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HANDHOIND 
AT  THE 


UN1\ERS1T^'  OF 
TORONTO  PRESS 


^5^^ 


1.  The  twenty-third  letter 
and  eighteenth  consonant- 
sign  in  the  English  alpha- 
bet. It  haa  a  double  value,  as 
consonant  and  as  vowel.  As  an 
alphabetic  character  it  is  of  very 
modern  date,  being  one  of  the  four 
that  have  sprang  from  the  Y  or  V 
added  by  the  Greelts  to  the  older 
Phenician  alphabet,  and  one  of  the 
three  (L',  l',  K  )  thnt  have  grown  ont  of  the  Roman  form 
of  that  character  (see  U).  It  was  made  (as  pointed  out 
under  U)  by  doulding  the  17-  or  K-sign  (hence  called  double 
(T\  in  order  to  distinguish  properly  the  semivowel  sound 
w  from  the  spirant  r  and  the  vowel  tt.  It  was  formerly 
often  printed  as  two  V's,  TF,  uc  It  Ijegan  to  be  used  in 
the  eleventh  century,  and  gradually  crowded  out  the  spe- 
cial sign  for  the  same  sound  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  alpha- 
bet  had  possessed.  The  alphabetic  sound  distinctively 
represented  by  ic  is  the  laljiai  semivowel,  which  stands  in 
precisely  the  same  relation  to  oo  (o)  in  which  consonan- 
tal y  stands  to  ee  (e).  Each  of  these  semivowels,  if  not  of 
precisely  the  same  mode  of  production  with  the  corre- 
sponding vowel,  is  at  any  rate  only  very  sliszhtly  different 
from  it;  w  is  virtually  an  oo  which  is  abbreviated  into  a 
mere  prefix  to  another  vowel,  a  close  position  from  which 
the  oi^ans  by  opening  reach  another  vowel-sound ;  and  a 
prolonged  w  is  an  on.  On  the  other  hand,  the  sendvowel 
w  (liite  the  semivowel  y)  can  lie  only  very  imperfectly  and 
indistinctly  uttered  after  a  vowel,  and  our  w  in  that  posi- 
tion la  but  another  way  of  writing  «;  it  is  found  only  in 
the  combinations  aw,  ew,  oic,  which  are  equivalent  to  aw, 
«v,  ou ;  and  as  so  used  it  could  disappear  from  the  lan- 
guage withotit  any  loss,  iuit  rather  with  profit.  The  semi- 
vowel sounil  w  (including  wh  and  qu,  which  is  a  way  of 
writing  kw:  see  under  Q)  is  a  not  uncommon  element  of 
English  utterance,  being  about  2^  per  cent,  of  it  (a  little 
less  than  the  spirant  p).  In  many  languages  —  for  ex- 
ample, in  all  those  tiiat  are  descended  from  the  Latin 
—  the  semivowel  w  tends  to  pa-ss  over  into  the  spirant 
o-sound,  and  hence  the  spirant  value  of  our  r,  which  was 
the  representative  in  Latin  of  the  u>.soun<1.  In  Anglo- 
Saxon  a  w  stocKl  and  was  pronounce«l  also  1>efore  r  (and 
In  a  few  words  before  f) ;  in  such  words  as  vrriu,  wring, 
the  character  is  retained,  though  the  sound  is  lost.  In 
Anglo-Saxon,  also,  the  w  was  in  many  words  pronounced 
with  a  preceding  aspiration,  the  relic  of  an  original  pre- 
fixed guttural  mute,  and  it  was  consistently  and  properly 
so  written ;  for  examide,  hxcU,  white,  hic^r,  where.  In 
modem  Engli^^h  the  h  lias  ))y  an  odd  and  unaccountable 
caprice  had  its  place  in  writing  changed  to  alter  the  «■ 
(perhaps  by  analogy  with  the  similar  blunder  shown  in 
writing  rh  in  Latin  for  the  Greek  aspirated  r,  or  hr,  or  by 
a  blind  conformity  with  the  frequent  initial  digraphs  tfi, 
ph,  »A).  There  is  dispute  among  phtmctists  at  present 
as  to  the  true  character  of  this  icA-sound,  some  maintain- 
ing  that  it  is  not  a  w  with  preceding  aspiration,  but  a 
surd  counterpart  to  w,  standing  related  to  it  as,  for  ex- 
ample an/  to  a  r,  or  an  «  to  a  z.  This  view  rests  in  part, 
probably,  on  some  actual  difference  of  utterance,  but  in 
part  also  on  unfamlliarlty  with  the  real  wh ;  for  in  England 
the  aspiration  is  now  very  generally  omitted,  and  when, 
white,  etc. .  are  prononnced  as  wen,  wite,  etc.  It  admits  of 
no  question,  however,  that  when,  fi  »r  example,  is  related  to 
/u)o.«n  precisely  aa  wen  tooo-en,tbc  difference  in  each  ease 
consisting  in  au  aspiration  prefixed  re«ipectively  to  the 
Towel  and aemivowet—juBt  as, correspond ingly,Anr(which 
shows  an  h  prefixed  to  the  English  "long  u"  sound,  or 
yoo)  ia  related  to  A^-oo  precisely  aa  ewe  to  i-fto:  the  A 
being  here,  aa  everywhere  else  (see  UX  uttered  through 
the  same^osition  of  the  montli-organs  as  the  following 
sound.  Ir  is  sometimes  silent,  not  only  aa  initial  liefore 
r  (see  aboveX  but  elsewhere,  as  in  two,  tnccrd,  ansirer,  etc. 
It  is  never  doubled.  The  assimilating  iiifiuence  of  a  w 
(whether  written  witli  w  or  witht/  in  the  combination  '/«) 
in  a  following  a-sound  is  very  marlced,  giving  the  a  in 
many  words  the  short  sound  of  o  (o),  as  in  what,  tquad, 
etc,  or  the  broad  sound  of  a  (kX  as  in  war,  ^timrt,  thicnrt, 
etc. 

2.  As  a  Bymbol:  (a)  In  chem.,  the  symbol  for 
tungsten  (NL.  tcolframitim).     (6)  [I.  c]  In  lii/- 
drodynamics,  the  symbol  for  the  component  of 
the  velocity  parallel  to  the  axis  of  Z. —  3.  As  an 
abbreviation :  (a)  of  wett;  (ft)  of  Kestcrii ;  (<•)  of 
WillUim;  (d)  of  Wednestiag;  (e)  of  If eUsh;  W) 
of  warden ;  (g)  [I.  e.)  of  week. 
wa'  (wii  or  wi),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  waW^. 
waat,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  tcor. 
waag  (wiig),  n.     [Native  Abysfnnian  name.] 

Tlie  grivr-t,  a  monkoy. 
wabber  (wob'tr),  ».    Same  as  cony,  2. 
wabble',  wobble  (wob'I),r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wnb- 
hled,  wohhicd,  ppr.  irahbling,  wohblinfl.     [<  LG. 
wabhelH,  wabble,  =  MHG.  wabelev,  webelcn,  bo 
in  motion,  fluctuate,  move  hither  and  thitlier; 
a  fre<i.  form,  pai-allcl  toMH<J.  wabn-en,  etc.,  K. 
leaver^,  of  the  orig.  verb  reprPHcnteti  by  travel : 
see  icat'ci.  In  part  prob.  a  var.  of  *wapi'U-  a  vsr. 
427 


of  wapper,  freq.  of  wap'^ :  see  tcopi.]  I.  intrans. 
1.  To  incline  to  the  one  side  and  to  the  other 
alternately,  as  a  wheel,  top,  spindle,  or  other 
rotating  body  when  not  properly  balanced; 
move  in  the  manner  of  a  rotating  disk  when  its 
plane  vibrates  from  side  to  side;  rock;  vacil- 
late. 

To  wabble  .  .  .  [a  low  barbarous  word].  ./oAjwon,  Diet. 

When  .  .  .  the  top  falls  on  to  the  table,  .  .  .  it  falls  into 
a  certain  oscillation,  described  by  the  expressive  though 
inelegant  word  —  wabbling. 

U.  Spencer,  Firat  Principles,  8  170. 

It  [a  pendulum]  should  be  symmetrical  on  each  side  of 
the  middle  plane  of  its  vibration,  or  it  will  ivobble. 

Sir  E.  Beckett,  Clocks  and  Watches,  p.  42. 

Hence — 2.  To  vacillate,  vibrate,  tremble,  or 
exhibit  unevenness,  in  senses  other  than  me- 
chanical.    [Colloq.] 

Ferri  .  .  .  made  use  of  the  tremolo  upon  every  note,  to 
such  an  extent  that  his  whole  singing  was  a  bad  wobbling 
trill.  Grove,  Diet.  Music,  III.  509. 

H.  traii.1.  To  cause  to  wabble:  as,  to  wabble 
one's  head.     [Colloq.] 

wabblei,  wobble  (wob'l),  n.  [<  wabblei,  u.] 
A  rocking,  unequal  motion,  as  of  a  wheel  un- 
evenly hung  or  a  top  imperfectly  balanced. 

The  wind  had  raised  a  middling  stiff  wobble  on  the  water, 

and  thelxiat  jumped  and  tumbled  in  avery  lively  manner. 

W.  C.  BusiieU,  Jack's  Courtship,  xx. 

wabble"  (wob'l),  n.  [A  dial.  var.  of  warble'^, 
w.]  The  larva  of  the  emasculating  bot-fly, 
Ciititcrebra  cmasculator,  which  infests  squirrels 
in  the  United  States ;  also,  the  injury  or  affec- 
tion resulting  from  its  presence.  See  warble'^, 
and  cut  under  Cutiterebra.    Also  worble. 

A  very  large  percentage  [of  fifty  chipmunks]  .  .  .  were 
infested  with  wabbles. 

Rep.  0/  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agrieullure  (1889),  I.  215. 

wabble^t  (wob'l),  ».  An  old  name  of  the  great 
auk,  Alca  impennU.  Josselyii,  New  England 
Rarities  Discovered. 

wabbler  (wob'ler), ».  [<  wabble^  +  -eri.]  One 
who  orthat  which  wabbles.  Specifically— (a)  Same 
as  dninken  cutter  (which  see,  under  cutter^X  (6)  A  boiled 
leg  of  mutton.    [Prov.  Eng.J 

wabble-saw  (wob'l-sa),  ».  A  circular  saw 
hung  out  of  true  on  its  arbor,  used  to  cut  dove- 
tail slots,  mortises,  etc.     E,  IJ.  Kiiifiht. 

wabbly,  wobbly  (wob'li),  a.  [<  wabble^  +-J^.] 
Inclined  to  wabble;  shaky;  unsteady;  vibrant; 
tremulous. 

Dismal  sounds  may  express  dismal  emotions,  and  soft 
sounds  soft  emotions,  and  wabbly  sounds  uncertain  emo- 
tions. B.  Qumey,  Nineteenth  Century,  XIII.  446. 

wabron-leaf,  wabran-leaf  (wa'bron-,  wa'bran- 
lef ),  n.  [<  icabron,  icabran,  perhaps  a  corrup- 
tion of  waybrcad  (q.  v.),  -1-  leaf.']  The  great 
plantain,  I'lantago  major  See })JaHto!»l  (with 
cut).  [Scotch.] 
wabster  (wab'ster),  n.  A  Scotch  form  of  Web- 
ster. 

Willie  was  a  wabttcr  gude. 
Could  stown  a  clew  wi'  ony  body. 

Bums,  Willie  Wastle. 

wacapou  (wak'a-po),  n.  A  leguminous  tree, 
Andira  Aubletii,  ot  French  Guiana,  it  furnishes 
a  brownish  straight-grained  wood,  scarcely  sound  enough 
for  architectural  purposes,  but  suitable  for  many  domes- 
tic uses.  A  similar  but  Inferior  wood  is  called  wacapou 
grit. 

wacchet,  waccheret.  Old  spellings  of  watch, 
wa  t  flier. 

wacke  (wak'e),  H.  [<  G.  wacke,  MHG.  wackc,  a 
rock  projecting  from  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
a  large  flint  or  stone ;  origin  unknown.]  A  soft 
homogeneous  clay  arising  from  the  decomposi- 
tion of  some  form  of  volcanic  or  eruptive  rock. 
It  is  of  a  greenish  or  brownish  color.  Compare 
grat/wacke. 

wacken^  (wak'n),  r.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  waken. 

wacken''^  (wak'n),  a.  [<  ME.  waken,  <  AS. 
warin,  pp.  of  iracan,  wake:  see  wake^.^  If. 
Watchful. —  2.  Lively;  sharp;  wanton.  Halli- 
wcll.     [Prov.  Eiig.] 

0797 


wadl  (wod),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  wadde ;  cf.  D. 
tcatte  =  G.  teattc,  wad,  wadding,  =  OSw.  wad, 
clothing,  clotl),  stuff,  Sw.  vadd,  wadding,  = 
Dan.  vat,  wadding,  =  Icel.  "vadhr,  in  comp.  vad- 
mdl,  a  woolen  stuff,  wadmal  (see  wadmal) ;  akin 
to  MD.  waede,  wacye  =  MLG.  wade,  G.  watte, 
a  large  fishing-net,  =  Icel.  vadhr,  a  fishing-net, 
and  to  AS.  w^d,  etc.,  clothing,  weed :  see  wecd'^. 
Hence  (<  G.  watte)  F.  ouateX^  Sp.  huata)  =  It. 
uvata  (ML.  tvadda)  =  Russ.  rata,  wad,  wad- 
ding. The  relations  of  the  forms  are  involved ; 
E.  toad  is  perhaps  in  part  short  for  tlie  obs. 
wadmah]  1.  A  small  bunch  or  wisp  of  rags, 
hay,  hair,  wool,  or  other  fibrous  material,  used 
for  stuffing,  for  lessening  the  shock  of  hard 
bodies  against  each  other,  or  for  packing. 

A  wispe  of  rushes,  or  a  clod  of  land, 

Or  any  wadde  ot  hay  that  *s  next  to  hand, 

They'l  steale.  John  7'or/;or,Work8(1830).  (Nares.) 

Know  you  yonder  lumpe  of  melancholy, 
Yonder  bundle  of  aighes,  yonder  wad  of  groanea? 
Heywood,  Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchange  (\\'ork8,  ed.  1874, 

[II.  17). 

2.  Specifically,  something,  as  a  piece  of  cloth, 
paper,  or  leather,  used  to  hold  the  powder  or  bul- 
let, or  both,  in  place  in  a  gun  or  cartridge.  For 
ordinary  double-  or  single-barreled  shot-guns,  wads  are 
disks  of  felt,  leather,  or  pasteboard  cut  by  machinery  or 
by  a  hand-tool,  often  indented  to  allow  passage  of  air  in 
ramming  home,  and  sometimes  specially  treated  with  a 
composition  which  helps  to  keep  the  barrels  from  fouling. 
See  cut  under  shot-cartridge. 

Wads  are  punched  out  of  sheets  of  various  materials  by 
cutters  fixed  in  a  press.  Those  most  commonly  used  are 
made  of  felts,  cardlxiard,  or  jute. 

H'.  W.  Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  300. 

3.  In  ceram.,  a  small  piece  of  finer  clay  used  to 
cover  the  body  of  an  inferior  material  in  some 
varieties  of  earthenware ;  especially,  the  piece 

doubled  over  the  edge  of  a  vessel Junk  wad. 

See  I'iMii-worf.—  Selvagee-wad.    Same  as  gnmel-uad. 

Wad^  (wod),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wadded,  ppr. 
wadding.  [=  G.  watten  (cf.  freq.  G.  wattircn  = 
D.  watteren  =  Dan.  vattere),  wad;  from  the 
notm.]  1.  Toform  into  a  wad  or  into  wadding; 
press  together  into  a  mass,  as  fibrous  material. 
— 2.  To  line  with  wadding,  as  a  garment,  to  give 
more  roundness  or  fullness  to  tlie  figure,  keep 
out  the  cold,  render  soft,  or  protect  in  any  way. 

A  parcel  of  Superannuated  Debauchees,  huddled  up  in 
Cloaks,  Frize  Coats  and  Wadded  Gowns. 
Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Keign  of  Queen  Anne, 

[I.  300. 

The  quickest  of  us  walk  about  well  wadded  with  stupid- 
ity. George  Eliot,  Middlemarcll,  xx. 

3.  To  pad;  stuff;  fill  out  with  or  as  with  wad- 
ding. 

His  skin  with  sugar  being  wadded. 
With  li<iuid  fires  his  entrails  burn'd. 

J.  G.  Cooper,  tr.  of  Ver-Vert,  iv.  (an.  1759). 

4.  To  put  a  wad  into,  as  the  barrel  of  a  gun ; 
also,  to  hold  in  place  by  a  wad,  as  a  bullet. 

wad^  (wod),  i:  A  Scotch  form  of  teed. 
wad^  (wod).  A  Scotch  fonn  of  would. 
wad^  (wod),  n.   An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of 

woad. 
wad''  (wod),  H.     [Also  wadd;  origin  obstiire.] 

1.  An  impure  earthy  ore  of  manganese,  \.'liich 
consists  of  manganese  dioxid  associated  with 
the  oxid  of  iron,  cobalt,  or  copper.  When  mixed 
with  linseed-oil  for  a  paint  it  is  apt  to  take  fire. 
Also  called  bog-manganese,  earthy  manganese. — 

2.  Same  as  plumbago.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
wadable  (wa'da-bl),  a.    [<  wade  -t-  -able.']    That 

may  be  waded;  fordable.     Volc.s;  HalUweil. 

wad-cutter  (wod'kuf'er),  H.  A  device  for  cut- 
ting wads.  There  are  many  kinds.  The  sim- 
plest is  a  circular  chisel  or  gouge  struck  with 
a  hammer  or  mallet. 

wadd,  n.     See  u-ad5. 

Wadder  ( wod'er), ».  [<  n-ad'^  -)-  -cr'> .]  A  grower 
of  wad  or  woad.     Halliwell. 

wadding  (wod'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  W(till  c] 
1.  Wads  collectively;  stuffing;  si>eciliciilly, 
carded  cotton  or  wool  used  to  line  or  stuff 


wadding 

articles  of  dress,  the  surface  of  the  spongy  web 
of  carded  material  being  covered  with  tissue- 
paper  or  with  a  coat  of  size. 

The  seat,  with  plenteous  wadding  stuff' li. 

Conyer,  Task,  i.  31. 

Aristoteles,  and  all  tlie  rest  of  you,  must  have  the  wad- 
ding of  straw  and  saw-dust  shaken  out,  and  then  we  shall 
know  pretty  nearly  your  real  weight  and  magnitude. 

Landor,  Iniag.  Conv.,  Diogenes  and  Plato. 

2.  Jfaterial  for  gun-wads. 
wadding-sizer  (wod'ing-si"zer),  n.    A  machine 

for  applying  a  coating  of  size  to  the  surface 
of  a  bat  of  cotton,  to  make  wadding.  E.  H. 
Kiiiqht. 
waddlel  (wod'l),i'. ;  pret.  and  pp.  )(o*?to/, ppr. 
iriiddliiif/.  [A  dim.  and  freq.  of  wnde.'i  I.  iij- 
traiis.  To  sway  or  rock  from  side  to  side  in 
walking ;  move  with  short,  quick  steps,  throw- 
ing the  body  from  one  side  to  tlie  other ;  walk 
in  a  tottering  or  vacillating  manner ;  toddle. 

Then  she  could  stand  alone ;  nay,  by  the  rood, 
She  could  have  run  and  icaddled  all  about. 

Shak.,  E.  and  J.,  i.  3.  37. 

Every  member  waddled  Iiomc  as  fast  as  bis  short  legs 
could  cany  him,  wlieezing  as  lie  went  with  corpulency 
and  terror.  Irving,  Knickerboclcer,  p.  437. 

=S3m.  Waddle,  Toddle.  Waddling  is  a  kind  of  ungainly 
walking  produced  liy  the  great  weight  or  natural  clumsi- 
ness of  the  walker  ;  toddling  is  the  movement  of  a  child 
in  learning  to  walk. 

II.  truHs.  To  tread  down  by  wading  or  wad- 
dling through,  as  high  grass.     [Rare.] 

They  tread  and  waddle  all  the  goodly  grass. 

Drayton,  Moon-Calf. 

waddle^  (wod'l),  n.     [<  tcmWe^,  v.']     The  act 

of  walking  with  a  swaying  or  rocking  motion 

from  side  to  side ;  a  clumsy,  rocking  gait,  with 

short  steps;  a  toddle. 
waddle^  (wod'l),  n.  and  v.    A  dialectal  form  of 

ica  ttk. 
waddle^  (wod'l),  «.    [Perhaps  a  perverted  form 

of  "waiDiel,  <  wtinc^,  v.]    The  wane  of  the  moon. 

HaUiweJl.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
waddler(wod'ler),H.    [i  waddle^ +-er'^.'\    One 

who  or  that  which  waddles. 
waddling  (wod  'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  wndd/e^.] 

A  wattled  fence.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

To  arbor  begim  and  quicksetted  about. 
No  poling  nor  wadling  till  set  be  far  out. 

Tusser,  Husbandrie,  p.  83.    (Davie».) 

waddlingly  (wod'ling-li),  adv.     With  a  wad- 
dling gait. 

waddy  (wad'i),  h.  ;  pi.  waddies  (-iz).  [Aus- 
tralian.] 1.  A  war-club  of  heavy  wood,  grooved 
in  such  a  way  that  the  edges  of  the  grooves 
serve  as  cutting  edges  to  increase  the  efficacy 
of  the  blow :  used  by  the  Australian  aborigines. 
Also  loaddie. 
In  battle,  a  blow  from  a  waddi/  lays  low  a  companion. 
//.  SpeiKer,  Prin.  of  Socio!.,  §  78. 

Hence  —  2.  A  walking-stick.  [Australia.] 
wade  (wad),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  waded,  ppr.  wading. 
[<  ME.  waden  (pret.  waded,  earlier  wod,  pp. 
"wadeii).  <  AS.  icadan  (pret.  wud,  pi.  wodon, 
pp.  waden),  go,  move,  advance,  trudge,  also 
wade,  =  OFries.  wada  =  D.  waden  =  OHG. 
watan,  MHG.  waten,  G.  waten,  wade,  ford,  = 
leel.  vadlui  =  Dan.  vade  =  Sw.  ruda,  wade,  = 
L.  radere,  go.  Hence  ult.  waddle^.  From  the 
L.  jY/rfere  come  E.  evade,  invade,  pervade,  etc.] 
I.  ill  trans.  1.  To  walk  through  any  substance 
that  impedes  the  free  motion  of  the  limbs; 
move  by  stepping  through  a  fluid  or  other  semi- 
resisting  medium:  as,  to  jcarfe  through  water; 
to  ivnde  through  sand  or  snow. 

She  waded  through  the  dirt  to  pluck  him  off  me. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1.  80. 

2t.  To  enter  in;  penetrate. 

Whan  myght  is  joyned  unto  crueltee. 
Alias,  to  depe  wol  the  venym  wade. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  604. 

3.  To  move  or  pass  with  difficulty  or  labor,  real 
or  apparent  ;  make  way  against  hindrances  or 
embarrassments,  as  depth,  obscurity,  or  resis- 
tance, material  or  mental. 

Of  this  and  that  they  playde  and  gonnen  wade 
In  many  an  unkouth,  glad,  and  deepe  matere. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  150. 
Dangerous  it  were  for  the  feeble  brain  of  man  to  wade 
far  into  the  doings  of  the  Most  High. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  i.  2. 

I  lament  what  he  [Mr.  Fox]  must  wade  through  to  rial 
power,  if  ever  be  should  arrive  there. 

Walpole,  Lettcis,  II.  494. 
Wading  birds,  the  waders  ;  (irallte  or  Graltatoreg. 

II,  trans.  To  pass  or  cros^  by  wading;  ford: 
as,  to  ivadc  a  stream. 

Theti  the  three  fJods  waded  the  river, 

WilUant  Morrix,  Sigurd,  li. 


6798 

wade  (wad),  n.  [<  wade,  v.;  in  def.  2  =  wadde 
=  Icel.  vad,  a  ford.]  1.  The  act  of  wading:  as, 
a  xvade  in  a  brook. —  2.  A  place  where  wading 
is  done;  a  ford.     [Colloq.] 

It  was  a  wade  of  fully  a  mile,  and  every  now  and  then 
the  water  just  touched  the  ponies'  bellies. 

The  Field,  April  4, 1885.    (Encye.  Diet.) 

3.  A  road.     See  the  quotation. 

The  word  wade,  properly  a  ford,  is  used  here  to  signify 
a  road,  and  not  merely  the  crossing  of  water.  It  is,  I  be- 
lieve, extinct  as  a  noun,  though  it  survives  as  a  verb. 

A.  II.  A.  Hamilton,  Quarter  Sessions,  p.  271. 

wader  (wa'der),  n.  [<  wade  +  -erl.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  wades. 

I  saw  where  James 
Made  toward  us,  like  a  wader  in  the  surf. 
Beyond  the  brook,  waist-deep  in  meadow-sweet. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

2.  In  ornith.,  any  bird  belonging  to  the  old 
order  Grallse  or  Grallatores,  comprising  a  great 
number  of  long-legged  wading  birds,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  those  water-birds  which  have 
short  legs  and  webbed  feet  and  habitually  swim. 
The  order  has  been  broken  up,  or  much  modified ;  but 
wader  is  conveniently  applied  to  such  birds  as  cranes,  her- 
ons, storks,  ibises,  plovers,  snipes,  sandpipers,  and  rails. 

3.  High  water-proof  boots  worn  by  fishermen 
or  sportsmen  in  general  for  wading  through 
water. 

An  ardent  votary  of  fly  and  bank-fishing,  with  waderg 
and  a  two-handed  rod. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  9.,  XLIII.  832. 

wadge  (waj),  V.  A  dialectal  form  of  wage. 
HalUweV. 

wad-hook  (wod'huk),  n.  A  ramrod  fitted  with 
a  wormer,  for  extracting  wads  from  a  gun ;  also, 
the  wormer  of  such  a  rod. 

Wadhnrst  clay.  In  Eng.  geol,  a  division  of 
the  Wealden. 

wadi,  wady  (wod'i),  n.  [<  Ar.  wadi,  a  ravine, 
hence,  a  river-channel,  river.  This  word  ap- 
pears in  several  Spanish  river-names — namely, 
Guadalquivir  (Wadi-'l-kebir,  'the  great  river'), 
GuadaJaxara,  Guadalupe,  Guadiana,  etc.]  The 
channel  of  a  watercourse  which  is  dry  except 
in  the  rainy  season ;  a  watercourse  ;  a  stream : 
a  term  used  chiefly  in  the  topography  of  certain 
Eastern  countries. 

The  real  loady  is,  generally  speaking,  a  rocky  valley, 
bisected  by  the  ijed  of  a  mountain  torrent,  dry  during  the 
hot  season.  R.  F.  Burton,  El-Medinah,  p.  100. 

wadmalf  (wod'mal),  n.  [Also  wadnioll,  wad- 
molle,  and  irreg.  wadmeal,  woadmel,  and  (repre- 
senting Icel.)  wadmaal;  <  Icel.  radhnidl  (= 
Dan.  vadmel  =  Sw.  vadmal),  a  woolen  stuff,  < 
*vadhr,  cloth  (see  wad^),  +  nidi,  a  measure.] 
A  thick  woolen  cloth. 

Yron,  Wool],  Wadmelle,  Gotefell,  Ridfell  .also. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  188. 

Woadmel.  A  coarse  hairy  stuff,  made  of  Iceland  wool, 
and  brought  from  thence  by  our  seamen  to  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk.  Grose,  Prov.  Gloss. 

Her  upper  garment  .  .  .  was  of  a  coarse  dark-colored 
stuff  called  wadmaal,  then  [early  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury] much  used  in  the  Zetland  islands.     Scott,  Pirate,  v. 

wadmiltilt  (wod 'mil -tilt),  n.  [<  *u'admil, 
tvadmal,  +  tilt'^.']  A  strong  rough  woolen  cloth 
employed  to  cover  powder-barrels  and  to  pro- 
tect ammunition. 

wadna  (wod'na).  A  Scotch  form  (properly 
two  words)  of  would  no  —  that  is,  would  not. 

wad-punch  (wod'punch),  «.  A  kind  of  wad- 
cutter. 

wadset  (wod'set),  n.  [Also  wadsett;  <  m!«(J2 
-I-  se<l,  stake.]  In  Scots  law,  a  mortgage,  or 
bond  and  disposition  in  security. 

And  the  rental  book,  Jeanie  —  clear  three  hunder  ster- 
ling—  deil  a  wadset,  heritable  band,  or  burden. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xxvi. 

wadset'ter  (wod'set-er),  n.     [<  wadset  +  -erl.] 
In  Scots  law,  one  who  holds  by  a  wadset;  a 
mortgagee. 
wady,  n.    See  wadi. 

wae'(wa),  n.  and  a.  [An  obs.  ordial.  (Sc.)  form 
of  icoe.]    I.  n.  Woe. 

My  sheep  beene  wasted  {woe  is  me  therefore  I). 

Speriser,  Shep.  Cal.,  September. 

He  aft  has  wrought  me  meikle  woe. 

Bums,  Oh  lay  thy  loot  in  mine. 

II.  '(.  Woeful;  sorrowful. 

And  wae  and  sad  fair  Annie  sat. 
And  drearie  was  her  sang. 

Fair  Annie  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  196). 
That  year  I  was  the  waest  man 
O'  ony  man  alive. 

Burns,  Election  Ballads, 
wae^t,  II.    Same  as  waw^. 

waeful  (wa'fiil),  a.  A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form 
of  woeful. 


wafer-cake 

With  leacfo  wae  I  hear  zour  plaint. 

Oil  Morrice  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  38). 

waeness  (wa'nes),  «.  l<wae'^  +  -wes».]  Sad- 
ness.    [Scotch.] 

A  feeling  of  thankfulness,  of  waeness  and  great  glad- 
ness. Carlyle,  in  Froude,  Life  in  London,  iv. 

waesome  (wa'sum),  adv.  A  dialectal  (Scotch) 
form  of  woesonie. 

She  kend  her  lot  would  be  a  woesome  ane,  but  it  was  of 
her  own  framing,  sac  she  desired  the  less  pity. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xliv. 

waesucks,  interj.  [<  tcael  -I-  *sucks,  perhaps  a 
vague  variation  of  .^akes  as  used  in  exclama- 
tion.]    Alas!     [Scotch.] 

Waesucks .'  for  him  that  gets  nae  laas. 

Bums,  Holy  Fair, 
waf  1,  a.     See  waff"^. 
waf  ^t.    An  obsolete  preterit  of  weave^. 
wafer  (wa'fer),  11.     [<  ME.  wafre,  wafoure  ■= 
OF.   waufre,   gaufre,   goffre  (ML.  guafra),  F. 
gaufre  (Walloon  wafe,  waufe),  <  MD.  waefel, 
D.  wafel  (>  E.  waffle)  =  LG.  wafel  =  G.  wdbe,  a 
honeycomb,  cake  of  wax;  of.  Dan.  vaffel  =  Sw. 
fdj^a,  wafer  (<  LG.?):  nee  waffle, a,nA  ct. gauffer, 
goffer,  and  gopher,  from  the  mod.  F.]     A  thin 
cake  or  leaf  of  paste,  generally  disk-shaped. 
.Specifically — (at)  A  cake,  apparently  corresponding  to 
the  modern  waffle,  and,  like  it,  served  hot 
For  ar  [ere]  I  haue  bred  of  raele,  ofte  mote  I  swete. 
And  ar  the  comune  haue  come  ynough,  many  a  colde 

momynge ; 
So,  ar  my  wa/res  ben  ywronjt,  moche  wo  I  tholye. 

J'iers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  263. 


Wa/res  pipyng  hot  out  of  the  gleede  [fire]. 

Chaucer,  .Miller's  Tale, 


193. 


(&)  A  small  and  delicate  cake  or  biscuit,  usually  sweetened, 
variously  flavored,  and  sometimes  rolled  up. 

Thy  lips,  with  age,  as  any  wafer  thin. 

Drayton,  Idea,  viii. 

She  should  say  grace  to  every  bit  of  meat. 
And  gape  no  wider  than  a  wafer's  thickness. 

B.  Jonsoti,  Case  is  Altered,  ii.  3. 

(c)  A  thin  circular  disk  of  unleavened  bread  used  in  the 
celebration  of  the  eucharist  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
and  in  many  Anglican  churches.  The  wafer  derives  its 
form  from  the  fact  that  the  bread  of  the  Jews  was  ordi- 
narily in  this  shape ;  and  both  the  ancient  pictured  repre- 
sentations and  the  references  in  the  early  patristic  litera- 
ture confirm  the  opinion  that  this  was  the  form  in  use  in 
the  church  from  the  apostolic  days.  Wafers  are  usually 
stamped  with  the  form  of  a  cross,  cniciflx,  or  Agnus  Dei, 
with  the  initials  I.  H.  S.,  or  sometimes  with  a  monogram 
representing  the  name  of  Christ.  See  altar-bread,  and 
oblate,  n.,  2. 

The  usuall  bread  and  wafer,  hitherto  named  singing 
cakes,  which  served  for  the  use  of  the  private  Masse. 
Abp.  Parker,  Injunctions (1559),  quoted  in  >'.  andQ..  7th 

[ser.,  V.  211. 

(d)  A  thin  disk  of  dried  paste,  used  for  sealing  letters, 
fastening  documents  together,  and  similar  purposes,  usu- 
ally made  of  flour  mixed  with  water,  gum,  and  some  non- 
poisonous  coloring  matter.  Fancy  transparent  wafers  are 
made  of  gelatin  and  isinglass  in  a  variety  of  forms. 

Perhaps  the  folds  [of  a  letter]  were  lovingly  connected 
by  a  wafer,  pricked  with  a  pin,  and  the  direction  writt«n 
in  a  vile  scrawl,  and  not  a  word  spelt  as  it  sliould  be. 

Colinan,  Jealous  Wife,  i 

(e)  In  artillery,  a  kind  of  primer.    See  primer^. 

Fortunately,  the  wafers  by  which  the  guns  are  dis- 
charged had  l>een  removed  from  the  vents. 

Preble,  Hist.  Flag,  p.  471. 

(/)  In  med.,  a  thin  circular  sheet  of  diy  paste  used  to  fa- 
cilitate the  swallowing  of  powders.  I'he  sheet  is  moist- 
ened, and  folded  over  the  powder  placed  in  its  center. 
Sometimes  wafers  have  the  form  of  two  watchglass-shaped 
disks  of  pasty  material,  which  are  made  to  adhere  by 
moistening  their  edges,  the  powder  being  placed  in  tlie 
hollow  between  the  two.— Medallion  wafer,  a  wafer 
bearing  some  design  on  a  ground  of  a  different  color. 
wafer  (wa'fer),  c  t.  [<  wafer,  h.]  1.  To  at- 
tach by  means  of  a  wafer  or  wafers. 

This  little  bill  is  to  be  icafered  on  the  shop-door. 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  L 

2.  To  seal  or  close  by  means  of  a  wafer. 

He  .  .  .  wafered  his  letter,  and  rushed  with  it  to  the 
neighboring  post-office.    Airs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xix. 

wafer-ash  (wa'f er-ash),  H .  The  hop-tree,  Ptelea 
irifoliat/i:  so  called  from  its  ash-Uke  leaves  and 
flat  key-fruit  suggesting  a  wafer.  The  bark  of 
the  root  is  considej-ably  used  as  a  tonic.  See 
hop-tree. 

wafer-bread  (wa'fer-bred),  n.  Altar-bread 
made  in  the  foi-m  of  a  water  or  wafers. 

To  communicate  kneeling  ii.  trafer-bread. 
Abp.  Parker,  To  Sir  W.  Cecil,  April  30, 1565,  in  Correa. 
(Abp.  Parker  (Parker  Soc.),  p.  240. 

wafer-cake  (wa'fer-kak),  H.  It.  Same  as  wa- 
fer (a). 

Oaths  are  straws,  men's  faiths  are  wa.fer-cctkes. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  3.  .53. 
2.  Same  as  wafer  (<■). 

The  Pope's  Merchants  also  chaffered  here  [Lombard 

Street)  for  their  Commodities,  and  had  good  markets  for 

then-  Wfifer  Cakes,  sanctifled  at  Kome,  their  Pardons,  *c. 

Stotr,  cpioted  in  F.  Martin's  Hist.  Lloyds,  p.  SO. 


waferer 

waferert  (wa'fer-er).  M.  [<  ME.  waferer,  v>a- 
frere;  <  wafer  +  -*rl.]  A  maker  or  seller  of 
wafers,  either  for  the  table  or  for  eucharistic 
use.  See  wafer.  Waferere  (of  l)oth  sexes,  compare 
ux^fer-ipoman)  appear  to  have  been  employed  as  go-be- 
tweens in  intrigues,  probably  from  the  facilities  offered 
by  their  going  from  house  to  house. 

Syngeres  with  hai'pes,  baiides,  wafereres 
Wliiche  been  the  verray  develes  officeres 
To  kindle  and  blowe  the  fyrof  [lecheryel- 

Chaucer^  Pardoner's  Tale,  1. 17. 

wafer-iron  (wa'fer-i'em),  «.  [<  Kafer  +  iron. 
Cf.  waffle-irou.'i  A  contrivance  in  which  wa- 
fers are  baked,  its  chief  part  is  a  pair  of  thin  blades 
between  which  the  paste  is  held  while  it  is  exposed  to 
heat 

waferstert,  ».  [ME.  wafrestre,  waiifrestre ;  < 
wafer  +  -ster.'\  A  woman  who  makes  or  sells 
wafers ;  a  female  waferer. 

"  Wyte  god,"  quath  a  ira/regtre,  "wist  Ich  the  sothe, 
Ich  wolde  no  forther  a  fot  for  no  freres  prechlnge. " 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  vilL  28.5. 

wafer-tongs  (wa'fer-tdngz),  H.  Same  as  wafer- 
iron. 

Kalie  the  ura/er-tong»  hot  over  the  hole  of  a  stove  or  clear 
Are.  Worlahop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  166. 

wafer-womant  ( wa'fer-wum'an),  H.  A  woman 
who  sold  wafers.    Compare  waferer. 

Twas  no  set  meeting  certainly,  for  there  was  no  wafer- 
teoman  with  her  these  three  days,  on  my  knowledge. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Woman-Hater,  ii.  I. 

waferyl  (wa'f^r-i),  a.     [<  wafer  +  -yl.]     Like 

a  wafer :  as,  a  wafery  thinness, 
wafery^t  (wa'fer-i),  h.     [Early  mod.  E.  wafrie; 

<  wafer  +  -y^  (see  -ery).']     Wafers  collectively ; 

pastry;  cakes. 

The  tartes,  wafrie,  and  iounkettes,  that  wer  to  be  semed 
and  to  com  in  after  the  meat. 
J.  Cdall,  tr.  of  Apnphthegms  of  Erasmus,  p.  192.  (,Dameg.) 

waff'  (wat),  r.  [A  var.  of  ware^,  affected  by 
waft,  c]     An  obsolete  form  of  wave^. 

waffl(waf),n.  [<waffl,v.  Cf.  waft,  n.'i  1.  The 
act  of  waving.  Jamitson. —  8.  A  hasty  motion. 
Jamieson. — 3.  A  slight  stroke  from  any  soft 
body.  Jamieson. — 4.  A  sudden  or  sliglit  ail- 
ment: as,  a  waff  o'  cauld.  Jamieson. —  6.  A 
spirit  or  ghost.  Halliwell.  [Obsolete  or  pro- 
vincial in  all  uses.] 

waff 2  (wAf ),  I'. ».  [Also  waugh;  a  var.  of  iroj)".] 
To  bark.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

The  elder  folke  and  well  growne  .  .  .  barked  like  bi^'ge 
dogges ;  but  the  children  and  little  ones  ^caughed  as  small 
whelpes.  ffottond,  tr.  of  Camden,  II.  1S8.    (Dariei.) 

waff'',  waf  (w4f ),  a.  [See  waij,  «.]  Worthless; 
low-born;  inferior;  paltry.     [Scotch.] 

Is  it  not  an  oddlike  thing  that  ilka  waf  carle  In  the 
coantry  has  a  son  and  heir,  and  that  the  house  of  Elian- 
gowan  is  without  male  succession? 

Scott,  Ony  Mannering,  xixix. 

waffle'  (wof'l),  M.  [=  G.  waffel  =  Dan.  taffel  = 
8w.  vdffla,  <  D.  and  LQ.  wafel,  wafer :  see  wa- 
fer.']  A  particular  kind  of  batter  cake  baked 
in  waffle-irons  and  served  hot. 

We  sat  at  tea  in  Armstrong's  family  dining-room ;  .  .  . 

the  waitress  passed  out  and  in,  bringing  plates  of  xcafiet. 

The  Century,  .\XVI.  -mi. 

waffle-  (wof'l),  r.  I.;  pret.  and  pp.  waffitd,  ppr. 
waffling.  [Freq.  of  ir«_^'l.]  To  wave;  fluc- 
tuate.   Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

waffle*  (wof'l),  I'.i.  [Freq.of  irn/2.]  To  bark 
iiii'fssantly.     Wright.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

waffle-iron  (wofl-i'^m),  n.  [=  D.  wafel-ijzer 
=  CJ.  waffcl-eisen ;  as  waffle  +  iron.  Cf.  wafer- 
iron."\  An  iron  utensil  ifor  baking  waflles  over 
a  fire,  having  two  flat  halves  hinged  together, 
one  to  contain  the  batter,  the  other  to  cover  it. 


V.^....^- 

—  -  ■-  j;:^ 

S-'Vir  K  ■-;=■"  1-^ 

^^k 

' 

)Ij 

WiOk-lnM, 

The  Iron  hH  handles  »r  pnjeetlails  by  which  <t  is  readily 
turned,  iiringiiiK  eaih  side  near  tke  III*  alternately.  The 
batter  is  i|uickly  lookid,  ••  ths large  heating-surface  is 
Increased  hy  iwnjections  which  afod  the  Irons  and  indent 
the  waffle. 

.^he  took  down  the  long-handl«d  waffi*-irmu,  and  made 
a  plate  of  those  delicious  cates. 

E.  Er/gteiUm,  Tbe  Onyaons,  xxxi. 

Wafonret,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  wafer. 
waft   fwaft),  r.     [A   secondary  form  of  wave, 
through  the  pp.  waved,  >  waft,  pp. :  see  leate^. 


6799 

Cf.  »p«r/l.]  I.  in  trans.  To  be  moved  or  to  pass 
in  a  buoyant  medium;  float. 

The  face  of  the  waters  wafting  in  a  storm  so  wrinkles 
itself  that  it  makes  upon  its  forehead  furrows. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1836),  II.  81. 
High  on  the  summit  of  this  dubious  cliff 
Deucalion  wafting  moor'd  liis  little  skiff. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  i.  432. 

n.  trans.  1.  To  bear  through  a  fluid  or  buoy- 
ant medium;  convey  tlirough  or  as  through 
water  or  air. 

Neither  was  it  thought  that  they  should  get  any  passage 
at  all  (to  Dordract]  till  the  ships  at  Middleborougli  were 
returned  into  our  kingdome,  by  the  force  whereof  they 
might  be  the  more  strongly  wafted  ouer. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  175. 
Speed  the  soft  intercourse  from  soul  to  soul, 
And  waft  a  sigh  from  Indus  to  the  Pole. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  58. 

2t.  To  buoy  up;  cause  to  float;  keep  from 
sinking. 

Whether  cripples  and  mutilated  persons,  who  have  lost 
the  greatest  part  of  their  thighs,  will  not  sink  but  float, 
their  lungs  being  abler  to  waft  up  their  bodies,  ...  we 
have  not  made  experiment. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  iv.  6. 

3t.  To  give  notice  by  something  in  motion; 
signal  to,  as  by  waving  the  hand ;  beckon. 

One  do  I  personate  of  Lord  Timon's  frame. 
Whom  Fortune  with  her  ivory  hand  wafts  to  her. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1.  70. 

4t.  To  cast  lightly  and  quickly;  turn. 

I  met  him 
With  customary  compliment ;  when  he. 
Wafting  his  eyes  to  the  contrary,  and  falling 
A  lip  of  much  contempt,  speeds  from  me. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2.  37-2. 

waft  (waft),  H.  [<  waft,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  one 
who  or  that  which  wafts;  a  sweep;  a  beckon- 
ing.    Also  spelled  weft. 

There  have  already  been  made  two  wefts  from  the  ward- 
er's turret,  to  intimate  that  those  in  the  castle  are  im])a- 
tient  for  your  return.  Scott,  Ablx)t,  xxix. 

And  the  lonely  seabird  crosses 
With  one  tcaft  of  the  wing. 

Tennyson,  I'he  Captain. 

2.  That  which  is  blown ;  a  breath ;  a  blast ;  a 
puff. 

D'  ye  hear,  trumpets,  when  the  bride  appears,  salute 
her  with  a  melancholy  waft.  Vanbrngti,  jEsop,  v.  1. 

A  waft  of  peace  and  calm,  like  a  breeze  from  paradise, 
fell  upon  Malvulti's  heart. 

J.  II.  Shorthonse.  John  Inglcsant,  xxxv. 

3.  A  transient  odor  or  effluvium.  [Obsolete  or 
Scotch.] 

The  vestal  flres  were  perpetual,  and  the  fire  of  tbe  altar 
never  went  out.  Spices  and  u-efts  of  these  evils  may  be 
found  in  the  sincerest  Chrtstians. 

Rec.  S.  Ward,  Sermons  and  Treatises,  p.  7.5. 
A  strumpet's  love  will  have  a  traft  i'  th'  end, 
Antl  distaste  the  vessel. 

Middleton,  Mad  World,  iv.  3. 

4.  Xaut.,  a  signal  displayed  from  a  shij)  by 
hoisting  a  flag  rolled  up  lengthwise  with  one  or 
more  stops.  Before  the  establishment  of  a  universal 
system  of  signals,  a  waft  at  the  flagstaff  signified  a  man 
overboard,  at  the  peak  it  iTidicated  a  wish  to  speak,  and 
at  a  masthead  it  was  used  to  recall  boats.  Also  diulec- 
tally  weft  and  erroneously  wheft. 

wattage  (waf'taj),  «.  [<  u-aft  +  -fiije.'i  The 
act  of  wafting,  or  the  state  of  being  wafted ; 
conveyance  or  transportation  through  or  over 
a  buoyant  medium,  as  air  or  water;  especially, 
passage  by  water. 

A  ship  you  sent  me  to,  to  hire  waftage. 

Shalc.C.  of  E.,  iv.  1.  9S. 

Not  leaving  him  so  much  as  a  poor  halfpenny  to  pay  for 

his  waftage.  Randolph,  .Jealous  Lovers,  iv.  1. 

wafter  (waf  ter),  II.     [<  wafl  +  -eel.]     1.  One 
who  or  that  which  wafts. 
Charon,  oh,  Charon, 
Thou  wafter  of  the  souls  to  bliss  or  bane  ! 

Fletcher,  ilad  Lover,  iv.  1. 

2t.  A  boat  for  passage  or  transport. 

There  went  before  the  lord-mayor's  barge  a  foyste  for 
a  wafter  full  of  ordinance. 

Quoted  in  Strutt's  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  479. 

3t.   The  master  of  a  passage-boat  or  transport. 

The  .  .  .  great  master  .  .  .  sent  vessels  called  brigan- 
tines,  for  to  cause  the  wafters  of  the  sea  to  come  into 
Rhodes  for  the  keeping  and  fortifying  of  the  towiie,  the 
which  at  the  first  sending  came  and  presented  their  per- 
sons and  ships.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  73. 

4.  A  sword  having  the  flat  ]iart  placed  in  the 
usual  direction  of  the  edge,  blunted  for  exer- 
cises. Meyrick.  (Halliwell.) 
Wafttire  (waf tiir),  «.  [<  iciift  +  -iire.'i  The 
act  of  wafting  or  wavifig;  a  beckoning  or  ges- 
ture. 

But,  with  an  angry  wafttire  of  your  hand, 
Gave  sign  for  nie  to  leave  you. 

Shah.,  J.  C,  ii.  1.  216. 


wag 

Where  least  expected,  the  Platonic  seed  seems  blown 
by  the  continual  wa,ftiire  of  the  winds  of  destiny. 

Jour.  Spec.  Phil,,'XIX.  51. 


wagl   (wag),  I'. :    pret.   and  pp.  wagijed,  ppr. 
miyying.     [<  ME.  wayyen,  <  OSw.  wa'yya,  wag. 


pp.  wai, 
6bw.  «'«„„ 
fluctuate,  rock  (a  cradle),  Sw.  rogya," rock  (a, 
cradle)  (cf.  Icel.  vayyii  =  OSw.  wagya,  Sw. 
rayya,  a  cradle,  =  Dan.  niyge,  a  cradle,  viiyye, 
rock  a  cradle);  a  secondary  "form  (parallel  with 
AS.  wagian,  wag,  >  ME.  wawen  (see  iraw'^)  = 
OHG.  wagon,  weckeii,  cause  to  move,  =  Goth. 
icagjan,  guwugjan,  make  wag,  stir,  shake)  of 
AS.  wcgan  =  OHG.  weynn,  move,  =  Goth,  ga- 
wigan,  shake  up,  cause  to  move:  see  tceigli.'] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  move  up  and  down, 
backward  and  forward,  or  from  side  to  side,  al- 
ternately, as  a  small  body  jointed  or  attached 
to,  or  connected  with,  a  larger  one ;  cause  to 
move  one  way  or  another,  as  on  a  pivot  or 
joint,  or  on  or  from  something  by  wliich  the 
body  moved  is  supported;  cause  to  shake, 
oscillate,  or  vibrate  slightly.  From  the  quick, 
jerky,  or  abrupt  motion  indicated  by  the  word,  an  idea 
of  playful,  sportive,  mocking,  scornful,  or  derisive  mo- 
tion is  associated  with  it  in  certain  phrases :  as,  to  wag 
the  head  or  the  finger. 

And  thanne  fondeth  the  Fende  my  fruit  to  destniye 
With  alle  the  wyles  that  he  can,  and  n-aygeth  the  rote. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  xvi.  41. 
He  found  him  selfe  miwist  so  ill  bestad 
That  lim  he  could  not  nag.   Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  i.  22. 

And  they  that  passed  by  reviled  liim,  wagging  their 
heads.  Mat.  xxvii.  39. 

Let  ditch-bred  wealth  henceforth  forget  to  wag 
Her  base,  though  golden  tail. 

(iuarles,  Emblems,  ii.  12. 

Let  me  see  the  proudest 
.  .  .  but  wag  his  finger  at  thee. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  3.  131. 

He  would  plant  himself  straight  before  me,  and  stand 

wagging  that  bud  of  a  tail.  Dr.  J.  Brown,  Kab,  p.  12. 

2t.  To  nudge. 

Ich  wondrede  what  that  was,  and  waggede  Conscience; .  .  . 
Quath  Conscience,  .  .  .  "  this  is  Cristes  messager. " 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxii.  204. 

To  wag  one's  chin  or  Jaw.  See  cAin.— To  wag  one's 
tongue.    See  tongue, 

II.  infrans.  1.  To  move  backward  and  for- 
ward, up  and  down,  or  from  side  to  side,  alter- 
nately, as  if  connected  with  a  larger  body  by  a 
joint,  pivot,  or  any  flexible  or  loose  attach- 
ment; oscillate;  sway  or  swing;  vibrate:  an 
arrow  is  said  to  rcay  when  it  vibrates  in  the 
air. 

Vet  saugh  I  nevere,  by  my  fader  kyn, 

How  that  the  hopur  [hopper]  waggcs  til  and  fra. 

Chaucer,  Iteeve's  'I'ale,  I.  Hi'. 

Old  men  are  the  truest  lovers;  young  men  are  inconstant, 

and  wag  with  every  wind.  Shirley,  Love  Tricks,  i.  1. 

The  dreary  black  .sea-weed  lolls  and  wags. 

Lowell,  .\ppledore,  i. 

2.  To  be  in  motion  or  action  ;  make  progress; 
continueacourseorcareer;  stir.    [Noweolloq.] 

"Thus  we  may  see,"  quoth  he,  "how  the  world  wags." 
Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7.  23. 

They  made  a  pretty  good  shift  to  wag  along. 

Biinyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

3.  To  move  on  or  away:  be  off;  depart;  pack 
off;  begone.     [Noweolloq.] 

It  is  said  by  maner  of  a  prouerbiall  speach  that  he  who 
Andes  himselfe  well  should  not  wagge. 

Pnttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  194. 
At  length  the  busy  time  begins. 
"Come,  neighbours,  we  must  wag," 

Cowper,  Yearly  Distress. 

wagl  (wag),  n.  [<  iriiyl,  t\]  The  act  of  wag- 
ging; a  shake;  an  oscillation. 

He  .  .  .  introduced  himself  with  a  wag  of  his  tail,  in- 
timating a  general  willingness  to  be  happy. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  1st  sev.,  p.  87. 

wag2  (wag),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  irayye;  perhaps 
short  for  irogtmlhr,  formerly  used  humorously 
for  '  a  rogue '  (cf .  '  a  mad  iriiy  '  with  '  a  mail 
waglialt(r'),  <  wiiy^,  with  rcf.  to  moving  the 
head  playfully  or  derisively:  see  wvff/l.]  1. 
One  who  is  given  to  joking  or  jesting ;  a 
witty  or  humorous  jierson ;  one  full  of  sport 
and  humor;  a  droll  fellow.  The  word  seems  for- 
merly to  have  been  applied  to  a  person  who  indulged 
in  coarse,  low,  or  broad  humor,  or  buffoonery,  as  a  prac- 
tical joker. 

Sir  Fran,  A  prodigious  civil  gentleman,  uncle  ;  anil  yet 
as  boUI  as  Alexander  upon  occjision. 

Cue.  Rich.  L'lHjn  a  lady's  occasion. 

Sir  Fran.  Ha,  ha,  you  are  a  wag,  uncle. 

Vanbrugh,  Journey  to  London,  iii.  1. 

A  wag  is  the  last  order  even  of  pretenders  t(j  wit  and 
good  humour.  He  has  generally  Ills  minil  preiiarcd  to  re- 
ceive some  occasion  of  merriment,  but  is  of  himself  too 
empty  to  draw  out  any  of  his  own  set  of  thoUKhts ;  and 
therefore  laughs  at  the  next  thing  he  meets,  not  because 
it  is  ridiculous,  l»ut  because  he  is  under  a  necessity  of 
laughing.  Steele,  Tatkr,  No.  184. 


wag 

2.  A  fellow:  used  with  a  shade  of  meaning 
sometimes  shirring,  sometimes  affectionate, but 
without  any  attribution  of  humor  or  pleasantry. 
[CoUoq.  and  archaic] 

But  mildly  and  calmly  shew  how  discredit  reboundeth 
upon  the  authoi-s,  as  dust  flieth  back  into  the  wag's  eyes 
that  will  needs  be  puffing  it  up. 

O.  Harvey,  Four  Letters,  Pref. 

And,  with  the  Nymphs  that  haunt  the  silver  streames, 
Learne  to  entice  the  affable  young  waggr. 

Hei/wood,  Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchange  (Works,  II.  66). 
My  master  shall  .  .  .  make  thee,  instead  of  handling 
false  dice,  flnger  nothing  but  gold  and  silver,  wag.  .  .  . 
Wilt  be  secret? 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  lii.  2. 

Let  us  see  what  the  learned  wag  maintains 
With  such  a  prodigal  waste  of  brains. 

Longfellow,  Golden. Legend,  vi. 

wage  (wiij), )(.     [<  ME.  waoe,  <  OF.  wage,  (juage, 

gage  =  Pr.  gatge,  gatglw,  gaji  =  Sp.  gage  =  It. 

gaggio,  a  gage,  pledge,  guaranty:  »ee gage^,  «.] 

It.  A  gage;  a  pledge;  a  stake. 

But  th'  Elfln  knight,  which  ought  that  warlike  wage. 

Disdained  to  loose  the  meed  he  wonne  in  fray. 

Spenser,  l\  Q.,  I.  Iv.  39. 

2.  That  which  is  paid  for  a  service  rendered ; 
what  is  paid  for  labor;  hire :  now  usually  in  the 
plural.  Sometimes  the  plural  form  is  used  as  a  singular. 
In  common  use  the  word  wages  is  applied  specifically  to 
the  payment  made  for  manual  labor  or  other  labor  of  a 
menial  or  mechanical  kind ;  distinguished  (but  somewhat 
vaguely)  from  salary  (which  see),  and  from  fee,  which  de- 
notes compensation  paid  to  professional  men,  as  lawyers 
and  physicians. 

I  am  worthy  noon  odyr  wage. 
But  for  to  dwelle  in  eendeles  woo. 

Polilieal  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  FurnivaU),  p.  174. 

The  wages  of  sin  is  death.  Kom.  vi.  23. 

Since  thou  complainestof  thy  service  and  wagen,  be  con- 
tent to  go  back,  and  what  our  country  will  afford  I  do  here 
promise  to  give  thee.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

With  a  wage  usually  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  shil- 
lings a  weelc  Nineteenth  Century,  XXII.  401, 

One  of  the  last  matters  transacted  was  the  issue  of  the 
writs  to  the  sheriffs  and  borough  magistrates  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  wages  of  the  representatives  in  the  house  of 
commons.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  447. 

Real  wages,  in  polit.  econ, ,  wages  estimated  not  in  money 
but  in  tlicir  purchasing  power  over  conmiodities  in  gen- 
eral: tlie  articles  or  services  which  the  money  wages  will 
purchase.  =  Syn.  2.  Pay,  Hire,  etc.  See  salary^. 
wage  (wfg),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  waged,  ppr.  wag- 
ing. [<  ME.  wagen,  <  OP.  xoager,  waigier,  giia- 
ger,  gayer,  gagier,  F.  gager  —  Pr.  gatgar,  gatjar, 
<  ML.  wadiare,  pledge:  see  gage''-,  v.,  and  cf. 
ii-trfl.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  pledge;  bet;  stake  on 
a  chance ;  lay ;  wager. 

A  certcine  friende  of  yours .  .  .  had  waged  with  your 
honour  a  certcine  wager. 

Gmcara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1677),  p.  136. 

I  dare  wage 
A  thousand  ducats,  not  a  man  in  France 
Outrides  Roseilli.         Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  2. 
A  new  truth !  Nay,  an  old  newly  come  to  light ;  for  error 
cannot  wa(je  antiquity  witli  truth. 

liev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  472. 

The  tenant  in  the  flret  place  nmst  produce  his  cham- 
pion, who  by  throwing  down  his  glove  as  a  gage  or  pledge 
thus  wages  or  stipulates  battle  with  the  champion  of  the 
demandant.  Blackstone,  Com.,  III.  xxii. 

2t.  To  ventui-e  on;  hazard;  attempt;  encounter. 

To  wake  and  wage  a  danger  profitless. 

Shak.,  Othello,  i.  3.  30. 

3.  To  engage  in,  as  in  a  contest;  caiTy  on,  as 
a  war;  undertake. 

The  second  Ijattell  was  waged  a  little  after  Vespasian 
was  chosen  Empeiour.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  139. 

Wliat  need  X  wage 
Other  contentious  arguments,  when  I 
By  this  alone  can  prone  noe  Dietie  ? 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  6. 

I  am  not  able  to  tvage  law  with  him. 

B.  Jon.'<on,  Staple  of  News,  v.  1. 

4t.  To  let  out  for  pay. 

Tliou  that  doest  live  in  later  times  must  wage 
Thy  workes  for  wealth,  and  life  for  gold  engage. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  vii.  18. 

5.  To  hire  for  pay;  engage  oremploy  for  wages. 

[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

And  yf  thei  wage  men  to  werre  thei  wryten  hem  in 

nnmbre ; 
W(j1  no  trcserour  take  hem  wages,  trauayle  thei  neuere  so 

sore. 
Bote  [unless)  bij  beon  nempned  in  the  numbre  of  hem  that 

ben  yicaged.  Piers  Plowtaan  (C),  xxiii.  259. 

Alexander  in  the  meane  season,  hauing  sent  Cleander 
towrt.'/«  menne  of  warre  out  of  Peloponese,  .  .  .  remoued 
his  army  to  the  Citic  of  Celenas. 

J.  Brende,  tr.  of  Quintus  Curtius,  ill. 
The  cutler  prefers  to  vegetate  on  his  small  earnings  than 
to  go  as  a  waged  lab<jurer  in  a  "house." 

Nineteenth  Century,  X.XIv'.  ;,W>. 
6t.  To  pay  wages  to. 

I  would  Iiavc  them  well  waged  for  their  labour. 

hatimi-r,  .'itb  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 


6800 

At  the  last 
I  seem'd  his  follower,  not  partner,  and 
He  waged  me  with  his  countenance,  as  if 
I  had  been  mercenary.  Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  6.  40. 

7.  Incer«/H.,toknead,  work,  or  temper,  as  pot- 
ters' clay To  wage  one's  law,  in  old  Eng.  law,  to  come 

forward  as  a  defendant,  with  others,  on  oath  that  he  (the 
defendant)  owes  nothing  to  the  plaintiff  in  manner  as  he 
has  declared.    See  wager. 
II.  intrans.  1.  To  contend;  battle.   [Bare.] 
I  abjure  all  roofs,  and  choose 
To  wage  against  the  etmiity  o'  the  air, 
To  be  a  comrade  with  the  wolf  and  owl, 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4.  212. 

2.  To  serve  as  a  pledge  or  stake  for  something 
else ;  be  opposed  as  equal  stakes  in  a  wager ; 
be  equal  in  value :  followed  by  with.     [Rare.] 

The  commodity  wages  not  with  the  danger. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  2.  34. 

wagedom  (waj'dum),  n.  [<  wage  +  -dom.'\  The 
method  of  paying  wages  for  work  done.  [Rare.] 

I'he  employer  of  labour  pockets  the  whole  of  the  incre- 
ment of  value,  leaving  to  the  labourers  only  what  they  had 
to  start  with  —  viz. ,  their  own  bodies,  plus  the  cost  of  their 
maintenance  during  the  process,  and  a  small  allowance  for 
wear  and  tear.  .  .  .  Such  is  the  modern  system  of  wage- 
dom.  Westminster  Rev.,  CXXVI.  136. 

wage-earner  (wai'er'ner),  n.  One  who  receives 
stated  wages  for  labor. 

Radical  manufacturers  and  traders  .  .  .  have  no  more 
thought  for  tlie  condition  of  the  wage-earners  who  produce 
this  profit  than  a  Southern  planter  had  for  the  religious 
welfare  of  his  gang  of  slaves. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XXVI.  738. 

wage-fund,  wages-fund  (waj'fund,  wa'jez- 
fund),  71.  In  polit.  econ.,  that  part  of  the  total 
productive  capital  of  a  country  or  community 
which  is  employed  in  paying  the  wages  of  la- 
bor, as  distinguished  from  the  part  invested  in 
buildings,  machinery,  raw  materials,  etc.  See 
the  quotations. 

Wages,  then,  depend  mainly  upon  the  demand  and  sup- 
ply of  labour,  or,  as  it  is  often  expressed,  on  the  propor- 
tion between  population  and  capital.  By  population  is 
here  meant  the  number  only  of  the  labouring  class,  or 
rather  of  those  who  work  for  hire ;  and  by  capital  only 
circulating  capital,  and  not  even  the  whole  of  that,  but 
the  part  which  is  expended  in  the  direct  purchase  of  la- 
bour. To  this,  however,  must  be  added  all  funds  which, 
without  forming  a  part  of  capital,  are  paid  in  exchange 
for  labour,  such  as  the  w^es  of  soldiers,  domestic  servants, 
and  all  other  unproductive  labourers.  There  is  unfortu- 
nately no  mode  of  expressing  by  one  familiar  term  the  ag- 
gregate of  what  may  be  called  the  wages/und  of  a  country ; 
and,  as  the  wages  of  productive  labour  form  nearly  the 
whole  of  that  fund,  it  is  usual  to  overlook  the  smaller  and 
less  important  part,  and  to  say  that  wages  depend  on  pop- 
ulation and  capital.  It  will  be  convenient  to  employ  this 
expression,  remembering,  however,  to  consider  it  as  ellip- 
tical, and  not  as  a  literal  statement  of  the  entire  truth. 
J.  S.  Hill,  Pol.  Econ.,  IL  xi.  1. 

As  I  understand  this  passage  Ifrom  Mill's  "  Pol.  Econ.  'T, 
it  embraces  the  following  statements :  1st,  Wages-fund  is 
a  general  term,  used,  in  the  absence  of  any  other  more  fa- 
miliar, to  express  the  aggregate  of  all  wages  at  any  given 
time  in  possession  of  the  laboring  population ;  2nd,  on 
the  proportion  of  this  fund  to  the  number  of  the  laboring 
population  depends  at  any  given  time  the  average  rate  of 
wages ;  3rd,  the  amount  of  the  fund  is  determined  by  the 
amount  of  the  general  wealth  which  is  applied  to  the  di- 
rect purchase  of  labor,  whether  with  a  view  to  productive 
or  to  unproductive  employment.  If  the  reader  will  care- 
fully consider  these  several  propositions,  I  think  he  will 
perceive  that  they  do  not  contain  matter  which  can  be  prop- 
erly regarded  as  open  to  dispute.  Tlie  first  is  little  more 
than  a  definition.  .  .  .  The  second  merely  amounts  to  say- 
ing that  the  quotient  will  be  such  as  the  dividend  and  di- 
visor determine.  The  third  equally  contains  an  indispu- 
table assertion ;  since,  whatever  be  the  remote  causes  on 
which  the  wages  of  hired  labor  depend, .  .  .  the  proximate 
act  determining  their  aggregate  amount  must  in  all  cases 
be  a  direct  purchase  of  its  services.  In  truth,  the  demand 
for  labor,  thus  understood,  as  measured  by  the  amount  of 
wealth  applied  to  the  direct  purchase  of  labor,  might  more 
correctly  be  said  to  be,  than  to  determine,  the  Wages-fund. 
It  is  the  Wages-fund  in  its  inchoate  stage,  differing  from 
it  only  as  wealth  just  aliout  to  pass  into  the  hands  of  la- 
borers differs  from  the  same  wealth  when  it  has  got  into 
their  hands. 

J.  E.  Cairns,  Some  Leading  Principles  of  Political 
[Economy  Newly  Expounded,  II.  i.  §  5. 

wagelingt,  «•     [<  V)age  +  -ling^.']     A  hireling. 
These  are  the  very  false  prophets,  the  instruments  of 
Satan,  the  deceivers,  wolves,  wagelings,  Judases,  dreamers, 
liai-s.  Bj).  Bale,  Select  Works,  p.  439.    (Davies.) 

wagen-boom,  «.    [D..  <  wagen,  wagon,  -I-  hoom, 
tree  (=  E.  beam).']     Same  as  wagon-tree. 
wageourt,  ".  [<  ME.  rcagen,  wage :  see  wage.l  A 
hired  soldier.    Barbour,  Bruce,  xi.  48.    (Strat- 
mann.) 

wageouret,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  wager. 
wager  (wa'jer),  11.     [<  ME.  wageoure,  wajour,  < 
(^F.  "wat/eure,  gageure,  a  wager,  <  wager,  pledge, 
wager:  see  wage,v.']     1.  A  pledge;  a  gage;  a 
guaranty. 

A  wajour  he  made,  so  hit  wes  ytold, 
Ys  hcved  of  to  smhyte,  yef  me  him  brohte  in  hold. 
Exeeiition  of  Sir  Simtin  Fraser  (Cliili's  Ba.lUis,  VI.  279). 

2.  Something  hazarded  on  an  uncertain  event; 
a  stake.    By  statutes  of  England,  Scotland,  and  most  if 


waggery 

not  all  of  the  United  States,  all  contracts  or  agreements, 
whether  by  parole  or  in  writing.  Involving  wagers  are 
null  and  void,  and  the  wager  or  money  due  thereon  caimot 
be  recovered  in  any  court  of  law.  A  wager  is  therefore 
merely  a  debt  of  honor,  and  if  paid  it  is  in  the  eye  of  the  law 
the  same  thing  as  giving  a  gratuity,  except  perhaps  as  to 
the  liability  of  a  principal  to  reimburse  his  agent  when  the 
latter  has  paid  it  because  in  honor  bound. 

Ne  waiour  non  with  hym  thou  lay, 
Ne  at  the  dyces  with  hym  to  play. 

Babees  Book(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  306. 
Hot.  Content.    What  is  the  waj/cr^ 
Luc.  Twenty  crowns. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2.  69. 
A  wager  is  a  promise  to  pay  money,  or  transfer  property, 
upon  the  determination  or  ascertainment  of  an  uncertain 
event ;  the  consideration  for  such  a  promise  is  either  a 
present  payment  or  transfer  by  the  other  party,  or  a  prom- 
ise to  pay  or  transfer  upon  the  event  determining  in  a 
particular  way.  Anson,  Contr.,  166. 

3.  The  act  of  betting;  a  bet. 

Well  make  a  solemn  wager  on  your  cunnings. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7.  156. 

4.  That  on  which  bets  are  laid ;  the  subject  of 
a  bet.     [Rare.] 

The  sea  strave  with  the  winds  which  should  bee  louder, 
and  the  shrouils  of  the  ship,  with  a  gastful  nois  to  them 
that  were  in  it,  witnessed  that  their  ruin  was  the  wager 
of  the  other's  contention.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  it 

5.  In  old  Eng.  law,  an  offer  to  make  oath  of 
innocence  or  non-indebtedness ;  also,  the  act  of 
making  such  oath,  the  oaths  of  eleven  compur- 
gators being  conjoined  as  fortifying  the  defen- 
dant's oath Wager  of  battle  or  battel.  See  batilei. 

— Wager  of  law,  an  old  English  mode  of  trial,  whereby 
in  an  action  of  dclit  l)rought  upon  a  simple  contract  be- 
tween the  parties,  without  any  deed  or  record,  the  defen- 
dant might  discharge  himself  Ijy  taking  an  oath  that  he 
did  not  owe  the  plaintiff  anything.  He  was  required,  how- 
ever, to  bring  with  him  eleven  of  liis  neighlwrs,  called  com- 
purgators, who  were  to  avow  upon  their  oath  that  they 
believed  in  their  consciences  that  he  declared  the  truth. 
—Wager  policy.    See  policy^. 

wager  (wa'jtr),  v.  [<  wager,  Ji.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  hazard  on  the  issue  of  a  contest,  or  on  some 
question  that  is  to  be  decided,  or  on  some  casu- 
alty; bet;  lay;  stake. 

I  .  .  .  wager'd  with  him 
Pieces  of  gold.  Shak.,  Cyinbeline,  v.  5.  182. 

"What  will  you  wager.  Wise  William?" 
"My  lands  111  wad  with  thee." 
iJeedwdate  and  Wiie  William  (Child's  Ballads,  Vin.  88). 

2.  To  make  a  wager  on;  bet  on:  followed  by 
a  clause  as  object :  as,  I  wager  you  are  wrong. 

We  have  a  maid  in  Mytllene,  I  durst  wager. 
Would  win  some  words  of  him. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  v.  1.  43. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  a  bet;  offer  a  wager. 

Well  put  on  those  shall  praise  your  excellence, 

.  .  .  bring  you  in  fine  together, 

And  wager  on  your  heads.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7. 135. 

But  one  to  wager  with,  I  would  lay  odds  now. 

He  tells  me  instantly.         B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  iv.  1. 

wager-cup   (wa'jer-kup),  H.     An  ornamental 
piece  of  plate  used  as  a  prize  for  a  race  or  simi- 
lar contest. 
wagerert  (wa'j^r-fer),  n.     [<  wager  -I-  -eri.] 
One  who  wagers  or  lays  a  bet. 

Desire  your  wagerer  from  me  to  be  more  cautions  in  de- 
termining on  such  matters,  and  not  to  venture  the  loss  of 
his  money  and  credit  with  so  much  odds  against  him. 

Swift. 

wagering  (wa' jer-ing),  p.  a.     Of  or  pertaining 
to  wagers;  betting — 'Wagering policy.  SeepUicy^. 
wages-fund,  «.     See  wage-fund. 
wages-man  (wa'jez-man),  «.     One  who  works 
for  wages.     [Rare.] 

If  we  don't  make  a  rise  before  that  time  we  shall  have 
to  become  wages-men. 

Rolf  Boldrewood,  The  Miner's  Claim,  p.  60. 

wagett,  ".     See  watcliet. 

wage-work  (waj'werk),  n.  Work  done  for 
wages  or  hire. 

Their  fires. 
For  comfort  after  their  wage-work  is  done. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Aitbur. 

wage-worker  (waj'wfer''k6r),  n.  One  who  works 

for  wages. 

A  civilisation  which  overtasks  or  underpays  wage-work- 
ers, .  .  .  this,  truly,  is  not  a  civilisation  for  any  conscien- 
tious thinking  man  to  be  prond  of.     Lancet,  1891, 1.  464. 

waggel,  «.     See  wagel. 

waggert,  f.  i.  [<  ME.  wageren,  wagren  (=  Icel. 
vagra,vaggra — Haldorsen), reel, stumble;  freq. 
of  wag^.  Cf.  waggle.']  To  reel;  stumble;  stag- 
ger. Wyelif,  Eccl.  -^11.  3. 
waggery  (wag'er-i),  M.  [<  wag"^  -I-  -erl  -I-  -yS.] 
The  acts  and  words  of  a  wag;  mischievous 
merriment ;  waggishuess. 

He  did  by  the  Parliament  as  an  Ape  when  he  hath  done 
some  waggery.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  97. 

It  left  Lrom  no  alternative  but  to  draw  upon  the  funds 
of  rustic  waggery  in  his  disiwsition. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book.  p.  4,14. 


waggie 

waggie  Cwag'i), «.  [<  uag^  +  -ic,  -y2.]  The  wag- 
tail, a  bird.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
wagging  (wag'ing),  V.     [<  ME.  wagfli/nge  ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  wagl,  r.]     A  stirring;  moving;  wav- 
ing; oscillation;  vibration. 

The  folk  devyne  at  wagimnge  of  a  stre. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1745. 
A  wanton  wagging  ot  your  head,  thus  (a  feather  will 
teach  youX  B.  Jonton,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

waggish  (wag'ish),  a.  [<  wag'i  +  -ishl.]  1. 
Like  a  wag;  abounding  in  sportive  or  jocular 
tricks,  antics,  sayings,  etc. ;  roguish  in  merri- 
ment or  good  humor;  frolicsome. 

Jack,  thou  think'at  thyself  in  the  Forecastle,  thou'rt  so 
miggwh.  Wycheitey,  Plain  Dealer,  i.  1. 

2.  Done,  concocted,  or  manifested  in  waggery 
or  sport :  as,  a  waggish  trick;  "  iiaggiuli  good  hu- 
mor," Ini„g,  Sketch-Book,  p.  431.=syn.  Jocular, 
Jocose,  humorous,  sportive,  facetious,  droll. 
waggishly  (wag'ish-li),  «</(>.  [<  waggish  + 
-It/'^.]     In  a  waggish  manner ;  in  sport. 

Let's  wanton  it  a  little,  and  talk  wamuhly. 

D.  Jonson,  Epieoene,  v.  1. 

waggishness  (wag'ish-nes),  n.     [<  waggish  + 

-ness.^     The  state  or  character  of  being  wag- 

^sh;  mi.schievous  sport;  wanton  merriment- 

jocularity;  also,  a  joke  or  trick. 

Biubechius  reporteth  a  Christian  boy  in  Constantinople 
had  like  to  have  been  stoned  for  gagging  mumggwhnett 
a  long-billed  fowl. 

Bacuii,  Goodness,  and  Goodness  of  Nature  (ed.  1887). 
waggle  (wag'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  waggled,  ppr. 
waggUng.  [=  D.  waggelen,  totter,  waver,  = 
Dan.  vakle,  shake,  vacillate,  =  MHG.  wackeln, 
totter;  freq.  of  wag'i.  Another  freq.  form  ap- 
pears in  wagger.']  I.  intrans.  To  move  with  a 
wagging  motion;  sway  or  move  from  side  to 
side;  wag. 

I  know  you  by  the  waggling  of  your  head. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  Ii.  1.  119. 
n.  tram.  1.  To  cause  to  wag  frequently  and 
with  short  motions;   move  first  one  way  and 
then  the  other. 

She  (Mrs.  Botibol)  smiles,  ...  and  if  she  's  very  clad 
to  see  you,  waggU$  her  little  hand  before  her  face  as  If  to 
blow  you  a  kiss,  as  the  phrase  is. 

Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  iviiL 
2.  To  whip ;  beat ;  overcome ;  get  the  better 
of.  [Slang.] 
waggle  (wag'l),  n.  [<  waggle,  r.]  A  sudden, 
short  movement  first  to  one  side  and  then  to 
the  other;  a  wagging. 
A  cnrioas  waggle  of  the  focosaed  image. 

Nature,  XXXVrn.  224. 


waggon,  waggonage,  etc.     See  wagon,  etc. 

Wag-haltert  (wag'hal't^r),  «.     [<  m-«^1,  v.,  + 

obj.  hulUr'i.     Cf.  wag'^.^     One  who  wags  (or 

wags  in)  a  halter;  one  likely  to  come  to  the 

gallows;  a  rascal;  a  thief :  chiefly  humorous. 

I  can  tell  yon  I  am  a  mail  traghalter. 

Martlon,  Insatiate  Countesae,  i. 

waging-board  (wa'jing-bord),  «.  The  board 
or  talile  on  which  potters'  clay  is  waged.  See 
w<igi;  v.  ^,  7. 

wagmoiret,  «.  [A  form  of  quagmire,  accom.  to 
M«.'/l.]     A  quagmire. 

For  they  bene  like  fonle  wagmoiret  overgrast. 

Spemer,  Shep.  Cal.,  September. 

Wagnak.  n.     Same  as  hnag-nouk. 

Wunerlan  (viig-ne'ri-an'),  «.  [(.Wagner  {see 
def.)  +  -ian.  The  G.  surname  Wagner  is  from 
the  noun  wagner,  a  wagon-maker,  cartwright, 
=  E.  wagoner.'^  Of  or  pertaining  to  any  one 
named  Wagner.  Speclflcally-(a)  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Rudolph  Wagner  (18f)5-64),  a  Ocniian  anatomist  and 
physiologist.  (6)  Pertaining  or  relating  to  Richard  Wag- 
ner <1813-83X  a  celebrated  Herman  musical  composer.or  to 
his  music-dramas;  characterized  by  the  ideas  or  the  style 
of  WagMcr.   See  ra^nerurm.- Wagnerian  corpuscles, 

the  tac  tilt  oorpusiles  of  Wagner.  See  corpuscle.— ^ax- 
nerlan  spot,  the  germinal  spot.    .See  nucleuluK,  i. 

Wagnenani8m(vag-ne'ri-an-izm),  n.  [<  Wag- 
nerian +  -ism.}  Wagnerism.  Contemporarii 
Rev.,  LI.  448.  -^ 

Wagnerism  (vag'ner-izm),  «.  [<  Wnqner  + 
-ism.  ]  1 .  The  art  theory  of  Eichard  Wagner, 
espeeiallv  as  concerns  the  musical  drama,  in- 
cluding the  genera)  style  of  composition  based 
on  that  theorv.  Among  the  many  characteristics  of 
if.  ^"SP  *™  *  **  •  "'*  <^''iO'""  ot  a  general  subject  in 
which  the  mythical  and  heroic  elements  are  (iruniinent  • 
the  amalgamation  of  poetry,  music,  action,  and  scenic  ef- 
fect InUi  the  most  intimate  union  as  equally  important 
cooperating  elements :  the  deserticm  of  the  conventionali- 
ties ot  the  common  Italian  ojiera,  especially  of  Its  sharply 
deflned  and  contrasted  movtmenta  and  its  tendency  to 
the  display  of  mere  virtuosity;  the  aluindant  use  of  lead- 
ing motives  as  a  means  to  continuous  and  reiterated  enjo- 
tlonal  effect ;  the  Immense  elalwratlon  of  the  orchestral 
parts,  so  that  In  them  is  furnished  an  unbroken  presenta- 
tion of  or  commentary  on  the  entire  plot;  and  the  free 


6801 

use  of  new  and  remarkable  means  of  effect,  both  scenic 
and  instrumental.  The  Wagnerian  ideal  is  often  called 
(sonietinies  derisively)  "the  music  of  the  future,"  from 
tlie  title  of  one  of  Wagner's  essays.  While  Wagnerism  is 
best  exemplified  in  the  great  dramas  of  Wiigner  himself 
Its  qualities  may  be  seen  more  or  less  in  almost  all  the 
dramatic  music  of  the  last  half  of  this  century. 
2.  The  study  or  imitation  of  the  music  of 
Richard  Wagner. 

Wagnerist  (viig'ner-ist),  w.  [<  Wagner  -I-  -ist.'] 
An  adherent  of  Richard  Wagner's  musical 
methods ;  an  admirer  of  his  works.  Also  Waq- 
nerite. 

wagneritel  (wag'n^r-it),  «.  [Named  after  F. 
M.  von  ir«(/n<!r  (1768-1851),  head  of  the  Bava- 
rian mining  department.  ]  A  transparent  min- 
eral having  a  vitreoresinous  luster,  wine-yellow 
or  honey-yellow  in  color.  It  is  a  tluophosphate 
of  magnesium. 

Wagnerite^  (vag'ner-it),  n.  [<  Wagner  + 
^te-.]      Same   as   Wagnerist.      Tlie  American, 

Wagner's  corpuscles.   See  Wagnerian  and  cor- 

pa.'icle. 

wagon,  waggon  (wag'on),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  in  pi.  waganes;  <  D.  wagen,  a  wagon  or 
wain,  =  AS.  wiegn,  E.  wain :  see  wain^.  Hence 
F.  tcagon,  a  railroad-car.]  1.  A  four-wheeled 
vehicle;  a  wain;  specifically,  a  four-wheeled 
vehicle  desigiied  for  the  transport  of  heavy 
loads,  or  (of  lighter  build)  for  various  purposes 
of  business,  as  the  delivery  of  goods  pm-ehased 
at  a  shop,  or  of  express  packages;  loosely, 
such  a  vehicle,  similar  to  the  lighter  business 
wagons,  used  for  pleasure.  The  tjpical  heavy 
wagon  IS  a  strong  vehicle  drawn  by  two  or  three  horses 
yoked  abreast,  the  fore  wheels  much  smaller  than  the 
hmd  pair,  and  their  axle  swiveled  to  the  body  of  the 
wagon  to  facilitate  turning. 
They  trussed  all  their  harnes  in  waganes. 

Bemerg,  tr.  of  Froissart's  Chron.,  I.  Ixii. 
Reeling  with  grapes,  red  waggmu  choke  the  way. 

Byron,  Beppo,  st.  42. 

Soine  of  the  inland  traffic  was  still  done  by  means  of 

pack-horses.  .  .  .  But  there  were  also  wai/jron*,  which  by 

the  divine  permission,  started  for  every  town  of  note  in 

England. 

J.  AMon,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  II.  166. 
2.  An  open  four-wheeled  vehicle  for  the  con- 
veyance of  goods  on  railways.  [Great  Britain.] 
— 3t.  A  chariot.  ■" 

Then  to  her  yron  wagon  she  betakes. 
And  with  her  beares  the  fowle  welfavourd  witch. 

SpeTiaer,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  28. 

^     ..     „  0  Proserpina, 

For  the  flowers  now,  that  frighted  thou  let'st  fall 
From  Diss  waggon!  Shak.,  W.  1'.,  iv.  4.  118. 


wagon-lock 

used  to  contain  the  freight  or  passengers.  Also 
iingon-hed. 

wagon-brake  (wag'on-briik),  «.  A  brake  used 
on  a  wagon. 

wagon-breast  (wag'on-brcst),  n.  In  coal-min- 
ing, a  breast  in  which  tlie  wagons  or  mine-cars 
are  taken  up  to  the  working-face.  Pemi.  Surv. 
Glossary. 

wagon-ceiling  (wag'on-se"ling),  n.  A  semi- 
circular or  wagon-headed  ceiling;  a  wagon- 
vault.     See  wagon-headed. 

wagon-coupling  (wag'on-kup"ling),  n.  A  cou- 
pling for  connecting  the  fore  and  hind  a.xles  of 
a  wagon.  In  a  carriage  it  is  also  called  reach 
ov perch.    E.  H.  Knight. 

wagon-drag  (wag'on'-drag),  )!.     Same  as  drag, 

wagoneri,  waggoner  (wag'on-er),  ».  [=  D.  wa- 
Sre««ar,  a  wagoner,  =  OUXi.'wugannri,  a  wagon- 
maker,  MHG.  wagener,  G.  )fff(/«e»-,  wagon-maker, 
cartwright,  driver;  as  wagon  -t-  -e?-i.]  1.  One 
who  conducts  or  drives  a  wagon;  a  wagon- 
driver. 

The  waggoner  .  .  .  cracked  his  whip,  re-awakened  his 
music  (bells),  and  went  melodiously  away. 

Dickens,  Bleak  House,  vl. 
2t.  One  who  drives  a  chariot ;  a  charioteer. 
Gallop  apace,  you  fiery.footed  steeds. 
Towards  Phrebus'  lodging ;  such  a  waggoner 
As  Pliaethon  would  whip  you  to  the  west. 

Shak.,  B.  and  J.,  iii.  2.  2. 
3.  [cap.']  The  constellation  Auriga.  See.liiriga. 
By  tills  the  Northerne  wagoner  had  set 
His  sevenfold  tenie  behind  the  stedfast  starre 
That  was  in  Ocean  waves  yet  never  wet. 

Spenser,  F.  Q,,  I.  ii.  1. 

wagoner^t  (wag'on-er),  «.    An  atlas  of  charts : 

a  name  formerly  in  use,  derived  from  a  work  of 

this  nature  published  at  Leyden  in  1584-5  by 

Wagenaar. 

wagoner-bookt  (wag'on-6r-buk),  n.     Same  as 
wagoner^. 

wagonesst,  waggonesst  (wag'on-es),  n.   [<  wag- 
on -t-  -ess.]    A  female  wagoner.     [Rare.] 

That  she  might  serve  for  wagonesse,  she  pluck'd  the  wag- 
goner backe, 
And  up  into  his  seatc  she  mounts.  Chapman,  Iliad,  v.  838. 

wagonette. waggonette  (wag-o-nef), n.  [Also 
wagonet;  <  F.  wagonef;  as  wagon  +  -ette.]    A 


4.  A  tool  for  trimming  the  edges  of  gold-leaf  to 
size  for  a  book,  it  consists  of  a  frame  carrying  four 
edges  of  cane  for  cutting  the  gold-leaf,  which  does  not 
adhere  to  cane  as  It  would  to  metal.  E.  //.  Knight. 
6.  In  mining,  a  car ;  a  mine-car.—Couestoga  wax- 
on,  a  type  of  broad-wheeled  wagon  for  the  transportation 
of  merchandise,  made  at  Conestoga  in  Pennsylvania  ori- 
ginally for  freighting  goods  over  the  deep  soil  of  south- 
ern and  western  Pennsylvania :  afterward  it  became  the 
common  vehicle  of  settlers  going  out  on  the  prairies. 

The  road  seemed  actually  lined  with  Conestoga  wagons 
each  drawn  by  six  stalwart  horses  and  laden  with  farm 
produce.  Josiah  Qitincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  p.  206. 

Gipsy  wa^on.    See  Gipey.— Skeleton  wagon.    See 

skeleton. 
wagon  (wag'on),  v.  t.    [<  leagon,  «.]    To  trans- 
port, convey,  or  carry  in  a  wagon :  as,  to  ii-agmi 
goods.     [CoUoq.] 

Burnside  having  answered  for  the  safety  of  the  road,  it 
had  lieen  determined  to  wagon  a  portion  ot  the  [bridge] 
equipages  to  l-Yedericksburg. 

Coiiife  tie  J'aris,  Civil  War  in  America  (trans.),  IL  .^63. 

wagonage,  waggonage  (wag'on-aj), «.  [<  wagon 
+  -age.]  1.  Slouey  paid  for  carriage  or  con- 
veyance by  wagon. 

Wagonage,  indeed,  seems  to  the  commissariat  an  article 
not  worth  economizing. 

Jefferson,  To  Patrick  Henry  (Correspondence,  I.  158). 
2.  A  collection  of  wagons. 

wagon-bed  (wag'on-bed),  n.  Same  as  wagon- 
box. 

In  the  grassy  piazza  two  men  bail  a  humble  show  of  flgs 
and  cakes  for  sale  In  their  wagon-beds. 

Ilowells,  The  Century,  XXX.  672. 

wagon-boiler  (wag'on-boi'l^r),  n.  A  kind  of 
steam-boiler  having  originally  a  semieylindri- 
cal  top,  the  ends  and  sides  vertical,  and  the 
bottom  flat,  thus  having  the  shape  of  a  wagon 
covered  with  an  arched  tilt.  Improved  forms 
have  the  sides  and  bottom  slightly  curved  in- 
ward. 

wagon-bow  (wag'on-bo),  n.  A  bent  slat  of 
wood  used,  generally  in  combination  with  oth- 
ers, to  support  the  top  or  cover  of  a  wagon. 

wagon-box  (wag'on-boks),  n.  The  part  of  a 
wagon  mounted  upon  the  wlieels  and  axles,  and 


Wagonette. 


pleasure-vehicle,  either  with  or  without  a  top, 
holding  six  or  more  persons,  it  has  at  the  back 
two  seats  facing  each  other,  running  lengthwise,  and 
either  one  or  two  in  front,  running  crosswise. 

The  .  .  .  carriage  ...  was  of  the  iraraonc^Je  fashion, 
uncovered,  with  seats  at  each  side. 

Trollope,  South  Africa,  I.  xv. 

wagon-hammer  (wag'oii-liam'''er),  n.  An  up- 
riglit  bolt  connecting  the  tongue  and  the  dou- 
bletree of  a  vehicle.  Upon  it  the  doubletree 
swings.     E.  H.  Knight. 

wagon-headed  (wag'on-hed"ed),  a.  Having  a 
round-arched  or  semicylindrical  top  or  head, 
like  the  cover  or  tilt  of  a  wagon  when  stretched 
over  the  bows ;  round-arched :  as,  a  wagon-hcttdcd 
roof  or  vault.-wagon-headed  ceiling,  cylindrical 
or  barrel  vaulting,  or  a  ceiling  imitating  the  form  of  such 
vaulting. 

wagon-hoist  (wag'on-hoist),  n.     An  elevator  or 
lift  used  in  livery-stables,  can-iage-faetories, 
etc.,  to  convey  vehicles  up  or  down. 
wagon-jack  (wag'on-jak),  n.    A  lifting-jack  for 
raising  the  wheels  of  a  vehicle  off  the  ground, 
so  that  they  can  be  taken  off  for  greasing,  re- 
pairing, etc. 
wagon-load  (wag'on-lod),  n.     The  load  carried 
by  a  wagon :  as,  a  wagon-load  of  coal ;  hence, 
figuratively,  a  large  amount:  as,  a  verv  little 
text  serves  for  a  wagon-load  of  comment. 
wagon-lock  (wag'ou-lok),  n.     In  a  vehicle,  a 
device  for  retarding  motion  in  going  downhill. 
It  operates  as  a  brake  by  bringing  a  shoe  to  bear  against 
the  face  of  one  rear  wheel,  or  both.    It  differs  essentiiilly 
from  a  w.-igon-drag  or  whecldrag  used  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, the  drag  being  a  shoe  placed  under  one  of  the  wheels. 
A  Cham  used  to  prevent  a  wheel  from  tundng  in  descend- 
ing a  hill,  by  locking  the  wheel  to  the  body  of  the  wagon 
is  essentially  a  wagon-lockinjj  device,  but  the  term  in  the 
I  nited  States  always  implies  some  form  of  friction  hand- 
brake.   Wagon-locks  are  used  on  stages  and  other  veliicles 
m  mountainous  districts,  and  are  pieferiecl  to  the  wheel- 


wagon-lock 

draff,  as  being  easily  managed  from  the  driver's  seat,  with- 
outstopping  the  Tehicle.    See  drmj,  1  (A). 

wagon-master  (wag'on-mas'ter),  «.  A  person 
who  has  charge  of  one  or  more  wagons ;  espe- 
cially, an  officer  in  charge  of  wagons  In  a  mili- 
tary train. 

wagon-roof  (wag'on-rof),  n.  A  plain  semicy- 
lindrieal  vault,  or  barrel-vault.  £.  A.  Freeman, 
Venice,  p.  93. 

wagon-roofed  (wag'ou-roft),  o.  Having  a  semi- 
cylindrical  or  wagon-headed  roof  or  vault.  See 
wapoii-hefKlcd. 

wagonryt,  waggonryt  (wag'ou-ri),  m.  [<  tcagon 
+  -ry:  see  -eiy.]  Conveyance  by  means  of  wag- 
ons; wagons  collectively ;  wagonage.  [Rare.] 
He  that  sets  to  his  liaiid  though  with  a  good  intent  to 
hinderthe  shogging  of  it,  in  tliis  unlawfull  tmygdnry  wliere- 
in  it  rides,  let  him  beware  it  be  not  fatall  to  him  as  it  was 
to  Uzza.  Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  1. 

wagon-top  (wag'on-top),  H.  The  part  of  a  lo- 
comotive-boiler, over  the  fire-box,  which  is  ele- 
vated above  the  rest  of  the  shell.  Its  pm'pose 
is  to  provide  greater  steam-room. 

wagon-train  (wag'on-tran),  11.  A  train,  ser- 
vice, or  collection  of  wagons,  draft-animals, 
etc.,  organized  for  a  special  purpose ;  especial- 
ly, the  collection  of  wagons,  etc.,  accompanying 
an  army,  to  convey  provisions,  ammunition,  the 
sick  and  wounded,  etc. 

wagon-tree  (wag'on-tre),  n.  [<  wagon  +  tree; 
tr.  D.  wiigen-booin.l  A  South  African  shrub, 
Protea  grandifiora,  growing  6  or  8  feet  high,  with 
the  tnuik  as  many  inches  thick.  Its  wood  is  of  a 
reddish-brown  color,  "beautifully  marked  with  a  cross  or 
netted  grain.  It  is  sometimes  used  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  for  the  fellies  of  wheels,  plows,  etc. 

wagon-vault  (wag'on-valt),  )(.  A  semieylin- 
drical  vault,  or  barrel-vault.  See  vauW^  and 
bitrrel-rault. 

wagon-way  (wag'on-wii),  n.  In  coal-mining, 
an  underground  horse-road.     [North.  Eng.] 

wagonwright  (wag'on-nt),  «.  [<  wagon  -f- 
wriglit.  Cf.  wainwrigUt.~\  A  mechanic  who 
makes  wagons. 

wagpastiet,  «■  [Appar.  lit.  'a  pie-stealer,'  < 
wag^,  v.,  +  ohj.  paslic,  2>a,isty,  pie.]     A  rogue. 

A  little  wagpastie, 
A  deceiuer  of  folkea  by  sul)tiU  craft  and  guile. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister,  iii.  2. 

wagshipt  (wag'ship),  ».  l<way'^  +  -s)np.']  1. 
Waggery ;   waggishness. 

Let 's  pierce  the  rundlets  of  our  rumiing  heads,  and  give 
'em  a  neat  cup  of  waff-^hip. 

Middleton,  Family  of  Love,  ii.  3. 

2.  The  state  or  dignity  of  being  a  wag.    Mars- 
ton,  Wliat  you  Will.  iii.  3.     [Humorous.] 
wagsome  (wag'sum),   a.      [<  ica(/2  -|-   -some.^ 
Waggish.     [Karo.] 

Still  iiumoured  he  Iiis  wafisome  turn. 

W.  S.  Gilbert,  Peter  the  Wag. 

wagtail  (wag'tal),«.  [<itw/l,r.,-l-obj.<ai7l.]  1. 
Any  bird  of  the  family  Motacilliclse  (which  see) : 
so  called  from  the  continual  wagging  motion 
of  the  tail.  The  species  are  very  numerous,  and  chiefly 
confined  to  the  Old  World.  Those  of  the  subfamily  Anthi- 
nas  are  commonly  called  pipits  or  titlarkn.  (See  cut  under 
Anthus.)  (a)  The  white,  black,  gray,  aiid  pied  wagtails  be- 
long to  the  genus  Motacilla,  as  M.  alba  and  3/.  lugubris  ur 


6802 


wail 


a  bird  so  named  by  Latham  in  1783  from  a  bird  described 
by  Sonnini  in  1766  from  Luzon :  not  well  identified,  but 
supposed  to  be  the  wagtail  distril)uted  over  most  of  Asia, 
with  a  host  of  synonyms,  from  which  if.  leucopd-'  is  se- 
lected as  the  onym  by  late  authority.— Common  wagtail 
of  England,  the  pied  wagtail.— Field- Wagtail,  a  yellow 
wagtail.— Garden-wagtail,  tlie  Indian  wagtail.- Gray- 
headed  yellow  wagtail,  Budytes  ciridw.— Gray  wag- 
tall,  Motacilla  melanope,  or  Ijoartda,  or  sulphurea  :  more 
fully  called  ffray  water-wagtail  (after  Edwards,  176»),  and 
a.\so  yellow  u-ater-wagtailhy  X\hm(17'A^i(t). — Green  wag- 
tail, a  bird  so  described  by  Brown  in  1775,  and  since  com- 
monly called  Budytes  viridis  or  B.  oinereocapillus,  ranging 
from  Scandinavia  to  South  Africa  and  the  Malay  countries. 
—Hudsonlanwagtail(of  Latham,  1801),  the  common  tit- 
lark of  North  America,  A  nihujt  pemi^lvanicus  or  ludovi- 
cianus,  originally  described  and  figured  by  Edwards  in  1760 
as  the  "lark  from  Pensilvania.'— Indian  wagtail^  AVmo- 
ricola  or  Nemorivaga  indica,  now  Lijnonidronius  indictis, 
a  true  wagtail,  but  of  a  separate  genus,  wide-ranging  in 

Asia  and  most  of  t ' 

continent. —  Pied  w  a&u<ux,  j"  ».i*„.i.v.^  ^.^^ ,*», .««,»«,,..  v.., 
the  commonest  wagtail  of  Great  Britain.— Tscnutscm 
wagtallt,  the  gray  wagtail.  Pennant,  178.-).— Wagtail 
fantail,  wagtail  flycatcher,  a  true  flycatcher  of  Austra- 
lia, New  Gumea,  the  Solomon  Islands,  etc.,  with  fifteen 
dilf  erent  New  Latin  names,  among  wliich  Bhipidura  or 


Quaketail,  or  I  led  Wa^^all  <  Mot  utii  i  j  irtelli) 

yarrelli.  (Sej  Motacilla.)  (b)  The  closely  related  genus 
Budytex  comprises  among  others  the  common  blue-headed 
yellow  wagtail,  U.  Jlava,  of  very  wide  distribution  in  the 
Old  World  and  found  in  Alaska. 

2.  Some  similar  bird.  In  the  United  States  the  name 
is  frequently  given  to  two  birds  of  the  genus  Seiurus,  the 
common  water-thrush  and  the  large-billed  water-thrush, 
S.  neeciug  and  .S.  m'AaciUa,  meinbeis  of  the  family  Mniotil- 
tidfe,  or  Amei-ican  warblei's.  Sec  cut  under  Seiuru-s. 
3t.  A  term  of  familiarity  or  contemi)t. 
Wagtail,  salute  them  all ;  they  are  friends. 

.Middleton,  Michaelmas  Tei-m,  iii.  1. 
4.  A  i)ert  person. 

Ohw.  This  ancient  ruffian,  sir,  whose  life 

I  have  spared  at  suit  of  his  gray  beard 

Kent.  .  .  .  Spare  my  gra\  beard,  you  Jrai/((/iT^ 

Sluiic,  Lear,  ii.  2.  73. 
African  wagtail,  Motacilla  capensi»  of  South  Africa.— 
Blue-headed  yellow  wagtail,  the  true  Bmlytesjlaea.-- 
Cape  v/agtail,  the  Afiii  an  wagtail.  —  Collared  wagtail, 


bright-scarlet  arils  of  its  seeds.  Its  bark  is  the 
officinal  euonymus,  credited  with  cholagogic 
and  laxative  properties. —  2.  The  bearberry  of 
the  Pacific  United  States,  Rhamnus  I'ursliiana, 
the  source  of  cascara  sagrada,  perhaps  so  called 
from  its  medicinal  affinity  to  the  former. —  3. 
Tlie  winged  elm,  Vlmu.s  ulatii,  a  small  tree  with 
corky  winged  branches,  found  southward  in  the 
United  States.  The  wood  is  unwedgeable,  and  is  large- 
ly used  for  hubs,  blocks,  etc.  The  name  has  also  l>een  ap- 
plied to  Tilia  heterophylla  (see  Tilia)  and  to  the  Japanese 
quince  (which  see,  under  quince^). 

Also  written  waahoo  (this  foi-m  being  some- 
times used  distinctively  in  sense  l)and  wJiahoo. 
waidf,  waidet.    Obsolete  spellings  of  the  pret 
erit  and  past  participle  of  weigh'^. 
but  of  a  separate  genus,  wme-ranging  m  ™a,-f/„.5f\  „  awA  n     PFonnerlvalsoM-aJce  (from 
of  the  islands  zoologically  related  to  that  W*"  ^^''''''"' 'I"""'    L^*  ormeriy  aisotraife  uiom 
[eAwSLStail,MotacmalugubrigoT yarrelli      the  plural),  also  waijt  (see  waive,  «.,  waijt);  < 
"  '    ■       — ^--^--~.i     MK.  waif,  weif,  weife  (Tp\.  wayres,  weyves),<  OF. 
waif,  wef,  giteyf,  gaif,   fem.  waire,   gaive  (pi. 
waives,  gaires),  a  waif  (clioses  gaires,  things  lost 
and  not  claimed),  <  Icel.  veif,  anything  waving 
or  flapping  about,  reifan,  a  moving  about  un- 
certainly, rei/V(,  vibrate,  waver:  see  )c«(re.]    I. 
n.  1.  Anythingblownby  the  wind  or  drifted  in 
by  the  ocean ;  a  thing  tossed  abroad  and  aban- 
doned; a  stray  or  odd  piece  or  article. 

Wei/es,  things  forsaken,  miscarried,  or  lost. 

Cotgrane,  1611. 
Rolling  in  his  mind 
Old  M>at/»  of  rhyme.        Tennyton,  The  Brooli. 

2.  In  law :  (a)  Goods  found  of  which  the  owner 
is  not  known. 

Of  wardes  and  of  wardemotes,  leayues  and  strayues. 

Pier*  Plowman  (C),  1.  92. 

(6)  Such  goods  as  a  thief,  when  pursued,  thro ws 
away  to  prevent  being  apprehended. 

Waifs  .  .  .  are  goods  stolen,  and  waved  or  thrown  away 
by  the  thief  in  his  flight,  for  fear  of  being  apprehended. 
BlacksU/ne,  Com.,  I.  viii. 

3.  A  wanderer;  one  who  is  lost;  a  neglected, 
homeless  wretch:  applied  also  to  beasts. 

Virtue  and  vice  had  bound'ries  in  old  time ;  .  .  . 
'Twas  hard  perhaps  on  here  and  there  a  wot/. 
Desirous  to  return,  and  not  receiv'd. 

Cowper,  Task,  iii.  80. 
Oh  a'  ye  pious,  godly  flocks,  ,  .  . 
Wha  now  will  keep  ye  frae  the  fox,  .  .  . 
Or  wha  will  tent  the  vjaifs  and  crocks 

About  the  dykes !      Burns,  The  Twa  Herds. 

4.  Same  as  weft  or  waft. 
The  officer  who  first  discovers  it  [a  whale]  sets  a «««(/'(« 

small  flag)  in  his  boat,  and  gives  chase. 

C.  3/.  Scaminon,  Marine  Mammals,  p.  25. 
Masthead  waif,  a  light  pole,  si\  or  eight  feet  long,  with 
a  hoop  covered  with  canvas  at  the  end :  used  by  whale- 
men in  signaling  boats.    Compare  waft,  n,,  4. 

II.  a.   Vagabond;   worthless;    ignoble;    in- 
ferior.   Also  traff.     [Scotch.] 

And  the  Lord  King  forbids  that  any  waif  (i.  e.  vagabond) 
or  unknown  ("uncuth  ")  man  1)6  entertained  anywhere  ex- 
cept in  a  borough,  and  there  only  for  one  night,  unless  he 
or  his  horse  be  detained  there  by  sickness  so  that  an  es- 
soign  [valid  excuse  by  reason  of  sickness  or  infirmity]  can 
be  shown.       Laws  of  Hen.  II.,  quoted  in  Ribtoii-Turner's 
[Vagrants  and  Vagrancy,  p.  26. 
And  wuU  and  waif  for  eight  lang  years 
They  sail'd  upon  the  sea. 
Rusmer  Uafmand  (Child's  BaUads,  I.  253). 

waif-pole  (waf'pol),  «.     The  pole  to  which  the 
masthead  waif  is  made  fast. 
waiftt,  «.     [Karly  mod.  E.,  <  ME.  weft;  a  var. 
of  waif,  with  excrescent  t:  see  waif]    Same  as 
waif. 

For  that  a  leaift,  the  which  by  fortune  came 
Upon  your  seas,  he  claym'd  as  propertie. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  xii.  31. 

waiU  (wal),  f.  [<  ME.  wailen,  wailleii,  weiien, 
wcylen,  <  Icel.  rsela,  rata,  mod.  vola,  wail,  <  vte! 
vei!  interj.,woe!  see  woe.  Cf.  bewail.]  I.  in- 
trans.  To  express  sorrow  by  a  mournful  inar- 
ticulate vocal  sound;  lament;  moan;  cry  plain- 
tively. 

I  mot  wepe  and  ireyte  whyl  I  live. 

Chaucer,  Knights  Tale,  1.  437. 
Tlie  melancholy  days  are  come,  the  saddest  of  the  year. 
Of  waiting  winds,  and  naked  woods,  and  meadows  brown 
and  sere.  Bryant,  Death  of  the  Flowers. 

II.  trans.  To  grieve  over ;  lament;  bemoan; 
bewail. 

Thou  holy  chirche,  thou  maist  be  wailed. 

Bom.  of  the  Base,  1.  6271. 

Tell  these  sad  women 
'Tis  fond  to  aail  inevitable  strokes. 
As  'tis  to  laugh  at  them.     Shak. ,  Cor. ,  i».  1.  26. 


Wagtail  Flycatcher  \.Rhipidnra  tricolor'). 

Saulqprocta  tricolor  or  motaciUoides  is  most  used.  It  is 
7|  inches  long,  and  chiefly  black  and  white  in  coloration, 
tlms  resembling  one  of  the  pied  wagtails.  Also  called 
black  fantail— Wsdei  wagtail  See  waler-wagtaiL— 
White  wagtail,  Motacilla  alba,  or  another  of  this  tyfje. 
—  Wood- wagtail,  the  common  giay  wagtail :  sometimes 
mistaken  for  something  else,  and  put  in  a  genus  Calobates, 
as  C.  sulphurea.  )fc6s(cr,1890.— Yellow  wagtail,  BiMiy(e» 
rayi,  or  anotlier  of  this  type. 
wagtail  (wag'tal),  v.  i.  [<  wagtail,  «.]  To  flut- 
ter; move  the  wings  and  tail  like  a  wagtail. 
[Bare.] 

A  payr  of  busie  chattering  Pies,  .  .  . 
From  bush  to  bush  wag-tayling  here  and  there. 
Sylnester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii..  The  Trophies. 

wagwant  (wag'wont),  n.    Same  as  wag-wantoii. 

wag-wanton  (wag'w6n-ton),  n.  The  quaking- 
grass,  Briza  media.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wag-wit  (wag'  wit),  « .    A  wag ;  a  would-be  wit. 

All  the  wagtcitx  in  the  highway  are  grinning  in  applause 

of  the  ingenious  rogue.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  354. 

wah  (w-a),  n.  [Native  name.]  The  panda,  JElu- 
riis  fulgcns,  of  the  Himalayan  region.  See  cut 
under  panda. 

Wahabi,  Wahabee  (wa-ha'be),  ».  [<  Ar. 
irahhabi,<  llaltJiabisee  det.).]  Oneofthefol- 
lowers  of  Abd-el-Wahhab  (1G91-1787),  a  Mo- 
liammedan  reformer,  who  opposed  all  practices 
not  sanctioned  by  the  Koran.  His  successors  formed 
a  powerful  dominion,  whose  chief  seat  was  in  Nejd  in  cen- 
tral Arabia.  They  were  overthrown  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  in 
1818,  but  afterward  regained  much  of  their  former  power 
in  central  Arabia.    Also  Wahabite. 

A  sect  of  Muhammadan  puritans,  known  as  Wahabis, 
who  affect  a  strict  and  ascetic  way  of  life,  such  as  pre- 
vailed in  the  time  of  the  Prophet,  and  denounce  all  com- 
mentaries on  the  Koran,  and  all  such  modern  innovations 
as  the  worship  of  relics. 

