-bird.]
One who has been or is confined in jail; a
malefactor.

jail-delivery (jal'de-liv"er-i), ». 1. The act of
disposing judicially of the cases of all accused
persons detained in a prison and awaiting trial.
— 2. In Eng. late, the short name of the com-
mission issued to judges of assize, directing
them to clear a jail by thus trying, and acquit-
ting or condemning, the inmates. Hence — 3.
In England, and also in Delaware (U. 8.), the
court charged with the trial of ordinary crimi-
nal cases. See assize, 6. — 4. The act of set-
ting prisoners loose from a jail; a freeing of
imprisoned persons, as by breaking into or out
of a jail.

The most daring and successful jaU^ieliverji ever perpe-
trated on the Sound | Puget ] occurred last night.

Evening Pout (New York), Dec., 1888.

General Jail-delivery, a term sometimes used of ac-
quittals in numbers at a tune by reason of defects in the
law, or lax or reckless administration of it.

The operation of the old law is so savage, and so Inconve-
nient to society, that for a long time past, once in every
parliament, and lately twice, the legislature has been
obliged to make a general arbitrary jau-dtlitery, and at
once to set open, by its sovereign authority, all the pris-
ons in England. Burke, Speech at Bristol.

jailer (ja'ler), n. [Two series of forms, as with
jail: (1) E. jailer (sometimes spelled jailor), <
&£E.jayler,jaylier,<OF.jaioleor, geolier,jaulier,
F. gedlier, < geole, etc., a jail; (2) E. "gailer,
repr. by the artificial form gaoler (see jail), <
ME. nailer, gayler, gaylere, < OF. gaioleor, gaio-
lier (ML. reflex gaolarius), a jailer, < gaiole, etc.,
jail: see jail, n.] 1. The keeper of a jail or
prison.

The scheref fond the jaylier ded.
Robin Hood and the Monk (Child's Ballads, V. 13).
Life is the jailor, Death the angel sent
To draw the unwilling bolts and set us free.

Lowell, Death of a Friend's Child.

Jakes

2. In coal-mining, a small tub or box in which
water is carried in a mine. [Somersetshire,
Eng.]

jaileress (ja'lfcr-es), »• [Formerly also gaoler-
ex*; (.jailer + -«*».] A female jailer.

My saucy gaolerea assured me that all my opposition*
would not signify that pinch of snuff.

Itichardiun, Clarissa. Harlowe, ii. 72.

jail-fever (jal'fe'ver), H. Typhus fever: so
called because common in jails.

jail-house (jal'hous), w. A jail.

jail-keeper (jal'ke'per), w. One who keeps a
jail ; a jailer.

Jain (jin), n. and a. [Also as Hind. Jaina, <
jina, ' victorious ' (< Skt. \f ji, ' conquer'), an epi-
thet of the teachers of Jainism.] I. n. A mem-
ber of a non-Brahminical sect in India, the doc-
trinal system of which corresponds in many es-
sential points with Buddhism. The sect seems, ac-
cording to their own scriptures, to have oiiginated with
one Parswanatha about 7uU B. c but became fully estab-
lished about 200 years later under Vardhamana (or Jna-
tapatra, in Pali Nataputta), one of six noted false teach-
ers (according to Buddhistic writings) contemporary with
Gautama, the Buddha. The Jains are divided into two
classes or parties, the Swetambanu, or 'white-robed ones,'
and the Digambaras, or 'sky-clad (or naked) ones.' The
Jains deny the divine origin and infallible authority of the
Vedus. They believe In the eternity of the universe both
of matter and of mind, and hold that time proceeds In two
eternally recurring cycles of immense duration, defying
all human calculation — the "ascending" cycle, in which
the age and stature of men increase, and the "descend-
ing" cycle, in which they decrease. Their moral code
agrees with that of the Buddhists, and consists of five
prohibitions against killing, lying, stealing, adultery, and
worldly-mlndedness, and of five duties, viz. : mercy to ani-
mated beings, almsgiving, veneration for the sages while
living and the worship of their images when deceased,
confession of faults, and teligious fasting. The Jains
are found in various parts of India, but especially on the
west coast, and are remarkable for their wealth and In-
fluence.

II, a. Of or pertaining to the Jains or to their
creed.— Jain architecture, a chief style of Indian ar-
chitecture, closely akin to Buddhist architei lure, and de-
veloped contemporaneously with it after about A. D. 460,
when the Jain sect acquired prominence. The most not-
able characteristics of the Jain style are the pseudo-arch
and -dome, built in horizontal courses and of pointed sec-

Jain Architecture.— Tempi*: at Kali Katraha. India.

tion. The domes rest commonly upon eight pillars ar-
ranged octagonally, with four more pillars at the corners,
completing a square in plan ; and both arches and domes
are usually supported by a system of brackets or corbels
carried out from the piers or pillars at about two thirds of
their height, and often richly carved. The central feature
in a Jain temple is a cell lighted from the door, and con-
taining a cross-legged figure of one of the deified saints of
the sect. The cell is terminated above by a dome or n
pyramidal spire-like roof, and there are often connected
with the temples extensive inclosed courtyards, with por-
ticos and ranges of cells around the fnclosure, each cell
serving as a chapel. The tower is also characteristic of
Jain architecture, being noteworthy especially in the tow-
ers commemorative of victory, which consist usually of a
number of superimposed stories rising almost perpendic-
ularly, and with the top corbeled out so as to overhang the
sides. These towers are usually elaborately carved upon
their entire surface. Jain architecture was at its best
about the eleventh century, and is still practised, not with-
out dignity and beauty, as at Ahmedabad.

Jaina (ji'na), n. and a. Same as Jain.

Jainism (ji'nizm), n. K Jain + -i»-»i.] The
religious system of the Jains.

iak (jak), n. Same as jack3, jack-tree.
akest (jaks), «. [The occurrence of dial, johnny,
a jakes — "also called Mrs. Jones by country
people" (Haliiwell), with dial, torn, a close-
stool, suggests that jakes was orig. Juice's or
Jack's, a humorous euphemism : see jack1.} A
privy.

Jakes

Christ liimselfe, speaking of unsavory traditions, scru-
ples not to name the Dunghill and the Jakes.

Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.

jakes-farmert (jaks'far"mer), «. [< jakes +
farmer.] One who contracted to clean out
privies; a scavenger.

Nay, I will embrace a Jakes-farmer.

Marston, The Fawne, ii. 1.

Nay, we are all signiors here in Spain, from the jokes-
farmer to the grandee or adelantado.

Fletcher (and another), Love's Cure, ii. 1.

jakie (ja'ki), n. [S. Amer.] A South Amer-
ican frog, Pseudis paradoxa, of a greenish color
marked with brown, belonging to the family Cys-
tignuthidce. See Pseudis.

Jako (jak'6), n. See jacfco, 2.
ak-tree, n. See jack-tree.

jak-wood, n. See jack-wood.

jalap (jal'ap), ». [Formerly also jalop; = F.
jalap = Pg. jalapa = It. jalappa, < Sp. jalapa,
jalap, so called from Jalapa, or Xalapa, a city
of Mexico, whence it is imported.] A drug con-
sisting of the tuberous roots of several plants of
the natural order Convolvulacece, that of Ipomcea
purqa being the most important. This is a twining
herbaceous plant, with cordate-acuminate, sharply auricled
leaves, mid elegant salver-shaped deep-pink flowers, grow-
ing naturally on the eastern declivities of the Mexican An-
des, at au elevation of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. The jalap
of commerce consists of irregular ovoid dark -brown roots,
varying from the size of an egg to that of a hazelnut,
but occasionally as large as a man's fist Jalap is one of
the most common purgatives, but is apt to gripe and nau-
seate. Male jalap, or orizaba-root, is from Ipomcea Oriza-
bensis, and Tampico jalap from /. siinulans. — Indian jal-
ap, the product of Ipomaea Turpethum, a native of India
and the Pacific islands. It is inferior to the true jalap,
but is free from the nauseous taste and smell of that drug.
See Ipomcea.

Jalapa (jal'a-pa), «. [NL. (Moench, 1794), < Sp.
jalapa, jalap: see jalap.] A genus of plants, a
species of which was supposed to be the source
of jalap. Now referred to Mirabilis.

jalapic (ja-lap'ik), a. [<. jalap + -ic.~\ Pertain-
ing to or consisting of nalap or jalapin.— Jalap-
Ic add, Cn4H8uOig, an acid produced, with assimilation
of water, by dissolving jalapiu in aqueous solutions of the
alkalis or alkaline earths.

jalapin (jal' a -pin), ». [< jalap + -i»2.] A
glucoside resin which is one of the purgative
principles of jalap and of various plants of the
convolvulaceous order. See jalap.

jalap-plant (jal'ap-plant), n. The plant that
produces_ jalap.

jalee, jali (ja'le), n. [< Ind. jo7», a network, lat-
tice, grating, < Skt. jala, net.] Pierced screen-
work, especially in marble or stone, character-
istic of Indian house-decoration under Moslem
influence.

jaleo (Sp. pron. ha-la'6), n. [Sp., prop, gen-
teelness, jauntiness.] A lively Spanish dance.

jalet (F. pron. zha-la'), ». [F.jalet; perhaps the
same as galefl, q. v.] A stone selected or shaped
for use with the stone-bow. See stone-bom.

1'ali, n. See jalee.
alopt (jal' op), n. An obsolete form of jalap.
jalous, a. An obsolete or dialectal form of

jealous.

jalouse (ja-16z'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. jaloused,
ppr. jaloitsiiig. A dialectal (Scotch) form of
jealous.

Iheyjaloused the opening of our letters at Fairport.

Scott, Antiquary, xliv.

jalousie!, n. An obsolete form of jealousy.

jalousie (zha-lo-ze'), n. [F. jalousie, jealousy,
a lattice window or shutter : see jealousy.] 1.
A blind or shutter made with slats, which are
usually set at an angle so as to exclude the sun
and rain while allowing the air to enter. — 2.
pi. The whole surface or inclosure of a gallery,
veranda, or the like, formed of a series of slatted
frames (see def. 1), of which some may be fixed
and some may open on hinges.

jam1 (jam), v. ; pret. and pp. jammed, ppr. jam-
ming. [Formerly jamb ; of dial, origin; prob.
another form (sonant j from surd ch; cf.jaw1,
jowl) of cham, chew or champ, being the same
as champ, chew or bite, also tread heavily:
see champ1.] I. trans. 1. To press; squeeze;
thrust or press down or in with force or vio-
lence ; thrust or squeeze in so as to stick fast ;
press or crowd in such a manner as to prevent
motion or hinder extrication.

The ship, which by its building was Spanish, stuck fast,
jammed in between two rocks ; all the stern and quarters
of her were beaten to pieces with the sea.

Defoe, Robinson Crusoe.

2. To fill full; block up; prevent the move-
ment of by pressure, crowding, etc.
Crowds that in an hour
Of civic tumult jam the doors, and bear
The keepers down. Tennyson, Lucretius.

3216

3. To tread hard or make firm by treading, as
land is trodden hard by cattle. [Prov. Eng.
and U. S.]— Jamming friction, in mech., friction pro-
duced by the jamming or pinching action of cams, eccen-
tric-rollers, knots in ropes, loops of ropes about snubbing
parts, belaying-pins, etc.— To jam out, in coal-mining, to
cut or knock away the spurns in holing. [South Stafford-
shire, Eng.]

II. iii trans. To become wedged together or
in place, as by violent impact; stick fast: as,
the door jams.

jam1 (jam), n. [< jam1, v.] 1. A crush; a
squeeze ; pressure by thrusting or crowding.
Yet onward still the gathering numbers cram,
Contending crowders shout the frequent damn,
And all is bustle, squeeze, row, jabbering, and jam.

J. and H. Smith, Rejected Addresses.

2. A crowd of objects irregularly and tightly
pressed together by arrest of their movement ;
a block, as of people, vehicles, or floating logs.

The surest eye for a road or for the weak point of a, jam,
the steadiest foot upon a squirming log.

Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 111.

jam2 (jam), n. [Origin uncertain ; there is not
sufficient evidence to connect it with jam1,
press, squeeze (cf. dial, jammock, a soft pulpy
substance, also beat, squeeze), or with Ar.
jdmid, congealed, concrete, motionless, jamd
(Pers.), congelation, concretion, < jamada,
thicken, freeze, congeal (cf. jelly). Cf. roft2, a
conserve of fruit, also of Ar. origin.] A con-
serve of fruits prepared by boiling them to a
pulp in water with sugar.

"We should like some cakes after dinner," answered
Master Harry, . . . "and two apples— and jam."

Dickens, Boots at the Holly Tree Inn.

jam3, n. Another spelling of jamb1, 4.

jamadar, ». See jemidar.

Jamaica bark, bilberry, birch, buckthorn,
cherry, cobnut, fan-palm, etc. See bark%, etc.

Jamaican (ja-ma'kan), a. and n. [< Jamaica
(see def.) +'-«».] "I. a. Of, pertaining to, or
obtained from the island of Jamaica in the West
Indies, south of Cuba, now belonging to Great
Britain, but formerly (1509-1655) to Spain.

II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Jamaica,
the population of which is chiefly black or col-
ored.

jamb1 (jam), n. [Formerly &\sojaumb,jaumbe,
jaum; <! HE. jambe, jaumbe,jamne,<. OF. jambe,
leg, shank, ham, corbel, pier, side post of a door
(in the last sense also, in mod. F. exclusively,
jambage) ; = Sp. gamba, OSp. camba = Pg. gam-
bia = It. gamba, the leg, < LL. gam ba, a hoof (ML.
in deriv. the leg, camba, leg-armor, jambe), orig.
*camba, perhaps of Celtic origin (cf. W. cam,
crooked, > E. cam2, q. v.), but in any ease con-
nected with L. camur, crooked, camera, camara,
Gr. Kaudpa, a vault, chamber (> E. camera, cam-
ber%, chamber, etc., q. v.), and ult. with E. ham1,
q.v. FromLL. gamba are also ult. gamb, gamba,
gambade, gambit, gambol, gammon2, etc., and
words following.] If. A leg. — 2f. The side or
cheek of a helmet or shield.

Vnioynis the Jamnys that iuste were to-gedur.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 939.

3. In arch., a side or vertical piece of any
opening or aperture in a wall, such as a door,

jamb-post

window, or chimney, which helps to bear the
lintel or other member overhead serving to sus-
tain or discharge the superincumbent weight
of the wall.

On the other side stood the stately palace of Dultibie,
... in which were dores and jaumes of Ivory.

Sandys, Travailes, p. 93.

The jambs or flanking stones [of stairsl are also adorned
by either figures of animals or bas-reliefs.

J. Fergusson, Hist. Indian Arch., p. 198.

4. In mining, a mass of mineral or stone in a
quarry or pit standing upright, and more or
less distinct from neighboring or adjoining
parts. Also spelled jam.

jamb2t, v. An obsolete spelling of jam1.

jambe1 ( jamb), n. If. An obsolete form of jamb1.
— 2. [OF. : see jamb1. Cf . jambieres. ] Armor
for the leg, sometimes made of cuir-bouilli, but
most frequently of metal, much used during the
fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries.
See solleret, and second cut under armor. — 3.
In her., same as gamb.

jambe2t,a. [ME.,< OF. jambe (F.jambt), legged,
i. e. well-legged, able to run fast, < jambe, leg:
aeejamb1.] Swift.

One a jambe stede this jurnee he makes.

Mvrte Arthure (E. E. T. S \ 1. 2895.

jambeaust, jambeuxt, »• pi. [ME. (used archa-
ically in Spenser, spelled giambeaux, giambeux);
< OF. as if "jambel, pi. "jambeux (not found), <
jambe, leg: see jamb1, jambe1.] Leggings; leg-
armor.

Hisjambeux were of cuyrboilly.

Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 164.

The mortall steele despiteously entayld
Deepe in then- flesh, quite through the yron walles,
That a large purple streame adowne their giambeux f alles.
Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 29.

jambeet (jam-be'), ». [Origin obscure.] Alight
cane carried by men of fashion in England in
the eighteenth century.

" Sir Timothy," says Charles, " I am concerned that you,
whom I took to understand canes better than any baronet
in town, should be so overseen ! . . . Why, sir Timothy,
your's is a true Jambee, and esquire Empty's only a plain
Dragon." Steele, Taller, No. 142.

Church of St. Genest, Ncvers, France; rath century. /, J, jambs. J <*ff* U-pUS U

(From ViolleMc-Duc's " Diet, de rArchitecturc.") pOSt), ». In

A Jambee ... is a knotty bamboo of a pale brown hue.
Dobson, Selections from Steele, note, p. 479.

jamberst (jam'berz), «. pi. [Cf. jambiere, jam-
beaus.] Armor for the legs. Compare greaves1,
jambeaus.

jambeuxt, n.pl. See jambeaus.

jambieres (Ft pron. zhon-be-ar'), n. [OF. (F.
jambi&res), armor for a leg, also leg, earlier gam-
biere = It. gambiera = ML. reflex gamberia (also
simply camba), < OF. jambe, etc., the leg : see
jamb1.] Leg-pieces or leggings of leather,
strong plaited cordage, or other resistant ma-
terial, used by huntsmen and varlets of the
chase in the middle ages as a defense against
brambles and underbrush.

jambolana, jambolan (jam-bo-la'na, jam'bo-
lan),w. [E.lnd.] An East Indian tree. Eugenia
Jowftotowa, with hard and durable wood, and edi-
ble fruit.

jambone (jam'bon), n. [Cf. jamboree, 2.] In
the game of euchre, a lone hand in which the
player exposes his cards and must lead one
selected by an opponent, scoring 8 points if
he takes all the tricks, otherwise only as for
an ordinary hand. Such hands are played by
agreement, not as a regular feature of the game.
The American Hoyle.

jamborandi (jam-bo-
ran'di), n. Same as
jaborandi.

jamboree (jam-bo-
re'), n. [A slang
word, prob. arbitra-
ry.] 1. A carousal;
a noisy drinking-
bout ; a spree ; hence,
any noisy merrymak-
ing. [Slang.]

There have not been so
many dollars spent on any
jamboree.
SerOmer'a May., IV. 363.

2. In the game of
euchre, a lone hand
containing the five
highest cards and
counting the holder
16 points, played
by agreement. The
American Hoyle.
jamb-post (jam'-

Jamb-shafts.— Galilee Porch of Dur.
ham Cathedral, England.

jamb-post

an upright timber at I lie side of an aperture, as
of a doorway window, tireplace, etc.

jamb-shaft (juui'slml't), n. In arch., a small
shaft having a capital and a base, placed
against or forming part of the jamb of a door
or window. Such shafts occur most frequently
in medieval architecture. See cut on preced-
ing page.

jambu (jam'bo), n. [< E. Ind. jambu (Hind.
jdiitiiH, jaiiiiin).] The rose-apple tree, Eugi-iiiu
Jumbos.

jambul (jam'bul), n. [E. Ind.] A small ever-
green tree of India. The bark and seeds are
said to be serviceable in diabetes.

janidani ( jam-da'ni), n. [Hind, jdmddni, a kind
of cloth with flowers interwoven/Jama (< Pers.
jama), a garment, robe, vest (cloth), -r ddni,
bountiful, liberal (rich!).] A variety of Dacca
muslin woven in designs of flowers.

jamesonite ( jam' Kon-it ), «. [Named after Prof.
Jamesonot Edinburgh (died!854). The surname
Jameson stands for James's son; for James, see
jack1.'] A native snlphid of antimony and lead,
commonly occurring in fibrous masses, some-
times in capillary forms (feather-ore). It has
a lead-gray color and metallic luster.

Jamestown weed*. Same &sjimson-weed.

jamesweed (jamz'wed), ». Same nsjacobwa.
[Prov. Eng.]

jameswort (jamz'wert), n. Same as jacobeea.
[Prov. Eng.]

jamewar (jam'e-war), n. [E. Ind.] A goafs-
hair cloth made in Cashmere and the neigh-
boring countries. The name is especially given to
tin: striped Cashmere shawls, of which the stripes are Oiled
with minute patterns In vivid color.

jamidar, ». Soejetuular.

jam-nut (jam'nut), N. [<_/«)«! + nut.] In much.,
a nut fitted to a bolt and screwed down hard
(jammed) against a principal or holding nut,
to keep the latter from working loose through
vibrations, jars, or shocks. Also called nut-
lock.

jampan (jam'pan), n. [E. Ind.] In the East
Indies, a solid sedan-chair supported between
two thick bamboo poles set crosswise and borne
by four men.

jampanee (jam-pa-ne'), n. [Hind, jampani, <
jampan.'] A bearer of a jampan.

jamrach (jam'rak), «. [From Jamrach, the
name of the proprietor of the largest and best-
known of these in Ratcliff Highway [f], Lon-
don.] A place for the keeping and sale of wild
animals, such as are wanted for menageries and
circuses.

jamrosade (jam'ro-zad), ». [Appar., accom. to
E. rose, for *jamliosade, from the native name
jumbos or its NL. form jambosa.'] The fruit
of the East Indian tree Eugenia Jumbos; the
rose-apple.

jam-Weld (jam'weld), n. A weld in which the
heated ends or edges of the parts are square-
butted against each other and welded. E. 3.
Knight.

Jan. An abbreviation of January.

janapmn (jan'a-pum), ». [E. Ind.] The Bengal
or Sunn hemp'. See hemp.

janca-tree (jang'ka-tre), n. [< W. Ind.jaiica +
E. tree.] A West Indian tree, Amyrix balxiimi-
fera, of the natural order Rutacece. Also called
white candlewood.

jane (jan), ». [Also written jean; < ME. jane
(cf. ML. januinus).& coin, < Jean, OF. Genes,
Jannes, etc., mod. F. Genes, It. Geneva, Genoa,
E. now Genoa, < L. Genua, ML. also Janua, a city
iu Italy. Cf. florin, florence, bezant, and other
names of coins, of local origin.] If. A small
silver coin of Genoa imported into England by
foreign merchants, especially in the fifteenth
century. Compare gutley-ltaljpenny.

His robe was of ciclatouu,
That coste many a jane.

Chaucer, Sir Thopas, 1. 21.
The first which then refused me (said hee)
Certes was but a common Courtisane ;
Yet flat refosd to have adoe with mee,
Because I could not give her many a Jane.

Spenser, F. Q., III. vii. 68.
2. Same as jerui. '_'.

jane-of-apes (jan'ov-aps), «. [Formed from
Jane, a fein. name (also Jean, < ME. Jane, Jean,
< OF. Jeanne, < ML. Joanna, fern, of Joannes,
John: see John, and cf.joan), in imitation of
jackanapes for "jack-of-apes : see jackanapes,
and cf. JofeMMMMf.] A pert girl: the female
counterpart of jnclciiiiapps. [Rare.]
Poiiph. But we shall want a woman.
Grac. No, here's Jane-of-apes shall serve.

Ma&iwjer, Bomlnmn, iii. :;.

3217

jangada (jan-ga'dft), n. [8p. Pg., a raft, a
float.] A raft-boat or catamaran used in Peru
and the northern parts of Brazil.

jangle (jang'gl ),«>•; pret. and pp. jangled, ppr.
jangling. [<.lilE.jan</len,jangelen (also, rarely,
with initial guttural or palatal, ganglen, yaii-
glen, after the D.), chatter, jabber, talk loudly,

< OF. janyler, gangler, jangle, prattle, tattle,
wrangle, = Pr. janglar, < OD. 'jungeten, found
only in mod. D. jangelen, importune, freq. of
OD.jancken, mod. D. janken = LG. Janken, yelp,
howl, as a dog; prob., like equiv. L. gannire, of
imitative origin.] I. intrans. 1. To talk much
or loudly; chatter; babble; jabber.

These fals lovers, in this tynie now present,
Thei serue to boste, to Jangle as a lay.

Political Poemt, etc. (ed. Furnlvall), p. 77.

Jangling is whan man speketh to inoche before folk,

and clappeth as a mille, and taketh no kepe what he seith.

Chaucer, Parson's Tale.

2. To quarrel; altercate; bicker; wrangle;
grumble.

And qwo-so jangle in time of drynk.

Englith Qild» (E. E. T. 8.), p. 79.
Good wits will Yte jangling; but, gentles, agree:
This civil war of wits were much better us'd
On Navarre and his book-men.

SAa*., 1.. I.. I.., ii. 1, 227.

3. To sound discordant or harsh; make harsh
discord.

It is the bane and torment of our ears

To hear the discords of those jangling rhymers.

B. Joneon, Poetaster, v. 1.
And in derision sets

Upon their tongues a various spirit, to rase
Quito out their native language ; and, instead,
To show a jangling noise of words unknown.

Milton, P. L., xit 56.

H. trans. If. To gossip; contend; tell.

Yet that there should be such a jail as they jangle and
such fashions as they feign is plainly impossible.

Tyndale, Ans. to Sir T. More, etc. (Parker Soc.,
[1850XP.281.

2. To cause to sound harsh or inharmonious ;
cause to emit discordant sounds.

And I, of ladies most deject and wretched,
That suck'd the honey of his music vows,
Now see that noble and most sovereign reason,
Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune and harsh.

Shale., Hamlet, ill. 1.

3. To utter in a discordant or inharmonious
manner.

Ere Monkish Rhimes
Had jangled their fantastick Chimes.

Prior, Protogeues and Apelles.

jangle (jang'gl), n. [< ME. jangle; < jangle, t>.]
It. Idle talk; chatter; babble.

This somonour that was as full ol jangle*,
As ful of venym been time waryangles,
And evere enqueryng upon everythyng.

Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 109.

2. Altercation ; wrangle ; quarrel.

But, now, Sir Peter, if we have finished our daily jangle,
I presume I may go to my engagement at Lady Sneer-
well's. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 1.
But nothing has clouded
This friendship of ours,
Save oue little jangle.

Uarper-1 Mag., LXXVL 670.

3. Discordant sound.

The mtul jangle of Matilda's lyre. Giford, Mieviad.

4. A seaweed, Laminaria digitata.
janglert (jang'gler), >i. [< ME. jangler, janglere,

< OF.jangleor, gengleour, janglerres (= Pr. jan-
glador,janglaire),& chatterer, talkative person;
<. jangler, jangle, chatter: see jangle.'] An idle
talker ; a story-teller ; a gossip.

A jangler is to God abhominable.

Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 239.

Thau* ma na janglour us espy,

That is to lufe contrair.
Itobene and Malcyne (Child's Ballads. IV. -J4!i).

jangleresst (jang'gler-es), n. [ME../«M«//mv«r ,•

< jangler + -ess. J A female gossip ; a talkative

jannock

suborn n' I wan as is a leoneoe,
AIM! of my tonge a veray janylereme.

Chaucer, IToL to Wife of Bath's Tale, L OS.

jangleryt (jang'gler-i), n. [ME.jauglerie, < OF.
janglerie (= Pr. janglaria), < jangler, jangle:
*<-i-jrnii/li:\ Babbling; gossip; idle talk; chat-
ter.

The janglerie of women can hide thyngls that tli'-y wol
nought. Chaucer, Tale of Mollbcu*.

janglourt, »• A variant at jangler.
jangly(jang'gli).a. [< jangle + -yl.] Jangling
or jangled; harsh-sounding.

Answering hack with jangly scream,
Sit thy brothers by the score.

Joel Benton, April Blackbird.

janisariant, janisaryt. See janizarian, jani-
zary.

janissaryt, janisert, n. Obsolete forms of jani-
zary.

janitor (jan'i-tor), n. [< L. janitor, a door-
keeper, < janua, "a door.] 1. A doorkeeper; a
porter.

'Hi' Hesperian dragon not more fierce and fell ;
Nor the gaunt, growling janitor of hell.

Smollett, Advice, A Satire.

2. A man employed to take charge of rooms or

buildings, to see that they are kept clean and in

order, to lock and unlock them, and generally

to care for them,
janitress (jan'i-tres), n. [(.janitor + -ess. Cf.

janitrix.] A female janitor,
janitrix (jan'i-triks), n. [L., fern, of janitor,

a. v.] 1. A female janitor; a janitress. — 2f.

The portal vein, or vena portae, of the liver.
Janiveret, «• [< ME. Janivere, Janyvere, Jany-

ver, Janver, Jeniver, < OF. Janvier, F. Janvier,

January: see January."] January.

Time sure hath wheel'd about his yeare,
December meeting Janiveere.

Cleacelaiul, Char, of London DInrnall (1647).

janizart (jan'i-ziir), ». See janizary.

janizarian (jan-i-za'ri-an), a. [Formerly also
janisarian; < janizary •¥ -an.] Pertaining to
the janizaries or their government.

I never shall so far injure the/aniKjrion republlckof Al-
giers as to put it in comparison, for every sort of crime, tur-
pitude, and oppression, with the jacobin repiihllck of Paris.
Burte, A Regicide Peace, L

janizary (jan'i-za-ri), n.; pi. janizaries (-riz).
[Formerly also janisary, jauixsary, sometimes
janizar, janixcr, jannizer ; < OF. jannissaire, F.
janissaire = Sp. Pg. genizaro, Pg. also janizaro
= It. giannizzcro = D. janisaar = G. janitschar
(ML. janizari, pi.), < Turk, yefticheri (in part
conformed to tno It.), lit. 'new troops,' < yeKi,
new, + 'asker, army, soldier, pi. asdkir, sol-
diers, < Ar. 'askar, army, troop, 'askariy, Pers.
'askari, a soldier.] One of a former body of
Turkish infantry, constituting the Sultan's
guard and the main standing army, first organ-
ized in the fourteenth century, and until the
latter part of the seventeenth century largely
recruited from compulsory conscripts and con-
verts taken from the Rayas or Christian sub-
jects. In later times Turks and other Mohammedans
joined the corps on account of the various privileges at-
tached to iU The body became large, and very powerful
and turbulent, often controlling the destiny of the govern-
ment; and after a revolt purposely provoked by the Sul-
tan Mahmoud II. in 1826, many thousand janizaries were
massacred, and the organization was abolished.

Immediatly came officers & appointed I (miner t to beare
fro vs our presents. llatduyt's Voyage*, II. 170.

But Sclyiniis subduing Aegypt, the tombe was defaced,
and ransackt by his Janizaries. Sandy*, Travailes, p. 106.

Janizary music, music performed by a band largely com-
posed of percussive instruments, such as drums, cymbals,
triangles, etc., with some shrill oboes and flutes : so called
because arranged in imitation of the bands and music of
the janizaries. Also called Turkish mutic.

janker (jaug'ker), n. [Origin obscure; cf.
yank*, r.J A long pole on two wheels, used in
Scotland for transporting logs of wood, etc.
[Scotch.]

jann (jan), n. [Pers. Jaw, soul, life, spirit.] In
Mohammedan myth., an inferior kind of demon ;
a jinn ; one of the least powerful, according to
a tradition from the Prophet, of the five orders
of Mohammedan genii. The jann are said to have
been created by God 2,000 years before Adam. Al-jann is
sometimes used as a name for Iblis, the father of thejinns.

janner (jan'er), v. i. Same as jauner, jaunder.
[Scotch.]

jannis, n. An obsolete or dialectal form of
jaundice.

jannock (jan 'ok), «. A cake or bannock.
[Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]

Mattie gae us baith a drap skimmed milk, and ane <>'
her thick ait jarmocfo, that was as wat an' raw as a divot.

Scott, Hob Roy, xir.

Jansenism

Jansenism (jan'sen-izm), n. [< Jansen (see
def . ) + -ism. The Flemish surname Jansen =
E. Johnson.] A system o£ evangelical doctrine
deduced from the writings of Augustine by Cor-
nelius Jansen, Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres
(1585-1638), and maintained by his followers.
It is described by Catholic authorities as " a heresy which
consisted in denying the freedom of the will and the pos-
sibility of resisting Divine grace," under "a professed at-
tempt to restore the ancient doctrine and discipline of the
Church." (Cath. Diet.) It is regarded by Protestant au-
thorities as " a reaction within the Catholic Church against
the theological casuistry and general spirit of the Jesuit
order," and "arevival of the Augustinian tenets upon the
inability of the fallen will and upon efficacious grace."
(0. P. Fisher, Hist. Reformation, p. 451.)

Jansenist (jan'sen-ist), n. [< Jansen (see def.)
+ -ist.] 1. One of a body or school in the Ro-
man Catholic Church, prominent in the seven-
teenth and eighteenth centuries, holding the
doctrines of Cornelius Jansen. See also Old
Catholics (a), under catholic. — 2. In the eigh-
teenth century, a garment, part of a garment,
or a fashion, supposed to be expressive of se-
verity of manners : in allusion to the Jansen-
ists of Port Royal. Thus, a sleeve covering
the whole arm was called a Jansenist.— Jansen-
ist crucifix. See crucifix.

jant (jant), a. [A dial. var. of genfl. Cf.janty,
jaunty.] Cheerful; merry. [Prov. Eng.]
Where were dainty ducks and jant ones,
Wenches that could play the wantons.

Barnaby's Journal. (UaUiwell.)

jantt, v. and n. Bee jaunt1.

qantily, adv. See jauntily.

jailtiliess, n. See jauntiness.

qanty, a. See jaunty.

janty-car, n. Same as jaunting-car.

January (jan'u-a-ri), n. [< ME. January (also
Janivere, Janyvere, etc., after OF.: see Janivere)
= OF. and F. Janvier = Pr. Januer, Januier, Ge-
novier, Genoyer = Sp. Enero = Pg. Janeiro = It.
Gennajo. Gennaro = D. January = G. Dan. Ja-
nuar = Sw. Januari, < L. Januarius (sc. mensis),
the month of Janus, < Janus, Janus : see Janus.]
The first month of the year, according to pres-
ent and the later Roman reckoning, consisting
of thirty-one days. Abbreviated Jan.

Januayst, a. and n. An obsolete form

3218

Japalura (jap-a-lu'rii), n. [NL.] A genus of
lizards of the family Agamida;. There are sev-
eral species, found in Sikhim, Formosa, and the
Loochoo islands.

japalure (jap'a-lur), n. An agamoid lizard of
the genus Japalura : as, the variegated japa-
lure, J. variegata.

Japan (ja-pan'), a. and n. [Prop., as an adj.,
attrib. use (Japan varnish, work, etc.) of the
name of the country called Japan (D. Dan. Sw.
G. Japan = F. Sp. Japan = Pg. Japao = It.
Giappone = Russ. Yaponiya), < Chin. Jih-pun
(Jap. Nihon or Nippon), lit. 'sunrise' (that is,
the East, the Japanese archipelago lying to the
east of China), < jih (Jap. ui), the sun, + pun
(J&p.pon or lion), root, foundation, origin. The
name was introduced into Europe by the Dutch
or Portuguese.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Ja-
pan: as, Japan varnish (now written "japan
varnish," without reference to the country);
Japan work, etc — Japan allspice, anemone, cam-
phor, etc. See the nouns.— Japan clover, the legumi-

form of Getio-

Januform (ja'nu-form), a. [< L. Janus, Janus,
+ forma, form.] Having the form of Janus —
that is, two-faced. [Rare.]

The supposition was that the statue was to be Janujorm,
with Playfair's face on one side and Stewart's on the
other ; and it certainly would effect a reduction in price,
though it would be somewhat singular.

Sydney Smith, To Francis Jeffrey.

JanUS (ja'nus), n. [L., prob. orig. "Dianus,
like fern. Jana for Diana, being thus etymologi-
cally = Gr. Z^v, a form of Zcvf, L. Jovis, Jupi-
ter (cf. LL. Januspater) : see deity, Diana, Jove,
Jupiter. The assumed connection with^'a
a door, is prob. due to popular etymolo
1. A primitive Italic solar divinity regarde
among the Romans as the doorkeeper of heaven
and the especial patron of the beginning and
ending of all undertakings. As the protector of
doors and gateways, he was represented as holding a staff
or scepter in the right hand and a key in the left ; and, as
the god of the sun's rising and setting, he had two faces,
one looking to the east, the other to the west. His temple
at Rome was kept open in time of war, and was closed
only in the rare event of universal peace.

Your faction then belike is a subtile Janus, and has
two faces. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst.

Hence— 2. A doorkeeper. [Rare.]

They differ herein from the Turkish Religion, that they
haue certaine idoll puppets made of silke or like stuffe,
oi the fashion of a man, which they fasten to the doore of
their walking houses, to be as lanusses or keepers of their
house. Purehas, Pilgrimage, p. 421.

3. [NL.] A genus of hymenopterous insects
of the family Vroceridai, resembling Cephus,
but distinguished from it by the filiform an-
tennffl. There is one European species, J. con-
nectus, and one North American, J. flaviven-
tris.

Janus-cloth (ja'nus-kldth), n. A textile fabric,
the color of one face of which is different from
that of the other: used for reversible garments.

Janus-cord (ja'nus-k6rd), n. A kind of rep
made of woolen and cotton, the cord or rib
showing on both sides alike.

Janus-faced < ja'nus-fast), a. Having two faces ;
two-faced; hence, double-dealing; deceitful.

Janus-headed (ja'nus- hedged), a. Double-
headed.

Janvert, n. See Janivere.

Jap (jap), n. [Short for Japanese.] A Japa-
nese. [Colloq., U. S.]

Jap. A common abbreviation of Japanese.

part of the United States about the y
time it has spread throughout the Southern States. Its pur-
plish flowers are minute and axillary, the pod one-seeded.
The leaves are trifoliate, very small, but numerous. The
root is perennial, strikes deep, and resists drought. It
thrives in good soil or poor, in the former growing erect
and bushy, sometimes two feet high. It is highly valued
for pasturage and for hay.— Japan colors. See color.—
Japan earth. Same as Terra Japonica (which see, un-
der terra). — Japan globe-flower. See Kerria. — Japan
wax. See wax.

II. n. II. c.] 1. Work varnished and figured in
the manner practised by the natives of Japan.

On shining altars of Japan they raise
The silver lamp ; the fiery spirits blaze.

Pope, R. of the L., iii. 107.

2. A liquid having somewhat the nature of a
varnish, made by cooking gum shellac with lin-
seed-oil in a varnish-kettle. Litharge or some sim-
ilar material is also usually added to quicken the drying
of the resulting japan. When it has been cooked down
to a very thick mass termed a "pill," it is allowed to cool,
and is then thinned down with turpentine. Japan is a
light-colored brownish-yellow liquid, of about the consis-
tency of varnish. A thin surface of it dries in from fifteen
to thirty minutes. It is used principally as a medium in

grinding japan colors. A small portion added to ordinary
ouse-paints makes them dry more rapidly, hence it is
sometimes called japan drier.

They were stained ... in imitation of maple, but far
less skilfully. Sometimes they were a black Japan.

Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 330.

3. ATI asphaltum varnish. — 4f. A black cane.
Davies.

Like Mercury, you must always carry a caduceus or con-
juring japan in your hand, capped with a civet-box.

The Quack's Academy, 1678 (Hart. Misc., II. 33).

Black japan, or japan lacquer, a varnish of a jet-black
color ; a hard black varnish used for producing a glossy-
black and enamel-like surface on iron, tin, and other mate-
rials. It is made by cooking asphaltum with linseed-oil,
and thinning the resulting thick mass with turpentine.
Also called japan black, black asphaltum, Brunswick black.
— Old Japan, Japanese porcelain which has a white
ground decorated with dark blue under the glaze, and
with red, green, and occasionally other enamels, with some
gold. This porcelain, which is the best-known of all the
Japanese decorative porcelains, is now known as Hizen or
/man.

japan (ja-pan'), v. t.; pret. and pp. japanned,
ppr. japanning. [< japan, n.] To varnish with
japan; cover with any material which gives a
hard black gloss.

Two huge, black, japanned cabinets . . . reflecting from
then: polished surfaces the effulgence of the flame.

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 195.

Japanese (jap-a-nes' or -nez'), a. and n. [< F.
Japonais = It. Giapponese, etc. ; as Japan +
-ese.] I. a. Pertaining to Japan or its inhabi-

tants — Japanese art, the art of Japan, an original, con-
sistent, and strictly national development, noteworthy
chiefly in the departments of industrial and of decorative
art. The productions of this art are characterized by fit-
ness for their purpose and constructive soundness, and
exhibit at once delicacy of touch and freedom of hand.
In architecture the groundwork is plain and simple, the

Japanese Art. — Example from a native Japanese book.

jape

models not differing greatly from those of neighboring
Asiatic countries. But the decoration shows the true
artistic spirit ; there is richness of curving, inlaying of
bronze, gold, and precious woods, and brilliant color, but
no excess or heaviness, and no masking of structural ele-
ments. In paintiny and the kindred arts the highest
study, that ol the human figure, has not been mastered ;
but the refined and true drawing of animals and plants,
with accurate representation of swift motion, and the har-
monious use of color, are alike remarkable. In sculpture,
especially in bronze and wood, the same subjects are treat-
ed with the same qualities and the same success. 1'he
technic of the Japanese bronzes especially has never been
attained by other peoples. Lacquered ware, embossed in
gold and colors, represents another industry in which
the Japanese are unrivaled. Their pottery and porcelain,
though ol great beauty, is perhaps excelled by that of the
Chinese. In textile fabrics, embroidery, wall-papers, etc.,
the exactness of observation and mastery 01 technical
rendering alike of Japanese artist and workman produce
admirable results.— Japanese bantam, a quaint orna-
mental variety of bantam with short yellow legs, and plu-
mage white with the exception of the tail, which is black.
The tail is very large, and is earned so upright that in the
cock it almost touches the head ; and the wings droop so
as nearly to reach the ground.— Japanese box. Ssme as
Chinese box. See Euanymw.— Japanese cypress, one
of various species of Cham&cyparis. — Japanese deer,
Cervus sika.— Japanese elm. Same as Iteald. — Japanese
ivy. See ivy1-— Japanese long-tailed fowls, a breed of
the domestic hen developed in Japan, similar in form to a
game or a small Malay, but characterized by the remarkable
length of the trailing sickle- feathers of the cock, which fre-
quently attain six or seven feet, and sometimes much more.
Also known saPhenix. Shinotauaro,or Yokohama j'wcls. —
Japanese pasque-flower, persimmon, quince, silk,
yam, etc. See the nouns.

II. n. 1. sing. and/)?. A native or natives of
Japan, an island empire in the Pacific ocean,
lying to the east of Corea, consisting of four
large islands and from three to four thousand
smaller ones. The Japanese style their own country
jfihon (or Nippon) (see Japan, etymology), or Dai Kihon
(or Nippon), 'Great Nihon,' and sometimes Yamato, from
the name of the region in which the old capital was situ-
ated.

2. The language of the inhabitants of Japan.
It is an agglutinative language, and often claimed, on
doubtful grounds, to belong to the Ural-Altaic family, as
related especially with Mongol and Mauchu.

Japanesque (jap-a-nesk'), «• [< Japan +
-esque.] Resembling the Japanese, or what is
Japanese; akiu to Japanese ; imitating the Jap-
anese art.

Japanism (ja-pan'izm), n. [= F. Japonisme;
as Japan + -ism.'} Japanese art, customs, etc.;
also, the study of things peculiar to Japan.

Japantem — a new word coined to designate a new field
of study, artistic, historic, and ethnographic.

Harper's May., LXXVI. 334.

Japanization (ja-pan-i-za'shon), n. The act or
process of conforming, orthe state of being con-
formed, to Japanese ideas, as of art or civiliza-
tion.

japanned (ja-pand'),7>.«. 1. Covered with ja-
pan, or with something resembling it in effect.
— 2. Appearing as if varnished with japan : as,
the japanned peacock, Pavo iiigripennis.

There is one strange fact with respect to the peacock,
namely the occasional appearance in England of the ja-
panned or "black-shouldered" kind.

Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 305.

Japanned leather. Same as patent leather (which see,
under leather).

japanner (ja-pan'6r), n, 1. One who applies
japan varnish, or produces japan gloss. — 2. A
shoe-black.

Well, but the poor — the poor have the same itch ;
They change their weekly barber, weekly news,
Prefer a new japanner to their shoes.

Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. i. 166.
Japanners' gliding. See gilding.
japanning (ja-pan'ing), n. [Verbal n. of japan,
v.] The art of coating surfaces of metal, wood,
etc., with japan or varnish, which is dried and
hardened by means of a high temperature in
stoves or hot chambers.

Japannlsh (ja-pan'ish), a. [< Japan + -ishl.]
Of or pertaining to Japan or the Japanese ; of
Japanese character. [Rare.]

In some of the Greek delineations (the lycian painter,
for example) we have already noticed a strange opulence
of splendour, characterisable as half-legitimate, half-mere-
tricious, a splendour hovering between the Kaffaelesque
and the Japannish. Carlyle, Sterling, vi.

jape (jap), v, [< ME. japen, < OF. japer, japper,
F. japper = Pr. japar, trifle, jest, play a trick,
tr. trick, impose upon; origin uncertain.] I.
intrans. To jest; joke. [Obsolete or archaic.]

In his pley Tarquynyus the yonge
Gan for to jape, for he was lyght of tonge.

Chaucer, Good Women,!. 1699.
My boon companion tavern-fellow — him
Who gibed and japed — in many a merry tale
That shook our sides — at Pardoners, Summoners,
Friars, absolution -sellers, monkeries,
And nunneries.

Tennyson, Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham.

II. trans. To deride ; gibe ; mock ; befool.

jape

Thus hath he japed the fill many a yeer.

Chaucer. Knight's Tale, 1. 871.

jape (jap), n. [< ME. jape, < OF. jape, jappe, F.
jui>pe = Pr. jap, jaup; from the verb.] 1. A
joke; jest; gibe.

lie ... gan his beste jape* forth to caste,
And made hire BO to laugh at his folye,
That she for laughtere wende fur to dye.

Chaucer, Troilus, II. 1167.

The roar of merriment around bespoke the by standers
well pleased with the jape put upon Elm.

Durham, Inguldsby Legends, I. 136.

2t. A trick ; wile ; cheat.

It is no tape, it Is tronth to see.

Jioin. of ParUnay (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 6696.
Nere myn extprcloun I myghte nat lyren,
Nor of swich japes wol I nat be shryven.

Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 142.

To make one a japet, to deceive one ; play a trick upon
one.

She mado hym fro the dethc escape,

And he made hir a ful t'aK /«/"'•

Chaucer, llouse of Fame, I. 414.

japert (ja'per), «. [< ME. japer, < OF. japeur,
¥. japprur, a jester, < japer, jest: see jape, tf.j
A jester; a buffoon.

After this comth the synne otjaperes, that ben the dev-
otes apes, for they makcn folk to laughe at hire Japerie,
as foikes doon at the gawdes of an ape.

Chaucer, Parson's Tale.

The japers, I apprehend, were the same as the bour-
dours, or rybauders, an inferior class of minstrels.

Stnttt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 262.

japeryt (ja'p6r-i), «. [< ME. japerie, < OF. ja-
perie. japperie, jesting, < japer, jest : see jape,
v.~] Jesting; joking; raillery; mockery; buf-
foonery.

Justinus, which that hated his folye,
Answerde anon right in his japerie.

Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, L 412.

Japetidae (ja-pet'i-de), ». pi. [NL., < Janetus,
Japhetus, a Latinized form of Heb. Japheth, one
of the three sons of Noah, + -JoVe.] The Indo-
European or Aryan family of peoples. [Rare.]

Japhetian (ja-fet'i-an), a. and ». [< Japheth
(seedef.) + -i<m.] I" a. Pertaining to Japheth ;
Japhetic.

The prc-scientinc Japhetian theory and the Caucasian
theory of lilumenbach have long been abandoned.

Abstract from /. Taylor, Nature, XXXVI. 697.

II. n. A descendant of Japheth; specifically,
one of the Milesian colonists of Ireland.
Japhetic (ja-fet'ik), a. [= Sp. Jafetico, < NL.
Japheticus, < Japhetus, Japheth.] Pertaining to
Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; descended,
or supposed to be descended, from Japheth ; In-
do-European or Aryan : as, the Japhetic nations.
Compare Semitic and Hamitic.
japinglyt, adv. [ME. japyn<jely.~] In a japing
manner; in joke.

Demosthenes his hondls onis pntte
In a wommania bosuni japynyely.

Occlem. (HoHt'wrfJ.)

japonica (ja-pon'i-ka), n. [< NL. Japonica, the
specific name, fern, of Japonictis, of Japan, <
Japan for Japan : see Japan.'] 1. Camellia Ja-
ponica. — 2. Pyrus (Cydonia) Japonica.

Japonitet, «• [< Japan for Japan (see Japan)
+ -lie2.] A Japanese.

Some mention (beleeue it that list) neere to lapan cer-
talne Islands of Amazons, with which the /aponttoyearely
haue both worldly and lleshly trattkiue.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 616.

jaquima (jak'i-mft), n. [Sp. jdquima; of Ar.
origin.] A horse's head-stall. [Western U. 8.]

jar1 (jar), r. ; pret. and pp. jarred, ppr. jarring.
[Early mod. E. jar, jarre (besides jur, jurre) ;
prob. a later form (with sonant j for surd ch :
cf.Jnw1 and E. dial, jarme for charm"2 = chirm,
churm) of *char, *charre, "chcrrc, now spelled
chirr and eliurr (cf. night-jar = night-churr, also
churn-owl, the goatsucker, in reference to its
cry). < ME. "cherren, 'cherien (not found), < AS.
eeorian, cerian, murmur, complain, = MJD. Jta-
rifii, also kocren, koerien, D. korren, coo, = OHO.
kerren, MHO. Icerren, kirren, G. kirren, coo,
creak, crunch, = Dan. kurre, coo, = Sw. kurrii,
rumble, croak. Cf. MHG. gerren, garren, gur-
ren, coo (also used of other sounds), G. girreri,
coo; prob. = L. gnrrire, chatter, prattle, talk,
also croak (as a frog), sing (as a nightingale);
and Skt. •/ gar, sound, akin to E. call : see call1
and garrmOHt, Words denoting sounds, even if
not orig. imitative, are subject to imitative va-
riation. Cf. jarglc and jfiri/ew1.] I. intrans. 1.
To produce a brief rattling or tremulous sound ;
be discordant in sound.

Sweeter soundes, of Concorde, peace, and loue,
Are out of tune, and iarre in i-uery stoppe.

Oatmiane, Steele (.las (ed. Arber). p. 59.

3219

2. To grate on the ear or the feelings ; have a
jangling or discordant quality; clash.

On easy numbers fix your happy choice ;
Qtjarriny sounds avoid the odious noise.
Drydcn and Soamet, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry, 1. 108.
A string may Jar in the best master's luiiid.

lioscommon.

Start at his awful name, or deem his praise
A jarring note. Coirper, Task, Ir. 181.

3. To receive a short, rattling, tremulous mo-
tion, as from an impulse; shake joltingly.

The gallery jarred with a quick and heavy tramp.

A. L. Stevenson, Prince Otto, II. 14.

4t. To sound or tick in vibrating, as a pendu-
lum ; hence, to be marked off by regular vibra-
tions or ticks.

The bells tolling, the owls shrieking, the toads croak-
ing, the minutes jarring, and the clock striking twelve.

Kyd, Spanish Tragedy, iv.

5. To speak or talk clatteringly or discordant-
ly; haggle; dispute; quarrel.

Ye muse somwhat to far,
All out of joynt ye jar.
Sketton, Duke of Albany and the Scottes.
We will not jar about the price.

Marlowe, Jew of Malta, It 2.
And then they sit in council what to do.
And then they jar again what shall be done.

Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, iv. 2.

II. trans. 1. To make discordant.

When once they | bells] jar and check each other, either
jangling together or striking preposterously, how harsh
and unpieasing is that noise!

lip. Hall, Occasional Meditations, § 80.
I alone the beauty mar,
I alone the music jar.

WHittier, Andrew Rykman's Prayer.

2. To impart a short tremulous motion to;
cause to shake or tremble ; disturb.

When no mortal motion jars
The blackness round the tombing sod.

Tennyson, On a Mourner.

3. To make rough ; roughen.

The face of the pollshing-lap is hacked or jarred.

0. Byrne, Artisan's Handbook, p. 838.

jar1- (jar), n. [Early mod. E. jar, jarre (besides
jur, jurre) (cf. chirr, c/iior2, «.); from the verb.]

1. A rattling sound ; a harsh sound; a discord.

The clash of arguments and jar of words.

Couyer, Conversation, L 85.

2. A clashing of interest or opinions; collision;
discord; debate; conflict: as, family Jars.

Although there be in their words a manifest shew otjar,
yet none if we look upon the difference of matter.

Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 19.
Yet him whose heart is ill at ease
Such peaceful solitudes displease ;
He loves to drown his bosom's jar
Amid the elemental war.

Scott, Marmlon, U., Int

3. A short tremulous motion or vibration, as
from an impulse ; a sudden shaking or quiver:
as, to feel the jar of an earthquake, or from
blasting.

In r, the tongue Is held stiffly at its whole length, by the
force of the muscles; so as when the impulse of breath
strikes upon the end of the tongue, where ft finds passage,
it shakes and agitates the whole tongue, whereby the
sound is affected with a trembling jar.

Holder, Elem. of Speech.

4f. A clicking or ticking vibration, as of a pen-
dulum ; a tick.

I love thee not Ajar o' the clock behind

What lady, she her lord. Shale., W. T., t 2, 48.

6. pi. A sliding joint in the boring-rods used
in rope-drilling. The Jars are like two large flat chain-
links, and their object is to give the bit a decided jar on
the up-stroke, so as to loosen it in case it has become
wedged In the hole. They also form a very important
member of the drilling-tools, as being the connecting-link
between the drill and the means of operating it.

jar2 (jar), n. [< ME. char, a turn: see ajar2.]
A turn: used separately only in the occasional
colloquial phrases on a jar, on the jar, usually
ajar, on the turn ; turned a little way, as a door
or gate.

She never absolutely shuts her mouth, but leaves it al-
ways on a jar, as it were.

Sheridan, School for Scandal, 11.2.

"I was there," resumed Mrs. Cluppins, "unbeknown to

Mrs, Bardell ; . . . when I see Mrs. Bardell's street-door

on the jar." "On the what?" exclaimed the little Judge.

" Partly open, my Lord," said Serjeant Snubbin.

Dickens, Pickwick, xxxiv.

jar3 (jar), n. [< OF. jare, F. jarre = Pr. jarra,
guarra = It. giura, giarra, formerly also zara,
f ., giarro. m., < Sp. Pg. jarra, f., jarro, m.. a jar,
pitcher, < Ar. jarra, a ewer, a jug with pointed
bottom, < Pers. jarrah. a jar, earthen water-
vessel. Cf. Pers. jtirrah, a little cruse or jar.]
1. An earthen or glass vessel of simple form,
without handle or spout. In ancient times large

jargon

earthenware jars served the purpose of cask* and barrel*.
See amphttra, doliwn, and pitnos.

A great Jarre to be shap'd

Was meant at first ; why, forcing still about

Thy labouring » heele, comes scarce a pitcher outT

B. Jonvon, tr. of Horace s Art of Poetry.
Or some frail China jar receive a flaw.

Pope, R. of the L., II. 108.

2. The quantity contained in a jar ; the con-
tents of a jar.

Sir, Spain has sent a thousand jars of oil.

Pope, Moral Essays, ill. :,«

Deflagrating jar, a glass-stoppled jar used In the lecture-
room to exhibit the combustion of certain bodies In gases,
as, for instance, phosphorus or sulphur in oxygen. See
deflayratiun.— Leyden jar. [After the town where It was
invented.] In elect., t condenser (which see) consisting,
In Its common form, of a glass jar lined inside and out
with tin-foil for about two thirds of Its height. A brass
rod terminating In a knob connects below with the Inner
coating, usually by means of a loose chain. The glass sur-
face above the coatings is usually varnished, for better in-
sulation. For illustration, txe battery. — Unit Jar, a small
Leyden jar furnished with two knobs (one connected to
each coating), the distance between which can he varied.
By connecting one knob to the prime conductor of an elec-
trical machine, and the other to one plate of a condenser
(the other plate of which is to earth), the relative value of
different charges can be measured, by counting the num-
ber of sparks which pass between the knobs during the
operation of charging. The unit is entirely arbitrary.

jarble, jarvel (jar'bl, -vel), «'. t.; pret. and pp.
jarbled, jarveled or jarrelled, ppr.jarbling,jar-
veling or jarvelling. [See javel*.'] To wet; be-
dew, as by walking in long grass after dew or
rain. lirockctt. [Prov. Eng.]

jarde (jiird), n. [F.] In farriery, a callous
tumor on the leg of a horse, below the bend of
the ham on the outside. Also Jordan.

jardiniere (zhar-de-nyar'), n. [F., a flower-
stand, also a female gardener, a gardener's
wife, fern, otjardinicr, a gardener: see garden,
gardener."] 1. A piece of furniture or a vessel
for the display of -flowers, whether growing or
cut. (a) A stand upon which flower-pots can be ar-
ranged. (J) A cache-pot. <<•) A vessel, often of fine en-
ameled pottery or of porcelain, and richly decorated, in
which flowers are arranged for the decoration of the table.

2. A kind of lappet, forming part of the head-
dress of women at the beginning of the eigh-
teenth century.

jardon (F. pron. zhar-dM'), n. [F.,< jarde, q. v.]

Same as jarde.

jar-fly (jar'fli), ?i. A homopterous insect of the
family Cicadidte; any harvest-fly or lyerman,
as Cicada tibicen: so called from the jarring
sound of their stridulation.
jarglet (jar'gl), v. i. [< OF. jargouiller, warble,
chirp, chatter, connected with jargoniier, chat-
ter, jangle: see jargon1. Cf. E. gargle1, < OF.
gargouiller.] To emit or make a harsh or shrill
sound.

Jaryles now in yonder bush.

England's Helicon, p. 46. (Italliu-ell.)
Her husband's rusty Iron corselet,
Whose jar/jliny sound might rock her babe to rest

Bp. Hall, Satires, Iv. 4.

jargoglet (jar'gog-1), v. t. [Appar. a confused
extension of jargon1."] To jumble; confuse.
To jargoyle your thoughts. Locke.

jargon1 (jar'gon), ». [< ME. jargoun, gargonn,
jargon, jergon, chattering, < OF. jargon, gergon,
F. jargon, gibberish, peddlers' French, orig.
' chattering,' = It. gergo, gergone, jargon (cf.
Sp. gerigonza = Pg. geringonca, jargon), > OF.
(also V.)jargonner, chatter as birds, later speak
gibberish, jangle, chatter, babble confusedly
(cf. Sp. gerigon;ar, speak a jargon); perhaps
a reduced reduplication of the root appearing
in L. garrire, chatter, prattle, talk, croak (as a
frog), sing (as a nightingale), etc. : see jar1 and
garrulous."] 1. Confused, unintelligible talk;
irregular, formless speech or language; gabble;
gibberish; babble.

He was al coltissh. ful of ragerye,
And ful at jargon as a flekked pye.

Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 604.

What more exquisite jargon could the wit of man invent
than this definition? — "The act of a being In power, as
far forth as In power."

Locke, Human Understanding, III. iv. 8.

Specifically — 2. A barbarous mixed speech,
without literary monuments; a rude language
resulting from the mixture of two or more dis-
cordant languages, especially of a cultivated
language with a barbarous one : as, the Chinook
jargon; the jargon called Pidgin-English.

For my own part, besides the jargon and patois of sev-
eral provinces, I understand no less than six languages.
Sir T. Bromu, Eeligio Medici, U. a

3. Any phraseology peculiar to a sect, profes-
sion, trade, art, or science ; professional slang
or cant.

jargon

This society has a peculiar cant and jargon of their own.
Surift, Gulliver's Travels, iv. 5.

The conventional jargon of diplomacy, misleading every-
where, becomes tenfold more misleading in those parts of
the world [southeastern Europe].

E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lccts., p. 403.
=Syn. 1. Chatter, Babble, etc. See prattle, n.
jargon1 (jiir'goii), *'. i. [< ME. jargonen, jarf/ou-
tien, < OF. jargonner, jargon ; from the noun.]
To utter unintelligible sounds.

Ful fairc seryise, and eke ful swete
These briddis maden as they sete.
Layes of love, ful wel sownyng,
They songen in her iargoning.

Rom. of the Rote, 1. 716.
The noisy jay,
Jaryoning like a foreigner at his food.

Longfellow, Birds of Killingworth.

jargon2 (jar'gon), M. [Also jargoon ; < F. jar-
gon, < It. giargone, a sort of yellow diamond,
perhaps < Pers. zargiin, gold-colored, < zar, gold,
+ gun, quality, color. Of. zircon.] A colorless,
yellowish, or smoky variety of the mineral zir-
con from Ceylon. The gray varieties are sold in Ceylon
as inferior diamonds, and called Matura diamonds, because
most abundant in the district of Matura.

3220

jasper-wash

It has been somewhat criti- Jasminum (jas'mi-num), n. [NL. (Linnajus) :
&»r^tS$T.'$ nf ^"""^ A

it be English or live oak.

cized, however, for deficie:

warp and shrink. Jarrah-

close-grained, works easily and takes a fine polish, and is

valuable for building purposes and for furniture. See

Eucalyptus.

jarry ( jiir'i), a. [< jarl + _yi.j Jarring ; re-
verberating.

Theese flaws theyre cabbans wyth stur snar jarrye doe
ransack. Stanihurst, . r.nciii, i. 63.

jarseyt (jar'zi), ». An obsolete form of jersey.

jarvel, v. t. See jarble.

jarvey, jarvy (jar'vi), n. ; pi. jarveys, jarvies
(-viz). [Also jarvie; prob., like some other
vehicle-names, of personal origin, from the sur-
name Jarvie or Jarvis, which is another form of
Jervis, Gervase.] 1. The driver of a hackney-
coach. [Eng. slang.]

The Glass-coachman waits, and in what mood ! A bro-
ther jarvie drives up, enters into conversation; is answered
cheerfully injarvie dialect. Carlyle, French Kev., II. iv. 3.

To the " Phaynix" Park a janey will be the best cice-
rone.

2. A hackney-coach.

Oleacea!, containing some 90 species of shrub-
by, often climbing, plants, indigenous in the
warmer parts of the old world, especially in
Asia, many of them cultivated. The corolla of
the flowers has a cylindrical tube (which includes the two
stamens), and a spreading limb, with usually four or five
divisions. The leaves are pinnately compound, or re-
duced to a single leaflet. The white or yellow flowers are
axillary or terminal. Well-known species are : J. offici-
nale, the common white jasmine, thoroughly naturalized
in southern Europe ; J. yrandiflorum, from India, vari-
or Cat "

f called Malabar or Catalonian or Spanish jasmine ;
J. Sambac, the Arabian jasmine. The ordinary jas-
;-oil is furnished mainly by the first two, which are

ously called Malabar
and J. ~
mine-*

extensively cultivated for the "purpose in southern Eu-
rope ; but the last yields a similar perfume. Many other
species are prized for their elegance and fragrance.

(jasp), n. [< ME. jaspe, < OF. jaspe, < L.
jasper: see jasper.] Jasper.

The floore of Jasp and Emeraude was dight
__ __ Spenser, Visions of Bellay, 1. 25.

"The ' Century" xiLuL^m. jaspachatet (jas'pa-kat), n.
L. iaspachates, < Gr. '

[< F. jaspagate, <
-if, < iaanif, jasper,

I stepped into the litter — I mean the litter at the bottom + a^drr/f, agate.] Agate jasper,
jargonelle (jar-go-nel'), ». [< F. jargonelle, a otOieJany. T. Hook, Gilbert Gurney, III. i. jaspe (jasp), n. [F., lit. jasper: see jasper.] A

very stony variety of pear, dim. of jargon, the jarziet (jar'zi), ». An obsolete form of jersey, dark-gray substance produced by deoxidizing

mineral so called: see jargon^.] 1. A variety jaserantt, »• See jesserant. crystalled glass: used in ornamental art. D.

of early pear.— 2. An essence obtained from jasey (ja'zi), «. [Also jasey and jasy; a cor- .M. Wallace, Art Jour., N. S., IX. 222.

fusel-oil. ruption of jersey.] A kind of wig, originally jaspe (jas'pa), a. [F., pp. of jasper (= Sp. Pg.

jargonic (jar-gon'ik), a. [< jargon^ + -ic.] one made of worsted; a jersey. jaspear), make like jasper, < jaspe, jasper: see

Pertaining to the mineral jargon. He looked disdainfully at the wig; it had once been a jasper.] In decorative art, especially in ceram-

jargonist (jar'gon-ist), «. [< jargon^ + -ist.] comely jasey enough, of the colour of over-baked ginger- ics, having a surface ornamented with veins,

One who uses a particular jargon or phraseol- bread- Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 358. spots, cloudings, etc., as if in imitation of jas-

ogy; one who repeats by rote popular phrases, Jasione (jas-i-6'ne), n. [NL. (Linnaeus), < Gr. .per; jasperated; jaspidean.

professional slang, or the like. iaaiuvti (Thepphrastus), a plant of the convol- jasper (jas^'per), n. [< ME. jasper, jaspre, also

" And pray of what sect," said Camilla, " is this gentle- vulus kind

man?" "Of the sect of jargonists," answered Mr. Gos-

port; "he has not an ambition beyond paying a passing

compliment, nor a word to make use of that he has not

picked up at public places." Miss Burney, Cecilia,

jargonize (jar'gon-iz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. jargon-
ized, ppr. jargonizing. [< OF.jargoniser, speak
jargon ; &s jargon1 + -ize.] To speak a jargon;
utter uncouth and unintelligible sounds.

" , in same

(Theophrastus), a plant of the convol- jasper (jas'per), n. [< ME. jasper, .
kind, bindweed, or, according to others, jaspe (and as L. iaspis), < OF. jaspre, an oc-

arjst, «. L^PPar. a per iion or MOB*, in same Europe, the extreme northern part excepted.
sense: see jacki, n., 21.] A seal (see extract jasmine, jasmin (jas'min or jaz'min), ».

under jarkman). FraternitieofVacabondes,1575.
(Halliwell.)

jarkmant, n. [Appar. a perversion otjackman,
in same sense. Ct.jark.] 1 . A particular kind
of swindling beggar. See the quotation.

There [are] some in this Schoole of Beggers that practise
writing and reading, and those are called Jarkmen [old ed. ,
Jac/cmen] : yea, the Jarkman is so cunning sometimes that
he can speake Latine ; which learning of his lifts him vp
to aduancement, for by that means he becomes Clarke of
their Hall, and his office is to make counterfeit licences,
which are called Gybes, to which hee puts scales, and
those are termed Jarkes.

Dekker, Belman of London, sig. C 3 (ed. 1608).
2. A begging-letter writer. [Slang.]

jarl (jarl, properly yarl), n. [Icel., = Dan. Sw.
jarl = AS. eorl, E. earl : see earl.} In Scand.
hi

nulacea, containing about a dozen species of
herbs belonging to temperate Europe. The co-
rolla is narrowly five-parted ; the anthers are somewhat
connate at their base. The flowers are borne at the ends
of the branches in hemispherical heads with leafy involu-
cres. J. montana, with bright-blue flowers, is the com-
mon sheep's-bit of Great Britain, and extends throughout

.- ,. . [In

two forms: (I) jasmine, also spelled jasmin (=
D. jasmijn = G. Dan. Sw. jasmin), < OF. jasmin,
josmiu, F. jasmin = Sp.jazmin = Pg.jasmim;

and obs. diaspre, q. v.) = D. G. jaspis, < L. ias-
pis (iaspid-), < Or. lamrtc, < Ar. yasb, yasf, yashb
(> Pers. yashb) = Heb. yashplteh, jasper.] 1.
Among the ancients, a bright-colored chalced-
ony (not, however, including carnelian), trans-
lucent and varying in color, green being appa-
rently most common. It was highly esteemed as
a precious stone.

Her light was like unto a stone most precious, even like
a jasper stone. Rev. xxi. 11.

2. In modern usage, a closely compact crypto-

NL. JMmfoMttty (2) jessamin, also spelled jessa- crystalline variety of quartz, opaque or nearly

mine, and formerly jessemin, < OF . jessemin, jcl- so, and colored red, yellow, or brown, or less

somine = It. gesmino, also gelsomino (cf . Gelse- often green. The color is usually due to oxid of iron

nuum and gelsemiii, q. v.) and gelsimo, jasmine ; the anhydrous oxid being present in the red, and the hy-

< Ar. *ydsmin, yesmin, Turk, ydsemin, < Pers dra'ed oxid in the yellow and brown varieties. Some kinds

yasmin, also yasamin, jasmine* Cf. Gr. M,W( ^Ja^^S^^S^?^^

'fifAatOV (CAalov, Oil) and laa/UVOV ftvpov iron ores of thn fakB Si

(/ii'pov, juice), a Persian perfume, perhaps oil of
jasmine.] A plant of the genus Jasminum. —

i • '•) /n -i\ j it / ' iiinca ijiuieu jaepvTUK) occurs on a large scale wnn tne

also taaueAaiov (eAatav, oil) and taa/uvov faipov iron ores of the Lake Superior region. The finer varieties

/,„.„„„ ,,,,,«\ ~ r> — : e. 1 ;i .* oj jagpe,. ac|mjt Of a good polish, and are used for vases,

snuff-boxes, seals, etc. Banded or striped jasper (also called
ribbon-jasper) is a kind having the color in broad stripes, as
of red and green. Agate jasper has layers of chalcedony.
Egyptian jasper, much used in ancient art, was found near
the Nile, jm nodules having zones of red, yellow, or brown

hist. : (a) A man of noble birth ; a nobleman.
(6) A chief; as a title, an earl; a count. The
name was used both as a family title and as an official
lly a republican

itard jasmine, species of the genus Oestrum.— Cape

jasmine. Gardenia florida. — Carolina or yellow Jas-
mine, Getsemium sempermrens.— Chili jasmine, Mande-
villa suaveolens.— French jasmine, Calotropu procera.—
Jasmine box, species of the genus Phillyrea.-- Night
jasmine, Nyctantheg Arbor-tristis.—ReA jasmine. jPZu-
miera rubra. Seefrangipani.—VfUA jasmine, the wind-
flower, Anemone nemorosa.