J.  T.  Wheeler,  Short  Hist.  India,  p.  668. 

Wahabiism  (wa-hil'be-izm),  n.  [<  Wahabi  + 
-ism.]  The  doctrines,  principles,  or  practices 
of  tlie  Wahabis.     JV.  G.  rah/rare. 

Wahabite  (wa-hil'bit),  n.  [<  Wahabi  +  -ite"^.] 
Same  as  Waludn.     Laboulayc. 

wahahe  (wa-hii'ha),  n.  [Maori.]  A  tree.  Di- 
soxijlnm  (Bartighsea)  spectabile,  found  in  New 
Zealand,  it  has  a  height  of  40  or, W  feet,  and  bears  pani- 
cles of  pale-coloivd  flowers  from  8  to  12  inches  long,  pendU' 


Ions  from  the  trunk  and  main  branches.     Its  leaves  are  wail^  (wal),  H.     [<  !Cfl(71,  r.]     The  act  of  lament- 


said  to  be  used  by  the  natives  like  liops,  and  an  infusion  of 
thein  as  a  stomachic.     Also  kohe. 

Waha  Lake  trout.    See  tronf^. 

wahoo  (wa-ho'),  n.  [Amer.  Ind.]  1.  A  North 
Aincrican  filivub,  the  burning-bush,  Euonymus 
atropuriinreii.'i,  ornamental  in  autumn  for  its 
pendulous  capsules,  revealing  in  dehiscence  the 


ing  aloud;  wailing;  a  moan;  a  plaintive  cry  or 

sound. 

From  its  rocky  caverns  the  deep-voiced  neighlioring  ocean 

Speaks,  and  in  accents  disconsolate  answers  the  leni'i  of 

the  forest.  Longfellow.  Evangeline,  ii.  5. 

Tlie  dead,  whose  dying  e.ves 

Were  closed  with  wail.    Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Jtc. 


wail 

wail2,  i:  t.    See  wah^, 

wailerl  (wa'ler),  «.  [<  wain  +  -eel.]  One  who 
wails  or  laments ;  a  professional  mourner. 

wailer^  (wa'ler),  n.  [<  !crt(72,  aiafe^,  +  -crl.] 
In  coal-mini iig,  a  boy  who  picks  out  from  the 
coal  in  the  ears  the  bits  of  slate  and  any  other 
rubbish  which  may  have  got  mixed  with  it. 
[North.  Eng.] 

waileresst  (wa'Ier-es),  w.  [ME.  weileresse;  < 
wailer^  +  -ess.  ]  A  woman  who  wails  or  mourns : 
used  in  the  quotation  with  reference  to  profes- 
sional mourners. 

Beholde  3e,  and  clepe  je  wymmen  that  weilen  [var. 
weiUrettu,  wailsUrit,  tr.  L.  Imnentatricea]. 

Wyclif,  Jer.  Ix.  17. 
wailful  (wal'ful),  «.    [<  wain  +  -/«/.]    1.  Sor- 
rowful; mournful;  making  a  plaintive  sound. 
Thus  did  she  watch,  and  weare  the  weary  night 
In  wayl/tdt  plaints  that  none  was  to  appease. 

Speiiaer,  F.  Q.,  V.  vl.  26. 
While  thro'  the  braes  the  cushat  croods 
With  waHfu'  cry !  Burnt,  To  W.  Simpson. 

2t.  Lamentable ;  worthy  of  wailing. 

Bloody  hands,  whose  cruelty  .  .  .  frame 
The  imU/ul  works  that  scourge  the  poor,  without  regard 
of  blame.  Surrey,  Ps.  Ixiiii. 

wailing  (wa'ling),  M.  [<  ME.  wayhjtiy ;  verbal 
n.  of  ir«i7',  r.]  The  act  of  expressing  sorrow, 
grief,  or  the  like  audibly ;  loud  cries  of  soitow  ; 
deep  lamentation. 

Myche  weping  &  wo,  waylyng  of  teris. 

And  lamentacioun  full  long  for  lone  of  hym  one. 

Dettructiun  o/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7155. 
There  shall  be  wailiryj  and  gnashing  of  teeth. 

Mat.  xiii.  42. 
wailingly  (wa'ling-li),  adc.     [<  wailing  +  -///'-.] 
In  a  wailing  manner;  with  wailing. 
Shrilly,  wailingly  sounded  a  cry  of  mortal  agonv. 

The  Century,  XXIX.  80. 

wailmentt  (wal-ment),  K.     [<  waill-  -I-  -mcnt.'] 
Liamentation. 
O  day  of  waitment  to  all  that  are  yet  unborn  ! 

Bp.  Uacket,  Abp.  Williams,  ii.  224.    (Latham.) 

wailstert  (wal'st^r),  «.  [ME.,  <  wain  +  -stcr.'^ 
Same  as  waileress.     Wyclif,  Jer.  ix.  (in  MS.  I.). 

waimentt,  wajrmentt  (wi-menf),  v.  i.  [<  ME. 
waymenten,  weynienten,  <  OF.  waimenter,  wey- 
menter,  giiai men ter,  gamanter,  etc.,  lament;  per- 
haps a  variation,  in  imitation  of  OF.  wai,  giiai 
(8p.  Pg.  It.  guai  =  Goth,  icai,  woe :  see  if «f ,  and 
cf.  wain),  of  lamenter,  <  L.  lameiitari,  lament: 
see  ?o»ie»(.]     To  lament;  sorrow;  wail. 

"Sir,"  seide  Agrarain,  "ne  iceymente  ye  not  so,  ffor  yef 
god  will  he  ne  hath  noon  hamie. " 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  613. 

Thillte  science,  as  seitli  Seint  Augustin,  maketh  a  man 
to  urayinenten  in  his  herte.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

waimentationt  (wa-men-ta'shon),  H.  [<  ME. 
wtiyiiifiiUicion,  wamentticioux,  <  OF.  'wainien- 
tacion,  <  waimenter,  lament:  see  waimenl.'] 
Lamentation. 

Made  swiche  wamenlaeiottn 
That  pite  was  to  heare  the  soun. 

The  lite  oj  Ladiet,  1.  1855. 

waimentingt,  waymentlngt,  n.   [ME.,  verbal 
u.  of  icai;«e«<,  r.]     Lamentation;  bewailing. 
The  sacred  teres,  and  the  icaymentiwt. 
The  flry  strokes  of  the  ilesiring 
That  loves  servaunts  in  this  lyf  enduren. 

Cliaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1063. 
Wain^  (wan),  «.  [<  ME.  train,  wuyn,  iccin  (pi. 
waines,  weines),  <  AS.  wsegcn,  tcmjn,  wxn  =  OS. 
wagan  =  OFries.  xonin,  wein  =  D.  waqen  =  MLG. 
wagen  =  OHG.  MHO.  G.  wagen  =  Icel.  vagn  = 
Sw.  vagn  =  Dan.  vngn,  a  wain,  wagon,  vehicle; 
<  AS.  wegan,  etc.,  carry,  =  L.  rchere,  carry:  see 
weigh.  From  the  same  ult.  root  are  L.  rehicn- 
lum  (>  E.  vehicle),  Or.  bxor  =  Skt.  raha,  a  vehi- 
cle, car.  Cf.  wagon,  a  doublet  of  icoiwl.]  1.  A 
four-wheeled  vehicle  for  the  transportation  of 
goods,  or  for  carrying  com,  hay,  etc. ;  a  wagon 
or  cart.     [Obsolete,  provincial",  or  archaic] 

And  the  Women  .  .  .  dryven  Cartes,  Plowes,  and  Waynm, 
and  Chariottes.  Manderille,  Travels,  p.  250. 

The  war-horse  drew  the  peasant's  loaded  iiain. 

Bryant,  Christmas  in  IS'.'i. 
The  shynynge  Juge  of  thinges,  stable  in  hyniself,  gov- 
erneth  the  swifte  cart  or  wayn  —  that  is  to  siyn,  the  circu- 
ler  moevynge  of  the  Sonne. 

Chatteer,  Boethius,  iv,  meter  I. 
2.  Same  as  Charleys  Wain. 

My  bankrupt  wain  can  beg  nor  borrow  light ; 
Alas !  my  darkness  is  perpetual  night. 

Quarter,  Emblems,  ill.  1. 
Arthur's  Wain.    Same  as  Charlea't  Wain. 

Arthur'^  slow  train  his  course  doth  roll 
In  utter  darkness  round  the  pole. 

SrotI,  I.,  of  I.  .\I.,  i.  17. 
Cbarles's  Wain,  in  anlnm.,  the  sevin  brightest  stars  in 
the  constellation  Ursa  Major,  or  the  Great  liear, « iiich  has 


6803 

been  called  a  wagnu  since  the  time  of  Homer.  Two  of  the 
stars  are  known  as  the  pointers,  because,  being  nearly  in  a 
right  line  with  the  pole-star,  they  direct  an  oliserver  to 
it  Also  called  the  I'luic,  the  Oreat  Dipper,  the  Xurthern 
Car,  and  some  times  the  Butchers  Cleaver.  [The  name 
Charles's  wain,  Charles'  wain  is  a  modern  alteration  of  ear- 
lier carl's  wain,  <  late  ME.  charlewayn,  charelwai/n,  <  late 
AS.  carles  wirn{=  Sw.  karl-myn  =  Dan.  karls-vogn),  the 
carl's  or  churl's  wain,  i.  e.  the  farmer's  wagon.  The  word 
wain  came  to  be  associated  with  the  name  Charles  with  ref. 
to  Charlemagne,  beijig  also  called  in  ME.  Charlemaynes 
wayne.  In  the  ITth  century  it  was  associated  with  tlie 
names  of  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.] 

An  it  be  not  fonr  by  the  day,  1 11  be  hanged :  Charles' 
wain  is  over  the  new  chimney.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  1.  2. 
The  Lesser.  Wain,  Ursa  Minor. 

When  the  lesser  wain 
Is  twisting  round  the  polar  star. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  ci. 
wain^  (wan),  V.  t.  [Perhaps  <  Icel.  regno,  go 
on  one's  way,  proceed:  see  wayi.  Cf.  waiin, 
from  the  same  ult.  source.  The  ME.  "wayneii," 
move,  etc.,  found  in  various  texts,  is  a  mis- 
reading of  wayuen,  i.  e.  wayven :  see  wairc.'] 
To  carry ;  convey ;  fetch. 

Then,  neighbours,  for  God's  sake,  if  any  you  see 
Good  sernant  for  dairie  house,  waine  her  to  mee. 

Tiisser,  Hnsbandrie,  p.  107.    (Da vies.) 
So  swift  they  icained  her  through  the  light, 
'Twas  like  the  motion  of  sound  or  sight. 

f^osy,  Kilmeny. 
wain^t,  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of  yain^. 
wainablet  (wii'na-bl),  a.     [<  tcain^,  =  qain^,  + 
-dhh:']    Capable  of  being  tilled;  tillable:   as, 
icdiiiabic  land. 
Wainage  (wa'naj),  «.    A  variant  of  gainage. 
The  stock  of  the  merchant  and  the  wainage  of  the  villein 
are  preserved  from  undue  severity  of  amercement  as  well 
as  the  settled  estate  of  the  earldom  or  barony. 

Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  155. 
wain-botet  (wan'bot),  )i.  {<  wain^  +  bote^.]  An 
allowance  of  timber  for  wagons  or  carts. 
wain-house  (wan'hous),  n.     A  house  or  shed 
for  wagons  and  carts.     [Pro v.  Eng.] 

After  supper  they  adjourned  to  the  wain-hmtse,  where 
the  master  pledged  the  first  ox  with  a  customary  toast. 

C.  Klton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist,  p.  40S. 
wain-load  (wan'lod),  n.    A  wagon-load. 

Then  you  shall  returne. 
And  o(  your  I)e8t  prouision  sende  to  vs 
I'hlrty  waine-lowl,  beside  twelue  tun  of  wine. 
Ileyieood,  2  Edw.  IV.  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  I.  104). 

wainmant  (wan'man),  >!.;  pi.  «■«»«»)<;»  (-men). 

1.  A  driver  of  a  wain  or  wagon ;  a  wagoner. 
Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  XI.  i.  64.  (Davies.)—2.  A 
charioteer;  specifically  [_cap.'],  the  constellation 
Auriga.  Sylrcster,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  4. 

wain-rope  (wan'rop),  n.  A  rope  for  pulling  a 
wain  or  binding  a  load  on  a  wain  or  wagon;  a 
cart-rope.     [Kare.] 

Oxen  and  wainropes  cannot  hale  them  together. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iii.  2.  64. 

wainscot  (wan'skot),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
waiiiscott,  waynskot,  waynskoie  (also,  as  mere 
D.,  tc(ighensciit);  <  D.  tcagenschot  (=  LG.  im- 
gensehot),  the  best  kind  of  oak-wood,  well 
grained  and  without  knots  (cf.  LG.  bokeiischut, 
the  best  kind  of  beech-wood,  without  knots), 
<  wagen,  wagon,  wain,  chariot,  carriage,  + 
schot  (=  E.  sh)>n),  partition,  wainscot.  The 
orig.  sense  was  prob.  'wood  used  for  a  board 
or  partition  in  a  coach  or  wagon';  thence 
'boards  for  panel-work,  paneling  for  walls, 
esp.  oak-wood  for  paneling.']  It.  A  fine  kind 
of  foreign  oak-timber,  not  so  liable  to  cast  or 
warp  as  English  oak,  easily  worked  with  tools, 
and  used  at  first  for  any  kind  of  paneled  work, 
and  afterward  in  other  ways. 

A  tabyll  of  wuynskott  with  to  trestellis. 

Bury  Wills  (ed.  Tymms),  p.  115. 

He  was  not  tall,  but  of  the  lowest  stature,  round  faced, 
olivaster  (like  wainscott)  complexion. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (William  Harvey). 

2.  A  wooden  lining  or  boarding  of  the  walls  of 
apartments,  usually  made  in  panels;  paneled 
boards  on  the  walls  of  rooms.  Originally  this 
lining  or  paneling  was  made  of  wainscot-oak. 

With  their  fair  wainscots. 
Their  presses  and  bedsteads. 
Their  joint-stools  and  tables, 
A  fire  we  made. 

Winning  of  Cales  (ChWi's  Ballads,  VII.  128). 
Boords  called  Waghenscot.      Hakiuyt's  Voyages,  I.  173. 
The  reader  prayed  that  men  of  his  coat  might  grow  up 
like  cedars  to  make  good  I'-ai'/JKCOi  in  the  House  of  Sincer- 
ity. Middleton,  Family  f>f  Love,  iii.  3. 
We  sat  down  to  dinner  in  a  fine  long  room,  the  wairt- 
scot  of  which  is  rich  « ith  gilded  coronets,  roses,  and  port- 
cullises. Macaulay,  in  Trevelyan,  I.  191. 

3.  One  of  certain  noctui<l  moths :  an  English 
collectors'  name.  I'he  American  wainscot  Is  Leucania 
extranfa:  the  scarce  wainscot  isSiiiiyra  vcnosa.  —  Smoky 
wainscot.    See  smoky. 


waist 

wainscot  (wan'skot),  c.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  wain- 
scoted, icainscotteii,  ppr.  rcoinscoting,  wainscot- 
ting.     [Fonuerly  also  wcnscot;  <  wainscot,  «.] 

1.  To  line  or  panel  with  wainscot:  as,  to  rcain- 
scot  a  hall. 

A  Chappel  whose  Eoof  was  covered  with  Leafe-Gold, 

wenscotteti,  and  decked  with  great  store  of  Pearls  and 

Pi-ecious  Stones.        S.  Clarke,  Geog.  Descr.  (1671),  p.  267. 

Music  is  better  in  chambers  wainscotted  than  hanged. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  144. 
The  roomes  are  wainscotted,  and  some  of  them  richly 
parquetted  with  cedar,  yew,  cyprcsse,  &c. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  23,  1678. 

2.  To  line  or  panel  in  the  manner  of  wain- 
scoting, with  material  other  than  oak,  or,  more 
generally,  than  wood. 

The  east  side  of  it  [the  churolij  within  is  tcainscotted 
with  jasper  and  beautiful  marbles. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  ii.  5. 

wainscot-chair  (wan'skot-char),  n.  A  chair 
the  lower  part  of  which  below  the  seat  is  filled 
in  with  solid  paneling,  or  the  like,  so  as  to 
form  a  box. 

wainscot-clock  (wan'skot-klok).  n.  A  tall 
standard  clock  with  long  pendulum  and  high 
closed  ease:  so  called  because  such  clocks 
stood  against  the  wainscoting  in  old  houses. 
Art  Journal,  1883,  p.  198. 

wainscoting,  wainscotting  (wan'skot-ing),  «. 
[<  wainscot  -(-  -iiig^.]  Wainscot,  or  the  material 
used  for  it. 

wainsco't-oak  (wan'skot-6k),  n.  The  Turkey 
oak,  (^iicrcus  Ccrris.     See  oak. 

wainscot-panel  (wan'skot-pan"el),  n.  In  an 
American  railroad-car,  a  board  forming  a  panel 
between  the  two  wainscot-rails  formerly  placed 
beneath  the  windows. 

wain-shilling  (wan'shil"ing),  n.  A  market  toll 
or  tax  formerly  levied  on  wagons  at  markets  in 
English  towns.  See  the  quotation  under  load- 
pen  ny. 

wainwright  (wan'rit),  n.  A  wagon-maker: 
same  as  uagonwrigh t. 

wairif,  ''.     An  old  spelling  of  wcar^. 

wair"  (war),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  In  carp.,  a 
piece  of  timber  6  feet  long  and  1  foot  broad. 
Bailey,  1731. 

waischet.    An  obsolete  past  participle  of  wash. 

waise  (waz),  r.  f.;  pret.  and  pp.  waised,  ppr. 
icaising.    A  Scotch  form  of  ici,ss. 

waist  (wast),  n.  [Forrnerly  icaste,  wast;  <  ME. 
wast,  waste,  <  AS.  *W£est,  weext,  lit.  'growth,' 
'8ize'(=Icel.  viixtr,  stature,  =Sw.  TOj-^=Dan. 
veext,  growth,  size,  =  Goth,  irahstus,  growth,  in- 
crease, stature;  cf.  AS.  wiestnt,  rarely  westin,  ear- 
lier wiestni,  growth,  fruit,  produce,  =  G.  tiachs- 
W(M/«,  growth),  <  Hy'«jY(H,  grow:  see  ifojl.]  1. 
The  part  of  the  human  body  between  the  chest 
and  the  hips  ;  the  smaller  or  more  compressible 
section  of  the  trunk  below  the  ribs  and  above 
the  haunch-bones,  including  most  of  the  abdo- 
men and  the  loins.  A  woman's  waist,  if  untampcred 
with,  which  under  the  exigencies  of  modern  costume  is 
seldom  the  case,  is  natmiilly  less  contl'acted  than  a  man's. 
The  sculptures  of  the  ancients  furnish  ample  evidence  of 
this. 

Waste,  of  a  maiinys  niyddjl.         Prompt.  Pan:,  p.  517. 
The  women  go  straiter  and  closer  in  their  garments  than 
the  men  do,  with  tlieir  waistes  girded.  Hakluyt. 

Indeed  I  am  in  the  waist  two  yards  about. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3.  46. 
Her  ringlets  are  in  taste  ; 
What  an  arm  !  —  what  a  waiM 
For  an  arm ! 

F.  Locker,  To  my  Grandmother. 

2.  Something  worn  around  the  waist  or  body, 
as  a  belt  or  girdle. 

I  might  have  giv'n  thee  for  thy  pains 
Ten  silver  shekles  and  a  golden  waist. 

Peele,  David  and  Bethsabe. 

3.  A  garment  covering  the  waist  or  trunk.  («) 
An  undergarment  worn  especially  by  children,  to  which 
petticoats  and  drawers  are  buttoned,  (b)  The  body  or 
bodice  of  a  dress,  whether  separate  from  the  skirt  or 
joined  to  it ;  a  corsage ;  a  basque ;  a  blouse. 

Doll.  What  fashion  will  make  a  woman  have  Ihe  best 
body,  tailor'? 

Tailor.  A  short  Dutch  waist,  with  a  round  Catherine- 
wheel  fardingate. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  iii.  1. 

4.  Figuratively,  that  which  surrounds  like  a 
girdle. 

Spur  to  the  rescue  of  the  noble  Talliot, 
Wlio  now  is  girdled  with  a  waist  of  iron. 
And  hemm'd  about  with  grim  <lestniction. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  3.  20. 

5.  That  part  of  any  object  which  bears  some 
analogy  to  the  human  Wiiist.  somewhere  near 
the  middle  of  its  height  or  length. 

A  pepper  l)o.\  .  .  .  jiuinteil  in  blue  i>n  a  white  ground, 

.  .  .  and  the  name  Richard  chaffers.  17!iii,  round  the  »mW. 

Jr.witt,  Ceramic  Art,  II.  34. 


waist 


6804 


There  is  a  small  kno])  at  the  small  jiai  t  or  mtint  [of  an 
hour-glass  shaped  salt-cellav]. 

South  Koixington  tiatidbook,  College  Corp.  Plate. 

The  date  of  refounding  this  bell  (lf>76)  is  cast  upon  its 
Tram.  Ukt.Soe.of  LancashireandCheshire.'S.  fi.,y.l3S. 
Especially  -(a)  The  narrowest  part  of  the  body  of  musical  waistcoating  (wast '  kot  -  ing,  eoUoq.  wes '  kot 
instruments  of  the  violin  kind,  formed  by  the  bouts,  or  in-     ing),  n.     A  textile  fabric  made  especially  for 


Who  keeps  the  outward  door  there?  here's  fine  shuflling! 
You  waistcoateer,  you  must  go  back. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  i.  1. 

I  knew  you  a  waistcoatefr  in  the  garden  alleys, 
And  would  come  to  a  sailor's  whistle. 

Massinger,  City  Madam,  iii.  1. 


men's  waistcoats,  and  different  from  cloth  in- 
tended to  be  used  for  coats  and  trousers.  These 
stuffs  usually  contain  silk,  and  are  of  a  fancy 
pattern. 

Mrs.  Cai'ver  bespoke  from  hira  two  pieces  of  waistcoat- 
itvj.  Miss  Edgeworth,  The  Dun,  p.  816.    (Davies.) 

'waist-deep  (wast'dep),  a.  and  adv.    So  deep 
as  to  reach  or  be  covered  from  the  feet  up  to 
the  waist:  as,  the  ford  yi&s  waist-deep. 
The  eager  Knight  leap'd  in  the  sea 
Wai^-deep,  and  first  on  shore  was  he. 

Scott,  Lord  of  the  Isles,  v.  14. 
Peasant  waist.    See peasanf  a„  o««l,nv  waisted  (was'ted),  «.     [Formerly  also  wa«to?; 

waist-anchor  (wast'ang^kor),  «.     An  anchor  *<  ^^,^ +^^^2.]    Havingawaist  (of  some  speci- 

fied  shape  or  type). 
Med.  I  never  saw  a  Coat  letter  cut. 
Sir  Fop.  It  makes  me  show  Ions-wasted. 

Etherege,  Man  of  Mode,  iii.  2. 


yard  curves  of  the  ribs  neai-  the  middle  of  the  body. 
Xaut.,  the  central  part  of  a  ship. 

Quarter  your  selves  in  order,  some  abaft ; 
Some  in  the  Ships  waste,  all  in  martial  order. 
Heywood,  Fortune  by  Land  and  Sea  (Works,  ed.  1874,  VI. 

(416). 
(c)  The  middle  part  of  a  period  of  time. 
In  the  dead  waist  [var.  vast]  and  middle  of  the  night, 
Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  2.  198. 

'Tis  now  about  the  immodest  waist  of  night. 

Marxton,  Malcontent,  ii.  3. 

This  was  .about  the  wa^e  of  day. 

Looes  of  Hero  and  Leander,  p.  114. 


stowed  ill  the  waist;  a  sheet-anchor, 
waistband  (wast'baiid),  «.     1.  A  band  meant 

to  encircle  the  waist,  especially  such  a  band 

forming  part  of  a  garment  and  serving  to  stif- 
fen or  maintain  it:  as,  the  WrtiS<6aH(J  of  a  skirt,  ^aister  (was'ter),  «.     [<  wnirf  + -ed.]     1.  A 
A  pair  of  dreadnought  pilot-trousers,  whereof  the  «iats(-  _        .  -  .         .    ,  ,,       ,         , 

band  was  so  very  broad  and  high  that  it  became  a  suc- 

cedaneum  for  a  waistcoat.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son,  xxiii. 

2.  A  separate  or  outer  girdle  or  belt.     [Rare.] 
waist-belt  (wast'belt),  n.    A  belt  worn  about 

the  waist. 


wait 

4t.  The  act  of  watching ;  watchfulness. 

The  uimbleuesB  &  wayt  of  the  dog  too  take  hiz  auaun- 
tage,  and  the  fors  &  experiens  of  the  bear  agayn  to  auoid 

Robert  haneham.  Letter  from  Kenilworth  (1575). 
5t.  An  ambush;  a  trap;  a  plot:  obsolete  ex- 
cept in  the  phrase  to  lie  in  wait. 

Kals  semblance  hath  a  visage  ful  demure, 
Lightly  to  catche  the  ladies  in  a  waiU; 
"Where-fore  we  must,  if  that  we  wil  endure, 
Make  right  good  watche. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Fumivall),  p.  78. 

6.  The  act  of  waiting:  as,  a  wait  for  the  train 
at  a  station. —  7.  Time  occupied  in  waiting; 
delay;  an  interval  of  waiting;  specifically,  in 
theatrical  language,  the  time  between  two  acts. 
Compare  stage-wait. 

It  was  thought  I  had  suffered  enough  in  my  long  -wait 
for  the  trial.     Mrs.  Oliphanl,  The  Ladies  Lindores,  p.  98. 

During  the  wait  between  the  first  and  second  parts  the 

Prince  sent  for  Herr  Schoenberger,  a  pianist  who  had 

pleased  him  very  much,  and  personally  complimented  him. 

T.  C.  Crawford,  English  Life,  p.  141. 

To  lay  wait.  See  !ai/l.— To  lie  In  ■wait.  See  lie^.— 
Waits'  badge,  a  badge  formerly  worn  by  town  musicians, 
usually  an  escutcheon  with  the  aims  of  the  borough.  Such 
badges  exist  in  the  treasuries  of  English  towns  and  corpo- 
rations. 


^^^^r^^o^a  r^^;,  '^  ^^  w^*  a^i<^^:— ^-rr '^°!;,x 


in  the  waist  of  the  vessel  until  qualified  for  more 
responsible  duties. —  2.  On  a  naval  vessel,  for- 
merly, one  of  a  class  of  old  men  who  have  been 
disabled  or  grown  gray  without  rising  in  the 

She  wore  a  tight-fitting  bodice  of  cream-white  flannel  yraist-hieh  (wast'hi),  a.     [Formerly  also  wast- 
,d  „et.ico.ats  of  L-rav  flannel,  whde  she  had  a  watstbelt  w^^^  _  ^  S  ^^  .V^  ^  ^^.^l'-^     ^L  ^.^^  ^^J^^^  ^^.^^_ 

Contemptible  villages,  ...  the  grasse  wast-high,  un- 
moved, uneaten.  Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  117. 

waist-panel  (wast'pan"el),  n.  The  panel  imme- 
diately above  the  lowest  panel  on  the  outside 
of  a  carriage-body.   Car-Builder's  Diet.   [Eng.] 


and  petticoats  of  gray  flannel,  while  she  had 
and  pouch  of  brilliant  blue. 

W.  Black,  Piiucess  of  Tliule,  vn, 

waist-boat  (wast'bot),  n.  A  boat  carried  in 
the  waist  of  a  vessel;  specifically,  in  whaliny, 
the  second  mate's  boat,  carried  in  the  waist 
on  the  port  side. 


waist-boater  (wast'b6"ter),  n.  The  officer  of  waist-piece  (wast'pes),  n.  The  steel  skirt,  or 
the  boat  carried  in  the  waist  of  a  whaler ;  the  great  braguette,  of  the  armor  of  the  fourteenth 
second  mate  century.     Compare  cut  under  tasset. 

waist-Cloth  ('wast'kloth),  v.  1 .  A  piece  of  cloth  waist-rail  (wast/ral),  n.  A  horizontal  piece  in 
worn  bv  the  natives  in  India  around  the  waist 


and  hanging  below  it,  and,  as  often  worn 
passed  between  the  thighs.  Compare  dhotce.— 
2.  Naut.:  (n)  Hammock-cloths  of  the  waist 
nettings.  Bamer.ily.  (6t)  pl-  Cloths  hung  about 
the  cage-work  of  a  ship's  hull,  to  protect  the 
men  in  action.     Naves. 

The  rest  of  the  day  we  spent  in  accommodating  our  Boat ; 
in  stead  of  thoules  wee  made  stickes  like  Bcdstaues,  to 


the  framing  of  the  side  of  a  passenger-can-iage. 
Car-Builder's  Diet.     [Eng.] 

waist-torfiue  (wast'tork),  «.  A  girdle,  properly 
one  of  twisted  or  spiral  bars,  worn  by  the  north- 
ern nations  in  the  early  middle  ages.  Compare 
cut  under  torque. 

waist-tree  (wast'tre),  n.  A  spare  spar  formerly 
placed  along  the  waist  of  a  ship  where  there  were 
no  bulwarks.     Also  called  rough-tree. 


which  we  fastened  so  many  of  our  Massawomek  Targets  wait  (wat),  n.      [i  ormerly  also,   eiToneously, 

jiYH'fif/ii;  <  ME.  waite,  Jcaj/te,  a  watchman,  spy,  < 
OF.  waite,  gaite,  a  guard,  sentinel,  watchman, 
spy,  later,  guet,  watch,  ward,  heed,  also  the 
watch  or  company  appointed  to  watch  (=  Pr. 
gach,  gayt),  <  OHG.  wahta-,  MHG.  w«7ite,  G. 
waclit,  a  watchman ;  cf.  Goth,  wakttvo,  a  watch, 
<  AS.  wacan  =  Goth.  wakai),et<i.,  wake, watch: 
see  Wrttel,  watch.  In  senses  4,  5,  6,  etc.,  the 
noun  is  from  the  verb.]  If.  A  watchman;  a 
guard;  also,  a  spy.  Prompt.  Parv.,i>.  513. 
And  wysly  bes  ware  [beware]  waytys  to  the  towne. 
On  yche  half  forto  hede,  that  no  hanne  fall. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6266. 

2.  One  of  a  body  of  musicians,  especially  in 
the  seventeenth  century  in  England.  Originally 
the  waits  seem  to  have  been  watchmen  who  sounded  liorns, 
or  in  some  other  noisy  wayannounced  their  beiugonw.itch. 
Bands  of  musicians  seem  to  have  borne  the  name  generally 
at  a  later  time,  and  it  is  still  preserved  in  England,  as  ap- 
plied to  persons  who  sing  out  of  doors  at  Christmas  time, 
and  seek  gratuities  from  house  to  house. 

A  wayte,  that  nightelye  from  Mychelmas  to  Slireve 
Thorsdaye  pipethe  the  watche  withen  this  courte  fewer 
tymes.  .  .  .  Also  this  yeoman  waight,  at  the  makinge  of 
KnyKhtes  of  the  Bath,  for  his  attendance  upon  them  by 
nyghte-time,  in  watchinge  in  the  chappelle,  hath  he  to  his 
fee  all  the  watcliinge  clothing  that  the  knyght  shall  wear 
upon  him. 

Rymer,  quoted  in  Chambers's  Book  of  Days,  II.  743. 

We  will  have  the  city  waites  down  with  us,  and  a  noise 
of  trumpets.  Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  iv.  2. 

There  is  scarce  a  young  man  of  any  fashion  who  does 
not  make  love  with  the  town  music.  The  waits  often  help 
him  through  his  courtship ;  and  my  friend  Banister  has 
told  me  he  was  proffered  five  hundred  pounds  by  a  young 
fellow  to  play  but  one  winter  under  the  window  of  a  lady. 

Taller,  No.  222. 

A  strain  of  music  seemed  to  break  forth  in  the  air  just 
below  the  window.  I  listened,  and  found  it  proceeded 
from  a  band,  which  I  concluded  to  be  the  waits  from  some 
neighboring  village.  Irring,  Sketch-Book,  p.  263. 

3t.  An  old  variety  of  hautboy  or  shawm :  so 
called  because  much  used  by  the  waits. 
Gretc  lordys  were  at  the  assent, 
Waytys  blewe,  to  mete  they  wente. 

.VS.  Cantab.  Ff.  ii.  38,  f.  69.    (BaXliwell.) 

The  waits  or  holwys. 

Butler,  Principles  of  Musick  (1636),  quoted  in 
[Chambers's  Book  of  Days,  II.  743. 


that  invironed  her  as  least  clothes. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  185. 

My  Lord  did  give  me  orders  to  write  for  fiags  and  Scar- 
lett waistcloathes.  Pepys,  Diary,  May  7,  1660. 
waistcoat  (wast'kot,  eolloq.  wes'kot  or  -kot),  n. 
[Formerly  also  wastcote,    wascote,   also   dial. 
tceslit;  <  waist  -f  coat^.]     A  name  of  various 
garments,    (a)  A  body-garment  for  men,  foi-merly  worn 
under  the  doublet,  and  apparently   intended  to  show 
through  its  slashes,  or  where  it  was  left  unbuttoned. 
Ruffes  for  your  hands,  wast-cotes  wrought  with  silke. 
Ueywood,  Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchange  (Works,  ed.  1874, 

This  morning  my  brother's  man  In-ought  me  a  new  black 
baize  ivaiste-coate,  faced  with  silk,  which  I  put  on,from  this 
day  laying  by  half-shirts  for  this  winter. 

Pepys,  Diary,  Nov.  1, 1663. 

(i<)  A  garment  without  sleeves  worn  under  a  coat.  They 
were  formerly  long,  reaching  sometimes  to  the  thighs, 
and  were  made  of  rich  and  bright-colored  material ;  now 
they  are  woin  much  shorter.  They  are  generally  single- 
breasted,  but  double-breasted  waistcoats  have  been  in 
fashion  at  different  times. 

He  had  on  a  blue  silk  icaistcoat  with  an  extremely  broad 
gold  lace.  Walpule,  Letters,  II.  369. 

The  dangerous  wai^cvat,  called  by  cockneys  "vest." 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Urania. 

(c)  A  garment  worn  by  women  in  imitation  of  a  man's  waist- 
coat.   Compare  (a). 

In  a  stuffe  Wascote  and  a  Peticote 
Like  to  a  chambermayd. 
T.  Cranley,  Reformed  Whore  (1635).    (Fairholt,  I.  300.) 
The  queen,  who  looked  in  this  dress  — a  white  laced 
waiat'Coate  and  a  crimson  short  pettycoate  -   .  .  .  myghty 
pretty.  Pepys,  Diary,  July  13,  1663. 

The  dress  bodice  is  fitted  with  two  waistcoats,  one  of 
pale  6cru  conled  silk  overlaid  witli  green  and  gold  sou- 
tache braid,  tlie  other  of  silk  striped  white  and  green 
alternately.  New  York  Evening  Post,  March  8,  1890. 

Sleeved  waistcoat.  See  sleeved. 
waistcoateert  (wast-ko-ter',  eolloq.  wes-ko- 
ter'),  )(.  [Formerly  also  spelled  wastcoatecr, 
wast-couiecr,  icastcoatier ;  <  waistcoat  +  -ecr.l 
One  who  wears  a  wai.stcoat  as  a  principal 
garment,  without  a  coat  or  upper  gown ;  in 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries,  in 
Ijondon,  a  prostitute  (itrobably  from  being  so 
dressed). 


tir,  waitier,  gaiter,  gaitier,  guetter,  F.  guetter 
(Walloon  weitier)  =  Pr.  gaitar,  gachar  =  It. 
guatare,  watch,  ward,  mark,  heed,  note,  lie  in 
wait  for,  <  OF.  waite,  gaits,  a  guard,  sentinel: 
see  icait,  n.  Cf.  atcait^.']  I.  iiitrans.  If.  To 
watch;  be  on  the  watch;  lie  in  wait;  look  out. 

He  wauled  after  no  pompe  and  reverence. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  ProL  to  C.  T.,  1.  626. 

William  ful  wistly  wayted  out  at  an  hole, 
&  seie  breme  burnes  busi  in  ful  brijt  armes. 

Waiiamo/Palcme  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  L  2320. 

2.  To  look  forward  to  something;  be  in  expec- 
tation :  often  with  for. 

She  wayteth  whan  hir  herte  wolde  hreste. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  862. 

SU.  And  so,  good  rest 
Pro.    As  wretches  have  o'er  night 
That  wait  for  execution  in  the  mom. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  2. 134. 

Both  waited  patiently,  and  yet  both  prayed  for  the  ac- 
celerating of  that  which  they  waited /or:  Daniel  for  the 
deliverance,  Simeon  for  the  Epiphany. 

Donne,  Sermons,  iv. 

3.  To  stay  or  rest  in  patience  or  expectation; 
remain  in  a  state  of  quiescence  or  inaction,  as 
till  the  arrival  of  some  person  or  event,  or  till 
the  proper  moment  or  favorable  opportunity  for 
action :  often  with  for. 

Bid  them  prepare  within ; 
I  am  to  blame  to  be  thus  waited /or. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  2.  118. 

Do  but  wait  till  I  despatch  my  tailor,  and  I'll  discover 
my  device  to  you. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  liu  1. 

They  also  serve  who  only  stand  and  wait. 

Milton,  Sonnets,  xiT. 

The  dinner  waits,  and  we  are  tlr'd. 

Cmcper,  John  Gilpin. 

Wait  till  we  give  you  a  dictionary.  Sir !  It  takes  Boston 
to  do  that  thing.  Sir !  0.  IT.  Holmes,  Professor,  iL 

A  tide  of  fierce 
Invective  seem'd  to  teait  behind  her  lipfl, 
As  tmits  a  river  level  with  the  dam. 
Beady  to  burst  and  flood  the  world  with  foam. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

4.  To  remain  in  readiness  to  execute  orders; 
be  ready  to  serve ;  be  in  waiting ;  perform  the 
duties  of  an  attendant  or  a  servant;  hence,  to 
serve ;  supply  the  wants  of  persons  at  table. 

Thou  [a  page]  art  fitter  to  be  woni  in  my  cap  than  to  wait 
at  my  heels.  SAaJr.,  2  Hen.  IV„  i.  2. 18. 

How  one  of  the  Serving-men,  untrain'd  to  wait,  spilt  the 
White-broth!  Brome,  Jovial  Crew,  v. 

Three  large  men,  like  doctors  of  divinity,  wait  behind 
the  table,  and  furnish  everything  that  appetite  can  ask 
for.  Thackeray,  Mrs.  Perkins  s  BalL 

To  wait  on  or  upon.    [On,  prep.]   (at)  To  watch;  guard. 

Loke  that  ye  waite  well  vpon  me,  and  yef  it  be  myster 
Cometh  me  to  helpe.  Merlin  (E.  K  T.  S.),  iii.  647. 

(6t)  To  look  at ;  look  toward. 

The  eyes  of  all  wait  upon  thee  ;  and  thou  givest  them 
their  meat  in  due  season.  Ps.  cxlv.  16. 

It  is  a  point  of  cunning  to  wait  upoti  him  with  whom  you 
speak,  with  your  eye.  Bacon,  Cunning  (ed.  1887X 

(ct)  To  lie  in  wait  for. 

This  somnour  evere  waitynge  on  his  prey. 

Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1.  76. 
(d1)  To  expect ;  look  for. 

1  wot  the  in  witte  to  waite  on  myn  end. 

Destruction  o/ Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  7943. 

(ft)  To  attend  to ;  perform,  as  a  duty. 

According  to  the  grace  that  is  given  unto  us,  whether 
prophecy,  let  us  prophesy,  ...  or  ministry,  let  us  in»«« 
on  our  ministering.  Rom.  iii.  7. 


The  Syrians  had  brought  away 
she  vjciitfd  on  Naaoian's  wife. 


wait 

(/t)  To  be  ready  to  serve ;  do  the  bidding  of. 

Yea,  let  none  that  wait  on  thee  be  ashamed.   Ps.  xxv.  3. 

Therefore  turn  thou  to  thy  God  :  Iteep  mercy  and  judg- 
ment, and  wait  on  thy  God  continually.  Hos.  xii.  (i. 
(J)  To  attend  upon  as  a  servant ;  act  as  attendant  to ;  be 
in  the  service  of. 

a  little  maid ;  and 
2  Ki.  V.  2. 

How  now,  Simple !  where  have  you  been  ?  I  must  wait 
on  myself,  must  I?  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1.  208. 

(A)  To  go  to  see ;  call  upon  ;  visit ;  attend. 

I  .  .  .  have  been  twice  to  wait  upon  Dr.  Brady  ;  but 
was  both  times  disappointed. 

Edin&nd  Gibson  (Ellis's  Lit.  Lettei-s,  p.  229). 

I  suppose  he  will  be  here  to  wait  on  Mrs.  Malaprop  as 

soon  as  he  is  dress'd.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  2. 

(0  To  escort ;  accompany ;  attend ;  specifically,  to  attend 

as  bridesmaid  or  groomsman.    [Colloq.] 

Gentlemen,  I  beg  pardon  — I  must  wait  on  you  down 
stairs;  here  is  a  person  come  on  particular  business. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 
I  used  to  be  waitin'  on  her  to  singin'  school. 

H.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown  Stories,  p.  123. 
(j)  To  attend  or  follow  as  a  consequence ;  be  associated 
with;  accompany. 

Now,  good  digestion  wait  on  appetite. 
And  health  on  both !    Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  4.  38. 
Such  silence  waits  on  Philomela's  sti-atns. 

Pope,  Winter,  1.  7a 
Yet  a  rich  guerdon  teailg  o»  minds  that  dale. 
If  aught  be  in  them  of  immortal  seed. 

Wordgworlh,  Sonnets,  ii.  4. 
To  wait  on.  (On,  adv.]  In /afctmry,  to  Hy  or  hover  aloft, 
waiting  for  gaine  to  be  sprung ;  said  of  a  hawk. 

When  the  hawk  has  taken  two  or  three  pi^'eons  in  this 
way,  and  mounts  immediately  in  expectation  —  in  short, 
begiiu  to  iratt  on — she  should  ...  be  tried  at  game. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  9. 

n.  trau.i.  If.  To  observe;  examine;  take 
notice  of ;  expect ;  watch  for ;  look  out  for. 

Nyght  and  day  he  spedde  him  that  he  can. 
To  wayten  a  tyme  of  his  conclusioun. 

Chaucer,  Kranklin's  Tale,  I.  535. 
Waite  what  y  dide  to  marie  maudeleyne, 
And  what  y  seide  to  thomas  of  ynde. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Fumivall),  p.  165. 

2t.  To  plan ;  scheme ;  contrive. 

A  [hel  tbonst  or  he  went  a-way  he  wold  3if  he  mijt 
wayte  hire  sum  wicked  torn  what  bi-tidde  after. 

William  o/  Paleme  (E.  E.  T,  S.),  1.  148. 
3t.  To  seek. 

Than  farde  \ectanabus  forthe  fro  that  place ; 
Hee  wendes  too  a  wildernes  A  wai/ejt  him  erl)es. 

Alisaunder  n/  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  808. 

4.  To  stay  for;  attend;  await;  expect. 
Oo  wait  me  in  the  gallery. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iv.  1. 
They  all 
Complain  aloud  of  Cato'a  discipline, 
And  wait  but  the  command  to  change  their  master. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  3. 
Then  let  him  receive  the  new  knowle^lge  and  \rait  us. 
Pardoned  in  Heaven.  Browning,  Lost  Leader. 

8.  To  defer;  put  off;  keep  waiting:  said  of  a 
meal.     [Colloq.] 

I  shall  go  for  a  walk  ;  don't  you  and  Heri)ert  wait  sup- 
per for  me.  T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  9. 

6t.  To  attend  upon  ;  accompany  ;  escort. 
Most  nolde  consul !  let  us  icait  him  home. 

B.  Joiison,  Catiline,  iii.  1. 
Proffering  the  Hind  to  wait  her  half  the  way  ; 
Tliat.  since  the  sky  was  clear,  an  hour  of  talk 
Might  help  her  to  beguile  the  U-dious  walk. 

Oryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  1.  .^57. 

7t.  To  follow  as  a  consequence  of  sometliing; 
attend  upon. 

Such  doom 
Waits  luxury  and  lawless  care  of  gain  ! 

J.  PhUips,  Cider,  i. 
Defend  me  from  the  Woes  which  Mortals  wait. 

Con/jrt-ve,  Hymn  to  Venus. 
To  wait  attendallce^  to  remain  in  attendance;  be  on 
hand  or  within  call. 

Wait  attendance 
Till  you  hear  further  front  me. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i  1.  161. 

wait-a-bit  thorn.  See  under  tliorn. 
waiter  (wa'ter),  11.  [<  MK.  icaitere,  u-aykr, 
WKijtfr,  later  trattire,  <  OF.  waitirr.  guctteiir, 
etc.,  ijuettcr,  F.  i/uetter,  wait:  see  wait,  i:  Cf. 
MH6.  tcahtarc,  icclikr,  G.  wachter,  a  watch- 
man.]    It.  A  watcher. 

And  the  childe  ic<!»/(«r  heuede  vp  his  eyen.  and  Idhelde. 
Wycli/,  2  Ki.  |2  Sam.)  xiii.  •i4. 

2t.  A  watchman  ;  a  guard  or  keeper. 

During  this  parley  the  insurgents  had  made  themselves 
masters  of  the  West  Fort,  rushing  upon  the  Waiters  (so 
the  people  were  called  who  had  tlie  charge  of  the  gates), 
and  possessing  themselves  of  the  keys. 

.Scutt,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  vi. 

3.  One  who  waits;  one  who  abidc^s  in  expecta- 
tion of  the  happening  of  some  event,  tlie  arri- 
val of  some  appointed  time,  some  opportunity, 
or  the  like. 


6805 
Waiters  on  Providence.  Disraeli,  Coningsby,  ii.  4. 

4.  A  domestic  servant.  Speciflc.illy  — (nt)  A  m.an. 
servant  for  rough  work  about  a  house. 

Dayly  iiii  other  of  these  gromes,  called  wayiers,  to  make 

fyres,  to  sett  up  tressyls  and  bourdes,  with  yonien  of 

chambre,  and  to  help  dresse  the  beddesof  sylke  and  arras. 

Quoted  in  Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  314. 

(6t)  A  waiting-woman. 

Enter  .  .  .  two  waiting-Avomen. 
.  .  .  Bid  your  u'aiters 
Stand  further  off,  and  I'll  come  nearer  to  you. 

Mas^nr/er,  Unnatural  Combat,  i.  1. 
(c)  A  man-servant  who  waits  at  table :  applied  more  com- 
monly to  those  who  serve  in  hotels  or  restaurants. 
Enter  waiter. 
Wait.  Here  is  a  gentleman  desires  to  speak  with  Mr. 
Vincent. 

Vin.  I  come.  [Exit  Vincent  with  Waiter. 

Wycherley,  Love  in  a  Wood,  i.  2. 
Head-waiter  of  the  chop-house  here. 
To  which  I  most  resort, 

Tennyson,  Will  Waterproof. 

5.  An  officer  in  the  employ  of  the  British  cus- 
tom-house. See  coast-waihr,  tide-waiter. —  6. 
A  tray ;  a  salver. 

Just  then  a  servant  brought  Lady  Louisa  a  note  upon  a 

waiter,  which  is  a  ceremony  always  used  to  her  ladyship. 

Miss  Buriley,  Evelina,  Ixxviii. 

Ezra  came  quietly  into  the  room  agaii.,  and  took  up  the 
waiter  with  the  jelly-glass  and  the  napkin. 

The  Century,  XLI.  584. 
Minority  waiter,  a  waiter  out  of  employment :  in  humor- 
ous allusjon  to  a  political  minority,  as  being  out  of  office. 
Compare  def.  3. 

I  told  Thomas  that  your  Honour  had  already  inlisted 
five  disbanded  chairmen,  seven  minority  waiters,  and 
thirteen  billiard. markers.  Sheridan,  Tin  Rivals,  ii.  1. 
Quarterly  waiter.  Same  as  ^i(or(«r-wai(er.— Walters' 
cramp,  an  occupation  neurosis  of  public  waiters,  con- 
sisting in  pain  and  muscular  spasm,  excited  Ijy  the  at- 
tempt to  carry  dishes  in  the  customary  manner. 
waiterage  (wa'tt-r-aj),  n.  {<  waiter  +  -age.] 
Attendance  by  a  waiter;  service. 

Imperial-Hotel  people  .  .  .  had  brightened  up ;  ...  all 
was  done  for  me  then  that  Imman  leaiteraye  in  the  cir- 
cumstances could  do.       Carlyle,  The  Century,  XXIV.  23. 

waiterinK(wa'tdr-ing),  n.  [<  tcaiter  +  -t»(/l.] 
The  empToyment  or  duties  of  a  waiter. 

Nor  yet  canyon  lay  down  the  gentleman 's-service  .  .  . 
and  take  up  Waitering,    Dickens,  .Somebody's  Luggage,  1. 

wait-fee  (wat'fe),  n.  In  feudal  late,  a  periodi- 
cal payment  by  way  of  commutation  for  relief 
from  the  duty  of  maintaining  a  tower  and  per- 
forming guard  on  the  wall  of  a  royal  castle. 
waiting  (wa'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  waitynge,  wayt- 
ynge ;  verbal  n.  of  tcait,  i'.]  If.  Watching; 
hence,  an  ogling. 

Al  the  lordshep  of  lecherye  in  lengthe  and  in  brede, 
As  in  workes  and  in  wordes  and  waitynges  of  eyes. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  iii.  94. 

2.  The  act  of  staying  or  remaining  in  expec- 
tation. 

In  all  ages,  men  have  fought  over  words,  without  wait- 
ing to  know  what  the  words  really  signified. 

J.  Fiske,  Cosmic  Philos.,  I.  122. 
There  was  an  awful  waiting  in  the  earth. 
As  if  a  mystery  greatened  to  its  birth. 

R.  W.  Gilder,  Interiude. 

3.  Attendance;  service. 

Green  glasses  for  hock,  and  excellent  waiting  at  table. 
George  Eliot,  Middleniarch,  xxxvi. 
Lords  or  grooms  in  waiting,  officers  of  the  British  royal 
boiisehoM  wlto  hold  the  same  position  under  a  queen  reg- 
nant as  lords  or  yrooms  of  the  bedcliamber  under  a  king. 
Encyc.  Brit.,  XXL  :i7. 

waitingly  (wa'tiug-li),  adi:    By  waiting;  as  if 

waiting. 
waiting-maid  (wa'ting-mad),  n.     A  maid-ser- 
vant; a  waiting-woman. 

Tokens  for  a  waiting-maid 
To  trim  the  butler  with. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Love's  Cure,  ii.  2. 

waiting-room  (wa'ting-rom),  n.     A  room  for 
the  use  of  persons  waiting,  as  at  a  railway-sta- 
tion or  a  public  office. 
A  motley  crowd  Idled  the  restaurant  and  waiting-rooms. 
Harper's  Mag.,  LXXIX.  670. 

waiting-vassalt   (wa'ting-vas'''al),  n.     An  at- 
tendant. 
Your  carters  or  your  waiting-vassals. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  1.  121. 

waiting-woman  (wa'ting-wura"an),  n.     A  wo- 
man wTic)  attfiiils  or  waits  in  service ;  a  waiting- 
maid. 
Chambermaids  and  waiting-women. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv,  1.  05. 

waitress  (wa'trcs),  w.  [<  wait(e)r  +  -ess.]  A 
woTiian  who  waits  at  table :  originally  used  only 
of  one  who  served  in  a  place  of  public  enter- 
tainment. 

Tlie  curtain  drew  up,  and  we  beheld,  seated  at  a  ion*-' 
table,  a  company  of  monkeys!  -  .  .  the  waiter  and  trai- 
tress were  monkeys. 

Anna  Mary  Uowitt,  Art  Student  in  Munich,  xviii. 


wake 

wait-service  (wat'sei"'''vis),  n.  The  act  of  serv- 
ing as  wait  or  ward  of  a  castTe Tenure  of  walt- 

servlce,  the  holding  a  virgatc  or  yard-iand  in  considera- 
tion of  serviiifi  as  castle-wait  or  watch. 

wait-treble  (wat'treb"!), «.  A  sort  of  bagpiije. 
HaUiivell. 

waive  (wav),  r. ;  prct.  and  pp.  waived,  ppr. 
icairing.  [Also  ware;  <  ME.  waitteii,  wayveii, 
weive)!,  wcyreti,  <  OF.  "waiver,  *weiver,  weyver, 
guesver,  giiever  (ML.  wariaie),  waive,  refuse, 
abandon,  give  over,  surrender,  give  back,  re- 
sign, perhaps  <  Icel.  veifa,  vibrate  swing  about, 
move  to  and  fro,  =  Norw.  reiva,  swing  about, 
=  OHG.  weiboii,  MHG.  weiben,  waiben,  fluctuate, 
waver,  =  Goth,  hi-waihjan,  waver ;  cf .  L.  ribrare, 
vibrate.  Cf.  waif,  v.  The  verb  tt'oice  is  distinct 
fromtfoocl,  with  which  it  is  often  confounded.] 

1.  trans.  It.  To  refuse ;  forsake ;  decline ;  shun. 

Anon  he  wcyveth  milk  and  flessh  and  al. 
And  every  deyntee  that  is  in  that  lions. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  159. 
Within  two  dales  after  wee  were  hailed  by  two  West- 
Indies  men ;  but  when  they  saw  vs  wai/e  them  for  the 
King  of  France,  they  gaue  vs  their  broad  sides. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  II,  211. 
He  lent  you  imprest  money,  and  upbraids  it ; 
Fumislied  you  for  the  wooing,  and  now  waives  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Magnetick  Lady,  iv.  1. 

2t.  To  move;  remove;  jiush  aside. 

Biddeth  Ainende-gow  nieke  him  til  his  maistre  ones, 
To  wayne  vp  the  wiket  that  the  womman  shette, 
Tho  [when]  Adam  and  Eue  eten  ajtples  vnrosted. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  611. 
Tliou,  by  whom  he  was  deceived 
Of  love,  and  from  his  purpose  weived. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii. 

3.  To  relinquish  ;  forsake  ;  forbear  to  Insist 
on  or  claim;  defer  for  the  present;  forgo:  as, 
to  waive  a  subject;  to  waive  a  claim  or  privi- 
lege. 

Whereas  it  hath  pleased  the  Heads  of  the  I'niv.ersity  to 
understand  it  for  three  years  absolutely,  I  purpose  not  to 
wane  that  construction. 

Thomas  Adams  (Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  147). 
You  may  safely  wave  the  nobility  of  your  birth,  and  rely 
on  your  actions  for  your  fame. 

Dryden,  Ded.  of  Plutarch's  Lives. 
I  have  so  great  a  love  for  you  that  I  can  waive  oppor- 
tunities of  gain  to  help  you.       Steele,  Spectator,  No.  456. 
I  have  waived  his  visit  till  I  am  in  town. 

Walpule,  Letters,  II.  184. 

4.  In  law:  (a)  To  relinquish  intentionally  (a 
known  right),  or  intentionally  to  do  an  act  in- 
consistent with  claiming  (it).  See  waiver,  (b) 
To  throw  away,  as  a  thief  stolen  goods  in  his 
flight.  (<■)  In  old  Eng.  law,  to  put  out  of  the 
protection  of  the  law,  as  a  woman. 

If  the  defendant  be  a  woman,  the  proceeding  is  called  a 
waver ;  for,  as  women  were  not  sworn  to  the  law,  .  .  .  they 
could  not  properly  be  outlawed,  but  were  said  to  be  waived, 
i.  e.,  derelicta,  left  out,  or  not  regarded.  Wharton. 

H.  iiitraii.'i.  To  depart;  deviate. 

Yow  ne  liketh,  for  youre  heighe  prudence, 
To  weyven  fro  the  word  of  Salomon. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  239. 

waivet  (wav),«.  [See  JCf«/.]  1.  A  waif ;  a  poor 
liomeless  wretch  ;  a  castaway. 

O  Lord  !  what  a  waive  and  stray  is  that  man  that  hath 
not  thy  marks  on  him  !  Donne. 

2.  In  law,  a  woman  put  out  of  tlie  protection 
of  the  law. 

Waive,  a  Woman  that  is  Out-law'd ;  she  is  so  called  as 
being  forsaken  of  the  Law,  and  not  an  Out-law  as  a  Man 
is.  Glos-sographia  Anglicana (1707). 

waiver  (wiX'ver),  ii.  [Formerl.y  also  waver;  < 
OF.  "waiver,  weyi'er,  waive,  refuse,  renounce, 
inf.  as  noun:  seeic«ire.]  Inlaw:  (a)  The  act 
of  waiving;  the  intentional  relinquishment  of 
a  known  right;  the  passing  by  or  declining  to 
accept  a  thing. 

Waiver,  in  a  general  way,  may  be  said  to  occur  wher- 
ever one,  in  possession  of  a  right  conferred  eithei-  by  law 
or  by  contract,  and  knowing  the  attendant  facts,  does  or 
forbears  to  do  something  incon-sistent  with  the  existence 
of  the  right  or  of  his  intiention  to  rely  upon  it;  in  which 
case  he  is  said  to  have  waived  it,  anil  he  is  estopped  from 
claiming  anything  by  reason  of  it  afterward.  Bishop. 

The  earliest  conception  .  .  .  of  public  justice  was  a  sol- 
emn ?crtireron  the  part  of  the  community  of  its  right  and 
duty  of  protection  in  tlie  case  of  one  who  had  wronged  his 
fellow-member  of  the  folk. 

J.  Ii.  Green,  Conq.  of  England,  p.  23. 

(6)  In  old  Kiig.  law,  tlie  legal  jirocess  by  which 
a  woman  was  waived,  or  put  out  of  the  protec- 
tion of  tho  law. 

waivode,  waiwode  ( wa'vod,  wa'wod),  ii.  Same 
as  voiviide. 

waiwodeship  (wii'wod-ship),  «.  Same  as  roi- 
voilesliip. 

Wakasa  lacquer.    See  lacquer. 
wake'  (wak),  V.  :  [iret.  and  ])p.  walced  or  woke, 
\>l>y.  walxiiKj.     [Under  tills  form  are  merged  two 


wake 

verbs,  one  strong,  the  other  weak:  (a)  <  ME. 
wakeii  (pret.  irok;  icnok,  icoc;  pi.  wol-oi ;  pp. 
icaken,  wakin),  <  AS.  "loacun  (pret.  wuc,  pp. 
"icaceii),  arise,  come  to  life,  originate,  be  born, 
=  Goth,  tvakan  (pret.  u-ok),  wake,  (ft)  <  ME. 
irnkeii,  wakien  (pret.  waked,  pp.  leaked),  <  AS. 
tcaeian  (pret.  icaeode,  pp.  icacod)  =  OS.  wakon 
=  OFries.  irnAn  =  I).  MLG.  «'oAf«  =  OHG. 
waclieii,  wahhen,  MHG.  G.  wacheit  =  leel.  roAa 
=  Sw.  ivM'o  =  Dan.  j'rtnfjte,  wake ;  cf .  AS.  weccan, 
weeeeaii  (pret.  wehte)  =  OS.  wekkian  =  D.  wek- 
keu  =  OHG.  weccken,  MHG.  G.  weaken  =  Goth. 
*wakjan,  in  eomp.  nswakjati,  arouse,  awake ; 
akin  to  L.  vkjil,  wakeful,  watchful,  rigere,  flour- 
ish, etc. :  see  vigil.  Cf.  wuicli,  wait,  from  the 
same  ult.  source ;  cf.  also  tcakeii,  awake, 
awaken.^  I.  iiiiraiis.  1.  To  be  awake;  con- 
tinue awake;  refrain  from  sleeping. 

John  the  clerk,  that  waked  hadde  al  nyght. 

Chaucer,  Beeve's  Tale,  1.  S64. 

And,  for  my  soul,  I  can  not  sleep  a  wink : 
I  nod  in  company,  I  ivake  at  nights 

Pope,  Irait.  of  Horace,  1.  i.  13. 

I  could  wake  a  winter  night. 
For  tlie  sake  of  somebody. 

B\irtis,  My  Heart  is  Sair. 

2.  To  be  excited  or  roused  from  sleep ;  cease 
to  sleep;  awake;  be  awakened:  often  followed 
by  a  redundant  or  intensive  up. 

Look  you,  my  lady  's  asleep  :  she'll  u^ake  presently. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  iii.  1. 

3.  To  keep  watch;  watch  while  others  sleep; 
keep  vigil ;  especially,  to  watch  a  night  with  a 
corpse.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Irish.] 

And  they  woke  ther  al  that  nygt, 
Witli  many  torches  &  candle  iygt. 

Kuiii  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  96. 

The  people  assembled  on  the  vigil,  or  evening  preced- 
ing the  saint's-day,  and  came,  says  an  old  author,  "to 
churche  with  candellys  burnyng,  and  would  wake,  and 
come  toward  night  to  the  church  in  their  devocion,"  agree- 
able to  the  requisition  contained  in  one  of  the  canons  es- 
tablished by  king  Edgar,  whereby  those  who  came  to  the 
wake  were  ordered  to  pray  devoutly. 

Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  469. 

4.  To  be  active ;  not  to  be  quiescent. 

1  sleep,  but  my  heart  waketk.  Cant.  v.  2. 

To  keep  thy  sharp  woes  waking. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1136. 

5.  To  be  excited  from  a  torpid  or  inactive 
state,  either  physical  or  mental ;  be  put  in  mo- 
tion or  action. 

Gentle  airs,  due  at  their  hour. 
To  fan  the  earth  uow  waked.     Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  94. 

Breathed  in  fitful  whispers,  as  the  wind 
Sighs  and  then  slmubers,  wakes  and  sighs  again. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Sympathies. 

6t.  To  hold  a  late  revel ;  carouse  late  at  night. 

The  king  doth  wake  to-night,  and  takes  his  rouse. 
Keeps  wassail,  and  the  swaggering  up-spring  reels. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4.  8. 

7.  To  return  to  life  ;  be  aroused  from  the  sleep 
of  death;  live. 

That,  whether  we  wake  or  sleep,  we  should  live  together 
with  him.  1  Thess.  v.  10. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep;  awake; 
awaken  :  often  followed  by  a  redundant  or  in- 
tensive iq). 

She  hath  often  dreamed  of  unhappiness  and  waked  her- 
self with  laughing.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1.  361. 

Slie  's  asleep  witii  her  eyes  open  ;  pretty  little  rogue  ; 
I'll  wake  her  and  make  her  ashamed  of  it. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  watch  by  night ;  keep  vigil  with  or  over ; 
especially,  to  hold  a  wake  over,  as  a  corpse. 
See  wuke'^,  n.,  3. 

And  who  that  wil  wake  that  Rparhank  7  dayes  and  7 
nyghtes,  and,  as  sume  men  seyn,  3  dayes  and  3  nyghtes, 
with  outeu  Conipanye  and  with  outen  Sleep,  that  faire 
I.ady  schal  zeven  lum,  whan  he  hathe  don,  the  first 
Wyssclie  that  he  wil  wyssche  of  erthely  thinges. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  145. 

You  were  rigiit,  dear,  from  first  to  last,  concerning  the 

poor  cratur's  dead  eliild  ;  she  did  not  want  to  have  it  waked 

at  all,  for  she  is  not  that  way  —  not  au  Irishwoman  at  all. 

Miss  Bdijeworth,  Garry  Owen. 

3.  To  arouse ;  excite ;  put  in  motion  or  action : 
often  with  up. 

Prepare  war,  xvake  up  the  miglity  men.  Joel  iii.  9. 

'J'hou  hadst  been  better  hiive  been  born  a  dog 
Than  answer  my  waked  wrath  I 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  363. 
He  felt  as  one  who,  waked  up  suddenly 
To  life's  deliglit,  knows  not  of  grief  or  care. 

William  Morris,  Eartlily  Paradise,  II.  171. 

4.  To  bring  to  life  again,  as  if  from  the  sleep 
of  death  ;  revive;  reanimate. 

To  second  life 
Wak'd  in  the  renovation  of  tlie  jnst. 

J/i7/o/i,  P.  L.,  xi.  05. 


6806 

The  willows,  waked  from  winter's  death, 
Give  out  a  fragrance  like  thy  breath. 

Bryant,  The  Arctic  Lover. 
5.  To  disturb;  break. 

No  murmur  waked  the  solemn  still. 
Save  tinkling  of  a  fountain  rill. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ilL  26. 

■wakel  (wak),  «.  [<  ME.  wake,  <  AS.  *wacu, 
wake  or  watch,  in  comp.  n»/it-jcac«,  anight- wake 
(=  leel.  taka  =  ML(j.  wake,  watch),  <  wacan, 
wake :  see  wake^,  r.  Hence,  in  comp.,  likeicake, 
Uchwake.']  If.  The  act  of  waking,  or  the  state 
of  being  awake  ;  the  state  of  not  sleeping. 
Making  such  difference  'twixt  wake  and  sleep 
As  is  the  difference  betwixt  day  and  night. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1.  219. 

I  have  my  desire,  sir,  to  behold 
That  youth  and  shape  which  in  my  dreams  and  wakes 
1  have  so  oft  contemplated. 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  iL  1. 

2.  The  act  of  watching  or  keeping  vigil,  espe- 
cially for  a  solemn  or  festive  purpose  ;  a  vigil ; 


waker 

3.  A  row  of  damp  green  grass.  Kncyc.  Did. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 
'vrakeful  (wak'ful),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  wakefull; 
<  wake'i-  +  -ful;  a  late  ME.  form  substituted 
for  AS.  wacol,  wacul  (=  L.  rigil),  vigilant, 
wakeful.]  1.  Indisposed  or  unable  to  sleep; 
affected  by  insomnia. 

Two  swains  whom  love  kept  wakeJuZ  and  the  Muse. 

Pope,  Spring,  1.  18. 
And  her  clear  trump  sings  succor  everywhere 
By  lonely  bivouacs  to  the  wakeful  mind. 

Lowell,  Commemoration  Ode,  ix. 

2.  Watchful;  vigilant. 

Nor  hundred  eyes. 
Nor  brasen  walls,  nor  many  wake/uil  spyes. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ix.  7. 
Intermit  no  watch 
Against  a  wakeful  Foe.       Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  463. 

3.  Rousing  from,  or  as  from,  sleep. 

The  tvakeful  trump  of  doom  must  thunder  through  the 
deep.  Milton,  Nativity,  1.  156. 

Syn.  1  and  2.  See  watchful. 


specifically,  an  annual  festival  kept  in  com-     = ''70^.  l  J""  2.  see  tt.ai<-v'«-  ,,-,,,  o-, 

memoration  of  the  completion  and'dedication  ^akefuly  (wak    ul-i)  ado      [   '  «^f/«'  + ff  0 


completion 

of  a  parish  church;  hence,  a  merrymaking;  a 
festive  gathering.  The  wake  was  kept  by  an  all-night 
watch  in  the  church.  Tents  were  erected  in  the  church- 
yard to  supply  refreshments  to  the  crowd  on  tlie  following 
day,  which  was  kept  as  a  holiday.  Through  the  large 
attendance  from  neighboring  parishes  at  wakes,  devotion 
and  reverence  gradually  diminished,  until  they  ultimately 
became  mere  fairs  or  markets,  characterized  by  merry- 
makiiig  and  often  disgraced  by  indulgence  and  riot     In 


In  a  wakeful  manner;  with  watching  or  sleep- 
lessness. 

'wakefulness  (wak'ful-nes),  n.  [<  wakeful  + 
-we*«.]  The  state  or  character  of  being  wake- 
ful ;  especially,  indisposition  or  inability  to 
sleep. 

A  state  of  mental  wakefulness  is  favourable  to  attention 
generally.  J.  Stilly,  Outlines  of  PsychoL,  p.    " 


popular  nsage  this  word  has  the  same  meaning  as  viffU.  -vfakeil  (wa'kn),  r.      [<  ME.  waknen,  wacknen, 

'I'll.!  urnira  m.  I'ai'nl  rtf  i^ntmirv  nar>filii.a  waa    nritriiiflHv    tn*.  ,  j      ^  ri  •  ,  Ji- 

wakenen,  <  AS.  wsecnan,  arise,  be  aroused,  be 
born  (=  Icel.  vakna,  become  awake,  =  Sw. 
vakna  =  Dan.  raagiie  =  Goth,  ga-waknan, 
awake),  with  pass,  formative  -h,  <  *wacan,  etc., 
wake:  see  wake^,  and  cf.  awaken.'\    I.  intrans. 

1 .  To  wake ;  cease  to  sleep ;  be  awakened :  lit- 
erally or  figuratively. 

So  that  be  bigan  to  wakne.   Bavelok(E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  2164. 
'Tis  sweet  in  the  green  spring 
To  gaze  upon  the  wakening  fields  around. 

Bryant,  Spring-Time. 

2.  To  keep  awake;  refrain  from  sleeping; 
watch. 

The  eyes  of  heaven  that  nightly  icakeit 
To  view  the  wonders  of  the  glorious  Maker. 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  v. 


The  wake  or  revel  of  country  parislies  was,  originally,  the 
day  of  the  week  on  which  the  church  had  been  dedicated ; 
afterward,  the  day  of  the  year.  In  1,536  au  act  of  convo- 
cation appointed  that  the  wake  should  be  held  in  every 
parish  on  the  same  day,  namely,  the  first  Sunday  in  Octo- 
ber; but  it  wjis  disregarded.  Wakes  are  expressly  men- 
tioned in  the  "Book  of  Sports"  of  Charles  I.  among  the 
feasts  which  should  be  observed.  The  wake  appears  to 
have  been  also  held  on  the  Sunday  after  the  day  of  dedica- 
tion;  or,  more  usually,  on  the  day  of  the  saint  to  whom  the 
church  was  dedicated.  In  Ireland  it  is  called  the  patron 
day.    Brand,  Popular  Antiquities. 

He  is  wit's  pedler,  and  retails  his  wares 

At  wakes  and  wassails,  meetings,  markets,  fairs. 

Shak,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  ii.  318. 

Didsbnry  Wakes  will  be  celebrated  on  the  8th,  9th,  and 
10th  of  August  (1825].  .  .  .  The  enjoyments  consist  chiefly 
of  ass-races,  for  purses  of  gold;  prison-bar  playing,  and 
grinning  through  collars,  for  ale ;  .  .  .  and  balls  each  even- 
ing. Quoted  in  Hone's  Year  Book,  col.  958. 

3.  An  all-night  watch  by  the  body  of  the  dead, 
before  burial.  This  custom  seems  to  be  of  Celtic  ori- 
gin, and  is  now  characteristic  of  Ireland,  or  of  the  Irish  in 
other  countries ;  but  it  was  formerly  observed  in  Scotland 
and  Wales.  It  probably  originated  from  a  superstition  that 
the  Ijody  might  be  canied  off  by  invisible  spirits,  or  from 
a  more  rational  fear  of  injury  to  it  from  wild  beasts.  In 
early  literature  it  has  the  name  of  likewake,  licMvake.  The 
wake  was  originally  a  combination  of  mourning  for  the 
dead  and  rejoicing  in  his  memory  and  for  his  deliverance, 
but  in  later  times  has  often  degenerated  into  a  scene  of 
wild  grief  and  gross  orgies.    See  likewake. 

How  that  the  liche-wake  was  y-holde 
Al  thilke  night.  Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  2100. 
The  late-wake  is  a  ceremony  used  at  funerals.  The 
evening  after  the  death  of  ajiy  person,  the  relations  and 
frieiuls  of  the  deceased  meet  at  the  house,  attended  by  a 
bagpipe  or  fiddle ;  the  nearest  of  kin,  he  it  wife,  son,  or 
daughter,  opens  a  melancholy  ball,  dancing  and  greeting, 
i.  e.  crying  violently,  at  the  same  time ;  and  this  con- 
tinues till  daylight,  but  with  such  gambols  and  frolics 
among  the  younger  part  of  the  company  that  the  loss 
wliich  occasioned  them  is  often  more  than  supplied  by  the 
consequences  of  that  night.  If  the  corpse  remain  un- 
buried  for  two  nights,  the  same  rites  are  renewed. 

Pennant,  Tour  in  Scotland,  p.  112. 

Wake^  (wak),  n.  [=  D.  wak,  an  opening  in  ice, 
<  Icel.  vok  (vak-),  a  hole,  opening  in  the  ice,  = 
Sw.  vdk  =  Norw.  vok  =  Dan.  vaage,  an  opening 
in  ice ;  allied  to  Icel.  vokr,  moist,  vokva,  moisten, 
water,  >  Se.  loak,  moist,  watery,  =  D.  teak, 


Now  sleeps  the  crimson  petal,  now  the  white ;  ,  .  . 
The  flre-lly  wakens;  waken  thou  with  me. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  excite  or  rouse  from  sleep; 
awaken. 

May  the  winds  blow  till  they  have  waken'd  death. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1.  188. 

Go,  waken  Eve ; 
Her  also  I  with  gentle  dreams  have  calm'd. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  lil.  594. 

2.  To  excite  to  action  or  motion;  rouse;  stir 
up. 

YIT  we  wackon  vp  werre  with  weghes  so  f ele. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2274. 

I'll  shape  his  sins  like  Furies,  till  I  waken 
His  evil  angel,  his  sick  conscience. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  v.  2. 

3.  To  excite ;  produce ;  call  forth. 

Venus  now  wakes,  and  icakens  love. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  124. 

They  introduce 
Their  sacred  song,  and  waken  raptures  high. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  iii  369. 

wakent  (wa'kn),  a.  [Also  dial,  wacken  ;  <  ME. 
waken,  <  AS.  *wacen  (=  Icel.  vakinn  =  Sw.  vaken 
=  Dan.  vaagen),-pT^.ot *wacan, wake :  see  wake'^.'] 
Awake ;  not  sleeping. 

But  that  grief  keeps  me  waken,  I  should  sleep. 

Marlowe.    {Imp.  Diet.) 


moist ;  <  Teut.  V  wak,  wet,  =  Indo-Eur.  •/  wag,  ^akener  (wak'ner),  «.  [<  waken  +  -€^1.]  One 
L.  umere,  be  moist,  Gr.  vypo;,  moist:  see  liumtd,  .^.^^^  ^^  jj^^j  which  wakens  or  rouses  from  sleep, 
humor,  hijgro-,  etc.     Cf.  OF.  ouage,  F.oiiaiche,     ^^  .,g  f^.^^  ^^  Feltham.  Resolves,  ii.  36. 

houaclie,  wake,  <  E.]  1.  The  trackleft  by  a  ship  -wakening  (wak'ning),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  icakeii, 
or  other  moving  object  m  the  water.    A  ship  is    ,,  -|     r^j^^  ^^^  ^f  ^^g  ^jj^  wakens;  the  act  of 

ceasing  from  sleep. 

Sound  and  safely  may  he  sleep. 
Sweetly  blythe  his  tcaukening  be ! 

Bums,  Jockey's  ta'en  the  Parthig  Kiss. 
Wakening  of  a  process,  in  Scots  law,  the  reviving  of  a 
process  in  which,  after  calling  a  summons,  no  judicial 
proceeding  takes  place  for  a  year  and  day,  the  process 
being  thus  said  to  fall  asleep. 
wake-pintlet  (wak'pin"tl),  «.     An  old  name  of 
the  wake-robin. 
wake-playt  (wak'pla),  «.     [<  ME.  wake-pleye ; 
<  »((/,<i  +  J)?ayl.]     A  funeral  game. 
Ne  how  that  liche-wake  was  yholde 
Al  thilke  night,  ne  how  the  Orekes  pleye 
The  wake-pleyes,  ne  kepe  I  nat  to  seye. 

Chaucer,  Knights  Tale,  1.  2102. 

wakerl  (wa'ker),  H.     [<  icake^  +  -fi'l.]    1.  One 
who  wakes  or  rouses  from  sleep. 


said  to  follow  in  the  wake  of  another  when  she  follows  in 
tlie  same  track,  and  to  cross  the  wake  of  anotirer  when 
she  crosses  the  course  in  which  the  other  has  passed. 

In  the  wake  of  the  ship  (as  'tis  call'd),  or  the  smooth- 
ness which  the  ship's  passing  has  made  on  the  sea. 

Dampier,  Voyages  (an.  1699).    {Richardson.) 

2.  Hence,  a  track  of  any  kind;  a  course  of  any 
nature  that  has  already  been  followed  by  an- 
other thing  or  person. 

Twice  or  thrice  ...  a  water-cart  went  along  by  the 

Pyncheon-house,  leaving  a  broad  wake  of  moistened  earth. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xi. 

Thence  we  may  go  on,  in  the  wake  of  so  many  travel- 
lers and  conquerors,  to  those  lands  beyond  the  sea. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  294. 

A  torpedo  could  be  sent  so  closely  in  the  wake  of  au- 
otlier  as  to  take  instant  advantage  of  the  opening  made 
in  the  netting. 

Daily  Telegraph,  Sept.  26,  1886.    (Encyc.  Did.) 


waker 

Late  watchers  are  no  early  icakers. 

B,  Jotigon,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  i.  4. 

2.  One  who  watehes ;  a  watcher. — 3.  One  who 
attends  a  wake. 

I'll  have  such  men,  like  Irish  tralterg,  hired 

To  sing  old  **  Habeas  Corpus."  Moure,  Corruption. 

waker^t,  a.  [<  ME.  icai-^r,  wakeful,  <  AS.  mieor 
=  Icel.  vakr  =  Sw.  wader,  wakeful,  watchful.] 
Watchful;  vigilant. 

WaJcer  howndes  l)een  profitable. 
Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furiiivall),  p.  32. 


The  tcaker  goos,  the  cukkow  ever  unkyride. 

Chaucer,  I'arlianient  of  Fowls,  1. 


358. 


Flowering  Plant  of  Wake-robin  ( 7>/7/j'«w 

frettNm  ]. 

a,  a  flower,  laid  ofien  ;    *,  the  fruit,  with 

the  persistent  scpaU. 


Mm.  Brow II- 


In  every  plume  that  on  her  (a  monster's]  body  sticks  .  .  . 

As  many  waker  eyes  lurk  underneath. 

So  many  moutlis  to  sjteak,  and  listening  ears. 

Surrey,  ^neid,  iv. 

wakerife  (wak'rif),  a.  {Also  tea ukrife;  <.  wake^ 
+  n/el.]     Wakeful.     [Old  Eng.  and  .Scotch.] 

Be  wer,  tharefor,  with  walkryfe  Ee, 

And  mend,  geue  ony  niyster  be. 

Lauder,  Dewtie  of  Kyugis  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  489. 

Wail  thro'  the  dreary  midnight  hour 
Till  traukri/e  mom ! 

Bum^,  On  Capt.  Matthew  Henderson. 

wake-robin  (wak'rob'iu),  n.  1.  In  Great  Brit- 
ain, the  cuckoo- 
pint,  Arum  ma- 
culatum.  The 
name  is  extend- 
ed also  to  the 
whole  genus. — 
2.  In  the  United 
States,  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Trilli- 
um; birth-root, 
or  three-leaved 
nightshade. — 
VlrKlnlan  wake- 
rolmi.  the  arruw- 
titam^et/andra  un- 
diilatit.  See  tucka- 
hie,  1.— West  In- 
dian wake-robin, 
a  plant  of  either  of 
the  genera  Anthw- 
rium  and  Pkiloden- 
dron.  See  both  ;aUo 
taU-Jhaer. 

wake-time 

(wak'tim),      n. 

Time  during  which  one  is  awake. 

IN//,  Aurora  Lei^h,  ii. 
wakiki  (wak'i-ki),  w.    A  variety  of  shell-money 

used  in  New  Caledonia  and  other  islands  of  the 

Pacific.    Compare  wampum. 
waking  (wa'king),7>,  a.     1.  Being  awake;  not 

sleeping. 
If  you're  waking  call  me  early. 

Tennymn,  May  Queen,  Xew  Year's  Eve. 

2.  Rousing  from  sleep;  exciting  into  motion 
or  action. — 3.  Passed  in  the  waking  .state; 
experienced  while  awake  :  as,  wnking  hours. 

Such  8ol>er  certainty  of  icakinij  bliss. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  2G3. 
Waking  numbness,  a  numbness  and  tingling  lasting  fur 
a  short  time,  sometimes  exi>erienced  up<jn  first  waking 
fr'iii  sleep,  but  soon  disappt.'aring. 
waking  (wii'king),  n.  [<  ME.  wnkinije,  wakijiige, 
wacuiige;  verbal  n.  of  irntcl,  r.]  1.  The  act 
of  passing  from  sliep  to  wakefulness,  or  of 
causing  another  so  to  pass. 

They  sleep  secure  from  leaking. 

Cou>jier,  Friendship,  1.  l'.iS. 

2.  The  state  or  period  of  being  awake. 

His  sleeps  and  his  wakings  are  so  much  the  same  tliat 
he  knows  not  how  to  distinguish  them. 

S.  Butler,  Charat-ters. 

3t.  Watch. 
Aboute  the  (onrth  waking  of  the  night. 

Wycli/,  Mark  vl.  48. 

4.  A  vigil;  especially,  the  act  of  holding  a 
wake,  or  of  watching  the  dead. 

To  speken  of  bodily  peyne,  it  stant  in  preyeres,  in  wak- 
yngen,  in  fastyuges,  in  vertuouse  techiii^es  of  orisouns. 

Chaucer,  I'iirson's  Talc. 

wakon-bird  (wa'kon-berd),  H.  A  fabulous  bird 
among  the  American  Indians,  or  some  actual 
bird  regarded  with  superstition  or  used  in  re- 
ligious ceremonial.  Various  unsuccessful  attempts 
have  been  made  to  identify  it.  The  quetzal  of  Central 
America  has  been  sometimes  so  called,  or  reganied  as  one 
of  the  wakons.    Compare  6\ii\bird{e\  and  thumJer-l/int,  'I. 

Walachian,  «.  and  «.     See  Jf'iilliifliiari. 

walawaf,  interj.     Same  as  wclluirini. 

Walcheren  fever.  A  severe  form  of  malarial 
fever:  so  called  from  Walcheren,  an  island  of 
the  Netherlands,  where  it  at  one  time  iirevaileil. 
burtng  the  Walcheren  exiiedition,  in  14<ft>.  the  Kngtish 
loit  thousands  of  troops  by  a  fever  caused  (as  was  be- 
lieved) by  the  badness  of  tlie  water,  this  loss  leading  t<i  the 
entire  failure  of  the  exjiedition. 


6807 

Walchia  (wal'ki-a),  11.  A  generic  name  given 
by  Sternberg  (in"  1825)  to  a  fossil  i)lant  very 
abundant  in,  and  characteristic  of,  the  Permian 
series.  This  plant  belongs  to  the  Conifera.  and  lias  a 
close  resenildance  in  its  general  appearance  to  the  Arau- 
cariea;  but,  since  its  oro:ans  of  fructification  are  unknown, 
its  position  has  not  as  yet  lieen  exactly  determined.  It 
is  in  certain  respects  allied  to  livachyphylhim  and  Pagio- 
phylluin,  conifers  found  in  the  Triassic  and  Jurassic. 
Schenk  (1884)  makes  a  separate  division  (the  Walchiene) 
of  certain  conifers,  in  which  he  includes  the  genera  Wal- 
chia, UUmannia,  and  Pagiophyllum  of  Keer  {Pachyphyl- 
turn  of  Saporta).  UUmannia  is  also  a  characteristic  plant 
of  the  Permian,  being  found  in  numerous  localities  in  the 
Kupferschiefer ;  while  Pagiophyllum  occurs  in  the  Trias 
of  the  Uniteil  .States,  in  various  places  in  Europe  in  the 
Triassic  and  Jmassic,  and  in  India  in  the  Gondwana  series. 

walchowite  (wal'ko-it),  «.  [<  Walcliow  (see 
def.)  -t-  -itc'^.]  A  yellow  translucent  mineral 
resin,  occurring  in  the  brown  coal  of  Walehow 
in  Moravia;  retinite. 

waldt,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  KoUn. 

waldemar  (wol'de-miir),  n.  A  variety  of  vel- 
veteen, or  cotton  velvet,  apparently  a  superior 
quality  of  fustian. 

Waldenberg's  apparatus.  Ac  apparatus  con- 
structed on  the  principle  of  a  gasometer,  used 
for  compressing  or  rarefying  air  which  is  in- 
haled, or  into  which  the  patient  exhales. 

Waldenses  (wol-deu'sez),  n.  pi.  [Also  Val- 
rfe»i.sv.s-.  Cf.  F.  Vamlois  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  Valdense ; 
<  ML.  Vahlcii.ics,  pi.,  so  called  from  Peter  Valdo 
or  Jl'alflo  of  Lyons,  the  founder  of  the  sect.] 
The  Waldensians. 

Waldensian  (wol-den'sian),  a.  and  n.  [Also 
Vahiciiaiaii  (see  def.);  i  Waldenses  +  -tn«.] 
I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Waldensians  or 
Waldenses. 

Tlie  important  point  of  the  origin  of  the  ira;(feii«i'a7i 
Church  is  clearly  established,  being  referred  to  Waldo,  in 
opposition  to  the  fanciful  theories  which  tried  to  carry  it 
back  through  mysterious  paths  to  the  primitive  Christian 
times.  The  Academy,  No.  888,  p.  SW. 

II.  II.  A  member  of  a  reforming  body  of 
Christians,  followers  of  Peter  Waldo  (Valdo)  of 
Lyons,  formed  about  11 70.  Its  chief  seats  were  in  the 
alpine  valleys  of  Piedmont,  Dauphine,  and  Provence  (hence 
the  French  name  Vaudois  des  Alpes,  or  Vaiidois).  The 
Waldenses  joined  the  Keformation  movement,  and  were 
often  severely  persecuted,  especially  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries.  Tlie  Waldensian  church  in  Italy 
now  numl>ers  about  2ii,0<K)  members. 

waldflute  (wold'flot),  ».  [<  G.  wahlfliite,  <  walil. 
forest,  +fl<>tc,  flute.]  In  oryan-huildiiKj.  a  flute- 
stop  giving  soft  but  very  resonant  tones. 

waldgrave  (wold'grav),  «.  [<  G.  wdldj/rnf,  < 
wald,  forest,  -t-  graf,  grave:  see  wold^  and 
grille'^,  graf.~\  In  the  old  (Jerman  empire,  a 
head  forest-ranger;  also,  a  German  title  of  no- 
bility. 

Walaheimia  (wokl-hi'mi-a),  n.  [NL.,  named 
after  Fischer  von  Waldheim,  a  German  natu- 
ralist.] 1.  A  genus  of  hymenopteious insects. 
Unilli',  1846. —  2.  A  genus  of  brachiopods,  such 
as  IV.  aitxlrali.i,  containing  a  few  living  as  well 


structure  of  ll'nldhejiniti  australis,  Literal  view. 
ti,  dorsal  surface  ;  b,  ventral  surface  :  c,  anterior  wall  of  perivisceral 
cavity  :  d,  brachial  appendages :  cf ,  right  lateral  portion  of  the  same  ; 
t,  irre.1t  limchial  canal ;  f.  small  brachial  canal ;  g,  brachial  ^roitved 
rifli^e ;  h,  sheath  of  tr.insversc  portion  of  calcareous  loop  :  i,J,  poste- 
rior anil  anterior  occliisors or  adductors  :  *,  divaricators:  *',  accessory 
divaricators:  *",  ends  of  divaricators  attached  to  cardinal  process: 
/,  /'.  ventral  and  dorsal  adiustors;  fn,  peduncle;  n,  j)eduncular 
slieath ;  c,  peduncular  muscle:  /,  esophaijiis:  (j.  stomach;  r,  right 
hepatic  mass ;  s,  c;ecal  intestine  :  /.  /',  gastroparietal  band  ;  u,  ven- 
tral mesentery  :  it  ,  its  upper  part ;  tj,  pseudo-heart :  ^tl,  genital  pavil- 
ion ;  y,  blood-sinus  in  mesenteric  membrane  ;  z,  esophageal  ganglia. 

as  many  extinct  species,  and  foi'ming  the  type 
of  the  family  IVaUlliciiiiiid!^.  Also  called  J/i/f/f'/- 
liiiiiii.    See  iilso  cut  under  f/W//f?('»»(,  King,  1849. 

Waldheiiniidae(wold-hi-mi'i-de), «.  pi.  [XL., 
<  ll'iildliciiiiiii  +  -ida:'\  A  family  of  arthropo- 
niatoiis  brachiopods.  closely  related  to  Tcrcbra- 
tiilidse,  and  by  most  naturalists  combined  with 
that  family,  but  characterized  by  the  elongated 
bracliiiil  ajipendages. 

waldhom  (wold'honi),  ».  [G.,  <  wahl.  forest, 
-I-  Imrii,  liorn :  sec  (CoWl  and  lioni.]  The  old 
hunting-horn,  without  valves,  from  which  the 
modern  orcliestral  or  French  horn  was  derived ; 
the  corno  di  caccia.     See  liiirii. 


wale-piece 
Waldsteinia  (wold-sti'ni-a),  «.    [NL.  (Willde- 

uow,  179!)),  named  after  Count  l^ranz  A.  von 
WaUIMein  (1759-1823), alierman botanist.]  Age- 
nus  of  rosaceous  plants,  of  the  tribe  I'otentilleee. 
It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  numerous  triseriate 
rigid  liei-sisteut  stamens,  and  two  to  six  carpels,  their 
styles  not  elongated.  The  4  species  are  natives  of  central 
and  eastern  Eurojie,  Siberia,  and  North  America.  They 
are  herbs  with  creeping  or  stoloniferous  stems,  suggest- 
ing the  stra\vberry-i)lant,  l>earing  alternate  long-petioled 
leaves,  which  are  entire,  cleft,  or  compound,  sometimes 
with  three  to  five  crenate  or  incised  leaflets,  and  large 
niemt)ranous  stipules.  The  yellow  flowers  are  borne,  two 
to  five  together,  on  a  bracted  scape,  often  with  curving 
pedicels.  11'.  fragarioides  is  the  barren  strawberry  of 
the  Ignited  .States,  widely  diffused  through  northern  and 
mountainous  parts  of  the  Eastern  and  Central  States. 
Walel  (wal),  II.  [Also  weal,  iniprop.  wheal ;  < 
ME.  icale,  <  AS.  icalu  (pi.  wahi),  a  weal,  mark 
of  a  blow ;  found  also  in  eomp,  wijrt-wala,  root, 
prop,  stump  of  a  root  (orig.  'rod'),  =  OFries. 
wain,  a  rod,  staff  (as  in  walu-hera,  walehera, 
staff-bearer,  pilgrim),  =  North  Fries,  waal, 
staff,  =  MLG.  ivol  (in  wolhrodci;  pilgrim)  = 
Icel.  rijlr  (val-),  a  I'ound  stick,  staff,  =  Sw.  dial. 
val,  a  stick,  flail-liandle,  =  Goth,  walus,  statt'.] 
l.Arod.  HalHwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  A  ridge 
or  plank  along  the  edge  of  a  ship.  Compare 
gunwale. 

Wyghtly  one  the  wale  thav  wye  np  thaire  ankers. 

Moi-te  AHhure(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  740. 

3.  A  timber  bolted  to  a  row  of  piles  to  secure 
them  together  and  in  position ;  a  wale-piece. — 
4t.  A  wale-knot.  Holland. — 5.  A  ridge  in  cloth, 
formed  by  a  thread  or  a  group  of  threads ;  hence, 
a  stripe  or  strain  implying  quality. 

Thou  art  rougher  far 
And  of  a  coarser  u'ale,  fuller  of  pride. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Four  Plays  in  One. 

By  my  troth,  e.vceeding  good  cloth ;  a  good  wale  't  'as, 

Middleton,  Michaelmas  Term,  ii.  3. 

6.  A  streak  or  stripe  produced  on  the  skin  by 
the  stroke  of  a  rod  or  whip. 

The  ivales  or  marks  of  stripes  and  lashes  were  all  red. 
Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  547. 

7.  A  tumor,  or  large  swelling.  Halliicell. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  —Wales  of  a  ship.    See  hend^,  3  (d). 

wale^  (wal),  r.  /.;  pret.  and  pp.  waled,  ppr,  ical- 
i'ng.  [Also  improp.«i//a?<";  <  tcrt/el, »(.]  1.  To 
mark  with  wales  or  stripes. 

A  wycked  wound  bath  ine  walled. 
And  traveyld  me  from  topp  to  too. 

Political  Potmn,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  216. 

Thy  sacred  body  was  stripped  of  thy  garments,  and 

waled  with  Idoody  stripes.    Bp.  Hall,  C'hrist  before  Pilate. 

2,  To  weave  or  make  the  web  of,  as  a  gabion, 
with  more  than  two  rods  at  a  time. 
wale'-*  (wal),  n.  [<  ME.  wale,  <  Icel.  val  = 
OHG.  wala,  MHG.  iral,  G.  walil,  choice;  from 
the  root  of  iri//l.]  A  jiicking  or  choosing ;  the 
choice ;  the  pick  or  pink  of  anything ;  the  best. 
[Obsolete  or  Scotch.] 

Von  got  your  wale  o'  se'en  sisters. 
And  I  gtjt  mine  o'  live. 

Lord  B'xrnahij  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  310). 

To  wale,  at  choice  ;  in  al>undance. 

Wilde  bestes  to  wale  was  there  enow. 

Destructuin  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  332. 

wale-  (wal),  r.  I. ;  pret.  and  pp.  waled,  pjir.  wal- 
ing. [Sc.  also  ii'ail ;  <  ME.  walcn,  wclen  =  OHG. 
wellen,  MHG.  wcln,  wellcii,  G.  wdlilen  =  Icel. 
relja  =  Sw.  rdlja  =  Dan.  raplge  =  Goth,  waljan, 
choose ;  from  the  noun  :  see  wale^,  «.]  To 
seek;  choose:  select;  court;  woo.  [Obsolete 
or  Scotch.] 

"  Where  schulde  I  wale  the?  "  tiuoth  Gauan  ;  "where  is  thy 

place  ? 
I  wot  iieuer  where  thon  wonyes." 

SirGawayne  and  theGrccn  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  308. 
A  noble  man  for  the  noiiest  [is]  namet  Pellens. 
Tliat  worthy  hade  a  wyfe  walit  hyni-seluon, 
The  truthe  for  to  telle,  Tetyda  she  heglit. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  10,1. 
Of  choys  men  syne,  walit  by  cut  (lot),  thai  tuke 
A  gret  nmnbyr,  and  hyd  in  bylgis  dern. 

Alliterative  Poems  {^A.  Morris),  Gloss.,  p.  208. 
[(G.  Douglas,  i.  72.) 
He  \caleK  a  portion  with  judicious  care. 

Burns,  Cottar's  Saturdity  Night. 

wale-  (Will),  a.  [<  ME.  wale;  from  the  same 
source  as  H-«?c2_  H.]  Choice;  good;  excellent. 
llalliwcll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Myche  woo  bade  the  wegh  for  the  wale  knight. 

Dertruction  o/Tioy(K  E.  T.  S.),  1. 1288. 

wale-H,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  weal. 

wale-knott  (wal'not),  n.     Same  as  wall-knot. 

wale-piece  (wal'pes),  H.  [<  walr'^ -\- jiieee.'\  A 
horizontal  timber  of  a  f|uay  or  .ietty.  bolted  to 
the  vertical  timbers  or  secured  by  anchor-rods 
to  the  masonry  to  receive  the  imjiact  of  vessels 
coming  or  lying  alongsiile.     A.'.  //.  Knii/lit. 


Waler 

Waler  (wii'ler),  n.  [<  Wnlen  (see  def.)  +  -«•!.] 
A  horse  impoi'ted  from  Australia,  particularly 
from  New  South  Wales.     [Anglo-Indian.] 

For  sale,  a  brown  Waler  gelding. 

Madras  Hail,  June  25, 18T3.    (Vule  and  Buriiell.) 

My  Waler  was  cautiously  feeling  his  way  over  the  loose 
shale.  Jiudyard  Kipling,  Phantom  Rickshaw. 

wale-wightt,  «•  [Also  waU-iciyht,  wa'-wight; 
also  waled  wight;  <  wale^,  a.,  +  wiyht'^,  a.] 
Choice  and  active;  chosen  and  brave. 

I(  fifteen  hundred  waled  vnght  men 
You'll  grant  to  ride  with  nie. 

Axdd  Maitland  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  220). 

Walhalla,  «.     See  ValhaUa. 

■waliel,  fl.  and  n.     See  wali/^. 

■walie-,  «.     Same  as  ralir. 

'waling  (wa'ling),  n.  [<  wale'^  +  -iiig^.']  The 
weaving  of  the  web  of  a  gabion  with  more  than 
two  rods  at  a  time. 

walise  (wa-lez'),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  valise. 

'walk  (wak),  V.  [Under  this  form  are  merged 
two  vex'bs,  one  strong,  the  other  weak:  (a)  < 
ME.  icalken  (pret.  lOcJk,  pi.  weolken,  welkcn,  pp. 
walke,  iwalken),  <  AS.  wealcan  (pret.  weolc,  pp. 
wealcen),  move,  roll,  turn,  revolve,  =  MD. 
walcken,  cause  to  move,  press,  squeeze,  strain, 
D.  walken.  felt  (hats),  =  OHG.  walchan,  full 
(cloth),  roll  oneself,  wallow,  MHG.  walken  (>  It. 
yualcare,  prepare  by  stamping)  =  G.  walken, 
full  (cloth),  felt  (hats),  (b)  <  ME.  walkien  (pret. 
walkede,  walkide,  pp.  walked)  =  Icel.  valka, 
volka,  roll,  stamp,  roll  oneself,  wallow,  =  Sw. 
ralka,  roll,  full  (cloth),  =  Dan.  valke,  full 
(cloth) ;  prob.  akin  to  L.  valgus,  bent,  vergere, 
bend,  turn,  incline:  see  ■verge'^.']  I.  intrans. 
It.  To  be  inaction  or  motion;  act;  move;  go; 
be  current. 

3e  ar  knygt  conilokest  kyd  of  your  elde, 
S'our  worile  <fe  your  worchip  ^talkez  ay  quere  [everywhere]. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1520. 

And  ever  as  she  went  her  toung  did  walke 

In  fowle  reproch.  Spenser,  V,  Q.,  II.  iv.  5. 

2.  To  be  stirring;  be  abroad;  move  about. 

Jesus  walked  in  Galilee ;  for  he  would  not  walk  in  Jew- 
ry, because  the  Jews  sought  to  kill  him.  John  vii.,1. 

She  walks  in  beauty,  like  the  night 
Of  cloudless  climes  and  starry  skies. 

Byron,  She  'Walks  in  Beauty. 

3.  To  go  restlessly  about;  move  about,  as  an 
unquiet  spirit  or  specter,  or  as  one  in  a  state 
of  somnambulism. 

"When  I  am  dead, 
For  certain  I  shall  walk  to  visit  him, 
If  he  break  promise  with  me. 

Beau,  and  FL,  King  and  No  King,  11. 1. 

4.  To  move  off;  depart.     [Colloq.] 

"When  he  comes  foorth,  he  will  make  theyr  cowes  and 
garrans  to  walke.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

Browborough  has  sat  for  the  place  now  for  three  Par- 
liamerits.  ...  I  am  told  that  he  must  walk  if  any  body 
would  go  down  who  could  talk  to  the  colliers  every  night 
for  a  week  or  so.  Trollope,  Phineas  Redux,  i. 

5.  To  live  and  act  or  behave  in  any  particular 
manner;  conduct  one's  self ;  pursue  a  particu- 
lar course  of  life. 

Fadres  and  Modres  that  walken  in  won 
Schul  loue  heore  children. 

Holy  Hood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  143. 

Walk  humbly  with  thy  God.  Micah  vi.  a 

6.  To  move  with  the  gait  called  a  walk.  See 
walk,  n.,  5. 

O,  let  me  see  thee  walk  ;  thou  dost  not  halt. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1.  258. 

He  walks,  he  leaps,  he  ruus  —  is  wing'd  with  joy. 

Cowper,  Task,  i.  443. 

7.  To  go  or  travel  on  foot :  often  followed  by  an 
accusative  of  distance  :  as,  to  walk  five  miles. 

In  hia  alepe  hym  thoghte 
That  in  a  forest  faste  he  welk  to  wepe. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  1235. 
But,  look,  the  morn,  in  russet  mantle  clad, 
Walks  o'er  the  dew  of  yon  high  eastward  hill. 

Shale,  Hamlet,  i.  1.  167. 
I  was  constrained  to  walke  a  foote  for  the  space  of  seven 
miles.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  92. 

I'll  walk  aside. 
And  come  again  anon. 

Fletcher,  "Wildgoose  Chase,  iv.  3. 

8.  To  move,  after  a  manner  somewhat  analo- 
gous to  walking,  as  an  effect  of  repeated  os- 
cillations and  twistings  produced  by  expan- 
sion and  contraction  or  by  the  action  of  winds. 
Chimneys  have  been  known  to  move  in  this 
manner — The  ghost  walks.  .Sec  glmt.—To  walk 
agalnsttime.  .Seed'rnci.— To  walkawry.  Seeaicri/. 
—To  walk  Into,  to  attack,  (a)  To  a.ssiiult ;  give  a  beat- 
ing or  druljbing  to.  (h)  To  fall  foul  of  veri)ally;  give  a 
scolding  to.    (c)  To  eat  heartily  of.    [Vulgar  in  all  senses.] 


6808 

There  Is  little  Jacob,  walking,  as  the  popular  phrase  Is, 
ijlto  a  home-made  plum-cake,  at  a  most  surprising  pace. 

Dickens,  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  Ixviii. 
To  walk  over  the  course,  in  sporting,  to  go  over  a 
course  at  a  walking  or  slow  pace:  said  of  a  horse,  runner, 
etc.,  coming  alone  to  the  scratch,  and  luiving  to  go  over 
the  course  to  win  ;  hence,  figuratively,  to  gain  an  easy 
victory;  attain  one's  object  without  opposition.  Also  to 
walkover.  Compare  wa(/ir-otier.— To  walk  Spanish.  See 
Spanish.— To  walk  tall  See  (aK2._  Walk  about,  a  mili- 
tary phrase  used  by  British  officers  to  sentinels,  to  waive 
the  ceremony  of  being  saluted. 

II,  trans.  If.  To  full,  as  cloth. 

Payment  vj  d.,  for  the  walHn  of  like  eln  [ell]  of  the  said 
xlx  eln  &  a  half. 

Act.  Dom.  Cone.  A.  1488,  p.  95.    (Jamieson.) 

2.  To  proceed  or  move  through,  over,  or  upon 
by  walking,  or  as  if  by  walking;  traverse  at  a 
walk. 

If  that  same  demon  that  hath  guild  thee  thus 
Should  with  his  lion  gait  walk  the  whole  world. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  11.  2.  122. 
Yes  —  she  is  ours  —  a  home-returning  bark ;  .  .  . 
She  walks  the  waters  like  a  thing  of  life. 

Byron,  Corsair,  i.  3. 

3.  To  cause  to  walk;  lead,  drive,  or  ride  at  a 
walk. 

I  will  rather  trust  ...  a  thief  to  walk  my  ambling 
gelding.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2.  319. 

I  am  much  indebted  to  you 
For  danciug  me  off  my  legs,  and  then  for  walking  me. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Chase,  iii.  1. 

4.  To  escort  in  a  walk ;  take  to  walk. 

I  feel  the  dew  in  my  great  toe ;  but  I  would  put  on  a  cut 
shoe,  that  I  might  be  able  to  walk  you  about;  I  may  be  laid 
up  to-morrow. 

Caiman  and  Garrick,  Clandestine  Marriage,  ii. 
Old  Pendennis  .  .  .  walked  the  new  .arrivals  alx)Ut  the 
park  and  gardens,  aud  showed  them  the  carte  du  pays. 
Thackeray,  Pendennis,  Ivi. 

5.  To  move,  as  a  box  or  trunk,  in  a  manner 
having  some  analogy  to  walking,  partly  by  a 
rocking  motion,  and  partly  by  turning  the  ob- 
ject on  its  resting-point  in  such  manner  that  at 
each  rocking  movement  an  alternate  point  of 
support  is  employed,  the  last  one  used  being 
always  in  advance  of  the  previous  one  in  the 
direction  toward  which  the  object  is  to  be 
moved. —  6.  To  send  to  or  keep  in  a  walk.  See 
tcalk,  71.,  8  (b). 

It  is  customary  to  send  puppies  out  at  three  or  four 
months  of  age  to  be  kept  by  cottagers,  butchers,  small 
farmers,  etc.,  at  a  weekly  sum  for  each,  which  is  called 
walking  them.     Dogs  of  Great  Brit,  and  America,  p.  197. 

To  walk  one's  chalks.  Sec  chalk.— To  walk  the 
chalk,  to  walk  the  chalk-mark,  to  keep  straight 
in  morals  or  manners ;  a  figurative  phrase,  from  the  dif- 
ficulty a  drunken  man  has  in  walking  upon  a  straight  line 
chalked  upon  the  floor  by  his  comrades  to  test  his  degree 
of  sobriety.  Compare  I.,  6.— To  walk  the  hospitals, 
to  attend  the  medical  and  surgical  practice  of  a  general 
hospital,  as  a  student,  under  one  or  more  of  the  regular 
stall  of  physicians  or  surgeons  attached  to  such  a  hospital. 
—  Walking  the  plajlk.  See  plank. 
walk  (wak),  n.  [<  ME.  wale,  walk,  <  AS.  ge- 
wealc,  a  rolling,  moving,  =  MHG.  wale  =  Icel. 
vdlk,  a  tossing;  from  the  verb.]  1.  Manner  of 
action;  course,  as  of  life;  way  of  living:  as,  a 
person's  walk  and  conversation. 

This  is  the  melancholy  walk  he  lives  in. 
And  chooses  ever  to  inci-ease  his  sadness. 

Fletcher,  Double  Marriage,  iv.  3. 
Oh  for  a  closer  walk  with  God ! 

Cowper,  Olney  Hymns,  i. 

2.  Eange  or  sphere  of  action ;  a  department, 
as  of  art,  science,  or  literature. 

There  are  strong  minds  in  every  walk  of  life,  that  will 
rise  superior  to  the  disadvantages  of  situation. 

A.  Hamilton,  The  Federalist,  XXXVI. 

She  (Mrs.  Cibber]  made  some  attempts  latterly  in  com- 
edy, which  were  not,  however,  in  any  degree  equal  to  her 
excellence  in  the  opposite  walk. 

Life  o/e«£)i(reprint  1887X  p.  40. 

3.  The  act  of  walking  for  air  or  exercise ;  a 
stroll :  as,  a  morning  walk. 

Make  an  early  and  long  walk  in  goodness. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Christ.  Mor.,  I.  36. 

Nor  walk  by  moon, 
Or  glittering  starlight,  without  thee  is  sweet. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  655. 

To  vent  thy  bosom's  swelling  rise 
In  pensive  walk. 

Bums,  The  Vision,  iL 

4.  Manner  of  walking;  gait;  step;  carriage. 

Catherine  .  .  .  watched  Miss  Thorpe's  progress  down 
the  street  from  the  drawing-room  window;  admired  the 
graceful  spirit  of  her  walk,  the  fashionable  air  of  her  fig- 
ure and  dress.  JaTie  Austen,  Northanger  Abbey,  iv. 

5.  The  slowest  gait  of  land-animals.  In  the  walk 
of  bipeds  there  is  always  one  foot  on  the  ground;  in  that 
of  quadrupeds  there  are  always  two,  and  a  part  of  the 
time  three,  feet  on  the  ground.  When  very  slow,  or  with 
heavy  draft-animals  when  hauling,  all  four  feet  touch  the 
gi'oinid  at  once  for  brief  intervals.  In  the  walk  of  ordinary 
quadrupeds  the  limbs  move  in  diagonal  paii-s,  the  move- 
ment of  the  pair  not  being  so  nearly  sinuiltaneons  as  in 


walk 


Consecutive  Positions  of  a  Horse  in  Walking. 
(After  instantaneous  photographs  by  Eadweard  Muybridge.) 

the  trot,  and  varying  much  in  this  respect  with  the  differ- 
ent degrees  of  speed  and  with  the  individual  habits  of  the 
aninial.     Compare  cut  under  run. 

Why  dost  thou  not  go  to  church  in  a  galliard  and  come 
home  in  a  coranto  ?    Sfy  very  walk  should  be  a  jig. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  i.  3.  138. 
He  stands  erect;  his  slouch  becomes  a  tealk; 
He  steps  right  onward,  martial  in  his  air. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  639. 

6.  A  piece  of  ground  fit  to  walk  in;  a  place  in 
which  one  is  accustomed  to  walk;  a  haunt. 

His  walk 
The  fiery  serpent  fled  and  noxious  worm. 

MUton,  P.  R.,  L  311. 
We  intend  to  lay  ambushment  in  the  Indian's  icalks,  to 
cut  oflf  their  men. 
JV.  Thomag  (Appendix  to  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  430). 

7.  A  place  laid  out  or  set  apart  for  walking; 
an  avenue;  a  promenade. 

I  saw  a  very  goodly  walke  in  Mantua  roofed  over  and 
supported  with  thirty  nine  faire  pillars. 

Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  148. 

SpeciBcally  —  (d)  An  avenue  set  with  trees  or  laid  out  in 
a  grove  or  wood. 

Get  ye  all  three  into  the  box-tree;  Malvolio's  coming 
down  this  ivalk.  Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5.  19. 

Up  that  long  walk  of  limes  I  past 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  IzzzviL 
(M)  pi.  Grounds ;  a  park. 

He  hath  left  you  all  his  lecUks, 
His  private  arbours  and  new-planted  orchards, 
On  this  side  Til>er.  Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2.  252. 

(c)  A  path  in  or  as  in  a  garden  or  street ;  a  sidewalk :  as,  a 
flagged  waik ;  a  plank  walk. 

He  strayed  down  a  walk  edged  with  box ;  with  apple- 
trees,  pear-trees,  and  cherry-trees  on  one  side,  and  a  bor- 
der on  the  other,  full  of  all  sorts  of  old-f;ishioned  flowers. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xx. 

(d)  In  public  parks  and  the  like,  a  place  or  way  for  retire- 
ment :  as,  gentlemen's  walk. 

8.  A  piece  of  ground  on  which  domestic  ani- 
mals feed  or  have  exercise. 

He  eats  the  eggs  for  breakfast  and  the  chickens  for  din- 
ner, goes  in  for  fancy  breeds,  aud  runs  up  an  ornamental 
walk  for  them.  .      A.  Jessopp,  Aready,  i. 

Specifically — (a)  A  tract  of  some  extent  where  sheep  feed ; 
a  pasture  for  sheep ;  a  sheep-walk.    See  gheep-run. 

He  had  walk  for  a  hundred  sheep. 

Latimer,  1st  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

(&)  A  place  where  puppies  are  kept  and  trained  for  sport- 
ing purposes. 

Preference  should  be  given  to  the  home  rearing  if  prop- 
erly carried  out,  because  it  has  all  the  advantages  of  the 
walk  without  those  disadvantages  attending  upon  it. 

Dogs  0/ Great  Britain  and  Ameriea,  p.  197. 
(c)  A  pen  in  which  a  gamecock  is  kept  with  a  certain 
amount  of  liberty,  but  separated  from  other  cocks,  to  get 
him  in  condition  and  disposition  for  fighting. 

9.  A  district  hahitually  served  by  a  hawker  or 
itinerant  vender  of  any  commodity. 

One  man  told  me  .  .  .  that  he  had  thoughts  at  one  time 
of  trying  to  establish  himself  in  a  cats'-meat  walk,  and 
made  inquiries  into  the  nature  of  the  calling. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  10. 

10.  In  the  London  Royal  Exchange,  any  part 
of  the  ambulatory  that  is  specially  frequented 
by  merchants  or  traders  to  some  particular 
country.  Simmonds. — llf.  A  district  in  a  royal 
forest  or  park  marked  out  for  hunting  purposes. 

I  will  keep  .  .  .  my  shoulders  for  the  fellow  of  this  wwijt 
[(■.  e..  Heme,  the  hunter,  in  Windsor  Park]. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.  29. 

They  like  better  to  hunt  by  stealth  in  another  man's 
walk.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  571. 

12.  A  ropewalk. —  13t.  In  falconry,  a  flock  or 
wisp  of  snipe Cock  of  the  walk.  See  coci-i.— Heel- 
and-toe  walk,  a  walk  in  which  the  heel  of  one  foot  is 


walk 

placed  upon  the  ground  before  the  toe  of  the  other  toot 
leaves  It. 


[<  walk  +  -able.'] 
of   being   walked 


Fit 
on. 


walkable  (wa'ka-bl), «. 
for  walking;    capable 
[Bare.] 
Your  now  walkaUe  roads. 

Swift,  Letter  to  Sheridan,  May  15,  1738. 
H. 


6809 

The  ^ocdking  gentteman,  who  wears  a  blue  surtout,  clean 
collar,  and  white  trousers  for  half  an  hour,  and  then 
shrinks  into  his  worn-out  scanty  clothes. 

Dickens,  Sketches,  Scenes,  id. 
Walktag  lady,  an  actress  who  fills  parts  analogous  to 
those  taken  by  the  walking  gentleman.— Walkiiw  sta- 
tioner. See  «(a«<mer.- Walking  toad.  SimTas  nat- 
terjaclc. 


walk-around   (wak'a-round"),  «.     a  comie  wa'lking-beam  (wa'king-bem),  h.  In  much.  See 
dance  in  which  the  performer  describes  a  large     beam,  2  (i).  .  xu  maw.,  oee 

walking-cane  (wa'king-kan),  n.     Originally,  a 


circle. 

walker  (w^'ker)     «.       [<  UE    walker    <  AS.  walkini-stick  made  of  some' variety"'o"f-'eane" 

'wealc^e  (=  OHG.  walkart,  MHG  walLr,  wel-  hence,  in  common  use,  a  walking-sLk  of  any 

ker  =  hw.  valkare  =  Dan.  valker),  a  fuUer,  <  sort.     See  canel                                                 ^ 

•"f '''"^  ^?"'  ^"vVT  M*-     ^"'"'^  *^«  «'''■-  walking-dress  (wa'king-dres),  n.    A  dress  for 

^f.  f"i*^r'fJ^^wl.^^^  ^*'  TT  ""^/^^S  ^^  the  street;  especially,  at  the  present  time,  such 

Fuller. -i     It.  One  who  fulls  cloth;  a  fuller.  a  dress  for  women,  as  distinguished  from  a 

And  his  clothis  ben  maad  schynynge  and  white  ful  dinner-dress,  an  evening-dress,  etc. 

ro'fXrmkruurmake'wilf^r^r^th^''^'*'^^^  '!tl^S^;f*°,S"^;l^'"?f'^^)',^^    \''''}  "^  ^'^' 

Wyclif  Mark  Ix  "  '       "^  ^  handle  about  18  mches  long,  ear- 

ned out  of  doors  to  screen  the  face  from  the 
rays  of  the  sun.     Compare  the  quotation. 
Nurse.  My  fan,  Peter. 

Mercutio.  Good  Peter,  to  hide  her  face ;  for  her  fan  's 
the  fairer  face  — 

Nurse.  Peter,  take  my  fan,  and  go  before,  and  apace. 
Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4.  112,  232. 

walking-fern  (wa'king-fem),  n.  A  small  tufted 
evergreen  fern,  Caniptosorus  rhizophyllus,  native 
of  eastern  North  America,  having  the  fronds 


wall 

walking-ticket  (wa'king-tik"et),  n.  An  order 
to  leave  ;  dismissal.     [Colloq.] 

walking-twig  (wa'king-twig),  n.  Same  as 
icalkimj-.'itiek,  2.  See  stkk-biig,  1,  and  walking- 
straw. 

walking-tyrant  (wiv'kiug-ti"rant),  n.  A  South 
American  tyrant-flycatcher,  Xtachetornis  rixosa 
(formerly  Vhnjaolophus  amhulans,  whence  the 
book-name),  it  is  a  strong  form,  with  long  bill  and 
stout  legs,  apparently  belonging  to  the  tajniopteriue  sec- 


2.  One  who  deports  himself  in  a  defined  man- 
ner. 

There  is  another  sort  of  disorderly  walkers  who  still 
keep  amongst  us. 

Bp.  Complm,  Episcopalia,  p.  66.    (Latham.) 

3.  One  who  walks;  a  pedestrian:  as,  a  fast 
walker. 

Where  the  low  Penthouse  bows  the  Walker's  head, 
And  the  rough  Pavement  wounds  the  yielding  Tread. 
Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 

IIL  158. 

4.  In  Eng.  forest  law,  an  officer  appointed  to 
walk  over  a  certain  space  for  inspection;  a 
forester. —  5t.  A  prowler;  one  who  goes  about 
to  do  evil. 

Wepyng,  y  warae  sow  of  walkers  aboute ; 

It  beth  enemyea  of  the  croB  that  crfat  opon  tholede. 

Piers  Plowman's  Credt  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  I.  90. 
Walkers  by  nyght,  with  gret  murderers, 
Orerthwarte  with  gyle,  and  Joly  carders. 

Quoted  In  Strutt's  Spoits  and  Pastimes,  p.  429. 

6.  One  who  trains  or  walks  young  hounds.  See 
walk,  V.  t,  6,  and  n.,  8  (b). 

The  toast,  "Success  to  fox-hunting  and  the  puppy  walk- 
ers of  England."         Field,  Aug.  27,  1887.    {Etwyc.  Diet.) 

7.  Inomith. :  (a)  A  bird  of  terrestrial  but  not 
aquatic  habits:  especially,  one  of  the  Oallinie: 
correlated  with  percher,  wader,  and  swimmer, 
(b)  A  bird  which  belongs  to  the  perching  group, 

but  which,  when  on  the  ground,  advances  by        ,,  .  

moving  one  foot  after  the  other,  instead  of  walking-foot  (wa'king-fut),  n.  A  foot  or  leg 
both  together;  a  gradient  or  gressorial  as  dis-  fitted  for  walking;  an  ambulatory  leg:  in 
tinguished  from  a  saltatorial  bird.—  8.  pi.  In  *~^rmtacea,  correlated  with  jaw-foot  and  swim- 
entom.,  the  ambulatory  orthopterous  insects  of  "'!"!l-foot.  See  cuts  under  Astacus  and  endopo- 
the  family  i»/ia«iHiVfa';  the  phasmids  or  walking-     ''''.'i.. 

sticks.  SeeGre«8ona.— Of.  Thatwithwhiehoue  walking-leaf  (wa'king-lef),  n.  1.  Same  as 
walks;  afoot;  a  leg.  walking-fern.— 2.   An  orthopterous  insect  of 

And  with  them  halted  down  *'"'  ^'"V''y  ,^''««'«if'«,  belonging  to  Pliyllium  or 

(Proud  of  hU  strength)  lame  Mulciber,  hU  walkers  quite  *""°'^  closely  allied  genus.    The  body  is  flat,  the  an- 

misgrown,  tennie  are  short,  the  legs  have  broad  leaf -like  expansions ; 

But  made  him  tread  exceeding  sure.  the  female  wing  covers  are  large,  and  veined  like  leaves, 

CAajrman,  Iliad,  XI.  3  •■•'■■•■'•  "■  ■■  »'--■-■  ■■       ™.,     .       . 

wSklrr^'^ke'r^Ske^'a  iung"  ej7uSn',?f"i;r  •"■"-"  w'-^^™-"  or  tegmini  Also  called  ^V-Wr 
credulity  utterc^'Yen  r^^n  ^Jus'^aXry  wiri,  <h^  ^^X^tTZiyJ"T'^^"^^■  '""P-T  """f^''^*.  2-  , 
bellevestobclalseor'gainmon."  Various  problematical  WalKing-paperS  (wa  king-pa"perz),  n.  pi.  A 
explanations  have  Ijeen  offered.    ISlang,  Eng.]  illsmissal.      [Colloq.] 

•'raf*-<r/"exclalmed  walking-staff  (wa'king-staf),  n.     A  staff  used 
for  assLstaiice  in  walking,  especially  such  a 
staff  longer  than  the  ordinary  walk 
ing-stick  or  -cane 


Walking-tyrant  {Machetorn\ 


Walking-fern  {Camptosorus  rhixophyllus). 
a,  frond. 

heart-shaped  or  hastate  at  the  base,  and  taper- 
ing above  into  a  slender  prolongation,  which 
frequently  takes  root  at  the  apex  (whence  the 
name).  Also  walking-leaf. 
walking-fish  (wa'king-fish),  n.  1.  A  fish  of  the 
family  Opliioce2)lialid!e.—2.  A  fish  of  the  genus 
A>ite>niariits.—3.  Same  as  silverfish,  6. 


"  Go  and  buy  it  [a  prize  turkey  J. " 
the  boy.    "No,  no,"  said  Scrooge ;  "  I  am  In  earnest. 
Dickens,  Christmas  Carol, 


Walkers'  clay,  fullers"  earth.— Walkers'  earth,  fullers' 

The  use  of  the  word  walker  tor  fuller  has  now  Walking-Stick  (wa'king-stik), «.  1. 


become  obsolete  In  England,  but  a  certain  unctuous  va- 
riety of  fullers'  earth  found  in  the  Lower  Ludlow  bed.s,  in 
Wales,  appears  to  be  sometimes  provlncially  designated 
both  as  walkers'  earth  and  as  dyeearth. 

Walker  cell.    See  cell,  8. 

Walker  tariff.    See  tariff. 

walking  (wa'king),  n.  [<  ME.  walkyiigc ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  walk,  v7]  If.  The  act  or  process  of 
fulling  cloth.— 2t.  A  mode  or  manner  of  be- 
having or  living. 

He  confessed  his  faulte,  and  promised  better  walking. 
Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  292. 

3.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which  walks. 

I  will  And  a  remedy  for  this  walking  [i.  e.,  in  sleep),  if 
all  the  docters  in  town  can  sell  It. 

Dtkker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  111.  2. 

walking  (wA'king),  p.  a.  Proceeding  at  a  walk; 
proceeding  on  foot ;  not  standing  still. 

Alas,  I  am  nothing  but  a  multitude 

Of  walking  griefs. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  ill  1. 
Walking  crane.  See  craned,  1.— Walking  delegate, 
a  member  of  a  trade-union  or  lK)dy  of  ori;anized  lal>orer8 
who  vl«it8  other  organizations  and  employers  in  the  in- 
terests of  his  order,  voices  ilenjanils  of  oruanized  laborers 
In  strikes,  etc.— Walking  funeral,  a  funenil  procession 
In  which  the  corpse  is  carrieil  by  men  on  foot  and  the 
mouniers  follow  also  on  foot.     "  ' 


— ...o..  ..11  .W..V.    [ColbMj.i — Walking  gen-        it_.  ,        ..,  . 

tleman,  an  a<;U)r  who  plays  youthful  well-dressed  parts  WalKing-SWOrd   (wa  king-sord), 
of  small  importance.  citij  sward  (which  see,  under  city). 


tion  of  the  family.  It  Is  of  a  brownish-olive  color,  be- 
neath bright-yellow,  the  wings  and  tail  brown,  the  latter 
with  yellowish  tip,  and  a  crown  with  a  median  scarlet 
crest.  It  is  7,1  inches  lonsr,  and  inhabits  the  plains  of 
Brazil,  Bolivia,  Paraguay,  Uruguay,  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, and  Venezuela. 
walking-wheel  (wa'king-hwel),  n.  1.  A  cyl- 
inder \vhich  is  made  to  revolve  about  an  axle  by 
the  weight  of  men  or  animals  climbing  by  steps 
either  its  external  or  its  internal  periphery,  be- 
ing employed  for  the  purpose  of  raising  water, 
grinding  corn,  and  various  other  operations  for 
which  a  moving  power  is  required.  See  tread- 
tcheel.—2.  A  pedometer.  K  H.  Knight. 
walk-millt  (wak'mil),  H.  [<  ME.  walk-mylne;  < 
walk  -f-  «i(:/(l.]     A  fulling-mill. 

Hys  luddokkys  [loinsj  thay  lowke  like  walk-mylne 
clogges.  Tutcneley  Mysteries,  p.  313. 

The  Clothiers  in  Flanders,  by  the  flatnesse  of  their  riuers, 
cannot  make  Walkmilles  for  their  clothes  [cloths]. 

Uakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  163. 
walk-pver  (wak'6"v6r),  n.  In  sporting,  a  race 
in  which  but  one  contestant  appears,  who,  being 
obliged  to  go  over  the  course,  may  walk  instead 
of  running;  also,  the  winning  of  such  a  race; 
hence,  figuratively,  an  easy  victory;  success 
gained  without  serious  opposition.     [Colloq.] 

"  That 's  the  bay  stallion  there, "  said  one  man  to  me,  as 
he  pointed  to  a  racer,  "  and  he 's  never  been  beaten.  It 's 
his  walk-over. "  The  Century,  XXXVIIL  403. 

walk3n:  (wol'kir),  )(.     Same  as  valkyr. 
walkjnrian (wol-kir'i-an), a.  [<  walkyrie  +  -an.l 

,.,   ..        ,-,  ,,-=-■ — "■^"1     Same  as  iV(M«nr(H. 

which  they  closely  resemble.    The  females  are  usually  Tn-aHrirn'o  (^«.;.l  Vi,.'^^    ..       r\in?     /   \a  i 

wingless,  while  the  males  generally  possess  large  wings    WalKyTie  (wol-kir  i),  «.      [ME.,  <  AS.  wa-lcyric 

K,..  i..„i, .... . — ■__     .»..     ».'     =:  leal,  rulkyrja  :  see  valkyr.^    1.  Sameasra?- 

kyr. —  2t.  A  wise  woman;  a  fate-reader. 

As  the  sage  sathrapas  that  sorsory  couthe  ; 
Wychez  &  walhjries  wonnen  to  that  sale  [hall]. 

Alliterative  Poems  (eA.  Morris),  ii.  1577. 

walll  (wal),  n.     [<  ME.  wal,  wallc,  <  AS.  iccal, 
weall,  a  rampart  of  earth,  a  wall  of  stone,  = 

05.  wal  =  OFries.  wal  =  D.  wal  =  MHG.  ical, 

6.  wall  =  Sw.  vail  =  Dan.  void,  wall,  =  W.  gwal, 
rampart,  <  L.  vallum,  an  earthen  wall  or  ram- 
part set  with  palisades,  a  row  or  line  of  stakes, 
a  wall,  rampart,  fortification,  <  rallus,  stake, 
pale, palisade,  eircumvallation.  From  the  same 
L.  source  are  ult.  E.  rallate,  rallaiion,  eircum- 
vallation, etc.  The  native  AS.  word  for  '  wall ' 
is  wah :  see  waw^.  The  L.  word  for  a  defen- 
sive stone  wall  is  murus :  see  ninrc^.']  1.  A 
work  or  structure  of  stone,  brick,  or  other  ma- 
terials, serving  to  inclose  a  space,  form  a  divi- 
sion, support  sujierincumbent  weight,  or  afford 
a  defense,  shelter,  or  security.  .Speciflcally-(a) 
One  of  the  upright  inclosing  sides  of  a  building  or  a  room. 

And  the  Helynge  of  here  Houses,  and  the  Wou-es  and  the 
Dores  ben  alle  of  Wode.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  247. 

If  the  walls  of  their  [Assyrian  palaces']  apartments  had 
not  been  wainscoted  with  alabaster  slabs,  we  should  never 
have  been  able  to  trace  their  form  with  anything  like 
certainty.  J,  Ferynsson,  Hist.  Arch.,  I.  161. 

(i)  A  solid  and  permanent  inclosing  fence  of  masonry,  as 
around  a  Held,  a  garden,  a  park,  or  a  town. 

Grapes,  long  lingering  on  my  only  wall. 

Poite,  Iniit.  of  Horace,  II.  ii.  146. 
2.  A  ramjpart;  a  fortified  enceinte  or  barrier: 
often  in  the  iilural.     See  cuts  under  clicmiii-ih- 
romk,fortif ration,  and  retaining  wall. 
Once  more  unto  the  brea.h,  d.ar  friends,  once  more  ; 
Or  close  tlic  mill  up  witli  our  Untili.^ili  dead. 

Shnk.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  1.  2. 


A  stick  prepared  for  use  as  an  as- 
sistance in  walking,  differing  from 
tlie  staff  (compare  pilgrim's  staff, 
under  pilgrim,  and  bourdon^)  in  be- 
ing generally  shorter  and  lighter. 
Walking-sticks  were  especially  in  fashion 
as  part  of  the  costume  of  a  man  of  ele- 
gance toward  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
and  in  the  eighteenth  century.  The  length 
of  3  feet  or  somewhat  less  has  generally 
been  maintained,  but  temporary  fashion 
has  favored  much  longer  ones,  and  at  times 
has  required  them  to  be  carried  by  women. 
They  are  sometimes  carried  so  light  and 
limber  as  to  be  rather  for  amusement  and 
occupation  of  the  hands  than  for  support. 
Compare  cajte^,  4. 

2.  Any  one  of  the  slender-bodied 
species  of  the  gressorial  orthopte- 
rous family  I'liasmidie;  a  stick-bug; 
a  specter.  The  common  walking-stick 
of  the  eastern  United  States  is  Diapheroine- 
ra  femorata.  See  also  cut  under  Pha^ma, 
and  compare  walking-leaf,  2.— Walking- 
stick  palm.  Sec  pnfma. 
walking-straw  (wa'king-stra),  n. 
A  kind  of  walking-stick,  the  large 
Iliura  or  ('yi>hocrana  titan,  6  or  8 
inches  long,  a  native  of  New  South  Wales. 

Same 


Walking-stick 

{Diapheronttrit 

\f^morata). 


wall 

3.  Something  which  resembles  or  suggests  a 
wall :  as,  a  wall  of  armed  men ;  a  wall  of  fire. 

Within  this  ii-alt  of  flesh 
There  is  a  soul  counts  thee  her  creditor. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iii.  3.  20. 

Compass'd  round  by  the  blind  wall  of  night. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

4.  A  defense ;  means  of  security  or  protection. 
They  were  a  wall  unto  us  both  by  night  and  day,  all  the 

while  we  were  with  them  keeping  the  sheep. 

1  .Sam,  XXV.  16. 

5.  In  milling,  one  of  the  surfaces  of  rock  be- 
tween which  the  vein  or  lode  is  inclosed;  the 
countrj',  or  country  rock,  adjacent  to  the  vein. 
See  t^ein,  if  the  vein  is,  as  is  usually  the  case,  inclined 
at  an  angle,  the  wall  which  is  over  the  miner's  head,  or 
overhangs  him,  is  Ciilled  the  hanging  wall;  that  which  is 
under  him,  the  foot-wall.  In  coal-mining  the  rock  adja- 
cent to  the  bed  of  coal  which  is  being  worked  is  called  the 
roof  or  the  fioor,  according  as  it  is  above  or  beneath,  and 
this  is  the  case  whether  the  strata  be  horizontal  or  in- 
clined at  an  angle.  Tlie  walls  of  a  vein  are  called  in  some 
parts  of  England  the  cheekg. 

6.  In  her.,  a  bearing  having  some  resemblance 
to  a  wall,  usually  embattled,  it  generally  covers 
a  large  part  of  the  escutcheon,  and  the  line  of  division 
between  it  and  tlie  field  may  be  bendwise,  or  bendwise 
sinister.  It  is,  therefore,  a  division  of  the  field  by  an  em- 
battled or  crenelle  line,  the  lower  part  being  masoned, 
and  having  usually  an  arched  doorway  represented  in  it. 

7.  In  «H«<.  and  c'ooV.,  a  paries;  an  extended  in- 
vesting or  containing  structure  or  part  of  the 
body:  as,  a  aeW-wall ;  the  loalls  of  the  chest  or 
abdomen:  generally  in  the  plural. —  8.  In  cor- 
als, the  proper  outer  investment  of  the  vis- 
ceral chamber,  whether  of  a  single  corallum  or 
of  a  single  corallite  of  a  compound  corallum. 
Hard  structures  upon  the  inside  of  the  wall  are  the  endo- 
theca;  upon  the  outside,  the  exotheoa.  The  condition  of 
the  wall  varies  greatly :  it  is  pervious,  as  in  the  Perforata, 
or  impervious,  as  in  the  Aporosa;  smooth,  or  variously 
costate,  striate,  etc. ;  and  it  may  be  indistingtiishably 
united  with  the  ccenenchyme,  or  replaced  more  or  less 
completely  by  the  epitheca. 

9.  Same  as  wall-knot — Bridge  wall.  Same  as 
bridged,  n.,  4.— Counterscarp,  dwarf,  grout  wall. 
See  the  qualifying  words.  — Han^ng  wall,  in  mini-ng, 
that  wall  of  the  vein  or  lode  which  is  over  the  miner's 
head  while  he  is  working,  the  vein  being  supposed  to 
liave  a  decided  underlay.  The  opposite  wall  is  the  foot- 
wall.  If  the  vein  is  perfectly  vertical,  there  is  neither 
hanging  wall  nor  foot-wall,  and  the  two  walls  are  then 
distingnished  by  reference  to  the  points  of  the  compass. 
Also  called  hanging  side. —  Head  wall.  See  head.— 
Hollow  wall,  a  double  wall  with  a  vacant  space  between 
the  two  faces.— Mask- wall.  See  mnsJrS.— Median,  par- 
tition, perpend  wall.  See  the  cjualifying  words.— Plinth 
ofawall.  See  j)(i/i(/i.— Retainingwall.  See  retaining. 
— Straight  ends  and  walls.  See  straight  i . — The  wall, 
the  right  or  privilege  of  passing  next  the  wall  when  en- 
countering another  person  or  persons  in  the  street :  a 
right  valued  in  old-fashioned  streets  with  narrow  side- 
walks or  no  footpath,  as  giving  a  safer  or  more  cleanly 
passage :  used  also  in  the  phrase  to  give  or  fake  the  wall. 

Spa.  Signer  Cavalero  Danglatero,  I  must  haue  the  wall. 

Eng.  I  doe  protest,  hadst  thou  not  enforst  it,  I  had  not 
regarded  it ;  but  since  you  will  needs  haue  the  wall,  lie 
take  the  pains  to  thrust  you  into  the  kennel. 

Heywood,  If  you  Know  not  me,  i. 

To  drive  to  the  wall.    See  drive. — To  go  to  the  wall, 

to  be  pushed  to  one  side ;  succumb  to  rivals  or  to  the  pres- 
sure of  circumstances.—  To  hang  by  the  wall,  to  hang 
up  neglected ;  hence,  to  remain  unused. 

All  the  enrolled  penalties 
Which  have,  like  unscour'd  arminir,  hung  bi/  the  wall. 
Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  2.  171. 

To  push  or  thrust  to  the  wall,  to  force  to  give  place ; 
crush  by  superior  i)ower. 

Women,  being  the  weaker  vessels,  are  ever  thrust  to  the 
wall.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1.  20. 

To  take  the  wall  of.  See  the  wall  (al)ove)  and  take.— 
Trapezoidal  wall,  a  retaining  wall,  upright  where  it 
conies  against  tlie  bank,  but  witli  a  sloping  face. — 'Vitri- 
fled  wall  See  vitrijied.  —Wall-barley.  Same  as  s^Mi  r- 
re(rai/.— Wall-teeth.  Same  as  molar  teeth  (which  see, 
MnAer  tooth).  (See  also /yarfy-H'rti^,  training-wall.) 
walll  ( wal),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  walle,  wallen,  wall,  sur- 
round with  walls.]  1.  To  inclose  with  a  wall 
or  as  with  a  wall ;  furnish  with  walls :  as,  to  wall 
a  city. 

Certes  the  Kyng  of  Thebes.  Amphionn, 
That  with  his  syngyiig  watted  that  citee. 

Chaucer,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  13. 
Tliis  flesh  which  walls  about  our  life. 

.S'/iaA-.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2. 1C7. 

2.  To  defend  by  walls;  fortify. 

The  teiTorof  his  name  that  walls  lis  in 

From  danger.  Denham. 

3.  To  obstruct  or  liiiider  as  by  a  wall. 

On  either  band  thee  there  are  squadrons  pitch'd, 
To  %vall  thee  from  the  liberty  of  flight. 

.%(!*.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2.  24. 

4.  To  fill  up  with  a  wall. 

The  ascent  [to  the  mosque  of  Sultan  Hassan]  was  by  sev- 
eral steps,  which  are  broken  down,  and  the  door  wall'd  up. 
Pocucke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  31. 

5.  In  Enij.  unirer.ntij  slaiif/,  same  as  gate. 
To  gate  or  icall  a  refractory  student. 

.Macmillan's  Mag.,  II.  222, 


6810 

To  wall  a  rope,  to  make  a  wall-knot  on  the  end  of  a 
rope. 

walP  (wal),  f.  i.  [<  ME.  wallen,  <  AS.  weallan 
(pret.  weol,  pp.  wealleu),  boil,  well,=  OS.  wallan 
=  OFries.  walla  =  D.  loallen  =  OHG.  wallan  = 
MHG.  G.  -wallen  =  Icel.  rella  (pret.  val)  =  Goth. 
*wallan  (not  recorded),  boil,  well.  Hence  ult. 
well^  (a  secondary  form  of  wall^),  walU-,  n.,  tcell^, 
n.,  wallop^,  etc.]  1.  To  boil.  Ray. —  2.  To 
well,  as  water;  spring.  Alliterative  Poems  (&. 
E.  T.  S.),  i.  365. 

wall'-^  (wal),  n.  [<  ME.  walle,  <  AS.  *iceall  (= 
OFries.  walla),  a  well,  <  weallan,  boil,  well :  see 
walfl,  v.,  and  ct.  ii'elU,  «.]  A  spring  of  water. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Amyd  the  toure  a  walle  dede  sprynge, 
That  never  is  drye  but  ernynge. 

Religious  Poeim,  XV.  Cent.    (Halliwell.) 

wallet  (wal),  H.  [Also  wuiile ;  also  erroneou.sly 
whall,  wlial,  whale,  whaul  (chiefly  in  oomp.);  < 
Icel.  ragl  =  Sw.  vagel,  a  wall  in  the  eye,  a  sty  on 
the  eye;  prob.  a  particular  use  of  Icel.  vagi,  a 
beam,  =  Sw.  vagel  =  Norw.  vagi,  a  roost,  perch. 
Hence,  in  eomp.,  walleye.']  A  disease  of  the 
eyes :  same  as  walleye. 

Oeil  de  clievre,  a  whall,  or  ouer-white  eye;  an  eye  full 
of  white  spots,  or  whose  apple  seems  diuided  by  a  streake 
of  white.  Cotgrave,  1611. 

walla,  wallah  (wol'a),  ».  [Anglo-Ind.]  A 
doer ;  a  worker ;  a  dealer ;  an  agent ;  a  keeper ; 
a  master;  an  owner;  hence,  an  inhabitant;  a 
man;  a  fellow:  as,  a  punka-waWa;  a  Hooghly 
walla.     It  is  sometimes  applied  to  things. 

An  inferior  type  of  vessel,  both  as  regards  coal-stow- 
age, speed,  endurance,  and  seaworthiness,  has  been  built. 
These  "canal  wallafis,"  as  they  are  sometimes  called,  are 
quite  unfitted  for  the  voyage  round  the  Cape,  and,  should 
the  [Suez]  canal  be  blocked  by  war  or  accident,  they 
would  be  practically  useless  in  carrying  on  our  Eastern 
trade.  Science,  XII.  11)7. 

Chicken- walla.  See  chicken^.  —  Competition  walla,  a 
member  of  the  civil  service  who  has  received  his  appoint- 
ment under  the  competitive  system  introduced  in  1856, 
as  opposed  to  one  appointed  under  the  older  system  of 
influence  and  interest ;  a  colloquial  and  hybrid  term. 

wallaba  (wol'a-ba),  ».  [Guiana  name  (?).]  See 
Eiieriia. 

wallaby  (wol'a-bi),  n.  [Also  wallabee,  whalla- 
hec  ;  from  an  Australian  name.]  A  general  na- 
tive name  of  the  smaller  kangaroos  of  Austra- 
lia, especially  those  of  the  genera  Halmaturus 
and  I'etrogale ;  a  rock-kangaroo. 

"What  does  your  lordship  suppose  a  wallaby  to  be?" 
"Why,  a  half-caste,  of  course."  "A  wallabit,  my  lord,  is 
a  dwarf  kangaroo."  Contemporary  Rev.,  LIII.  3. 

On  the  wallaby,  on  the  wallaby  track,  out  of  work ; 
in  search  of  a  joli :  the  wallaby  being  proverbially  shy  and 
elusive.  [Slang,  Australia.] — Wallaby  acacia  or  wattle, 
an  Australian  shrub.  Acacia  rigen.^,  having  in  place  of 
leaves  linear  phyllodia  2  or  3  inches  long. — Wallaby- 
bush,  an  Austr.ilian  evergreen  shrub,  Beyeria  viscosa,  of 
the  Euphorbiacex ;  also,  other  species  of  the  genus. — 
Wallaby-grass,  Danthonia  penicillata  of  Australia. 

Wallace's  line.    See  line^. 

Wallach,  Wallack  (wol'ak),  n.  [<  G.  Ifallach, 
from  a  Slav,  term  represented  by  Pol.  Wloch, 
an  Italian,  Woloch,  a  Wallach,  Serv.  Vlah.  a 
Wallach,  =  Bohem.  Vl^ch,  an  Italian,  =  OBulg. 
Vlahii,  a  Wallach,  also  a  shepherd;  ult.  <  OH(j. 
umlh  (=  AS.  wcalh),  a  foreigner,  a  Teut.  term 
applied  on  one  side  to  the  Slavic  neighbors  of 
the  Germans,  and  on  the  other  to  the  Celtic 
neighbors  of  the  Saxons:  see  further  tinder 
WeUh.']  1.  A  member  of  a  race  in  southeastern 
Europe:  see  liumaiiian. — 2.  The  language  of 
the  Wallachs ;  Rumanian. 
Also  Walach. 

Wallachian  (wo-la'ki-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Wal- 
laehia  (<  Wallaeh)  +  -«'«.]  I.  a.  Pertaining  to 
Wallachia,  formerly  one  of  the  Danubian  prin- 
cipalities, and  now  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Rumania ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Wallachs. — 
Wallachian  rye.    See  ryeA,  i.— Wallachian  sheep,  a 

variety  of  the  domestic  sheep,  Oris  aries,  having  mon- 
strously long  twisted  horns,  found  in  parts  of  western 
Asia  and  eastern  and  southern  Europe,  whence  also  called 
Cretan  sheep. 

II.   n.    Same  as   Wallach.     Also  called  So- 
ma nese. 
Also  Walachian,  Vlach. 

Wallack,  ».     See  Wallach. 

wall-arcade  (wal'ar-kad'''),  ".  An  arcade  used 
as  an  ornamental  dressing  to  a  wall.  See  cut 
in  next  column. 

wallaroo  (wol-a-ro'),  n.  [Australian.]  A  na- 
tive name  of  some  of  the  great  kangaroos,  as 
Maerojius  rohnstus.     /'.  /-.  Sclater. 

wall-bearing  (wal'bar"ing),  H.  In  marh.,  a 
bearing  which  receives  a  shaft  as  it  enters  or 
passes  through  a  wall,  it  has  a  casing  of  cast-iron 
built  into  the  wall  to  protect  the  bearing  and  support  the 
masonry  above  it,  while  the  bottom  forms  a  bedplate  for 
the  plumber-block.   Also  culled  wall-box.    E.  U.  Knight. 


waller 


Wall-arcade,  end  of  the  lath  century,  St.  Julien  de  Brioude,  IJc- 
partiiient  of  Haute-Loire  '.Auvergne),  France.  (From  Viotlet-le-Duc's 
"  Diet,  de  I'Architecture.") 

wall-bird  (wal'b^rd),  n.  The  beam-bird,  or 
spotted  flycatcher,  Mtiscicaj>a  grisola.  Also 
wall-plat.     [Local,  British.] 

wall-b03C  (wal'boks),  H.  1.  Same  a,s  wall-bear- 
ing.—  2.  A  box  set  into  a  wall  for  the  recep- 
tion of  letters  for  the  post.     Encyc.  Diet. 

wall-clamp  (wal'klamp),  Ji.  A  brace  or  tie  to 
hold  together  two  walls,  or  the  two  parts  of  a 
double  wall.     E.  H.  Knight. 

wall-clock  (wal'klok),  n.  A  clock  made  to  be 
Inmg  upon  the  wall. 

wall-crane  (wal'kran),  n.  A  crane  fixed  upon 
a  wall  or  column  so  as  to  command  a  sweep 
over  a  given  area,  the  nearer  points  being 
reached  by  an  overhead  traveler:  used  in 
foundries,  forges,  etc.     E.  H.  Knight. 

wall-creeper  (warkre'^per),  «.  Any  bird  of 
the  family  Certhiidse  and  subfamily  Tiehodro- 
minx,  of  which  there  are  several  species.  The 
best-known  is  Tichodroma  muraria  of  Europe, 
also  called  spider -catcher.  See  cut  under  Ti- 
chodroma. 

wall-cress  (wal'kres),  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
.irabis,  particularly  those  outside  of  the  section 
T«r/'(fts,  the  tower-mustard;  i-ock-cress.  A  white- 
flowered  species,  A.  alhida,  a  dwarf  hardy  plant,  has  been 
much  cultivated ;  also  the  allied  A.  alpina,  and  with  little 
merit  A.  procurrens.  A.  blepharophylla  of  California  is 
desirable  for  its  rose-purple  flowers.  The  species  when 
ornamental  are  suited  to  rock-work,  but  many  are  of  a 
weedy  character. 

wall-desk  (wal'desk),  n.  A  form  of  folding 
desk  attached  to  a  wall  at  a  convenient  height 
above  the  floor. 

wall-drill  (wal'dril),  n.     See  driin. 

walledi  (wald),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  walled;  <  wall^  + 
-c(J2.]  1.  Provided  with  a  wall  or  walls;  in- 
closed or  fortified  with  a  wall ;  fortified. 

We  are  bigger  in  batell,  haue  a  burghe  stronge, 
Wele  wallit  for  the  werre,  watris  aboute. 

Destrtiction  <if  Troy(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2121. 

The  approach  to  Trail  is  a  speaking  commentary  on  the 
state  of  things  in  days  when  no  one  but  the  lord  of  a  private 
fortress  could  be  safe  anywhere  within  a  wailed  town. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  177. 

2.  In  her. :  (o)  Accompanied  by  the  appear- 
ance of  stone  masonry.  Thus,  a  pale  mUled  is 
flanked  on  each  side  with  the  representation  of  quoins,  as 
if  at  the  corner  of  a  building.  The  blazon  should  state 
how  many  of  these  quoins  there  are  on  each  side,    (ft) 

Covered  with  lines  representing  or  indicating 
stone  masonry :  noting  the  field  or  an  ordinary. 
—  Walled  plain.  Same  as  ring-plain. 
walled^  (wald),  a.  [<  wall^  -f-  -ed^.]  Having  a 
defect  in  color  or  fonn  :  said  of  the  eye.  [Col- 
loq.  or  provincial.] 

A  man  with  a  red  goatee,  .  .  .  rather  undersized,  and 
with  one  eye  a  little  walled. 

E.  Eggleston,  The  Ceutnry,  XXXV.  845. 

wall-engine  (waren^'jin),  m.  An  engine  fas- 
tened to  a  wall.  It  is  generally  a  vertical  engine,  and 
is  used  for  driving  shafting  or  furnishing  a  supply  of  feed- 
water  to  a  boiler.     E.  //.  Knight. 

waller!  (wa'ler),  II.  [<  late  ME.walUire;  <  icall^ 
-I-  -prl.]     One  who  builds  walls. 

waller^  (wa'ler),  H.  [<  icalP  +  -erl.]  One  who 
boils  salt,  takes  it  out  of  the  leads,  etc. 


Wallerian 
Wallerian  (wo-le-ri-an),  a.  [<  JTallm-  (see 
I'd  T,'"'/V-^  .?^^'°'"S  to  or  associated  with 
w.^ti'"''  1'^'®*'  ^^^^' ""  English  phvsiologist.- 
Iv?T:!?^  degeneration.  See  degeneration.-'WaMen- 
an  law  a  law  in  legaM  to  degeneration  in  nerves.Vvhere- 
th'^.^L'Sn  m""'";'  '""r-^  'J'*'  course  of  the  imp'ulses'n 
the  atf^ted  fll,ers  toward  either  the  center  or  the  periph- 
SSrX^^^'Hf  method,  the  method  of  idenWytog 

WaUet  (wol'et),  «.  [<  ME.  loalet,  walette,  pos- 
sibly a  transposition  or  corruption  of  watel,  a 
bag :  see  icattle.  For  a  similar  transposition,  cf 
neeUl  tor  needle.^  1.  A  long  bag  with  a  slit  in 
the  middle,  and  space  for  the  contents  at  the 
two  ends:  a  form  familiar  in  silk  knitted 
purses,  and  revived  for  larger  bags  for  women's 
use. 

His  walet  lay  biforn  him  on  his  lappe. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  686. 
A  Wallet,  .  .  .  G.  Blsic,  i.  bis  saccus,  a  double  sacke  or 
""««*•  Mimheu,  1617. 

As  an  instance  of  another  form  of  the  waUet  —  and  that 
il/ft'L"  ""*.::  ""■?■}  ">«""'"'  the  little  triangular  piece 
of  stuff,  something  lilie  a  bag,  that  is  suspended  from  be- 
hind  the  left  slioulder  of  a  junior  barrister's  gown  as  now 
worn?  .  -a/xiut  eight  or  nine  inches  in  length,  and  di- 
vided by  a  slit  at  the  bottom  into  two  compartments,  one 
of  which  IS  open  and  the  other  enclosed  and  capable  of 
holding  small  articles.  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  IV.  78' 

2t.  Anything  protuberant  and  swagging.  Com- 
pare wattle. 

Who  would  believe  that  there  were  mountaineers 
^w-lapp'd  like  bulU,  whose  throats  had  hanging  at  em 
WaUeU  of  flesh?  shak..  Tempest,  iii.  3.  46. 

3.  A  flat  bag  of  leather,  with  a  flap,  or  a  hinged 
opening  with  a  clasp,  at  the  top :  used  for  tools, 
etc.,  or  in  a  small  size  for  carrying  coin  on  the 
person. 

„  '^l  "*".%'•  ","■  tooljw*,  is  generally  supplied  with  the 
machine  [bicycle ortricycle]. 

Bury  and  Billitr,  Cycling,  p.  43i 

4.  A  pocketbook,  especially  a  large  one  for 
containing  papers,  bank-notes  laid  flat  and  not 
folded,  and  the  like.— 5.  A  small  kit  carried 

LS"^'®'!''  *  *.*"«'  Kf^'ierally  Includes  thread  and 
needles,  awl,  waxed  ends,  shoemakers'  wax,  a  few  hob. 
naflB,  coarse  and  fine  twine,  a  pair  of  small  pliers,  a  file 
»  spring-balance  to  weigh  flsh.  court-plaster,  shellac  var^ 
niah,  prepared  glue,  boiled  linseed-oil,  etc. 
6.  In  her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  scrip.    See 

f!^^ -i:;;^""'*  "X!^ '"  *"■•'  »  '»»'^"«  representing  a 
•crip  with  the  moutli  open,  usually  having  a  sort  of  flap 
or  cover  turned  back.  *^ 

walleteert  (wol-e-ter'),  >,.  [<  wallet  +  -eer.] 
One  who  bears  a  wallet;  hence,  a  traveler  on 
foot ;  a  pilgrim.     Toilet.     (.Jorirell.) 

walletful  (wol'et-ful),  n.  As  much  as  a  wallet 
contains;  a  purseful. 

Wedden  hnre  for  hare  welthe  and  wisshen  on  the  raorwe 
That  hus  wyf  were  wei,  other  a  watet-ful  of  nobles. 

««■»  Plowman  (C),  xi.  260. 
walleye  (w&l'i),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  waule  eye; 
a  back-formation  from  wall-eyed.']  1.  An  eye 
in  a  condition  in  which  it  presents  little  or 
no  color,  the  iris  being  light-colored  or  white, 
or  opacity  of  the  cornea  being  present;  also, 
this  condition  itself. 
Olaueiolut,  An  horse  with  a  tmufc  et/t. 

Conper'i  Themurut. 
2.  Divergent  strabismus,  in  which  the  white 
of  the  eye  is  conspicuous.—  3.  A  large  staring 
eye,  as  of  some  fishes.— 4.  A  wall-eyed  fish. 
E«pecUIIy--(a)  A  pike-perch  (which  see).    (6)  The  ale- 

Z5;."''  "^^If,*''  "."!'"»■    (">  ^  ™rf-flsh,'ffoicOT«,««»  ar. 
genleus.     (Califomla.1 

wall-eyed  (wai'id),  a.  [Formerly  icanle-eiird, 
irhalle-,  ictiaule-,  whall-eyed  (also  tchall,  etc 
separately),  prob.  <  Icel.  vald-eyqthr,  a  corrup- 
tion of  lagl-eyf/r,  wall-eyed,  said  of  a  horse, 
<  vagi,  a  disease  of  the  eye,  +  eyqthr.  eyed,  < 
aiuja,  eye:  see  walli  and  eyel.]  1.  Having  a 
walleye  or  walleyes,  as  a  horse. 


Wallflower  iCheiranthus 
Cheirt). 


6811 

wallflower  (wal'flou"er),  H.     1.  An  old  favor- 
ite garden  flower  and  pot-plant,  Cheirantlim 
Cheiri,  native  in  south- 
ern  Europe,   where   it 
grows    on     old    walls, 
cliffs,  and  the  sides  of 
quarries.  Tlie  flowers  have 
four  petals,  with  a  spreading 
limb  on  long  claws,  colored 
a  deep-orange,  or  in  culti- 
vation  varying  from    pale- 
yellow  to  deep-red,  are  clus- 
tered in  short  racemes,  and 
are    sweet-scented.      It    is 
grown    in    many   varieties, 
classed  as  single  and  double 
biennials  and  double  peren- 
nials.    It  glows  by  prefer- 
ence  upon    walls,    forming 
there  an  enduring  bush,  but 
may  be  planted   on   rocky 
banks,  and  is  also  one  of  the 
finest  of  border-plants.     It 
formerly  shared  the  name  of 
heart' a.ea«e :  and  in  western 
England  a  dark-red  variety 
IS  called  bleeding-heart.     A 
common  name  also  is  171%- 
Jiou-er,   or,   for    distinction 
wall-ffillyjlotcer.     The  name 

'oiefot'l^ntun,!''  '"'"''  °'  ""^  «""■'  ^"^  '"  ^<""»  «P- 
2.  A  man  or  woman  who,  at  a  ball  or  party,  sits 
by  the  wall,  or  looks  on  without  dancing,  either 
from  choice  or  from  being  unable  to  dance  or  to 
obtain  a  partner.     [Colloq.] 

I  believe  there  are  men  who  have  shown  aa  much  self- 
devotion  in  carrying  a  lone  wall-flower  down  to  the  supper- 
table  as  ever  saint  or  martyr  in  the  act  that  bas  canonized 
nis  name.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  vi. 

of'iw.!r*"^°^^'^'iL*"l'"*"»'  ^«"«»*«  daphnoklo., 
SLvlt  ^^i'«''!'"<"'«- Western  wallflower  of  the  United 
states,  Unjnmum  atperum,  a  plant  found  in  Ohio  and 

Z'"L';°T"".'^-r!i"'*''''','"'t"  orange-yellow  flowers  of 
the  size  of  and  like  those  of  the  wallflower 

WaU-fniit  (wal'frot),  n.  Fruit  which,  to  be 
ripened,  must  be  planted  against  a  wall. 

'^,f^^-efCko{wa.Vgek"6),  „.  A  gecko,  especially 
/  latydacfyhis  murolis  of  southern  Europe 

wall-germander  (wal'Jer-man"di'r),  K.  See 
Ti)icrii(m. 

wall-gillyflower  (warjil"i-flou-er),  n.  See 
leaUJtotcer. 

wall-grenade  (wal'gre-nSd''),  «.  a  bombshell 
somewhat  larger  than  the  hand-grenade,  it  was 
thrown  by  hand  from  the  rampart  of  a  fortification,  or 
from  a  small  mortar  called  a  hand-mortar. 

wall-hawkweed  (wal'hak'wed),  «.  a  Euro- 
pean hawkweed,  Uieraeiiim  murorum,  often 
growing  on  walls.  Also  French  or  qolden  liitin- 
wort.  ■' 

wallhick    (wal'hik),   11.      The  lesser  spotted 

woodpecker,  Picus  minor.  Montagu.     See  hiek- 

icall.     [Local,  British.] 
wallingt  (wa'ling),  H.     [<  miin  +  -ingi.]     1 

Walls  collectively;  materials  for  walls. 
■The  general  character  of  the  Koinaii  wallina  is  described 

m  Hartshorns  essay  "Porchester  Castle.  " 

C.  Elton,  Ori;;ins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  323. 

2.  In  mining,  the   brick  or  stone  lining  of  a 

shaft;  steining.-Dry  walling,  walling  without  the 

use  of  mortar  or  cement. 
walling"-  (wa'ling),  H.     [Verbal  n.  of  wam,  v.] 

The  act  of  boiling;  a  boiling.     Grose.     [Prov 

Eng.] 


The  xmllinn  or  making  of  salt,  Ac. 
stei     '  " 


Walking  would  be  twenty  times  more  genteel  than  such 
a  paltry  conveyance,  as  Blackberry  was  teatt-eyed,  and  the 
colt  wanted  a  Ull.  OoldtinUh,  Vicar,  x. 

2.  Showing  much  of  the  whito  of  the  eye; 
having  a  large  staring  or  glaring  eye :  as,  the 
wull-eyedmke.  See  pike"^,  and  cut  under  p«e- 
perch.~3.  See  the  quotation.     [Provincial.] 

.,  h  "^r,'"''  '"e^u'^'y  or  111  done  is  called  a  umlUyed 
joo.    It  Is  applied  abo  to  any  very  irregular  action. 

4/-,,     .  .  ,  Halliuxtl. 

.  Olanng;  fierce;  threatening. 

This  is  .  .  .  the  vilest  stroke 
That  ever  iralleyed  wrath  or  staring  rage 
Presented  to  the  tears  of  soft  remorse. 

Shak.,K.  John.lv.  3.  49. 
Wall-eyed  herring,  the  alewlfe  or  walleye. 
wall-fern  (warfi-m),  n.  a  small  evergreen  fern. 
Polupodiitm  vulgnre,  which  grows  on  cliffs  or 
walln.     See  polypody. 


tecord  Soc.  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  XI.  114. 
wall-ink  (wal'ingk),  71.     The  brook-lime,  Fe- 
ronica  Beccabunga,  a  creeping  plant  of   wet 
places  in  the  northern  Old  World.     [Scotland 
and  Ireland :  in  the  latter  sometimes  well-ink  ] 
Wallis's  theorem.     See  theorem. 
wall-knot  (wiil'not),  n.     [Formerly  also  wale- 
knot.]    ^'aut.,  a  large  knot  made  on  the  end 
of  a  rope  by  interweaving  the  strands  in  a  par- 
ticular manner, 
wall-less  (wal'les),rt.  [<  wain  + -le.is.l   Having 
no  wall.  ^ 

The  blood  was  poured  into  wall-less  lacuiiie. 

Huxley,  Aiiat.  Invert.,  p.  283. 
wall-lettnce  (wal'let'is),  «.     A  European  let- 
tuce, LactHca  (Prenanthe-i)  mnralix. 
wall-light  (wal'lit),  n.    A  bracket  or  girandole 
for  candles  or  lamps. 
wall-lizard  (wariiz"ard),  n.     1.  Agecko;  any 
lizard  of  the  family  Gccconidsp.     See  Cecconidie, 
and  cuts  under  ftrec^-oand  Platijdactiilus.—  Z.  A 
common  European  lizard,  Liicerta  muralis. 
wall-louse  (wal'lous),  n.     The  bedbug,  Cimex 
lectularius  (Ar.antha  lectularia).     See  cut  un- 
der hug. 
wall-moss  (wal'mos),  n.     1.  The  yellow  wall- 
lichen,   Parmclia  parietaria.—  2.    The  stone- 
crop  or  wall-pepper,  Sedum  acre.    Britten  and 
Holland.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


wallow 
wall-net  (wal'net),  «.     A  vertical  net  formiuo- 
the  wall  of  an  inclosed  space,  as  of  a  pound- 
net.     See  cut  MTidiiv  pound-net. 
wall-newt  (wal'nut),  «.     Same  as  wall-lizard. 
The  toad,  the  tadpole,  the  wall-newt. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4.  136. 

Tol°°?-  ^,r°"'°n''^  "•  ''"^  "■      [<  F.   Wallon, 
<,?^-J','!"°'^'   ""'""'  <^''««?o«  (also   n-allin),  < 
Mh.  Wallus,!^.  Gallus,  a  Gaul,  Celt;  cf.  Gann 
Helsh.]    I.   «.    1.  A  member  of  a  people  found 
chiefly  m  southern  and  southeastern  Belgium 
also  m  the  neighboring  parts  of  France,  and  in  a 
tew  places  m  Rhenish  Prussia  near  Maimedy 
Ihey  are  descended  from  the  ancient  BeWii 
mixed  with  Germanic  and  Roman  elements!— 
2.  In  America,  especially  colonial  New  York 
one  of  the  Huguenot  settlers  from  Artois,  in 
northern  France,  etc.— 3.  A  French  dialect 
spoken  by  the  Walloons  of  Belgium,  France 
etc.  ' 

.,  ^•rJ;,^^  "^  pertaining  to  the  Walloons:  as, 
the  IValloon  language. 
wallopl  (wol'op),  V.  i.     [<  ME.  walopen,  <  OF 
waloper,  galoper,  boil,  gallop,  <  OFlem.  waloi) 
a  gallop;  with  an  element  -op,  perhaps  orig. 
OFlem.  op,  E.  up  (cf.  the  E.  dial.  var.  wall-u,,), 
<  OFlem.  walku  =  OS.  wallan  =  AS.  tccallan, 
boil,  spring  forth  as  water  does :  see  wall^,  wein 
tt.  gallop.]     1.  To  boil  with  a  continued  bub- 
bling or  heaving  and  rolling  of  the  liquor,  ac- 
companied with  noise.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
The  yellow  flour,  bestrew'd  and  stir'd  with  haste 
Swells  in  the  flood  and  thickens  to  a  paste 
Then  puffs  and  n-alloiis,  rises  to  the  lirini 
Drinks  the  dry  knobs  that  on  the  surface  swim. 

Joel  Barlow,  Hasty  Pudding,  i. 
2.  To  move  quickly  with  great  but  somewhat 
clumsy  effort;  gallop.  See  gallop.  [Obsolete 
or  prov.  Eng.] 

And  he  anon  to  hym  com  waloping. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3325. 
Swerdez  swangene  in  two,  sweltand  knyglitez 
Lyes  wyde  opyne  welterande  one  ualopande  stedez 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  2147. 
She  [a  seal]  wallopped  away  with  all  the  grace  of  tri- 
"'"P"'  Scoff,  Antiquary,  xxx. 

wallopl  (wol'op),  H.    [<  ME.  wallop,  walop :  see 
the  verb.]   A  quick  motion  with  much  agitation 
or  effort;  a  gallop.     [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 
Or  he  wiste,  he  was  war  of  the  white  beres 
Thei  went  a-wai  a  jra«op  as  thei  wo.l  [mad]  s'emed. 

nilliam  0/  Palenie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1770. 
Than  the  kynge  rode  formest  hym-self  a  Krete  u-alov 
for  sore  hym  onged  to  wite  liow  the  kynge  Tradilyuaunt 
hym  conteiied.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  233. 

wallops  (wol'op),  J',  t.  [Origin  obscure;  per- 
Jnips  a  particular  use  of  wallop^.  It  is  appar 
confused  with  walcl,  tchale^.  There  is  an  ab- 
surd notion  that  the  verb  is  derived  from  the 
name  of  Sir  John  irallop,  an  ancestor  of  the 
liarl  of  Portsmouth,  Knight  of  the  Garter,  who 
in  Henry  VIII.'s  time  distinguished  himself  by 
walloping  the  French.]  1.  To  ca.stigate ;  beat 
soundly;  drub;  thrash.     [Slang.] 

^f^iJ'wi'r"''^  *"  engineer's  labourer,  and  the  first  cause 

wallJpedmT^  "'''"  """  '""  ""P'  "'''  ■"""""  e^"'''  ""<» 

Mayhe.w,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  468. 

2.  To  tumble  over;  dash  down.  [Obsolete  or 
prov.  Eng.] 

Wallop2  (wol'op),  V.     [<  wallop-i,  r.]    A  severe 

blow.  [Slang.] 
walloperl  (wol'op-er),  v.     [<  n-allopl  -1-  -^,1  n 

A  not-walloper. 
wallopers  (wol'op-er),  n.   [Also  walloper;  <  wal- 

r«i  t  ■'  *^"''  ^''°  "'■  *''^*  "''"'^'^  wallops. 
[Slang.]  --Cod-waUoper,  a  cod-fishing  vessel.  [Prov- 
incetown,  Massachusetts.] 

■walloping  (woroi>ing),  a.     Great;  bouncing. 

[Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 
''^^1^1?^' '  vvol  '6),  r.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  walow  ; 

<  ME.  walowcn,  walcweu,  walicen,  welwen,  wallow, 

<  AS.  wcalwian,  roll  round,  =  Goth,  walwjan 
wallow,  roll,  =  L.  volvere,  roll  (whence  ult.  e' 
volute,  volvc,  devolve,  etc.).]  I.  infrans.  1  To 
roll;  tumble  about.     [Obsolete  or  archaic!] 

Mi  witte  is  waste  nowe  in  wede, 
I  U'alotve,  I  walke,  nowe  woo  is  me. 

I'urA-  Plays,  p.  421. 
He  watweth  and  he  turnoth  to  and  fro, 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's 'i'ale,  1.  220. 
There  saw  I  our  great  galliasses  tost 
Upon  the  imllowing  waves. 

Chapman,  Monsieur  D'Olive,  ii.  1. 
Through  the  deep  gulf  of  the  chimney  wide 
Wallows  the  Yule-log's  roaring  tide. 

Lojcell,  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal,  ii.,  Prol. 
2.  To  roll  the  body  in  sand,  mire,  water,  or 
other  yielding  substance. 


wallow 

The  fysshe  .  .  .  foloweth  them  with  equal  pase  although 
they  make  neuer  such  haste  wyth  full  wynd  aud  sailes, 
and  waloweth  on  euery  syde  and  about  the  shyppe. 
R.  Eden,  tr.  of  OouEalus  Oviedus  (First  Books  on  America, 

[ed.  Arber,  p.  231). 
Part  huge  of  bulk, 
Waltotcinq  unwieldy,  enormous  in  their  gait, 
Tempest  the  ocean.  Milton,  V.  L.,  vii.  411. 

The  name  of  the  slough  was  Despond.  Here,  therefore, 
they  walloiced  for  a  time,  being  grievously  bedaubed  with 
the  dirt.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

3.  To  plunge  into  some  course  or  condition; 
dwell  with  satisfaction  in,  addict  one's  self  to, 
or  remain  in  some  way  of  life  or  habit,  espe- 
cially a  sensual  or  vicious  one. 

Pale  death  oft  spares  the  wretched  wight : 
And  woundeth  you,  who  wallow  in  delight, 

Q.  Whetstone,  Remembrance  of  Gascoigne. 

n.t  trans.  To  roll. 

He  walewide  a  greet  stoon  to  the  dore  of  the  biriel,  and 
wente  awei.  Wydif,  Mat.  xxvii.  60. 

These  swine,  that  will  not  leave  wallowing  themselves 
in  every  mire  and  puddle. 
Tyndale,  Ans.  to  Sir  T.  More,  etc.  (Parker  Soc. ,  1850),  p.  276. 

wallowl  (wol'o),  H.    [<  J(.Y(HoM!l,  f .]    1.  The  act 
of  rolling  or  tumbling,  as  in  sand  or  mire. 
Wrothely  thei  wrythyne  and  wrystille  to-gederz 
With  welters  and  watowes  over  with-in  thase  buskez. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1142. 
2t.  A  rolling  gait. 
One  taught  the  toss,  .ind  one  the  new  French  wallow; 
His  sword-knot  this,  his  cravat  that  designed. 

Drijden,  Epil.  to  Etherege's  Man  of  Mode. 

3.  A  place  to  which  an  animal,  as  a  buffalo,  re- 
sorts to  wallow;  also,  the  traces  of  its  wallow- 
ing left  in  the  mire.  Some  localities  called  hy  this 
name  (notably  the  "  hog- wallows "  of  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley,  in  California)  are  on  too  large  a  scale  to  have 
been  formed  in  this  way.  Their  origin  has  not  been  sat- 
isfactorily explained. 

They  had  come  to  an  alkali  mud-hole,  an  old  buflalo- 
wallow,  which  had  filled  up  and  was  covered  with  a  sun- 
baked crust,  that  let  them  through  as  if  they  had  stepped 
on  a  trai)-door.      T.  Roosevelt,  The  Century,  XXXV.  668. 

4.  The  alder-tree.     HalUwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
wallow^  (wol'o),  V.  i.     [<  ME.  wallowen,  wele- 

K-en,  n-clhen,  ioeoJeicen,<.AS.  weiilwian,  wealowian, 
icealuwian,  fade,  wither ;  perhaps  ult.  connected 
with  wc/fen,  wither :  see  tcett.]    To  fade  away; 
wither;  droop.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
The  grond  stud  barrant,  widderit  dosk  or  gray, 
HerbiB,  Howris,  and  gersis  waWnvyt  away. 

Gavin  Doufflas. 
She  had  ua  read  a  word  but  twa. 
Till  she  wallmift  like  a  lily. 

Geordie  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  93). 

wallow^  (wol'o),  a.  [Also  Sc.  wauch,  icaiigh;  < 
ME.  walow,  tcalwhc,  walh,  <  Icel.  vdlgr,  luke- 
warm, insipid.  Cf.  D.  walg,  disgust,  aversion 
(>  tcalfien,  loathe,  turn  the  stomach).]  Insipid ; 
tasteless.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wallower  (wol'o-er),  «.    [<  icaKoiol -1- -erl.]    1. 
One  who  or  that  which  wallows. 
Lo,  huge  heaps  of  gold, 
And  to  and  fro  amidst  them  a  mighty  Serpent  rolled : 
...  I  knew  that  the  Worm  was  Fafnir,  the  Wallower  on 
the  Gold.  WUliam  Morris,  Sigurd,  ii. 

2.  In  mcch.,  same  as  laitteni-iohccl. 
wallowing  (wol'o-ing),   ».     [<  ME.  wehoynge, 

wildivjiiiye ;  verbal  n.  of  leallow'^,  v.']     The  act 

of  rolling,  as  in  mire. 
wallO'wish  (vvol'o-ish),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  also 

walowish,  also  contr.  walsh;  <  ivalloio^  +  -js/il.] 

Insipid;   ilat;   nauseous.      [Obsolete  or  prov. 

Eng.] 

In  Persia  are  kine  ; .  .  .  their  milke  is  waZowi$h  sweet, 
Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  400. 

Poncille  [F.],  the  Assyrian  citron,  a  fruit  as  big  as  two 
leynKuis,  and  of  a  verie  good  smell,  l)ut  of  a  faint-sweet  or 
walloimsh  taste.  Cotgrave. 

As  unwelcome  to  any  true  conceit  as  sluttish  morsels 
or  xvalloun^h  jiotions  to  a  nice  stomack. 

Sir  T.  Ovcrlmry,  Characters,  A  Dunce. 

wall-painting  (wa,rpan''''ting),«.  1.  The  paint- 
ing of  the  surface  of  a  wall,  or  of  kindred  sur- 
faces, with  ornamental  designs  or  figure-sub- 
jects, as  a  decoration.  Such  painting  is  usually 
classified  as  encanatic  or  as  fresco  or  tempera 
painting. —  2.  An  example  or  work  of  painting 
of  this  kind. 

wall-paper  (wal'pa'''per),  n.  Paper,  usually 
decorated  in  color,  used  for  pasting  on  walls 
or  ceilings  of  rooms;  paper-hangings.  Modern 
wall-papers  are  printed  from  blocks  by  hand  or  in  color- 
printing  machines.  A  great  variety  of  styles  are  now 
used,  including  plain  papers  in  single  colors,  8trii)ed  pat- 
terns, geometrical  patterns,  and  arabescnie,  flower,  picto- 
rial and  conventional,  and  even  comic  designs.  Large  pic- 
torial papers,  with  life-sized  figures,  were  poi)ular  fifty 
years  ago,  and  are  still  made  in  limited  quantities.  The 
styles  also  include  a  vaiiety  of  surface-effects,  as  satin- 
finish,  flock-papers,  and  watered,  cmtKissed,  and  stamped 
patterns.  Gilding  and  bronzing  are  also  largely  used. 
Cartridge-papers  are  thick,  heavy  papers  in  single  colo»"8. 


6812 

Japanese  papers  include  imitations  of  crape  and  leather, 
either  plain,  gilded,  or  in  patterns.  Veneers  of  wood 
pasted  on  paper  also  are  used. 

wall-pellitory  (warpel''i-to-ri),  re.  A  plant, 
I'arietaria  officinalis,  with  a  diuretic  and  re- 
frigerant property,  considerably  used  in  con- 
tinental Europe,  especially  in  domestic  prac- 
tice.    See  pellitory. 

wall-pennywort  ( warpen"i-wert),  n.  See  pen- 
nywort (a). 

wall-pepper  (warpep'^'fer),  n.  The  stouecrop, 
Sedum  acre,  an  intensely  acrid  plant  formerly 
used  as  a  remedy  in  scorbutic  diseases.  See 
stonecrop. 

wall-pie  (wal'pi),  n.     Same  as  wall-rue. 

wall-piece  (wal'pes),  n.  A  i>ieee  of  artillery 
Ijrepared  for  mounting  on  the  wall  of  a  fortress, 
as  distinguished  from  one  intended  for  trans- 
portation from  place  to  place ;  especially,  of  an- 
cient firearms,  a  light  gun,  a  long  musket,  or  the 
like,  mounted  on  a  swivel. 

As  muzzle-loaders,  wall-pieces,  on  account  of  the  length 
of  their  barrels,  were  most  difficult  to  load,  so  that  we 
find  more  breech-loading  wall-pieces  than  early  breech- 
loading  small-arms.  W.  W.  Greener,  'ITie  Gun,  p.  91. 

wall-plat  (war plat),  M.  l.  Sa,me  as  wall-lnrd. 
—  2.  Same  as  wallr-plate,  1.     HalUwell. 

wall-plate  (wal'plat),  n.  1.  In  building,  a  tim- 
ber placed  horizontally  in  or  on  a  wall,  under 
the  ends  of  girders,  joists,  and  other  timbers. 
Its  function  is  to  insure  even  distribution  of  pressures, 
and  to  bind  the  wall  together.  The  wall-plate  of  a  roof  of 
circular  or  elliptical  plan  is  called  a  curb-plate.  See  cuts 
under  plate,  7,  and  roof. 

2.  In  mining,  one  of  the  two  long  pieces  of 
timber  which  with  two  short  ones  (end  pieces) 
make  up  a  set  in  the  timbering  of  a  shaft.  The 
sets  are  usually  from  5  to  6  feet  apart,  and  are  themselves 
supported  by  the  studdles  in  the  comers  of  the  shaft. 

3.  In  macli.,  a  vertical  plate  at  the  back  of  a 
plumber-block  bracket,  for  attaching  it  to  a 
wall  or  post.  JC.  H.  Knight. — 4.  A  plaque,  like 
that  of  a  sconce  ;  especially,  a  mirror  from  the 
face  of  which  projects  the  bracket  or  arm  sup- 
porting a  candle. 

wall-pocket  (warpok"et),  n.  A  flat  pouch  or 
receptacle  for  newspapers  or  other  articles,  de- 
signed to  be  hung  upon  the  wall  of  a  room. 

WJlll-rib  (wal'rib),  n.  In  medieval  vaulting,  a 
common  English  name  for  the  longitudinal  rib 
at  one  end  of  a  vaulting-compartment ;  an  arc 
formeret.  in  the  fully  developed  style  there  is  no  wall 
at  the  ends  of  the  compartments,  but  a  window  filling  the 
whole  space ;  one  of  the  other  names  is  therefore  to  be 
preferred  to  that  of  wall-rib. 

wall-rock  (wal'rok),  re.  In  mining,  the  rock 
forming  the  walls  of  a  vein;  the  country-rock. 

wall-rocket  (warrok'et),  H.     See  rocl-ef^. 

wall-rue  (w^l'ro),  n.  A  small  delicate  fern, 
Asplenium  Rxda-muraria,  growing  on  walls  and 
cliffs.  Also  called  rue-fern,  wall-jne,  tentwort, 
and  wall-rue  spleenwort. 

wall-saltpeter  (wal'salt-pe'^ttr),  n.  Nitrocal- 
cite. 

wall-scraper  (wal'skra'^per),  re.  A  chisel-edged 
tool  for  scraping  down  walls  preparatory  to 
papering. 

Wallsend  (walz'end),  re.  A  variety  of  English 
coal  extensively  used  in  London :  so  called  be- 
cause originally  dug  at  Wallsend  on  the  Tyne, 
close  to  the  spot  where  the  Roman  Wall  ended. 

It  is  of  very  superior  quality  for  household  use,  and  is 
mined  in  the  district  extending  from  the  Tyne  to  the 
Wear,  and  from  the  Wear  to  Castle  Eden,  and  in  another 
area  about  Bishop  Auckland.  The  most  important  coal 
in  the  Newcastle  district  is  the  "High  main"  or  "  Walls- 
end"  Seam.  It  is  the  highest  workable  coal,  and  varies 
from  5  to  6  feet  in  thickness. 

Hull,  Coal-Fields  of  Gt.  Brit.,  4th  ed.,  p.  274. 

wall-sided  (wal'si''''ded),  a.  Having  sides  nearly 
])erpendicular,  as  a  ship:  opposed  to  tiimhlc- 
homc. 

wall-space  (war spas),  n.  In  arch.,  an  expanse 
of  wall  unbroken  by  architectural  features  or 
ornaments;  especially,  such  an  expanse  con- 
sidered as  a  feature  of  design,  or  as  a  field 
for  decoration  in  painting,  or  of  any  other  na- 
ture. 

wall-spleenwort  (warsplen''wert),  re.  Same 
as  wall-riic. 

wall-spring  ( wal'spring),  n.  A  spring  of  water 
issuing  from  stratified  rocks. 

wall-tent  (wal'tent),  H.     See  tent^. 

wall-tooth  (wal'toth),  re.  A  large  double  tooth. 
HaUiiccll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wall-tower  (wal'tou'er),  re.  A  tower  built  in 
couiH'i-tion  with  or  forming  an  essential  part 
of  a  wall :  especially  one  of  the  series  of  tow- 
ers wliich  strengthened  the  mural  fortifica- 
tions of  former  times,  from  remote  antiquity 
until  the  advance  of  artillery  compelled  the 


walnut 


WaU-tower,  13th  century.— Fortifications  of  Carcassonne,  France. 

(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  de  r  Architecture") 

modification  of  military  engineering.  See  also 
cut  under  ca.stle. 

wall-tree  (wal'tre),  «.  In  hort.,  a  fruit-tree 
trained  upon  a  wall  for  the  better  exposure  of 
the  fruit  to  the  sun,  for  utilizing  the  radiation 
of  the  heat  of  the  wall,  and  for  protection  from 
high  winds. 

wall-'Vase  (wal'vas),  re.  In  Oriental  decorative 
art,  a  small  vase,  having  one  side  flat,  and  with  a 
hole  near  the  top  by  which  it  can  be  hung  upon 
the  wall.  In  some  cases  the  form  is  that  of  half  an  ordi- 
nary vase  having  a  surface  of  revolution ;  but  sometimes 
the  form  is  specially  fitted  to  its  purpose,  irregular,  or  even 
fantastic,  and  may  be  suggested  by  a  draped  figure. 

wall-washer  (warwosh'er),  H.  A  plate  on  the 
end  of  a  tie-rod  or  tension-rod,  and  in  contact 
with  the  face  of  the  wall  strengthened  or  sup- 
ported by  the  rod.  These  washers  are  named 
from  their  shape :  as,  bonnet-was/ier,  S-icasAer, 
star-was/ier.     E.  H.  Knight. 

wall-wasp  (wal'wosp),  n.  A  wasp  that  makes 
its  nest  in  walls;  specifically,  Odynerun  niura- 
riii.-i. 

wall-'wightt,  a.    Same  as  wale-wight. 

Turn  four-and-twenty  wall-wight  men. 
Like  storks,  in  feathers  gray. 
The  Earl  of  Mars  Daughter  (Child's  Ballads,  L  176). 

wallwort  (wal'wert),  re.  [<  ME.  wahcorte,  wal- 
irurt,  wallwort,  <  AS.  wcalwyrt,  <  ireall,  waU, 
-t-  wyrf,  wort.]  The  dwarf  elder,  or  danewort, 
Sambucns  Ebulus;  sometimes,  also,  the  waU- 
pellitory,  I'arietaria  officinalis;  the  stonecrop, 
Sedum  acre;  and  the  navelwort.  Cotyledon  Um- 
bilicus. 
wallyl    (wol'i),   V.   t.     [Origin  obscure.]     To 

cocker ;  indxilge.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
wally2  (wol'i),  (Hfoy.    Same  as  ira/y2.    [Provin- 
cial.] —  Wally  fa'  you!  ill  luck  befall  you! 
Waily/a'  you,  Willie. 
That  ye  could  nae  prove  a  man. 

Epine  Morrie  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  262). 

wallydraigle,  wallydraggle  (wol'i -dra-gl, 
-drag-1),  H.  The  youngest  of  a  family;  a  bird 
in  the  nest ;  hence,  any  feeble,  ill-grown  crea- 
ture. Ramsay.  [Scotch.] 
walmt,  "■  [ME.  walm,  <  AS.  *wealm,  waslm  (= 
OHG.  irabn),  lit.  a  boiling  up,  <  weallan,  boil, 
gush  forth,  as  water:  see  icall^,  uy7/i.]  A  bub- 
ble in  boiling. 

Wyth  vij.  walmes  that  are  so  telle, 
Hote  spryngyng  out  of  helle. 

MS.  Cantab.  Ff.  ii.  38,  f.  137.     (HaUitreU.) 

walmt,  ''•  «•  [<  ME.  walmen,  welmen,  boil;  < 
walm,  H.]     To  rise;  boil  up;  bubble. 

The  wikkid  werchinge  that  walined  in  her  dales, 
And  3it  well  here-after  but  wisdome  it  lette. 

Richard  the  Rtdelest,  iii.  114. 

walnotet,  "■    A  Middle  English  form  of  walnut. 

walnut  (war  nut),  «.  [Formerly  also  wall  nut, 
wallnutte;  <  ME.  walnot,  walnote,  <  AS.  "wealh- 
hnutu,  walhhnutu  (=  MD.  icalnote,  D.  walnoot 
—  G.  walnuss  =  Icel.  ralhnot  =  Sw.  ralnot  = 
Dan.  ralniid),  lit.  'foreign  nut'  (so  called  with 
ref.  to  Italy  and  France,  whence  the  nut  was 
first  brought  to  the  Germans  and  English),  < 
wealh,  foreign  (see  ll'clsh),  +  hnutn,  nut.     Cf. 


walnut 


6813 


welshnut.l      1.    The  fruit  of  the  nut-bearing    the  bark  of  the  larger  limbs  of  walnut  in  the 

tree  Juglans  regia ;  also,  the  tree  itself,  or  its     United  States. 

wood.    The  walnut-tree  is  native  from  the  Caucasus  and  Walnut-sphinZ     (wal'nut-sfingks),     n.       See 

Armenia  to  the  mountains  of  northern  Indl^^  and  is  ex-     sphinx. 

tenslvely  cultivated   and  in  some  places  naturalized    hi  ^alnut-trec  (wal'nut-tre),  H.     See  tcalnut. 

temperate  Europe.    It  grows  from  40  to  60  or  even  100  __?7r.-_J:t.-  /™«i  „a_/^;„\    „       o ^  .-„i„ 

feet  high,   with  a 


massive  trunk  and 
broad  spreading 
top,  and  bears  pin- 
nate leaves  with 
few  smooth  leaf- 
lets. It  produces 
the  well-known 
sweet-seeded  nata 
of  this  name,  in 
America  distin* 
guished  as  English 
walnuts.  These  are 
surrounded  with  a 
thin,  brittle,  and 
easily  separated 
husk.  The  shell  is 
thitiindifferentde- 
grees,oriu  the  wild 
state  thicker.  The 
kernel  yields  some 
50  per  cent,  of  oil. 


Same  as  icalpur- 


Walnut-tree  {Julians  rej^ia). 


walpurgine  (wol-pfer'jin) 

qite. 
Walpurgis  night  (viil-por'gis  nit).     [G.  Wal- 
purgis  nacht,  so  called  with  ref .  to  the  day  of  St. 
Walpurgis,  Walburgis,  or  Walpurga,  the  name 
of  an  abbess  who  emigrated  from  England  to 
Germany  in  the  8th  century.]    The  night  before 
the  first  day  of  May,  on  which,  according  to 
German  popular  superstition,  witches  are  said 
to  ride  on  broomsticks,  he-goats,  etc.,  to  some 
appointed  rendezvous,  especially  the  Brocken 
in  the  Harz  Mountains,  where  they  hold  high 
festival  with  their  master  the  devil. 
walpurgite  (wol-per'jit),  «.     A  hydrated  ar- 
senate of  uranium  and  bismuth,  occurring  in 
thin  scale-like  crystals  of  a  yellow  color.     It 
is  found  with  other  uranium  minerals  at  Neu- 
stadtel  in  Saxony.     .^Iso  tcalpurqine. 
which  U  largely  ejpiMsed  lii  France  and  other  parts  of  .,^411X18  (wol'rus),  H.      [=  D.  wairm  =  G.  Kal- 
Europe,  as  also  in  Asia.     1  hat  of  the  first  pressing  is  used  y  r,       ,      t  '  A         7      ?         vi-iui 

for  food,  like  olive-oil.  though  ranlied  less  highly!  that  of     .'^''«*'  ^  ^"'-  ''™''W«  =  Dan.  Imdros,  lit.  'whale- 

"■ J ' -"-■  '^ — ' •' '—  >--:-.-    horse,    equiv.  to  leel.  hross-hvalr  =  AS.  hom- 

litcsel,  lit.  "horse-whale,'  a  name  prob.  alluding 
to  the  noise  made  by  the  animal,  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  neigh,  =  Sw.  Dan.  hrolfisk :  see 
whale^  and  horsed.  Cf.  whalefish  and  nariohal.l 
Any  member  of  the  family  Trichechidse  (or  Kon- 
morUlse);  a  very  large  pinniped  carnivorous 
mammal,  related  to  the  seals,  having  in  the 
male- enormous  canine  teeth  protruding  like 
tusks  from  the  upper  jaw.  The  common  walrus,  T. 
roeinarxut,  the  morse,  sea-horse,  sea-ox,  or  sea-cow,  attains 
a  total  length  of  10  to  12  feet  in  the  full-gi-own  male;  in- 
dividuals are  reported  t<j  exceed  14  feel;  a  mure  nearly 
average  length  is  8  to  10  feet,  with  a  girth  of  about  as 
much.  A  weight  of  2,500  to  3,000  pounds  is  aoiuired  by 
old  bulls,  with  a  yield  of  500  pounds  of  blubber.  The 
whole  length  of  the  canines  is  a))Out  2  feet,  when  they  are 
full-grown,  with  a  projection  of  15  inches  or  more.  These 
teeth  are  used  in  digging  for  the  clams  which  form  the 
principal  food  of  the  animal,  and  in  climbing  over  uneven 
surfaces  of  rock  or  ice.  A  walrus  12  feet  long  has  the  fore 
flippers  2  feet  long  by  about  1  foot  broad ;  the  flukes  each 
about  this  length,  but  2*  feet  in  extreme  breadth  when 
pressed  out  flat.  The  mamma;  of  the  female  are  two  pairs, 
respectively  abdonkinal  and  inguinal.  Young  and  mid- 
dle-aged individuals  of  Iwth  sexes  are  covered  with  a 
short  coarse  hair  of  a  yellowish-lirown  color,  deepening 
into  dark  reddish-brown  on  the  belly  and  at  the  bases  of  the 
limbs.  Old  animals,  especially  the  bulls,  become  almost 
naked,  and  the  skin  grows  heavily  wrinkled  and  plaited, 
especially  on  the  fore  (juarters.  In  the  glacial  period  the 
walrus  ranged  in  North  America  southward  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast  to  South  Carolina,  There  is  no  evidence  of  its 
existence  in  New  England  since  about  1550;  from  this 
date  to  1800  it  lived  soutli  to  Nova  .Scotia.  It  now  in- 
habits some  parts  of  Labrador,  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
Oreenland,  and  arctic  regifms  as  far  north  as  Eskimos  live 
or  explorers  have  gone.  It  has  been  fyund  in  Scotland 
of  late  years,  and  on  or  off  the  arctic  coasts  of  Europe  and 
Asia,  especially  in  Spitzbergen  and  Nova  Zembla.  It  is 
readily  captured,  and  the  systematic  destruction  to  which 
it  has  long  been  subjected  has  materially  diminished  its 
numbers  in  many  different  places.  The  blubber  yields  a 
valualile  oil ;  from  the  hide  a  very  tough  and  durable  lea- 
ther is  made ;  and  the  tusks  yield  a  superior  ivory.  The 
walrus  of  the  North  Pacific  is  now  generally  thought  to  be 
speciflcally  distinct,  and  is  known  as  T.  or  R.  obeme,  and 


waltz 

entomologist.]  A  curious  genus  of  moths,  of 
the  family  Tineida',  having  the  fore  wings  with 
large  thick  tufts  of  scales,  and  the  subraedian 
and  internal  nervures  obsolete.  Only  one  species, 
W.  mrwrpheUa,  is  known.  Its  larva  makes  a  gall  on  the 
stems  of  the  false  indigo,  Amorpha  /ruticoga,  and  the 


the  second  pressing,  called  Jire-draicn,  the  cake  having 
been  submitted  to  lx)iling  water,  is  more  siccative  even 
than  linseed-oil,  and  hence  ia  by  some  artists  the  moat 
highly  esteemed  of  all  oils ;  it  ia  a  gooil  lamp-oil,  and  is 
available  for  making  soft-soap,  etc.  The  whole  fruit  when 
quite  young  makes  a  good  pickle.  The  shell  of  a  large  va- 
riety, calleii  double  icalmtt,  is  used  in  France  for  niakinu 
purses,  cases  for  jewelry,  etc.  The  leaves  and  the  hull 
of  the  fruit  are  used  in  Europe  for  various  medicinal  pur- 
poses. Walnut-wood  is  light,  tough,  and  handsome,  plain 
or  with  a  bur;  before  the  introduction  of  mahogany  it 
was  the  leading  cabinet-wood  of  Europe,  and  is  still  pre- 
ferred to  all  other  wood  for  gunstocks. 

As  on  a  ic(Un»t  with-oute  is  a  bitter  barke. 

/*icr»  Ptoteinan  (BX  xi.  251. 

I  observeil  .  .  .  many  goodly  rowes  of  wall  nutu  trees. 
Coryaty  Crudities,  I.  25. 

2.  lu  the  United  States,  frequently,  same  as 
blatk  walnut  and  rock-wuliiiit  (the  fruit,  the 
tree,  or  its  wood).  See  below. —  3.  In  parts 
of  New  York,  New  England,  and  some  other  lo- 
calities, same  as  hiekory-nut  or  hickory.  This  is 
sometimes  distinguished  as  xliagbark  or  shell- 
hark  walnut.— Ajib-lealei  walnut  Same  as  Cauca- 
tian  xcalniit.—  Bdlgaum  walnut.  Same  as  Indian  jrat- 
nuf.— -Black  walnut,  a  North  American  tree,  Jwjlaivi 
nigra,  <jr  its  timber.  The  tree  ranges,  in  rich  l)ottom- 
lands  and  on  hillsides,  through  a  large  part  of  the  east- 
ern half  of  the  United  States,  but  is  becoming  scarce.  It 
grows  from  90  to  140  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  from  6  to  I> 
feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  and  strong, 
easfly  worked,  and  su.sceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish  ;  it  is 
pnrpiish-hrown  when  first  cut,  but  l)ecomes  darker  with 
age.  It  is  more  generally  used  for  cabinet-making,  in- 
side finish,  and  gunstocks  than  any  other  North  American 
tree.  (Sargent.)  The  nuts  are  edible,  but  not  very  choice  ; 
the  shell  is  hard,  the  husk  thick  and  difficult  to  remove. 
The  tree  grows  rapidly,  and  is  more  or  less  planted  on  the 
prairies. 

They  have  a  sort  of  walnut  they  call  black  tcalnuU, 
which  are  as  big  again  as  any  I  ever  saw  in  England,  but 
are  very  rank  and  oily,  having  a  thick,  hard,  foul  shell,  and 
come  not  clear  of  the  husk  as  the  walnut  in  France  doth ; 
but  the  inside  of  the  nut,  and  leaves,  and  growing  of  the 
tree  declare  it  to  be  of  the  walnut  kind. 

Bererleij,  Hist.  Virginia,  iv.  "i  U. 
Cancaaian  walnut,  the  tree  Pteromrya  (Jtiijlann)  fraxi 
ni/otia,  markeil  by  its  two-»inKe<l  fruit.  -Country  wal- 
wad.  Same  a.^  Iwlian  im?/iii(.  — Double  walnut.  See 
def.  1.— BiKllBh  walnut,  European  walnut.  Sec  dif, 
l.^HlKhflier  walnut,  a  variety  of  the  common  walnut, 
said  to  1)1'  tlie  best  in  England. —Indian  walnnt,  the  can 
dleberry,  Al^i'ril-''  MoUw'ana  {A,  triloba\.  Also  called 
Belffauin,  country,  and  Otaheit''  (^aMt£^— Jamaica  wal- 
nut,a  low  West  Indian  tree,  Vicrodcndron  Juijlaiix,  bear- 
ing a  small  ovoid-glol>ose  orange-yellow  fruit.  — Lemon 
walnnt.  .See  ?*m"Hl^n^nt(^  —  Otallelte  walnut,  same 
as  Indian  Kv^(nl<^  — Rock-walnut,  a  moderate  or  small 
tree,  Jwjlawf  ruiiextrig,  found  from  Texas— where  it  is 
generally  reduced  to  a  low  much-branching  shnib  —  to 
California,  growing  along  streams  and  in  mountain 
cafions.  Its  wood  is  of  a  dark-brown  color,  susceptible  of 
polish.  Its  nuts  are  small,  sweet,  and  edible.  — Shagbark 
or  abellbark  walnut.  See  def.  3.  — Titmouse  wal- 
nut, a  variety  of  the  common  walnut  with  a  sh-ll  so  thin 
as  to  be  broken  by  the  titmouse  and  other  birds.— Walnut 
case-bearer,  aii  American  phycitid  moth,  Acrohagis  m- 
giamiitt,  whose  small  green  larva  constructs  a  black  case  l>e- 
tween  the  leaves  o(  the  walnut  — Walnut  catchup.  See 
MteAu;),— Walnut  leaf-roller,  either  of  two  tortricld 
moths,  T&rtrix  riletiana  and  LophfKtfraJu;itfindnna, -whose 
lanr»  roll  the  leaves  of  walnut  and  hickory  in  the  United 
States.    See  cut  under  Tort r/j-.- Walnut  sword-tall,  a 


i* 


Pacific  or  Cook's  Walrub  {.Tt-tV/te</tiis  or  Rostnarus  obesus). 

Cook's  tmlrtui.  It  attains  even  greater  size  and  weight 
than  the  common  morse,  and  the  hide  is  extremely  rough, 
.See  al.so  cuts  under  tu:<k  and  romnaritie 


dull-brown  tree-hopper,  Uroxiphut  cariiir,  occurring  on  ^almS-bird  (wol '  rus-berd),  «.      [Translation 


the  foliage  ..f  walnut  and  hickory  in  the  United  States. 
White  walnut,  the  butternut,  Juglans  einerea,  some- 
times called  oil-nut  and  Union-walnut. 

walnut-moth  (wftl'nut-moth),  H.  Any  moth 
whose  larva  feeds  on  walnut,  as  the  regal  wal- 
nut-moth, atheroma  regnlis,  whose  larva  is 
known  as  the  hickory  horned  deril.  See  cut  un- 
der royal. 

walnut-oil  fwiirnut-oil),  «.     See  walnut,  1 


of  the  Eskimo  name.]  The  pectoral  sandpiper, 
Trintia  (Actodromas)  marulata:  so  called  from 
its  ])'uffiiig  out  its  breast  like  a  walrus  during 
the  breeding-season.  Sec  cut  under  sandpiper. 
[Kecent.] 

walshi  (wolsh),  a.     Same  as  irallowi.ih. 

Walsh^t,  a.  and  n.  An  obsolete  form  of  U'elsh. 
It  survives  in  the  surname  Walsh. 


walnut-scale  (wal'nut-skal),   «.      J.<<;»rfiote«  Walshia  (wol'shi-ii),  ».     [XL.  (Clemens,  1864), 
jttgluns-regite,  a  flat  grav  scale-insect  found  on     named  after  B.  D.  WaUh  (1808-69),  an  American 
428 


False  Indigo  Gall-moth  ( lyalshm  amorphella). 

<r,  inoth  ;  *,  larva  ;  c,  gall :  d,  section  of  same.    (Cross  and  line  show 

natural  sizes  of  n  and  */  '  and  rf,  natural  size.) 

moth  has  also  been  reared  from  similar  galls  at  the  base 
of  the  stem  of  one  of  the  so-called  locu-wceds  or  crazy- 
weeds  of  the  western  United  States. 
waltt  (wolt),  1'.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  vault;  < 
ME.  walten,  <  AS.  wealtcn,  roll,  =  OHG.  wal- 
Mn,  MH6.  G.  n-ahen,  roll,  =  leel.  reitu,  roll. 
Hence  ult.  wait,  a.,  walty,  waiter,  welter,  and 
(fromG. )  walt::.\     I.  iiitrans.  To  roll;  tumble. 
As  the  welkyn  shold  wait,  a  wonderfull  noyse 
Skremyt  vp'to  the  skrow  with  a  skryke  ffelle. 

Destruction  0/ Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  OlKi. 

II.  trans.  To  turn;  east;  overturn. 

Verger  en  chariot.  To  wault,  ouerturne,  or  ouerthrow 
a  chariot;  whence  the  Pronerbe,  11  n'egt  ti  bon  chartier 
qui  ne  verse,  the  best  that  rtriues  will  sometimes  uault  a 
Cart,  Cotgrace. 

waltt  (wolt),  a.  [<  ME.  *walf,  <  AS.  weolt,  un- 
steady, in  conip.  unviealt,  steady,  <  wealtan, 
roll;  see  ico//,  f.]     X((»f.,  unsteady ;  crank. 

For  covetousnes  sake  [they]  did  .-io  over  lade  her,  not 
only  filling  her  liould,  but  so  stufed  her  betweene  decks, 
as  she  was  walte,  and  could  not  bear  sayle,  and  they  had 
like  to  have  been  cast  away  at  sea. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  I'lantatiou,  p.  291. 

waiter  (wol'ter),  c.  /.  [<  ME.  walteren,  waltren 
(=  MLG.  walteren,  wolteren),  freq.  of  waif,  roll: 
see  waif,  v.  Cf.  welter,  a  var.  form  of  waiter.'} 
It.  To  roll ;  welter. 

The  same  Thursdaye  there  fell  suche  a  calme  at  after 
noone  yt  we  lay  lealtergnge  and  walowynge  in  the  see  by- 
fore  Modona,  Sir  It.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p,  68. 
The  weary  wandering  wights  whom  waltering  waves  en- 
viron.                 Peele,  Sir  Clyomoii  and  Sir  Clamydes. 

2.  To  waver;  totter;  be  unsteady:  hence,  to 

fall,  or  be  overturned.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Thou  tcaltreg  al  in  a  weih  (that  is,  you  tremble  in  the 

balance).  William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  947. 

walterott,  u.  [ME.,  prob.  orig.  a  jiroper  name. 
Cf.  trotevale  (?).]  A  term  found  only  in  the 
phrase  "a  tale  of  walterot,"  applied  to  some 
absurdity. 

"That  that  thou  tellest,"  tuiath  Treuthe,  "is  bote  a  tale  of 
Walterot !"  Pierg  Plounnan  (C),  xxi.  146. 

walth  (waltli),  ((.     A  Scotch  form  of  trealth. 

Walton  crag.  In  gcol.,  a  division  of  the  Red 
Crag,  or  Newer  Pliocene.     See  crag^,  2. 

Waltront  (wol'tron),  H.  [Appar.  connected  with 
walrus,  perhaps  by  some  confusion  with  D. 
wiiltraan,  whale-oil  (f):  see  train-oil.']  A  wal- 
rus.    Woodward. 

walty  (wol'ti),  a.  [<  trait  +  -i/l.]  Unsteatly: 
craiik:  noting  a  vessel.     [Rare.] 

A  new  ship,  ...  of  about  150  tuns,  but  so  walty  that 
the  master  (Laniberton)  often  said  she  would  prove  their 
grave.  J.  Pierpont,  in  C.  Mather's  Mag.  Chris.,  I.  vi. 

waltz  (waits),  n.  [=  F.  raise  (>  E.  raise),  <  G. 
walzer,  a  round  dance,  waltz,  <  »iY//.-p»,roll:  see 
w(dt,  I'.]  1.  A  round  dance,  ]>robably  of  Bohe- 
mian origin,  which  has  been  e.xtraordinaril.y 
popular  since  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  It  is  danced  by  couples,  the  partners  in  each 
couple  inoving  together  in  a  series  of  whirling  steps  — 
either  advancing  continuously  in  the  same  (Hrection,  or 
varying  this  with  "reversing"  or  turning  the  oppttsite 
way.  The  regular  fonn  of  the  waltz  is  known  as  the  troig- 
tempg-the  more  rapid  form  deux-tempg  containing  six 
steps  to  every  two  of  the  other.  The  derivation  of  the 
waltz  is  disputetl,  the  French  often  clitimiiig  its  descent 
from  the  volta,  and  the  Germans  from  the  alleniande ;  but 
it  is  probalily  a  development  of  the  slow  and  simple  hand- 
ler. Its  popularity  has  decidedly  overshadowed  that  of 
all  other  fashionable  dances. 

2.  Music  for  such  a  dance,  or  in  its  rhythm, 
which  is  triple  and  moderately  quick.     Waltzes 


waltz 

are  usually  made  up  of  sections  of  eight  or  sixteen  mea- 
sures. Several  such  sections  are  often  written  to  be  per- 
formed in  succession,  and  are  then  provided  with  an  in- 
troduction and  a  coda.— Deux-temps  waltz.  See  deux- 
temptf. 

waltz  (waits),  f. /.     [<ica/L-,  H.]     1.  To  dance 
a  waltz,  or  in  the  movement  or  step  of  a  waltz. 
Some  xealtz,  some  draw,  some  fathom  the  abyss 
Of  metaphysics.  Byron,  Don  Juan,  xii.  62. 

2.  To  move  liglitly  or  trippingly  or  swiftly  as 
in  a  waltz :  as,  the  young  people  waltzed  into 
the  room.     [Slang.] 
waltzer  (walt'ser),  n.    [<  waU~  +  -erl.]    A  per- 
son who  waltzes. 

It  may  be  said,  without  vanity,  that  I  was  an  apt  pupil, 
and  ...  in  a  single  week  I  became  an  expert  waltzer. 

Thackeray,  Fitz-Boodle's  Confessions,  Dorothea. 

waluewite  (wal'u-it),  «.  [Named  from  P.  A. 
Waliiew.  a  Russian.]  A  variety  of  xanthophyl- 
lite,  occurring  in  tabular  crystals  of  a  dull- 
green  color.  It  is  found  in  the  Zlatoust  mining 
region  in  the  Urals. 

walwet,   '■•     A  Middle  English   form  of  wal- 

waly',  walie  (wa'li),  a.  and  n.  [An  extension 
of  Kdle'^,  (I.,  perhaps  mixed  with  ME.  tcely,  well, 
<  AS.  iceUy,  rich,  wealthy,  <  wel,  well:  see  icelV^.] 

1.  (1.  1.  Beautiful;  excellent. 
I  think  them  a'  sae  braw  and  walie.  Hamilton. 

But  T.am  kenn'd  what  w  as  what  fu'  brawlie ; 
There  was  ae  winsome  wench  and  walie. 

Burns,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

2.  Large;  ample;  strong;  robust. 

This  waly  boy  will  be  na  coof. 

Burns,  There  was  a  Lad. 

II.  «.;  pi.  walies  i-liz).     Something  pretty; 
an  ornament ;  a  toy ;  a  gewgaw. 

Baith  lads  and  lasses  busked  brawly 
To  glowr  at  ilka  bonny  waly. 

Ramsay,  Poems,  II.  633.    (Jamieson.) 

t Scotch  in  all  senses.] 
y2  (wa'li),  interj.     [An  abbr.  var.  of  wella- 
wdj/.'i     An  interjection  expressive  of  lamenta- 
tion; alas!     [Obsolete  or  Scotch.] 

O  tcaly,  waly  up  the  bank. 

And  waly,  waly  down  the  brae. 
And  waly,  waly  yon  burn  side, 

Where  I  and  my  love  wont  to  gae. 
Waly,  Waly,  but  Love  be  Botwi!/ (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  133). 

wamara  (wii'ma-ril),  n.    [Native  name.]    The 

brown  ebony  of  British  Guiana.  See  ebony. 
wamble  (wom'bl),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wambled, 
ppr.  wambling.  [Also  dial,  wammel,  wmnmle;  < 
ME.  wamleii,  <  Dan.  vamle,  feel  nausea  (ct.vam- 
mel,  mawkish) ;  freq.  of  the  verb  seen  in  Icel. 
■vsemri  =  Sw.  riimjas,  refl.,  loathe,  nauseate.]  1. 
To  rumble,  heave,  or  be  disturbed  with  nausea : 
said  of  the  stomach. 

What  availeth  to  haue  good  meate,  when  onely  the  sight 
thereof  nnnieth  belkes,  and  makes  the  stomach  wamble? 
Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1.W7),  p.  132. 
•Some  sighing  elegie  must  ring  his  knell, 
Unlesse  bright  sunshine  of  thy  grace  revive 
His  wambling  stomack. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villany,  viii. 

2.  To  rumlile ;  ferment,  and  make  a  distur- 
Vjance. 

And  your  cold  sallads,  without  salt  or  vinegar. 

Lie  watnbliny  in  your  stomachs. 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  i.  1. 

[Obsolete  or  provincial  in  both  uses.] 
wamble  (wom'bl),  u.     [<  wamble,  v.]    A  rum- 
bling, heaving,  or  similar  disturbance  in  the 
stomach;  a  feeling  of  nausea.     [Obsolete  or 
provincial.] 

Our  meat  going  down  into  the  stomach  merrily,  and  with 
pleasure  dissolveth  incontinently  all  wambles. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  675. 

wamble-cropped  (wom'bl-kropt),  a.  Sick  at 
the  stomach;  figuratively,  wretched;  humili- 
ated.    [Vulgar.] 

wambles  (wom'blz),  n.     Milk-sickness. 

wamblinglyt  (wom'tjling-li),  adv.  With  wam- 
l)ling.  or  a  nauseating  effect. 

If  we  shtnild  make  good  their  resemblances,  how  then 

should  we  please  the  stomach  of  God?  who  hath  indeed 

brooked  and  borne  us  a  long  time.  I  d(}aht\>\lt  wamblingly. 

Rev.  S.  Ward,  Sermons  and  Treatises,  p.  90. 

wame  (wam),  n.     A  dialectal  form  of  womb. 

wametow  (wam'to),  n.  [<  wnme  +  toicl.]  A 
t)elly-biuid  or  girth:  as,  a  mule  with  a  pad 
secured  on  its  back  with  a  ivametow.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

wammelt,  wammlet,  ''•  '•  Dialectal  variants 
of  iniinhle. 

wammus  (wam'us),  ».  [Also  wnmus;  <  6. 
wamms.  warns,  a  doublet,  waistcoat,  jerkin,  < 
MHG.  wambes,  wambei.i,  <  OF.  gambais,  a  lea- 
thern doublet:  see  gambeson.']     A  warm  knit- 


6814 


ted  jacket  resembling  a  cardigan 
and  western  U.  S.] 

This  [wagon-spoke]  he  put  into  the  baggy  part  of  his 
wamus,  or  hunting-jacket  — the  part  above  the  belt  into 
which  he  had  often  thrust  prairie-chickens  when  he  had  no 
game-bag.  E.  Eggleston,  The  Graysons,  xiviii. 

wamp  (womp),  11.  [Supposed  to  be  <  Massa- 
chusetts Ind.  wonwi,  white :  see  wampum.]  The 
American  eider-duck:  so  called  from  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  drake.     [Massachusetts.] 

wampee  (wom-pe'),  n.  [Also  whampee;  Chi- 
nese, <  liwang,  yellow,  -I-  pi,  skin.]  1.  The  fruit 
of  a  tree,  Clausena  IVampi,  of  the  Butacex,  tribe 
Aurantiese,  thus  allied  to  the  orange.  Tlie  native 
country  of  the  tree  is  unknown,  but  it  is  cultivated  in 
China,  India,  and  Malaya  for  the  fruit,  which  is  borne  in 
clusters,  and  is  of  the  size  and  somewhat  the  taste  of  a 
gi'ape,  with  an  additional  pleasant  flavor  of  its  own.  The 
tree  is  of  a  sweet  terebinthine  odor,  its  leaves  pinnate 
with  five  to  nine  smooth  and  shining  leaflets. 
2.  See  Pontederia. 

wampish  (wom'pish),  v.  t.  [Origin  obscure.] 
To  toss  about  in  a  threatening,  boasting,  or 
frantic  manner;  wave  violently;  brandish; 
flourish.     Scott.     [Scotch.] 

wampum  (wom'pum),  m.  [Formerly  also  wam- 
pom,  rcampame,  wompam ;  <  Amer.  Ind.  *wam- 
pum,  wompam,  <  Massachusetts  Ind.  wompi, 
Delaware  wapi,  white.]      Small   shell  beads 


wander 

[Southern  wan^  (won),  a.  [<  ME.  wan,  wanne,  <  AS.  wann, 
wonn,  dark,  black,  lurid  (as  an  epithet  of  the 
raven,  the  sea,  flame,  night,  also  of  shadows, 
ornaments,  clothes,  etc.):  connections  uncer- 
tain. According  to  some,  orig.  'deficient,'  sc. 
in  color,  and  so  connected  with  AS.  watt,  de- 
ficient: see  wan-  and  wane^,  wane^.  But  cf. 
W.  gwan,  Bret,  gwan  =  Jr.  Gael./ann,  faint,  fee- 
ble. According  to  others  (a  view  highly  im- 
probable), orig.  'worn  out  with  toil,  tired  out,'  < 
AS.  winnan  (pret.  wan,  won),  strive,  fight:  see 
win.']  1.  Dark;  black;  gloomy:  applied  to  the 
weather,  to  water,  streams,  pools,  etc. 

There  leuit  thay  laike,  and  the  laund  past : 
Ffor  the  wedur  so  wete,  and  the  wan  showres. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  h  9668. 

And  they  hae  had  him  to  the  wan  water. 
For  a'  men  call  it  Clyde. 

Earl  Richard  (Child's  Ballads,  IIL  5). 


While  and  Purple  Wampum.    (From  specimen  in  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City.) 

pierced  and  strung,  used  as  money  and  for  or- 
nament by  the  North  American  Indians.  The 
shell  was  cut  away,  leaving  only  a  cylinder  like  a  Euro- 
pean bugle.  Watupum  was  of  two  kinds,  white  and  black 
or  dark-purple.  An  imitation  of  wampum  consisting  of 
white  porcelain  beads  of  the  same  shape  has  been  made 
by  Europeans  for  sale  to  the  Indians.    See  the  second  quo-  wail-^t  (w'an). 


tation  under  wampumpeag. 

Ye  said  Narigansets  .  .  .  should  pay  .  .  .  2000  f  athome 
of  good  white  wainpame. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  437. 

Sachems  of  Long  Island  came  voluntarily,  and  brought 

a  tribute  to  us  of  twenty  fathom  of  wampom,  each  of  them. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  283. 

The  Indians  are  ignorant  of  Europes  Coyne ;  yet  they 
have  given  a  name  to  ours,  and  call  it  monfeash  from  the 
English  money.  Their  owne  is  of  two  sorts :  one  white, 
which  they  make  of  the  stem  or  stocke  of  the  Periwincle, 
which  they  call  Meteafthock,  when  all  the  shell  is  broken 
off :  and  of  this  sort  six  of  their  small  Beads  (which  they 
make  with  holes  to  string  the  bracelets)  are  currant  with 
the  English  for  a  Peny.  The  second  is  black,  inclining  to 
blew,  which  is  made  of  the  shell  of  a  fish,  which  some 
English  call  Hens,  Poquatthock,  and  of  this  sort  three 
make  an  English  peny.  .  .  .  This  one  fathom  of  this  their 
stringed  money,  now  worth  of  the  English  but  five  shil- 
lings (sometimes  more),  some  few  yeeres  since  was  worth 
nine,  and  sometimes  ten  shillings  per  Fathome.  .  .  .  Obs 
'Their  white  they  call  Womparn 
their  black  Suckanhock  ■~-  '  ' 


2.  Colorless ;  pallid ;  pale ;  sickly  of  hue. 

As  pale  and  wan  as  ashes  were  his  looke. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,  n.  xL  22. 
3t.  Sorrowful;  sad. 

In  maters  that  meuys  the  with  might  for  to  stir, 
There  is  no  worship  in  wepiug,  ne  in  wan  teres ; 
But  desyre  thi  redresse  all  with  derfe  strokis. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  3602. 

4t.  Frightful;  awful;  great. 

Then  come  thai  to  Calcas  the  cause  forto  wete, 
Of  the  wedur  so  wikkid,  and  the  wan  stormys. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  ISWa 

=Syn.  2.  Pallid,  etc.  (see  palei),  ashy,  cadaverous, 
wan^  (won),  )'.;  pret.  and  pp.  wanned,  ppr.  wan- 
ning.    [<  «)o»i,  a.]    I.  trans.  To  render  wan. 
II.  intrans.  To  grow  or  become  wan. 
AH  his  visage  timnn'd.  Shale.,  Hamlet,  li.  2.  580. 

A  vast  speculation  had  fail'd. 
And  ever  he  muttcr'd  and  madden'd,  and  ever  wann'd  with 
despair.  Tennyson,  Maud,  L  S. 

[Bare  in  both  uses.] 

An  old  preterit  of  ifi«l. 


wan-.  [<  ME.  wan-,  <  AS.  wan-  =  MD.  D.  wan- 
—  OHG.  MHG.  wan-,  G.  wahn-  =  Icel.  van-  = 
Sw.  Dan.  van-,  a  negative  prefix,  being  the  adj. 
AS.  wan  =  OFries.  wan,  won  =  MLG.  wan 
=  OHG.  wan  =  Icel.  vanr :  see  wane^,  wane^, 
wanfi,  wanse.  AS.  compounds  with  wan-  were 
numerous :  wanheelth,  want  of  health,  wanhdl, 
unhealthy,  wanhygd,  heedlessness,  etc. :  see 
wanbelief,  wanhope,  wanspeed,  wanton,  wan- 
trnst,  wanwit,  etc.]  A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  frequent  in  Middle  English,  meaning 
'wanting,  deficient,  lacking,'  and  used  as  a 
negative,  like  t/n-l,  with  which  it  often  inter- 
changed. It  differs  from  «n-l  in  denoting  more  em- 
phatically the  fact  of  privation.  It  still  exists  as  a  recog- 
nized pri'fii  in  provincial  use,  aJid  in  literaJy  use,  unrecog- 
nized as  a  prefix,  in  wanton. 

wanbelieft,  n.     [ME.  wanbeleve;  <  wan-  +  be- 


'omj^am  (which  signifies  white):  ,,w- j     Lack  of  faith.    Prompt.  Parv.,  j,.  515. 

antongst  themselves,  as  £othI'l"glSf  and  Dutch  ?*  Wanbelievert,«.  One  who  disbelieves.  Prompt. 

blacke  petiy  is  two  pence  white.  Parv.,  p.  515. 

Roger  Williams,  Key  to  Amer.  Lang. ,  xxiv.  wanchancy  (won-chan'si  ),a.    [<  wan-  +  cManey. 

Striped  wampum,  a  kind  of  wampum-snake,  ^iia«(or  Cf.  unchancy.]     Unlucky;  unchancy;  wicked. 

erythroyrammtts  of  S'orth  .\merica.  [Scotch  ] 

wampumpeag    (wom'pum-peg),   n.      [Amer.  .^a^^^  (^-ond)    „      [<  ME.  ifond,  wond,  <  Icel. 

Ind.,  <  wompam,  white,  +  i>cag,  strung  beads.]  „^„^^  (vand-),  a  wand,  a  switch,  =  OSw.  wand 


Strings  of  (originally  white)  wampum  formerly 
used  as  tokens  of  value  by  the  American  In- 
dians, and  by  the  whites,  especially  in  trade 
with  the  Indians. 

He  gave  to  the  governonr  a  good  quantity  of  icampom- 
peague.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  143. 