• Jasmines (jas-min'e-e), n. pi.

colors. Porcelain jasper is merely a baked indurated clay,
often of a bright-red color.

3. An earthenware made of pounded spar. — 4.
Same as jasper-ware.
[NL. (Jussieu, jasperated (jas'per-a-ted), a. [< jasper + -ate%

Our alluding, ceorl, and slave are found in the oldest 178f9)' \ J(l*™nu™ +'-«<! A plant-tribe of the + -e<?2 ] Mixed with jasper; containing parti-
tradition of the north as jarl, carl, and thrall; in later natur.aj order Oleacea;, typified by the genus cles of jasper: as, jasperated agate.

times carl begat the bonder and iarl the kinir .insmi.mt.m n ia i)i^ti,ijri,:c.i,.-..] i,,. *i... f..,,:* i...:.... . *_ 4na*tA«» /-i**-, '.,.'.,.'.,. .];.,! . £?.*»..*

J. S. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 55.
Two ghastly heads on the gibbet are swinging ;
One is Jarl Hakon's and one is his thrall's.

Longfellow, Saga of King Olaf, iii. jasmine-tree (jas'min-tre), n. The red jasmine,

jarlet, f. i. [A freq. of jar1, or contr. of jarqle.~\
To quarrel; be at odds.

The odd £30 shall come with the £100, or else my father
and I willjarle.

Sir P. Sidney (Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 308).

jarnut (jar'nut), n. [E. dial., due to Dan. jord-
ndd or D. aardnoot = E. earthnut. Cf. jarworm,
a dial, form of earthworm.] The earthnut or

_ pignut. See Bunium.

jarool (ja-rol'), n. [E. Ind.] A timber-tree of
India, Lagerstrcsmia Flos-Kegina;.

jarosite (ja-ro'sit), ». [Named from a locali-
ty, Barranco Jaroso, in Spain.] A native hy-
drous sulphate of iron and potassium, occur-
ring in ocher-yellow rhombohedral crystals,
and also in granular masses.

jar-owl (jar'oul), n. The churn-owl, night-jar,
or night-churr, Caprimulgus europaius.

jarrah (jar'a), n. [Australian.] The Eucalyp-
tus marginata, or mahogany gum-tree, abound-
ing in southwestern Australia. It is famous for its
indestructible wood, which is not attacked by the cheln-
ra, teredo, or termites, and does not easily decay. It is,
therefore, highly valued for marine and underground uses,
as for jetties, railroad-ties, and telegraph-poles. Austra-
lian ship-builders prefer it to any other timber, unless

Plumiera rubra, of the West Indies.
miera.

It is distinguished by the fruit being twin, jasper-dip (jas'per-dip), n. Same as jasner-
or septicidally divisible into two, by the lobes of the co- wash

rolla being strongly imbricated and twisted in the bud, and iaonorifo Ciaa'T>6r in n f<in<ynw4- Hel 1 «»«
by the seeds being erect and having little or no albumen JaSpente (jas per-lt), n. [< jasper + -ite*.] See

jasper, 2.

See Plu- Ja>sperize (jas'per-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. jas-
perized, ppr. jasperizing. [< jasper + -ize.]
To convert into a form of silica like jasper.
The "petrified forest" near Corriza in Apache county,
Arizona, contains large quantities of jasperized wood,
much of it true agate and jasper, and of great beauty when
polished. It is extensively used for ornamental objects ;
single sections of the tree-trunks form table-tops, etc.

The Arizona agatized or jasperized wood shows the most
beautiful variety of colours of any petrified wood in the
world. Nature, XXXVII. 68.

jasper-opal (jas'per-o'pal), n. An impure va-
riety of the common opal, containing some yel-
low iron oxid and having the color of yellow
jasper. Also called jasp-opal and opal-jasper.
jasper-ware (jas'per-war), n. A kind of pot-
tery invented by Josiah Wedgwood, and de-
scribed by him as "a white terra-cotta " and as
" a white porcelain bisque (biscuit)." This paste
was used by Wedgwood for his most delicate work, espe-
cially for the small reliefs called "cameos " with which he
ornamented his finest vases, etc., and which were also made
_ for setting in jewelry. Also called cameo-ware.
jasper-wash (jas'per-wosh), w. A kind of ce-
ramic decoration introduced by Wedgwood in
1777. In this the more expensive jasper-ware is used only
for the surface, the body being of coarser material. Also
called jasper-dip.

Flowering Branch of Jasmin* (Jasn.
entire I b, flower opened to show

the stamens : * . pistil.

jaspery

jaspery (.jas'per-i), «. [< jasper + -u1.] Re-
sembling jasper; mixed with jasper: us, jaspery
quartz.

jaspidean (jas-pid'e-an), a. [< L. iaspideus, <
inxpiH, jasper: see jasper.] Like jasper; con-
sisting of jasper, or containing jasper.
jaspideous (jas-pid'e-us), a. [= Pg. jaspidfo, <
L. iaspideus, < iaspis, jasper: see jasper.] Like
jasper.
jaspoid (jas'poid), a. [< jasp-er, F. jaspc, +

-OK/.] Resembling jasper.

jasponyi (jas'po-niks), ». [L. iasponyx, < Gr.
fao-TroWf, < fcwirtf, jasper, + owf, onyx.] A jas-
per with the structure of an onyx.
jasp-opal (jasp'o'pal), n. Same as jasper-
opal.

jaspure (jas'pur), n. [< F. jaspure (= Pg. jas-
peadura), marbling, < jasper, make like jasper,
marble : see jospe".] Decoration with veins of
color like those of jasper or agate.
Jassidffl (jas'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Jassus + -id<E.]
An extensive family of homopterous insects,
named from the genus Jassus, of wide geo-
graphical distribution, and containing many
bugs ordinarily called leaf-hoppers. They are
mostly of small size, slender and often spindle-shaped,
with very long hind legs, and curved tlbire armed with a
double row of spines. They occur in nearly all parts of
the world, and many of them are notably noxious to agri-
culture and horticulture. Also Jaesida.
Jassus (jas ' us), n. [Prop. lassus, < L. lasstts
or Idsits, < Gr. 'laffooc. or "Ia<TOf, a town on the
coast of Caria, now Askem.] The name-giving
genus of Jassidte, at present restricted to a few
species not characteristic of the family,
jataka (ja'ta-ka), «. [Skt. jdtaka, < jdta, born,
pp. of VJa or jan, be born.] A nativity ; birth-
story; specifically, an account of the life of
Buddha in one of his successive human exis-
tences.

Jatamansi (jat-a-man'si), ». [E. Ind.] The
supposed spikenard of the ancients, Nardosta-
chys Jatamansi.

Jateorhiza (jat'e-o-ri'z&), n. [NL. .(Miers,
1851), irreg. < Gr. iarr/p or iarfc, a physician (<
100601, cure), + M«i a root.] A genus of Me-
nispermacea, containing, with one or two other
species, the J. Calumba, whose root is the co-
lumbo of commerce. They belong to the forests of
Mozambique, and are woody climbers with large, deeply
cleft leaves on long petioles, and the flowers in axillary
racemes. The flower has 6 sepals in two sets, 6 petals
shorter than the sepals, and in the male plant « stamens
whose anthers open by a transverse slit near the extrorse
tip In the female flower there are 8 sterile stamens, and
3 ovaries which become ovoid drupes. See cut under co-
luinbo.

Jatropha (jat'ro-fS), n. [NL. (Linnaeus), irreg.
' < Gr. (orpof, a physician, + Tpotfi, sustenance,
food, < rpttetv, nourish, sustain.] A genus of
plants of the natural order Euphorbiaceee, and
tribe Cr«tone<e, embracing some 68 species be-
longing to the warmer parts of both hemi-
spheres, but
chiefly Ameri-
can. They are mo-
noecious herbs or
shrubs with alter-
nate petioled and
stipulate leaves,
which are entire or
palmately lobed.
The small flowers
areindichotomous
cymes, the fertile
toward the center.
The male flowers,
and sometimes the
female, have a co-
rolla with five pet-
als or lobes. The
numerous stamens
are in two or more
series, with their
filaments more or
less united in a
column. The ovary
is two- or three-
celled, with one
seed in a cell. J.
Cured* furnishes
the seeds known
as />'<(/•?"('/(>* nut*.

also, on account of their properties, called physic- or purg-
in'i-niit* These with the seeds of J. multi/ida (called
coral-plant\ yield the jatropha-oil. J. glattta of the East
Indies yields a stimulating oil, used externally. J. ureiu,
var. etiinutusa, calh'il uptiriir-itettle and tread-*iflly, is a
stinging weed of the southern United States. J. poda-
trrica is a curious species sometimes cultivated in conser-
vatories.
jaud (jad), n. A Scotch form of jade1.

I heard ane o' his gillies bid that auld rndasjaud of a
gudewife gie ye that Scott, Rob Roy, xxix.

jauk (jak), v. i. [Origin obscure.] To trifle ;
spend one's time idly. [Scotch.]

3221

The younkers a' are warned to obey,

An' mind their labours wi' an eydent hand,

An' ne'er, though out o' sight, to jauk or play.

Burnt, Cottar's Saturday Night

jauk(jaV), n. [<j««A-,«.] 1. A trifle; trifling;

dallying.— 2. An idler; trifler. Jamieson.
jault, ''. i. A former spelling of jowl.
jaulingite (you 'ling-it), ». [< Jaulinq (see

def.) + -«te*.] A mineral resin obtained from

the lignite of Jauling in Lower Austria,
iaum, jaumb, ». Obsolete or dialectal forms

of ja wife1,
jaunt »• [Cf. ML. (AL.)ja«nwm, jampnum; <

Bret, jaon, jan (Du Cange), furze.] Furze ;

tone.

jauncet (jans or jans). v. [The verb jounce,
q. v., is older, being found in ME.; the later
jaunce may be a different word, being appar. <
OF.jancer, j'aunce, jounce (a horse) : see jaunt1
and jounce.] L trans. To jolt or shake, as a
horse by rough riding; ride hard. Also jaunt.
II. intrans. 1. To ride hard.
Spur-gall'd, and tir'd byjounciiw Itollngbroke. _^

2. To be jolted or shaken up, as by much walk-
ing ; walk about till much fatigued. See quota-
tion under jaunt1, v. «., 1.

jauncet (jans or jans), n. [Also jounce, q. v. ;
from the verb.] A jolting; a shaking up, as
by much walking. See quotation under jaunt1,

jaunder (jan'- or jan'der), r. i. [Also jauner,
jawner, janner (cf. also cAa»n«r); appar. a freq.
of jaunt; perhaps influenced by the partlyequiv.
daunder, q. v.] To talk idly or in a jocular
way.

They war only jokin'; . . . they war just jaunderin' wi-
the bridegroom for fun.

Edinburgh Monthly Mag., June, 1817, p. 24a

TO Jaunder about, to go about Idly from place to place,
jaunder (jan'- or jan'der), n. [Also jauner,
jander; from the verb.] 1. Idle talk; gossip;
chatter.

Oh haud your tongue now, Lnckie Lalng,
Oh haud your tongue an' jauner.

Burnt, Oat ye Me.

2. Ramblingordesultory conversation. [Scotch

in both senses.]
jaunders (jan'- or jan'derz), n. A dialectal

form of jaundice.
jaundice (jan'- or jan'dis), n. [Early mod. E.

also jaundize, jaundies; E. dial, jaunders, jan-

ders; < ME. jaundys, jandis, jandise, also jaicn-

jaup

jaunest, jaunyst, »• Obsolete forms of jaun-
dice.

jaunt1 (jant or jant), t>. [Sometimes spelled
jant; history defective, the word being con-
fused with other words of similar or related
meanings: et.jiiiinri-.jiiuiice, also jaunder, jan-
der, jaun ft, jump, etc., all prob. of Scaud. ori-
gin. The relations of these forms are unde-
termined.] I.t trans. Same as jaunce.

He was set upon an unbroken coult, . . . and taunted
til he were breathless*.

Bp. Bale, Pageant of Popes, fol. 127.

II. intrans. If. Same as jaunce, 2.

O, my back, my back 1
Beshrew your heart for sending me about
To catch my death with jaunting |var. jaunting] op and
down ! Shak., R. and J., u. 5, IBS.

2. To wander here and there ; ramble ; make
an excursion, especially for pleasure.

'Las, I'm weary with the walk 1

My iauntina days are done.

Beau, and Fl., Wit at Several Weapons, v. 2.

jaunt1 (jant or jant), ». [< jaunt, r.] It. A
jolting; a shaking up, as by much walking.
I am aweary, give me leave a while : —
>'le, bow my tones ache ! what a .Jaunt [var. jaunet} fen*
I had! SAaJ-., R. and J., II. 5, 26.

2. A ramble; an excursion; a short journey,
especially one made for pleasure.
His first jaunt is to court Sir R. L'Ettrange.

> fadorrica.

a, inflorescence ; *, male flower.

dres (with excrescent d and r), earlier jaunes,
jawnes,jaunys, < OF. jaunisse, later jaulnisse, F.
jaunisse, jaundice, yellows, lit. 'yellowness,' <
OF. jaune, yellow: see jaune.] 1. In pathol., a
morbid state characterized by the presence of
bile-pigments in the blood, which gives nse to
a yellow staining of the skin and the whites of
the eyes and to a dark coloring of the urine.
The stools are usually light in color, and there is more or
lr*s iHs-sitmU- ami loss of aiijiftitf. X:uith<>i>sy, or >flli>w
vision, occurs in some very rare instances. Also called
ictenu.

Then on the Liver doth the laundue fall,
Stopping the passage of the cholerick Gall ;
Which then, for good blood, scatters all about
Her fiery poyson, yellowing all without.
Sylcetter, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, U., The Furies.

Hence — 2. A state of feeling or emotion that
colors the view or disorders the judgment, as
jealousy, envy, and the like.

Jealousy, the jaundice of the soul.

Dryden, Hind and Panther, 111. 73.

jaundice (jan'- or jan'dis), v. t.; pret. and pp.
jaundiced, ppr. jaundicing. [< jaundice, n.] 1.
To affect with jaundice.

All looks yellow to the jaundiced eye.

Pope, Easay on Criticism, 1. 560.

Hence — 2. To affect with prejudice or envy.

He beheld the evidence of wealth, and the envy of wealth
jaundiced his soul. Bulwer, My Novel, ii. 10.

jaundice-berry, jaundice-tree (jan'dis-ber'i,
-tre), n. [So called with ref . to the yellow un-
der-bark.] The barberry, Berberis vulgaris.
jaunet, «• [ME., < OF. jnune, jalne, jaulne, F.
;V;i(M« = Pg. jalne, yellow, < L. galbinus, also
galbanus, yellowish-green, < L. galbus, yellow;
prob. of Teut. origin ; cf . OHG. gelo (geltc-), G.
gelb = E. yellow, of which the proper L. form is
helvus: seeyeUow, heh'in, and rti/orin.] Yellow.
Wine of Tonrain, and of Bewme also,
Which iatrne colour applied noght vnto.

Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.\ L 970.
I won't be known by my colors, like a bird. I have
made up my mind to wear theidui*.

C. Reade, Love me Little, L

jauner (ja'- or ja'ner), v. and n. See jaunder.

I designed a jaunt into the city to-day to be merry, but
was disappointed. Sv^ft, Journal to Stella, rmiv.

Spring, which Is now in full vigour, and every hedge and
bush covered with flowers, rendered our jaunt delightful.
U. Sirinburne, Travels through Spain, x\ v.
= Syn. 2. Trip, tour, stroU.

jaunt2 (jant), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin, namely
< 8w. ganta, play the buffoon, romp, sport, jest
(refl. gantas, Dan. gantes, jest), < Sw. dial, gant,
a fool, buffoon (cf. gan, droll, Icel. gan, fren-
zy, frantic gestures). Cf. jaunfl-.'] A sneer;
gibe; taunt. [Scotch.]

jaunt3 (jant), n. [< OF. jante, also spelled
gente, in pi. jantes, the fellies of a wheel; ori-
gin obscure.] A felly of a wheel,
jauntily (jan'- or jan'ti-li), adv. Briskly; air-
ily; gaily. Also spelled jantily.
jauntiness (jan'- or jan'ti-nes), n. The qual-
ity of being jaunty; airiness; sprightliness.
Also spelled jantiness.

A certain stiffness in my limbs entirely destroyed that
jauntmest of air I was once master of.

Additon, Spectator, No. 530.

jaunting-car (jan'ting-kar), n. [ Appar. (.jaunt-
ing, verbal n. of jaunt1, r. i., 2, + ear1 ; but the
var. janty-car. if not a corruption, makes this
doubtful.] A light two-wheeled vehicle, very
popular in Ireland, having two seats extended
back to back over the low wheels for the ac-
commodation of passengers, a compartment be-
tween the seats, called the well, for the receipt
of luggage, and a perch in front for the driver.

jaunty (jan'ti or jan'ti), a. [First in the lat-
ter part of the 17th century, with various spell-
ings janty, jantce, jawntee, etc., also accented as
ifF., Jan te, jan tee, being an imperfect imitation,
in E. spelling, of the contemporary F. pronun-
ciation of F. gen til, otherwise Englished as gen-
teel and in older form gentle; the form genty,
with E. vowel sound, also occurs, and, in ME.,
gent, < OF. gent, an abbr. of gentil: see gentle,
genteel, genft, genty.~] It. Genteel.

I desire my Reformation may be a Secret, because, as you
know, for a Man of my Address, and the rest — tta not
altogether so JanUe. Mn. Behn, Sir Timothy Tawdry, I. i.
2. Gay and sprightly in manner, appearance,
or action; airy; also, affectedly elegant or
showy.

Not every one that brings from beyond seas a new gin
orjanty device, is therefore a philosopher.

Uobbtt Considered (1662). (Todd. )

Turn your head about with a janU air.

Farquhar, The Inconstant, i.

No wind blows rude enough to jostle the jauntieit hat
that ever sat upon a human head.

H. Janet, Subs, and Shad., p. 382.

The Jaunty self-satisfaction caused by the bias of patriot-
lam when excessive. U. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 217.

jaup (jap), r. [Also written jairp,jalp ; .
origin obscure.] I. trans. 1. To strike; chip
or break by a sudden blow. — 2. To spatter, as
water or mud.

Rosmer sprang I' the nut sea oat,
And jatcp'd it up i' the sky.
Roimer Ha/mand (Child's Ballads, I. 257).

II. intrant. To dash and rebound as water;
make a noise like water agitated in a close ves-
sel. [Scotch in all uses.]

jaup

Auld Scotland wants nae skinking ware [watery stuff]
That jatips in luggies. Burm, To a Haggis.

jaup (jap), n. [< jaup, «>.] Water, mud, etc.,
dashed or splashed up. [Scotch.]

And dash the gnmlie [muddy] jaups up to the pouring
skies. Burns, Brigs of Ayr.

Java (jii'va), n. [So called from the island of
Java.] A breed of the domestic hen, origi-
nated in the United States. The javas are of good
size and broad and deep shape, and rank well for utility.
There are two varieties, the blacks, which have dark legs,
and the mottled, the latter being evenly marked black and
white, with legs also mottled. Both varieties have upright
combs.

Java almonds. See almond.
Javan (ja'van), a. [< Java (see def.) + -an.]
Of or belonging to Java, a large island of the
East Indies belonging to the Dutch, southeast
of Sumatra; Javanese.

The Javan flora on the pure volcanic clay differs from
that where the soil is more overlaid with forest humus.

H. 0. Forbes, Eastern Archipelago, p. 78.

Javan opossum, rhinoceros, etc. See the nouns.

javanee-seeds (jav-a-ne'sedz), n.pl. Same as
ajowan.

Javanese ( jav-a-nes' or -nez'), a. and n. [< Java
+ -K. -f- -ese." The name Java in the native
speech is Jdwa, in early forms Jawa, Jaba, etc.]
1. a. Of or pertaining to the island of Java.

The house of a Javanese chief has eight roofs, while the
mass of the people are restricted to four.

Amer. Naturalist, XXIII. 32.

II. n. 1. sing, or pi. A native or natives of
Java. — 2, The language of Java, of the Malay-
an family.

Java sparrow. See sparrow.
javelH (jav'el), n. [Early mod. E. javel, jevel
(dial, jabel); < ME. javel; origin unknown.] A
low, worthless fellow.

He [the friar] called the fellow ribbald, villain, javel,
backbiter, slanderer, and the child of perdition.

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by Robinson), i.

Expired had the terme that these twojavels
Should render up a reckning of their travels
Unto their master.

Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 309.

javel2t,»- [Alsojavil; <OF.javelle,javele(F.
javelle), f., javel, m., assibilated form of gavelle,
> E. gavel, a bundle, sheaf: see gaveft.~] A
sheaf : same as gavel'2.

Then must the foresaid javils or stalkes bee hung out a
second time to be dried in the sun.

Holland, tr. of Pliny, xix. 1.

jave!3t (jav'el), v. t. [Also written jarvel, jar-
ble; cf. So. javel, jevel, joggle, spill a small
quantity of liquid, distinguished from jairble,
jirble, spill a large quantity of liquid, jabble, a
slight motion of water; origin obscure. Cf.
jaw2.] To bemire.

javel4 (ja'vel), n. [< M.E. javelle, a later variant
of jaiole, etc., jail: see jail.'] A jail. Cath.
Ann., p. 194. (Halliwell.)

javelin (jav'lin), «. [Formerly also javeling;
< OF. javelin, m., javeline, f., F. javelins = Sp.
jabalina = It. giavelina, a javelin (cf. also jave-
lot) ; of Celtic origin : cf . Bret, gavlin and gav-
locl (prob. accom. to the P.), a javelin, gavl,
the fork of a tree : see further under gavelock,
gavel2, gable1, and gaff1.'] 1. A spear intended
to be thrown by the hand, with or without the
aid of a thong or a thro wing-stick. The word is the
general term for all such weapons. The javelin was in use
in Europe in the middle ages, and in antiquity. Among
Oriental nations and among modern savage tribes it is a
common weapon of oifense. See pilum, amentum, and
jereed.

0, be advised ; thou know'st not what it is
With javelin's point a churlish swine to gore.

Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 616.

His flgur'd shield, a shining orb, he takes,
And in his hand a pointed jav'lin shakes.

Pope, Iliad, iii. 420.

2. In her., a bearing representing a short-
handled weapon with a barbed head, and so
distinguished from a half-spear, which has a
lance-head without barbs.
javelin (jav'lin), v. t. [<jai-elin, n."\ To strike
or wound with or as with a javelin. [Rare.]

A bolt

(For now the storm was close about them) struck,
Furrowing a giant oak, and javelining
With darted spikes and splinters of the wood
The dark earth round. Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.

javelin-bat (jav'lin-bat), n. A South American

vamrjire, Phyllostoma hastatmn.
javeliniert, n. [< OF. javelinier, < javeline, a

javelin: see javelin.] A soldier armed with a

javelin. Also javelotier.

Ihejaveliniers foremost of all began the flght.

Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 286.

3222

javelin-man (jav'lin-man), n. A yeoman re-
tained by the sheriff to escort the judge of as-
size. Wharton.

If necessary the sheriff must attend [at the aisizes] with
javelin men to keep order. J. Stephen, Com., II. 631, n.

javelin-snake (jav'lin-snak), ». A snake-liz-
ard of the family Acontiidai.

Javelle water (zha-vel' wa'ter). Same as eau
de Javelle (which see, under eau).

javelott, n. [OF. (= It. giavellotto) : see javelin.]
A javelin.

javelotiert,". [< OF. javelotier, <javelot,a, small
javelin: see javelot.] Same as javelinier.

The spearmen or javettottiers of the vaward . . . made
head and received them with flght.

Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 264.

jaw1 (ja), n. [< ME.jawe, ulsojowe, geowe, an
alteration (with sonant j for orig. surd ch, as
also in jowl, jar1, jar%, ajar%, and perhaps jam1 )
of ME. 'chawe, *cheowe, found only in early mod.
E. choice, chaw, jaw (= OD. kauwe, the jaw of
a fish (Hexam), kouwe, the cavity of the mouth,
= Dan. kjatve, the jaw) ; appar. < ME. cheowen,
cliewen, mod. E. chew, chaw = OD. kouwen, etc.,
chew. The form may have been affected by
association with jowl, ME.jolle, chaul, etc., and
perhaps with F. joue, cheek.] 1. One of the
bones which form the skeleton or framework
of the mouth; a maxilla or mandible; these
bones collectively. The jaws in nearly all vertebrates
are two in number, the upperand the lower. Theupperjaw
on each side consists chiefly of the superior maxillary or
supraraaxilla, and of an intermaxillary bone or premax-
illa, both of which commonly bear teeth in mammals, rep-
tiles, batrachians, and some fossil birds. The lower jaw
in mammals is a single bone, the inframaxillary, inframax-
illa, or mandible, or one pair of bones united at the mid-
dle line by a symphysis. In vertebrates below mammals
this bone is represented by several pieces, its bony ele-
ments becoming quite complex in birds and most reptiles
and many tishes. The mandible, and especially its termi-
nal element when there are several, commonly bears teeth
like the upper jaw. As a rule, it is movably articulated
with the rest of the skull. In mammals this articula-
tion is direct, and is known as the temporomaxillary. In
birds it is indirect, by intervention of a quadrate bone ;
and in the lower vertebrates various other modifications
occur. See cuts under Cydodus, Gallince, Felidae, and
skull.

Theise Serpentes slen men, and thei eten hem wepynge ;
and whan thei eten, thei meven the over ./owe, and uoughte
the nether Jowe; and thei have no Tonge.

Mandeville, Travels, p. 288.

2. The bones and associated structures of the
mouth, as the teeth and soft parts, taken to-
gether as instruments of prehension and mas-
tication; mouth-parts in general: commonly
in the plural. In most invertebrates, as insects and
crustaceans, the jaws are much complicated, and consist
essentially of modified limbs, maxillipeds, gnathopods, or
jaw-feet; and the opposite parts work upon each other
sidewise, not up and down. Often used figuratively. See
cut under mouth-part.
My tongue cleaveth to my jaws. Ps. xxii. 15.

Now, when we were in the very jaws of the gulf, I felt

, ' iproaching it.

TRles, I. 172.

jaw-tackle

II. intrans. To splash ; dash, as a wave.

For now the water jams owre my head,
And it gurgles in my mouth.

Sir Roland (Child's Ballads, I. 227).

[Scotch in all uses.]

jaw2 (ja), re. [<jaw%, D.] A considerable quan-
tity of any liquid ; a wave. [Scotch.]

She's ta'en her by the lily hand, . . .
And led her down to the river strand ; . . .
She took her by the middle sma', . . .
And dash'd her bonny back to the jaw.

The Cruel Sister (Child's Ballads, II. 233).

jawbatipn (ja-ba'shon),«. [Avar.ofjo&afen,
simulating jaw)1, n.',' 4, jaw1, v.~\ A scolding.
N. and Q., 7th ser., VIII. 35. [Colloq.]

jaw-bit ( ja'bit), n . A short bar placed beneath
a journal-box to unite the two pedestals in a
car-truck.

jaw-bolt (ja'bolt), n. A bolt with a TJ-shaped
split head, perforated to carry a pin. Car-
Builder's Diet.

jaw-bone (ja'bon), n. Any bone of the jaws,
as a maxillary or mandibular bone ; especially,
a bone of the lower jaw.

And he found a new jawbone ot an ass, . . . and took it,
and slew a thousand men therewith. Judges xv. 15.

jaw-box (ja'boks), n. [< jaw2 + fioa;2.] Same

asjaw-hole. [Scotch.]
jaw-breaker (ja'bra"ker), n. A word hard to

pronounced [Slang.]
jaw-chuck (ja'chuk), n. A chuck which has

movable studs on a face-plate, to approach and

grasp an object.
jawed (jad), a. [{jaw1 + -ed!2.] Having jaws;

having jaws of a specified kind: as, heavy-

jawed.

For they [her eyes] are blered
And graye beared

more composed than when we were only approaching it.

Foe, " • ~ —

To drop head-foremost in the jaws
Of vacant darkness.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, xxxiv.

3. Something resembling in position or use,
in grasping or biting, the jaw or jaws of an
animal, (a) ffaut., the hollowed or semicircular inner
end of a boom or gaff. See gajfi, 2. (6) In mach. : (1) One
of two opposing members which can be moved toward or
from one another : as, the jaws of a vise or wrench ; the
jaws of a stone-crusher. (2) Same as housing, 9 («).

4. [(jaw1, v.] Rude loquacity; coarse railing;
abusive clamor; wrangling. [Vulgar.]— Angle
of the jaw. See angle*.— Articular process of the
lowerjaw. See articular.— Jaws Of death. Seedeath's
door, under death. — To hold one's jaw, to cease or refrain
from talking. [Vulgar.]— To wag one's jaw, or the jaws.
Same as to waff one's chin (which see, under chin).

jaw1 ()&), v. [< jaw1, ».] I. intrans. To talk
or gossip; also, to scold; clamor. [Vulgar.]

But, neighbor, ef they prove their claim at law,
The best way is to settle, an' not jaw.

Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., ii.

There they was [the child and the jay-birdl, ajawin' at

each other. Bret Harte, Luck of Roaring Camp.

H. trans. If. To seize with the jaws ; bite ;
devour.

In me hath greefe slaine feare. . . .
I reck not if the wolves would jaw; me.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, iii. 2.

2. To abuse by scolding; use impertinent or
impudent language toward. [Vulgar.]
jaw2 (ja), v. [Appar. connected with javel1 and
jaup.] I. trans. To pour out; throw or dash
out rapidly, and in considerable quantity, as a
liquid; splash; dash. [Scotch.]

Tempests may cease to jaw the rowan flood.

Ramsay, Gentle Shepherd, i. 1.

Jawed lyke a jetty.

Skeltan, Elynour Rummyng.

The metamorphosis of the jawed Neuroptera is little
more marked. E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 316.

jawfall (ja'fal), n. Depression of the jaw;
hence, depression of spirits, as indicated by
depression of the jaw. [Rare.]
jawfallen (ja'fa"ln), a. Depressed in spirits ;
dejected; chapf alien. [Obsolete or rare.]
Nay, be not jaw-falne. Marston, Dutch Courtezan, i. 1.
He may be compared to one so jaw-fallen with over long
fasting that he cannot eat meat when brought unto him.
Fuller, \\ orthies, Essex.

jaw-foot (ja'fut), n. 1. Same as jaw-hole. — 2.
In zool., same as foot-jaw.

jaw-footed (ja'fuf'ed), a. Gnathopod.

jaw-hole (ja'hol), n. [Also corruptly jaurhole,
jarhole; < jaw% + hole1.'] A place into which
dirty water, etc., is thrown; a sink. Also jaw-
box, jaw-foot. [Scotch.]

Before the door of Sannders Joup . . . yawned that odo-
riferous gulf ycleped, in Scottish phrase, the jaw-hole: in
other words, an uncovered common sewer.

Scott, St. Ronan's Well, xxviii.

jawing-tackle (ja'ing-tak"l), n. Same as jaw-
tackle. [Slang.]

Ah ! Eve, my girl, your jawing-tackle is too well hung.
C. Reade, Love me Little, xxii.

jaw-jerk (ja'jerk), n. Inpathol., same as chin-
jerk.

jawless (ja'les), a. [< jaw1 + -Jess.] Having
no jaws; agnathous"; specifically, having no
lower jaw, as a lamprey or hag.

jaw-lever (ja'lev"er), n. An instrument for
opening the mouth of a horse or a cow in order
to administer medicine to it.

jaw-mouthed (ja'moutht), a. Having a mouth
with a lower jaw : a translation of the epithet
gnafliostomous applied to the cranial vertebrates
except the round-mouthed or single-nostriled
lampreys and hags.

jawnt, ». »• An obsolete form of yawn. Com-
pare chawn.

Stop his javming chaps.

Marston, Scourge of Villanie, i. 3.

jaw-rope (ja'rop), n. Naut., a rope attached
to the jaw of a gaff to prevent it from coming
off the mast.

jawsmith (ja'smith), n. [< jaw1, n. (def. 1, with
allusion also to def. 4), + smith.'] One who
works with his jaw ; especially, a loud-mouthed
demagogue : originally applied to an official
"orator" or "instructor" of the Knights of
Labor. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 1886. [Slang,
U. S.]

jaw-spring (ja'spring), ». A journal-spring.

jaw-tackle (ja'tak"l), ». The mouth. Also

jawing
tackle,

to talk too much. [Fishermen's slang.]

jaw-tooth

ayi.] 1. Any bird of the subfamily jazey, n. . heejasey.
; specifically, Garrulus glandarius, a jealous Gel' us), a. [Early mod.
uropean bird, about 13 inches long, < ME^etojw, gelous, gelus, rtsoj
ddih vried with »«*, Pilate**- Pr. sretos = Sp.

gay: see gayi.~\
Garrulincg

common Europi

of a gray color tinged with reddish, varied with
black, white, and blue, and having the head
crested. The jays are birds usually of bright and varied
colors, among which blue is the most conspicuous, thus
contrasting with the somber crows, their nearest allies.
The tail is comparatively long, sometimes extremely so,

jaw-tooth (iil'toth), n. A tooth in the back jay-pie (jii'pi), «. 1. The common jay,

part of the jaw; a molar; a grinder. IKK glainlaritu. [Prov. Eng.] — 2. The missel-

jaw-wedge (ja'wej), ». A wedge used to tighten thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

an axle-box in an axle-guard. jay-piet (ja'pi'et), n. Same as jay-pie.

jawyt (ja'i), a. [< jmfl + -y1.] Relating or jay-teal (ja'tel), n. The common teal or teal-
pertaining to the jaws, duck, <)>irr<iinilitla crecca.
The dew-laps and thc>w« port of the face. jay-thrush (ja'thrush), n. Any bird of the ge-
iiin'iiiiii. ' Nut. -si in i>(in iftilxnto, p. 42. mis (!<irri(liu; or of some related genus, as
jay1 (ia), w. [</ + -ay, as in froi/, the name of />«'"•'"''"/''""' or Grammatoptila P. L. Sclater.
'- The name of the letter j. It' is rarely writ- jayweed (ja' wed), n. The plant mayweed,

Antlicinix Cutiilii. [Prov. i.ng.]

A

See

See jasey.

' -mod. E. also jelous;
also jalous, < OF. ja-
lous, F. jaloux = Pr. 'gelos = Sp. zeloso = It. gc-
loso, zeloso, < ML. zelosus, full of zeal, < L. zelux,
< Gr. C<7^>r, zeal : see zeal. Cf . zealous, which is
a doublet of jealous.'] 1. Full of zeal!; zealous
in the service of a person or cause ; solicitous
for the honor or interests of one's self or of an-
other, or of some institution, cause, etc. : fol-
lowed by for.
I have been very jealout for the Lord God of host*.

1 K i. xix. 10.

Then will the Lord be jealout for his land. Joel it 18.
2. Anxiously watchful; suspiciously vigilant;
much concerned ; suspicious.
I am jealout over you with godly jealousy. 2 Cor. xi. 2.

A soldier, . . .
Jealout in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel.

Mnl;., As you Lik .« it it 7, 161.

The court was notjealout of any evil intention in Mr.
Saltonstall. Winthrop, Hist. New England, II. 78.

During the service a man came into neere the middle of
the church with his sword drawne. ... In this jealout
time it put the congregation into greate confusion.

Evelyn, Diary, March 26, 1687.

Specifically — 3. Troubled by the suspicion or
the knowledge that the love, good will, or suc-
cess one desires to retain or secure has been
diverted from one's self to another or others:
suspicious or bitterly resentful of successful
rivalry: absolute or followed by of with an ob-
ject: as, a jealous husband or lover; to'be jeal-
ous of a competitor in love or in business, of
one's mistress, or of the attentions of others
toward her.

The Courtesies of an Italian, if you make him jealout of
you, are dangerous, and so are his Compliments.

Uowell, Letters, ii. 12.

The lady never made unwilling war'

With those fine eyes; she had her pleasure in it,

And made her good m&njealous with good cause.

Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.
4f. Fearful; afraid.

My master is very jealous of the pestilence.

Middleton, Your Five Gallants, L 1.
By the trechery of one Fonle, In a manner turned hea-
then, wee were very iealous the Saluages would surprize
vs. Quoted iu Copt. John SmitVt Works, II. 89.

5f. Doubtful.

European Jay (Garrvlus

as in the magpie. They are noisy, restless birds, of ar-
boreal habits, found in most parts of the world, reach-
ing their highest development In the warmer parts of
America, where some large and magnificent species are
found. With the exception of the boreal genus Peri-
soreus, the jays of the old and the new world belong to
entirely different genera. The commonest and best-
known jay of the United States is the blue Jay, Cyanuna
mstofw* or CyanocUta cristate, a bird about 12 inches long
with a flue crest, purplish-blue color on the back and
purplish-gray below, a black collar, and wings and tail
rich blue varied with black and white. (See cut under
Cyanocitta.) Another crested species of the United States
is Steller's jay, C. ttellrri, resembling the last, but much
darker in color, and confined to the west. The Canada
Jay or whiskyjack, Perimreus canadenrit, IB a plain gray-
ish bird. The Florida jay, Aphelocoma floridana, is mostly
gray and blue. The Rio Grande jay, Xanthura luxvata, is
rich yellow, green, blue, and black. Some birds not prop-
erly belonging to the Gamtlince are also called jays, and
some members of this subfamily have other common
names, as the magpies.

And startle from his ashen spray,
Across the glen, the screamin -'-
Warton, The

2t. A loud, flashy woman.
Some ja
Whose mother was her paintin

That you do love me, I am nothing jealout.

Shalt., 3. C., L 2, 162.
ig jay. = Syn. See envy.

Hamlet, odes, ii. jealous (jel'us), v. t. [Also dial. (Sc.) jealouse,
jalous,.jalouse,jaloose; < jealnus, a.~\ To sus-
pect; distrust.

The brethren and ministers . . . did very much fear and
jealouse Mr. James Sharp. Wodrmv, I. 7. (Jamieson.)
Will you begood neighboursorbad? I cannotsay, Mrs.
Carlyle ; but I jealoute you, I jealoute you. However, we
are to try. Carlyle, in Froude, I. L 22.

Some jay of Italy,
ing, hath be
Shale., Cymbeline, ill. 4, 61.

,
, hath betray'd him.

3. (a) In actors' slang, an amateur or a poor
actor. (6) A general term of contempt applied
to a stupid person: as, an audience of jai/s — .
Blue-headed Jay, pinon jay. See Cimnocephalut and jealoushoodt (jel'us-hud), n. [< jealous +
Qymnoritta.— Gray Jay, any species of the genus feriso- -hood.} A jealouswoman; jealousy personified.
rewt.

jay-bird (ja'berd), H. A jay; especially, the
common blue jay of the United States.

La. Cap. Ay, you have been a mouse-hunt in your time;
But I will watch you from such watching now.
Cap. A jealous-hood, a jealous-hood!

Ska*., R. and J., iv. 4, 11.

jay-cuckoo (ja'kuk*6), n. A cuckoo of the ge-
nus Coccystes, as the European C. glandarius. jealously (jel'us-li), adv. With jealousy or sus-

jayett, ». An obsolete form of jc(2.

jayhawk (jii'huk), r. *. [< jaghwck-er, n.] To
harry as a jayhawker. [Slang, U. S.]

' Say something. Brennet," he cried angrily. "There's

picion ; with suspicious fear, vigilance, or cau-
tion.

The strong door sheeted with iron — the rugged stone
stairs . . . jealously barred. Bulwer, My Novel, xii. 6.

no use in jay-hawking me." jealousness ( jel'us-nes), n. [< ME. jelousnesse,

M. If. Murfree, Where the Battle was Fought, p. 48. gelousnes ; (jealous + -ness.'] The state or char-

jayhawker (ja'luV'ker), n. [Said to be so called acter of being jealous ; suspicion; suspicious

from a bird of this name ; but evidence is lack- vigilance. Bailey, 1727.

ing.] 1. In [T. S. h int., in the early part of the jealousy (jel'us-i),».; pi. jealousies (-iz). [Early

civil war and previously, a member of one of mod. E. &\8ojelottsy,jeloi<sie; <.tSK.jelousic,jelo-

the bands which carried on an irregular war- sie, gelousy, gelottsie, gelusie, also jalousie, (. OF.

fare in and around eastern Kansas. getosie, jalousie, V. jalousie (= Pr. gelosia, gilosia

He and his father arc catching the horses of the dead = Pg. It. gelosia), jealousy, < jalous, jealous:

and djrtnf /gyhMstat see jealous.] 1. The state or character of be-

0. W. Cable. The Century, XXXIII. 300. ;n^ jealous; zealous watchfulness; earnest so-

2. A large spider or tarantula, as species of licitude for that which concerns one's self or

Mygale. [Western U. S.] Others; suspicious care ; suspicion.

' 203

jee

I am still upon myjealowry, that the king brought thither
some disaffection towards im;, grounded upon some other
demerit "f mine, and took it not from the sermon.

Donne, Letten, Ixxv.

Infinite jealautia, infinite regards,
l)o watch about the true virginity.

B. Jonton, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3.

Specifically — 2. Distress or resentment caused
by suspected or actual loss, through the rivalry
of another, of the love, good will, or success
one desires to retain or secure; fear or suspi-
cion of successful rivalry, especially in love.

0, beware, my lord, of jealousy;
It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock
The meat it feeds on : that cuckold lives in bliss
Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger ;
But, O, what damned minutes tells he o'er
Who dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves I
Shak., Othello, UL 3, 166.

And leloutie that never sleeps for fear
(Suspicions Flea still nibbling in her ear),
That leaues repast and rest, necr pin'd and blinde
With seeking what she would be loth to flnde.
SyloeOer, tr. of Du liartas's Weak*, It, The Furies.

3. The plant Sedum rupestre. [Prov. Eng.]
=8yn. See envy.

Jeames (jemz), n. [A colloquial form (in Eng-
land) of James, formerly in good use: see
jacfci.] A flunky or footman ; a lackey. [Col-
loq., Eng.]

That noble old race of footmen is well nigh gone, . . .
and Uncas with his tomahawk and eagle's plume, and
Jeamet with his cocked hat and long cane, are passing out
of the world where they once walked in glory.

Thackeray, Virginians, xxxvii.

jean (jan), n. [8eejan«.] If. Same as jane, 1.—
2. A twilled cotton cloth, used both for under-
wear and for outer clothing: commonly, of gar-
ments, in the plural. Also written jane.
You most coarse frieze capacities, ye jane judgments.
Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, ill. 5.
Clean was his linen, and his jacket blue :
Of finest jean his trousers, tight and trim.

Crabbe, The Parish Register.

lie was a tall, lank countryman, clad in a suit of coun-
try jeani. Tourgee, A Fool's Errand, p. 26.

Satin jean, a thick cotton cloth, a variety of Jean, with a
glossy surface : used for shoes and for similar purposes.

jean-cherry (jen'cher'i), n. Same as gean.
[Prov. Eng.]

jeanette(ja-net'), n. [<jean + -ette.] A coarse
kind of jean, employed chiefly for linings.

Jeanpaulia (jen-pal'i-ii), n. [NL. (Unger,
1845), appar. so called after some one named
Jean Paul, perhaps Jean Paul Friedrich Rich-
ter.] A genus of fossil plants with flabellate,
deeply dichotomously pinnatifid leaves (the
linear divisions strongly nerved with parallel
veins which branch dichotomously from below),
amentaceous male flowers, and ovate drupa-
ceous fruit. Before the flowers and fruit were known,
these leaf-impressions were regarded as the fronds of cryp-
togamic plants, either as llydropterideie or as ferns. They
are now recognized as coniferous and as related to the
living genus Ginkfio, of which Jeanpaulia is probably the
ancestral form. It occurs chiefly in the Mesozoic, rang-
ing from the Rhetic to the Cretaceous. Modern writers
are disposed to refer it to Saiera, with which it Is prob-
ably Identical, and which has priority.

jeantt, «• A Middle English form of giant.

jearH, »• and it. An obsolete form of jeer1.

jear2, «. Seejeer-2.

jeatt, «• An obsolete form of jet2.

jeauntt, »• A Middle English form of giant.

Jebusite (jeb'u-zit), n. One of a Canaanitish
nation which long withstood the Israelites. The
stronghold of the Jebusites was Jebus on Mount Zlon, a
part of the site of Jerusalem, of which they were dispos-
sessed by David.

Jebusitic (jeb-u-zit'ik), a. [< Jebusile + 40.]
Of or pertaining to the Jebusites.

And suited to the temper of the times,
Then groaning under Jebutitick crimes.

Dryden, Miscellanies (ed. 1602X >• 66.

jectourt, «• A Middle English form ofjetter.

jecur (je'ker), n. [L., liver: see hepar.] In
anat., the liver.

ied (jed), n. and t>. Same &sjad.

Jeddart justice. See justice.

Jeddart staff. See staff.

jedding-ax (jed'ing-aks), n. [Cf. jadding-pick.]
A stone-masons' tool; a eavel.

iedge1 (jej), n. [A dial, assibilated form of
gage, after OF. jauge: see gage%.~\ A gage or
standard.— Jedge and warrant, in Scott lav, the au-
thority given by the dean of gild to rebuild or repair a ruin-
ous tenement agreeably to a plan.

iedge'2 (jej), ». and v. A dialectal form of judge.

Jedwood ax. Same as Jeddart staff (which
see, under staff).

Jedwood justice. See justice.

Jee1, v. i. See gee1.
ee'-', «-. <••• and «. See gee2.

=Syn.
II. (

jee

Click ! the string the sneck did draw :
And, jee ! the door gaed tae the wa'.

Burm, The Vision, i.
jeelj n. See jhil.
jeeliCO (je'li-ko), n. [A corruption of angelica.]

Same asjetlico, 1. [Prov. Eng.]
jeer1 (jer), v. [Early mod. E. also jear, geare;
prob. < MD. seheeren, schercn, jest, jeer, trifle,
a use of the verb due to phrases like den sot
seheeren or seheeren den sot, play the fool, den
gheck seheeren, also den gheck spelen, play the
i'ool (cf. gheckscherer, a fool); gekscheercn, now
spelled gekseheren, LG. gekkschcren (with equiv.
D. and LG. scheren, jeer, banter, plague, tease),
lit. ' shear the fool ' (cf . G. den geek stechen, ban-
ter, tease, lit. 'pierce the fool. 'i.e. his skull): D.
gek, MD. gheck = G. geek, > E. geek, a fool (see
geek); MD. sot = E. sot, orig. a fool (see sot);
D. scheren, MD. seheeren, scheren = G. sclieren
= E. shear. For shearing as a mark of con-
tempt or disgrace, cf. shaveling, and AS. homo-
la, a shaveling (under hamble, q. v.). For the
change of sh to j, cf . jellron for sheltron ; it may
be due in part, perhaps, to association -with jest*,
jibe1, joke, etc.] I. intrans. To make a mock
of some person or thing ; scoff : as, to jeer at
one in sport.

He saw her toy and gibe and geare.

Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 21.
Yea, dost thou jeer, and flout me in the teeth?

Shalr.,C. of E., ii. 2,22.

And by and by the people, when they met, . . .
Began to scoff and jeer and babble of him,
As of a prince whose manhood was all gone.

Tennyson, Geraint.
, Qibe, Scoff, etc. See sneer,
trans. To treat with scoffs or derision;
make a mock of ; deride ; flout.
jeer1 (jer), n. [<.jeerl,v.] 1 . A scoff ; a taunt ;
a flout; a gibe; a mock.

But the dean, if this secret should come to his ears,
Will never have done with his gibes and his jeers.

Swi/t, The Grand Question Debated.

2f. A huff ; a pet.

For he, being tribune, left in a jear the exercise of his
office, and went into Syria to Pompey upon no occasion ;
and as fondly again he returned thence upon a sudden.
Horth, tr. of Plutarch, p. 721.

jeer2 (jer), n. [Also jear; origin obscure.]
Naut., tackle for hoisting or lowering the lower
yards of a man-of-war : usually in the plural,
jeerer (jer'er), M. One who jeers ; a scoffer; a
railer; a scorner; a mocker.
Tho. He is ujeerer too.
P. JVM. What's that 7
Fash. A wit. B. Jonson, Staple of News, i. 1.

Jeff1 (jef), v. i. [Origin obscure.] Among print-
ers, to play a game of chance by throwing quad-
rats from the hand in the manner of dice,
count being kept by the number of nicked sides
turned up.

Jeff2 (jef), n. In circus slang, a rope: usually
with a qualifying word : as, tight Jeff; slack jeff.
Dickens, Hard Times, vi.

jefferisite (jef'er-is-lt), re. [After W. W. Jef-
feris, of West Chester, Penn.] A kind of ver-
miculite from West Chester, Pennsylvania.

Jeffersonia (jef-er-so'ni-ii), n. [NL. (Bartling,
1821), named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.] A
genus of Berberidacea;, containing two species of
herbaceous plants, one American and one Chi-
nese. These plants have a perennial rhizome, bearing
leaves with long stalks and singular, two-divided blades,
the solitary dowers borne upon naked scapes. The flower
has 4 petal-like sepals, which fall as the bud opens, 8
petals, and 8 stamens. The one-celled and many-seeded
capsule opens near the top as if by a lid. J. diphylla,
called twinleqf, is an interesting plant, wild in the east-
ern interior of the United States, its white blossoms, an
inch wide, appearing in April or May. From reputed
stimulating properties, the plant is sometimes named
rheumatism-root. It is also thought to possess tonic and
emetic properties.

Jeffersonian (jef-er-so'ni-an). a. and n. [< Jef-
ferson (see def.) + -ian. "The surname Jeffer-
son occurs also as Jeffrison, Jeffreson, Jeaffreson,
early mod. E. Jeffreyson, Geffreyson, etc., i. e.
Jeffrey's son, Jeffrey, also Geoffrey, Geoffroy,
being orig. the same as Godfrey, G. Gottfried,

3224

advocated by Thomas Jefferson, based upon the
greatest possible individual and local freedom,
and corresponding restriction of the powers of
national government.

Ultimately, Jeffersonianism must have prevailed, but at
the time of its actual triumph it came too soon.

N. A. Hen., CXXIII. 137.

jeffersonite (jef'er-spn-it), n. [After Thomas
Jefferson, the third President of the United
States.] A variety of pyroxene occurring in
large crystals, often with uneven faces and
rounded edges, and having a dark olive-green
color passing into brown. It is peculiar in contain-
ing some zinc and manganese. It occurs, with franklin-
ite, zincite, etc., at Franklin Furnace, Sussex county, New
Jersey.

jeg (jeg), n. [Origin obscure.] One of the tem-
plets or gages used for verifying shapes of parts
in gun- and gunstock-making. E. H. Kniyh t.

jeggett (jeg'et), n. [Appar. a var. ofjigot, gig-
OT.J A kind of sausage. Ash,

Jehoiada-box (je-hoi'a-da-boks), n. [So called
in allusion to the box'or "chest" within which
Jehoiada, at the command of Joash, King of
Judah, made collections for the repair of the
temple at Jerusalem (2 Chron. xxiv. 6-11).]
A box, usually of iron, entirely closed with the
exception of a slit in the top, intended to be
used as a savings-bank.

How all the Jehoiada-boxes in town were forced to give

up their rattling deposits of specie, If not through the

legitimate orifice, then to the brute force of the hammer.

Lowell, Cambridge Thirty Years Ago.

Jehovah (je-ho'va), n. [The common European
spelling (with j = y and v = w) of Yehowah or
Yahowah, the Masspretic form of the Hebrew
name previously written without vowels JHVH
(YHWH), the vowels of Adonai (which see)
being substituted by the later Jews for those
of the original name, which came to be re-
garded as too sacred for utterance. The ori-
ginal name, according to the view now gener-
ally accepted, was Yahweh, or rather Yaliwe,
the name appearing also contracted Yah, sep-
arately (see halleluiah), or, as Yah (Jdh: see
Jah), Yd, Yeho, Yahu, in compound proper
names (as, in E. forms, Isaiah, Jeremiah, etc.,
Joshua, Jeshua, Jesus, Jehoshua: see Jesus'),
transliterated in late Greek variously 'lajii,
'iavi, 'laovf. The origin and meaning of the
name are unknown. It was formerly referred
to the Hebrew root haiedh, be, exist, and was
taken to imply self -existence, 'he that is' ('I
am that I am,' Ex. iii. 14; more correctly 'I
shall be what I shall be'), or else eternity.
Some modern scholars would translate the
name as 'he who causes to be,' i. e. the Cre-
ator, while others connect it with an Aramaic
sense 'fall,' as if 'he who causes (rain or light-
ning) to fall,' this explanation being parallel-
ed by similar terms associated with the Greek
Zeus. Others, in view of the fact that a met-
aphysical notion like 'self-existence' does not
elsewhere appear in the names of the deities
of primitive peoples, regard the Hebrew deri-
vation as a piece of popular etymology (some-
what like that which in English associates
the name God with good), and seek to iden-
tify Yaliwe with some Assyrian or other foreign
deity.] 1. In the Old Testament, one of the
names of God as the deity of the Hebrews:
in the English version usually translated, or
rather represented, by ' ' the LORD." See ety-
mology. The Jews, since an early date, have avoided
the pronunciation of this name of God, and wherever it
occurs in the sacred books have substituted the word
Adonai, or, where it comes in conjunction with Adonai,
have substituted Elohim.

And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto
Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name
JEHOVAH was I not known to them. Ex. vi. 3.

Father of all ! in every age,

In every clime adored,
By saint, by savage, or by sage,
Jehovah, Jove, or Lord !

Pope, Universal Prayer.

-— O "*»g»» ""v .Jtmi^J two v*^Lr//c-«, \jt . WVW'WIM f\ T 3 *-Il " J_» n 3

MHG. Gotfrit, Gotevrit, lit,'' God-peace': see 2 In modern Christian use God.

God and frithl.] I. a. Of or pertaining to ™"""=* «"•*'-«-« ~ " T*T.~,*

Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United

States (1801-9), and the first great leader of the

Democratic (first called Anti-Federal and later

Democratic-Republican) party; also, adopting

the political theories held by or attributed to

Jefferson.

II. n. In U. S. politics, a supporter or an ad-
mirer of Thomas Jefferson ; one who professes

Jehovist (je-ho'vist), n. [< Jehovah + -ist.] 1.
The supposed author of certain passages of
the Pentateuch in which God is always spoken
of as Jehovah. Also Jahvist. See Elohist. — 2.
One who maintains that the vowel-points an-
nexed to the word Jehovah in Hebrew are the
proper vowels of the word, and express the
true pronunciation . The Jchovists are opposed to the
Adomsts, who hold that the points annexed to the word
Jehovah are the vowels of Adonai or of Elohim. See
Adonist, Jehovah.

,„ — „ ... L, Jehovistic (je-ho-vis'tik), a. [< Jehooist + -ic.]

Jejjersoman + -ism.] The political doctrines Characterized by the exclusive use of the name

to accept his political doctrines ; a Democrat.
Jeffersonianism (jef-er-so'ni-an-izm), n. [<

jellify

Jehovah for God : applied to certain passages
of the Pentateuch, or to the writer or writers
of these passages. Also Jahvistic. See Elo-
histic.

Jehu (je'hu), n. [In allusion to 2 Ki. ix. 20:
" The driving is like the driving of Jehu, the
sou of Nimshi ; for he driveth furiously."] 1 . A
fastdriver; a person fond of driving. [Colloq.]
A pious man . . . may call a keen foxhunter aNimrod,
. . . and Cowper's friend, Newton, would speak of a neigh-
bour who was given to driving as Jehu.

Macaulay, Comic Dramatists of the Reformation.

2. A driver; a coachman. [Colloq.]

At first it was not without fear that she intrusted herself
to so inexperienced a coachman ; "but she soon . . . raised
my wages, and considered me an excellent Jehu."

Lady Holland, Sydney Smith, vi.
jehup (je'up), v. t. A variant form of gee up.
See gee'2.

May I lose my Otho, or be tumbled from my phaeton
the first time I jehup my sorrels, if I have not made more
haste than a young surgeon in his first labour.

Foote, Taste, ii.

jeistiecor (jes'ti-kdr), n. A corruption otjuste-
au-corps. Compare justico. [Scotch and North.
Eng.]

It's a sight for sair een, to see a gold-laced jeistiecor in
the Ha' garden sae late at e'en. . . . Ou, a jeistiecor — that's
a jacket like your ain. Scott, Rob Roy, vi.

jejunal (je-jo'nal), a. [< jejunum + -al] Of
or pertaining to the jejunum: as, a. jejunal in-
tussusception.

jejune (je-jon'), a. [< li.jejunus, fasting, hun-
gry, barren, empty, dry, feeble, poor : see dine.]
If. Scantily supplied or furnished ; attenuated;
poor.

In gross and turbid streams there might be contained
nutriment, and not in jejune or limpid water.

Sir T. Brotcnc.

2. Barren; unfurnished; wanting pith or in-
terest, as a literary production ; devoid of sense
or knowledge, as a person; dry; uninteresting;
shallow.

I now and then get a baite at philosophy, but it is so
little and jejune as I despair of satisfaction 'till I am
againe restor'd to the Society.

Evelyn, To the Dean of Rippon.
Farce itself, most mournfully jejune,
Calls for the kind assistance of a tune.

Cowper, Retirement, 1. 711.

jejunely (je-jon'li), adv. In a jejune, empty,
dry, or barren manner.

jejuneness (je-jon'nes), n. If. Attenuation;
fineness; thinness.

There are three causes of fixation : the even spreading
both of the spirits and tangible parts ; the closeness of the
tangible parts ; and the jejuneness or extream comminu-
tion of spirits. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 799.

2. Barrenness; emptiness ; deficiency of inter-
est, importance, or knowledge; want of sub-
stantial or attractive qualities : as, jejuneness
of style in a book.

jejunity (je-jo'ni-ti), n. [< L. jejunita(t-)s,
< jcjunus: see jejune.] Jejuneness; meager-
ness; brevity. [Rare.]

Pray extend your Spartan jejunity to the length of a
competent letter. Bentley, Letters, p. 261.

jejunum (je-jo'num), n. ; pi. jejuna (-na). [NL.,
neut. of i.jejunus, dry: see jejune,] In anat.,
the second division of the small intestine, of un-
certain extent, intervening between the duode-
num and the ileum; more fully, the intestiiium
jejunum: so named because it was supposed to
be empty after death. See intestine.

Jekyll S Act. Same as Gin Act (which see,
under gin5).

jelerang (jel'e-rang), n. [Native name.] A
species of squirrel, Sciuriis javaneitsis, found in
Java, India, and Cochin-China. It is variable
in color, but commonly is dark-brown above
and golden-yellow below.

jell (jel), v. i. [< jell-yl.] To assume the con-
sistence of jelly. [Colloq.]
The jelly won't jell — and I don't know what to do !

L. M. Alcott, Little Women, ii. 5.

jelletite (jel'e-tit), n. [After M. Jellet, who de-
scribed it.] A variety of lime-iron garnet, of a
green color, found near Zermatt, Switzerland.

jellico (jel'i-ko), n. [A corruption of angelica.]
1. The plant Angelica sylvestris. A.\so jeelico.
— 2. A plant of St. Helena, Sium Hele/iiiim,
whose stems are used uncooked for food.

jellied (jel' id), o. [<jcUi/i + -ed?.] 1 . Brought
to the consistence of jelly. — 2. Having the
sweetness of jelly.

The kiss that sips
The jellied philtre of her lips. Cleaveland.

jellify (jel'i-fi), «.; pret. and pp. jellified, ppr.
jellifying. [< jelly1 + -/)/.] I. trans. To make
into a jelly; reduce to a gelatinous state.

jellify

The Jeweller nearly fainted with alarm, and poor But-
ter-Fingers was completely jellified with fear.

J. T. Field*, Underbrush, p. 230.

Development had occurred in the various fluid media,
and upon the jellified blood serum. Medical Kews, L. 287.

II. intrans. To become gelatinous ; turn into
jolly.

.i< llti'ini'i IB a term applied to soap which, after being
dissolved in a certain quantity of water, sets Into a jelly
when cold. Watt, Soap-making, p. 235.

jellop (Jel'op), ». See jeu-la/i.
jelloped (jel'opt), a. In her., same as wattled.
jelly' (ji'l'i), ii.; pi. jellies (-iz). [Formerly (jelly;
< ME. ycli/, gele, < OF. gelee, a frost, also jelly,
prop. fern, of r/ele (<. L. gelatus), frozen, pp. of
geler, < L. gelare, freeze, congeal : see congeal,
>/< lid, gelatin.] 1. A viscous or glutinous sub-
stance obtained by solution of gelatinous mat-
ter, animal or vegetable ; hence, any substance
of semisolid consistence.

Out, vile jelly [an eye] 1

Where is thy lustre now? Skak., Lear, lit 7, 83.
Were 't not in court,

I would beat that fat of thine, rais'd by the food
Snatch 'd from poor clients' mouths, into ;\ j< ll</.

Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 3.

[Kdlngtonite] affords & jelly with muriatic acid.

Dana, Mineralogy (1868), p. 417.

2. The thickened juice of fruit, or any gelati-
nous substance, prepared for food : as, currant
OT gu&va, jelly ; calf 's-foot jelly ; vie&t jelly.

Jellies soother than the creamy card,
And lucent syrops tinct with cinnamon.

Keoti, Eve of St. Agnes.

3. A mixture of gelatin and glycerin, used as
a medium for mounting microscopic objects. —
Jelly of hartshorn. See A«rt»Aorn.— wharton's Jelly.
Same as yelatin of Wharton (which see, under gelatin).

jelly'-'t (jel'i), a. [Prob. avar.of jolly.] Excel-
lent of its kind ; worthy. [Scotch.]

He's doen him to & jelly hunt's ha',
Was far frae ony town.

King Henry (Child's Ballads, I. 147).
The Provost o' the town,
A jelly man, well worthy of a crown.

Shirre/s, Poems, p. 83.

jelly-bag (jel'i-bag), n. A bag through which
jelly is distilled.

jellyfish, (jel'i-fish), n. A popular name of many
kinds of acalephs, medusas, sea-blubbers, or
sea-nettles : so called from the soft, gelatinous
structure. As commonly used, the name applies espe-
cially to those discophorous hydrozoans which have an
umbrella-like disk, by the pulsation of which, or its alter-
nate dilatation and contraction, they are propelled through
the water, trailing long appendages, which nave the prop-
erty of nettling or stinging when they are touched. Jelly-
fish are often found swimming in shoals in summer, to
the great annoyance of bathers. The different genera and
species are very numerous. Some of the ctenophorans or
comb-jellies are also called by this name. See Acalephce,
Diecophora, Hydrozoa.

jelly-lichen (jel'i-li'ken), n. One of a class of
lichens which dissolve, when wet, into a gelati-
nous pulp. See Collemei.

jelly-plant (jel'i-plant), n. An Australian sea-
weed, Eucheuma speciosum, which affords an ex-
cellent jelly.

jemblet (jem'bl), n. An obsolete form of gim-
bal.

For a pare of JemVUt for the stoole dore r>.

Leurrton (Thwardeni Aeets., 1688 (Arch., XLL 366).

jemidar.jamadar (jem'i-, jam'a-dar), n. [Also
jamidar, jemudar, jemmidar, jematdar, jemattt-
dar, < Hind. Pers. jamdddr, the chief or leader
of any number of persons, an officer of police,
customs, or excise, a native subaltern officer,
etc., < Hind, jama, jame, amount, aggregate,
applied esp. to the debit or receipt side of
an account, to rent, revenue, etc. (< Ar. jam?,
all, jimS, union, <jama'a, gather, assemble), +
-ddr, holding, a holder.] In the army of India,
a native officer next in rank to a subadar, or
captain of a company of Sepoys; a lieutenant:
the name is also applied, in the civil service, to
certain officers of police, of the customs, etc.,
and, in large domestic establishments, to an
overseer or head servant having general con-
trol of the others.

The Bishop took him into his service as njemautdar or
head officer of the peons.
Bp. lleber, Journey through Upper India (ed. 1844), I. 65,

[note.

Calliaud had commenced an intrigue with some of the
jeinatdarx, or captains of the enemy's troops.

James Mill, Hist. Brit. India, III. 175.

jemminess (jem'i-nes), «. The state of being
jemmy or spruce ; spruceness; neatness. [Col-
loq.]
Its fort shall be either Convenience or jemminess.

Vremllt.

3225

jemmy1 (jem'i), «. ; pi. jrmmifx (-iz). [Appar.
a particular use of Jemmg, .///«;»;/, dim. of .li-m,

Jim, rolloq. abbreviations of Jea»ii*,
See jack1, and cf. in first sense billy and betty.
Less prob. due itijiminal, jimmcr, forms of gim-
tiii'l, ijiiiiiiiiil, i/imbal, a double ring, in the obs.
occasional sense of a mechanical device.] 1.
A short crowbar, especially as used by burg-
lars : often made in sections, so as to be carried
without discovery. Alsojiiumi/.
They call for crow-bars— Jemmies is the modem name

they bear.
They burst through lock, and bolt, and bar.

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 117.

2. A sheep's head baked. [Eng.]

She . . . returned with a ... dish of sheep's heads,
which gave occasion to several pleasant witticisms, . . .
founded upon the singular coincidence of jemmies being a
cant name common to them and ... an Ingenious In-
strument much used in his profession.

Dickens, Oliver Twist, xx.

3. A great-coat. [Prov. Eng.] — 4. pi. A kind
of woolen cloth. Jamieson. [Scotch.]

jemmy1* (jem'i), a. and ». [Same as jimmy2,
q. v.J I. a. Spruce; neat; smart; handy; dex-
terous. Also spelled gemmy. [Colloq.]

A cute man Is an abbreviation of acute, . . . and signi-
fies a person that is sharp, clever, neat, or, to use a more
modern term, jemmy. Gentleman's May., Sept., 1707.

n.t n. A sort of boot of fine make.

Buck. Hark'ee, Mr. Subtle, 111 out of my tramels when
I hunt with the king.

Subtle. Well, well.

Buck. I'll on with myjemmys: none of your black bags
and jack-boot* for me. Foote, Englishman In Paris, i.

jeneperet, n. An obsolete form of juniper.
jenequen (jen'e-ken), n. Same as henequen.
jenite (yen'it),'n. A different orthography of

yenite: a .synonym of ilvaite.
jennet1 (jen'et), n. [Also written gennet, genet,

early mod. E. ginnet, genette, < OF. genette, < Sp.

ginete, a nag, also, as orig., a horseman, a horse-

soldier ; of Stoorish origin, traced by Dozy to Ar.

Zenata, a tribe of Barbary celebrated for its

cavalry.] A small Spanish horse.

The government Is held of the Pope by an annual tribute
of 40,000 ducats and a white genet.

Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 8, 1645.

They were mounted a la gineta, that is, on the light
jennet of Andalusia— a cross of the Arabian. Prescntt.

jennet2, n. See genefl.

jenneting (jen'et-ing), n. [Formerly also jcnt<-
ing, genniting, geneting, geniting, ginniting, also
jenetin, geniton, the term, being conformed to
that of hasting (see quotation from Holland),
sweeting, and other apple-names, and the first
syllable conformed to that of E. Jenkin, Jenny,
Jinny, etc., from the same ult. source: < OF.
Janet, earlier Jchannet, Jehennet, and Janot,
Jannot, earlier Jeanot, Jeannot, Jehannot (with
corresponding fern. Jehannette, Jeannette, Jean-
neton,K. Janet, etc.), dim. of OF. Jan, Jean,
Jehan, etc., ME. Jan, Jon, etc., E. John, a per-
sonal name; in reference to St. John's apple,
OF. pomme de St. Jean; so called, it seems, be-
cause, like a certain pear similarly named A mire
Joannct, or Joannet, or Jeannette, or Petit St.
Jean, it is ripe in some places as early as St.
John's day (June 24th). Cf. ME. pere-ionettes,
Jeannot pears (Piers Plowman (C), xiii. 221).
The apple called John-apple or apple-John, which
does not ripen till late in the season, being
considered in perfection when withered (see
apple-john), may owe its name to another cause.
See John. The explanation attempted in the
perverted form June-eating (through junetin, in
Bailey) is absurd.] A kind of early apple.

Apple trees live a very short time : and of these the
hastic kind, orjetutinyg, continue nothing BO long as those
that bear and ripen later. Holland, tr. of Pliny, xvi. 44.
In July come . . . plums in fruit, gennttingg, quodlins.
Bacon, Gardens (ed. 1887).
Thy sole delight is, sitting still,
With that gold dagger of thy bill
To fret the summer jenneting.

Tennyson, The Blackbird.

Jennie harp. See harp-seal.

jenny (jeu'i), n. ; pi. jennies (-iz). [A familiar
use in various senses of the common fern, name
Jenny, vulgarly Jinny, Jen, Jin, early mod. E.
Jeny, another form of Janie, Janey, dim. of Jane,
< F. Jeanne (< ML. Joanna), fern, of Jean, <
LL. Joannes, John: see John. Cf. jenneting.
The spinning-jenny (called in F., after 'E.,jean-
iii'ttr) (def . 4) is said to have been so named by
Arkwright after his wife, Jenny; but accord-
ing to a grandson of Jacob Hargreaves, the in-
ventor, it is a corruption of gin, a contraction
of ni(/in<' (Webster's Diet., ed.' 1864). Gin would
easily suggest Jin, Jinny, Jenny, familiar per-

jeopardy

Bonal names beingoften attached to mechanical
contrivances (fl.jucl^ , jt lining, In Hi/, He.) ; but
in tlie present case there is prob. an allusion to
E. dia.l.jenny-sj>inner, jinny-spinner, the crane-
fly, also called in 8c. spinning-Maggie and Jenny
Nettles.'] 1. A female bird: used especially as
a prefix, as in jenny-heron, jenny-hov/let, jenny-
jay, jenny-wren, etc. [Prov. Eng.] Specifically
— 2. A wren: usually called jenny-wren. — 3.
A female ass : also called jenny-ana.

Down trots a donkey to the wicket-gate,
With Mister Simon Oubbins on his back; . . .
•',!< ini'i be dead, Mies — but 1'ze brought ye Jack ;
He doesn't give no milk — but he can bray."

Hood, Ode to Bae Wilson.

4. A spinning-jenny (which see).

jenny-ass (ien'i-as), n. A female ass; ajeiiny.

jenny-crudle (jen'i-knid'l), «. Same &a jenny-
irren, 1.

jenny-spinner (jen'i-spin'er), n. [Alsoj'inwy-
spinner; < Jenny, fern, name (see jenny), + spin-
ner.] The crane-fly. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.]

jenny-wren (jen'i-ron'), n. 1. A wren. Also
jenny-crudle. — 2. Herb-robert, Geranium Ro-
bertianum.

jenteryt. »• An obsolete form of gentry.

jentlet, jentilt, a. Obsolete forms of gentle.

jentmant, «• A gentleman. Davies.
Bawawe what ye say (ko I) of such njentman.
Nay, I feare him not (ko she), doe the best he can.

I ••in/I, Bolster Doister, 111 3.

jeofailt (jet'Sl), n. [In old law-books jcofaile,
repr. OF. je (jeo) faille, I fail, I am mistaken,
or fai failli, I have failed : je, < L. ego = E. / ;
ai, 1st pers. pres. ind. of aver, avoir, < L. habere
= E. have; faille, pres. ind., failli, pp., of fail-
Mr (see/aifi).] In law, an error in pleading or
other proceeding, or the acknowledgment of a
mistake or an oversight — Statutes of jeofalL the
statutes of amendment, particularly an English statute of
134O, whereby irregularities and mistakes in legal proceed-
ings are allowed to be corrected or to be disregarded.

jeopard (jep'ard), v. t. [Formerly also jepard;
< ME. jeoparden, juparten, hazard, < jeopardie,
jeopardy: see jeopardy.] To put in jeopardy ;
expose to loss or in jury ; hazard; imperil; en-
danger.

Er that yeruparten so youre name,
Beth noght to hastif in this hote fare.

Chaucer, Trollus, Iv. 1666.

Zebnlnn and Naphtali were a people that jeoparded their
lives unto the death in the high places of the field.

Judges v. 18.

Obviously too well guarded to jeopard the interests of
the Spanish sovereigns. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., IL 1.
=Syn. To peril, imperil, risk.
jeoparder (jep'ilr-der), n. One who jeopards or

puts to hazard,
jeopardise! (jep'ar-dis), n. [ME.; as jeopardy

+ -we2.] Jeopardy.

jeopardize (jep'ar-diz), v. t.; pret. and pp.
jeopardized, ppr. jeopardising. [< jeopard +
-ize; perhaps suggested by jeopardise, ».] To
jeopard. Also spelled jeopardise.

That he should jeopardize his wilful head
Only for spite at me ! — Tis wonderful !

Sir 6. Taylor, Ph. van Artevelde, II., UL 11.

Yea. I have lost my honor and my wife.
And, being moreover an Ignoble hound,
I dare not jeopardize my life for them.

Browning, Ring and Book, L 188.

jeopardlesst (jep'Srd-les), a. [< jeopard(y) +
-less.] Without jeopardy, or hazard or dan-
ger-
Better is it therfore to embrace thys llbertie, yf it be
eyther In thy power, or ieopardles. J. Udall, On 1 Cor. vii.

jeopardoust (jep'ar-dus), a. [< jeopardy +
-ous.] Exposed to jeopardy or danger ; peril-
ous; hazardous.

The fore-fronts or frontiers of the two corners [of Uto-
pia], what with boards and shelves, and what with rocks,
oejeopardous and dangerous.

Sir T. More, Utopia (tr. by RoblnsonX II. 1.
If a man lead me through ajeopardoia place by day, he
cannot hurt me so greatly as by night.

Tyndale, Ana. to Sir T. More.

jeopardouslyt (jep'ar-dus-li), adv. In a jeop-
ardous manner; with risk or danger; hazard-
ously.

jeopardy (jep'ftr-di), n. [Early mod. E. also
jeopardie, jeo}>erdie ; < ME. jejtardie, jeopardie,
jopardie, jeperdie, jeupardyc (appar. simulat-
ing OF. jew perdu, a lost game), more correct-
ly jupartie,jupertie, < OF. jeu parti, lit. a divid-
ed game, i. e. an even game, an even chance, <
ML. jocus partitus, an even chance, an alterna-
tive: li.jocus ( > OF. jeu), jest, play, game; par-
titus (> OF. parti), pp. of partire, divide: see
joke and party.] If. An even chance; a game
evenly balanced.

jeopardy

But God wolde, I had oones or twyes
Yconde and knowe the jeupardyes
That cowde the Greke Pictagoras,
I shulde have pleyde the bet at ches.

Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 666.

2. Exposure to death, loss, or injury ; hazard ;
danger ; peril. A person is in legal jeopardy, within
the constitutional protection against being put twice in
jeopardy for the same offense, when he is put upon trial,
before a court of competent jurisdiction, upon indictment
or information which is sufficient in form and substance to
sustain a conviction, and a jury has been sworn, unless
such jury, without having rendered a verdict, were dis-
charged for good cause (or, according to some authorities,
by absolute necessity), or by the consent of the accused.
Myu estat now lyth in jupartie.

Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 465.

Happy is he that can beware by another man's jeopardy.

Latimer, 2d Sermon bet Edw. VI., 1549.

Is not this the blood of the men that went in jeopardy

of their lives? 2 Sam. xxiii. 17.

=Syn, 2. Peril, etc. See danger and risk.

jepardt, jepardyt. Obsolete forms of jeopard,
jeopardy.

jequirity beans. See Abrus.

jerboa (jer'bp-a or jer-bo'a), «. [Sometimes
written gerbo, gerboa, gerbua (see also gerbil)', <
AT. yarbu, the flesh of the back and loins, an ob-
lique descending muscle, and hence the jerboa,
in reference to the strong muscles of its hind
legs.] A rodent quadruped of the family Dipo-
didce, subfamily Dipodince, and especially of the
genus Dipus ; a gerbil, or jumping-mouse of the
old world. There are several species, of three genera, Di-
pus, Alactaga, and Platycercomys. The best- known, and the
one to which the native name has special reference, is Di-
pus cegypticus, a curious and interesting animal of the des-

Jerboa (Dipus trgyptitus).

erts of Africa, living in communities in extensive and intri-
cate underground galleries. The hind legsof the animal are
extremely long, and so great is its power of jumping that it
seems hardly to touch the ground as it bounds along. Its
saltatorial power is proportionally greater than that of the
kangaroo, since the latter animal is aided by its stout tail.
The tail of the jerboa is longer than the body, very slender,
and tufted at the end, and may serve as a balance during
the flying leaps. The fore feet are very short ; the ears are
large and rounded. The size of the animal is 6 or 8 inches
without the tail, and the general aspect is that of the rat
or mouse, the jerboas belonging to the myomorphic group
of rodents.

jerboa-mouse (jer'bo-S-mous), w. An animal
of the genus Dipodomys, of North America ; one
of the pouched mice, pocket-mice, or kangaroo-
rats. See Dipodomys.

Jerboida (jer-bo'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Jerboa +
-4dai.~] The jerboas: same as Dipodidce.

jereed, jerid (je-red'), «. [Also written jcrrid,
jereed, djereed, djerrid; < Turk, jerid, Pers.jarid,
< Ar. jerid, jarid, a rod, shaft, esp. the javelin
of a horseman.] 1. A wooden javelin about
five feet long, used by horsemen in Persia and
Turkey in certain games, especially in mock
fights.

In tourney light the Moor his jerrid flings.

Scott, Vision of Don Roderick, st. 26.
Right through ring and ring runs the djereed.

Smtthey.
2. A g_ame in which this javelin is used.

jer emej effite (properly yer-e-me 'yef-It), n. [Af-
ter a Russian mineralogist, Jeremejeff.] A rare
borate of aluminium found near Adun-Tschi-
lon in Siberia. It occurs in colorless hexagonal
crystals resembling beryl.

jeremiad, jeremiade (jer-e-mi'ad), n. [< F. je-
remiade; as Jeremiah + -ad\ as in Iliad, etc.:
so called in reference to the "Lamentations of
Jeremiah," one of the books of the Old Testa-
ment.] Lamentation ; an utterance of grief or
sorrow; a complaining tirade: used with a spice
of ridicule or mockery, implying either that
the grief itself is unnecessarily great, or that
the utterance of it is tediously drawn out and
attended with a certain satisfaction to the ut-
terer.

He has prolonged his complaint into an endless jere-
miad. Lamb, To Soutney.
It is impossible to describe the mournful grandeur with
which he used to open his snuff-box, take a preliminary
pinch, fold and unfold the sombre bandanna, and launch

3226

into & jeremiad as to the prospects of Protestantism, more
dismal than any ever uttered by the rivers of Babylon.

quarterly Rev., CXLVI. 204.

Jeremianic (jer"e-mi-au'ik), a. [< Jeremiah
(see def.) + -an'+ -ic.] Of or pertaining to
the prophet Jeremiah.

There are some portions of the book the Jeremianic

authorship of which has been entirely or in part denied.

Encyc. Brit., XIII. 628.

jerfalcon (jer 'fa" kn), ». The etymologically
correct spelling of gerfalcon.

jergue, v. t. Seejerk?.

jerguer, n. See jerked.

Jericho (jer'i-ko), n. [With ref. to Jericho in
Palestine, esp., in def. 1 and the second phrase,
in allusion to 2 Sam. x. 4, 5 : "Wherefore Hanun
took David's servants, and shaved off the one
half of their beards, . . . and sent them away.
. . . And the king said, Tarry at Jericho until
your beards be grown, and then return."] 1 . A
place of tarrying — that is, a prison. — 2. A
place very distant; a remote place : as, to wish

one in Jericho.— From Jericho to June, a great dis-
tance.

His kick was tremendous, and when he had his boots on
would — to use an expression of his own, which he had
picked up in the holy wars — would send a man from Jeri-
cho to June. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends (Grey Dolphin).

To Stay or tarry In Jericho (until one's beard is grown),
to wait in retirement or obscurity (until one grows wiser).

Who would, to curbe such insolence, I know,

Bid such young boyes to stay in Jericho

I Utill their beards were growne, their wits more staid.
Heywood, Hierarchic, iv. 208.

[Humorous in all senses and applications.]
jerid, ». See jereed.

jerk1 (jerk), v. [Recorded (first in latter part
of the 16th century) in 3 forms: (I) jerk (ierk,
n., Levins, 1570), jerke; (2) gerke (Minsheu,
1627), of. " girk, a rod, also to chastise or beat"
(Halliwell) ; (3) yerk, E. dial, and Sc. yerk, yark:
orig. strike or beat, esp. with a whip or rod. The
typical form is yerk, the initial _;' and g being
palatal, and not sibilant. Origin uncertain ; an
equiv. term jert (Cotgrave) suggests that all
these forms are dial, variations of the older
gird, which has the same sense. See yerk.] I.
trans. 1. To strike or beat, as with a whip or
rod; strike smartly. [Now only Scotch.]

With that which jerks the hams of every jade.

Bp. Hall, Satires, III. v. 26.

Fouetter [F.], to scourge, lash, yerke or jerk. Cotgrave.
Now I am fitted !
I have made twigs to jerk myself.

Shirley, Hyde Park, iii. 2.

2. To pull or thrust with sudden energy; act
upon with a twitching or snatching motion;
move with quick, sharp force : often with a word
or words of direction: as, to jerk open a door;
the horse jerked out his heels.

I snatched at the lappets of his coat, and jerked him into
Mrs.Wellmore'8 parlor.

F. W. Robinson, Lazarus in London, iv. 10.
In attempting to dash through a thicket, his hat has
been jerked from his head, his powder-horn and shot-
pouch torn from around his neck.

W. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 202.
We poor puppets, jerked by unseen wires.

Lowell, Commemoration Ode.

3. To throw with a quick, sharp motion; spe-
cifically, to throw with the hand lower than the
elbow, with an impulse given by sudden colli-
sion of the forearm with the hip : as, to jerk a
stone.

II. intrans. 1. To make a sudden spasmodic
motion; give a start; move twitchingly.

Nor blush, should he some grave acquaintance meet,

But, proud of being known, will jerk and greet. Dryden.

He was seized with that curious nervous affection which

originates in these religious excitements, and disappears

with them. He jerked violently — his jerking only adding

to his excitement, which in turn increased the severity

of his contortions. E. Eggleston, Circuit Rider, riv.

2f. To sneer; carp; speak sarcastically.

By the way liejerkes at some mens reforming to models
of Religion. Milton, Eikonoklastes, viii.

jerk1 (jerk), n. [< jerfcl, «. ] 1. A short, sharp
pull, thrust, or twitch ; a sudden throw or toss ;
a jolt; a twitching or spasmodic motion.

His jade gave him a jerk. B. Jonson, Underwoods.

The Ship tossed like an Egg-shell, so that I never felt
such uncertain Jerks in a Ship. Dampier, Voyages, I. 82.

2. A sudden spring or bound; a start; a leap;
a sally.

Ovidius Naso was the man ; and why, indeed, Naso, but
for smelling out the odoriferous flowers of fancy, the jerks
of invention? Shak., L. L. L., iv. 2, 129.

3. An involuntary spasmodic contraction of
a muscle, due to reflex action resulting from a
blow or other external stimulus. Thus, a blow

jerkingly

upon the ligament of the patella, below the knee-cap,
produces spasmodic contraction of the extensor muscles
of the leg, which is straightened with a jerk. This is
technically called knee-jerk, and the same action in other
parts receives qualifying terms, as chin-jerk, etc.
4. pi. The paroxysms or violent spasmodic
movements sometimes resulting from excite-
ment in connection with religious services.
Specifically called the jerks. [Western and
southern U. S.]

These Methodis' sets people crazy with the jerks, I've
hearn tell. E. Eyyleston, Circuit Rider, xiL

5f. A sneer; sarcasm.

The question ere while mov'd who he is ... may re-
turne with a more just demand, who he is not of place and
knowledge never so mean, under whose contempt and jerk
these men are not deservedly falneV

Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.

jerk'2, jerque (jerk), i: t. [Sometimes spelled
jergue (cf.deriv. jerker2, less commonly jerquer,
jerguer); prob. an accom. form, < It. cercare
(pron. cher-ka're), search (cf. cercatore, cer-
cante, a searcher) : see search.] In the English
custom-house, to search, as a vessel, for un-
entered goods.

jerk3, jerky2 (jerk, jer'ki), n. [< Chilian char-
qui, dried beef.] Meat cut into strips and cured
by drying it in the open air.

As soon as daylight appears, the captain started to where
they left some/erjfc hanging on the evening before.

w. De Bass, Hist. Early Settlements, p. 389.

jerk3 (jerk), v. t. [Chiefly as pp. adj., in the
phrase jerked beef; < jerk&, n.] To cure, as
meat, especially beef, by cutting into long thin '
pieces and drying in the sun.

When he [the Rocky Mountain hunter] can get no fresh
meat, he falls back on his stock of jerked venison, dried in
long strips over the fire or in the sun.

The Century, XXXVI. 832.

jerker1 (jer'ker), «. [<jerfcl + -«•!.] 1. One
who jerks ; one who moves something in a quick,
spasmodic way ; in the quotation, one who whips
or lashes.

Let 'em alone, Frank ; 111 make 'em their own justice,
and & jerker. Fletcher, Wit without Money, iv. 3.

2. One who makes quick, spasmodic motions;
especially, one who sunders from involuntary
spasmodic movements of the limbs or features.

In Roman Catholic countries these manifestations, as we
have seen, have generally appeared in convents. ... In
Protestant countries they appear in times of great religious
excitement, and especially when large bodies of young wo-
men are submitted to the influence of noisy and frothy
preachers. Well-known examples of this in America are
seen in the "Jumpers," Jerkers, and various revival ex-
travagances. Pop. Sci. Mo., XXXV. 148.

3. AcyprinoiA&ahjHybopsiskentuckiensiii: same
as liornyhead.

jerker2, jerquer (jer'ker), n. [Also written jer-
guer: seejerfc2.] In the English custom-house,
an officer who searches vessels for unentered
goods. [Colloq.]

I have heard tell that she's three parts slaver and one
part pirate ; and I wonder the custom-house jerkers don't
seize her. Sola.

jerkin1 (jer'kin), K. [Also (Sc.) jirkin; prob.
of D. origin (see 1st quot.), < OD. "jurkken or
"jurken, < jurk, a frock, + dim. -ken, E. -kin.]
A short close-fitting coat or jacket, worn in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The term
is used loosely to include on the one hand the doublet, and
on the other the buff-coat, at least in some of its forms ; it
was even used for a surcoat, or coat worn over armor.
With dutchkin dublets, and with lerkins iaggde.

Gascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), p. 83.
Andall kinde of leather ware, as gloues, poyntes, gyrdles,
skins for ierkins.

Sta/ord, A Briefe Couceipt (1581), ed. Furnivall, p. 88.

Is not a buff jerkin a most sweet robe of durance?

Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 2, 49.

His attire was a riding-cloak, which, when open, dis-
played a handsome jerkin, overlaid with lace.

Scott, Kenilworth, i.

jerkin2 (jer'kin), n. A young salmon : same as

ginkin. .

jerkin3t (jer'kin), M. [Contr. of jerfalcon.'] The

male of the gerfalcon.

jerkiness (jer'ki-nes), «. The state or quality
of being jerky or spasmodic.

In our common conversation we can give pleasure and
escape sharp tones by avoiding jfrkiness in speech.

J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 128.

jerkinet (jer'ki-net), n. [Sc.jirkinet, also writ-
ten, improp., girkienet; < jerkin1 + -et. Cf.jor-
net.] An outer jacket worn by women ; a sort
of bodice without whalebone.

My lady's gown, there's gairs upon 't ; . . .

But Jenny's jimps an' jirkinet,

My lord thinks meiklu mail- upon 't.

Burns, My Lady's Gown.

jerkingly (jer'king-li), adv. In a jerking man-
ner ; with or by jerks.

Jerkin-head Roof.

jerkin-head

jerkin-head (j('?r'kin-hed), n. [Appar. with
soiiu' alluxion to jrrkm1.] In arch., the end of
a roof when it is formed
into a shape intermedi-
ate between a gabli- :in<l
a hip, the gable rising
about half-way to the
ridge, HO that it is left
with a truncated shape,
and the roof being hip-
ped or inclined back-
ward from this level.
Also called shread-head.
(iirilt.

jerky1 (j£ r'ki), a. and n.
l<jerkl + -yl.] J. „. of
a jerking character ; act-
ing by jerks; spasmodic;
capricious; impatient.

shr wiped her eyes in the jerky way of poor people, to
whom Usirs are a hindrance.

J. W. Palmer, After his Kind, p. 265.

The best teaching Is not feverish or jerky, but deliber-
ate, steady, harmonious.

Xew Eng. Jour, of Education, XIX. 41.

II. n. ; pi. jerkies (-kiz). See the extract.

The liveliest travelling was by jerky, the ordinary Amer-
ican f aiTti -waggon without springs. You sat on a board
laid across the waggon-box ; that Is, you tried to si! , for
truly half the time you spent in the air, stiffening your
arms to temper the bump bound to meet your return to
the seat. W. Shepherd, Prairie Experiences, p. 108.

jerky2 (jer'ki), ». See jerks.

Jeroboam (jer-o-bo'am), n. [So called in allu-
sion to Jeroboam, ''a mighty man of valour"
(1 Ki. xi. 28), who became king of Israel.] A
large bowl or goblet, generally of metal. [Prov.
Eng.]

The corporation of Ludlow formerly possessed a Jero-
boam, which was used as a grace-cup or loving-cup at the
bailiff's feasts. H. S. Cuminys.

jeroffleret, «• An obsolete dialectal (Scotch)

form of gillyflower.

jeropigia, »». A variant of geropigia.
jerount, «• [ME., spelled irreg. jeryne; appar.

< OF. "jeron, geron} giron, gieron, a back of

leather, a robe, tunic, lap, bed, tile, etc., orig.

anything circular, a gyron : see gyron.] A piece

of armor, apparently of leather.

Armede hym in a actone with orfraeez fulle ryche,
Aboven one that Ajeryne of Acres owte over,
Aboven that a jesseraunt of Jentylle maylez,
A jupone of Jcrodyne jaggeae in schredez.

M orte Arthurs (E. E. T. S.X L 903.

jerque, v. t. Seejerk^.

jerquer, n. See jerker*.

jerrid, n. See jereed.

jerry (jer'i), n. ; pi. jerries (-iz). [Origin ob-
scure ; prob. ult. from the name Jerry, a famil-
iar abbr. of Jeremiah.'] Aman who erects flimsy
buildings ; a speculator who constructs houses
hastily and unsubstantially.

jerry-builder (jer'i-bil'der), n. Same as jerry.

How many householders have suffered from the scamped
work of jerry-buildent Quarterly Ren., CXLV. 67.

jerry-building (jer'i-bil'ding), n. Cheap and
careless construction of houses.

No premium is required to encourage the development
ol jerry-building. Nature, XXX. 81.

jerry-built (jer'i-bilt), a. Constructed hastily
and with flimsy materials.

The first thought naturally was that these jerry-built
houses would be shaken down like a pack of cards.

Nature, XXX. 81.

jerry-shop (jer'i-shop), n. A low dram-shop.

A worse than jerry -thop over the way raged like Bedlam
or Erebus. Carlyle, in Froude.

jersey (jer'zi), «. and a. [Formerly also j'ar*f«,
jarsy, jarzie; so called from Jersey, formerly
also Jarsey (< F. Jersey), one of the Channel Is-
lands, < L. Ca-sarea, a name of various places,
applied in later times to the island, < Gtesar,
Csesar: see Caesar. The province, now the
State, of New Jersey (NL. Xova Ccesarea) was
so named in 1664, in the grant to the proprie-
tors, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret,
after the island of Jersey, which Sir George
Carteret had defended against the Long Par-
liament.] I. n. 1. Fine woolen yarn ; fine or
select wool, separated from the inferior quality
by combing.

Her [the Queen of Scots'] hose were wosted, watched-
coloured, wrought with silver about the clocks, and whit
jarae vnder them.

Quoted in AT. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 281.

By no meanes therefore is the present practice to be
borne, which daily earrieth away of the nnest sorts of
wools ready combed into janiet for worke, which they
pack up as bales of cloth. (Jutdea Fleece (1657)

3227

2. A close-fitting upper garment, extending to
the hips, made of elastic woolen or silk matt-
riiil, and worn with some variation of form by
both men and women.

Now each house has Its own uniform of cap anajertey,
of some lively colour.

T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Kugby, I. 5.

His dress was well adapted for displaying his deep square
chest and sinewy arms — a close fitting jeney, and white
trousers girt by a broad black belt

Lawrence, Guy Livingston, I.

II. n. Made of fine woolen yarn or pure
wool.

If I be not found In carnation .fortcy-stockings, blue
devils' breeches, with three gards down, and my pocket 1'
the sleeves, 111 ne'er look you I' the face again.

Beau, and Ft., Scornful Lady, I. 1.

Jersey cloth, woolen stockinet.— Jersey-comb, In her.,
a bearing representing a comb with long curved teeth,
such as is used by wool-combers.— Jersey flannel, a fab-
ric resembling stockinet, but with a long and soft pile on
one side.

Jersey lightning, livelong. See lightning, live-
long.

Jersey mates, Jersey team. See mate1.
Jersey pine, tea, thistle, etc. See pine, etc.
jertt (jert), v. t. [Seejerfc1.] To throw; jerk.

Cotgrarc.

jerupigia, ». See geropigia.
Jerusalem artichoke, cherry, cowslip, had-
dock, oak, pony, etc. See artichoke, etc.
jervine ( jer'vin), ». [< Sp. jerva, the poison of
the Veratrum album, + -ine2.] A crystalline
alkaloid obtained from the root of Veratrum
album, along with veratrine.
jeshamy (jesh'a-mi), ». A corruption of jas-
mine. [Colloq.7 Eng. ]

jess (jes), M. [Usually in pi. jesses; < ME. ges, <
OF. ges, gies, giez, gets, or without nom. -s, get,
giet, later as pi. gects, F. jet = Pr. get = It. (obs. )
geto, < ML. jactus, a jess : so called from their
use in letting the hawk fly, being the same as
OF. get, giet, later gect, ject, F. jet, < L. jactus, a
throw, cast: see Jet1.] 1. A short strap, usu-
ally of leather, sometimes of silk or other mate-
rial, fastened about the leg of a hawk used in
falconry, and continually worn. The leash, when
used, is secured to this. But the term jeu must be taken
to Include a short thong with a ring at the end, which is
rather the leash and varvel of actual falconry than the jess
proper. This is the heraldic use of the term. See cut
under d-la-cuisne.

If I do prove her haggard,

Though that her jesses were my dear heart-strings,
I'd whistle her off, and let her down the wind,
To prey at fortune. Shak., Othello, iii. S, 261.

Soar ye ne'er so high,
I have the jesses that will pull you down.

Marlowe, Edward II., II. i

2. A ribbon that hangs down from a garland or
crown in falconry.

jess (jes), v. t. [<jess, n.] To secure with jesses ;
place the jesses on.

Both hawks are hooded AnA jessed exactly as in the old
knightly days. Harper'* Mag., LXXVII. 82.

Jessed and belled. In her. See falcon, 1.
jessamine, jessamin (jes'a-min), ». [See jas-
mine."] 1. Same as jasmine.

The tufted crow-toe, and pale jessamine.

Milton, Lycldaa, 1. 143.
All night has the casement jessamine stirr'd
To the dancers dancing in tune.

Tennyson, Maud, xxU.

2. In her., the tincture white or argent in bla-
zoning by the system of flowers,
jessamyt (jes'a-mi), n. and a. [A corruption of
jessamine.] !."». 1. The jasmine. — 2. A dandy:
so called, it is said, because it was a habit of fops
to wear a sprig of jasmine in their buttonhole.
My labour, however, was not without Its reward; it
recommended me to the notice of the ladies, and pro-
cured me the gentle appellation of Jessamy.

Hawketworth, Adventurer, No. 100.

H. a. Like jasmine in color or perfume.

Towards evening, I took them out to the New Exchange,

and there my wife bought things, and I did give each of

them a pair otjesimy plain gloves, and another of white.

Pepys, Diary, 11. 482.

jessant (jes'ant), a. [Appar. intended for OF.
jfttant, jactant, pushing forth, throwing out
(ppr. otjetter: see jef1), but prob. orig. iessant
for "issant, < OF. issant, ppr. of isser, eisser, ies-
ser, issue: see i.iii. and cf. issuant. The form is
like OF. jesant, gesant (F. gissant), ppr. of gesir,
< L. jacere, lie.] In her. : (a)
Shooting up as a plant. (6)
Emerging: nearly the same as
ixniidiit, but applied especially
to an animal which appears to
emerge from the middle of an
ordinary or the like, instead of
its upper edge.-jessant-de-lis,
In her., having a fleur-de-lis passing

jest

through it and showing below as well as above : used com-
monly of the head of a creature, as a leopard, through
which the fleur-de-lis seems to have been drawn.

Jesse' (j'-s'e), H. The name of the father of David
and ancestor of Jesus, used in several phrases
with reference to Isa. xi. 1: "And there shall
come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a
Branch shall grow out of his roots."- Jesse can-
dlestick, (a) A branched candlestick in which the
branches are made to serve the purpose of the genealogi-
cal tree of Christ's descent from Jeaae. See tree oj Jesse,
below. (b) By extension and erroneously, any large and
showy branched candlestick or chandelier intended for
ecclesiastical use.- Jesse window, a painted window
containing a tree of Jesse.— Tree of Jesse, a decorative
genealogical tree representing the genealogy of Christ,
the figure of Jesse being the root, and the branches bear-
ing the name* and often representations of his descend-
ants. This was a design frequently carried out In the
middle ages In stained glass or wall decoration, in sculp-
ture, in the form of a branched candlestick, etc.

Jesse'2 (jes'e), ». [Also written Jessie, Jessy ;
appar. of local origin, with some orig. ref. to
some one named Jesse or Jessie.] A term oc-
curring only in the following phrase :— To give
one Jesse (sometimes, to give one particular Jesse),
to give one a good scolding or dressing ; punish one se-
verely. (Slang, U.S.)

jesserantt, jesserauntt (jes'e-rant), ». [Also
jagerant, jazerant, jazerent, jaserant, jaserine,
jazerant; ME. jasserant, jesseraunt, gesseraunt,
< OF. gesseron, jazeran, jaseran (sdso jesseran),
a chain-mail shirt, bracelet, or necklace, F. ja-
seron, .braid, =Pr. jazeran = PR.jazerffo; cf. 8p.
jacerina = Pg.jazerina = It. ghiazzerino, a coat
of mail, cuirass; said to be of Ar. (Algerian)
origin.] Splint armor, whether the splints were
fastened together with links of steel wire, as in
Moslem armor, or by silk twist, as in Japanese
armor, or as in European lobster-tail or crevisse
uniKir.

A jazerent of double mall he wore.

Southey, Joan of Arc, vij

jest1 (jest), n. [In the older sense still writ-
ten, archaically, gest; < ME. geste, r&relyjeste, a
story, a tale, prop, a tale of adventure or ex-
ploits, afterward extended to mean any enter-
taining tale or anecdote, orig. a deed or ex-
ploit, < OF. geste, an exploit, a tale of exploits:
see ges ft, gesture.] If. An act ; deed ; achieve-
ment; exploit; gest. See (jesft, n., I.

There fin Homer] may theiestes of many a knight be read,
Patroclus, Pyrrhus, Ajax, Diomed.

Jasper lleywood, In Cens. Lit, Ix. 393. (Xares.)

2t. A tale of achievement or adventure; a
story ; romance. See gest2, n.,2. — 3f. A mask ;
masquerade ; pageant.

He promised us, in honour of our guest,

To grace our banquet with some pompous/tut.

K yd, Spanish Tragedy, I.

4. A spoken pleasantry ; a laughable or inten-
tionally ludicrous saying ; a witticism; a joke;
a sally.

A jest's prosperity lies In the ear
Of him that hears it, never in the tongue
Of him that makes It Shak., L. L. L, v. 2, 871.
fats jests that flash 'd about the pleader's room,
Lightning of the hour, the pun, the scurrilous tale.

Tennyson, Aylmer's Field.

6. An acted pleasantry ; a jocular or playful
action ; something done to make sport or cause
laughter.

The Image of the jest [the plot against Falstaff]
111 show you here at large.

Shak., M. W. of W., Iv. 6, 17.

To cozen their consciences, they hired certain Janiza-
ries to force them aboard : who took their money, and made
tijest of beating them in earnest

Sandys, Travailes, p. 109.

6. The object of laughter, sport, or mockery ;
a laughing-stock.

And where there Is no difference In men's worths.
Titles tre jests. Beau, and Fl., King and No King, L 1.
She Is such a desperate scholar that no country gentle-
man can approach her without being a jest

Steele, Spectator, No. 118.
Be this a woman's fame ; with this unblest,
Toasts live a scorn, and queens may die ijett.

Pope, Moral Essays, H. 282.
in sport ; for mere diversion ; not in earnest ; play-
He spak a word in jest;

Her answer wasua good.
The Laird of Warutoun (Child's Ballads, III. 108).

Tell him that he loves in jest,
But I In earnest. Quarles, Emblems, v. 1.

To break a Jest. See break. =8yn. 4. Jest, Joke; quip,

auirk, witticism, sally. A joke is often rougher or leaa
elicate than a jest, as a practical jnkt. but jtrt often sug-
gests more of lightness or scoffing than joke, as to turn
everything into jest. Joke la the word to be used where
etion isini "-*

said.

implied ; jrtt Is generally applied to something

Of all the griefs that harass the distressed,
Sure the most bitter is a scornful jest.

J"lnwn, London, I. 165.

jest

Link towns to towns with avenues of oak,
Enclose whole downs in walls — 'tis all ajoke !

Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. ii. 261.

jest1 (jest), v. [< ME. gesten, tell romantic tales,
< geste, a tale, etc. : see gestf, ?.] I. intrans.
If. To tell stories or romances. See gesfi, v.
I can not geste, rum, raf, ruf, by letter [i. e. in alliterative

verse].
He, God wot, rym hold I but litel better.

Chaucer, Prol. to Parson's Tale, 1. 43.

2. To trifle (with); amuse or entertain by words
or actions ; treat as trifling.

By my life, captain,
These hurts are not to be jested with.

Beau, and Fl., Knight of Malta, ii. 1.

3. To say or do something intended to amuse
or cause laughter.

Earl Limours

Drank till he jested with all ease, and told
Free tales, and took the word and play'd upon it.

Tennyson, Geraint.

4f. To take part in a mask or sport ; engage

in mock combat; just.

As gentle and as jocund, as to jest,
Goltonght Shale., Eich. II., i. 3, 95.

II. trans. 1. Toutterin jest or sport. [Bare.]
If jest is in you, let the jest be jested. Rusldn.

2. To apply a jest to; joke with; banter; rally.
He jested his companion upon his gravity.

0. P. R. James.
jest2 (jest), adv. A common dialectal form of

jest-book (jest'buk), «. A book containing a
collection of jests, jokes, or funny stories or
sayings.

jestee (jes-te'), K. [< Jest1 + -cc1.] The per-
son on whom a jest is passed. [Rare.]

The Mortgager and Mortgagee differ, the one from the
other, not more in length of purse than the Jester and
Jentee do in that of memory.

Sterne, Tristram Shandy, i. 12.

jester (jes'ter), H. [< ME. gestour, gestiour,<. ges-
ten, tell jests : see jest1, v.'] If. A story-teller;
a reciter of tales, adventures, and romances.
Oestiours, that tellen tales
Bothe of wepinge and of game.

Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1198.

The conteurs and the jestours . . . were literally, in
English, tale-tellers, who recited either their own com-
positions or those of others, consisting of popular tales
and romances. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 261.

2. One who is addicted to jesting ; one who is
given to witticisms, jokes, and pranks.

When he [Southey] writes nonsense we generally read
It with pleasure, except indeed when he tries to be droll.
A more insuUerable jester never existed.

Macaulay, Southey's Colloquies.

3. A court-fool or professed sayer of witty
things and maker of amusement, maintained
by a prince or noble in the middle ages and
later. The dress of the jester was usually showy, or
even gaudy, and toward the end of the time when jesters
were employed it was always typically party-colored or
motley ; but, as the jesters in some early courts were men
of considerable intellectual ability, and in some cases of
good family, their dress was not always conspicuously dis-
tinguished from that of those with whom they mingled.
The bauble, sometimes very small and of rich materials,
was the only certain badge of the jester's employment.
The fools of Shakspere's plays indicate a certain lowering
of the rank of the jester in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. So far as is known, the last one employed in
England was Archie Armstrong (died 1672), in the court of
James I., and afterward of Charles I. See cockscomb, bau-
We2, motley.

Feste, the jester, my lord ; a fool that the lady Olivia's
father took much delight in. Shak., T. N., ii. 4, 11.

Jesters' helmet, a kind of helmet bearing unusual orna-
ments, such as horns, or having the vizor shaped in rude
imitation of a face.

jesting (jes'ting), p. a. [Ppr. of jest1, *\] 1.
Given to jesting; playful: as, a jesting humor.
— 2. Fit for joking ; proper to be joked about.
He will find that these are no jesting matters.

Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xv.

jesting-beam (jes'ting-bem), H. In building, a
beam introduced for appearance, and not for
use.

jestingly (jes'ting-li), adv. In a jesting or play-
ful manner ; not in earnest.
jesting-stock (jes'ting- stok), n. A laughing-
stock; a butt for ridicule. [Rare.]

I love thee not so ill to keep thee here,
A jest-ing -stock.

Beau, and Fl., Scornful Lady, v. 2.
jest-monger (jest'rmmg"ger), n. A retailer of
jests ; a joker.

Some witlings and jest-mongera still remain

For fools to laugh at. J. Baillie.

jestword (jest'werd), «. An object of jests or

ridicule ; a laughing-stock ; a byword ; a butt.

The jeetword of a mocking band. Whittier.

Jesuate (jez'ii-at), n. [Also Jesuat, < It. Gesu-
ato, < (jtesu, Jesus: see Jetus. Cf. Jesuit.] A

3228

member of a monastic order founded by the
Italian Colombiui, and confirmed by Urban V.
about 1367. Until 1606 it was composed entirely of lay-
men, who cared for the poor and sick. From the fact that
they distilled alcoholic liquors at some of their houses,
they were called Aqua-vita fathers. The order was sup-
pressed in 1668.

Jesuit (jez'u-it), ». [< F. Jesuite, now Jesuite =
Sp. Jesuifa = Pg. Jesuita = It. Gesuita = D. Je-
zu'it, Jezuiet = G. Dan. Sw. Jesuit, < NL. Jesuita,
so called (first, it is said, by Calvin, about 1550)
from the name given to the order by its founder
(NL. Societas Jesu, 'the Company (or Society)
of Jesus'), < L. Jesus + -itu, E. usually -ite-2.]

1. A member of the "Society of Jesus" (or
"Company of Jesus"), founded by Ignatius
Loyola in 1534 and confirmed by the Pope in
1540. Its membership includes two general classes, lay-
men, or temporal coadjutors, and priests; and six grades,
namely, novices, formed temporal coadjutors, approved
scholastics, formed spiritual coadjutors, the professed of
three vows, and the professed of four vows. The appli-
cant for admission to the order must be at least fourteen
years old, and the three vows cannot be taken before the
age of thirty-three. After a two years' novitiate the lay
brothers become temporal coadjutors, and the candidates
for the priesthood are advanced to the grade of scholas-
tics. A rigorous course of study follows for fourteen or
fifteen years, divided into three nearly equal periodsof aca-
demic or collegiate study, teaching and study combined,
and a course in theology. At the end of this time the
scholastic enters on another short novitiate, after which
he may become either a spiritual coadjutor or one of the
professed. The three vows are voluntary poverty, per-
fect chastity, and perfect obedience ; and the fourth vow
is absolute submission to the Pope. The professed of the
four vows are the most influential class ; they form the
general congregation, and fill the highest offices and the
leading missions. The general is elected for life by the
general congregation. He has great power, limited only
by the constitutions, and is aided by a council of assistants.
He must reside at Rome, and is subject only to the Pope.
There is an elaborate organization, with a division into
five " assistancies," subdivided into provinces, each of
which is administered by a provincial, and each provincial
has " superiors," rectors, etc., as subordinates. Two fea-
tures characterize the system thus organized — absolute
obedience and a perfect system of scrutiny. It is the
combination of these two principles which has made the
order of Jesuits such a power in the church. So formida-
ble has their political influence been supposed to be that
they have often been expelled even from Roman Catholic
communities. They were expelled from France in 1594,
restored in 1903, again expelled in 1764, and for the last
time in 1880. They were expelled from Spain in 1767, and
at different times from various other countries. In 1773
the order was suppressed by Pope Clement XIV., but it
was revived in 1814. It is believed now to number about
ten thousand members.

One whom the mob, when next we find or make
A popish plot, shall for a Jesuit take.

Pope, Satires of Donne, iv. 35.

2. A crafty or insidious person; an intriguer:
so called in allusion to the crafty and intriguing
methods commonly ascribed to the Jesuits. —

3. [/. c.1 A dress worn by women in the latter
part of the eighteenth century ; a kind of indoor
morning-gown. Fairholt — Jesuit lace. See lace.
— Jesuits' bark, Peruvian bark ; the bark of certain spe-
cies of Cinchona. It is so called because it was first in-
troduced into Europe by the Jesuits.— Jesuits' Bark
Act. See barkv. — Jesuits' drops, a balsamic preparation
formerly in repute as a pectoral and vulnerary : same as
friars' balsam (which see, under friar).— Jesuits' nut, a
name sometimes given to the fruit of Trapa natans, the
water-chestnut.— Jesuits' powder, powdered cinchona
bark. —Jesuits' tea, the Ilex Paraguayensis, or its leaves.
See mate*, and Paraguay tea, under tea.— Jesuit Style,
in arch. See baroque, 2.

Jesuit (jez'u-it), v. t. [< Jesuit, «.] To cause to
conform to the principles of the Jesuits; make
a Jesuit of.

But to return to the Roman Catholics, how can we be
secure from the practice of jesuited Papists in that Reli-
gion? Dryden, Religio Laid, Pref.

Jesuitess (jez'u-it-es), n. [< NL. Jesuitissa; as
Jesuit + -ess.] One of an order of nuns estab-
lished on the principles of the Jesuits. It was
suppressed by Pope Urban VIII . about 1633.

Jesuitic (jez-u-it'ik), a. [= F. jesuitique = Sp.
jesuitico = Pg.jesuitico = It. gesuitico; < Jesuit,
q. v.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Jesuits or
their principles.

The Jesuitic maxim, that " he who has the schools has
the future," the German Catholics have adopted as their
own. Bibliotheca Sacra, XLV. 194.

jet

As our English papists are commonly most jesuitish, so
our English Jesuits are more furious than their fellows.
Bp. Hall, Quo Vadis, § li).

Jesuitism (jez'u-it-izm), «. [= F.jesuitisme =
Sp. Pg. jesuitismo = It. gesuitismo; as Jesuit +
-ism.] 1. The system, principles, and practices
of the Jesuits. — 2. Craft; subtlety; politic du-
plicity: an opprobrious use.

The word Jesuitism now in all countries expresses an
idea for which there was in Nature no prototype before.
Not till these late centuries had the human soul gener-
ated that abomination or needed to name it.

Carlyle, Latter Day Pamphlets, viil

Jesuitocracy (jez"u-i-tok'ra-si), n. [< Jesuit -t-
-o-cracy, government, as in aristocracy, q. v.,
etc.] Government by Jesuits ; also, the whole
body of Jesuits in a country.

The charming results of a century of Jeauitocracy, as
they were represented on the French stage in the year
1793. Sinysley, Yeast, v.

Jesuitry (jez'u-it-ri), ». [< Jesuit + -ry.] Jes-
uitism, in either of its senses.

The poor Girondins, many of them, under such fierce
bellowing of Patriotism, say Death; justifying, motivant,
that most miserable word of theirs by some brief casuist-
ry and Jesuitry. Vergniaud himself says Death; justify-
ing by Jesuitry. Carlyle, French Rev., III. ii. 7.

Jesus (je'zus), n. [< ME. Jesus, lesus, Jesu (in
AS. usually translated, Hailend, lit. 'healer,' i. e.
Saviour) ; F. Jesns = Sp. Pg. Jesus = It. Gesu =
D. Jezus = Or. Dan. Sw. Jesus, < L. (LL.) Jesus,
prop, in 3 syllables, lesus (gen., dat., abl., and
voc. Jesu, > voc. Jesu in modern tongues), < Gr.
'I/7<7ot>f,< Heb. Teshu'a, also Yoshu'a, contr. of Te-
hoshu'a (forms transliterated, in the LL. and E.
versions of the Old Testament, as Jeshua, Josh-
ua, and Jehoshua respectively), a name meaning
'Jehovah is salvation' or 'help of Jehovah': see
Jehovah. The name was a very common one
among the Jews, esp. during the Hellenizing
period, when it assumed the Gr. form 'Ir/aovf,
being sometimes assimilated to the purely Gr.
'Idaav, Jason (cf. iaatf, healing, < laaOai, heal).
A special significance was impressed upon the
name when it was given to the child proclaim-
ed to be the Saviour of mankind (Mat. i. 21;
Luke i. 31).] 1 . The Greek form of Joshua, used
in the authorized version of the Bible twice to
designate the Jewish leader so named (Acts vii.
45, Heb. iv. 8), once to designate a man called
Justus (Col. iv. 11), and elsewhere as the per-
sonal name of the Saviour, frequently conjoined
with Christ, the Anointed, the official title.

She [Mary] shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call
his name Jesus: for he shall save his people from their
sins. Mat. i. 21.

2f. With the article, a representation of the
crucifixion or of the ecce homo, or even of the
mere emblem of Christ, such as the I. H. S. or
S^: used in old inventories, etc — Company of
Jesus, the order of Jesuits.— Order of Jesus, of Jesus
Christ, etc., the name of several orders of more or less re-
ligious character, in Spain, Sweden, etc.

2. [1. c.] Same as Jesuitical.
Jesuitical (jez-u-it'i-kal), a. [< Jesuitic + -itl.]
Designing; crafty; politic; insinuating: an op-
probrious term.

Though for fashion's sake called a parliament, yet by a
Jesuitical sleight not acknowledged, though called so.

Milton, Eikonoklastes, § 13.

He has been accused of a Jesuitical tendency, of a dis-
position to find arguments in favor of acts after the acts
have been performed. . N. A. Rev., CXL1I. 589.

jesuitically (jez-u-it'i-kal-i), adc. In a Jesuiti-
cal, insinuating, or politic manner; craftily.

jesuitish (jez'u-it-ish), a. [< Jesuit + -is/i1.]
Jesuitical.

jet1 (jet), v. ; pret. and pp. jetted, ppr. jetting.
[< ME. jetten, getten, < OF. jetter, Jeter, getter,
geter,jecter, F. Jeter, cast, hurl, throw, fling, dart,
put or push forth, = Pr. getar, gitar, gietar =
Sp.jitar = It. gittare, gettare, throw, etc., < L.
jactare, throw, hurl, cast, toss, shake, agitate,
etc., freq. ofjacere, throw (>jacere, lie), akin to
Gr. tcmreiv, throw : see iambic. From the same
L. source are abject, project, reject, subject, tra-
ject, etc., with many derivatives, abjection, ad-
jection, etc., adjective, objective, ete.,jacent, ad-
jacent, circumjacent, jactation, jettison, jetsam,
jactitation, jaculate, ejaculate, etc., also amice1,
gist1, gist2, joist, and, connected directly with
jet, its doublet jut, and jetty1, jutty, etc.] I.
trans. To throw out; shoot out; spurt forth,
especially from a small orifice; spout; spurt.

But that, instead of this form, so incommodious for the
conveyance of waters, it should be jetted out every where
into hills and dales so necessary for that purpose, is a
manifest sign of an especial providence of the wise Cre-
ator. Derham, Physico-Theology, iii. 4.

A dozen angry models jetted steam.

Tennyson, Princess, ProL

II. intrans. If. To shoot forward ; shoot out ;
project; jut.

His eyebrows jetted out like the round casement of an
alderman's dining-room. Middleton, Black Book.

2f. To strut ; stalk ; assume a haughty or pom-
pous carriage ; be proud.

I see Parmeno come iettyng like a lord, but see howe
idle he is, as one out of all care and thought.

J. Udall, Flowres, fol. 97.
The orders I did set,
They were obey'd with joy, which made me jet.

Mir. for Mags., p. 202.

3f. To encroach offensively. Xares.

jet

It la hard when Englishmuns pacience must tie thus
jetted on by straungcrs, and they nut dare to revemlKe
their owne wrongs. I'l/i;/ of ,SVV Tlvnnai Mure.

Insulting tyranny begins l<i jii
Upon the innocent and awtcss throne.

Shak., Kich. III., 1L 4, 51.

4f. To jerk ; jolt, tlineman. — 5. To turn round
or about. [I'vov. Kng.'J

jet1 (jet), H. [Karly mod. E. alsojXtr, get; < M K.
jet, pet, ji-Hi-, iii-lli; a dcvicr, mode, manner,
fashion, < OF. get, gict, later tject, ject, a throw,
cast, etc., a joss (q. v.), F. jet, a throw, cast,
stroke, a gush, spurt, or jet (of water), a shoot
(of a plant), a jess, etc.,= It. getto, a throw, cast,
waterspout, etc., < ii.jactus, a throw, cast, (.jit-
cere, pp. jactitu, throw : see jet1, v. Of. jess, n.]

1. A sudden shoo ting forth; a spouting or spurt-
ing, as of water or flame from a small orifice.

The natural jets and elations of a mind energized by the
rapidity of its own emotions.

Lowell, Among my Books, 2d let., p. 243.

2. That which so issues or spurts: as, & jet ol
water; a jet of blood; a jc t of gas.

Thus the small jW, which hasty hands unlock,
SpirU in the gardener s eyes who turns the cock.

Pope, Dunciad, 11. 177.

3. A spout, or the end of a spout or nozle, for
the emission of a liquid or gas: as, a rose-jet;
a gas-Jet. — 4. In metal-casting: (a) A channel
or tube for introducing melted metal into a
mold. (&) A small projecting piece of the metal,
consisting of what remained in the hole through
which the liquid metal was run into the mold:
this has to be filed off before the casting can
be finished. Compare runner. — 5. In pyrotech-
nics, a rocket-case filled with a burning com-
position, and attached to the circumference of
a wheel or the end of a movable arm to give it
motion. — 6. A large water-ladle. HMiwell.
[Prov. Eng.] — 7. A descent ; a declivity. Hal-
liwell. [Prov. Eng.] — 8f. Fashion; manner;
custom; style.

Also ther Is another newe left,
A fowle wast of cloth, and excessyf.
Boolre of Precedence (E. E. T. 8., extra ser.), 1. 106.

A kirtrl of a fyn wachet,
Schapen with goores in the newe get.

Chaucer, Miller s Tale, 1. 136.

9f. Artifice; contrivance.

The croslet
That was ordeyned with that false get.

Chaucer, Canon's Yeoman s Tale, 1. 266.

10f. [A form of or substitute for gist2, of the
same ult. origin.] Point; drift; scope.

How is this, master Rowley? I don't see the jet of your
scheme. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ill. 1.

It often happens that the jett or principal point in the
debate is lost in these personal contests.

Monti, Travels in England in 1782 (trans.).

Pelletan Jet, an annular steam-jet used to induce a flow
of liquid DV an opening through which the jet issues.
The principle is the same as that of the Olffard injector.—
Sensitive Jet, a jet of air, smoke, water or other liquid,
or of burning gas. which is sensitive to sound-waves. The
form and dimensions of the jet are modified by the im-
pact of the sound-waves.

jet'2 (jet), n. and a. [Formerly also jeat,geat,
get, geet, jayet; < ME. jet,jete, geete, < OF. jet
(also jettc, f.), jaet, jayet, F. jayet, jats, earlier
OF. gayet, and restored gagate (cf. also ME. and
AS., as 1,.,gagates, G. aagat, etc.), < L. gagates,
< Gr. yayanK, jet, so called from Tdyaf or Tayycu,
a town and river of Lycia in Asia Minor.] I.
n. 1. A solid, dry, black, inflammable fossil
substance, harder than asphalt, susceptible of
high polish, and glossy in its fracture, which is
conchoidal or undulating. It is found in beds of
lignite or brown coal, and chiefly in rocks of Tertiary and
Secondary age. The most important jet-veins are in York-
shire, England, near Whitby. It is wrought into toys, but-
tons, and personal ornaments of various kinds.

A thousand favours from a maund she drew,

Of amber, crystal, and of beaded jet.

Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 37.

A square peece of white stone inserted into a piece of
t«t Coryat, Crudities, 1. 165.

2. The color of jet ; a deep, rich, glossy black.
The white pink, and the pansy freak'd with>«e.

Milton, Lycidas, 1. 144.

Jet-rock series, u portion of the I'pper Lias, near Whlt-
by, Yorkshire. England : so called because it contains the
'• jet-rock, ' a hard, bituminous shale, containing jet in the
interstices between the layers in thin lenticular masses.

II. a. Made of the mineral jet : as, jet beads;
jt-t ornaments,
jet-ant (jet'ant), ». A kind of ant, Formica

fuliginosa,

jet-black (jet'blak'), a. [< jet? + &/«<*.] Of
the deepest black ; black as jet.

Year after year unto her feet . . .
The maiden's) jtt-MMk li:iir fi;i^ ^rown.
Tennyson, The Day-Dream, The sleeping Beauty.

3229

jet-break (jot'brak), «. In printing, the mark
left on the bottom of a type by the breaking off
of the jot projecting from the top of the mold.

jet d'eau (zha do). [Formerly partly Englished,
ji i/li-ini, ji I/inn, jetto ; now as mere F., jVf <l'i mi
(= It. gctto d' acqua), a jet of water: jet, jet;
de, of; eau, water: see jet1, du", eau, we2.] A
fine stream of water spouting from a fountain
or pipe, especially an upward jet from an or-
namental fountain.

There is nothing that more enlivens a prospect than
rivers, jetdeawt, or falls of water, where the scene is per-
petually shifting. Adiliion, Spectator, No. 412.

jetee (je-te'), n. [E. Ind.] The plant Marsdenia
tenacissima, or bowstring-creeper of Rajmahal,
found wild in certain hilly parts of India. Its
fiber is beautiful in appearance, tough and elastic, and
endures exposure to water. It is made into such articles
as bowstrings, twine, and rope. The milky juice when
dried serves as a caoutchouc.

jet-glass (jet'glas), ». Crystal-glass of pure
black : used for cheap jewelry, in imitation of
jet.

jeton, n. See jetton.

jet-pump (jet'pump), n. A pump in which the
fluid is impelled by the action of a jet of the
same or another fluid.

jetsam (jet'sam), n. [Also jetsom, jetsome; a
corruption bf the earlier jetson, jettison, as flot-
sam is of the earlier flotson, 'flottison : see jetti-
son.] In law and com. : (a) Same us jettison.

Jettam is where goods are cast into the sea, and there
sink and remain under water; flotsam is where they con-
tinue swimming ; ligan Is where they are sunk in the sea,
but tied to a cork or buoy in order to be found again.

Blaclatone, Com., I. vili.

(6) The goods thrown out by jettison.

These are forgiven — matters of the past—
And range v/ith jetsam and with offal thrown
Into the blind sea of forgetfulness.

Ti-niin»"ii, Queen Mary, 111. 3.

jetsent, jetsomt, jetsomet, jetsont, «. See jet-
sam, jettison. Coles; Minsheu.
jetstone (jet'ston), n. Same as jet2. Jet was
formerly supposed to have the property of attracting cer-
tain objects, like a magnet

It glues Wits edge, and drawesthem too \Vnejrtstone.
Danes, Commendatory Poems, p. 13.

jettage (jet'aj), «. [< OF. ietter. throw, cast:
see Jet1.] Certain charges levied upon incom-
ing vessels; specifically, dues payable to the
corporation of Hull, England, on vessels enter-
ing.

Freemen (of Hull] are exempt from anchorage, but free-
men as well as non-freemen pay jettage.

McCuUoeh, Diet. Commerce, p. 543.

jette (jet), n. The starling, or inclosure of piles,

of a bridge,
jetteaut (je-to'), n. A former spelling of jet

(feau.

jetteet, «• An obsolete spelling of jetty1.
jettert (jet'er), n. [< ME. jettourjectour, < OF.
jettour, jetteur, geteor, etc., < L. jactator, a
boaster: see jactator and jet1.] One who jets
or struts ; a spruce fellow.

So were ye better,
What shulde a begger be & letter f

J. Heyumtd, Four P's.

jettiness (jet'i-nes), ». The quality of being
jetty; blackness,
jettingt (jet'ing), p. a. Same as jutting. See Jut.

The v&at jetting coat and small bonnet, which was the
habit In Henry the Seventh's time, is kept on in the yeo-
men of the guard; not without a good and politic view,
because they look a foot taller, and a foot and a half
broader. Steele, Spectator, No. 109.

jettison (jet'i-son), n. [< OF. (AF.) 'jetaison,
getaison, gettaison, a throwing, jettison, < L.
jactatio(n-), a throwing, < jactare, throw: see
jet1, »., and el. jactation, a doublet of jettison.
The word in E. use became corrupted, through
jetson, jetsen, to jetsom, jetsome, jetsam : see jet-
sam, and cf. flotsam, similarly corrupted.] In
law, the throwing overboard of goods or mer-
chandise, especially for the purpose of easing
a ship in time of danger or distress. Stephen.

If, instead of being thrown overboard, the goods are put
into boats or lighters, and lost or damaged before reach-
ing the shore, such loss is regarded as a virtual jetti&m,
and gives a claim to average contribution.

Encyc. Brit., III. 146.

The bottle was eventually picked up on the shore of
Galveston Island in the (iulf of Mexico, having traversed
(through the aid of the equatorial current) the Atlantic
from the point ot jettison to Trinidad or Tobago.

&». Atner., N. S., LIX. 153.

jettison (j«'l 'i -son), t'. t. [< jetti.ttm, ».] To
throw overboard, especially for the purpose of
easing and saving a ship in time of danger.

When a part of a cargo is thrown overboard (or jettisoned,
as it is termed) to save the ship from foundering in a storm.

jetty

or to float her when stranded, or to facilitate her escape
from an en, mv, the l,,m ,,f tin- goods and of the freight
attached to them must be made good by average contribu-
tion. Kncyc. Brit., ILL 146.

jettot ( je-to'), n. An obsolete spelling otjct
d'eau.

The garden has erery variety, hills, dales, rocks, groves,

aviaries, vivaries, fountalnes, especially one of a\vjfttu$.

Early u. Diary, Oct. 22, 1644.

jetton (jet'on), n. [Also jeton; < F. jeton, a
counter, Of. jeton, geton, a shoot, sprout, etc.,
< jeter, throw, cast : see jet1.] A piece of metal,
generally silver, copper, or brass, bearing vari-
ous devices and inscriptions, formerly uued as

Olivers*. Reverse.

Bronze Jetton of Louis XIV., British Museum. (Sue of Ihe original.)

a counter in card-playing, or in casting up ac-
counts; also, an abbey-counter. Jettons came
Into use in the fourteenth century, and were extensively
used, especially in the sixteenth and seventeenth centu-
ries, in the Netherlands, France, Germany, and other coun-
tries.

They used to compute with Jetton* and counters ; . . .
It Is done by laying them on lines increasing in then-
value from the bottom, which is a line of Vnlts; the sec-
ond, or next above it, is a line of Tens ; the third a line of
Hundreds ; the fourth of Thousands ; and so on.

T. Snetting, View of the Origin of Jettons, p. 13.

Almost every abbey struck Its own jettrmt or counters,
which were thin pieces of copper, commonly Impressed
with a pious legend, and used in casting up accounts.

Claittn, Wood Engraving, p. 19.

jetty1 (jet'i), n.; pi. jetties (-iz). [Also jutty,
q. v.; < OF. jetee, gctce, gettee, gitee, jettee, a cast,
a jetty or jutty, etc. ; F. jetee, a pier, break-
water, jetty ; prop. fern. pp. of OF. jetter, jeter,
F. jeter, throw, cast: see jet1.] 1. A project-
ing part of a building, especially a part that
projects so as to overhang the wall below, as
the upper story of a timber house, a bay-win-
dow, etc. See extract under jetty1, v. i. — 2. A
projection of stone, brick, wood, or other ma-
terial (but generally formed of piles), afford-
ing a convenient place for landing from and
discharging vessels or boats, or serving as a
protection against the encroachment or as-
sault of the waves; also, a pier of stone or
other material projecting from the bank of a
stream obliquely to its course, for the pur-
pose of directing the current upon an obstruc-
tion to be removed, as a bed of sand or gravel,
or to deflect it from a bank which it tends to
undermine. Important jetties are those at the mouth
of the Mississippi river, constructed of willow mattresses
sunk by weighting with stone, and laid along both banks
of the river, to contract the current and cause it to scour
out the channel. See mattress.

Let us cut all the cables and snap all the chains which
tie us to an unfaithful shore, and enter the friendly har-
bour, that shoots far out into the main Its moles and jet-
teet to receive us. Burke, Economical Reform.

She was walking much too near the brink of a sort of
old jetty or wooden causeway we had strolled upon, and I
was afraid of her falling over.

Dickens, David Copperfleld, ill.

The country on both sides of the Mississippi from New
Orleans up to the month of the Red River is known as the
I'pper Coast ; that below the city down to the Jettiet, as
the Lower Coast. The Century, XXXV. 108.

jetty1 (jet'i), t. ; pret. and pp. jettied, ppr. jet-
tying. [Alsojufty, q. v.; an extension of jet1,
jut, after jetty1, jutty, ».] I. intrans. To jut;
project.

An out-butting or jettie of a house thttjettitt oat far-
ther than any other part of the house. Florio.

II. trans. To make a jetty.
Jettying with brush and pile, and finally strengthening
with stone. SW. Amer.. N. 8., LX. 106.

jetty1! (jet'i), a. [<>e«1+-y1.] Jetting, or jut-
ting out ; swelling.

Twise twentie^rfrM sailes with him
The swelling streams did take.

Chapman, Iliad, IL

jetty2 (jet'i), a. [< jef2 + -yl.] I. Made of jet.
— 2. Black as jet.

His spear, his shield, his horse, his armour, plume*,
And jetty feathers, menace death and hell.

Martoire, Tambnrlalne, I., Ir. L

All the floods

In which the full formed maids of Afric lave
Their jetty limbs. Thornton, Summer, 1. 8S4,

jettyhead

jettyhead (jet'i-hed), «. A projecting part at
the outer end of a wharf ; the front of a wharf
of which the side forms one of the cheeks of a
dock.

jeu d'esprit (zke des-pre'). [F.: jeu,_ a play;
tie, of; esprit, spirit: see spirit.'] A witticism;
a play of wit.

We had no idea that the task before us was to examine
and report upon a somewhat mild jeu d'esprit.

Nature, XXXVIII. 28.

jeune premier ( Jen pre-mia'). [F. -.jeune, young ;
premier, first.] In the theater, an actor who
personates young men in leading parts ; a first
juvenile.

Mr. , as Adrien, is v. jeune premier who promises a

good deal. The Academy, April 6, 1889, p. 245.

jeunesse doree (je-nes' do-ra'). [F.: jeunesse,
youth; dor6e, fern, of dore, gilded.] Literally,
the gilded youth of a community; rich and
fashionable young men, especially those who
are luxurious and prodigal in their way of liv-
ing; specifically, in French hist., a group of fash-
ionable members of the reactionary party, in
the period after the 9th Thermidor, 1794.

Jeunesse doree answers, perhaps, rather to Disraeli's ex-
pression of "curled darlings" than to "dandy."

N. and Q., 7th ser., V. 190.

Jew (jo), n. [< ME. Jew, Jeu, Giw, Gyw, Jwe,
usually in pi. Jewes, Jowes, Jues, Geus, Giwes.
Gywes, etc.,< OF. Geu, Jeu, Jwe.Jueu, later and
mod. F. Jmf = Pr. Juzieu = Cat. Jueu = Sp.
Judio = Pg. Judeo, Judeu = It. Giudeo = AS.,
after L., ludeits, pi. ludei or ludeas = OS. Ju-
deo, Judheo = OFries. Jotha = MD. Jode, D.
Jood = MLG. Jode, Jodde = OHG. Judeo, Judo,
MHG. Jude, Jiide, G. Jude = Dan. Jode = Sw.
Jude = Goth. Judaius, < L. Judceus, < Gr. 'lov-
ialof, a Jew, an inhabitant of Judea, < 'lovdaia,
L. JudceHf Judea, < Heb. Yehuddh, Judah, so
called from the tribe of that name, descen-
dants of Yehuddh, Judah, son of Jacob (> Ar.
Turk. Hind. Yahudi, a Jew).] 1. A Hebrew;
an Israelite.

Trowe this for no lesyng,
And namely leve her of no Iwe,
For al thus dud the! with Jhesu.
Cursor Mundi, MS. Coll. Trin. Cantab., f. 113. (BaUiwell.)

Glory, honour, and peace to every man that worketh
good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile. Rom. ii. 10.

2. A person who seeks gain by sordid or crafty
means; a hard-fisted money-lender, or tricky
dealer: an opprobrious use: as, he is a regular
Jew — Exchequer of the Jews. See exchequer.— Jew
BUI. See bill^.— Jew's eyet. [An allusion to the custom
of torturing Jews with the view of extorting money.]
Something very precious or highly prized.

There will come a Christian by,
Will be worth a Jewess' eye.

Shak., M. of V., ii. 6, 43.

[In the original editions the word in this passage is Jewes,
the old dissyllabic possessive for either sex. The phrase
" worth a Jewes eye " is the old proverb here used punning-
ly.] — Jews' frankincense, the balsam known as benzoin
or gum storax, often used as an incense. — Jews' houses, in
Cornwall, England, remains of ancient dwellings and fur-
naces which, together with the tools of ancient smelters
and blocks of tin in the rude molds of earth in which the
metal was cast, have been found in various parts of that
county. These remains date back to a period many cen-
turies before Christ, at a time when trade had been estab-
lished between Britain and the eastern Mediterranean
region.— Jews' money ,a name given to old Roman coins
found in some parts of England. Halliwett. — Jews' tin,
tin smelted in rude blunt-furnaces and cast into irregular
slabs of various kinds, found in connection with the so-
called Jews' houses in Cornwall, and believed to be the
work of ancient smelters.

jew (jo), v. [< Jew, n., in allusion to the sharp-
ness in bargaining popularly ascribed to the
Jews.] I. trans. To overreach; cheat; beat
unfairly at a bargain : as, to jew one out of a
dollar. [Colloq.]

We knowthere is a mawkish sentiment existing that Jews
should not be countenanced ; that they will cheat at every
opportunity ; and it has become a saying that a person
swindled in any manner was simply Jewed. Yet we have
never been in possession of evidence that satisfied us that
Jews were more amenable to these alleged weaknesses
than other classes. American Hebrew, XXXIX. 46.

II. iiitrans. To practise arts of overreaching
or cheating in trade. [Colloq.]

They smuggles you quietlyinto some room by yourselves,
and then sets to work Jewing away as hard as they can,
pricing up their own things, and downcrying yourn.

Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, I. 408.
To Jew down, to beat down the price of; persuade the
seller to take a lower price for. [Colloq.] [This verb in
these uses, iswell established in colloquial speech Though
now commonly employed without direct reference to the
Jews as a race, it is regarded by them as offensive and
opprobrious. ]

Jew-baiter (J6'ba"ter), ». A person given to
harrying or persecuting Jews. [Recent.]

3230

Jew-baiting (jb"ba"ting), n. The act of harry-
ing or persecuting Jews. [Recent.]

Alas ! how much has taken place during these six years
that makes a recurrence to this particular festival [feast
of the Passover] specially painful and interesting. The
Jew-baiting in Germany ; the bloody persecutions in Rus-
sia. Evening Post, April 21, 1883.

Jew-bush (jo'bush), n. A popular name of one
or more species of the plant-genus Pedilanthus.

Jew-crow (jo'kro). n. The chough ; also, the
hooded crow: each more fully called market-
Jew crow.