There  was  no  currency,  before  this  time,  .  .  .  unless  we 
choose  to  give  the  name  of  currency  to  the  toamptim,  or 
wampumpeage  (as  it  is  more  properly  called),  of  the  In- 
dians. .  .  .  Peage  was  the  name  of  the  suljstance,  which 
was  of  two  kinds- black  and  white.  Wampum,  or  worn- 
puiii,  is  the  Indian  word  for  white,  and  as  the  white  kind 
was  the  most  common,  wampumpeage  got  to  be  the  com- 
mon name  of  this  substance,  which  was  usually  abbrevi- 
ated into  wampum.  The  black  peage  consisted  of  the  small 
round  spot  in  the  inside  of  the  shell,  which  is  still  usual- 
ly called  in  this  neighborhood  by  its  Indian  name  of  quahog. 
These  round  pieces  were  broken  away  from  the  rest  of 
the  shell,  brought  to  a  smooth  and  regular  shape,  drilled 
through  the  center,  and  strung  on  threads.  The  white 
peage  was  tlie  twisted  end  of  several  small  shells,  broken 
olf  from  the  main  part.  These  portions  of  shell,  thus 
strung,  were  worn  as  bracelets  and  necklaces,  and  wrought 
into  belts  of  curious  workmanship.  They  thus  possessed 
an  intrinsic  value  with  the  natives,  for  the  purposes  of  or- 
nament ;  and  they  were  readily  taken  l)y  them  in  exchange 
for  their  furs.  E.  Everett,  ttrations,  I.  124. 

wampum-snake  (wom'pum-snak),)i.  The  red- 
bellied  snake,  Farancia  abacura,  a  harmless 
colubrine  serpent  of  the  United  States.  See 
cut  under  Farancia. 

wamsutta  (wom-sut'a),  «.  Cotton  cloth  made 
at  the  Wamsutta  Mills,  New  Bedford,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

wamus  (wam'us),  n.     Same  as  wammus. 


=  Dan.  vaand  =  Goth,  wandus,  a  rod;  so  called 
from  its  pliancy,  <  AS.  windan  (pret.  wand), 
etc.,  wind:  see  windK]  1.  A  slender  stick; 
a  rod. 

A  toppe  of  it  to  sette  other  a  wwide 

Ys  holdon  best  right  in  Apriles  ende. 

When  grene,  and  juce  upon  hem  dothe  ascende. 

Palladius,  Huslmndrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  123. 

His  spear,  to  equal  which  the  tallest  pine, 
Hewn  on  Norwegian  hills  to  be  the  mast 
Of  some  great  ammiral,  were  but  a  wand. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  294. 
2t.  A  twig;  a  bough. 

O  sweetly  sang  the  nightingale. 

As  she  sat  on  the  wand. 

The  Clerk's  twa  Sons  o'  Oicsenford  (Child's  Ballads,  IL  65). 

3.  A  rod,  or  staff  having  some  special  use  or 
character.     Specifically- (a)  A  staff  of  authority. 

Though  he  had  both  spurs  and  wand,  they  seemed  rather 
marks  of  sovereignty  than  instruments  of  punishment. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

(b)  A  rod  used  by  conjurers  or  diviners. 

Nay,  Lady,  sit ;  if  I  but  wave  this  inimJ, 
Your  nerves  are  all  chained  up  in  alabaster. 

MiltoTi,  Comus,  1.  659. 

(c)  A  small  baton  which  forms  part  of  the  insignia  of  the 
messenger  of  a  court  of  justice  in  Scotland,  and  which  he 
must  exhibit  before  executing  a  caption  :  called  more 
fully  wand  of  peace,  (d)  The  baton  used  by  a  musical  con- 
ductor.—Electric  wand,  an  electrophorus  in  the  form  of 
a  baton.    See  eicrfro^iAon/s.—KunlC  wand.    See  rtmici. 

wander  (won'der),  v.     [<  ME.  wanderer),  wan- 
dren,  wondrien,  <  AS.  wandrian,  wander,  =  OS. 


wander 

wandlon  =  D.  wandeleH=  OHG.  wantalon,  MHG. 
G.  waiulern,  waiideln  =  Sw.  vandra  =  Dan. 
vandre,  wander,  travel,  walk ;  a  freq.  form,  as- 
sociated with  wend  (AS.  wendaii,  etc.),  <  AS. 
icindan  (pret.  wand),  wind,  turn,  twist:  see 
windi,  wend^.]  1.  intrans.  1 .  To  ramble  with- 
out, or  as  if  without,  any  certain  course  or 
object  in  view ;  travel  or  move  from  place  to 
place;  range  about;  roam;  rove;  stroll;  stray. 
He  vxtndereth  abroad  for  bread.  Job  xv.  23. 

Wanderi7ig,  each  his  several  way 
Pursues,  as  inclinatiuii  or  sad  choice 
Leads  him  perplexed.  Milton,  P.  L.,  li.  523. 

2.  To  leave  home  or  a  settled  place  of  abode ; 
depart;  migrate. 

When  God  caused  me  to  minder  from  my  father's  house. 

Gen.  XI.  13. 

3.  To  depart  from  any  settled  course;  go 
astray,  as  from  the  paths  of  duty ;  stray ;  de- 
viate; err. 

You  wander  from  the  good  we  aim  at. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iiL  1.  138. 

4.  To  lose  one's  way;  be  lost.  [Colloq.]  —  5. 
To  think  or  speak  incoherently ;  i-ave ;  be  de- 
lirious. 

LitiU  he  Bleppit, 
Bat  xoandrit  &  woke  for  woo  of  his  buernes. 

DettruetioH  o/Troy(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  10097. 
Tom  BendilMW  seemed  to  have  something  on  his  mind, 
but  I  think  he  wanders  a  little.  He  may  speak  more  ex- 
plicitly to  you.  J.  llawthorne,  Dust,  p.  222. 
=87n.  1-3.  Roam,  Rove,  etc  (see  raiiMe),  straggle.— 3, 
Swerve,  digress. 

H.  trans.  1.  To  travel  over  without  a  cer- 
tain course;  stroll  through;  traverse. 

Wand'ring  many  a  famous  realm. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  234. 

2.  To  lead  astray:  cause  to  lose  the  way  or 
become  lost.     [Colloq.] 

wandered  (won'dtrd),  p.  a.  That  has  strayed 
or  become  lost:  as,  the  wandered  scolex  of  the 
dog's  tapeworm. 
wanderer  (wou'd^r-*r),  ».  [<  me.  wanderare 
(=  G.  wanderer);  <  wander  +  -«i'l.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  wanders;  one  who  roams 
about,  having  no  home  or  certain  place  of 
abode;  also,  one  who  strays  from  the  path  of 
duty. 

And  here  to  every  thirsty  wanderer. 
By  sly  enticement  gives  his  baneful  cup. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  524. 

8.  pi.  In  Arachnida,  specifically,  the  wandering 
as  distinguished  from  the  sedentary  spiders; 
the  vagabonds.  See  Vagabiotdee. 
wandering  Cwon'd6r-ing),/>.  a.  Koviug;  roam- 
ing; pursuing  no  fixed  course,  j)lan,  or  object; 
unsettled :  as,  a  wandering  spirit ;  wandering 
habits ;  a  wandering  minstrel. 

Pray  ye,  do  not  trouble  him ; 

You  see  he  's  weak,  and  has  a  icanderinff  fancy. 

Fletcher,  .Spanish  Curate,  iv.  5. 
If  a  man's  wits  be  wanderinp,  let  him  study  tlie  mathe- 
matics for  in  demonstrations,  if  his  wit  ix:  called  away 
never  so  little,  he  must  begin  again.  Bacon,  Studies. 

Wandering  abscess,  a  chronic  atiscess  which  burrows 
through  the  ti.-s8ues,  msually  in  obedience  to  the  law  of 
gravity,  and  appears  on  the  surface  at  some  distance  from 
H«  point  of  origin.— Wandering  cells,  the  leucocytes; 
cells  resembling,  and  probablyiaenticai  with,  the  white 
blood-curpuscleis  found  in  the  tissues  outside  of  the  Idood- 
vessels. — Wandering  Jew.  (a)  a  legendary  clinracter 
who,  according  to  one  version  (that  of  Matthew  Paris, 
dating  from  the  thirteenth  ct'iituryX  was  a  servant  of 
IMlate,  by  namo  Cartaiihiius,  and  gave  Christ  a  blow 
when  he  was  led  out  of  ttu"  palace  to  execution.  Ac- 
cording to  a  later  version  ho  was  a  cobbler  named  Ahas- 
nerus,  who  refused  Ctirist  permisHion  to  sit  down  and 
rest  when  lie  passed  his  bouse  on  the  way  to  Golgotha. 
Both  legends  agree  in  the  sentence  pronounced  by  Chrwt 
on  the  offender,  "Thou  shalt  wiinder  on  the  earth  till  I 
retnru."  A  prey  to  remorse,  he  baa  since  wandered  from 
land  to  land  without  being  able  to  flntl  a  gi'ave.  Ttie 
story  has  l>een  turned  to  account  by  many  poets  and  nov- 
elists. (6)  A  plant-name  :  (1)  The  beefsteak-  or  strawberry. 
geraninm,  Saxifraaa  xannetUfuta  ;  locally,  the  Kenilwortli 
Ivy,  Linaria  Cyinmlnria.  [Great  Britain.]  (2)  One  of 
two  or  three  hoUAe-plants,  aa  Zebritui  jiendida  (Trailer- 
eanlia  zebrirux),  which  are  planted  in  baskets  or  vessels  of 
water,  whence  they  spread  in  a  straggling  fashion.  Z. 
pendida  has  lance-ovate  or  oblong  leaves  wldch  are  crim- 
son beneath  and  green  or  purplish  alM,ve.  with  two  broad 
silvery  stripes.  Another  8<irt  has  bright  green  leaves. — 
Wandering  shearwater,  the  greater  shearwater,  Pu^- 
niM  mnjtrr,  a  bir<l  of  the  family  Pyocdlariidx.  See  cut 
under  haf/den.  —  Wandering  spiders.    See  icamierer,  2. 

—  Wandierlng  tattler,  Hfti'ro'^c-bu<  iiwanns,  a  bird  of 
the  snipe  fandly  'S''"ti>j)ariil/e).  widely  distributed  on  the 
coasts  and  islands  of  the  Pacillc.     See  cut  under  tattler. 

—  Wandering  tumor,  one  of  the  solid  ab<lonnnal  viscera 
which  has  l>eeome  movable  through  relaxation  of  its  at- 
tachments, as  a  floating  kidney. 

wandering  (won'der-iiif;),  «.  [<  ME.  wandcr- 
ynge,  wandringe  (=  MHG.  tfaiitleringe,  G.  iran- 
derung),  verbal  n.  of  wander,  r.]  1.  The  act  of 
one  who  wanders;  a  ramble  or  peregrination; 
a  journeying  hither  and  thither. 


6815 

And  many  a  tree  and  bush  my  wanderings  know. 
And  e'en  the  clouds  and  silent  stars  of  heaven. 

Jones  Very,  Poems,  p.  85. 

2.  A  straying  away,  as  from  one's  home  or  the 
right  way ;  a  deviation  or  digression  in  any  way 
or  from  any  course :  as,  the  wandering  of  the 
thoughts ;  a  wandering  from  duty. 

Let  him  now  recover  his  wanderings. 

Decaif  of  Christian  Piety. 

3.  Incoherence  of  speech;  raving;  delirium. 
wanderingly  (won'dcr-ing-li),  adv.     In  a  wan- 
dering or  unsteady  manner. 

When  was  Lancelot  waiideringly  lewd  ? 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

wandering-sailor  (wou'der-ing-sa"lor), ».  The 
moneywort,  Lysimacltia  Xummulari'a,  and  the 
Kenilworth  ivy  or  wandering  Jew,  Linaria  Cym- 
balaria,  from  their  creeping  habit. 

wandermentt  (won'der-ment),  «.  [<  wander  + 
-ment.'i    The  act  of  roaming  or  roving.    [Eare.] 

Barefoot  went 
L'pon  their  ten  toes  in  wild  wanderment. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  II.  Hi.  20. 

wanderoo  (won-de-ro'),  n.  [Also  wanderow, 
wanderu;  =  F.  ouanderou  (BufEon),  <  Cingalese 
wanderu,  a  monkey;  cf.  Hind,  bandar,  a  mon- 
key: see  bunder.'\  Alarge  catarrhine  monkey 
of  Malabar,  India,  Macacus  silenus.  It  is  about  3 
feet  long  to  the  tip  of  the  tail  (which  is  tufted),  of  a  black- 
ish color  with  pink  buttocks,  and  has  an  extravagant  mane 
of  long  hair  surrounding  the  face,  of  a  light  or  whitish 


Wanderoo  [Mnciicus  siUnus). 

color.  Notwithstanding  the  name,  the  wanderoo  is  not 
found  in  Ceylon,  where  that  native  name  applies  more 
properly  to  species  of  Snnnoyithecus,  as  the  great  wan- 
deroo or  maha,  S.  ursinus.  The  misapplication  origi- 
nated with  Button.  Also  called  Malabar  monkey,  lion- 
tailed  monkey,  babo&n,  or  macaque,  neel-chunder,  silenus, 
and  by  other  names. 

wandle  (won'dl),  a.  [Appar.  for  "wandly,  < 
wand  +  -ly^.  Ct.  icandy.']  Wand-like;  wandy; 
supple ;  pliant ;  nimble.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

wandoo  (won'do),  n.  [Native  Australian.]  A 
eucalypt,  Eucalyptus  rediinca,  the  white-gum  of 
western  Australia.  It  is  a  large  tree,  the  trunk  some- 
times 17  feet  in  diameter,  in  one  variety  suddenly  swelling 
out  near  the  ground.  It  furnishes  a  very  pale  heavy,  hard, 
tough,  and  durable  wood,  greatly  prized  for  wheelwork, 
especially  for  fellies. 

wandretht  (won'dreth),  H.  [<  ME.  wandreth, 
wandrcthc,  wondrcthc,  <  Icel.  vandrsedhi,  diffi- 
culty, trouble,  geuit.  as  adj.,  difficult,  trouble- 
some, <  landr,  difficult,  requiring  pains  and 
care,  hence  also  select,  choice,  picked,  also 
zealous,  -I-  rddli,  advice,  counsel,  management, 
=  E.  read:  see  rcad^,  n.,  and  ef.  -reth,  -red,  in 
hundrcth,  hundred,  kindred.  Cf.  quandary.']  Dif- 
ficulty; peril;  distress. 

Bettur  is  a  buerne  by  hym  sum  pes 
Than  in  wandreth  &  woo  to  wepe  all  his  lyue. 

Destruction  0/ Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  11514. 

wands  (wondz),  ».  pi.  [Prob.  <  Dan.  rand, 
water,  =  Norw.  rand,  water,  a  lake,  tarn:  see 
wafer.]     Roads;  a  roadstead. 

The  21  day  the  Primerose  remaining  at  an  anker  in  the 
vamls,  the  other  three  shippes  bare  into  Orwel  hauen. 

Ilaktuyt's  Voyages,  I.  310. 

wandsomdlyt,  adr.  [ME.,  for  * wansomely,  < 
wan  +  -Home  +  -h/-,  or  "wantsomely,  <  wantsome 
-I-  -/i/2.]     Sorrowfully. 

The  waye  unto  Wynchestre  thay  wcnte  at  the  gayneste, 
Wery  and  wandsomdly,  with  wondide  knyghtes. 

'Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4013. 

wandy  (won'di).  rt.  l<wand-\--y'^.]  Long  and 
flexiVile,  like  a  wand. 

wane^  (wan),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  waned,  ppr.  wan- 
ing. [<  ME.  wanen,  wanicn,  wonien,  <  AS. 
wanian,   wonian,   gewauiun  =    OFries.  wania, 


wang-tooth 

wonia  =  OHG.  wanoii,  wanen  =  Icel.  vana,  de- 
crease, wane;  from  the  adj.,  AS.  wan  =  OHG. 
wan  =  Icel.  vanr  =  Goth,  wans,  wanting,  de- 
ficient (an  adj.  also  appearing  as  a  negative 
prefix :  see  loan-),  =  Skt.  una,  lacking,  deficient, 
inferior ;  perhaps  an  orig.  pp.  of  a  root  u,  be 
empty,  Zend  -y/  «,  be  lacking,  existing  also  in 
Gr.  tiV(f,  bereaved,  G.  iide,  desolate,  etc.  Cf. 
jcrt»l,  want^.     Hence  jn'ob.  waniand,  wanion.] 

1.  intrans.  1.  To  decrease;  be  diminished:  ap- 
plied particularly  to  the  periodical  lessening  of 
the  illuminated  part  of  the  moon :  opposed  to 
wax. 

Undernethe  hir  feet  she  hadde  a  mone, 
Wexing  it  was,  and  sholde  wanie  sone. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1220. 
How  slow 
This  old  moon  wanes! 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1.  4. 

2.  To  decline;  fail;  sink;  approach  an  end. 

Wealth  and  ease  in  waning  age. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  142. 
Daylight  waned,  and  night  came  on. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

Il.t  trans.  To  cause  to  decrease;  lessen. 
That  he  [Christ]  takes  the  name  of  the  son  of  a  woman, 
and  wanes  the  glorious  name  of  the  Son  of  God. 

Donne,  Sermons,  iii. 

wanel  (wan),  w.  [<  ME.  wane,  <  AS.  wana  = 
Icel.  vani,  decrease,  wane:  see  wane^,  r.]  1. 
Periodic  decrease  of  the  illuminated  part  of  the 
moon  ;  period  of  decreasing  illumination. 

How  many  a  time  hath  Phcebe  from  her  wane 
With  Phoebus'  fires  filled  up  her  horns  again. 

Drayton,  On  his  Lady's  not  Coming  to  London. 

2.  Decline;  failure;  declension. 

Men,  families,  cities,  have  their  falls  and  wanes. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  04. 

3.  A  beveled  edge  of  a  board  or  plank  as  sawn 
from  an  unsquared  log,  the  bevel  being  caused 
by  curvature  of  the  log. 

All  the  thick-stuff  and  plank  to  be  cut  straight,  or 
nearly  so,  and  of  parallel  thickness,  and  to  be  measureii 
for  breadth  at  the  middle,  or  half  the  length,  taking  in 
half  the  tcatiee.  Laslett,  Timber,  p.  75. 

wane'-'t  (wan),  a.     [ME.,  <  AS.  wok,  deficient: 
see  wan-,  wati'^,  and  wane^,  v.]    Wanting;  lack- 
ing; deficient. 
And  qwo-so  be  wajie  schal  paye  a  pound  of  wax. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  30. 

wane''+,  ".    Same  as  wane.     York  Playts,  p.  106. 
wane-cloud   (wan'kloud),  n.     A  cin'o-stratus 
cloud. 

Modern  meteorologists  have  corroborated  the  specula- 
tive notions  of  the  ancients,  and  have  observed  the  prev- 
alence of  the  wane-clo^td  to  Ije  usually  followed  I)y  bad 
weather.  Forster,  .\tmospheric  Phenomena. 

Waney  (wa'ni),  a.  and  n.  [<  wane'i-  +  -y"^.]  I. 
a.  Having  a  natural  bevel  (compare  wane^,  «., 
3) ;  hence,  making  poor  lumber  from  irregular- 
ities of  the  surface,  as  a  log. 

II.  «.  The  thin  edge  or  feather-edge  of  slab 
cut  from  a  round  log  without  previous  squaring. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

wangl  (wang),  n.  [<  ME.  wange,  tconge,  <  AS. 
wange,  wonge,  cheek,  jaw  (toang-beard,  cheek- 
beard,  wang-toth,  wang-tooth,  jaw-tooth,  grind- 
er, thunwangc,  temple:  see  thunwange),  =  OS. 
wanga  =  L(jr.  vjang  =  OHG.  wanga,  MHG.  G. 
wange,  cheek,  jaw  (Goth.  *waggo  not  recorded) ; 
by  some  supposed  to  have  been  orig. '  an  extend- 
ed surface'  (the  expanse  of  the  face),  and  thus 
connected  with  AS.  wang,  wong  =  Icel.  vangr 
=  Goth,  wnggs,  a  plain,  field,  meadow,  though 
most  names  for  parts  of  the  body  have  no  such 
origin.]  1.  The  jaw,  jaw-bone,  or  cheek-bone. 
[Obsolete  or  vulgar.] 

Thy  wordis  makis  me  my  wangges  to  wete. 
And  chauuges,  childe,  ful  often  my  cheere. 

York  Plays,  p.  64. 

2t.   [Short  for  wang-tooth.]     A  cheek-tootli  or 

grinder.     Chaucer. 
wang^t  (wang),  n.     A   dialectal   reduction  of 

wAawr/i. 
wangala  (wa#g'ga-la),  «.     Same  as  vanglo. 
wangert,    "•     [Also   wonger;  <   ME.    wangere, 

wongcr,  wongvre,  <  AS.  wangere  (=  OHG.  wan- 

gari    =   Goth,    waggari),    a   pillow,    <    wange, 

j<io?(f/«,  etc.,  cheek:  aee  wang'^.]     A  rest  for  the 

cheek;  a  pillow. 

His  bryght  helm  was  his  wonger. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  201. 

Wang-tootht  (wang'toth),  «.  [<  ME.  wang- 
tootfie,  <  AS.  wangtotli,  <  wang,  cheek,  -I-  tiith, 
tooth:  see  wang^  and  tooth.]  A  cheek-tooth; 
a  grinder  or  molar. 

He  boffatede  me  a-boute  the  mouthe  and  bete  oute  my 
wang-teth.  Piers  Plou-ntan  (CX  xxiii.  191. 


wang-tooth 

Of  this  n&ses  cheke,  that  was  dreye, 
Out  of  a  n'any-tooth  sprang  anon  a  welle. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  54. 

wangun  (waug'guu),  n.  [Amer.  Ind.]  A  place 
for  keeping  small  supplies  or  a  reserve  stock ; 
especially,  the  chest  in  a  lumber-camp  con- 
taining clothing,  shoes,  tobacco,  etc.,  which  are 
sold  to  the  men. 

wanhopet  (won'hop),  «.     [<  ME.  wanhope  (= 

MD.  wanhoop);  <  wan-  +  hope^.'\     1.  Lack  of 

hope ;  hopelessness ;  despair. 

Tlianne  wex  that  shrewe  in   ivanhope  and  walde  haue 

hanged  him-self.  Piers  Plomnan  (B),  v.  286. 

Wei  oughte  I  sterve  in  ivanhope  and  distresse. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  391. 

Alle  hise  disciplis  weren  in  ivanhope; 
For  to  eoumforte  them  ihesu  thouste. 

Hijmm  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  51. 

2.  Vain  hope  ;  delusion. 
The  foolyshe  ivanhope  ...  of  some  usurer, 

Chaioner,  tr.  of  MorisD  Encoiniuin,  H  3  b.    (Nareg.) 

waniandt,  «•  [ME.  waniand.  wamjaiid,  tceny- 
ande;  appar.  a  noun  use  of  ME.  waniand,  ppr. 
(<  AS.  waniende)  of  wanien,  wanen,  wane:  see 
wane'^.  Ci.  tcanion .1  Waning ;  specifically,  the 
waning  of  the  moon,  regarded  as  implying  ill 
luck. 

Be  they  kyngia  or  knyghtis,  in  care  ge  thaini  cast ; 
gaa,  and  welde  thani  in  woo  to  wonne,  in  the  wanyand. 

York  Plays,  p.  124. 
He  would  of  lykelyhood  byude  them  to  cartes  and  beate 
them,  and  make  theym  wed  in  the  waniand. 

Sir  T.  Mare,  Works,  p.  306. 

'Waniont  (wan'ion),  n.  [Also  xoannion,  wenion; 
prob.  a  later  form  of  waniand,  used  in  impreca- 
tions with  a  vague  implication  of  ill  luck  or  mis- 
fortune.] A  word  found  only  in  the  phrases  wiWi 
a  icanion,  in  the  wanion,  and  loanions  on  you,  gen- 
erally interpreted  to  denote  some  kind  of  im- 
precation— 'WithawaJllon.  (n)  Bad  luck  to  you ;  the 
mischief  take  you,  or  the  like. 

MaiTv,  hang  you ! 
Westward  with  a  wanion  t'  ye ! 
Marston,  Jonson,  aiui  Chapman,  Eastward  Ho,  iii.  2. 
"  Bide  down,  with  a  mischief  to  you — bide  down  with  a 
wanion,"  cried  the  king.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

(6)  "  With  a  vengeance  " ;  energetically ;  vehemently ;  em- 
phatically ;  hence,  in  short  order ;  summarily. 

He  should  have  been  at  home  preaching  in  his  diocese 
icith  a  tcaunion.   Latitner,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

"Marry  gep  with  a  icenion!"  quod  Arthur-a-Bland, 

Robin  Hood  and  the  Tanner  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  225). 
Yet  considering  with  himself  that  wares  would  be  wel- 
come where  money  wanteth,  he  went  with  a  wanion  to 
his  mother's  chamber,  and  there,  seeking  about  for  odd 
ends,  at  length  found  a  little  whistle  of  silver  that  his 
mother  did  use  customarily  to  wear  on. 

Hfirman,  Caveat  for  Cursetors,  p.  76. 
Come  away,  or  I'll  fetch  thee  tvith  a  wanion, 

Shafc.,  Pericles,  ii.  1.  17. 

I'll  tell  Ralph  a  tale  in  's  ear  shall  fetch  him  again  with 

a  wanion.     lieait.  and  Ft. ,  Kniglit  of  Burning  Pestle,  ii.  2. 

1  sent  him  out  of  my  company  with  a  wanion  —  I  would 

rather  have  a  rifler  on  my  perch  thau  a  false  knave  at  my 

elbow.  Scott,  Abbot. 

wankapin  (wong'ka-pin),  n.     [N.  Amer.  Ind.] 

The  watev-ehinkapiu.     Also  yoncopin. 
'Vrankle  (waii'kl),  a.     [<  ME.  wankel,  <  AS.  tvau- 
col,  woncol  (=  OS.  wancal  =  OHGr.  waiwhal, 
MHG.  wankel),  unsteady,  unstable ;  ef.  OHG. 
MHG.   wane,   unsteady  movement,  doubt,  G. 
wank,  remove,  change;  OHG.  wanchon,  MHG. 
wanken,  be  unsteady,  vacillate,  =  Icel.  vakka 
=  Sw.  vanka,  wander  about ;  connected  with 
AS.  wincian,  etc.,  wink :  see  wink,  tcince,  and  cf. 
weneh.]    Weak;  unstable;  not  to  be  depended 
on.     [5forth.  Eug.] 
■wanly  (won'li),rtrfc.     [<  w«h  4- -/i/l.]    In  a  wan 
or  pale  manner;  palely. 
■wanness  (won 'new),  n.      [<  ME.  wannesse ;  < 
H-an'^  -(- -Hf.s.s.]     Tlie  state  or  appearance  of  be- 
ing wan;  paleness:  a  sallow,  dead,  pale  color: 
as,  the  wannens  of  the  cheeks  after  a  fever. 
wannish  (won'ish),  a.      [Early  mod.   E.  also 
wniii.ili :  <  (rf(»l  -I-  -!«ftl.]     Somewhat  wan;  of 
a  pale  hue. 

The  wanish  moon,  which  sheens  by  night. 

4  Surrey,  Ps.  viii. 
Upon  her  crest  she  wore  a  wannish  fire, 
Sprinkled  with  stars,  like  Ariadne's  tiar. 

Keats,  Lamia,  i. 
-Morning  arises  stormy  and  pale. 
No  sun,  but  a  wannish  glare 
In  fold  upon  fold  of  hueless  cloud. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  vi.  1. 

wanrestful  (won-rest'ful),  a.  [<  wan-  -I-  rest- 
ful.]    Restless.     [Scotch.] 

An'  may  they  never  learn  the  gaets 
Of  ither  vile  wanrest/u'  pets. 

Burns,  Death  of  Poor  Mailie. 

Wanrufet,  ".  [<  w/m-  -t-  Sc.  >■«/'«,  ruff,  roif, 
rest;  cf. /•ool.]     Disquietude. 


6816 

Bot  I  half  mervell  in  certalne 

Quhat  makis  th^  this  ivanrvje. 
Robeiie  and  Makyne  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  246). 

wanset  (wons),  v.  i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  wanze  ; 
<  ME.  wansen,  diminish,  decrease,  <  AS.  wan- 
sian,  diminish;  with  verb-formative  -»■,  as  in 
minsian,  decrease  (see  mince),  and  cleensian, 
cleanse  (see  cleanse),  <  wan,  deficient:  see 
wane'^.']  To  wane ;  waste ;  pine ;  wither. 
His  lively  hue  of  white  and  red,  his  cheerfulness  and 

strength. 
And  all  the  things  that  liked  him  did  wanze  away  at  length. 
Qolding,  tr,  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  iii.    {Trench.) 

'Wanspeedt,  "•  [ME.  wanspede;  <  AS.  wansped ; 
as  wan-  +  speed.']     Ill  fortune. 

What  whylenes,  or  wanspede,  wryxles  our  mynd? 

Destmetion  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  I.  9827. 

'Wantif  (wont),  a.  [ME.,  also  wont,  <  Icel.  vant, 
neut.  (with  reg.  Scand.  neut.  suffix  -t,  as  seen 
also  in  thwart,  another  word  of  Scand.  origin) 
of  vanr,  lacking:  see  wan-,  juawel.]  Lacking; 
deficient. 

And  fyue  wont  of  fyfty,  quoth  God,  I  sclial  forsete  alle. 
Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  740. 

■want^  (wont),  n.  [<  ME.  want,  wonte,  lack,  de- 
ficiency, indigence,  <  Icel.  vant,  want,  <  vant, 
lacking:  see  want^,  o.]  1.  Lack;  deficiency; 
scarcity;  dearth,  or  absence  of  what  is  needed 
or  desired:  as,  irant  of  thought ;  want  of  money. 
'Prentices  in  Paul's  Church-yard,  that  scented 
Your  want  of  Breton's  books. 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  iii.  4. 
He  came  the  first  Night  to  Mangera,  but,  for  want  of  a 
Pilot,  did  not  know  where  to  look  for  the  Town. 

DaTnpier,  Voyages,  I.  125. 

2.  A  vacant  part,  place,  or  space ;  a  vacancy. 
The  wants  in  the  wheels  of  your  watch  are  as  useful  to 

the  motion  as  the  nucks  or  solid  parts. 

Baxter,  Divine  Life,  1.  in. 

3.  That  which  is  lacking,  but  needed ;  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  absence  of  some  need- 
ful, important,  or  desirable  thing. 

Yet,  to  supply  the  ripe  wants  of  my  friend, 

I'll  break  a  custom.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3,  64. 

4.  The  state  of  being  without  means;  poverty; 
penury;  indigence. 

An  endless  Spring  of  Age  the  Good  enjoy, 
Where  neither  Want  does  pinch,  nor  Plenty  cloy. 

Cowley,  Pindaric  Odes,  i.  7. 
King  out  the  want,  the  care,  the  sin, 
The  faithless  coldness  of  the  times. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cvi. 
5t.  A  time  of  need. 

He  wept  and  shed  many  tears,  blessing  God  that  had 
brought  him  to  see  their  faces,  and  adntiring  the  things 
they  had  done  in  their  wants. 

N.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  112. 

6.  That  which  cannot  be  dispensed  with ;  a  ne- 
cessity. 

Habitual  superfluities  become  actual  wants. 

Paley,  Mor.  Phil,,  vi,  11. 

7.  In  coal-mining,  same  as  iiip^,  8 Want  of  con- 
sideration. See  consideration.  =  Syn.  1.  Insufficiency, 
scantiness,  dearth,  default,  failure. —  3.  Requirement,  de- 
sideratum.—4.  Need,  Inditjerice,  etc.  (see  poverty),  dis- 
tress, straits. 

■want!  (wont),  V.  [<  ME.  wanten,  wonten,  <  Icel. 
vanta,  want,  lack,  <  vanr,  neut.  vant,  lacking: 
see  want^,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  be  without;  be 
destitute  of;  lack:  as,  to  want  knowledge  or 
judgment ;  to  leant  food,  clothing,  or  money. 

Many  a  mayde,  of  which  the  name  I  want. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  287. 
The  Lord  our  God  wants  neither  Diligence, 
Nor  Love,  nor  Care,  nor  Powr,  nor  Providence. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  7. 
As  a  barren  Coxcomb,  that  wants 
Discourse,  is  ever  entertaining  Company  out  of  the  last 

Book 
He  read  in.  Etherege,  She  Would  if  she  Could,  iv.  2. 

They  want  many  bad  qualities  which  abound  in  the 
others.  Suift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iii.  10. 

2.  To  be  deficient  in;  fall  short  in;  be  lack- 
ing in  respect  of,  or  to  the  amount  of. 

Another  will  say  it  [the  English  language]  ivaivteth 
Grammer.  Nay,  truly,  it  hath  that  praise,  that  it  wanteth 
not  Grammer :  for  Grammer  it  might  have,  but  it  needs  it 
not.       Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie  (ed.  Arber),  p.  70. 

We  want  nothing  now  but  one  Dispatch  more  from 
Rome,  and  then  the  Marriage  will  be  solemnized. 

Howell,  Letters,  T.  iii.  26. 

Trust  me,  Sir,  I  thought  we  had  wanted  three  miles  of 
this  house,  till  you  showed  it  to  me. 

I.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  56. 

3.  To  do  without;  dispense  with ;  spare. 

For  law,  physick,  and  divinitie  need  so  the  help  of 
tonges  and  sciences  as  thei  can  not  want  them. 

Ascham  (Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  16). 
Which  they  by  this  attempt  were  like  to  loose,  and  there- 
fore were  willing  to  ivant  his  presence. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  ."iS. 

The  dragoons  will  be  crying  for  ale,  and  they  wunna 

ivant  it,  and  mannna  want  it       Scott,  Old  Mortality,  iv. 


wanting 

4.  To  have  occasion  for,  as  something  requi- 
site, useful,  or  proper;  require;  need. 

Man  wants  but  little  here  below, 
Nor  wants  that  little  long. 

Qoldimith,  The  Hermit. 
Not  what  we  wish,  but  what  we  want. 
Oh  !  let  thy  grace  supply.  Merrick,  Hymn. 

5.  To  feel  a  desire  for;  feel  the  need  of ;  wish 
or  long  for;  desire;  crave. 

I  want  more  uncles  here  to  welcome  me. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iiL  1.  6. 
The  good  pope  .  .  .  s.iid,  with  scorn  and  indignation 
which  well  became  him,  that  he  wanted  i\o  such  prose- 
lytes. Macavlay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vl. 
If  he  want  me,  let  him  come  to  me. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

6.  To  desire  to  see,  speak  to,  or  do  business 
with;  desire  the  presence  or  assistance  of ;  de- 
sire or  require  to  do  something:  as,  you  are 
the  very  man  we  want;  call  me  if  I  am  wanted; 
the  general  wanted  him  to  capture  the  battery. 
=  Syn.  Need,  etc    See  lacki,  v.  t. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  be  lacking,  deficient,  or 
absent. 

If  ye  wanten  in  thees  tweyne. 
The  world  is  lore. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  to  Pity,  1.  76. 
There  shall  want 
Nothing  to  express  our  shares  in  your  delight,  sir. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iii.  1. 
As  in  bodies,  thus  in  souls,  we  find 
What  wantjs  in  blood  and  spirits,  swell'd  with  wind. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  L  208. 

2.  To  fail;  give  out;  fall  short. 

They  of  the  citie  fought  valiantly  with  Engines,  Darts, 
Arrowes :  and  when  Stones  wanted,  they  threw  Silner, 
especially  molten  Siluer.        Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  402. 

The  front  looking  to  the  river,  tho'  of  i-are  worke  for  y« 
carving,  yet  warUs  of  that  magnificence  which  a  plainer 
and  truer  designe  would  have  contributed  to  it. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  8,  1644. 

3.  To  be  in  need ;  suffer  from  lack  of  some- 
thing. 

He  cannot  wai\t  for  money.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iiL  2.  10. 
want^t  (wont),  n.  [Also  leont;  for  wand,  <  ME. 
wand,  <  AS.  wand,  a  mole,  also  in  comp.  wand- 
wyrp,  a  mole  (cf.  moldwarp),  =  G.  dial,  wond, 
wonne  =  Sw.  dial,  rand  =  Norw.  rand,  vaand, 
viind,  vond,  a  mole.]     The  mole  or  moldwarp. 

They  found  beards  of  deere  feeding  by  thousands,  and 
the  Countrie  full  of  strange  Conies,  headed  like  ours,  with 
the  feet  of  a  Want,  and  taile  of  a  Cat,  hauing  vnder  their 
chins  a  bagge,  into  which  they  gather  their  meat  when 
they  haue  filled  their  bodie  abroad. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  779. 

■want^t,  n.  [Prob.  <  Icel.  rottr  {rati-,  orig.  vant-) 
=  OSw.  wante,  a  glove,  =  Sw.  Dan.  rante  =  D. 
want,  a  mitten;  cf.  OSw.  winda,  wind,  involve, 
wrap,  r=  E.  wind,  turn.  Cf.  OF.  want  (f ),  guant. 
gant,  F.  gant  =  Pr.  gan,  giian  =  Sp.  guante  = 
Pg.  guanies  (pi.)  =  It.  guanto,  prob.  <  ML.  wan- 
tus,  a  glove ;  <  Tent.  Hence  (from  the  F.  gant) 
E.  gantlet^,  gauntlet^.']     A  glove.     Imp.  Diet. 

wa'n't  (want).  A  colloquial  and  vulgar  contrac- 
tion of  was  not. 

wantage  (won'taj), )).  [<  want^  -1-  -oge.]  De- 
ficiency ;  that  wliich  is  wanting. 

Inspectors  and  Gangers  shall  make  a  detailed  return  (in 
duplicate)  of  each  lot  inspected,  showing  the  serial  Duni- 
l>er  of  each  stamp  affixed  thereto,  the  gauge,  ivantage, 
proof,  and  number  of  proof  gallons. 

Xeiv  York  Produce  Exchange  Report,  1888-9,  p.  2,'i6. 

■wan^ter  (won't^r),  n.  [<  want^  -\-  -rcl.]  1.  One 
who  wants;  one  who  is  in  need. 

Tlie  wanters  are  despised  of  God  and  men. 

Davies,  Scourge  of  Folly,  p.  21,    {Davies.) 

2.  An  unmarried  person  who  wants  a  mate. 
Halliu-eU.     [Colloq.] 
want-gracet  (wont'gras),  «.    [<  want^,  v.,  +  obj. 
grace.]    A  reprobate. 

Want  a  want-grace  to  performe  thedeede. 

Davies,  Microcosmos,  p.  57.    (Daries.) 

want-hill  (wont'hil),  «.  [<  wanl^  +  hiin.]  A 
mole-hill. 

Walter  EjTes,  digging  waut-hills,  8*. 
Darrelt  Papers  (in  H.  Halls  Society  in  Elizabethan  Age). 

wan-thriven   (won-thriv'n),  a.      [<   wan-  + 
thriven.]     Stunted  ;  decayed;  in  a  state  of  de- 
cline.    [Scotch.] 
wanting  (won'ting),  }).  a.     [<  want^  +  -ing^.] 
1.  Deficient  or  lacking. 

Thou  art  weighed  in  the  balances,  and  art  found  loanl- 
ing.  Dan,  v,  27. 

Each,  with  streaming  Eyes,  supplies  his  wanting  Urn. 

Congreve,  Death  of  Queen  Mary. 

The  young  people  of  our  time  are  said  to  be  tcaniing  in 

reverence,  J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p,  256. 

2t.  Needy;  poor. 

You  forget  yourself : 
I  have  not  seen  a  gentleman  so  backward, 
A  wanting  gentleman. 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  ii,  4. 


6817 

H.  trans.  If.  To  make  wanton. 

If  he  does  win,  it  wantotig  him  with  over-plus,  and  enters 


wapiti 

The  werld  wannes  at  a  wappe,  and  the  wediie  gloumes. 

Alliteratiee  Poems  (ed.  Moiris),  Oloss.,  p.  20!). 

hin.  h.to  new  ways  of  expence.    !..»*«„,,  Resolves,  ii.  .,8.  Z"w'j?te1t?a'e  his  hS  ""aT'' 

2.  To  spend  or  waste  in  wantonness.  Leeaome  Brand  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  343). 

Hee  wanlont  away  his  life  foolishly  that,  when  he  is  fvap^f  (wop),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  wctppen  (also  eomp. 

,.,iii  *..i,o  „),.,.,„i,  f„  ™„i.„  !,,„,  =i..i-  atwappen,  hiwappen),  lap  or  wrap,  wrap  up  (per- 


wanting 

The  loantiiig  orphans  saw  with  watery  eyes 
Their  founders'  charity  in  dust  laid  low. 

Dt-ydeiij  .\nnus  Mirabills,  st.  274. 

■wanting  (w6n'ting),jp)'ejj.  Except;  less;  minus. 
Twelve,  wanting  one,  he  slew. 

Drydeii,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  xii.  727.      ^^^^  ^j„  t^ke  physiik  to  make  him  siOk 
WantleSS    (wont'Ies),    a.      [<    iiY(H(l   +  -less.']  Bjp.  Haii,  Defeat  of  Cruelty. 

Having  no  want ;  abundant;  fruitful.    [Bare.]  wantonheadt,   wan'tonhoodt    (won' ton-hed, 
The  M>on<-/e«» counties,  Essex,  Kent,  -hud),  H.      [<  ME.    wantounhede ;  <  wanton  + 

Surrie.  n-atwr,  Albion's  England,  ill.  7.     -head, -liood.]     Wantonness.  Wap2  (wop)    ».     [AXao  wai>p,  ifnp ;  <  wap'^,  v-] 

wanto  (wan'to),  H.      A  reed-buek  of  western  wantoningi  (won'ton-ing),  n.     [Verbal  a.  of     ^   Abale  or  bundle.asof  hayor  straw.   [Scotch 

Africa:  same  as  n«(/o)',  1.  wanton,  r.\     The  act  of  playing  the  wanton.  -_._--.. 

wanton  (won'ton),  a.  and  n.     [<  ME.  wantonn,  wantoning'-'   (won'ton-ing),  n.      [<  wanton  + 
wantoicn,  waHtoicen,wantosei',  also,  with,  loss ot    -ing'^-]     A  wanton;  a  dallier. 

"  ....  g^^^  since,  I  saw  it  painted  on  fame's  wings 

The  Muses  to  be  woxen  wantoning^. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  I.  ii.  34. 


haps  confused  with  wraiipen,  wJappen,  wrap, 
lap):  seeicrty), /a/)3.]  To  wrap;  tie;  bind.  Hal- 
Uwell. 


pp.  suffix  -n,  wantowe,  orig.  '  uneducated,  unre- 
strained,' hence  '  licentious,  sportive,  playful,' 
<  wan-,  not,  +  towen  (also  i-towen),  <  AS.  togen 


(also  getogen),  pp.  of  teon  (pret.  teah,  pi.  tiigon)  wantonizet  (won'ton-Tz), 


V.    I. 


=  Goth,  tiulian,  etc.,  =  L.  ducere,  draw:  see  wan- 
and  teel  (of  which  -ton  is  the  pp.  reduced).  Cf. 
ME.  untowen,  perverse,  G.  ung'ezogcn,  ill-bred, 
rude,  uncivil.  Cf.  the  opposite  ME.  wel  i-towen, 
well-taught,  modest.]  1.  «.  1.  Ill  brought  up; 
imdisciplined;  unrestrained;  hence,  free  from 
moral  control. 

He  .  .  .  aasociate  vnto  hym  certeyn  icanton  persones, 
&  bete  his  niayster.  Fabyan,  Chron.,  cxxvii. 

2.  Characterized  by  extreme  recklessness,  fool- 
hardiness,  or  heartlessness;  malicious;  reck- 
lessly disregardful  of  right  or  of  consequences : 
applied  both  to  persons  and  to  their  acts. 

The  wanton  troopers  riding  by 
Have  shot  ray  fawn,  and  it  will  dye. 
Marvell,  Xymph  Complaining  for  Death  of  her  Fawn. 

3.  Wild;  unruly;  loose;  unrestrained. 

And  take  good  hede  bi  wisdom  &  resonn 

That  bi  no  leantowite  l.-tnjiuge  thou  do  noon  offence 

To-fore  thi  souereyne  while  he  is  in  presence. 

Babrex  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  27. 

She,  as  a  veil,  down  to  the  slender  waist 
Her  unadorned  golden  tresses  wore 
DUhevel'd,  but  in  icanton  ringlets  waved. 

MiWm,  v.  L,  iv.  304. 

How  does  your  tongue  grow  wanton  in  her  praise  ! 

Addimn,  <'ato,  i.  :>. 

4.  Playful;  sportive;  frolicsome. 

All  leanton  as  a  child,  skipping  and  vain. 

Shale.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  771. 

Ye  valleys  low,  where  the  mild  whispers  rise 

Of  shades,  and  wanton  winds,  and  gushing  brooks. 

naton,  Lycidas,  1.  136. 

5.  Bank;  lu.Yuriant. 

The  quaint  mazes  in  the  wanton  green. 

Sludi.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  1.  flii. 

Every  ungovernable  passion  grows  wanton  and  luxuri- 
ant in  corrupt  religions.  Bacon,  Fable  of  Dionysius. 


[<   wanton 
wanton. 


-i.e.]     To  frolic;  sport;  dally 

That  broad  and  glaring  way  wherein 
Wild  sinners  find  full  space  to  ivantonize. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  72. 

wan'tonly  (won'tgn-li),  adv.  [<  wanton  +  -ly^.} 
In  a  wanton  man'ner.  Specifically— (o)  Recklessly; 
unadvisedly;  thoughtlessly;  without  regard  for  right  or 
consequences. 

A  plague  so  little  to  be  fear'd 
As  to  be  wantonly  incurr'd. 

Cowper,  Mutual  Forbearance. 

No  nation  will  wantonly  go  to  war  with  another  if  it  lias 

nothing  to  gain  thereby.      Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  289. 

(6)  Frolicsomely ;  sportfully ;  gaily ;  playfully ;  carelessly. 
How  sweet  these  solitary  places  are  I  how  wantonly 


and  North.  Eng.]— 2.  A  shroud-stopper. —  3. 
A  pendant  with  a  thimble  in  one  end  tlirongh 
which  running  rigging  is  led. 
wapS+  (wop),  V.   i.    [<  ME.  wappen,  bark;  cf. 
j(ia^2  and  j/ryj.]     To  bark;  yelp. 

Wappynge  or  baflyng  as  howndys.  Prompt.  Pare. 

"lis  the  little  wapping  of  small  dogs  tliat  stirs  up  the 

C.  Mather,  Discourse  on  Witchcraft  (ed.  10b9),  p.  24. 

wapacut  (wop'a-kut),  n.  [NL.  as  specific  name 
wapacnthu;  <  A'mer.  Ind.  (Cree)  wapaeuthu,  wa- 
pow-keetho  (also  ivapohoo),  a  white  owl:  a  name 
applied  by  Pennant  and  Latham  to  a  kind  of  owl 
describedinthemanuscriptnotesof  Mr.  Huteh- 
ins,  who  resided  on  Severn  river,  near  Hudson's 
Bay.]  A  large  white  spotted  owl,  about  2  feet 
long  and  without  ear-tiifts,  believed  to  be  the 
common  snowy  owl,  Nyctea  scandiaca.  See  cut 
under  snow-owl. 

wapen,  n.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  oi' 
weapon. 


"'\wth'''em°'*'''''°"*''''''''"'F".yc^^^^^^  wapenshaw  (wop'n-sha),   n.     [Sc,  also    «.«7,- 

y)eHs7iaw,  JfrtiJ/HSo/fflw,  etc.,  lit. 'weapon-show,' 
<  wapen  (a  form  of  weapon)  +  shaw.]     A  show 


(e)  Lewdly ;  lasciviously. 
wantonness   (won'ton-nes),  ».     [<   ME.  wan- 
townesse ;  <  wanton  +  -ness.~\     1.  The  state  or 
character  of  being  wanton,  in  any  sense. 

.Somwhat  lie  lipsed  for  his  wantowneue, 
To  make  his  English  swete  upon  his  tonge. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  264. 

I  rather  will  suspect  the  sun  with  cold 
Than  thee  with  wantonness. 

Shak.,  -M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  4.  8. 

Wantonness  and    luxury,  the  wonted  companions  of 

plenty,  grow  up  as  fast.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng. ,  ill. 

2.  A  wanton  or  outrageous  act. 

It  were  a  wantonness,  and  would  demand 
Severe  reproof.  Wordsworth,  Excursion,  i. 

wantrustt,  »•      [<  MK.  wantmst  (=  MD.  «•««- 
troost);  <  wan-  +  trnst^,  q.  v.]     Distrust. 
<)  wantrt'st!  ful  of  fals  suspeecioun. 

Chaueer,  .Manciple's  Talc,  1.  177. 

wantsomet  (wdut'sum),  a.    [<  ME 
<  want^  +  -some.]     Poor;   needy. 


6.  Characterized  by  unrestrained  indulgence  of  ^antwitt  (wont'wit),  n.     [<  wanfi,  r..  +  obj 


dissolute; 


the  natural  impulses  or  appetites 
licentious. 

The  proud  day, 
Att«nde<t  with  the  pleasures  of  the  world, 
Is  all  too  wanton  and  too  full  of  gawds. 

S/ia*.,K.  John,  iii.  3.  36. 
Men,  grown  leanton  by  prosperity. 
Study  d  new  arts  of  luxury  and  ease. 

Roscommon,  tr.  of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 

WatUoH  professor  and  damnalile  apostate. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

7.   Particularly,  unchaste;   lascivious;  libidi- 
nous; lustful;  lewd. 

Thou  art  .  .  .  froward  Ijy  nature,  enemy  to  peace, 
Lascivious,  wanton.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1.  19. 

A  icanton  mistress  Is  a  common  sewer. 

Ford,  Lady's  Trial,  i.  '-'. 

n.  «.  1.  A  pampered,  petted  creature;  one 
spoiled  by  fondness  or  indulgence;  also,  a  frol- 
icsome, roving,  sportive  creature;  atrifler:  used 
sometimes  as  a  term  of  endearment. 


Thy  parents  made  thee  a  tranton  with  too  much  cocker-  Wanyt,  i' 


One  destitute  of  wit  or  sense ;  a  fool 
Sucll  a  itant-wit  sadness  makes  of  me 
That  I  have  much  ado  to  know  myself. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1.  6. 

wantyl  (won'ti),  «.;  pi.  wanties  (-tiz).  [Ori- 
gin uncertain.]  A  leather  tie  or  rope;  a  short 
wagon-rope;  a  rope  used  for  binding  a  load 
upon  the  back  of  a  beast.     [Local,  Eng.] 

wanty^t  (won'ti),  «.;  pi.  wanties  (-tiz).  [Dim. 
of  ICO «(■*.]     A  mole;  a  moldwarp. 

Some  creatures,  albeit  they  l)e  alwales  covered  within 
the  ground,  yet  live  and  breath  nevertheless,  and  namely 
the  scanty  or  mold-warpes. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  ix.  7.     (Encyc.  Diet.) 

wan'Witt,  ».  [ME.  wanwit  (=  O.  wahnwitz  =  Sw. 
vanntt  =  Dan.  ranvid) ;  <  wan-  +  wit.]  Lack  of 
sense;  foolishness. 

Schild  mc  from  poin  of  helle  pit, 
That  I  hane  dcscruud  thorow  uan-u-ite. 

Holy  Rood  (F,.  E.  T.  H.),  p.  180. 

A  Middle  English  form  of  wane^. 


or  review  of  persons  under  arms,  formerly  made 
at  certain  times  in  every  district.    These  exhibi- 
tions or  meetings  were  not  designed  for  military  exercises, 
but  only  to  show  that  the  lieges  were  properly  provided 
with  arms.    The  name  has  been  revived  in  some  quarters 
in  Great  Britain,  and  applied  to  the  periodical  gatherings 
of  the  volunteer  corps  of  a  more  or  less  wide  district  foi 
review,  inspection,  shooting  competitions,  etc.    [Scotch.] 
We  went  to  the  field  of  war, 
And  to  tlie  weapon-shaw. 
Up  ami  War  Them  A',  Willie  (Child's  Ballads,  VIL  265). 

wapenshaw  (wop'n-sha),  v.  i.  To  hold  or  at- 
tend a  wapenshaw.     [Scotch.] 

wapenslia-wing  (wop'n-sha-ing),  n.  [=  D.  wa- 
pensclwuwing ;  as  wapenshaw  -¥  -inij^.]  Same 
as  wapenshaw. 

But  thir  ridings  and  wappe mhatvings,  my  leddy,  I  Iiao 
nae  no  broo  o'  them  ava.  Scott,  Old  Jlortality,  vii. 

wantsum;  wapentake  (wop'n-tak),  n.  [<  ME.  wapen- 
Or nudum,  take,  wipentake,  <  AS.  wsepengetsec,  wiepentac, 
a  district,  a  wapentake  (AL.  wapentac  or  wap- 
entagium),  adapted  from  Icel.  rapnatak,  <  vap- 
na,  gen.  pi.  of  vapin,  a  weapon  (=  AS.  wirpen 
=  E.  iceapon),  -h  -tak,  a  taking  hold,  a  grasp- 
ing, esp.  a  grasp  in  wrestling  (used  of  the  con- 
tact of  weapons),  <  taka,  take,  grasp,  seize, 
touch:  see  weapon  and  take,  and  cf .  wapenshaw.] 
Formerly,  in  certain  counties  of  northern, 
eastern,"  and  midland  England,  a  division  or 
subdivision  of  a  shire,  generally  corresponding 
to  a  hundred  in  other  counties.  The  term  seems 
to  have  been  originally  applied  to  the  arnied  assemblies 
of  freemen  ;  and  there  is  possiljly  an  allusion  to  a  practice 
of  taking  up  or  "touching"  the  arms.  Wapentake  is  still 
a  territorial  division  in  Yorkshire. 


Ing. 


Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  36.  wanyandt,  "•     Same  as  waniand. 


.Shall  a  beardless  boy, 
A  cocker'd  silken  leatiton,  brave  our  fields? 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  1.  70. 

a  lascivious  man  or  wo- 


2.  A  lewd  person 
man. 

K  ye  be  set  on  pleasure,  or  disposed  to  wantons,  ye  shall 
have  ministers  enough  to  be  furtherers  ami  instruments 
of  it.  iMtimer,  2d  .Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  15.'.0. 

wanton  won'ton),  o.  [<  wanton,  a.]  I.  in- 
Irans.  1.  To  revel;  frolic  unrestrainedly; 
sport. 

When,  like  some  childish  wench,  she  loosely  wantoning 
With  tricks  and  gidily  turns  seems  to  inisle  the  shore. 

Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  ii.  174. 

Nature  here 
Wanton'd  as  in  her  prime.     .Villon,  P.  I..,  v.  294. 
Her  eap-strlngs  wantoned  in  front  of  lier  In  the  rising 
wind.  .">•».  (Mi/h'int,  May,  iii. 

2.   To  sport  or  dally  in  lewdness;  sport    las- 
civiously. 


wanzet,  v.  i.     See  wanse. 

wap'  (wop),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wapped,  ppr.  wap- 
pintf.  [<  ME.  wappen;  cf.  whap.  whop,  and 
qua'p^.guoiA.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  strike;  knock; 
beat;  wallop;  drub.     [CoUoq.] 

Why,  either  of  my  boys  could  wap  him  with  one  hand. 

Thackeray. 

2.  To  flap  ;  flutter.     [Scotch.] 

There 's  nae  a  cock  in  a'  the  land 
But  has  wappit  its  wings  and  crawn. 
Glasyerian (Allingliams  Ballad-book),  p.  S61. 

3.  To  toss  or  throw  quickly.     [Scotch.] 

Tak  a  halter  in  tliy  liose. 
And  o'  thy  puriwse  dinna  fail ; 
Bnt  wap  it  o'er  the  Wanton's  nose. 

iMchinabm  Harper  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  4). 

II.  inlrans.  To  flutter;  flap  the  wings;  move 
violently.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 
wapl  (wop),  n.      [<ME.  wappe;  <  ivap^,  v.]     A 
smart  stroke :  a  Idow.   [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 


It  is  written  that  King  Allured,  or  Alfred,  who  then 
raigncd,  did  devide  the  realnie  into  shires,  and  the  shirts 
into  hundrethes,  and  the  huiiilrethes  into  rapes  or  wapen- 
takes, and  the  ivapentakes  into  tithinges,  .Soe  that  tenii 
tithinges  made  an  hiindrethe,  and  live  made  a  lathe  or 
wapentake.  Sjienser,  State  of  Ireland. 

The  wapentake  is  found  only  in  the  Anglian  districts. 
...  To  tlie  north  of  these  districts  the  shires  are  divided 
into  wards,  and  to  tlio  south  into  hundreds.  Hence  the 
wapentake  may  be  a  relic  of  Scandinavian  occupation. 

StiMis,  Const.  Hist.,  §  4f. 

wapiti  (wop'i-ti),  n.  [Also  wapjiiti,  wapite.  teaji- 
pite;  <  Amer.  Ind.  (Cree)  wapitik,  'white  deer,' 
said  to  designate  the  Kocky  Mountain  goat, 
Haploceros  montunus;  used  as  E.,  and  also  ifi 
the  NL.  form  Cervus  wapiti,  by  B.  S.  Barton,  in 
1809,  for  the  animal  defined.]  The  Nortli  Amer- 
ican stag  or  elk,  Vervus  eanaden.si.i,  which  is  the 
North  American  representative  of  the  stag  or 
red  deer  of  Europe,  and  resembles  the  latter, 
though  it  is  much  larger  and  of  a  strotiger  make, 
being  one  of  the  largest  living  representatives 
of  the  family  Corrida:  Wapiti  is  chiefly  a  book-name 
of  tills  deer,  which  has  generally  lieen  known  since  about 
1809  as  the  elk— A  name  applied  in  Europe  to  a  very  ilifter- 
ent  animal,  corresponding  to  that  called  tnooae  in  North 
America.  (See  c»l  (with  cut),  moose,  stag.)  The  full-grown 
male  wapiti  may  exceed  a  height  of  16  hands  at  tlie  with- 
ers, and  acquire  a  weight  of  more  than  ],IKH1  pounds, 
though  not  averaging  over  600 ;  the  form  is  short  for  its 
stature.  Tlie  coat  is  some  shade  of  yellow  ish-gi  ay  or 
brownish-gray,  darkening  to  chestniit-bniKn  on  the  head. 


wapiti 

neck,  and  limbs,  even  blackening  on  the  belly;  on  the 
rump  is  a  white  patch  bordered  with  black  and  extending 
into  the  groin;  the  tail  is  extremely  short.  The  antlers 
are  very  long,  witli  comparatively  slender,  cylindric,  and 
regxilarly  curved  beam,  giving  off  in  front  the  brow-  and 
bez-antlers  close  together,  the  royal  at  end  of  first  tlilrd 


Wapiti,  or  American  Elk  iCervuj  canadensis). 

of  the  beam,  a  large  sur-royal  at  end  of  second  third,  and 
then  forking  dichotomously  (only  exceptionally  acquiring 
any  palmation  like  the  crown  of  the  European  stag).  A 
pair  of  good-sized  antlers  may  weigh,  with  the  skull,  50 
or  60  pounds,  measure  4  or  5  feet  along  the  curve  of  the 
beam,  and  spread  3  or  4  feet  ap.irt.  The  venison  is  well 
ilavored  and  highly  nutritious.  The  wapiti  has  inhabited 
North  America  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  from 
Mexico  to  about  57°  in  the  interior ;  but  it  has  been  hunted 
out  of  nearly  all  its  range,  and  is  now  found  chiefiy  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United  States,  especially 
of  the  Upper  Missouri  and  Yellowstone  rivers.  It  is 
gregarious,  goes  in  herds  or  droves  sometimes  of  many 
hundreds,  is  slaughtered  witli  little  diflflculty,  and  would 
soon  become  extinct  were  no  measures  taken  for  its  pres- 
ervation. 

wappato  (wop'a-to),  n.  [Also  wapatoo;  <  Ore- 
gon Ind.  wapatoo,  wappatoo  (f).]  The  tubers 
of  Sagittaria  variabilis.  The  Indians  of  Oregon 
use  them  as  food. 

wappet,  »'•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  wapi. 

wappent,  »*•     Same  as  wapen. 

wappenedt,  «•  A  spurious  (or  perhaps  obscene) 
word  occuiTing  only  in  the  following  passage. 
It  has  been  conjectured  to  be  a  misprint  for 
weeping. 

This  yellow  slave  [gold] 

Will  knit  and  break  religions.  .  .  .  This  is  it 

That  makes  the  wappen'd  widow  wed  again. 

Shalc.,1.  of  A.,  iv.  3.38. 

wappenshaw,  n.    See  wapenshaio. 
wappert  (wap'fer),  v.  i.     [Freq.   of  wap^ :   see 
wapi,  icai-eri.]    To  move  tremulously ;  totter; 
blink. 

But  still  he  stode  his  face  to  set  awrye. 
And  wappering  tumid  up  his  white  of  eye. 

Mir.  for  Magis.    {Imp.  Diet.) 

wapper-eyedt  ( wap'6r-id),  a.  [<  wapper  +  eye^ 
+  -er?2.]     Blear-eyed;  blinking. 

A  little  wapper-eyfd  constable,  to  wink  and  blink  at 
small  faults.  Middteton,  Black  Book,  p.  628. 

Wapper-jaw  (wap'er-ja),  n.     1.  A  wry  mouth. 
Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  A  projecting  un- 
der-jaw.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
wappet  (wap'et),  «.     [Of.  wup^.]    A  cur-dog. 

HtiHiwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Wappineert  (wop-i-ner'),  n.     [Var.  of  *Wap- 
pingeer  for  Wappinger,  q.  v.]     A  man  of  Wap- 
ping,  a  district  of  London  along  the  Thames, 
near  the  Tower. 

In  kennel  .sowc'd  o'er  head  and  ears 
Amongst  the  crowding  Wappineerg. 

D'Urfey,  Colin's  Walk,  ii.  (Davieg.) 
Wappineer  tar,  a  waterman  from  Wapping  Old  Stairs ; 
hence,  a  fresh-water  sailor;  a  landlubber. 

Hip,  The  Commadore,  a  most  illiterate  Wappineer-Tar, 
hates  the  Gentlemen  of  the  Navy,  gets  drunk  with  liis 
Boates-Crew,  and  values  hintself  upon  the  Brutish  Man- 
agement of  the  Navy. 
C  Shadwell,  Humours  of  the  Navy,  Dramatis  Persona. 

Wappineert  (wop'ing-er),  ti.  [<  Wuppiing  + 
-t/i.]     -A  man  of  Wapping,  London. 

He  wa3  a  thorough-paced  traitor,  and  looked  upon  to  he 
paymaster  of  the  mob  ;  a  Wajipinger,  and  good  at  muster- 
ing seamen.  Tfo^fer  A'or(/i,  Examen,  p.  5B5.     {Dameg.) 

wapplerite  (wop'ler-it),  «.  A  liydrated  arse- 
nate of  calcium  and  magnesium,  found  at  Joa- 
ehimsthal  in  minute  white  crystals. 

waps  (wops),  II.     A  dialectal  variant  of  wu.i)). 

wapynt,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  uenpoti. 

war'  (war),  /(.  [Early  mod.  E.  warre ;  <  ME. 
Iter,  werr,  were,  werre,  ireorrc,  Wjinc.  <  late  AS. 


6818 

werre  (also  cited  in  AL.  as  *war,  in  comp.  war- 
scot),  <  OF.  werre,  guerre,  F.  guerre  =  Pr.  guer- 
ra,  gerra  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  guerra,  war,  <  ML.  wer- 
ra,  war,  <  OHG.  werra,  vexation,  strife,  contro- 
versy, confusion,  broil  (=  MD.  werre  =  MLG. 
werre,  strife,  war,  hostility),  <  werran  (fir-wer- 
ran),  MHG.  werren  (ver-werren),  G.  wirren  (rer- 
wirren),  confuse,  entangle,  embroil,  =  MD. 
werren  {ver-werreu),  embroil,  entangle;  akin  to 
E.  worse :  see  worse,  and  cf .  war^,  ult.  a  var.  of 
worse.  The  F.  guerre  appears  in  the  phrase 
nom  de  guerre,  and  the  Sp.  in  the  dim.  guerrilla. 
Hence  war^,  v.,  warray,  warrior,  etc.]  1.  A 
contest  beween  nations  or  states  (»H<er«a((onai 
war),  or  between  parties  in  the  same  state  (civil 
war),  carried  on  by  force  of  arms.  International 
or  public  war  is  always  understood  to  be  authorized  by 
the  sovereign  powers  of  the  nations  engaged  In  it ;  when 
it  is  carried  into  the  territories  of  the  antagonist  it  is 
called  an  aggressive  or  offensive  war,  and  when  carried 
on  to  resist  such  aggression  it  is  called  defensive.  Certain 
usages  or  rights  of  war  have  come  to  be  generally  recog- 
nized and  defined  under  the  name  of  the  Laws  of  War, 
which  in  general  (but  subject  to  some  humane  restrictions 
which  in  recent  times  have  been  greatly  increased)  permit 
the  destruction  or  capture  of  armed  enemies,  the  destruc- 
tion of  property  likely  to  be  serviceable  to  them,  the  stop- 
page of  all  their  channels  of  traffic,  and  the  appropriation 
of  everything  in  an  enemy's  country  necessary  for  the 
support  and  subsistence  of  the  invading  army.  On  the 
other  hand,  though  an  enemy  may  be  starved  into  surren- 
der, wounding,  except  in  battle,  mutilation,  and  all  cruel 
and  wanton  devastation  are  contrary  to  the  usages  of  war, 
as  are  also  bombarding  an  unprotected  town,  the  use  of 
poison  in  any  way,  and  torture  to  extort  information  from 
an  enemy:  but  it  is  admitted  that  an  enemy  may  be  put 
to  death  for  certain  acts  which  .ii-e  in  themselves  not  crim- 
inal, and  it  may  be  even  highly  patriotic  and  praiseworthy, 
but  are  injurious  to  the  invaders,  such  as  firing  on  the  in- 
vaders although  not  regularly  enrolled  in  an  organized 
military  force,  or  seeking  to  impair  the  invaders'  lines  of 
communication. 

"After  this  werr,"  quod  she,  "God  send  vs  pcce." 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  900. 

Learning  and  art,  and  especially  religion,  wenve  ties 
that  make  war  look  like  fratricide,  as  it  is. 

Emerson,  War. 

2.  A  state  of  active  opposition, hostility,  or  con- 
test :  as,  to  be  at  war  (that  is,  engaged  in  ac- 
tive hostilities). 

Mine  eye  and  heart  are  at  a  mortal  war. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xlvi. 

A  wounded  thing  with  a  rancorous  cry. 
At  war  with  myself  and  a  wretched  race. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  x.  2. 

3.  Any  kind  of  contest  or  conflict;  contention; 
strife:  as,  a  wordy  war. — 4.  The  profession  of 
arms;  the  art  of  war. 

Nation  shall  not  lift  up  sword  ngainst  nation,  neither 
shall  they  learn  war  any  more.  Isa.  ii.  4. 

War  is  our  bus'ness,  but  to  whom  is  giv'n 
To  die,  or  triumph,  that  determine  henv'n  ! 

Pope,  Iliad,  xxii  171. 

5.  Forces;  army.   Compare  l>a (He.    [Poetical.] 

O'er  the  embattled  ranks  the  waves  return 

And  overwhelm  their  war.        Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  214. 

In  this  an-ay  the  war  of  either  side 
Through  Athens  passed  with  military  pride. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  iii.  101. 

6.  Warlike  outfit. 

His  Complement  of  Stores,  and  total  War. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma. 

[War  is  sometimes  used  in  the  plural  fomi  with  the  same 
signification  as  it  has  in  the  singular. 
I'll  to  the  Tuscan  ivars.         Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  3.  290.] 

Articles  of  war.   See  art;d«.— Austro-Prusslan  war, 

the  war  waged  by  Prussia,  Italy,  and  some  minor  Ger- 
man states  against  Austria,  the  states  of  South  Ger- 
many, Saxony,  Hanover,  etc.,  in  1866.  It  resulted  in 
the  victory  of  the  former,  the  dissolution  of  the  Ger- 
manic confederation,  the  replacing  of  Austria  by  Prus- 
sia in  the  hegemony  of  Germany,  large  additions  to  Pi-us- 
sian  territory,  and  the  cession  to  Italy  of  Venetia  by  Aus- 
tria.—Broad-seal  war.  See  fw-Mrf-scaZ.— Buck-shot 
war.  See  buck-shot.  —  Civil  war,  a  war  between  ditferent 
factions  of  a  people  or  between  different  sections  of  a  coun- 
try. Specifically  —  (a)  In  Rmi,  hist.,  the  war  between  Sulla 
and  Marius  (commencing  88  B.  c.)  or  that  between  Pom- 
pey  and  Ccesar  (commencing  49  B.  C).  (6)  In  Ung.  hist., 
the  war  of  the  great  rebellion.  See  rebellion,  (c)  In 
U.  S.  hist.,  the  war  of  secession.  See  seccmon.— Contra- 
band of  war.    See  contraband  goods,  under  contraband. 

—  Council  of  war.  See  cok/ict^.- Crimean  war.  See 
Crimean.—  Custom  of  war,  declaration  of  war.  De- 
partment of  War,  effelr  of  war.  See  custom,  declara- 
tion, etc.  — Eighty  years'  war,  the  contest  between 
Spain  and  tlieNetherlands,  extending  with  intermissions 
from  aliout  1568  to  the  recognition  by  Spain  of  Dutch 
independence  in  1648.— Franco-Gennan  war,  or  Fran- 
co-Prussian war,  the  war  between  France  and  Ger- 
many in  1870-1,  ending  in  the  defeat  of  the  former,  the 
cession  to  Germany  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  and  the  formation 
of  the  modern  German  empire.— French  and  Indian 
war,  a  war  waged  byGreat  Britain  and  its  American  colo- 
nies against  lYance  and  Indian  allies,  1754-63.  ending 
in  the  acquisition  of  Canada  and  the  Mississippi  region  by 
Great  Britain;  it  was  a  part  of  the"Seven  Years  W.nr." 

—  Holy  war,  a  war  waged  with  a  religious  purpose  :  as, 
the  holy  wars  of  the  Crusaders ;  a  Mohammedan  holy  war 
against  the  infidels.— Honors  Of  Wax.  See  honor.-^ 
Hundred  years'  war,  the  series  of  wars  between  Eng- 


war 

land  and  France,  alx)ut  1338-14.53.  Tlie  English,  generally 
victors  in  these  wars  down  to  alxmt  1430  (Cricy,  Poitiers, 
Agincourt,  etc.),  and  nilers  of  a  great  part  of  France, were 
finally  expelled  entuely,  except  from  Calais,  which  they 
retained  for  about  a  century  longer.— Inexpiable  war. 
See  tTKipiaWe  — Italian  war,  the  war  of  1859  waged 
by  France  and  Sardinia  against  Austria.  It  resulted  in 
the  defeat  of  the  latter,  its  cession  of  Lombardy  to  Sar- 
dinia, and  eventually  in  the  constitution  of  the  kingdom 
of  Italy.— Jugurthlne  war.  See  J^u^rtAtne.— King 
Oeoree'S  war,  in  Amer.  hist.,  the  war  waged  by  Great 
Britain  and  its  American  colonies  against  France  and 
Indian  allies,  being  the  American  phase  of  the  War  of  the 
Austrian  Succession  (1741-8).— King  Philip's  war,  in 
Amer.  hist.,  the  war  between  the  New  England  colonists 
and  the  confederated  Indians  under  the  lead  of  Philip 
(1676-6).—  King  William's  war,  in  Amer.  hist.,  the  war 
waged  ny  Great  Britain  and  its  colonies  against  France 
and  Indian  allies,  l)eing  the  American  phase  of  the  contest 
between  various  European  powers  against  Louis  XIV.  of 
France  (1089-97).— Latin  war,  in  Burn,  hist.,  the  war 
between  Rome  and  the  Latin  League,  340-338  B.  c,  ending 
in  tlie  subjection  of  the  latter.—  Man  of  war.    See  man. 

—  Alarsic  war.  See  social  war. — Mexican  war,  the 
war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  1846  -  8,  ending 
in  the  defeat  of  the  latter,  and  its  cession  of  California  and 
other  large  territories  to  the  I'nited  States. — BUthridatic 
wars,  the  wars  between  Rome  and  Mitbridates  the  Great 
of  I'ontus  in  the  first  half  of  the  first  century  B.  c. ,  terminat- 
ing in  the  overthrow  of  Mitbridates  by  Pompey  about  66  R  c. 
-Napoleonic  wars,  a  general  name  for  the  wars  waged 
by  France  with  various  nations,  dating  from  Napoleon's 
campaigns  in  Italy  in  1796  to  his  final  overthrow  in  1816. 
—Peasants'  war.  See  jicasant.- Peloponnesian  war. 
See  Pr'!o;MmrK'«an.— Peninsular  war.     See  penintvlar. 

—  PeqUOt  war,  in  Amer.  hist.,  the  war  between  the  New 
England  colonists  and  the  Pequot  Indians  of  Connecticut 
in  1637.— Persian  wars,  in  Gr.  hist.,  the  wars  between 
Persia  and  Greece  in  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  century 
B.  c,  of  which  the  chief  episodes  were  Marathon  (490  B.  c.) 
and  the  unsuccessful  invasion  of  Greece  by  Xerxes  (Ther- 
niopylee,  Salamis,  Platffia).— Private  war.  Seeprivate.— 
Punic  wars.  See  Punie. — Queen  Anne's  war,  in  An^r. 
hist.,  the  war  waged  by  Great  Britain  and  its  colonies 
against  France  and  Indian  allies,  being  the  American 
phase  of  tlie  Wai-  of  the  Spanish  Succession  (1701-13).— 
Eevolutionary  war,  in  U.  S.  hist.,  same  as  War  of  the 
American  iiecofaaon.— RussG-Turldsh  Wars,  wars  be- 
tween Russia  and  Turkey.  The  principal  in  modern  times 
were  those  (a)  of  1828-9,  ending  in  tlie  defeat  of  Turkey; 
(6)  of  1853-6  (see  Crimean);  {c)  of  1877-8,  Ijetween  Russia 
and  its  allies  (Rumania,  etc.)  and  Turkey,  resulting  in  the 
defeat  of  Turkey  and  the  reconstruction  of  southeastern 
Europe.— Sacred  wars,  in  Gr.  hist.,  wars  against  certain 
Greek  states  which  had  been  adjudged  guilty  of  sacrilege 
by  the  Ampiiictyoiiic  Council :  as,  the  sacred  war  against 
Phocis  (ending  340  B.  c.).— Saltpeter  war.    See  saltpeter. 

—  Saninlte  wars,  three  wars  waged  by  Rome  against  the 
Samnites  and  other  Italians,  (a)  343-341  B.  c,  (*)  326-S04 
B.  c,  (c)  29S-290  B.  c,  ending  in  the  triumph  of  Rome.— 
Schleswlg-Holsteln  wars,  wars  between  Denmark  and 
the  dueliies  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein  (with  alliesX  They 
eoninienced  in  1848  and  ended  in  1864,  when  Prussia  and 
Austria  defeated  the  Danes  and  occupied  the  duchies, 
which  were  eventually  annexed  by  Prussia.— Secretary 
at  War,  Secretary  of  War.  See  secretary.— Seven 
weeks'  war,  or  seven  days'  war,  the  Austro- Prussian 
war  of  1866.- Seven  years'  war.  See  Silesian  wars.— 
Silesian  wars.  See  Silcsian.—SiaewB  of  war.  See 
«ineic.— Sloop  Of  war.  See  stoopi.— Smalkaldlc  war. 
See  Smalkaldic.-Sociay  war.  See  social.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  the  war  between  Athens  and  her  former 
allies  about  358-356  B.  c— Thirty  years'  war.  See 
thirty.  —  To  declare  war.  See  decla  re.— To  make  war. 
See  ma*ci.  — Trojan  war.  See  Trojan.— Tug  of  war. 
See  tug.—Wai  measures,  a  general  title  for  acts  passed 
by  the  United  States  Congress  and  ordere  made  by  the 
President  during  the  civil  war,  1861-6,  which  became 
necessary  to  its  prosecution,  though  not  expressly  author- 
ized by  the  Constitution,  as  the  Confiscation  Acts,  the  Le- 
gal Tender  Acts,  the  ordering  of  drafts  for  the  military 
service,  the  emancipation  of  slaves,  etc.— War  of  1812, 
the  war  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  in 
1812-16.— War  of  Liberation,  specifically,  the  war  un- 
dertaken by  Germany  in  1813,  with  the  aid  of  Russia,  Great 
Britain,  and  other  allies,  to  free  Germany  and  other  parts 
of  Europe  from  the  riiU-  or  influence  of  Napoleon  and  the 
French.  —War  of  secession.  See  sectssion.— War  of  the 
American  Kevolutlon.  See  rerolution.—Wai  of  the 
rebellion.  Same  as  war  of  secession.— Vax  powers, 
powers  exercised  during  or  because  of  war ;  specifically, 
the  powers  exercised  in  time  of  war  by  the  President  of 
the  United  States  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
States  when  called  into  actual  service.— Wars  Of  succes- 
sion. See  succession.  —Wars  of  the  French  Revolution, 
the  wars  growing  out  of  the  French  Revolution,  waged  by 
Austria,  Prussia,  etc.,  against  iVance,  and  commencing  in 
1792.— Wars  of  the  Roses.  Seerosfi.- Wartotheknife. 

See  knife. 
warl  (war),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  warred,  ppr.  (f«»'- 
ring.  [<  ME.  werren,  weorren,  werrien  (=  MD. 
MLG.  werreti),  war  ;  from  the  noun.  Cf.  war- 
ray.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  make  or  carry  on  war; 
carry  on  hostilities ;  fight. 

A  nd  the  hcthen  peple  that  werreden  on  the  kynge  Moync 
often  sithes  foughtcn  withe  the  crystene. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  24. 

Why  ahonld  I  war  without  the  walls  of  Troy? 

SAa*.,  T.  andC,  i.  1.  2. 

2.  To  contend ;  strive  violently ;  be  in  a  state 
of  opposition. 
Lusts  which  !«ir  against  the  soul.  1  Pet.  ii.  11. 

Lot  us  alone.    What  pleasure  can  we  have 
Toiror  with  evil? 

Tennyson,  The  Lotos  Eaters,  Choric  Song. 

II.    tran.t.  1.    To  make  war  upon;  oppose, 
as  in  war;  contend  against. 


Lykwayes  wc  sould  keep  the  vouales  of  the  orlgmal, 
quherin  the  north  warren  the  south ;  from  retineo,  the 
north  retine,  the  south  retain. 

A.  Humt,  Orthographie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  20. 
Love  and  Ambition  in  their  glory  sat  .  .  . 
Warring  each  other.         Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  viii. 
2.  To  carry  on,  as  a  contest. 
That  thou  by  them  raightest  icor  a  good  warfare. 

1  Tim.  i.  18. 
war2  (war),  a.  [Se.  also  waitr;  <  ME.  warre, 
Kerre,  wer,  a  later  form,  after  OFries.  werra, 
tcirra, worse,  of  leel.  verri,  a.  (verr,  adv.)  =  Dan. 
tserre  =  Sw.  vdrre,  of  ME.  werse,  E.  worse :  see 
worse.']  Same  as  worse.  [Now  only  Scotch, 
commonly  misspelled  waur.] 

They  sayue  the  world  is  much  wor  then  It  wont. 

Speruer,  Shep.  Cal.,  September. 
Murder  and  watir  than  murder.  Scott. 

War^  (war),  t'. «.  [Scalsoicaur;  <  «inr2,«.]  To 
defeat;  worst.     [Scotch.] 

It  was  a  paper  of  great  slKniflcance  to  the  plea,  and  we 
were  to  be  waured  for  want  o't.  Scutt,  Anti<|uary,  i.\. 

war*t,  «•  and  c.  A  Middle  English  form  of  icarel . 

war*t,  c.     A  Middle  English  form  of  were. 

waratah  (wa'ra-ta),  w.  [Also  warratau.'}  1. 
A  stout  erect  Australian  shrub,  Telopea  specio- 
sissima,  also  T.  orendes,  of  the  Proteaeese,  bear- 
ing dense  heads,  some  3  inches  broad,  of  bril- 
liant crimson  flowers.  It  is  sometimes  grown 
in  greenhouses,  but  is  not  easily  cultivated. — 
2.  A  variety  of  the  common  camellia,  with 
flowers  resembling  those  of  Anemone;  ane- 
mone-flowered camellia. 

war-az  (wAr'aks),  n.     Same  as  battle-ax. 

warbeetle  (war'be'tl),  n.     Same  as  warble^,  3. 

warble^  (war'bl),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  warbled,  ppr. 
warbling.  [<  ME.  werblen,  <  OF.  werbler,  quaver 
with  the  voice,  speak  in  a  high  tone,  <  MHG. 
*werbelen,  G.  wirbeln,  warble,  lit.  turn,  whirl, 
freq.  of  MHG.  werben  (werren)  =  OHG.  werban 
(werfan),  turn,  twist,  move,  be  busy  about,  per- 
form, =  08.  hwerbhaii,  move  hither  and  thither, 
=  AS.  hwforfan,  turn,  move :  see  wlierve,  wharf, 
and  cf.  whirl,  wharl,  whorl.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
sing  with  trills  and  (juavering,  or  melodious 
turns,  as  a  bird ;  carol  or  sing  with  sweetly 
trilling  notes. 

Warble,  child ;  make  passionate  niy  sense  of  hearing. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  I.,  lit.  1.  1. 

Birds  ou  the  branches  mtrbtinff.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vlii.  iM. 
2.  To  sound  vibratingly,  or  with  free,  smooth, 
and  rapid  modulations  of  pitch ;  quaver. 

Such  strains  ne'er  uvtrbU  in  the  linnet's  tliroat. 

Qay,  Sheplierii's  Week,  Wednesday,  1.  3. 

The  stream  of  life  trarliUd  through  her  heart  as  n  brook 


■ometlniea  xcarbUt  through  a  pleasant  little  dell. 

Ilawthonie,  Seven  Qables,  v. 

3.  To  yodel.     [U.  S.] 

U.  trans.  1.  To  sing  or  utter  with  quaver- 
ing trills  or  turns:  as,  to  warble  a  song. 

She  gan  againe  in  melodie  to  melt, 
And  many  a  note  she  warbled  wondrous  wel. 
(lafKoigne,  rhilomene  (Steele  (Jlas,  etc.,  ed.  Arber,  p.  89). 

If  she  be  right  invoked  with  warbled  song. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  864. 

2.  To  describe  or  celebrate  in  song. 
O  Father,  grant  I  sweetly  warble  forth 
Vnto  our  seed  the  World's  renowned  Birth. 

Sylcetter,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  1.  1. 
Or  would  yon  have  mo  tnni  a  sonnetteer. 
And  trorW*  those  brief-sighted  eyes  of  hers'? 

Tenitynon,  Queen  -Mary,  ill.  0. 

'warble'  (war'bl),  n.  [<  ME.  werbic,  <  OF.  wer- 
ble,  a  warble,  warbling;  from  the  verb.]  A 
strain  of  clear,  rapidly  uttered,  gliding  tdnes; 
a  trilling,  flexible  melody ;  a  carol ;  a  song ; 
any  soft  sweet  flow  of  melodious  sounds. 
The  wcll-tunetl  warble  of  her  nightly  sorrow. 

Shak. ,  Lucrcce, !.  1080. 
Wild  bird,  whose  warble,  liquid  sweet, 
Rings  Eden  through  the  Ifudded  quicks. 

Tennfttfon,  In  Menioriani,  Ixxxviii. 
Quiet  as  any  water-84Klden  log 
Stay'd  in  the  wandering  warUe  of  a  brook. 

Tennyson,  Last  I'ournantent. 

warble^  (wAr'bl),  v.  t.  and  /.;  pret.  an<l  pp. 
warbled,  p|)r.  warblimj.  [Sc,  also  warplc ;  < 
ME.  'werblen,  turn,  whirl  (?),  ult.  same  as 
warble^,  q.  v.]  In  falconry,  to  cross  the  wings 
upon  the  back. 

warble-'  (war'bl),  h.  [Also  wormil,  wormul, 
warnle,  wornil,  wornal,  also  assimilated  wabble, 
and  dim.  warblet;  cf.  P(|uiv.  warbeetle.  and  the 
adj.  worbitten,  said  of  timber  pierced  by  the 
larvEe  of  insects;  orig.  form  uncertain,  no 
early  instances  appearing;  perhaps  connected 
with  ME.  war,  pus,  humor.  Some  of  the  forms 
indicate  simulation  of  ifor/H.]  1.  .\  small,  hard 
swelling  on  the  back  of  a  horse,  jirodnced  by 


6819 

the  galling  of  the  saddle. — 2.  A  tumor  on  the 
back  of  cattle  or  deer,  produced  by  the  larva  of 
a  bot-fly  or  gadfly.— 3.  An  insect  or  its  larva 
which  produces  warbles.  Also  toarbeetle.  Com- 
pare wabble'^. 

'Warble-fly  (war'bl-fli),  «.  A  fly  whose  larva 
produces  warbles.  Thus,  Hypodenna  bovis  is  the  war- 
ble-fly of  the  ox.  Synonymous  in  part  with  6y(-/)/.  The 
latter  word,  however,  is  applied  to  all  (Estridse. 

■warbler  (war'bl6r),  )(.  [iwarble^  +  -erl.]  1. 
One  who  or  that  which  warbles;  a  singer;  a 
songster. 

In  lulling  strains  the  feathered  warblers  woo. 

Tickell,  On  Hunting. 
Dan  Cliaucer,  the  first  warbler.   Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  Specifically,  any  one  of  a  great  number  of 
small  oscine  passerine  birds,  or  dentirostral 
insessorial  birds,  of  different  families  and  many 
different  genera,  of  both  the  Old  World  and  the 
New.  Especially— (o)  A  bird  of  the  group  composing  the 
family  Sylviidee,  or  Old  World  warblers,  with  scarcely  any 
representatives  in  America.  This  is  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive and  varied  groups  of  its  grade  in  ornithology,  now 
generally  rated  as  only  a  subfamily  (Sylviinse)  of  Turdidse. 
These  warblers  are  all  small,  active,  sprightly  birds,  and 
many  are  remarkable  for  the  clearness,  sweetness,  and  flexi- 
bility of  their  song.  Among  typical  warblers  of  the  subfam- 
ily Sylviinm  may  be  noted  the  species  of  Syluia,  the  lead- 
ing genus,  as  the  blackcap  and  whitethroat ;  of  Melizophi- 
lus,  aa  the  Dartford  warbler ;  of  Regulus,  as  the  goldcrest ; 
of  Phi/Uoscopxi8,  as  the  willow-warbler ;  of  Aedon,  as  the 
rufous  warbler ;  of  Hypulais,  as  the  icterine  warbler ;  of 
Acroeephalut,  as  the  reed-  or  sedge-warbler;  of  Locus- 
tella,  as  the  grasshopper- warbler ;  of  Cettia,  as  Cetti's 
warbler.  Besides  these,  the  accentor  or  hedge-sparrow, 
the  nightingale  {Daulias  luncinia),  the  reobreast  (L'l-iftha- 
aii  rxibecula),  the  bluethroat,  redstart,  wbinchat,  stone- 
chat,  etc.,  have  been  brought  under  the  definition  ot  war- 
bler, as  members  of  the  sylviine  group.  (6)  In  the  United 
States,  a  bird  of  a  different  family,  the  American  warblers, 
Dendroecidse  or  Mniotiltida,  a  smaller  and  more  com- 
pact group  than  the  Syhiidx,  though  the  species  are  still 
very  numerous  and  diversified.  Few  of  tliem  are  noted 
for  musical  ability.  The  leading  representatives  of  the 
American  warblers  are  the  numerous  wood-warblers  of 
the  genus  Dendrtxca ;  the  wonn-eating  warblei-s,  Helmin- 
thenm  and  Helminthophaga ;  the  creeping  warblers,  J/nio- 
tUta  and  Panda;  the  ground-warblers,  as  Geo(/(£j/^"«;  the 
chat,  Icteria;  the  water-thrushes,  Seiunts;  the  fly-catching 
warblers,  Myiodioctes,  Setupliaya,  and  many  others  ot  trop- 
ical America. 

3.  In  iHujpipe  music,  an  appoggiatura,  or  similar 
melodic  embellishment. 

In  the  music  performed  ujion  this  instrument  [the  bag- 
pipej  the  players  introduce  among  the  simple  notes  of  the 
tune  a  kind  of  apiwggiatura,  con.sisting  of  a  great  number 
of  rapid  notes  of  peculiar  embellishment,  which  they  term 
warblera.  Eiwyc.  Brit.,  III.  236. 

Adelaide's  warbler,  Dendneca  adelaid«  (Baird,  1865), 
the  representative  in  Porto  Rico  of  Grace's  and  of  the 
yellow  throated  warbler.— African  Warblert  (Latham, 
1783),  the  type  species  of  the  genus  Sphenceacus,  5.  a/ri- 
canus.  Also  called  spotted  yellow  Hycatctier  by  Latham, 
formerly  Muscicapa  a/ra,  Mutacilla  or  Sylria  a/ricana, 
etc.,  and  also  placed  in  the  genus  Drynieeca  by  some 
authors.  — Alpine  warblert  (Latham,  1783),  a  kind  of 
hedge- warbler.  Accentor  atpinus,  of  central  and  southern 
Europe,  occasionally  found  in  Great  Britain.  This  bird 
was  also  called  collared  stare  by  I.atham  the  same  year, 
having  been  described  by  Scopoli  in  1769  as  Stumus 
coKa™.— Aquatic  warbler  (Latham,  1783),  one  of  the 
reed-warblers,  probably  Acrocephalus  aquaticus:  formerly 
called  Sf/loia  or  Salicaria  or  Calaniodtita  aquatica.  —  Au- 
dubon's warbler,  Dewlnfca  auduboni,  the  western  rep- 
resentative of  the  yellowrump  or  myrtle-bird,  and  equally 
abundant.  It  differs  chiefly  in  having  the  throat  yellow 
instead  of  white.  Also  called  western  yelloiorump. — 
Autumnal  warbler,  the  young  of  the  bay-breasted  war- 
bler, mistaken  for  a  distinct  species.  A.  Wilson,  1811.— 
Azure  warbler,  the  cerulean  warbler. — Babbling  war- 
blert (lAtham,  1783),  the  lesser  whitethroat,  Sylcia  eur- 
rtu-a.  Sec  whitethroat.  1.—  Bacbman's  warbler  [named 
after  the  American  naturalist  John  B«c/i»i«?i  (1790-1874)], 
Iletinint/iophaga  hachmani  of  the  southern  rnited  States 
and  some  of  the  West  Indies.  (Audubon,  IHM.)  It  is  one 
of  the  swamp-warblers,  and  still  very  rare,  though  it  has 
been  quite  recently  found  to  be  common  in  some  localities. 
—  Barred  warbler,  Sylcia  nisoria  of  Eui-ope,  Asia,  and 
Africa.— Bay-breasted  warbler,  Dendra-ca  castanea  of 
eastern  pai'ts  of  North  America.  The  adult  male  has  the 
whole  Ijrcast  chestnut.— Belted  warblert,  the  yellow- 
rumped  warbler.  L«(/m7rt,  178;i;  Pennant,  1785.— Black- 
and-white  warbler,  the  creeping  warbler.  Mniotilta 
varia  :  more  fully  called  hlack-nml-white  creepiwi  warbler 
OT  creepfr,  also  whitepotl  warbler.  See  cut  under  Mnio- 
(i/(a.  —  Black-and- yellow  warbler,  Dendrwea  macu- 
losa. See  cut  under  opoMct/. — Blackbumian  warbler, 
Demlrceca  blackbumim.  the  prometheua  warbler,  in  adult 
plumage  extensively  black  varied  with  white,  the  brciist 
and  some  parts  about  the  head  of  a  flanung  orange.  It 
is  the  most  richly  colored  of  the  warblers,  and  is  common 
in  many  i>art8  of  North  America.  It  was  named  l)y  La- 
tham in  1783  after  a  Xli-a.  Blackburn  of  London.— Black- 
capped  warbler,  the  l>Iackcap,  Sylcia  (oftener  Cur- 
ruca)  atricapilla,  of  nearly  all  Europe,  and  parts  of  Asia 
and  Africa.— Black-headed  warblert,  the  American 
redstart,  Setophaya  ruticiUa.  See  cut  tnuler  redstart. 
Latham,  1793;  Pennant,  I78.i.— Black-poll  warbler, 
Veniiro'ea  striata,  when  adult  having  the  whole  crown 
black,  the  upper  parts  olivaceous  streaked  with  black, 
and  the  under  parts  white  streaked  with  black  alon^  the 
sides.  In  young  plumage  it  is  hardly  to  be  ilistinguished 
from  the  bay-breasted  warbler.  It  is  very  wide-ranging, 
from  (Jrcenland  and  Alaska  through  most  of  America 
(probably  to  Chili).  It  was  originally  described  in  1772 
by  J.  K,  Forster  from  Hudson's  Bay  as  the  striped  fly- 


warbler 

ca(cAer.— Black-throated  blue  warbler,  Dendraeca  ex- 
rulescens,  of  eastern  North  America,  remarkable  for  the 
uuusual  difference  of  the  sexes  in  plumage.  The  male 
is  blue,  white  below,  with  black  throat  and  a  peculiar 
white  space  on  the  wing ;  the  female  is  chiefly  greenish 
above  and  yellowish  below,  with  traces  of  the  character- 
istic wing-mark.— Black-throated  gray  warbler,  i)oi- 
draeca  nigrescens,  of  western  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  Mexico.  The  adult  male  is  bluish-ash  above  with  a 
few  black  streaks,  below  white  streaked  on  the  sides  with 
black,  the  head  black  with  white  stripes  and  a  small  bright- 
yellow  spot  before  the  eye.  —  Black-throated  green 
warbler,  Dendrosca  virens,  one  of  the  most  abundant 
wood-warblers  of  eastern  North  America.  The  adult  male 
is  olivaceous-green  above,  below  extensively  black,  with 
much  golden  yellow  on  the  sides  of  the  head,  and  white  on 
the  wings  and  tail.  The  length  is  5  inches.  It  is  one  of  a 
group  of  warblers  having  several  representatives  in  west- 
ern North  America.  See  cut  under  i)fn(/ra'ca. — Black- 
throated  warbler,  the  black-throated  blue  warbler. 
Latham,  1783;  Pennant,  1786.— Blanford's  warbler, Syl- 
via blan/ordi,  of  which  only  one  specimen  is  known,  from 
Abyssinia.  Seebohm.— Bloody -Bide  or  bloody-sided 
warblert.  (a)  The  chestnut-sided  warbler.  Pennant, 1785. 
(6)  One  of  the  golden  warblers,  Dendroeca  ruficapilla,  of 
the  West  Indies.  Latham,  1783. —  Blue-eyed  yellow 
warbler,  the  sununer  yellow-bird,  Dfiidrceca  sestica. — 
Blue  golden-winged  warbler,  Helminthophaga  chiys- 
optera,  a  common  swamp-warbler  of  the  eastern  Unite<l 
States  and  Canada.  See  cut  under  Helminthophaga.— 
Blue-green  warbler,  the  cerulean  warbler  in  immature 
plumage,  or  the  female  of  that  species. — Blue  Mountain 
warbler,  an  American  warl)ler  so  named  by  A.  Wilson  in 
1812,  and  never  since  identified.  It  was  found  in  the  Blue 
Mountains  of  Pennsylvania — Blue-throated  Warbler 
(Latham,  1783),  the  bluethroat,  originally  described  by 
Edwards  in  1743  as  the  bluethroat  redstart,  later  variously 
called  MotacUla  suecica,  Sylcia  suecica,  Sylcia  cyanecula, 
Cyanecula  suecica,  etc.,  all  of  which  names  are  shared 
by  a  related  species  or  variety.  See  cut  under  bluethroat. 
—  Blue-Winged  yellow  warbler,  Helminthophaga 
pinus,  a  common  swamp-warbler  of  the  eastern  parts  of 
the  United  States,  originally  described  by  Edwards  (before 
Linnteus)  as  the  pine-creeper. — Blue  yellOW-backed 
warbler,  Parula  (or  Compsothlypis)  americana.  See  Pa- 
rifia.- Bonaparte's  fly-catching  warbler,  the  younK 
of  the  Canadian  fly-catching  warbler,  mistaken  by  Amlu- 
bon  for  a  different  species  in  1831,  and  dedicated  to  Prince 
Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte  (1803-.57). — Booted  warbler, 
a  tree-warbler,  Uypolais  coiiV/ara.— Bourbon  warblert 
(Latham,  1783),  the  yellow-rumped  creeper  (Latham,  1781); 
a  white-eye  or  silver-eye,  Zosterops  borbonica,  peculiar  to 
the  Island  of  E^uniou.— Bowman's  warbler.Si/ivia  mys- 
tacea  of  Persia,  Palestine,  and  Abyssinia.— Bush-war- 
blers, the  members  of  the  genus  Cettia,  having  only  ten 
rectrices.  There  are  about  12  species,  with  one  exception 
confined  to  Asia.  The  exception  is  Cetti's  warbler,  C.  cetti, 
which  extends  throughout  the  Mediterranean  region,  ami 
was  originally  described  in  1776,  by  the  naturalist  whose 
name  it  bears,  as  wngnuolo  di  Jiume,  which  became  the 
buscarle  of  Buffon  and  Daubenton.  See  cut  under  Cettia.— 
Caffrarian  warblert  (Ijitham,  1783X  the  so-called  red- 
tailed  thrush  of  Latham  (1783),  fomierly  Motacilla  or  Syl- 
via caffra,  now  known  as  Cossypha  cafra  (and  Bessonomis 

ptontc«riui).— Canadian  fly-catohlng  warbler,  Jfj/io- 

dioctes  canadensis,  abundant  in  ea.stem  parts  of  North 
America.  Also  called  Canada  and  spotted  ftyratcher.  The 
upper  parts  are  bluish-ash  varied  with  black,  and  tlie  under 
pai-ts  are  yellow  with  black  streaks  on  the  breast.—  Cana- 
dian warbler.  («)  The  black-throated  blue  warl)ler.  (i) 
The  Canadian  fly-catching  warbler.— Cape  May  warbler, 
Dendrceca  tigrina,  formerly  Sylvia  maritima:  so  named 
by  A.  Wilson,  in  1812,  from  a  locality  in  New  Jersey  where 
he  found  it.  In  full  plumage  it  is  one  of  the  handsomest 
of  the  wood-warblers,  and  has  peculiarities  which  have 
caused  a  genu3(Peri8soglossa)  to  be  i)ased  upon  it.—  Car- 
bonated warbler,  an  American  warbler  so  named  by  Au- 
dubon in  1831,  and  never  since  Identified.  More  fully  called 
carbonated  sicamp-warbler,  also  dusky  warbler. —  Ceru- 
lean warbler.  See  certdean.— Cetti's  warbler,  one  of 
the  bush-warblers.— Chestnut-bellied  warblert  (La- 
tham, 1783X  an  Asiatic  redstart,  RuticiUa  (formerly  Sylcia) 
erythroyastra.  —  Chestnut-Sided  warbler,  Bendrotca 
pemuylvanica  of  the  eastern  United  States  and  Canada, 
having,  when  adult,  the  under  parts  pure-white  with  a 
chain  of  chestnut  streak.s  along  each  side,  and  the  crown 
rich-yellow,- Chiff-chaff  warbler,  Phi/lloscopus  rv/us. 
See  cut  under  c/itjf-c/m//;- Children's  warblert,  the  fe- 
male or  young  summer  yellow-bird,  Dendra-ca  mstiva.  Au- 
dubon,  1831.— Cingalese  warblert  (Latham,  1783),  the 
green  warbler  of  Brown  (l77t))  and  yellow-bellied  creeper 
of  Latham  (1787),  one  of  the  yectariniidfe,  .inthothrepten 
phcenicotis,  extending  from  Bhutan  to  Malacca  and  the 
Sunda  Islands,  but  not  known  in  Ceylon.— Clstlcoline 
warbler,  a  gi-aas-warbler ;  one  of  a  very  large  and  loose 
group  of  Old  World  warbler-like  birds,  of  which  the  leading 
genera,  in  numbers  of  species,  are  Cisticola  or  Drymoeca, 
with  twelve  rectrices,  anil  Prinia  with  ten  (as  in  the  genus 
Cettia).  The  group  is  badly  defined,  and  is  now  generally 
thrown  into  the  so-called  ornithological  waste-basket  (7'i- 
meliida-).  Most  of  the  species  of  the  three  genera  named 
have  been  placed  in  each  of  the  others,  and  Drymoeca 
has  practically  included  the  members  of  liotli.  Among 
notable  members  of  the  group  are  the  tailor-warblers 
or  tailor-birds  (see  Orthotomus,  Sutoria,  and  tailtyr-bird , 
with  cuts),  with  twelve  rectrices,  and  the  species  of 
Suya  (which  see),  with  ten  rectrices.  The  group  is  best 
developed  in  Africa  and  Asia.  Cisticola  eur.\-itans  (with 
thirty  technical  synonyms)  extends  from  sttuthern  Eu- 
roi)e,  throughout  Africa  and  through  the  warmer  parts 
of  Asia,  to  the  Indti-Malayan  islands;  C.  subruficapilla 
(with  more  than  thirty  synonyms)  inhabits  most  of 
Africa.— Citrine  warblert  (Latham,  1783),  the  remark- 
able New  Zealand  Acanthisitta  chloris.  Sec  Xniicidif. 
—  Citron  warbler,  the  summer  yellow-bird,  Vendro'ca 
sestiva.  Swainson  aiul  7fic/(rtr(i;fon,  1831.- Connecticut 
warbler,  Oporornis  agilis,  a  ground-warliler  so  named 
by  Wilson  hi  1812,  common  in  eastenj  parts  of  the  United 
States,  especially  in  the  fall.— Creeping  warblers,  the 
American  warblers  of  the  genera  Miiiotilta  and  Parula. 
See  cut  under  jV;/iori';(a.— Dartford  warbler  (Latham, 
1783),  tlie  Motacilla  undata  of  Boddacrt.  1783  (l)a8ed  on 
the  piltechou  of  Daubenton,  Planches  Enlunnnt^es,  606, 


warbler 

fig.  1,  1783),  also  called  Sylvia  profincialis,  S,  utidata,  S. 
da)i/ordiensijt,  S.  ferruginea,  etc.,  and  type  of  the  genus 
Melizophilns  (which  see,  with  cut),  a  warbler  found  from 
England  and  France  to  northern  Africa  and  Palestine.— 
Daurian  Warblert  (Latham,  IIHS),  the  Daui  ian  redstart, 
Huticilla  (formerly  Sylvia)  aurorea.  inhabitiiij;  most  of 
Asia  ami  some  of  the  adjacent  islands.— Desert-warbler, 
Sylvia  nana,  characteristic  of  arid  wastes  from  Algeria  to 
Persia  aud  other  parts  of  Asia.  — Dusky  warblert.  («)  A 
bird  so  named  by  Latham  in  1783,  but  never  identified.  It 
i3  supposed  to  be  a  species  of  Prinia  or  of  Dn/mceca.  (b) 
The  yellow-rumped  warbler.  Pennant,  1785.  Ahotimbrose 
warbler,  (c)  Tlie  carbonated  wai'bler.  N^Utall,  1832.— 
Dwarf  warblert  (Latham.  1783X  Acanthiza  pusilla,  a 
warbler-like  bird  of  Australia.  —  Eqiiinoctial  warblert 
(Latham,  17831  Tatare  ffquinoctialis,  of  Christmas  Island 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  is  closely  related  to  the  bird 
figured  under  Tatare.  Fat  Warblert.  Same  as  graaset 
warbler. — Flaxen  warblert,  a  bird  so  named  by  liiatham 
in  1783,  apparently  Prinia  mystacea. — Fly-catctLing 
warblers,  the  American  warblers  of  the  subfamily  Seto- 
phaginse,  as  the  redstart,  the  species  of  3/// (orfioc^es,  Cardel- 
li^a,  Basiletiterifs,  etc.,  chiefly  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions.  .See  cuts  under  MyuKlioctes  aud  redstart— QbX- 
den  warbler,  the  common  European  and  African  Sylvia 
horteiisis,  the  greater  pettlchaps.   See  cut  under  jiettichaps. 

—  Golden-cheeked  warbler,  Dendroeca  chrgsoparia,  a 
relative  of  the  t>lack- throated  green  warbler,  found  from 
Texas  to  Guatemala.  Sclafer  and  Salvia,  1860. —  Golden- 
crowned  warbler,  the  yellow-rumped  warbler.  Latham, 
1783;  Pennant,  1785.  Also  golden-crowned  flycatcher  (tht; 
original  name,  bestowed  Ity  Edwards). — Golden  SWamp- 
warbler,  the  prothonotary  warbler.  See  cut  under  pro- 
thonotary. —Oolden  warblers.  See  f/o^rfen. —Gold-wing, 
gold-winged,  or  golden- winged  warbler,  llelmintko- 
pkaga  ckrysoptera.  See  cut  under  Helmiiithophaga.— 
Grace's  warbler,  Dendroeca  gracise  [named  by  S.  F. 
Baird  in  186j  after  Grace  D.  Coues],  a  wood-warbler  re- 
sembling D.  dominicat  discovered  in  Arizona  by  Coues  in 
1864.  —  Grasset  warbler,  the  yellow-rumped  warbler. 
Latham,  1783;  Pennant,  1785.- Grass-waxbler.  («)  A 
cisticoline  warbler,  especially  one  of  the  genus  Drymoeca 
In  a  broad  sense.  (6)  Any  member  of  the  genus  Lii^ci- 
niola,  a  small  group  of  about  12  species,  chiefly  Asiatic, 
and  especially  Himalayan,  with  one  species  extending  into 
the  Mediterranean  region,  and  another  in  South  Africa. 
There  are  twelve  tail-feathers,  the  tarsus  is  scutoUate,  the 
wings  are  short  with  spurious  first  primary,  and  the  pre- 
vailing colors  are  russet  and  olive-brown.  The  type  is 
L.  aedon  (of  Pallas).  This  genus  has  six  other  New  Latin 
names.- Great-tailed  warbler  (Latham,  1783),  one  of 
the  South  African  grass-warblers,  formerly  Sylvia  ma- 
croura,  now  known  as  Prima  (or  Drymceca)  maculosa.— 
Green  black-capped  warbler,  Wilson's  fly-catching 
warbler.  iV^fifa^i.— Green  warbler,  (at)  The  Cingalese 
warbler.  Brown,  1776.  (b)  The  black-throated  green 
wflrbler.  Laihain,  1783;  Pennant,  1785.— Ground-war- 
blers,  the  American  warblers  of  the  genera  Geothlypis 
and  related  forms,  as  the  Maryland  yellowthroat.  See  cut 
under  Geothlypis. — Guira  Warblert  (Latham),  a  South 
American  tanager,  Nemosia  guira. — Hedge -warbler, 
the  hedge-sparrow  (of  Albin,  1*738),  Accentor  modiUaris. 
See  cut  under  Accentor.  Latham,  1783.—HenilOCk- war- 
bler, the  young  Blackburnian  warbler,  Sylvia  parus  of 
Wilson,  Nuttall,  and  Audubon.— Hooded  Warbler,  the 
hooded  fly-catching  warbler,  Myiodioctes  initratus,  of 
the  eastern  parts  of  the  United  States.  The  adult  male 
is  of  an  olivaceous  color  above,  rich-yellow  below,  the 
head  mostly  black  with  a  mask  of  rich  yellow.  Also 
called  mitered  warbler,  Selby's  sglvan  flycatcher,  and 
hooded  titmouse.— Icteriae  Warbler,  a  tree-warbler, 
Hypolais  icfe^-tna.— Jamaica  warbler,  Dendroeca  do- 
ininica,   the   yellow-throated  warbler.       Latham,   1783. 