Jewdom (jo'dum), ». [= D. Jodendom = G.
judenthum = Dan. jodedom; as Jew + -Horn.']
Jews collectively. Spectator (London).

jewel (jo" el), n. [< WE. jewel, juwel, juel,jowel,
joiceJle = \).juweel = G. juwel = Dan. 8w.j««eZ,\
OF.jouel,joelfjoielt later and mod. F.joyau = Pr.
joyel,joell = Sp.joyel = It. giojello, a jewel; dim .
of OF.joie, goie, joy, pleasure (not found in the
deflected sense 'jewel'), = Sp.joya = Pg.joia, a
jewel (not found in the lit. sense 'joy'), = It.
gioja, joy, also a jewel, < L. gaudium, joy, ML.
a bead on a rosary, pi. gaudia, beads: see joy,
gaud1, and gaudy. The ML. form would be reg.
*gaudiale, or *gaudiellum; but, through a mis-
understanding of the Rom. forms (which were
taken to represent L. jocus, a jest, > OF. jeu,
ju, etc.), the ML. appears as jocale.'] 1. A pre-
cious stone or gem ; especially, a gem cut and
shaped for ornament or use : as, the jewels of a
crown.

And jewels ! two stones, two rich and precious stones !
Shak., M. of V., ii. 8, 20.
A splendid silk of foreign loom, . . .
And thicker down the front
With jewels than the sward with drops of dew,

Tennyson, Geraint.

2. An article of personal adornment, consist-
ing of a gem or gems in a setting of precious
metal ; also, formerly, any piece of jewel-work,
or a trinket or ornament worn on the person,
as a ring, a bracelet, or a brooch.

We haue riches full rife, red gold fyn ;
Clothes full comly, and other clene Juellis;
Annul- and all thing abill therfore.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1743.
A collar, or Jewell, that women used about then* neckes.
Baret (1580), I. 38. (HalKweU.)
He's gi'en to her a jewel fine,

Was set with pearl and precious stane.
John Thomson and the Turk (Child's Ballads, III. 853).
A watch is neither a jewel nor an ornament, as these
words are used and understood, either in common par-
lance or by lexicographers. It is not used or carried as a
jewel or ornament, but as an article of ordinary wear by
most travellers, and of daily and hourly use by all.

Ramaley t>. Leland, 43 N. Y., 539.

3. An ornament of precious stones, or metal,
enamel, etc., worn as a decoration, or as the
badge of an honorary order : as, the jewel of the
Garter.

The jewel of the order [Teutonic Order] consists of a
black and white cross, surmounted by a helmet with three
feathers. Encyc. Brit., XXIII. 201.

4. A precious stone used in watchmaking, on
account of its hardness and resistance to wear,
as where a pivot turns in a socket. — 5. An
imitation, in glass or enamel, of a real jewel.
See jeweled, 3. — 6. In colored-glass windows,
etc., a projecting boss of glass, sometimes cut
with facets, introduced in the design to give
variety and richness of effect.

Mosaic glass has rapidly improved in the past century.
. . . The jewels cut from pieces of a rich colored glass add
effectively to the brilliancy of recent designs.

Harper's May., LXXIX. 265.

7. Anything of great value or rare excellence ;
anything especially fine or dear: sometimes
applied to persons as a term of high commen-
dation or tender endearment.

Value desert and virtue ; they »ie jewels
Fit for your worth and wearing.

Fletcher, Mad Lover, v. 4.
My bishop is a jewel tried and perfect;
A jewel, lords. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, iv. 4.
She is an inestimable jewel. Steele, Tatler, No. 95.

If solid happiness we prize,
Within our breasts this jewel lies,
And they are fools who roam.

N. Cotton, The Fireside, st. 3.
Jewel kaleidoscope. See kaleidoscope.
jewel-block (jo'el-blok), ». A block which is
suspended from the extremity of a yard-arm, and
through which studdingsail-halyards are led.
jewel-case (jb"el-kas), n. A case for holding
jewels and other personal ornaments. Especially
— (a) An ornamental or artistic casket or box, often lined
with velvet, plush, satin, or the like, made to set off a jewel
or set of jewels, as a necklace, ear-rings, bracelets, etc. (6)
A box made for holding jewels, and allowing of easy trans-
portation and safe handling.

jewel-stand

jewel-drawer (jo'el-dra/er), n. A small drawer
in the upper part of a dressing-table, for hold-
ing jewels.

jeweled, jewelled (jo'eld), a. [< jewel + -ed2.]

1. Fitted or provided with jewels; having pivot-
holes of garnet, chrysolite, ruby, or other jewel :
as, a vrsbtchjeweled in nine holes ; a watch jeweled
in fifteen holes is said to be full-jeweled.

A gold hunting watch, engine-turned, capped and jew-
elled in four holes. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, xiii.

2. Decked or adorned with or as with jewels.

On these pines . . . the long grey tints
. . . arejewell'd thick with dew.

M. Arnold, Empedocles on Etna.

3. Decorated with small drops or bosses of col-
ored glass or enamel in imitation of jewels: said
of glassware or porcelain : as, jeweled Sevres.

jeweler, jeweller ( jo'el-er), ». [Early mod. E.
also jueller; < ME. jiteler (= D. G. juwelier =
Dan.juveleer; cf. Sw.juvelerare), < AF.juellour,
OF. joieleor, joyallier, joyaulier, F. joaillier (=
It. giojelttere, a jeweler), < Joel, etc., a jewel:
see jewel.] One who makes or deals in jewels
and ornaments of precious metal.

A Juellere

Which brought from thence golde core to vs here,
Whereof was fyned mettal good and clene.

Hakluyt's Voyages, 1. 199.
The jeweller that owes the ring is sent for,
And he shall surety me.

Shak., All's Well, v. 3, 297.

Jewelers' how, an instrument used by jewelers in sawing
and drilling.— Jeweler's red, Jeweler's rouge, ferric
oxid, prepared by roasting green vitriol (ferrous sulphate)
in crucibles. It has a scarlet color and is used as a polish-
ing-powder.

jewel-house (jo'el-hous), n. The rooms in the
Tower of London where the British regalia and
crown jewels are deposited. Also called jeu-el-
office.

The king

Has made him master o' the jewel house,
And one, already, of the privy council.

Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 1, 111.

jeweling, jewelling (jo" el-ing), ». [< jewel +
-in*?1.] 1. The art of decorating with jewels.

He taught to make womens ornaments, and how to look
faire, and Jewelling. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 37.

2. In ceram. : (a) Decoration by means of small
drops or bosses of translucent glaze applied to
the surface, as frequently in Sevres porcelain.
(6) Decoration by means of rounded projections
of the substance of the body, these projections
being covered with a glaze or enamel different
from the rest of the piece, as in Doulton ware
and some old gres de Flandres.
jewelled, jeweller, etc. Seejetceled, etc.
jewellery, n. See jewelry.
jewel-like (jo'el-lik), a. Bright or sparkling
as a jewel.

My queen's square brows ;
Her stature to an inch ; as wand-like straight;
As silver-voic'd ; her eyes as jewel-like,
And cas'd as richly. Shak., Pericles, v. 1, 111.

jewelly, a. Seejewely.

jewel-Office (jo'el-of'is), n. Same &sjewel-house.

jewelry, jewellery (jo'el-ri), n. [After F.
joaillerie; < jewel- + -ry, -ery.~\ 1. Jewelers'
work; ornaments made by jewelers.

This great officer [the Jewish high priest] wore upon
his breast a splendid piece of jewellery.

De Quincey, Essenes, i.

2. The workmanship of a jeweler. [Rare.]

All the haft twinkled with diamond sparks.
Myriads of topaz-lights, and jacinth-work
Of subtlest jewellery. Tennyson, Passing of Arthur.
Berlin jewelry, delicate trinkets of cast iron introduced
in Prussia during the domination of Xapoleon. The manu-
facture of such jewels has continued to the present time,
and its products have been fashionable. Compare Ber-
lin iron-castings, under iron. — Bird jewelry, ornaments
for the person made of the feathers and other parts of
birds; especially, brooches, pendants, etc., made from the
breasts, heads, etc., of humming-birds, the iridescent col-
or giving the effect of precious stones. Art Jour,, N. S.,
XI. 272.— Claw Jewelry, jewels and decorative objects
for personal wear consisting of tigers' or leopards' claws,
etc., mounted in gold. Art Jour., N. S., XI. 272.— Scotch
Jewelry, jewelry made in Scotland, especially that in
which the native colored crystals (see cairngorm) are used,
and fretwork in silver, either alone or combined with gold.
This jewelry is usually inexpensive. Similar work is ap-
plied in the mounting of weapons, etc.— Temple jewel-
ry, jewelry of inexpensive material, made at the Temple
in Paris.

jewel-setter (jo'el-set"er), ». A steel cutter
for pressing a watch-jewel into place and form-
ing a flange in the metal to hold it.

jewel-Stand (jo'el-stand), n. A small decora-
tive utensil for the toilet-table, meant to re-
ceive jewelry which is in daily use: either a
tazza or flat cup. or a stand with small hooks,
upon which articles of jewelry can be hung.

jewel-weed

jewel-weed ( j<> Yl-wrd i. «. [So called from the
earring-like shape of the flowers, and the silver
Hheeu of tho under surface of the leaf in water.]
The American 1 HI /HI tit-it.*, the balsam or touch-
me-not, /. fulva (see cut under balsam) or 1.
pallitlu. DM litil.tiini and ln</i<itiens.

jewely, jewelly (jii'el-i), a. [(jewel + -yl.]
Like a jewel; brilliant.

The jeicclly star of life had descended too far down the
arch towards Betting fur any chance of reascending by
spontaneous effort. /'< (Juiiuxy, Spanish Nun.

8931

Alexas did revolt, and went to Jewry,

On alfairs of Antony. Shak., A. and C., Iv. 6, 12.

2t. A part of a city inhabited by Jews (whence
the name of a street in London).

Ther was In Asle, In a gret cltee,
Amonges L'rUten folk a Jeu-rnj.

Chaucer, Prioress's Tale, 1. 37.

The London Jewerie was established in a place of which
no vestige of Its establishment now remains beyond the
name — the Old Jewry.

Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, II. 128.

jibe

I nlike a great deal of modern work of this kind [stained 3. The Jewish people,
glass], the light does not strike through his panels and
du/./li' the eye with patches of crudely-coloured light, but
is held, as it were, in rich and jrmlly suspension.

The Academy, June 1, 1889, p. 384.

Jeweriet, "• A Middle English form of Jewry.

Cliaun-r.

Jewess (jo'es), ». [< Jew + -ess.] A Hebrew
woman ; an Israelitess.

Her knowledge of medicine . . . had been acquired
under an aged Jewem, the daughter of one of their most
celebrated doctors, who loved Kebecca as her own child.
Scott, Ivanhoe, xxviii.

jewfish (jo'fish), n. One of several different
fishes, chiefly of the family Serranidce. (a) Along
the southern and eastern coasts of the United States,

Jewfish (Promifrops fttasa).

Promicrnpt guasa, which sometimes reaches a weight of
700 pounds. ('<> Along the California!! coast, Stereolepie
gigai, the black sea-bass, which nearly equals the former
In size. (••> Along the southern coast of the United States,
Epinephelut niyritus, the black grouper, which has a blu-
ish-black color above, without red or tracings on the body
or fins, (d) Along the Florida coast* Meaalops atlanticut,
the tarpum or tarpon, an elopine. (e) In Madeira, Poly-
prim ameruxmut or P. cmtchi, the stone-bass. (/) A flat-
fish, Paralichthys dentatut, the wide-mouthed flounder.
[Connecticut.] (g) In New South Wales, a sciamoid fish,
Sriama neylecta, closely related to the European maigre.
jewing (jo'ing), n. [< Jew + -ing1; in allusion
to the curvation recognized as characteristic
of the Jewish nose.] The carunculation of the
base of the beak of some varieties of the do-
mestic pigeon: the lobes or wattles of the
lower mandible, often in the form of three
small fleshy processes, one at each side and a
third beneath and before the others.

Therein/; [in the barb pigeonl is three small knobs of
cere In the middle of the lower mandible, and each side of
the gape of the month. The Century, XXXII. 104.

jewiset, »• Seejuise.

Jewish (jo'ish), a. [Cf. AS. ludeisc = D.joodseh
= OHQ.judcisk, judjisk, judisk, MHG. judisch,
judesch, Gr. judisch — Dan. jodisk = Syr. judisk
= Goth, iudairisks; as Jetc + -ish1.] Relat-
ing or belonging to or characteristic of the
Jews or Hebrews ; Hebrew; Israelitish.

Then haue you Brokers yat shaue poore men by most
iewith interest. Deklter, Seven Deadly Sins, p. 40.

Let Egypt's plagues and Canaan's woes proclaim
The favours pour'd upon the Jetrish name.

Cooper, Expostulation, 1. 170.

Jewish Christian. Same as Judaiier, 2.— Jewish era.
See era.

Jewishly (jo'ish-li), adv. In the manner of the
Jews.

Jewishness (jo'ish-nes), ». The condition or
appearance of being Jewish; Jewish character
or quality.

Jewismt (jd'izm), n. [< Jew + -ism.] The re-
ligious system of the Jews ; Judaism.
These superstitious fetch'd from Paganism or Jewum.

MOton.

jewlap (jo'lap), n. [A\8ojcllop,jowlop; appar.
corrupt forms of dewlap.] In her., a wattle or
dewlap, (i. T. Clark.

The Ebrayk Josephns the olde,
That of Jewes gestes tolde ;
And he bar on nys shuldres bye
The fame up of the Jewerye.

Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1436.

Statute Of Jewry, an English statute (of about 1276) for-
bidding Hebrews to practise usury, restricting their right
of distress, etc., requiring them to wear badges, and sub-
jecting them to other restraints and disabilities.

Jews'-apple (joz'ap'l), «. Same as egg-plnnt.

Jew's-ear (jOz'er), n. [Formerly Judas's ear,
NL. auricula .In/In: It grows most often upon
the elder, the tree, according to one tradition,
upon which Judas hanged himself.] 1. A fun-
gus, Hirneola Aurieula-Judte, bearing some re-
semblance to the human ear. It formerly had
some medicinal repute in England, which has now passed
away; but it is exported In large quantities to China,
where it is prized as a medicine and an article of diet.

The mushrooms or toadstoolea which grow vpon the
trunks or bodies of old trees verie much resembling Auri-
cula ludir, that is Jewet care, do in continuance of time
growe vnto the substance of wood, which the fowlers do
call touchwood. Gerard, llerball, p. 1385.

2. Any one of several fungi of the genus I'e-
_eiza.— 3. The tomato. [Prov. Eng.]
jews'-harp (J6z'harp), n. [The name alludes
vaguely to the use of the harp among the Jews
("David's harp," etc.). The Sw. giga or mun-
giga, jews'-harp (mun = E. mouth), was origi-
nally applied (as in Icel., etc.) to the fiddle (see
gig1 and jig), and has nothing to do etymo-
logically with the E. jews'-harp. Another pro-
posed derivation, "a corruption of jute's harp,"
is absurd.] 1. A mu-
sical instrument consist-
ing of a flexible metal
tongue set in a small stiff
iron frame of peculiar
shape, which is neld to
the player's mouth and
pressed against his teeth,
the metal tongue of the
instrument being bent
outward at a right angle j,^.,^.

so as to be struck with the

hand. Tones of different pitch are produced by altering
the shape and size of the mouth-cavity, so as to reinforce
the various harmonics of the natural tone of the tongue,
which is low in pitch. The Jews'-harp is capable of sur-
prisingly sweet and elaborate effects. Formerly sometimes
called Jews' -trump, and also tramp or trump.

Yet If they would brynghim hatchets, kniues, and Jevxt-
harpt, he bid them assure me, he had a mine of gold, and
could refine it, «fe would trade with me.

HaMuyt't Voyaget, III. 676.

2. Naut., the shackle by which a cable is se-
cured to the anchor-ring.

Jewlingt, «•
tie Jew.

[< Jew + -ling1.'] A young or lit-

i, jews'-harp; 2, club-link; 3, anchor.

Jews'-mallow (joz'mal'6), ». A plant of the
genus Corchorus (C. olitorius or C. capsularis),
belonging to the natural order Tiliacea;. The
leaves are used in Egypt and Syria as a pot-
herb. See jute.

Jews'-manna (joz'man'ii), n. See Jews' manna,
under wanna.

Jews'-myrtle (jSz'mer'tl), n. 1. The prickly-
leafed plant Suseus aculeatus. — 2. A three-
leafed variety of

jews'-tnunpt (jaz'trurap), n. Same M jewJ-
harp, 1.

Ant. Can he make rhymes too?
Sec. Gent. H'as made a thousand, ilr,
And plays the burden to 'em on a Jew't-trump.

Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, v. 2.

Jezebel (jez'e-bel), n. [So called in allusion
to Jezebel, the infamous wife of Ahab, king of
Israel (1 Ki. xvi. 31).] An impudent, violent,
unscrupulous, vicious woman.

But when she knew my pain.
Saw my first wish her favour to obtain,
And ask her hand — no sooner was It ask'd,
Than she, the lovely Jezebel, unmasked. Crabbe.

Jezid (jez'id), n. One of a religious sect in
Asiatic Turkey : same as Yezidi.

jhil, jheel (jel), n. [Also written jeel; repr. Hind.
jlnl. a lake, pool, mere.] In India, a large pool,
mere, or lagoon of standing water remaining
after inundation, and more or less filled with
rank vegetation.

Numerous shallow ponds orjhili mark the former beds
of the shifting rivers. These jhiln have great value, not
only as preservatives against inundation, but also as res-
ervoirs for irrigation. KIICIJC. Brit, XVIII. 71.

jhoom, jhum (jtfm), ». [E. Ind. jhum.] A sys-
tem of cultivation used in India, especially
on the eastern frontier of Bengal, in which a
tract of forest or jungle is cleared by fire, cul-
tivated for a year or two, and then abandoned
for a new tract. In southwestern India this system
is called coamry and In Ceylon It Is known as chena.

_ Yule and Burnett.

jib1 (jib), ».; pret. and pp. jibbed, ppr. jibbing.
[Also written jibe, gibe, gybe (with long i, prob.
after the D. form), < Dan. gibbe, .naut. jib, jibe,
= Sw. gippa, naut. jib, jibe, dial, jerk, cause
to jump, = D. gijpeti (of sails), turn suddenly
(Halma, cited by Wedgwood). The word ap-
pears nasalized in the MHG. freq. gempelu,
spring^ and with reg. alteration of vowel in
Sw. dial, guppa, move up and down, nasalized
f/timpa, spring, jump, etc.: seejumpeLnd jumble.]
Same Asjibe1.

I think these vessels are navigated either end foremost,
and that, in changing tacks, they have only occasion to
shift ot jib round the sail. Coo*, Third Voyage, 1L 3.

jib1 (jib), 11. [So called because readily shifted
or jibbed; < jib1, v. t.] Xaut., a large triangu-
lar sail set on a stay forward of the foremast.
In large vessels it extends from the end of the jib-boom,
toward the foretopmast-head ; in schooners and sloops
from the bowsprit-end toward the foremast-head. The fly-
ing jO> is set outside of the jib, and the./io-o'-.^fc ouUide of
the Hying jib. When two smaller jibs are carried on one
boom, Instead of one larger one, they are distinguished as
the inner and outer jibt. See balloon-jib, and cut under
fail.— The cut of one's Jib. See cut.— To bouse up the
Jib. See boute'i.

jib2 (jib), f. »'.; pret. and pp. jibbed, ppr. jibbing.
[Alsojibb, improp.jibe; < ME. "gibbcn, only 111
comp. regibben, kick back, < OF. regiber, later
and mod. F. regimber, wince, kick, in simple
form OF. giber, gibber, struggle with the hands
and feet; perhaps of Scand. origin: < Sw. dial.
gippa, jerk, = Dan. gibbe, naut. jib, jibe; that
is, jib'* is ult. identical with jib1, q. v.] To pull
against the bit, as a horse ; move restively side-
wise or backward.

jib2 (jib), «. [< jib?, r.] Same as jibber.

Frequently young horses that will not work in cabs-
such as jibt — are sold to the horse-slaughterers as useless.
Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 188.

jib3 (jib), n. [Also gib: seegib1. In def . 3, cf. OF.
gibbe, a bunch or swelling ; a particular sense of
gibbe, a sort of arm, etc. : see gib1.] 1 . The pro-
jecting arm of a crane : same as gib1, 5.— 2. A

stand for beer-barrels. HalliU!ell.—3. The un-
j__ 1.

P* — TO "fl^g the jib, to look cross. [Prov. Eng. J

jibb, i'. •'. Seeyii2.

Jibber (jib'er), n. [< jib* + -er1.] One who

jibs ; a horse that jibs. Msojib.
jibbings (jib'ingz), n.pl. The last milk drawn

from a cow ; stoppings ; the richest part of the

milk. [Scotch.]

Jane the lesser (Jean) . . . furnishes butter and after-
ings (Jibbings) for tea. Carlyle, In Froude.

Many lewes arc called together into a great chamber,
where eiirrie of the youthen holdeth a pot hi his hand, . . .
and the leu-linys presently breake theirearthen pots, where-
by they signine to the parties prosperitic and abundance.
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 21X

Jewry (jo'ri), «. [< ME. Jncery, Jewerie, Jinn -
rie, Jurrii; June, Giwerie, the Jewish people,
Jewish quarter, Jewism, < OF. juerie, jeuerie.
etc.,< Jeu, etc., Jew: see Jew and -ry. ] 1. The
land of the Jews; Judsea.

After these things Jesus walked in (ialilee : for he would
not walk In Jeimj, because the Jews sought to kill him.

John vll. 1.

shaped echinus. It is a regular figure, oblong and
rounded, about three fourths of an inch long and half an
inch in diameter. Its color is a pale dusky gray, with a
tinge of red.

2. The basalt capping the coal-measures on the
Titterstone and Brown Clee hills in Shropshire,
England ; also, the local name of a limestone-
bed belonging to the White Lias (Khsetic) in
Somersetshire. [Local, Eng.]
Jews'-thorn (joz'th6rn), n. Same as Christ's-
tlmni.

he flying-ji'

(jib'dor), ». [< jib1 (f) + door.] In
iirch., a door with its surface in the same plane
as the wall in which it occurs. Jib-doors are in-
tended to be concealed, and therefore have no architraves
or moldings round them ; and their surface is paneled,
painted, or papered so as to be indistinguishable from the
rest of the wall.

jibe1 (jib), f. ; pret. and pp. jibed, ppr. jibing.
[Also written gibe, and formerly gybe; Also jib:
See jib1.] I. trims, \tint.. to cause (a fore-aud-

jibe

aft sail) to swing over to the other side when
the wind is aft or on the quarter.

II. intrans. 1. Naut., to change from one tack
to the other without going about ; shift a fore-
and-aft sail from one side to the other when
the wind is aft or on the quarter.

Augustus . . . stood up on the centre-board, to the im-
minent danger of his little shins' more intimate acquain-
tance with a jibing boom.

Fitz-Hugh Ludlow, Little Brother, m.

2. To agree ; be in harmony or accord; work to-
gether: as, the two plans did not seem to jibe.
[Colloq., U. S.]

jibe2, v. and ». See gibe1.

jibe3 (jib), v. i. A less common form of ji52.

liber, ». See giber.

jib-frame (jib'fram), ». In a marine engine, the
upright frame at the sides by which the cylin-
der, condenser, and framing are connected.

jib-hank (jib'hank), n. One of a number of
pieces of wood or iron, shaped nearly like a
ring, which slide on the jib-stay and serve to
attach the head of the jib to the stay.

jib-head (jib'hed), ». Naut., an iron fastened
to the head of a jib. It is used when, the jib having
been stretched too much by use, it is necessary to shorten
it by cutting off the point.

jibingly, adv. See gibingly.

Jlblett, n. An obsolete form of giblet. Brockett.

Oh that's well : come, I'll help you :
Have you nojMett now?

Fletcher (and another), Love's Pilgrimage, i. 1.

jiblet-check, jiblet-cheek, ». See giblet-check.

jib-lot (jib'lot), ». A triangular lot or plot of
ground, likened in shape to a vessel's jib. [New
Bng.l

jib-netting (jib'nef'ing), n. Naut., a triangu-
lar-shaped netting rigged under the jib-boom
to prevent men from falling overboard while
loosing or furling the jib.

3232

St. A lively song; a catch.

If neere vn to the Eleusinian Spring,

Som sport-full fig som wanton Shepheard sing,

The Kavisht Fountaine falls to daunce and bound.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 3.
It would have made your ladyship have sung nothing
but merry jigs for a twelvemonth after.

Middleton, Father Uubbard's Tales.

4f. A kind of entertainment in rime, partly
sung and partly recited.

Farce [F.], a (fond and dissolute) play, comedy, or en-
terlude ; also the jig [jyg, ed. 1611] at the end of the enter-

jiggered

drill with a spring-pole.— 8f. To trick; cheat;

impose upon ; bamboozle.

Do not think the gloss
Of smooth evasion, by your cunning jests
And coinage of your politician's brain,
Shall jig me off. Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iii. 3.

An

(that I know) had had but the pennings

o' this matter, he would ha' made you such a jvj-ajogge i
the boothes, you should ha' thought an earthquake had
beene i' the fayre. B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, Ind.

iud'cr,"whereln"some'p'rett'y knavery is acted. Cotijraix. jjgamaree (jig"a-ma-re'), n. [_<jig, with an ar-
Ajig shall be clapped at, and every rhyme bitrary addition.] "Something new, strange, or

unknown ; a jiggumbob or thingumbob. [Prov.
and slang.]
jig-Clog (jig'klog), «.
cing.

aid of the Inn, Prol.

danced, and was always accompanied by a tabor and pipe.

HaUiwell.

5. A piece of sport ; a prank ; a trick.

What dost think of
This innovation ? is 't not a fine jiyg >
A precious cunning in the late Protector,
To shuffle a new prince into the state.

Shirley (and Fletcherl), Coronation, v. 1.
They will play ye anither jigg,
For they will out at the big rig.

Fray of Suport (Child's Ballads, VI. 119).

6. A small, light mechanical contrivance:
same as jigger^, 2: used especially in composi-
tion : as, a drilling^i<7i shaving-.//;/, etc. Specifi-
cally—(o) A jigging-machine. (o) In coal-mining, a self-
acting incline worked by a drum, or by wheels, with hemp
or wire ropes. Also called jinny. [Eng.] (c) A fish-hook
or gang of hooks of which the shank is loaded with lead,
platinum, or other bright metal, used in jigging for cod,
mackerel, etc.

A jig is a bit of lead armed with hooks radially arranged,
which is let down from the boat and kept constantly mov-
ing up and down. This in some way exerts a fatal fasci-
nating power upon the squid, which seizes it.

Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 376.

Babbitting Jig. See babbitting.— Haymaker's Jig, a

A clog made for jig-dan-

ii r, n' tfh Mib'o iiir« A small three cornered kind of co^trFdance.-The Jig" is up.'the game is up ;
J1D-0 -J1D (Jib o-jib), n. A small turee-cornere ,,. ,g a], ov(jr (with any one) [LI 8_,

etimes set outside of and above the :jg Qigj „ . pret. and pp- jigged, ppr. jigging.

[< OF. giguer = Pr. gigar, play the fiddle (cf.
MLG. gigeln = MHG. gigen, Gr.geigen = Icel. gig-
ja, play the fiddle) ; from the noun. No orig.
verb has been established. The E. use of jig
in the second sense, though easily explained by
reference to the quick motion implied in the
other senses, may be due in part to association
with jog. Cf. jigjog, jicTcajog.] I. intrans. 1.
To play or dance a jig.

I did not hear of any amusements popular among . . .
the Irishmen except dancing parties at one another's
houses, where they jig and reel furiously.

Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, I. 115.

I found myself at times following the dance of the Mer-
ry Men as it were a tune upon & jigging instrument.

R. L. Stevenson, Merry Men.

2. To move skippingly or friskily; hop about;
act or vibrate in a lively manner. Compare
jigget.

You jig. you amble, and you lisp.

SAofr., Hamlet, iii. 1,149.

The trembling fowl that hear the jiijging hawk-bells ring,

And find it is too late to trust them to their wing,

Lie flat upon the flood. Drayton, Polyolbion, xx. 219.

sail sometimes
other head-sails.

jib-sheet (jib'shet), n. One of the ropes at-
tached at one end to the clue of the jib and at
the other to the bows of the vessel, to trim the
sail — To flow a Jib-sheet. Seeyiowi.

jib-Stay (jib'sta), ». 1. The stay on which the
jib is set. — 2. In a marine steam-engine, a part
of the stay-frame.

jib-topsail (jib'top'sal or -si), ». A light three-
cornered sail set in yachts on the foretopmast-
stay.

jickajogt (jik'a-jog), n. Same asjigjog.

rid, «. See jrirf2.

Jidda gum. See g\mft.

jifft (jif), ». i- [Origin obscure.] To make a jest
or laughing-stock of one. Bailey.

jiffy (jif 'i),".; pi. jiffies (-iz). [ Also giffy, giffin ;
of dial, origin.] A moment; an instant: as, I
shall be with you in a. jiffy. [Colloq.]

" And oh ! " he exclaim'd, "let them go catch my skiff, I
'11 be home in a twinkling and back in si Jiffy."

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 40.

"Guess you better wait half aji/y," cried Cyrus.

J. T. Trowbridge, Coupon Bonds, p. 191.

jig (jig), n. [An assimilated form of the older
gig (with hard initial g), < ME. gigge (see gig1) ;
< OF. gigue, gige, a fiddle, also a kind of dance,
mod. F. gigue, a lively tune or dance, = Pr.
gigua, guiga, a fiddle, = OSp. giga, a fiddle, Sp.
Pg. giga, a lively tune or dance, = Olt. giga, a fid-
dle, = It. giga, a lively tune or dance, <OD. *gige,
MD. ghighf = MLG. *gige, gigel = MHG. gige,
G. geige = Icel. gigja = Sw. giga, a fiddle (obs.),
also a jews'-harp, = Dan. gige, a fiddle, also
(after E. or F.) a lively dance. The earliest
sense, 'a fiddle,' is involved in jig, v., play the
fiddle : see jig, v., and gigl, n. As with other
familiar words of homely aspect, the senses are
more or less involved and inconstant. In part
prob. due to jig, v., as a var. of jog : see jig, v.~\

1. A rapid, irregular dance for one or more
persons, performed in different ways in different
countries ; a modification of the country-dance.

George, I will have him dance fading ; fading is a fine
Jiff, I'll assure you.

Beau, and Fl., Knight of Burning Pestle, iv. 1.
All the swains that there abide
With jigs and rural dance resort.

Milton, Comus, L 952.

2. Music for such a dance or in its rhythm,
which is usually triple and rapid: often used
in the eighteenth century as a component of a
suite.

They heard the signs of an Irish orgy — a rattling jiy,
pliiyed and danced with the inspiriting interjections of
that frolicsome nation. C. lieade, Peg Woffington, vii.

jigger1 (jig'er), n. |X jig, v., + -er1.] 1. One
who or that which jigs.— 2. A small, light, or
light-running mechanical contrivance or uten-
sil, causing or having when in use a rapid jerky
motion; also, by extension, any subordinate
mechanical contrivance or convenience to which
no more definite name is attached, specifically
— (o) A jig or jigging-machine. See extract, andji^, v. t., 4.
The machines best adapted for this purpose (ore-con-
centration) are the jiggers or jigs. These are sieves sup-
porting the ore, which is raised and allowed to fall at
rapid intervals by a current of water from below, and in
this manner one can realize the theoretical conditions of
the fall in more or less deep water. The jig is par ex-
cellence the machine for dressing, universally employed
from the most ancient times because it was the simplest
and most convenient, and its use has continued to our
day, with the help of successive modifications, which have
converted it into a machine of remarkable precision.

Cotton, Lectures on Mining (tr. by Le Neve Foster

[and Galloway), III. 76.

(6) A machine for hardening and condensing felt by re-
peated quick blows with rods, by the action of vibrating
platens, or by intermittent rolling action on the material
while warm and wet. (c) A small roller used in graining
leather.

A grain or polish is given to the leather, either by board-
ing or working under small pendulum rollers, called jig-
gers, which are engraved either with grooves or with an
imitation of grain. Workshop Receipts, 2d ser., p. 374.

(d) A templet or profile for giving the form to a pottery
vessel as it revolves upon the wheel. («) A potters wheel
when used for simple and rapidly made objects, as plain
cylindrical vessels and the like. (/) A coopers' draw-
knife, (g) A warehouse-crane, (h) In coal-mining, a cou-
pling-hook for connecting the cars or trams on an incline.
[Leicestershire, Eng.] (t) In billiards, a rest for the cue
in making a difficult or awkward shot ; a bridge. (J) A
sort of small spanker-sail, set on a jigger-mast in the
stern of a canoe or other small craft, especially in Chesa-
peake Bay. (k) A door. [Slang.] (I) A small tackle com-
posed of a double and single block and a fall, used about
the decks of a ship for various purposes.

3. A sloop-rigged boat at one time used very ex-
tensively by the fishermen about Cape Cod, but
superseded about 1829 by the dory. A jigger usu-
ally carried four persons. The name belongs to the Bay of
Fundy and vicinity, and is sometimes used on the coast of
New England.

4. A small street-railway car, drawn by one
horse, and usually without a conductor, the
driver giving change and the fare being de-
posited in a box. [U. S.] — 5. A machine now
generally used in the produce exchanges of
American cities, which exhibits on a conspicu-

3. To use a jig in fishing; fish with a jig: as, ous dial the prices at which sales are made as

+ 1-1 ii/» ff\i* WlnofieVi J.T. _ . _j_jL_ ml T J .„,•,;,,*««

to Jig for bluefish.
II. trans. 1. To sing in jig time; sing as a

Jig-

Jig off a tune at the tongue's end, canary to it with
your feet, humour it with turning up your eyelids.

Shak., L. L. L., iii. 1, 11.

2. To jerk, jolt, or shake; cause to move by
jogs or jolts.

When the carriage [of a sawmill] is to Rejigged back, the

lever manipulating the rock shaft is moved from the saw.

Sci. Amer., N. S., LIX. 403.

3. To produce an up-and-down motion in. — 4.
In metal., to separate the heavier metalliferous
portion of (the mingled ore and rock or vein-
stone obtained in mining) from the lighter or
earthy portions, by means of a jig or jigging-
machine. The jig was originally a box with a metallic
bottom perforated with holes. In this the ore was placed,
and the whole was moved rapidly up and down by hand
in water, thus causing the material in the box to arrange

the transactions occur. The hand or pointer
is controlled by electric mechanism connect-
ed with a keyboard. — 6. A drink of whisky.
[Slang.]— In-and-OUt Jigger (naut.), same as boom-
jigger.

jigger1 (jig'er), r. t. [< jigger^, n.] To jerk;
shake. [Colloq.]

Few anglers have failed to experience the anxiety which
ensues when a fish remains on the top of the water, shak-
ing his head, and many is the fish who has jiggered him-
self free by this method. Quarterly Rev., CXXVI. 350.

jigger2 (jig'er), «. [An E. accom. of chigoe,
the native name: see chigoe.'} 1. The pene-
trating flea of the West Indies : same as chigoe.
Numbers are crippled by the jiggers, which scarcely ever
in our colonies affect any but the negroes.

Southey, Letters (1810), II. 201.

2. In the United States, a name of sundry har-
vest-mites or harvest-ticks which, though nor-
mally plant-feeders, fasten to the skin of hu-
man beings and cause great irritation. These
acarids belong to an entirely different class from the
chigoe, or jigger properly so called, and lay no eggs in
the wounds they make. The so-called Leptus americanut
and L. irritans are two species to which the name is given.
See cut under harvest-tick.
jiggered1 (jig'erd), «. [< jigger? + -erf2.] Af-

itself in layers according to its specific gravity. Jigging
is now usually done by more complicated machinery, act-
ing continuously ; but the principle remains the same.
The essential feature of a jigging-machine is the admission
of the water from below ; in the buddle the water comes in
contact with the ore from above.

5. To catch (a fish) by jerking a hook into its

body. „-„„

Keep the line constantly in motion, and half the time "'fecfed or infested with "the "jigger or chigoe,
you will jig them in the belly, tail, or side, as the finny jiggered- (iift'erd), a. [A meaningless random
mass moves over the hook. Sportsman's Gazetteer, p. 243. substitute for a profane oath. Such random

6. In felting, to harden and condense by re- substitutes are very common in colloq. use,
peated blows from rods. — 7. In well-boring, to any vague form of English semblance being

3233 jingle

liable to be chosen, without reference to ety- jig-pin (jig'pin , n. A pin used by miners to ^gOSffK£fffSSSS&^ LTSJtaf taSi
mology or meaning.] See the etymology. prevent the turn-beams from turning. JgJ ,|( „„. n (r iin ,„ ,{,{. abovl..mentlon(Mi joug, •• w^w\

Jig-Saw (jig sa),n. A reciprocating saw caused about and turn about"

to operate in proper relation with a table upon Jim-CTOW's-nose (jim'kroz'noz'), n. A West
which the piece to be sawn is held, the motion Indian plant, Xcijlmlium .kunairense, of thenatu-
of the saw being derived from a crank and pit- mi order Balanophorece. [Local.]

jigger-mast (jig'er-mast), H. A small mast man. Theae «aw« are mounted in a great variety of ways, iimiriy, inter;. See Gemini, 2.
stepped on the extreme aft of small craft for as in saw-gates stretched between powerful bow.sprinKs. iimiam (jim'jam), n. [A varied redupl. of jim,

r^'^S'er, 1 A hand lever ^^fS^SST'L^S^S^S^Sff^ ^uiji^ck Cf. j^,,,^ {. A gim-

Jigger-pump (Jig er-pump), n. 1. Ananu-lever mon|v called a »crott-»ow. See KroU-mic and bandeau. crack ; a knick-knack,
force-pump mounted on a portable stand d jihad (ji-hiid'), N. [Ar. Pers. jihad.] A gen- These be as knapplshe knackes

eral religious war of Mussulmans against Chris- As erer man made,

tians or other unbelievers in Islam, inculcated A°U^».V.r' a tale '

in the Koran and Traditions as a duty. skelton co, Ymage of Ypocrtay.

i n- See gill*. A thousand jimiami and toyes have they In theyr cham-

bers, which they heape up together with infinite expence.
Xathe, Pierce Penllesse (1592).

2. pi. Delirium tremens. [Slang, U. 8.]

•'HI in n, ,r«iiiti n, i. o. .,-•>«, in', a, liMHMMMi i.vui. jininiult, "• An obsolete form of gimbal.
name, which came to be used generically for a jimmal-ringt, jimmel-ringt (jim'al-, jim 'el-
young woman, a girl, as Jack for a young man,
a boy. The two names Jack and Jill were often
associated as correlatives. The L. name Ju-
liana is fern, of Julianus, prop. adjv < Julius, a

jiggered

" Well, then," said he, " I'm jiygered If I don't see you
home." This penalty of being jvj'jered was a favourite
supposititious case uf his.

"-'-• , Great Expectations, xvil.

A small

usuully pro viilcd with an attachment for a sue-
tion-hose or -pipe, an air-chamber, and a nozle
with which a hose may be connected. ..t is in
common use for watering lawns and flower-beds

She's a little blackish woman, has a languishing eye,
a delicious soft hand, and two pretty jiggeting feet.

Female TaOer, No. 15.

2. To act pertly or affectedly ; go about idly ;
flaunt. [Prov. Eng.]

Here you stand jiygettimj, and sniggling, and looking
cunning, as if there were some mighty matter of Intrigue
and common understanding betwixt you and me.

Scott, Abbot, xlx.

jigginess (jig'i-nes), n. [< jig + -y1 + -ness.'} A
light jerky movement. [Bare.]

Moreover, a too frequent repetition of rhyme at short
Intervals gives Ajigyinets to the verse.

T. Wood, Jr., Rhymester (ed. Penn), p. 69.

jigging-machine (jig'ing-ma-shen"), n. 1. A
power-machine for jigging or dressing ores. See
jig, v. t., 4. — 2. A machine-tool which has a
vertically adjustable table that can also be
moved laterally in two directions in a horizon-
tal plane, and also a frame fitted with a vertical
spindle adapted to carry either a drill or a cut-
ting-tool, which latter can cut the edges of the
work to a given outline or profile.

jiggish (jig'ish), a. [< jig + -tsfci.] 1. Of or
pertaining to, resembling, or suitable to a jig.

This man makes on the violin a certain jiggish noise to
which I dance. Spectator, No. 276.

2. Given to movements «like those of a jig ;
frisky.
She is never sad, and yet not, jiggish; her conscience is

ring), n. Same as gemel-rtng.

A ring called a jimmel-ring was broken between the con-
tracting parties.

ianus, prop. adj.. <. Jultus, a C. Crolcer, In Jour. Brit Archawl. Asa., IV. a*

proper name: see Julian, July.] 1. A young jimmer (jim'er), n. [Same as gimmer3, var. of
woman (commonly as a proper name) : same as gimmal, gimbal.'] A gimbal.
ijilP, 1. jimmy1 (jim'i), n. ; pi. jimmies (-iz). A short

Sir, for Jak nor for Qille crowbar: same as jemmy1, 1. [U.S.]

$eiS».h,l,e ^SS^-e^r^fta^r^]

Same as jemmy2.

jimmy3 (jim'i), n.; pi. jimmies (-iz). [Cf. Jim
Crow car.'] A freight-car used for carrying
coal; a coal-car. [U. 8.]

The express train . . . ran into a freight . . . The en-
gines met squarely. . . . The second car on the freight
[trainl was lifted from the rails and carried on top of two

Spun a space upon my rok.

Towneley Mysteries.

Oar wooing doth not end like an old play ;
Jack hath not Jill. Shale., L. L. L. , v. 2, 885.

The proverbe is, each Jack shall have his Qille.

Satyrieall Epigram* (1619).

2. [Cf. jack1, jug1, and E. dial, susan, as names
of vessels.] A kind of cup. [In the quotation
with pun on sense 1.]

Be the Jacks fairwithln theiOfa fair without, the car- jimmy* (jim'i), n. ; pi. jimmies (-iz)
pets laid, and everything in order? junmj vj , > r j \

ShaJc., T. of the 8., iv. 1, 112. grant.

3. Same as giU&, 2. [Prov. Eng.]

lillet (jil'et), n. [A var. of gillet, < ME. Gillot,
Gilot, dim. of Gille^Jille, etc., a fern, personal

jimmiet loaded with coal.

" Y. Semi-iceeUy Tribune, March 18, 1887.

Afreeemi-

[ Australian convicts' slang.]

" Why, one," said he, " is a young jimmy (I beg your par-
don, sir — an emigrant) ; the others are old prisoners. '

H. Kinysley, Geoifry Hamlyn, p. 259.

A jillet brak' his heart at last.

Burns. On a Scotch Bard.

Were it not well to receive that coy jillet with some-

. . _ thing of a mumming? Scott, Fair Maid of Perth, xxxi.

cleare from gilt, and that secures ^^m^rrow.^ ^ jIU.fllrt> „. gee gill_flirt.

Addicted or inclined ^^^^^^^^^1 T

; the fuller form

She's AS jimp in the middle

As ony wulow-wand.
V/,.' Laird oj Waristoun (Child's Ballads, III. 107).

Thy waist sac jimp, thy limbs sae clean.

Burnt, Oh, were I on Parnassus' Hill !

An obsolete or dialectal form of

jig-givent (jig'giv'n), a.
to farces and dramatic trifles generally.

You dare in these jig-given times to countenance ale- Julian* „. [Also spelled gillian; the f ull«
gitimate 1-oem. B. Jon**, Catiline, Ded. Jof ^J',^. see^ %ame asyi/,2, 1.

jiggle (jig 1), v. i. ; pret. and pp. jiggled, ppr. jiuJver ». *~ -*•— 1~t jj-i— *-i t.

jiggling. [Freq. of jig, perhaps suggested by ,,iUiifiower.

wiggle.] To practise affected or awkward mo- jiu0fert „. ^ „ .. .. .,,

tions; wriggle. jilt (jiuj, „. [Contr. of jillet, q. v.

jiggobobt (jig o-bob), ». An obsolete form of discards another, after holding the
jiggumbob.

Shall we have
More jiggobobs yet?

Massinger, Picture, v. 8.

jiggumbob (jig'um-bob), n. [Formerly also jig-
1/1 mbob, jiti</ambob,jiggobol> ; (.jig, with an arbi-

2.

Short; scanty. [Scotch.]

[A weakened form otjump1,
q. v.] Barely; scarcely. [Scotch.]

She had been married to Sir Richard jimp four months.
Scott, Antiquary, xxiv.

jimp2 (jimp), v. t. [Origin obscure.] To jag;
An obsolete form of gillyflower, indent; denticulate.

. v.] One who jimply (jimp'h), adv. 1. In a jimp or neat man-
_ the relation of n«r; neatly.— 2. Barely; scarcely; hardly.

10J*£ruled the state, and statesmen farces writ J^PS (j'imps), ». pi. [A weakened form of

Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 638. jumps.] Same as jumps. See jump*.

But who could expect a jilt and trifler to counsel her jUnpBOn, jimpSOn-Weed (jimp' son, -wed), M.
husband to any kind of prudence? See jtmsoii, jtnison-weed.

The Century, XXXVII. 91. jimpy (jhn'pi), a. [An extension of jimp1. Cf.

" Ni '

[Scotch.]

trary addition, as also in thingumbob.^ Some- jut (jnt) r<,Wn.] I. frans. To discard "jim'm^.] Keat; jfinp.

thmg^ strange, peculiar, or unknown; a kmck- Jafter treating or encouraging as a lover; trick jimpy (jim'P/i), adv. Tightly; neatly. [Scotch.]

knack; a thingumbob. [Slang.]

On with her chain of pearls, her ruby bracelets,
Lay ready all her tricks and jiggemboos.

Middleton, Women Beware Women, 1L 2.

Klls Monster after Monster, takes the Puppets
Prisoners, knocks downe the Cyclops, tumbles all
Our jigambubs and triuckeU to the wall.

Brome, Antipodes, ill. 5.

He rifled all his pokes and fobs

Of gimcracks, whims, and jigyvmbobi.

S. Bvtler, Hudibras, 111 1. 108.

jigjog (jig' jog), n. [A varied redupl. of jog. Cf.

iitjftjog.] A jolting motion ; a jog; a push.
, _J >8 (J'g'jog)- aflv- With a jolting motion,
jig-maker (jig'ma*k6r), n. One who makes or
plays jigs.

Ofh. You are merry, my lord. . . .
Hi' /n. O Uod, your only jig-maker.

Shak., Hamlet, iil. 2, 132.

Petrarch was a dunce, Dante & jig-maker.
• Ford, Love s Sacrifice, U. 1.

jig-mold (jig'mold), n. A stone mold, or a
wooden block with several molds, into which
melted lead is poured to form the heavy shank
of a jig. See jig, 6 (c).

jigot (jig'ot), n. Another spelling of gigot.

1 hae been at the cost and outlay o' a jigot o' mutton
and a tlorentine pye. Halt, The Entail, III. 66.

Add an onion, and It would be a good sauce for n »•(
of mutton. K. W. Dixon, Hist Church of Kng., vi.

in love. jimson (jim'son), n. [Also jimpson ; abbr. of

Our fortunes Indeed, weighed in the nice scale of inter- jimson-veed.'] Same as jimson-tceed.
est, are not exactly equal : which by the_way was the true jimson-weed (jim'son-wed), n. [Also ijimpson-

cause of Taj jilting him. Spectator, No. 801.

II. intrans. To play the jilt; practise decep-
tion in love.

jimt (jim), a. Same as gim.

jimber-jaw (jim'ber-ja), n. [For "gimbal-jato :
Hwjimlicr-jaited.'] A projecting lower jaw.

jimber-jawed (jim'ber-jad), «. Same as gim-
bal-jaiced. [Colloq.]

Ab Cayce, the eldest, [was] a lank, lantern-Jawed man.
Solomon was like him, except that the long chin, of jingal (jing'g&l), 71.

the style familiarly denominated jimber-jawed, was still
smooth and boyish.
M. H. Mwrfree, Prophet of Great Smoky Mountains, ill.

jimcrack, jimcrackery. See gimeraek, gim-
craekery.

Jim-crow (jim'kro), n. [< *jim, equiv. to jimmy1,
+ croit'2, a bar.] A tool for bendingor straight-
ening iron rails or bars. It consista of a strong iron
frame, with two supports for the rail or bar, and mecha-
nism, as a screw, for applying pressure to the rail or bar
at a point midway between the two supports.

Jim Crow (jim kro), n. A name used as the

weed; a corruption of Jamestovsn-icecd ; named
from Jamestown (in Virginia), where it is said
to have sprung up on heaps of ballast and
other rubbish discharged from vessels. The
plant is of Asiatic origin. See jack1, etym.] A
plant, Datura Stramonium.

She went to the open door and stood in It and looked out
among the tomato vines and \jimpton weeds that constituted
the garden. S. L. Clement, Tom Sawyer, p. 18.

[Also written jingall, and

improp. gingal, ginjal, giugnid; < Hind, jangal,
Maratni jejdl, Canarese jajdli, janjdli. a swivel,
a large musket.] A large swivel-musket or
wall-piece used in the East by the natives. It
is fired from a rest and is sometimes mounted
on a carriage. The Chinese use jingals exten-
sively.

Collecting a number of jingale from his associates, the
Chinaman arranges them on a small flat-bottomed scow,
so that some sweep a few inches above the surface of the
water, and others at an elevation, to get the birds on the
wing. W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 575.

originally in Massachusetts about 1841.— Jim Crow plan-

, freq.

, q. v., equiv.

, q. v.

jingle

Cf. tink, tinkle, ring2, G. klingeln, jingle, i
imitative words.] I. intrans. 1. To emit

etc. ;
emit tin-
kling metallic sounds ; tinkle or clink, as bells,
coins, chains, spurs, keys, or other metallic ob-
jects.

And whan he rood, men myghte his brydel heere
Qynglen in a whistlyng wynd aa cleere,
And eek as lowde as doth the chapel belle.

Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 170.
With strange and several noises
Of roaring, shrieking, howling, jingling chains,
And wide diversity of sounds, all horrible,
We were awaked. Shak. , Tempest, v. 1, 233.

2. To have a musical sound, or a light pleas-
ing effect upon the ear, independently of sense,
as verse or rimes.

In sounds and jingling syllables grown old.

Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 605.
Nurses sing children to sleep with & jingling ballad.

Macaulay, Warren Hastings.

To Jingle Off, to come oft ; fall down with a jingling noise.

Macadam's stable-slates jingling o/lrom time to time.

Carlyle, in Froude.

II. traits. To cause to give a tinkling metal-
lic sound, as a little bell or as pieces of metal.

Their musick-lesse instruments are fans of brasse, hung
about with rings, which they gingle in stops according to
their marchings. Sandys, Travailes, p. 134.

The bells she jingled, and the whistle blew.

Pope, E. of the L., v. 94.

jingle (jing'gl), n. [Formerly also gingle; <
jingle,®.] 1. A tinkling or clinking sound, as
of fittle bells or pieces of metal.

We. . . seem still to catch the jingle of the golden spurs
of the bishops in the streets of Cologne.

Summer, Orations, I. 63.

2. Something that jingles ; a little bell or rat-
tle ; specifically, one of the little metallic disks
set in the frame of a tambourine.

If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain
them with trifies and cringles, but use them justly.

Bacon, Plantations (ed. 1887).

3. Musical or sprightly sound in verse or
rimes ; poetry or a poem having a musical or
sprightly sound, with little sense; a catching
array of words, whether verse or prose.

This remark may serve, at least, to show how apt even
the best writers are to amuse themselves and to impose on
others by a mere gingle of words.

Bolingbroke, Fragments of Essays, No. 58.
Dear Mat Prior's easy jingle.

Cowper, Epistle to Robert Lloyd.

4. A covered two-wheeled car used in the
south of Ireland.

An elderly man was driven up to the door of the hotel
on a one-horse car — a jingle, as such conveniences were
then called in the South of Ireland.

Trollope, Castle Richmond, vi.

5. A mollusk of the genus Anomia, [Long
Island Sound.]

A more fragile shell, such as a scallop, mussel, or jingle
(Anomia), is certainly better, because the growth of the
attached oysters wrenches the shell to pieces, breaking
up the cluster and permitting the singleness and full de-
velopemeut to each oyster that is so desirable.

Fisheries of U. S., V. ii. 543.

jingle-boxt (jing'gl-boks), ». A black-jack
mounted with silver or other metal, with small
bells or grelots attached to the rim. It was a
test of sobriety to drink from the vessel with-
out sounding the bells.

jingle-boyt (jing'gl-boi), «. A coin.

Ang. You are hid in gold o'er head and ears.
Hir. We thank our fates, the sign of the gingle-boys
hangs at the door of our pockets.

Massinger, Virgin Martyr, ii. 3.

jingle-jangle (jing'gl-jang"gl), n. [A varied
redupf. of jingle; cf. jimjam.] If. A trinket;
anything that jingles.

For I was told ere I came from home

You're the goodliest man I ere saw beforne ;
With so many jinglejangles about one's necke

As is about yours, I never saw none.
The King and a Poore Northerns Man. (JlattiweU.)

2. A jingling sound.

The jingle-jangle of . . . dissonant bells.

Hawthorne, Seven Gables, p. 50.

j ingler ( jing'gler), n. 1 . One who or that which
jingles ; in the quotation, a kind of spur.

I had spurs of mine own before, but they were not
ginglen. B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 2.

2. The whistlewing or golden-eyed duck. G.
Trumbull, 1888. [New Jersey.] "

jinglest, n. A corruption of shingles (St. An-
thony's fire). See shingles.

jingle-shell (jing'gl-shel), ». Same as gold-
shell, 2.

jinglet (jing'glet), n. [< jingle + -et.J A loose
metal ball serving for the clapper of a sleigh-
bell ; also, the bell itself.

3234

The making of sleigh-bells is quite an art. ... The
little iron ball is called "the jinglet."

The American, IX. 350.

jingo (jiug'go), n. and a. [A name used in the
oath "by jingo," where jingo is prob. a form,
introduced perhaps by gipsies or soldiers, of
the Basque Jinkoa, Jainkoa, Jeinkoa, contracted
forms of Jaungoicoa, Jangoikoa, God, lit. ' the
lord of the high.'] I. n. 1. A name used in the
oath "by jingo," sometimes extended to "by
the living jingo": as, I won't do it, by jingo.
[Colloq.]

By jingo, there's not a pond or a slough within five miles
of the place but they can tell the taste of.

Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, v.
Jumping up in his boat
And discarding his coat,

"Here goes," cried Sir Rupert, "by jingo I'll follow her !"
Barham, Ingoldsby legends, II. 35.

2. [cap.'] A member of a section of the Con-
servative or Tory party in Great Britain which
advocated a spirited foreign policy. Especially
used during the Beaconsfleld (Disraeli) administration of
1874-80, in reference to the Russo-Turkish war, etc. The
name alludes to a song at that time popular, expressing
the Jingo spirit :

"We don't want to fight, but, by jingo, if we do,
We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the

money, too."

When Lord Beaconsfleld courted the cheers of the City
by threatening the Emperor of Russia with three cam-
paigns, he was acting the part of a genuine Jingo.

The Spectator, No. 2821, July 22, 1882.

[In this sense it takes the plural Jingoes.]

II. a. [cap.] Belonging or relating to the
Jingoes: as, the Jingo policy; Jingo bluster.
See I., 2.

Suchastate of mind is neither wonderful norunreason-
able ; it is unintelligible only to those who are themselves
so possessed with the Jingo swagger that they cannot un-
derstand that other people may be without it.

E. A. Freeman, Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XL. 328.

Jingoism (jing'go-izm), ». [< Jingo + -ism.]
The spirit, policy, or political views of the
Jingoes.

He [Beaconsfleldl always ridiculed the predominance on
the Conservative side of the doctrine of the integrity and
independence of the Turkish Empire ; and, in short, he
thought that in the days of Jingoism the English Conser-
vative party had gone mad.

Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLI. 340.

jink1 (jingk), v. [Also jenk; origin obscure.
Hardly a nasalized form of jig, though some
senses suggest such a connection.] I. intrans.

1. To move nimbly. [Scotch.]

Hale be your heart, hale be your fiddle ;
Lang may your elbockyinA: an' diddle.

Burns, Second Ep. to Davie.

2. To make a quick turn; dodge ; elude a per-
son by dodging ; escape. [Scotch.]

The more o' that poison o' yours I take — your iodides
and salicine and stuff— the worse it gets; and then ye
jink round the corner and call it by another name.

W. Black, Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 381.

3. In the card-games of spoil-five and forty-five,
to win the game by winning all the tricks in one
hand — To Jink In, to enter a place suddenly, unexpect-
edly, and clandestinely. [Scotch.]

Could not ye have let us ken an ye had wussed till hae
been present at the ceremony? My lord couldna tak' it
weel your coming and jinking in, in that fashion.

Scott, Antiquary, rxv.

U. trans. 1. To elude; dodge. [Scotch.]

There the herds can jink the show'rs
'Mang thriving vines an' myrtle bow'rs.

Ferguwon, Hume Content.

2. To cheat; trick. [Scotch.]

For Jove AiAjink Arcesius;
The gentles a' ken roun' about

He was my lucky-deddy.
Poems in Buchan Dialect, .Speech of Ulysses.

jink1 (jingk), n. [< jink1, v.] 1 . A quick illusory
turn; the act of eluding another. [Scotch.] —
2. In the card-games of spoil-five and forty-five,
the winning of all the tricks in a hand by one
side—High Jinks. See high.

jink2 (jingk), v. i. [Avar, of chink?.] To jingle;
chink: as, the money jinked. [Prov. Eng.]

jinker (jing'ker), n. One who moves about or
dodges quickly ; one who is nimble and spor-
tive. [Scotch.]

That day ye was a jinker noble,

For heels an' win' !
Burns, Auld Farmer's Salutation to his Auld Mare.

jink-game (jingk'gam), re. A game of spoil-five
or forty-five in which a side taking all the tricks
in one hand wins the game. Jinking in either game
is permissible only if agreed on at the outset of the play.
In spoil-five the player must announce that he plays for a

f jink ; in forty-five no announcement is necessary.

jinn (jin), re. pi. ; sing, jinnee (jin'e). [Also djinn,
(jinn; = Pers. jinn, Hind, jin, sing., < Ar. jinn,
•pl.,jinniy, sing., a kind of demon: see def. The

Joannesia

sing.jinmy occurs in E. spelling jinnee, and is
also frequently represented by the accidentally
similar genie1 (F. genie) or genius, < L. genius, a
different word: see genius.] In Mohammedan
myth., a class of spirits lower than the angels,
made of fire, capable of appearing in both hu-
man and animal forms, and exercising super-
natural influence over mankind, for both good
and evil. In the current translation of the "Arabian
Nights' Entertainments " they are called genii. The word
in this form is often treated as a singular, with a plural
jinns.

The Jinn are said to appear to mankind most common-
ly in the shapes of serpents, dogs, cats, or human beings.
In the last case, they are sometimes of the stature of men,
and sometimes of a size enormously gigantic. If good,
they are generally resplendently handsome ; if evil, hor-
ribly hideous. Arabian Nights (ed. Lane), Int., note 21.

Moslem divines, be it observed, ascribe to Mohammed
miraculous authority over animals, vegetables, and min-
erals, as well as over men, angels, and/inna,

R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 262.

= Syn. Elf, Gnome, etc. See fairy.

jinnee, ». See jinn. Also spelled djinnee.

jinny (jin'i), n. ; pi. jinnies (-iz). [A var. of
jenny.] 1. A bird, the turnstone, Strepsilas in-
terpres. G. Trumbull. [Long Island.] — 2. In
coal-mining, same as jig, 6 (6). [Local, Eng.]

jinrikisha (jin-rik'i-sha), ». [Jap.; < jin, a
man, + riki, strength, power, + alia, carriage.]
A small two-wheeled, hooded conveyance pro-

Jinrikibtm.

vided with springs and drawn by one or more
men. It is used extensively in Japan, and is said to have
been invented by an American missionary. Also spelled
jinrilcsha and jinricksha,

Directly we landed at the jetty, we were rushed at by a
crowd otjinnkwha men, each drawing a little vehicle not
unlike a Hansom cab, without the seat for the driver —
there being no horse to drive.

Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xviii.

jinshang (jin'shang), re. A corruption of gin-
seng. [U. S.]
jippot, »• Same as j ippo-coat .

Plush Jippoes and Hose behang'd before.

Quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 29.

jippo-coatt (jip'6-kot), n. An outer garment for
a man, mentioned in 1660.

jirkin, n. See jerkin1.

jirkinet, n. Seejerkinet.

Jist. See Gis.

jitty (jit'i), n; pl.jitties (-iz). [Prob. a var. of
jetty1.] In coal-mining, a short slit or heading
along which the empties, horses, or men travel.
[Leicestershire, Eng.]

jivest, n. pi. An obsolete spelling of gyves.
So now my jives are off.

Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, Iv. 8.

jpi n. Seej'oe3.

Jo2, n. In conch. See 7o2, 3.

Joachimite (jo'a-kim-it), n. [< Joachim (see
def.) + -ite2.] A follower or believer in the
doctrines of an Italian mystic, Joachim (died
about 1200), abbot of Floris. The most important
feature of his doctrines was the belief that the history of
man will be covered by three reigns : the first, that of the
Father, from the creation till the birth of Christ ; the sec-
ond, that of the Son, from the birth of Christ till 1260 ; and
the third, that of the Holy Spirit, from 1260 onward. This
last view was developed by his adherents into the belief
that a new gospel would supersede the revelation of the
Old and New Testaments. These views had many sup-
porters in the thirteenth century.

joant (Jon), n. [< Joan, < ME. Joan, Jone, a
woman's name, another form of Jean, Jane, <
ML. Joanna, fern, of LL. Joannes, John : see
John. ] A woman's close cap, worn in the latter
part of the eighteenth century.

Joannes, n. See Johannes.

Joannesia (jo-a-ne'si-a), n. [NL. (Velloso,
1798), irreg. < Johannes, John : see John.] A
genus of plants of the natural order Euphorbi-
aceai, containing a single species, J. princeps, a
handsome Brazilian tree. It is closely allied to Ja-
tmpha, but the leaves have 5 leaflets. The calyx is nearly
valvate, and the fruit is a drupe, containing a 2-celled nnd
2-seeded nut. The bark affords a milky juice reputed to
be poisonous nnd said to be used for stupefying fish. The
seeds are actively purgative, and furnish the oil of anda.

Joannite

Joannite (jo-an'lt), n. [< Or. 'luaw^r, Jolin
(see John), + -ite'l.] One of the adherents of
John Chrysostom who support nil him aft IT las
deposition from the patriarchate of Constanti-
nople in 404.

job't (job), r. [Also in var. lurmjah, q. v. ; <
JilK.jobbc«, job or peck with the bill, as a bird;
prob. assibilated trom Ir. and <!arl. ijob, the
beak or bill of a bird: see gob1 and job2.] I.
tratis. 1. To strike, stab, or punch, as with some-
thing pointed.

As an au with a galled back was feeding In a meadow,
a raven pitched upon him, and K&t jitbbiwj of the sore.

Sir R. L' Estrange.
2. To drive ; force.

The work would, where a small Irregularity of stuff
should happen, draw or jot the edge Into the stuff.

J. Moxon, Mechanical Exercises.

II. in trims. To aim a blow ; strike at some-
thing.

Upon that palm-tree sate certain crows many dales to-
gether, and never left pecking and jobbing at the fruit of
it North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 457.

job1 (job), n. [< job1, r.] 1. A sudden stab,
prick, or thrust, as with anything pointed ; a jab.
— 2. A small piece of wood. [Prov. Eng.]
job2 (job), n. and a. [Formerly also iobb ; < ME.
jobbe; assibilated form of dial, gob', a portion,
a lump: see gob2 and gobbet, and cf.Jofti.] I.
«. If. A lump.

Robbet there Riches, reft horn hor lynes,
Gemtnee, & lewels, lobbes of gold,
Peals, & platis, polishit vessel!,
Mony starond stone, stithest of vertue.

Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 11941.

2. A particular piece of work ; something to be
done ; any undertaking of a defined or restrict-
ed character; also, an engagement for the per-
formance of some specified work; something
to do.

A small job, that would not require above 5 or 6 hours to
perform, they will be twice as many days about

Dampier, Voyages, II. t 98.
His comrades had plotted an orchard to rob,
And ask'd him to go and assist in the job.

Cowper, Pity for Poor Africans.

The children of the very poor, those who lived from
hand to mouth by day jobs, by chance and luck, were not
taught anything. W. Besant, Fifty Years Ago, p. 78.

3. In printing, specifically, a piece of work of the
miscellaneous class, including posters, hand-
bills, bill-heads, cards, circulars, small pam-
phlets, etc. — 4f. An imposition ; a trick.

The quack, thro' dread of death, confess'd
That he was of no skill profess'd ;
But all this great and glorious jobb
Was made of nonsense and the mob.

C. Smart, tr. of Pheodrus (1765X p. 27.

6. An undertaking so managed as to secure un-
earned profit or undue advantage ; especially,
a public duty or trust performed or conducted
with a view to improper private (jain ; a per-
version of trust for personal benefit m doing any
work.

As usual, however, In Irish matters, the measure was
connected with a job, and was executed with a supreme in-
dlBerence to Irish opinion. Lecky, Eng. in 18th Cent, vii.

Nearly all the very large corporate undertakings In the
Cnited .States during the past twenty years have had In
them more or less of the corrupt political and financial
elements which the public have come to sum up in the
word job. If. A. Ret., CXLIII. 87.

Odd jobs, disconnected, irregular, or trivial pieces of
work.

The actors . . . were very fond of watching the move-
ments of an old and decrepit slave who was employed by
the proprietor to do all sorts of odd jobs.

Ilarper'i Mag., LXXIX. 137.

II. a. Of or for a particular job or trans-
action. Specifically— (a) Assigned to a special use, as a
horse let out or hired by the week or month.

He made nothing by letting him have job horses for
£150 a year. Mix* Edgetcorth, The Lottery, i.

The sight of Dr. Slocum's large carriage, with the gaunt
job-horses, crushed Flora ; none but hack cabs had driven
up to her door on that day. Thackeray, I'l-ndennls, xxxiv.

(6) Bought or sold together ; lumped together : used chief-
ly in the phrase job lot, a quantity of goods, either of a
miscellaneous character, or of the same kind but of dif-
ferent qualities, conditions, sizes, etc., disposed of or
bought as a single lot for a lump sum and at a compara-
tively low price.

Some few of them [pocket-books] may, however, have
been damaged, and tbese are bought by the street-people
as A job tut, and at a lower price than that paid in the reg-
ular way.

Mayheic, London Labour and London Poor, I. 204.

job2 (job), r. ; pret. and pp. jobbed, ppr. jobbing.
[<.;o&2, ».] I. trans. 1. To let out in separate
portions, as work among different contractors
or workmen: often with nut: as, to job out the
building of a house. — 2. To let out or to hire

3235

by the week or month, as horses or carriages.
[Eug.]

Whitbread, d'ye keep a coach, or job one, pray?
Job, job, that's cheapest ; yen, that's best, that's be»t.
Woleot, Progress of Curiosity, Birth-day Ode.

Then she went to the liveryman from whom she jttbbtd
her carriages. Thackeray, Vanity fair, xlviii.

3. To buy in large quantities, and sell to deal-
ers in smaller lots: as, to job cotton; to job ci-
gars. 8ee>66e;-2.3.

II. intrans. 1. To deal in the public stocks
on one's own account. See jobber2, 4. — 2. To
work at jobs or at chance work.

Our early dramatists not only jobbed In this chance-
work, but established a copartnership for the quicker
manufacture ; and we find sometimes three or four iioets
working on one play. /. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit, II. 180.

3. (a) To let or (ft) to hire horses, carriages,
etc., for occasional use. [Eng.]

Very few noblemen at present bring tin-it- carriage
horses to town ; . . . they nearly all ju>>, as it Is Invaria-
bly called.

Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, III. 368-

4. To execute a trust in such a manner as to
make it subserve unjustly one's private ends ;
especially, to pervert public service to private
advantage.

Judges job, and bishops bite the town,
And mighty dukes pack cards for half-a-crown.

Pope, Moral Essays, ili 141.

job3 (job), v. t. [Also written jobe; < Job the
patriarch, in allusion to the rebukes he re-
ceived from his "comforters."] To chide;
reprimand. Bailey, 1731. [Bare.]
jobardt, jobbardt, ». [ME., < OF. jobard, jou-
bard, < F. jobard, a stupid fellow, a simpleton,
booby, < jobe, stupid, foolish.] A stupid fellow.
Halliicell.

'Hi" seyde the emperour Sodenmagard,
Then was the erle a nyaejobarde.

MS. Cantab. ft. & 38, f. 140. (HaUiwell.)
Looke of discrecionne sells jvbbard is upon stoolls,
Whiche hathe dlatroyed many a comnnalte.

Lild'jnte, Minor Poems, p. 119.

jobation (jo-ba'shon), n. [An affected L. form,
< job3 + -ation.] A scolding; a long tedious
reproof. [Colloq.]

I determined to give my worthy hostess a good jobation
for her want of faith.
Barham, in Memoir prefixed to Ingoldsby Legends, I. 67.

jobber^ (job'£r), «. [< jofti + -ed.] One who
or that which jobs, pecks, or stabs : used in com-
position : as, tree-jobber or wood-jobber (a wood-
pecker); nut-jobber (a nuthatch).
jobber2 (job'er), M. [<joft2,t;., + -erl.] 1. One
who does anything by the job; one who does
small jobs or chance work.

But these are not a thousandth part

Of jobber! In the poets art Sw\ft, Poetry.

2. One who lets out or furnishes horses or car-
riages by the week or month; a job-master.
[Eng.]

Nobody In fact was paid. Not the blacksmith who
opened the lock, . . . nor the jobber who let the carriage.
Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxxvil.

3. One who purchases goods in bulk and resells
them to smaller dealers ; a middleman. — 4. On
the London stock-exchange, a dealer in stocks
and bonds on his own account; a stock-ex-
change operator to whom brokers sell, and
from whom they buy, it being contrary to
stock-exchange etiquette for brokers to nego-
tiate with each other; a middleman or inter-
mediary acting between brokers.

A wishes to buy and B wishes to sell £1000 of Caledoni-
an Rail way stock, out, brokers being forbidden to deal with
brokers, recourse is had to the jobber C, who makes a price
to the brokers of say 98 to 981, that is to say, he offers to
buy at 98 or to sell at 981 ; the buyer A accordingly pays 98}
plus his broker's commission, and the seller B receives 98
minus his broker's commission, the jobber C pocketing
the difference or "turn " of i per cent.

Encyc. Brit., XXII. 557.

5. One who renders the discharge of a trust
subservient to private ends ; especially, an in-
triguer who turns public work to his own or his
friends' advantage; hence, one who performs
low or dirty work in office, politics, or intrigue.
- Bearskin J obber. See bear?, n., 6.

jobbernollt (job'er-nol), w. [Also jobbernowl,
jobberno«l,jabbernoicl,jobbiHol; prob. (.jobard,
jobbard, + noil, head or top; cf. grouttioll.} 1.
The head ; the pate.

And powder'd tlf inside of his skull,
Instead of th' outward jobbernnl.

S. Butler, Hudlbras, III. ii. 1007.

2. A stupid fellow; a loggerhead; a blockhead.

Dull-pated jobbernotdes.

Maritnn, Scourge of VilUnie, vli.
[Vulgar in both senses.]

jockey

jobbery (job'er-i), ». [< jolft + -<T«.] The act
or practice of jobbing ; unfair and underhand
means used to procure some private end; spe-
cifically, the act of perverting public service to
private gain.

jobbet (job'et), M. [A var. of gobbet.] A small
quantity, commonly of hay or straw. [Prov.
Eng.]

jobbing-man (job'ing-man), n. A man who
does odd jobs. [Eng.]

There Is an Irish labourer and his family in the b*ck-
I, iti-lic n. and a jobbing-man with his family In the front
one. Dickens, Sketches, p. 70.

jobbinolt, ». Same nsjobbcrnoU.
job-master ( job'mas'ter), «. [< job2 + master.]
A keeper of a livery-stable who lets out horses
and carriages by the week or month. [Eng.]
"Why, air," said a job-matter to me, "everybody jobs
now. . . . It's a cheaper and better plan for those that
must have good horses and handsome carriages."

Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, III. 368.

job-office (job'of'is), n. A printing-office in
which only job-work is done.

job-printer (job'prin'ter), n. A printer who
does miscellaneous work, such as the printing
of bills, programs, circulars, cards, etc.

Job's comforter (jobz kum'fer-t£r). [So called
in allusion to the friends who visited Job "to
mourn with him and to comfort him" (Job ii.
11), but really aggravated his distress.] 1. One
who depresses and discourages under the ap-
pearance or with the purpose of consoling.

Lady Sm. Indeed, Lady Answerall, pray forgive me, I
think your ladyship looks a little thinner than when I
saw you last.

Miff. Indeed, Madam, I think not ; but your ladyship Is
one of Job's comforters. Swift, Polite Conversation, lit

2. A boil (in allusion to Job ii. 7). [Colloq.]

Job's news (jobz nuz). [So called in allusion to

the evil tidings which Job's servants brought

him (Job i. 14-19).] Evil tidings; bad news.

Poverty escorts him ; from home there can nothing come *
except Job't-neu*. Carlyle, French Rev., III. iii. 4.

Job's post (jobz post). [So called in allusion
to the messengers who brought evil tidings to
Job. See Job's news.] A bearer of ill news; a
messenger carrying evil tidings.

This J Ms-post from Dnmourlez, thickly preceded and
escorted by so many other Job's posts, reached the National
Convention. Carlyle, French Rev., in. ill. 4.

Job's-tears (jobz'terz'), n. A species of grass,
Coix Lacryma, or the beads made of its fruit.

job-type (job'tip), «. Type specially adapted,
from its size, ornamental or exceptional form,
etc., for the execution of miscellaneous jobs.

job-watch (job'woch), n. Kaut., game as hack-
watch.

job- work (job'werk), n. 1. Work done by the
job instead of by the day ; work done to order,
or to fulfil an engagement.

The fact that a great deal of his [Dryden's] work was
job-work, that most of It was done In a hurry, led him
often to fill up a gap with the first sonorous epithet that
came to hand. Lowell, New Princeton Rev., I. 155.

2. In printing, specifically, a class of miscel-
laneous work, generally requiring display or
ornamentation.

jocantt, «• [ME. jocaunt, < L. iocan(t-)s, ppr.
otjocari, joke, jest: see joke, v.] Jesting; jo-
cose.

When the knyght harde this, he was iocmtnt & murye.
delta Romanorum, p. 116.

jocantryt (jo'kan-tri), «. [< jocant + -ry.] The
act or practice of jesting. Craig.

jock1 (jok), r. t. and i. [Ct.jog and «*oc*l. ] To

jolt. [Prov. Eng.]

Jock2 (jok), n. [A var. of Jack: seejack*.] 1.
Same as Jack1, I. — 2. [/. c.] Same VLB jockey.

Nor were the north-country jocks less witty on their
masters than on the steeds.

Boron, Memories of our Great Towns, p. 18.
Jock and Jock's man, a juvenile sport In which the
follower is to repeat all the pranks the leader performs.
Brockett.

jockey (jok'i), n. [Also spelled jocky; being
the familiar name Jpcky, Jockie, North. E. and
Sc. form of Jacky, dim. of Jack, North. E. and
Sc. Jock, a common appellative of lads in ser-
vice, grooms, etc. Some enthusiastic writers
about Gipsies would derive jockey/ in the third
sense from Gipsy chuckni, a whip; but this is
no doubt a mere fancy. Jockey in this peculiar
E. sense has passed into other languages: F.
jockey, jockei, Sp. jockey, jacket, Pg. jokey, G.
jockei, etc.] 1. [cnp.] A Northern English and
Scotch diminutive otJoctf, Jack1; specifically,
a Scotchman.

What could Leslyhave done then with a few untraln'd,
unarmed Jockeys if we had been true among ourselves?
Hi', llacket. Abp. Williams, ii. 142.

jockey

2f. A strolling minstrel. [Scotch.]

For example and terror three or four hundred of the most
notorious of those villains [vagabonds, beggars] which we
call Jockys might be presented by the Government to the
State of Venice, to serve in their Gallics against the com-
mon enemy of Christendom.

A. Fletcher (1688), quoted in Ribton-Turner's Vagrants
[and Vagrancy, p. 359.

3. A groom ; a rider or driver of horses ; spe-
cifically, a man or boy employed to ride horses
in races.

Room for my lord! three jockeys in his train ;

Six huntsmen with a shout precede his chair.

Pope, Dunciad, ii. 192.

4f. A dealer in horses ; especially, a horse-deal-
er who is given to cheating; a tricky horse-
trader: more commonly called a horse-jockey.

You know what cheating Tricks are play'd by our Jock-
eys, who sell and let out Horses.

N. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, I. 412.

5. A cheat; one who deceives or takes undue
advantage in trade: from the reputation of
horse-traders for trickery.

He [Frampton] is described as being the oldest and as
they say the cunningest jockey in England ; one day he
lost 1.000 gs., the next he won 2.000, and so alternately.
Ashton, Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne, I. 308.

6. In coal-mining, a self-acting apparatus car-
ried on the front tub of a set for releasing it
from the hauling-rope at a certain point. [Eng. ]
— 7. In mech.,8a,inea,s jockey-wheel. — 8. Athin
walking-stick. [Prov. Eng.]

jockey (jok'i), v. ; pret. and pp. jockeyed oijock-
ied, ppr. jockeying. [Also spelled jocky; <
jockey, ».] I. trans. 1. To play the jockey to ;
trick; deceive in trade; hinder or defeat by
trickery.

I see too well by the smile on his face that he thinks
hehasyocfriedyou. J. Baillie.

Here's your railways carried, and your neighbor's rail-
ways jockeyed. Dickens, Dr. Marigold.

2. To jostle against in racing.

II. intrans. To act in the manner of a jock-
ey ; seek unfair advantage in a race, in deal-
ing, etc.

jockey-box (jok'i-boks), n. A box in a wagon,
underneath the driver's seat, for carrying small
articles.

jockey-club (jok'i-klub), n. A club or associa-
tion of persons interested in horse-racing, etc.

jockey-gear (jok'i-ger), n. The jockey-wheels
and their cooperative mechanism in an appa-
ratus for paying out submarine cables.

jockey-grass (jok'i-gras), n. Quaking-grass,
Briza media. [Prov. Eng.]

jockeyism (jok'i -izm), ». [< jockey + -ism.']
The practice or tricks of jockeys ; also, jockeys'
talk.

He was employed in smoking a cigar, sipping brandy
and water, and exercising his conversational talents in a
mixture of slang and jockeyism. Bulwer, Pelham, Ixi.

jockey-jurnal (jok'i-jer*nal), n. [< jockey +
*jurnal for jurnut.] One of the tubers of Buni-
um flexuosum, commonly called earthnut or pig-
nut. [Prov. Eng.]

jockey-pad (jok'i-pad), n. A cushion or knee-
pad on a saddle.

jockey-pulley (jok'i-pul"i), n. A small wheel
which rides, or runs, on the top edge of a larger
one, used for obtaining fast speed in dynamos
and similar machinery, and also for keeping a
rope or cable in the groove of a grooved wheel.

jockeyship (jok'i-ship), n. [< jockey + -ship.}

1. The art or practice of riding horses, espe-
cially in races.

Go flatter Sawney for his jockeyship.

Chatterton, Resignation.
We justly boast

At least superior jockeyship, and claim
The honours of the turf as all our own I

Cowper, Task, ii. 276.

2. A quasi-honorary title given in jest or ban-
ter.

Where can at last his jockeyship retire?

Cowper, Conversation, 1. 420.

jockey-sleeve (jok'i-slev), n. A sleeve which
carries part of a train of mechanism and rests
on another part, used in some forms of electric
arc-lights.

jockey-wheel (jok'i-hwel), n. A wheel used
to ride upon and press a rope or cable into a
groove of another wheel from which the rope
or cable is paid out. The bearings of a Jockey-wheel
are often in the end of a lever by which the jockey is held
to its duty. These wheels are much used in laying sub-

_ marine cables. Also jockey.

jockey-whip (jok'i-hwip), ». A whip used by
a jockey.

jocko (jok'6), «. An ape: same asjacko, 1.

3236

jockteleg (jok'te-leg), n. [Also written jockta-
Ifij, jocteleg. Cf. E. foal, jack-lag-knife: seeunder
jack-knife.'] A large pocket-knife. [Scotch.]

An' gif the custoc's sweet or sour,
Wi'joctelegs they taste them.

Burns, Halloween.

jocolattet, n. An obsolete form of chocolate.
To a coffee house to drink Jocolatte — very good.

Pepys, Diary, Nov. 24, 1664.

They dranke a little milk and water, but not a drop of
wine ; they also dranke of a sorbet and jocolatt.

Evelyn, Diary, Jan. 24, 1682.

jocondt, a. An obsolete form of jocund.

jocose (jo-kos'), a. [= Sp. Pg. jocoso = It.
giocoso, i L. jocosus, full of jesting, sportive, <
jocus, a jest, joke : see joke."] 1 . Given to jokes
and jesting; merry; waggish, as a person.

Jocose and pleasant with an adversary whom they would
choose to treat in a very different manner. Shaftesbury.
On [the first day of April] . . . their master was always
observed to unbend, and become exceeding pleasant and
jocose, sending the old gray headed negroes on April-fool's
errands for pigeon's milk. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 463.

2. Of the nature of a joke or jest ; sportive ;
merry: as, a jocose remark; jocose or comical
airs. =± Syn. Jocose, Jocund, jocular, facetious, merry,
waggish, witty, droll, humorous, funny. In jocose cheer-
fulness or light-heartedness is an accidental thing ; in
jocund it is the essential idea. The disposition to make
good-humored jests is the essential thing in jocose, but is

_ not necessarily implied in jocund.

jocosely (jo-kos'li), adv. In a jocose manner;
in jest ; for sport or game ; waggishly.

jocoseness (jo-kos'nes), n. The quality of be-
ing jocose ; waggery ; merriment.

If he wrote to a friend, he must beware lest his letter
should contain any thing like jocoseness; since jesting is
incompatible with a holy and serious life.

Buckle, Civilization, II. T.

jocoserious (jo-ko-se'ri-us), a. [= Sp. jocoserio,

< NL. jocoserius, < L. jocus, a joke, + serins,

serious.] Half jesting, half serious. [Bare.]

Or drink A jocoserious cup

With souls who've took their freedom up.

Green, The Spleen.

jocosity (jo-kos'i-ti), n. ; pi. jocosities (-tiz). [=
Sp. jocosidad = Pg. jocosidade = It. giocositd ;
as jocose + -ity."\ 1. Jocularity; merriment;
waggery; jocoseness.

A laugh there is of contempt or indignation, as well as
of mirth or jocosity. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err.

This sociable jocosity, as if they had known each other
for three months, was what appeared to Macarthy so in-
delicate. H. James, Jr., Harper's Mag., LXXVII. 92.

2. A jocose act or saying ; a joke. [Bare.]

jocteleg, n. See jockteleg.

jocular (jok'u-lar), a. [= It. giocolare, giocu-
lare, < L. jocularis, < joculus, a little jest, dim.
of jocus, a jest: see joke.] 1. Given to jest-
ing ; jocose ; merry ; waggish : said of persons.
— 2. Of the nature of or containing a joke;
sportive ; not serious : as, a jocular expression
or style.

His broad good-humor, running easily into jocular talk,
in which he delighted and in which he excelled, was a
rich gift to this wise man. Emerson, Lincoln.

= Syn. See jocose.

jocularity (jok-u-lar'i-ti), n. [= It. giocolari-
ta; &s jocular + -4ty.~] The quality of being
jocular; merriment; jesting.

On his departure he asked with bitter jocularity whe-
ther Becket had sought to leave the realm because Eng-
land could not contain himself and the king.

Milmnn. Latin Christianity, viii. 8.

jocularly (jok'u-lar-li), adv. In a jocular man-
ner; in jest; for sport or mirth.

"Come," said Dr. Johnson jocularly to Principal Robert-
son, "let us see what was once a church."

BosweU, Tour to the Hebrides.

JOCUlaryt (jok'u-la-ri), a. [= It. giocoMrio, <
L. jocularius, equiv. to jocularis, jocular : see
jocular."] Jocular.

With arts voluptuary I couple practices joculary ; for
the deceiving of the senses is one of the pleasures of the
senses. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 201.

joculator (jok'u-la-tor), ».; L. pi. jocula tores
(jok'u-la-to'rez). [= It. giocolatore, < L. jocula-
tor, a joker, jester, <joculari, joke, < joculus, a lit-
tle joke : see jocular. Cf .juggler*, ult. a doublet
of joculator."] Formerly, a professional jester;
also, a minstrel. See juggler* and jongleur.

One great part of the joculator's profession was the teach-
ing of bears, apes, horses, dogs, and other animals to imi-
tate the actions of men.

Slrutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 328.

It is certain that the Norman Conquest brought to Eng-
land the species of minstrels into which the joculatirres had
in Normandy and Northern France developed : and it may
be assumed, both that it likewise brought performers of
a different and lower class, and that a distinction was not
always maintained between them.

A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 15.

Joe-Millerism

The joglars orjoculatores, who played, sang, recited, con-
jured, men of versatile powers of entertainment, who per-
formed at the houses of the nobility, and were liberally re-
munerated. JSncyc. Brit., XVI. 479.

joculatory (jok'u-la-to-ri), a. [< L. joculatori-
vs, jesting, < joculator, a joker, jester: see joc-
ulator.] Jocular.

jocund (jok'und), a. [Formerly &\sojocond; <
ME. jocund, jocound, < OF. joconde, jocund, ju-
cond = Sp. Pg.jocundo = It. giocondo, < liL.jo-
cundus (erroneously accom. to L. jocus, a jest),
pTop.jucundus, li.jucundus, pleasant, agreeable,
pleasing, lit. helpful, < juvare, help, aid : see ad-
jute and adjutant.'] Merry; lively; cheerful;
blithe; gleeful; gay; mirthful; airy; spright-
ly ; sportive ; light-hearted.

Full gladde and iocounde were the companye of the
rounde table for that the! were a-corded with sir Gawein.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 603.
Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain-tops.

Shale., R. and J., iii. 6,9.

The Romans jocond of this Victorie, and the spoil they
got, spent the night. Milton, Hist. Eng., ii.

= Syn. Jocose, Jocund. See jocose.
jocundary ( jok'un-da-ri), a. [< jocund + -ary.~]
Jocund ; merry. [Rare.]

Ill not stir ; poor Folly, honest Folly, jocundary Folly,
forsake your lordship !

Dekker and Ford, Sun's Darling, iii. 1.

jocundity (jo-kun'di-ti), n. [Also jucundity; <
ME. jocunditee, < Of.jocondite,jocundite = Sp.
jocundidad = It. giocondita, < L. jucundita( t-)s,
agreeableness, pleasantness, (jucundus: see jo-
cund."] The state of being jocund or merry;
gaiety.

Learned and meditative as was Sir Thomas More, a jest-
ing humor, a philosophical jocundity, indulged on impor-
tant as well as on ordinary occasions, served his wise pur-
pose. /. D'lsraeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 331.

jocundly (jok'und-li), adv. In a jocund man-
ner; merrily; gaily.

jocundness (jok'und-nes), n. [< JAE.jocundnes;
< jocund + -ness.'] Jocundity. Holland, tr. of
Plutarch, p. 160.

jod (jod), n. [Var. of jot, ult. < Gr. tara, iota, <
Heb. yodh: see jot1, iota."] The letter J. [Prov.]

As surely as the letter Jod
Once cried aloud, and spake to God,
So surely shalt thou feel this rod,
And punished shalt thou be !

Longfellow, Golden Legend, iii.
jodel, »'. See yodel.

JOB1 (jo), n. [A particular use of the familiar
name Joe, abbr. of Joseph. In sense 1, with ref.
to Joseph Hume, M. P., at whose instance the
fourpenee was issued in 1836, especially for
the convenience of paying short cab-fares.]

1. A fourpenny-piece. Also joey. [Slang.] —

2. [cop.] An old jest : same as Joe Miller.

Of what use a story may be even in the most serious de-
bates may be seen from the circulation of old Joes in Par-
liament, which are as current there as their sterling name-
sakes used to be in the city some threescore years ago.

Southey, The Doctor, xvi.

3. A lobster too small to be sold legally — that
is, one under ten inches in length. [Cape Cod,

joe2 (jo), n. [Also jo; an abbr. of Johannes.']
A Portuguese and Brazilian gold coin, worth
from eight to nine dollars.

Be sure to make him glow
Precisely like a guinea or a. jo.

Wolcot, Lyric Odes for 1783, vii.

" Has the Indian come yet ? " " He was here last week. "
"An't you afraid of him?" "No." . . . " That's you, for
a broad joe .' Never be afraid of any body."

S. Judd, Margaret, i. 8.
.Double Joe. See double.

joe3 (jo), n. [Also jo; usually considered as a
form of joy, < OF.joye, F. joie; but this is not
probable.] 1. A master; a superior. Balliwell.
[North. Eng.] — 2. A sweetheart; a darling.
[Scotch.]

Blessings on your frosty pow,
John Anderson, myjo.

Burns, John Anderson.
Och ! owre aft thy joes ha'e starv'd,
Mid a' thy favours !

Burns, On Pastoral Poetry.

joe-ben (jo'ben), n. [Prob. imitative of the
bird's note.] The greater titmouse, Farms ma-
jor, or some other titmouse. [Suffolk, Eng.]

Joe Miller (jo mtt'er). [Also Joe; after Joe or
Joseph Miller, an English comic actor, whose
name was attached to a popular jest-book, pub-
lished in 1739, the year after his death. ] 1 . An
old jest; a stale joke; a "chestnut." [Colloq.
or slang.] — 2. A jest-book. [Colloq.]

Joe-Millerism (jo'mil'er-izm), n. [< Joe Miller
+ -ism.~\ The art or practice of making, recit-

Joe-Millerism

ing, or retailing jests; especially, the repeti-
tion of stale or flat jokes; also,an olil ji-st. [Col-
loq.J

Joe-Millerize (jo'mil'er-iz), v. t. [< ./•><• Mill,-r
+ -izc.} To give a jesting or jocular charac-
ter to; mingle with jokes or jests, especially
stale jests. [Colloq.]

If a man cuts all the dates, tosses In his facts anyhow,
anil Is too busy to distinguish one important man from
another, and yet is funny, and succeeds in Joe-Millertiiny
history, he pleases somebody or other.

Saturday Rev., Nov. 10, 1866.

joepye-weed (jo-pi' wed), ». An American plant,
KujMitiirium purnureum, a tall weed with co-
rymbs of purple flowers, common in low ground.
Also called truiiipi'linnl. See Eupatorium.

joewood (jo' wud), n. A tree, Jacquinia annil-
larix, found in the West Indies, Florida, and
elsewhere. Its leaves are saponaceous. See
•luciliiinia.

joey (jo'i), ». [Dim. of Joe, a familiar abbr. of
Joseph. See joe1.} 1. In coal-mining, a man
specially appointed to set the timber in a stall
or working while coal is being raised. [Midland
counties, Eng.] — 2. Same as Joe1, 1. [Slang,
Eng.]

They [the patterers] have an idea . . . that this noble-
man (Sir James Graham] invented fourpenny-pleces, and
now, they sity, the swells give a joey where they used to
give a "tanner."

Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 267.

jog (jog), ».; pret. and pp. jogged, ppr. jogging.
[< ME. joggen, also juggen (also jaggen); < W.
gogi, shake, agitate. Cf. W. gogis, a gentle slap,
Ir. gogaim, I nod, gesticulate, Gael, gog, a nod-
ding. The related W. ysgogi, wag, stir, shake,
suggests an ult. connection with E. shog, shock,
and shake. Cf. jock, jolt, and jag1.} I. trans.
It. To pierce; thrust. See jag1.

Thorowe a Jerownde schelde hcjogges hym thorowe.

Marie Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2892.

2. To touch, push, or shake slightly or gently ;
nudge ; move by pushing.

Snatch from Time

Ills glass, and let the golden sands run forth
As til. in shall jog them.

Dekker and Ford, Sun's Darling, ii. 1.

Jogging . . . her elbow, he whispered something arch

In her ear. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, cxxlii.

Jupiter, I think, has jogged us three degrees nearer to
the sun. Walpole, Letters, II. 183,

Hence — 3. To stimulate gently; stir up by a
hint or reminder : as, to jog a person's memory.

U. intrans. To move by jogs or small shocks,
like those of a slow trot ; move idly, heavily, or
slowly: generally followed by on or along.

He Jugged til a lustice. Piers Plowman (B), xx. 133.

One Foot a little dangling off, jogging In a thoughtful
Way. Congreve, Way of the World, iv. 1.

Thus they >oj on, still tricking, never thriving. Dryden.

The good old ways our sires jogged safely o'er.

Browning, Paracelsus, Iv.

To be jogging, to go away ; move on : as, It is time for
me to be jogging.

The door is open, sir ; there lies your way ;
You may be jagging whiles vour boots are green ;
For me, I'll not be gone till I please myself.

Shale., T. of the S., ill. 2, 213.

jog (jog), n. [< jog, ».] I. A slight push or
shake ; a nudge ; especially, a shake or push in-
tended to give notice or awaken attention.

I have none to guide me
With the least jog ; the lookers-on deride me.

Quarles, Emblems, iv. 4.
All men believe ho resides there Incog,
To give them by turns an invisible ^0*7.

Sw\ft, On the Irish Bishops.

2. Irregularity of motion ; a jolting motion ; a
jolt or shake.

How that which penetrates all bodies without the least
joy or obstruction should Impress a motion on any is ...
Inconceivable. Olanville, Vanity of Dogmatizing, ill.

A carriage with a pair of gray horses was coming along
with the familiar joy of a hack carriage which Is paid for
at so much an hour.

Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xlviii.

3. In mech., a square notch; a right-angled re-
cess or step. See cut under joint (fig. 6).

Higher up it (the thickness of a wall) Is less, diminish-
ing every story by retreating jogs on the inside.

L. U. Morgan, Amer. Ethnol., p. 157.

4. Any notch or recess in a line; a small de-
pression in a surface ; an irregularity of line or
surface. [U. S.]

jogelt, jogelert. Middle English forms ofjog-

jogeiryet, ». A Middle Euglisl
jogger (jog' er), ». [< jog + -er1.} 1. Onewfio
jogs, or moves heavily and slowly.
They with their fellow joggers of the plough. Drydeti.

3237

2. One who or that which gives a jog or sudden
push.

A receiving-table for cylinder printing presses, designed
to facilitate the accurate piling of the sheet* without the
use of the ordinary form of jogger.

Si&Ama:, N. 8., LVIII. 340.

jogging-cart (jog'ing-kiirt), ». A recent Amer-
ican pattern of village-cart. The Hub, July 1,
1HH7.

joggle (jog'l), ».; pret. and ^.Joggled, ppr.jog-
i/l/iii/. | Kreq. of jog, q. v. The second sense
depends rather upon joggle, n., as a dim. of jog,
n.,3.} I. trans. 1. To shake slightly; give a
sudden but slight push ; jolt; jostle.

We grant that the earth Is firm and stable from all such
motions whereby it is joggled or uncertainly shaken.

Up. Wilkiuf, That the Earth may be a Planet.

A foolish desire to joggle thee Into preferment

Beau, and /•'(. The Captain, v. 4.

2. In carp, and masonry, to fit together, as tim-
bers or stonework, with notches and projec-
tions, or with notches and keys, to prevent the
slipping of parts upon one another.

II. intrans. To move irregularly ; have a jog-
ging or jolting motion ; shake.

"My dear, Is that a proper way to speak?" said Miss Me-
hltable, reprovingly ; but Tina saw my grandmother's broad
shoulders j(*/£riin*/ with a secret laugh.

//. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 230.

joggle (jog'l), n. [Dim. of jog, n. Ct . joggle, r.]

1. A jolt; a jog.

And then the carlln, she grippit wi' me like grim death,
at every joggle the coach gied.

Gait, Sir Andrew Wylle, II. 6.

2. In carp., a stub-tenon on the end of a post
or piece of timber, which prevents the timber or
post from moving laterally. Also joggle-joint.
— 3. In carp, and masonry, a notch in a piece
of timber or stone, into which is fitted a pro-
jection upon a corresponding piece or counter-
part, or a key also engaging a notch in a cor-
responding piece or counterpart, to prevent one
piece from slipping on the other.

joggle-beam (jog'1-bem), n. A built beam the
parts of which are joined by projections on one
part fitted into notches cut in the other part or
parts, or by keys fitting notches in the meeting
surfaces of the parts, to prevent slipping of the
parts upon one another.

.joggle-joint (jog'l-joint), n. Sameasjofffffe, 2.

joggle-piece (jog'1-pes), n. In building, same
as King-post.

joggle-post (jog'1-post), n. 1. In building, a
post having shoulders or notches for receiving
the lower ends or feet of struts. See king-post.
— 2. A post built of two or more pieces of tim-
ber joggled together.

joggle-truss (jog'1-trus), n. In building, a truss
with a single post placed centrally and fitted
to the chord by a stub-tenon or its equivalent,
the chord being at the top, and the post hang-
ing downward and having its lower end con-
nected with the ends of the chord by oblique
braces.

joggle work (jog'1-werk), n. In masonry, con-
struction in which stones are internotcned or
keyed (joggled) together.

joggling-table (jog'ling-ta'blt, n. In metal., a
machine for dressing or concentrating ore. It
consists of an inclined table on which the ore Is placed
and over which water is allowed to flow. The separation
of the heavier ore from the lighter rock or veinstone is
assisted by a succession of blows struck on the edge of
the table by machinery contrived for this purpose, thus
causing the table to vibrate sufficiently for the particles
to arrange themselves in the order of their specific gravi-
ty. In the form of joggling-table known as " Rittinger's
side-blow percussion table, the table is pushed violently
from its position at rest by a cam acting upon the end of
a rod, and when the cam has released the end of the rod
the table is pushed back by a strong spring.

joglart, "• [Pr- : see juggler':'} A Provencal
minstrel or jongleur. See joculator.

Now in the palmy days of Provencal song there were
many professional joglars, such as Arnaut Daniel or Per-
digo, who stood high among the most brilliant trouba-
dours, and visited on terms of social equality with nobles
and princes. Eneye. Brit., XVI. 479.

jog-trot (jog' trot ), n. and a. I. n. 1. A slow,
easy jogging motion on horseback. — 2. A slow
routine mode of performing daily duty to which
one pertinaciously adheres.

As we grow old, a sort of equable jog-trot of feeling is
substituted for the violent ups and downs of passion and
disgust R. L. Stevenson, Crabbed Age and Youth.

II. a. 1. Monotonous; easy-going; humdrum.

All honest jog-trot men, who go on smoothly and dully
and write history and politics, and are praised.

Goldsmith, Vicar, «.

2. Adapted for an easy, jogging pace. [Eare. ]

Johnanapes

These roads are old-fashioned, homely roads, very dirty
and badly mule, and hiinlly (-•mluralik' in w i tit IT. )>ut .still
plrasaiit/«/-rrut roads, running tlii>>ugh tin- un-at ]>
land*. T. Uughes, Tom Brown at Kugtty, I. 1.

johan (jo'an), n. [< ML. Johannes, John: see
./' ih n.} St.-John's-wort. See Hypericum. [Prov.
Eng.]

Johannean (jo-han'e-an), a. [< ML. Johannes,
LL. Joannes, John (see John), + -an.} Of or
pertaining to the apostle John, or to the gos-
pel written by him. Also Johannine.

There Is a marked difference between the contents and
style of the Synoptic and the Johannean discourses of
Jesus. Schaf, Illst. Christ Church, 1. 1 83.

The Johannean conception of the gospel, preeminent for
ethical depth and force. Progressive Orthodoxy, p. 206.

Johannes. Joannes (jo-han'ez, jo-an'ez), «.
[ML. and NL. form of LL. Joannes C> Pg. JoSo):
see John.} A gold
coin (called in Por-
tuguese JoSo) for-
merlycurrent in Por-
tugal, worth about
$9 : probably BO
called from having
been first issued by
one of the Portu-
guese kings named
John.

He got of me some-
times a double Joannes,
sometimes a Spanish
doublon, and never leas.
FranUin, Letters (The

[Century, XXXII. 272).

Johannine (jd-han'-
in), a. [< ML. Jo-
hannes, LL. Joannes,
John (see John), +
-tne1.] Same as Jo-
hannean.

Johannisberger (jo-
han 'is-ber-ger), n.
[G., < Johannisberg,
lit. John's mountain :

Johannis (gen. Of Jo- Johannes of 'John V., King of Por.

hanncs), John: berg tugai.mj.— British Museum. (Size

T^ i t i_ .if of the (>ri}nn<il. )

= E. Sorrow?1, hill,

mountain: see barrow1, berg1.} A white wine
grown in the Rheingau near the Rhine. The
best is produced in the vineyard belonging to Prince
Metternich, and is known as Schloss Johannisberger, from
the name of the castle ; this Is considered one of the fin-
est of wines. The wine of the neighboring slopes (called
Dorf Johannisberger) is also sold as Johannisberger.

johannite (jo-han'it), n. [< ML. Johannes,
John, + -ite$.} 1. [cap.} One of the Order of
the Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem. See
hospitaler. — 2. A mineral of an emerald-green
or apple-green color, a hydrous sulphate of the
protoxid of uranium.

John (jon), n. [The 7t is in E. a mere inser-
tion, in imitation of the ML. form; prop. Jon
(as in Jonson, etc.: cf. Janson, Jenkins, etc.),

< ME. Jon, also Jan, < OF. Jan, Jean, Jehan,
Johan, etc., mod. F. Jean = Sp. Juan = Pg.
JoSo = It. Giovanni, Gianni (> E. sany, q. v.),
Gian = AS. lohannes = D. Jan, Hans =. G.
Johann, Hans = Dan. Sw. Johan, Hans, etc.,
= W. Efan (> E. Evan, Evans, Ivins, etc.) =
Russ. Ivan, etc. (in all European languages);

< ML. Johannes, Joannrs, LL. Joannes, < Gr.
'ludwr/f (with accom. Gr. termination), < Heb.
Yohdndn, John, lit. 'Jehovah hath been gra-
cious.' This name owes its wide currency
primarily to the impression which the char-
acter of John the Baptist made upon the pop-
ular imagination in the middle ages; Bap-
tist alone is also a common name in southern
Europe. Owing to the extreme frequency of
John as a given name, it came to be used, like
its accepted E. synonym Jack, as a common
appellative for a man or bov of common or
menial condition, and, in its different national
forms, E. John, F. Jean, D. and G. Hans, etc.,
has served as a popular collective name for the
whole people.] A common name for a man
or boy, often used, like Jack, its synonym, to
designate a man or a boy in general or indefi-
nitely, especially an awkward fellow.— cheap
John. See cheap.

John-a-dreamst, n. [That is, John o' dreams,
for John of dreams.} A dreamy, idle fellow.

Yet I.

A dull and muddy-mettled rascal, peak,
Like John-a-dreamg. unpregnant of my cause,
And can say nothing. Shot., Hamlet, ii. 2.

Johnanapest (jon'a-naps), «. Same as jack-
anapes.

Johnanapes

Knl. If I were at leisure, I would make you shew tricks johnny-Cranes (jon'i-kranz), n. The marsh-
now. marigold, Caltha palustris. [Prov. Eng.]

Dona. Do I look like a JoA«*? Johnny-jump-up (jon'i-jump-up'), •.. The pan-

sy Fto/a tricolor; also, the bird-foot violet, F.

John-apple (jon'ap'l), ». [Also, transposed, ^j^. [prov. U. S.]

apple-John, q. v. See etym. of jennetmg.) A she ^ a heap Q, store by flowera> ^ an. when the
variety of apple, good for use when other rruit johnny jump-ups and dandelions begun to come out . . .
is spent, since it long retains its freshness. she'd go up in the woods. oton Sunda Budet 1888.

John-a-Stilet (jon'a-stil'), n. [From John-a-

Boston Sunday Budget, 1888.
Johnny-raw (jon'i-ra'), ». A raw beginner ; a

Stile or Style, now John Styles, a frequent name, novice ; a boor. [Slang.]

lit. 'John at the stile, 'so named from the place Johnny-verde (jon'i-verd'), »• [< Johnny +

of residence.] Any common person. Sp. rerde, green : see vert.'] A Californian ser-

What though some john-A-StUe will basely toyle, ranoid fish, Serranus oTPara1abraxnebulifer,ota.

Only incited with the hope of gaine. greenish color relieved by irregular dark mot-

Marston, Scourge of Villanie, ii., Prol. tijngS) an(i with traces of dark oblique cross-

Whereby euery Iohn-a-Stile shall intercept the Churches bars with wavy whitish streaks on the tail.

due. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 138. jo]m.paw (jon'pa), n. A serranoid fish, of the

John Barleycorn. See barleycorn. genus Epinephelns, occurring along the Gulf

John Bull (jon bul). [So called with ref. to the OOast of the United States. See grouper.

coarse burly form and bluff nature ascribed to Johnsonese (jon-son-es' or -ez'), n. [< Johnson

the typical Englishman.] 1. An Englishman; (gee def.) + -esc. "The surname Johnson is also
also, the English collectively.— 2. A game in
which the contestants throw pennies upon a
flat stone divided into sixteen small squares,
each marked with a certain number, and score
according to the numbers of the squares upon
which the pennies remain. Strutt.
John-Bullism (jon'bul'izm), re. [< John Hull

+ -ism.] 1. The typical English character.

Little Britain may truly be called the heart's core of the
city ; the stronghold of true John Bullism.

Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 300.

2. An utterance or an act agreeing with the
typical English character.
John Chinaman (Jon chi'na-man).

A China-

written Jonson, ME. Jonson, i.e. John's son: see
John.] The style or language of Dr. Samuel
Johnson (1709-S4), or an imitation of it ; a pom-
pous, inflated style, characterized by words of
classical origin (often manufactured).

When he wrote for publication, he [Johnson] did his
sentences out of English into Johnsonese.

Macaulay, Boswell's Johnson.

If the Easy Chair may speak in Johnsonese, laughter is
a condiment, not a comestible.

O. W. Curtis, Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 637.

Johnsonia (jon-so'ni-a), n. [NL. (R. Brown,
1810), named after Thomas Johnson, a botanist
of the 17th century.] A genus of plants of
western Australia, of the natural order Li-
liacece and tribe Johnsoniece. it comprises tufted
herbs with simple stems, the leaves all radical, and the
flowers terminal in oblong spikes, entirely concealed by an
involucre of dry bracts. The perianth has a top-shaped
tube and six spreading divisions. The stamens are 3 ; the
ovary is 3-celled, with 2 ovules in a cell.

Johnsonian (jon-so'ni-an), a. [< Johnson (see
def.) + -ian.~\ Relating to or characteristic of
Dr. Samuel Johnson, his writings (especially
his English dictionary), or his style.

His pronunciation deviated even more from the Johnso-
nian standard than the specimen of modern New-English
in the Biglow Papers. M acmillan's Mag. , Feb. , 1861, p. 273.

Johnsonianism (jon-so'ni-au-izm), n. [< John-

fim^mel.Anagallisarmrms: "(efThe'star-of-Betlilehem, sonian + -ism.] A word or an idiom peculiar
Omtthogalum vmbellatum. [Eng.] to Dr. Johnson, or a style resembling his ; also,

Johnian(jon'i-an), n. [< Joft»(see def.) + -ian.] his personal characteristics.
A member or graduate of St. John's College in JohnsonieSB (jon-so-ni'e-e), n. pi. [NL., <
the University of Cambridge, England. Johnsonia + -e<e.] Atrib'e of liliaceous plants,

To such a society [Trinity College] Bentley came, ob- typified by the genus Johnsonia. The tribal marks
noxious as a Johnian and an intruder, . . . whose inter- are a rush -like or low and sometimes branching stem from
ests lay outside the walls of the college. a short or creeping rootstock, and a dense terminal inflo-

Encyc. Brit., IIL 679. rescence, with an involucre of thickly imbricated bracts.
f< John- Johnsonism (jon'son-izm), re. [< Johnson (see
nrnn- RPO def.) + -ism.] Same as Johnsonianism.

el 111 o . Set) _ _ '. -»-j _ ~«. ^

St.-John's-wort.

man; the Chinese collectively. [Colloq.]
John Company (Jon kum'pa-ni). An old collo-

quial designation for the Honorable East India

Company, in familiar use in India and England.
John-crow (jon'kro'), re. In Jamaica, the tur-

key-buzzard, Cathartes aura.
John Crow beans. See beani.
John-crow' S-nose (jon'kroz'noz'), n. Same as

Jim-crow' s-nose.
John-dory, John-doree (jon-do'ri, -do're), «.

A fish : same as dory1, 1.
John-go-to-bed-at-noon ( jon ' go ' tij -bed ' at -

johnny (jon'i), «.; pi. johnnies (-iz).
'

»», a familiar dim. of John, aman'sname: see def.) + -w«.] bame as JoAnso*
John.'] 1. [cop.] A diminutive of the name Johns-WOOd (jonz wud), ». W
John. It was applied as a nickname by the Federal sol- T I.6 /^^ "£'!•" ' J- .°fX\ %„

,!;,>,-.- in t>io Prttifoflmwitoa .1, ,,.;,,,, thu war r,t tllA rAhpllinn tj O1LT1 S-WOrT ( 1O11Z WtTl ). ii. iJOiUi

aienTto tlie^nfederatord^iri'ng'th^warorthVrebeUiOT^ John's-WOrt (jonz'wert), re. "Same as St.-John's-

There was pretty hot fighting in among those bushes . "l0 • ? /^^?en.<i"."S' .

for a while, and then the Johnnies began to fall back. It JOhn-tO-whlt (jon'to-hwif), re. [Imitative of
was just then that we were sent in. the bird's note.] The common red-eyed green-

The Century, XXXVI. 460. letj yireo olivaceus.

2. In ichth., a cottoid fish, Oligocottus macu- joicet, »• *• [< ME. joysen, < OF. joiss-, stem of
losus, with a naked skin, slender head narrowed certain parts of joir, jouir, enjoy : see joy, v.
above, and pointed snout. It is a small spe- Cf. rejoice.] To enjoy,
cies, very abundant along the western coast of To loyse jour Habitatioun.

the United States.— 3. Among sailors, a kind Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.), 1. 126.

of penguin, Pygoscelis tcmiata. — 4. The fish joiet, n. and v. A Middle English form of joy.
Etheostoma nigrum, a kind of darter. [Local, join (join), v. [< ME. joynen, joignen, < OF.
U. S.] joindre, juindre, F. joindre = Pr. jonher,junher,

johnny-cake (jon'i-kak), re. 1. In the southern jonjer = It. giugnere, < L. jungere, pp. junctus
United States, a cake of Indian meal mixed (root jug, in jugum, yoke, etc.), = Gr. &vyvin>ai
with water or milk, seasoned with salt, and (root (,vy in fuyoV) = Skt. •j/ yuj, join, ~) yuga =
baked or toasted by being spread on a board Gr. Cvyov = L. jugum = E. yoke, q. v. Hence
set on edge before a fire. It is of negro origin, joint, adjoin, conjoin, disjoin, enjoin, rejoin, sub-
join, etc., and (from L. directly) adjunct, con-
junct, etc., junction, juncture, conjugal, conju-
gate, subjugate, etc.] I. trans. 1. To put or
bring together ; bring into conjunction, or into
association or harmony ; unite ; combine ; asso-
ciate: as, to join two planks by tenons; to join
forces in an undertaking.

Whan the kynge Boors saugh the socour come, he ioyned
his feet and lept vpon the deed bodyes of men and horse
that he hadde slain. Merlin (E. E. T. S.)> ii. 333.

What therefore God hath joined together, let not man
put asunder. Mat. xix. «.

To make a faultless johnny-cake, you must be black,
you must be fat, you must be a pampered slave and a dot-
ing despot ; and even so your secret shall be buried with
you. You can never teach the world how to make & john-
ny-cake, because you never learned ; you were born so.

J. W. Palmer, After his Kind, p. 198.

2. In other parts of the United States, any un-
sweetened flat cake of Indian meal, sometimes
mixed with mashed pumpkin (especially in New
England), and usually baked in a pan: incor-
rectly used at times for corn-bread, pone, etc.

Some talk of hoe-cake, fair Virginia's pride ;
Rich johnny-cake this mouth has often tried.
Both please me well, their virtues much the same,
Alike their fabric, as allied their fame ;
Except in dear New England, where the last
Receives a dash of pumpkin in the paste.

Joel Barlow, Hasty Pudding.

johnny -COCks (jon'i-koks), «. A plant, Orchis
mascula. [Eng.]

Now join your hands, and with your hands your hearts.
Shale., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 6, 39.

Jnin voices, all ye living souls. Milton, P. L., T. 197.
2. To unite, as one thing to or with another;
bring into conjunction or association; cause to
be united or connected in any way : followed
by to or with.

joinder

And Fabins, surnamed Maximus,

Could ioyne such learning with experience

As made his name more famous than the rest.

Oascoigne, Steele Glas (ed. Arber), p. 64.
Woe unto them that join house to house, that lay field
to field. Isa- »• 8.

Sobriety and contemplation join our souls to God.

Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 611.

Pluto with Cato thou for this shalt join.

Pope, Dunciad, iii. 309.

3. To unite or form a junction with ; become
connected with or a part of ; come into associa-
tion or union with: as, to join a church, party,
or society ; the Missouri river joins the Missis-
sippi; to join one in an enterprise.

The goddess swift to high Olympus flies,
And joins the sacred senate of the skies.

Pope, Iliad, i. 294.

I but come like you to see the hunt,

Not join it. Tennyson, Geraint.

4. To unite or take part in, in a friendly or hos-
tile manner ; engage in with another or others :
as, he joined issue with his opponent ; the forces
joined battle.

Jehoshaphat . . . joined affinity with Ahab.

2 Chron. xviii. 1.

Till winds the signal blow
To join their dark encounter in mid air.

Milton, P. L., H. 718.

5. To adjoin ; be adjacent or contiguous to : as,
his land joins mine. [Colloq.]— 6f. To enjoin;
command.

Who Ioyned the be lostyse our iapez to blame,
That com a boy to this bora, thas thou be burne ryche?
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), ii. 877.

And they join them penance, as they call it, to fast, to
go pilgrimages, and give so much to make satisfaction
withal. Tyndale, Works, I. 281.

Tqjoln battle. See battlel.— To Join issue. See issue.
- To j oln the maj ority. See majority.

II. intrans. I. To be contiguous or close;
lie or come together; form a junction.

She . . . lifte vp hir handes ioynynge towarde heuene,
and thanked oure lorde of that socoure that he hadde hir
sente. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 300.

A certain man's house . . . joined hard to the syna-
gogue. Acts xviii. 7.

2. To unite or become associated; confeder-
ate; league.

Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be un-
punished. Prov. xi. 21.
Hee and the Irish Rebels had but one aime, one and the
same drift, and would have forthwith joyn'd in one body
against us. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xii.

Now and then

The rougher voices of the men
Joined in the song.

William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 392.

3+. To meet in hostile encounter; join battle.
Thus at thejoyenynge the geauntez are dystroyede,
And at that journey for-justede with gentille lordez.

Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2134.
He saw the armies join,
The game of blood begun.

Fletcher, Loyal Subject, ii. 1.

But look you pray, all you that kiss my lady Peace at
home, that our armies join not in a hot day !

Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 2, 233.

join (join), w. [< join, v.] The place where two
things are joined; the line or surface of junc-
ture ; a joint ; also, the mode of joining.

Should the join be in sight, by smoking the shellac be-
fore applying it [to the broken edges], it will be rendered
the same colour as the jet itself.

Workshop Receipts, 1st ser., p. 23.

The chief means of detecting modern from old Persian
and Saracenic metal vessels is by examining the brazing
joins, which in ancient vessels are rare.

Sci. Amer., N. S., LV. 7.

Cross-join, in upholstery, a seam across the breadth of
any material, as of a carpet, furniture-covering, or the
like.

joinant (joi ' nant), a. [ME. joynaunt, < OF.
joignant, ppr. of joindre, join: see join.] If.
Adjoining.

The grete tour that was so thikke and strong . . .
Was evene joynant to the gardyn wal.

Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 202.
2. In her., conjoined.

joinder (join'der), re. [F. joindre, inf. used as a
noun: see join, v. t.] If. A joining; conjunc-
tion.

A contract of eternal bond of love,
Conflrm'd by mutual joinder of your hands.

Shak., T. N., v. 1, 160.

2. In law : (a) The coupling or joining of two
causes of action in a suit against another:
called more fully joinder of action, (b) The
coupling of two or more persons together as
defendants, (c) The acceptance by a party
to an action of the point of controversy put in
his adversary's previous pleading: called join-
der in demurrer if the previous pleading was a

joinder

demurrer, joinder of issue if it was an allega-
tion of fact — Joinder In error. HOC error.— Joinder
of Issue, joinder In Issue, see imue.
joiner (joi'ner), «. [Mlv.yc mi; < (lk\j<iii/>i»i<>;
a joiner (def. -), < juiniln; join: see join.] 1.
Oiio who joins. Specifically — 2. One whose
occupation is to construct things by joining
pieces of wood by means of glue, framing, or
nails; appropriately and usually, a mechanic
who dous tho wood-work for the internal and
external finishings of houses, ships, etc.

He would not bo aknowcn that himself was priest*,
but sayecl that hu hiul by y space of 1) yores ben beyonde
the sea, & there titled by the tuuncrg craft.

,&• T. Mure, Works, p. 345.
1 1 IT chariot la an empty hazel-nut
Made by the joiner squirrel, or old grub,
Time out i)' mind the fairies' coach-makers.

Shak., K. and J., i. 4, 08.

3. In wood-working, a power-tool for sawing,
planing, cross-cutting, etc. By means of attach-
ments, it is capable of performing a great variety of work,
as grooving and tonguing, mltering, molding anil beading,
wedge cutting, boring, etc. E. II. K night.— Joiners'
ChUel,athli>.bladed paring chisel. E. II. Knight.— Join-
ers' gage, a scribing-tool for making a mark on a board
parallel to its edge. K. H. Knight. - Joiners' plane, a
long bench-plane used in facing and matching boards.

joinering (joi'ner-ing), ». [< joiner + -4qM
Same as Joinery. Carlyle, in Froude. [Bare.]

joinery (joi'ner-i), n. [< join + -ery,~\ 1. The
art or trade of a joiner. — 2. Joiners' work.

He made an administration so checkered and speckled ;
he put together a piece of joinery so closely indented and
whimsically dovetailed. ' Burke, American Taxation.

join-handt (join'hand), n. Cursive writing;
running-hand.

A little boy . . . told her that he was to go into Join-
hand on Thursday. Addison, Spectator, No. 7.

joining ( joi'ning), n. [Verbal n. of join, ».] A
line of junction ; a joint.

In the steeple which stands before me at a small dis-
tance, thajoininys of the stones are clearly perceptible.

Jleid, Inquiry, vL 22.

Fine joining, sewing together or securing by crocheting,
as of lace.

joining-handt (joi'ning-hand), n. Same as join-
hand.

joint (joint), n. [< ME. joynt,<. OF. joint, joinct,
m., jointe, joynte, juintc, f., = Pr. jonta, junta
•=. Sp. Pg. junta, a joint, = It. giunta, f ., a joint,
meeting, arrival, < L. junctus,m., a joining, ML.
juitcta, f., a joining, a joint, connection, < junc-
iws,pp.of j«n«ere,join: seejoi».] 1. The place
or part in which two things, or parts of one
thing, are joined or united ; the mode of connec-
tion of two things, together with the contiguous
parts connected, whether the latter are mova-
ble or not ; juncture ; articulation ; hinge.

A scaly gauntlet now, with joint* of steel,
Must glove this hand. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1, 147.
Specifically— (a) Inanat. : (1) An articulation.

The paumo hath power to patten oute the foyntes,
And to vnfolde the fust for hym hit bylongeth,
And receyuen that the fyngres rcchcn and refuse, yf hym
liketh. Piers Plowman (C), xx. 142.

Myself I then perused, and limb by limb
Survey'd, and sometimes went, and sometimes ran
With supple joints, as lively vigour led.

Milton, P. L, viii. 2f».

(2) A part between two articulations ; an intemode ; one
of the pieces which form a jointed organ : as, the second
joint of the tarsus.

There we pray'd a little ; and there was shewn us the
mil Mir Joint of a Man's Finger : I kiss'd it, and ask'd
whose Relick it was.

if. Bailey, tr. of Colloquies of Erasmus, II. 11.
(ft) In ''"'.. same as articulation, 2 (6).

Kitte out a yointe of reede, and in the side
Therof let make an hoole.

Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 148.
(e) In arch., the surface of contact between two bodies that
are held firmly together by means of cement or mortar, by
a superincumbent weight, or otherwise: as, the joint be-
tween two stones, (d) In rail., the place where the ends
of two rails meet, or the mode in which they are connected.
See fish-mint and fish-plate, (e) In carp, and joinery, the
place where or the mode in which one piece of timber is

Joints, in carpentry.

joint*, in t.irpcmry.

a. joint concealed by the Iiead ; A, joint which may be nailed from
both edges, with a jog to prevent slipping; c, joint used for pilas-
ters; (f, Jnint usc'l fur skirtings, dados, doors, jainlis. etc.; e, miter-
Joint -,/, dovetail-joint ; f, square joint ; A, rabbet-joint with beads;
I', tongue-and-groove joint ; j . feather -joint ; k, drip-joint.

connected with another. Pieces of timber are framed and
joined to one another generally by mortises and tenons, of
which there are several Und*. OTDT iron straps and bolts.
(/) In bouklitulini. the llexililc cloth or leather which,
serving as a hinge, connects the baek of a book with its
204

3239

sides. (3) Tin' junction of two portions of an electrical
ruM< luctor, such as a telegraph-wire or cable core. (Joints
made between materials in masonry, carpentry, plumbing,
and in other arts have received in many instances names
that are compounds of the word joint with others that de-
scribe the position of the parts, as angle-joint, butt Joint,
etc. ; or the manner of forming tho joint, as dovetail -joint,
rivi t Jnint, scarf >»i/it,dowel-/'i/it, etc. Most of these joints
are clearly denned by their names.]

2. In r/eol., a crack intersecting a mass of rock.
Beds of considerable thickness, especially when homoge-
neous and somewhat crystalline, are frequently found to
be traversed by a great number of fissures, nearly parallel
with one another, and often very straight and regular in
their course. Sometimes there are two systems of these
joints, each set consisting of parallel fissures, and the two
sets being at right angles, or nearly so, with each other.
There may be even three systems of joint-planes, but in
any case one set is almost always more decidedly well
formed than the others. The cleat of coal is an illustrative
example of the occurrence of a well-developed Jointing ;
the distinctive scenery of certain picturesque limestone re-
gions— as, for instance, that of the north of England — is
duo to the peculiar form of weathering caused by well-de-
fined systems of joint-planes. The character and relative
position of the systems of joints in rocks are of great prac-
tical importance from various pointsof view, and especially
with reference to tho facility with which the rock may be
quarried into forms convenient for use. The jointing of
granite Is frequently such as to divide the rock naturally
into cuboidal masses. The prismatic jointing of volcanic
masses Is frequently very perfectly and beautifully mark-
ed. See basalt.

3. One of the large pieces into which a carcass
is cut up by the butcher: as, a joint of beef;
also, such a piece roasted, or prepared for eat-
ing: as. a hot joint; a cold joint. — 4. (a) A
place of meeting or resort for persons engaged
in evil and secret practices of any kind: as, a
tramps' join*. Specifically — (6) Such a place,
usually kept by Chinese, for the accommoda-
tion of persons addicted to the habit of opium-
smoking, and where they are provided with
pipes, opium, etc. [Colloq., U. 8.]— Abutting
joint. See abutment, 2 (i) (2).— Ball-and-socket joint.
see imiii. — Bell-hanger's Joint, a method of joining
wire in use by bell-hangers. The ends of the wires are
bent and hooked together, and then twisted about the
body of the wire to fonn linked loops.— Britannia joint,
in wires for carrying an electric current, a joint made
by slightly bending up tho ends of the two wires to be
joined, laying them side by side for a few Inches, binding
them tightly together with finer wire, and then solder-
ing the whole.— Brodle'S joint, a joint, especially the
knee, exhibiting Brodie's disease. See disease. — Chelate
J oint. Sec chelate. — Composite J oint. See composite. —
Crampjoint. (a) A joint between plates of metal in which
the edges are thinned by hammering, one being left plain
and the other notched obliquely with shears. Each alter-
nate cramp is bent up, the next down, for the insertion of
the plain edge, after which they are hammered together,
brazed, and flattened. It is used for works requiring
strength, as the parts of musical instruments, (b) See
cramp-joint. — Cup-and-ball joint. Same as ball-and-
socket joint.— Dovetall-j oint. See dtnxta.il. — Faat-j oint
butt. Seebuttz.— Femalejolnt. See/emo/e.— Foliated
joint, In carp., a rabbeted joint — French joint, a joint
for wires in which the ends to be joined are placed side by
side for a few inches, and then twisted.— Hooke's joint,
a contrivance by which a motion of rotation is communi-
cated from one shaft to another lying in the same plane,
though in aditferent direction. The two shafts are pronged
at the end, and in the prong of each is pivoted one of the
cross-bars of a cross-shaped piece, the axis of each cross-
bar being perpendicular to that of the shaft to which it is
pivoted.— Hydrostatic, incrassate, inflated, lapped,
etc., joint. See the adjectives.— Loose-Joint butt.
See butt*.— Opium Joint. See def. 4 (6).— Out of Joint,
dislocated, as when the head of a bone Is displaced from
its socket; hence, figuratively, confused ; disordered; gone
wrong.

The jaundiced eye :

Eye, to which all order festers, all things here are out of
joint. Tennyson, Locksley Hall.

Round-Joint file. See /Hei.— Rustic joint See rubric.
—Second joint, (a) The thigh of a fowl (the leg, or
drumstick, being the first joint), esteemed by many the
best part for eating, (b) The middle piece or joint of a
fly-rod, between the tip and the butt. — Square Joint, a
joint in wooden stuff in which the edges are Drought
squarely together without rabbeting, tongue, or feather.—
To break joint, in masonry, carp., etc. See break.— To
flush a Joint. See/twA?. -To put one's nose out of
joint, to supplant one in another's love, favor, or confi-
dence. [Colloq.] — Universal J Oint, in mech., an arrange-
ment by which one part of a machine may be made to
move freely in all directions in relation to another. A
familiar example is afforded by the well-known ball-and-
socket joint, which consists of a solid working into a hol-
low sphere. See cut of ball-and socket joint, under ball.
—Water Joint. See water. (See also pin-joint, plumb-
joint, ring-joint, shackle-joint, toggle-joint, twist-joint, union-
joint.)

joint (joint), a. [< OF. joint, F. joint, < L. junc-
tus, pp. ofjungere, join: see joint, n.] 1. Joined
in relation, action, or interest; having a com-
mon share ; participating: as, joint owners; joint
tenants.

Heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ. Bom. viii. 17.
What might be toward, that this sweaty haste
Doth make the night ./Vtnt-labourer with the day?

Shale., Hamlet, i. 1, 78.
Man walk'd with beast, joint tenant of the shade.

Pope, Essay on Man, ill. 152.

2. Joined in use or participation ; held jointly
or in common ; shared by different individuals :

joint-fir

as, join t stock or property; & joint interest in
an enterprise.

For 'tis a cause that hath no mean dependence
Upon our joint and several dignities.

Stink., T. and C., II. 2,18*.
The gen'rous Greeks their joint consent declare.
The priest to rev'rence, and release the fair.

Pope, Iliad, L 490.

3. Joined in amount or effect ; combined; act-
ing together: as, joint strength; joint efforts; a
joint attack.

The Kentish men, all parties untieing against a com-
mon Enemy, with Joint power so oppos'd him that be was
constraint to retire back. Milton, iilst, Eng., IT.

TIE not a lip, or eye, we beauty call,
But the Joint force and full result of all.

Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 240.
Where priest and clerk with Joint exert Ion strive
To keep the ardor of their flock alive.

Crabbe, The Borough.

4. In law : (a) Of contracts, united in interest
or liability in such manner that the law wijl not
proceed without joining all, as distinguished
from cases where a part may act, or sue or be
sued, severally. Thus, partners are joint debtors, and
notice to one is notice to all, and an action by or against
any one of them respecting partnership affairs must be
usually by or against all. (ft) Of crimes and torts,
combined or connected in the same transaction.
See estate in joint tenancy (under estate), and
several.— Joint and several, united in obligation or
liability in such manner that the creditor may pratttt
against all together or each separately.— Joint batteries.
See battery.— Joint committee, contract, convention,
etc. See the nouns.— Joint Indorsement. See indorse-
ment, 3. — Joint rights In rem, in civil law, same as con-
dominium.—Joint tenancy, in law, a tenure of estate by
unity of interest, title, time, and possession ; possession or
occupation by joint tenants. See estate.

joint (joint), v. [< joint, n. Cf. Sp. Pg. junior,
join.] I. trans. 1. To form with a joint or
joints; articulate.

The fingers are jointed together for motion, and furnish-
ed with several muscles. Ray, Works of Creation.

2. To prepare the edge of (a board or a piece
of other material) for closely joining another
piece ; straighten the edge of (a board or plank),
by means of a plane called & jointer, in coopers'
work the edges of staves are Jointed by the coopers' jointer,
which is a tool analogous to the carpenters' jointer, but
having a curved instead of a plane under face, to Impart
the proper curvature to the stave.

3. To unite closely ; combine; join.

The time's state

Made friends of them, jointing their force 'gainst Ctesar.
Shak., A. andC., i. 2,96.

4. To cut or divide into joints or pieces; sepa-
rate the joints of ; disjoint.

He joints the neck, and with a stroke so strong
The helm files off and bears the head along.

Dryiien, .£neld, ix. 1038.

II. intrans. To fit as by joints, or as parts
adjusted to one another: as, stones cut so as
to joint into each other.

joint-coupling (joint'kup'ling), n. In shaft-
ing, a form of universal joint by which the sec-
tions are coupled and locked together.

jointed (join'ted), a. [< join t,n., + -cd2.] Pro-
vided with joints ; formed with knots or nodes.
—Jointed charlock. See charlock.— Jointed rod.aflsh-
ing-rod made in sections, with male and female ferrules
or male and female screws. See rod.

jointedly (poin'ted-li), adv. By joints.

joint-end (joint'end), n. The iron end-piece on
which a carriage-bow moves, as on a pivot.

jointer1 (join'ter), n. 1. One who or that which
joints. Specifically — (a) In carp., a long plane used to
straighten the edges of boards or planks, so that they will
make a close joint with other pieces similarly jointed. (6)
In coopers' work : (1) A tool used for jointing staves. It
Is analogous to the carpenters' jointer, but has its under
face curved, to Impart the proper curvature to the edges of
stares. (2) A machine for Jointing staves, which cuts them
to the required curves on their edges, (e) In masonry, a
tool for filling the cracks between the courses of bricks or
stones.

2. In masonry, a bent strip of iron inserted into
a wall to strengthen a joint. E. H. Knight.—
Backing or side jointer, a jointer having a bit with a
concave edge for dressing the backs of barrel-staves. Also
called an overshave.— Heading-Jointer, a jointer having
a bit with a straight edge.— Stave-jointer, a large plane
for working the edges of barrel-staves.

jointer-t, «• An obsolete form of jointure.

jointer3^ »• One who has a jointure or a join-
ture-settlement.

In Laxneld here my land and living lies ;
I'll make thy daughter jointer of it all.

(Jreene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.

joint-evil (joint'e'vl), ». Same as lepra nervo-

rum (which see, under lepra).
joint-file (joint'fil), n. A small round file of

uniform section throughout its length.
joint-fir (joint'fer), n. 1. A general name of

the species of the natural order Gnetacete (which

see). — 2. A name of the taxoid conifers.

joint-grass

joint-grass (joint'gras), n. 1. The grass Pas-
IHtliim disticlium, of the southern United States.
[U. S.] — 2. Various species of Eqitisetum or
horsetail. [Prov. Eng.]— 3. The yellow bed-
straw, Galium verum. [Prov. Eng.]

joint-hinge (joint'hinj), n. A strap-hinge.

jointing-machine (join'ting-ma-shenO, n. A
planing-rnachine adapted to fine cabinet- and
piano-work.

jointing-plane (join'ting-plan), »;. 1. A joint-
er; specifically, a power-tool which has large-
ly superseded the hand-tool or jointer-plane ; a
stave-jointer. It is a circular plane, with a series of
bits which pass in turn over the stave held against it. By
changing the bits the machine can be used to mold, cham-
fer, etc.
2. A small supplementary share in a plow.

jointing-rule (join'ting-rol), re. In bricklaying,
a straight rod about six feet long used as a
guide in marking out with paint the joints of
brickwork.

jointless (joint'les), a. [< joint + -less.] Hav-
ing no joint ; without, or as if without, joints;
hence, stiff; rigid.

"Let me die here," were her words, remaining jointless
and immovable. Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe, VI. 38.

jointly (joint'li), adv. In conjunction; together;
unitedly; in concert.— jointly and severally, col-
lectively and individually.

joint-oil (joint'oil), n. The synovial fluid which
lubricates joints ; synovia.

An albuminous fluid called "synovia," and commonly
known eta joint-oil. Mimrt, Encyc. Brit., XXII. 111.

joint-pipe (joint/pip), ». A short section of a

gas- or steam-pipe, threaded at both ends and

used for joining lengths of pipe.
joint-pliers (joint 'pli"erz), re. pi. A special

form of small nipping pliers for watchmakers'

use.
joint-racking (joint'rak"ing), a. Causing pain

in the joints.

Dropsies, and asthmas, and joint-racking rheums.

Milton, P. L., xi. 488.

jointress (join'tres), n. [Contr. of jointuress, <
jointure + -ess.] 1. A woman who has a joint-
ure; a dowager. [Bare.] — 2. A woman who
joins with another person in rule or possession.
Therefore our sometime sister, now our queen,
The imperial jointress of this warlike state.

Shak., Hamlet, i. 2, 9.

joint-ring (joint'ring), n. A ring jointed so as
to consist of two equal parts ; a gemel-ring.

Marry, I would not do such a thing for & joint-ring, nor

for measures of lawn, nor for gowns, petticoats, nor caps.

Shak., Othello, iv. 3,78.

joint-rod (joint'rod), n. In bookbinding, a wood-
en rod with a curved face, used to hold a book
in good shape for pressing.

joint-saw (joint'sa), n. A saw with a curved
working-face, used in forming the joints of
compasses, etc.

joint-snake (joint'snak), «. A fragile limbless
lizard of the southern United States : same as
glass-snake.

joint-splice (jpint'splis), n. Any form of re-
inforcing device for holding two parts of a
structure or machine firmly in place, as the
fish-plate of a rail-joint on a railroad.

joint-stock (joint' stok), a. Of or pertaining to
or concerning joint stock, or the holding of stock
in shares ; having a capital divided into shares.
The development of the joint-stock principle gave it the
chance to secure the requisite capital from a number of
small investors. Science, VII. 222.

Joint-stock company, (a) An association the property
or capital of which is represented by stock issued in shares
to the members respectively, the obj ect being that changes
in membership shall depend, not, as in partnership, upon
the consent of all the members, but upon the transfer of
shares, which any member may make without the con-
sent of the others, and also that the death of a member
shall not dissolve the association, as in case of a partner-
ship, his right being simply transferred to his executors or
administrators. Another object usually if not always in-
volved is the rendering of the power of control separable
from the right of ownership, by vesting the management in
a committee or officers instead of leaving it, as in the case
of a partnership, with each member. In the absence of any
statute the liability of a joint-stock company and its mem-
bers, and its means of enforcing its rights as to third per-
sons, are nevertheless precisely those of partners : all the
members must join in suing; all are liable for its debts,
and all must be joined when sued ; and on a change of
membership pending a suit a corresponding change of
parties may be required. To obviate these inconveniences,
statutes have been passed in several of the United States
allowing such associations to sue and be sued in the name
of the president or treasurer. In respect to internal con-
troversies, the courts, even without the aid of statute, fol-
low the analogies afforded by the law of corporations, so
far as this can be done without conceding to unincorpo-
rated associations the right to have a common seal, andto
have succession and sue and be sued as a distinct artificial
person. <b) An association for similar objects, but having

3240

the express sanction of statute for its organization as a
corporation. In both classes of companies the members
contribute.— Joint-stock Companies Acts.British stat-
utes prescribing methods for the organization, manage-
ment, and winding up of incorporated companies other
than banking concerns.

joint-Stool (joint'stol), n. 1. A stool made of
parts fitted or joined together, as distinguished
from one more roughly made, as from planks.
Fool. Come hither, mistress. Is your name Goneril?
Lear. She cannot deny it.
Fool. Cry you mercy, I took you for a joint-stool.

Shak., Lear, iii. 6, 54.

Joint-stools were then created ; on three legs
Upborne they stood, three legs upholding.flrm
A massy slab, in fashion square or round.

Cowper, Task, L 19.

2. Any supporting rest or block used for hold-
ing the ends of two abutting parts, as the ends
of rails, ships' ways, etc.

joint-strip (joint'strip), n. In railroad-cars, a
strip of wood with rabbeted grooves for the in-
sertion of corrugated metal roofing-sheets.
joint-test (joint'test), n. The electrical test
to which the joints in the core of telegraph-
cables are subjected to insure their soundness.
jointure (join'tur), n. [Early mod. E. also
jointer; < WE.joynture, rarely joy nter,< OF. join-
ture, later joincture, F. jointure — Pr.junhtura,
junctura = Sp. Pg. juntura = It. giuntura, < L.
junctura, a joining, <jungere, pp. junctus, join:
see join. Doublet juncture, q. y.J If. A joining
or coupling together ; junction ; union ; con-
junction.
It wanteth moevyng and joynture of soule and body.