—  Kentucky  warbler,  Oporornis  /ormosa,  a  ground- 
warbler  so  named  by  Wilson  in  1811.  It  is  entirely  rich- 
yellow  underneath,  olivaceous  above,  with  a  black  bar  on 
each  side  of  the  head,  and  a  yellow  mark  about  the  eye. 
It  is  common  in  eastern  parts  of  the  United  States.  More 
fully  called  by  Audubon  Kentucky  fly -catching  warbler. — 
Kirtland'S  warbler,  Dendroeca  kirtlandi,  a  rare  wood- 
warbler  named  in  18'i2  by  S.  F.  Baird  after  Dr.  Jared  P. 
Kirtland  of  Ohio,  where  the  bird  was  discovered,  at  Cleve- 
land, May,  1851.— Lawrence's  warbler  [named  after 
George  N.  Lawrence  of  New  York],  Ilelminthophaga  law- 
rencei.  Herrick,  1874.— Long-legged  warblert  (Latham, 
1783),  the  remarkable  New  Zealand  Xem'cu^  longipes.  See 
A'ent>w«.— Long-tailed  warbler  (Latham,  1783),  the 
tailor-warbler  or  tailor-bird.  See  Siitoria. — Louisiana 
warbler,  the  blue  yellow-backed  warbler.  Latham,  1783  ; 
Pennant,  1783.  — Lucy's  warbler  [named  after  the  daugh- 
ter of  S.F.  Baird].  £fe;mm(/(opAa(7a/wc^«,  of  Arizona.  J.  G. 
Cooper,  1862.  It  is  clear-ashy,  white  below,  with  chest- 
nut crown-patch  and  upper  tail-coverts.— Macgillivray's 
warbler,  Geothlypis  macgillivrayi,  the  western  represen- 
tative of  the  mourning  warbler,  more  fully  called  Macgil- 
livray's ground-warbler :  originally  described  by  Audubon 
in  1839,  and  dedicated  to  William  Macgillivray,  a  Scotch 
ornithologist,  who  wrote  most  of  the  technical  parts  of  Au- 
dubon's "Ornithological  Biographv"  and  "Birds  of  Amer- 
ica."— Magellanic  warblert  (Latham,  1783),  a  South 
Ameiicaii  rock-wren,  Scytalopus  magellanicus,  of  the  fam- 
ily Pteropt(H'hidfe.  See  cut  under  Scytalopus. — Magnolia 
warbler,  thfi  tilack-and-yellow  warbler,  described  as  Syl- 
via magnolia  by  A.  Wilson  in  1811.  — Marmora's  war- 
bler, Sylvia  sarda  or  MelizophihtJt  sardus,  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean region.  — Marsh-warbler,  one  of  the  reed- war- 
blers, Acrocephalus  jjdlasfri.'^,  of  parts  of  Europe,  Asia, 
and  Africa.— Maryland  warbler,  the  Maryland  yellow- 
throat.  See  cut  under  (r('f*^/tZ?/;;w.— Maurice  warblert 
(Latham,  178:i),  the  white-eye  or  silvereye  of  Mauritius. 
Zosterops  Hirt»ri(ic(jia.— Mltered  warbler,  the  hooded 
warbler.  Also  called  mifered  sylran  flifcttchfr.—'M.OOT 
warblert,  Pratincola  (formerly  Sybna)  mavra,  a  whin- 
chat  widely  distributed  in  Asia.— Mourning  warbler, 
Geothlypis  philadelpfda,  so  named  by  A.  Wilson  in  1810 
from  the  black  veiled  with  gray  on  the  breast,  as  if  the 
bird  were  wearing  crape.  It  i^  a  common  ground-war- 
bler of  many  parts  of  North  America.— Nashville  war- 
bler, Hclminthophaga  ruficapilla,  a  common  swamp- 
warbler  or  worm-eating  warbler  of  most  parts  of  North 
America,  discovered  by  A.  Wil.son  in  1811,  and  named  af- 
ter a  city  in  Tennessee.- New  York  warbler,  the  New 
York  water-thrush,  Snurus  noveboracensis.     See  cut  an- 


0820 

der  Seiurus.  Latham,  1783;  Pennant,  1785.— Olive 
warbler,  (a)  A  monotypic  American  warbler  named 
Sylvia  olivac^a  by  J.  P.  Giraud  in  1841 ;  Peucedramus 
olivaceus  of  Coues,  inhabiting  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Ari- 
zona, and  southward,  chiefly  of  an  olivaceous  color  with 
orange-brown  or  deep  saff'ron-yellow  head  and  neck,  and 
a  black  transocular  bar.  It  is  4|  inches  long.  Also  olive- 
backed  and  orange-breasted  warbler,  {b)  The  female  of  the 
black -throated  blue  warbler.  P.  H.  Gosse.  [Jamaica.] 
(ct)  The  summer  yellow-bird,  Dendroeca  ^estiva,  in  some 
oljscure  plumage.  Pennant,  1785;  Stephens,  1817.— 
Orange-breasted  warbler.    Same  as  olive  warbler  (a). 

—  Orange -crowned  warbler,  Helminthophaga  celata, 
named  by  Thomas  Say  (1823).  It  inhabits  all  of  North 
America,  and  several  varieties  are  ilescribed.  The  crown 
has  a  concealed  patch  of  orange.— Orange-thighed 
warbler,  the  Maryland  yellowthroat,  which  in  some 
autumnal  and  other  plumages  has  the  flanks  tinged  with 
orange-ltrown.  The  adult  n)ale  is  figured  under  Geothly- 
pis. PcHna»(,  1785.— Orange-throated  warbler,  (a) 
The  prothonotai'y  warbler.  See  cut  under  prothonotary. 
Latham,  1783.  (6)  The  Blackburnian  warbler.  — Orphean 
warbler,  Sylvia  orpheus,  which,  including  its  variety 
.S'.  jerdoni,  inhabits  most  of  Europe  and  much  of  Asia 
and  Africa.— Palestine  warbler,  Sylvia  melanothorax, 
of  Palestine  and  Cypnis.- Party-colored  warbler,  (a) 
The  blue  yellow-backed  warbler.  (0)  The  prairie-war- 
Ider.  Stephens,  1817.— Pensile  Waxbler,  Dendroeca 
dominica,  formerly  Sylvia  pensilis.  Latham,  1783.— 
Pine-creeping  warbler,  Dendroeca  pinus  or  vigorei, 
one  of  the  conmionest  wood-warblers  of  the  United 
States,  of  an  olivaceous  color  above  and  yellowish  l>elow. 

—  Pine-swamp  warbler,  the  black-throated  blue  war- 
bler,- Pine-warbler,  one  of  two  different  American  war- 
blers :  (at)  The  pine-creeper  of  Edwards,  and  not  of  Cates- 
by  ;  the  blue-winged  yellow  warbler,  Helminthophaga  pi- 
nas.  Latham,  17S'd ;  Pennant,17ii5.  (b)  The  pine-creeper  of 
Catesby,  1771 ;  the  pine-creeping  warbler,  Dendroeca pimis 
or  vigorsi.  See  cut  under  ;>iVi€-M'ar&ier.— Prothonotary 
warbler.  See  2>r(j(/tt>?iofa?T/.— Provincial  warbler,  the 
Dartford  warbler.— Quebec  Warbler,  the  chestnut-sided 
warbler.  Pennant,  1785.— Rathbone's  warbler,  the 
summer  yellow-bird,  Dendroeca  estiva,  in  some  immature 
plumage.  .<4Mdif&on..— Red-backed warbler,the  prairie- 
warbler.  /*.  //.  Gosse.  [Jamaica.]— Red-faced  or  red- 
fronted  warbler,  CardelUna  rvbrifrons,  a  fly-catching 
warbler  of  the  southern  border  of  the  I'nited  States  and 
southward.  See  CarrfeWf ho.- Redstart  warblert,  the 
European  redstart,  Ruticilla  (formerly  Sylvia) phcenicura. 
See  cut  under  rerf«(«rt.— Red-thTOated  warblert,  the 
chestnut-sided  warbler.  Latham,  1783.— Rocky  Moun- 
tain warbler,  Virginia's  warijier.— Roscoe's  Warbler, 
the  Maryland  yellowthroat,  in  some  variant  plumage.  Au- 
dubon, 1832.— Ruddy  warblert,  the  rock-warbler.  La- 
tham, 1801.— Rufous-vented  warblert  (Latham,  i8oi), 
an  Australian  thick-headed  shrike,  Pachycephala  rufiven- 
tiis,  earlier  called  by  Latham  rufous-vented  honey-^ater, 
and  later  by  Lewin  orange-breasted  thrush. ^RVdOMS 
warbler,  Sylvia  (or  Aedon)  galactodes,  of  southern  Eu- 
rope an<l  northern  Africa.  — Riippell's  "WaxXiler,  Sylvia 
rueppelli,  of  southern  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  Palestine, 
and  some  parts  of  Africa.  —  Rush-warblert  (Latham, 
1783),  an  unidentified  sparrow  of  the  United  States,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  fleld-sparrow,  Spizella  ^iMiV^a.— RuBty- 
Sided  warblert  (Latham,  1801),  the  cerulean  creeper  of 
the  same  author  and  date,  Zosterops  cenilescens,  a  white- 
eye  of  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Chatham  Islands.  — 
St.  Domingo  warbler,  Dendroeca  dominica,  the  yellow- 
throated  warbler.  Turton,  1806.— Sardinian  warbler, 
Sylvia  tnelanocephala,  of  the  MediterraTiean  region.— 
Sennett's  warbler  [named  after  George  B.  Sennett 
of  New  York],  one  of  the  creeping  warblers,  Parula  ni- 
grilora,  of  Texas  and  southward.  Coues,  1877.— Siberian 
warbler  (Latham,  1783),  the  Asiatic  Accentor  inontanellus, 
occasional  in  Europe,  related  to  the  common  hedge-accen- 
tor.— Spectacled  warbler,  Sylvia  consindllata,  of  the 
Mediterranean  region,  extending  from  Palestine  to  the 
Canaries.— Spotted  warbler.  («)  The  Cape  May  war- 
bler, (b)  The  black-and-yellow  warbler,  Dendroeca  jna- 
culosa.  See  spotted  (with  cut).— Spotted  yellow  war- 
bler, (a)  The  Ciipe  May  warbler.  Latham,  1783;  Pen- 
nant, 178.5.  These  two  accounts  are  the  bases  of  MotaciZla 
tigrina  (Gmelin,  1788).  (b)  Dendroeca  maculosa.  See  cut 
under  spotted.— Streslked  warbler  (Latham,  1801),  an 
Australian  warbler-like  bird,  formerly  Sylvia  sagxttata, 
now  known  as  Chthonicola  sagittata. — Subalpine  war- 
bler, Sylvia  subalpina,  of  southern  Europe,  northern 
Africa,  and  western  Asia.- Summer  Warbler,  the  sum- 
mer yellow-bird  of  North  America ;  one  of  the  golden 
warblei-s,  Dendroeca  ^estiva,  among  the  most  abundant  and 


Yetlow  Warbler,  or  Summer  '^  ellow-bird  {Dendrorfa  astiva),  male. 

familiar  warblers  of  the  United  States.  The  adult  male  is 
golden-yellow  more  or  less  obscured  with  olivaceous  on 
the  back,  and  lias  the  whole  under  part  streaked  with 
brownish-red.  Also  called,  in  various  plumages,  yellow-poll 
warbler,  olive  ivarbler,  citron  warbler,  yellow  warbler,  Chil- 
dren'x  warbler,  Rathbone's  warbler,  etc.— Superb  War- 


war-cry 

blert,  either  one  of  two  different  malurine  birds  of  Aus- 
tralia, Malurus  cyaneus  and  M.  lambeHi,  fomierly  placed 
inthegenus.S'y^yia.  Latham;  Shaw.  Also  called  Wu^iwen. 
—  Swainson'S  warbler  [named  after  William  Swarnson, 
an  English  quinarian  naturalist],  llelinaia  (or  Jleloneea) 
swainsoni,  described  by  Audubon  in  1834,  and  long  con- 
sidered one  of  the  rarest  of  the  American  warblers,  but 
lately  found  abundant  in  South  Carolina.- Sybil  war- 
blert, Pratincola  (forujerly  Sylvia)  sybilla,  peculiar  to 
Madagascar.— Sylvan  warblers,  tlie  American  fly-catch- 
ing warblers  of  the  genus  MyiodiiK-tfs:  so  called  as  per- 
taining to  Nuttall's  genus  Sylvania  (1840).  See  cut  under 
Myiodioctes.— ^eJm.GSSee  warbler,  Helminthophaga  pe- 
regrina,  a  common  swamp-warlder  of  chiefly  east<;rn 
paits  of  North  America:  named  after  the  State  where 
found  by  A.  Wilson  in  1811.— Tolmie'B  warbler,  Macgil- 
livray's warbler.  J.  K.  Toumsend,  1839.— Townsend'8 
warbler,  Dendroeca  toumsendi,  the  western  representa- 
tive of  the  black- throated  green  warbler,  discovered  by 
Townsend  and  Nuttall  on  the  Columbia  river  in  1835,  and 
named  after  the  former  by  Audubon.  It  ranges  from 
Alaska  to  Guatemala,  and  has  been  taken  near  Phila- 
delphia.—Tristram's  warbler  [named  after  Canon  H. 
B.  Tristram  of  England],  Sylria  deserticola,oi  the  Algerian 
Sahara.— Umbrose  warblert.  Samea8d««^W'arWer(&). 
Latham,  1783.— Undated  warblert,  a  bird  so  named  by 
Latham  in  1783,  apparently  a  species  of  Cisticota.—Vi' 
gors's  warbler  [named  after  N.  A.  Vigors,  an  English 
quinarian  naturalist],  the  pine-creeping  warl)ler  as  mis- 
taken for  another  species.  Audubon,  1832.  Also  called 
Vigors's  rireo  (Nuttall,  1832).—  Virginia's  Warbler,  Hel- 
minthophaga mrginise:  so  named  by  Baird  in  1S60  after 
the  wife  of  Dr.  W.  W.  Anderson ;  the  Rocky  Mountain 
warbler. — Western  warbler,  the  heimit-warbler,  dis- 
covered by  J.  K,  Tow  nsend  at  Fort  Vancouver,  May  28th, 
1835,  and  by  Thomas  Nuttall  at  alx)ut  the  same  time.— 
White-eyed  warblert  (Latham,  1783),  the  white-eye  of 
-Nladagascar,  Zosterops  madagascariensis.  —  Wbite-poU 
warbler, the  black-and-white  warbler.  La/Aam,  17»3 ;  Pen- 
nant, 1785.— Wbite-throated  blue  warbler,  the  cei-u- 
lean  warbler. — Wllite- throated  warbler,  Hchiiinthoph' 
aga  leucobronchialis.  W.  Brewster,  1874. — Wilson's  fly- 
catChing  warbler  [named  after  Alexander  Wihon  (1766- 
1813X  the  American  ornithologist],  Myiodioctes  pumllu*, 
inhabiting  all  parts  of  North  America:  more  fully  called 
WUson's  green  black-capped  fly-catching  warbler,  and  for- 
merly Sylvia  wilsonii  (Bonaparte,  1824).  It  is  olivaceous 
and  yellow,  having  in  the  adult  male  a  square  patch  of 
glossy  black  on  the  crown.  See  cut  under  Myiodioctes.— 
Worm-eating  warbler.  See  woi-m-eating.-  Yellow- 
backed  warbler,  the  blue  yellow-backed  warbler.  La- 
tham, 178-1—  Yellow-breast  or  yellow-breasted  war- 
bler, the  MaiTland  yellowthroat,  Geothlypis  trichas.  See 
cut  under  Geothlypis.  Latham,  1783;  Pennant,  1785.— 
Yellow-browed  warbler  (Latham,  1783),  Phylloscopus 
superciliosus  (fomierly  Sylvia  superdliosa),  a  common 
warbler  throughout  the  greater  part  of  Asia,  and  a  strag- 
gler in  Europe.  Called  in  full  the  yellow-brmced  barred 
willow-warbler.  See  cut  under  Phylloscopus. — YellOW- 
crowned  warbler,  the  chestnut-sided  warbler,  one  of 
whose  early  names  was  Sylvia  icterocephala.  Stephens, 
1817.— Yellow-fronted  warbler,  the  blue  golden- 
winged  warbler.  Latham,  1783;  Pennant,  1785.  See 
cut  under  Helminthophaga.—  YellOW-poU  Warbler, 
thesummeryellow-bird,  Dcndrceca  testiva.  Latham,  1783 ; 
Pennant,  1785.— Yellow  red-polled  warbler.  Same  as 
p«;w-icarWcr.— Yellow-rumped  warbler,  (a)  Dendroe- 
ca coronata,  the  myrtle-bird  (which  see)  or  yellowrnmp, 
which  abounds  in  most  parts  of  North  America,  and  has  a 
host  of  names.  It  may  be  re;cognized  by  the  distinct  yellow 
marks  in  four  places — on  tlie  crown,  rump,  and  each  side 
of  the  breast — the  plumage  being  otherwise  chiefly  black, 
white,  and  bluish-gray  when  adult,  but  dingy  in  the  young 
birds.  Also  golden-crowned,  belted,  dusky,  umhrose,  gras- 
set, etc.,  warbler,  Virginia  titmouse,  etc.  (6)  The  black- 
and-yellow  warbler,  Dendroeca  maculosa,  which  has  yel- 
low upper  tail-coverts  like  the  preceding,  but  is  other- 
wise quite  different.  Latham,  1783.  Also  called  yellow- 
rumped  flycatcher.  See  cut  under  spotted. — YellOWtail- 
Warbler,  the  female  or  young  male  of  the  American  red- 
start, Setophaga  ruticilla.  See  second  cut  under  redstart. 
Pennant,  1785.— YellOW-throated  waxbler,  Dendroeca 
dominica,  an  abundant  and  beautiful  wood-warbler  of 
rather  southerly  regions  of  the  United  States  and  some  of 
the  West  India  islands  and  Central  America.  The  throat 
is  rich-yellow.  Also  yellow-throated  gray  warbler.— Yel^ 
low  warbler,  (a)  The  summer  yellow-bird,  Dendroeca 
xstiva.  See  cut  under  summer  warbler,  (b)  The  willow- 
warbler,  Phylloscopus  trochUus.  (See  also  grasshopper- 
warbler,  hertnit-icarbler,  palm-warbler,  prairie-warbler, 
reed-warUer,  rock-warbler,  sedge-icarbler,  swamp-icarhler, 
tailor -warbler,  tree-warbler,  willow-tcarbler,  wood-war- 
Uer.) 

warblet  (war'blet),  H.     Same  as  warble^y  3. 

warblingly  (warb'ling-li),  adv.    In  a  warbling 
manner;  with  warbling. 

war-cart  (war'kart),  h.  a  military  engine  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  described  as  a  wagon  upon 


War-ca.rts,  close  of  15th  or  beginning  of  16th  century.     sFrom  Viollet- 
le-I>iic's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais.") 

which  two  or  more  of  the  light  cannon  of  the 
time  were  mounted. 
warcliet,  i'-     A  Middle  English  form  of  tcork, 
warchondt,  a.    See  icerlamh 
warcraft  (war'kraft),  h.     The  science  or  art  of 
war. 

He  had  oflScers  who  did  keu  the  war-cra/t^ 

/*uWer,  Worthies,  Lancashire,  i.  558.     {Davies.) 

war-cry  (war'kii),  ».  A  cry  or  phrase  nsed  in 
war  for  mutual  recognition  or  encouragement ; 
a  sliort  pithy  expression  used  in  common  by  a 
body  of  troops  in  cliargiugan  enemy:  as,"Saiut 


war-cry 

George!"  was  the  wiir-cry  of  England,  "Mont- 
joie  Saint  Denis!"  the  war-cry  of  France. 

FaitMnl  to  his  noble  vow,  his  war-cry  fllleil  the  air ; 
"Be  honour'd  aye  the  bravest  knight,  beloved  the  fairest 
fair."  Scott,  Romance  of  Dunois  (trans.). 

wardl  (ward),  H.  [<  ME.  xcar^,  <  AS.  xcearri, 
m.,  a  keeper,  watchman,  guavd,  guardian,  = 
OS.  ward  =  OHG.  MHG.  G.  xoart  (in  comp.)  = 
Icel.  rirrthr  (rartli-),  m.,  a  watchman,  a  watch, 
=  Goth,  "icardu,  in  comp.  daiira-wards,  m., 
doorkeeper;  also  OHG.  warto,  MHG.  warfe  = 
Goth,  wardja,  m.,  keeper,  watchman ;  also  OHG. 
warta  =  Goth,  wardo,  f.,  in  comp.  dauru-icardo, 
a  keeper;  with  formative  -d,  from  the  root  *war 
in  ware,  wary,  etc. :  see  icmrel,  wear'^.  Cf.  ward''', 
and  see  ward^,  v.,  which  is  derived  from  both 
icarrfl,  »^.,  and  teard^,  n.  Hence,  in  comp.,  bear- 
ward,  gateward,  liayward,  steward  (styward), 
woodward,  etc.]  A  keeper;  watchman;  warden. 
[Archaic] 

And  with  that  breth  helle  brake  with  alle  Belialea  barres ; 
For  eny  wye  other  ward-  wyde  openede  the  gates. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxi.  368. 
caty  wardt.  See  cUi/. 
wardl  (ward),  r.  [<  ME.  warden,  wardieii,  <  AS. 
weardiaii,  keep,  watch,  hold,  possess  (=  OS. 
wardon  =  OFries.  wardia  =  MLG.  warden  = 
OHG.  MHG.  G.  warten,  watch,  =  Icel.  vartlia, 
warrant,  etc.),  <  weard,  m.,  keeper,  wcard,  f., 
keeping:  see  ward^,  n.,  ward-,  ii.  Hence  (from 
MHG.  warten)  OF.  warder,  guarder,  garder  = 
Pr.  gardar,  guurdar  =  Sp.  Pg.  guardar  =  It. 
guardare,  watch,  guard :  see  guard,  c]    I.  trans. 

1.  To  take  care  of;  keep  in  safety;  watch; 
guard ;  defend ;  protect. 

God  me  ward  and  kepe  fro  werk  diabolike, 
And  stedfaate  me  hold  in  feith  Catholike ! 

Horn,  of  ParUnay  (T£,.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3499. 
Tell  hhn  it  was  a  hand  that  warded  him 
From  thousand  dangers. 

SAaJ-.,Tit.  And.,iiL  1.  195. 
Coueting  to  draw  nigh  your  ships,  which  if  they  shal 
flnde  not  wel  watched,  or  ^carded,  they  wil  assault. 

Hakluyt't  Voyages,  I.  229. 

2.  To  put  under  guard ;  imprison. 

Into  which  prison  were  these  Christiana  put,  and  fast 
warded  all  the  winter  season. 

Munday  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  204). 

3.  To  fend  off;  repel;  turn  aside:  commonly 
followed  by  off. 

When  all  is  done,  there  is  no  warding  the  Bluws  of  For- 
tune. Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  162. 

To  ward  of  the  gripe  of  poverty,  you  must  pretend  to 
be  a  stranger  to  her.  Goldtmith,  The  Bee,  Nu.  3. 

n.  intrans.  If.  To  keep  guard;  watch. 
The  valiant  Captaine  Francesco  Bagone  warded  at  the 
Keepe.  Hakluyt't  Voyages,  II.  123. 

2.  To  act  on  the  defensive  with  a  weapon ; 
guard  one's  self. 

Zelmane,  redoubling  her  blows,  drave  the  iitranger  to 
no  other  shift  than  to  ward  and  go  back. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 

Halfe  their  times  and  labours  are  spent  in  watching  and 
warding,  onely  to  defend,  but  altogether  vnable  to  sup- 
presse  the  Saluages.        Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  II.  79. 

3t.  To  take  care:  followed  by  a  clause  begin- 
ning with  that. 

I  now  of  all  good  here  sciiai  fynd  l»y  grace ; 
But  warde  that  ye  l>e  a  Monday  in  thys  place. 

Kom.  qf  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  80.5. 

ward''  (wftpd),  V.  [<  ME.  ward,  warde,  <  A.S. 
weard,  t.,  keeping,  watch,  guanl,  district,  ward, 
=  MLG.  warde  =z  OHG.  warta,  MHG.  trarte, 
wart,  t.,  keeping,  watch,  guard;  an  ab.stract 
fem.  noun,  with  formative  -tl,  from  tlie  root 
"war  in  ware,  wary,  etc.:  see  wariA.  wear-. 
From  the  Teut.  are  ult.,  through  OF..  E.  guard, 
n.  and  v.,  regard,  reward,  guardian,  warden^, 
etc.  Cf.  tcardl,  n.,  and  ward^,  r.,  which  in- 
volves both  nouns.]  1.  The  act  of  keeping 
guard;  a  position  or  state  of  watchfulness 
against  surprise,  danger,  or  harm ;  guard ; 
watch:  as,  to  keep  watch  and  ward.    See  watch. 

But  I  which  spend  tiie  darke  and  dreadful  night 
In  watch  and  ward. 
OaKoigne,  Philomene  (Steele  Oias,  etc.,  ed.  Aiber,  p.  87). 

2t.  A  body  of  persons  whose  duty  it  is  to  guard. 
protect,  or  defend;  the  watch;  a  defensive 
force;  garrison. 

Tir  assicged  Castles  tcarrf 
Their  stedfast  st<jnds  did  mightily  niaintaine. 

Speiuer,  V.  Q.,  II.  xi.  Va. 

Was  frequent  heard  the  clianging  guard. 
Anil  watchword  (rum  tlie  sleepless  ward. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  30. 

3.  Means  of  guarding;  defense;  protection; 
preservation. 

The  i)«8t  ward  of  mine  honour  is  rewarding  my  depen- 
denu.  Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  ill.  1.  138. 


6821 

I  tliiuk  I  Imve  a  close  ward,  and  a  sure  one  — 

An  honest  mind.         Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  iii.  2. 

4t.  The  outworks  of  a  castle. 

And  alle  the  towres  of  ci-ystalle  schene, 
And  the  ivarden  enanielde  and  overgylt  clene. 

Hampole.    (UalliweU.) 

5.  A  guarded  or  defensive  motion  or  position 
in  fencing,  or  the  like ;  a  turning  aside  or  inter- 
cepting of  a  blow,  thrust,  etc. 

1  Scholler.  Ah,  well  thrust  I 

2  Scltoller.  But  mark  the  ward. 
Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay. 

Thou  knowest  my  old  ward;  here  I  lav,  and  thus  I  bore 
my  point.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4.  215. 

6.  The  state  of  being  under  a  guard ;  confine- 
meiit  under  a  guard,  warder,  or  keeper;  cus- 
tody; confinement;  jail. 

He  would  be  punished  and  committed  to  ward. 

Latimer,  2d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

He  put  them  in  ward  in  the  house  of  the  captain  of  the 

guard.  Gen.  xl.  3. 

7.  Guardianship ;  control  or  care  of  a  minor. 
Item,  my  Lord  of  Huugerford  has  writen  to  me  for  to 

have  the  warde  of  Robert  Monpyns[onlis  sone,  wher  of  I 
am  agreed  that  he  schal  (have)  "hit  like  as  I  has  wretyn 
to  hym  in  a  letter,  of  the  wbech  I  send  zow  a  cope  closed 
here  in.  Pastm.  Letters,  I.  94. 

It  is  inconvenient  in  Ireland  that  the  wards  and  mar- 
riages of  gentlemen's  children  should  be  in  the  disposal 
of  any  of  those  lords.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

8.  The  state  of  being  uuder  the  care,  control, 
or  protection  of  a  guardian ;  the  condition  of 
being  under  guardianship. 

I  must  attend  his  majesty's  command,  to  whom  I  am 
now  in  ward.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1.  5. 

The  decay  of  estates  in  ward  by  the  abuse  of  the  powers 
of  wardship.  R.  W.  Dixon,  Hist.  Church  of  Eng.,  ii. 

9.  One  who  or  that  which  is  guarded ;  specifi- 
cally, a  minor  or  person  under  guardianship,  (a) 
In  fetidal  law,  the  heir  of  tlie  king's  tenant  in  capite,  dur- 
ing his  nonage.  (6)  In  Bri/wA  (aw,  a  minor  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  generally  called  a  ward 
in  Chaneeri/,  or  a  teard  of  court.  To  marry  a  ward  of 
court  without  consent  of  the  court  is  a  contempt.  The 
court  has  power,  if  the  ward  has  property,  to  appoint  a 
guardian,  if  there  is  none,  and  to  supervise  his  adminis- 
tration, and  remove  him. 

My  lord,  he  's  a  great  ivard,  wealthy,  but  simple  ; 
His  parts  consist  in  acres. 

Stiddleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  iii.  2. 
(c)  In  tl.  S.  taw,  a  minor  for  whom  a  guardian  is  ap- 
pointed. 

10.  A  division,    (a)  A  band  or  company. 
Habsliahiah,  Sherebiah,  and  Jeshua  the  son  of  Kadmiel, 

with  their  brethren  over  against  them,  to  praise  and  to 
give  thanks,  according  to  the  commandment  of  David 
the  man  of  God,  ward  over  against  ward.  Neb.  xii.  24. 
(6t)  A  division  of  an  army ;  a  brigade,  battalion,  or  regi- 
ment. 

The  kyng  of  Lybie,  callid  Lamadone, 
The  ix'e  warde  hadde  att  his  leding. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  2172. 

The  thirde  warde  lede  the  kynge  Boors  of  Gaunes,  that 
full  wele  cowde  hem  guyde,  and  were  in  his  company 
iiijinl  men  wele  horsed.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  161. 

Somerset,  expecting  to  have  been  followed  by  Lord 
Wenlock,  who  commanded  what  was  called  "the  middle 
ward"  of  tliat  army,  allowed  himself  to  be  lured  into  a 
pursuit  J.  Gairdner,  Richard  III.,  i. 

(c)  A  certain  division,  section,  or  quarter  of  a  town  or 
city,  such  as  is  under  the  charge  of  an  alderman,  or  as  is 
constituted  for  the  convenient  transaction  of  local  public 
t)usines8  through  committees  appointed  by  the  inhabi- 
tants, or  merely  for  the  purposes  of  elections. 

Throughout  the  trembling  city  placed  a  guard. 
Dealing  an  equal  share  to  every  ward.  Dryden. 

(d)  A  territorial  division  of  some  counties  in  Great  Brit- 
ain, as  Lanarkshire  and  Renfrewshire  in  Scotland,  and 
Northumlwrland  and  Cumberland  in  the  north  of  Eng- 
land, (e)  "Tiie  division  of  a  forest.  (/)  One  of  the  apart- 
ments into  which  a  hospital  is  divided  ;  as,  a  fever  icard; 
a  convalescent  ward. 

11.  A  curved  ridge  of  metal  inside  a  look, 
forming  an  obstacle  to  the  passage  of  a  key 
which  has  not  a  corresponding  notch  ;  also,  the 
notch  or  slot  in  the  web  or  bit  of  a  key  into 
which  such  a  ridge  fits  when  the  key  is  applied. 
Tlie  wards  of  a  lock  are  often  named  according  to  their 
shapes :  as,  L-ward ;  T-  ward.  The  wards  are  usually  made 
of  sheet-metal  bent  into  a  round  form,  and  hence  are 
sometimes  termed  wheels.    See  cut  under  pick^,  4. 

A  key 
That  winds  through  secret  wards. 

Wordsworth,  Memory. 

Casual,  casualty,  condemned  ward.  Sec  the  quali- 
fying words.  Casualty  of  wards.  See  casualty.— 
Isolatinff  ward,  a  room  in  a  liosjiital  set  apart  for  the 
reception  of  patients  sulferinKwitli  conta^iious  disease,  or 
who  must  for  any  cause  be  kept  from  contact  with  others 
in  the  hospital.— Police-Jury  ward,  in  Louisiana,  the 
chief  subdivision  of  the  parish.  -Watch  and  ward.  Sec 
watch. 

ward-*t,  "dr.  [<  ME.  ward,  a  quasi-adverb,  be- 
ing the  sufti.'c  -ward  separated  from  its  base,  as 
in  to  me  \rard.  See  -ward  and  toicard.']  The 
suffix  -ward  separated  as  a  distinct  word. 

-ward  (wiird).  [<  ME.  -ward.  <  AS.  -weard  = 
OS.  -ward  =  OFries.  -ward  =  D.  -waari  =  MLG. 


warden 

LG.  -ward  =  OHG.  MHG.  -wert  (G.'  -warts)  = 
Icel.  -verthr  =  Goth,  -wairths;  akin  to  L.  ver- 
s«s  {*rert-tus),  which  is  postposed  in  the  same 
way,  <  vertere,  turn,  become,  =  AS.  weorthan, 
become:  see  worth^  and  rerse'^.  Cf.  -wards."] 
A  suffix  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  indicating  di- 
rection or  tendency  to  or  from  a  point,  it  is 
affixed  to  many  adverbs  and  prepositions,  as  fore  (for-), 
forth,  from  (fro-),  to,  after,  back,  liind,  in,  out,  hither, 
thither,  whither,  up,  nether,  thence,  etc. ;  to  words  indicat- 
ing points  of  the  compass  (east,  west,  etc.);  to  nouns  in- 
dicating a  goal,  center,  end,  direction,  etc.,  as  Itome,  way, 
wind,  down,  heaven,  God,  etc.  With  some  of  these  it  was 
used  pleonastically,  as  abackward,  adownward.  Most  of 
the  forms  have  a  collateral  form  with  adverbial  genitive 
-s,  as  forwards,  afterwards,  inwards,  outwards,  etc.  In 
toward,  the  elements  were  formerly  often  separated,  as  in 
the  Bible :  to  VA-ward  (Ps.  xl.  5 ;  2  Pet.  iii.  9) ;  to  thee-ward 
(1  Sam.  xix.  4) ;  to  yon-ward  (2  Cor.  xiii.  3) ;  to  the  mercy 
seatward  (Ex.  xx.xvii.  9) ;  etc. 

Such  a  newe  herte  and  lusty  corage  vnto  the  lawe  warde 
canst  thou  neuer  come  by  of  thyne  owne  strength  and  en- 
forcement. J.  Udall,  Prol.  to  Romans. 

wardaget  (war'daj),  n.  [<  ward'^  +  -age.] 
Money  paid  or  contributed  to  watch  and  ward. 
Also  called  ward-penny. 

war-dance  (war'daus),  «.  1.  A  dance  engaged 
in  by  savage  tribes  before  a  warlike  excursion. 

—  2.  A  dance  simulating  a  battle. 
ward-cornt  (ward'korn),   n.      [<   OF.  "warde- 

corne  (?),  <  warder,  keep,  -t-  come,  <  L.  cornu,  a 
horn:  see  horti.]  In  old  Eng.  law,  the  duty  of 
keeping  watch  and  ward  in  time  of  danger, 
with  the  duty  of  blowing  a  horn  on  the  ap- 
proach of  a  foe. 
ward-corset,  «.  [ME.  wardecora,  wardecoree,  < 
OF.  wardecors,  guardccorps,  gardecors,  <  warder, 
guarder,  ward,  guard,  -1-  cors,  corps,  body :  see 
ward^  and  corse'^,  corpse.]     1.  A  body-guard. 

Though  thow  preye  Argus  with  his  hundred  eyen 

To  be  my  wardecors,  as  he  kaii  best, 

In  feith  he  siial  nat  kepe  me  but  ine  lest. 

Chaucer,  Pro!,  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  359. 

2.  A  cloak.     Prompt.  I'arv.,  p.  516. 

wardeint,  «.  A  Middle  English  variant  of  war- 
den^. 

warden^  (war'dn),  «.  [<  ME.  wardeln,  uardeyn, 
Sc.  wardane,  wardan,  a  warden,  guardian, 
keeper,  <  OF.  'wardein,  gardein,  gardain,  guar- 
dain,  F.  gardien  (ML.  gardiantis),  a  keeper, 
warden,  guardian,  cf.  gardien,  a.,  keeping, 
watching,  <  loardc,  garde,  ward,  guard,  keep- 
ing: see  ward^,  and  cf.  guardian,  a  doublet  of 
warden'^.  Cf.  irardoi".]  1.  A  guard  or  watch- 
man; a  guardian. 

Filthe  and  elde,  also  moot  I  thee. 
Been  grete  wardeyns  upon  chastitee. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  360. 

He  called  to  the  wardens  on  the  outside  battlements, 

Seott. 

2.  A  chief  or  principal  keeper;  an  officer  who 
keeps  or  guards :  as,  the  warden  of  the  Fleet  (or 
Fleet  prison). 

The  u'ardeyn  of  the  gates  pan  to  calle 
The  folk  which  that  without  the  gates  were, 
And  bad  hem  dryven  in  hire  bestes  alle. 
Or  al  the  night  they  moste  bleven  there. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  1177. 

The  Countess  asked  to  be  shown  some  of  the  prisoners' 

soup.    The  warden  brought  some  to  her  in  a  clean  fresh 

plate.  The  Century,  XXXVII.  609. 

3.  The  title  given  to  the  head  of  some  colleges 
and  schools,  and  to  the  superior  of  some  con- 
ventual churches. 

Our  corn  is  stoln,  men  wil  us  fooles  calle. 
Bathe  the  wardeyn  and  oure  felawes  alle. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  192. 

And  all  way  the  Wardeyne  of  the  seyd  ffrers  or  sum  of 
hys  Brothern  by  bys  assignment  Daly  accompanyd  with  vs 
Informyng  And  shewing  vnto  vs  the  holy  places  with  in 
the  holy  iaude.    Tm-kington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  26. 

4.  In  Connecticut  boroughs, the  chief  executive 
officer  of  the  municipal  government;  in  a  few 
Rhode  Island  towns,  a  judicial  officer.  In  colo- 
nial times  the  name  was  sometimes  used  in 

place  ot  fire-trardcn  or  fire-ward Port  warden, 

an  officer  invested  with  the  chief  authority  in  a  port. — 
Warden  of  a  church.  See  churchu-anUn. — Warden 
Of  a  university,  the  master  or  president  of  a  university. 

-  Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  the  governor  qf  the 
havens  called  the  Cin<jue  Ports,  and  their  dependencies, 
who  has  tile  authority  of  an  admiral,  and  has  power  to  hold 
a  court  of  admiralty  and  courts  of  law  and  equity.  See 
Cinque  Ports,  under  iv /«/!«.— Warden  Of  the  marches. 
See  marcAi.— Warden  of  the  mint.  See  ?»?'/(fi.— "War- 
den of  the  stews,  a  townofficer,  one  of  several  mentioned 
in  the  fifteenth  century  :  apparently  one  who  had  charge 
of  pens  for  cattle,  hogs,  etc.,  perhaps  u  pound.  Compare 
Iwy-niace. 

warden''^  (war'dn),  n.  [<  ME.  wardun,  icardone; 
usually  associated  with  irarden^,  and  taken  to 
mean  a  pear  that  may  be  kept  long  (cf.  OF. 
poire  de  garde,  "a  warden,  or  winter  peare,  a 
peare  which  may  be  kept  verielong,"  (^otgrave) : 


warden 

see  warden'^.  But  the  sense  of  warden  is  active, 
•  one  who  keeps,'  and  it  does  not  seem  to  apply 
to  a  pear:  and  the  ME.  forms  of  warden^  are 
different  from  those  of  warden^.  Perhaps  the 
origin  is  in  OF.  *wardoii,  a  var.  of  gardon  (Gode- 
froy),  a  var.  ot  gardin,  garden:  see  garden.']  A 
kind  of  pear,  usedehieflyforroasting  or  baking. 

Wardone,  peere,  voleimim.     Wardone  tree,  volemus. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  516. 

F.iith,  I  would  have  had  him  roasted  like  a  warden, 
In  brown  paper,  and  no  more  talk  on  't 

Beau,  and  FL,  Cupid's  Eevcnge,  ii.  3. 
Ox-cheek  when  hot,  and  imrdetn  bak'd,  some  cry ; 
But  'tis  with  an  intention  men  should  buy. 

W.  King,  Art  ot  Cookery,  1.  641. 
Warden  pie,  a  pie  made  of  warden  pears,  baked  or  stewed 
without  crust. 

I  must  have  saffron  to  colour  the  warden  pies. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  3.  48. 

wardenry  (war'dn-ri),  n.  [<  warden^  +  -ry  (see 
-ery).']     1.  The  district  in  charge  of  a  warden. 

But  yet  they  may  not  tamely  see. 
All  through  the  Western  M'ardenry, 
Your  law-contemning  kinsmen  ride. 
And  burn  and  spoil  the  Border-side. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  24. 
2.  The  office  of  warden. 
wardenship  (war'dn-ship),  n.     [<  warden^    + 
-.sAy).]     The  office  of  warden. 

His  Maj.  K.  Cha.  I.  gave  him  the  Wardenship  of  Merton 
Colledge  as  a  reward  for  liis  service,  but  the  times  suf- 
fered him  not  to  receive  or  enjoy  any  benefitt  by  it. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (William  Harvey). 

warder^  (war'dSr),  n.  [FoiTuerly  also  wardour, 
<  OF.  'wardour,  gardour,  gardeor,  a  keeper, 
warder,  <  warder,  ward:  see  ward'^,  v.,  and 
-eel, -orl.]  One  who  keeps  watch  and  ward ;  a 
keeper;  a  guard. 
Memory,  the  warder  of  the  brain. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  L  7.  66. 

The  warders  of  the  gate.  Dryden,  -Eneid,  ii.  461. 

Warder  butcher-birdt,  the  great  gray  shrike,  Lanius  ex- 
cubitor.  Sir  John  Sebright. 
warder^  (war'd6r),  n.  [<  ME.  warder,  war- 
drere,  warderere ;  appar.  <  ward^,  v.,  +  -er2.]  A 
truncheon  or  staff  of  authority  earned  by  a 
king,  commander-in-chief,  or  other  important 
dignitary.  Signals  seem  to  have  been  given  by  means 
of  it,  as  by  casting  it  down  (a  signal  to  stop  proceedings) 
or  tlirowing  it  up  (a  signal  t^  charge). 
Stay,  the  king  hath  thrown  his  warder  down. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  3.  118. 

Wafting  his  warder  thrice  about  his  head, 
[He]  cast  it  up  witli  his  auspicious  hand, 
Wliich  was  the  signal  through  the  English  spread 
That  they  should  charge. 

Drat/ton,  Battle  of  Agincourt,  st.  181. 

wardereret.  A  doubtful  word  occurring  only 
in  the  following  passage  describing  the  pur- 
suit of  a  horse  that  had  run  away. 

Thise  sely  clerkes  rennen  up  and  doun 
With"KeepeI  Keepe!  stand!  stand!  3  ossa  warderere!" 
[var.  ware  the  rere,  Camb.  MS.,  warederere,  Harl.  MS., 
warth  there,  16th  cent,  ed.]    Chaucer,  Eeeve's  Tale,  1. 181. 

ward-holding  (ward'hol '''ding),  n.  The  ancient 
railitai'y  tenure  in  Scotland,  by  which  vassals 
were  at  first  obliged  to  serve  the  superior  in 
war  as  often  as  his  occasions  called  for  it. 

Wardian  (war'di-an),  a.  [<  Ward  (see  def.) 
-I-  -(«».]    Invented  by,  or  otherwise  relating  to, 

a  person  named  Ward Wardian  case,  a  portable 

inclosure  with  a  wooden  base  and  glass  sides  and  top,  in- 
vented by  Nathaniel  B.  Ward,  an  Englishman,  and  serving 
for  the  transportation  of  delicate  living  plants,  or  for  their 
maintenance  as  an  indoor  ornament.  The  Imse  is  lined 
with  zinc,  or  supplied  with  an  eartlien  tray.  The  confined 
air  preserves  its  moisture,  and  ferns,  mosses,  and  other 
ahade-luvint'  plants  develop  in  it  witli  great  l>eauty. 

warding-flle  (war'ding-fil),  n.  A  flat  file  of  uni- 
form thickness,  cut  only  at  the  edges :  used  to 
file  the  ward-notches  in  keys.     E.  H.  Knight. 

wardless  (ward'les),  a.  [<  icard^  -t-  -less.^  That 
cannot  be  warded  off  or  avoided.     [Kare.] 

He  gives  like  destiny  a  ^vardUss  Idow. 
Stephen  Harvey,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  i\.  174. 

wardmant  (ward'man),  n.  [<  tcard'^  +  man.] 
A  town  officer  in  England. 

The  common  wardnutn  .  .  .  carries  the  largest  of  the 
silver  maces  and  in  processions  immediately  precedes  the 
mayor.  Jewitt,  Art  Journal,  1881,  p.  106. 

ward-mote  (ward'mot),  n.  A  meeting  of  a 
ward;  also,  a  court  formerly  held  in  every  ward 
in  the  city  of  London.  Also  called  wardmote- 
roiirt  or  inqucxt. 

wardonet,  "■     An  obsolete  form  of  loarden^. 

wardourf,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  warder'^. 

ward-penny  (ward'pen"i),  ».  Same  as  wardage. 

wardrobe  (ward'rob),  n.  [Formerly  also  ward- 
rojie,  toardroiipc ;  <  ME.  warilerohe,  wardrope, 
wardeilrope,  <  OF.  wardcrohe,  garderobe,  garde- 
riibhe,  a  wardrobe,  also  a  privy,  <  warder,  ward, 


6822 

keep,  -I-  robe,  robbe,  garment:  see  ward^  and 
rofeel.]  1.  Originally,  a  room  or  large  closet  in 
which  clothes  were  kept,  and  in  which  the  mak- 
ing of  clothes,  repairing,  etc.,  were  carried  on. 

But  who  that  departed,  Gyomar  ne  departed  neuer,  but 
a-bode  spekynge  with  Morgain,  the  sustur  of  kynge  Ar- 
thur, in  a  wardrope  vuder  the  paleys,  where  she  wrouglit 
with  silke  and  golde.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  iii.  607. 

The  last  day  of  Octobre,  the  .  .  .  yere  of  the  reyne  of 
King  Henri  the  Sixt,  .Sir  John  Fastolf,  Knyght,  hath  lefte 
in  his  warde-drope  at  Caatre  this  stuff  e  of  clothys,  and  othir 
harnays  that  foUowlth.  Paston  Letters,  I.  476. 

When  first  he  spies 
His  Prince's  Wardrobe  ope,  quite  through  Is  shot 
With  wondring  fear.         J.  Beawmont,  Psyche,  iii.  75. 
God  clothed  us ;  ...  he  hath  opened  his  wardrobe  unto 
us.  Donne,  Sermons,  vii. 

2.  A  piece  of  furniture  for  the  keeping  of 
clothes,  especially  a  large  press  closed  by  means 
of  a  door  or  doors,  in  which  clothes  can  be  hung 
up,  and  sometimes  having  shelves  and  drawers 
as  well. 

There!  Carterhasdonewithyou,  or  nearly  so;  I'll  make 
you  decent  in  a  trice.  Jane,  .  .  .  open  the  top  drawer  of 
the  wardrobe,  and  take  out  a  clean  shirt  and  neck-hand- 
kerchief ;  bring  them  here ;  and  be  nimble. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xx. 

A  ponderous  mahogany  wardrobe,  looking  like  nothing 
so  much  as  a  grim  wooden  mausoleum,  occupied  nearly 
all  of  one  wall.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  192. 

3.  The  clothes  belonging  to  one  person  at  one 
time. 

Hot.  The  king  hath  many  marching  in  his  coats. 
Doug.  Now,  by  my  sword,  I  will  kill  all  his  coats ; 
I'll  murder  all  his  wardrobe,  piece  by  piece. 

SAai.,lHen.  IV.,v.  3.  27. 
The  most  important  article  of  all  in  a  gentleman's  ward- 
robe was  still  wanting.    Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  1. 14. 

4t.  A  privy. 

I  seye  that  in  a  wardrobe  they  him  threwe. 

Chaucer,  Prioress's  Tale,  L  120. 

wardrober  (ward'ro'bfer),  n.  [<  ME.  wardero- 
pere;  <  wardrobe  +  -er^.]  The  keeper  of  a  ward- 
robe. 

An  indenture  ...  in  which  Peter  Curteys,  the  king's 
wardrober,  undertakes  to  furnish  by  the  3rd  of  July  the 
articles  specified  for  the  coronation  of  King  Richard. 

J.  Oairdner,  Richard  III.,  iv. 

ward-room  (ward'rom),  n.  The  apartment  as- 
signed to  the  commissioned  officers  of  a  man-of- 
war  other  than  the  commanding  officer.  Line- 
officers  occupy  staterooms  on  the  starboard  side 
and  staff-officers  on  the  port  side — Ward-room 
officers,  conimiflsioned  officers  messing  in  the  ward-room. 
— Ward- room  steward.    See  steward,  2  (b). 

wardropet,  «.  A  Middle  English  form  of  ward- 
ri)be. 

Wardrop's  disease.  A  malignant  form  of  in- 
flammation occurring  at  the  root,  or  on  one 
side,  of  a  nail. 

Wardrop's  operation  for  aneurism.  See  oper- 
ation. 

Ward's  electuary.  A  confection  of  black 
pepper. 

wardship!  (ward'ship),  n.  [<  ward^  +  -ship.] 
The  office  of  a  ward  or  guardian ;  guardian- 
ship; care  and  protection  of  a  ward;  right  of 
guardianship;  hence,  the  feudal  tenure  by 
which  the  lord  claimed  the  custody  of  the  body 
and  custody  and  profits  of  the  lands  of  the  in- 
fant heir  of  his  deceased  tenant. 

And  we  .  .  .  come  in  the  court,  and  Bertylmeu  havynge 

this  termys  to  Bernard,  seying,  "Sir,  forasmych  as  the 

Kyng  hathe  grauntyd  be  hese  lettrea  patent  the  wardship 

with  the  profltes  of  the  londes  of  T.  Fastolf  durying  hese 

nun  age  to  you  and  T.  H.,  wherfor  I  am  comyn  as  ther 

sty  ward,  be  ther  comamidement,"    Paston  Letters,  I.  306. 

Ecclesiastical  persons  were  by  ancient  order  forbidden 

to  be  executors  of  any  man's  testament,  or  to  undertake 

the  wardship  of  children.    Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  vii.  16. 

Thou  grand  impostor  !  how  hast  thou  obtained 

The  wardship  of  the  world?    Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  3. 

wardship^  (ward'ship),  n.  [<  ward^  +  -ship.] 
The  state  or  condition  of  a  ward ;  pupilage. 

In  certain  nations,  women,  whether  married   or  not, 
have  been  placed  in  a  state  of  perpetual  wardship. 
Bentham,  Introd.  to  Morals  and  Legislation,  xvi.  44,  note. 

wardsman  (wardz'man),  «.;  pi.  wardsmen 
(-men).  One  who  keeps  watch  and  ward;  a 
guard.     Sydney  Smith.     [Rare.] 

Ward's  paste.     Same  as  Ward's  electuary. 

wardstafFt  (ward'staf),  ».     Same  as  warder"^. 

ward'wit  ( ward' wit),  n.  The  being  quit  of  giv- 
ing money  for  the  keeping  of  ward  in  a  town. 

ware!  (war),  a.  [<  ME.  ware,  war,  <  AS.  wser, 
also  geica'riy  E.  aware),  watchful,  heedful,  cau- 
tious, =  OS.  war,  also  giwar  =  D.  gewaar  =  OHG. 
giwar,  MHG.  gewar,  G.  gewahr,  aware,  =  Icel. 
rarr  =  Dan.  8w.  var  =  Goth,  wars,  watchful; 
from  a  Tent.  •/  war,  watch,  take  heed,  =  L.  ve- 
rcrj, regard, respect,  esteem,  dread(see  revere^), 
=  Gr.  ijpav,  perceive,  look  out  for,  observe  (>  ot'- 


waxe 

pof,  watchman,  guard),  =  Skt.  y/  rar,  cover,  sur- 
round. From  the  same  source  are  ult.  aware 
(of  which  ware^  in  mod.  use  is  prob.  in  part  an 
aphetie  form),  ward^,  ward^,  guard,  regard,  re- 
ward, etc.,  revere^,  etc.  Ware  preceded  by  be 
has  become  merged  with  it,  beware  (as  gone 
with  be  in  begone) :  see  beware.  Hence  the 
later  adj.  wary^.]  If.  Watchful;  cautious; 
prudent;  wary. 

01  me  the  worthy  was  vmr,  &  my  wllle  knew. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.X  1. 132S5. 

The  Erie  to  truste  was  noo  daunger  in, 
flor  he  was  ware  and  wise,  I  yow  ensure. 

Oenerydes  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  1084. 

Howe  ware  and  circumspecte  they  aught  to  be. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  I'he  Governour,  IIL  11. 

2.  On  guard;  on  the  watch  (against  some- 
thing).   See  beware. 

Reason  he  made  right. 
But  bid  her  well  Ije  ware,  and  still  erect ; 
Lest,  by  some  fair-appearing  good  surprised. 
She  dictate  false,  and  misinform  the  wiU. 

Milton,  P.  L,  ix.  363. 

3.  Aware ;  conscious ;  assured.     [Archaic] 

Ful  fetys  was  hlr  cloke,  as  I  was  vxir. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  ProL  to  C.  T.,  L  167. 

And  Geaunt  reised  his  axe  to  recouer  a-nothor  stroke, 
but  Arthur  was  ther-of  ware,  and  smote  the  horse  with 
the  spores  and  passed  forth,  and  than  returned  with  bis 
swerde.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  IL  22S. 

Then  was  1  ware  of  one  that  on  me  moved 
In  golden  armor  with  a  crown  of  gold. 

Tennyson,  Holy  GraiL 

warel  (war),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wared,  ppr. 
waring.  [<  ME.  waren,  warien,  ware,  <  AS. 
warian,  be  on  one's  guard,  heed,  look  out  (= 
OFries.  waria  =  OS.  waron  =  OHG.  bewaron, 
heed,  =  Icel.  vara,  heed;  hence  ult.  OF.  garer 
=  Pr.  garar,  guarar,  be  on  one's  guard,  heed), 

<  wser,  watchful,  heedful:  see  ware^,  a.  Cf. 
wear^,  v.]  To  take  care  of;  take  precautions 
against ;  take  heed  to ;  look  out  for  and  guard 
against;  beware  of :  as,  «!«rc  the  dog.  Except 
in  a  few  phrases,  as  in  ware  hawk,  ware  hounds, 
beware  is  now  used  instead  of  ware. 

Ware  the  Sonne  in  his  ascencioun 

Ne  fyude  yow  nat  repleet  of  humours  hote. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  L  136. 

But  warre  the  fox,  as  while  thai  sitte  on  brode 
To  sette  in  an  Ilande  were  ful  goode. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  23. 

ware^  (war),  «.  [<  ME.  ware,  merchandise, 
goods,  <  AS.  "ware,  pi.  want,  wares  (=  D.  waar, 
a  ware,  commodity,  pi.  waren,  wares;  cf.  MD. 
waren  =  G.  waare,  pi.  waaren  =  Icel.  vara,  pL 
vorur,  wares,  =  Dan.  rare,  pi.  rarer  (cf.  vare, 
care),  =  Sw.  vara,  pi.  varor,  ware,  wares) ;  prob. 
akin  to  AS.  waru,  guard,  protection,  care,  cus- 
tody, =  G.  wahre  =  Dan.  vare  =  Sw.  vara,  care ; 

<  Teut.  ■/  war,  guard :  see  ware^,  a.,  and  cf. 
worth^.]  1.  Articles  of  manufacture  or  mer- 
chandise: now  usually  in  the  plural. 

No  marchaunt  yit  ne  fette  outlandish  irare. 

Chaucer,  Former  Age,  L  22. 

This  is  the  ware  wherein  consists  my  wealth. 

MariouY,  Jew  of  Malta,  L  1. 

They  shall  not  .  .  .  sell  or  buy  any  maner  of  wares, 
goods,  or  marchandises,  secretely  nor  openly,  by  way  of 
fraude,  barat,  or  deceite.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  2ia 

You  pretend  buying  of  wares  or  selling  of  lands. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  v.  1. 

Who  but  a  fool  would  have  faith  in  a  tradesman's  umre  or 
his  word?  r«ini/8o«,  Maud,  vlL 

2.  A  collective  notm  used  generally  in  com- 
position with  the  name  of  the  material,  or  a 
term  relating  to  the  characters  of  the  articles 
or  the  use  to  which  they  are  put:  as,  china- 
ware,    tinware,    hardware,    tableware Adams's 

ware,  in  eeram.,  a  fine  English  pottery  made  at  Tunstall, 
at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  by  William  Adams, 
a  pupil  of  Wedgwood.  The  pieces  are  often  close  imi- 
tations of  the  Wedgwood  ware.—  Agen  ware,  (a)  An 
inferior  kind  of  Roman  pottery,  softer  and  coarser  than 
Samian  ware :  so  called  from  Agen  in  the  department 
of  Lot-et'Garonne,  FYance,  where  much  of  tliis  ware  was 
found  with  the  furnaces.  (6)  A  decorative  pottery  made 
in  the  seventeenth  centiur,  many  of  the  pieces  having 
the  forms  of  animals.  £ron<;j«or(.— Apullan  ware. 
See  Aptdian  pottery  (under  Apulian\  and  cut  under  «(ani- 
nox.— Aretlne  waire.  see  ^rcti/K.—  Awata  ware,  pot- 
tery and  porcelain  made  at  Awata,  near  Kioto.  Japan.  The 
greater  number  of  the  pieces  known  to  be  of  this  manufac- 
ture are  of  yellowish  hard  paste,  with  a  crackled  glaze  as  if 
in  imitation  of  Satsuma  w  aie  ;  l)ut  a  curious  and  beautiful 
imitation  of  old  Delft  and  a  thin  porcelain  of  a  peculiar 
grayish  white  are  known.— Bamboo  ware,  a  variety  of 
Wedgwood  ware  :  so  named  from  its  color,  and  otherwise 
known  as  cane-colored  tea  re.— Basalt  ware.  See  basalt. 
—Benares  ware,  a  name  given  to  a  kind  of  ornamental 
metal-work  made  in  India,  in  whicli  a  pattern  is  produced 
by  chasing  or  in  other  ways  depressing  the  surface  of  the 
metal.  — Black  ware.  Same  as  basalt  ware.—  Blue  Jas- 
per ware,  a  name  given  to  a  blue-glazed  pottery  of  mod- 
ern manufacture,  especially  that  made  at  the  Ferrybridge 
factory.  — BCttger  ware.    («)  A  flue  stoneware  varying 


ware 

from  red  to  dark  brown,  and  approaching  black,  produced 
by  the  chemist  J.  F.  Bottger  about  1708-9  in  the  course 
of  his  experiments  in  the  search  for  porcelain.  (6)  The 
first  real  or  kaolinic  porcelain  produced  in  Europe :  it  was 
first  made  by  Bottler  about  1710. — Bristol  Delft  ware, 
an  enameled  pottery  made  at  Bristol  throughout  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  especially  a  highly  decorated  ware  in 
which  landscapes,  figure-subjects,  etc.,  covering  the  whole 
dlBh,  bottom  and  marly  alike,  and  plates  or  dishes  closely 
imitated  from  Chinese  enameled  porcelain,  are  iticluded. 
This  decorative  Delft  has  not  been  manufactured  since 
1788.  Jeicitt.  — Bristol  Waxe.  S^me&sdoubie-glazcdware. 
—  Caffa^OlO  ware,  a  variety  of  the  Italian  enameled  and 
painted  earthenware  known  as  majolica.  It  was  made  in 
the  tlf  teentli  and  sixteenth  centuries  at  a  factory  belonging 
to  the  family  of  the  Medici  in  the  village  of  Caffagiolo,  on 
the  road  l>etween  Florence  and  Bologna.  The  name  is  also 
spelled,  according  to  the  irregular  orthography  of  the  time, 
Ca/agiol,  CafajiiUo,  Cafa>jgilolo,  Ca/agiztAto.  The  marks 
of  this  factory  are  much  varied,  but  generally  include  the 
words  in  Caffagiolo  Variously  Bi)elled.  A  characteristic 
mark  of  these  wares  is  the  free  use  of  a  dark  but  extremely 
brilliant  blue  often  in  large  masses,  also  a  biilliant  but 
opaque  orange,  and  an  opaque  Indian  rt- d.  iletalUc  lus- 
ter was  early  used  at  Caff  agiolu.—Can  ton  lacquer-ware. 
See  liKquer-ware. —  CaBhan  ware,  same  as  Kashee  ware. 
Fortnum,  8.  K.  Handbook,  ilajolica.— CasteUi  Ware, 
pottery  made  at  Caatelli,  in  eastern  Italy;  specifically, 
an  enameled  and  richly  decorated  iwjttery  made  during 
the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  and  even  later. 
This  magnificent  ware  preserves  some  of  the  character- 
istics of  majolica,  but  is  more  pictorial  in  its  decoration, 
being  painted  with  landscapes,  ntythological  scenes,  etc. 
The  colors  are  often  heightened  with  gold.— Cologne 
ware,  a  name  commonly  given  to  the  hard  stoneware  of 
which  ornamental  jui^s,  tankards,  etc.,  were  made,  es* 
pecially  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  and 
formerly  called  gres  de  Flandrex,  The  city  of  Cologne 
waa  the  chief  seat  of  this  manufacture.  Compare  'jri-s 
de  Ftamfre^  (Tinder  ,'/re«)  and  gtoneware.  —  Combed  ware. 
See  comAi . — Coralline  ware.  Hee  airalline, — Crackled 
ware.  See  cracWcd.— Cream-colored  ware,  iK>ttery  or 
stoneware  having  a  cream-colored  jtasto ;  specifically,  a 
variety  of  the  fine  table-ware  made  by  \Vcd;^wood  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  This  ware  was  after- 
ward called  queen'4-irare,  from  the  supposed  preference  of 
Queen  Charlotte,  wife  of  George  III.  The  cream-colored 
ware  or  queen's-ware  made  by  other  potters  was  copied 
closely  from  that  of  Wedgwoo<i.  —  Crystalline  ware,  tiee 
CTv»to//in«.— Cullen  waret,  Cologne  ware.  —  Delft  ware, 
(a)  Pottery  made  in  and  near  the  town  of  Delft  in  Holland ; 
specifically,  pieces  for  table  use,  and  decorated  vases  for 


h  century.    (From  "  L'Art  pour  Tous.") 


domestic  interiors.  Pottery  has  )>een  made  in  this  place 
from  ancient  times,  and  dated  pieces  exist  as  old  as  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century;  but  the  importation 
from  China  and  Japan  of  Oriental  porcelain  stimulated 
the  decorators  of  later  times,  so  that  the  richest  pieces  are 
of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries.  (6)  A  name 
given  in  England  to  vessels  of  iKitttry  for  domestic  use,  es- 
pecially for  table  service.  It  is  common  to  discriminate 
pottenr  from  pent  lain  by  th-'  name  Del/t  or  Del/,  and  also 
D^-ehina,  etc.  — DeUa  Robbla  wares,  (a)  A  name  given 
to  a  class  of  pottery  used  for  works  of  art  in  relief  and  in 
the  round:  generally  asserted  t**  have  been  invented  by 
Luca  della  Kobhia  in  the  fifteenth  century.  It  has  a  hard 
and  well-baked  Ixxly  of  brown  tem-cotta.  upon  which  a 
white  sUnniferous  enamel  is  applied,  lliis  is  in  some 
cases  left  white,  or  white  with  a  background  of  blue;  in 
others,  all  parts  of  the  comiKwltion  are  rii  hly  decorated 
with  color,  especially  green,  yellow,  and  purple  or  maroon. 
The  largest  and  most  clab<irate  Works  in  Della  Robbia  ware 
were  made  after  Lucas  death,  the  most  important  of  all  be 
Ing.  perhaps,  the  frieze  on  the  hospital  at  IMstoia.  Central 
Italy  a)K>unds  in  the  productions  of  this  school  of  artists, 
including  tabernacles  or  shrines  decorat^-d  with  sacred 
subjects,  altar-pieces  in  bas-relief  and  alto-relief,  architec- 
tural ornaments,  and  fountains  or  lavabos  in  sacristies  of 
churches  and  convents,  (h)  A  fine  terra-cotta,  enameled 
in  colors,  made  in  England  for  architectural  decorations, 
flower-vases,  garden-seats,  etc.,  especially  that  niaile  at 
Tamworth  at  works  founded  in  1847.— Double-glazed 
ware,  sUmeware  to  which  a  glaze  is  applied  in  liquid  form, 
both  Inside  and  outside,  tn-fore  it  is  tired.  Also  called 
BrUtoi  K-arf.— E*m?tlan  black  ware,  Egyptian  ware. 
See  Egyptian.— BtrVLBCan  Ware.  See  FfniMcmi.  —  T&fn- 
za  ware,  a  name  formerly  given  t<^)  Italian  ntajoHca. 
J.  C.  Rohinmn,  in  Vni.  of  Soulages  Coll.,  185<J.  Com- 
pare  Jaience.  —  OlaSB-glazed  ware,  see  itlaHH-glazi'd. 
—  Orafflto  ware,  see  '/rn/if').— Green-Jaaper  ware, 
a  variety  of  Wedgwood  ware.  The  name  has  been  given 
to  that  kin<l  of  pebhleware  which  is  mottled  green  and 
gray.— Hollow  ware,  vessels  deeper  than  fiat  ware,  and 
especially  such  as  are  made  in  outside  molds,  which 
give  the  external  surface  -  the  clay  being  forced  into 


6823 

the  mold  from  within,  and  worked  over  with  a  sponge 
so  as  to  give  it  the  required  thickness  and  a  smooth 
inner  surface.— Incised  ware,  lottery  decorated  by 
scratches  upon  the  surface.  Specifically  — (a)  A  coarse 
earthenware  (covered  with  an  outer  coat  of  a  different 
color,  which,  being  deeply  scratched,  shows  the  body  of 
the  ware.  (6)  A  kind  of  i>ottery  in  which  the  body  is 
scratched  or  scored,  the  whole  being  then  covered  with 
a  transparent  glaze,  which  shows  a  deeper  color  where 
it  fills  these  incisions  than  elsewhere.  —  India  ware,  a 
name  inaccurately  given  in  England  to  the  more  com- 
mon varieties  of  Chinese  and  Japanese  porcelains  im- 
ported into  Europe  by  the  East  India  Company  or  other- 
wise.— Kashee  ware,  a  fine  ceramic  ware  made  in  Persia, 
and  decorated  in  blue  on  white  in  a  manner  closely  re- 
sembling Chinese  porcelain.  It  is  apparently  a  mixed  or 
hybrid  porcelain,  as  it  is  softer  than  Oriental  porcelain, 
and  evidently  different  from  the  soft  or  tender  porcelain 
of  Europe.  Also  called  Kaskan,  Caskan,  and  Kachy  ware. 
—  Kioto  ware,  ceramic  ware  made  in  or  near  the  city  of 
Kioto  in  Japan.  Immense  quantities  of  pottery  and  por- 
celain are  made  there,  and  many  characteristic  varieties 
are  imitated  with  great  success ;  but  the  name  is  given 
especially  to  a  hard  yellow  ware  with  crackled  glaze  pe- 
culiar to  Japan. — Lapls-lazull  ware.  See  lapis.— haiva, 
ware.  See  iara.-  Old Fulham  ware,  a  name  given  to  the 
English  imitations  of  German  gr6s  c^rame  or  hard  stone- 
ware made  at  Fnlbam  from  about  1670.—  Palissy  ware,  a 


Dishof  Palissy  Ware. 


peculiar  kind  of  pottery,  remarkable  for  its  beautiful  glaze, 
the  ornamentation  being  in  very  high  relief,  and  consisting 
frequently  <jf  models  of  fish,  reptiles,  shells,  or  leaves. 
Bernard  Palissy,  a  French  potter  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
was  the  designer  of  this  ware,  and  the  art  of  manufac- 
turing it  died  with  him,  all  attempts  to  imitate  it  having 
failed. — Pebble  ware.  See^^^^cKarc. — Persian  ware. 
See  i*erirtV(7i.— Plated  ware.  See  plafcd.  -Plumbeous 
ware,  lead-glazed  pottery.— Porphyry  ware,  a  variety 
of  pebl)leware.  The  name  is  generally  given  to  tliat  va- 
riety which  is  speckled  red  and  black.  — Raphael  ware, 
an  old  name  for  Italian  majolica,  taken  from  the  occa- 
sional appearance  of  designs  by  Raphael,  or  ascribed  to 
him,  painted  on  majolica  plates  of  a  late  period,  or  per- 
haps, in  some  cases,  from  tlie  use  of  arabesques  similar 
to  those  painted  under  Rapbaers  direction  in  the  Loggie 
of  the  Vatican  and  elsewhere.— Red  porphyry  Ware,  a 
variety  of  pebbleware.  The  name  is  generally  given  to 
pieces  which  are  speckled  red  and  white.—  Robbla  ware. 
Same  as  DeUa  Robbie  ?mrf.— Roman  red  ware.  Same 
as  Sam  iun  ware. — Rustic,  Salopian,  Samian,  sanitary 
ware.  See  the  adjectives.— Satsuma  ware,  (a)  Pottery 
made  in  the  province  of  Satsuma,  in  the  island  of  Kiusiu, 
Japan.  It  has  an  extremely  hard  paste,  is  pale-yellow  or 
brownish-yellow  in  color,  an<l  is  covered  with  a  very  mi- 
nute crackle,  (b)  A  pottery  made  at  Stoke-upon-Trent  in 
England,  imitated  in  the  main  from  the  Japanese  Satsuma. 
—  Serpentine,  SevUlan,  slglllated,  silicon  ware.  See 
the  qualifying  words.—  Smceny  ware,  an  enameled  pot- 
tery made  in  Siuceny,  in  tlie  department  of  the  Aisne, 
France,  decorated  with  great  taste  and  delicacy,  in  partial 
imitation  of  Rouen  ware  and  later  of  Chinese  ceramic 
painting,  and  also  in  various  fantastic  styles.  —  Small 
ware  or  wares,  textile  articles  of  the  tape  kind,  as  nar- 
row bindings  of  cotton,  linen,  silk,  or  woolen  fabric; 
plaited  sash-cord, braid,  etc.;  also,  buttons,  hooks,  eyes, 
and  other  (Iress-trimndngs;  hence,  trifles. 

Everyone  knows  Grubstreet  is  a  market for«ma/rM'(ire 
in  wit.  Sivi/t,  To  a  Young  Poet. 

Stamped  ware.  Same  as  sigillated  ware. — Stannifer- 
ous ware,  earthenware  coated  with  an  enamel  of  which 
tin  is  a  principal  ingredient.  This  enamel  is  used  for  fine 
wares,  such  as  Delft.— Tinned,  tortoise-ahell,  Umbrian 
ware,  see  the  adjectives.  — Timbridg:e  ware,  a  species 
of  inlaid  or  mosaic  work  in  wood.  It  derives  its  name  from 
the  place  of  manufacture,  Tunbridge  in  England.  — Verd 
antlCLUe  ware,  a  variety  of  pebbleware.  generally  veined 
with  dark-green,  gray,  and  black.— WedgWOOd  ware 
[named  after  Josiah  Wedgwood  (UaO-O.'".),  the  inventor, 
born  in  Staffordshire,  England],  a  sui»erior  kind  of  semi-vit- 
rified ptittery,  without  nmch  superficial  glaze,  and  capable 
of  taking  on  the  most  brilliant  and  delicate  coloi-s  produced 
by  fused  metallic  oxids  and  ochers.  It  is  much  used  for 
ornamental  ware,  as  vases,  etc.,  and,  owing  to  its  hard- 
ness and  property  of  resisting  the  action  of  all  corrosive 
substances,  for  mortai-s  in  the  laboratory.—  Welsh  ware, 
a  pottery  made  at  Islewortb,  near  London  in  England,  from 
about  182.'i;  a  strong  and  solid  earthenware  of  yellowish- 
brown  color  with  a  transparent  glaze.  =  Syn.  yferchaii- 
dine,  etc.  See  property. 
ware-  (war),  '*.  t- ;  pret.  and  pp.  wared,  ppr. 
wariiHj.  [Also  wair;  <  ME.  warcn  (also  br- 
waren),  sell;  cf.  warc'^,  n.'\  To  use;  employ; 
layout;  e.xpendj  spend.  [Obsolete  or  prov. 
Kng.] 


war-fain 

I  schal  ware  my  whyle  wel,  quyl  hit  lastez,  with  tale. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1235. 

He  would  not  ware  the  spark  of  a  flint  for  him,  if  they 
came  with  the  law.  Scott^  Waverley,  xviii, 

ware^  (war),  n.  [E.  dial,  also  wore,  waur,  ore; 
<  ME.  *warj  <  AS.  war,  tcaar,  seaweed  (=  MD, 

D.  wier,  seaweed).]  Seaweed  of  various  spe- 
cies of  Fucus,  Laminaria,  Himanthalia,  Chorda, 
etc.  They  are  employed  as  a  manure  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  kelp,  etc.     See  seatcare. 

ware^t.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  wear^. 
ware^t,  ^'-  ^-     An  obsolete  spelling  of  ■wear'^,  10. 
warefult  (war'fiil),  a.    [<  ware'^  +  -/^'^j    Wary; 

watchful;  cautious. 
Warefulnessf  (war'fid-nes),  II.     [<  wareful  + 

'n€ss.~\    Wariness;  cautiousness.  Sir  P,  Sidney. 
warega-fly  (wa-ra'ga-fli),  n.     [<  S.  Amer.  Ind. 

warega  +  E.  fly.']     An  undetermined  museid 

fly  occurring  in  Brazil,  wliich  is  said  to  lay  its 

eggs  in  the  skin  of  man  and  animals,  causing 

large  swellings  inhabited  by  the   larva.     F. 

Smith,  Trans.  Entom.  Soc,  London,  1868. 
ware-goose  (war'gos),  ».     [<  warc^  +  goose.'] 

The  brent-goose:   so  called  from  feeding  on 

ware  or  seaweed.     [Local,  Eng.] 
warehouse  (war'hous),  n.     [<  ware^  +  house.] 

A  house  in  which  wares  or  goods  are  kept;  a 

storehouse. 

Th'  vnsettled  kingdom  of  swift  Aeolus, 

Great  Ware-house  of  the  Windes,  whose  trafflck  glues 

Motion  of  life  to  ev'ry  thing  that  liues. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  2. 
Specifically— (a)  A  store  in  which  goods  are  placed  for 
safe-keeping ;  a  building  for  the  temporary  deposit  of 
goods  for  a  compensation.  (6)  A  building  for  storing  im- 
ported goods  on  which  customs  dues  have  not  been  paid. 
(c)  A  store  for  the  sale  of  goods  at  wholesale ;  also,  of- 
ten, a  largeretailestabliahment.— Bonded,  Italian,  etc., 
warehouse.  See  the  adjectives. 
warehouse  (war'hous),  r.  t, ;  pret.  and  pp. 
tvarehoused,  ppr.  warehousing,  l\  warehouse,  n.] 
To  deposit  or  secure  in  a  warehouse;  specifi- 
cally, to  place  in  the  government  or  custom- 
house stores,  to  be  kept  until  duties  are  paid. 

Only  half  the  duty  was  to  be  paid  at  once,  on  warehous- 
ing the  pepper  In  a  warehouse  approved  by  the  customs. 
S.  Dowell,  Taxes  in  England,  II.  76. 

warehouseman  (war'hous-man),  n.;  pi.  ware- 
hoHsemen  (-men).  1.  One  wlio  keeps  aware- 
house. —  2.    One  who  is  employed  in  or  has 

charge  of  a  warehouse Italian-warehouseman. 

See  /(aHan.— Warehousemen's  itch,  a  form  of  eczema 
of  the  hands,  supposed  to  be  caused  by  the  irritation  of 
sugar;  grocers'  itch. 

warehousing  (war'hou''''sing),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
placing  goods  in  a  warehouse. — 2.  The  business 

of  receiving  goods  for  storage Warehousing 

system,  a  customs  regulation  by  which  imported  articles 
may  be  lodged  in  public  or  bonded  warehouses  at  a  rea- 
sonable rent,  without  payment  of  the  duties  on  importa- 
tion until  they  are  withdrawn  for  home  consumption, 
thus  lessening  the  pressure  of  the  duties  which  otherwise 
would  bear  heavily  on  the  merchant  and  cripple  his  pur- 
chasing power.  If  they  are  reexported  no  duty  is  charged. 
Tliis  system  affords  valuable  facilities  to  trade,  and  is 
beneficial  to  the  consumer  and  ultimately  to  the  public 
revenue. 

wareinet,  n.  A  Middle  English  spelling  of 
warren. 

warelesst  (war'les),  a.  [<  warc'^  +  -Jess.]  1. 
Unwary;  incautious;  heedless. 

A  bait  the  wareless  to  l)eguile. 

Mir.  for  Mags.     (Latham.) 

2.  Unaware;  regardless. 

Both  they  unwise,  and  ivarelesse  of  the  evill. 

Speiuser,  V.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  :i. 

3.  Unperceived. 

When  he  wak't  out  of  his  wareiess  paiiie,  .  .  . 
That  lim  be  could  not  wag.     Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  V.  i.  22. 

warelyt  (war'li),  a.  [<  ME.  u-arly,  u-arliehe,  < 
AS.  Wierlic,  cautious,  <  tvser,  cautious,  +  -He  = 
'E.-ly^.]     Cautious;  prudent;  wary. 

The  Petyuins  tham  bare  as  warty  men  fre ; 
For  tlier  good  vitail  and  wines  plente. 

Bom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1303. 

warelyt  (war'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  warly,  werb/,  war- 
Uche,  <  AS.  wserUce,  <  wser,  catitious,  +  -Uee  = 

E.  -h/^.     Cf.  tvarily,]     Cautiously;  warily. 

Full  icarly  in  this  nede.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  4,')4. 

lii  hys  huge  prowesse  went  it  to  assaill 
In  rygbt  werli/  wyse,  for  manly  was  in  breste. 

Bom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1591. 

A  good  lesson  to  use  our  tongue  warely,  that  our  wordes 
and  matter  male  .  .  .  agree  together. 

Sir  T.  Wilson,  Art  of  Rhetoric  (ed.  1584),  p.  lOS. 

wareroom  (war'rom),  n.  A  room  in  whicli 
goods  are  stored  or  laid  oTit  for  sale. 

Philip  was  still  in  the  wareroom,  arranging  goods  and 
taking  stock.  Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xxxii. 

war-fain  (war'fan),  a.  Eager  to  tight.  [Poeti- 
cal.] 


war-fain 

(iuttorn  the  young  ami  the  u-ar-/ain. 

William  Morris,  Sigurd,  iii. 

warfare  (war'far),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  icarre- 
fure;  <  m7/)1  +  farc^.'\  1.  A  warlike  or  mili- 
tary expedition;  military  operatioDs;  hostili- 
ties ;  war ;  armed  contest. 

What  iniurie  (li)th  the  Prince  to  the  Capteine  that 
sendes  him  a  H-arrefare,  if  he  malies  liini  sure  to  haue  the 
victorie?      Guecaia,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577X  p.  88. 

The  Philistines  gathered  tlieir  armies  together  lor  uur- 
/arf.  1  Sam.  xxviii.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  contest,  struggle,  or  strife. 

The  weapons  of  our  war/are  are  not  carnal.   2  Cor.  x.  4. 


6824 


warm 


sheathed  witli  lead,  sometimes  a  tube  sun-ounding  a  cable 
of  wu'es,  and  sometimes  a  multiple  tube  surrounding  a 
series  of  parallel  wires. 
Waring  S  method.  [Named  after  the  inven- 
tor, Edward  Waring  (1736-98).]  A  method  for 
the  separation  of  the  roots  of  an  equation  by 
means  of  the  equation  of  the  squared  differ- 
ences of  the  roots. 

How  truly  a  warfare  is  this  life,  if  the  kingdom  of  waringtonite  (wor'ing-ton-it),  n.    [Named  after 

heaven  itself  have  not  this  peace  in  P|,'*^ti™  ^^^^^^j^^  ^^j       WarinytOH  W.  Smith  (1817-90),  an  English  ge- 

,   ,,  .      ,..  „'  n  'm'     ologist.]    A  variety  of  the  copper  sulphate  bro- 

warfare   (war'far),  c   (.     [<  irarjorc,  «.]     To     ghantite,  found  in  CornwaU. 

caiTy  on  warfare  or  engage  m  war ;  contend ;  yarishlt  (war'ish),  v.     [<  ME.  warisshen,  war- 

struggle.  ischen,  waricen,  warissen,  ijarissen,  cure,  heal,  < 

He  that  can  apprehend  and  consider  vice  with  all  her  _         .  .     . 


Waring  cable.    [Named  after  Richard  S.  War-    knife  of  the  Anglo-Saxons ;  the  war-knife  of  the 
)■«;/,  of  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania.]     In  elect.,  a    New  Zealanders. 

cable  in  which  the  separate  conductors  are  in-  warlawt,  «.     An  obsolete  variant  of  warloekl. 
sulated  with  cotton  or  other  fiber  saturated  warld  (warld),  n.     A  Scotch  form  of  world. 
with  a  heavy  oil  derived  from  petroleum  and  warlike  (war'lik),  a.     1.  Fond  of  war;  easily 
mixed  with  an  absorbent  material.    Tlie  wires  are    provoked  to  war;  ready  to  engage  in  war;  fit  or 


baits  and  seeming  pleasures,  and  yet  abstain,  and  yet  dis- 
tinguish, and  yet  prefer  that  which  is  truly  better,  he  is 
the  true  tmr/aring  Christian.  Milton,  Areopagitica. 


warfarer  (war'far-er),  H.  One  engaged  in  war, 
or  in  a  contest  or  struggle  of  any  sort. 

warfaring  (war'far-ing),  «.  The  act  of  carry- 
ing on  war.     [Rare.] 

The  Burg  of  the  Niblung  people  and  the  heart  of  their 
warfarimj.  William  Morris,  Sigurd,  iii. 

war-flail  (war'flal),  11.  A  weapon  used  in  the 
middle  ages,  resembling  the  agricultural  flail 
in  its  general  character.  Sometimes  it  was  a  pole 
to  the  end  of  which  a  strong  bag  of  leather  was  secured 
by  a  thong,  or  by  rings  of  metal.  The  bag  seems  to  have 
been  stuffed  with  sand.  Compai'e  «and-6af/,  J{am^c^«&,  and  «Tnria>i2* 
see  Shakspere's  2  Hen.  VI.,  Iv.  3.  See  also  cut  under  „„"„„„i' 
mwrnintj-star.  ^wm-^on 

war-flame  (war'flam),  H.  A  bale-fire  used  as  a 
signal  in  time  of  war,  as  of  the  approach  of  an 
enemy.     See  balc-Jire  and  halc^. 

war-fork  (war'fork),  w.  A  weapon,  used  in 
Europe  in  the  middle  ages,  consisting  of  a 
metal  fork  with  several  prongs  made  fast  to 
the  end  of  a  long  pole. 

warfult,  "•     [^  icrtrl  +  -fid.'i     Warlike. 

WarfuU,  bataillcux.  Palsf/rave,  p.  328. 

wargul  (war'gul),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  Indian 
otter,  Liitra  {Barangia)  leptonijx. 

wargUSt  ( war'gus),  n.  [AL.  reflex  of  AS.  wearg, 
outlaw:  see  wnrriangle,  worry.']     An  outlaw. 

And  if  any  wicked  person  shall  presume  contumeliously 
to  dig  up  or  despoil  any  body  placed  in  the  earth,  or  in  a 
wooden  coffin,  or  in  a  rock,  or  under  any  obelisk  or  other 
stnicture,  let  him  be  accounted  a  wargtis. 
Laws  of  Hen.  I.,  quoted  in  Ribton-Turner's  Vagrants  and 

[Vagrancy,  p.  22. 

war-hablet  (war'ha"bl),  a.  [<  warl  -t-  hahJe  for 
able.']  Pit  for  war;  of  an  age  that  fits  one  for 
soldiering.     Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  x.  62. 

war-hammer  (war'ham"er),  M.    A  weapon  hav-  wark^ 
ing  a  lilunt,  hammer-like  head  on  one  side  of 
the  haiuUe  or  shaft,  and  usually  a  beak  or  point 


OF.  warir,  garir,  F.  guerir,  keep,  guard,  protect, 
heal,  <  OHG.  werjati,  MHG.  weren,  6.  wehren, 
defend,  restrain  (cf .  AS.  warian),  =  MD.  vareii, 
keep,  guard,  =  Goth,  warjaii,  bid  beware,  for- 
bid, ward  off,  protect:  see  ware^,  wear'^,  and  cf. 
warison.']    I.  trans.  To  heal;  cure. 


prepared  for  war;  martial:  as,  a  icarlike  nation. 

She  .  .  .  made  her  people  by  peace  ivarlike. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  war ;  martial;  military. 

They  were  two  knights  of  perelesse  puissaunce. 
And  famous  far  abroad  lor  tvarlike  gest 

Spenxr,  F.  Q.,  II.  ii.  16. 
The  great  arcliangel  from  his  warlike  toil 
Surceased.  Milton,  P.  L.,  tL  257. 

3.  Betokening  or  threatening  war;  hostile. 
The  warlike  tone  again  he  took.       Scott,  Rokeby,  v.  19. 

4.  Having  a  martial  appearance;  having  the 
qualities  of  a  soldier;  befitting  a  soldier. 

By  the  buried  hand  of  warlike  Gaunt 

Shak.,  Kich.  II., 


iiL  3.  1(19. 
etc.     8«e 


Thanne  were  my  brother  warisehed  ol  his  wo. 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  434. 
Tliai  ware  alle  warisht  ol  thaire  stange. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  117. 
Thow  hast  warsched  me  wel  with  thi  mede  wordes. 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  604. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  healed  or  cured ;  recover. 

Youre  doughter  .  .  ,  shal  warisshe  and  escape. 

Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 

a.     See  wearisli. 

warisont  (war'i-son),  n.     [<  ME.  warison,  wari- 

soKii,  wareson,  <  OF.  warison,  guarison,  garison, 

guard,  protection,  <  warir,  guard;  see  warish.'] 

1.  Healing. — 2.  Protection. 

War  thoru  hym  &  ys  men  in  fair  wareson  he  broghte. 
Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  114. 

3.  Reward;  guerdon;  requital. 
And  thus  his  warisoun  he  took 
For  the  lady  that  he  forsook. 

Bom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  1538. 
Ho  wol  winne  his  wareson  now  wistly  him  spede 
Forto  saue  my  sone. 

William  of  Palerne  {K  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2379. 
He  made  a  crye  thoroowt  al  the  towtn], 
Whedur  he  be  zoman  or  knave. 
That  cowthe  brynge  hym  Eobyu  Hode, 
His  warisone  he  shuld  haue. 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Monk  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  14). 

4.  Erroneously,  in  the  following  passage,  a  note 
of  assault. 

Either  receive  within  thy  towera 
Two  hundred  of  my  master's  powers. 
Or  straight  they  sound  the  warrison. 
And  stonn  and  spoil  thy  garrison. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iv.  24. 

(wark),  H.     [<  ME.  werk,  warcli,  <  AS. 
ware  (=  IceLcerAr),  pain.]  Pain;  ache.  [Prov. 


de  Galle,  island  of  Ceylon,    it  is  generally  manned 
by  four  or  five  lascars,  who  sit  grouped  together  at  the 


Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
on  the  opposite  side,  it  was  used  for  breaking  the  wark^  (wiirk),  )).  «.  [<  ME.  werken,  warchen,  < 
aiTOor  of  an  antagonist,  and  was  generally  a  weapon  for  AS.  weercian  (=  Icel.  verkja,  rirkja),  pain :  see 
one  hand  only.  .,,-,.  ,^  Wrtrt'l,  «.]     To  be  in  pain;  ache. 

war-horse  (war  hors^«.     1.  A  horse  used  by  a  .^^rk^  (wiirk),  n.    A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form  of 
mounted  soldier  or  officer  m  battle;  especially,     ./.nrf: 

in  a  somewhat  poetical  sense,  the  horse  of  a  ^arkamoowee  (wiir-ka-me'we),  ».  [Cinga- 
knight  or  commander.  Compare  cuts  under  j^gg-,  ^  ^^^^^  ^j^jj  outriggers,  used  at  Point 
caparisoned  aua  muzzle.  -  -      -     -  -     ■ 

Waiting  by  the  doors  the  lear-horse  neigh'd, 

As  at  a  friend's  voice.  Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

2.  A  veteran,  as  a  veteran  soldier  or  politi- 
cian.    [CoUoq.] 

warianglet,  «•     See  warriangJe. 

wariated  (wa'ri-a-ted),  a.  In  lier.,  same  as  var- 
rated:  especially  noting  an  ordinary,  which  is 
sometimes  wariated  on  one  side,  sometimes  on 
both. 

waricet,  t'.     Same  as  warish. 

warily  (wa'ri-li),  arfr.  [<j()«n/i  -t-  -/)/2j  "butper- 
liaj)S  orig.  an  error  for  wareli/.i  In  a  wary  man- 
ner; cautiously;  with  prudence  or  wise  fore- 
sight or  care. 

She 's  kept  as  warily  as  is  your  gold. 

n.  Jonson,  Volpone,  i.  1. 

warimentt  (wa'ri-ment),  II.  [Irreg.  (.wari/^  + 
-iiient.']  Wariness;  caution;  heed.  Spenser, 
F.  (jl.,  IV.  iii.  17. 

wariness  (wa'ri-nes),  (i.  [<  HYin/l -t- -He.v.s'.]  The 
character  or  habit  of  being  wary;  caution;  pru- 
dent care  to  foresee  and  guard  against  evil. 

To  make  sure  work.  Young  Hoyden  is  loi'k'd  up  at  the  ,         j.  ..■■■ii.». 

first  approach  of  the  Enemy.     Here  you  liiive  prudence  ..„' _i,i  '._,  /•.i.x^t'uir., ^     « 

and  wariness  to  the  excess  of  Fable,  and  Krensy.  WarKlOOm  (^\  arK  lum;,   n 
Jeremy  Collier,  Sliort  View  (ed.  16ft8),  p.  216. 

They  were  forced  to  march  witli  the  greatest  wariness, 
circumspection,  and  silence.  Addison,  Freeholder. 

=  Syn.  See  icaiy. 


Warkamoowee  of  Point  de  Galle. 

end  of  the  lever,  adding  or  taking  away  a  man  according 
to  the  strength  of  the  wind.  Tlie  warkamoowees,  during 
the  northeast  monsoon,  even  when  it  is  blowing  very 
hard,  venture  20  or  25  miles  from  land  for  the  purpose  of 
fishing,  or  to  carry  fruits  to  vessels  in  the  offing.  They 
often  sail  in  miles  an  hour. 

warkandt,  «•    [ME.  also  warcliond ;  pp.  of  wark. 
]     Painful 

A  tool ;  an  instru 
ment.     [Scotch.] 

war-knife  (war'nif ),  «.  A  large  knife  used  in 
war:  especially  applied  to  weapons  of  primi- 
tive times  and  in  a  general  sense:  as,  the  war- 


=iyn.  1.  Bellicose,  hoBtUe.— 1-4.  Military, 
martial. 
warlikeness  (war'lik-nes),  H.     A  warlike  dis- 
position or  character.     [Rare.] 
Braveness  of  mind  and  warlikeness. 
Sir  E.  Sandys,  State  of  Religion,  cap.  i.  b.    (Latham.) 

warlingt,  « .  [Appar.  a  word  coined  to  rime  with 
darting  (see  del. ),  either  <  war^  +  -ling\  mean- 
ing '  one  often  warred,  contended,  or  quarreled 
with,'  or  perhaps  <  worry,  curse,  +  -ling^.]  A 
word  occurring  only  in  the  proverb  "  Better  be 
an  old  man's  darling  than  a  young  man's  war- 
ling,"  Camden,  Remains. 

warlockl  (war'lok),  H.  [Also  warluck;  a  8c. 
foi'm,  preserving  the  orig.  guttural  (the  reg. 
mod.  E.  form  would  be  *warl&w),<  ME.  warloghe, 
warlaghc,  werloghe,  worlow,  warlowe,  warlaw, 
warlawe,  <  AS.  wSrloga  (—  OHG.  wdrlogo),  a 
traitor,  deceiver,  liar,  truce-breaker,  <  wser,  a 
covenant,  truce,  compact,  the  truth  (cf.  wxr- 
leds,  truthless,  false),  -I-  'logo,  a  liar,  <  leogan 
(pp.  logen),  lie:  see  very  and  lie'^.']  If.  A  de- 
ceiver ;  a  truce-breaker ;  a  traitor. 
Quen  fundin  was  this  hali  crois, 
the  warlaghe  saide  on-loft  with  vols. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  121. 

2.  A  person  in  league  with  the  devil;  a  sor- 
cerer; a  wizard. 

Where  is  this  warlowe  with  his  wande, 
That  wolde  thus  Wynne  oure  folke  away? 

York  Plays,  p.  81. 
Ye're  but  some  witch  or  wil  warlock. 

Or  mermaid  o'  the  flood. 
The  Lass  of  Loehroyan  (Child's  Ballads,  IL  109). 
It  seems  he  [.Eneas]  was  no  Warluck,  ns  the  Scots  com- 
monly call  such  men,  who,  they  say,  are  iron-free,  or  lead- 
free.  Dryden,  Epic  Poetry. 

3t.  A  monster. 

Loke  ol  lyuyaton  [leviathan)  in  the  lyffe  ol  saynt 
Brandon, 
There  this  warloghe,  I  wis,  a  water  eddur  is  cald. 
That  this  saint  there  seghe  in  the  se  occiane. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E..  E.  T.  S.\  I.  4439. 

warlock^t  (war'lok),  w.  [ME.  warlok,  warl^- 
<  war-  (uncertain)  +  lock^.']    A  fetterlock. 

Warlok,  a  fetyr  lok  (warloQ  of  leterloc,  P.),  Serapedica- 
lis,  vel  compedlcalis  (compedalis,  S.  P.). 

Prompt  Parv.,  p.  517. 

I  com  wyth  those  tythynges,  thay  tame  bylyue, 
Pynez  me  in  a  prysoun,  put  me  in  stokkes, 
Wrythe  me  in  »  warlok,  wrast  out  myn  yjen. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  iii.  80. 

warlockry  (war'lok-ri),  H.  [<  warlock^  +  -ry : 
see  -ery.]  The  condition  or  practices  of  a  war- 
lock; impishness.     [Rare.] 

The  true  mark  of  warlockry.  J.  Baillie. 

warlowt,  "•     An  obsolete  variant  of  irorlock^. 
warluck,  «.     Same  as  warlock^. 
warly^t,  "•  and  odv.     See  warely. 
warly-  (war'li),  a.     [<  iro»-i  +  -/yl.]     Warlike. 
Warly  feats.  Chaloner,  in  Nugre  Antiquse,  II.  388. 

warly^  (war'li),  o.     A  Scotch  form  of  worldly. 
Awa',  ye  selfish  war'ly  race. 

Bums,  First  Epistlo  to  J.  Lapraik. 

warm  (warm),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  warm,  <  AS. 
wearm  =  OS. OFries.  D.  warm  =  OHG.  MHG.  G. 
irorm  =  Icel.  rannr  =  Dan.  Sw.  rarm  =  Goth. 
*warms  (in  verb  warnijan),  warm;  with  forma- 
tive -m,  <  ■/  war,  be  hot,  seen  in  OBulg.  i-an'i, 
heat,  rrieti,  be  hot,  boil,  rrulii,  hot,  Russ.  rariti, 
boil,  brew,  scorch,  Lith.  irirti.  cook,  seethe,  boil. 
In  another  view,  the  word  is  connected  with 
L.  formus,  Gr.  Hepfwc,  hot,  Skt.  gharnia,  heat.] 
I.  fl.  1.  Having  a  moderate  degree  of  heat ;  not 
cold:  as,  irorm  water;  if«r»imilk;  warm  blood; 
a  warm  bath. 

He  stretched  himself  on  the  child,  and  the  flesh  ol  the 
child  waxed  irann.  2  Ki.  iv.  34. 


warm 

2.  Heated ;  having  the  sensation  of  heat ;  ex- 
hibiting the  effects  of  being  heated  to  a  mod- 
erate degree ;  hence,  flushed. 

'Twag  well,  Indeed,  when  warm  with  wine, 
To  pledge  them  with  a  kindly  tear. 

Tennygon,  In  Memoliani,  xc. 

3.  CommunicatLng  a  sensation  of  warmth,  or  a 
moderate  degree  of  heat :  as,  a  warm  fire ;  warm 
weather. — 4.  Subject  to  or  characterized  by 
the  prevalence  of  a  comparatively  high  tem- 
perature, or  of  moderate  heat:  as,  a  warm 
climate;  icarni  countries. — 5.  Intimate;  close; 
fast:  as,  warm  friends. — 6.  Hearty;  earnest: 
as,  a  warm  welcome;  warm  thanks. 

The  conduct  of  Hampden  in  the  affair  of  the  ship- 
money  met  with  the  warm  approbation  of  every  re- 
spectable Royalist  hi  England. 

Macaulay,  Hallani's  Const.  Hist 

7.  Fresh:  said  of  a  scent  or  trail. — 8.  Close  to 
something  that  is  sought,  as  in  games  involving 
search  or  guessing;  on  the  right  track;  on  the 
way  to  snecess,  as  in  searching  or  himting  for 
something.     [CoUoq.] 

He's  varm  —  he's  getting  cold — he's  getting  colder 
and  colder — he  'a  freezing. 

Dickemi,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iii.  «. 

9.  Comfortable;  well-off;  moderately  rich ;  in 
easy  circumstances.     [Colloq.] 

Water-Camlet.  Believe  it,  I  am  a  poor  commoner. 

Sir  F.  Cret.  Come,  you  are  warm,  and  blest  with  a  fair 
wife.  MiddUton,  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life,  i.  1. 

We  have  been  thinking  of  marrying  her  to  one  of  your 
tenants,  ...  a  warm  man,  .  .  .  able  to  give  her  good 
bread.  Qoldfrmith,  Vicar,  xvi. 

10.  Comfortably  fixed  or  placed;  at  home;  ac- 
quainted; well  adjusted.     [Colloq.] 

A  gentleman  newly  tearm  in  his  land,  sir. 

B.  Jonmn,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 
Scarcely  had  the  worthy  Mynheer  Beekman  got  warm 
in  the  seat  of  authority  on  the  .South  River  than  enemies 
began  to  spring  up  all  around  him. 

Irving,  Knickerljocker,  p.  400. 

11.  Undesirable;  unpleasant,  as  on  account 
of  iuipopiilarity  or  obnoxiousness  to  law,  etc. 

Their  small  8tock  of  Credit  gone. 
Lest  Rome  should  grow  too  warm,  from  thence  they  run. 
Congreve,  tr.  of  Eleventh  Satire  of  Juvenal. 

12.  Ardent;  earnest;  full  of  zeal,  ardor,  or 
affection;  enthusiastic;  zealous. 

I'me  half  in  a  mind  to  transcril>e  it,  and  let  it  go  abroad 
in  the  Catalogue ;  but  I'me  sensible  the  warm  people  of 
two  opposite  parties  will  be  ready  to  blame  my  forward- 
ness. Humphrey  WarU-ij  (Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  288). 
When  she  saw  any  of  the  company  very  ^cann  lit  a 
wrong  opinion,  she  was  more  inclined  to  confirm  them 
in  it  than  op|>os«  them.  Sirijt,  Death  of  Stella. 
Now  warm  in  love,  now  with'ring  in  my  bloom, 
Lost  in  a  convent's  solitary  gloum  ! 

Pufe.  Elolsa  to  Aljelard,  1.  3". 
Till  a  warm  preacher  found  a  way  t'  impart 
Awakening  feelings  to  his  tori>id  heart 

Crabbe,  Works,  V.  74. 

13.  Animated;  brisk;  keen;  heated;  hot:  as, 
a  fcarm  engagement. 

■We  shall  have  warm  work  on  't. 

Dryden,  .Spanish  Friar,  i.  1. 

He  argued  with  perfect  temper  in  society,  or,  if  he  saw 

the  argument  becoming  long  or  u-ann,  in  a  moment  lie 

dashed  over  his  opponent's  trenches,  and  was  lau^^hingly 

attacking  him  on  some  fresh  pfiint. 

Latty  Uiftland,  Sydney  Smith,  vli. 

14.  Stirred  up;  somewhat  excited;  hot;  net- 
tled: as,  to  become  warm  when  contradicted. 

A  fine  boggle-de-botcli  I  have  made  of  it  ...  I  am 
aware  it  is  not  a  canonical  word  —  classical,  I  mean  ;  n<>r 
in  nor  out  of  any  dictionary  perha])8 — but  when  people 
are  unrrn  they  cannot  stand  picking  terms. 

Afw*  Etigeirtrrth,  Helen,  xxvi. 

16.  Having  the  ardor  of  affection  or  passion. 
Mirth  and  youth  and  warm  desire. 

Milton,  May  Momlnj,'. 

The  enactments  of  human  laws  are  vain  to  restrain  the 

warm  tides  of  the  heart  Snmiwr,  Orations,  I.  239. 

16.  Having  too  much  ardor;  coarse;  indeli- 
cate.    [Colloq.] 

I  do  not  know  the  play ;  but,  as  Maria  says,  if  there  Is 
any  thing  a  little  too  warm  (and  It  is  so  with  most  of  them) 
It  can  )>e  easily  left  out  Jane  A  usten,  Mansfleld  Park,  xv. 
Warm  bath,  in  med.,  a  bath  in  water  of  a  temperature 
from  92*  to  98^  F.  — Warm  colors,  in  imintimj,  such  col- 
ors as  have  yellow  or  red  for  their  basi.i ;  opposed  to  ctUd 
eolort,  as  blue  and  its  comjwunds  :  the  term,  hi^wever,  Is  a 
relative  one.  —  Warm  plaster.  See  planter.  -  Warm  re- 
gister, a  heated  rcfcistf-r-iilate  used  in  the  niiinufacture  of 
tarred  ropes.— Warm  sepia.  See  *f7mi.--Warm  wave. 
See  irar«i.  — Warm  with,  an  abbreviation  for  "warm 
with  sugar,"  as  in  tlie  order  given  for  a  beverage  of  that 
sort,  in  contrast  with  cold  without.     (Slang.  1 

Two  glasses  of  rum-and-water  warm  with. 

DicketM,  Sketches. 

=  Syn.  4.  Sunny,  mild,  close,  oppressive. -6.  Earnest 
hearty,  enthusiastic,  eager.— 1-6.  H'ann  Is  distinctly 
weaker  than  hot,  /eroent,  fervid,  Jiery,  vehement,  pastnon- 
ate. 


6825 

II.  H.  It.  Wai-mth;  heat. 

The  winter's  hurt  recovers  with  the  warm  ; 
The  parched  green  restored  is  with  shade. 

Surrey. 
2.  An  act  or  process  of  warming;  a  heating. 
[Colloq.] 

Boil  it  [barley-malt]  in  a  kettle ;  one  or  two  warms  is 
enough.  /.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  151. 

warm  (warm),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  icarmed,  ppr. 
wanning.  [<  ME.  warmcu,  <  AS.  weartnian  (= 
D.  warmcn  =  MHG.  warmen,  G.  warmen  =  Icel. 
verma  =  Dan.  varme  =  Sw.  vdrma  =  Goth. 
warmjati),  become  warm,  <  wearm,  warm:  see 
warm,a.^  I.  intrans.  1.  To  become  warm  or 
moderately  heated;  communicate  warmth. 
Wyndis  wastid  away,  warmyt  the  ayre; 
The  rede  beames  aboue  blusshet  with  hete. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4036. 
All  are  but  parts  of  one  stupendous  whole,  .  .  . 
Tliat,  changed  through  all,  ami  yet  in  all  the  same, .  .  , 
Warms  in  the  sun,  refreshes  in  the  breeze. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  271. 

2.  To  warm  one's  self. 

There  shall  not  be  a  coal  to  warm  at         Isa.  xlvii.  14. 

3.  To  become  ardent,  animated,  or  enthusiastic. 
I  know  the  full  value  of  the  snood ;  and  MacCallum- 

more's  heart  will  be  as  cold  as  death  can  make  it  when  it 
does  not  xcartn  to  the  tartan. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xxxv. 
As  the  minister  warmaio  his  sermon  there  come  through 
these  cracks  frequent  exclamations. 

W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  73. 

II.  traiifi.  To  make  warm,    (o)  To  communicate 
a  moderate  degree  of  heat  to ;  impart  wainith  to. 

And  there,  withoute  the  dore,  in  ye  courte  on  the  left 
hand,  is  a  tree  with  many  stones  aboute  it,  where  the  myn- 
ysters  of  the  Jewes,  and  seynt  Peter  with  theym,  warmed 
theyni  l)y  the  fyre.      Sir  It.  Gxiylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  19. 
Either  the  hostess  or  one  of  her  maids  warms  his  bed, 
pulls  on  his  night  cap,  cuts  his  corns,  jmts  out  the  candle. 
Dekkerand  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  v.  1. 
The  room  is  warmed,  when  necessary,  by  Ijurning  char- 
coal in  a  chafli]gdish. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  I.  20. 
(6)  To  heat  up;  excite  ardor  or  zeal  in  ;  interest;  animate; 
enliven;  inspirit;  give  life  and  color  to;  flush;  cause  to 
glow. 

It  would  warm,  his  spirits 
To  hear  from  me  you  had  left  Antony. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  13.  69. 
Witli  those  hopes  Socrates  warmed  his  doubtful  spirits 
against  that  cold  potion.       Sir  T.  Browne,  Urn-burial,  iv. 
I  love  such  mirth  as  does  not  make  friends  ashamed  to 
look  upon  one  another  next  morning,  nor  men  that  can- 
not well  bear  it  to  rei)ent  the  money  they  spend  when  they 
be  warmed  with  drink.    /.  WaWin,  Complete  Angler,  p.  87. 
How  could  I,  to  the  dearest  theme 
That  ever  warm'd  a  minstrel's  dream, 
.So  foul,  so  false  a  recreant  prove ! 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  iii.  1, 
All  beauty  warmjt  tlie  heart,  is  a  sign  of  health,  prosper- 
ity, and  the  favor  of  God.  Emerson,  Success. 
(e)  To  administer  castigation  to :  as,  I'll  warm,  him  for  that 
piece  of  mischief.    [ColIo<i.]   (dt)  Figuratively,  to  occupy. 
His  brother  .  .  .  had  a  while  warmed  the  Throne. 

Pttrckas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  84. 

To  warm  one's  Jacket,  to  castigate  one.    [Colloq. ]- 
Warming  plaster.    See  piaster. 
war-man  (war'man),  II.     A  warrior.     [Rare.] 

Thir  loniis  keipt  on  at  afternoone, 
With  all  thair  warrmen  wight 
Battle  of  Balrinnet  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  222). 
The  sweet  war-vmn  is  dead  and  rotten. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,v.  2.  866. 

war-markedt  (war'miirkt),  a.  Bearing  the 
marks  or  traces  of  war;  experienced  in  war; 
veteran. 

Your  army,  which  doth  most  consist 
Of  war-mark'd  footmen.       Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  7.  45. 

warm-blooded  (warm'blud"ed),  o.  1.  Having 
■warm  blood :  hematothermal :  in  zoology  and 
physiology  noting  mammals  and  birds  whose 
blood  ranges  in  temperature  from  98°  to  112° 
F.,  in  consequence  of  the  complete  double 
blood-circulation,  and  tlie  oxygenation  or  com- 
bustion which  goes  on  in  the  lungs :  opposed  to 
mld-hhiiitted  or  hcmatncryal. —  2.  Figuratively, 
characterized  by  high  temper  and  generous 
impulses;  wnrui-hearted:  also,  passionate. — 
Warm-blooded  fish.    See/«Ai. 

warmer  (war'm^r).  «.  [<  «■«)■)«  +  -crl.]  One 
who  or  that  which  warms. 

warmfult  (warm'fiil),  «.  [<»■«*•»(  +  -/«/.]  Giv- 
ing wai'inth;  warm.     [Rare.] 

AI)out  bim  a  mandilion,  tliat  did  with  buttons  meet. 
Of  pur|)le,  large,  and  full  of  folds,  curl'd  with  a  wannful 
nap.  Chapman,  liiad,  x.  121. 

warm-headed  (warm'hed'ed),  a.  Easily  ex- 
cited; enthusiastic;   fanciful. 

Tlie  advantage  will  be  on  the  wurm-headed  man's  side, 
as  having  the  iii(>re  ideas  and  the  more  lively.  Locke. 

warm-hearted  (warm 'hiii  "ted),  a.  Having 
warmth    of   heart;    having  a  disposition  such 


warn 

as  readily  shows  friendship,  affectioji,  or  in- 
terest; proceeding  from  such  a  disposition; 
cordial;  sincere;  hearty:  as,  a  warm-hearted 
man;  warm-hearted  swp])ovt. 

warm-heartedness  (warm'hiir"ted-nes),  h.  The 
state  or  character  of  being  warm-hearted ;  af- 
fectionate disposition ;  cordiality. 

He  was  looking  from  Arabella  to  Winkle  with  as  much 
delight  depicted  in  his  countenance  as  warm-heartedness 
and  kindly  feeling  can  communicate  to  the  human  face. 

Dickens,  Pickwick. 

warmine  (war'ming),  II.  [Verbal  n.  of  rearm, 
p.]  1.  The  act  of  one  who  warms ;  specifically, 
in  sUver-plating,  the  heating  of  the  object  to  be 
plated  until  it  causes  a  slight  hissing  when  im- 
mersed in  water.  The  object  is  then  dipped  in  dilute 
nitric  acid,  to  cause  a  slight  roughening  of  the  surface  in 
order  to  afford  a  better  hold  to  the  silvering. 
2.  A  castigation ;  a  thrashing.     [Colloq.] 

warming-pan  (war'ming-pan),  11.  1.  A  large 
covered  long-handled  flat  vessel  (usually  of 
brass)  into  which  live  coals  are  put :  used  to 
warm  the  inside  of  a  bed. 

Put  of  your  clothes  in  winter  by  the  lire  side,  and  cause 
your  bed  to  bee  heated  with  a  warming  panne. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  252. 
A  dagger  with  a  hilt  like  a  warming-pan. 

Marlowe,  Jew  of  Malta,  iv.  4.  33. 