Chaucer, Boethius, ii. prose 6.
Yet all too mean to balance equal forage,
And sympathise In jointure with thy courage.

Ford, Fame's Memorial.
2f. A joint of armor.

Joynter and gemows he jogges in sondyre !

Morte Arthurs (E. E. T. S.X 1. 2894.

3. An estate in lands or tenements settled be-
fore marriage on the intended husband and wife
jointly. — 4. An estate or property settled on
a woman in consideration of marriage, and to
be enjoyed by her after her husband's decease.

It is utterly unaccountable to me why you, the widow
of a City Knight, with a good jointure, should not close
with the passion of a man of such character ... as Mr.
Surface. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1.

jointure (join'tur), v. t.; pret. and pp. jointured,
ppr. jointuring. [< jointure, «.] To settle a
jointure upon.

If thou, my dear, thyself shouldst prize,

Alas, what value would suffice?

The Spaniard could not do 't, though he

Should to both Indies jointure thee. Cowley.

jointuress (join'tur-es), re. Same as jointress.

jointweed (joint' wed), n. 1. Polygonum articu-
Id tn in. an American plant: so called from its
many-jointed spike-like racemes. [U. S.] — 2.
A name of a species of Equisetwn. — 3. The
mare's-tail, Hippuris vulgaris.

joint-Wire (joint'wir), re. In watchmaking and
jewelry-manuf., tubular wire of silver, gold, or
alloy, for use in hinge-joints. It is drawn over a
steel wire, which after the drawing is pulled out. Pieces
of this tubular wire are hard-soldered to the parts to be
hinged together, and a wire pintle completes the hinge-
joint.

joint-worm (joint'werm), n. 1. A jointed
worm; an intestinal worm of the genus Taenia;
a tapeworm. See cut under Tomia.

In opening a dog the other day, I found this worm.
. . . 'Tis the joint-worm which the learned talk of so
much.— Ay, the Lumbricus Uetus, or vulgarly in English
the tape-worm. Mrs. Centtivre.

2. The larva of a chalcid hymenopterous par-
asite of the genus Isosoma, as I. hordei, which
is very destructive to crops of barley, wheat,
and rye in the United States. The eggs are laid
in the stems of these cereals, and the larvse feed in slight
enlargements near the joints. There is only one annual
generation, and the insect winters in the stubble in both
the pupal and adult states. All the species of Isosoma are
phytophagous or plant-feeding, and work like /. hordei
upon the stalks of various grasses and cereals. These
worms are of small size, one tenth to one fifth of an inch
long. They attack the crop when it is a foot or less in
height, checking the growth, causing the green leaves to
turn yellow, and making knots on the stem. The rye joint-
worm is the larva of I. secalis; the wheat joint-worm, that
of /. tritici; both of these are merely varieties of 7. hordei,
which is more fully called barley joint-worm. See Isosoma.

.jointy (join'ti), a. Full of joints.

joist (joist), n. [The vulgar pron. jist (like jin,
jint, hist, etc., tor join, joint, hoist, etc.) was
formerly in good usage, and in this case is ety-
mologically correct, the form joist, early mod.
'E.joyst, being a corruption of jist (pron. jist),
< ME. giste, gyste (with long vowel, as in ME.
Crist, mod. Christ), a joist, beam, < OF. giste,
a bed, couch, place to lie on, a beam, F. gtte,

jollily

a lodging, form (of a hare), bed or stratum

(in geology), < OF. gesir, F. gesir, lie, < L.

jacere, lie: see jacent, adjacent, etc., and cf.

gist1, a doublet of

joist1.'] In building, ^=

one of the pieces of

timber to which the

boards of a floor or

the laths of a ceil-

ing are nailed, and

which themselves

rest on the walls

or on girders, and

sometimes on both.

Joists are laid hori-

zontally in parallel

equidistant rows.

The ioystes of the loft

f aild, and they that were

vnder it pearished there.

Bp. Bale, English Vo-

I t'iri..u I
Ltanes, 1.

Bay Of JOiStS. See bay^.

— Binding-joists. See

Joists.
•• ^, *, joists: «. floor-boards.

a- C, trimming-joist. 3. D, D, bind-
ing.joists ; if 'E, bridging-joists ; B,
floor-boards.

.

binding.— Ceiling-joists. See ceiling. (See also bridg-

ing-joist, trimming-joist.)
joist (joist), v. t. [< joisft, ».] To fit or furnish

with joists.
joke (jok), re. [= D. jok = G. juks, a joke, =

Dan.jux, trash (cf. gjore jux, make fun); = F.

Skt. v <Wp! play-] 1- Something said or done
for the sake of exciting laughter; some witty
or sportive remark or act ; a jest; also, jesting;
raillery.

A college joke to cure the dumps.

Swift, Cassinus and Peter.

The practice of turning every thing Into joke and ridi-
cule is a dangerous levity of imagination.

Beattie, Moral Science, I. i. 7.

2. Something not real, or to no purpose ; what
is not in earnest or actually meant; an illu-
sion.

Inclose whole downs in walls — 'tis all ajoke!

Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. ii. 261.

In joke, in jest ; for the sake of raising a laugh ; not in
earnest; with no serious intention.— No joke, a serious
matter. [Colloq.] — Practical Joke. See practical.— To
cut or crack a Joke. See cut, crack. =Syn. See jafi.
joke (jok), v. ; pret. and pp. joked, ppr. joking.
[Cf. Ij.jocari, jest, joke; from the noun.] I.
intrans. To jest; make merry about some-
thing.

Jotting decides great things
Stronger and better oft than earnest can.

Milton, tr. of Horace.

Your Honour is pleas'd {ft joke with me.

Steele, Conscious Lovers, iv. 1.

II. (rang. To cast jokes at; make merry
with ; rally : as, to joke a man about his love-
affairs.

joker (jo'ker), n. I. One who jokes, in speech
or in deed; a jester; a merry fellow.

One tall joker . . . scrawled upon a wall with his finger
dipped in muddy wine lees — Blood.

Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, v.

2. A playing-card, either blank or having some
comical or other special device, added to a pack,
and used in some games, as in euchre. It is al-
ways a trump, and generally the highest trump.
Often called jolly joker.

The White Knight, called the Joker, otherwise the Best
Bower. J. B. Greenough, Queen of Hearts, iii.

jokesmith (jok'smith), «. A professional joker;
one who manufactures jokes. [Humorous.]

I feared to give occasion to the jests of newspaper joke-
smiths. Southey, Letters (1813), II. 336.

jokingly ( jo'king-li), adv. In a joking manner ;

in a merry way.

jokish (jo'kish), a. [<joke + -is7(i.] Inclined
to joke ; jocular.
Oh dear, how jokish these gentlemen are !

O'Keefe, Fontainebleau, iii. 1.

iole (jol), n. and v. Seejmcl.

jolift, a. A Middle English form of jolly. Chau-
cer.

joll, ». and v. Bee jowl.

jollification (joFi-fi-ka'shon), n. [< jolly + -fi-
cation, after glorification, etc.] A scene, occa-
sion, or act of merriment, mirth, or festivity;
a carouse ; merrymaking. [Colloq.]

He nodded, smiled, and rubbed his hands, as if Mrs.
Podgers had invited him to a Lord Mayor's feast, or some
equally gorgeous jollification.

L. M. Alcott, Hospital Sketches, p. 155.

jollily (jol'i-li), adv. [< ME.joUJy; < jolly +
-fy2.] In a jolly manner; gaily; merrily;
mirthfully.

jolliment

jollimentt (jol'i-ment), «. [< ./'"".'/
Mirt.b ; merriment.

3241
+ -ment.] jolly-boat (jol'i-bot), ».

12.

[< jolly-, accom. of

Dan. jolle = Sw. julle = D. jol, a yawl (yaicl be-
ing an E. form of the D.), + boat. See yawl.]
A clinoher-built boat smaller than a cutter, usu-

Joseph

The lyrics of the jonglem were all run In one mould,
and the Pastourelles of northern France had become as
artificial as the Pastoral* of Pope.

Lowell, Study Windows, p. 186.

**. uui«wwwtui.ii UUO.L Binuiiui uuu )t cuuer. UHU- ;AWMMii /• /T_-I\ r*i . .•» *

ally hoisted at the stern of a vessel, and used for J0^1"1 Jon, k w.1' k "•. [Also jonqutlle, formerly
hack-work. It is about 4 feet in beam and 12 feet ?,180 £?SJfe; < ' J™lwlle = 8p. junyuillo =
in length, with a bluff bow and wide transom. „ j^"?_9?'i/k''_m:! = U; 3">nchtgl\a, t., jonquil ;

. . but leave

Triton his trompet shrill before them blew,
For goodly triumph anil Krcut jnUi/ment.

Spenser, P. tj., IV. xi

jolliness (jol'i-nes), ». [< ME. jolinesse; <
jolly -t- -ness.] The state or quality of being
jolly; gaiety; festivity; jollity.

I seye na more, but in thisjolynesse to go ashore was refused^

I lete hem Ol men to the soper dresse. R. a. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 82. '• •* JUHCUS, a rush : see

Chaucer, Squire's Tale, L 281. jolly-boys (jol'i-boiz), ». j,l. A group of small ^ncusjun^.] L An or-

jolhty (jol'i-ti), w. [Early mod. E. also jol- drinking-vessels connected by a tube or open- namental plant, the 2far-

Ittie, joltty; < ME. jolitie, jolite, < OP. jolite. ings from one to another. [Slang.]

joliete, tdsojolivete, gayness,, gaiety, <joli,jolif, jollyheadt (jol'i-hed), ». [< jolly + •head.'} A

gay, jolly: see >%.] If. Gayness; splendor; state of jollity; jolliness.

magnificence. Despoyled of those Joyes mi jolly-head,

He showed him all the kingdoms of the world, and all Which with those gentle shepherds here I wont to lead,

their jollity. Lalimer, 4th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1649. Spenter, F. Q., VI. rt 32.

2. The quality or condition of being jolly ; de- jolt (jolt), v. [Prob. an extension (appar.
monstrative merriment ; festivity ; gaiety. through the pret. and pp. jotted : of. joltnead)

of joll, jole, jowl, knock the head against any-

From iolite myn hert is paste,
I nun rialte & riche aray.

Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T.. S.), p. 84.
All now was turn'd to jollity and game.

Milton, P. L., li. 714.
3f. Gallantry.

Their songs made to their mates or paramours, either
vpon sorrow or iolity of courage, the first amorous mu-
sfcks. Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 80.

The halting knight, meeting the other, asking the cause
of his going thitherward, and finding it was to defend Pa-
mela's divine beauty against Artesia's, with a proud jollitie
commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him.

Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, I.
= Syn. 2. Joviality, fun, frolic, hilarity.

jollop (jol'up), n. [Cf. gobble?.] The cry of a
turkey. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.]

jolly (jol'i), a. [< ME.jolyJoli, older jolif, <
OF. jolif, later jolt, gay, trim, fine, gallant,
neat, jolly, F.joli, pretty, = Pr. joli = It. giulivo,
giulio, gay, merry, jolly. Origin uncertain ; usu-

E referred to Icel. jol = Sw. Dan. jul = E.
, the feast of Christmas: see yule.] If.
. ; of fine appearance; handsome; well-
conditioned; thriving.
This Morgain was a yonge damesell fressh and lolye.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.X ill. 007.
You may go kiss your jolly brown bride,

And let our sister alone
Fair Margaret and Sweet William (Child's Ballads, II. 143).

2. Full of life and merriment; jovial; gaily
cheerfiJ ; festive.

The! be yonge men and lolye , and have grete nede of
counseile. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 47.

Be jolly, lords. Shak., A. and C., U. 7, 65.

He froth'd his bumpers to the brim ;
A jollier year we shall not see.

Tennyson, Death of the Old Year.

3. Characterized or attended by joviality; ex-
pressing or inspiring mirth ; exciting mirthful-
ness or gaiety.

And with his jolly Pipe delights the Groves.

Prior, Henry and Emma.
" A jolly place," said he, " in times of old !
But something alls it now ; the spot is cursed."

thing: see jowl. v. Cf. dolt, similarly related,
through pp. dulled, to dull.] I. trans. To shake
with sudden jerks, as in a carriage on rough
ground, or on a high-trotting horse.

Oh the most inhumane, barbarous Hackney -Couch 1 I am
jolted to a Jelly. Congreve, Old Batchelor, Iv. 8.

II. intrans. To move with short, abrupt ris-

cissus Jonquilla, of the
natural order Amarylli-
dcuxte; the rush-leafed
daffodil. It is an early-
blooming bulbous plant, with
narrow, naif-cylindrical leaves,
the scapes bearing from 2 to
5 small, pale-yellow, fragrant
flowers. Some other species of
Narcissus are sometimes called
Jonquil, as X. odorut, the sweet-

scented jonquil, and N. calathi-
nus, the great Jonquil.
2. A light-yellow color
of the Sevres porcelain;
also, a similar color in
other porcelains. — 3. A
variety of the domesti-
cated canary-bird.

ings and fallings, as a carriage on rough ground; . cat«d canary-bird,
have a shaking or jerking motion. JOOfc. joofcery. tieejouk*,

WQ til,;,,,.... I tli.. IIAM u *li~ , .....1. :;«,.; . ;. JOlthCrlt.

He whipped the horses, the coach jolted again.

,/oAjwon, Rambler, No. 34. JOram, w. 8ee^or«TO. jonquil i A

They were stiff with their long and jolting drive from Jordan (jor dan), n. [Also £»v/«V «. (
Whitcross, and chilled with the frosty night air. «WV/«M_ anH fr.rmoi.lv «.«•- *

Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxzlv.

versely.

(Narcissus ^Off-
flower cut longi-
rruit cut 1

jolt (jolt), n. [_<jolt, v.] 1. A shock or shake
by a sudden jerk, as in a carriage.

The first jolt had like to have shaken me out, but after-
wards the motion was easy. Sictft.
My daughter Evelyn going in the coach to vislte in the
('illy, Ajult (the doore being not fast shut) flung her quite
out, in such manner as the hind wheeles passed over her.
Evelyn, Diary, Feb. 12, 1688.

2. pi. Cabbage-plants that in the spring go
to seed prematurely. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng. ]
Syn. 1. Collision, Concussion, etc. See shock.

jolter (jol'ter), w. One who or that which jolts.

jolterhead (jol'ter-hed), «. Same nsjolthead.

I would rather have my own ugly viznomy than any of
their jolterheads, that have no more brains in them than a
brickbat. Scott, Kenilworth, x.

(jolt'hed),
jolt (appar.
head; as if one whose

jorden, and formerly jur-
dan,jurdon; < 'ME. Jordan,
jurdan, an abbr. of Jordan-bottle, a bottle con-
taining water from the river Jordan; < L. Jor-
danes.Jordanis, < 6r. 'lopiavrx, = Ar. Urdtinn, <
Heb. Yarden, the river Jordan, < yardd, descend.]
1. A bottle in which pilgrims brought home
water from the river Jordan. — 2f. A kind of
pot or vessel formerly used by alchemists, in
shape not unlike a soda- water bottle, only that
the neck was wider. — 3. A chamber-pot.

I pray to God so saue thy gentll cors,

And eke thyn urinals, and thyjordanei [var. jurdonet].
Chaucer, Prol. to Pardoner's Tale, 1. 19.

4. [cop.] [Named after the river Jordan.] An
obsolete constellation, formed by Jacob Bartsch
in 1624 of the stars which later went to Lynx
and Leo Minor.

is stupidity.]
a brainless head. [Bare.]

!

Wfa"'-,KpU;?~
P ^

brain with spirits.
2. A dunce ; a blockhead.
Fie on thee, jolt head I thou canst not read.

Grew

and almond.] See almond, 1.
ordanite (j&r'dan-it), n. [Named after Dr.
Jordan of Saarbriicken in Prussia.] A native
sulphid of arsenic and lead occurring in or-
thorhombic crystals of a gray color and bril-
liant metallic luster: from the dolomite of the
Binnenthal, or valley of Binn, canton of Valais,
Switzerland.

See gardyloo.

Shak., 1. a. of V., Hi. 1, 291. . S? "f™

- '- a jolting man- j^^cSp^Tt^a'da),,, [Sp.,=E.>«r-
ney, q. v.] 1. A march or journey performed
in a day. — 2. The name given by the Mexicans

joltingly (jol'ting-li),

Wordsworth, Hart-Leap Well, li. ner ; so as to jolt or shake.
But old Jack Falstaff . . .^has bequeathed a never fail- jombret, V. t. A variant ofjlimber.

See £MP"J*- to a long reach of deserfcountry which has to

allusion to the Biblical be traversed, and where there is no water.

Ing inheritance of jolly jaughter, to make mankind mer- lomDret V. t. See ium
rier and better to the latest posterity. Jonah (:6'n&) n fin

Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 145. f r •• .', ^- iro uavei-aeu, IIIHI wiiere men1 is 110 \\ llltT.

4,. Gallant; brave. *S^TS^,SH tfg'o t^hfevS JW, Jomet, ». Middle English forms of

and fled to Tarshish by sea, was overtaken by jnrnett »i TPprhans L oontr of *iurl-i»rt »,•

The fyfte was Josue, that joly mane of armes,
That in Jerusalem oste fulle myche joye lymppede.

Morte Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3415.

5. Great; remarkable; uncommon: as, & jolly

muff. [Slang.] -Jolly Joker. See>o*«r,2.=8yn.2.
Jolly, Jovial, Mirthful, Merry, Facetious, playful, funny,
sprightly, frolicsome, sportive. Facetious is distinguished
from the first four words in applying to the making of wit-

is sunnosed or allpirad to

Constables, the one halfe in bright harnesse, some over

any dilfereuce between jolly and jovial, it is that the
latter is rather the more dignined of the two. Mirthful
and merry imply most of laughter, lad Mb stands next in
this respect. There is little difference between mirthful
and merry, but the former maybe the more dignified and
the latter the more demonstrative. Merry expresses the
largest and freest overflow of animal spirits. See hilarity
and mil i/i.

jolly (jol'i). odd. [< jolly, a., 5.] Remarkably;
uncommonly; very: as, jolly awkward; jolly
drunk. [Colloq., Eng.]

For he's & jolly good fellow,

Which nobody can deny. Old chorus.

"What's singing?" said Tom. . . . "Well, you are jolly
green," answered his friend.

T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Bugby, i. 6.
jollyt (jol'i), t\ ». [< jolly, a.] To rejoice;
make merry.

His hands and feet with riving nails they tent,
And. as to disenthrall his soul they meant,
They^oKy at his grief.

(.' I'lftcher. Christ's Triumph over Death.

, London p. 7,

] An instrument used jorum (jo'rum), n. [Also ioram ; origin un-

TMT\OG xvnrli Ilnlft im-ll t ^ . * * - fc- - - * '-

Trumbull, a governor of Connecticut, on whose advice he
placed great reliance.

jondla (jond'lii), n. [E. Ind.] The Indian mil-
let, Sorghum vulgare.

Songlert, n. An obsolete form of juggler1.
ongleriet, ». An obsolete form of jugglery. .

ongleur (F. pron. zhdn-gler'), n. [6F.: see Joseph (jo zef), n.
jni/ii/cr.] In medieval France, and in England
under the Norman kings, a minstrel who went
from place to place singing songs, generally of
his own composition and to his own accom-
paniment ; later, a mountebank.

The jongleurs or Jogelors (jocnlatores) were originally
minstrels who could perform feats of sleight of hand, <ic.,
but they soon became mere mountebanks, and the name
became ... a term of contempt.

Piers Plowman's Crede (E. E. T. S.), Notes, p. 84.

An' here's to them that, like oursel',
Can push about the jorum.
Burns, O May, thy Morn was ne'er sae Sweet.
The host . . . returned with a steaming jorum, of which
the first gulp brought water into Mr. Bumble's eyes.

Dickens, Oliver Twist, xxxvIL

[Prob. in allusion to Joseph's
"coat of many colors" (Gen.xxxvii. 3).] A gar-
ment made like a man's great coat, usually with
a broad cape, and buttoning down the front,
worn in the eighteenth century and later by
women when riding on horseback and on occa-
sions of similar exposure; sometimes, also, a
similar garment worn by men.

Olivia would be drawn as an Amazon, . . . dressed In
a greeu Joseph, richly laced with gold, and a whip in her
hand. Goldsmith, Vicar, xrl.

Joseph

In the dear fashions of her youth she dress'd ;
A pea green Joteph was her favourite vest.

Crabbe, Parish Register.

Joseph-and-Mary (jo'zef-and-ma'ri), n. [So
called in ref. to the red and blue flowers which
the plant produces at the same time, and which
suggested the common pictures of the Holy Fam-
ily, with Joseph in red and Mary in blue.] The
lungwort, Pulmonaria officinalis. [Prov. Eng.]

Josephine knot. See knot*.

Joseph's-coat (jo'zefs-kof), »• A cultivated
variety of Amarantus tricolor, with variegated
leaves.

Joseph' S-flower (jo'zefs-flou"er), n. The yellow

-nn f 'c. _V»ao r*f\ fV/J/V/ir* /}/»/!«. rtTn.t.f.n.SiS.

3242

iota, 1.] An iota; a point; a
quantity assignable.

So weake my powres, so sore my wounds appeare,

That wonder is how I should live &jot,

Spenser, Sonnets, mi.

journal

tittle; the least joule (joul), «. [Named after J. P. Joule (born
1818), an English physicist.] An electrical unit

proposed by Siemens. It is the work done in one sec-
ond when the rate of working is one watt : in other words,
that done in onesecond in maintaining a current of one am-

f.. £Hl.l. <»UV* jJ^Jf J\svw\*, y^/l . jwvr.iy.

' [< jofl, n.-] To set down quickly and with few op e
strokes in writing or sketching; make a brief Touie's equivalent. Same as mechanical equiv-
note or memorandum of: usually with down. alen( offteat (wnich see, under equivalent).
It would not be altogether becoming of me to speak of Jotmce (iouns), V. t. and i. ; pret. and pp. jounced,

J^»ssi^si^

~ vost, p. 254. shake, especially by rough riding. [Golloq.J

Gait, The Provo

Plump ; down-

'•]

An obsolete form of jot1.

[Cf. joft,

' [Prov. Eng.]

deos,"Go'A: see'deity.] A Chinese god

Down with dukes, earls, and lords, those pagan Josses, jot2 (jot), adv.
False Gods ! Wolcot, Odes to Kien Long, ii. right HalUwell.

Critick in jars and josses, shews her birth, jotet, »•

Drawn, like the brittle ware itself, from earth. ^ _ jotter (jot ' er), «. 1 . One who jots, or makes

brief notes or memoranda. — 2. A book in which
jottings or memoranda are made. Imp. Diet.
jotting (jot'ing), n. [Verbal n. otjoft, v.~\ A
brief written note or remark ; a memorandum.
Ill make a slight jotting the

Colman, Jealous Wife, Epil.
The object of the bell-ringing seemed to be to notify
the whole population of the town that his Excellency the
governor was communing with his JOBS.

G. Herman, The Century, XXXVIII. 73.

, • , ,.«,<- , T

It. giorno, a day, day, daylight, an opening, <. fa,

diurnus, daily : see diiirn, journal.'] It. Day.

And on the xie tour of Pentecoste, the kynge satte at
mete, and with hym the Duke of Tintagel.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 67.

jossat, interj. [ME. ; origin obscure. Cf. joss-
block.] An address to horses, possibly meaning
' stand still.'

Thise sely clerkes rennen up and doun

With "Keepe 1 stand ! stand ! jossa warderere."

Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 181.

joss-block, jossing-block (jos'blok, jos'ing-
blok), n. [Cf. jossa.'] A horse-block. HalU-
well. [Prov. Eng.]

Tut, your honour ! .

2. [Mod. F., pron. zhor.] (a) In decorative art,
an opening forming part of a design. (6) In
lace-making, one of the regular meshes of the
ground. See a jour.

VUU1" Il< 'MUM I . . . . * »» Minikv t* o*me«»v j-^ft.-,,,^ ™« g d o / • I \ A 11 * 1 "UV * 1 ' . f\£

morn; it will cost but a charter of resignation in favorem; JOUr2 (jer), n. A colloquial abbreviation Ol
and 111 hae it ready for the next term in Exchequer. journeyman: as, a, jour printer; to work as a

Scott, Waverley, Ixxi. jour_

jotun (yo'tun), n. [Dan., < Icel. jotunn = AS. jouring (jou'ring), n. [Prob. verbal n. of "jour,
eoten, a giant.] In Seand. myth., one of a su- appar. < OF. jurer, swear: see jury.~\ 1.
pernatural race of giants, enemies of the gods. Swearing. [Prov. Eng.]

A great mist-jotun you will see
Lifting himself up silently.

Lowell, Appledore.

. __ f _f idol-worship: some-
times used by the Chinese for a Christian
church.

joss-paper (jos'pa"per), n. Pieces of gold or
silver paper made into the shape of ingots of
silver, and burned by the Chinese at funerals
and before the shrines of certain of their gods.

joss-pidgin (jos'pij"in), n. [Pidgin-Eng.] Any
religious ceremony or ceremonies — Joss-pidgin
man, a priest or clergyman.

joss-Stick (jos'stik), n. A small stick or per-
fumed pastil consisting of a hardened paste

,„,,

leek, Sempervivum tectorum
called Jupiter3 s-beard.
,n. [<OF.,

Also

in Scotland, consisting of an iron
collar which surrounded the neck
of the criminal, and was fastened
to a wall or tree by an iron chain.

Jongs.

wood mixed with clay, used in Chinese temples
and houses as incense before the idols, as a slow-
match in measuring time at night, for lighting
pipes, etc.

jostle (jos'l), t'.; pret. and pp. jostled, ppr.
jostling. [Formerly also iustle, joustle ; freq.
of jusft, q. v.] I. trans. I. To push against;
crowd against so as to render unsteady ; elbow ;
hustle.

There are two rocks, . . . which for that so near, as
many times appearing but as one, they were fained by the
Poets unstable, and at sundry times to justle each other.
Sandys, Travail es, p. 31.

While I was walking daily in and out great crowds of
men, I could not be quit of thinking how we jostle one an-
other. R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone, p. 616.

2. To check. HalUwell. [Slang.]

II. intrans. To hustle ; shove and be shoved
about, as in a crowd.

For the things of this World are like Epicurus his
Atoms, always moving and justling against another.

StiUingjleet, Sermons, II. iii.
Theirs was no common party race,
Jostling by dark intrigue for place.

Scott, Marmion, i., Int.

A crowd that WAS jostling in with me at the pit^door of
Covent Garden. Lamb, Elia, p. 171.

jostle (jos'l), n. [(jostle, v.] Apushingabout
or crowding; a shock or encounter.

In Fleete Street, received a great jostle from a man that
had a mind to take the wall, which I could not help.

Pepys, Diary, Feb. 8, 1660.

jostlement (jos'1-ment), n. [< jostle + -ment.~]
The act of jostling, nustling, or crowding aside.
[Rare.]

Anybody who had seen him projecting himself into Soho
while he was yet on St. Dunstan's side of Temple Bar,
bursting in his full-blown way along the pavement, to the
jostlement of all weaker people, might have seen how safe
and strong he was. Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, ii. 12.

jot1 (jot), n. [Early mod. E. also jote; < LL.

sans), n. ___ „ . .

sance, enjoyment, <.joir,jouir, enjoy: see joy, v.]

1. Enjoyment; joy; mirth.

To see those folkes make such jovysaunce,
Hade my heart after the pype to daunce.

Spenser, Shep. Cal., May.

The time
Craves that we taste of nought but jouissance.

Qreene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.

2. In law, possession and use, as distinguished
from ownership.

J0uk1t Cjok), r. i. [Also dial, juke; < ME.j'ottfcen,
< OF. jouquier, joquier, jokier,jouchier, iucltier,
roost, lie down, F. jttcher, Wall, jouki, roost,
perch.] 1. To roost; perch. — 2. To lie down;
be flat.

For certes it non honour is to the

To wepe. and in thy bed iojouken thus.

Chaucer, Troilus, v. 409.

jouk2, jook (jok), v. i. [Also juke; perhaps a
dial, variation of duck1; but cf. jouk1, 2.] 1.
To stoop or incline the body with a quick mo-
tion, or suddenly shift one's position so as to
avoid or mitigate a blow, or conceal one's self;
duck or dodge. [Scotch.]

Nae help was thairfor, nane wald^'ou*,
Ferss was the fecht on ilku syde.

Battle QfBarlaw (Child's Ballads, VII. 186).

I jouk beneath misfortune's blows.

Burns, To James Smith.

2. To bow or courtesy ; make obeisance.

When within the hall he came,

He jooked and couch'd out ower his tree [staff].
John Thomson and the Turk (Child's Ballads, III. 354).

But why should we to nobles jouk?

Burns, Election Ballads, i.

joukery, jookery (jo'ker-i), n. [(joukt + -ery.']
Trickery; jugglery. [Scotch.]

I pray that Lord that did you hither send,
You may your cursings, swearing, jmtrings end.

Robert Hayman's Quodlibets, 4to, 1628. (Naret.)

As this way of boorish speech is in Ireland called The

Brogue upon the Tongue, so here [in Somerset] it is named

Jouring. Defoe, Tour through Great Britain, I. 360.

2. A scolding. HalUwell. [Prov. Eng.]

A volley of vituperation, couched in what is there [in Ab-
ingdon, England] called the jouring dialect.

Scott, Kenilworth, xx.

journal (jer'nal), a. and n. [< OF. journal, jor-
nal, jurnal, journel, etc., F. journal = Sp. Pg.
jornal = It. giornale, daily, a journal, < L. diur-
nalis, daily: see diurnal, of -which journal is a
doublet.] I.t a. Daily; quotidian; diurnal.
Ere twice the sun hath made his journal greeting.

Shak., M. for M., iv. 3, 92.

II. n. 1. A diary or daily record; an ac-
count of daily transactions or events; a book
or paper containing such an account or made
for entering it ; any record of a series of trans-
actions.

Princes in ancient time had, upon point of honour and
policy both, journals kept of what passed day by day.

Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 135.

I would not have thee to report at Ian
From point to point, a. journal of thy f
Twill take up too much time.

Ford, Lover's Melancholy, v. 1.
An extract of his diary— no more,
A tasteless journal of the day before.

Cowper, Conversation, 1. 276.

Specifically— (a) In bookkeeping by double entry: (1) A book
in which every particular article or charge is distinctly
entered from the day-book or blotter under each day's date,
as a "debit" to a person and "credit" to a thing, or vice
versa, and thus systematized or classed to facilitate post-
ing to the ledger. (2) A day-book. (b) Naut., a daily reg-
ister of the ship's course and distance, the winds, the
weather, and other circumstances, (c) A newspaper or
other periodical published daily; hence, any publication
issued at successive periods containing reports or records
of current events of any kind.

Hence journals, medleys, merc'ries, magazines.

Pope, Dunciad, i. 42.

(d) In mining, a record of the strata passed through in

sinking.

2f. A day's work or travel ; a journey.
In all thy age of journals thou hast took,
Sawest thou that pair became these rites so well?

B. Jonson.

3. In mach., that part of a shaft or axle which
rests in the bearings. See first cut under axle-
box.

The shears have journals, which rest in bearings, mova-
ble backwards and forwards by the screws.

W. Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 558.

I was so displeased by the jookerie of the bailie that we journal (jer'nal), f. t. ; pret. and pp. journaled
had no correspondence on public affairs till long »««•• Or journalled, ppr. journaling or journalUng. [<

'p journal, n.~] In macJi., to insert, as a shaft, in
MVSL^SJK £*Jf r.t a7-!rL8ma11 thi??; a Joukery-pawkery (jo'ker-i-pa'ker-i), ». [<jo«fc. a journai.bearing.

The cranks are placed upon posts, rafts, or boats in the
stream, and journalled at the water-line, thus keeping one-
half of the paddle-surface in action. Science, III. 606.

jot, < Phen. (Heb. ) yodh, the letter so called, the
smallest letter of the Hebrew alphabet, hence
used proverbially of something very small. See

ery + pawk extended with -ery, to assort with
the first element.] Trickery; pawky cunning ;
hypocrisy. [Scotch.]

Journal-bearing.

A, cap; K, pillow ; />, Dt screws

with &et nuts for adjustment.

journalary

journalaryt (jer'nal-a-ri),a. [< journal + -ary*.]
Of the nature of a journal or diary. [Rare.]

That the propagation of Methodism hath occasioned
many and great violations of peace, Mr. Wesley hath sim-
ply shown In the journalary hl»tory of his adventure s

Warburtnn, Doctrine of Orace, ii. 9.

journal-bearing ( jer'mil-bSr'ing), n. In mach.,
the immediate support of an axle or a shaft. It
usually cuimlsts of two parts,
sometimes called the braaet,
resting In a pillow-block »nd
Inclosed in the* journal-box.
There are many varieties, and
all are connected with some
lubricating device. See hy-
draulic pivot, under hy-
draulic.

journal-book (j»Vnal-
bilk), n. A book for
making daily records.
Swift.

journal-box (jer'nal-boks), «. Inmach.: (a) The
bearings about a journal. (b) A cast-iron box
which contains a car-axle journal, together with
the journal-bearing and key, and the oil-pack-
ing with which the journal is lubricated. Also
called houxing-box.

journal-brass (jer'nal-bras), n. In mech., a
bearing of a journal or an axle.

journalise, v. See journalise.

journalism (jer'nal-izm), n. [< F.journalisnif
= Sp. ¥g. jornallsmo, journalism; as journal +
-ism.'] I. The business of a journalist ; the oc-
cupation of writing for, editing, or producing a
newspaper or public journal; the diffusion of
intelligence or of opinions by means of journals
or newspapers and periodicals.

The hablU of journalism train one to a dally capacity
of production. D. J. Hill, Bryant, p. 148.

2. The keeping of a journal ; the practice of
journalizing. [Rare.]

journalist (jer'nal-ist), n. [< F. journaliste =
Pg. jornalista = It. glornalista ; as journal +
-ist.J 1. The writer of a journal or diary.

The force with which he [Gania] went out Is ... cir-
cumstantially described by Herman Lopez de Castaneda,
contemporary writer, and careful journalist of facts.

Alickle, Dissertation on the Lusiad, App.

2. A person who conducts a public journal or
regularly writes for one ; a newspaper editor,
critic, or reporter.

journalistic (jer-na-lis'tik), a. [< journalist +
-tc.l Pertaining to journals or newspapers, or
to journalism ; descriptive or characteristic of
journalism or journalists: as, journalistic liter-
ature ; journalistic enterprise.

Mommsen's enemies have had much to say against the
freedom of his style, which IB supposed to be loo journal-
istic. Amer. Jour. PhUol., VI. 483.

journalize (jer'nal-iz), v.; pret. audpp.jowrwa/-
ized, ppr. journalizing, [< F.journaliser; as
journal + -tec.] I. trans. 1. To enter or re-
cord in a journal.

He kept his journal very diligently, but then what was
there to journalize f Johnson.

Specifically — 2. In double-entry bookkeeping, to
systematize and enter in the journal, prepara-
tory to posting to the ledger.

II. intranx. 1. To keep or make entries in
a journal; make a daily record of events or
observations.

1 have too much to attend to in my weak state to jour-
nalize. Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., I. 239.

2. To take part in the preparation of a public
journal: as, he is engaged in journalizing.

Also spelled journalise.

journal-packing (jer'nal-pak'ing), n. Waste
cotton, wool, or other fibrous material, satu-
rated with oil or grease, and placed in a journal-
box to lubricate the axle. E. H. Knight.
journet, journeet, ». Obsolete forms of journey.
Thanno had she don ol hlrjourne.

Rom. of the Rose, 1. 579.

journey (jer'ni), M. [< l&E.journee,journe,jarne,
jonii i/, jiiniii, < OK. journee, jornee, jorneie, P.
journee=:Pr. Sp. Pg. Jornada = It. giornata (ML.
reflex jorunta), < ML. diiirnata (junta ta, after
Rom.), a day's work, a day's journey, a fixed
day, a day, < L. diurntts, daily: see diurn, iliur-
nal, journal. Ct. Jornada.] "if. A day's work,
occupation, or travel ; a day of battle or of toil
of any kind; hence, labor; work; service ; task ;
trouble.

Theseus . . . conveyede the kynges worthily
Out of his toun njovrnee largely.

Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1880.

Thel hadde wasted and dlstroied that more than two
iourneyt'g ye sholde not haue founde n[o]ther house ne town
that a man myght herberowe In.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.X ii. 292.

3243

All the lordes that died at thejorney are buried at St.
Albanes. Potion Letters.

For all the labour and iarnau Is your.

Rom. of Partenay (E. E. T. S.), Int, 1. 141.

2. A course of travel or transit, as from one
place to another, or indefinitely from point to
point in space or time: as, & journey from Lon-
don to Paris or to Rome; a week's journey; the
journey of life.

So atte last they come to the village,
Tber for to rest as for a nyghtis space,
A dayes /unuy owl of the kynges place.

Oenerydes (E. E. T. s.), 1. 230.

Some, having a long journey from the upper regions,
would float up and down a good while.

T. Burnet, Theory of the Earth.

This same philosophy is a good horse In the stable, but
an arrant jade on a journey.

Goldsmith, Good-natured Man, 1. 1.

I know not whether the exact limits of an excursion, as
distinguished from a journey, have ever been ttxed.

H. James, Jr., Little Tour, p. 7S.

3. In glass-making, a single cycle or round of
work, in which the raw materials are converted
into glass, and the glass is withdrawn from the
pots in which it has been melted ; the time em-
ployed in converting a certain quantity of ma-
terial into glass. — 4. The weight of finished
coins delivered simultaneously to the master
of the British mint. Ihii journey or journey -weight,

Jovial

0, there be players that . . . have so strutted and bel-
lowed that I nave thought some of nature's journeymen
had made men, and not made them well, they imitated hu-
manity so abominably. Shale., Hamlet, ill 2, 88.

Among the Tailors of Rllesla we find that In 1381 the sys-
tem of journeymen travelling in search of work was already
completely organized.

Enjlish Oilds (E. E. T. 8.), Int, p. cxlL

Journeyman parson, a curate. [London slang.)

He once told a parson, or & journeyman parson, I don't
know what he was, that if ever he prayed It was for a hard
winter. Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, 1. 133.

journey-ring (jer'ni-ring), n, A portable sun-
dial of round form. See ring-dial.

journey-weight (jer'ni-wat), ». Same as jour-
ney, 4.

journeywomant (jer'ni-wum'an), n.; pl. jour-
ncywomen (-wim'en). A woman hired by the

on which the trial of the pyx depends, Is understood to
be what could be completed in a day when the operations
of coining were done by hand. Its amount is 15 pounds
troy of gold (coined into 701 sovereigns, or 1,4X12 hall-
sovereigns) or 60 pounds troy of silver.

The blanks [in minting] are weighed ... in drafts of
about 720 ounces, and placed in bogs ; each bog, therefore,
contains four joitrneys of about l&O ounces each.

Ure, Met, HI. 347.

Day's journey. See dayi.— Journey's account, an
early English writ, originally allowed for the revival of an
action which had abated without plaintiff's fault : so called
because, the Court of Chancery which issued it being Itin-
erant and the plaintiff being required to apply immedi-
ately, he had to give an account of his journey to obtain
It, so as to show that he had not delayed. — Sabbath-
day's journey, among the ancient Jews, the distance
which a Jew might lawfully traverse on the sabbath day.
It was a very short journey — supposed to represent the
space left between the ark and the tents when the Israel-
ites were encamped in the wilderness, said to be about
2,000 Hebrew yards.

Then returned they unto Jerusalem from the mount
called Olivet, which is from Jerusalem a sabbath day's
journey. Acts L 12.

Josephus (War, v. 2, 3) makes the Mount of Olives to be
about six stadia from Jerusalem ; and it is the distance be-
tween these two places which in Acts 1. 12 is given as a
Sabbath day's journey.

McClintock and Strong, Cyc. Bib. Lit., IX. 190.

To go a journey. See(;o.=Syn.2.^o«rn<j/, Travel .Voy-
age, Trip, Tour, Excursion, Pilgrimage. Journey is a rather
general word, yet journeys are usually of considerable
length, without Implication as tothe timeof return. Travel
is the common word for journeys taken for pleasure in sight-
seeing, etc., for education, or for the transaction of busi-
ness: as, the benefits of foreign travel; a line of travel.
Voyage In Chaucer's time (C. T., Prol., 1. 723, etc.) and
later (Milton, P. L., II. 919) meant journey, but Is now
limited to a considerable passage by sea : as, to make a
voyage round the world. A trip is a comparatively short
journey: as, our trip across the ocean. A trrur is a journey
that makes a round, stopping here and there and returning
to the starting-point : as, the usual Scotch lour. An ex-
cursion is a limited trip or journey, taken for pleasure, to
some point or points of interest : as, an excursion down the
bay, or to the Yellowstone Park. We speak of a journey,
voyage, etc., and of travels, but not of a travel. A pilgrim-
age is a journey to a place hallowed by religious or other
sacred or tender associations : as, a puorimage to the old
home. See pilgrim.

journey (jer ni), v. i. [< ME. jorneyen ; < jour-
ney, n.] To make a journey; travel; go from
place to place.
The men which journeyed with him stood speechless.

Acts i\. 7.

My lord, whoever journeys to the prince,
For God's sake, let not us two stay at home.

Shot., Rich. 111., ii. 2, 148.

journey-batedt (jer'ni-ba'ted), a. Fatigued or
worn out with a journey.

So are the horses of the enemy
In general journey-bated and brought low.

Shot., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3, 26.

journeyer (jer'ni-er), «. One who journeys ; a
traveler.

The mortal jotirneyer through this unknown space most
have been thrown down with violence, had he not been
upheld by his supernatural companion.

Scott, Monastery, xii.

journeyman (jer'ni -man), n.; pi. journeymen
(-men), [(.journey, n., I, 4- man.} If. A man
hired to work by the day; a day-worker. — 2. A
workman or mechanic who has served his ap-
prenticeship ; specifically, a qualified mechanic
employed in the exercise of his trade, as dis-
tiuguis) ad from a master mechanic or a fore-
man.

day.

No iourneytcoman sempstress Is half no much a slave as
I am. fielding. Miser, L 1.

An Over Seer, who walk d about with a very flexible
Weapon of Offence, to Correct such Hempen Journey Wo-
men who were unhappily troubled with the Spirit of Idle-
ness. Quoted In J. Ashton's Social Life In Reign of

[Queen Anne, II. 240.

journey-work (jer'ni-werk), n. If. Work done
by the day. — 2. Work done for hire by a me-
chanic in his trade.

The kindred and masters are extremely careful of breed-
Ing him to industry, that he may repay it himself by his
labour, in three years' joumey-wrrk after his time is out,
for the use of his securities. Steele, Spectator, No. 544.

joust, jouster, etc. See just?, etc.
joustleti *'• An obsolete form of jostle.
JOUtest, »• pl- [ME., also jowtes, jutctt, eowtwt,
< OF. ioutf, < ML. juta, jutta, a kind of broth or
porridge; prob. of Celtic origin, <. Bret, iot =
W. mcd = Olr. ith, porridge.] A kind of broth
or porridge.

I was the priouresses potagere and other poure ladyes,
And made hem ioutes of iangelynge.

Piers Plowman (B), v. 168.

Jove (jov). n. [< ME. Jove, JoHs (AS. lob) =
It. Gioi'e, < L. Jovis, OL. also Jovos, in classical
L. only in oblique cases, gen. Jovis, etc., the
nom. being supplied by the compound Jupiter,
Jujjpttcr, OL. Joupiter: see Jupiter and Zeus.]

1. The highest god of the Romans; Jupiter;
the supreme ruler of heaven and earth, mani-
festing himself especially in atmospheric phe-
nomena: as, Jove's thunderbolts. See Jupiter.

See what a grace was seated on his brow :
Hyperion's curls ; the front of Jove himself.

Shale., Hamlet, ill. 4, ad

2. The planet Jupiter. [Poetical.]

Or ask of yonder argent fields above
Why Jim's satellites are less than Jove.

Pope, Essay on Man, I. 42.

St. [?. c.] In alchemy, the metal tin — Bird of
Jove, the eagle.

joves(jovz), n.pl. [Origin not ascertained.] In
fort., the two sides in the epaulment of a bat-
tery which form the embrasure, ffilhelm, Mil.
Diet.

Jove's-ftuit (jovz'frOt), n. A shrub, Lindera
melissafolius, native in the United States, and
related to wild allspice.

Jove's-nuts (jovz'nuts), H. pl. The acorns of
the British oak, Quercus liobur. [Prov. Eng.]

Jovial (jo'vi-al), a. [< F. jovial = Sp. Pg. jovi-
al = It. gioyiale, < LL. Jovialis, equiv. to Jorius,
of or pertaining to Jove or Jupiter, < Joris, Jove :
see Jove.] 1. Pertaining to or characteristic
of the god Jove or Jupiter ; Jove-like ; power-
ful ; majestic : as. Jovial attributes.

His foot Mercurial ; his Martial thigh ;

The brawns of Hercules : but his Jovial face—

Murther in heaven? — How? — Tlsgone.

Shale., Cy m hell ne, Iv. 2, 811.
Thou Jovial hand, hold up thy scepter high.

Ueywood, Rape of Lucrece.

2. Of or pertaining to the planet Jupiter: as,
the Jovial satellites.

Our Jovial star reign 'd at his birth, and in
Our temple was he married.

Shalr., Cymbeline, v. 4, 106.

3. In astral., under the influence of the planet
Jupiter ; derived from Jupiter as a natal plan-
et, which, like Jove himself, was regarded as
the source of joy and happiness: as, the Jovial
temperament.

The fixed stars are astrologicolly differenced by the plan-
ets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the col-
ours whereby they answer these planets.

Sir T. Broune, Vulg. Err.

Hence — 4. [1. c.] Characterized by cheerful-
ness or gaiety; joyous; merry; jolly: opposed
to grave: as, a jovial fellow.

On him they call, the aptest mate

For Jorial song and merry feat.

Scott, Rokeby, ill 1ft.

Jovial

He had a cheerful open exterior, a quick jovial eye.

Lamb, Two Races of Men.

And there is no jovial companionship equal to that where
the jokes are rather small and the laughter abundant.

Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 281.

6f. [I- c.] In alchemy, of or pertaining to tin.
= Syn. 4. Mirthful, etc. See jolly.
jovialist (jo'vi-al-ist), n. [< jovial + -ist.~] A
person of jovial character or disposition.
[Bare.]
O brave and spirited ! he's a right Jovialist.

B. Jonson, Cynthia's Bevels, v. 2.

joviality (jo-vi-al'j-ti), n. [< F.jovialite (= Sp.
jovialidad = Pg.jovialidade = It. giovialitd),joyi-
alness; as jovial + -ity.] The state or quality
of being jovial ; jovial conduct or amusement ;
merriment; jollity; festivity.

The first day vapours away in tobacco, feasts, and other
joviality. Sir T. Herbert, Travels in Africa, p. 808.

The old manor house . . . seemed echoing back thejo-
viality of long departed years. Irving, Sketch- Book, p. 289.
= 8yn. Joy, Glee, etc. (see hilarity); gaiety, jollity, jocu-
larity, sportiveness.

jovialize (jo'vi-al-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. jovial-
ized, ppr. jovializing. [< jovial + -ize.] To
make jovial ; cause to be merry or jolly.

Au activity that joviaKzed us all.

Mme. D'ArUay, Diary, I. 364.

jovially (jo'vi-al-i), adv. In a jovial manner;
merrily ; gaily ; with jollity.
jovialriess (jo' vi-al-nes), ». Joviality ; gaiety ;
jollity.

Swearing, with such persons, is but a grace and lustre
to their speech ; lying, but wit's craft or policy ; drun-
kenness, jovialness or good fellowship: — thus do they
baptize vice by the name of virtue.

Hewyt, Sermons (1658X p. 32.

joyialty (jo'vi-al-ti), «. [< jovial + -ty.] Jo-
viality. [Bare"]

To think that this perhaps might be the last banquet
they should taste of ... could not but somewhat spoil
the gust of their highest delicacies, and disturb the sport
of their loudest jovtalt ies. Barrow, Works, III. xiv.

Jovian (jo'vi-an), a. [After LL. Jovianus, of
Jovius, a surname of Diocletian, < L. Jovis, Jove :
see Jove.] Of or pertaining to the god Jove
or the planet Jupiter ; Jovial.

jovicentric (jo-vi-sen'trik), a. [< L. Jovis, Jove,
Jupiter, + centrum, center.] In astroii., hav-
ing relation to Jupiter as a center.

jovilabe (jo'vi-lab), n. [< L. Jocis, Jove, Jupi-
ter, + -labe, as in astrolabe.] An instrument
for finding the apparent situations of Jupiter's
satellites.

Jovinianist (jo-vin'i-an-ist), n. [< LL. Jovini-
anista, < Jovinianus, a man's name, < L. Jovius,
of Jove, < Jovis, Jove: see Jove.] Eccles., one
of a short-lived sect, adherents of Jovinian, a
Milanese monk of the fourth century, who at
Borne opposed the prevalent esteem for celiba-
cy, monasticism, fasting, and martyrdom, and
maintained the equality of all sins, rewards, and
punishments. He was excommunicated about
390, and went to Milan.

joyyt (jo'vi), a. [< LL. Jovius, of Jove or Ju-
piter: see Jove, jovial.] Jovial; gay.

Pan. Ill have the Jovial Tinker for To- Pan's sake.
Turfe. We'll all bejovy this day.

B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, i. 2.
I was a poor servant of hers, I must confess, sir,
And in those days I thought I might be jovy,
And make a little bold to call in to her.

Fletcher, Wildgoose Chase, iii. 1.

iOW1*, n. An obsolete variant of ./aw1. Chaucer.
OW2 (jou), v. [Said to be imitative ; but prob.
merely a Sc. form of jowl, v.] I. trans. To
strike (a bell); toll; ring. [Scotch.]— TO low
out, to ring; set ringing, as a bell.

If you'll just gar your servant jow out the great bell In

the tower, there's me and my twa brothers . . . will be

wi' you. Scott, Black Dwarf, ii.

II. intrans. To toll, as a bell. [Scotch.]

Now Clinkumbell, wi' rattlin' tow,

Begins to jow and croon. Burns, Holy Fair.
To low In, to be rung rapidly, as a bell at the close of a
peal.

There is the council-hell clinking in earnest ; and if I

am not there before it jows in, Bailie Laurie will be trying

some of his manoeuvres. Scott, Redgauntlet, ch. x.

JOW2 (jou), n. [< jow%, v.] The stroke of a

bell; a ringing. [Scotch.]

Every jow that the dead-bell geid,
It cry'd "Woe to Barbara Allan ! "

Bonny Barbara Allan (Child's Ballads, II. 156).

The look of those old familiar houses, the jow of the old

bell, went to my heart. Carlyle, in Froude.

jowder (jou'der), n. Same as jowter. [Prov.

, n. A Middle English form of jewel.
jowl (jol or joul), n. [Alsoj'oM, jole, and formerly
geoule; < ME. jolle, a var. (with change of orig.

3244

cli to j, as also in jar?, ajar2) of chowl, < ME.
chol, chaul, a contr. of chavel, < ME. ehavel
(chauel), < AS. ceafl, jaw, pi. ceajlas, jaw: see
ehavel.] 1. The cheek.

I found after some time that the merit of his wit was
founded upon the shaking of a fat paunch, and the tossing
up of a pair of rosy jowls. Steele, Guardian, No. 42.

2. The cheek or head of a pig, salmon, etc.,
prepared for the table : as, jowl and greens is a
Virginia dish. [Now only local.]

You shall receive by this Carrier a great Wicker Hamper,
with two Qemdei of Sturgeon, six Barrels of pickled Oys-
ters. Howell, Letters, I. v. 15.
Sirrah, set by a chine of beef, and a hot pasty,
And let the joW of sturgeon be corrected.

Fletcher (and others). Bloody Brother, ii. 1.

Cheek by JOWL See cheek.

jowl, joll (jol), v. [Also jole; < late ME. jollen,
scold ; appar. orig. slap or knock the cheek or
head, (jowl, joll, the cheek: see jowl, n.] I.
trans. To strike or dash, as the jowl or head ;
butt; clash with violence, as horns. [Obsolete
or archaic.]

They may jowl horns together, like any deer i' the herd.
Shak., All's Well, i. 3, 59.

Why, how now? shall we have an antic? Whose head
doyou carry upon your shoulders, that you joll it so against
the post? Beau, and Fl., Scornful Lady, ii. 1.

II. intrans. If. To scold; "jaw."

Take hede to youre lordis estate,
That none jangill nor jolle at my gate.

York Plays, p. 307.

Her father o' th' other side, he yoles at her and joles at
her, and she leads such a life for you, it passes.

Wily Beguiled (Hawkins's Eng. Drama, III. 342).

2. In coal-mining, to hammer on the coal for
the purpose of ascertaining what thickness in-
tervenes between two contiguous workings.
[Eng.]

jowler (jo'ler or jou'ler), n. [So called in ref.
to its thick jowls; < jowl + -«•!.] A strong-
er heavy-jawed dog, as a hound, beagle, or
other hunting-dog: hence used as a name for
such a dog.

What gravity can hold from laughing out,

To see him drag his feeble legs about,

Like hounds ill-coupled? Jowler lugs him still

Through hedges, ditches, and through all that's ill.

Dryden, Essay on Satire.
Get out a horsewhip or & jowler,
The langest thong, the fiercest growler.

Burns, Address of Beelzebub,
jowlop, jowlopped, n. Seejewlap.
jowter (jou'ter), ». [Also jowder, appar. a dial,
var. of jolter.] One who carries fish about the
country for sale; a fish-hawker; a cadger.
[Eng.]

Mr. Penruddock gave a spiteful hit, being, as he said,
of a cantankerous turn, to Mr. Treluddra, principal jow-
der, i. e. fish-salesman, of Aberalva.

Kingsley, Two Years Ago, xiv.

joy (joi), n. [< ME. joye, joie, < OF.joie, joye,
joy, pleasure, also P. joie, joy, assibilated form
of goie, goye, (joy, a gaud, jewel, = Pr. joi, m.,
joia, f., = Sp. joya, a gaud, jewel, = Pg. joia =
It. gioja, joy, a jewel, < ML. gaudia, f., joy, a
jewel, orig. neut. pi. of L. gawdium, joy, < gau-
dere, rejoice : seegroMd1. Hence Tilt, joy, v., en-
joy, joice, rejoice, jewel, etc.] 1. An emotion of
pleasure, generally sudden, caused by the grati-
fication of any passion or desire ; ardent hap-
piness arising from present or expected good;
exultant satisfaction; exhilaration of spirits;
gladness; delight.

Whan Gawein vndirstode the speche of his brother, he
hadde of hym hertely ioye, and moche he hym preysed.

Merlin (E. E. T. §.), ii. 184.

So the joy, and the sense of salvation, which the pure
in heart have here, is not a joy severed from the joy of
heaven, but a joy that begins in us here, and continues.

Donne, Sermons, x.

To know intense joy without a strong bodily frame, one
must have an enthusiastic soul.

George Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 306.
Joy finds expression in dancing, clapping the hands,
and meaningless laughter, and these actions are not only
pleasurable in themselves but such as increase the exist-
ing pleasure. J. Ward, Encyc. Brit., XX. 72.
2. A source of enjoyment or rejoicing; that
which causes gladness or happiness.

So wilde a beast so tame ytaught to bee,
And buxome to his bands, is joy to see.

Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 626.
Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is
mount Zion. PS. xlviti. 2.

For bonny sweet Robin is all my joy.

Shak., Hamlet, iv. 5, 186.

A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Keats, Endymion, i.
3f. Diversion; festivity.

And whan thei dyen, thei maken gret Feste and gret
Joye and Revelle, and thanue thei casten hem in to a gret
Fuyr brennynge. MandeviUe, Travels, p. 286.

joyingly

4. An occasional name of the plant Ranunculus
arvensis — To give one joy, to congratulate or felici-
tate one : as, I give you joy of your success. = Syn. 1. Plea-
sure, Delight, etc. (see gladness) ; Glee, etc. (see hilarity) ;
happiness, felicity, rapture, bliss.
joy (joi), v. [< ME.joyen,joien, < OF.joie, jouir
(F. jouir), assibilated form of goir = Pr. gaudir,
janzir, gauzir = Sp. Pg. gozar = Olt. gaudire,
It. gaudere,<.~L. gaudere, rejoice : see gaud1, and
cf.joy, n., enjoy, joice, rejoice, etc.] I. intrans.
To take or feel joy; rejoice; be glad; exult.
[Now chiefly poetical.]

I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in my people.

Isa. Ixv. 19.

Singing and murmuring in her feastful mirth,
Joying to feel herself alive.

Tennyson, Palace of Art.

Il.t trans. 1. To give joy to; cause to rejoice ;
gladden; delight.

Neither pleasure's art can joy my spirits.

Shak., Pericles, I. 2, 9.
Your worship 's heartily welcome ;
It joys my very heart to see you here, sir.

Fletcher (and another). Queen of Corinth, ii. 4.

2. To enjoy; possess with pleasure, or have
pleasure in the possession of.

And let her joy her raven -colour'd love.

Shak., Tit. And., ii. 3, 83.
We will strive to show how much we joy
Your presence with a courtly show of mirth.

Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iiL 4.
Who might have liv'd and joy'd immortal bliss.

Milton, P. L., ix. 1166.

3. To wish joy to ; felicitate ; congratulate.
"Sir," seide Merlin, " I wolde ye dide toy and honour

these lordes that here be assembled to diffende youre
reame, and goth to theire tentes eche by hym-self, and
thanke hem for the socour that thei haue brought."

Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), iiL 679.

As soon as Secretary Morrice brought the Great Seale
from my Lord Chancellor, Bab. May fell upon his knees,
and catched the King about his legs, and joyed him, and
said that this was the first time that ever he could call
him King of England, being freed from this great man.
Pepys, Diary, III. 300.

joyance (joi'ans), n. [< OF. joyance, jotance, <
joyant,joiani,TppT.ofjoir, joy, rejoice: see joy,
v.] Enjoyment ; rejoicing ; festivity ; gladness.
[Archaic.]

She chearfull, fresh, and full ofjoyaunce glad,
As if no sorrow she ne felt ne drad.

Spenser, F. Q., III. xii. 18.

Is it a matter of joyance to those wise and sober person-
ages that the government which reared and nurtured
them to all their wisdom and sobriety . . . should be now
extinct? Landor.

joy-bells (joi'belz), n. pi. Bells rung on a fes-
tive occasion.

joyelt, ». A Middle English form of jewel.
joyful (joi'ful), a. [<ME.joiful,joyfull; <joy,
n.,+ -ful.] 1. Full of joy; very glad; feeling
delight; exulting.

Gretly was thekyngeat thatfeeste, and ioyfull&nd mery.
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), i. 65.

2. Manifesting joy or rejoicing; arising from
or expressing gladness ; exultant.

Make & joyful noise unto God, all ye lands. Ps. Ixvi. 1.
Thou, too, great father of the British floods !
With joyful pride survey'st our lofty woods.

Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 220.

3. Causing joy or gladness ; giving happiness ;
delightful: as, a, joyful sight.

If I may trust the flattering truth of sleep,
My dreams presage some joyful news at hand.

Shak., R. and J., v. 1, 2.

The ioyfull morning appearing, they found their Boat
and goods driue ashore, not farre from them.

Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 93.
=Syn. 1. Festive, blithe, gay, joyous, happy, glad, de-
lighted.

joyfully (joi'ful-i), adv. [<T£E.joyJ'ully; < joy-
ful + -fy2.] In a joyful manner; with joy;
gladly.

As I ryse up lustily when sluggish sleepe is past,
So hope I to ryse ioyfully to judgement at the last.

Oascoigne, Flowers, Good Night.

joyfulness (joi'ful-ues), n. The state of being
joyful ; gladness ; lively happiness.

The King with his Son returns into England, where
with all Joyfulness they were received.

Baker, Chronicles, p. 55.

joyingt (joi'ing), n. [< ME. joiynge ; verbal n.
of joy, v.] Joy; rejoicing.

Ihesu, my king and my iaiynge!
Whi ne were y to thee led?

Hymns to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. S.), p. 28.

joyinglyf, adv. [<ME.joiyngly; < joying, ppr.
of joy, •(>., 4- -fy2.] Joyfully.

If thi body were woo bigoon,
What bittir medecyn geuen thee wore,
laiyn/jly thou woldist it take anoon,
Thi bodily hele thee to restore.

Political Poems, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 199.

joyless

joyless (joi'les), a. [< ME. joijlrx, joilen; <joy,
«., + -fow.] 1. Destitute of joy; having no
joy; sail.

With njoylem smile she turns away
The face. Shale., Lucrece, 1. 1711.

With downcast eyes the j"i//«** victor gat.

Dryden, Alexander's Feast.

2. Affording no joy or pleasure.

A joyless, dismal, black, and sorrowful issue.

Shak., Tit. And., Iv. 2, 86.
Clinih thy thick noon, disastrous day ;
Touch thy dull goal of joyless gray.

Tennyson, In Memoriam, Ixxil.

joylessly (joi'les-li), adv. Iii a joyless mauiier;

without joy.
joylessness (joi'les-nes), n. The state of being

joyless.
In comparison of the joylessness and the ingloriouaness

of this world. Donne, Devotions (11)25), p. 426.

joynauntf, a. A Middle English form ofjoinant.
joynet, n. An obsolete form otjoin.
joyous (joi'us), a. [< ME. joyous, < OF. joyous,
joious, F.joyeux (= Pi.joyos = It. giojoso, joy-
ous), < joie, joy: see joy, n.] 1. Feeling or
manifesting joy ; joyful; glad; merry.

Her berth was of the wombe of Morning dew,
And her conception of thr >'.'""<•' Prime.

Spenter, K. Q., III. vi. 3.
Joyous the birds ; fresh gales and gentle airs
Whlsper'd it to the woods. Milton, P. L., vuL 515.

To admire the great, reverence the good, and \mjoyous
with the genial, was very much the bent of Shirley's soul.
Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xii.

2. Causing joy; making glad.

A harder lesson to learne Continence
In joyous pleasure then In grievous palne.

Spenser, F. Q., H. vt 1.
Each object of the joyous scene around
Vernal delight Inspires. J. Walton, Eclogues, 11.
=8yn. See list under joyful.
joyously (joi'us-li), adv. In a joyous manner ;

with joy or gladness.

joyousness (joi'us-nes), n. The state of being
joyous.

joysome (joi'sum), a. [< joy + -some.] Caus-
ing or inspiring gladness ; joyful.

Neere to the end of this all joi/some grove.

IT. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, 11. 3.

J. P. An abbreviation of Justice of the Peace.

Here at any rate lived and stopped at home Squire
Brown, J. P. for the County of Berks.

/'. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, I. 1.

Jr., jr. An abbreviation of junior.

Juanulloa (jo-an-u-16'a), «. [NL. (Ruiz and
Pavon, 1794), named after Juan and Ulloti,
Spanish scientists, who visited South America
to measure the meridian.] A genus compris-
ing 6 or 7 species of shrubs of the order Sola-
nacetE, some of them epiphytes, found in Peru,
Colombia, and Central America. The flowers hare
a colored calyx and a short-lobed corolla, its tube some-
times contracted at the throat. They are solitary or loose-
ly cymose. The leaves are coriaceous and entire, and the
fruit is H berry. Several species, especially J. parasitica,
are cultivated In conservatories.

juVt (jub), «. [< ME. jubbe; origin obscure. Cf.
jui/.} A. vessel for holding liquors.

Breed and chese and good ale in a. jubbe.

Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 442.

iub'2t, «. Same as jupon. Florio.
ubai (jo'bti), «. ; pi. iubm (-be). [= OF. jube
== Pg. jubd = It. giubba, < L. juba, the flowing
hair on the neck of an animal, the mane.] 1.
In zool., the long, thick-set hair on the neck,
chesty or back of certain quadrupeds; a mane.
— 2. In hot., a loose panicle with the axis deli-
quescent ; also, a dense cluster of awns, as in
the spikes of some grasses. [Rare.]
juba- (jo'bii), n. [Negro.] A characteristic
dance of the plantation negroes in the southern
United States. It is performed by one or more dancers,
and is accompanied in a rollicking manner by the specta-
tors, who keep time by clapping the hands, slapping or pat-
ting the knee or thigh (called patting juba), tapping the
ground with the foot, and occasionally joining in a child-
ish refrain in which the word juba is often repeated. It is
an invariable feature in the negro breakdown.

The _/u6a-dance and the corn-shucking were equally in-
vested with elements of the unreal and the grotesque,
where the flickering and shifting lights of the unconven-
tional lantern touched the dusky faces.

The Century, XXXVI. 770.

Nearly every Negro above the average is a hymn-maker,
or at least co-operates with others in the production of
hymns, songs, plantation rhymes, "corn-shucking" glees,
"joubas," and the like.

Proe. ofAmer. Philol. Ais., 1886, p. xxxlii.

juba-patting (jo'ba-pafing), n. The patting
of the knee or thigli practised by negroes in
keeping time to the juba-dance. [Southern
U. o.J

3245

To ... have the negro urchins dance for them to the
juba.patting of a presumptive I'ncle Tom.

The Century, XXXVIII. 152.

Juba's-bush, Juba's-brush (jS-bijz-bush,
-lirush), n. The plant Iregine celosioides.

jubate (jo"bat), a. [< li.jubatus, maned, (jitba,
inane: see Ju&a1.] Having a mane; having
long pendent hairs in a continuous series, like
a mane.

jubbah (jub'ft), n. [Hind, jubbah, < Ar. jubbah,
jnbhah, a garment so called. Hence ult. E.
.'"/"•> jupon."] A long outer garment, usually
of cloth, similar to the caftan, but with shorter
sleeves and open in front, worn by respecta-
ble Mohammedans in Egypt, Arabia, and Hin-
dustan. As the outer garment of Moslem women, it is
made less full than that of the men, and commonly of more
delicate material. Among the wealthier classes it is often
of velvet or silk, and embroidered with silver or gold.

My Alexandrine Shaykh, whose heart fell victim to a
new jubbeh, which I had given in exchange for his tat-
tered zaabut. R. F. Burton, El-Medluah, p. 30.

jubbet. »• A Middle English form of jubl.
jube (jo'be), n. [F. jube; < L. jube, 2d pers.
sing. impv. of inhere, bid, command: this being
the first word of the sentence, jube Domine
beneilicere, 'Sir, bid bless me,' used by the
reader in requesting the priest's blessing be-
fore the gospel and lessons, which were chanted
in the rood-loft.] 1. In a cathedral or church,
the rood-loft or gallery over the entrance to the
choir. See cut under rood-loft. — 2. Sometimes,
an ambo.

jubilance (jo'bi-lans), n. [< jubilan(t) + -ce.]
Gladness; exultation; jubilation.

She saw a jubilance in every sunrise, a sober sadness In
every sunset.

George MacDonald, What's Mine's Mine, xxxv.
The hymn rose with a solemn jubilance, filling the little
house.
M. ff. Murfree, Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains, x.

jubilant (jo'bi-lant), a. [= F. jubilant, < L.
jubiUtn(t-)s, ppr. of jubilare, shout for joy, <.ju-
bilum, a shout of joy, a shout :£ee jubilate1, «.]

1 . Rejoicing, as with songs or acclamations ;
uttering sounds or expressions of joy : as, to
be jubilant over success.

While the bright pomp [train of beings] ascended jubi-
lant. Milton, P. L., vlL 564.
The night-birds all that hour were still,
But now they are jubilant anew.

Coleridge, Chrlstabel, L, Concl.

2. Expressing or exciting joy ; manifesting or
denoting exultation or gladness.

The tone of sorrow is mournful and plaintive : the notes
of joy, exulting and jubilant. Bp. Home, Works, VL ii.
Great organs surged through arches dim
Their jubilant floods in praise of him.

Lowell, A Parable.
= Syn. Exultant, triumphant

jubilantly (}o'bi-lant-li), adv. In a jubilant
manner; with manifestations of joy; exult-

jubilart (jo'bi-lar), a. [= F. jubilaire = Pg.
jubilario, < ML. jubilarius. one who served fifty
years, prop, adj., irreg. < lJL.jubil<Kus,ju,bcltKUi<,
the year of jubilee among the Jews : see jubilee.]
Relating to or having the character of a jubilee.

The tenth compleat yeare of our Constantine [James I. )
deserves to be solemne :un\ jiilrilar.

Bp. Hall, Holy Panegyricke, Sermons, vl.

jubilate1 (jo''bi-lat), v. ».: pret. and pp. jubi-
lated, ppr. jubilating. [< ti.jubilatus, pp. otju-
bilare (> It. giubilare, giubbilare = Pg. Sp. jubi-
lar = F.jubiler), shout for joy, < jubuum, a wild
cry, ML.>W/K« (> MHO. jubilus, Q.jubel = D.
Dan. Sw.jtt&eO.acryof joy. Cf. jubilee, etym.,
at the end.] To utter jubilant sounds or ex-
pressions; rejoice; exult.