2.  A  person  put  into  a  situation,  post,  or  office 
temporarily,  to  hold  it  for  another  till  the  lat- 
ter becomes  qualified  for  it.     [Slang.] 

warming-stone  (war'ming-ston),  n.  A  foot- 
warmer;  a  slab  of  soapstone,  cut  to  a  conve- 
nient size :  when  used  it  is  first  heated  in  the 
fire  or  on  a  stove,  and  afterward  placed  under 
the  feet :  it  is  chiefly  made  use  of  in  driving  in 
very  cold  weather.  Soapstone  is  selected  for  this 
purpose  t^ecause  it  stantls  the  heat  better  than  any  otlier 
stone,  not  cracking  or  crumbling  when  exposed  to  sudden 
changes  of  temperature. 

warmly  (wami'li),  adv.    In  a  warm  manner, 
(a)  With  warmth  pr  heat   Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  244.  (b)  With 
warmth  of  feeling ;  eagerly;  earnestly;  ardently. 
Each  prince  shall  thus  with  honour  have 
What  both  so  warmly  seem  to  crave. 

Prior,  Alma,  ii.  111. 

Warmness  (warm'nes),  II.  [<  ME.  «y;)-)«hca'A-;  < 
warm  -\-  -Ht'.v.v.]     Wai'mth. 

Phebus  hatli  of  gold  his  stremes  doun  ysent 
To  gladen  every  flour  with  liis  learmness. 

Chaucer,  Mercliant's  Tale,  1.  977. 

war-mongert   (war'mung'''g6r),  v.       One    who 
fights  for  hire  ;  a  mercenary  soldier,  or  bravo. 
Spcii.scr,  F.  Q.,  III.  x.  29. 
warmouth  (war'mouth),  II.  Acentrarchoid  fisli : 
same  as  hiiimoiith. 
warm-sided (warm'si'''ded),  a.  Naiit.,  mounting 
heavy  guns  :  said  of  a  ship  or  a  fort.    [Colloq.] 
warmth  (warmth),  n.     [<  ME.  weriiithe  (=  LG. 
wermde);  <  warm  +  -//(!.]     1.  The  state  of  be- 
ing warm  ;  gentle  heat:  as,  the  warmth  of  the 
sun  or  of  the  blood  ;  also,  the  sensation  of  mod- 
erate heat. 

No  warmth,  no  breath,  shall  testify  thou  livest. 

Shnk.,  R.  amlJ.,  iv.  1.  98. 
The  mirth  of  its  December, 
And  the  warmth  of  its  .July. 

Praed,  I  renienibcr,  I  remember. 

2.  Cordiality;  geniality;  heai'ty  kindness  or 
good  feeling. 

I  took  leave  of  Colonel  Cubbon,  wiio  told  me,  with  a 

war7nfh  which  I  was  vain  enough  to  think  sincere,  that  lie 

had  not  passed  three  such  pleasant  days  for  thirty  years. 

Macaulay,  in  Trevelyaii,  I.  325. 

3.  A  state  of  lively  and  excited  feeling;  ardor; 
zeal;  fervor;  earnestness,  often  approaching 
anger;  intensity;  enthusiasm. 

What  warmth  is  there  in  your  affection  towards  any  of 
these  princely  suitors  ?  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  2.  36. 

The  sisters  fell  into  a  little  warmth  and  contradiction. 
Steele,  Tatler,  No.  172. 
The  monarch  spoke  ;  the  words,  with  warmth  addrest, 
To  rigid  justice  steei'd  his  Iirotlier's  breast. 

Pojie,  Iliad,  vi.  78. 

4.  In  paiiitiiiii,  a  glowing  effect  which  arises 
from  the  use  of  warm  colors  (which  see,  under 
warm),  and  also  from  the  use  of  tmnsparent 
colors  in  the  process  of  glazing. 

warnt  (warn).  H.  [<  ME.  wariic,  <  AS.  ircitrii,  a 
denial,  refusal,  obstacle,  impediment,  a  guard- 
ing of  oneself,  a  defense  of  a  person  on  trial,  = 
OHG.  wariia  (in  comp.),  MHG.  wariic,  iccnir, 
preparation,  =  Icel.  rorii  =  Sw.  ram  =  Dan. 
vserii,  a  defense ;  with  formative  -/(,  <  Teut. 
■\/  war,  defend,  guard :  see  warc^,  ward.]  A  de- 
nial; refusal. 
Withouten  more  uarne.  Cursor  Mundi,  1.  11333. 

warn  (warn).  ('.  t.  [Under  this  word  are  merged 
two  orig.  diff.  but  related  verbs:  (a)  <  ME. 
wariien.  wariiieii,  warn,  admonish,  <  AS.  wear- 


warn  6826 

Ml/Ill    irnriiinn    talfp  hfifiH    warn    —  OHG   war-         Servants  in  husbandry  [23  Hen.  VI.,  c.  12]  are  required 
«mw,  warman,  '^?'^f^^^3^a,  warn,  _  unur.  !ra»  tMrnm;;,  aud  to  engage  with  some 

twn,  warn,  warnen  {wernen),  MHG.  icnrnen,  pro-     ^^^^k^.  ^^^^^  ^^j,,^^  quitting  their  present  service. 
vide,  take  heed,  protect,  warn,  G.  warnen,  warn,  Ribtm-Tumer,  Vagrants  and  Vagrancy,  p.  66. 

=  Icel.  rania  =  Sw.  mrna,  warn  (cf.  OF.  war-  naming  (war'ning),  2>.  a.     In  Mol,  serving  as 
»ir,  ^Mflniir.  (/flriifr,  provide,  garmsh,  preserve,     ^  menace  to  enemies;  of  threatening  aspect: 

somewhat  specially  used  of  a  strikingly  con- 
spicuous coloration.     See  the  quotation. 

Anever-failing  interest  attaches  to  the  subject  of  (Fam- 
ing  Colors.  The  history  of  the  discovery  of  warning  colors 
in  caterpillars  is  quoted  with  many  examples,  showing 
that  the  education  of  enemies  is  assisted  by  the  fact  that 
warning  colors  and  patterns  often  reserable  each  other, 
and  there  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  insect-eating 
animals  learn  by  experience.  Amer,  Nat.,  Oct.,  1890,  p.  929. 

wamingly  (war'ning-li),  adi:     In  a  warning 
manner;  so  as  to  warn;  byway  of  notice  or 
annoy.  admonition. 

Queen  £Zi2'o6e«A,  quoted  in  Puttenham's  Arte  of  Eng.  'waniing-piece  (war  mng-pes),  TO.     bometning 


>  ult.  E.  garnish,  garniture,  etc.) ;  (6)  <  ME.  «f)-- 
M<'H,<  AS.  wijrnan,  refuse,  deny,  =  OS.  wernian  = 
OHG.  warnen  =  OFries.  warna,  werna  =  Icel. 
varna,  refuse,  deny;  from  the  noun:  see  warn, 
«.]  1 .  To  put  on  guard  by  timely  notice ;  wake, 
ware,  or  give  notice  to  beforehand,  as  of  ap- 
proaching dangeror  of  something  to  be  avoided 
or  guarded  against;  caution;  admonish;  tell 
or  command  admonishingly ;  advise. 
The  doubt  of  future  foes  exiles  my  present  ioy, 
And  wit  me  wames  to  shun  sucli  snares  as  threaten  mine 


[Poesie,  Int.,  p.  xii. 
Being  warned  by  God  iu  a  dream  that  they  should  not 
return  to  Herod,  they  departed  into  their  own  country 
another  way.  Mat.  ii.  12. 

And  then  I  fear'd 
Lest  the  gray  navy  there  would  splinter  on  it. 
And  fearing  waved  my  arm  to  warn  them  off. 

Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

2.  To  admonish,  as  to  any  duty ;  advise ;  ex- 
postulate with. 

Warn  them  that  are  unruly.  1  Thes.  v.  14. 

3.  To  apprise ;  give  notice  to ;  make  ware  or 
aware;  inform  previously;  notify;  direct;  bid; 
summon. 

William  &  hise  wises  were  warned  of  here  come. 

William  ofPalerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4288. 

Er  the  sun  vp  soght  witli  his  softe  beames, 
Pelleus  full  prestly  the  peopull  did  wame 
To  appere  in  his  presens,  princes  and  dulcys. 


that  warns,  (a)  A  warning-gun ;  a  signal-gun ;  the  dis- 
cliarge  of  a  cannon  intended  as  a  notification.  Compare 
piece,  4  (b), 

Harii !  upon  my  life,  the  linight !  'tis  your  friend ; 

This  was  the  yearning-piece  of  his  approach. 

Bea^l.  and  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  v.  2. 
The  treason  of  Watson  aud  Clearls,  two  English  semi- 
naries, is  sufficiently  linown ;  it  was  as  a  ''  prseludium  "  or 
warning-piece  to  the  great  "fougade,"  tiie  discharge  of 
the  powder-treason.  Jer.  Taylor,  Vforka  (ed.  1835),  II.  97. 
(6)  In  horol.,  a  part  of  the  striking-mechanism  of  a 
clock  that,  by  the  movement  of  the  lower  wheel,  throws 
the  striking-system  periodically  into  action.  It  is  also 
operated  by  the  strike-or-silent  mecltanism,  so  that  the 
striking-mechanism  may  be  thrown  out  of  gear  at  will. 
When  in  position  to  work,  it  causes  a  slight  noise  at  the 
instant  of  starting  the  striking- parts,  aud  thus  gives  warn- 
ing that  the  cloclt  is  about  to  strike.  _ 
■warning-wlieel  (war'ning-hwel),  TO.     In  horol., 

'Ve's7ructionofTroy''(£'T^.  '^'s.\\.  1092.  wamisllt,  Wamiset,'--  '•    Middle  Englishforms 

Who  is  it  that  hath  jrarii'd  us  to  the  walls?  ot  garnish.                     „       .  .,    ^         ,       , 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1.  201.  He  wi3tly  hem  of-sent, 

„,,     „.  t        .  Ti       •            'J  u    11,    T     J.  „»  t\,„  r',,1,..  &  het  hem  alle  hige  thider  as  harde  as  thei  mijt, 

The  Bishop  of  Koss  IS  warn  d  by  'he  Lords  of  the  Co.  n-  u-arnished  for  the  werre  with  clone  hoi-s  &  armes. 

cil,  that  he  shall  no  longer  be  esteem  d  an  Ambassadoi,  WiUiam  of  Paler/ie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1083. 

but  be  punish'd  as  his  Fault  shall  deserve.  ,,,„„.   ^            .        ,  ,•       ^            j 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  34.").  war-office  (war  of'is),  n.    A  public  omce  orde- 

4t    To  deny  refuse;  forbid.  partment  in  which  military  affairs  are  superiu- 

Thou  canst  not  wa,me  him  that  with  good  entente  tended  or  administered.    („)  The  department  or  bu- 

Axeth  thyn  help.                        Chaueer,  A.  B.  C. ,  1.  11.  reau  of  the  British  government  presided  over  by  the  Secre- 


The  kynges  lied,  when  hyt  ys  brojt, 
A  kysse  wyll  y  icame  the  noght, 
For  lefe  to  me  hyt  were  ! 

Octavian  (ed.  Halliwell),  1.  821. 

5t.  To  defend ;  keep  or  ward  off.     Spenser. 
warner  (war'ner),  TO.    1.  One  who  or  that  which 
warns;  an  admonisher. —  2.  See  the  quotation. 

Sotiltees  .  .  .  were  nothing  more  than  devices  in  sugar 
and  paste,  which,  iu  general,  .  .  .  had  some  allusion  to 
the  circumstances  of  the  entertainment,  and  closed  the 
service  of  tlie  dishes.  The  Warners  were  ornaments  of 
the  same  nature,  which  preceded  them. 
R.  Warner,  Antiquitates  Culinarise  (ed.  1791),  p.  136,  note. 

warnesturet,  '■•  '■  [ME.,  <  OF.  wamesturc,  gar- 
iiestiire,  garnistnre,  garniture,  provision,  stores, 
furniture,  garniture:  see  garniture.'\  To  fur- 
nish; store. 

Wel  thei  were  warnestured  of  vitayles  i-now, 
plentiuosly  for  al  peple  to  passe  where  thei  wold. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1121. 

I  shal  warneMoore  myn  hous  with  toures,  swiche  as 
han  castelles  and  other  manere  edifices,  and  armnre  and 
artelries.  Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 

warning  (war'ning),  TO.  [<  ME.  icarningc,  a 
warning,  admonition,  <  AS.  wcarming  (=  (JHG. 
warnunge,  G.  warming,  a  warning),  verbal  n.  of 
wearnian,warnia)i,w&ra:  seewnj'M,i'.]  1.  No- 
tice beforehand  of  the  consequences  that  will 
probably  follow  continuance  in  some  particular 
course ;  admonitory  advice  to  do  or  to  abstain 
from  doing  something,  as  in  reference  to  ap- 
proaching a  probable  danger. 

Hear  the  word  at  my  mouth,  and  give  them  warning 
from  me.  Ezek.  iii.  17. 

2.  That  which  warns,  or  serves  to  warn  or  ad- 
monish. 

Let  Christian's  slips  before  he  came  hither,  and  the  bat- 
tles tliat  he  met  with  in  this  place,  he  a  warning  to  those 
that  come  after.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

3.  Heed ;  the  lesson  taught  by  or  to  be  leai-ned 
from  a  caution  given. 

I  think  it  is  well  that  they  stand  so  near  the  highway, 
that  others  may  see  and  t.ake  irai~ning, 

Bttnyan,  Pllgiim's  Progress,  ii. 

4.  Previous  notice  :  as,  a  short  warning. 

Somewhat  too  sudden,  sirs,  the  warning  is. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  2.  14. 

5.  A  summons ;  a  call ;  a  bidding. 

It  [sheiTis]  illumineth  the  face,  which  as  a  beacon  gives 
warning  ...  to  arm.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3.  117. 

6.  A  notice  given  to  terminate  a  business  re- 
lation, as  that  of  master  and  servant,  employer 
and  employee,  landlord  and  tenant;  a  notice 
to  quit. 


tary  of  State  for  War,  assisted  by  a  parliamentary,  a  per- 
manent, and  a  financial  under  secretary.  It  is  subdivided 
into  various  departments,  as  the  military,  ordnance,  and 
financial.  (6)  In  the  United  States,  the  War  Department. 
warp  (w&rp),  V.  [(a)  Trans.,  cast,  throw,  <  ME. 
werpen,  weorpen,  worpen  (pret.  icarp,  pp.  wor- 
pen),  <  AS.  weorpan  (pret.  wearp),  cast,  throw, 
=  OS.  werpan  =  D.  MLG.  werpen  =  OHG.  wer- 
fun,  MHG.  G.  werfen,  throw,  east,  =  Icel.  rerpa 
=  Goth.  «!«Jr;M«, "throw;  cf.  Lith.  werpti,  spin, 
Gr.  penetv,  incline  downward,  piirretv,  throw,  (fc) 
<  ME.  warpen  (pret.  scarped), <  Icel.  t'arpa,  throw, 
cast,  also  east  or  lay  out  a  net,  =  Sw.  varpa  = 
Dan.  rarpe,  warp  (a  ship),  <  varp,  a  casting,  also 
a  cast  witli  a  net,  also  a  warping,  =  Sw.  varp, 
the  draft  of  a  net,  =  Dan.  varp,  a  warp;  from 
the  strong  verb  above.]  I.  trans.  It.  To  oast ; 
throw;  hurl. 

Wente  to  liys  wardrope,  and  warpe  of  hys  wedez. 

Morte  Arthnre  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  901. 

Ful  sone  it  was  ful  loude  kid 

Of  Havelok,  how  he  warp  the  ston 

Oner  the  londes  euerichon.      Ilavelok,  1.  1061. 

2t.  To  utter;  ejaculate;  enunciate;  give  utter- 
ance to. 

Hit  fyrst  mynged, 
Wylde  wordez  hym  warp  wyth  a  wrast  noyce. 
Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 1423. 
A  note  ful  nwe  I  herde  hem  warpe, 
To  lysten  that  watz  ful  lufly  dere. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  i.  878. 

3.  To  bring  forth  (young)  prematurely :  said  of 
cattle,  sheep,  horses,  etc.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 4.  In 
rope-making,  to  run  (the  yarn  of  the  winches) 
into  hauls  to  be  tarred.  See  haul  of  yarn,  un- 
der 7i«)(^— 5.  To  weave;  hence,  in  a  figurative 
sense,  to  fabricate ;  plot. 

But  now ;  How,  Where,  of  What  shall  I  begin 
This  Gold-growud  Web  to  weave,  to  warp,  to  spin'? 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Battle  of  Ivry. 
She  acquainted  the  Greeks  underhand  with  this  treason, 
which  was  a  warping  against  them. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  409. 

6.  To  give  a  cast  or  twist  to ;  turn  or  twist  out 
of  shape  or  out  of  straightness,  as  by  unequal 
contraction,  etc.;  contort. 

Oh,  state  of  Nature,  fail  together  in  me, 
Since  thy  best  props  are  wurp'd  ! 
Fletcher  {and  another),  Two  Xoble  Kinsmen,  iii.  2. 
Confess,  or  T  will  warp 

Your  limbs  with  such  keen  tortures . 

Shelley,  The  Cenci,  v.  3. 

The  cracked  door,  ill-fltting  and  warped  from  its  origi- 
nal shape,  guided  us  by  a  score  of  glittering  crevices  to  the 
room  we  sought. 

D.  Christie  Murray,  Weaker  Vessel,  xxxiii. 


warp 

7.  To  turn  aside  from  the  true  direction ;  cause 
to  bend  or  incline ;  pervert. 

This  first  avowed,  nor  folly  warped  my  mind. 

Dryden,  Sig.  and  Guis.,  L  402. 

By  the  present  mode  of  education  we  are  forcibly  warped 

from  the  bias  of  nature.  Goldsmith,  Taste. 

His  heart  was  form'd  for  softness  —  warp'd  to  wrong. 

Byron,  Corsair,  iii.  23. 

Men's  perceptions  are  warped  by  their  passions. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  182. 

8.  Naut.,  to  move  into  some  desired  place  or 
position  by  hauling  on  a  rope  or  warp  which 
has  been  fastened  to  something  fixed,  as  a  buoy, 
anchor,  or  other  ship  at  or  near  that  place  or 
position:  as,  to  warp  a  ship  into  harbor  or  to 
her  berth. 

They  warped  out  their  ships  by  force  of  hand. 

Mir.  far  Mags.,  p.  881. 
Seeing  them  warp  themselues  to  windward,  we  thought 
it  not  good  to  be  boorded  on  both  sides  at  an  anchor. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  IL  41. 

9.  In  agri.,  to  fertilize,  as  poor  or  barren  land, 
by  means  of  artificial  inundation  from  rivers 
which  hold  large  quantities  of  earthy  matter,  or 
warp  (see  warp,  ».,  4),  in  suspension.  The  opera- 
tion, which  consists  in  inclosing  a  body  or  sheet  ot  water 
till  the  sediment  it  holds  in  suspension  has  been  deposited, 
can  be  carried  out  only  on  fiat  low-lying  tracts  which  may 
be  readily  submei-ged.  This  system  was  first  systematical- 
ly practised  in  Great  Britain  on  the  banks  of  the  I'rent, 
Ouse,  and  other  rivers  which  empty  into  the  estuary  of  the 
Humljer. 

10.  To  change.     [Kare.] 

Freeze,  freeze,  thou  bitter  sky, 
Tliou  dost  not  bite  so  nigh 

As  benefits  forgot ; 
Though  thou  the  waters  warp, 
Thy  Bting  is  not  so  ahan) 

As  friend  remember'd  not 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7.  187. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  turn,  twist,  or  be  twisted 
out  of  straightness  or  the  proper  shape. 

After  the  manner  of  wood  that  curbeth  and  warpeth 
with  the  fire.  Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  56L 

It 's  better  to  shoot  in  a  bow  that  has  been  shot  in  he- 
fore,  and  will  never  start,  than  to  draw  a  fair  new  one, 
that  for  every  arrow  will  be  warping. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  v.  1. 

Ye  are  green  wood,  see  ye  vxtrp  not 

Tennyson,  Princess,  U. 

2.  To  turn  or  incline  from  a  straight,  true,  or 
proper  course ;  deviate ;  swerve. 

There  is  our  commission, 
From  which  we  would  not  have  you  icarp. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  1.  15. 

Now,  by  something  I  had  lately  observed  of  Mr.  Trea- 
surer's conversation  on  occasion,  I  suspected  him  a  little 
warping  to  Rome.  Evelyn,  Diary,  May  17, 1671. 

By  and  by,  as  soon  as  the  shadow  of  Sir  Francis  hath 

left  him,  he  fals  off  again  warping  and  warping  till  he 

come  to  contradict  hiniselfe  in  diameter ;  and  denies  flatly 

that  it  is  either  variable  or  arbitraiy,  being  once  settl'd. 

Milton,  Apolt^y  for  Smectymnuus. 

Whatever  these  warping  Christians  might  pretend  as 
to  zeal  for  the  Law  and  their  ancient  Keligion,  the  bottom 
of  all  was  a  principle  of  infidelity. 

Stillingfleet,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 

3.  To  change  for  the  worse ;  turn  in  a  wrong 
direction. 

Methinks 
My  favour  here  begins  to  warp. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  1.  2.  365. 

4t.  To  weave ;  hence,  to  plot. 

Who  like  a  fleering  slavish  parasite, 
In  warping  profit  or  a  traitorous  sleight. 
Hoops  round  his  rotten  body  with  devotes. 

Marlowe,  Hero  and  Leander,  %■!. 

5.  To  fly  with  a  twisting  or  bending  to  this 
side  and  that ;  deflect  the  course  of  flight ;  turn 
about  iu  flying,  as  birds  or  insects. 

As  when  the  potent  rod 
Of  Amram's  son,  in  Egypt's  evil  day, 
Wav'd  round  the  coast,  up  called  a  pitchy  cloud 
Of  locusts  warping  on  the  eastern  wind. 

Maton,  P.  L.,  i.  341. 

6.  To  wind  yarn  off  bobbins,  to  form  the  warp 
of  a  web.     See  the  quotation. 

Warping,  therefore,  consists  in  arranging  the  threads 
according  to  number  and  colour,  or  in  any  special  manner 
that  may  be  necessar.v,  and  to  keep  them  in  their  relative 
places  after  they  have  been  so  laid. 

A.  Barlow,  Weaving,  p.  68. 

7.  To  slink;  cast  the  young  prematurely,  as 
cows. — 8.  Naut.,  to  work  forward  by  means  of 
a  rope  fastened  to  something  fixed,  as  in  mov- 
ing from  one  berth  to  another  in  a  harbor,  or  in 
making  one's  way  out  of  a  harbor  in  a  calm,  or 
against  a  contrary  wind. 

I  gat  out  of  the  Mole  of  Chio  into  the  sea  by  warping 
foorth,  with  the  helpe  of  Genoueses  botes. 

Haklvyt's  Voyages,  IL  101. 

warp  (warp).  H.  1<ME.  warp;  <  warp,  r.'\  It.  A 
throw;  a  cast. — 2.  Hence,  a  cast  of  herrings, 
haddocks,  or  other  fish;  four,  as  a  tale  of  count- 


warp 

[Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  A  cast  lamb,  kid, 


6827 


ing  fish.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 3.  A  cast  lamb,  kid,  notch  in  it  to  lead  hawsers  through  in  warping, 
calf,  foal,  or  the  like ;  the  young  of  an  animal  See  chock*,  3. 
when  brought  forth  prematurely.  [Prov.  Eng.]  warping-hook  (war'ping-huk),  ».  1.  In  rope- 
— 4.  The  sediment  which  subsides  from  turbid  making,  a  brace  for  twisting  yarn. —  3.  A  hook 
water;  the  alluvial  deposit  of  muddy  water  to  which  yarn  is  hung  as  it  is  prepared  for  the 
artificially  introduced  into  low  lands  in  order    warp  of  a  textile  material. 

to  enrich  or  fertilize  them.  The  term  warp  is  some-  warpUlg-jackCwar'ping-jak),  n.  Inawarping- 
ttmes  applied  to  tidal  alluvium.  "The  Humber  wai-p  is  a  machine,  a  contrivance  hung  between  the  trav- 
marine  aDd  es^arine  silt  and  clay,  which  occurs  above  the  ^gg  ^nd  the  revolving  warp-frame,  and  serving 
Peatbeds.     (Woodicard.)   As  the  word  is  used  by  J.  Trim-     •-  "^  "         ,      .,  °.,       'j     •    i  'tu     i  i 

iner,  it  has  nearly  the  same  meaning  as  «(r/a«-»oi(.  The  to  separate  the  warp-threads  into  the  two  al- 
word  is  rarely,  if  ever,  used  in  the  United  States  as  mean-  temate  sets  called /ffls ;  same  as /iecA-fioJ'.  E, 
ing  a  sedimentary  deposit  H.  Knight. 

8.  A  cast  or  twist;  the  twist  or  bending  which  carping-machine  (war'ping-ma-shen"),  «.  A 
occurs  in  wood  in  drying;  the  state  of  having  machine  for  preparing  and  arraiiging  the  yarns 
a  cast,  or  of  being  warped  or  twisted.  intended  for  the  warp  of  a  textile  material. 

Somebody  in  Berkshire,  I  fancy,  had  warped  his  mind  warping-miU  (war'ping-mil),  «.  In  wearing,  an 
•calnst  you,  and  no  mind  is  more  capable  of  warps  than  apparatus  for  winding  the  warp-yarns  from  the 
•«••■  ■^-  S""''**'  1"  ««"•*»>».  "■  337.     ijo^jijins  to  a  large  cylindrical  reel,  and  areang- 

6.  The  threads  which  are  extended  lengthwise     ing  them  in  two  leas  or  sets,  ready  for  the  hed- 
in  a  loom,  and  across  which  the  woof  is  thrown    dies  iu  the  loom. 
in  the  process  of  weaving.  warping-penny   (war'ping-pen"i),  n.     Money 

The  ground  of  the  future  stuff  was  formed  by  a  number     paid  by  the  spinner  to  the  weaver  on  laying 
of  parallel  strings  called  the  icarp,  having  their  upper     the  warp.      Wright.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
end.  attached  to  a  horizontal  bewn,  and  drawn  taut  by  ^arp-lace  (warp'las),  H.    Any  lace  havingwarp- 
weights  hunK  from  their  lower  ends.  ^i     *^  i         \lt_        j  i        j        i.  _Jv,i    i.\ 

*  *  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIII.  20«.     threads,  or  threads  so  placed  as  to  resemble  the 


warp  of  a  fabric. 
warp-land  (warp'land),  n.   Low-lying  land  that 
has  been  or  can  be  fertilized  by  warping.     See 
warp,  V.  t.,  9.     [Eng.] 

The  warpland,  as  it  is  called,  over  which  the  waters  of 
the  Ouse  and  the  Aire  are  permitted  to  flow  by  means  of 
sluices  which  absorb  and  retain  the  water  till  the  sediment 
is  deposited,  is  peculiarly  rich  and  luxuriant. 

T.  Allen,  Hist.  County  oi  York,  H.  307. 

warple  (war'pl),  r.     See  warble^. 
A  warp  ot  weeks,  four  weeks ;  a  month.    [Obsolete  or  war-plume(war'plom),H.  A  plume  worn  in  war. 

The  tomahawk  .  .  .  cut  the  war-plume  from  the  scalp- 


Weaving  through  all  the  poor  details 
And  homespun  warp  of  circumstance. 

Whittier,  Snow-Bound. 

7.  Naut.,  a  rope,  smaller  than  a  cable,  used  in 
towing,  or  in  moving  a  ship  by  attachment  to 
something  fixed ;  a  towing-line. 

We  furled  now  for  the  last  time  together,  and  came 
down  and  took  the  warp  ashore. 

B.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  430. 


prov.  Eng.] 

Cerdicus  .  .  .  wa»  the  first  May-loril  or  captaine  of  the 
Morris-daunce  that  on  those  embenched  shelves  stampt 
his  footing,  where  cods  and  dog-flsh  swomme  not  o  warp 
o/ )r«*»  forerunning.  A(i»A<,  Lenten  Stufle.  (Davies.) 
To  part  a  warp.  .Same  a.^  to  jxirt  a  line,  (which  see, 
under  iin.?2).  -  Warp-dyeing  machine,  an  apparatus 
for  drawing  wari>*threari8,  laia  out  in  sets,  through  adye- 
beok.  SiLch  warp  is  separated  from  the  next  by  a  pin,  and 
the  aet  is  passed  through  the  dye  between  rollers,  and  de- 
livered from  between  8<iueezing-cylinder8,  which  press  out 
the  superfluous  dye.    E.  H.  Knight. 

warpage  (wftr'paj),  n.  [<  warp  +  -age.']  The 
act  of  warping ;  also,  a  charge  per  ton  made  on 
shipping  in  some  harbors. 

war-paint  (war'pant),  n.    1.  Among  some  sav 


ing-tuft  of  Uncas,  and  passed  through  the  frail  wall  of  the 
lodge  as  though  it  were  hurled  from  some  formidable  en- 
gine. J.  F.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxiv. 

war-proof  (war'prof),  11.  The  qualities  of  a  sol- 
dier; proved  fitness  for  military  life.     [Rare.] 

On,  on,  you  noblest  English, 
Whose  blood  is  fet  from  fathers  of  war-proof! 

SAoJ-.,Hen.  V.,iU.  1.  18. 

warp-stitch  (warp'stich),  n.  A  kind  of  em- 
broidery in  which  the  threads  of  the  weft  are 
pulled  out  in  places,  leaving  the  warp-threads 
exposed,  which  are  then  held  together  by  or- 
namental stitches. 

M.     One  of    the 


age  tribes,  paint  applied  to  the  face  and  other  warp-thread    (warp'thred) 

parts  of  the  person,  according  to  a  recognized     threads  which  form  the  warp  of  a  web. 

and  traditional  system,   as   a  sign  that  the  warxagal  (war'a-gal),  n.     [Australian.]     The 


wearer  is  about  to  engage  in  war.  Its  origin 
may  have  been  an  attempt  to  strike  terror  to 
the  mind  of  the  enemy. 

The  war-paint  on  the  -Sachem's  face, 
Unwet  with  tears,  shone  fierce  and  red. 

Whittirr,  Bridal  of  Pennacook,  ill. 

2.  Hence,  full  dress  and  adornment;  oflicial 
costume.     [Slang.] 

war-path  (war'pftth),  «.  Among  the  American 
Indians,  the  path  or  route  followed  by  a  war- 
like expedition ;  also,  the  military  undertaking 
itself.  -  To  go  on  the  war-path,  to  go  to  war. 

"The  warrior  whose  eye  Is  open  can  see  his  enemy," 
said  Magua.  ..."  I  have  brought  gifts  to  my  brother. 
His  nation  would  not  go  on  the  warpath,  because  they 
did  not  think  It  well." 

./.  F.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxviii. 

warp-beam  (warp'bem),  n.  In  a  loom,  the 
roller  on  which  the  warp-threads  are  wound, 
and  from  which  they  are  drawn  as  the  weav- 
ing proceeds.  It  is  placed  at  the  back,  oppo- 
site the  cloth-beam,  which  receives  the  finished 
fabric.     E.  U.  Knight. 

warp-dresser  (warp'dres^'^r),  «.  In  trenring,  a 
machine  for  treating  yarns  with  size  before 
winding  them  on  the  yarn-beam  of  a  loom.  It 
is  superseded  in  some  mills  by  the  larger  ma- 
chine called  a  slasher.     E.  H.  Knight. 

warper  (wftr'pfer),  ».  [<  icarp  +  -<rl.]  If.  A 
weaver. —  2.  One  who  winds  yarn  in  prepara- 
tion for  weaving,  to  form  the  warp  of  a  web. — 

3.  A  warping-machine. 

warp-frame  (w&rp'fram),  «.  In  lace-manuf.,  a 
machine  employing  a  thread  for  each  needle, 
the  threads  being  wound  on  a  beam  like  the 
warp-beam  of  a  loom  (whence  the  name).  Also 
called  warp-net  frame. 

warping-bank  (war'ping-bangk),  n.  A  bank 
or  mound  of  earth  raised  around  a  field  for  re- 
taining the  water  let  in  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
riching the  land  with  the  warp  or  sediment. 

warping-block  (war'ping-blok),  «.  A  block 
used  in  a  rigging-loft  in  warping  off  yarn. 

Warping-ChOCk  (war'piug-chok),  ».  Naitt.,  a 
large  chock  of  timber  secured  in  a  port,  with  a 


Australian  dingo,  t'a«j.s-  dingo.  Also  warrigal. 
See  cut  under  dingo. 

warrandice  (wor'an-dis),  n.  lAUowarrandisc; 
var.  of  irarrantise.']  In  Scots  iair,  the  obliga- 
tion by  which  a  party  conveying  a  subject  or 
right  is  bound  to  indemnify  the  grantee,  dis- 
ponee,  or  receiver  of  the  right  in  case  of  evic- 
tion, or  of  real  claims  or  burdens  being  made 
effectual  against  the  subject,  arising  out  of 
obligations  or  transactions  antecedent  to  the 
date  of  tlie  conveyance;  warranty.  Warrandice 
is  either  personal  or  real.  Personal  warrandice  is  that  by 
which  the  grantor  and  his  heirs  are  bound  personally. 
Real  warrandice  is  that  by  which  certain  lands,  called 
mirrandke  lands,  are  made  over  eventually  in  security 
of  the  lands  conveyed. 

warrant  (wor'ant),  /(.  [Formerly  also  warrand; 

<  ME.  warant','<  OF.  warant,  guarant,  garant, 
(/arent.  a  wan-ant,  also  a  warranter,  supporter, 
defender,  protector,  =  Pr.  garen,  guaren  =  Sp. 
Pg.  garente  =  Olt.  guarento  (ML.  reflex  waran- 
titm,  warrantum,  waranda).  a  warrant;  perhaps 
orig.  appr.  of  OF.  irarir,  tcarer,  defend,  keep, 

<  OHG.  icarjiin,  werjtin,  MHG.  wcrn.,  weren,  G. 
icchren,  protect:  see  ware^,  wear".  Hence war- 
rantise,  warranty,  guaranty,  etc.  Cf.  warren.'] 
It.  Protector;  protection;  defense;  safeguard. 

He  griped  his  suerdeinbothehondes,  and  whom  that  he 
raught  a  full  stroke  was  so  harde  smyten  that  noon  ar- 
niure  was  his  warante  fro  deth. 

Merlin(E.E.  T.  S.),  iii.  408. 

Tliy  safe  warrand  we  will  be. 

liable  Noble  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  100). 

2.  Security;  guaranty;  assurance;  voucher; 
attestation ;  evidence ;  pledge ;  that  which  at- 
tests or  proves. 

His  pioraise  is  our  plain  warrant  that  in  his  name  what 
we  ask  we  shall  receive. 

St.  Cyprian,  In  Hooker's  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  'ih. 

Before  Emilia  here 
I  give  thee  warrant  of  thy  place. 

Shale.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  20. 

Any  bill,  warrant,  quittame.  or  obligation. 

'        '  .Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,i.  1.  10. 

His  books  are  by  themselves  the  warrant  of  the  fame 
which  he  so  widely  gained. 

Stabbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  376. 


warrant 

3.  Authority;  authorization;  sanction;  justi- 
fication. 

May  we,  with  the  warrant  of  womanhood  and  the  wit- 
ness of  a  good  conscience,  pursue  him  with  any  further 
revenge?  Shak.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  iv.  2.  220. 

Nay,  you  are  rude  ;  pray  you,  forbear ;  you  offer  now 

More  than  the  breeding  of  a  gentleman 

Can  give  you  warrant  for. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Love's  Cure,  iv.  4. 

4.  An  act,  instrument,  or  obligation  by  which 
one  person  authorizes  another  to  do  something 
which  he  has  not  otherwise  a  right  to  do ;  an 
act  or  instrument  investing  one  with  a  right 
or  with  authority,  and  thus  securing  him  from 
blame,  loss,  or  damage ;  hence,  anything  which 
authorizes  or  justifies  an  act;  a  license. 

A  pattern,  precedent,  and  lively  warrant, 
For  me,  most  wretched,  to  perform  the  like. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  3.  44. 
It  was  your  own  command  to  bar  none  from  him  ; 
Beside,  the  princess  sent  her  ring,  sir,  for  my  warrant. 
Beau,  and  FL,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  2. 
I  have  got  a  Warrant  from  the  Lords  of  the  Council  to 
travel  for  three  Years  any  where,  Rome  and  St.  Omers  ex- 
cepted. Howell,  Letters,  I.  i.  3. 
Specifically  —  (a)  An  instrument  or  negotiable  writing  au- 
thorizing a  person  to  receive  money  or  other  things :  as,  a 
dividend  warrant.    See  dock-warrant,    (b)  In  law,  an  in- 
strument authorizing  the  officer  to  whom  It  is  issued  to 
seize  or  detain  a  person  or  property,  or  carry  a  judgment 
into  execution.     Some  instruments  used  for  such  a  pui'- 
pose  are,  however,  called  writs,  executions,  etc.,  rather 
than  warrants. 
The  justice  keeps  such  a  stir  yonder  with  his  charges. 
And  such  a  coil  with  warrants ! 

Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  iii.  7. 

Did  give  warrants  for  the  seizing  of  a  complice  of  his, 
oue  Bliukinsopp.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  263. 

(c)  In  the  army  and  navy,  a  writ  or  authority  inferior  to 
a  commission.    See  wairant-ojfficer. 

5.  In  coal-mining,  underclay.  [Leicestershire 
coal-field,  Eng.  ] — Clerk  of  the  warrants.  See  clerk. 
— Dispossess,  distress,  dividend  warrant.  See  the 
qualifying  words.— General  warrant,  a  warrant  directed 
against  no  particular  individual,  but  against  suspected  per- 
sons generally. 

Nor  is  the  case  at  all  parallel  to  that  of  general  warrants, 
or  any  similar  irregularity  into  which  an  honest  Kovem- 
nient  may  inadvertently  be  led.  Hallam. 

Jedge  and  warrant.  See  jedgei . — Justice's  warrant, 
a  warrant,  usually  of  arrest  on  a  criminal  charge,  issued 
by  a  justice  of  the  peace.  Compare  bench-warrant.— 
To  back  a  warrant.  See  JacAri.— Treasury  war- 
rant. .See  treamiry.—WaXTSLnt  Of  arrest,  warrant  of 
attachment,  a  written  mandate  or  precept  directing  an 
officer  to  arrest  a  person  or  to  seize  property.— Warrant 
of  attorney.  See  o«(onici/2.— Warrant  of  commit- 
ment, a  written  mandate  directing  that  a  person  be  com- 
mitted to  prison,  {^ee  rIeo  bench-warrant,  death-warrant, 
searcli-warrant.) 
warrant  (wor'ant),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  waranten,  war- 
enten,  warranAen,<  OF.  warantir,  later  guaran- 
tir,  garantir,  warrant,  F.  garantir  =  Pr.  garentir 
=  Sp.  Pg.  garantir  =  It.  guarentirc,  guarantire, 
warrant;  ifrom  the  noun.]  If.  To  protect; 
defend;  safeguard;  secure. 

Our  lige  lordes  seel  on  my  patente, 
That  shewe  I  first  my  body  to  warenle. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  52. 

Thei  hem  diffended  to  warante  theire  lyves. 

-Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  531. 

2.  To  guarantee  or  assure  against  harm ;  give 
assurance  or  surety  to ;  give  authority  or  power 
to  do  or  forbear  anything  by  which  the  person 
thus  authorized  or  empowered  is  secured  or 
saved  harmless  from  any  loss  or  damage  which 
may  result  from  such  act  or  forbearance. 

By  the  vow  of  mine  order  I  warrant  you,  if  my  instruc- 
tions may  be  your  guide.         Shak.,  M.  for  JI.,  iv.  2.  180. 

3.  To  give  guaranty  or  assurance  for,  as  the 
truth  or  the  due  performance  of  something; 
give  one's  word  for  or  concerning. 

A  noble  fellow,  I  warrant  him.      Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2.  116. 

I  .  .  .  warranted  him,  if  he  would  follow  my  directions, 
to  Cure  him  in  a  short  time.       Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  46. 

Mail.  Is  my  wife  acquainted  with  this? 

Betl.  She  's  perfect,  and  will  come  out  upon  her  cue,  I 
warrant  yon.      Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  v.  1. 

4.  To  declare  with  assurance  or  without  fear  of 
contradiction  or  failure ;  assert  as  undoubted ; 
pledge  one's  word:  used  in  asseverations  and 
governing  a  clause. 

Yond  is  Moyses,  I  dar  warand. 

Toumeley  Mysterieft,  p.  60. 

I  warrant  'tis  my  sister.  She  frown'd,  did  she  not,  and 
looked  Ilghtingly  ?  Bromt,  Northern  Lass. 

I  han't  seen  him  these  three  Years  — I  warrant  he's 
grown.  Congreve,  Love  for  Love,  iii.  4. 

5.  To  make  certain  or  secure;  assure  by  war- 
rant or  guaranty. 

He  had  great  authority  oner  all  Congregations  of  Israel- 
ites, warranted  to  him  with  the  Amirs  scale. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  163. 

6.  To  give  a  pledge  or  assurance  in  regard 
to;  guarantee  (something)  to  be  safe,  sound. 


warrant 

genuine,  or  as  represented:  as,  to  warrant  a 
horse;  warranted  goods. 

New  titles  warrant  not  a  play  for  new, 
The  subject  being  old. 

Fletcher  (and  another\  False  One,  Frol. 
What  hope  can  we  have  of  this  whole  Councell  to  war- 
rani  us  a  matter  400.  years  at  least  above  their  time  ? 

Miltoiiy  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

7.  To  support  by  authority  or  proof;  afford 
ground  for;  authorize;  justify;  sanction;  sup- 
port; allow. 

How  far  I  have  proceeded, 
Or  how  far  further  shall,  is  warranted 
By  a  commission  from  the  consistory. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  4.  91. 

Warrant  not  so  much  ill  by  your  example 
To  those  that  live  beneath  you. 

SItirley,  Love's  Cruelty,  i.  2. 
If  the  sky 
Warrant  thee  not  to  go  for  Italy. 

May,  tr.  of  Lucan'a  Pharsalia,  v. 
Reason  warranto  it,  and  we  may  safely  receive  it  for 
true.  Locke. 

There  are  no  truths  which  a  sound  judgment  can  be  war- 
ranted in  despising. 

Stubbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  ly. 

warrantable  (wor'an-ta-bl),  «.  [<  tvarraut  + 
-able.'}  1.  Capable  of  being  warranted,  in  any 
sense;  justifiable;  defensible;  lawful. 

In  ancient  times  all  women  which  had  not  husbands  nor 

fathei-s  to  govern  them  had  their  tutors,  without  whose 

luitliiirity  there  was  no  act  wiiich  they  did  wa)-rantable. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  73. 

It  is  not  a  warrantable  curiosity  to  examine  the  verity 

of  Scripture  by  the  concordance  of  human  history. 

Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  29. 

He  can  not  be  fairly  Ijlanied,  and  not  a  pound  should  be 

deducted  from  his  warrantalile  value,  simply  because  he 

now  did  what  any  other  young  horse  in  tlie  world  would 

have  felt  to  be  his  proper  course. 

Ji.  D.  Btackm^rt,  Cripps  the  Carrier,  liii. 

Speeifleally — 2.  Of  sufficient  age  to  be  hunted : 
as,  a  toarraiitable  stag  (tliat  is,  one  in  its  sixth 
year). 

It  will  be  either  by  great  good  luck  or  by  great  pei'se- 
verance  on  the  huntsman's  part  that  a  warrantable  deer 
will  be  found  at  all  while  there  is  light  to  hunt  him  by. 
Nineteenth  Century,  XX.  609. 

wairantableness  (wor'an-ta-bl-nes),  «.  The 
character  of  being  warrantable.     Barrow. 

warrantably  (wor'an-ta-bli),  adr.  In  a  war- 
rantable manner;  in  ii  manner  that  may  be 
justified ;  justifiably.  Thomas  Adams,  in  Ellis's 
Lit.  Letters,  p.  150. 

warrantee  (wor-an-te')-"-  [^  warran/  +  -eel.] 
One  to  whom  a  warranty  is  given. 

warranter  (wor'an-ter),  «.  [<  warrant  +  -e)i. 
Vjt.  warrantor.']  One  who  waiTants.  Speeifleally 
—ia)  One  wlio  gives  authority  or  legally  empowers,  {h) 
One  who  assures,  or  covenants  to  jissure ;  one  who  con- 
tracts to  secure  another  in  a  right  or  to  make  good  any 
defect  of  title  or  quality :  as,  tlie  trarranter  of  a  horse. 

warrantiset,  warrantizet  (wor'an-tiz),  h. 
[Early  mod.  E.  Silso  warraiidise,  icarrandicc (see 
warrandice) ;  <  ME.  waranti/se,  <  OF.  *warantise, 
wareiUise,  tcarandisc,  garantine,  (jarantize  (ML. 
reflex  warandisia),  <  warantir,  warrant:  see 
warrant.]     1.  WaiTant;  security;  warranty. 

And  yf  thou  may  in  any  wyse 
Make  thy  chartyr  on  warantyse 
To  thyne  heyres  &  assygnes  alle-so. 
This  shalle  a  wyse  purchasser  doo. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall).  p.  24. 
There 's  none  protector  of  the  realm  but  I. 
Break  up  the  gates,  I'll  be  your  warrantize. 

Sliak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  3.  i:i. 

2.  'Guaranty;  pledge:  promise. 

In  the  very  refuse  of  thy  deeds 
There  is  such  strength  and  warmntive  of  skill 
That,  in  my  mind,  thy  worst  all  best  exceeds. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  ci. 

warrantiset  (wor'an-tiz),  r.  t.  [Also  warran- 
li:e ;  <  ME.  irarrantisen ;  <  warraiitise,  ».]  1. 
To  save ;  defend. 

*'Ye,"<iuod  Orienx,  "but  yef  I  mayhaue  l>ailly  ouer  his 
Ijody,  he  shall  l)e  so  deffouled  that  ther  ne  shall  nothinge 
in  the  worlde  hym  warrantue.^' 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  269. 

2.  To  warrant;  pledge;  guarantee. 

You  wil  undertake  to  warrantize  and  make  good  imto 
vs  those  penalties  an'l  forfaitures  which  shal  unto  vs  ap- 
pertaine.  Ilakliajt'n  Voyagea,  I.  144. 

warrant-officer  (wor'ant-ofi-ser),  n.  An  of- 
ficer who  acts  under  a  waiTant  from  a  depart- 
ment of  the  government,  and  not  from  the  sov- 
ereign or  head  of  the  state  as  in  the  ease  of 
commissioned  officers.  Gunners,  boatswains,  sail- 
makers,  and  carpenters  in  the  navy,  and  master-gunners 
and  quartermaster-sergeants  in  the  army,  are  examples  of 
warrant-officers. 

warrantor  (wor'an-tor),  ».  [<  OF.  "waranteor, 
wairenteor,8.\so*garanteor,  garantor,fjaranteiir, 
etc.  (cf.  guarantor),  <  warrantir,  warrant:  see 
warrant,  v.]     One  who  warrants:  correlative  of 


6828 

warrantee:  a  form  chiefly  used  in  legal  phrase- 
ology. 
warranty  (wor'an-ti),  n. ;  pi.  warranties  (-tiz). 
[Formerly  also  roarranf/e;  <  OF.  warantie,  later 
garantie  (>  E.  guaranty,  guarantee)  (=  Pr.  ga- 
reiitia,  guaren  tia,  guercn  tia  =  Sp.  garan  tia  =  Pg. 
garantia  =  It.  guarentia,  ML.  reflex  warantia), 
<roaranWr,  warrant:  see  warrant.  Ci.  guaranty, 
guarantee.]  1.  Authority;  justificatory  man- 
date or  precept ;  warrant. 

From  your  love  I  have  a  warrarUy 
To  unburden  all  my  plots  and  purposes. 

Shak.,M..  of  v.,  i.  1.  132. 
Nor  farther  notice,  Arete,  we  crave 
Than  thine  approval's  sovereign  warranty. 

B.  Jowton,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 
There  is  no  scientific  warranty  for  saying  that  Matter 
is  absolutely  indestructible,  and  more  than  one  considera- 
tion indicates  tliat  the  structure  of  Matter  may  be  such 
as  to  denote  that  in  its  present  form  it  has  had  a  begin- 
ning and  may  have  an  end. 

A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  InL,  p.  7. 

2+.  Security;  assurance;  guaranty;  warrant. 
The  stamp  was  a  warranty  of  the  public.  Locke. 

3.  In  law,  a  statement,  express  or  implied,  of 
something  which  the  party  making  it  under- 
takes shall  be  part  of  the  contract  and  in  con- 
firmation or  assurance  of  a  direct  object  of  the 
contract,  but  which  is  yet  only  collateral  to 
that  object.  More  specifically— (a)  In  the  law  of  real 
property :  (1)  Formerly,  a  covenant  in  a  grant  of  freehold, 
binding  the  grantor  and  his  heirs  to  supply  other  lands  of 
equal  value,  should  the  grantee  be  evicted  from  those 
granted  by  any  paramount  title.  (2)  In  modern  practice, 
an  assurance  in  a  deed  that  the  premises  are  conveyed 
in  fee  simple  absolute  except  as  otherwise  specified,  "the 
effect  being  that,  if  the  title  fail,  the  grantee  is  exonerated 
from  paying  any  purchase-money  remaining  unpaid,  or 
may  recover  damages,  the  grantor's  heirs  and  devisees 
t)eing  liable  to  the  extent  only  that  they  may  have  received 
assets  from  the  grantor,  (h)  In  the  law  of  insurance,  a 
statement  on  the  part  of  the  insured  or  the  applicant  for 
insurance,  forming  a  part  of  the  contract,  and  on  the  actual 
truth  of  which,  irrespective  of  its  materiality,  the  validity 
of  the  policy  depends,  (c)  In  the  law  of  sales,  an  assurance 
or  engagement  by  the  seller,  express  or  implied,  that  he 
will  be  answerable  for  the  trutli  of  some  supposed  quality 
of  the  thing  sold,  as  its  soundness,  or  its  fitness  for  the 
buyer's  purpose,  or  its  title.— Collateral  warranty,  in 
old  Eny.  law,  a  warranty  which  did  not  come  from  the 
same  ancestor  from  whom  the  lands  would  have  descend- 
ed, but  descended  in  a  line  collateral  U)  that  of  the  land; 
distinguished  from  lineal  warranty,  where  the  land  and 
the  warranty  were  descended  from  the  same  ancestor.— 
General  warranty,  a  warranty  against  the  acts  and 
claims  of  all  persons  whomsoever,  as  distinguished  from 
a  warranty  against  claims  of  specified  persons,  called  ftpe- 
cial  warranty. —  Implied  warranty,  a  walTanty  not  ex- 
l>ressed  in  the  contract,  but  resulting  by  operation  of  law 
from  the  making  of  the  contract:  as,  where  one  sells  a 
thing  in  his  possession,  there  is  an  implied  warranty  on 
Ills  part  that  lie  has  ownei'ship.  —  Lineal  warranty.  See 
collateral  warranty. — TOVOUClltO  warranty.  See  vouch. 

warranty  (wor'an-ti),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  war- 
rantied,  p-pr.  warranti/ing.  \_<  warranty,  n.]  To 
warrant;  guarantee. 

warrayt  (wor'a),  v.  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  war- 
reij ;  <  ME.  werrcien,  werreyen,  <  OF.  *werreier, 
guerreier,  F.  guerroi/rr  =  Pr.  guerreiar  =  Sp. 
gwerrear  =  It.  guerreggiare,  make  war,  <  werre, 
guerre,  war:  see  war^.  Hence  ult.  rrarrior.] 
To  wage  war  upon ;  invade  in  arms ;  ravage  or 
harry,  as  a  country  or  district. 

At  Sarray,  in  the  londe  of  Tartarye, 
Ther  dwelte  a  king,  that  werreyed  Russye. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  2. 
Six  years  were  run  since  first  in  martial  guise 
The  Christian  lords  warray'd  the  Eastern  lands. 

Fairfax,  tr.  of  Tasso,  i.  6. 

warret.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  war^,  war^. 

warree^,  n.  [Native  name.]  The  taguicati, 
or  white-lipped  peecary,  Dicotyles  labkitus. 

warree'^,  «.  The  common  millet,  Panicum  mili- 
aceum  :  same  as  l-adi-lane. 

warren  (wor'en),  «.  [<  ME.  warrayne,  wareine 
(=  D.  warande,  a  park),  <  OF.  warenne,  varenne, 
rarcne,  garenue  (ML.  wareniia),  a  waiTen  or  pre- 
serve for  rabbits,  hares,  fish,  etc.,  <  warir,  keep, 
defend:  see  ware'^,  warrant.]  1.  A  piece  of 
ground  appropriated  to  the  breeding  and  pres- 
ervation of  rabbits  or  other  game ;  a  place  where 
rabbits  abound. 
A  town  gentleman  has  lamed  a  rabbit  in  my  warren. 

Landor,  Injag.  Conv.,  Southeyand  Landor,  ii. 

2.  In  Eng.  law,  a  franchise  or  place  privileged 
by  prescription  or  grant  from  the  crown,  for 
keeping  beasts  and  fowls  of  warren,  which 
are  hares,  rabbits,  partridges,  and  pheasants, 
though  some  add  quails,  woodcocks,  and  water- 
fowl. The  warren  is  the  next  franchise  in  degree  to  the 
park ;  and  a  forest,  which  is  the  liigbest  in  dignity,  com- 
prehends a  chase,  a  park,  and  a  freewarren. 

Vncoupled  thei  wenden 
Botlie  in  wareine  and  in  w.aste  where  hem  leue  lyketli. 
Pier«  Plomnan  (B),  Prol.,  1. 163. 

3.  A  preserve  for  fish  in  a  river. 


warrok 

warrener  (wor'en-er),  n.  [Formerly  also  war- 
riner;  <  ME.  "wareiner,  *warener,  warner;  <  war- 
ren +  -ej-l.  Hence  the  surnames  Warner,  War- 
rener,and  Warrender.]    Thekeeperof awarren. 

He  hath  fought  with  a  warrener. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4.  28. 

warrenlte  (wor'en-it),  «.  [Named  after  E.  R. 
Warren,  of  Crested  Butte,  Colorado.]  A  sulphid 
of  antimony  and  lead,  occurring  in  wool-like  ag- 
gregates of  grayish-black  acicular  crystals.  It 
is  found  at  the  Domingo  mine,Gunnison  county, 
Colorado. 

warrer  (war'er),  n.  [<  war'^  +  -er^.]  One  who 
wars  or  makes  war. 

Female  warrers  against  modesty. 

E.  W.  Lane,  Modem  Egyptians,  II.  168. 

warriangle  (wor'i-ang"gl),  n.  [Also  warian- 
gle;  <  ME.  waryangle,  weryangle  (Se.  wairingle, 
weirangle),  <  AS.  "weargincel  (Stratmann)  = 
MLG.  wargingel  =  OHG.  warchengil  (G.  wiirg- 
engel),  the  butcher-bird,  shrike;  <  AS.  wearg, 
wearl;  accursed,  as  a  noun,  a  man  acciirsed, 
an  outlaw,  wretch  (see  warry),  +  -incel,  a  dim. 
suffix,  confused  in  SiLG.  and  G.  with  ertgel,  an- 
gel, so  that  G.  rcurgengel,  a  butcher-bird,  is  iden- 
tical in  form  with  wiirgengel,  a  destroying  angel 
(wiirgen,  destroy,  =  E.  worry:  cf.  worry  and 
worry).  Cf.  MLG.  worgel,  a  butcher-bird,  from 
the  same  source.]  A  shrike  or  butcher-bird. 
[Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

This  somonour  that  was  as  ful  of  jangles 
As  ful  of  venym  been  thise  waryanglcs  [vai-.  weryangleg\ 
Chaucer,  Friar's  Tale,  1. 1X0. 

Warriani/leg  be  a  kind  of  birdes,  full  of  uoyse  and  very 
ravenous,  preying  upon  others,  which,  when  ttiey  have  ta- 
ken, they  use  to  hang  upon  a  thume  or  pricke,  and  teare 
tliem  in  pieces  and  devoure  them.  And  the  common 
opinion  is,  that  the  thorn  whereupon  tliey  thus  fasten 
them  and  eate  them  is  afterward  poysonsome. 

Speght,  note  under  ameat  in  Cotgrave  (ed.  1598). 

warrick  (wor'ik),  r.  t.  [ME. :  cf.  trarrok.]  If. 
To  fasten  with  a  girth ;  gird. 

.Sette  my  sadel  vppon  Soffre-til-I-seo-my-tyme, 
And  lokethou  warroke  liim  wel  with  swithefeolegurthhes. 
Pierit  Plowman  (A),  iv.  19. 

2.  To  twitch  (a  cord)  tight  bv  crossing  it  with 
another.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  ^ng.] 

warrigal,  n.    Same  as  warragal. 

warrin  (wor'in),  n.  The  bhie-bellied  brush- 
tougued  parrot,  Trichoglossus  multicolor,  a  lory 
or  lorikeet  of  Australia,  of  notably  varied  and 
brilliant  colors. 

warring  (war'ing),  a.  Adverse;  conflicting; 
contradictory;  antagonistic;  hostile:  as,  war- 
ring opinions. 

warrior  (wor'i-er  or  war'y^r),  n.  [Early  mod. 
E.  also  warriour;  <  ME.  werriour,  werryour, 
werreyour,  werraiour,  wcrreour,  weorreur,  < 
OF.  "wcrrcior,  gucrroieor,  guerroyeur,  guerriur, 
guerrcor,  etc.,  a  warrior,  one  who  wars,  <  *W€r- 
reier,  guerreier,  make  war:  see  warray.]  1. 
A  soldier ;  a  man  engaged  in  warfare ;  specifi- 
cally, one  devoted  to  a  military  life ;  in  an  es- 
pecially honorable  sense,  a  brave  or  veteran 
soldier. 

This  ilke  senatour 
Was  a  ful  worthi  gentil  tcerreyour. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  597. 
Kind  kinsman,  warriors  all,  adieu  I 

Shxik.,  Hen.  V.,iv.  3.  K). 

And  the  stem  joy  which  warriors  feel 
In  foeraen  worthy  of  their  steel. 

Scoff,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  10. 

2.  A  humming-bird  of  the  genus  Oxypogon. 
Also  called  helmet-crest. 

warrior-ant  (wor'i-er-ant),  j(.  An  ant,  Formica 
sanguinea,  of  Europe  and  North  America;  one 
of  the  slave-making  ants  which  keep  workers 
of  other  species  in  their  nest.     See  soldier,  6. 

warrioress  (wor'i-er-es  or  war'y^r-es),  «. 
[Early  mod.  E.  wa rriouresse ;  <  warrior  +  -ess.] 
A  female  warrior.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  V.  vii.  27. 
[Kare.] 

warriourt,  "■     An  old  spelling  of  warrior. 

warrish  (war'ish).«.  [<  war^  + -ish^.]  Mili- 
tant ;  warlike.     [Rare.] 

T  know  tlie  rascals  have  a  sin  in  petto. 

To  rob  the  holy  lady  of  Loretto; 

Attack  her  temple  with  their  gmis  so  warrish. 

Wolcot  (Peter  Pindar),  Epistle  to  the  Pope. 

warri-warri  (wor'i-wor'i),  n.  [A  native  name 
in  Guiana.]  A  kind  of  fan  made  by  the  na- 
tives of  Guiana  from  the  leaves  of  the  acuyuru- 
palm,  Astrocnryum  aculeatum. 

warrokt,  ».  [SIE. ;  origin  obscure.]  A  saddle- 
girth  ;  a  surcingle. 

warrokt,  r.  t.  [ME.  warrolen;  <  warrok,  ».] 
Same  as  warrick,  1. 


warry 

warryti  »■•  <•  [<  ME.  icanien,  warien,  wnryen, 
werien,  wergen,  curse,  execrate,  revile,  <  AS. 
wergian,  icergeiin,  wijrgian,  cm-se,  revile,  exe- 
crate (=  OHG.  for-weryen  =  Gotli.  gawargjan, 
condemn),  <  wearg,  weark,  accursed,  as  a  noun, 
an  accursed  person,  an  outlaw,  felon,  wretch, 
=  AS.  warag  =  OHG.  warg,  a  felon,  =  Icel. 
vargr,  an  outlaw,  felon,  an  ill-tempered  person, 
=  Goth,  'wargs,  an  evil-doer,  in  comp.  launci- 
wargs,  ungrateful ;  in  AS.  and  Icel.  applied  also 
to  a  wolf.  Hence  also  (from  AS.  icearg)  E. 
warriangle,  and  worry,  a  parallel  form  to  warry. ~\ 
To  curse  ;  execrate ;  abuse ;  speak  evil  of. 

Answerde  of  this  ech  werse  of  hem  than  other, 
And  Poliphete  they  gonnen  thus  to  wan/en. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1019. 

Thurgh  the  craft  of  that  cursed,  knighthode  may  shame 
And  tcary  all  onre  workes  to  the  worldes  end. 

De»tniction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1. 12212. 

war-saddle  (war'sad"l),  n.     See  sdddle. 

Warsaw  (war'sa),  ».  [A  corruption  of  i/Hflsa.] 
A  serranoid  fish,  Promicrops  gmisu  or  /'.  itaim. 
See  cut  unAer  jeufinh. 

warscht,  r.     Same  as  warigli. 

warscott  ( war'skot),  n.  [<  AS.  (cited  in  a  Latin 
text)  tcarscot,  prop,  'icfrscot,  bunlen  of  war, 
contribution  toward  war;  as  icar^  +  srot'-^.l 
A  payment  made  by  the  retainer  to  his  lord, 
usually  as  a  kind  of  commutation  of  military 
services. 

war-scythe  (war'siTH),  h.  A  weapon  consist- 
ing of  a  blade  set  on  a  long  handle  or  stalT, 
and  having  the  edge  on  the  concave  side  of  the 
blade,  which  is  curved  like  that  of  a  scythe, 
differing  in  that  respect  from  the  hallierd,  par- 
tizan,  fauchard,  guisarm,  etc. 

warse  (wars),  a.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  icorsf. 

warsen  (w^r'sn),  r.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  worsen. 

war-ship  (war'ship),  H.  A  ship  built  or  armed 
for  use  in  war;  a  vessel  for  war. 

war-song  (war'sdng),  H.  1.  A  song  or  chant 
raised  by  warriors  about  to  engage  in  warfare. 
or  at  a  dance  or  ceremony  which  represents 
actual  warfare,  especially  among  savage  tribes. 
—  2.  A  song  in  which  military  deeds  are  nar- 
rated or  praised. 

warst(warst),  «.  andarff.  A  dialectal  (Scotch) 
form  of  worst. 

warstle  (wiir'sl),  r.  and  «.  A  dialectal  form  of 
icra^tle  for  wrestle. 

wartl  (wart),  «.  [Also  dial.  im;,at,  wrnt;  <  ME. 
tcert,  wcrte.  sometimes  wreie,  <  AS.  irrarfc  (])1. 
wearfan)  =  MU.  warte,  wratte,  D.  wrat  =  OHG. 
warza,  MHG.  G.  wur:e  =  Icel.  rartti  =  Dan. 
rorte  =  Sw.  vArt^i,  a  wart,  excrescence  on  tlie 
skin ;  cf.  OBulg.  rredii,  eruption ;  i)erhaps  con- 
nected with  AS.  wearre  (ami  L.  rrrruro),  a 
wart.]  1.  A  small  circumscribed  elevatiou  oil 
the  skin,  usually  with  an  uneven  papillary  sur- 
face and  a  broad  l)ase,  causetl  by  a  localized 
overgrowth  of  the  papillae  and  epidermis;  ver- 
ruca ;  hence,  a  similar  natural  excrescence  of 
the  skin.  Any  partof  the  skin  <if  inammals,  liorts  about 
the  head  and  lieak  of  birds,  tlic  skiiia  of  various  iciitiles, 
batracliians,  fishes,  and  numberless  invertebrates,  may 
lie  >tudde<l  with  such  formations,  to  which  the  name  wart 
commonly  and  not  improperly  applies.  The  toad  is  a 
good  example. 

ITpon  the  cop  right  of  his  nose  he  hade 
A  werte,  and  theron  stood  a  tuft  of  heres. 

Chaucer,  (Jen.  I'rol.  to  C.  T. ,  1.  5r,.5. 


6829 

wart-grass  (wart'gi'as),  ».  The  sun-spurge. 
Euphorbia  Helioscopia,  and  sometimes  E.  I'ep- 
lus.  Also  wartweed  and  wartwort :  so  named 
from  the  popular  notion  that  its  juice  removes 
warts.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

warth  (wiirth),  )i.  [<  ME.  warth,  wariith,  <AS. 
wearth,  wearoth  (=  OHG.  warid),  shore;  pvob. 
from  the  root  of  wcrian,  protect,  defeud:  see 
wear^,  icarrfl,  ward'^,  etc.]  A  ford.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

At  vche  icarihe  other  water  ther  the  wyse  iiassed, 
He  fonde  a  foo  hym  byfore,  bot  feiiy  hit  were, 
&  that  so  fonlc  tt  so  telle,  that  fegt  hym  by-hode. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Kniijht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  715. 

wart-herb  (wart'erb),  «.     See  Hhyncliosia. 

wart-hog  (wart'hog),  n.  A  swine  of  the  genus 
Phacocharns,  of  which  there  are  several  species, 
the  best-known  being  the  halluf  of  North  Af- 
rica, P.  aeliani,  and  the  vlack-vark  of  South 
Africa,  P.  setltiopiciis.  The  wart-hogs  are  so  named 
from  the  warty  excrescences  of  the  face.  They  are  with- 
out exception  the  ugliest  of  mammals.  The  canine  teeth 
project  outward  from  both  jaws,  the  head  is  large  and  un- 
shapely, and  the  whole  form  ungainly.  See  cut  under 
PhatvchaeruK 

war-thought  (wiir'that),  ».  A  thought  of  war; 
martial  reflection,  consideration,  or  delibera- 
tion.    [Rare.] 

Now  .  .  .  that  ivar-thoughts 
Have  left  their  places  vacant. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1.  3113. 

wartleSB  (wart'les),  a.  [<  wart"^  +  -less.']  Hav- 
ing no  warts;  not  warted  or  wartv. 

wartlet  (wart'let),  H.  [<  wart  +  -Jet.]  1.  In 
hot.,  a  little  wart. —  2.  One  of  several  different 
sea-anemones,  as  the  warty  sea-rose.  (Inssc, 
Actinologia  Britaimica,  p.  206. 

wart-poCE  (wiirt'pok),  n.  The  eniption  of  vari- 
cella or  chicken-pox,  when  it  occurs  in  the 
form  of  acuminate  vesicles  containing  a  clear 
Huid. 

wart-shaped  (wart'shapt),  a.  In  hot.,  of  I  he 
form  of  a  wart;  verrucieforra. 

wart-snake  (wart'sniik),  ».  A  harmless  polu- 
1>riform  viviparous  serpent,  of  the  family  Acro- 
chordidm,  having  the  scales  warty  or  verrucose. 


We  Monntaina  to  the  land  like  imrln  or  wens  to  be, 
By  which  fair'at  living  things  ilisfigur'd  oft  they  see. 

Uraylim,  I'idyolbion,  vii.  7.1. 

2.  In  farriery,  a  spongy  excrescence  on  the 
pastern  of  the  horse.— 3.  In  hot.,  a  firm  glan- 
dular or  gland-like  excrescence  on  the  surface 
of  a  plant. — 4.  In  enfom.,  a  small  obtuse,  round- 
ed, or  flattened  elevation  of  a  surface,  often  of 
a  distinct  color  from  the  rest  of  the  part:  used 
principallv  in  descritniiglarva?.  -Flg-wart.  Same 
Mflcttn.-A.  -  t>eruvlan  warts,  same  .is  ivr,"//fix.- Vene- 
real warts.  See  renerriil.  —  Vltrcous  warts  of  Des- 
cemet's  membrane.  See  citreowi. —'Waxt-like  can- 
cer, papillary  epithfdioma. 

war-tax  (wir'taks),  ».  A  tax  imposed  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  funds  for  the  prosecution 
of  a  war. 

wart-cress  (wiirt'kres),  H.     See  Senthiera. 

wartet.   An  old  form  of  ware*,  preterit  of  wear"^. 

warted  (war'ted),  ff.  [<  icac/' -I- -('/'•'.]  1.  In 
bot.,  having  little  knobs  on  the  surface;  ver- 
rucose: as,  a  wart/d  capsule. — 2.  In  -o»V.,  ver- 
rucose; warty;  liuviiig  a  wart  or  warts;  stud- 
ded with  warts Warted  gourds,  varieties  of  win- 
ter squash  with  a  warted  rind.  -Warted  grass,  an  Aus- 
tralian grass,  C'Aion*  rentriccta,  with  other  species  of  its 
genus  useful  for  grazing. 
42!) 


Wartsnakc  i^Acroihordus  javanitus). 

The  leading  sjiecies  is  Acrochordus  jananicus.  Another, 
Ckerin/drun  granulatiix,  is  aquatic.  These  snakes  belong 
to  the  Oriental  or  Indian  region ;  they  were  formerly 
grouped  with  the  llydruphidfe,  and  erroneously  supposed 
to  l>e  venomous. 

wart-spurge  (wart'sperj),  n.  The  sun-spurge, 
Eiiiiliorhia  Helioscopia.     See  leartwecd. 

wartweed  (wart'wed),  ».  The  sun-spurge,  Eii- 
jiliorhia  Helioscopia,  the  acrid  milky  juice  of 
which  is  used  to  cure  warts.  Also  cufs-niiik, 
wart-grass,  and  wartwort.  Tlio  name  is  given 
rarely  to  E.  Peplus,  and  to  the  celandine,  Chdi- 
doniuni  majus.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wartwort  (wart'wert),  »i.  1.  A  eoiuinon  name 
for  certain  verrueariaceous  lichens,  so  called 
from  the  warty  appearance  of  the  thallus. —  2. 
Same  as  wartweed.  The  name  is  occasionally 
applied  also  to  tlie  wart-cress  or  swine-cress, 
iSciiehicra  Coroiiopits,  and  the  cudweed,  Gnapha- 
liitm  uligiiiosum.  Britten  and  Holland.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

warty  (war'ti),n.  [<  «•«)•/! -I- -.!/!.]  Resembling 
a  wart;  of  or  relating  to  a  wart  or  warts;  cov- 
ere<l  with  warts  or  wart-liki^  excrescences  ;  ver- 
rucous  Warty  cicatricial  tumor,  a  new  growtli,  ap- 

jiearing  in  the  form  of  nearly  parallel  iii»«  of  wart-like  tu- 
mors, coming  on  occa.sionally  in  old  scars.  It  usually  ul- 
cerates, forming  the  warty  ulcer. —  Warty  sea-rose,  the 
sea-anemone  Urtu-ina  nodom  —Warty  ulcer,  Slarjolin's 
ulcer;  an  ulcer  resulting  from  the  brcakingdown  of  a  warty 
cicatricial  tumor.  —Warty  Venus.    See  Venux. 


warty-faced  (war'ti-fast),  a.  Noting  a  certain 
honey-eater,  the  wattle-bird,  of  the  family  Me- 
liphagidse.  See  wattle-hird. 
war-wasted  (war-was"ted),  a.  Wasted  or  de- 
vastated Ijy  war.  Coleridge. 
war-wearied  (war'wer"id),  a.  Wearied  by  war; 
fatigued  by  fighting. 

The  honourable  captain  there 
Drops  bloody  sweat  from  his  war-wearied  limbs. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  4.  18. 

war-whip  (wiir'hwip),  n.  Same  as  scorpion,  5. 
war-whoop  (war'hop),  n.  A  whoop  or  yell  of 
a  particular  intonation,  raised  as  a  signal  for 
attack,  and  to  strike  terror  into  the  enemy: 
used  generally  with  reference  to  the  American 
Indians. 

Well-knoAvn  and  terrific  war-whoop. 

J.  F.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxx. 

They  never  raise  the  war-xvhoop  here. 
And  never  twang  the  bow. 

Bryant,  White-Footed  Deer. 

warwickite  (war'wik-it),  n.  [<  Warwick  (see 
def.)  -I-  -ite'^.]  A  borotitanate  of  magnesium 
and  iron,  occurring  in  dark-brown  to  black 
aeicular  crystals  embedded  in  granular  lime- 
stone. Named  from  the  locality  of  its  occur- 
rence, near  Warwick,  New  York. 

warwolPt,  ».     Same  as  werwolf. 

Warwolf^  (war'wiilf),  H.  [<  wall  -I-  wolf,  or 
perliaps  a  particular  use  of  warwolf^,  iverwolf] 
A  military  engine  used  in  the  early  middle  ages 
in  the  defense  of  fortresses. 

He  [Edward  I.],  with  another  engine  named  the  warwolf, 
pierced  with  one  stone,  and  cut  as  even  as  a  thread,  two 
vaunt-mures.  Camden,  Remains,  Artillery,  p.  206. 

The  war-wolfs  there 
Hurl'd  their  huge  stones. 

Soutticy,  Joan  of  Arc,  viii. 

war-worn  (war'worn),  (I.  Worn  with  military 
service :  especially  applied  to  a  veteran  soldier, 
or  one  grown  old  in  arms. 

The  stout  old  general  whose  battles  and  campaigns  are 
over,  who  has  come  home  to  rest  his  war-worn  limbs,  .  .  . 
what  must  be  his  feelings?  Thackeray,  Philip,  xvi. 

wary'  (wil'ri),  a.  [All  extended  form  of  jonrcl 
(<  t(7(rcl  -1-  -^1),  perhaps  orig.  due  to  misread- 
ing the  adv.  warchj  as  a  trisyllable.]  1.  Cau- 
tious of  danger;  carefully  watching  and  guard- 
ing against  deception,  artifices,  and  dangers; 
watchful ;  on  the  alert  against  surprise  or  dan- 
ger; ever  on  one's  guard. 

Be  icary  then  ;  best  safety  lies  in  fear. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  1.  3.  43. 

-Are  there  none  here? 
Let  me  look  round ;  we  cannot  be  too  wary. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  v.  .5. 

All  things  work  for  good,  and  tend  to  make  you  more 
wary.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

2.  Guarded;  careful  as  to  doing  or  not  doing 
something;  chary. 

Yet  this  I  can  say,  I  was  very  wary  of  giving  them  occa- 
sion, by  any  unseemly  action,  to  make  them  averse  to  go- 
ing on  pilgrimage.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

3.  Characterized  by  caution ;  guarded. 

And  in 
Wary  hypocrisy  lets  slip  her  hand 
Much  farther  than  she  seemed  to  understand. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  156. 

It  is  the  bright  day  that  brings  forth  the  adder ; 
And  that  craves  wary  walking.    Shak.,  J.  C  ii.  1. 15. 

4.  Prudent;  circumspect;  wise. 

Neither  is  it  safe,  or  warie,  or  indeed  Christianly,  that 
the  French  King,  of  a  different  Faith,  should  afford  our 
neerest  Allyes  as  good  protection  as  we. 

Milton,  Refoi-mation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

=  SyTl.  Careful,  circumspect,  etc.    .Scelist under  cautious. 

wary-+,  r.  t.     Same  as  warry. 

warysonet,  "•     Same  as  warLmn. 

was  (woz),  v.  [<  ME.  1  was,  we.i,  Wifs,  2  were,  3 
was,  toes,  wees,  pi.  1,  2,  3  tcerc,  ware,  wore,  wcren, 
waren,  woren,  weorcn,  <  AS.  1  wies,  2  wiere,  were, 
3  wies,  pi.  wairon,  weron  =  OS.  loas  =  OFries. 
was,  wes  =  D.  wa.<<  —  OHG.  MHtr.  G.  war  = 
Icel.  Dan.  Sw.  rar  =  Goth.  was.  pi.  wc.siim 
(siibj.  AS.  irairc,  pi.  wSren  —  D.  waar,  etc.,  = 
Goth.  we,yau);  pret.  of  a  vcrli  otherwise  used 
in  AS.  only  in  the  present  imperative  wes,  and 
the  inf.  wcsan  (pp.  gcwcsen ),  =  OFries.  we-ia  = 
D.  we-en  =  MLG.  LG.  wesen  =  OHG.  wcsan, 
MHG.  we.'icn  (G.  we.fen,  n.)  =  Icel.  rcsa,  vera  — 
Sw.  x:ara  =  Dan.  ra-re,  be,  =  Goth,  wisan, 
dwell,  remain,  be;  =  L.  •\/  res  (in  rcrna  for 
'resna,  one  dwelling  in  the  house,  a  home-i)orn 
slave:  see  reniaenlar)  =  Gr.  •/  pic  (in  aarr. 
city,  orig.  dvvelling-jilaee)  =  Skt.  y'rrt.s-,  dwell. 
The  inipv.  of  the  verb  of  which  was  is  the 
ju'et.  is  contained,  unrecognized,  in  the  word 
was.iail.  'the.  verb  has  no  connection  with  is, 
which  is  a  form  of  the  verb  represented  by  the 


was 

theme  am,  nor  with  he ;  but  it  has  come  to  be 
used  to  supply  the  preterit  of  the  verb  he.  See 
?>fl.]  A  verb-form  used  to  supply  the  past 
tense  of  the  verb  be:  as,  I  was,  thou  wast  or 
wert,  he  was;  we,  you,  or  they  icere.  In  the 
subjunctive,  I  were,  thou  teert,  he  were;  we,  you, 
they  were,  etc. 

In  war  irtw  never  lion  raged  more  fierce. 
In  peace  wai  never  gentle  lamb  more  mild. 

Shnk.,  llich.  II.,  ii.  1.  173. 
A  scene  which  I  slunild  see 
With  double  joy  wert  thou  with  me. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  .'J5  (song). 
Nay,  nay,  God  wot,  so  thou  reert  nobly  born 
Thou  hast  a  pleasant  presence. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

The  forins  imst  and  wert  in  the  second  person  singular 
of  the  indicative  (cf.  led.  irert),  and  wert  in  the  second 
person  singular  of  the  subjunctive,  are  modern,  being 
conformed  to  the  model  of  art.  The  older  form  of  the 
second  person  singular  in  both  moods  is  were.  The  un- 
grammatical  combination  yoti  teas  became  common  in 
tlie  eighteenth  century,  but  is  now  condemned. 

I  was  sorry  i/ou  vaft  disappointed  of  going  to  Vallom- 
brosa.    II.  Walpole,  To  the  Misses  Berry,  Sept.  25th,  1791. 

As  I  told  you  when  you  was  here. 

Cuwper,  To  Kev.  VV.  Unwin,  June  8, 1780. 

wasel  (waz),  n.  [<  ME.  i(-(Z.sc,  <  MD.  wasc  = 
MLG.  wa.fe,  a  bundle,  torch,  =  Icel.  vasi  =  Sw. 
Dan.  r«S(?,  a  bundle,  sheaf .]  1.  Awisp;  abun- 
dle  of  hay,  straw,  etc.  Also  wacse,  wccsc.  Ja- 
mieson.  [Scotch.] — 2.  A  cushion  or  pad  of 
straw,  etc.,  worn  on  the  head  in  order  to  soften 
the  pressure  of  a  load.  Withals.  [Prov.  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] — 3t.  A  torch. 

wase'-^t,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  woose. 

waselt,  V.  i.  [ME.,  <  wase^,  later  woose.l  To 
bemire  one's  self;  sink  in  the  mire. 

Tiiis  wliit  waselede  in  the  [fen]  almost  to  the  ancle. 

Piers  Plowman's  Crede  (E.  E.  T.  S,),  1.  430. 

wash  (wosh),  V.  [<  ME.  wa-then,  ioa.Hcheii,  wesch- 
eii,  wasshen,  wascen,  wasseii,  wcii.ie  (pret.  wcsh, 
wescli,  wessch,  wessh,  wosh,  pi.  loeshen,  wesshen, 
wessen,  woschcn,  pp.waschen,  Iwaschcn,  iwaschc), 
<  AS.  leascaii,  also  waxan  (pret.*M'o.sc  or  wux,  pp. 
wascen,  wsesceti)  =  D.  wa.tschen  =  OIIG.  wascan, 
MHG.  waschen,  weschen,  G.  wascheii  =  Icel.  Sw. 
vaska  =  Dan.  va.9ke  (cf.  OF.  gascher,  F.  gdcher 
=  It.  guazsare,  steep  in  water,  <  Tent.) ;  Teut. 
*wuskan  or  *waksan,  wash  (ef.  Skt.  V  iiksli, 
sprinkle,  wet),  perhaps  with  formative  -s  from 
the  •/  wak,  wag,  moisten,  or  with  formative 
-sk,  <  -j/  loat,  water,  wet  (see  water,  we<l).  Cf. 
Olr.  iisce,  Ir.  nisce,  water  (see  tchi.iky'^).']  I. 
trans.  1.  To  apply  a  liquid,  especially  water, 
to  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing;  scrub,  scour, 
or  cleanse  in  or  with  water  or  other  liquid ;  free 
from  impurities  by  ablution:  as,  to  wash  the 
hands  and  face ;  to  ti;a,<sh  linen ;  to  wash  the 
floor;  to  !c««ft  dishes. 

They  wesshen  hym  and  wyped  hym  and  wonden  hym  in 
cloutes.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  ii.  220. 

Hir  foreheed  shoon  as  bright  as  any  day. 
So  was  it  wasshen  wlian  stle  leet  hir  werlc. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  12.'). 
The  maiden  her-silf  wosh  his  visage  and  his  nekke,  and 
dried  it  full  softely  with  a  towaile,  and  than  after  to  the 
tother  twey  kynges.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  225. 

He  took  water,  and  washed  his  hands  before  the  multi- 
tude, saying,  I  am  innocent  of  the  blood  of  this  just  per- 
son. Mat.  xxvii.  24. 

2.  Hence,  to  free  from  ceremonial  defilement, 
or  from  the  stains  of  guilt,  sin,  or  corruption; 
purify. 

And  thei  suffre  not  the  Latynes  to  syngen  at  here  Aw- 
teres:  And  zif  thei  done,  be  ony  Aventure,  anon  thei 
wasschen  the  Awteer  with  holy  Watre. 

Mandeinltc,  Travels,  p.  19. 

Wash  me  throughly  from  mine  iniquity,  and  cleanse 
me  from  ray  sin.  '  Ps.  Ii.  2, 

3.  To  wet  copiously,  as  with  water  or  other 
liquid;  moisten;  cover  with  moisture. 

The  pride  of  Italy,  tliat  did  liestow 
On  Earth  a  beauty,  waslit  l)y  silver  Po. 

Sandys,  Travailcs,  p.  2. 
Slie  looks  as  clear 
As  morning  roses  newly  washed  with  dew. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1. 174. 

4.  To  lap:  lave,  as  V)y  surrounding  water;  sur- 
round; overflow  or  dash  over  or  against;  sweep, 
as  with  flowing  water. 

Galatia  ...  on  the  North  is  washed  with  the  Euxine 
Sea  the  space  of  two  hundred  and  flftie  miles. 

J'urchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  321. 

5.  To  remove  by  .ablution  or  by  the  cleansing 
action  of  water;  dispel  by  or  as  by  washing: 
either  literally  or  figuratively :  used  with  aicai/, 
off,  out,  etc. 

Go  get  somfr  water, 
And  wash  this  lllthy  witness //owi  yoiu'  hand. 

.SAn/,-.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2.  47. 


6830 
Be  baptized  and  wash  away  thy  sins.  Acts  xxii.  16. 

Wash  the  black /rom  the  Ethiop's  face. 
Wash  the  past  out  of  man  or  race! 

Lowell,  Villa  Franca. 

6.  To  overwhelm  and  carry  along  (in  some 
specified  direction)  by  or  as  by  a  rush  of  water : 
as,  a  man  washed  overboard ;  debris  washed  up 
by  the  storm ;  roast  beef  washed  down  with  ale. 

These  dainties  must  be  washd  downe  well  with  wine. 

With  sacke  &  sugar,  egges  &  muskadine. 

Krnes'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  87. 

I  don't  want  my  wreck  to  be  washed  up  on  one  of  the 
l)eache8  in  company  with  devii's-aprons,  bladder -weeds, 
dead  horse-slioes,  &c.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat,  vii. 

7.  To  cover  with  a  watery  or  thin  coat  of  col- 
or; tint  lightly,  thinly,  or  evenly,  in  water- 
color,  with  a  pigment  so  mixed  as  to  be  very 
fluid  and  rapidly  and  smoothly  applied. —  8. 
To  overlay  with  a  thin  coat  or  deposit  of  metal : 
as,  to  wash  copper  or  brass  with  gold. 

Those  who  were  cunning  in  "the  Art  of  making  Black 
Dogs,  which  are  Shillings,  or  other  jneces  of  Money  made 
only  of  Pewter,  double  Wash'd." 
J.  Ashton,  Social  Life  in  the  Ueign  of  Queen  Anne,  II.  225. 

9.  In  milling,  metal.,  etc.,  to  separate  from  the 
earthy  and  lighter  matters  by  the  action  of 
water :  as,  to  wash  gold ;  to  loash  ores.  Washing 
is  a  common  expression  used  in  the  most  general  way,  as 
nearly  an  equivalent  for  ore.dressing,  or  the  separation 
of  ore  from  the  gangue  with  which  it  is  generally  mixed. 
Tile  tenn  washing  is,  however,  more  especially  used  to 
designate  the  separation  of  gold  from  the  detrital  forma- 
tion in  which  it  so  frequently  occurs.  The  same  term  is 
also  commonly  employed  to  designate  the  process  of  sep- 
arating coal  from  various  impurities  which  frequently 
occur  intermingled  with  it,  such  as  shale,  pyrites,  argilla- 
ceous iron  ore,  gypsum,  etc.  The  machines  by  wliich  this 
is  done  are  called  coal-washers,  as  machines  for  washing 
gold  are  called  gold'Washers.  Washing  is  also  the  term 
in  general  use  for  designating  the  operation  of  cleansing 
the  ore  when,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  it  comes  from 
the  mine  mixed  with  clay  or  dirt  (material  which  cannot 
properly  be  called  gangue).  This  is  a  coarse  operation, 
which  is  sometimes  a  necessary  preliminary  to  the  opera- 
tions of  sizing  atid  dressing,  or  concentrating,  as  some- 
times called.— To  wash  one's  hands  of.    See  harul. 

II.  intruns.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of  ablu- 
tion on  one's  own  person. 

I  will  go  ^cash ; 
And  when  my  face  is  fair,  you  shall  perceive 
Whether  I  blush  or  no.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  9.  69. 

2.  To  cleanse  clothes  in  or  with  water. 

I  keep  his  house  :  and  I  wash,  wring,  brew,  bake,  scour, 
dress  meat  and  drink,  make  the  beds,  and  do  all  myself. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  4.  101. 

3.  To  stand  the  operation  of  washing  without 
being  destroyed,  spoiled,  or  injured  :  said  both 
of  fabrics  and  of  dyes:  as,  a  dress  that  will  not 
wash;  colors  that  do  not  wash  well. 

I  had  no  idea  your  mousseline-de-laine  would  have 
washed  so  well.    Why,  it  looks  just  out  of  the  shop. 

C.  lieade.  Love  me  Little,  x. 

4.  Hence,  to  stand  being  put  to  the  proof; 
stand  the  test;  prove  genuine,  reliable,  trust- 
worthv,  capable,  or  fit,  when  submitted  to  trial. 
[Collo'q.] 

He's  got  pluck  somewhere  In  him.  That's  the  only 
thing  after  all  that  '11  wash,  ain't  it  ? 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  2. 

5.  To  bo  eroded,  as  by  a  stream,  by  rainfall, 
etc. 

What  kind  of  grass  is  best  on  a  hill  that  washes  ? 

Sci.  Amcr.,  N.  S.,  LVII.  203. 

6.  To  use  washes  or  cosmetics. 

Young  Ladies  who  notoriously  Wash  and  Paint,  though 
they  have  naturally  good  Complexions. 

Etherege,  Man  of  Mode,  ii.  1. 

7.  To  make  a  swish,  swash,  or  swirl  of  the  wa- 
ter: as,  the  shad  are  xrashing.     See  shad-wash. 

wash  (wosh),  n.  [<  wash,  v.l  1.  The  act  or  op- 
eration of  cleansing  by  the  application  of  wa- 
ter; a  clean.sing  with  water  or  other  liquid: 
as,  to  give  one's  face  a  wash. 

Though  she  may  have  done  a  hard  day's  v^ash,  there 's 
not  a  child  ill  within  the  street  but  Alice  goes  to  offer  to 
sit  up.  Mrs.  Gaskell,  Mary  Barton,  1. 

A  tub  and  a  clothes-horse  at  the  other  end  of  the  kitchen 
indicated  an  intermittent  wash  of  small  things  also  going 
on.  George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  iii.  24. 

2.  Articles  in  the  course  of  being  cleansed  by 
washing,  or  the  quantity  of  clothes  or  other 
articles  washed  on  one  occasion. 

Military  washes  flapped  and  fluttered  on  the  fences. 

L.  M.  Alcotl,  Hospital  Sketches,  etc.,  p.  23. 

3.  The  flow  or  sweep  of  a  body  of  water;  the 
onward  rush  of  water  as  its  billows  break  upon 
the  shore;  the  dash  or  break  of  waves  upon  a 
shore. 

Katie  walks 
By  the  long  wash  of  .\ustralasian  seas. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

4.  The  rougli  or  broken  water  left  behind  by  a 
vessel  as  it  moves  along:  as,  the  wash  of  the 


wash 

steamer  nearly  filled  the  boat. —  5.  The  licking 
or  lapping  noise  made  by  rippling  water  as  it 
comes  in  contact  with  a  Vjoat,  a  pier,  the  strand, 
or  the  like ;  the  swish-swash  of  water  disturbed 
as  by  wind  or  by  ebb  or  flow. 

The  water  ebbs  away  with  a  sulky  uiash  in  the  hollow 
places.  R.  D.  Blackmore,  Maid  of  Sker,  iiL 

6.  A  piece  of  ground  washed  by  the  action  of 
the  sea  or  river,  or  sometimes  overflowed  and 
sometimes  left  dry ;  a  shallow  part  of  a  river  or 
arm  of  the  sea;  also,  a  morass  or  marsh;  a  bog; 
a  fen ;  a  quagmire. 

Half  my  power  this  night, 
Passing  these  flats,  are  taken  by  the  tide  ; 
These  Lincoln  Washes  have  devoured  them. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  6.  41. 

7.  Substances  collected  and  deposited  by  the 
action  of  water,  such  as  alluvium. 

The  wash  of  pastures,  fields,  commons,  and  roads,  where 
rainwater  hath  a  long  time  settled,  is  of  great  advantage 
to  all  land.  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

The  debris-piles  which  stretch  along  the  lower  slopes 
of  the  ranges  in  the  Cordilleran  Region  are  locally  known 
as  washes.  J.  D.  Whitney,  Names  and  Places,  p.  125. 

8.  Waste  liquor  containing  the  refuse  of  food, 
collected  from  the  cleansed  dishes,  etc.,  of  a 
kitchen,  such  as  is  often  given  to  pigs;  swill  or 

swillings. 

The  wretched,  bloody,  and  usurping  boar  .  .  . 
Swills  your  warm  blood  like  wash. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  2.  9. 

Wrinkles  like  troughs,  where  swine-deformity  swills 
The  tears  of  perjury,  that  lie  there  like  wash 
Fallen  from  the  slimy  and  dishonest  eye. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Changeling,  ii.  1. 

9.  In  distilling:  (a)  The  fermented  wort,  from 
which  the  spirit  is  extracted.  The  grain  ground 
and  infused  is  called  the  mash,  the  decanted  liquor  is 
called  the  wort,  and  the  wort  when  fermented  becomes 
the  wash,  (ft)  A  mixture  of  dunder,  molasses, 
scummings,  and  water,  used  in  the  West  Indies 
for  distillation.  Bryan  Edwards. — 10.  A  liquid 
used  for  application  to  a  surface  or  a  body  to 
cleanse  it,  color  it,  or  the  like  —  especially  a 
thin  and  watei'y  liquid,  as  distinguished  from 
one  that  is  glutinous  or  oily.  Speciflcally  —  (a)  A 
liquid  used  for  toilet  purposes,  such  as  a  cosmetic,  a  liquid 
dentifrice,  or  a  hair-wash. 

My  eyes  are  none  of  the  best  since  I  have  used  the  last 
new  wash  of  mercury-water. 

Wycherley,  Love  in  a  Wood,  iv.  2. 

It  [modesty]  renders  the  face  delightfully  handsome ; 
is  not  subject  to  be  rubbed  off,  and  cannot  be  paralleled 
by  either  wash,  powder,  cosmetic,  etc. 

■"  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  547. 

(6)  In  med.,  a  lotion,  (c)  A  thin  even  coating  of  color 
spread  over  a  surface,  as  of  a  painting.    See  del.  IL 

There  is  no  handsomeness 

But  has  a  teash  of  pride  and  luxury. 

Fletcher  (and  another?),  Nice  Valour,  iii.  8. 

By  this  is  scene  who  lives  by  faith  and  certain  knowledge, 
and  who  by  credulity  and  the  prevailing  opinion  of  the 
age ;  whose  vertue  is  an  unchangeable  grainc,  and  whose 
of  a  slight  icash.  Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  7. 

(d)  In  zoiil.,  a  light  or  slight  surface-coloration,  as  if  laid 
over  a  ground-color :  a  superficial  tone  or  tinge :  as,  a 
frosty  wash  over  black,  (e)  A  thin  coat  of  metal  applied 
to  anything  for  beauty  or  preservation. 

11.  In  water-color  painting,  the  application  of 
a  pigment  so  mixed  as  to  be  in  a  very  fluid  con- 
dition, or  a  coat  so  applied,  it  is  usually  a  very  thin 
and  transparent  coat,  applied  quickly  with  a  large  brush, 
flat  and  often  gradated  so  as  to  be  darker  at  one  edge  than 
at  the  opposite  edge,  or  to  shade  off  without  mark  of  sepa- 
ration from  one  tint  into  another. 

12.  The  blade  of  an  oar. — 13.  A  measure  of 
shell-fish ;  a  stamped  measure  capable  of  hold- 
ing 21  quarts  and  a  pint  of  water. 

"I  buy  my  winks,"  said  one,  "at  Billingsgate,  at3j>.  and 
4s.  the  wash."    A  wash  is  about  a  bushel. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  78. 

Each  smack  takes  about  40  teash  of  whelks  with  her  for 
the  voyage.  Kticyc.  Brit.,  IX.  2.56. 

14.  A  fictitious  kind  of  sale,  disallowed  on  the 
stock  and  other  exchanges,  in  which  a  broker 
who  has  received  orders  from  one  person  to  buy 
and  from  another  person  to  sell  a  particular 
amount  or  quantity  of  some  particular  stock  or 
commodity  simply  transfers  the  stock  or  com- 
modity from  one  principal  to  the  other  and 
pockets  the  difference,  instead  of  executing 
both  orders  separately  to  the  best  advantage 
in  each  case,  as  is  required  by  the  rules  of  the 
different  exchanges.  [Stock-exchange  slang.] 
—  Black  wash.  See  Uackwash. —Eye-wasil,  collyri- 
um.  —  Rain- wash,  (a)  a  washing  along  or  away  by  the 
force  of  rain ;  displacement  effected  by  rainfall. 

He  was  sceptical  as  to  the  Lieustrine  origin  of  these 
breccias.  Why  not  subaerial,  like  those  in  the  interior  of 
Asia?  — snbangular  masses,  transported  by  raintcash  to  a 
distance  of  10  or  12  miles. 

II'.  L.  Blanford.  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  XLV.  38. 


wash 

J?n^d  by  riln."  """""  "*'  ""  ""''"'  °'  ™'"  '  "  "'^P'"" 

,  J."/"""^  "'  "'"  ''""J'nd  o'  'he  overlying  head  or  rain- 
"™"'  ^iiart.  your.  Geoi,  Soc,  XLIV.  116. 

Eod  wash,  (o)  A  lotion  composed  of  corrosive  sublimate 
red  sulphid  of  mercury,  and  creos<.te,  in  water.  (6)  Bates's 

!^,?S?J?i, '""*■;'  """^t  ^y  '"i<""e  copper  sulphate, 
Armenian  hole,  and  camphor  to  boiling  water,  and  then 
straining.- Topth-wash,  a  liquid  dentifrice.-Wlllte 
wasll,  Ooiilard  s  lotion  ;  lead-water.—  Yellow  waVh  a 
otioii  prepared  by  dissolving  SO  grains  of  corrosive  srib- 
hmate  in  one  pint  of  lime-water. 
washt  ( wosh),  a.  [<  ,caf:h,  v.  (ef.  ivasliy);  perhaps 
<  warsh  for  wearish.}  Washy:  weak;  easilv 
losing  Its  qualities.  ' 

Faith,  'tis  but  a  wath  scent. 

Marston,  What  you  Will,  i.  1. 
Their  bodies  of  so  weak  and  u'ogh  a  temper. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  1. 
"Tto  8  uxmA  knave ;  he  will  not  keep  his  flesh  well 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iii.  1. 
washable  (wosh'a-bl),  a.  [<  wnnh  +  -able']  Re- 
.sistmgor  enduring  washing:  noting  the  fabric 
and  also  the  color. 

Like  uwihaMe  beaver  hate  that  improve  with  rain  his 
nerves  were  rendered  stouter  and  more  vigorous  bv 
showers  of  teal's.  Dickcjis,  Oliver  Twist,  xxxvii. 

wash-back  (wosh'bak),  «.     in  (listiUinfi,  a  cis- 
tern or  vat  in  which  the  wort  is  fermented  to 
form  the  wash.     E.  H.  Knight. 
wash-ball  (wosh'bal),  n.    A  ball  of  soap  some- 
times combined  with  cosmetics. 

We  furnish'd  ourselves  with  washbalh,  the  be.st  being 
made  here,  and  being  a  consideralile  commodity. 

Ewlyn,  Diary,  Hay  21,  1645. 

wash-basin  (wosh'ba'sn),  «.    a  large  basin  or 

bowl  in  which  to  wash  the  hands  and  face. 

wash-basket   (wosh'bas'ket).   H.     A  circular 

shallow  basket  holding  about  a  peek,  with  a 

bail  handle,  used  in  oystering.   [Rhode  Island.] 

WT|sh-bear  (wosh'bSr),   ».     [=  G.   trnnchhar.] 

The  racoon  or  washing-bear.    See  cut  under 

racoon. 

wash-beetle  (wosh'be'tl),  «.  a  pounder  used 
to  beat  or  pound  clothes  in  the  process  of  wash- 
ing. E.  H.  Knii/ht. 
waih-board  (wosh'bonl),  ».  l.  a  board  or 
wooden  frame  having  a  ribbed  or  corrugated 
surface  of  sheet-metal,  vulcanite,  earthenware, 
or  wood,  used  as  a  scrubber  in  washing  clothing 
by  hand.— 2.  Xaiit.,  a  broad  thin  plank  some- 
times fixed  on  the  top  of  the  gunwale  of  a  boat 
or  other  small  vessePs  side,  to  prevent  the  sea 
from  breaking  over;  also,  a  piece  of  plank  on 
.  the  sill  of  a  lower  deck  port,  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. Also  called  icastc-bonrd.—  Z.  A  board 
carried  around  the  walls  of  a  room  at  the  bot- 
tom.    Also  called  mopboard,  sKirthig-board. 

"To  stand  Iiwking  ont  of  the  study-window  at  the  r.ain, 
and  kicking  bis  foot  against  the  umth-board  in  solitude. 
Oeurrje  Eliut,  .Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  :i. 
wash-boiler  (wosh'boi'l^r),   «.      a  vessel  of 
sheet-metal  in  which  clothes  to  be  washed  are 
boiled. 
wash-bottle  (wosh'bot'l),  ».      l.  in  chem.,  a 
flask  provided  with  a  stopper  and   tubes  so 
arranged  that  by  blowing  with  the  mouth  the 
water  or  other  liquid  in  the  flask  may  be  forced 
out  in  a  small  stream  for  washing  chemical 
preparations  and  utensils.— 2.  A  bottle  partlv 
filled  with  water  or  other  washing  fluid  through 
which  gases  are  passed  to  purify  them. 
wash-bowl  (wosh'bol),  w.     1.  A  large  bowl  or 
basin  used  for  washing  tlie  hands,  face,  etc. 

Emerson  aloue  took  no  part  in  this  "storm  in  a  ivash- 
'"""■  (iuai-terty  llev.,  CXLV.  132. 

2t.  A  wash-tub. 

Rlucatlon  is  not  form'd  upon  .Sounds  and  .Syllables, 
but  upfin  Circumstances  and  tonality.  So  that,  if  he  was 
resolv'd  to  have  shown  her  thus  unpolislid,  he  should 
Mve  made  her  keep  .Sheep,  or  brought  her  iiii  at  the 
Wath-Boul.    Jeremy  Collier,  Short  View  (ed.  ICDs),  p.  222. 

wash-brew  (wosh'bro),   ».     The  dish  ii.siially 

known  as  flummery  or  (as  in  Scotland)  sowens. 

[Prov.  Kiig.] 
wash-cloth  (wosh'klolh),  n.     A  small  piece  of 

cloth  used  in  washing,  as  in  washing  dislies  or 

the  person. 
wash-day  (wosh'dii),  n.     The  day  set  apart  in 

a  hdiisehold  for  clothes- washing. 
wash-dirt  (wosh'dert),  H.     In  plarcr  and  In/- 

rlriiiilic  mininij.  sand   or  gravel  containing,  or 

supposed  to  contain,  gohl  enough  to  pay  for 

washing.     Also  irnxli-.stiijf,  irii.ih-nrorcl. 
Washdish  (wosh'dish),  i(.     The  dish-washer  or 

wagtail.    Also  moKi/  or  jmlli/  wnshilhh.    Sec  cut 

under  iriiiititil.     [Local,  Eng.] 
wash-dra'Wing  (wosh'dra  "ing),  n.  See  (tniiriiii/. 
washed  ( wosht ),  «.    l.  That  has  been  subjected 

to  washing,  in  any  sense.— 2.  Of  the  natuie  of 


6831 

a  "wash":  applied  on  the  exchanges  to  a  mere 
transfer  by  a  broker  of  the  stock  or  commodity 
which  one  principal  had  instructed  him  to  sell  to 
another  customer  who  had  given  instructions  to 
purchase  a  similar  quantity  of  the  same  stock 
or  commodity.     [Stock-exchange  slang.] 

)f-a»/i«f  or  flctitions  sales  are  positively  forbidden,  and 
will  e  ider  the  parties  concerned  liable  to  suspeiisiin  or 
expulsion  from  the  Produce  Exchange. 

Xew  York  Produce  Exchmige  Report,  1888-9,  p.  266. 
3.  In  £■067.,  overlaid,  as  a  surface  or  a  ground- 
color, with  a  wash  or  light  tint  or  color:  as,  a 
fo.x's  black  pelt  wnalted  with  silver.  See  icash 
».,  10  (d).- Washed  brick.    See6rfc*2.  ' 

washent.    An  obsolete  past  participle  of  wash. 

Chaucer. 
washer  (wosh'er),)).    [<  JtwA -t- -o-l.]     l.   One 
■who  or  that  which  washes:   as,  a  toasher  of 
clothes;  a  iHsh-wanher ;  a  viool-washcr. — 2.  An 
annular  piece  of  leather,  rubber,  metal,  or  other 
material  placed  at  a  joint  in  a  water-pipe  or  fau- 
cet to  make  the  joint  tight  and  prevent  leakage, 
or  over  a  bolt,  or  a  similar  piece  upon  which  a 
nut  may  be  screwed.    Washers  serve  as  cushions  or 
packing  between  many  parts  of  machines,  rails    vehi- 
cle^, and  iron  structures.    When  usea  in  buildings  atthe 
ends  of  tie-rods,  they  are  often  of  large  size  and  diverse 
shapes,  and  are  called  specifically  waH-wmhers.    Some 
forms  are  used  as  locks,  to  prevent  a  nut  from  shaking 
loose,  as  111  a  railroad  fish-plate.    Such  washers  are  made 
m  the  shape  of  a  spring,  to  allow  a  certain  amount  of 
vibration  «-ithout  disturbing  the  nut.    See  lock-mtt,  and 
cute  under  bolt,  packing,  and  plwj-cock. 
3.  A  similar  article  forming  an  oniament,  as 
at  the  socket  or  pin  that  holds  any  adjustable 
utensil:   as,  the  mother-of-pearl  iciishers  of  a 
fan.     Compare  msc'«f.— 4.  lu  jxtpcr-maniif.,  a. 
straining-and-washing  machine  used  in  the  pro- 
cess of  cleaning  rags,  to  bring  them  to  a  pulpy 
condition;  a  beating-engine.— 5.  \th  plumbing, 
the  outlet  of  a  cistern.     It  includes  the  pipe, 
the  joint  or  union,  and  the  plug,  as  for  a  basin. 
—  6  A  washing-machine:  as,  a  clothes-wos/icc, 
■window-ifa,'*/«r,  gold-washer.— 7.  In  coal-min- 
ing (short  for  coal-washer),  any  machine  for 
washing  coal,    in  the  Pennsylvania  anthracite  region 
the  coal  Is  sometimes  washed  by  jets  of  water,  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  slate,  pyrites,  and  other  refuse  by  jigging 
The  number  of  machines  which  have  been  invented  iii 
different  countries  for  washing  coal  is  very  great,  but 
most  of  them  are  based  on  some  form  or  niodiflcation  of 
the  Jig  of  the  metal-miner. 

8.  The  wagtail,  a  bird.  Also  dish-icasher,  peggti 
dish-washer,  moll-washer.  nioUij  or  polhj  wash- 
dish,  wa.thfail,  nanni/  washtail,  etc.  See  cut 
under  wagtail.— 9.  The  wash-bear.- Beveled 
washer.    See  beveled.  ^cvcicu 

washer  (wosh'er),  v.  t.     [<  washer,  n.]     To  fit 
with  washers. 

I  had  worked  myself  up,  as  I  always  do,  in  the  manner 
of  heavy  men  ;  growing  hot  like  an  ilUiagtiered  wheel  re- 
volving, though  I  start  with  a  cool  axle. 

Jt.  V.  lUackimre,  Lorna  Doone,  Ixx. 


Washingtonia 

■wash-house  (wosh'hous),  n.  [ME.  *tcaschhous, 
<.  AS.  wsesc-hm,  <  wascan,  wash,  -f  hiis,  house ; 
as  wash  -h  house^.^  A  house,  generally  fitted 
with  boilers,  tubs,  etc.,  for  washing  clothes, 
etc. ;  a  washing-house. 
washiness  (wosh'i-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
washy,  watery, or  worthless;  want  of  strength 
washing  (wosh 'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  teasshinqe, 
waschynge,  wessinge,  waschnnge,  <  AS.  waiscinq 
washing,  verbal  n.  of  wascan,  wash  :  see  wa,sh 
f.]  1.  The  act  of  cleansing  with  water;  ablu- 
tion. Ceremonial  washing  has  been  practised  in  ancient 
and  modern  times  and  among  various  peoples.  The  princi- 
pal ceremonial  washings  in  the  modern  Christian  church 
are  two  :  waslang  of  feet,  in  commemoration  of  the  washing 
of  the  feet  of  the  disciples  by  Christ  (see ./■oof);  and  wash- 
ing of  the  hands,  especially  in  connection  with  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  eucharist.  In  the  Western  Church,  as  well 
as  111  the  Greek  and  other  Oriental  churches,  the  priest 
washes  his  hands  before  celebration.  In  the  Western 
Church  he  also  washes  his  fingers  after  the  offertory  and 
at  tlie  end  of  the  eucharistic  office.  See  abljition,  lavabo, 
puriJicatKn,  and  holy  water  (under  water). 

John  wondered  why  the  Messias,  the  Lamb  of  God 
pure  and  without  spot,  who  needed  not  the  abstersions 
of  repentance,  or  the  washings  of  baptism,  should  de- 
mand It.  Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed,  1835),  I.  95. 
2.  Clothes  washed,  especially  those  washed  at 
onetime;  awash.— 3.  The  result  of  washing; 
that  which  is  washed  from  something  else,  as 

gold  dust.- To  give  one's  head  for  washlngt.  to 
submit  to  insult.  *****©  , 

So  am  I,  and  forty  more  good  fellows,  that  will  not  aive 
their  heads  for  the  washing,  I  take  it. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Cupid's  Revenge,  iv.  3. 


He  washered  the  knobs  of  the  doors  that  had  a  rattling 
play  whenever  handled.  Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LV.  160. 

washer-cutter  (wosh'^r-kut"6r),  «.  A  rotating 
cuttmg-tool  with  two  adjustable  cutters,  worked 
by  a  hand-brace  or  by  a  drill,  and  used  for  cut- 
ting out  annular  disks  for  washers.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

washer-gage  (wosh'tr-gaj),  n.  A  graduated 
tapering  rule  used  for  measuring  the  diameter 
of  bolts,  nuts,  and  washers,  and  of  holes,  etc., 
to  receive  them. 

washer-hoop  (wosh'^r-hop),  n.  In  a 'water- 
wheel,  a  gasket  placed  between  the  flange  and 
the  curb.     E.  H.  Knight. 

washerman  (wosh'er-man),  H. ;  pi.  washermeti 
(-men).  A  man  who  vvashcs  clothes,  etc. — 
Washermen's  itch.  Same  as  dhobies'  itch  (which  see 
under  dliobie).  ' 

washerwoman  (wosh'cr-wum''an),  n. ;  pi. «,•((«/}- 
crwoiiiin  (-wim'^'en).  1.  A  woman  who  washes 
clothes  for  others  or  for  hire.— 2.  The  dish- 
washer or  washdish.  a  wagtail.  See  cut  under 
wagtail — Washerwomen's  Itch  or  scall,  a  variety  of 
psoriasis  occurring  on  the  hands  of  washerwomen. 

wash-gilding  (wosh'gil'ding),  n.  Gilding  by 
means  of  an  amalgam  of  gold  from  which  the 
mercury  is  afterward  driven  off  by  heat.  Also 
called  mercurial  gilding,  and  water-gilding,  in 
allusion  to  the  semi-liquid  character  of  the 
amalgam. 

wash-gravel  (wosh'grav'el),  n.  Same  as  wash- 
dirt. 

wash-hand  basin  (wosh'hand  ba"sn),  h.  .Same 
as  wash-bowl. 

wash-hand  stand  (wosh'hand  stand),  n.  Same 
as  wash-stand. 

He  .  .  .  locked  the  door,  piled  a  (('((sAAomZ-sfanrf,  chest 
of  drawers,  and  table  against  it. 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  xx.'ivi. 


washing-bear(wosh'ing-bar),«.  The  wash-bear 
or  racoon,  Procijon  lotor:  so  called  from  its  habit 
of  putting  its  food  into  water  before  eating  it,  as 
if  to  -wash  it.     See  lotor,  and  cut  under  racoon 

washing-crystals  (wosh'ing-kris"talz),  n.  pi. 
See  .sodium  carbonate,  under  sodiuvi'. 

washing-drum  (wosh'ing-drum),  «.  In  mining, 
same  as  washing-trommel. 

washing-engine  (wosh'ing-en''jin),  n.  Inpaper- 
viannj.,  the  first  of  the  series  of  rag-cntting  and 
-cleaning  machines  used  to  reduce  rags  to  pulp. 
It  cleans  the  rags  and  cute  them  to  the  size  known  as  half- 
stuff,  which  is  passed  on  to  the  beating-engine.  See  raa- 
engine.     E.  U.  Knight.  " 

washing-gourd  (wosh'ing-gord),  ».  Same  as 
sponge-gourd. 

washing-house  (wosh'ing-hous),  «.  A  wash- 
house. 

washing-machine  (wosh'ing-ma-shen''),  n.  An 
apparatus,  operated  by  hand  oi-  steam-power, 
for  washing  clothing,  fabrics,  wool,  or  other 
material ;  a  clothes-washer.  Washing-machines  for 
domestic  and  laundry  use  have  been  made  in  the  form  of 
churns,  rubbing- orbeating-niacliine8,and  tumbling-boxes. 
While  a  great  variety  of  machines  have  been  introduced, 
all  depend  essentially  upon  some  mechanical  device  for 
stirring  and  beating  the  clothes  in  a  vessel  containing  hot 
soapy  water.  Rubbing  the  clothes  against  a  ribbed  sur- 
face under  water  appeai-s  to  be  the  most  common  method 
i  or  bleacheries  and  mills  where  large  quantities  of  fabrics 
are  to  be  washed,  the  material  is  made  up  into  continuous 
bands,  and  is  drawn  tlirough  vats  over  rollers.  In  some 
machines  beaters  are  used  to  assist  in  cleaning  the  fabrics 
.Sucli  machines  are  of  the  nature  of  bucking-machines! 
keirs,  wincmg-niachines,  and  dash-wheels.  Washing-ma- 
chines are  designed  to  be  used  with  wringers.  One  form 
for  domestic  use  is  practically  a  form  of  wringer,  the 
clothes  being  cleaned  by  drawing  them  between  rollers 
of  corrugated  rubber. 

washing-powder  (wosh' ing -pou^'d^r),  «.  A 
powdered  preparation  (as  of  soda-ash  and 
Scotch  soda)  used  in  washing  clothes. 

washing-rollers  (wosh'ing-r6"lerz),  11. jn.  Roll- 
ers for  squeezing  goods  or  yarn  after  scouring. 
They  are  of  cast-iron,  turned  true  and  smooth.  The  re- 
quisite pressure  is  applied  by  means  of  compound  levers 
or  movable  weights.     E.  H.  Knight. 

washing-shield  (wosh'ing-sheld),  n.  In  wash- 
ing, a  ridged  or  corrngafed  shield  for  the  palm 
of  the  hand,  or  a  shield  at  once  to  protect  the 
person  and  supply  a  surface  on  which  to  rub 
the  clothes.     E.  If.  Knight. 

Washington  canvasback.  Same  as  redhead,  '2. 
Washington  cedar.     See  cedar,  2,  and  cut  un- 
der Sequoift. 

Washingtonia  (wosh-ing-to'ni-a),  n.  [NL. 
(Wendland,  1879),  named  after  George  Wash'- 
ington  (173L>-99),  first  President  of  the  United 
States.]  A  genus  of  palms,  of  the  tribe  Cori/- 
J!!"!f,-  .1'  '^  characterized  by  bisexual  flowers  with 
sllglitly  imbricated  segments,  and  a  three-lolied  ovary 
with  elongated  flliforra  style.  The  albumen  of  the  seed 
'I  ""','°''"''  '""^  that  of  the  related  genera  Con/pha  and 
Sabat,  but  the  embryo,  unlike  the  others,  is  sii'li-basilar 
There  is  but  one  species  clearly  known,  W.filifera,  native 
(if  soiitlicrn  California  and  the  adjacent  boi'der,  called 
desert-palm,  and  locally  fan-palm  and  San  Diem  palm. 
It  produces  n  tall  robust  cylindrical  trunk,  enlarged  at 
the  base,  often  10,  sometimes  7r,,  feet  high,  crowned  by  a 
cluster  of  light  green  circular  plicate  leaves  with  from  4(1 
to  fin  folds  about  4  feet  across,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle 
into  mduplicatc  segments  fringed  with  fliie  white  peiidu- 


Washingtonia 

lous  threads  often  a  foot  long.  The  stout  leafstalk  ends 
in  a  large  appressed  ligule,  is  about  8  feet  long,  and  is  set 
with  strong,  hooked  spines  along  its  edges.  The  mature 
tree  bears  in  .June  three  or  four  smooth  elongated  panic- 
ulate spadices  with  very  many  slender  flexuous  branch- 
leta.  The  small  dry  flowers  are  white,  sessile,  and  per- 
sistent without  change,  the  corona  salver-shaped  with  a 
fleshy  tube  and  shi\rp  lanceolate  lobes,  and  the  six  project- 
ing stamens  have  large  filaments  and  anthers.  A  single 
spadix  8  feet  long  hangs  pendent  at  ripening,  in  Sep- 
tember or  October,  bearing  al)out  ten  pounds  of  small 
black  ellipsoidal  one-celled  fruits,  each  with  a  single 
shining  brown  bony  seed  surrounded  l)y  a  tliln  sweetish 
pulpy  pericarp.  This  is  the  only  arborescent  palm  in  the 
United  States  far  from  the  sea ;  it  occurs  there  chiefly  in 
the  desert  in  San  Diego  county,  California ;  in  Lower  Cali- 
fornia it  approaches  the  coast.  It  was  discovered  by  Dr. 
C.  C.  Parry,  1849-50;  it  is  now  frequent  in  cultivation,  es- 
pecially along  tlie  Californian  coast,  often  under  the  name 
of  Pritchardia  filamentosa  or  Brahea  Jilift'.ra ;  when  very 
young,  it  is  valued  in  America  as  a  house-plant.  Since 
1875  it  has  been  grown  by  thousands  along  the  Mediter- 
ranean near  Nice  for  outdoor  decoration,  where  the  char- 
acteristic appearance  after  twelve  years'  growth  is  that  of 
a  huge  bulbous  trunk,  often  10  feet  in  girth  and  10  feet  high, 
beaiing  a  crown  of  foliage  20  feet  across,  composed  of  from 
50  to  80  white-fringed  leaves.  It  varies  greatly  in  haljit 
with  age.  It  has  been  known  to  blossom  at  twenty-two 
years ;  one  fifty  years  old  was  b%  feet  high  and  11  feet  in 
girth.  At  maturity,  its  older  leaves  turn  down,  and  cover 
the  trunk  witli  a  dry  thatch,  a  protection  from  the  desert 
heat  and  winds,  but  burning  so  readily  that  it  forms  a 
source  of  danger  from  Are.  The  W.  robusta  of  cultivation, 
peculiar  in  its  reddish  petiole-bases,  is  now  considered  a 
variety  of  the  foregoing ;  W.  Sonorse  of  Mexico,  with  deep 
crimson-brown  petioles  and  stem,  is  said  to  be  distinct. 

Washingtonian  (wosli-iug-to'ni-an),  a.  and  II. 
_[<  Wanhhuiton  (seedef.)  +  -i'aH.]  1.  a.  Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  George  Washington  (1732- 
1799),  first  President  of  the  United  States,  or  to 
Washington,  the  capital  of  tlie  United  States, 
or  to  Washington,  one  of  the  United  States, 
named  after  him. 

II.  II.  An  inhabitant  of  Washington,  the  cap- 
ital of  the  United  States,  or  of  Washington, 
one  of  the  United  States. 

washingtonite  (wosh'ing-ton-it),  n.  [<  Wash- 
imjton  (see  def.)  +  -!fr-2.]  A  variety  of  ilmenite 
found  near  Washington  in  Litchfield  county, 
Connecticut. 

Washington  lily,  thorn.  See  Uly,  \,  and  thom^ 
(with  cut). 

washing-trommel  (wosh'ing-trom"el),  n.  A 
trommel  used  for  washing  ores.  A  washing-trom- 
mel consists  usually  of  a  cylinder  of  sheet-iron  from  5  to 
10  feet  long,  which  turns  on  its  axis,  and  through  which  a 
copious  stream  of  water  flows,  the  stuff  as  it  passes  out  be- 
ing caught  ou  one  or  more  perforated  sheet-iron  screens, 
by  which  the  clayey  particles  are  separated  from  the  ore, 
and  this  latter  sometimes  roughly  sorted.  Tlie  form  and 
arrangement  of  washing-trommels  vary  coiisidei-ably  ac- 
cording to  the  character  of  the  ore  and  of  the  impurities 
with  which  it  is  mixed.  ?)GG  trommel.  Alsowanhinff-drwn. 

washing-up  (wosli'ing-up'),  «.  In  mining,  same 
as  deati-iip,  2.     Also  )oas/iJH(7-o^' (Australia). 

washing-vessel  (wosh'ing-ves"el),  re.  [<  ME. 
uriacliiiHui:  rcK.iel;  <  washing  +  vessel.']  A  ves- 
sel to  wash  in.     Prompt.  Pari'.,  j).  517. 

wash-leather  (wosh'leTH"er),  ».  A  fine  white 
or  light-yellow,  very  soft,  and  flexible  leather, 
originally  made  from  tlio  siting  of  Rtipioapra 
tragus,  the  Alpine  chamois.  Leather  very  closely 
resembling  it  in  .ill  its  properties  is  now  made  from  skins  of 
sheep,  goats,  deer,  calves,  and  from  split  hides,  the  coarser 
qualities  being  known  as  wash-leather.  The  skins  are 
limed  to  remove  the  hair,  steeped  in  a  weak  solution  of  lac- 
tic or  acetic  acid  to  neutralize  the  lime,  and  then  frizzed 
or  rubbed  with  pumice-stone  or  a  blunt  knife  to  remove 
the  grain.  Repeated  fulling  by  pounding  or  rolling  in  oil, 
washing  with  weak  alkaline  solution  to  remove  the  oil, 
stretching,  drying,  and  smootliing complete  the  process  of 
manufacture. 

The  greengrocer  put  on  a  pair  of  waxh-leather  gloves  to 
hand  the  plates  with.  Dickens,  Pickwick,  xxxvii. 

washman  (wosh'man),  n.;  pi.  washmen  (-vaen). 
1.  A  washerman. — 2t.  A  beggarman  covered 
with  simulated  sores.     [Old  cant.] 

A  Washman  is  called  a  Palliard,  but  not  of  the  right 
making.  He  vseth  to  lye  in  the  hye  way  with  lame  or 
sore  le^is  or  armcs  to  beg.  These  nien  ye  right  Palliards 
wil  often  times  spoile,  but  they  dare  not  complayn.  They 
be  bitten  with  Spickworts,  and  somtlme  with  rats  bane. 
Fraternity  of  Vai/atmids  (1.%1),  quoted  in  Ribton- 
[Turner's  Vagrants  and  Vagrancy,  p.  594. 

Washoe  process.    Seej«(«i,  3. 

wash-off  (wosh'of),  a.  [<  wash  nff:  see  under 
icash,  r.~\  In  r.aUi-o-printing,  fugitive;  that  will 
not  stand  washing:  applied  to  certain  colors  or 
dyes.     [Colloq.] 

washout  (wosh'out),  n.  [<  wash  nut:  see  under 
v.iish,  r.]  The  excavation,  by  erosive  action 
of  water,  of  a  part  of  a  road-bed,  the  bank  of  a 
stream,  a  hillside,  or  the  like ;  also,  the  hole  or 
break  resulting  from  such  excavation. 

The  rains  and  torrents  cutting  away  the  land  into  chan- 
nels, which  at  first  are  merely  uanh-nuts,  and  at  last  grow 
into  deep  canyons.      T.  Jlooaevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  163. 

wash-pot  (wosh'pot),  II.  1.  A  vessel  prepared 
for  the  washing  of  anything.  Ps.  Ix.  8. — 2.  In 
tin-2>late  maniif.,  a  pot  kept  filled  with  clean 


6832 

bright  melted  tin,  in  which  each  sheet  of  iron, 
after  it  has  left  the  tin-pot  and  had  the  super- 
fluous metal  removed  from  it  with  a  hempen 
brush,  receives  its  final  coating  of  tin.  From  the 
wash-pot  the  sheet  passes  to  the  "patent-pot,"  and  from 
this  to  the  steel  rollers  by  winch  the  coating  of  tin  is 
made  smooth  and  uniform.  This  is  the  modem  method  of 
manufacture,  now  almost  universally  followed  in  Wales. 
wash-rag  ( wosh'rag),  n.  A  small  piece  of  cloth 
used  in  washing  the  person. 

She  employed  the  interval  while  her  guests  were  at  their 
luncheon  iti  plying  the  wash-raff  aixi  comb,  to  such  good 
effect  that  Cinderella  suffered  no  greater  transformation 
at  the  hands  of  the  fairy  godmother. 

E.  L.  /JyjlTier,  Begum's  Daughter,  iv. 

wash-stand  (wosh'stand),  ».  A  piece  of  furai- 
ture  like  a  table,  with  or  without  a  lower  shelf, 
drawers,  and  a  back,  arranged  to  hold  a  basin 
and  ewer  and  other  appurtenances  for  washing 
the  person .  Since  the  introduction  of  elaborate  plumb- 
ing, the  name  is  given  also  to  the  set  or  fixed  wash-bowl, 
with  amarljle  slab  above,  and  wooden  inclosm-e  or  support 
of  the  basin  and  pipes,  with  the  faucets,  and  other  conve- 
niences. 

I  returned,  sought  the  sponge  on  the  ^vashstand,  the 
salts  in  my  drawer,  and  once  more  retraced  my  steps. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xx. 

wash-stuff  (wosh'stuf),  »(.  In  gold-mining, 
same  as  ivash-dirt. 

washtail  (wosh'tal),  «.  Same  as  washer,  8. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

wash-tub  (wosh'tub),  n.  A  tub  for  washing, 
especially  one  in  which  clothes  are  washed. 

The  vulgar  words  wash-tub,  shoe-horn,  brew-house,  cook- 
stove,  .  .  .  which  are  merely  slovenly  and  uncouth  abljre- 
viationsof  washing-tub,  shoeing-honi,  brewing-house,  and 
cooking-stove.    li.  G.  White,  Words  and  their  Uses,  p.  232. 

washy  (wosh'i),  a.  [<  wash  +  -//l.]  1.  Wa- 
tery; damp;  moist;  soft:  as,  "the  washy  ooze," 
Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  303.— 2.  Too  much  diluted; 
weak;  thin:  as,  «'f(s7)_(/ tea. 

Meats  of  a  washy  and  fluid  nature,  that  slip  through  the 
stomach  and  tarry  not  for  concoction,  do  no  more  feed  a 
man's  health  than  almost  if  he  lived  on  air. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  432. 

Hence  —  3.  Wanting  in  solidity,  substantial- 
ness,  strength,  stamina,  or  the  like;  feeble; 
worthless. 

Alas !  our  women  are  but  wa^hy  toys. 

Dryilen,  Epil.  to  the  King  and  Queen  (1682). 
Washy  he  is,  perhaps  not  over-sound. 

Prior,  Daphne  and  Apollo. 

wasp  (wosp),  H.  [Also  dial,  wups,  wops  (and 
%i-op);  <  ME.  waspe,  <  AS.  w^sp,  wieps,  foimd 
also  in  the  form  toiefs  in  an  early  gloss.  = 
D.  loesp  =  MLG.  wespe  =  OHG.  icefsa,  MHG. 
wefse,  wasp  ((^f.  MHG.  wespe,  vcspe,  G.  wespe, 
Dan.  vespc,  a  wasp,  <  L.),  =  L.  re.iim,  a  wasp, 
=  Lith.  loapsa,  a  gadfly,  horsefly,  =  Russ. 
osa,  a  wasp  (cf.  OF.  giiespe,  F.  gn^e,  <  MHG. 
wcs2)e);  with  formative  -s,  perhaps  <  -v/  wap, 
sting  (ef .  E.  wap'^,  strike).  The  word  has  appar. 
nothing  to  do  with  Gr.  (J<l»'ii,  a  wasp  (with  which 
cf.  Gael,  speach,  a  wasp,  sjieach,  bite).]  1.  Any 
one  of  several  families,  many  genera,  and  very 
numerous  species  of  aculeate  hymenopterous 
insects,  whose  wings  fold 
lengtliwise  in  a  peculiar 
manner  when  the  insects 
rest,     which     insects     are 


Nest  of  I'aper-wasp  {.Tespit). 


Nest  of  Social  Wasp  {Polishes). 


hence  collectively  called  Diploptera.    Most  wasps 

dii;  holes  for  themselves,  whence  they  are  also  called  Fos- 

sores  (though  not  all  are  fossorial).     There  are  13  families 

of  wasps :  namely,  Scoliidie^  Sapygidse,  Pompilidse,  Sphe- 

cidfe.  (or  Sphegid/e),  Larri- 

dse,  Nyssimidm,  Bembecidje^  .      ,     ,. 

Philanthidie^  Pemphredoni- 

die,  Crahronidm,  Masaridflp, 

Eumenidse,    and     Vesprdfe. 

The  members  of  the  first  ten 

of  these  families  are  indis- 

cHmhiately  known  as  dig- 

ffcr-ivasps  ;  those  of  the  last 

three  are  wasi)s  more  strictly 

80  called.  The  Masarid/e  and 

Eumenvhe,  like  all  the  di^- 

jrer-wasps,    are    of   solitary 

habits,  and  are  hence  known 

as  solitary  wasps  (which  see, 

under    mlitary).        The    Ves-  Nest  of  Solitary  Wasp 

pidie  alone  are  soaalicasps.  [Eumenes). 


wassail 

These  are  also  called  paper-wagps,  from  the  character  of 
their  nests,  and  include  the  various  species  of  Vespa 
known  as  hornets.  See,  besides  the  family  names,  Age- 
nia,  Ammophila,  Odynerus,  Poligteg,  Sphecius,  etc.,  dau- 
ber (e),  mud-daulfer,  also  digger-waup,  potter-uunp,  sand- 
wasp,  gxnder-wasp,  wood-wasp,  with  numerous  cuts. 
Tlier  is  no  waspe  in  this  werlde  that  will  wilfullok[e]r 

styngen. 
For  stappjng  on  a  too  of  a  styncande  frere ! 

Piers  Plowman's  Crede  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  648. 
Meanwhile  the  troops  benenth  Patroclus'  care 
Invade  the  Trojans,  and  commence  the  war. 
As  wasps,  provuk'd  by  children  in  their  play, 
Pour  from  their  mansions  by  the  broad  highway. 

Pope^  Iliad,  xvi.  314. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  person  characterized  by  ill 
nature,  petulance,  peevishness,  irritability,  or 
petty  malignity. 

Come,  come,  you  wasp;  i'  faith,  yon  are  too  angry. 

Skak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1.  210. 

Golden  vasp.  Same  as  </oM?ra8;p.— Great-tailed 
wasp,  llrocerus  (i\r  Sirex)  ^t.'/a*'.— Northern  wasp,  Ves- 
pa  6orea/ia.— Tailed  wasps,  the  Siricidse  or  Uroceridx 
(which  see).— Wasp'S-nest  boil,  a  sort  of  carbuncle  situ- 
ated on  the  nape  of  the  neck,  usually  only  in  people  of  ad- 
vanced years. 

wasp-bee  (wosp'be),  n.  A  cuckoo-bee ;  any  bee 
of  tlie  genus  Nomadu. 

wasp-beetle  (wosp' be '''tl),  «.  A  beetle  of  the 
genus  ClytuSj  as  the  British  C.  arictis,  or  of  a 
related  longicorn  genus,  as  the  American  Cyl- 
lene  pictus:  so  called  from  their  wasp-like 
maculation. 

wasp-fly  (wosp'fli),  n,  A  British  syrphid  fly, 
(hrysotoxumfasciolatum^  spotted  with  yellow 
on  a  black  ground,  and  thus  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  hornet. 

wasp-gnib  (wosp'gi-ub),  n.  The  larva  of  a  wasp, 
used  for  bait  by  anglers.     T^ng.] 

waspish  (wos'pish),  a.  [<  wasp  +  ~ish'^.'\  Like 
a  wasp  in  any  way.  (a)  Having  a  very  slender  waist, 
like  the  petiole  of  a  wasp's  abdomen  ;  wasp- waisted ;  tight- 
laced.  (6)  Quick  to  resent  any  trifle,  injury,  or  affront; 
snappish;  petulant;  irritable;  irascible. 

In  aige  [they  be]  sone  testie,  very  waspishe,  and  alwaies 
ouer  miserable.  Ascliam,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  33. 

Ah !  thou  knowest  not 
What  sting  this  waspish  fortune  pricks  me  with. 

Randolph,  Amyntas,  ii.  2. 

waspish-headedt  (wos'pish-hed''''ed),  a.  Irri- 
table; passionate. 

Her  waspish-headed  son  has  broke  his  arrows. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  99. 

waspishly  (wos'pish-li),  adv.    In  a  waspish 
manner;   so  as  to  be  like  a  wasp  in  any  re- 
spect. 
He   answered   rather  waspishlp  — "  Why  should  you 

bring  me  into  the  matter?" 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  11. 

waspishness  (wos'pish-nes),  «.  Waspish  char- 
acter or  state. 

wasp-kite  (wosp'kit),  n.  The  honey-buzzard 
or  bee-hawk.  Pernio  apivornji.  See  cut  under 
Peruiji. 

wasp-tonguedt  (wosp'tungd),  a.  Petulant- 
tongued;  shrewish. 

Why,  what  a  wasp-tongued  [var.  wa*p-»iung]  and  impa- 
tient fool 
Art  thou !  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  i.  3.  236. 

wasp-waisted  (wosp'was^ted),  a.     Very  slen- 

der-waisted;  laced  tightly. 
waspy  (wos'pi),  a.     [<  wa^p  +  -y^-]    Waspish. 

She  had  none  of  your  Chinese  feet,  nor  waspy  unhealthy 
waists,  which  those  may  admire  who  will. 

Thackeray^  Fitz-Boodle's  Confessions,  Dorothea. 

wassail  (wos'al),  n.  [Also  vrassel;  <  ME.  was- 
■satjl,  icasscyl,  wesseilj  <  AF.  tvassail,  a  reflex  of 
ONorth.  uses  hM  or  ODan.  K^es  heil,  AS.  ices 
hfd,  'be  whole,  be  well'  (i.  e.  *here  's  to  your 
health');  also  wes  thu  hdl,  and  in  pi.  wese  ge 
bale,  'be  ye  whole'  (so  ME.  fiayl  be  thou^  etc.). 
a  salutation  used  like  iceortk  hdl,  ME.  hail  tcurth 
thu,  Icel.  kom  heiU,  *come  hale//rtr  heill^  'fare 
hale,'  sit  heiU,  'sit  hale,'  etc. :  AS.  ices,  impv.  of 
icesaHj  be;  hdl^  whole,  hale,  well,  =  Icel.  heiU, 
whence  E.  hale,  and  the  greeting  hail :  see  teas 
and  hale^,  haiV^,  whole.']  1.  The  salutation, 
toast,  or  form  of  woi-ds  in  which  healths  were 
formerly  pledged  in  drinking,  equivalent  to 
'health,'  or  'your  good  health,'  uoW  in  use. 
A  kne  to  the  Kyng  heo  seyde  :  lord  Kyng,  wassayl .' 

Rob.  of  Gloucester  (ed.  Heai-ne),  p.  117. 

Hingistus  hauing  inuited  King  Vortiger  to  a  Supper, 
.  .  .  shee  [Rowena]  came  .  .  .  into  the  Kings  presence, 
with  a  cup  of  gold  filled  with  wine  in  her  hand,  and,  mak- 
ing .  .  .  a  low  reuerence  vnto  the  King,  sayd  .  .  .  "itaes 
heal  hlaford  Cyning,"  which  is,  being  rightly  expounded 
according  to  our  present  speech,  be  of  health  Lord  king. 
Vcrstegan,  Rest  of  Decaj-ed  Intelligence  (ed.  16-28),  p.  127. 
Then  lift  the  can  to  beai-ded  lip, 
And  smite  each  sounding  shield  ; 
Wassaile  !  to  every  dark-ribl-ed  ship, 
To  every  battle-field ! 

Motheni'ell,  Battle-Flag  of  Sigurd. 


wassail 

We  did  but  .  .  .  pledge  you  all 

In  watsail.  Tennyson,  Princess,  Prol. 

2.  A  festive  occasion  or  meeting  where  drink- 
ing and  pledging  of  healths  are  indulged  in ; 
festivities;  a  drinking-bout;  a  carouse. 

The  Iting  doth  wake  tonight  and  takes  his  rouse, 
Keeps  wansail.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4.  9. 

3.  The  liquor  used  on  such  occasions ;  speciti- 
eally,  ale,  mixed  with  a  smaller  amount  of  wine, 
sweetened  and  flavored  with  spices,  fruit,  etc. 

Wmsail,  or  rather  the  wassail  bowl, .  .  .  was  a  bowl  of 
spiced  ale  formerly  carried  about  by  young  women  on 
New-year's  eve.  Slrutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  46<i. 

But  let  no  footstep  beat  the  floor. 
Nor  bowl  of  wassail  mantle  warm. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  cv. 
4f.  A  merry  drinking-song. 

Have  you  done  your  wassail?  'tis  a  handsome  drowsy 
ditty,  I'll  assure  you.  Beau,  and  Ft.,  Woman-Hater,  ili.  i. 
=  Syn.  2.  Revel,  Debatuh,  etc.  SeecaroiMaP. 
'wassail  (wos'al),  ».  [Also  wassel;  <  wassail,  «.] 
I.  trans.  To  drink  to  the  health  or  prosperity 
of:  as,  to  wassail  the  apple  (an  old  custom  oil 
Christmas  eve). 

Wassaile  the  Trees,  that  they  may  beare 
You  many  a  Plum,  and  many  a  Peare ; 
For  more  or  lesse  fruits  tliey  will  bring. 
As  you  doe  give  them  Wassailing. 
Herriek,  Hesperldea,  Ceremonies  for  Christniiis,  iv. 

The ceremonyofimsaoiZinjr  the  apple  orchardon  Twelfth 
Nigfat  is  said  to  be  obsolete. 

The  Academy,  April  19,  1890,  p.  265. 

H.  iiitrans.  To  drink  healths ;  carotise. 

Spending  all  the  day,  and  a  good  part  of  the  niglit,  in 
dancing,  carolling,  and  waMaiiiri!/. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadiii,  iii. 

wassail-bont  (wos'al-bout),  «.  Same  as  u-as- 
sail,  2. 

Many  a  wassail-bout 
Wore  the  long  winter  out. 

Longfellow,  Skeleton  in  Annor. 

wassail-bowl  (wos'al-bol),  n.  The  bowl  in 
which  wassail  was  mixed  and  served. 

The  woods,  or  some  near  town 
That  is  a  neighbour  to  the  bordering  down. 
Hath  drawn  them  thither,  Ixiut  some  lusty  sport, 
Or  spiced  wastail-htncl. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  v.  1. 

wassail-bread  (wos'al-bred),  ».     Bread  eaten 

at  a  wassail. 
wassail-candle  (wo8'al-kan''dl),  h.    A  candle 

used  at  ii  wussail. 
wassail-cup  ( wos'al-kup),  ».   A  cup  from  which 

wassail  was  drunk, 
wassailer  (wos'al-fer),  n.     One  who  takes  part 

in  a  wassail  or  drinking-bout. 

The  rudeness  and  8will6<l  insolence 
Of  such  late  ipotsailert.  Milton,  C'omus,  1.  179. 

wassail-bom  (wos'al-horn),  n.  A  drinkini;- 
horn  of  the  middle  ages.  The  name  is  taken  from 
the  appearance  of  the  word  wassail  in  the  silver-gilt  mount- 
ing of  an  ancient  horn  preserved  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 

wassel,  n.  and  v.     See  wassail. 

Wassert  (wos'fer),  «.  [Appar.  <  6.  wasser  =  E. 
water,  perhaps  through  some  popular  myth 
imported  from  Germany.  Cf.  wassiniian.']  A 
water-demon  (f). 

The  horrible  huge  whales  diil  there  appeare  ; 
The  wasjter  that  makes  maryners  to  feare. 

The  yewe  Metanwrphosis  (1600). 

Wassermant  (wos'er-man),  «.  [<  G.  wasser, 
water,  +  maitn.  man.  (L'f.  K.  dial,  wasscl-miiii, 
a  scarecrow.  Cf.  icaterman.]  A  male  sea-mon- 
ster of  human  form ;  a  sort  of  mennan. 

The  grlesly  Wassennan,  that  makes  his  game 
The  flying  ships  with  swiftnes  to  pursew. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  xii.  -24. 

wassbef,  c     An  old  spelling  of  wasli. 
wast'  (wost).     See  was. 
wast'-'t,  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  waist. 
wastable  (was'ta-bl),  a.    [<  waste''-  +  -able.']    1 . 
Liable  to  waste. 

Fur  ale  that  is  newe  is  wastable  with-owteii  dowt. 

Balieei  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  129. 
2t.  Wasteful. 

Fi)r  much  of  this  chaffare  that  is  wastable 
Might  be  forlx>rne  for  dere  and  deceiuftble. 

Hakluyt'g  Voyages,  I.  VXi. 

wastage  (was'taj),  n.  [<  wasted  +  -af/e.]  Loss 
by  use,  wear,  decay,  leakage,  etc. ;  waste. 

The  manufacture  of  it  fshell  niuneyl  was  lartje  and  con- 
stant, to  replace  the  continual  trastar/e  which  was  caused 
by  the  sacrifice  of  so  much  up<»n  the  death  of  wealthy  men. 
and  by  the  propjtiat^>ry  sacrifices  perfornu-d  by  many 
tribes,  especially  those  of  the  Coast  RanKC. 

Pi,,,.  Sei.  Ml,.,  XXVIII.  301, 

There  is  a  subtlety  which  here  in  Rome 
Men  Uwk  for  in  blind  wastage  of  their  lives. 
Not  knowing  where  to  seek  it. 

Harpers  May.,  LXXVIII.  US. 


6833 

wastei  (wast),  a.  [Formerly  also  wast;  <  ME. 
wast,  waast,  <  OF.  wast,  (juast,  gast,  gaste,  waste 
{/aire  wast,  make  waste),  <  L.  vastus,  waste, 
desolate,  vast:  see  vast.  The  word  was  con- 
fused with  the  ult.  related  early  ME.  weste,  < 
AS.  weste  =  OS.  wosti  =  OFries.  woste  =  OHG. 
wuosti,  MHG.  wuesti,  G.  wUst,  waste,  desolate: 
see  waste'';  ?;.]  1.  Desert;  desolate;  unin- 
habited. 

So  wide  a  forest  and  so  waste  as  this. 
Sot  famous  Ardeyn,  nor  fowle  Arlo,  is. 

Spenser,  Astropfael,  1.  9.5. 
He  found  him  in  a  desert  laud,  and  in  the  waste  howl- 
ing wildernes.s.  Deut.  xxxii.  10. 
Far  in  the  waste  Soudan. 

Tennyson,  Epitaph  on  General  Gordon. 

2.  In  a  state  of  desolation  and  decay;  ruined; 
ruinous;  blank;  cheerless;  dismal;  dreary. 

Certayne  old  wast  and  broken  howeses. 

Bemers,  tr.  of  Froissart's  Chron. ,  I.  cclxix. 
I  will  make  thee  [Jerusalem]  waste,  and  a  reproach 
among  the  nations  that  are  round  about  thee. 

Ezek.  v.  14. 

3.  Unused;  uutilled;  unproductive. 
It  had  layne  wast  two  hundred  yeares. 

Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  I;'i9. 
Almost  one-fourth  of  the  cultivable  land  of  a  country 
which  was  held  to  be  over-populated  was  lying  waste. 

W.  S.  Orerjg,  Irish  Hist,  for  Ejig.  Readers,  p.  14.'i. 

4.  Rejected  as  tmfit  for  use,  or  spoiled  in  the 
using;  refuse;  hence,  of  little  or  no  value; 
useless:  as,  waste  paper;  waste  materials. — 
5t.  Idle ;  empty ;  vain ;  of  no  value  or  signifi- 
cance. 

where  is  oure  semely  sone  ? 
I  trowe  oure  wittis  be  waste  as  wynde. 

York  Plays,  p.  157. 
Ue  hath  maud  mi  covenant  wast.    Wyclif,  Gen.  xvii.  14. 

His  icagte  wordes  retournd  to  him  in  vaine. 

Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  I,  i.  42. 

6.  Exuberant ;  over-abundant ;  hence,  super- 
fluons;  useless. 

Strangled  with  her  waste  fertility. 

Milton,  t'oiuns,  1.  7'29. 
7t.  Wasteful;  prodigal;  profuse. 

My  rcaast  expensis  y  wole  with-drawe ; 
Now,  certis,  waast  weel  callid  tliel  be. 
For  thei  were  spent  my  boost  to  blowe. 
My  name  to  bero  bothe  on  londe  &  see. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  179. 

To  lay  waste.  See  («!/i.— waste-steam  pipe,  in  a 
steam-engine,  a  pipe  for  conveying  away  the  steam  that 
escapes  through  the  safety-valve. 
was'te'  (wast),  H.  [<  ME.  waste,  <  OF.  wast,  a 
waste,  (juast,  <jast,  rast,  waste,  devastation ;  cf . 
MHG.  wante,  a  desert;  forms  confused  with 
early  ME.  weste,  <  AS.  westen  =  OS.  wvsiuii  = 
OHG.  wuosti,  MHG.  wueste,  G.  wiiste,  a  waste, 
desert :  see  wa.'itc''-,  a.]  1.  A  wild,  uninhabited, 
or  desolate  place  or  region;  a  desert;  a  wilder- 
ness. 
The  worUi's  great  waste,  the  ocean. 

Walter,  To  my  Lord  Protector. 
No  other  object  breaks 
The  waste  but  one  dwarf  tree. 

Shclleif,  Julian  and  lladdiilo. 

A  dreary  waste,  exhibiting  scarcely  a  vestige  of  civiliza- 
tion. Prescott,  Ferd.  and  l8,a.,  i. 
[The  IJarbary  States  were)  bounded  .  .  .  on  the  south  by 
the  vast,  indefinite,  sandy,  flinty  wastes  of  Sahara. 

Sumner,  Orations,  I.  205. 
Fancy  flutters  over  these  vague  wastes  like  a  butterlly 
blown  out  to  sea,  and  finds  no  foothold. 

Lowell,  Harviird  Anniversary. 

2.  Untilled  or  uncultivated  ground;  a  tract  of 
land  not  in  a  state  of  cultivation,  and  produ- 
cing little  or  no  herbage  or  wood. 

One  small  gate  that  open'd  on  the  wa^te. 

Tennysfyn,  Enoch  Arden. 

3.  \n  coal-miniiig,go\>;  also,  the  fine  coal  made 
in  mining  and  preparing  coal  for  the  market ; 
culm;  coal-dirt;  dirt:  in  the  Pennsylvania  an- 
thracite region,  used  to  signify  both  the  mine- 
waste  (or  coal  left  in  the  mine  in  pillars,  etc.) 
and  the  breaker  waste. — 4.  Gradual  loss,  dimi- 
nution, ordecay.asinbulk,  substance,  strength, 
or  value,  from  continued  use,  wear,  disea.sc, 
etc. :  as,  waste  of  tissue ;  wa.ste  of  energy. 

Beauty's  waste  hath  in  the  world  an  end. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  ix. 
Were  Life  uniform  in  its  rate,  ,  .  .  repair  and  waste  of 
all  organs,  including  nervous  orj-'ans,  would  have  to  keep 
an  approximately  even  pace,  one  with  the  other. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  §  37. 

5.  Consumption;  decline;  a  jiiniiig  away. 

There  's  many  a  one  as  works  in  a  carding-rooni  who 
falls  into  a  waste,  cr»ughing  and  sjdtting  blood,  because 
they're  just  poisoned  by  the  fluff. 

Mrs.  Gasketl,  North  and  South,  xiii. 

6.  Broken,  spoiled,  useless,  or  superfluous  ma- 
terial ;  stuff  that  is  left  over,  or  that  is  unfitted 


waste 

or  cannot  readily  be  utilized  for  the  purpose 
for  which  it  was  intended ;  overplus,  useless, 
or  rejected  material;  refuse,  as  the  overflow 
water  from  a  dam  or  reservoir,  broken  or 
spoiled  castings  in  a  foundry,  paper  scraps  in 
a  printing-office  or  bindery,  or  shreds  of  yarn 
in  a  cotton-  or  woolen-mill. 

What  is  called  in  typographical  language  the  waste  of 
works  printed  at  the  Academy  is  seldom  or  never  pre- 
served, as  it  ought  to  be. 

Rev.  W.  Tooke  (Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  430). 

"Idon't know howit is, sir,"saidoneif'asfc' collector,  .  .  . 
"I  can  't  make  it  out,  but  paper  gets  scarcer  or  else  I'm 
out  of  luck.  Just  at  this  time  my  family  and  me  really 
couldn't  live  on  my  waste  if  we  had  to  depend  entirely 
upon  it." 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  11. 

7.  Rubbish  ;  trash ;  nonsense. 
Why  fader,  in  faith,  are  yo  so  fer  tnmblet 
At  his  wordys  of  waste.  &  his  wit  febill? 

Destruction  o/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2546. 

8.  A  weir  or  sluice  for  carrying  off  the  over- 
flow from  a  dam,  reservoir,  or  canal. —  9.  A 
waste-pipe,  or  any  contrivance  for  allowing 
waste  matter  or  surplus  water,  steam,  etc.,  to 
escape. 

If  more  than  one  l>asin  is  fixed  upon  the  same  waste,  the 
size  should  be  proportionately  increased. 

S.  S.  llellyei;  The  Plumber,  p.  47. 

10.  Unnecessary  or  useless  expenditure:  as, 
waste  of  time,  labor,  or  money. 

So  to  order  and  dispende  the  same  that  no  waste  or  vn- 
profitable  excesse  be  made.        Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  227. 

Prefaces,  and  passages,  and  excusations,  and  other 
speeches  of  reference  to  the  person,  are  great  ivastes  of 
time.  Bacon,  Dispatch  (ed.  1887). 

11.  A  superfluity. 

We'll  girt  them  with  an  ample  waste  of  love. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  i.  1. 

12.  In  law,  anything  suffered  by  a  tenant  in 
the  nature  of  permanent  injury  to  the  inheri- 
tance, not  occasioned  by  the  act  of  God  or  a 
public  enemy ;  the  result  of  any  act  or  omission 
by  the  tenant  of  a  particular  estate  by  which 
the  estate  of  the  remainder-man  or  reversioner 
is  rendered  less  valuable Cotton  waste.  See  cot- 
ton-waste.—'EciMitable  waste,  injuries  to  the  inheritance 
which  fall  short  of  waste  as  defined  by  the  common  law, 
but  which  a  court  of  equity  will  treat  as  eiiuivalent  to 
waste.—  Impeachment  of  waste.  See  impeachment.— 
In  wastet,  in  vain. 

leh  bane  wrongt  al  in  wast  ac  i  nel  na  more. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  718. 
Tliir  wise  wordis  ware  noght  wroght  in  waste. 
To  waffe  and  wende  away  als  wynde. 

York  Plays,  p.  95. 
Permissive  waste,  waste  by  omission  to  prevent  it.— 
Tanners' waste.  See  (a«ner>.— To  run  to  waste,  to 
become  exhausted,  useless,  or  spoiled,  as  from  want  of 
proper  judgment,  management,  care,  or  skill ;  become  lost 
for  any  useful  purpose. 

Alas !  our  yooug  affections  run  to  waste. 
Or  water  but  the  desert. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  120. 

Voluntary  waste.  See  m/KH^ni)/.— Waste-picking 
machine,  a  machine  forshredding  waste  fal)ric  into  shotv 
dy  ;  a  rag-picker.  — Waster  waste.  See  the  (inotation  un- 
der waster^,  n.,  4  (6).  =Syn.  6.  Refuse,  Damage,  etc.  See 
toss. 
waste!  (wast),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wasted,  ppr. 
wasting.  [<  ME.  wasteii,  waasteii,  <  OF.  wa.<<ter, 
guaster,  ga-^iter,  F.  gdtcr,  waste  (=  Pr.  gastar, 
guastar  =  Sp.  Pg.  gastar  =  It.  gtiastare,  <  MHG. 
wrt-s'/oH,  lay  wast  e),<L.  i'n.s-/«rf,  waste,  devastate, 
<  vastus,  waste,  desert:  see  wasted,  a.,  and  cf. 
rastatc,  devastate.     Cf.  G.  wiisten,  lay  waste.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  lay  waste  ;  devastate;  destroy; 
ruin. 

For-thi  wijtli  with  werre  i  wasted  alle  hire  londes, 
&  brougt  hire  at  swiche  bale  that  sche  mercy  craned. 

William  of  Paterne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4587. 
And  at  the  Fote  of  this  Hille  wassomtymeagode  Cytee 
of  Cristene  Men,  that  Men  cleped  Cayphas,  For  Cayphas 
first  foinided  it ;  but  it  is  now  .Tile  wasted. 

Mandevitte,  Travels,  p.  31. 

Bathy  sent  Cadan  t«  pursue  the  King  into  Sclauonia, 
still  fleeing  before  him,  who  wasted  Bosn.i,  Seruia,  and 
Bulgaria.  Purchas,  Pilgi-imiige,  p.  405. 

He  more  wasted  the  Britains  then  any  Saxon  King  be- 
fore him.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  iv, 

2.  In  law,  to  damage,  injure,  or  impair,  as  an 
estate,  voluntarily,  or  by  allowing  the  build- 
ings, fences,  etc.,  to  fall  into  decay. —  3.  To 
<liminisli  or  reduce  in  bulk,  substance,  strength, 
value,  or  the  like,  as  by  continued  use,  wear, 
loss,  decay,  or  disease ;  consume  or  wear  away ; 
use  up;  siieiid. 

Would  he  were  wasted,  marrow,  bones,  and  all ! 

Shak.,  S  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  ■_>.  125. 
The  span  of  time 
Doth  waste  us  to  our  graves. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  3. 

My  heart  is  wasted  with  my  «oe.        Tennyson,  Oriana. 


waste 

"That  sorceress,  my  brother's  wife,"  cried  Riclitird, 
"and  others  with  her  —  see  how  tliey  have  waited  my  body 
by  their  sorcery  and  witclicraft !  "  And,  as  he  spoke,  he 
bared  his  left  arm  and  showed  it  to  tlie  council,  shrunk 
and  withered.  J.  Gairdner,  Richard  III.,  ii. 

4.  To  expend  without  adequate  return ;  spend 
uselessly,  vainly,  or  foolishly;  employ  or  use 
lavishly,  prodigally,  improvidently,  or  care- 
lessly; squander;  throw  away. 

Thof  siche  gadlyn.cies  be  grevede,  it  greves  me  bot  lyttille  ! 
Thay  wyne  no  wirchipe  of  uie,  l)ot  wasti/g  theire  takle ! 

Murte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2444. 

Mary,  to  testify  the  largeness  of  her  affection,  seemed 
to  waate  away  a  gift  upon  him. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  vii.  22. 
I  wasted  time,  and  now  doth  time  waste  me. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  v.  5.  49. 
Wattte  the  solitary  day 
In  plucking  from  yon  feu  the  reed, 
And  watching  it  float  dowTi  the  Tweed. 

Scott,  Marmion,  i.,  Int 

So  nuich  fluency  and  self-possession  should  not  be  wasted 
entirely  on  private  occasions. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  2. 

I  that  have  ivasted  here  health,  wealth,  and  tune. 
And  talents,  I  —  you  know  it  —  I  will  not  boast ; 
Dismiss  me.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

To  waste  time.  See  (fmei .— Wasted  OflF,  noting  a  stone 
of  wliich  the  surfaces  have  been  evened  by  the  use  of  a 
pick  or  point.  See  u-astinff,  2.  =  Syn.  1.  To  ravage,  pillage, 
plunder,  strip.  — 4.  To  dissipate,  fritter  away. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  consumed  or  grow  gradu- 
ally less  in  bulk,  substance,  strength,  value,  or 
the  like ;  wear  or  pine  away ;  decay  or  diminish 
gradually;  dwindle. 
Man  dieth,  and  wasteth  away.  Job  xiv.  10. 

Shall  I,  wasting  in  despair. 
Die  because  a  woman 's  fair? 

Wither,  The  Sheplierd's  Resolution. 

I  will  not  argue  the  matter.    Time  wastes  too  fast. 

Sterne,  Ti-istram  Shandy,  ix.  8. 

waste'-'t,  «.     An  old  spelling  of  loaist. 

waste'*  (wast),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wasted,  ppr. 
wasting.  [Cf.  waster^,  a  cudgel.]  To  cudgel. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

waste-basket  (wast'bas"ket), )(.  A  basket  used 
to  receive  rejected  papers,  useless  scraps  of  pa- 
per, and  other  waste  material. 

waste-board  (wast'bord),  u.  Same  as  wash- 
board. 2. 

waste-book  (wast'biik),  «.  A  day-book.  See 
hookkcepitiij. 

waste-card  (wast'kiird),  n.  A  machine  for 
working  up  and  carding  the  waste,  fluff,  etc., 
which  collect  on  the  floor  of  a  factory.  E.  H. 
Kni</ht. 

waste-duster  (wast'dus"ter),  n.  Amachine  for 
cleansing  factory-waste,  it  consists  of  a  series  of 
beatei-a  which  rotate  above  a  wire  grating  in  which  the 
waste  is  retained,  while  the  dust  and  impurities  fall 
through.     E.  II.  Knight. 

wasteful  (wast'ful),  a.  [<  wa.ite'^  +  -fid.}  1. 
Destructive ;  devastating ;  wasting. 

His  gash'd  stabs  look'd  like  a  breach  in  nature 
For  ruin's  wasteful  entrance. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  3. 120. 
See,  with  what  heat  these  dugs  of  hell  advance 
To  waste  and  havoc  yonder  world,  which  I 
So  fair  and  good  created,  and  had  still 
Kept  in  tliat  state,  had  not  the  folly  of  man 
Let  iTi  these  wasteful  furies.        Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  620. 

2.  Producing  or  involving  waste ;  occasioning 
serious  loss  or  damage ;  ruinous. 

With  taper-light 
To  seek  the  beauteous  eye  of  heaven  to  garnish, 
Is  waste/id  and  ridiculous  excess. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2.  16. 

These  days  of  high  prices  and  wasteful  taxation. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  277. 

Worn 
From  wasteful  living. 

Tennyson,  Ancient  Sage. 

3.  Extravagant  or  lavish ;  profuse  to  excess ; 
prodigal ;  squandering :  as,  a  wasteful  person. 

How  has  kind  Heaven  adorned  the  happy  land. 
And  scattered  blessings  with  a  wasteful  hand  ! 

Addison,  Letter  from  Italy. 
Four  summers  coined  their  golden  light  in  leaves, 
Four  wasteful  autumns  Jiung  them  to  the  gale. 
0.  W.  Holmes,  For  the  Conuuenioration  .Services,  Cam- 
[bridge,  July  21,  1885. 

4t.  Uninhabited;  desolate;  waste. 

In  wiidernesse  aiul  wastfull  deserts  strayd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  L  iii.  3. 
=ija.  2  and  3.   Thriftless,  unthrifty.  — 3.  Lavish,  Pro- 
fuse, etc.    See  extrarayant. 
wastefully  (wast'ful-i),   adv.     In   a  wasteful 
manner;  lavishly;  prodigally. 

Her  lavish  hand  is  wastefully  profuse. 

Dryden,  Anrengzebe,  iii.  1. 

wastefulness  (wast'fiil-ne.s),  n.  The  state  or 
character  of  being  wasteful ;  lavishness;  prodi- 
gality. 


6834 

Those  by  their  riot  and  wasteful nesse  be  Inu-tfull  to  a 
commou-weale.  Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  175. 

waste-gate  (wast'gat),  ».  A  gate  for  letting 
the  water  of  a  dam  or  pond  pass  off. 

waste-goodt  (wast'giid),  n.  [<  wasted  +  obj. 
good.1     A  prodigal;  a  spendthrift. 

A  young  heyre,  or  cockney,  that  is  his  mothers  darling, 
if  hee  haue  playde  the  waste-good  at  the  Innes  of  the 
Court,  .  .  .  falles  in  a  quarrelling  humor  with  his  for- 
tune, because  she  made  him  not  king  of  the  Indies. 

Nanhe,  Pierce  Penilesse,  p.  18. 

wastelt  (was'tel),  n.  [<  ME.  wastel,  <  OF. 
wastel,  gastel,  gasteau,  a  cake,  bread,  pastry, 
P.  gdteau  (Wall,  wastiau)  (Picard  wastel  =  Pr. 
gastal),  a  cake,  <  MHG.  wastel,  a  cake.]  1.  A 
cake. 

Thow  hast  no  good  grounde  to  gete  the  with  a  wastel. 

But  if  it  were  vith  thi  tonge  or  ellis  with  thi  two  hondes. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  v.  293. 

2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  round 
cake. 

wastel-breadt  (was'tel -bred),  n.  The  finest 
quality  of  white  bread ;  bread  made  of  the  finest 
flour. 

Of  sraale  houndes  had  she,  that  she  fedde 
With  rested  flesh,  or  milk,  and  wastel-breed. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  147. 

Mysie  was  a  dark-eyed   laughter-loving  wench,  with 

cherry-cheeks,  and  a  skin  as  white  as  her  father's  flnest 

bolted   flour,  out  of  which  was  made  the  Abbot's  own 

wastel'bread.  Scott,  Monastery,  xiii. 

wastel-caket  (was'tel-kak),  ti.    Same  as  wastel. 

Scott. 
wasteless  (wast'les),o.  [(waste'^-i-  -less.}  That 
cannot  be  wasted,  consumed,  or  exhausted;  in- 
exhaustible. 

Those  powers  above,  .  .  . 
That  from  their  wasteless  treasures  heap  rewards. 

May,  The  Heir,  iv. 

wastent  (was'ten),  II.  [<  ME.  wastine,  wasteijii, 
<  OF.  wastine,  guastine,  waste,  desert  (cf.  AS. 
westen  =  OS.  wostitn  =  0H6.  wuosti,  a  desert, 
waste,  wilderness) :  see  waste^.}  A  waste ;  a 
desert. 

A  gode  man  and  rygt  certeyn 
Dwelled  besyde  that  wasUyn. 

MS.  Harl.  1701,  f.  12.    (BalUwell.) 

She,  of  nought  affrayd. 
Through  woods  and  wastnes  wide  him  daily  sought 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  3. 

wasteness  (wast'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
waste  or  desolate ;  desolation.  ■ 

That  day  is  a  day  of  wrath,  a  day  of  trouble  and  dis- 
tress, a  day  of  wasteness.  Zeph.  i.  15. 

waste-pallet  (wast'pal'et),  n.     See  pallet^,  5. 

waste-picker  (wast'pik'''er),  n.  Same  as  rag- 
jiicker,  1. 

waste-pipe  (wast'pip),  «.  A  pipe  for  conveying 
away  waste  water,  etc. ;  an  overflow-pipe.  See 
wastc-stcam  pipe,  under  «»a«fel,  a. 

waste-pre'venter  (wast' pre -ven^ter),  11.  In 
phimliiiig,  a  device  for  controlling  the  supply 
and  flow  of  a  water-tank.  It  combines  an  outlet- 
v.alve  and  a  ball-valve  on  the  inlet-pipe  — a  single  lever 
operated  by  a  chain  so  controlling  both  valves  that  no 
more  water  enters  the  tank  than  is  drawn  out. 

waster!  (wiis'ter),  n.  [<  ME.  wastour,  wastor, 
wastoiire,  wastowre,  <  OF.  wastour,  wastitr,  gas- 
teor,  gastour,  gasteiir,  a  '(vaster,  <  waster,  waste : 
see  wasted,  c]  1.  One  •who  or  that  which 
wastes,  squanders,  or  consumes  extravagantly 
or  uselessly ;  a  prodigal ;  a  squanderer. 

A  chidestere  or  wastour  of  thy  good. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  291. 

He  also  that  is  slothful  in  his  work  is  brother  to  him 
that  is  a  great  uuster.  Prov.  xviii.  9. 

He  left  a  vast  estate  to  his  son,  S""  P'rancis  (I  thinke  ten 
thousand  pounds  per  annum) ;  he  lived  like  a  hog,  but  his 
sonue  John  was  a  great  waster. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (John  Popham). 

Ye  will  think  I  am  turned  waster,  for  I  wear  clean  hose 
and  shoon  every  day.    Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xxviii. 

2t.  A  lawless,  thieving  vagabond. 

The  statute  of  Edw.  III.  (an.  reg.  5,  c.  xiv.)  specifies 
"divers  manslaughters,  felonies,  and  robberies  done  by 
people  that  be  called  Roberdesmen,  Wastours,  atul  Draw- 
lacches."  Note  to  Piers  Plouman  (C),  i.  45. 

3.  An  excrescence  in  the  snuff  of  a  candle 
which  causes  it  to  waste:  otherwise  called  a 
thief. — 4.  That  which  is  wasted  or  spoiled;  an 
article  damaged  or  spoiled  in  course  of  making. 
Specifically  —  (a)  In  the  industrial  arts,  a  vessel  or  other 
object  badly  cast,  badly  fired,  or  in  any  way  defective  or 
useless,  or  fit  only  to  be  reraelted. 

Ha<i  I  not  taken  these  precautions,  which  some  are  apt 
to  think  too  nmch  trouble,  I  should  have  had  many  a 
waster.     G.  Ede,  in  Campin's  Mech.  Engineering,  p.  355. 

(6)  pi.  Tin-plates  (sheet-iron  tinned)  deficient  in  weight, 
or  otherwise  inferior  in  quality,  and  which  are  sorted  out 
from  the  "primes."  They  are  used  for  various  purposes 
which  do  not  require  the  l)est  quality  of  stock. 


wasty 

Some  of  the  sheets  thus  thrown  out  [as  being  defective] 
are  called  menders  or  returns,  and  are  sent  back  for  repair 
to  the  tin-house ;  others  are  called  wasters,  for  which  there 
is  always  a  market  at  a  reduction  in  price ;  the  worst  are 
called  waster  waste,  and  are  used  up  for  cases  or  sent  away 
to  Birmingham.  W.  II.  Flower,  Hist,  of  Tin,  p.  173. 

waster'  (was'ter),  V.  t.  [<  waster^,  n.]  To 
waste;  squander.     Gait.     [Scotch.] 

waster'-^t  (was'ter),  n.  [Origin  obscure;  ef. 
wasted,  and  dial,  wastle,  a  twig.]  1.  A  wooden 
sword  formerly  used  for  practice  by  the  com- 
mon people. 

As  with  wooden  wasters  men  learn  to  play  at  the  sharp, 
so  practice  in  times  of  peace  makes  ready  for  the  time  of 
war.  hev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  L  42. 

2.  Same  as  leister.     [Scotch.] 

This  chase,  in  which  the  fish  is  pursued  and  struck  with 
barbed  spears,  or  a  sort  of  long-shafted  trident  called  a 
waster,  is  nmch  practised  at  the  mouth  of  the  Esk,  and  iu 
the  other  salmon  rivers  of  Scotland. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering,  ixvL 
To  play  at  wasterst,  to  practise  fencing ;  fence  with 
cudgels  or  with  wooden  or  blunt  swords. 

Thou'rt  a  craven,  I  warrant  thee;  thou  would'st  be  loth 
to  play  half  a  dozen  venies  at  wasters  with  a  good  fellow 
for  a  broken  head.  Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  iv.  3. 

They  that  play  at  wasters  exercise  themselves  by  a  few 
cudgels  how  to  avoid  an  enemy's  blows. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  375. 

wastemt,  ".  [ME.,  var.  of  wasten,  after  wil- 
dern.}     A  waste  or  desert  place. 

Ffore  wolvez,  and  whilde  sywnne,  and  wykkyde  bestez, 
Walkede  in  that  wastemne,  wathes  to  seehe. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  \.  2934. 

wastery,  «.  and  a.     See  wastry. 
wastethriftt  (wast'thrift),  «.     [<  wasted  +  obj. 
thrift.}     A  spendthrift. 

Thou  art  a  wastethrift,  and  art  run  away  from  thy  mas- 
ter that  loved  thee  well. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  i.  4. 

A  wastethrift,  a  common  surfeiter,  and,  to  conclude,  a 
beggar.  Middleton,  Trick  to  Catch  the  Old  One,  ii.  i. 

waste-trap  (wast'trap),  ».  A  trap  so  de\ised 
as  to  allow  surplus  water  to  escape  ■without 
permitting  air  to  pass  up  in  the  opposite  di- 
rection.    E.  H.  Knight. 

wasteway  (wast'wa),  n.  A  passage  for  waste 
water. 

waste-weir  (wast'wer),  n.  A  cut  made  through 
the  side  of  a  canal,  reservoir,  etc.,  for  carrying 
off  surplus  water. 

waste- well  (wast'wel),  «.  See  absorbing-well, 
under  absorb. 

wasting  (was'ting),  h.  [<  ME.  wastyiige;  ver- 
bal n.  of  wasted,  c]  1.  In  med.,  atrophy. — 
2.  In  stone-cutting,  the  process  or  operation  of 
chipping  off  fragments  from  a  block  of  stone 
with  a  pick  or  point,  for  the  purpose  of  redu- 
cing the  faces  to  an  approximately  plane  sur- 
face. Stone  so  worked  is  said  to  be  wasted  off. 
Compare  clowring. 

wasting  (was'ting),  p.  a.  1.  Laying  waste; 
devastating ;  despoiling. 

No  time  seems  more  likely  for  either  than  the  time 
which  followed  the  ^casting  expedition  of  Totilas  which 
Prokopios  records.  E.  A.  Freeman,  'Venice,  p.  346. 

2.  Gradually  reducing  the  bodily  plumpness 
and  strength;  enfeebling;  emaciating:  as,  a 
wasting  disease — Wasting  palsy.  Same  as  proijres- 
sive  muscular  atrophy  (which  see,  under  progressive). 

wastingly  (was' ting -Ii),  adr.  Lavishly;  ex- 
travagantly. 

Not  to  cause  the  trouble  of  making  breviates  by  writing 
too  riotous  and  wastingly.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

wastort,  wastourt,  ".  Middle  EngUsh  forms  of 
wa.-.-tcr^. 

wastrel  (was'trel),  H.  [Formerly  also  irosforW ; 
<  waste'^  ■+■  -cr  +  -el  (adj.  termination  as  ingati- 
grel,  etc. ).  or  <  waster^  +  -el.~\  1.  Anything  cast 
away  as  spoiled  in  the  making,  or  bad ;  waste ; 
refuse. —  2.  Anything  allowed  to  run  to  waste. 
Specifically  —  (a)  Waste  land  ;  a  common.  Carew,  Sur- 
vey of  Cornwall,  fol.  13.  (6)  A  neglected  child ;  a  street 
Arab. 
The  veriest  waifs  and  wastrels  of  society. 

Huxley,  Tech.  Edacation. 

3.  A  profligate.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wastry,  wastery  (was'tri,  was't^r-i),  n.  [Also 
ifastrie;  <  waste'-  +  -ry  (see  -ery).}  Wasteful- 
ness ;  prodigality.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

wastry,  wastery  (was'tri,  wSs'ter-i),  a.  Waste- 
ful; impro'vident.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

The  pope  and  his  wastnje  workers  .  .  .  wei-e  no  fathers, 
but  cruel  robbei-s  and  destroyers. 

Bp.  Bale,  Select  Works  (Parker  Soc),  p.  138. 

wasty  (was'ti).  fl.  [<  waste''-  +  -y''.}  Resem- 
bling cotton-waste. 

The  wool  becomes  impoverished  on  account  of  the  heat 
and  dust,  and  is  very  tender,  with  a  dry,  wasty  top. 

U.  S.  Cons.  Hep.,  No.  Ixii.  (1S86),  p.  47a 


wat 

watl  (wot),  V.  t.     An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 

of  wot.     See  wit^. 
wat2  (wiit),  a.     [A  Seotoh  form  of  icet^.^     1. 

Wet. — 2,  Addicted  to  driukiijg;  droughty. 
wat3  (wot),  H.     [Early  mod.  E.  watte;   a  eor- 
riiptiou  of  fValtf  abbr.  of  Walter.     Cf.  Watt  aud 
WattSj  as  surnames.]    An  old  familiar  name  for 
a  hare. 

I  wolil  my  m.-ister  were  a  watt 

&  my  »>oke  a  wyUl  Catt, 

&  a  brase  of  grehv)wndi8  in  his  toppe. 

I  wold  be  glade  for  to  se  that  I 

Babees  Book  (E.  E,  T.  S.),  p.  404. 
Thus,  onee  concluded,  out  the  teazers  run, 
And  iu  full  cry  and  3i)eed,  till  Wat's  undone. 

it,  Fletcher's  h'pi'jrams,  p.  139.     (Nares.) 
And  when  th«>u  hast  on  foot  the  purblind  hare, 
Hark  the  poor  wretch.  .  .  . 
By  this,  poor  Wat,  far  off  upon  a  hill, 
Stands  on  his  hinder  le^  with  listening  ear. 

Shak.^  V'euus  and  Adonis,  1.  6!>7. 
wat*t,  «.    [Perhaps  a  var.  of  icight^.]   A  fellow. 
Ffor  be  my  thryfte  I  dare  sweryn  at  this  seyl, 
je  xal  fynde  hym  a  strawnge  tcatt ! 

Coventry  Mytilenes,  p.  294. 

wat^,  «•  A  dialectal  form  of  W(tte  for  whote,  a 
variant  of  kot^. 

wat®  (wot),  adv.  [Origin  obscure;  prob.  for 
what,]     Certainly;  indeed.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

watap,  watapeh  ( wot'ap,  wot'u-pe),  n.  [Amer. 
Ind.J  The  long  slender  rootH  of  the  white  spruce, 
Fieea  alba,  which  are  used  by  cauoe-makers  in 
northwestern  North  America  for  biudiug  toge- 
ther the  strips  of  birch-bark. 

watch  (woeh),  n.  [<  ME.  icacvhe,  icceche^  <  AS. 
icxcce^  watch,  watching,  <  wacaHj  wake:  see 
wake'^.]  If.  The  state  of  being  awake;  wake- 
fulne.'*8. 

To  lie  in  watch  there  and  to  think  on  him. 

Skak.,  Cynibeline,  iii.  4.  43. 

2.  A  keeping  awake  for  the  purpose  of  attend- 
ing, guarding,  or  preserving ;  attendance  with- 
outsleep;  preservative  or  preventive  vigilance; 
vigil. 

Travellers  always  lie  in  the  boat,  and  keep  a  watch  to 
defend  themselves  against  any  attack. 

Pocoeke,  Description  of  the  E;ist,  I.  70. 
We  were  told  to  keep  good  watch  here  all  niyht,  that 
there  were  triwps  of  robbers  on  the  east-side  of  the  water 
who  had  lately  plundered  some  boats. 

Bruce,  S<jurce  of  the  Nile,  L  H4. 

3.  A  wake.     See  wakeA,  h.,  L*. 

Oon  cresset  ...  to  be  born  bifcjrn  tbf  Baillies  of  the 
seid  cite[Worcester],  in  the  Vigilleof  tbe  natiuiteof  Seynt 
John  Baptiste,  at  the  comyn  Wacrhe  of  the  seiil  cite;  and 
the  wanfeyns  of  the  seid  crafte,  and  alle  the  bole  crafte, 
Bhallen  wayte  vppon  the  seid  Kaillies  Jn  the  seid  Vigille, 
at  the  seid  Waccke,  in  ther  best  arraye  hurneaid. 

EwjlUh  GUdn  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  408. 

4.  Close,  constant  observation  ;  vigilant  atten- 
tion; careful,  continued  notice;  supervision; 
vigilance;  outlook:  as,  to  be  on  tho  watrh. 

When  I  had  lost  one  shaft, 
I  shot  his  fellow  of  the  self-same  flight 
The  self-same  way  with  more  advised  watch. 
To  nnd  the  other  f<»rlb.      Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  1.  14ii. 
There  [the  troutl  lies  at  theiro^cAfnrany  Ily  or  minnow 
that  comes  near  to  him. 

/.   Walton,  Ciiniplfte  An;;ler,  p.  70. 
Xor  couhl  she  otherwise  account  for  the  judge's  quies- 
cent mood  than  by  supi>4)si[ivr  him  craftily  4in  the  watch, 
while  Clifford  devebtped  these  symidonis  of  a  distracted 
mind.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xvi. 

6,  A  person,  or  number  of  persons,  whose  duty 
it  is  to  watch  over  tlir  persons,  j)ropprty.  or  in- 
terests  of   others ;    a    watchman,   or   body   of 
watchmen;  a  sentinel;  a  sentry;  guard. 
Such,  they  say,  as  stami  in  narrow  lanes, 
And  beat  our  watch,  and  rob  our  passengers. 

Shale,  Rich.  II.,  v.  3.  8. 

Home  in  a  coacli,  round  by  the  Wall,  wliert;  wo  met  so 

many  stops  by  the  Watch^x  that  it  cost  us  murb  time  and 

some  trouble,  and  more  money,  t*)  every  Watch,  to  them 

to  drink.  i'epj/",  Diary,  III.  410. 

6.  The  period  of  time  during  which  one  person 
or  body  of  persons  w:it<'h  or  stan<i  sentinel,  or 
the  time  from  onerelief  of  sentinels  to  another; 
hence,  a  division  of  the  niglit,  when  the  pre- 
cautionary setting  of  awateli  is  most  generally 
necessary;  period  of  time;  liour.  The  Jews,  like 
the  Greeks' and  Ronians,  liivided  the  nj^ht  into  military 
watches  Instead  of  hours,  each  watch  representing  the 
period  for  which  ea*'b  separate  body  of  sentinels  remained 
on  duty.  The  proper  .Jewish  reckoning  recognized  only 
three  such  watches:  the  flrst  (lasting  from  sunset  till 
ftbrmt  10  P.  M.X  the  sectnd  or  middle  watch  (\()  P.  m.  to 
2  A.  M.),  and  the  third,  or  momiutj  watch  (from  2  A.  M.  till 
sanrise).  After  the  establishment  of  the  Roman  power 
they  were  increased  to  four,  which  were  named  as  fir»t, 
teeowf,  etc.,  or  by  the  terms  evm,  midni'jht,  cock-crowimj, 
and  nufmim/j,  these  terndnating  respectively  at  0  P.  M., 
midnight,  3  A.  M.,  and  6  a.  m. 

7.  Naui.\  (a)  The  period  of  time  occupied  by 
each  part  of  a  ship's  crew  alt<'rnately  while  on 
duty.     Tlie  period  of  time  called  a  watch  is  four  hours, 


6835 

the  reckoning  beginning  at  noon  or  midnight.  Between 
4  and  8  P.  M.  the  time  is  divided  into  two  short  watches,  or 
dog-watches,  in  order  to  prevent  the  constant  recurrence 
of  duty  to  the  same  portion  of  the  crew  during  the  same 
hours.  Thus,  the  period  from  12  to  4  P.  M.  is  called  the 
afternoon  watch,  from  4  to  6  the  Jirst  dog-watch,  from 
6  to  8  the  necond  dog-watch,  from  8  to  12  the  first  night 
watch,  from  midnight  to  4  A.  M.  the  middle  watch,  from  4 
to  8  the  morning  watch,  and  from  8  to  12  noon  the  forenoon 
watch.  When  this  alternation  of  watches  is  kept  up  dur- 
ing the  24  hours,  it  is  termed  having  ivatch  and  watch,  iu 
distinction  from  keeping  all  hands  at  work  during  one  or 
more  watches. 
After  2.  or  3.  watches  more  we  were  in  24.  fadoms. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Sinith's  Works,  I.  112. 
(b)  A  certain  part  of  the  officers  and  crew  of  a 
vessel  who  together  attend  to  working  her  for 
an  allotted  time.  The  crew  of  every  vessel  while  at 
sea  is  generally  divided  into  two  parts:  the  starboard 
watch,  which  in  the  merchant  service  is  the  captain's  watch, 
and  is  often  connnanded  by  the  second  mate ;  and  the  port 
or  larboard  watch,  which  in  the  merchant  service  ia  com- 
manded by  the  chief  mate.  In  the  British  and  United 
States  navies  these  watches  are  commanded  by  the  lieu- 
tenants successively.  The  anchor-watch  is  a  small  watch 
composed  of  one  or  two  men  appointed  to  look  after  the 
ship  while  at  anchor  or  in  port. 

8.  Anything  by  which  the  progi'ess  of  time  is 
perceived  and  measured,  (at)  A  candle  marked  out 
into  sections,  each  of  which  reciuireii  a  certain  time  to 
burn. 

Fill  me  a  bowl  of  wine.     Give  me  a  watch. 

S/iaA-.,Rich.  III.,  V.  3.  63. 
(b)  A  small  portable  timepiece  or  timekeeper  that  may 
i>e  worn  on  the  person,  operated  by  power  stored  in  a  coiled 
spring,  and  capable  of  keeping  time  when  held  in  any  posi- 
tion. Watches  were  invented  at  Nuremberg  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  for  a  long  time  the 
wearing  of  a  watch  was  considered  in  some  degree  a  mark 
or  proof  of  gentility.  Thus  Malvidio  remarks  in  anticipa- 
tion of  his  gi-eat  fortune  : 

I  frown  the  while;  and  perchance  wind  up  my  watch,  or 
play  with  my— some  rich  jewel.         Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5.  60. 

The  new  contrivance  of  applying  precious  stones  to 
watches  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  see  wlien  Mr.  i'acio, 
the  invenU)r,  and  an  ingenious  man.  and  Mr.  Debaufre, 
the  workman,  presented  their  ivatchcs,  to  have  the  ap- 
probation of  the  Royal  Society. 

W.  Derham  (Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  173). 

A  friend  of  mine  had  a  watch  given  him  when  he  was 
a  boy,  a  "bull's  eye,"  with  a  loose  silver  case  that  came 
off  like  an  oyster-shell  from  its  contents;  you  know  them 

—  the  cases  that  you  hang  on  your  thumb,  while  the  core, 
or  the  real  watch,  lies  in  your  hand  as  naked  as  a  peeled 
apple.  O.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  ii. 

9.  2)1.  A  name  of  tiie  trunipetleaf,  Sarracenia 
Jiava^  probably  alluding  to  tlie  resemblance 
of  the  flowers  to  watches. — 10.  In  pottery^  a 
trial  piece  of  clay  so  placed  in  a  kiln  that  it  can 
be  readily  withdrawn  to  enable  the  workmen 
to  judge  by  its  a})pearance  of  the  heat  of  the 
fire  and  tlie  condition  of  the  ware  remaining  in 
tlie  saggars. — 11.  In  haic/,in<f,  a  company  or 
flight,  as  of  nightingales. -Beat  of  a  watch.  See 
beat i.— "Duplex  watch,  a  watch  haviu;,'  two  sets  of  teeth 
upon  the  rim  of  its  escapement  wheel.  — Officer  of  the 
watch.  .See(c«?cA-o_/ftc('r.  — Paddy's  watch.  Sameasj^afZ- 

dt/irhnck,  :i.  Parish  watch.  See  ^-wrw^.— The  Black 
Watch,  a  -semi-niilitary  organization  in  Ediidmrgb,  Scot- 
bind,  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  From 
this  a  regiment  of  the  liritish  army  was  afterward  formed, 
and  the  name  was  ultimately  given  to  the  42d  and  73d 
regiments,  which  are  now  the  1st  and  2d  liattalions  of 
the  lilack  Watch  or  Royal  Higlilanders.-  To  muster  the 
watch.     See  mnxter.~To  Stand  a  watch.     See  .stand. 

—  Watch  and  ward,  the  old  eustom  of  watching  by 
night  and  by  (lay  in  towns  and  cities.  English  writers  up 
to  the  scventeeiitli  century  recognize  a  distinction  between 
watch  and  ward,  the  former  being  used  to  signify  a  watch- 
ing an<i  guarding  by  night,  and  the  latter  a  watching, 
guarding,  and  protecting  by  day.  Hence,  when  the  terms 
were  used  in  combination,  especially  in  the  phrase  to 
keep  watch  ami  ward,  they  implied  a  continuous  and  un- 
interrnjjted  watehing  and  guarding,  constant  vigilance 
ajid  protection  by  night  and  by  day. 

It  ya  the  Strongest  towne  of  walls,  towers,  Bulwerks, 
wachcsand  wardci  that  ever  I  saw  in  all  my  lytf. 

Torkington,  Diaric  of  Kng.  Travell,  p.  IG. 
I  sawe  at  the  towne  of  Braxima  al  the  artillerie  brought 
t<»getlier  to  y  gates  of  your  house ;  I  saw  watch  and  warde 
kei)t  round  about  your  lodging. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Uellowes,  1577),  p.  24(j. 

watch  (woch),  /■.  [<  ME.  wacehen,  wccchcn,  < 
AS.  wiccean,  watcli,  wake :  see  icake^,  v.,  and  ef. 
icafrh,  n.'\  I.  intrans.  1.  To  be  awake;  be  or 
continue  without  sleep;  keep  vigil. 

lint  if  necessitie  ct)mpell  you  to  watch  longer  then  ordi- 
nary, then  be  sure  to  augment  your  slcepe  the  next  morn- 
ing. Babt'cs  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  2S2. 
As  soon  as  I  am  dead. 
Come  all  and  watch  one  night  about  my  hearse. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  be  attentive,  circumspect, or  vigilant;  be 
closely  observant ;  notice  carefully;  give  heed. 

Watch  and  pray,  that  ye  enter  not  into  temptation. 

Mat.  xxvi.  41. 

Rooks,  watching  doubtfully  as  yon  pass  in  the  distance, 
rise  into  the  air  if  you  stop, 

//.  Speiwer,  Prin.  of  Soeiol.,  §  02. 

3.  To  act  as  a  watchman,  guard,  sentinel,  or 
the  like  ;  keep  watch. 


watch-clock 

The  lieutenant  to-night  watches  on  the  court  of  guard. 
Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1.  219. 

4.  To  look  forward  with  expectation ;  be  ex- 
pectant; seek  opportunity;  wait. —  5.  To  act 
as  attendant  or  nurse  on  the  sick  by  night; 
remain  awake  to  give  attendance,  assistance, 
or  the  like:  as,  to  watch  with  a  patient  in  a 
fever. —  6.  To  float  on  the  surface  of  the  water : 
said  of  a  buoy,— To  watch  over,  to  be  cautiously  ol)- 
servant  of;  inspect;  superintend  and  guard  from  error 
and  dangei-;  keep  guard  over. 

Watch  over  thyself,  counsel  thyself,  judge  thyself  im- 
partially. Jer.  Taylor. 

There  is  abundant  cause  to  thiiik  that  every  town  in 
which  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  is  worshipped  hath  an  angel 
to  watch  over  it.         C.  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  Hist.  Boston. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  look  with  close  attention  at 
or  on ;  keep  carefully  and  constantly  in  view  or 
supervision;  keep  a  sharp  lookout  on  or  for; 
observe,  notice,  or  regard  with  vigilance  and 
care;  keep  an  eye  upon. 

Lie  not  a  night  from  home  ;  watch  me  like  Argns. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  v.  L  230. 

They  are  singled  out,  and  all  opportunities  watched 

against  them.  Bacon,  Political  Eables,  i.,  Expl. 

When  Pitt  entered  Parliament,  the  whole  political  world 

was  attentively  watching  the  progress  of  an  event  which 

soon  added  great  strength  to  the  Opposition. 

Macawlay,  William  Pitt. 

2.  To  have  in  keeping;  tend;  guard;  take  care 
of. 

Flaming  nnnisters  to  watch  and  tend 

Their  earthy  charge.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  156. 

Lord  Brampton.  Charges?  For  what? 

Sable.  First,  Twenty  Guineas  to  my  Lady's  Woman  for 

notice  of  your  Death  (a  Fee  I've  before  now  known  the 

Widow  herself  go  lialfs  in),  but  no  matter  for  that.     In  the 

next  place.  Ten  Pounds  for  watching  you  all  your  long  Fit 

of  Sickness  last  Winter.  Steele,  Grief  A-la-Mode,  ii.  1. 

Paris  watch'd  the  Hocks  in  the  groves  of  Ida.     Broome. 

3.  To  look  for;  wait  for. 
We  will  stand  and  watch  your  pleasure. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3.  249. 

4t.  To  take  or  detect  by  lying  in  wait;  surprise. 
Nay,  do  not  fly ;  I  think  we  have  watch'd  you  now. 

Shah.,-M.  W.  of  W.,  V.  5.  107. 

5.  Ill falconr I/,  to  keep  awake ;  keep  from  sleep, 
as  a  hawk,  for  the  puii^ose  of  exhausting  and 
taming  it. 

My  lord  shall  never  rest ; 
I'll  watch  him  tame,  and  talk  him  out  of  patience. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  23. 

watch-bellt  (woeh'bel),  n.     1.  An  alarm-bell. 

They  [Russian  travelers]  report  that  the  Land  of  Mugalla 
reaches  from  Boghar  to  the  north  sea,  and  hath  many 
Castles  built  of  Stone  four-square,  with  Towers  at  the 
Corners  cover'd  with  glazed  Tiles;  andon  the  Gates  Alarum 
Bells,  or  Watch-Bells,  twenty  pound  weight  of  Metal. 

Milton,  Hist.  Moscovia,  iii. 

2.  The  bell  wliieli  is  struck  every  half-hour  on 
board  sliip  to  mark  the  time.  Now  called  i'A/Vs 
hell. 

watch-hill  (woch'bil),  n.  A  list  of  the  officers 
and  erew  of  a  ship,  as  divided  into  watches,  to- 
gether with  tlie  several  stations  to  which  the 
men  respectively  belong. 

watch-hirtht  (woch'berth),  71.  [<  watch,  r.,  + 
obj.  birth.']     A  midwife.     [Rare.] 

Th'  eternnll  Watch-births  of  thy  sacred  Wit. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Magnificence. 

watch-box  (woch'boks),  ti.    A  sentry-box. 
watch-candle    (woch'kan''''dl),    h.      Same    as 
watchin<j-ca)i(tlc. 

Were  it  not  better  for  a  man  in  a  fair  room  to  set  up  one 
great  light,  or  branching  candlestick  of  lights,  than  to  go 
about  with  a  snnUl  watch  candle  into  every  corner'/ 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  i.  45. 

Watchcase  (woch'kas),  n.  1.  The  outer  case 
for  a  watch.  Formerly  it  was  often  a  hinged  cover  or 
box  fitted  closely  over  the  watch  proper,  and  having  open- 
ings through  which  the  dial  appeared  and  the  stem  or 
ring  projected.  In  modern  watches  this  feature  is  gen- 
erally absent,  and  the  watchcase  is  the  metal  covei',  usmil- 
ly  of  gold  or  silver,  which  incloses  the  works. 

We  now  never  see  watch-cases  made  of  other  materials 
than  the  precious  metals,  or  imitations  thereof ;  but  then 
[reign  of  Queen  Anne]  beautiful  cases  were  made  of  sha- 
green of  various  colours,  or  tortoiscshell  inlaid  or  studded 
with  gold, 

J.  Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  J.  159. 
2.  Same  as  icatch-pocket. —  Sf,  A  sentry-box. 
[Rare.] 

0  thou  dull  god  [sleep],  why  liest  thou  with  the  vile 
In  loathsome  beds,  and  Icavest  the  kingly  couch 
A  watch-case,  or  a  common  larum-bell? 

Shak.,  2  lien.  IV.,  iii.  1.  17. 

watchcase-CUtter    (woeh'kas-kut*er),  «.     A 
macliine  for  cutting  hinge-recesses  in  watch- 
eases.     /■:,'.  //.  Kniffht. 
watch-clock  (wocii'klok),  n.     If.  An  alarum. 
Pitwrfull  Need  (Arts  ancient  Dame  and  Keeper, 
The  early  natch-dock  of  the  sloatlifiill  sleeper). 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  D\i  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Handy-Crafts. 


watch-clock 

2.  A  timepiece  used  asatime-deteetor  or  time-  watch-gun  (woch'gun^,  " 

reporter  for  a  watchman.  It  is  made  iu  many  forms. 

One  kiuil  is  a  small  portable  clock  that  must  be  carried 

by  the  watchman  to  ilitferent  stations  on  his  rounds.     At  watch-lieader   (woeil'hed"er) 

each  station  a  special  key  fastened, to  a  cham^must  1«     .^^  ^j^^^.^^  ^^  ^  ^^^^^ 


The  divisions  of  the  crew  are  known  as  the  starboard 
and  larboard  watches,  commanded  respectively  by  the 
first  and  second  mates  or  the  second  and  third  mates,  who 
are  known  as  watch-headertf. 

FiiheHe.)  of  the  U.  S.,  V.  iL  229. 

A  house  in 
—2.  A  house 


used  to  make  a  mark  on  a  paper  dial  inside  the  clock 
thus  makliij!  a  record  of  the  performance  of  his  duty. 
Another  form  consists  of  a  B.ved  clock,  having  a  key  that 
must  be  touched  to  make  the  record,  a  clock  being  placed 
at  each  station.  Another  and  now  more  common  form 
is  a  clock  placed  at  a  central  station,  and  connected  by 

wires  with  the  place  where  the  watchman  makes  his         x  ^^  •hn.ioo   ^wn<.1i'Vinii«1    n       1 
rounds;  at  c.ich  station  the  watchman  touches  a  push-  WatCh-llOUSe   (woch  hous),  «.      1, 
button  to  close  the  circuit  and  print  a  miirk  on  a  dial  in     which  a  watch  or  guard  is  pJaced. 
the  clock. 
watch-dog  (woch'dog),  II.    A  dog  kept  to  watch 
or  guard  premises  and  property. 

'Tis  sweet  to  hear  the  watch-doij't  honest  bark 
Bay  deep-mouth'd  welcome  as  we  draw  near  home. 

Byron^  Don  Juan,  i.  123. 

watcher  (woch'^r),  n.  One  wlio  or  that  which 
watches.  Specifically  —  (a)  One  who  sits  up  and  con- 
tinues awake  ;  one  who  lies  awake. 

Get  on  your  nightgown,  lest  occasion  call  us, 
And  show  us  to  be  watchers. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  2.  71.   'watching  (woch'ing),  II. 
(6)  One  who  keeps  awake  for  the  purpose  of  guarding  or     ji.]     A  keeping  awake  ;  a  vigil 
attending  upon  something  or  some  one ;  a  nurse,  watch-         j^^  u-atcMw»  often, 

man,  sentry,  or  the  like.  ^  .  .,      .  .  ,   ^.  -, 

On  the  f routers  .  .  .  were  act  watchmen  and  watchers     ^f  ^S^^^^f  °'^«"-    •^'™''  ^  "^^"^  o/>«'«™  (which 
in  dyuers manner ^^^  ^^  ^^  Froissarfs  Chron.,  II.  xlix.  watching-candle  Jwoeh^ing-_kan''dl),   «.     Tlie 
A  chair'd  and  wrinkled  piece  of  womanhood 


6836  water 

fired  at  the  and  watches.  Olive- or  almond-oil  after  elarify- 
chaiiging  of  the  watch,  as  in  a  fortress  or  gar-  ing  is  much  used  for  this  purpose.  Also  elock- 
rison,  or  on  board  a  man-of-war.  oil. 

n.     The  officer  watch-paper  (woeh'pa''pir),  ii.    A  small  circle 
of  x)aper,  silk,  muslin,  or  other  material,  in- 


serted in  the  outer  case  of  an  old-fashioned 
watch,  to  prevent  the  metal  from  defacing  the 
inner  case.  These  papers  were  frequently  cut  with 
elaborate  designs,  or  painted  with  miniatures  or  ciphers 
and  cievices.  Those  of  textile  fabrics  were  embroidereil 
in  silk,  or  with  human  hair.  Commoner  ones  were  printed 
with  the  head  of  some  public  character, or  with  some  motto 

where  niglit-watehmen  assemhle  previous  to  .y^ateh-peei  (woeh'pel),  «.     A  watch-tower, 
the  hour  at  which  they  enter  upon  their  respec-       ...,.,.,  ■  1  ,    ,    i     . 

luo  uc^ui  0,1-  ,Yu»  J  j;„t„„v.^„„  „j  +!,„  ,^„„„o        Watch-peels,  castles,  and  towers  looked  out  upon  us  as 

tive  beats,  and  where  disturbers  of  the  peace     ^^  ^alkcT  GeHde,  Geol.  Sketches,  L 

are  brought  before  a  magistrate ;  a  lockup.  ^^^^   8^^^^^  ^  ^^  ^.^  J^  ^^^  _  .^  ^^  ^^ i^j^^ 

At  the  Golden  Ball  and  2  Green  Posts  (There  bemg  a     head-eui-tain  of  a  bed  for  holding  the  watch  at 
Hatch  with  Iron  spikes  at  the  doorX  near  the  H  ateA-ifoi/»e        .   ,  ° 

in  Lambeth  Marsh.  nignt.  ,,    .,,  „,,  , 

Quoted  in /l«/i(o»s  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  watch-polO  (woch  pol),  11.     1  he  pole  or  tniu- 

[I.  118.        cheon  carried  by  a  watchman. 
[Verbal  n.  of  irateli, 


2  Cor.  xi.  27. 


eyelids  ?  "  Academy  of  Compliments  (1714). 

watch-jewel  (woch'jo'el),  «.  A  jewel,  usually 
a  ruby,  in  wliich  is  drilled  a  hole  for  an  arbor, 
used  in  the  works  of  a  watch,  to  lessen  friction 
and  wear. 

A  small  key  with  a 


Sat  watching  like  a  ivatcher  by  the  dead. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  v. 

(c)  One  who  observes ;  as,  a  watcher  of  the  time. 

Then  felt  I  like  some  watcher  of  the  skies, 
When  a  new  planet  swims  into  his  ken. 

Keats,  .Sonnets,  xi. 

(d)  A  spy ;  one  sent  to  watch  an  enemy.    Jer.  iv.  16. 
watchett  (woch'et),  «.  and   a.      [Early  mod. 

E.  also  watched;  <  ME.  wacliet,  waget,  watjett,  ■^atch-key  (woeh'ke),  « 
i-achet;  prob.  from  an  OF.  form  ult.  connected  -  ~     . 

with  woatL]     A  light-  or  pale-blue  color. 

Cetestro,  azure,  watchet,  or  skie-colour.  Celeste,  heauen- 
lie,  celestiall.     Also  skie-colour  or  azure  and  watchet. 

Floi'io. 
Yclad  he  was  ful  snial  and  proprely 
Al  in  a  kirtel  of  a  lyght  waget. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  Vi^>. 

[Tliere  are  MS.  variations  cachet,  wagett,  and  wachet,  of 
which  the  last  only  is  in  print.  ] 

Their  watchet  mantles  frindgd  with  silver  rownd. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  iv.  40. 

The  greater  shippes  were  towed  downe  with  boates  and 
oares,  and  the  mariners,  being  all  apparelled  in  ivatchet  ov 
skie  coloured  clothe,  rowed  a  maine,  and  made  way  with 
diligence. 

Hakluyt's  Voyai/es,  quoted  in  R.  Eden  (First  Books  on 
[America,  ed.  Arber,  p.  xxxviii.). 

His  habit  is  antique,  the  stuife 
Watchet  and  sillier. 

Dekker,  Londons  Tenipe. 


I  know  a  gentleman  that  has  several  wounds  in  the 
head  by  watch-poles,  and  has  been  thrice  run  through  the 
body  to  carry  on  a  good  jest.      Steele,  Spectator,  No.  358. 

watch-rate  (woch'rat),  «.      A  rate  authorized 
to  be  levied  in  England  for  watching  and  light- 

^  ,  „  ing  a  parish  or  borough. 

candle  used  at  the  watching  or  waking  of  a  watchspring(woch'spring),M.  The  mainspring 
corpse.  of  a  watch. 

V^^hy  should  I  twine  my  aims  to  cables,  sit  up  all  night  watch-stand  (woch'stand),  II.     A   contrivance 
like  a  watching -candle,  and  distil  my  brains  throughmy     for  holding  the  watch  when  it  is  not  worn  on  the 


person,  enabling  the  dial  to  be  seen.  The  form  is 
often  that  of  a  small  clock-case,  and  the  stands  of  the 
eighteenth  century  were  frequently  very  rich,  both  in  ma- 
terial and  in  workmanship. 
watch-tackle  (woch'tak"l),  n.  Naut.,  a  small 
tackle  consisting  of  a  double  and  single  block 
with  a  fall.     Also  called  handy-billy. 

By  hauling  every  brace  and  bowline,  and  clapping  watch- 
tackles  upon  all  the  sheets  and  halyards,  we  managed  to 
hold  our  own.    Ii.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  250. 


square  tube  to  fit  the  winding-arbor  of  a  watch 
serving  to  wind  the  watch  by  coiling  the  main 
spring.  _         _  

^*S-S^,^r^ri^^use^i'^Si^'^  ,^ch^lescope-(;;;ch't;Ke-sk6p),  .7^ 

sick-room.  There 's  a  star  •  watch-tciwor  (woch'tou'er),  w.      A    tower  on 

MorcUo  's  gone,  the  watrh-liffhts'show  the  wall.  which  a  sentinel  is  placed  to  watcli  for  enemies, 

Ilroiening,  Andrea  del  Sarto. 


watchmaker  (woch'ma"ker),  n.  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  make  and  repair  watches — Watch- 
makers' cramp,  a  neurosis  affecting  watchmakers,  in 
which,  through  irregular  muscular  action,  it  becomes  im- 
possible to  bidd  in  the  eye-socket  the  lens  with  which  they 
examine  their  work.  Occasionally  also  the  lingers  are  af- 
fected in  a  niannei-  similar  to  what  is  observed  in  writers' 
cramp.— Watclimakers' drill.    8eedr«ii. 

watchmaking  (w()eh'ina"king),  «.     The  art  or 

operation  of  making  watches ;  the  business  or 

eupation  of  a  watchmaker. 


watch-fire   (woch'fir),  n.     A  fire  maintained  watchman  (woeh'man),  »i.;  pi.  imteAmof  (-men). 
■        -         -       -  -     [<  ME.  jfrtCc/ieTOrtH;  <  tt'ote/i  +  J«a«.J    A  person 

set  to  keep  watcli;  specifically,  a  sentinel;  a 
guard ;  one  who  guards  the  streets  of  a  city  by 
night;  also,  one  set  to  keep  guard,  as  over  a 
building  in  the  night,  to  protect  it  from  fire  or 
thieves. 

They  went,  and  made  the  sepulcie  sure  with  watche 
men,  and  sealed  the  stone. 

Tyndale  (1626),  Mat.  xxvli.  66. 

Watchman,  what  of  the  night?  Isa.  xxi.  11. 

Our  watchmen  from  the  towers,  with  longing  eyes, 
Expect  his  swift  arrival.      Dt^den,  Spanish  Friar,  i.  1. 

Who  has  not  heard  the  Scowrer's  Midnight  Fame? 
Who  has  not  trembled  at  the  Mohock's  Name? 
Was  there  a  Watchnuin  took  his  hourly  Rounds 
Safe  from  their  Blows  or  new  invented  Wounds? 

Oay,  Trivia,  iii.  327. 

Watchman's  clock.    See  docJ-2. 

watch-mark  (woch'mark),  n.    A  mark  worn  on 

the  right  or  the  left  arm  of  a  man  in  the  naval 

service  according  as  he  is  stationed  iu  the  star- 


during  the  night  as  a  signal,  or  for  the  use  of 
a  watching  party,  guard,  sentinels,  etc.  , 
watchful  (woch'fiil),  «.     \<  iiHitch  + -Jul.']    It. 
Wakeful ;  sleepless. 

What  watchful  cares  do  interpose  themselves 
Betwixt  your  eyes  and  night?    Shak.,  .1.  C,  ii.  1.  98. 

2.  Vigilant;  careful;  wary;  cautious;  obser- 
vant; alert;  on  the  watch:  with  o/ before  the 
thing  to  be  regulated  or  observed,  and  against 
before  the  thing  to  be  avoided:  as,  to  be  watch- 
ful o/ one's  behavior;  to  be  watchful  against 
the  gi'owth  of  vicious  habits. 

Be  watchful,  and  strengthen  the  things  which  remain. 

Rev.  Iii.  2. 
Watchful  Servants  to  the  Bagnio  come. 
They're  ne'er  admitted  to  the  liathing-room. 

Couf/reve,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love. 

=  Syil.  2.  Watchful,  Vif/ilnnt,  Wakeful,  attentive,  heedful, 
circumspect,  guarded.  Wakeful  refers  to  the  lack  of  dis- 
position to  sleep,  especially  at  times  when  one  would 
ordinarily  have  such  a  disposition;  watchful  and  vigilant 
refer  to  the  mind,  will,  or  conduct :  they  are  of  about 


^^^^'^  °^  "'e  port  watch 
equal  vigor ;  watchful  is  thu  bi'oader''in  iteVaiige  of  meaii-  watch-meeting  ( woch'me'''ting),  n.  A  religious 
ing.  meeting  or  religious  services  held  on  the  last 

watchfully  (wooh'ful-i),  adr.     In  a  watchful     night  of  the  year,  and  terminated  on  the  ar- 
manner;   vigilantly;  heedfully;   with  careful     rival  of  the  new  year.     See  watch-nijiht. 
observation  of  the  approach  of  evil,  or  with  at-  wa'tchmentt(woeh'ment), «.   [(.wnteh  -\--i)ieiit.'i 
tention  to  duty.  A  watching;  vigil;  observation.     [Rare.] 

watchfulness  (woch'ful-nes),  v.     The  state  or        My  irafctoeMfs  are  now  over,  by  my  master's  direction, 
character  of  being  watchful,  in  any  sense.  Hichardsun,  Pamela,  1. 171. 

watch-glass  (wocb'glas), 
used  to   measure 
shipboard  :    usually  a   half-hour  glass.  —  2.  A 


•b  glas),  n.     1.  A  sand-glass  ^atch-night  (woch'nit),  n. 
:  the  time  of  a  watch,  as  on     t,,p  ^.g^j.^  g,^  ^iii^j    in  gome 

>ly  "■  ^}^^i-^tonT  g\Rss.-2.  A    services  are  held  till  the  adv „„..^.„.. 

thin  concavo-convex  piece  of  glass  used  for  cratch-officer  (woch'of'i-ser),  «.  The  officer  in 
covering  the  dial  ot  a  watch.  Those  made  in  recent  ,.iiarge  of  the  deck  of  a  ship,  who  takes  his  turn 
tunes  for  watches  that  have  not  a  double  case,  or  hunting-     ...-i.  *'„.,,„„„  •  ,  ,..„.,j: „V,.i,„„    /i,.,.; i.;.,i. 


for  the  approach  of  danger,  etc. 

I  stand  continually  upon  the  imtch-totcer  in  the  day- 
time. Isa.  xxi.  6. 

Almut  a  mile  from  the  towue  there  is  a  very  high  and 
strong  watch  tomr.  Corpat,  Crudities,  I.  10. 

watchword  (woch'werd),  w.  [<  ME.  iracche- 
Wfird ;  <  watch  +  uord.']  1.  A  word  or  short 
phrase  to  be  communicated  on  challenge  to  the 
watch  or  sentinels  in  a  camp;  a  password  or 
signal  by  which  friends  can  be  known  from 
enemies. 

Wacche  wordes  to  wale,  thatweghis  might  know. 

Destruction  of  Tray  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  8056. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  preconcerted  indication  or  a 
direction  eagerly  watched  for,  as  a  signal  for 
action. 

All  have  theyr  eares  upright,  wayting  when  the  wateji- 
woord  shall  come  that  they  should  all  rise  generally  into 
rebellion.  Spemer,  State  of  Ireland. 

3.  A  word  used  as  a  motto,  as  expressive  of  a 
principle  or  rule  of  action;  a  maxim,  byword, 
or  rallying-cry. 

"  Now  "  is  the  constant  syllable  ticking  from  the  clock  of 
time.  "  Now  "  is  the  waffAtro)-d  of  the  wise.  *'Now'*is 
on  the  banner  of  the  prudent.  Parr. 

His  watchword  is  honour,  his  pay  is  renown. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  v.  id. 

4t.  The  call  of  a  watchman  or  sentry  as  he  goes 
his  rounds. 

Since  when  a  watchword  every  minute  of  the  night 
goeth  about  the  wals  to  testifie  their  vigilancy. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  10. 

To  set  a  watchword  uponi,  to  make  proverbial ;  turn 
into  a  byword. 

S.  Paule  himselfe  (who  yet  for  the  creditc  of  Poets)  al- 
ledgeth  twise  two  Poets,  .  .  .  setteth  a  watch-wvrd  rpon 
Philosophy,  indeede  vpon  the  abuse.  So  dooth  Plat<i,  vpon 
the  abuse,  not  vpon  Poetrie.  Plato  found  fault  that  the 
Poet  of  his  time  filled  the  worlde  with  wrong  opinions  of 
the  Gods.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

watchwork  (woch'w^rk),  n.  The  machinery 
of  a  watch:  now  usually  in  the  plural. 

See  iril^. 


r  hunting' 

case,  are  thicker,  and  have  a  peculiar  flattened  curve. 
Compare  crystal,  2  (c). 
watch-guard  (woch'giird),  u.    A  chain,  ribbon, 
or  cord  fastened  to  a  watch,  and  either  jnissed 


around  the  neck  or  secured  to  some  part  of  the  watch-oil  (woch'oil),  n.    A  refined,  very  limpid 
i-lothing.  and  Huid  liibricating-oil,  used  in  oiling  clocks 


The  last  night  of  watet,  ''.  1.    A  form  of  trofl. 

churches,  religious  water  (wa'ter),  n.     [<  ME.  water,  watre,  irifter, 

services  are  held  till  the  advent  of  the  new  year,     witcr,  <  AS.  ica'^fr  =  OS.  watar  =  OFries.  weter, 

"      "  -.   -.  _.,       „        .       „.„^f,,._i).  „■«/(.,._  MLG.ifflferrrOHG.trar-'nr, 

MHG.  waz:er,  G.  wasser.  water;  with  a  formative 
-r,  akin  to  leel.  rain  =  Sw.  ratten  =  Dan.  rand  = 
Goth,  wato  (pi.  wntno),  in  which  a  different  for- 
mative -II  appears;  cf.  OBulg.  Kuss.  roda.  Lith. 
wandfi,  Gr.  i'Sup  (ii^ar-,  v6p-),  Skt.  udan,  water;  < 
Tent.  V  "•"'.  Indo-Eur.  V  wnd,  be  wet.  Cf.  wash, 
perhaps  from  the  same  rootas  water.   See  iretl.] 


with  others  in  standing  watches,  during  which 
time,  suliject  to  the  authority  of  the  command- 
ing officer,  he  has  charge  of  the  ship.  Also 
called  tipiirr  of  the  watch. 


water 

1.   A  transparent,  inodorous,  tasteless  fluid, 
HgO.    Water  is  a  powerful  refractor  of  light  and  an  im 
perfect  conductor  of  lieat  and  electricity ;  it  is  very  slightly 
compressible,  its  absolute  diniinntion  for  a  pressure  of  one 
atmosphere  being  only  about  one  twenty-thousandth  of  its 
bulk.   Although  it  is  colorless  in  small  quantities,  it  is  blue 
like  the  atmosphere  when  viewed  in  mass.  It  assumes  asolid 
form,  that  of  ice  or  snow,  at  3'2°  F.  (U°C.);  and  it  takes  the 
form  of  vapor  or  steam  at  212°  K.  (100°  C. ),  under  a  pressure 
of  29.9  Inches  (more  exactly,  760  millimeters)  of  mercury, 
retaining  that  form  at  all  higher  temperatures.    Under 
ordinary  conditions,  therefore,  water  possesses  the  liquid 
form  only  at  temperatures  lying  between  32°  and  212°  F 
The  specific  gravity  of  water  is  1  .it  89°.2  F.  (4°  C),  being  the 
unit  to  which  the  specific  gravities  of  all  solids  and  liquids 
are  referred :  one  cubic  foot  of  water  at  62°  F.  weighs  about 
1,000  oimces  or  62.5  pounds.     Water  is  770  times  heavier 
than  atmospheric  air  at  32"  F.  (0°  C. )  and  under  a  pressure 
of  760  millimeters.    It  has  its  greatest  density  at  39°.2  F. 
(«■  C),  and  in  this  respect  it  presents  a  singular  excep- 
tion to  the  general  law  of  expansion  by  heat.     If  »  ater  at 
S9°.2  F.  is  cooled,  it  expands  as  it  cools  till  reduced  to 32°, 
when  it  Solidities  ;  and  if  water  at  39°.2  F.  is  heated,  it  ex- 
pands as  the  temperature  increases  in  accordance  with 
the  general  law.     Considered  from  a  chemical  point  of 
yjew,  water  is  a  compound  substance,  consisting  of  hydro- 
gen and  oxygen,  in  the  proportion  of  2  volumes  of  the 
former  gas  to  1  volume  of  the  latter  ;  or  by  » eight  it  is 
composed  of  2  parts  of  hydrogen  imited  with  18  parts  of 
oxygen.    It  exhibit*  in  itself  neither  acid  nor  basic  prop- 
erties.   Water  enters,  as  a  li(iuid,  into  a  peculiar  kind  of 
combination  with  the  greater  number  of  all  known  sub- 
stances.   Of  all  liquids  water  is  the  n>ost  powerful  and 
general  solveut,  and  on  thi.s  important  propertv  its  use  de- 
pends.    Without  water  the  processes  of  animal  and  vege- 
table life  would  come  to  a  stand.    The  globe  is  covered  on 
about  ii  of  its  surface  by  the  ocean  water,  to  an  average 
depth  of  very  nearly  12,,tOO  feet.     (See  ocfati.)    This  wa- 
ter is,  however,  far  from  pure,  sIiilc  it  holds  in  solution 
nearly  3}  per  cent  of  lu  weight  of  saline  matter,  about 
three  fourths  of  which  is  common  salt.    The  ocean  water 
is  not  potable,  but  pure  water  can  be  obtained  from  it  by 
distillation,  as  is  often  done  at  sea  — for  which  purpose, 
however,  fuel  and  a  somewhat  cumbrous  apparatus  are  re- 
quired.    Some  towns  on  the  South  American  coast  have 
been  supplied  with  water  exclusively  in  this  way,  up  to 
the  time  when  works  were  completed  for  bringing  it  from 
the  distant  mountains.    The  chief  source  of  supply  for 
the  water  which  falls  ui>on  the  earth  is  the  ocean,  from 
whose  surface  it  is  raised  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  In  the  form 
of  vapor,  ready  to  be  condensed  again  and  fall  as  rain  or 
snow  either  on  sea  or  hind,  in  accordaiu^c  witli  varying 
and  complicated  conditions  of  climate  and  topography. 
The  precipitation  of  rain  and  snow  up<jn  different  i)art8 
of  the  earth's  surface  varies  greatly,  both  in  its  total 
amount  and  in  its  seasonal  distribution.    .Some  regions  re- 
ceive as  much  as  800  inches  in  a  year;  over  other  exten- 
sive areas  the  rainfall  is  so  small  that  it  is  hardly  iwssible 
to  measure  It.    In  some  districts  the  rain  is  pretty  equally 
distributeil  through  the  year ;  in  others  it  is  all,  or  nearly 
all,  limited  to  one  season,  as  winter  or  suninier.    These 
climatic  comlitions  are  matters  of  the  utmost  importance, 
as  regards  both  the  rlistribution  and  the  welfare  of  the  hu- 
man raceandof  animaland  vegetaldelifeingeneral.   The 
habitability  and  fertility  of  the  earth  depend  in  part  on 
temperature  and  in  part  on  the  amount  and  character  of 
the  precipitation.     In  general,  where  there  is  no  rainfall 
the  region  Is  cither  very  sparsely  or  not  at  all  inhabited, 
and  vegetation  is  almost  entirely  wanting:  of  this  char- 
acter is  a  considerable  part  of  northern  Africa  and  cen- 
tral Asia :  such  regions  are  called  tiegertg.    Other  regions, 
where  there  is  some  rainfall,  but  where  the  amount  is 
small,  are  destitute  of  forests  but  supiKirt  a  more  or  less 
abundant  growth  of  grasses.    .Such  regions  are,  as  a  rule, 
thhily  inhabited,  and  the  population  is  pastoral  and  no- 
madic ;  of  this  character  are  large  areas  in  central  Asia,  and 
in  both  North  and  South  America.     Regions  of  abundant 
or  ereu  of  moderately  large  precipitation  arc  generally 
forested,  and  can  be  successfully  cultivated  after  the  for- 
ests have  been  cut  drtwn  :  these,  in  general,  are  the  densely 
inhabited  parts  of  the  world.    Such  are  llie  essential  facts 
and  conditions  of  the  distribution  of  population  as  con- 
nected with  rainfall.    But  to  these  are  ninny  exceptions. 
Thus,  the  Nile  flows  for  2,000  miles  through  a  rainless 
region,  hut  has  a  somewhat  dense  population  for  a  consid- 
erable distance  along  its  banks,  though  only  there,  the  river 
itself  lieing  the  sole  source  of  water-supply  for  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  valley.     .Some  regions  of  very  small  rainfall 
are  situated  sntllcientiy  near  high   mountain-ranges  on 
which  the  precipitation  is  comparatively  large,  and  from 
which  water  can  l>e  obtained  in  considerable  quantity  with 
a  moilerate  expenditure  of  money.     In  this  connecti<  m  the 
fact  that  the  precipitation  at  high  altitudes  is  chiefly  in 
the  form  of  snow  is  a  matter  of  great  importance,  as  there- 
by the  sujiply  of  water  is  made  capable  of  lasting  through, 
or  nearly  through,  the  summer,  the  snow  melting  gradu- 
ally, while  the  precipitation  In  the  form  of  rain  would  be 
carrieil  away  much  more  rapidly.    Rain,  if  caught  at  a  dis- 
tance from  human  habitations  and  after  it  has  been  fall- 
ing for  some  time,  contains  hardly  a  perceptible  trace  of 
foreign  matter.    Snriw  falling  in  the  pillar  regions  is  also 
very  nearly  chemically  pure.    Hy  distillation,  with  suit- 
able precautions,  water  may  be  obtaiin-d  which  will  leave 
no  trace  of  residue  when  evapf>rated  in  a  platinum  ves- 
sel, and  which  will  also  be  free  from  gaseous  contents. 
The  water  of  springs  and  rivers  always  contains  more  or 
less  mineral  matter,  which  it  has  dissolved  out  from  the 
Soil  and  rock  with  which  It  has  been  in  contact  upfin  the 
surface  or  underground.     Next  t^»  rain-water,  the  purest 
natural  water  is  that  of  nioiintain-Iakes  fed  frr>m  melting 
snfiw,  and  resting  on  crystalline  and  impermeable  rocks  ; 
anrl  rivers  In  uninbaiiited  regions,  running  over  similar 
rocks,  are  alsfj  very  nearly  pure,  sometimes  leaving  not 
more  than  two  or  three  grains  to  the  gallon  of  foreign  mat- 
ter when  evaporated  to  dryness.     Klvers,  on  the  other 
hand,  which  run  over  calcareous  ami  softshaly  and  clayey 
rocks  always  contain  a  c^msldcrable  amount  of  inipuritiea ; 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  grains  to  the  gallon  is  not  an  un- 
common amount  under  such  (conditions.    Pure  water,  such 
as  that  of  monntain-lukes  and  rivers  ninnlug  over  crystal- 
line rocks,  is  called  go/t ;  water  contaiiiltig  more  than  eight 
or  ten  grains  Ui  the  gallon  of  mineral  matter  is  called  hard. 