Hope jubilating cries aloud. Carlylf. French Rev., I. v.L
The hurrahs were yet ascending from our jubilating lips.
Iif Quineey, Autobiog. Sketches, ii.
Instead of jubilating over the extent of the enemy's re-
treat, it will be more worth while to lay siege to his last
stronghold. Huxley, Critiques and Addresses, p. 242.

Jubilate2 (jo-bi-la'te), n. [L., 2d pers. pi. impv.
of jubilare, shout for joy: see jubilate1.] 1. In
the Anglican liturgy, the canticle or psalm (Ps.
c.) that follows the second lesson in the morn-
ing service: so called from the first word of
the Latin version. — 2. A musical setting of
this canticle. — 3. The third Sunday after Eas-
ter : so called from the 66th Psalm (which in
the Vulgate begins with the same words as the
100th) being used as the introit on that day.

jubilated (jii'bi-lat), ». [< ML. "jubilates (f),
equiv. to jubilarius, one who has served fifty
years, irreg. < IAj,jubikeus, jubilee : see jubiln . |
A monk, canon, or doctor who has served fifty
years. E. Phillip*, 1706.

juchten

jubilatio (jtt-bi-la'shi-o), n. [NL. : see jubila-
ti<»i.\ In Hum. i 'nth. muxif, the melodic coda
often appended to the gradual, and sung to the
last syllable of the " halleluiah." See sequence.
Also jubilus.

jubilation (jo-bi-la'shon), n. [= F. jubilation
= Sp. jubilation = Pg. jubilaySo = It. giubilazi-
ont, giubbilaziont, < LL.jultilatio(n-), a shouting
for joy, < L. jubilare, shout for joy: see jubt-
late'i] The act of jubilating or exulting; a
rejoicing; exultation; triumph.

Honoure, empire, and jubUaeioun
To Ihesu Crist in special therfore.

Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 138.

At the conversion of one sinner there is jubilation, and
a festival kept among the angels.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 18S5), I. 45.

jubilee(jo'bi-le), n. [< ME. jubilee, jubile,< OF.
jubite, F.jubile = PT. jubileu = Sp.jubileo = Pg.
jubilco, jubileu = It. giubilio, giubileo, giubbileo,
jubileo = D.jubiteum = Q.jubilaum (jubel-jahr)
= Dan.jubila'um = Sw.jubilcum = HUBS, iubiteft,
< LL. jubiUeus, the jubilee year, prop. adj. (sc.
annus), of the jubilee, < Heb. yobel, a blast of a
trumpet, a shout of joy, the year of jubilee an-
nounced by a blast of the trumpet. Note that
jubilee is of Heb. origin, and has no connection
with the li.julrilum, a wild cry, ML. jubilus, a cry
of joy, L. jubilare, shout for joy, whence E. jubi-
lant, jubilate, etc. The words have been more
or less confused in E. and Rom. ] 1 . Among the
ancient Jews, according to the law in Lev. xxv.,
a semi-centennial epoch of general restoration
and emancipation, when liberty was to be pro-
claimed throughout the land with the blowing
of trumpets. The year o/ jubilee was the fiftieth year-
each being separated from that which preceded it by an
interval of "seven sabbaths of years," or forty-nine years.
In that year the land was not tilled, all lands that had been
sold were restored to the original owners or their heirs, and
all bondsmen of Hebrew blood were liberated. Whether
all debts were canceled, as is commonly supposed, la un-
certain ; there Is no express provision to that effect
A jubile shall that fiftieth year be. Lev. xxv. 11.

2. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a year in which re-
mission from the penal consequences of sin is
granted by the church to those who repent and
perform certain acts. The ordinary jubilee U now
granted once In twenty-five years. Extraordinary jubi-
lees are sometimes proclaimed on special occasions. The
institution dates from 1300, in the pontificate of Boniface
VIII., the interval being then fixed at one hundred yean,
and plenary indulgence granted to all who visited the
churches of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome for a certain
number of days with offerings. The period was shortened
successively to fifty, thirty-three, and twenty-five yean,
and certain works of charity and devotion were substituted
for the pilgrimage to Rome.

3. Now, in general, the completion of the fif-
tieth year of any continuous course of exis-
tence or activity, or a celebration of the com-
pletion of fifty years, whether on the anniver-
sary day or in a succession of festivities or ob-
servances: as, the jubilee of a town or of a pas-
torate ; the jubilee of Queen Victoria.

Our sexteyn and oure fermerer,
That han ben trewe freres flfty yeer,—
They may now God be thanked .of his loone,
Muken hir jubilee, and walke allone.

Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 154.

Hence — 4. Any exceptional season or course
of rejoicing or festivity ; a special occasion or
manifestation of joyousness.

Joy was then a masculine and a severe thing; the recre-
ation of the judgement, or rejoicing, Ihe jubilee of reason.

South, Sermons.
And over Earth's full>Wfe«
Shall deeper joy be felt in heaven.

Whittier, Pastoral Letter.

Who that has ever known it can forget the jubilee of
Nature In Virginia's woods in April?

The Century, XXXVIL 834.

5. The fiftieth year; the year following any
period of forty-nine (or sometimes fifty) years.
But Is 't possible he should believe he is not of age?
why, he is fifty, man ; in 's jubilee, I warrant.

Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, ill. 1.

6t. A period of fifty years ; a half-century.

Don Crisplano, the famous corregidor of Seville, who by
his mere practice of the law, in less time than half a jubilee,
hath gotten thirty thousand ducats a year.

Webiter, Devil's Law-Case, ii. 1.

jubillst (J6'bi-list), n. [<jubil(ee) + -ist.~\ One
who takes part in the celebration of a jubi-
lee.

Her lecturer described the feeling the JubHitti enter-
tained toward their sovereign as " chivalrous."

Harper't Mag., LXXIX. 108.

jubilus (jO'bi-lus), M. [ML.: see jubilatr*-.]

Same &s jubilatio.
juchten (G. pron. ySch'ten), n. [G., also jiif-

tcii (D. jucht-lcder), < Russ. iukhtl, iufti = Bo-

juchten

hem.juchta = Po\.juc1it,juchta, Russia leather.]
Russia leather: a German form of the Russian
name, sometimes used in English. Also juft.

The Russians have long been possessed of a method of
making a peculiar leather, called by them Jucten, dyed
red with the aromatic saunders wood, ure, Wet., ill. »».

juck (juk), v. i. [Imitative ; cf. jug*.] To make
a peculiar sound resembling this word, as a
partridge.

iucundt (juk'und), a. [< L.jucundus, pleasant :
see jocund.'] An obsolete form of jocund. Bailey.

jucundityt (ji?-knn'di-ti), «. [< L. jucundi-
ta(t-)s, pleasantness/ jucundus, pleasant, joc-
und : see jocund, and cf . jocundity. ] Pleasant-
ness; agreeableness.

The new unusual, or unexpected jocundities, which pre-
sent themselves to any man in his life, at some time or
other will have activity enough to excitate the earthiest
soul and raise a smile from moat composed tempers.

Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 16.

jud (jud), ». [Cf. jad.~\ 1. In Eng. coal-mining,
a block of coal, about four yards square, holed,
kirved, or undercut, and nicked, ready to be
thrown down.— 2. In Eng. quarrying, same as

3. U. D. An abbreviation of the Latin (Middle
and New Latin) titular degree Juris utriusque
Doctor (doctor of both laws) — that is, Doctor
of both Civil and Canon Law.

Judaean, a. and n. See Judean.

Judsophobe (jo-de'o-fob), n. [< Gr. 'lovdalof, a
Jew, -f -^o,3of, fearing, < $ofcw6ai, fear.] One
who has a strong dislike or fear of the Jews;
a Jew-hater.

Judseophobia (jS-de-o-fo'bi-ft), n. [NL., < L.
Judteus, Gr. 'lowSaiof, Jew, + -Qofita, fear, < ?o-
/jeiaBai, fear.] Fear or hatred of the Jews, or
of their influence ; dread of Jews and opposi-
tion to their admission to full citizenship: a
sentiment still prevalent in some countries.

Judaic (JQ-da'ik), a. [= P. judatque = Sp. Pg.
judaico = It. gludaico, < L. Judaicus, < Gr. 'lou-
dawcdf, of or pertaining to Judea, < 'lovSaia (L.
Judwa), Judea: see Judean.] Pertaining or re-
lating to the Jews ; Jewish in condition or ten-
dencv.

Judaical (jij-da'i-kal), a. [< Judaic + -al.\
Same as Judaic.

Judaically (ji?-da'i-kal-i), adv. After the Jew-
ish manner.

Judaisation, Judaise, etc. See Judaization,
etc.

Judaism (jo'da-izm), n. [= F. judaisme = Sp.
judaismo = Pg. judaismo = It. giudaismo, <
LL. Judaismus, < Gr. 'lavoaio/tfy, Judaism, < 'lav-
oai&iv, Judaize: see Judaize.] 1. The reli-
gious system and polity of the Jews, as en-
joined in the laws of Moses.

But we are told, we embrace Paganism and Judaism iu
the arms of toleration. A most audacious calumny !

Milton, Articles of Peace with the Irish.

Judaism alone, of all the ancient religions, went at least
so far as to lay the basis of a spiritual or universal reli-
gion. Faith* of the World, p. 300.

2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremo-
nies.— 3. A Jewish quarter or Jewry. [Rare.]

The Jews had also their Jewerie, or Judaimie, not for
a "corporation " merely, but also for the requirements of
their faith and worship, and for their living together.

Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, II. 128.
The Judaism, in Eng. Met., a term used to designate reve-
nues arising from exactions imposed on Jews.

The revenue of the Judaism, as it was termed, was man-
aged by a separate branch of the exchequer, termed the
exchequer of the Jews. S. Dowell, Taxes in England, 1. 90.

Judaist ( jii'da-ist), n. [< Juda(ism) + -is*.] An
adherent of Judaism ; a Judaizer.

Judaistic (jo-da-is'tik), a. [< Judaist + -ic.]
Relating or pertaining to Judaism.

Judaistically (jo-da-is'ti-kal-i), adv. In a Ju-
daistic manner ; with a tendency to Judaism.

It can have been designed only for Judaistically-Ais-
posed readers. Encyc. Brit., XX. 729.

Judaization (jo"da-i-za'shqn), n. [< Judaize
+ -a Hon.] The act of Judaizing; a conform-
ing to the Jewish religion or ritual. Also
spelled Judaisation.

Judaize (jo'da-iz), v.i pret. and pp. Judaized,
ppr. Judaizing. [< F. juAdiser = Sp. judaizar
= Pg. judaisar = It. giudaizzare, < LL. Judai-
zare, < Gr. 'lovda&iv, live or act in the manner
of the Jews, < 'lovSaloc, a Jew: see Judean.]
I. intrans. 1. To conform to Judaism in any
respect ; adopt or affect the manners or customs
of the Jews.

3246

They prevailed on the Galatians to judaize so far

as to observe the rites of Moses in various instances.

Milner.

2. To reason or interpret like a Jew.

By their sorcerous doctrine of formalities they take the
way to transforme them out of Christian men into Judaa-

-'- — Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus.

II. trans. To bring into conformity with Ju-
daism: as, to Judaize the Christian sabbath.

Error by that time had brought back again Priests, Al-
tars and Oblations ; and in many other Points of Religion
had miserably judaiz'd the Church.

Milton, Touching Hirelings.

The English translation of the Bible had to a very great
degree Judaized, not the English mind, but the Puritan
temper. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 273.

Also spelled Judaise.

Judaizer (jo'da-I-zer), n. 1. One who conforms
to Judaism in any respect; one who reasons or
interprets according to Jewish ideas or teach-
ings.

The Judaizers clamored for other criterions ; not so
"James, Cephas, and John." The Century, XXXII. 487.

Specifically — 2. One of a class of persons in
the early church who, though converted from
Judaism to Christianity, still insisted on obe-
dience to the Mosaic law. Also called Jewish
Christian.

Also spelled Judaiser.

Judas (jo'das), n. [= F. Judas, a treacherous
person, a peephole (so called with reference to
the treachery of Judas Iscariot, one of the
apostles), < LL. Judas, < Gr. 'loMof, Judas,
Judah, Jude, a Grecized form of Judan, < Heb.
Yehudah, Judah, a name first known as that of
one of the sons of Jacob: see Judean, Jew.]
1. A treacherous person; one who betrays un-
der the semblance of friendship.— 2. [I. c.] In
some old houses, a lattice with small openings
in a door, through which those inside could
look without being seen: designed to prevent
the admission of objectionable persons.

A. judos I in certain old Parisian houses) is a square iron
lattice, with such small spaces in the metal that no wea-
pon could be thrust through them while the warder was
reconnoitering the visitor. Some judases have a double
lattice ; all have an iron flap inside to keep Inquisitive
eyes from prying into the house and yard.

The Century, XXVII. 70.

Hence — 3. [I. c.] In a prison, a small opening
in the door or wall of a cell to enable the guards
to watch the prisoners ; a judas-hole.

judge

Judas-tree (jo'das-tre), n. [NL. arbor Judce:
so called because, according to tradition, Judas
hanged himsell
on a tree of this
kind. Cf. Jew's-
ear.~\ 1. Origi-
nally, the Certis
Siliquastrum of
southern Europe,
a small legumi-
nous tree with
handsome purple
flowers.— 2. The
similar American
tree, Cercis Cana-
densis, the red-
bud.— 3. The el-
der-tree of the
old world, Sambu-
cus nigra, which
grows to a height
of 25 feet. [Prov.
Eng,] - California
Judas-tree, Cerds
renifonnis(C. occiden-
talis).

judcock (jud'kok),
TO. [Also juddocJc, jeacocK.]
snipe, 1.

iuddock (iud'ok), n. Same as judcock.

Judean, Judaean (jij-de'au), a. and n. [< L.
Judafus,< Gr. 'lowSoioc, Jewish, a Jew, < lavoaui,
Judea, Palestine, < Heb. YeMdah, Judah, son
of Jacob, whose name was also given to the
kingdom so called: see Judas, Jew.'} L «•
Relating to Judea, the southernmost division
of Palestine in the time of Christ, lying south
of Samaria.

II. «. A native or an inhabitant of Judea;
a Jew.

judge (juj), n. [< ME. jiigge, juge, < OF. juge,
F. juge = Pr. jutge = Sp. juez = Pg. juiz = It.
giudice, < L. judex (judic-), one who declares
the law, a judge, < jus, the law, + dicere, say,
declare: see jits2 and diction. Cf. judge, v.~\ 1.
A public officer invested with authority to hear
and determine causes, civil or criminal, and to
administer justice between parties in courts
held for the purpose ; a public officer appointed
to exercise the judicial power; a justice; a
magistrate.

Judas-tree or Redbud (Cercis Cana-

densis).

j, branch with flowers; a, branch with
leaves and fruit ; a, flower.

Same as jack-

Jews.

They say ... that usurers should have orange-tawny
bonnets, because they do judaize.

Bacon, Usury (ed. 1887).

Immediately over it [a door] is a narrow horizontal slit
about as large as the opening for letters in a street letter-
box covered by a pivoted strip of wood which can be
raised and lowered like the blade of a jack-knife so as to
open or close the aperture. This contrivance, which IB
known to the political prisoners as the Judos, enables
the guard to look into the cell at any time without attract-
ing the attention of the occupant „„„„ „,
The Century, XXXV. 622.

Judas of the paschal See the extract.

This wooden imitation of a candle, which rested on the
socket of the middle branch [of the seven-branched can-
dlestick] was called — it is not known why — the Judas of
the paschal, at the top of which was let in the true wax
candle. Hock, Church of our Fathers, III. li. 244.

Judas-colored (jo'das-kul"ord), a. Red: ap-
plied to hair, from the notion that Judas had
red hair.

I do not like his oath, there's treachery in that Judas-
cdour'd beard. Dryden, Amboyna.

With leering Looks, Bullfac'd and Freckled fair,
With two left Legs, and Judas-colour' d Hair.

Dryden, On Jacob Tonson.

Judas-cup (jo'das-kup), «. A wooden bowl
used in medieval times at monastic and domes-
tic refections on Maundy Thursday evenings.

Judas-ear (jo'das-er), n. Same as Jeic's-ear.

Judas-hole (jo ''das -hoi), n. A small trap or
hole in a door made for peering or watching,
either from within or from without. Also
judas. See judos, 3.

He knew the world as he had seen it through judos-
holes, chiefly in its foulness and impurity.

C. Beade, Never too Late to Mend.

Judas-light (jo'das-lit), n. A wooden imitation
of the paschal candle. See paschal.

Judaslyt (jo'das-li), a. [< Judas (see Judas)
+ -/J/1.] Like Judas; treacherous.

Shall any of them prove a devil as Christ said of Judas?
or ever as these with us of late, have to do with any
devilish or Judttsly fact? Bp. Andrews, Works, 1. 15.

Judaslyt (jo'das-li), adv. [< Judas (see Judas)
+ -ty2.] Like Judas; treacherously.

Thou shalt vnderstand, most deare reader, that William
Tyndall was Judasly betrayed by an Engllsheman.

Tyndale, Works, p. 429.

Jonas . . . hyred a shyppe to thentent he myght Ju-
dasly flee from the face of our lorde God.

Bp. Fisher, Works, p. 203.

But seldome sitts the fudge that may not erre.

Puttenham, Partheniades, v.
The charge is prepared, the lawyers are met,
The judges all ranged : a terrible show !

Gay, Beggar's Opera, in. 2.

2. [cap.] A title of God as supreme arbiter of
all things.

The Lord the Judge be judge this day between the chil-
dren of Israel and the children of Ammon. Judges xi. 27.

3. In a more general sense, any one intrusted
with authority to arbitrate on the rights of
others : as, no man ought to be a judge in his
own cause. — 4. A person appointed to decide
in any competition or contest; an authorized
arbiter: as, to make one a judge in a dispute;
the judges of a competitive exhibition.

The controverse of beauties soveraine grace;
In which, to her that doth the most excell,
Shall fall the girdle of falre Florimell. . . .
The judges, which thereto selected were,
Into the Martian field adowne descended.

Spenser, F. Q., IV. v. 6.
0, Heaven be judge how I love Valentine.

Shak., T. O. ofV.,v. 4, 38.

5. A person skilled in determining the true
nature or quality of anything; one qualified or
able to discriminate, as between good and bad,
right and wrong, genuine and spurious, etc.;
a connoisseur; an expert: as, & judge of wines
or of paintings; a judge of character or of
qualifications.

Mr. Brisk, you're a Judge : was ever anything so well
bred as my Lord? Congreve, Double-Dealer, 11. 2.

A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of
poetry or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting.

6. In Jewish hist., an administrative officer who
stood at the head of the Hebrew state in the
intermediate period between the time of Mo-
ses and Joshua and that of the kings. These
officers were generally military leaders, without any regu-
lar transmission of their authority, not supreme magis-
trates succeeding to the rule of Moses and Joshua. None
of the judges had authority over all the tribes, and some-
times two or more were contemporaneous.

And it came to pass, when Samuel was old, that he made
his sons judges over Israel. 1 Sam. vui. 1.

7 [cop.] pi. The seventh book of the Bible,
properly the " Book of Judges" (Liber Judicum,
Vulgate). It contains the history of the Israelites un-

judge

der the administration of the judges from the death of
Joshua to about the time of the birth of Samuel. The date
and authorship arc unknown. Koine critics regard Sam-
uel as the author; others llwl traces of srvcial authors
or compilers, and place the final revision as late as the
eighth century B. u.

8. In coal-miniiii/, the measuring-rod with which
the depth of a holing or jad is ascertained.
[Eilg.j— Associate judge, tho designation usually given
to each of the judges of a court other than the chief orpre-
siding Judge.— Chief Judge, a Judge who presides over the
sessions and deliberation.') <M a court. The office of chief
judge is often a distinct otllce, having a slightly higher
salary ; but in some eases the position belongs to the
member of the court who may be chosen by his associates,
or who is entitled to it by virtue of seniority In office.—
Circuit judge, (a) The judge of a circuit court ; specifi-
cally, in the United States, the judge appointed to preside
over one of the nine circuits into which the country is
divided. A circuit court Is commonly held by him with
the district judge, or with a justice of the Supreme Court;
but it may be held by any one of the three alone, or by
any two together. Formerly the justice of the Supreme
Court allotted to a circuit was called the circuit judge,
(b) The term has sometimes been employed to designate a
special judge, or one of a class of special judges, added to
a court for the purpose of holding trials, but without be-
ing a member of a court In bane. — City judge, the usual
title in the United States of a local magistrate Having crim-
inal or civil jurisdiction, or both, within the limits of a
city. — County Judge, a local magistrate having a limited
jurisdiction within a county. — District judge, a judge
whose jurisdiction is confined to a particular district ; spe-
cifically, In the United States, the judge of a district court
in one of the numerous districts into which the country is
divided for judicial purposes, there being usually two or
more districts within each State. — Judge ordinary, in
England, formerly, the judge of the Court for Divorce and
Matrimonial Causes. — Judges' Chambers. See chnm-
ber.— Lay Judge, a judge who is not a lawyer.— Muni-
cipal judge. Same as city judge.— Presiding Judge,
(a) The judge for the time being holding a court or pre-
siding in a court. (6) A chief judge. — Probate Juage,
or judge Of probate, a judge having jurisdiction of tes-
tamentary causes ; a surrogate. — Puisne judge, a junior
judge : the title formerly used in tho English superior
courts of common law for a judge other than the chief
judge. — Side judge, a designation sometimes given to a
magistrate, or each of two magistrates, of inferior rank,
associated with a magistrate of higher grade for the pur-
pose of constituting a court — Trial judge, the judge
before whom a cause is tried: used particularly in ap-
pellate courts to designate the judge whose rulings are
brought under review. = Syn, 1 and 3. Judge, Umpire,
Referee, Arbitrator; justice, arbiter. Judge is a technical
word for a legal officer with duties clearly defined : as,
a judge of probate ; or a general word for a person em-
powered to arbitrate or award : as, to act AS judge at con-
tests, an exhibition of paintings, a competitive exami-
nation, etc. Umpire is a name applied to the person
selected to decide all disputed point* connected with a
public contest : as, the umpire In a game of base-ball.
Referee is somewhat more loosely used. In legal usage
referee means one to whom a pending cause or some
branch of it is referred, with the sanction of the court,
to act in place of the judge, or in aid of his determination,
the result being a decision of the court ; while an arbi-
trator is one to whom a question is referred simply by
agreement of the parties, without sanction of the court.
The reference of a pending cause to an arbitrator takes it
out of court, and precludes further proceedings In court
In a boxing-match, boat* race, foot- ball game, etc., the ref-
eree is the same as an umpire. Sometimes an umpire
is legally appointed to decide where arbitrators disagree.
Thus all these words may have technical senses when used
as legal terms.

judge (juj), v. ; pret. and pp. judged, ppr. judg-
ing. [< ME. juggen, jugen, < OF. jitger, F. ju-
ger = Pr. jutjar, jutgar = Sp.juzgar = Pg. jtil-
gar = It. giudicare, < L. judicarc, declare the
law, judge, decide, (judex (judic-), one who de-
clares the law, a judge : see judge, n. Cf . ad-
jiiilije, adjudicate.} I. intrans. 1. To act as a
judge ; pronounce upon the merits of a cause
or controversy ; pass judgment.

The Lord judge between me and thee. Oen. xvl. 5.

Judge not, that ye be not judged. For with what judg-
ment ye judge, ye shall be judged. Mat. vii. 1, 2.

It is not ours to judge — far less condemn. Byron.

2. To form a judgment or mental assertion;
say to one's self tnat so and so is or is not
true; make up one's mind about the truth of
a matter.

When I shal conferre the thinges I see with those I
haue read, I will iudye accordingly.

Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 247.

We uniformly judge improperly when we assent to what
we do not clearly perceive, although our judgment may
chance to be true.

Descartes, Prin. of Philos. (tr. by Veitch), i. § 44.

3. To make a critical determination; decide
as to what is true or false, good or bad, genuine
or spurious, etc. ; estimate the value or magni-
tude of anything.

They are employed to judge of commodities , such as raw
silk, by handling than.

//. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 80.

II. trans. 1. To hear and determine authori-
tatively, as a cause or controversy; examine
into and decide upon.

Rewards and punishments are not received, but at the
hands of such as, being above us, have power to examine
imA judge our deeds. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. !*.

3247

2. To try at the bar of justice ; pass judgment
upon.

God shall judge the righteous and the wicked.

Eccl. ill. 17.

3. To pass sentence upon ; adjudge; sentence;
condemn. [Rare.]

And the barouns and alle tho peple selde she was no-
thlnge trtwc, and thei luged |her| to be brent.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ia 430.

Vpon the (Min of them our Savyor stode whanne he was
jugede to Deth. TorHnyton, Dlarie of Eng. Travel!, p. ai

4. To form a judgment or opinion of or upon ;
decide upon critically ; estimate.

Some censure this act as cruel and tyrannical ; but, con-
sider'd well, it may be judg'd more favourably.

Milton, Hist. Eng., T.

We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing,
while others judge us by what we have already done.

Longfellow, Kavanagh, I.

5. To hold as an opinion ; esteem ; consider.

If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord.

Act* xvi. 15.

If mm judge that learning should be referred to action,
they judge well. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, U. 109.

[Ee] judged it highly expedient to use despatch.

Goldsmith, Vicar, xzL

=8yn. B. To account, hold, believe, deem, consider, re-
gard.

judge-advocate (juj'ad'vo-kat), n. See advo-
cate.

judgemant, »• [< ME. juggeman; < judge +
num.] A judge ; doomsman.
Full arely Ihejuggemcn demed hym to dye,
Both prestls and prelatis to Pilate made preysing,
And alls cursid caytilfis and kene on criste gan tbel crle,
And on that lele lorde made many a lesyng.

York Plays, p. 427.

judgement. ». See judgment.
judger (juj er), n. One who judges or forms a
judicial or critical opinion ; a judge.

Readle speakers generallle be not the best, playnest,
and wisest writers, nor yet the deepest iudgers In welghtie
affaires. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 115.

That within her which a wanton fool
Or hasty judger would have call'd her guilt
Made her cheek burn. Tennyson, Geralut

judgeship (juj'ship), H. {< judge + -ship.] The
office of a judge ; authority to judge ; also, the
period of incumbency of a judge.

To pass over those concerning the Pope, his universal
pastourship, judgshipia controversies, power local! coun-
cils. Barrow, The Pope's Supremacy.

judginglyt (juj'ing-li), adv. In the manner of a
judge f as one qualified to judge ; judiciously.
This work neither his own ministers nor any els can dis-
cerningly anouBh or judgingly perform without his own
Immediat direction, In his own fit season.

Milton, Civil Power.

judgmatical (juj-mat'i-kal), a. [Irreg. < judge
+ -matical,B.sindogmatical.~] Judicious; skil-
ful ; done with or manifesting good judgment.
[Colloq.]

So a judgmatical rap over the head stiffened the lying
impostor for a time. J. F. Cooper, Last of Mohicans, xxv.

The tone [of the book) U moderate and judgmatical
throughout. Athenaum, No. 3186, p. 080.

judgment, judgement (juj'ment), n. [< ME.
juggementjugement, < OF.jugement, F.jugement
= Pr. jufiamen = OSp. juzgamie»to = Pg. julga-
mento = It. giudicantento, < ML. judicamentum,
a judgment, < Li.judicare, judge: see judge, v.\
1. The faculty of judging.

When one goeth about to prove anything, he must firste
Invente somewhat to prove his cause, the whlche when he
hath dooen, he must use judgemente bothe In framyng tho
same reason so Invented, and also to see whether it serveth
for the purpose or not.

Sir T. Wilson, Rule of Reason (1652).
Specifically — (o) The intellectual power of perceiving re-
lations between ideas, as the relations of similarity, dif-
ference, etc.

When the notice touches upon two or more Ideas toge-
ther, there generally arises another, not compounded or
extracted from them, but generated by them — to wit, an
idea of comparison, resemblance, identity, difference, rela-
tion, distance, number, situation, or other circumstance
belonging to them : all which, in metaphysical language,
are comprehended under the general term ot judgment.

A. Tucker, Light of Nature, I. xt

(ft) The power of recognizing the true or just relations be-
tween Ideas; thepowerof judginfrwiselyand justly; cor-
rect, sound, or acute intellectual perception ; understand-
ing ; good sense.

And hence perhaps may be given some reason for that
common observation that men who have a great deal of
wit and prompt memories have not always the clearest
judgment or deepest reason ; for, wit lying most In the as-
semblage of ideas and putting those together with quick-
ness and variety wherein can be found any resemblance
or congruity, thereby to make up pleasant pictures and
agreeable visions in the fancy, judgment on the contrary
lies quite on the other side, in separating carefully, one
from another, ideas wherein can be found the least dif-
ference, thereby to avoid being misled by similitude, and
by affinity to take one thing for another.

Locke, Human Understanding, II. xi. i i

judgment

To speak therefore of judgment u It U in the best poets ;
they who have the greatest proportion of It want other
helpsthan from It, within. An fur example, you would be
loth to say that he who Is endued with a sound judgment
has no need of history, geography, or monl philosophy, to
write correctly. Judgment Is Indeed the muter workman
In a play ; but he requires many subordinate hands, many
tools to his assistance. Dryden, Dramatlck Poesy.

2. The act of judging, (a) The act of affirming (or
denying) a relation (as of similarity or difference) between
two idea*.

Judgment ... is the putting Ideas together, or sepa-
rating them from one another In the mind, when their
certain agreement or disagreement Is not perceived, but
presumed to be so. s

Locke, Human Understanding, IV. xiv. 4.

(b) The process of arriving at a conclusion or decision ; the
determination of a doubtful or debatable matter.

Ye shall do no uurightcouane

in judgment.

Lev. xix. 16.

A Daniel come to judgement ! yea, a Daniel !
O wise young judge, now I do honour thee !

Shot., M. of V., IT. 1, 228.

3. The product of the mental act of judging; the
recognition of a relation between objects; a
mental affirmation or proposition; the thought
that a given general representation is really
applicable to a certain object; tho actual con-
sciousness of belief. The Kantian logicians speak
ot judgments where other logicians speak of propositions,
in order to show that they study thought, and not merely
Its expression in language.

We find him (Kant) distinguishing two kinds of judg-
ments; Judgments of perception, and judgments of experi-
ence. The former are judgments which merely express a
connection of individual experience, and which, therefore,
give rise only to a subjective association of Ideas. The
latter are judgments in which the connection is determined
by one of the categories, and which therefore express an
objective relation of things.

£. Caird, Fhilos. of Kant, p. 364.

An accurate judgment Is onewhlch corresponds precise-
ly to the realities represented, or which faithfully expresses
the relations of things.

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol. , p. 408.

4. The decision of a judge, or of one acting as a
judge; an authoritative determination; specif-
ically, the judicial decision of a cause in court ;
adjudication; award; sentence.

Than comaunded the kynge leodogan that lugement
sholde be yoven be the rede of his barouns.

Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ill. 4«9.

Another Difference . . . was between the two Arch-
bishops of England, about the Jurisdiction of Canterbury
over York, which being referred to the Pope, he gave
Judgment on Canterbury's Side. Baker, Chronicles, p. 58.

The Lord and his Spirit puts into the preacher's month
a judgment against oppression, against extortion, against
usury, and he utters tn&t judgment. Donne, Sermons, x.

Specifically— (a) the determination of the rights of the
parties in a common-law action, as distinguished from a
decree in chancery ; (b) the determination of the rights
of the parties in any action, legal or equitable, under the
reformed procedure ; (c) the document embodying such
determination. When those rights have been conceded,
or established by evidence, and it only remains to compel
compliance with the judgment, the judgment is called
final If before enforcing the judgment it Is necessary to
take proceedings to determine the application of those
rights — as, for instance, to take an accounting, or to turn
lands or chattels Into money for the purpose of division —
the determination of the rights- of the parties first had is
an Interlocutory judgment or decree ; and after such fur-
ther proceedings have been bad the court gives a final
judgment or decree, which can be immediately enforced.
C. An opinion formed or put forth ; a conclu-
sion drawn from premises; a decision based
on observation or belief; an estimate; a view.
By the judgment of the most authentlcal physicians.

11. J onion. Every Man out of his Humour, iv. 4.

Where blind and naked Ignorance
Delivers brawling judgments, unashamed,
On all things all day long.

Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien.

6. A divine allotment or dispensation ; a decree
or commandment of God; specifically, an event
or experience regarded as a direct manifesta-
tion of the divine will, especially of the divine
displeasure.

How unsearchable are bis judgments t Rom. xi. 33.
You have more fearful Examples of miraculous Judge-
ments In this particular [of swearing], than of any other
Sin. Bmcell, Letters, I. T. 11.

Through thorns ot judgment mercies bloom
In sweet relief. Whittier, Anniversary Poem.

7. The final trial of the human race in the fu-
ture state ; the judgment-day.

The angels which kept not their first estate ... he
hath reserved . . . unto the judgment of the great day.

Jndee.

One that, before the judgement, carries poor souls to bell.
Shot., C. of E., iv. 2, 40.

Accumulative Judgment. s«- nerumulatin.— Alter-
native judgment. See alternative. — Arrest Of Judg-
ment. See urreai.— Breastplate of Judgment. See
breastplate. 1. — Confession of judgment. See confes-
sion— Constitutive, regulative judgment. Seepn'n-
apfe.— Critical suspension of Judgment. See critical.

judgment

—Declaratory Judgment. See declaratory.— Defini-
tive, determinative, or final judgment, the decision
of the mind that a certain relation is true, and that the
matter requires no further examination.— Demonstra-
tive, determinate, discursive judgment. See the
adjectives.— Disjunctive judgment. Same as alter-

3248

dicare, judge : see judge, i>.] Capable of being
judged or tried.

They were heretics . . . towards God and towards man,
and judicable in both tribunals.

Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 315.

function.— Immanent judgment, a judgment concern-
ing things of nature and experience. — Interlocutory, in-
terrogative, etc., Judgment. See the adjectives.— In-
tuitive Judgment, a judgment which is based on direct
perception.— Judgment by confession. See confession.

— Judgment by default. See default.— Judgment „ -- „ . • ... , . -„

creditor, a creditor who has reduced his claim to judg. upon either house, though perhajw originally question
ment; a creditor who has recovered judgment award- able,
ing his payment.— Judgment creditor's action, an '
action by a judgment creditor to enforce payment. See

ability to judge ; judging.

The former is but an act of the judicative faculty.

Hammond, Works, IV. 492.

The judicative power as to writing, speaking, or pub-
lishing of gross reflections upon the whole parliament or
either house, though perhaps originally question-

, seems now of too long a standing and of too much

frequency in practice to be well counteracted.

Hargrove, Juridical Arguments, II. 183.

equity.- Judgment debt. See <M>«.-Judgment debt- indicatory (jo'di-ka-to-ri), a. and ». [= It.
or. See debtor.— Judgment in personam, a judgment J, ^5? „£.%:„< TT t*SLin.tnriua rim-rainim? to
which hinds only thenght of a party and his represen- giuatcatono, <, 14* JUMcatorius, pertamn
tatives, as distinguished from a judgment in rein, which judging (neut. judicatonum, a court OI justice;,
is available as conclusive respecting the right of the sub- < L. judicare, judge : see judge, V."] I. a. Per-

contrary verdict, as, for instance, because some matter re-
lied on in avoidance and found to be true by the verdict
is insufficient in law.— Judgment of experience, an
empirical judgment having objective validity.— Judg-
ment Of God, a phrase formerly applied to extraordi-
nary trials of secret crimes, as by arms and single combat,
by ordeal, etc., it being imagined that God would work
a miracle to vindicate innocence. — Judgment Of per-
ception, the judgment that one has a certain feeling ; a
subjectively valid judgment.— Judgment of retraxlt, a
judgment suffered at common law by a plaintiff volun-
tarily retracting his claim.— Judgment record or roll,
(a) In ancient common law practice, the roll of parch-
ment upon which the record terminating in a judgment
was engrossed, for permanent preservation. Hence— (6)
In modern practice, the documents (usually the pro-
cess complaint, answer, verdict or findings and judg-
ment thereon) fastened and folded together, and filed
as the record of the judgment.— Judgment respon-
deat ouster, an interlocutory judgment requiring the
defendant to put in a more substantial defense.— Pre-

justice.

He who had power to admonish had also power to re-
ject in an authoritative or judicatory way.

Up. Hall, Cases of Conscience, ill. 5.

II. n. ; pi. judica tories (-riz). 1. A court of
justice ; a tribunal ; any body of persons en-
dowed with judicial authority: as, a church
judicatory.

To have brought the King to condign punishment hath
not broke the Covnant, but it would have broke the Cov-
nant to have sav'd him from those Judicatories which both
Nations declar'd in that Covnant to be supreme against
any person whatsoever. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxviii.

2. Administration of justice.

No such crime appeared as the lords, the supreme court
of judicatory, would judge worthy of death.

Clarendon, Great Rebellion.

judiciary

3. Enacted by statute, or established by con-
stituted authority. [Bare.]

It was not a moral, but a. judicial law, and so was abro-
gated • . which law the ministry of Christ came not to
deal with. Milton.

4. Determinative ; giving judgment ; deciding,
as about a point in contest or about future
events : as, judicial astrology.

Judicial duels (which were the authorized substitutes
lor private wars between families) continued in France
down to the close of the 14th century.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 522.

5. Having the nature of a judgment or punish-
ment.

Judicial blindness; such as Pharaoh's, who, from resist-
ing God's will, at length did not know the difference be-
tween light and darkness.

J. H. Newman, Parochial Sermons, i. 221.

Judicial act, an act involving the exercise of judicial
power (which see, below). Hence— (a) An act of a court or
magistrate in deciding a question of right litigated before
him or referred bylaw to his judgment. (&) An act of any

Jublic officer involving the exercise of his judgment or
iscretion on a question affecting the right of any party.
Thus, the act of the fiscal officer of a municipality in au-
diting a claim is usually judicial, but his paying a lawful
warrant or order for payment is ministerial. (See minis-
terial.) A judicial act implies deliberation, and therefore,
if to be done by several jointly, those who are to do it must
be together (or under modern statutes a majority after no-
tice to all) ; while a ministerial act may ordinarily, unless
otherwise required by law, be the concurrent act of each
separately.

The distinction between a judicial and a legislative act
is well defined. The one determines what the law is, and
what the rights of parties are, with reference to transac-
tions already had ; the other prescribes what the law shall
be in future cases arising under it.

Justice Stephen J. Field, 99 U. S., 761.

Judicial astrology. See astrology. — Judicial bribery.
See bribery.— Judicial comity, the deference which

p

d

liininary Judgment, the judgment that certain prob- judicature (jo di-ka-tur), n. [< F '. judicature =
abilities require the examination of a given hypothesis.— Sp. Pg. judicatura = It. giudicatura, < ML. judi-
To confess judgment, in a general sense, to acknowledge catura <L iudicare, judge: see judae, «.] 1.
liability; specifically, to give a formal consent, upon which T, ' • ', -.JmiriKiteriTiff iustice bv leffiil

the clerk of a court or a justice may enterjudgmentagainst !?« power ot aan

the consenting party, without the necessity of process or trial and determination ; judicial authority,
pleading for the bringing of an action.— To sit in judg-
ment, to exercise the function of a judge; hence, to assume
the right to criticize or judge : usually in an adverse sense.
—Transcendent judgment, in the Kantian terminology,
a Judgment which relates to an object which can never
be presented in experience. = Syn. 1. Judgment, Saga-
city, Perspicacity; discrimination, penetration, wisdom,
brains. Judgment, as compared with sagacity and per-
spicacity, is a general word ; as, sound judgment in busi-
ness; good judgment as to cloths. Sagacity is a power to
discern the real facts of a situation, to see the course that
is wisest to avoid failure or achieve success. (See astute.)
Sagacity is especially the word applied to brutes that have
a large discernment and a quickness of mind like those
of man. Perspicacity is essentially the same as discern-
ment, except that it is more vividly figurative, suggesting
the actual use of the eyes in looking into things. See
discernment.— 4. Verdict, Report, etc. See decision and
inference.— 0. Taste, Judgment (see taste); opinion, belief,
conclusion.

judgment-cap (juj 'meut-kap), n. Same as
black cap (a) (which see, under cap).

Give me a man that buyes a seat of judicature ; I dare
not trust him for not selling of justice.

Bp. Ball, The Best Bargain.

The Parliament of England has no Arbitrary Power in
point of Judicature, but in point of making Law only.

Selden, Table- Talk, p. 89.

The manorial system, and the ecclesiastical and civil
judicature of old times, are either falling into desuetude
or being ruthlessly abolished.

Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 51.

2. A court of justice ; a judicatory.

One of the five judicatures of Palaestine was held at it
[Sephon]. Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 62.

3f. Legality; lawfulness, as constituted by stat-
ute or enactment.

Our Saviour disputes not here the judicature (for that
was not his office) but the morality of divorce. Milton.

judgment-day (juj'ment-da), «. In theol., the
last day, or the day when final judgment will
be pronounced on the subjects of God's moral
government; doomsday. Boman Catholic theolo-
gians hold to two judgment-days : the first at death, when
the eternal lot of the soul is determined by God — this

4. Extent of jurisdiction of a judge or court. —
Judicature Acts, English statutes regarding the Su-
preme Court of Judicature in England, particularly those
of 1873 (36 and 37 Viet., c. 66), 1875 (38 and 39 Viet., c. 77),
1877 (40 and 41 Viet, c. 9), and 1881 (44 and 45 Viet., c. 68),
by which the said court has been established and organ-
ized in its two permanent divisions, the Court of Appeal
and the High Court of Justice.

M*C I II I II. <l 1UL UI H1O Mllll IB UOVQrUUUVUWJ VJrUU MUM . _. .!/. .-,. T_/l\ ,- C1 T» • J' ' 7

being designated the private or particular judgment; the judicial (jo-dish al), a. [= bp. Pg. judicial =

It. giudiciale, giudiziale, < L. judicialis, of or be-
longing to a court of justice, judicial, < judi-
cium, judgment, decision of a court of justice,
also the court itself, <judex (judic-), a judge:
see judge, «.] 1. Of or pertaining to a judge;
proper to the character of a judg^e ; judge-like ;
hence, critical ; discriminating; impartial; for-
merly, judicious.

I know I shall bee taxed for writing so much of my self e,
but I care not much, because the iudiciall know there are
few such Souldiers as are my examples.

Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, II. 92.

Her brains a quiver of jests, and she does dart them
abroad with that sweet, loose, and judicial action.

B. Jonson.

second, the great or general judgment-day, at the end of

the world.

Unto the French the dreadful judgement-day
So dreadful will not be as was his sight.

Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1.

judgment-hall (juj'ment-hal), n. Ahall where
courts are held.

Pilate entered into the judgment hall again, and called
Jesus. John xviii. 33.

judgment-note (juj'ment-not), »». A promis-
sory note of the usual form, containing also a
power of attorney to appear and confess judg-
ment for the sum therein named. It is not
negotiable. Bouvier.

judgment-seat (juj'ment-set), n. A seat or
place of judgment ; specifically, the seat or
bench on which judges sit in court.

Pilate ... sat down in the judgment seat in a place
that is called the Pavement. John xix. 13.

We shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ

Rom. xiv. 10.

I confesse it to me a meer toy, not deserving any judi-
cial man's view. Nashe, Pierce Penilesse.

His mind was rather judicial than forensic in its cast.
Sumner, John Pickering.

Judica (jo'di-ka), n. [So called rrom the
opening words in Latin of the introit, the 43d
Psalm, Judica -me, Deus, "Judge me. O God": L.
judica, 2d pers. sing. impv. of judicare, judge:

J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 568.
2. Pertaining to the administration of justice ;
proper to a court of law; consisting of or re-
sulting from legal inquiry or judgment : as, ju-

~eeo judge, v.-] A name sometimes given in Eng- *<??* Powerorproceedings; * judicial decision,
laud to Passion Sunday, or the fifth Sunday in wrlt' sale> or P™ishment.

Lent. I" 'his distinct and separate existence of the judicial

iidirahle firi'ili ka Kh n ("— Tt /ri«<ft/vih»7« power in a peculiar body of men, nominated indeed, but

UQicaDie yo <Li-k.a-Dl), a. L— It. gmaicaoue, notremovableatpleasure.bythecrown.consistsonemain

. LL. judieabths, that can be judged, < L. ju- preservative of the public liberty. Blactotime,Cam.,l.vU.

. ,

courts in any state usually pay to the rules of law main-
tained in other states or nations, although different from
their own, in cases where the persons, property, or trans-
actions in question are within the foreign jurisdiction.
The laws of a state can have no extraterritorial effect ;
but when a civil controversy arises in the courts of one
state as to matters wholly or partly within the territory
of another, and the law of the two states differs, and there
is contest as to which ought to control the case, the courts
often apply the extraterritorial law to extraterritorial
persons or property, etc., in furtherance of justice as be-
tween the parties, not as the binding rule of law, but by
way of comity.— Judicial confession. See confession, 1
(d).— Judicial declaration. See declaration.— Judicial
discretion. See discretion. — Judicial evidence. See
evidence, 2 (d).— Judicial factor, in Scots law, a factor or
administrator appointed by the Court of Session (some-
times by the sheriff), on special application by petition,
setting forth the circumstances which render the appoint-
ment necessary. Such factors are usually appointed in
cases where a father has died without a settlement, leav-
ing his children in pupilarity, and also where a party has
become incapable of managing his own affairs. — Judicial
murder, the execution of one convicted as criminal legal-
ly, but in reality unjustly.— Judicial notice. See notice.
—Judicial power, (a) The authority to determine righto
of person or property, by arbitrating between adversaries
in specific controversies, at the instance of a party thereto.
(b) Thepower conferred upon and exercised by the judiciary
or a court as such, (c) A power conferred upon a public
officer involving the exercise of judgment and discretion
in the determination of questions of right in specific cases
affecting the interests of persons or property, as distin-
guished from ministerial power, or authority to carry out
the mandates of judicial power or of the law.— Judicial
sale, a sale made pursuant to a specific judgment, decree,
or order of a judicial tribunal, as distinguished from one
made by a ministerial officer in execution of process to
enforce a money judgment.— Judicial separation. See
separation.

judicially (jo-dish'al-i), adv. 1. In a judicial
manner; in the forms of legal justice: as, a
sentence judicially declared.

When the cardinal asked Bilney whether he had not
taken the oath before not to preach or defend any of
Luther's doctrines, he confessed he had done it, but not
judicially (judicialiter in the register).

Bp. Bumet, Hist. Reformation, i.

2. In the manner of a judge, as opposed to that
of a pleader; impartially.

He [the critic] should discuss the subject-matter judi-
cially and as a whole, . . . gauging the work by the au-
thor's standard as well as his own.

Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 53.

3. By way of a judgment or punishment.

Reflect that . . . those truths divine . . .
Are never long vouchsaf 'd, if push'd aside, . .
And that, judicially withdrawn, disgrace,
Error, and darkness occupy their place.

Cowper, Expostulation, 1. 692.

judiciary (jo-dish'i-a-ri), a. and n. [= F. ju-
diciaire = Sp. Pg. jiidiciario = It. giudieiario,
< L. judiciarius, of or belonging to a court of
justice, < judicium, judgment, a court of justice :
see judicial.] I. a. Pertaining to courts of judi-
cature or legal tribunals; judicial.

But to lay such a censure on a clergyman as a suspen-
sion, without proof, in a judiciary proceeding, was con-
trary both to law and justice.

Up. Bumet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1686.

judiciary

To enable the federal head to exercise the powers given

it to IM M advantage, it should he organized . . . into lr
gislativc, executive, anil judirim -<i

j<'jl''-r*<ni, r<inv>]> Irnrr, II. til.

Judiciary Act, an act of the United stiit*-* COM-
September 24th, 17S!t (1 Stat., 73), establishing the fcdi-ral
courts of the Unlteil stairs, ilenning their jurisdiction and
lowers, and regulating pmreilure: now embodied witli
amendments in the provisions of ttie Revised Statutes.
— Judiciary anathema. s« «iuiti,enm, 2.— Judiciary
astrology. Same as judicial astrology (which see, under
astrology).

Tile consideration of his judiciary astrolttgy.

link' n-'ll. Apology, p. 104.
Judiciary law. See lawi.

II. ii. That branch of government which is
concerned in the trial and determination of
controversies between parties and of criminal
prosecutions; the system of courts of justice in
a country; the judges taken collectively.

The committee . . . reported a provision that the Ju-
risdiction of the national judiciary should extend to all
"questions which involved the national peace and har-
mony." Calhmtn, Works, I. 245.

judicious (JQ-dish'us), a. [= F. jiidicieiuc = Sp.
Pg. fudicioso = It. ijiudiciotto, < ML. judiciosux,
prudent, judicious, < L. judicium, judgment: see
judicial.} 1. Having or exercising sound judg-
ment; well-judging; prudent; discreet; sensi-
ble : as, a judicious parent or teacher ; a judi-
cious historian.

This overdone, or come tardy off, though it make the
unskilful laugh, cannot but make the judicious grieve.

Shale., Hamlet, iii. 2, 29.

2. Manifesting good judgment; well-judged;
carefully considered or planned: as, a. judicious
use of time or money ; judicious treatment of
the insane.

I shall give as particular an Account of ... the sev-
eral sorts of Winds as my own Observations and the Ju-
diciout Informations from others will afford me Matter
to do. Dumpier, Voyages, II. ill. 2.

A tale should \>e judicious, clear, succinct;
The language plain, and incidents well link'd.

Cooper, Conversation, 1. 286.

3f. Relating to a court or to the administration
of justice; judicial.

His last offences to us
Shall have judicious hearing.

Shak., Cor., v. 6, 127.

=Syn. 1 and 2. Prudent, rational, wise, discreet, intelli-
gent, skilful, discerning, sagacious, sound, cool, politic.
See sensible and astute.

judiciously (jp-dish'us-li), adv. In a judicious
manner ; with good judgment ; with discretion
or wisdom.

r>.\ judicious^ ;/ avail hiK himself of several . . . rare mo-
ments, he (Templel succeeded in establishing a high char-
acter for wisdom and patriotism.

Macaulay, Sir William Temple.

judiciousness (j<?-dish'us-nes), n. The quality
of being judicious, or of acting or being accord-
ing to sound judgment.

Judy (jo'di), n. ; pi. Judies (-diz). [A familiar
form of the fern, name Judith.'] 1. The pup-
pet taking the part of Punch's wife in a "Punch
and Judy" show. — 2. In China, a native courte-
zan: so called by foreigners. [Slang.] — 3. A
kelt, or spent male salmon. [Local, Ireland.]

juelt, ». A Middle English form of jewel.

juffert (juf'6r), M. [Origin obscure.] In carp.,
a piece of timber four or five inches square.

juft (yo'ft), n. [Russ. iuftil: see juchten.~\ Same
as juchtcn.

jug1 (jug), n. [In def . 1 (whence def . 2) of prov.
origin, audprob. a particular use of Jug, a famil-
iar form of Judith, a common name for a wo-
man. Cf. jack1 and/iV/'-', as names of drinking-
vessels, also from familiar personal names. In
def. 3 also from the name Jug, perhaps with al-
lusion also to jug in def. 1.] 1. A vessel, usu-
ally made of earthenware, metal, or glass, of va-
rious sizes and shapes, and generally provided
with a handle or ear, used for holding and con-
veying liquors; a drinking-vessel ; a pitcher;
a ewer; in the United States, specifically, an
earthenware vessel with a swelling or a cylin-
drical body, a handle, and a narrow neck and
orifice, usually stopped by a cork. As a quan-
tity of ale or beer, a jug is usually a pint.
Yet would you ... rail upon the hostess of the house, . . .
Because she brought stone jugs and no seal'd quarts.

Shot., T. of the S., Ind., 2, 90.
I observe another fly in the cream-jug.

Dickens, Barnaby Rudge, xv.

2. A prison ; a jail : often called the stone jug.
Gay. [Low.]

He shall be kept iu the Stone-jug. Charley, like a gentle-
man. Dickens, Oliver Twist, xii.
3f. A low woman. [Slang.]

Dooet thou think I am a six-penny iup.'

T. Preston, Cambyscs.

3249

Hark ye, don't you marry that ill-manner'd Jug, the rel-
ict of a cheating old rogue that has not left a foot of estate
hut what he deserved to be hang'd for.

Mrs. Ctnllivre, Platonic Lady, ill.

Bank-jug, the bird Pkyllotcopus trochilus, or P. ru/us, so
called from the site and shape of the nest. Also bank-
buttle. — TOby-Flllpot Jug, a JUK or pitcher having the
form of a man with a three-cornered hat. Generally '"''//.

jug1 (jug), i: t. ; pret. and pp. jugged, ppr. jug-
ging. [<JM(/I, w.J 1. To put into a jug; cook
by putting into a jug, and this into boibng wa-
ter.— 2. To commit to jail; imprison. [Low.]
— Jugged hare, hare cut into pieces and stewed with
wine and other seasoning.

jug2 (jug), v. i. ; pret. and pp. jugged, •ppi.iuy-
ijiiKj. [Perhaps a var. of juke1,jouk^. Hardly <
Icel. hjuka, nurse, cherish.] To nestle together;
collect in a covey, as partridges: sometimes
used as transitive with reflexive pronoun.

Yet when they hear the questing spaniels gone.
They in the evening get together all,
With pretty jugging, and each other greet.

Drayton, Miseries of Queen Margaret.

jug3 (jug), v. i. ; pret. and pp. jugged, ppr. jvy-
ging. [Imitative. Cf. juck.~\ To utter a par-
ticular sound resembling this word, as certain
birds do, especially the nightingale.

She [the nightingale] will jug it forth, but cheerfully and
sweetly too. Partheneia Sacra (1638), p. 140. (Latham.)

jug3 (jug), n. [Early mod. E. also chuk: see
jugS, ».] A sound fancied to resemble the note
uttered by the nightingale and some other birds.
Skelton.

I Mr I nil. lug, lug (in grlefe) had such a grace.

Gascoigne, Complaint of Pbllomene (ed. Arber).

n. Plural otjugum.

juggleress

group of noble falcons, like
relatives are the lanner, t'alco

the peregrine. IU nearest
aker, of Europe, Asia, and

Africa, and F. polyagrus, the American lanner, a common
falcon on the prairies of the Western States. Also juggur,
and lugger or luggur falcon.

Juggernaut (jugV-r-uat), «. [An E. rendering
of Hind. Jatjannath.'} 1. The popular form of
Jagannatha, the name of the famous Hindu idol.
See Jagannatha, 2.

About the year 1790 no fewer than 28 Hindus were
crushed to death at Ishera on the Ganges, under the wheels
of Jwjijurnaut. Quoted In Asiatic Journal, XXIII. TO4-'.

2. Figuratively, something, as an idea, custom,
fashion, requirement, etc., to which one either
devotes himself or is blindly sacrificed.

Poor Johnny Tetterby staggering under his Moloch of

an Infant, the Juggernaut that crushed all his enjoyments.

Forster, Dickens, II. 416.

jugging (jug'ing), ». [Verbal n. of jugl,v.] Jug-
fishing.

jugal (J6'gal), a. and n. [= P. jugal = Pg. ju-
gal, < L. jugalis, pertaining to a yoke, yoked,
matrimonial, < jugitm, a yoke : see jugum.'] I.
a. If. Relating to a yoke or to marriage ; con-
jugal.

This deed was done

When heaven had witness to the jugal knot;
Only the barren ceremony wants,
Which by an adverse father is abridg'd.

Middleton and Rowley, Fair Quarrel, ii. 2.

2. Pertaining to the jugal ; malar; zygomatic.
—Jugal point. See craniometry.— Jugal process, the
external angular process of the frontal none. See angu-
lar processes, under angular.

U. n. One of the bones of the zygoma or
zygomatic arch; the malar bone, or principal
cheek-bone, especially in those animals, as
birds, in which it is a slender rod interposed
between a quadrate or quadratojugal bone and
the superior maxillary or lacrymal bone, when
short and stout, as in man, it is usually called the malar,
or malar bone. See quadratojugal. See cuts under Cy-
clodus, Gallinte, Ichthyosauria, and skuU.

jugata (jij-ga'ta), n. pi. [NL. (sc. capita,
heads), neut. pi. of L. jugatus, connected: see
jugate.'] In numis., two or more heads repre-
sented upon a medal side by side, or one over-
lapping the other.

jugate (jo" gat), a. [< li.jugatus (= E. yoked),
pp. oljugare, bind, connect, yoke (=E. yoke, ».),
< jugum, a yoke (= E. yoke, n.): see jugum.
Cf. conjugate, a.] 1 . In bot., having the leaflets
in pairs : said of pinnately compound leaves :
used seldom or never except in composition
with uni-, hi-, etc., as in unijugate, etc. — 2. In
numis., same as accolated.
Jugate busts of Ptolemy IV. and Arslnoe(7).

B. V. Head, Historia Numorum.p. 679.

jugated (jo'ga-ted), a. Same as jugate.

jug-bittent, a. Drunk. Nares. [Slang.]

When any of them are wounded, pot-shot, jug-bitten, or
cup-shaken, so that they have lost all reasonable faculties
of the minde. John Taylor, Works (1630).

juget, ». and v. A Middle English form of judge.
Chaucer.

jugementt, n. A Middle English form of judg-
ment. Chaucer.

jugerum (jS'je-rum), n. ; -pl.jugera (-ra). [L.]
In Rom. antiq., the common measure"of land,
a surface 240 Roman feet long and 120 wide,
equal to 0.622 acre, or 0.252 hectare.

jug-fishing (jug'fish'ing), n. A method of fish-
ing with empty jugs or bottles, which are corked
and thrown overboard to serve as buoys, carry-
ing a line, at the end of which is the hook. It
is used for pike, bass, etc. C. Hallock.

jugful (jug'ful), n. [<jugl + -/««.] The amount
a jug holds — Not by a Jugful, not by a great deal ;

_ by no means. [Slang, U. S.J

juggar, n. Seejuiigrr.

jugget, juggementt. Middle English forms of

jndi/f, jiiilinin'iit. Cluiiii-i r.

jugger, juggar (jug'6r, -ar), n. [E. Ind.] The
common falcon of India, Falco jugger, which is
trained to fly at large game, it belongs to the

juggle, < L. joculari, jest, joke, ML. also play
tricks, juggle, < joculus, dim. of jocun, a jest,
joke: see joke, jocular."] I. intrans. 1. To play
tricks by sleight of hand ; perform acts which
make a show of extraordinary powers ; practise
legerdemain; conjure.

A juggling, tooth-drawing, prating mountebank.

B. Jonson, Volpone, ii. 3.
Vfh&t juggling was there upon the boardes !

What thrusting of knyves through many a nose !
What bearynge of formes ! what holdinge of swordes !
What puttynge of botkyns throughe legge and hose !
Ingeland, quoted in Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, p. 287.

2. To play false; practise artifice or impos-
ture.

Be these juggling fiends no more believed.

Shalt., Macbeth, v. 8, 19.

I am in a riddling, rather juggling indisposition, fast
and loose, and therefore dare not stir far.

Donne, Letters, cxii.

She never juggles ur plays tricks with her understanding.
Lamb, Mackery End.
Shut, shut those juggling eyes, thou ruthless man !

Keats, Lamia, II.

II. trans. To deceive by trick or artifice;
impose upon by sleight of hand ; trick.

Is 't possible the spells of France should juggle
Men Into such strange mysteries?

Shak., Hen. VIII., L S, 1.

My hope is that the people of England will not suffer
themselves to be jvggl'd thus out of their faith and reli-
gion by a mist of names cast before their eyes.

Miff an, Church-Government* L 6.

juggle1 (jug'l), n. [< juggle* , r.} A trick by
legerdemain ; an imposture ; a deception.

I think we may freely conclude that the notion of a God
did not come from the Court, that it was not the Invention
of politicians, and & juggle of state to cozen the people Into
obedience. Tillotson, Works, L L

Am I to be overawed
By what I cannot hut know
Is SL juggle born of the brain ?

Tennyson, Maud, Xiiv. 6.

juggle2 (jug'l), t'. and n. A dialectal variant of
joggle.

juggle2 (jug'l), ». [Gt. joggle, «.] A block of
timber cut to a length, either in the round or
split. E. H. Knight.

juggler1 (jug'ler), n. [Early mod. E. also iug-
ler, < ME. jugler, juguler,jogelour, < OF. jogleor,
juglor, jugleor, etc., also with inserted n, jon-
gleor, jongleur, F. jongleur (cf. Pr.joglar) = It.
giocolatore, < L. joculator, a jester, joker, "ML.
also juggler, trickster, < joculari, jest, joke:
see [juggR1.] 1. One who juggles or practises
sleight of hand; one who performs tricks of
great dexterity.

Ther saugh I pleyen jugelours,
Magiclens, and tregetours.

Chaucer, House of Fame, L 12S9.
Nimble jugglers that deceive the ere.

Shak., C. of E., I. 2, 98.

The Joculator regis, or king's juggler, was anciently an
officer of note In the royal household : and we find from
Domesday Book that Berdic, who held that office In the
reign of the Conqueror, was a man of property.

Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 289.

2. A cheat; a deceiver; a trickish fellow.

O me ! you juggler! you canker-blossom !

You thief of love ! what, have yon come by night

And stolen my love's heart from him?

Shak., M. N. D., ill 2, 282.

They were no jugglers, but really were that which they
appeared to be. De Quincry, Rhetoric.

juggler2 (jug'ler), n. [Cf. juggle1*, joggle, ».]
In coal-mining, one of several timbers resting
against one another at the top, so as to leave a
triangular passageway. [Pennsylvania.]

juggleress (jug'ler-es), n. [< juggler1 -r- -ess.]
A woman who practises jugglery. T. Warton.

jugglery

glery (jug'ler-i), «. ; pi. juggleries (-iz). [<
3. joglerie, < OF. joglerie, (.jogler, juggle : see
juggle1.] The art or performances of a jug-
gler; legerdemain; trickery; hence, imposture ;
deception.

jugglingly (jug'ling-li), adv. In a juggling or
deceptive manner.

Juglandaceae (j6-glan-da'se-e), n. pi. Same as
Juglandeie.

juglandet, n. [ME., < L. juglans (jugland-),
walnut: see Juglans.] The walnut.
Juglande in lande now sprynge.

Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.X p. 98.

Juglandese (jS-glan'de-e), n. pi [NL. (De
Candolle, 1813), < Juglans (Jugland-) + -etc.]
The walnut family ; a natural order consisting
of about 30 species of trees, belonging to the
north temperate zone of both hemispheres.
The flowers are monoecious, the sterile ones being com-
monly borne in loose catkins ; the calyx, when present,
is adherent to the scale ; and the stamens are numer-
ous. The fertile flowers are solitary, or in a small erect
spike. The perianth is adherent to the ovary, which con-
tains a single erect ovule. The fruit is mostly a dry-
hulled drupaceous nut. The leaves are alternate, odd-
pinnate, without stipules. Many species are valuable for
their timber, nuts, and other products. The important
genera are Carya and Juglans. See cute under hickory
and walnut. Also Juglandacece.

Juglans (jo'glanz), ». [NL. (Linnseus), < L.
juglan (jugland-), a walnut, a walnut-tree, <
Jocis, Jove, Jupiter (contr. as in Jupiter), +
glans, an acorn: see glans, gland.] A lead-
ing genus of the Juglandea;, or walnut family.
In contrast with Carya, the hickory, the nut of this
genus has a ridged surface, with the husk closely adhe-
rent. J. regia is the common walnut of Europe, though
indigenous chiefly in Persia and northern India. It is
valued for its light, tough, and well-colored wood, its
nuts and the oil they yield, and some medicinal pro-
ducts. J. niyra is the black walnut of North America,
which furnishes the well-known rich-brown cabinet-
wood. J. cinerea, the butternut, yields a lighter-colored
and softer but durable wood, a more oily nut, and an
officinal cathartic. These species all afford dyestuffs.
Both leaves and fruit of this genus occur abundantly in
a fossil state in many Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits.
Forms which vary slightly from the living plant are some-
times called juglandites; those founded on leaves alone
are often distinguished as juglandiphylla, and fossil wood
with nearly the structure of walnut has been named ju-
glandinurn. See cut under walnut.

jugula, n. Plural of jugulum.

jugular (jo'gu-lar), a. and n. [= F. jugulaire =
Pg. jugular = It. giugulare, < NL. jtigularis, < L.
jugulum, a,lsojtigulus, the bone which joins the
shoulders and the breast, the collar-bone, also
the hollow of the neck above the collar-bone,
dim. oi jugum, ayoke: see jugum.] I. a. 1. In
anat., pertaining to the throat in general. — 2.
In ichth.: (a) Having the ventral fins situated
at the throat, in advance of the pectorals: as,
a jugular fish. Cf. Jugulares. (b) Situated in
advance of the pectorals: as, jugular fins. — 3.

In ornith., pertaining to the jugulum Jugular

foramen, fossa, ganglion, etc. See the nouns.— jugu-
lar plate, (a) In ichth. , one of two plates developed oe-
tween the rami of the mandible, as in the ganoid fishes
of the genera Amia and Polypterus: supposed by some
to represent branchiostegal rays. (6) In entntn., one of
the large corneous plates covering the maxilhe in cer-
tain Coleoptera.— Jugular process, a prominence of the

3250

jugulation (jo-gu-la'shon), n. [< LL. jugula-
tio(n-), a cutting of one's throat, a killing, < L.
jugulare, pp. jugulatus, cut the throat of, kill :
see jugulate.] The sudden cutting short of a
disease by therapeutic interference.

jugulator (J6"gu-la-tor), n. [< LL. jugulator, a
cutthroat, < i,.' jugulare, cut the throat of: see
jugulate.] A cutthroat or murderer. Cowell.

jugulocephalic(jo"gu-16-se-fal'ik or -sef'a-lik),
a. [< L. jugulum, the throat, + Gr. nt$a~/.ti,
head.] In anat., of or belonging both to the
head and the throat — Jugulocephalie vein, a vein
which sometimes occurs in man, uniting the jugular and
cephalic veins.

jugulum (jo'gu-lum), n.; pi. jugula (-IS). [NL.
use of L. jugulum, the throat : see jugular.] 1.
In ornith., the lower part of the throat; the
fore part of the neck, between the gula and
the pectus. See cut under bird\— 2. In entom.:
(a) A name proposed by Knoch and used by
some writers to indicate the lower surface of
the prothorax of a beetle, (b) A name given
by Kirby to the basal piece on the lower side
of an insect's head, now generally known as
the gula. (c) A name sometimes applied to
the occipital foramen, an orifice in the back of
the head, through which the alimentary canal
and other organs pass to the thorax.

jugum (jo'gum), ». ; pi. juga (-ga). [L., a yoke
(for oxen), a collar (for horses), a cross-beam,
cross-rail, the ridge or summit of a mountain
(= Gr. (vy6v = E. yoke), < jungere (root jug),
join: see join and yoke.] 1. In bot.: (a) A pair
of leaflets in a compound leaf, (b) A ridge on
the carpel of an umbelliferous plant. — 2. [cap.]
A yellow star of magnitude 3.3, in the constel-
lation of the Lyre ; y LynB.

Jugurthine (jo-ger'thin), a. [< L. Jugurtha (see
def.) + -tnei.] Relating or pertaining to Ju-
gurtha (died 104 B.C.), King of Numidia. — Ju-
gurthine war. the war (about 110-106 B. c.) waged by the
Romans against Jugurtha and rendered famous by Sallust's
history.

juice (jos), n. [< ME. Juts, juce, juse, jus, < OF.
jus, F. jus, < L. jus, broth, soup, juice, = Skt.
yusha, soup.] 1 . The watery part of vegetables,
especially of fruits ; the expressible or extrac-
tive fluid of a plant or fruit.

The! seyn that if the yuw of the eerbe that is callid
morsus galline rubri be putt in hise nose-thrillis whanne
he bigynneth to suffre the accesse of the quarteyn, he
schal be hool. Book o/Quinte Essence (ed. 1'urnivallX p. 20.

Now no more
The juice of Egypt's grape shall moist this lip.

Shak., A. and C., v. 2, 284.

2. The fluid part of an animal body or sub-
stance ; in the plural (its most common use in
this sense), all the fluid constituents of the
body.

Perch'd like a crow upon a three-legg'd stool

Till all his juice is dried. Tennyson, Audley Court.

Gastric, intestinal, etc., juice. See the adjectives.—
Spanish juice, the extract of the root of the licorice,

julienne

giuggiolo, the tree), < L. zizyplmm, the fruit,
zizyphus, the tree, < Gr. {Ifrfov, jujube (the
fruit), C'C^of, jujube-tree, < Ar. zizuf, Pers.
zayzafun, zizafun, zizfun, the jujube-tree. Cf.
Pg. acofufa, jujube, from the Ar., with the Ar.
article al.] 1. The name of several species of

Flowering Branch of Jujube-tree (Zimyfhus Jttjuba).
a, flower ; f>, fruit.

plants of the genus Zizyphus. — 2. The edible
fruit of these plants. — 3. A confection made of
gum arabic or gelatin, sweetened and flavored
so as to resemble the jujube-fruit. Also called
jujube paste, a name originally applied to a jelly
made from the jujube.

juke1 (jok), v. i. A dialectal variant otjouk1.

juke2, «'. i. See jovlft.

julaceous (j^-la'she-us), a. [< L. iulus, catkin,
+ -aceous.] In bot., resembling an ament or
catkin.

julep (jd'lep), n. [< F. julep = Pr. julep = It.
giulebbe, giulebbo, (Sp.julepe = Pg.julepo, < Ar.

.

JU1C6 (jos), v. t.; pret. and pp. juiced, ppr. jutc-

««</• [< jutee, n.] To moisten or provide with

juice. [Rare.]

tarn., a pair of small sclerites situated in the membrane
connecting the head with the thorax in certain insects.
These sclerites are believed by Newport to be displaced
portions of the prothorax and to represent prothoracic
paraptera.— Jugular vein, (a) One of two large veins of
the throat. The external jugular vein collects the blood
from the superficial parts of the head and neck, and dis-
charges it into the subclavian vein. In man it may be
observed just below the skin, running perpendicularly
down on each side of the neck from near the angle of

foramen by confluence of the sinuses of the skull, descend-
ing the neck deeply in the carotid sheath on the outer side
of the carotid artery, and ending by confluence with the
subclavian to form the innominate vein. See cuts under
lung and thoracic. (6) In ichth.. one of the anterior car-
dinal veins, which bring back blood from the head and an-
terior extremities. Also called mna juyularis.
II. ». 1. In anat., a jugular vein.

He is pinned to the floor by a hand fixed in his collar
. . . and four knuckles embedded in his jugular.

D. Jerrold, Men of Character, II. 7.
2. In ichth., a jugular fish.

Jugulares (jo-gu-la'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L.
jugularis, jugular: see jugular.] A Linnean
order of fishes having jugular fins. [Not in
use.]

jugulate (jo"gu-lat), v. t.; pret. and pp. jugu-
lated, ppr. jugulating. [< L. jugulatus, pp. of
jugulare (> Pg. jugular = F. juguler), cut the
throat of, kill, < jugulum, the hollow of the
neck above the collar-bone: see jugular.] To
kill by cutting the jugular vein ; cut the throat
of. Carlyle, French Rev., I. Hi. 7. [Rare.]

which are not juiced with blood.

Fuller, Holy War, p. 1«4.

juiceful (jos'ful), a. [< juice + -ful.] Full of
or abounding in juice.

Beside in Med'cine simples had that power
That none need then the planetary hour
To help their working, they so juiceful were.

Drayton, Noah's Flood.

juiceless (jos'les), a. [(juice + -less.] Desti-
tute of juice ; dry ; without moisture.

So does an ivy, green when old,

And sprouting in decay,
In juiceless, joyless arms infold

A sapling young and gay.

Somenitte, Canidia's Epithalamium.

juiciness (jo'si-nes), n. The state of being
juiev or of abounding with juice ; succulence
in plants or fruits.

juicy (jo'si), a. [< juice + -y1.] Abounding
with juice ; moist ; succulent.

And, when \mjuicy salads fail'd,
Slic'd carrot pleas'd him well.

Cowper, Epitaph on a Hare.

Juilt, n. A Middle English form of July. Chau-
cer.

juiset, n. [ME., also jewise; < OF. juise, juyse,
juwise, joise, etc., < L. judicium, judgment: see
judicious.] Judgment; sentence.

Therfore I aske deeth and my juwyse.

Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 881.

jujube (jo'job), n. [< F. jujube (the fruit) (ML.
reflex ji/juba) (cf. It. dim. giuggiola, the fruit,

julab, < Pers. juldb, assibilated form of giildb,
julep (a sweet drink), also rose-water, < gul, a
rose, + aft, water.] A sweet drink; a demul-
cent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture.

A coarser julap well may cool his worship ;
This cordial is for gallants.

Massinger, Parliament of Love, lit 1.

And first, behold this cordial julep here,
That flames and dances in his crystal bounds,
With .spirits of balm and fragrant syrups mix'd.

Milton, Comus, 1. 672.

Camphor julep, a watery solution of camphor. — Mint
julep, an American drink made by pouring liquor (origi-
nally and preferably brandy) upon sugar and broken ice,
to which are added sprigs of fresh mint in sufficient quan-
tity to flavor the whole very strongly.

Julian (jo'lyan), a. [= F. Julien = Sp. Pg. Ju-
liano = It. Giuliano, < L. Julianus, pertain-
ing to Julius Ceesar (also a Roman prapnomen),
< Julius, Julius. Cf. July.] Pertaining to or
derived from Juiius Cresar — Julian calendar,
epact, era. See the nouns.— Julian epoch. Same as
Julian era.— Julian period, a period of 7,980 Julian
years, proposed by Joseph Scaliger in 1582 as a universal
standard of comparison in chronology, consisting of the
years of the solar and lunar cycles and the cycle of the
indiction multiplied into each other (28 x 19 x 15). The
first years of these cycles coincided in the year 4713
B. c., from which the period is reckoned. The first year
of the Christian era being found by calculation to corre-
spond to the year 4714 of the Julian period, all previous
and subsequent comparisons can be made by simple sub-
traction or addition. This period is still used in the com-
putations of chronologists and astronomers.— Julian
year, the average year of 365J days according to the cal-
endar as adjusted by Julius Ca:sar. See Julian calendar,
under calendar.

Julianist (jo'lyan-ist), n. [< Julian (see def. )
-I- -ist.] Eccles., one of a sect of Monophysites
which held the body of Christ to be incorrupti-
ble : so called from Julian, Bishop of Halicar-
nassus early in the sixth century.

Julians (jol'yanz), ». [A var. in pi. or poss. form
of the f em. name Jillian, Gillian : seejill2.] The
daffodil. See Narcissus. [Prov. Eng.]

Julidinae (jo-li-di'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Julis (-id-)
+ -ince.] A subfamily of labroid fishes, typi-
fied by the genus Julis, to which different limits
have been applied. As generally understood by
American ichthyologists, it includes labrids with a con-
tinuous lateral line abruptly bent behind, caniniform teeth
in front of the jaws and moderate ones in the sides, dor-
sal continuous and with 8 or 9 spines, and 3 wenk anal
spines. The species are numerous in all tropical seas,
and a few extend into temperate ones. The pudding wife
(Platyglossus radiatus) occurs along the southeastern coast
of the United States, and the kelp-fish (Platyglosius semi-
cinctus) is a California!! representative.

julienne (F. pron. zhii-li-en'), «. [Cooks' F.,
said to be so called from a French caterer in
Boston named Julien. The F. name Julien =
E. Julian.] A clear soup containing various
herbs or vegetables cut in very small pieces.

Juliflorw

JulinoriB (.io-li-flo're), n. pi. [NL. (Endlicher, ^iSSfFuftfflgSSf* '^

about 1840), < L. /MM*, calkin, + flOt, floru, »•«/• o/^ucA(»n;iucA(i/ (Child's Ballads, VIII. 119X

flower.] In bot., a group of plant-orders in- l have forgotU)n my loglc but yct ! ,.„„ ^nu^ at » 8yi.
eluding, according to some recent authors, tne |ogjsmi and make an argument of It to prove It by.
Amentacece (birches, oaks, willows, etc.), the Latimer, Works, I. 247.

l'ii»-rin<;i- (]»-|>i>crs, etc.), and the I 'ft'x """ jumble (jum'bl), n. [Formerly also, in def. 2,
(nettles, breadfruits, elms, etc.), characterized jull,iai; <. jumble, v.~] 1. A confused mixture,
in general as exogeus having their flowers in mag8; or collection ; a state of disorder or con-
catkins or compact clusters, and wanting both fugioll.
true calyx and corolla.

juliform (jii'li-fdrm), a. [< L. iulta, catkin, +
forma, form.] In bot., having the form of a
catkin. [Hare.]

juliot (jo'lyo), n. [It. gialio, < L. Julius, Juli-
us.] A coin formerly current at Leghorn and
Florence, in value about 12 cents. Jiailey.

jump

Jenny kissed me when we met,
Jumping from the chair she sat in.

Leigh Hunt, Jenny Kissed Me.

3. To go along; agree; tally; coincide: fol-
lowed by with.
In some «t It/w*. «tth m™^ ^ L ,, 7a

Had the world been coagmented from that supposed
fortuitous jumble, this hypothesis had been tolerable.

Qlanvtile, Vanity of Dogmatizing, xvlii.
A jumble of musical sounds on a viol or a flute. . . gives
pleasure to the unskillful ear. Emerton, Art

2. A thin crisp cake, composed of flour, sugar,
butter, and eggs, flavored with lemon-peel or
sweet almonds. =8yn. 1. Farrago, Medley, etc. See
mixture.
jumble-bead (jum'bl-bed), n. A seed of the

Indian licorice, Abrus precatorius.

ire, and pay him, and give him this Julio over jumblement (jum ' bl - ment), ». [< jumble +
'" *" hT™tepa»enger.' Dialogue* (1612). -<»?«'•] The act of jumbling or the state of
, ,,. , , ,„, -, mu. being jumbled; confused mixture. [Kare.J

Juli.8 Qo'hs), «. .[L,, a kind of rockfish.] The JJJ^ think ^ ^ ?ram<j WM neyer made? or

that it was made by a casual jumblement of atoms?
Uanwck, in Boyle's Lecture Sermons, U. 210. (Latham.)

He spent there in six months
Twelve thousand ducats, and (to my knowledge)
Receiv'd in dowry with you not one Julio.

Webster, White Devil.

Take here, i
and above,

The

"typical genus of "fishes of the subfamily Juli-
rlina;. J. mediterranea or rulgaris is known as

The sad aspect this prison doth afford

Jump* vM the measure that my heart doth keep.

WebHer and Dekker, Sir Thomas Wyat.

4. To meet accidentally. [Prov. Eng.] — Jump-
ing-off place the "end of the world" ; the border of cfv-
ilitHtion. [Slang.) — Jumping plant-louse. Same as
jtea-lotue. — To jump at, to embrace or accept with eager-
ness ; catch at : as, he jttnijitil at the otler. [Colloq. ] — To
Jump over, to paw over, disregard, or omit something
Intel veiling. =Syn. 1 and 2. Leap, Spring, etc. See $ktp.

II. tram. 1. To pass by a leap; spring or
leap over; pass over suddenly or hastily: as,
to jump a stream.— 2. To give a jumping mo-
tion to; move with a spring or bound; propel
by a jump or jumps ; dn ve onward : as, to jump
a child up and down.

Jump her and thump her. Shot., W. T., III. 1, 195.

The light-draught, broad-bottomed stern-wheeler, con-
structed with a view to jumping her over the bars at low
water. The American, VL 40.

— <p \a T — X-w-i • ml f • • / 1 t -11 J *-**• 1111 ACO IJIHTIIJ. v; U111. u.O*3\i.» T *

Jye, also Jule; < OF. julie jml (also jutllet, ,ialMiligiy (jum'bling-li), adv. In a j
mignet juniet, etc., F. juMet) = bp. Juho = J or conf ^tVmanner.
J?g. Julho = It. Giulto = D. G. Dan. Bw. AN, < , b (jum 'bo), n. [So called fron
/..,/,,,, -Tulv r»rnr» n.Hi (fu>. juf.ntfiH}. month of j"^**"" \J , ' , . . .,

a jumbling
from Jumbo,

Csesar himself when reforming the calendar.
It was previously called Quintilis, or the fifth
mouth, according to the old Roman calendar,
in which March was the first month of the year.
The name Julius in ME. and early mod. E. was
commonly July.] The seventh month of the
year, consisting of thirty-one days, during which
the sun enters the sign Leo.

Memorandum, of a-warde y-made bi the Maister and
Wardens the xvjth day of Jule, the yeere of the Ueigne of
Kyng Edward the iiijth.

English Qildt (E. E. T. S.), p. 322.

I'.r that dales eighte
Were passed er the nionthe of Juyl blnlle.

t^'rainbow.iorasse, from its brilliant colors jumbler (jum7bler),"n. One who jumbles things heedto^act'orpro'c^dYn disregard* off aMo
ruly (jo-h',rformerlyj6 h), «..,[<_ ME. July, Jormixes them confusedly. >,„,, all minor considerations; to ./u^ a claim

(which see, below).— 4f. To drive forward or
through as if by leaps ; act upon or about im-
petuously.

To jump a body with a dangerous physic
That s sure of death without it.

SAo*., Cor., 111. 1, 154.

Why, there was Sir John Moneyman could jump

A business quickly. B. Jorum, Devil Is an Ass, Iv. 1.

5. In the game of checkers, to pass by or skip
over (an opposing man) in moving. The man
which is jumped is removed from the board. —

6. Among sportsmen, to start or cause to start ;
cause to leap or spring, as game from a cover;
flush.

We had half an hour's good sport in jumping these lit-
tle ducks. T. Rooecttlt, Hunting Trips, p. 62.

7. In forging, to upset or shape, as a bar or rod,
by endwise blows. A transverse piece forged
on the end of a bar is said to be jumped on. —
8f. To risk or hazard.

You most . . jump the after inquiry at your own
peril. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 4, 188.

If ... that but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all here,
But here, upon this bank and shoal of time,
Weld jump the life to come.

SAo*., Macbeth, L 7, 7.

To Jump a claim, In the United States and Australia, to
take possession of public land to which another has pre-
viously acquired a claim, the first occupant, by squatter
law and custom, and under the preemption laws of the
United States, having the first right to the land.— To
Jump one's ball, to abscond in order to avoid trial, as
an indicted person, leaving one's sureties liable for the
bail bond. (Slang, U.S.]

jump1 (jump), M. ((jump*, r.J 1. I he act or
jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound; hence,
a passing over; an omission: as, a high jump;

about 1880-85. The name was given as having
an African semblance ; cf . mumbo-jumbo.'] A
very large individual of its kind or class. [Col-
loq.]

A combination that would have knocked into crepus-
culean nebulosity the combined successes of thatflMM
of successful business men. Music and Drama, X. ii. 9.
jume (jSm), «. [Prob. a native name.] A sa-
line chenopodiaceous plant (Salicornid), grow-
ing extensively in the Argentine Republic and
Patagonia, yielding when burned an unusual
amount (41 per cent.) of carbonate of soda.
U. S. Consular Reports, No. Ixix (1886), p. 93.

. .
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 889. jumelt, »• An obsolete form of gemel.

xne yate8 iumeUet, mighty and strong,

To sain the trouth, ful large were and long.

Kom. „/ Partenay (E. E. T. S,\ 1. 1182.

Proofs as clear as founts in July, when
We see each grain of gravel.

SAo*., Hen. VIII., i. 1, 154.

July-flowert (j(J-li'flou'er), n. [From a mista-
ken notion that this is the uncorrupted name.]

1. The gillyflower, Dianthus Caryophyllus.

The July-flower declares his gentleness.

Draytan, Pastorals, Eel. ix.

2. In Jamaica, the leguminous tree Prosopis
jultflora. Seemesquite — July-flower grass. [Ac-
corn, from gillyflower, the carnation.] Same as carnation- ^

gran. iumentt (jo'ment), n. [< OF. jument, a beast of

jumartt (jO'mart), n. [< F. mmart; ct.jumwt, JburdenT $. juroent, a mare, = Sp. Pg. jumento,
a mare : see jument.} A fabulous animal, tt i an jumenta, a female ass, = It. giumento, a
offspring of a bull and a mare or a she-ass, or beagt of j,ur<ien) ginmenta, a mare, < L. jumen-
of a horse or an ass and a cow. <Mm> a beast of burden, contr. of "jttgmentum, <

|UU.«U» v-?1. pron. zhti-mel'), a. and n. [P., fern,
of jumeau, twin: see jumel, gemel, gimbal."} I.
a. Twin, or forming a couple: said of certain
tools and objects of use or ornament which are
always in pairs: as, a jumelle opera-glass (one
having two tubes).

II. ». In the plural, the side pieces of a loom,
in which the cylinders are fitted.

mare, are frequent
jumbalt, n. Same as jumble, 2.

Jumbali, certain sweetmeats.

Dunton, Ladies' Dictionary.

jumbert, ». t. [< ME. jumbren, jombren, yar. of
jitmprcn, early mod. 'E.jumpcr, mix: see jumpi,
jumper'**, and jumble.] To mix confusedly; jum-

Ne jmnbre eke no discordant thing yfere.

Chaucer, Troilus, Ii 1«S7.

jumble (jum'bl), f>. ; pret. and pp. jumbled, ppr.
jumbling. [< ME. jumbelen ; a var. of jumber,
with freq. term, -le (-el) for -<?)<] I. trans. 1.
To mix in a confused mass; put or throw to-
gether without order : often followed by toge-
ther or up.

Where th' Elements lay tumbled all together,
Where hot and eolde were iarring each with either.

Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, i. 1.

The coach jumbled us insensibly into some sort of fa-
miliarity. Steele, Spectator, No. 132.

2f. To stir up ; arouse.

24th. To write what letters 1 had to write, that I might

' MINI

; also, a beast in
They are born to labour, to misery, to carry burdens like
jument*. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 214.

Jumenta (jiJ-men'tS), ». pi. [KL., pi. of L. )'u-
mentum, draft-cattle.] In zool., same as Paehy-
dermata. Cuvier.

jump1 (jump), v. [< ME. jumpen (also found
in freq. form jumbren, jombren : see jumber,
jumper3, jumble), < Sw. dial, gumpa, spring,
jump, = Dan. gumpe, jolt, = MHG. gumpen,
jump: cf. G. dial, gampen, jump, hop. Tness
words are connected with a large number of
words, mostly dial., of related import.] I.
intrans. 1. To rise off one's feet by a sudden
muscular effort ; throw one's self in any direc-
tion with both feet raised from the ground;
spring from the ground or from any support;
leap : as, to jump up and down ; to jump over
a hurdle.

Not the worst of the three butjumpt twelve foot and a
half by the squier. SAa*., W. T., iv. 4, »47.

The lightly-^imptn' glowrin' trout*
That thro' my waters play.
Burnt, Humble Petition of Brnar Water.

, m.

fusedly or promiscuously; be mixed up.

They will all meet and jumble together into a perfect
harmony. Sw^f.

2f. To act or work confusedly ; stumble along ;
flounder.

spring quickly; hence, figuratively, to jolt; throb
violently, etc.

The wynde blewe not so straynably as byfore, by reason
wherof the sayde ancre helde vs frame jumppynge and
brtynfire vpon the sayde rok.

Sir X. Guylforde, Pylgrymage, p. «0.

The noise of the rattling of the wheels, and of the prans-
ing horses, and of the^wipin^ chariots. Nahum iii. 2.

We believe . . . that Nature does make jump* now and
then. Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 297.

2f. A risk; a venture; a hazard.

Our fortune lies upon this jump.

SAo*., A. and C., lit 8, 7.

3. In geol. and mining, a slight fault or dislo-
cation of a vein. — 4. In building, an abrupt
rise in a level course of brickwork or masonry,
to accommodate the work to the inequality of
the ground.— 5. A kind of dance. Formerly
also called dump — From the Jump, from the start
or beginning. | Colloq. ] — Full Jump, full speed.— Hop,
skip and Jump. See Aopi.— On the Jump, on the
keen jump, on the go : on the rush ; busily engaged ;
hard at work. [Colloq., U. S.]

De tar-kittle's a-bllin' on de keen jump, Mas'r Mellasys.
T. Winthrop, Saccharlssa Mellasys.

jump1t (jump), a. [<jump, i: «'.,4.] 1. Matched.
And thou to be jump with Alexander.

Lyly, Alexander and Campaspe (1584).
He said the muslke best thllke powers pleas'd
Was jumpe concord betweene our wit and will.

Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii.

2. Exact; precise; nicely fitting.

Acrosticks and telestichs on jump names.

B. Jonton, Execration upon Vulcan.

precisely; fitly.

How jumpe he hitteth the nailc on the head.

StanihurU, p. 34. (HaUiuxll.)
Thus twice before, and jump at this dead hour,
With martial stalk hath he gone by our watch.

SAo*., Hamlet, I. 1, 66.

jump

jump2 (jump), n. [Prob. (.jump1, as a garment
to be 'slipped' on; cf. slip and slop, names of
garments to be 'slipped' on. Less prob. a
nasalized form of jup,jupe. Cf. jumper2.] A
garment of loose make, worn especially for
undress, (a) In the seventeenth century, a short loose
coat.

Instead of lac'd coats, Belts, and Pantaloons,
Your Velvet Jumps, Gold Chains, and grave
Fur Gowns.

Wycherley, Gentleman Dancing-Master, Epil.

A Jacket, jump, or loose coat reaching to the thighs, . . .
with sleeves to the waist. Randle Holme.

(6) pi. Toward the close of the eighteenth century, a kind
of bodice for women, which apparently took the place of
stays when the wearer was not carefully dressed. Also
called jimps.

Bless me, Mr. Carmine, don't mind my shape this bout,
for I'm only in jumps. Foote, Taste, i. 1.

jumpable (jum'pa-bl), a. [< jump1 + -able.]
Capable of being jumped.

Plenty of t&lTjumpable fences.

Edinburgh Rev., CLXVI. 386.

jump-about (jump'a-bout"), n. The goutwort,
jEgopodium Podagraria. [Prov. Eng.]

jump-COatt (jump'kot), n. Same as Jump2 (a).

jump-coupling (jump'kup'ling), n. In mech.,
same as mimble coupling (which see, under cou-
pling).

jumper1 (jum'per), n. [<JM»Jpl, »., + -er1.] 1.
One who or that which jumps. Specifically —

2. One who practises leaping or dancing as a
part of divine worship. The practice has prevailed
among certain Methodists, chiefly in Wales, sometimes
among Irvingites, and among the Shakers. A Russian dis-
senting sect bears a name translated by Jumpers.

Jenny [was] a Welshwoman ; her rude forefathers were
goat-herds on week-days, and Jumpers on Sundays.

Savage, B. Medlicottt iii. 12.

Another sect is the Jumpers, among whom the erotic
element is disagreeably prominent.

D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 302.

3. One who jumps a claim to land. [U. S. and
Australia.]

The funeral of a well-known jumper, who had been shot
in a quarrel over a piece of disputed land.

The Century, XXXVII. 776.

4. In zool., any animal which habitually jumps,
leaps, or hops as a mode of progression, (a) A
fish which often leaps out of water. (6) Any saltatorial
insect, as a halticid, psyllid, grasshopper, etc. (c) The
maggot or larva of the cheese-fly ; a cheese-hopper.

5. In mech., a tool or contrivance which works
with a jumping motion. (0) In quarrying: (1) A
drill worked by hand and struck by a hammer. (2) A long
drill worked by hand, but not struck by a hammer. It has
a chisel-edge at each end, and is swollen in the middle to
give more weight and thus add to the force of the blow.
(Morgans, Mining Tools, p. 43.) Called in the United States
a churn-drill. (6) A spring controlling the star-wheel of a
clock or a click in a repeating watch.

There must also be a slight spring or jumper some-
where on the ratchet teeth to keep them exactly in the
proper place for the click to catch next time.

SSir£. Beckett, Clocks and Watches, p. 141.

(c) A bit used in a jointer, (d) A special form of plow-
share for rough soil, or soil filled with roots, (e) In tdeg.,
a wire used to cut out an instrument or part of a circuit,
or to close temporarily a gap in a circuit

6. A kind of sleigh: usually a simple box on
runners, especially on runners which are parts
of the poles forming the thills, and the middle
parts of which are made thinner so as to bend.
[U. S.] — 7. Naut., a preventer-rope made fast
in such a way as to prevent a yard, mast, or
boom from jumping, or giving way in an upward
direction, in heavy weather — Minute-jumper an
electric clock in which the hands move only at the end
of each minute, the minute-hand moving over a whole
minute at each step.

jumper2 (jum'per), n. [Cf.jumpZ.] A kind of
loose jacket with sleeves worn by some classes
of laborers, as seamen and stevedores, usually
with overalls, reaching to the thighs, and but-
toned the whole length in front ; also, any up-
per garment of similar shape.

Men and women [Eskimo] are alike clothed with jacket
and trousers. The jacket is a hooded jumper with open-
ings only for face and hands. The hood is enlarged when
necessary so as to admit of an infant being carried inside
against the woman's back.

A. W. Oreely, Arctic Service, p. 32.

A green-check cotton waist or blouse sewed into a belt
— the masculine uniform of Fairharbor; he calls it a
jumper. E. S. Phelps, Old Maid's Paradise.

jumper3! (jum'per), v. t. [< ME. "jumpren
jompren, also found in var. form, jumbren, jom-
bren, mix, freq. of jumpen, jump : see jumber,
jump.] To mix together; mingle; jumble.
Hejompre eke no discordant thyng yfere.

Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 1037.

jumping-bean (jmnp'ing-ben), H. Same as
jumping-seed.

3252

jumping-betty (jump'ing-bef'i), n. The gar-
den-balsam, Impaticns balsamina: so called
from the elastic bursting of the pods and pro-
jection of the seeds. [Prov. Eng.]

jumping-bug (jum' ping-bug), n. Any insect
of me family Halticoridas. See Halticorida.

jumping-deer (jum'ping-der), n. The black-
tailed deer of North America, Cariacus macrotis.
See cut under mule-deer.

j limping-hare (jum'ping-har), n. A jerboa-like
rodent quadruped of South Africa, Pedetes caf-
fer or Helmnys capensis, of the family Dipodidce
and subfamily Pedetince, nearly as large as a
hare, which it somewhat resembles. The hind
feet are 4- toed, with stout hoof -like claws ; the tail is about
as long as the body and bushy throughout ; and the ears
are high. The jumping-hares clear many feet at a bound.
They replace the true jerboas in South Africa.

jumpinglyt (jum'ping-li), adv. So as to be jump
or exact ; closely ; exactly.

Do not imitate
So iumpingly, so precyselie,
And step for step so strayte.

Drant, tr. of Horace's Art of Poetry.

jumping-mouse (jum'ping-mous), n. Same as
deer-mouse, 1.

jumping-mullet (jum' ping -muHet), n. 1.
Same as jump-rocks. — 2. A fish of the fam-
ily Mugilidce, Mugil albula. [Cape Hatteras,
U. S.]

jumping-rat (jum 'iping-rat), n. A jerboa, or
other animal of the family IHpodidce.

jumping-seed (jum'ping-sed), n. The seed of
a Mexican euphorbiaceous plant, infested by
the larva of a small tortricid moth, Carpocapsa
saltitans. See Carpocapsa. The uneasy movements
of the imprisoned larva when it is warmed make the seed
roll about on a flat surface, or even jump a slight distance
in the air. The larva pupates in January or February, and
the moth soon after issues through a hole previously cut
by the larva. Also called jumping-bean, devil-bean.

jumping-shrew (jum'ping-shro), n. An insec-
tivorous mammal of the family Macroscelidida ;
an elephant-shrew. See cut under elephant-
shrew.

jumping-spider ( jum'ping-spi'der), n. A spider
of the family Attidce, which spins no web, but
captures its prey by leaping upon it; any
attid.

jump-joint (jump'joint), n. A butt-joint; in
ship-building, the characteristic joint of a car-
vel-built vessel.

jumplyt (jump'li), adv. [< jump1, a., + -ly?.]
In a jump manner; exactly; suitably; oppor-
tunely.

My meeting so jumply with them makes me abashed
with the strangeness of it. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia.

jump-ring (jump'ring), n. In metal-work, par-
ticularly in jewelry, a ring made of a bar or
wire with plane ends abutted against each other,
but not welded.

jump-rocks (jump'roks), n. [(jump1, v.,+ obj.
rocks.] A catostomine fish, Moxostoma cervi-
num, with a 3-lobed air-bladder, from 10 to 12
dorsal rays, and a very slender body, rarely at-
taining a foot in length. It inhabits the South
Atlantic States from the James to the Chatta-
hoochee river. Also called jumping-mullet.

jump-seat (jump'set), n. An extra seat under
the main seat of a buggy so arranged that the
main seat can be shifted to a position further
back, and the extra seat brought up in front.

jump-up-and-kiss-me (jump'up-and-kis'me),
n. The pansy, Viola tricolor. [Prov. Eng.]

jump-up-Johnny (jump'up-jon'i), n. Same as
Johnny-jump-up. [Local.]

Walks branching thence in four directions, and along
them beds of jump-up- Johnnies.

The Century, XXXV. 947.

jump-weld (jump'weld), n. A butt-weld.

jun. or Jun. An abbreviation of junior.

Juncaceae (jung-ka'se-e), n. pi. [NL. (C. A.
Agardh, about 1825), < Juncus + -acece.~\ A nat-
ural order of endogenous plants, the true rushes,
typified by the genus Juncus. In technical charac-
ters this order is closely allied to the Liliacece, having
a perianth of 6 segments in two series, 6 or rarely 8 sta-
mens, and a superior ovary, with 3 cells or placenta;. But
it is distinguished by the glumaceons, calyx-like texture
of the perianth, on account of which, as well as of its ap-
pearance, it resembles the sedges and grasses. The spe-
cies number about 200, belonging to 14 genera. These
plants prefer wet ground and the cooler latitudes. The
genera Juncus and Luztila (the wood-rush) are almost cos-
mopolitan ; others are more local. Also Juncece. See cut
under Juncus.

juncaceous (jung-ka'shius), a. [< NL. junca-
ceus, < L. juncus, a rush: see Juncus, junk1.]
In bot., pertaining to or resembling the Junca-
cew, or those plants of which the rush is the
type; juncous.

juncture

Juncaginese (jung-ka-jin'e-e), n. pi. [NL. (C.
Richard, 1808), < Juncago (Juncagin-), a former
generic name, + -eee.] A natural order of plants.
It consists of erect herbs with rush-like leaves, and spikes
or racemes of inconspicuous flowers, with a perianth of
six divisions and an ovary of 3 or more carpels. They
are unimportant plants growing in marshes. The genera
are Triglochin, Scheuchzeria, and Tetronicum.

juncal (jung'kal), a. [< NL. juncalis, < L. jun-
cus, a rush: see Juncus.] 1. Belonging to or
concerned with the genus Juncus. — 2. Belong-
ing or relating to the Juncales.

Juncales (jung-ka'lez), n. pi. [NL. (Lindley,
1846), pi. of juncalis: see juncal.] According
to Lindley, an ' ' alliance " of plants embracing
the orders Juncaceai and Aracece.

juncatet, ». An obsolete form otjunkefi.

JunceSB (jun'se-e), n. pi. [NL. (A. P. de Can-
dolle, 1815),< Juncus + -ecu.] A synonym of Jun-
cacece.

junciform (jun'si-form), a. [< L. juncus, a rush,
+ forma, shape.] Reed-like; growing like a
rush : as, a junciform polyp.

junckerite (Jung'- or yong'ker-it), n. [Named
after M. Juncker, director of the mines at
Poullaouen, France.] In mineral., same as
siderite.

JunCO (jung'ko), n. [NL.; origin uncertain.] 1.
A notable genus of the finch family, Fringillidce;
the North American snowbirds. Junco hiema-
lis is the black snowbird so abundant in winter in most
parts of the United States, about 6J inches long, of a black-
ish slate-color with white belly and white lateral tail-fea-
thers and pink bill. Several other species or varieties
occur in the western United States and Mexico, chiefly in
mountainous regions, as the Oregon snowbird (J. oreaonus),
the gray-headed snowbird (J. caniceps), and the Mexican
snowbird (J. alticola). The genus was instituted by Wag-
ler in 1831, and later called by Audubon Niphosa. See cut
under snowbird.

2. [I. c.] Any bird of this genus; a snow-
bird.

juncous (jung'kus), a. [= Sp. Pg. juncoso =
It. giuncoso, < Ti. juncosus, full of rushes, < jun-
cus, a, rush: see Juncus, junk1.] Full of rushes ;
resembling rushes ; juncaceous. [Rare.]

junction (jungk'shon), n. [= F. jonction = Sp.
junction = Pg.jmicgao, < L. junction-), a join-
ing, <.jungere, pp. junctus; join: see join.] 1.
The act or operation of joining; the state of
being joined; union; combination; coalition:
as, the junction of two armies or detachments.
Though there was a junction, there never was a real
union, of the slave with the free States.

Nineteenth Century, XXIII. 98.

2. A place or point of union or meeting; espe-
cially, the point or locality where two or more
lines of any kind come into union : as, a town
at the junction of several rivers. The word is often
used specifically in naming a place, otherwise unimpor-
tant, where two or more railroads meet.

There is one joint so perfect that it can only be discerned
by the minutest search ; it is not even so perceptible as
the junction of two pieces of paper which have been pasted
together. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 169.

— Syn. 1. Connection, etc. See union.
junctional (jungk'shon-al), a. [< junction +

-al.] Pertaining to a junction: as, "junctional

lines," Encyc. Brit., II. 289.
junction-box (jungk'shon-boks), n. A chamber

connecting two or more lines of pipe.

In submarine mining, when it is necessary to employ a
multiple cable, & junction-box is used to facilitate the con-
nection of the several separate wires diverging from the
extremities of such a cable. Farrow, Mil. Encyc., II. 147.

junction-plate (jungk'shon-plat), n. A welt
or break-joint plate, secured by rivets over the

_ edges of boiler-plates which form a butt-joint.

junctot, n. An obsolete variant of junto.

junctura (jungk-tu'ra), «.; pi. junctures (-re).
[L. : see juncture.] In zool. and anat., same
as juncture, 2.

juncture (jungk'tur), n. [< L. junctura, a join-
ing, a joint, <jungere,-pp.junctus, join : see join.
Cf. jointure, from the same L. source.] If. A
joining; junction.

Nor are the soberest of them so apt for that devotional
compliance and juncture of hearts which I desire to bear
in those holy offices to be performed with me.

EOeon Basilike.

2. The line or point at which two bodies are
joined ; a joint or articulation ; a seam.

Swift to perform heav'n's fatal will it [the dart] fled,
Full on the juncture of the neck and head,
And took the joint, and cut the nerves in twain.

Pope, Iliad, xiv. 544.

3. A point of time ; particularly, a time ren-
dered critical or important by a concurrence of
circumstances ; a conjuncture.

0 what Luck it is, Sir Rowland, that you were present at
this Juncture .' Congreve, Way of the World, iv. 15.

Juncus

Jnncus (jung'kus), H. [NL., < 1-. ./•«"•«>•. :i
rush: secJKiiA'1.] Tho most important genus

of the AMMOM
or rushes, con-
ng about

S| i, v half of tho spe-

ll 1W// oies. They are

\ f plants of a rigid

\ JL/ I habit, with smooth,

A i \Ir [ / iv commonly simple

T > \lf / and slender, hollow

Wl/ or pithy stems and

/ V small greenish or

brownish flowers in
heads or irregular
panicles, the cap-
sule containing a
large number of
seeds. Economical-
ly they are not very
important. They
are often planted
on sea- and river -
embankments to fix
the soil. Some are
used for matting,
especially in Ja-
pan, for chair-bot-
toms, and for bands.
Their pith fur-
nishes wicking for
the rush candle or
rush light used in
Europe and in
China. Four fossil
species of Juncut
have been described from the Tertiary, one from Spitsber-
gen and the rest from the continent of Europe,
jundie (jun'di), v. <. or i. [Origin obscure.] To
jog with the elbow; jostle. [Scotch.]
June (jSn), n. [< ME. June, Juyne, < OF. Juin,
Guing, F. Juin = Pr. Junh = 8p. Junto = Pg.
Junho = It. Giunio. Giugno = D. G. Dan. Sw.
Juni, < L. Juniua, June, prop. adj. (sc. mensis,
month), of the family Junius, < Juniua, a "Ro-
man gentile name, akin to juvenis, young: see
juvemle, young.'} The sixth month of the year,

I, Juncus arcticus. ,, J. lamu;
Bower of same.

3253

According to Lindley, a suborder of the Junger-
ti/nnnioeete, founded on tho tribe Jungerinunniiln .
Jungermannia (jung-ger-man'i-a), n. [NL.,
named after Junger-
in/iini, a German bota-
nist (lf>72-1653).] A ge-
nus of HepaHcie,nT liver-
worts, giving its name
to the order Jungennan-
iliacete. It formerly em-
braced nearly the whole or-
der, but has been much divid-
ed, and still contains hetero-
geneous forms. It may per-
haps be characterized as hav-
ing the involucrai leaves free,
the inner involucre tubular
and more or less angular, and
the mouth laclniate. It com-
prises small creeping and
branching herbs of damp
places. About a dozen fossil
species of this genus are
known, found, for the most
part, beautifully preserved in
tin- amber of North Prussia.

Jungermanniaceae
(jung-ger-man-i-a ' se-e ),
n.pl. [NL. (Dumortier,
1822), < Jungermannia
+ -ace<e.] An order of
cryptogams, the largest
of the class Hepatiar;
the scale-mosses. It
consists of chiefly moss-like
plants, sometimes merely

JurtffrmaHHfa mittuta.
lie with its f>
larger scale

IT. capsule with its perianth, on
ale.

juniorship

resembles the common hon more nearly, it

closely resembles the common black-red pit game-cock,

and is abundant in the higher wooded districts of India.

The name extends to other species of the same genus.

2. Any megapod of Australia, as Megapodiu*

tumulux.

iungle-ghau ( jung'gl-gou), n. Same as jungle-ox.
jungle-nail (jung'gl-nal), n. The East Indian

live Acacia tomentosa.
jungle-ox (jung'gl-oks), ii. An Indian bovine

quadruped of the subgenus Bibos, Ii. xylhekinua,

inhabiting Sylhet and other mountainous parts

of northeastern India. It is nearly allied to the

gayal and to the common ox.
jungle-sheep ( jung ' gl - shep), n. A ruminant

animal, Kemas hypocrinus, of India,
jungly (jung'gli), a. [< jungle + -y1.] Of the

nature of jungle; consisting of or abounding

with jungle.
In closely-wooded or jungly tracts all kinds of survey

operations are prosecuted at a disadvantage.

R. A. I'roctor, Light Science, p. 276.

Junian (jtf'nian), a. [< L. Junianus, pertain-
ing to Junius, < Junius, the name of a Roman
gens. See def.] Of or pertaining to "Junius,"
a writer who published under this name a se-
ries of letters which appeared in a London
newspaper, the "Public Advertiser," between
November 21st, 1768, and January 21st, 1772,
denouncing various abuses in the administra-
tion of the British government. After voluminous
discussion, the authorship of the letters remains disputed ,
but the strongest evidence appears to assign it to Sir Philip
Francis, a contemporary politician.

upper side of the stem ; sometimes mere is a tnira row or
rudimentary ones beneath. The fructification consists of
oblong stalked capsules inserted on the stem, which split
into valves, ordinarily four, discharging numerous spores
and spirally marked elaters. These plants are to be found
nearly everywhere in damp soil and on trunks of trees, be-
ing especially abundant in humid climates.

lUVVliHV, lll'llttfl. I JbUB D1AKU 1UWMIIM V* VM» I v*»i , ..- ' . t, , . _. , . ^

consisting of thirty day s, during which the sun Jungermanniaceous (jung-ger-man-i-a shius),
enters thi sign Caicer «-. Belonging to or resembling the Jungerman-

And Merlin seide "The xj day of < luyne.^ „ ^^ jZge'rmannid* (jung-ger-man'i-de), ». pi.

[NL. (J. Lindley, 1846), < Jungermannia +
-id<i'.] According to Lindley, a tribe of the
Ju ngermanniacece.

Jungermanniese (jung'ger-ma-ni'e-e), n. pi.
[NL. (Nees von Esenbeek, 1833), < Jungerman-
nia + -ece.] 1. Originally, and with some au-
thors still, the equivalent of Jungermanniacece.
— 2. Now, more commonly, a tribal division
of the order Jungermanniacea;, typified by the
genus Jungermannia.

And what is so rare as a day In June?
Then, if ever, come perfect days.

Lowell, Vision of Sir Launfal.

June-apple (jon'ap'l), n. Same as jenneting.

Fallows.
juneating (J8'ne-ting), n.

jenneting.
June-berry (jOn'ber'i), n.

or service-berry of North America, Amelanchier

Canadensis, of the natural order Rosacete. it Is

A falsified form of
1. The shad-bush

a bush or small tree, sometimes attaining the height of inngle (jung'tcl), n. [Cf. F. jungle (< E.); <
30 feet, covered in spring with graceful white racemes, J^j^fl ,>,„„„/* HPS " ' "

and yielding later a small berry-like pome of a deep-pur-
ple color and pleasant subacid flavor. The trait sometimes
ripens in June.

2. The fruit of the shad-bush.
June-bug (J8n'bug), n. 1. In the northern
United States, a beetle of any one of the nu-
merous species of the

genus Lachnosterna,

as L. fusca, common

in the whole country.

They are large brown clum-
sy beetles of the melolon-

thine group of the family

Scarabaeida. Their larvae,

found in turf, are large

whitish grubs, popularly

known as white-yrvbi, cut-

wornu, and grmtnd-hoyt.

Also called dor-buff (which

see for another cut). In

the south these beetles are

oftener called May-beetles,

since they appear there

earlier.

Jangal, a desert, a forest, jungle (cf.
jangla, a coppice, thicket, fence, railing, grat-
ing, lattice), < Skt. janaala, dry, desert.] 1.
A dense growth of rank and tangled vegeta-
tion, large and small, often nearly impenetra-
ble, such as is characteristic of some parts of
India, especially in the swampy regions at the
base of the Himalaya mountains.

As we proceeded, the full, luxuriance of this tropical
jungle became more and more apparent, and we soon
found that owing to the tangled mass of vegetation it
was absolutely impossible to leave the beaten path.

Ball, Jungle Life in India, p. 177.

A damp belt of lowland, the terai, stretches along their
[the Himalayas'] foot, and is covered with dense fever-

other. It is applied to distinguish the younger of two
persons bearing the same name in one family or town,
and especially to distinguish a son bearing the same name
as the father: opposed to senior: as, John Smith, junior.
In this use commonly abbreviated Jr. or Jim.

2. Younger or lower in standing, as in a pro-
fession, especially the bar: as, a junior counsel ;
a, junior partner in a firm or company.

Mr. Smith, the assistant at a cheap shop ; the junior
partner in a slippery firm of some three weeks' existence.

Dicker*, Sketches.

3. In American colleges and schools, pertaining
to the third year of the course, the next below
the senior or last year ; in institutions having
a three years' course, usually pertaining to the
first year (the second being called the middle
year) : as, the junior class ; junior students.

H. n. 1. A person younger than another.
The fools, myjuninrs by a year,
Are tortur'd with suspence and fear ;
Who wisely thought my age a screen,
When death approach'd to stand between.

Swift, Death of Dr. Swift,

2. One of less experience or inferior standing
in his profession than another, who is called
his senior; one employed as the subordinate
of another, especially at the bar.

Not one of them but he thlnketh himself to bane had a
great inlurie dooen vnto him ; if he goe on the lefte hand
of another y semeth to be his junior or inferiour.

./. UdaU, On Lake xiv.

He had been retained as Mr. Sergeant Snubblns'sjunior.
Dickens, Pickwick, xxxi

3. In American colleges and seminaries, a
member of the junior class; a student in the
junior year.

breeding jungle. W. W. Hunter, The Indian Empire, p. SO. juniority (j6-nior'i-ti), n. [< junior + -ify.] 1.
2. A tract of land covered by such vegetation ; The state of being junior or a junior: opposed
a wilderness of dense overgrowth; a piece of *-
swampy thickset forest-land.

To an eye accustomed for years to the wild wastes of
llmjnwilf, the whole country presents the appearance of
one continuous well-ordered garden.

E. J. Waring, Tropical Eesident at Home, p. 7.

tf, or May-beetle (Larfi-
H<>stfrna/usfa }, side view,
a, larva. (Both natural size. )

which appears in June, and the larvae of which
resemble those of the northern June-bug in
habits and appearance, being likewise known
as white-grubs. See cut under Allorhina. Also
Jimy-bag. — 3. One of various European beetles
of the genus Khinotrogun, related to Lachno-
Ktfrna.

June-grass (jon'gras), ». The Kentucky blue-
grass, 1'on imttcHxix. It flowers in June.

junetint, ». An obsolete form of jenneting. E.
1706.

2. In the southern
United States, a bee- jungle-bear (juug'gl-bar), n. The sloth-bear of
tie very different from India, rroch ilus labtatus. See cut under aswail.
the preceding, Allo- jungle-bendy (jung'gl-ben'di), ». An East In-
rhina nitida, a large, dian tree, Tdramelis nudiflora.

Same as chaits2.
See jungle-fotcl.

__0 ,_-„ _--„ - , Jungle + •«£] Cov-
ered with jungle ; tangled with wild growths.
The savages were posted on a thickly nmgled island in
the lake. K. A. fen., CXXVI. 86.

ungle-fever (jung'gl-fe'ver), H. A severe va-
rietv of remittent fever prevalent in the East
Indies and other tropical regions. It is charac

terized by the paroxysmal recurrence of the cold and hot
stages. Also called hill-fever.

jungle-fowl (jung'gl-foul), H. 1. Agallinaceous
bird of India, Gallus sonnerati, the first

to seniority.

He admits as probable upon present knowledge, in the
person of Homo sapiens, the juniority of man.

Pop. Set. Ho., XX VUL 624.

2. In law, same as borough-English.

We have a choice between "ultimogeniture," the awk-
ward term proposed by the Real Property Commissioners
of the last generation, and such foreign forms as Jungsten-
Recht and Juveignerie, ... or one must coin a new phrase
like juniority or junior-right

C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist, p. 186.

junior-right (jo'nyor-rit), «. In law, same as
borough-English.

If we are to describe the area from which we must col-
lect examples of junior -riyht. we shall find that it has
flourished not only in England and in most parts of Cen-
tral and Northern Europe, but also in some remote and dis-
connected regions. C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist, p. 185.

It appears also that until quite recently the custom of
what we English call Borough English, but for which the
book-word Junior rife has of late been Invented, existed
"in the Theel-lands at Norden, in East Friesland, not far
from the mouths of the Ems."

N. and Q., 7th ser., VTI. 259.

species juniorship (J6''uyor-ship), ». [< junior + -ghip.}

of the genus known to naturalists, supposed to 1 . The state of being junior or a junior ; junior-

Jungermanneae (jimg-ger-man'e-e), n. pi. be one of the wild originals of the domestic ity. Imp. Diet. — 2. In the Bom. Cath. CA.,same
[NL. (J. Liudley, 1846),< Jmii/i-rmaiinia + -ere.] hen, though the Gitllus bankivus (see Gallus1) as juvenate.

juniper

juniper (jo'm-per), re. and a. [< ME. junyper;
altered, to suit the L., from earlier gynypre, jene-
per, etc. (also prob. "genevre, > ult. geneva and
gint, q. v.), <
OP. geneivre,
genoivre = Pr.
genibre, geneore
= OSp. genebro,
Sp. enebro =
Pg. zimbro = It.
ginepro, giuni-
pero, < ii.juni-
perus, a juni-
per, so called as
' renewing its
youth,' i. e. be-
ing evergreen,<
juvenis (contr.
juni-), young,
+ parere, pro-
duce: see pa-
rent.} I.».A co-
niferous ever-
green shrub or

trop hplnntrino- witn fruit; c, scale of male flower with two

tree, oeionging anthers . rf sced
to the genus Ju-

niperus. There are about 80 species, distributed through
the northern parts of the globe or on mountains further
south. J. communis, the common juniper of Europe
and North America, is a spreading shrub or small tree,
whose purple aromatic berries yield a volatile oil used
as a diuretic and stimulant and also in the manufacture
of gin. J. Sabina of southern Europe, the true savin, is
a small tree whose tops form the omcinal savin. J. Vir-
giniana, the North American red cedar or pencil-cedar, is
a generally small but sometimes large tree, yielding a fra-
grant, light, imperishable wood, highly valued for pencil-
making, cabinet-work, posts, etc. The wood of J. Bermu-
diana serves similar purposes. (Seecedar.) (For botanical
characters, see Juniperus.) The name is locally applied to
other trees, the so called juniper-swamps of the southern
United States consisting of the white cedar, Chamcecyparis

Juniper (Ju
a, branch with

le flowers; bt branch

3254

2. Naut., old or condemned cable and cordage
cut into small pieces, used when untwisted for
making points, gaskets, swabs, mats, etc., and
picked into fibers to make oakum for calking
seams. Hence — 3. Worn-out and discarded
material in general that may be turned to some
use; especially, old rope, chain, iron, copper,
parts of machinery, and bottles, gathered or
bought up by tradesmen called junk-dealers;
hence, rubbish of any kind ; odds and ends. —

4. Salt beef or pork supplied to vessels for
long voyages : so called from its resemblance
in toughness to old ropes' ends.

The purser's junk had become as tough as the foretopsel
weather-earrings. Dickens, Bleak House, xvii.

5. The mass of blubbery and cellular tissue
which fills the cavity of the head of the sperm-
whale between the case and the white-horse,
containing oil and spermaceti.

The dense mass of cellular tissue beneath the case and
nostril, and which is technically called the junk, also con-
tains spermaceti, with which oil and its tissue is infil-
trated. Ure, Diet, III. 869.

junk2 (jungk), n. [A var. of eJiunk1.] A thick
piece ; a lump ; a chunk.

There were two eggs, a junk of bread, and a bottle of
wine on board the Arethusa.

R. L. Stevenson, Inland Voyage, p. 25.

junk3 (jungk), n. [= T?.jonque,< Sp. Pg.junco,
< Malay ajong, or Chinese ehw'an, chu'en, tsw'an,
a ship, boat, bark, junk; otherwise < Javanese
Jung, a large boat.] A large sea-going sailing
vessel used in the Chinese seas. It has aflat bottom,

And that Tre bathe many Leves, as the Oynypre hathe.
Mandeville, Travels, p. 289.

Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots
for their meat. Job xxx. 4.

Gum juniper. Same as sandamc.— Irish and Swedish
Juniper, columnar varieties of J. communis, elegant in
cultivation.
II. t a. Bitter; sharp; severe.

Bishop Grouthead, offended thereat, wrote Pope Inno-
cent the fourth . . . a juniper letter, taxing him with ex-
tortion and other vitious practices.

Fuller, Ch. Hist., III. iv. 29.

When women chide their husbands for a long while
together, it is commonly said, they give them a juniper
lecture; which, I am informed, is a comparison taken
from the long lasting of the live coals of that wood, not
from its sweet smell ; but comparisons run not upon all
four. Ellis, Modern Husbandman (1750), VII. ii. 142.

juniper-brandyt (J6'ni-per-bran*di), n. Gin.

Junlperinae ( jo"ni-pe-ri'ne), n. pi. [NL. (End-
licher, 1847), < Juniperus + -inte.] A subtribe
of coniferous plants of the tribe Cupressinece,
embracing the single genus Jnniperus.

juniperite (jo'ni-per-It), n. [< NL. Juniperites.]
A petrified trunk or fossil impression belonging
to the genus Juniperus or Juniperites.

Juniperites (J6"ni-per-l'tez), K. [NL., < Juni-
perus, q. v.] A genus of plants, the fossil form
of Juniperus.

juniper-Oil (jo'ni-per-oil), n. A volatile oil dis-
tilled from the berries and probably the tops of
Juniperus communis. It is an omcinal drug with
stimulant, carminative, and diuretic properties.

juniper-resin (jo'ni-per-rez'in), n. Sandarac.

Juniperus (jo'-nip'e-rus), n. [L., the juniper-
tree: used as a genus by Tournefort, Inst.,
361, 1700, but with a wider meaning, including
Cedrus. Restricted to present sense by Lin-
nseus.] A genus of coniferous plants, the true
jumpers, embracing about 30 species, widely
distributed. The few scales of the strohile in this ge-
nus are fleshy, and consolidated into an indehiscent berry
or drupe, containing from 1 to 6 hard seeds, either dis-
tinct or united in a woody mass. The leaves are either
scale-like or slender and spreading (acerose), or both in
the same plant. (See jumper.) Eight or ten fossil species
are described from various parts of the world largely
from the Tertiary of Europe and the Cretaceous and Ter-
tiary of the arctic regions. When deviating slightly from
the living plant, these fossil forms are often called Juni-
perites.

junk1 (jungk), n. [< ME. jonke, < OF. jone, a
rush, a rush-light, F. jone = Sp. Pg. juneo =.
It. ffiunco, a rush, bulrush (in Pg. also junk,
cordage (orig. or sometimes made of rushes),
whence the E. word in def. 2), < L. juncws, a
rush. From L. juncus also come ult. E. junket
&nA jonquil.] If. A rush; a reed.

It [the crownl was of Jonkes of the See, that is to sey

Rushes of the See, that prykken als scharpely as Thornes.

Mandeville, Travels, p. 13.

A Canton Trading-junk.

a square prow, and high full stern, from one to five heavy
masts carrying lug-sails, sometimes made of matting, and
a huge rudder, which at sea is lowered below the bottom.
The name is also given to the larger-sized river-craft of
China.

China also, and the Great Atlantis (that you call Amer-
ica), which have now but /unto and canoas, abounded then
in tall ships. Bacon, New Atlantis.

It became a difficult task to thread our way between
the fleets of sampans and junta. The latter are the most
extraordinary looking craft, . . . with high, overhanging
sterns. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, IL xxi.

junk-bottle (jungk'bot'l), «. A thick strong
bottle, usually made of green or black glass.

Just stopping to take a lusty dinner, and bracing to his
side his junk-bottle, well charged with heart-inspiring Hol-
lands, he issued jollily from the city gate.

Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 447.

junk-dealer (jungk'de"ler), n. The keeper of
a junk-shop ; a junkman.

junker (yb'ng'ker), n. [Gt. , a young noble, contr.
of jung herr (MHu./NM herre): see young and
lierre1, and cf. younker, the E. form of junker.']

1. A young German noble or squire.

A "Junker (Jung Herr), or younker," says Herr Bam-
berger, " is essentially the scion of a noble house which
has devoted itself to military service — a mixture of
Charles I. cavalier, Prussian lieutenant, German feudal
lord, and Spanish Don Quixote."

Lowe, Bismarck, I. 82, note.

2. [cop.] A member of the aristocratic party in
Prussia which came into power under Bismarck
when he was made prime minister (1862).

Junkerism (yong'ker-izm), n . [(junker + -ism."]
The political principles and social ideas of the

jonke, a rush: see junk^. Cf. OF. jdnchiere, a
basket of rushes, <.jonc, a rush. Cf. junket*.]
If. A basket made of rushes.

Whanne he [the father of Moses] myjte hide hyra no
longer, he tok a ionket of resshen [a leep of segge, Purv.)
and glewide it withe glewishe clay and with picche, and
putte the litil faunt with ynne. Wyclif, Ex. ii. 4.

2. A long basket for catching fish. [Prov.Eng.]

Juno

junket2 (Jung 'ket), ». [Formerly junkat, jun-
cate, dial, jenket; = F.joncadc, < It. giuncuta, a
sweetmeat, cream-cheese, so called as being
brought in or served on rushes, < giuncoa, rush :
see junk1. Cf. junket1.] 1. Curds mixed with
cream, sweetened, and flavored. Hence — 2f.
Any sweetmeat or delicacy.

And beare with you both wine and juncates fltj
And bid him eate. Spenser, F. Q., V. iv. 49.

With stories told of many a feat,

How faery Mab the junkets eat.

Milton, L' Allegro, I. 102.

3. A feast or merrymaking; a convivial enter-
tainment; a picnic.
8nch junkets come not every day.

Massinger, Great Duke of Florence, iv. 2.
George, taking out his wife to a new jaunt or junket
every night, was quite pleased with himself as usual, and
swore he was becoming quite a domestic character.

Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxviii.

junket2 (jung'ket),». [<.junke&, n.] l.intrans.
To feast; banquet; take part in a convivial
entertainment.

She which stands at the head being Godmother; and
after this they iunket together.

Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 192.

II. trans. To entertain ; feast ; regale.

The good woman took my lodgings over my head, and
was in ... a hurry to junket her neighbours. II. Walpole.

junketer (jung'ket-er), n. One who takes part
in a junket.

On what principle . . . are these junketers . . . allowed
the use of steamboats at an expense of from $300 to $500
per day? Kew York Tribune, June 14, 1862.

junketing (jung'ket-ing), n. [Verbal n. of
junket*, v.~\ A lively feast or entertainment;
a season of conviviality ; picnicking.
All was fun, frolic, courtship, junket 'ng, and jollity.

Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 133.

St. Martha's Day was occasion for junketings on the Giu-

decca Canal, when a favorite fish, being in season, was de-

votionally eaten. HoweUs, Venetian Life, xvii.

junketryt, n. [Formerly also junquetry; <jun-
kefi + -ry.] Sweetmeats.

You would prefer him before tart and galingale, which
Chaucer preheminentest encomionizeth above mlljunquet-
ries or confectionaries whatsoever.

Ncushe, Lenten Stuffe (Harl. Misc., VI. 158).

junking (jung'king), n. [Cf. junk*.] In coal-
mining, a passage through a pillar of coal.
[North. Eng.]

junkman (jungk'man), ». ; pi. junkmen (-men).
A dealer in junk.

junk-ring (jungk'ring), n. In steam-engines, a
ring fitting in a groove round a piston to keep
it steam-tight by confining the packing.

junk-shop (jungk'shop), n. A place where junk
is bought and sold. See junk1, 2.

Junk Shop was defined by the Supreme Court of South
Carolina to be a place where odds and ends are purchased
or sold. Bishop, Stat. Crimes (2d ed.), § 296.

junk-Strap (jungk'strap), n. In the whale-fish-
ery, a chain used to hoist aboard the junk of a
sperm-whale.

junk-vat (jungk'vat), n. In tanning, a large
vat for holding ooze or tan-liquor which has
been weakened in the layers.

junk-wad (jungk'wod), n. In ordnance, a wad
made of oakum bound with spun-yarn and fill-
ing the bore of the gun, used in proving can-
non and to hold the shot in place.

Juno (jo'no), n. [L., a name ult. connected with
Jovis, Jupiter, Jove, Jupiter, Diana, etc.: see
deity.] 1. In Bom. myth., the queen of hea-
ven, the highest
divinity of the Lat-
in races in Italy
next to Jupiter, of
whom she was the
sister and the wife.
She was the parallel of
the Greek Hera, with
whom in later times she
became to a consider-
able extent identified.
She was regarded as the
special protectress of
marriage, and was the
guardian of woman
from birth to death. In
Rome she was also the
patron of the national
finances, and a temple
which contained the
mintwas erected toher,
under the name of Juno
Moneta, on the Capi-
toline. In her distinc-
tively Italic charac-
ter, Juno (called Lanu-
vina, from the site at
Lanuvium of her chief juno of Lanuvinm._ colossal statue in

sanctuary, or Hospita, the Vatican Museum. Rome.

paleontoiog,

participle.

passive.

pathology.

perfect.

Fenian.

person.

perspective.

Peruvian.

petrography.

., Portuguese.

pharmacy.

Phenician

. philolur
.phD<-

aw

„ aniperites.]
.ession belonging
•eritrx.

[NL., < Jnni-
iits, the fossil form

, w. A volatile oil dis-
jid probably the tops of
PS an officinal drug Witt
and diuretic propert
'rez"in), n. S— '-

. ...nps.

It became A di
the fleets of samp^
extraordinary look
sterns. Lad;

junk-bottle (ju

bottle, usually

Just stopping to

side tti/u&Mtfe.

lands, he issued jo

:nnk-dealer (j-
•hint-shop; ?

PE

1625

C4

I889a
pt.11

The Century dictionary

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS.

a.,adj adjective.

abbr abbreviation.

abL ablative.

ace accusative.

accom accommodated, accom-
modation.

act active.

adv adverb.

AF Anglo-French.

agrl agriculture.

AL. Anglo-Latin.

alg. algebra.

Amer American.

aiiat anatomy.

anc. ancient.

antiq antiquity.

aor mirist.

appar apparently.

Ar. Arabic.

arch architecture.

:t r r h; i-ol . archaeology.

urith. arithmetic.

art article.

AS Anglo-Saxon.

astrol astrology.

astron astronomy.

attrib attributive.

aug augmentative.

Bar Bavarian.

Beng Bengali.

blol biology.

Bohem. Bohemian.

bot botany.

Braz. Brazilian.

Bret Breton.

bryol bryology.

Bulg. Bulgarian.

carp. carpentry.

Cat Catalan.

Cath Catholic.

caus. causative.

ceram ceramics.

cf L. confer, compare.

ch, church.

Chal Chaldee.

chem chemical, chemistry.

Chin Chinese.

chron chronology.

colloq colloquial, colloquially.

com commerce, commer-
cial.

comp composition, com-
pound.

com par. comparative.

conch. conchology.

con] conjunction.

contr contracted, contrac-
tion.

Corn Cornish.

cranlol craniology.

craniom craniometry.

crystal crystallography.

D Dutch.

Dan Danish.

dat dative.

del definite, definition.

derlv derivative, derivation.

dial dialect, dialectal.

diff different

dim diminutive.

distrib distributive.

dram dramatic.

dynam dynamics.

E. East

B. English(ii<iiaUyniran-

ing modern English).

eccl., eccles ecclesiastical.

econ economy.

o. g L. exempli gratia, for

example.

Egypt Egyptian.

E. lud East Indian.

elect electricity.

embryol embryology.

Eng English.

engln engineering.

entom entomology.

Epli Episcopal.

equlv equivalent.

esp. especially.

Eth Ethiopia.

ethnog ethnography.

i tin:' .1. ethnology.

i-t j in. etymology.

Eur European.

exclam exclamation.

f. . fern feminine.

F. French (ttfuaHv mean-
ing modern French).

Flem Flemish.

fort fortification.

freq frequentative.

Fries. Friesic.

tat future.

0 aennan(u*ua22j/nwati-

in'j New High Ger-
man).

Gad. Gaelic.

galv. galvanism.

gen genitive.

geog geography.

gaol. geology.

geom geometry.

Goth Gothic (Miesogothic).

Or. Greek.

gram grammar.

gun gunnery.

Heb. Hebrew.

her. heraldry.

herpet herpetology.

Hind Hindustani.

hlit history.

horol. horology.

hort hortloulture.

Hung Hungarian.

hydraul hydraulics.

hydros hydrostatics.

Icel Icelandic hauatttj

meaning Old Ice-
landfc,o£Aen0isVMB»
rd Old Norse).

ichth Ichthyology.

i.e. \,.idfsl, that is.

Impers Impersonal.

i 1 1 1 1 1 f Imperfect.

Iropv. imperative.

in 1 1 imp improperly.

Inil. Indian.

iml. Indicative.

Indo-Eur Indo-European.

iinlrf. indefinite.

inf. Infinitive.

instr Instrumental.

inter] interjection.

intr., intrans — intransitive.

Ir. Irish.

irreg irregular, I/regularly.

It Italian.

Jap Japanese.

L. Latin (utuattu mean-
ing classical Latin).

Lett Lettish.

LG Low German.

lichenol llchenology.

Ut. literal, literally.

lit literature.

Llth Lithuanian

llthog lithography.

lithol llthology.

LL. Late Latin.

m., masc masculine.

M. Middle.

mach .machinery.

mammal mammalogy.

manuf manufacturing.

math mathematics.

MI' Middle Dutch.

If £ Middle English (other.

true called Old Eng-
lish).

NHG.

NL.

mech. mechanics, mechani-
cal.

med medicine.

mensnr mensuration.

metal. metallurgy.

metaph metaphysics.

meteor. meteorology.

Mt-i. Mexican.

MGr Middle Greek, medie-
val Greek.

MHU Middle High German.

mllit military.

mineral mineralogy.

ML. Middle Latin, medie-
val Latin.

MLG Middle Low German.

mod. modern.

mycol. mycology.

myth. mythology.

n noun.

n., in-lit. neater.

K New.

N North.

N. Amer North America.

nut. natural.

naut nautical.

nav navigation.

NQr New Greek, modern

Greek.

— New High German

(vtually limply G.,
German).

— New Latin, modern

Latin.

nominative.

Norm. Norman.

north. northern.

Norw. Norwegian.

numia. numismatics.

O Old.

obs. obsolete.

obstet obstetrics.

OBulg. Old Bulgarian (other-

trtw called Church
Slavonic, Old Slavic,
Old Slavonic).

OCat. Old Catalan.

OD. Old Dutch.

ODan Old Danish.

odontog odontography.

odontol odontology.

OF. Old French.

OFlem. Old Flemish.

OGaeL Old Gaelic.

OHG Old High German.

Olr. Old Irish.

Olt Old Italian.

OL. Old Latin.

OLG Old Low German.

ONorth .Old Northumbrian.

OPruss Old Prussian.

orig original, originally.

ornith. ornithology.

OS. Old Saxon.

O8p Old Spanish.

osteoL osteology.

OSw Old Swedish.

OTent Old Teutonic.

P.*. participial adjective.

paleon paleontology.

put participle.

paaa. passive.

pathol pathology.

perf. perfect

Pen. Persian.

pen person.

persp. perspective.

PeruT Peruvian.

f.'. petrography.

— Portuguese.

pharmacy.

Phenlcian.

jiliilul. philology.

philos. philosophy.

phonog phonography.

photog photography.

phren phrenology.

phys physical

physiol physiology.

pi., plu r plural.

poet poetical.

political.

Polish.

pp. past participle.

ppr. present participle.

Pr. Provencal (uruofly

meaning Old Pro-
vencjd).

pref. prefix.

prep preposition.

prea. present

pret preterit

priv privative.

prob probably, probable.

pron pronoun.

pron pronounced, pronun-
ciation.

prop properly.

Pro t Protestant

prov provincial.

psychoL psychology.

q. v L. quod (or pi. qua)

tide, which see.

refl. reflexive.

reg. regular, regularly.

repr representing.

rhet rhetoric.

Bom Roman.

Rom Romanic, Romance

(kusfuflges).

Rnss Russian.

8. South.

s. Amer South American.

K L. Kilicet, understand,

supply.

Sc. Scotch.

Scand Scandinavian.

Scrip Scripture.

sculp sculpture.

Serv Servian.

sing. singular.

Skt Sanskrit

Slav Slavic, Slavonic.

Sp. Spanish.

sub] subjunctive.

snpei 1 superlative.

snrv surveying.

8w Swedish.

syn synonymy.

Syr. Syriac.

technol technology.

teleg telegraphy.

teratoL teratology.

term. termination.

Tent Teutonic.

tbeat. theatrical

theoL theology.

therap therapeutics.

toxlcol toxicology.

tr., trans transitive.

trigon trigonometry.

Turk, Turkish.

typog. typography.

ult ultimate, ultimately.

T. verb.

var variant

Tet veterinary.

T. L intransitive verb.

v. t transitive verb.

W. Welsh.

Wall Walloon.

Wallach. Wallachian.

W. Ind West Indian.

xobgeog zoogeography.

root zoology.

wot zootomy.

KEY TO PRONUNCIATION.

« as In fat, roan, pang,

a as in fate, mane, dale,

a as In far, father, guard,

a as in fall, talk, naught

A as In ask, tost, ant

a as in fare, hair, bear,

e as In met, pen, bless,

e as in mete, meet, meat

e as in her, fern, heard.

i as In pin, It. biscuit

,1 as in pine, fight, file,

o as in not, on, frog.

6 as in note, poke, floor.

i> as in move, spoon, room.

6 as in nor, song, off.

u as in tub, son, blood,

u as In mute, acute, few (also new,
tube, duty: see Preface, pp.

n as In 'pull, book, could.

u German u, French u.

ol as In oil, Joint, boy.

ou as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel In an unac-
cented syllable Indicates Its abbreviation
and lightening, without absolute loss of
1U distinctive quality. See Preface, p xi.
Thus:

4 as in prelate, courage, captain.

'. as in ablegate, episcopal.

Q as In abrogate, eulogy, democrat

V as in singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unac-
cented syllable indicates that, even In the
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac-
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but,
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus :

a as in errant, republican.

« as in prudent, difference.

i as in charity, density,

p. as in valor, actor. Idiot

I Mli Persia, peninsula,

e as In the- book.

U as in nature, feature.

A mark M under the consonant* t, d,
t, t indicates that they in like manner
are variable to ch, j, ih, zA. Thus :

( as in nature, adventure,

d as In arduous, education.

9 as in leisure.

z as in seizure.

th as in thin.

TII as In then.

ch as in German ach, Scotch loch.

n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en.

ly (in French words) French liquid (moo-

' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent
(A secondary accent Is not marked if at ita
regular Interval of two syllables from the
primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS.

< read from ; i. e., derived from.

> read vhence ; i. e., from which is derived.

+ read and ; L e., compounded with, or
with suffix.

= read cognate with; L e., etymologically
parallel with.

y read root.

• read theoretical or alleged; t e., theoreti-
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri-
fied, form.

t read obtolete.