6837 

The  foreign  matter  in  soft  water  is  partly  organic  and  part- 
ly mineral;  in  the  latter  a  little  silica  is  always  present, 
as  well  as  salts  of  potash,  soda,  lime,  and  magnesia.  The 
impurities  of  hard  water  are  varied  in  character,  but  car- 
bonate of  lime  generally  predominates.  The  mineral  im- 
purities of  water  are  not  necessarily  deleterious  to  health, 
even  if  present  in  somewhat  large  quantities.  The  contami- 
nation of  water  by  organic  matter  (sucli  as  sewage,  and  the 
like)  is  a  matter  of  great  Importance  and  often  of  great  dan- 
ger. Dead  organic  matter  is  rapidly  oxidized  by  exposure 
to  the  air  in  flowing  water,  and  ceases  to  be  dangerous  to 
health.  The  living  organisms  with  which  water  is  some- 
times contaminated,  in  receiving  the  sewage  of  towns  or 
in  other  ways,  are  sometimes  the  germs  of  deadly  disease, 
and  appear  to  possess  a  large  amount  of  vitality,  so  that 
they  can  be  conveyed  for  long  distances  without  becom- 
ing disorganized,  as  is  the  case  with  dead  organic  matter. 
See  water-mpply. 

Yit  signes  moo  men  see 
Tlier  water  is,  as  the  fertilitee 
Of  withl,  reede,  aller,  yvy,  or  vyne. 
That  tlier  is  water  nyg'h  Is  verrey  slgne. 

Palladim,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  174. 
As  cold  waters  to  a  thirsty  soul,  so  Is  good  news  from  a 
far  country.  prov.  xxv.  25. 

Specifically  — (a)  Rain. 

By  sudden  floods  imd  fall  of  waters 
Buckingham's  army  is  dispersed  and  scatter'd. 

SAo*.,  Rich.  III.,iv.  4.  512. 
(6)  Mineral  water.    See  miixeral. 

Mineral- Waters,  ...  as  the  Sulpluirous  Waters  at  the 
Bath.  Gideon  Harvey,  Vanities  of  Philosophy  and 

[Physick  (ed.  1702),  xvl. 
Then  bouses  drumly  German  water, 
To  mak'  binisel'  look  fair  and  fatter. 

Hums,  The  Twa  Dogs, 
(c)  pi.  Waves,  as  of  the  sea  ;  surges  ;  a  flood. 

Therefore  will  not  wc  fear,  .  .  .  tliou,-li  the  mountains 

be  carried  into  the  midst  of  tlie  sea ;  though  the  waters 

thereof  roar  and  be  troubled.  Ps.  xlvi.  3. 

Our  Souls  have  sight  of  that  Immortal  sea,  .  .  . 

And  see  the  Children  sport  upon  the  shore, 

And  hear  the  mighty  waters  rolling  evermore. 

Wordsworth,  Ode,  Immortality. 

2.  A  limited  body  of  water,  as  an  ocean,  a  sea, 
or  a  lake;  often,  in  provincial  English  and 
Scotch  use,  a  river  or  lake:  as,  Derwent  Wutcr 
(lake);  Gala  Water  (stream),  in  law  the  right  or 
title  to  a  body  of  water  is  regarded  as  an  incident  to  the 
right  to  the  land  which  it  covers,  and  the  term  larul  in- 
cludes a  body  of  water  thereon. 

And  many  yers  be  for  the  passion  of  Ciist,  the  lay  over 
the  same  watir  a  tree,  ffor  a  foote  bryge,  wheroff  the  holy 
Crosse  was  aftyr  wardes  made. 

Torkinglim,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  27. 
Having  travelled  lu  this  Valley  near  four  hours,  we  came 
to  a  large  Water  called  the  Lake. 

Mauiidrett,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  3. 
'Hie  mosses,  waters,  slaps,  and  stiles 
That  lie  between  us  and  our  hanie. 

Burnt,  Tani  o'  Shanter. 

3.  Any  aqueous  or  liquid  secretion,  e-xudation, 
humor,  etc..  of  an  atiimal  body,    (a)  Tears. 

For  these  things  I  weep;  mine  eye,  mine  eye  runneth 
down  with  water,  because  the  comforter  that  should  relieve 
my  soul  is  far  from  me.  Lam.  i.  16. 

The  water  stood  in  his  eyes. 

Buni/an,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  li. 
(6)  Sweat;  perspiration. 

The  word  water  may  stand  for  sudor ;  a  horse  is  all  on  a 
irater  [in  Palsgrave];  ...  we  should  say,  lather. 

Oliphant,  New  English,  I.  455. 

(c)  Saliva;  spittle. 

For  the  thought  of  Peter's  oysters  brought  the  water  to 
his  mouth.  H^  S.  Qilbert,  Etiquette. 

(d)  Urine. 

Well,  I  have  cast  thy  water,  and  I  see 
Th'  art  fall'n  to  wit's  extremest  iioverty. 
Sure  in  consumption  of  the  spritely  part. 

Marston,  Satires,  iv.  125. 

(e)  The  aqueous  or  vitreous  humor  of  the  eye  ;  eye-water. 
(/)  The  serous  effusion  of  dropsy,  in  a  blister,  and  the 
like:  as,  ivater  on  the  brain.  (</)  pi.  In  obstet.,  the  liquor 
aranii. 

4.  A  distilled  liquor,  essence,  extract,  or  the 
like.     See  strong  witter,  under  .itroiig^. 

But  this  water 
Hath  a  strange  virtue  in  't,  beyond  his  art ; 
It  is  a  sacred  relic,  part  of  that 
Most  powerful  juice  with  wliicb  Medea  made 
Old  ^son  young.         Massinyer,  Basliful  Lover,  v.  1. 
His  wife  afterwards  did  take  me  into  my  closet,  and  give 
me  a  cellar  of  waters  of  her  own  distilling. 

J'ejnjs,  Diary,  April  1,  1668. 

5.  In  pilar.,  a  solution  of  a  volatile  oil,  or  of  a 
volatile  substance  like  ammonia  or  camphor,  in 
•water. — 6.  Transparency,  as  of  water;  the  prop- 
erty of  a  precious  stone  in  which  its  beauty  chief- 
ly consists,  involving  also  its  refracting  power. 
In  this  sense  the  word  Is  applied  especially  to  diamonds, 
and  Is  used  loosely  to  exjU'css  their  relative  excellence :  as, 
a  diamond  of  the  first  water:  hence  used  figuratively  to 
note  the  degree  of  excellence  or  fineness  of  any  object  of 
esteem:  as,  genius  of  the  purest  wafer.  See  the  phrase 
Jirst  water,  below. 

An  excellent  lapidary  set  these  stones,  sure ; 

Do  you  mark  their  waters? 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  v.  2. 
7.  The  waterside ;  the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake, 
stream,  or  the  like,  considered  with  or  apart 


water 

from  its  inhabitants;  specifically,  a  watering- 
place  ;  a  seaside  resort.     [Provincial.] 
Gar  warn  the  water,  braid  and  wide. 

Jamu  Telfer  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  110). 

The  water,  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  Scotland,  Is 
often  used  to  exiness  the  banks  of  the  river,  which  are 
the  only  inhabitable  parts  of  tlie  country.  To  raise  the 
water,  therefore,  was  to  alarm  those  who  lived  along  its 
side.  Quoted  in  Child's  Ballads,  VI.  110,  note. 

The  phrase  "going  to  the  waters"  has  been  familiar 
to  me  for  the  last  forty  years  as  used  by  the  peasantry  in 
the  counties  of  Huntingdon,  Rutland,  and  Lincoln.  By 
it  is  meant  a  seaside  place,  and  not  an  inland  watering- 
place,  such  as  Malvern,  Bath,  Leamington,  or  Chelten- 
liaiH-  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VII.  378. 

8.  In  finance,  additional  shares  created  by  wa- 
tering stock.     See  water,  o.  t.,  4. 

By  the  much-abused  word  "property"  he  refelTed,  of 
course,  to  the  fictitious  capital,  or  *'water,"  whicli  the  gas 
companies  had  added  to  their  real  capital. 

iV.  A.  Bee.,  CXLin.  92. 

Above  water,  afloat ;  hence,  flgurativcly,  out  of  enihar- 
rassnieut  or  trouble. 

Being  ask'd  by  some  that  were  not  ignorant  in  Sea  Af- 
fairs liow  long  he  thought  the  Ship  mlglit  be  kept  above 
Water,he  said  he  could  promise  nothing,  but  that  It  could 
not  be  done  above  three  Hours. 

N.  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  I.  277. 

Aerated  waters.  Sec  ocra^e.— Aix-la-Chapelle  wa- 
ter, a  mineral  water  obtained  from  various  thermal 
springs  at  Ai.x-la-Cliapelle  iu  Rhenish  Prnssla,  containing 
a  large  proportion  of  common  salt,  also  other  sodium 
salts  and  sulphur.  — Aix-lea-Balns  water,  from  thermal 
springs  of  the  same  name  iu  Savoy,  contains  chiefly  sul- 
phates and  carbonates  of  sodium,  magnesium,  and  cal- 
cium in  small  proportion,  employed  in  the  form  of  sys- 
tematic bathing  in  the  treatment  of  gout,  iheumatlsni, 
skin-diseases,  etc.— Alien  water.  See  alien.— Apom- 
narls  water,  an  agreeable  sparkling  water  from  Rhenish 
niissia,  containing  a  very  minute  proportion  of  mineral 
ingredients,  used  as  a  talile-water  — Bag  Of  waters,  in 
obstet.,  the  liniging  fetal  membranes,  filled  with  liquor 
umnil,  which  act  as  a  bydiauiic  wedge  to  ililate  the  mouth 
of  the  womb.— Ballston  Spa  waters,  from  Ballston, 
New  York,  effervescent  waters,  containing  a  large  amount 
of  common  salt  with  carbonates  of  calciiiin  and  magne- 
sium. They  possess  tonic  and  cathartic  properties.— 
Baryta- water.  Soeiary^a.- Basic  water.  Hea  basic. 
— Benediction  of  the  waters,  in  the  Gr.  Ch..  the  solemn 
public  ceremony  of  Ijlessiug  the  water  in  the  phiale,  the 
running  waters,  and  the  sea,  observed  annually  with  a 
procession  and  other  rites  on  the  feast  of  the  Epiphany. 
See  holy  water,  below.— Bethesda  water,  from  Wauke- 
sha, Wisconsin,  an  effervescent  water,  containing  but  a 
small  proportion  of  mineral  ingredients:  used  chiefly  iu 
the  treatment  of  urinary  disorders  ami  as  a  table-water.- 
Between  wind  and  water.  See  wind'^.—  Bitter  water, 
a  purgative  mineral  water  having  a  bitter  taste  owing  to 
the  presence  of  a  large  amount  of  sulphate  of  magnesium, 
or  Epsom  salts.  Fricdriclisliall  water  is  an  example  of  a 
bitter  water.— Black  water.  Same  as  pyrosis.— 'Bias 
Lick  water,  a  strong  suijihur  water,  containing  alsoalarge 
amount  of  salt,  obtained  from  the  Blue  Lick  Springs,  Ken- 
tucky. It  possesses  cathartic  projjerties,  and  is  used  large- 
ly in  the  treatment  of  catarrhal  troul)les  nf  the  respira- 
tory, digestive,  and  urinary  tracts.— Broken  water.  See 
trirfen.— Buffalo  Uthia  water,  an  alkaline  sulphur  wa- 
ter, containing  some  lithia,  from  Jlecklenburg  county, 
Virginia.  It  is  diuretic  and  slightly  laxative,  and  is  em- 
ployed lu  the  treatment  of  lithemia,  Bright's  disease,  and 
certain  forms  of  dyspepsia.— Burning  watert,  alcohol. 
Compare /r(!-H'fl(er. 

Take  the  beste  wiyn  that  3e  may  fynde.  .  .  .  Kutflrste 
3e  muste  distille  this  wiyn  .7.  tymes,  and  thanne  banc  ge 
good  brennynye  watir. 

Book  o/Quinte  Essence  (ed.  Fnrnivall),  p.  4. 
Canterbury  water,  water  tinctured  with  the  blood  of 
lliomas  BecKct,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  was  mur- 
dered in  1170,  and  afterward  canonized  as  a  saint  and  m.ar- 
tyr.    See  the  quotation. 

To  satisfy  these  cravings,  so  as  to  hinder  an  uneasy  feel- 
ing at  the  thought  of  tasting  human  blood,  a  tiny  drop 
was  mingled  with  a  chalice-fuU  of  water,  and  in  this  man- 
ner given  to  those  who  begged  a  sip.  This  was  the  far- 
famed  "Canterbury-water."  Never  had  such  a  thing  as 
drinking  a  martyr's  blood  been  done  before  ;  never  has  it 
been  done  since.     Hock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  III.  i.  424. 

Carbonated  water,  water  charged  with  carbonic-acid 
gas :  either  natural  spring-water  like  seltzer  and  apollina- 
ris,  or  (iistillerl  water  artificially  charged  with  the  gas.— 
Carlsbad  water,  an  alkaline  sulpliated  water,  heavily 
charged  with  carlionic  aciil,  from  various  thermal  springs 
in  Carlsliad,  Bohemia  :  employed  extensively  in  the  treat- 
ment of  gout,  rheumatism,  urinary  disorder.'),  chronic  dis- 
eases of  the  eye  anil  ear,  intestinal  catarrh,  and  chronic 
constipatif.n. —Chow-chow  water.  See  chow-chow.- 
Clysmic  water,  an  agreeable  sparkling  table-water,  con- 
taining chiefly  calcium  bicarbonate,  from  Waiikeslia,  Wis- 
consin. It  Is  used  also  as  a  diuretic  in  bladder  troubles. 
—  Cologne  water,  same  as  cofoi/nc- Crab  Orchard 
water,  a  cathartic  water,  containing  a  rather  large  propor- 
tion of  magnesium  sulphate  and  a  smaller  amount  of  some 
other  sulphates  and  carbonates,  obtained  from  siuings  of 
the  same  name  in  Kentucky.- Deep  water  or  waters, 
water  too  deep  for  comfort  or  safety  ;  hence,  figuratively, 
embarrassment,  trial,  or  distress. 

Let  me  be  delivered  from  them  that  hate  me,  and  out  of 
the  deep  waters.  Ps.  Ixix.  14. 

Once  he  had  been  very  nearly  iu  deep  water  because 
Mrs.  Proudie  had  taken  it  in  dudgeon  that  a  certain  young 
rector,  who  had  been  left  a  widower,  had  a  very  pretty 
governess  for  bis  children.  trollope. 

False  waters,  in  obi^tet.,  a  fluid  ,wlileh  occasionally  col- 
lects Itetween  the  amnion  and  the  chorion.—  First  water, 
the  highest  degree  of  fineness  in  a  diamond  or  other  pre- 
cious stone;  hence,  figuratively,  the  highest  rank  morally. 


water 

socially,  or  otherwise.  The  expression  first  water,  when 
applied  to  a  diamond,  denotes  that  it  is  free  from  all 
traces  of  color,  blemish,  tiaw,  or  other  imperfection,  and 
tliat  its  brilliancy  is  perfect     Often  nsed  attributively. 

One  eonifort,  folk  are  beginning  to  take  an  interest  in 
Hs.  I  see  nobs  of  the  ^rs(  ira^er  looking?  with  a  fatherly 
eye  into  our  atfairs.  C.  lieade.     {Dixon.) 

Franz-Josef  water,  a  bitter  water,  containing  a  small 
proi>ortion  of  iron,  obtained  at  Fiii-ed,  Hungary.  It  is 
used  as  a  cathartic,  and  also  in  the  treatment  of  chronic 
rheumatism  and  catarrhal  conditions  of  the  respiratory 
and  alimentary  tracts.— Friedriclisliall  water,  a  "  bitter 
water"  from  the  village  of  tliis  name  In  (ierniany.  It  is 
strongly  aperient,  containing  a  large  proportion  of  sul- 
phates and  chlorids  of  mJ^;nesium  and  sodium.  It  is  used 
as  a  cathartic  and  also  in  diseases  of  the  heart  and  kidneys 
and  in  chronic  bronchitis.— Frightened  water.  See 
/n^A/g/k— Glesshubler  water,  an  agreeable  sparkling 
alkaline  water  from  Giesshiibl-Puchstein,  near  Carlsbad  in 
Bohemia :  used  as  a  table-water,  and  also  in  cases  of  uric- 
acid  diathesis  and  of  dyspeptic  and  other  troubles  referred 
thereto.— Goulard  water,  an  aqueous  solution  contain- 
ing about  2.S  per  cent,  of  lead  subacetate ;  the  liquorplunibi 
subacetatis  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopceia,  used  as  a 
lotion  in  inflammation. — Ground  Water,  surface  moist- 
ure, or  the  water  retained  by  the  porous  surface-soil. 
Ground  water  flows  in  accordance  with  the  common  law  of 
hydrostatics,  but  its  motion  is  impeded  by  friction.  Com- 
pare yroMJid  air,  under  a  (Vl. —  Hard  Water.  See  def.  1. — 
Harrogate  waters,  chalybeate  and  sulphur  waters  from 
the  watering-place  of  this  name  in  Yorkshire,  England. 
They  are  aperient,  and  are  used  chiefly  in  the  treatment 
of  skin-diseases  and  of  morbid  conditions  of  the  intestinal 
canal. — High  water,  the  greatest  elevation  of  the  water 
at  flood-tide ;  also,  the  time  when  such  highest  point  in 
the  flow  is  reached. 

Gaffer  was  away  in  his  boat ;  .  .  .  he  was  not,  according 
to  his  usual  habits  at  night,  to  be  counted  on  before  next 
high  water.  IHckenSy  Our  Mutual  Friend,  L  13. 

High-water  mark,  the  mark  or  limit  of  water  at  high 
tide;  hence,  flguratively,  the  highest  limit  attained  or  at- 
tainable :  as,  the  high-water  mark  of  prosperity.  Some- 
times erroneously  written  high  water-mark. 

His  [Wordsworth's]  "Ode  on  Immortality"  is  the  high* 
water  jnark  which  the  intellect  has  reached  in  this  age. 
Emerson,  English  I'raits. 

High-water  shrub,  a  shrubby  composite  plant,  Ica/ru- 
tescens,  a  native  of  the  United  States  along  the  sea-coast 
from  Massachusetts  to  Texas.  Also  called  marsh-elder. 
— Holy  water,  water  used  for  ritual  puriflcation  of  per- 
sons and  things ;  especially,  water  blessed  by  a  Christian 
priest,  and  used  to  sprinkle  upon  persons  or  things,  or  to 
sign  one's  self  with  at  entering  church.  Holy  or  lustral 
water  has  been  used  in  almost  all  religions  in  purification 
of  persons  and  things,  especially  in  preparation  for  wor- 
ship, and  also  to  drive  away  the  powers  of  evil.  Under 
the  ancient  Jewish  law,  the  jiriests  bathed  their  hands  and 
feet  in  a  laver  before  entering  the  tabernacle  or  approach- 
ing the  altar  (Ex.  xxx.  17-21,  xl.  ;i0-32),  and  the  "water  of 
purification"  (Num.  viii.  7,  xix.  9,  etc.)  presents  another 
analojry  to  Christian  usage.  The  use  of  holy  water  in  the 
Christian  church  is  very  ancient.  In  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  holy  water  is  prepared  every  Sunday  by  exorcism 
and  benediction  of  salt,  and  exorcism  and  benediction  of 
the  water,  after  which  the  salt  is  cast  in  the  water,  and 
both  again  blessed  together.  In  the  Greek  Church  the 
use  of  a  holy-water  stoup  (colyml)ion)  at  the  entrance  of 
a  church  is  almost  obsolete.  Holy  water  is  nsed  in  the 
houses,  and  is  blessed  on  the  first  of  the  month  in  the 
phiale,  ami  at  the  Epiphany  there  is  a  general  Idessing  of 
water.  See  cut  under  stoup'^,  3.-- Holy- water  Clerk, 
sprinkler,  stick.  See  hobf. — Homburg  water,  a  cha- 
lybeate saline  water  from  springs  in  Hom])urg  near  the 
Khine:  used  in  the  treatment  of  dyspepsia  and  disor- 
ders of  the  liver,  especially  those  that  have  been  brought 
on  by  high  living.— Hot  Springs  waters,  calcic  sulphur 
waters  from  a  number  of  thermal  springs  in  Hot  Springs. 
Arkansas.  They  are  largely  employed  in  tlie  treatment  (.if 
syphili-s,  rheiimati.sm,  and  chronic  diseases  of  the  skin  and 
mucous  membranes.— House  Of  water.  See  hotisd.— 
Hungary  water,  a  jueparation  of  spirits  of  rosemary, 
used,  especially  during  the  eighteenth  century,  Jis  a  lotion, 
a  perfume,  or  an  internal  remedy.  The  name  is  said  to 
have  been  given  to  it  in  allusion  to  a  queen  of  Hungary 
who  tested  the  efficacy  of  the  water  in  bathing. 

All  these  Ingredients  raention'd  are  to  be  had  at  the 
AiK)the<:aries,  except  the  Queen  of  Hungaries  Water,  which 
is  sold  by  Mich.  John.soii,  Bookseller  iii  Leichfieid. 
The  Haijpy  Sinner  (1091),  <iuoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser., 

[X.  115. 

Hunyadl  Jdnos  water,  a  cathartic  water,  containing  a 
large  percentage  of  sodium  and  m:igiiesium  sidphates,  ob- 
tained from  Budajiestin  Hungary.— Interdiction  Of  fire 
and  water,  see  iiUeifi  ict  ion.— Jsick  in  the  water.  See 
jacArl.— Javelle's  water,  see  eau  de  Jauclle,  under  eaii. 
— Kissingen  water,  a  mildly  laxative  water  olitained 
from  several  springs  in  the  town  of  this  name  in  Bavaria. 
It  is  used  in  affections  of  the  liver  and  alimentary  canal, 
chronic  lirotichitis,  and  other  catarrlial  conditions.— La 
BourbOUle  water,  an  arsenical  water  from  LaBoui-boule, 
in  Puy-dc-D6me,  France.  It  is  used  in  the  treatment  of 
various  skin-di.seases  and  in  chronic  malarial  troubles. — 
Lebanon  Springs  water,  a  mineral  water,  containing 
chiefly  carbonates  and  sulphates,  obtained  from  Lebanon 
Springs,  New  y(»rk.  It  is  used  principally  in  the  treat- 
ment of  diseases  uf  the  digestive  an*!  urinary  tracts. — 
Like  water,  witli  the  ready  or  abundant  flow"  of  water; 
hence,  overllowingly;  abundantly;  freely:  as,  to  spend 
money  like  water. 

They  came  round  about  me  daily  i/A-e  water  ;  theycom- 
jiassed  me  about  together.  Ps.  Ixxxviii.  17. 

Lock  Of  water.    See  lock^.  —  Low  water,  low  tide. 

Set  not  her  Tongue 
A  going  agen ; 

Sh'  as  made  more  Noise  than  half  a  dozen  Pai)er-mills  ; 
London-Bridge  at  a  low  Water  is  Silence  to  her. 

Etherege,  Love  in  a  Tub,  i. 


6838 

Low-water  alarm.  See  aiarm,- Low-water  indica- 
tor. See  ntdit-ato/-.- Low- water  mark,  the  mark  or 
limit  of  water  at  low  tide ;  in  a  figurative  sense,  the  low- 
est or  a  very  low  point  or  degree.  Sometimes  erroneously 
written  low  ivater-inark. 

I'm  at  loic  tmter-mark  myself  —  only  one  bob  and  a  mag- 
pie ;  but,  as  far  as  it  goes,  I'll  fork  out  and  stump. 

Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 

Low-water  slack,  the  time  of  slack  water  at  the  lowest 

stage  of  the  tide,  when  the  ebb  has  done  and  the  flood  has 
not  yet  made.—  Marienbad  water,  a  mineral  water  from 
the  spa  of  this  name  in  Boliemia,  not  far  from  Carlsbad. 
The  water  is  used  largely  in  gout,  hemorrhoids,  obesity, 
and  liver  troubles  occurring  as  a  result  of  high  living,  and 
also  for  chronic  bronchitis,  neuralgia,  and  cystitis. —  Me- 
teoric waters,  mineral  waters,  north  water.  See  the 
adjectives.— Oil  on  troubled  waters,  figuratively,  any- 
thing done  or  used  to  mollify,  assuage,  or  allay :  from  the 
smoothing  etfectof  the  pouring  of  oil  upon  breaJcing  waves, 
a  common  resource  of  modern  seamen.  The  efficacy  of 
oil  for  such  use  was  known  to  the  ancient  Greeks  and  ito- 
mans(se6  "Notes  and  Queries,"  6th  ser.,  III.  252),  and  the 
literal  i>ractice  no  doubt  preceded  the  figurative  saying. — 
Orange-flower  watert.  Same  as  orange-water. — Oxy- 
genated water.  SeeoicyyeTiafe.— Persicot-Water.  See 
jjcrsicot.—'Pilot'B  water.  See  pilot— Volsmd  Spring 
water,  a  water,  very  weak  in  mineral  constituents,  ob- 
tained from  South  Poland,  Maine.  It  is  employed  chiefly 
as  a  table-water  and  as  a  diuretic  in  the  treatment  of 
chronic  disorders  of  the  urinary  tract.— Potash- water. 
See  potash.— 'puXiUc,  quick,  quicksilver  water.  See 
the  qualifying  words.— Red  water,  bloody  urine  ;  hema- 
turia.—Richfield  Springs  water,  a  sulphur  water  from 
the  village  of  the  same  name  in  New  York  State,  used 
largely  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism,  skin-diseases,  and 
chronic  catarrhal  affections  of  the  respiratory  tract.— 
Rockbridge  Alum  Springs  water,  a  tonic  water,  with 
astringent  taste,  obtained  in  the  place  of  the  same  name 
ill  Virginia.  It  is  employed  in  tlie  treatment  of  skin-dis- 
eases and  catarrhal  disorders  of  the  digestive  and  urinary 
tracts.— Rosemary  water.  Same  as  Hungary  water.— 
Bubinat-Condal  water,  an  aperient  water,  contain- 
ing chiefly  sodium  sulphate,  obtained  from  a  spring  in  the 
Spanish  Pyrenees.— Saratoga  waters,  various  mineral 
waters,  some  possessing  tonic  and  others  cathartic  prop- 
erties, obtained  from  Saratoga  Springs,  New  York.  They 
are  used  in  the  treatment  of  certain  chronic  akin -diseases, 
constipation,  indigestion,  and  liver  disorders,  and  in  ca- 
tarrhal conditions  of  the  urinary  and  digestive  tracts. 
Among  the  best-known  of  the  springs  are  the  Congress, 
Hathorn,  High  Rock,  Geyser,  Pavilion,  Seltzer,  and  Vichy. 
—Sedative  water.  See  stdaiiwc- Selters  water,  a 
highly  jirized  medicinal  mineral  waterfound  atNicder-Sel- 
ters,  a  village  in  the  province  of  Hesse-Nassau  in  Prussia, 
It  con  tains  a  considerable  quantity  of  sodium  chlorid  (com- 
mon salt),  and  nmch  smaller  quantities  of  sodium,  cal- 
cium, and  magnesium  carbonates.  Also  called  Seltzer 
?ca(er.— Sharon  Springs  water,  a  sulphiu-  water  from 
Sharon  Springs,  New  York.  It  is  largely  used  in  the 
treatment  of  diseases  of  the  skin,  chnmic  catarrhal  con- 
ditions of  the  respiratory  and  digestive  tract,  gout,  and 
rheumatism.—  Slllclous,  slack,  strong  water.  See  the 
adjectives.— Soden  Water,  saline  chalybeate  water  from 
Soden  in  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  the 
treatment  of  clironic  catarrhal  affections  of  the  respiratory 
tract  and  in  the  early  stages  of  pulmonary  consumption. 
—Soft  water.  See  def.  1.— Sweet  water,  (a)  Fresh 
as  opposed  to  salt  water.  See  s^vect,  a.,  8.  {h)  Glycerin. 
Worki^hop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  310. —  Thermal  waters, 
hot  springs. — To  be  In  hot  water.  See  hot  1 . — To  break 
water,  (a)  To  appear  upon  the  surface  of  the  water  to 
blow,  as  a  whale  making  its  lising.  {b)  To  float  to  the  sur- 
face, as  any  suTiken  object. — To  cast  Oil  on  troubled 
waters.  See  oil  on  troubled  waters,  above.  —  To  cast  (a 
person's)  water.  See  cast^.—To  cast  water  Into  the 
Thames,  to  i)erfonn  unnecessary  or  useless  labor  (possi- 
bly involvhig  a  play  on  the  word  Thames,  suggesting  te/n^c, 
a  sieve). 

It  is  to  give  him  ((pioth  I)  as  much  almes  or  neede 
As  cast  water  in  Terns,  or  as  good  a  deede 
As  it  is  to  helpe  a  dogge  over  a  stile. 

J.  lleywood.  Proverbs  (ed.  Sharman),  p.  69. 

Tohold  water.  See  AoWi.— To  make  foul  water.  See 
/fmO.-  To  make  water.  See  ^/m^d.— Topourwater 
on  the  hands.  See  hand.— to  take  water,  {a)  To  al- 
low one's  boat  to  fall  into  the  wake  of  another  boat,  as  in 
a  race.  Hence  — (6)  To  weaken  in  a  contest ;  back  out  or 
back  down.  [Slang.]— To  throw  cold  water  on.  See 
cold.— To  tread  water.  See  tread.— TrovLbled  waters, 
a  connnotion ;  trouble;  discord.  See  oil  on  troubled  wa- 
ters, above.— Under  water,  below  the  surface  of  tlie  wa- 
ter.—  ValS  water,  sparkling  alkaline  water  from  Vals 
in  southern  France.  It  is  used  in  dyspepsia,  urinary  dis- 
orders, affections  of  the  livei",  obesity,  gout^  and  diseases 
of  the  skin.— Vichy  water,  (a)  An  alkaline  water,  con- 
taining minute  quantities  of  iron  ami  arsenic,  obtained 
from  numerous  theimal  springs  in  Vichy,  France,  and  also 
artificially  prepared.  It  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  chronic 
catarrlial  affections  of  the  intestinal  and  urinary  tracts, 
gall-stones,  lithemia,  gout,  and  rheumatism,  (b)  A  water 
of  somewhat  similar  composition  from  the  A'ichy  Spring 
in  Saratoga.  See  Saratoga  waters. — Water  bewitched, 
water  slightly  flavored,  as  with  liquor ;  any  weak  or  greatly 
diluted  decoction  ;  figuratively,  an  insipid,  tasteless  coni- 
pound. 

Indeed,  madam,  your  ladyship  is  very  sparing  of  your 
tea  ;  I  protest,  the  last  I  took  was  no  more  than  ivater  he- 
ivitch'd.  Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  i. 

Water-check  valve,  in  a  steam-engine,  an  automatic 
valve  which  regulates  the  water-supply  delivered  by  the 
feed-water  pii)e  to  the  boiler.  See  check-valve.  — WoXeT 
cider,  ^ee  cider.— WaXer  damaged.  Same  as  water 
brwitched.  Ilalliwell.-'Wa.teT  in  one'S  Shoest,  a  source 
of  discomfort  or  irritation  to  one. 

They  caressed  his  lord.ship  very  much  as  a  new  comer, 
whom  they  were  glad  of  the  hoiwuir  to  meet,  and  talked 
aiiont  atinie  to  dine  with  him  ;  all  which  (as  they  say)  was 
water  in  his  yhues. 

Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  i.  295.     (Davies.) 


water 

Water-of-Ayr  stone.  See  Ayr  stone,  under  »(<»««.- Wa- 
ter of  Cotunnius,  a  fluid  filling  the  apace  between  the 
osseous  and  the  membranous  labyrinth  of  the  ear;  the 
perilymph,  technically  called  liquor  Cotunnii. — Water  Of 
crystallization.  See  cry*(a/n'zo(ion.— Water  of  jeal- 
ousy (literally, '  water  of  bitterness"),  in  the  ancient  Jew- 
ish law,  water  to  be  drunk  as  direct«a  in  Num.  v.  11  -  31  by 
a  woman  suspected  by  her  husband  of  unfaithfulness,  the 
act  of  drinking  it  serving  as  a  test  of  innocence  or  guilt. 
—Water  of  life,  (a)  A  liquid  giving  life  or  immortality 
to  the  drinker ;  specifically,  in  Biblical  use,  spiritual  re- 
freshment, strength,  or  salvation. 

I  will  give  unto  him  that  is  athirst  of  the  fountain  of 
the  water  of  life  freely.  Rev.  xxi.  6. 

(b)  Whisky,  brandy,  or  other  alcoholic  liquor:  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Irish  and  Gaelic  name  of  whisky,  and  of 
the  French  name  of  brandy  (eau-de-vie).  Compare  aqua 
vitas. 

The  shepherds  .  .  .  were  collected  together  (not  with- 
out a  quench  of  the  moiui tain-dew,  or  water  of  life)  in  a 
large  shed, 

J.  WUson,  Lights  and  Shadows  of  Scottish  Life,  p.  306. 

Water  of  purification.  See  holy  water.— "WaXer  of 
separation  (literally,  'water  of  uncleanness'),  in  the 
ancient  Jewish  law,  water  mixed  with  the  ashes  of  a  red 
heifer  burned  with  cedar-wood,  hyssop,  and  scarlet,  used 
to  sprinkle  upon  unclean  persons  (Num.  xix.).  — Water  On 
the  brain.  See  ^ram.— Water-steam  thermometer. 
See  thermojneter.-'WaXeT  venom-globulin,  a  poisonous 
principle  extracted  from  serpent-venom. —  White  Sul- 
phur Springs  water,  a  strong  sulphur  water  from  the 
springs  of  the  same  name  in  Greenbrier  county,  Virginia. 
It  is  used  in  the  treatment  of  chronic  catarrhal  disorders 
of  the  digestive  and  urinary  systems,  constipation,  and 
various  skin-diseases. — White  water,  (a)  Shoal  water 
near  the  shore ;  breakers.  (6)  The  foaming  water  in  rap- 
ids or  swiftly  flowing  shallows. 

The  continuous  white  water  of  the  upper  rapids  raging 
round  the  curve  of  a  steep  red  bank. 

Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLIIL  631. 

(c)  Foam  churned  up  by  a  whale.— Wiesbaden  water,  a 
saline  water  obtained  from  numerous  thermal  springs  in 
Wiesbaden,  Hesse-Nassau,  Prussia.  It  is  used  in  the  treat- 
ment of  skin-diseases,  gout,  rheumatism,  and  neuralgia.— 
Wildungen  water,  a  mineral  water,  containing  carbon- 
ates of  calcium  and  magnesium  and  a  small  percentage  of 
sulphates,  from  Jsieder-Wildungen  in  Waldeck.  It  is  em- 
ployed chiefly  in  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  urinary 
tract.  —Yellow  Sulphur  Springs  water,  a  m  ineral  water 
from  springs  of  the  same  name  m  Virginia.  It  contains  a 
large  proportion  of  lime  salts  and  sulphates,  and  is  cathar- 
tic. (See  also  barley-water,  fire-water,  leadvxtter,  ric€-wa- 
ter.) 

water  (wa't6r),  v.  [<  ME.  watereiiy  wetereUf 
watrev,  wattrcrij  wattrenriy  wettrien,  <  AS.  wse- 
irian,  water,  =  D.  wateren,  water,  make  water, 
=  MHG.  we::zeri)j  G.  wassern,  irrigate,  water 
(ef.  Icel.  vatfia  =  Sw.  vaitna  =  Dan.  vande, 
water);  from  the  noun.]  I,  trans,  1.  To  put- 
water  into  or  upon  ;  moisten,  dilute,  sprinkle, 
or  soak  with  water ;  specifically,  to  irrigate. 

All  the  grounde  throughout  the  lande  of  Egipt  is  con- 
tinually watred  by  the  water  which  vppon  ye  25  day  of 
August  is  turned  into  the  cnntries  round  al>out. 

E.  WebbCy  Travels  (ed.  Arber),  p.  22. 

Set  fnuttrees  round,  nor  e'er  indulge  thy  sloth, 
But  u-^ter  them,  and  urge  their  shady  growth. 

Addison,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Geoi^cs,  iv. 

2.  To  supply  with  water  for  drinking;  feed 
with  water:  said  of  animals. 

Aft  times  hae  I  icaierd  my  steed 
Wi'  the  water  o'  Wearie's  well. 
The  Water  o  Weaiie's  Well  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  199% 

If  the  inhabitants  of  a  parish  have  a  customary  right  of 
watering  their  cattle  at  a  certain  pool,  the  custom  is  not 
destroyed  though  they  do  not  use  it  for  ten  years. 

Bla^kstone,  Com.,  L,  Int.,  ilL 

3.  To  produce  by  moistening  and  pressure  upon 
{silk,  or  other  fabric)  a  sort  of  pattern  on  which 
there  is  a  changeable  play  of  light.  See  watered 
silk,  under  watered. 

These  things  [silk  and  cotton  goods]  are  watered,  which 
very  much  adds  to  their  beauty ;  they  are  made  also  at 
Aleppo,  but  not  in  so  great  perfection. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  125. 

4.  To  increase  (the  nominal  capital  of  a  cor- 
poration) by  the  issue  of  new  shares  without 
a  coiTesponding  increase  of  actual  capital.  Jus- 
tification for  such  a  transaction  is  usually  sought  by  claim- 
ing that  the  property  and  franchises  have  increased  in 
value,  so  that  an  increase  of  stock  is  necessary  in  or- 
der fairly  to  represent  existing  capital  [Commercial 
slang.] 

The  stock  of  some  of  the  railways  has  been  icatered  to 
an  alarming  extent  by  the  issue  of  fictitious  capital,  exist- 
ing only  on  paper,  though  ranking  equally  for  dividend  — 
when  money  for  this  is  forthcoming.  Usually,  the  paper 
stock  has  been  sold  to  unwary  purchasers. 

Fortnightiy  Rev.,  X.  S.,  XLIII.  857. 

To  water  one's  plantst,  to  shed  tears.    [Old  slang.] 

Neither  water  thou  thy  plants,  in  that  thou  departest 
froni  tliy  pigges  nie,  neither  stand  in  a  manimeriug  whe- 
ther it  bee  best  to  depart  or  not.. 

Euphues  to  Philautus,  M.  4.    {Naves.) 

IL  intrans.  1.  To  give  out,  emit,  discharge, 
or  secrete  water. 

If  they  suffer  the  dusts  of  bribes  to  be  thrown  into  their 
sight,  their  eyes  will  water  and  twinkle,  and  fall  at  last  to 
blind  connivance.  Rev,  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  147. 


water 

His  eyes  would  have  watered  with  a  true  feeling  over 
the  sale  of  a  widow's  furniture. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  12. 

2.  To  gather  saliva  as  a  symptom  of  appetite : 
said  of  the  mouth  or  teeth,  ami  in  figurative 
use  noting  vehement  desire  or  craving. 

In  theyr  raindes  they  conceaued  a  hope  of  a  daintie  ban- 
quet, And,  espying  their  enemies  a  farre  of,  beganne  to 
swalowe  theyr  spettle  as  their  niouthes  watered  for  greed- 
ines  of  theyr  pray. 

Peter  Martyr  (tr.  in  Edeu's  First  Books  on  America,  ed. 

[Arber,  p.  181). 

Oh,  my  little  green  gooseberry,  my  teeth  waters  at  ye  ! 
Farquhar,  Love  and  a  Bottle,  v.  1. 

The  dog's  mouth  waters  only  at  the  sight  of  food,  but 
the  goanuand's  mouth  will  also  water  at  the  thought  of 
it  J.  Ward,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  67. 

3.  To  get  or  take  in  water:  as,  the  ship  put 
into  port  to  water  ;  specifically,  to  drink  water. 

We  watered  at  the  Canaries,  we  traded  with  the  Salvages 
at  Dominica.    Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith'ti  Works,  1. 150. 

Were  I  a  poet,  by  Hippocrene  I  swear(wliich  was  a  cer- 
tain well  wnere  all  the  Muses  watered),  etc. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Westward  Ho,  ii.  1. 

A  Mischance  befel  the  Horse,  which  lamed  him  as  he 
went  a  watering  to  the  Seine.        Ilowell,  Letters,  I.  i.  17. 

water-adder   (wa'ter-ad'er),   )).     An  aquatic 

•  serpent  like,  or  mistaken  for,  an  adder,  (a)  The 
water-moccasin,  a  venomous  snake.  See  vwccaMn'^  (with 
cut>  [U.  S.J  <6)  The  commonest  water-snake  of  the 
United  States,  Tropidmiotus  (oftener  Neradia)  sipedon. 
This  is  a  large,  stout  serpent,  roughened  with  keeled 
scales,  and  somewhat  spotted  or  blotched,  like  an  adder, 
especially  when  young.  It  bites  quite  hard  in  self-de- 
fense when  attacked,  but  is  not  poisonous.     [U.  S.) 

waterage  (wa'ter-aj),  H.  [<  water  +  -age.'] 
Money  paid  for  transportation  by  water. 

water-agrimony  (wa'ter-ag'ri-mo-ni),  n.  An 
old  name  of  the  bur-marigold,  Bklens  tripartita 
or  B.  rertiita. 

water-aloe  (w4't^r-al'6),  «.  Same  as  water-sol- 
dier. 

water-analysis  (wa'ter-a-nal"i-sis),  n.  In 
clitiii.,  the  analysis  of  waters,  either  to  deter- 
mine their  potable  quality,  or  fitness  for  use  in 
boilers  or  otherwise  in  the  arts. 

water-anchor  (wa'ter-ang'kor),  «.  A  sail  dis- 
tended by  spars  and  thrown  overboard  to  hold 
a  vessel's  head  to  the  wind  and  retard  her 
drifting;  a  drag-anchor.  Also  called  sea-an- 
chor. 

water-antelope  (wa'ter-an"tc-16p),  «.  One  of 
numerous  different  African  antelopes,  as  of 
the  genera  Ekotraiins,  Kohiis,  and  some  others, 
which  frequent  marshy  or  reedy  [daces ;  a  reed- 
buck;  a  water-buck.  See  cuts  under  «m/"'' and 
sin(i-sin<i. 

water-apple  (wa'ter-ap'l),  «.  The  custard- 
a])ple,  .'iniina  reticulata. 

water-arum  (wa'ter-a'rum),  H.     See  ('alia,  1. 

water-ash  (wa'ttr-ash),  «.  1.  A  small  tree, 
fraxiiiiw  platj/carpa,  without  special  value, 
found  in  deep  river-swami>s  from  Virginia  to 
Texas  and  in  the  West  Inilies. —  2.  The  black 
hoop-  or  ground-ash,  Fraximis  sainhiicifotia,  of 
wet  grounds  in  the  eastern  half  of  North  Amer- 
ica. Its  tough  pliable  dark-brown  wood  is  largely  used 
for  Interior  finish  and  cubinut-wurk,  for  making  hoops  and 
b&skets,  etc. 

water-avens  (wa'ter-av"enz),  11.  A  plant, 
(ieain  riralc,  found  in  wet  meadows  northward 
in  both  hemispheres.  It  grows  some  2  feet  high,  and 
is  noticeable  for  its  nodding  flowers  (large  for  the  genus), 
with  purplish-orange  jMjtals,  and,  in  fruit,  for  its  feathery 
styles  and  persistent  purple  calyx.     Also  fmrjile  aeens, 

water-back  (wa'ter-bak),  H.  1.  An  iron  cham- 
ber or  reservoir  or  a  combination  of  pipes,  at 
the  back  of  a  cooking-range  or  other  fireplace, 
to  utilize  the  heat  of  the  firo  in  providing  a 
supply  of  hot  water. — 2.  In  hrcicint/,  a  cistern 
which  holds  the  water  used  for  mashing. 

water-bag  (wa't;T-bag),  ».  l.  The  reticulum 
of  the  stomach  of  the  camel  and  other  Camcli- 
die,  corresponding  to  the  honeycomb  tripe  of 
ordinary  ruminants. — 2.  In  licr.,  a  bearing 
representing  a  vessel  for  holding  water,  usu- 
ally drawn  as  if  a  leather  bucket.  It  differs 
from  icater-tioiii/ct,  or  howjct,  in  retaining  the 
form  of  the  actual  vessel. 

water-bailaget  (wii'ter-ba'lag),  II.     Bailage 
upon  goods  transported  by  water.    See  bailage. 
Water-lKiyUnji',  a  tax  demanded  upon  all  goods  by  the 
City,  iiniKjrteti  and  exported. 

I'ein/K,  Diary,  Jan.  20,  l«)8-9.     (Davies.) 

water-bailiff  (wa'ter-ba"lif),  »i.  1.  A  custom- 
house officer  in  a  port  town  whose  duty  is  to 
itearch  ships. 

Out  of  patience  with  the  wlude  trilje  of  custom-house 
eltortioners,  Ixjatmcn,  tide-waiters,  and  water-liaili/s,  that 
beset  me  on  all  aides,  worse  than  a  swarm  of  nuisquetoes, 
I  proceeded  a  little  tiw  roughly  to  brush  them  away  with 
my  rattan.  Cuutlierlnnd,  West  Indian,  i.  5. 


6839 

2.  A  former  officer  of  the  London  corporation 
who  saw  to  the  observance  of  the  statutes  and 
by-laws  applicable  to  the  river  Thames. — 3. 
See  water-liailiff,  under  bailiff. 

water-balance  (wa'ter-bal"ans),  n.  An  old 
form  of  water-raising  apparatus,  consisting  of 
a  series  of  troughs  one  above  another,  sup- 
ported in  a  hanging  frame,  and  oscillating  like 
a  pendulum.  As  the  frame  swings,  the  water  dipped 
by  the  lowest  trough  runs  into  that  next  above,  and  in  the 
return  motion  it  is  emptied  in  turn  from  that  into  the 
next  above  again,  and  so  on.     E.  II.  Knig/it. 

water-bar  (wa'ter-bar).  It.  A  ridge  crossing  a 
hill  or  mountain  road,  and  leading  aside  water 
flowing  down  the  road. 

They  .  .  .  were  descending,  with  careful  reining  in  and 
bearing  back,  the  steep,  long  plunges  — for  these  moun- 
tain roads  are  like  cataract  beds,  and  travellers  are  like 
the  falling  water  — where  the  only  break  and  safety  were 
the  water-bars,  humping  up  across  the  way  at  frequent 
intervals.  Mrs.  Wtiitney,  Odd  or  Even?  xiii. 

water-barometer  (wa'ter-ba-rom"e-ter),  H.  A 
barometer  in  which  water  is  substituted  for 
mercury.     See  barometer. 

If  a  long  pipe,  closed  at  one  end  only,  were  emptied  of 
air,  filled  with  water,  the  open  end  kept  in  water,  and 
the  pipe  held  upright,  the  water  would  rise  in  it  nearly 
twenty-eight  feet.  In  this  way  water  barometers  have 
been  made.  Fitz  Roy,  Weather  Book,  p.  12. 

water-barrel  (wa'ter-bar"el),  «.  1.  A  water- 
cask. —  2.  In  mining,  a  large  wrought-iron  bar- 
rel with  a  self-acting  valve  in  the  bottom,  used 
in  drawing  water  where  there  are  no  pumps. 
[South  Staffordshire,  Eng.] 

water-barrow  (wa'ter-bar"o),  H.  A  two- 
wheeled  barrow  carrying  a  tank,  often  swung 
on  trunnions,  used  by  gardeners  and  others;  a 
water-barrel.     IC.  H.  Knight. 

water-basil  (wa'ter-baz"i]),  n.  In  gem-cutting, 
a  uniform  bevel  cut  aroimd  the  top  of  a  stone, 
after  the  grinding  of  the  upper  flat  table. 

water-bath  (wa'ter-bath),  n.  1.  A  bath  com- 
posed of  water,  in  contradistinction  to  a  vapor- 
bath. —  2.  In  chein.,  a  vessel  containing  water 
which  is  heated  to  a  certain  temperature,  over 


water-boatman 


Water  baths  of  various  forms  (A,  B,  C),  with  adjustable  rin^js  [,r, 
i,  CI,  to  receive  vessels  of  different  sizes.  B  and  C  are  arraiiyed  to 
have  a  eotistant  water-supply. 

which  chemical  preparations  or  solutions  are 
placed  in  suitable  vessels  to  be  digested,  evapo- 
rated, or  dried  at  the  given  temperature. — 3. 
Same  as  bain-marie. 

water-battery  (vva't(r-bat"er-i),  H.  1.  In  elect. 
See  battery. —  2.  In  fort.,  a  battery  nearly  on 
a  level  with  tlie  water. 

water-beadlet  (wa'ter-be"dl),  «.  A  water- 
bailiff  (?). 

In  the  year  17(K)  one  S.  Smith,  who  is  described  as 
water-beadle,  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Bemiondsey,  left  a 
legacy  to  bis  nephew,  Matthew  Smith,  of  this  parish. 

X.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VIII.  487. 

water-bean  (wa'ter-ben),  «.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Xelnmbo. 

water -bear  (wa'ter-bar),  n.  A  bear-animalcule. 
See  Macrohiotidie,  Arctisca,  and  Tardigrada. 

water-bearer  (wri'ter-bar"er).  «.  [<  ME.  watyr 
berarc  =  Sw.  ratlenbdrara  =  Dan.  vandbarer;  < 
water  -h  bearer.']  1.  One  who  carries  water; 
specifically,  one  whose  business  is  the  convey- 
ing of  water  from  a  spring,  well,  river,  etc.,  to 
purchasers  or  consumers. 

Yf  there  be  neuer  a  wyse  man,  make  a  teal ir -bearer,  a 
tinker,  a  cobler,  .  .  .  comptroller  of  the  mynte. 

Latimer,  Sermon  on  the  Plough. 

2.  [cap.]  In  astroii.,  a  sign  of  the  zodiac.  See 
.-li/iitirins. 

water-bearing  (wa'ter-bar"ing),  H.  A  journal- 
box  having  in  the  lower  part  a  groove  com- 
municating with  a  pipe  through  which  water 
under  heavy  pressure  is  admitted  beneath  the 
journal,  which  it  raises  slightly  from  its  bear- 
ings. As  the  journal  revolves,  the  water  flows  in  an  ex- 
ceedingly thin  film  or  sheet  between  it  and  the  bearings, 
forming  a  very  eflicient  lubricant.  See  cut  in  next  column. 
Also  ciiUt:il  palier-i/lissant  and  tiydraulie  pivot, 

water-bed  (wa'ter-bed),  «.  A  large  india-rub- 
ber mattress  filled  with  water,  on  which  a  very 
sick  person,  or  one  who  is  bedridilen,  is  some- 
times i)laced,  to  avoid  the  production  of  bed- 
sores.    Also  called  hi/droxtatic  bed. 

water-beech  (wa'ter-iiecli),  «.  1.  A  small  tree, 
the  American  hornbeam,  Ciirpinii.i  Caroliniana: 
80  named  from  its  growing  in  wet  ground,  and 


Water-bearin}j. 
rt,  wheel;  tr,  b',  bearings  for  the  shaft:  r,  c,  hollow  supports  for 
bearings  ;  d.  d' ,  d",  pipe  and  branches  through  which  water  is  forced 
into  the  hollow  supports  '"/yj  slot  through  which  the  water  passes 
into  the  bearings  with  sufficient  force  to  supiJort  completely  the 
weight  of  <r  and  the  shaft. 

from  its  resemblance,  especially  in  its  bark, 
to  the  beech.  Also  called  blnc-bccch.—  2.  Im- 
properly, the  sycamore,  or  American  plane-tree, 
Plntanus  occidentalis,  growing  on  low  grounds, 
and  having  reddish  wood  like  that  of  the  beech. 

water-beetle  (wa'ter-be"tl),  n.  A  beetle  which 
lives  in  the  water.  Such  beetles  belong  mainly  to  the 
families  Amphizoidse,  Haliplidie,  Dytiscidse,  and  Gyrini- 
die  of  the  adephagous  series,  and  the  Hydrophilidx  of 
the  clavicorn  series.  The  firat  four  are  sometimes  grouped 
under  the  name  Hydradepfiaga,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Geadepliaga,  or  ground-beetles  and  tiger-beetles.  K  few 
other  beetles  are  to  some  extent  aquatic ;  but  the  term  is 
restricted  to  the  species  of  the  five  families  named.  See 
these  family  names,  and  cuts  under  Dyii-^cus,  Gyrimdx, 
Hydrohius,  Hydrophilidie,  and  Ilybius.  Compare  wafer- 
tnig. 

water-bellows  (wa'ter-bel"6z),  n.  A  form  of 
blower  used  in  gas-machines,  and  formerly  to 
supply  a  blast  for  furnaces,  it  consists  essentially 
of  an  inverted  vessel  suspended  in  water,  on  raising  which 
in  the  water  air  is  drawn  in  through  an  inlet  valve,  while 
on  lowering  the  vessel  the  air  is  forcetl  out  again  through 
another  valve.  Such  vessels  are  usually  placed  in  pairs, 
and  are  lowered  and  raised  alternately.  The  device  is 
also  used  for  supplying  air  to  the  pipes  of  a  pneumatic 
clock-system.  The  central  clock  lifts  the  inverted  tank, 
and,  letting  it  fall  once  a  minute,  sends  a  putf  of  air 
through  the  pipes,  and  thus  moves  all  the  hands  of  the 
clocks  connected  with  the  system. 

water-bells  (wa'ter-belz),  n.  The  European 
white  water-lily,  Castalia  speciosa  {Nijmphsea 
alba).     Britten  and  Holland.     [North.  Eng.] 

water-betony  (wa'ter-bet"o-ni),  ■«.  See  Scro- 
phnliiria. 

water-bird  (wa'ter-berd),  H.  In  ornith.,  an 
aquatic  as  distinguished  from  a  terrestrial  oi' 
aerial  bird;  in  the  plural,  the  grallatorial  and 
natatorial  or  wading  and  swimming  birds,  col- 
lectively distinguished  from  land-birds.  The 
term  reflects  an  obsolete  classificatitm  in  which  birds 
were  divided  into  three  main  grtuiijs,  called  Aves  aerea^, 
Aves  terrestres,  and  Ares  aqnaticie.  These  divisions  are 
abolished,  but  the  English  names  of  two  of  them,  land-bird 
and  water-bird,  continue  in  current  use  because  of  their 
ci>nvenience.     Compare  icatei-foid,  2. 

water-biscuit  (wa'ter-bis"kit),  «.  A  biscuit 
or  cracker  luade  of  flour  and  water. 

water-blackbird  (wti'ter-blak'berd),  n.  The 
water-ouzel,  Vincliis  aqiiaticu.H.  See  Cinelus 
and  dipper,  5.     [Ireland  and  Scotland.] 

water-blast  (wa'ter -blast),  «.  In  mining,  a 
method  of  ventilation,  in  which  an  ajiparatus 
is  employed  which  is  the  same  in  principle  as 
the  trompe  of  the  Catalan  forge.     See  trontpe^. 

It  [the  water-blast]  is  not  nnich  employed  nowadays, 
and  gives  only  a  low  useful  effect. 

Gallon,  Ixictures  on  Mining  (tran.s.),  II.  441. 

water-blebs  (wa'ter-blebz),  «.     Pemi)higus. 
water-blink  (wa'ter-blingk),  n.  A  spot  of  cloud 
hanging  in  arctic  regions  over  open  water,  the 
presence  of  which  it  serves  to  indicate. 

The  water-blink  consists  of  dark  clouds  or  spots  on  the 

horizon,  and  is  formed  by  the  ascending  mists  which 

gather  in  clouds  and  hang  over  pools  of  water.     It  is 

always  the  herald  of  advance,  and  is  eagerly  looked  for. 

Scldey  and  Soley,  Rescue  of  Greely,  p.  160. 

water-blinks  (wa'ter-blingks),  H.  Same  as 
blinking-ehickwced. 

water-blob  (wa't^r-blob),  n.  A  local  name  of 
the  marsh-marigold,  Caltlia  palustris,  of  the 
white  water-lily,  Castalia  .<<j>eeiosa  (Xi/ntpha'a 
alba),  and  of  the  yellow  water-lily,  Ayinphiea 
(Xni)har)  Ititea.  Britten  and  Holland.  '  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

water-blue  (wa'ter-blo),  11.  A  coal-tar  color 
used  in  dyeing,  and  similar  to  soluble  blue.  It 
is  principally  used  for  dyeing  cottoti. 

water-board  (wa'ter-lioril),  n.  A  board  set  up 
on  the  edge  of  a  boat  to  keej)  off'  sjiray,  etc. 

water-boat  (wA/ter-ln'it),  n.  A  boat  carrying 
water  ill  bulk  for  the  siqijily  of  sliips. 

water-boatman  (wa'ter-l)6t"iiiMii).  H.    1.  The 

boat-fly  or  boat-insect,  an  aquatic  bug  of  the 


Back -swimming  Water-boatman 
{Notonecta  unctuliita),  dorsal  view, 
three  times  natural  size. 


water-boatman 

family  Xotonectidse :  so  called  because  these 
insects  move  in  the  water  like  a  boat  propelled 
by  oars.  They  are  more 
fully  called  baek-sinm- 
miiig  icater-boat  men^ 
and  also  back-suimmers, 
because  they  row  them- 
selves about  on  their 
backs  with  their  long 
feathered  oar-like  legs. 
Some  species  are  very 
common  in  ponds  and 
brooks  in  the  United 
States,  and  are  often  put 
in  aquariums  to  exhibit 
their  silvery  colors  and 
curious  actions.  N.  un- 
dutata  is  a  characteris- 
tic example, 

2.  An  aquatic  bug 
of  the  family  Cori- 
sidse.  All  the  North 
American  species 
belong  to  the  genus 
Corisa,  as  C.  undu- 
lata. 

water-borne    (wa'- 
t^r-born),  a.    Borne 
or  conveyed  by  water ;  carried  iu  a  boat  or  ves 
sel;  floated. 

Thus  merchandise  might  be  waterlxyrne-  from  the  chan- 
nel to  the  Mediterranean, 

Motley,  Hist.  Netherlands,  IV.  147. 

The  stone  of  which  it  [bridge  from  the  Strand  to  the 
opposite  shore  of  the  Thames]  was  constructed,  beiny: 
water-b&me,  had  to  pay  tliis  tax. 

S.  Dowell,  Taxes  in  England,  IV.  394. 

Water-borne  goods,  goods  carried  on  shipboard. 
water-bottle  (wa'ter-bot'l),  )i.     A  bottle  made 

of  glass,  skin,  rubber,  or  other  material,  and 

designed  for  holding  water. 
water-bouget  (w!i'ter-bo"jet),  u.    In  her.,  same 

as  bimget,  2. 
water-bound   (wa'ter-bound),  a.      Impeded, 

hindered,  or  lieramed  in  by  water,  as  in  case  of 

a  flood,  heavy  rains,  etc. 

Wliile  water-bound,  it  [a  foraging  party]  was  attacked 
by  guerrillas.  New  York  Tribune,  April  30,  1802. 

water-box  (wa'ter-boks),  1I.  A  bottom  or  side 
of  a  furnace  consisting  of  a  compartment  of 
iron  kept  filled  with  water.  It  serves  to  pre- 
vent tlie  burning  out  of  the  iron. 

water-brain  (wa'ter-bran),  n.  Gid  or  staggers 
of  slicep,  caused  by  the  brain-worm. 

water-brain  fever.  Jleningitis ;  acute  hydro- 
ceplialus. 

water-brash  (wa'ter-brash),  n.  Same  as  }>y- 
rosix. 

water-braxy  (wa'ter-brak"si),  «.  A  disease  of 
sheep  in  which  there  is  hemorrhage  into  the 
peritoneal  cavity.     See  hraxy. 

water-break  (wa't6r-brak),  «.  A  wavelet  or 
ripple.     [Rare.] 

Many  a  silvery  water-break 
Above  the  golden  gravel. 

Tennyson,  The  Brook. 

water-breather  (wa'ter-bre" frier),  n.  Any 
brancliiate  wliich  breathes  water  by  means  of 
gills. 

water-bridge  (wa'ter-brij),  n.  A  fire-bridge 
which  also  forms  part  of  the  water-space  of  a 
boiler.  If  dependent  from  the  boiler,  it  is  called  a  hang- 
ing bridge ;  if  it  has  flue-space  above  and  below,  it  is  a 
midfeather.     Also  called  water-table. 

water-brose  (wa'ter-broz),  «.  Brose  made  of 
meal  and  water  only.     [Scotch.] 

I'll  sit  down  o'er  my  scanty  mejil, 
lie  't  water-brose  or  niuslin-kail, 
Wi'  cheerfu'  face.     Bums,  To  James  Smith. 

water-buck  (wa'ter-buk),  n.  A  water-ante- 
lope, especially  a  kob,  as  Kohus  clUpsiprymniis, 
which  abounds  in  some  African  lowlands,  as 
in  Nyassa-land.  Another  water-buck  is  Ccrri- 
ciipra  reduiicii.  See  ko}},  and  cuts  under  sing- 
sing  and  tiagnr. 

Among  the  ruminants  is  the  dangerous  buffalo  (Bubalus 
caffer),  the  never-to-be  sufficiently-admired  giraffe,  .  .  . 
the  gnu,  the  pallali,  the  water-b^iek  (Cobus). 

Fortniijhtly  Rei>.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.  472. 

wa'ter-buckler  (wa'ter-buk"ler),  n.     Same  as 

w(itcr-nhii:ld. 
water-budget  (wa'ter-buj''et),  11.    In  her.,  same 

as  liimget,  2.     Also  calh'd  dosser. 
wa'ter-buffalo  (wa'ter-l>iif"a-16),  II.    See  wdter- 

CDW. 

water-bug  (wa'ter-bug),  ?(.  1.  Any  true  bug  of 
the  heteropterous  section  Hi/drocorisx  or  (>///<- 
tocerata,  including  tliose  which  live  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  water,  and  belong  to  tlie 
families  Corisidie,  Notoiiertidie,  Sejiidie.  Iii4iist(i- 
iniilie,  and  Xaiicoridie.     See  tliese  words,  and 


6840 


water-colored 


cuts  under  Belostoina  and  Kanatra.—  2.  Any  water-caiTy  (wa'ter-ka'vi),  n.     The  capibara- 
one  of  certain  true  bugs  of  the  heteropterous  water-celery (wa'ter-sel''e-ri),n.   l.Thecursed 


section  Aurocorisa, 
including  those 
which  live  mainly 
on  the  surface  of 
the  water,  and 
which  belong  to 
the  families  By- 
drobatidee,  Veliidee, 
Limiwbatidee,  Sal- 
didse,  and  Hydro- 
metridte.  See  these 
words.  —  3.  The 
croton-bug  or  Ger- 
man cockroach, 
Blatta  (Fhyllodro- 
mia)  germanica :  so 
called  from  its 
preference  for  wa- 
ter-pipes and  moist 
places  in  houses. 
See  cuts  under  cro- 
ton-bug and  Blattidse. 
ber  of  the  Belostirmidse. 
water-butt  (wa'ter-but),  n 


Water-bug  ^Limnobatts lineata),  alwiit 
three  times  natural  size. 

Giant  water-bug,  any  mem- 


crowfoot,  Hminnculus  sceleratus,  of  temperate 
Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America.  It  has  a  thick 
hollow  stem  a  foot  or  two  high,  tlie  lower  leaves  stalked 
and  three-lobed,  the  petals  small,  and  the  carpels  very 
numerous.  The  juice  is  very  acrid,  and  is  used  by  beg- 
gars to  produce  sores ;  but  the  plant  is  in  some  places  eat- 
en after  boiling. 
2.  See  Vallisiieria. 
wa'ter-cell  (wa'ter-sel),  n.  1.  One  of  several 
diverticula  of  the  paunch  of  the  camel,  serving 
to  store  up  water.     See  water-bag,  1. 

These,  the  so-called  water-cells,  serve  to  strain  off  from 
the  contents  of  the  paunch,  and  to  retain  in  store,  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  water.    Huxley,  Anat  Vert.,  p.  328. 

2.  A  voltaic  cell  in  which  the  liquid  is  pure 
water. 

water-centiped  (wa't6r-sen''ti-ped),«.  The  dob- 
son  or  hellgi'ammite.  See  cut  under  sprawler. 
[U.  S.] 

water-charger  (wa't6r-char''j6r),  II.  A  device 
for  filling  the  water-passages  of  a  pump,  so  that 
it  may  act  promptly  when  started. 

water-chat  (wa'tfer-chat),  n.     1.  A  bird  of  the 


family  Henicuridse. —  2.    A    South   American 
1.  A  large  open-    tyrant-flycatcher  of  the  subfamily  F?i(!'icoH«a», 

headed  cask,  usually  set  up  on  end  in  an  out-     of  which  there  are  many  genera  and  species; 

house  or  close  to  a  dwelling,  serving  as  a  reser-    a  water-eap.     See  cut  under  Fluvicola. 

voir  for  rain- or  pipe-water. —  2.  A  water-bee-  water-check  (wa't&r-chek),  «.     A  check-valve 

tie,  as  Dytiscus  marginatns  and  related  species,     for  regulating  a  supply  of  water,  as  in  the  Gif- 
water-cabbage(wa'ter-kab''aj),n.    TheAmeri-    ford  injector.     E.  H.  Knight. 

can  white  vfater-lily,  Castalia  {Xyiiqihiea)  ado-  water-chestnut  (wa'ter-ches'nut),  n.     See 

rata.  Trapa. 

water-calamint  (wa'ter-kal'^a-mint),  «.     The  water-chevrotain  (wa'ter-shev^ro-tan), ».   An 

corn-mint,  Mentha  arvensis.  aquatic  African  traguline,  Hyoinoschus  aquati- 

water-caltrop   (wa'ter-kaF'trop),  «.     1.    The     ciis,  belonging  to  the  family  Tragulidse,  and 

water-nut,   Trapa. —  2.    A  book-name  of  the     thus  related  to  the  kanchil  and  napu. 


pondweeds  Pote;«of/ctofl  denmis  and  P.  crispiis. 

water-can  (wa'ter-kan),  M.  The  yellow  water- 
lily,  Nyinphiea  {Xuph<ir)  Intea,  or  the  European 
white  water-lily,  Castalia  siiecinsa  (Nymphsea  al- 
ba) :  so  named  from  the  sluipe  of  the  seed-ves- 
sel.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

water-cancer,  water-canker  (wa'tfer-kan"s6r, 
-kang^ker),  n.  Gangrenous  stomatitis,  or  noma. 
See  noma. 

wa'ter-cap  (wa'ter-kap),  n.  1.  A  form  of  cylin- 
drical diaphragm  of  copper  in  the  time-fuse  of 


wa'ter-chicken  (wa't^r-ehik''en),  11.  The  com- 
mon gallinule,  Gallinula  galeata.  Ralph  and 
Bagg,  1886.     [Oneida  county.  New  York.] 

water-chickweed  (wa'ter-chik^wed),  n.  1. 
A  small,  smooth,  and  green  tufted  herb,  Mon- 
tiafontana,  found  throughout  Europe,  in  north- 
ern Asia,  from  arctic  America  down  the  west 
coast  to  California,  and  in  the  Andes  to  their 
southern  extremity.  Also  blinking-chicl-tceed 
(which  see).— -2.  A  name  for  Callitriche  verna 
and  SteUaria  (Malachiuin)  aquatica. 


a  shell,  intended  to  prevent  the  fuse  from  being  wa'ter-chinkapin   (wa't^r-ching''ka-pin),  n. 


The  American  nelumbo,  Xelumbo  lutea,  or  pri- 
marily its  edible  nut-like  seed:  so  named  from 
tlie  resemblance  of  the  seeds  to  chinkapins. 
They  are  borne  immersed  in  pits  in  the  large 
top-shaped  receptacle.  Also  wankapin,  yonco- 
pin. 

.--...-  ^  water- 


extinguished  by  water  in  ricochet  firing. — 2. 
A  bird  of  the  subfamily  FluvicoUnif,  the  spe- 
cies and  genera  of  which  are  numerous.  Also 
water-chat.     See  cut  under  Fluvicola. 

water-carpet  (wa't6r-kar'''pet),  ».     1.  A  Brit- 
ish geometrid  moth,    Cidaria  suffumata. — 2. 

An  American  golden-saxifrage,  Chrysoplenium  -water-cicada  (wa'ter-si-ka'da), 
Americanum,  which  spreads  on  the  surface  of    boatman, 
springs  and  streams.    Wood,  Class-book  of  Bot.  water-clam  (wa'tfer-klam),  «.     A  bivalve  of 

water-carriage  (wa'ter-kar"aj),  n.     1.  Trans-     the  family  Spoiidylid«;  a  thorn-oyster.      See 
portation  or  conveyance  by  water.  cut  xmder  Spondijlus. 

In  the  important  matter  of  water-carnage  the  farmer  in  wator-clock  (wa't&r-klok),  W.     A  clepsydra. 
the  Canadian  Far  West  has  unrivalled  advantages.  ^  clepsydra,  or  waterclock,  which  played  upon  Flutes 

W.  F.  Rae,  Newfoundland  to  M,anit«ba,  xiii.      jjie  hours  of  the  night  at  a  time  when  they  c<nild  not  be 


2.  Tlie  conducting  or  conveying  of  water  from 
place  to  place. 

In  the  water-carriarfe  system  each  house  bas  its  own  net- 
work of  drain-pipes,  soil-pipes,  and  waste-pipes,  which  lead 
from  the  basins,  siidis,  closets,  and  gullies  within  and  about 
the  house  to  the  common  sewer.     Encyc.  Brit.,  XXI.  714. 

3.  Means  of  conveyance  by  water,  collectively ; 
vessels;  boats.     [Rare.] 

The  most  brittle  u^ter-carriage  was  used  among  the 
Egyptians,  who,  as  Strabo  saitli,  would  sail  sometimes  in 
boats  made  of  earthenware.  Arbuthnot. 

water-carrier  (wa'ter-kar'i-er), 
or  that  which  carries  water;  specifically,  an 
arrangement  of  ■wires  or  the  like  on  which  a 
bucket  of  water,  raised  from  a  well,  etc.,  may  be 
conveyed  wherever  required,  as  to  a  house. — 
Water-carriers'  paralysis,  paralysis  of  the  musculo- 

spiral  nerve. 

water-cart  (wii'ter-kiirt),  n.  AcartcaiTyingwa- 
ter  for  sale  or  for  watering  streets,  gardens,  etc. 
For  the  latter  pui-pose  the  cart  bears  a  large  cask  or  tank 
containing  water,  which,  by  means  of  a  tube  or  tubes  per- 
forated with  holes,  is  sprinkled  on  roads  and  streets  to 
prevent  dust  from  rising,  or  in  gardens  to  water  plants. 

water-cask  (wa't^r-kask),  n.  A  strong  light 
cask  used  for  transporting  drinking-water, 
especially  on  sea-going  ships.  Compare  water- 
tank  and  breaker. 

water-castert  (wa'ter-kas'''ter),  n.  A  physician 
who  professed  to  discover  the  diseases  of  his 


seen  on  the  index.  Dr.  Bumey,  Hist  Music,  I.  612. 

water-closet  (wa'ter-kloz"et),  «.  A  privy  liav- 
ing  some  contrivance  for  carrying  off  the  dis- 
charges through  a  waste-pipe  below  by  the 
agency  of  water. 

water-cock  (wa'ter-kok),  n.  The  kora,  (lalli- 
crcx  cristata,  a  large  dark  gallinule  of  India, 
Ceylon,  Java,  and  islands  east  ward,  homed  with 
a  red  caruncle  on  top  of  the  head. 

water-colly  (wa'ter-koVi),*).   The  water-ouzel, 

^  ,        Cinclus  a(juatieus.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Une  who  -^j-ater-color  (wa'ter-kul'''or),  «.     1.  Painting. 

especially  artistic  painting,  with  pigments  for 

which  water  and  not  oil  is  used  as  a  solvent. — 

2.  A  pigment  adapted  or  prepared  for  painting 
in  this  method. 

Some  fine  colour  that  may  please  the  eye 
Of  fickle  changelings  and  poor  discontents;  .  .  . 
And  never  yet  did  insurrection  want 
Such  water-colours  to  impaint  his  cause. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1.  80. 

Water-colours  are  sold  in  four  fonns,  in  cakes,  pastilles, 
pans,  and  tubes.  Hamerton,  Graphic  Arts,  xiii. 

3.  A  painting  executed  by  this  method,  or  with 
pigments  of  this  kind. 

The  Art  Galleries  opened  every  year,  and,  besides  the 
National  fiallery,  there  were  the  Society  of  British  Ar- 
tists, the  Exhibition  of  Water  Colours,  and  the  British  In- 
stitution in  Pall  Mall.  H'.  BesarU,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  138. 

Also  used  attributively  in  all  senses. 


^^^^^^'i'l:^"'^^-'-^^^^'"^''  wa^r^oJ^red   (^^^^iul^^iirr    Of  the 


commonly,  a  quack. 

Wastes  much  in  physicke  and  her  water-caster. 

John  Taylor,  Works  (1630).    (Nares.) 

water-cat  (wa'ter-kat),  ».  The  nair,  or  Oriental 
otter,  Liitra  nair,  translating  a  Mahratta  name. 


color  of  water;  like  water.     [Rare.] 

The  other  [sort  of  cherryl,  which  hangs  on  the  branch 
like  grapes,  is  water  colored  within,  of  a  faintish  sweet, 
and  greedily  devoured  by  the  small  birds. 

Bererley,  Virginia,  iv.  ^  12. 


water-coloring 

water-coloring  (wa't^T-kul'pr-ing),  n.  The 
use  of  water-colors,  or  work  executed  in  water- 
colors  or  pigments  of  similar  nature.  [Trade 
use.] 

The  Dutch  and  rose  pinks  are  somethnes  used,  but  they 
cannot  be  relied  upon  in  water-colmirimj. 

Paper-hanger,  p.  76. 

water-colorist  ( wii'ter-kuKor-ist),  « .  One  who 
paints  in  water-colors. 

water-comparator  (wa'ter-kom'-pil-riX-tor),  H. 
An  apparatus  for  comparing  thermometers 
with  a  standard,  eonsi-sting  essentially  of  a 
reservoir  containing  water,  with  means  "for  ob- 
taining different  temperatures  and  for  main- 
taining the  whole  mass  at  the  same  tempera- 
ture during  a  series  of  observations. 


6841 

salad,  and  now  very  widely  cultivated 
cress  and  Xasturtiiim  (with  cut).    The  name  is  ex- 
tended to  the  genus  — N.palustre,  a  weeciy  species,  being 
called  marsh  or  yellow  water-cress,  or  marsh-cress. 

water-crow  (wa'tcr-kro),  H.  1.  The  common 
European  coot,  Fulica  atra:  from  its  blackish 
plumage.  [Local,  Eng.]— 2.  The  water-ouzel, 
Cinclus  aquaticiis.  [Local,  Eng.]  —  3.  The 
darter,  snake-bird,  or  water-turkey,  riotiis  an- 
liiiuja.     [Southern  U.  S.] 

water-crowfoot  (wa'ter-kr6"fut).  n.  The  name 
of  several  aquatic  species  of  lirniKiicKtus,  pri- 
marily li.  (iqimtilis,  the  common  white  water- 
crowfoot,  a  plant  found  through  the  north 
temperate  zone  and  in  Australia.  The  yellow 
water-crowfoot  is  7?.  miiWfidiis. 


water-cooler  (wa'ter-ko'ler),  ».     Any  device  ''"''^'•'^rcup  (wa'ter-kup), «.    1.  The  pennywort, 


Water-co<)lcr. 

a.  outer  shell  ;   fy,  non-con 

ducting  (illinj;  :  r,  inner  shell. 


for  cooling  water;    especiaily,  a  vessel  with 

non-conducting  walls  in 

which  water  for  drinking 

is  placed  with  iee.    Such 

cooUn  are  fitted  with  a  faucet 

in  the  lower  part,  for  drawing 

off  the  water.    The  effect  of 

other  coolers  is  due  to  evajK)- 

ration   throngh  their  porous 

walls.    .See  Ma,  3. 

water-core  (wa'ttr-kor), 
H.  1.  In /0MHrf(«<7,  a  hol- 
low core  placed  inside 
the  mold,  within  which 
a  current  of  cold  water 
can  be  made  to  pass  to 
absorb  the  heat  and  has- 
ten the  cooling  of  the 
casting:  used  especially 
to  cool  the  bore  of  cast 
guns. —  2.  In  some  forms 
of  car-axle,  a  quantity  of 
water  in  a  hermetically  closed  cavity,  intendeil 
to  take  up  heat  from  the  journals. — 3.  A  blem- 
ish, common  in  some  varieties  of  the  apple, 
in  which  the  flesh  about  the  core  assumes  a 
watery,  translucent  appearance. 

watercourse  (wa'tf-r-kors),  «.  l.  A  stream  of 
water ;  a  river  or  brook. 

The  woods  climb  up  boldly  alonit  the  hillsides,  over- 
shadowing every  little  dingle  and  watercoume. 

tjeiln'e,  fit-ol.  .Sketches,  iii. 

2.  A  channel  or  canal  made  for  the  conveyance 
of  water,  or  serving  for  conveyance  by  water. 

Who  hath  divided  a  itfatereourse  for  the  overflowin<r  of 
waters.  Job  xx-wiii.  2.''. 

Scouring  the  tnifrr-coiirses  thorough  the  cities  ; 
A  fine  periphrasis  of  a  keniiel-raker. 

Fletcher  {mul  aiudher  ?),  Prophetess,  iii.  1. 

3.  In  law,  a  stream  of  water,  usually  flowing  \u 
a  definite  channel  having  a  bed  and  sides  or 
banks,  and  usually  discharging  itself  into  some 
other  stream  or  body  of  water.  Bitjciinr.  The 
condition  of  t>eing  occasionally  dry  d<x-8  ilot'deprive  it  of 
the  character  of  a  waten-oiirse;  hut  ■>ccasional  flows  of 
water  caused  by  unusual  rains,  or  melting  of  snow,  and 
following  a  channel  which  is  usually  di-y,  <lo  not  consti- 
tute a  watercourse.  The  owner  of  a  watercourse  has, 
within  certain  limits,  a  right  to  have  it  flow  substantially 
unimpaired  by  the  ownei-s  alwvc  and  below,  A  grant  of 
a  watercourK  may  mean  a  grant  of  (1)  the  casement  or 
the  right  to  the  niuning  of  water;  (2)  the  channel  which 
containii  the  water,  the  pipe,  or  drain  ;  or(;l)  the  land  over 
which  the  water  flows.    George  Jessel,  Master  of  the  RoII.s. 

water-cow  (wa'ter-kou),  «.  The  common  do- 
mestic Indian  buffalo,  lios  biihitlu.i  or  Iiuhabi.< 
buffclus ;  the  water-buffalo:  socalled  by  English 
residents  in  translating  a  Chinese  name,  from 
the  habit  it  has  of  seeking  the  water  to  escape 
the  annoyance  of  insects,  it  is  not  a  distinct 
species.  The  same  habit  is  strongly  marked  in  the  African 
or  <.'aj)e  buffalo,  li.  caffer,  and  may  be  observed  of  domes- 
tic cattle  anywhere.     See  cuts  under  buffalo. 

water-cracker  (wa'ter-krak'er),  «.  1.  A  wa- 
ter-biscuit.—  2.  A  Pi-ince  Rupert's  drop.  See 
detnnatiuff  bulb,  under  dvUmatintj. 

A  water  cracker,  as  they  [Prince  Rupert's  drops]  are 
called  In  the  factoi-y.  fici.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVI.  Isl. 

water-craft  (wa't^r-krnft),  «.  Vessels  and 
boats  plying  on  water. 

water-crake  (wa't('r-krak).  H.  l.  The  common 
spotted  crake  of  Europe,  Pnr:iit\it  manirttn  : 
distinguished  from  the  limil-crdlr,  Crrx  ]irii- 
Ifrnsin. —  2.  The  water-rail,  Halhi.i  tif/aiitiCKS. 
Montiifiv. — 3t.  The  water-ouzel:  a  misnomer. 
WiUnijIibii :  I'dij.     [Local,  Eng.] 

water-crane  (wa'ter-kran),  «.  1.  An  appara- 
tus for  supplying  water  from  an  elevated  tank, 
as  to  the  tender  of  a  locomotive, — 2.  A  crane 
operated  by  hydraulic  power. 

water-cress  (wa'ter-kres),  v.  [<  ME.  iriitcr- 
krcsse,  wnti/ri-res.m',  iriiti:rkirs;  <  wiiter  +  cress. '\ 
A  creeping  herV)  of  springs  and  streams,  Xasliir- 
tinm  offichitilr,  from  antiipiity  used  iis  a  spring 


water-farming 

See  water-drinkt  (wa'ter-dringk),  ii.  [<  ME.  water- 
driiich;  <  water  +  tiriiik:]     A  drink  of  water. 
Alls  iff  thu  drunnke  waterrdrincch. 

Ormulum  (ed.  White),  1. 14482. 
water-drinker  (wa't^r-dring"ker),  )(.     [<  ME. 
icfifer   drynktirc;   <  Kuter  +  driitker.']      1.    A 
drinker  of  water. 

Water  drynkare.  Aquebibus.  Prompt.  Pari).,  p.  518. 
2.  An  advocate  of  abstinence  from  intoxicating 
liquors;  a  prohibitionist.  [Collo(i.] 
water-drip  (wa'ter-drip),  )(.  A  pan  or  recep- 
tacle to  receive  the  waste  water  from  a  water- 
cooler.  Car-Builder's  Diet. 
water-drop  (wa'ter-drop),  n.  A  drop  of  water; 
specitieally,  a  tear. 

Let  not  women's  weapons,  water-drops, 

Stain  my  man's  cheeks  !      Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  4.  280. 

water-dropper  (wa'ter-drop"er),  )(.  A  contri- 
vance devised  by  Sir  William  Thomson,  and 
used  particularly  in  the  measurement  of  the 
electrical  potential  of  the  atmosphere,  it  con- 
sists of  an  insulated  metallic  cylinder  containing  water, 
with  a  projecting  nozle,  from  which  the  water  is  allowed 
to  lirop  freely.  Each  drop  carries  with  it  a  small  charge, 
and  finally  the  spout  and  connecting-rod  gain  the  poten- 
tial of  the  air ;  this  may  then  be  measured  by  a  quadrant 


Hijdnieotylc :  by  translation  of  the  genus  name 

—  2.  The  trumpetleaf,  Sarracetiia  Jlava. 
water-cure  (wa't^r-kiir),  11.     Hydrotherapy  or 

balneotherapy;  a  system  of  medical  treatment 

by  means  of  water  in  any  form  or  mode  of  ap- 

jilicatioii. 
water-deck  (wa'ter-dek),  )(.     A  painted  piece 

of  canvas  used  for  covering  the  saddle  and  bri- 
dle, girths,  etc..  of  a  dragoon's  horse.     [Eng.] 
water-deer(wa'ter-der),  H.     1.  AsmallChinese     electrometer. 

musk-deer,   Hydmpoies  inermis,  of   somewhat  Water-dropwort  (wa'ter-drop"wert),   n.     The 


aquatic  habits,    it  resembles  the  ordinary  musk-deer 
in  general,  being  of  small  size,  hornless  in  Imtb  sexes,  and 


Chinese  WHlcr-dcer  {tlydrapotts  inrrmis). 

with  protrusive  upper  canines  in  the  male ;  but  some  tech- 
nical characters  cause  it  to  fall  in  another  genus. 
2.   The  African  water-chevrotain.     This  is  a 
traguloid,  quite  different  from  the  foregouig. 

Water-deerlet  (wa'ter-der'let),  ».  The  African 
water-chevrotain. 

water-devil  (wa'ter-(lev'l),H.  l.  Thelarvaor 
grulj  of  various  aquatic  insects,  as  of  the  genus 
ll!l<lr(>j)hiliis.  //.  pieeiis  is  a  common  British 
species.  —  2.  The  (lobsonorhellgranimite.  Sec 
Cdri/ilttlus.  and  cut  m](\ev  .yirawler.     [U.  S.] 

water-dock  (wa'tt'r-dok).  u.     A  tall  dock,  J!ii 


umbelliferous  plant  (Hiiajithe  fstiiliis/t,  or  any 
plant  of  that  genus.  The  hemlock  water-drop- 
wort  is  the  highly  poisonous  <E.  crneafa. 

water-dust  (wa'tcr-dust),  11.  A  collective  name 
for  the  extreinely  minute  droplets  or  particles  of 
water  which  compose  clouds  and  haze.    [Rare.] 

water-eagle  (wa'ter-e"gl),  h.  The  fish-hawk 
or  osprey.     [Kare.] 

■watered  (wa'terd),  a.  Marked  with  or  exhibit- 
ing waved  lines  or  bauds  bearing  some  resem- 
blance to  those  which  might  be  produced  by 

the  action  of  water.    Also  waved Watered  silk, 

silk  upon  which  a  wave-like  and  changeable  pattern  has 
been  produced  by  moistening  and  pressuie.  The  name  is 
sometimes  restricted  to  material  of  which  the  pattern  is 
confined  to  parallel  lines,  as  distinguisheil  from  moire  an- 
ticiue.    ,Soe  ^/*o/r.' anil  lunire. 

water-elder  (wa'tcr-el'der),  «.  The  guelder- 
rose,  Vihiiniiini  Ojiiiliis. 

water-elephant  (wa'ter-el"e-fant),  II.  Thehip- 
l>opotiimus  or  river-horse. 

water-elevator  (wii'ter-el"e-va-tor),  n.  1. 
Any  device  for  raising  buckets  in  wells,  or  for 
lifting  water  to  a  higher  level  for  purposes  of 
irrigation,  etc. —  2.  A  lift  or  elevator  in  which 
the  operating  force  is  the  weight  or  pressure  of 
water;  a  hydraulic  elevator. 

water-elm  (wa'ter-elm),  «.  The  common  white 
elm,  I'hiiiis  Aiiierieaiia. 

water-engine  (vva'ter-en'''Jin), )(.  An  engine  to 
raise  water;  also,  an  engine  propelled  by  water. 


nil  J-  Hi/drolajiatliitiii,  of  temperate  Europe  and  waterer  (wa'ter-er),  ii.     1.  One  who  waters,  in 


Asm.  Also  called  horse-  or  ifaffr-.iorrel.  it.  aqun- 
ti'-ux  also  appears  under  this  name.  The  great  or  Ameri- 
can water-clock  is  It.  lirltannica  {It.  orfn'riilatiis). 

water-doctor  (wa'ter-(lok"tor),  «.  1.  Ahydrop- 
atliist.  [CoJloii.]  —  2.  One  of  a  former  school 
of  medical  practitioners  the  members  of  which 
pretended  tluit  all  diseases  could  be  diagnosti- 
cated by  simple  inspection  of  the  urine. 

water-dog  (wa'ter-dog),  II.  1.  A  dog  accus- 
tomed to  or  delighting  in  the  water,  or  trained 
to  go  into  the  water  in  pursuit  of  game,  as  a  wa- 
ter-spaniel.—  2.  One  of  various  kinds  of  large 
salanumders ;  a  muil-puiipy.  See  axnliitl,  Meiio- 
]i<>ma,  and  cut  under  hellbenilcr.  Also  vater- 
l"'PI'll- — 3.  A  small,  irregular,  floating  cloud 
in  a  rainy  season,  stqiposed  to  indicate  rain. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotcli.] 

Water-dogs,  .  .  .  dark  clomls  that  seem  to  travel  through 
the  air  by  themselves,  ami  indicate  a  stoi-m.  Ilalliwell 
makes  them  identical  with  mares-tails,  but  they  are  dis- 
tinct things  in  Surrey  language. 

O.  L.  Gower,  Surrey  Provincialisms  (Eng.  Dial.  Sou.). 

4.  A  sailor,  especially  an  old  sailor;  a  salt; 
one  thoroughly  accustomed  to  life  in  and  on  the 
water.     [Colloq.] 

The  .Santlwich  Islanders  are  complete  irater-dogs,  and 
thcrefoie  very  go(Kl  in  boating. 

II.  II.  Dana,  Jr.,  Befcjie  the  Mast,  p.  94. 

water-dragon  (wa'ter-drag"on).  ?(.  An  old 
name  of  the  water-arum,  ('alia  palnstris,  also 
assigned  to  Calthn  jifiliistris,  perhaps  by  con- 
fusion of  the  Latin  names.   Britten  and  Holland. 

water-drain  (wa'ti'r-dnin ),  «.  A  drain  or  chan- 
nel lljrougli  whicli  water  may  run 


^,^*f,r'^y,^'l^f  Se  («a'ter-,l.'a"na.j),  n.  The  drain-  water-farming  (wa'ter-fiir'mi.ig),  n.     The  cu 
water-dressing'(  wa'ter-,lres"ing),  n.    The  con-     "',t'""  -f  ^'''"'*'  f '™'"'^'  "'  ''''*"'- 


any  sense  of  the  word:  as,  a  stock-H-o^orcr. 

Neither  the  planter  nor  the  tcaterpr  have  any  power  to 
make  it  [religion]  take  rr)ot  and  grow  in  yonr  hearts. 

Locke,  Paraphiase  on  1  ( "or.  iii.  7. 
2.  That  with  which  one  waters ;  a  vessel,  uten- 
sil, or  other  contrivance  for  sprinkling  water 
on  plants,  watering  animals,  etc. 

water-eringO  (wa'tcr-o-ring"g6),  «.  A  plant, 
Jiri/ni/inm  ijitccufiilinm'  {E.  aipiaficnm),  other- 
wise called  bntton-siiakeroiit.      See  Kriiiiqium. 

water-ermine  (wa'ter-er"min),  n.  A  British 
tigei'-molh,  Sjnlo.^tinia  iirtiea;,  chiefly  white  and 
yellow  marked  witli  black.     [Eng.] 

water-extractor  (wa'ter-eks-trak"tor),  H.  In 
dijeinij,  a  rotatory  apparatus  for  freeing  dyed 
goods  from  water  by  the  action  of  centrifugal 
force. 

waterfall  (wa'ter-fal),  H.     [=  I),  u-aterral  =  G. 

icaxser/atl  (cf.  Sw.  rattcitfnll,  'Dan.randfald);  as 

water -\- falLI     1.  A  steep  fall  or  flow'of  water 

from  a  height;  aca.scade;  a  cataract. 

Down  shower  the  gaml)olling  waterfalls. 

Tennyson,  Sea- Fairies. 

2.  A  neck-tie  or  scarf  with  long  droopine  ends. 
[Colloq.] 

He  was  suddenly  confronted  in  the  walk  by  Helijamin, 
the  Jew  money-lender,  smoking  a  cigar,  antl  ili-essed  in  a 
gaudy-figured  satin  wai.steoat  and  waterfall  of  the  same 
material.  T.  Unghes,'tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  II.  iii. 

3.  A  chignon.     [Colloq.] 

The  brown  silk  net,  which  she  had  supposed  thorou^'hly 
trustwiuthy.  Iia<l  given  way  all  at  once  info  a  great  hole 
UTider  the  waterfall,  and  the  soft  hair  would  fret  itself 
tlirougb  and  threaten  to  stray  untidily, 

Mrs.  Whitney,  Leslie  tJnldthwaite,  iii. 

I- 


stant  apiilication  of  water  to  a  wound,  by  im- 
mersion, irrigation,  or  cuiiiiiresses. 


A  few  miles  away,  the  initive  lotus  grows  luxuiiantly, 
a  relic,  it  is  believed,  of  Indian  water-farviuni. 

Hariier's  Mag..  L.XXVIII.  869. 


water-feather 

water-feather,  water-featherfoil  (wa '  t6r- 
feTH"er,  -feTH"<>r-foil),  n.  The  featherfoil  or 
water-violet  Hottouiti,  especially  the  British 
species  H.  paUtstris :  so  named  from  its  finely 
dissected  immersed  leaves. 

water-fennel  (wa'ter-fen'el),  «.  One  of  the 
water-dropn'orts,  (Ennnthe  PlieUandriiitii. 

water-fern  (wa'ter-fern),  H.  1.  A  fern  of  the 
genus  OsmuiKia  ;  specifically,  0.  rcgalis. —  2.  A 
plant  of  the  order  MarsHcaceee. 

water-fight  (wil'ter-fit),  «.  A  naval  battle. 
[Rare.J 

Cjesar  .  .  .  awaits  at  anchor  the  coniinfr  of  his  whole 
fleet,  mean  wliile  with  his  lejiatts  and  tribnns  consultinK, 
and  giving  order  to  titt  all  thinjfs  for  what  might  happ'n 
In  sneh  a  various  and  floating  water-Jight  as  was  to  he  ex- 
l>ected.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

water-figwort  (vra'ter-fig"wert),  n.  The  com- 
mon Eiirojiciui  figwort,  Scrophxdaria  nodosa. 

water-filter  (wa'ter-fil'ter),  11.  An  appliance 
for  filtering  water;  a  filter — Water-filter  nut. 
Same  as  Hearing-nnt. 

water-finder  (wa'ter-fiii"der),  «.  One  who 
practises  rhabdomancy,  or  uses  the  divining- 
rod  to  discover  water;  a  bletonist. 

water-fire  (wa'ter-firj,  n.  [Tr.  of  a  Tamil  name.] 
A  low  weed,  Berfiia  animannioidc.s  of  the  lilati- 
naeeie,  found  in  rice-fields  and  marshy  grounds 
in  the  tropical  Old  World.  The  name  alludes 
to  a  supposed  acridity. 

water-flag  (wa'ter-flag),  n.  The  yellow  flag, 
Iris  I'scudacorus.  Also  called  yeUow  iris  and 
floiccr-de-Uice. 

water-flannel  (wa'ter-flan"el),  n.  A  felt-like 
substance  composed  of  the  matted  filaments  of 
some  conferva  or  similar  alga  which  multiplies 
in  submerged  meadows,  and  is  deposited  by  the 
retiring  waters. 

water-flaxseed  (wa'ter-flaks"sed),  1).  The 
larger  duckweed,  Lemim  poli/rhiza:  so  called 
from  the  shape  and  minute  size  of  the  fronds. 

water-flea  (wa'ter-fle),  >i.  One  of  numerous 
small  or  minute  crustaceans  which  skip  about 
in  the  water  like  fleas,  as  Vaphnia pulex ;  any 
branchiopod.  See  Vaplmiidse,  Cladoccra,  Cy- 
dop.^. 

water-float  (wa'ter-flot),  n.  A  float  placed  in 
a  boiler,  cistern,  etc.,  to  control  a  valve. 

water-flood  (wa'ter-flud),  V.    [<  ME.  watcrflod, 
<  AS.  icastcrflod;  as  water  +  flood.l     A  flood  of 
water;  an  inundation. 
Let  not  the  watn-Jlood  overflow  me,  Ps.  Ixix.  15. 

In  the  moneth  of  May,  namely  on  the  2d  day,  came  downe 
great  water  Jioods,  l)y  reason  of  sodaine  showres  of  liaile 
and  raine.  Stnw,  Annals,  p.  768. 

water-flounder  ( wa'ter-floun"der), w.  The  sand- 

fiounder.     [Local,  U.  S.] 
waterflow  (wa'ter-flo),  n.     A  flow  or  current  of 
water;  tlie  amount  of  water  flowing. 

The  work  concludes  with  articles  on  the  cost  of  hy- 
draulic power,  and  upon  meters  for  measuring  icaterjlow. 
Westminster  Ret.,  CXXVIII,  247. 

water-flowing  (wa'ter-fl6"ing),  a.  Flowing 
like  water;  streaming.     [Rare.] 

My  mercy  dried  their  water-flowing  tears. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8.  43. 

water-fly(wa'ter-fli),H.  1.  Some  winged  aquatic 
insect ;  specifically,  a  member  of  the  family  I'er- 
lidfe;  a  stone-fly. —  2.  A  source  of  petty  annoy- 
ance; an  insignificant  but  troublesome  person 
or  thing.     [Rare.] 

How  the  poor  world  is  pestered  with  such  waterflies, 
diminutives  of  nature  !  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  1.  38. 

water-foot  (wa'ter-fiit),  )(.  One  of  the  ambu- 
laeral  pedicels  of  an  echinoderm;  a  tube-foot. 

water-fowl  (w;i'ter-foul),  n.  [<  ME.  ivatyr 
foul;  <  water  +  fotcll.']  1.  Same  aa  water- 
birds. —  2.  In  a  restricted  sense,  swimming 
birds,  especially  those  which,  as  the  Aiiseres, 
are  used  tor  food  or  for  any  reason  engage  the 
attention  of  sportsmen. 

water-foxt  ( wa'ter-foks),  n.  The  carp,  Ciiprimis 
carpio:  so  called  from  its  supposed  cunning. 
/.  Walton.     Compare  toater-sheej). 

water-frame  (wil'ter-fram),  n.  The  original 
Kpiuniug-frarae  invented  by  Arkwright,  which 
was  driven  by  water-power"( whence  the  name). 
Otherwise  called  throstle  and  throstle-frame. 
See  cut  in  next  column. 

water-fright  (wa'tcr-frit),  n.     Hydrophobia. 

water-fringe  (wii'ter-frinj),  «.  See  Limnan- 
theiinim. 

water-furrow  (wji'ter-tur'T)),  >i.     [<  ME.  waler- 
foroire.  wiih  rfoorc;  <  water  +  furrow.]   In  oi/ri., 
a  deei)  furrow  njade  for  conducting  water  from 
ground  and  keeping  it  dry:  an  open  drain. 
Water/orowi',  in  londe.     Elicns,  sulcus. 

Froiiipf.  Part'..  }t.  r)lS. 


6842 


Water-gage. 
tt.  upper  cock  com- 
municating with  steam- 
space  :  a',  lower  cock 
communicating  with 
water-space ;  ff,  glass; 
f,  water-line. 


Arkwright's  Water-frame. 

water-furrow  (wa'ter-fur"6),  V.  t.  [<  water- 
furrow,  n.]  To  plow  or  open  water-furrows  in ; 
drain  by  means  of  water-furrows. 

Seed  husbandly  sowen,  water-furrow  thy  grouml, 
That  rain  when  it  Cometh  may  run  away  round. 

Tuiser,  October's  Husbandry,  st.  7. 

water-gage  (wa'ter-gaj),  n.  1.  Any  device  for 
indicating  the  height  of  water  in  a  reservoir, 
tank,  boiler,  or  other  vessel. 
The  most  common  form  is  a  glass 
tube  placed  on  the  front  of  a  boiler, 
and  connected  at  the  top  with  a  pipe 
opening  into  the  steam-space  above 
the  water  and  below  with  a  pipe  open- 
ing into  the  water  in  tile  boiler.  The 
water  and  steam  illl  the  tube  and  in- 
dicate the  height  of  the  water  in  the 
boiler.  See  gage-cock.  Also  called 
water-indicator. 

2.  A  wall  or  bank  to  restrain 
or  hold  back  water. 

water-gall  (wa'ter-gal),  n. 
[Also  dial,  water-gcal,  water- 
f/ull;  =  G.  wasser-galle,  a  cav- 
ity in  the  earth  made  by  a 
torrent,  a  bog,  quagmire,  < 
wasser,  water,  -I-  galle,  seen 
also  in  G.  rcejen-yalle,  an  im- 
perfect rainbow,  end  or  frag- 
ment of  a  rainbow,  an  oxeye, 
water-gall,  weather-gall,  ap- 
par.  in  orig.  like  Icel.  (jalli,  a 
defect,  flaw,  hence  a  barren  spot:  see  ffflW^.] 
1.  A  cavity  made  in  the  earth  by  a  torrent  of 
water.  Imp.  Diet. —  2.  An  appearance  in  the 
sky  regarded  as  presaging  the  approach  of 
rain;  a  rainbow-colored  spot;  an  imperfectly 
formed  or  a  secondary  rainbow.  Also  called 
weather-gall. 

And  round  about  her  tear-distained  eye 
Blue  circles  streani'd,  like  rainbows  in  the  sky; 
These  water-galU  in  her  dim  element 
Foretell  new  storms.  Stiak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1688. 

Their  reason  is  but  a  low,  obscure,  and  imperfect  shadow 
thereof,  as  the  water-gall  is  of  the  rain-bow. 

Sir  M.  Hale,  Orig.  of  JIankind,  p.  60. 
I  am  told  a  second  rainbow  above  the  first  is  called  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight  a  watergeal. 

Halliwell  (under  water-dogn). 

water-gangt  (wa'ter-gang),  n.  A  trench  or 
course  for  conveying  a  stream  of  water;  a  mill- 
race.     Jamieson.     [Obsolete  or  Scotch.] 

water-gap  (wa'ter-gap),  n.     See  gap,  2. 

water-gas  (wa'ter-gas),  II.  A  gas,  non-luminous 
in  its  pure  form,  derived  in  part  from  the  de- 
composition of  steam.  The  apparatus  for  making  it 
consists  of  a  furnace  for  anthracite  coal  or  other  fuel,  con- 
nected at  the  top  with  a  tower  filled  with  loose  brick  and 
called  a  regenerator.  The  products  of  combustion  pass 
through  the  regenerator,  and  raise  it  to  a  white  heat. 
Steam  is  tlicu  admitted  below  the  furnace,  and,  passing 
upward  through  the  flre  and  through  the  regenerator,  is 
decomposed.  While  the  steam  is  passing  the  funiace, 
either  coal  reduced  to  dust  or  crude  naphtha  is  allowed  to 
fall  through  the  ascending  steam  over  the  flre.  Compli- 
cated chemical  reactions  take  place,  the  result  being  the 
formation  of  quantities  of  fixed  gas.  There  are^also 
other  methods  closely  allied  to  this.  By  one  process  the 
non-luminous  gas  is  aftt>rward  enriched  by  the  addition 
of  a  hydrocarbon,  as  petroleum  or  naphtha.  AVater-gas  is 
commonly  thus  treated,  and  used  as  an  illuminating  gas; 
but  it  is  also  used,  in  its  non-luminous  form,  as  a  heating 
gas  for  cooking  and  other  purposes. 

water-gate  (wa't6r-gat),  n.  [ME.  Watergate; 
<  water  +  gate^.']  1.  Agateway  through  which 
water  passes,  or  a  gate  by  which  it  may  be  ex- 
cluded or  confined;  a  flood-gate. 

Fro  lieven,  oute  of  the  watirgatix. 
The  reyny  stonne  telle  doiui  algatis. 

Gower,  Couf.  Amant.,  iii. 
2.  A  gate  by  which  access  is  gaineii  to  a  river, 
fountain,  well,  or  other  body  or  sujiply  of  water. 


water-hammer 

And  at  the  fountain  gate  .  .  .  they  went  up  by  the 
stairs  of  the  city  of  Bavid,  at  the  going  up  of  the  wall, 
above  the  house  of  David,  even  unto  the  loater  gate  east- 
ward. Neh.  xii.  37. 

As  they  reached  the  water-gate,  the  rain  had  ceased  for 
a  time,  and  a  gleam  of  sunlight  shone  upon  the  river,  and 
rested  on  the  Queen's  barge  as  it  approached. 

J.  Ii.  Stiortliouse,  John  Inglesant,  iv. 

3.  A  water-plug  or  valve.     E.  H.  Knight. 
water-gavel  (wa'ter-gav'el),  n.     In  Eng.  law, 

a  rent  paid  for  fishing  or  any  other  benefit 

derived  from  a  river. 
water-germander  (wa'ter-jer-man'der),  n.     A 

plant,  Teiierium  Scordium. 
water-glider  (wa'ter-gil"der),  H.     One  who 

practises  the  art  of  water-gilding. 
water-gilding  (wa'ter-gil'ding),  n.    Same  as 

wasli-gilding. 
water-gillyflower  (wa'ter-jil'i-flou-«r),  n.  The 

water-violet,  Hottonia  palustris. 
water-gladiole  (wa'ter-glad'''i-61),  n.    See  flow- 
ering rush  (under  rush^). 
water-glass  ( wa'tfer-glas),  n.     1 .  A  water-clock 

or  clepsydra. 

Full  time  of  defence  measured  by  the  water-glagg. 

Grote,  Hist  Greece,  ii.  72. 

2.  An  instrument  for  making  observations  be- 
neath the  surface  of  water,  consisting  of  a  tube 
with  a  glass  bottom  ;  a  water-telescope. 

With  a  water-glass  over  the  side,  you  look  down  on  the 
bright  array  of  flshes,  whose  every  movement  you  cau 
note.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  180. 

3.  Same  as  soluble  gUiss  (which  see,  under 
glas,-i). 

Water-glass  painting  may  be  explained  .  .  .  very  briefly. 
It  is  simply  water  colour  on  dry  jdaster,  fixed  afterwards 
with  a  solution  of  fiint  applied  to  it  in  spray  as  the  solu- 
tion of  gum-lac  is  applied  to  a  charcoal  drawing. 

Uamerton,  Graphic  Arts,  p.  236. 

water-gluet  (wa'ter-glo),  n.    Waterproof  glue. 

The  strings  [of  bows)  being  made  of  verie  good  hempe, 
with  a  kinde  of  waterglewe  to  resist  wet  and  nioysture. 

Sir  J.  Smyth,  quoted  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  54. 

water-god  (wa'ter-god),  n.  In  myth.,  a  deity 
that  presides  over  the  waters,  or  over  some 
particular  body,  stream,  or  fountain  of  water. 

water-grampus  (wa't^r-gram'pus),  n.  Same 
as  grampus,  4. 

water-grass  (wa'ter-gras),  n.  1.  The  manna- 
grass,  Glyceria  fluitans.  [Fishermen's  name.] 
—  2.  A  very  succulent  gi-ass,  Paspahim  Iscvc. 
[Southern  U.  S.]  —3.  The  water-cress,  Xastvr- 
tium  officinale.  [Ireland.] — 4.  Species  of -Egwi- 
setum. —  5.  The  velvet-grass,  Holcns.  Britten 
and  Holland.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

water-gruel  (wa'ter-gro'el),  n.  Gruel  made 
of  water  and  meal,  flour,  etc.,  and  eaten  with- 
out milk;  thin  or  weak  gruel. 

I  could  eat  water-gnel  with  thee  a  month  for  this  jert, 
my  dear  rogue.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

Was  ever  Tartar  fierce  or  cruel 
Ipon  the  Strength  of  Water-Gruel  f 

Prior,  Alma,  iii. 

water-guard  (wa'ter-gard),  n.  A  river  or  har- 
bor police ;  customs  officers  detailed  to  watch 
ships  in  order  to  prevent  smuggling  or  other 
violations  of  law. 

water-gull  (wa'tfer-gul),  n.  A  dialectal  form 
of  water-gall. 

water-gum  (wa'ter-gum),  n.  A  small  tree  of 
New  South  Wales,  Tristania  neriifolio.  the  tim- 
ber of  which  is  close-grained  and  elastic,  and 
valuable  for  boat-building. 

water-gut  (wa'ter-gut),  H.  An  alga  of  the  genus 
Viva,  natural  order  Vlracese.  The  most  general 
form,  U.  etiteromorpha,  var.  intestinalis,  occurs  in  fresh  as 
well  as  salt  water,  r.  enteromorpha,  var.  compressa,  being 
the  more  common  on  tidal  rocks.  When  floating  in  the 
water  these  plants  very  much  resemble  the  intestines  of 
an  .animal  (whence  the  name). 

water-hairgrass  ( wa'ter-}iar"gi-as),  n.  A  grass, 
t'dtabrosa  uqiiatiea,  growing  in  shallow  wat^r, 
widely  in  the  north  temperate  zone,  having 
a  panicle  with  many  half-whorls  of  slender 
branches.     Also  water-whortgrass. 

water-hammer  (wa'ter-hani'er),  «.  1.  The 
concussion  of  a  moving  volume  of  water  in  a 
pipe  or  passage,  caused  by  sudden  stoppage  of 
flow,  as  by  the  abrupt  closing  of  a  faucet. —  2. 
The  noise,  resembljng  a  blow  of  a  hammer, 
caused  by  the  presence  of  water  in  a  steam- 
pipe  when  live  steam  is  passed  through  it. — 

3.  A  philosophical  toy  consisting  of  a  hermeti- 
cally sealed  tube  from  which  the  air  has  been 
exhausted  and  which  contains  some  water,  it 
is  so  called  because  the  water  strikes  against  the  tube 
with  a  noise  similar  to  that  of  a  hammer,  there  being  no 
air  to  impede  its  motion. 

4.  A  metal  hammer  heated  in  a  flame  or  in  boil- 
ing water.    Tapping  the  skin  with  this  hammer  for  a 


water-hammer 

few  seconds  will  cause  a  blister.    It  is  used  as  a  counter- 
IiTitant  or  a  mild  cautery. 
water-hare  (wa'ter-har),   H.      1.    The   water- 
rabbit.     See  cut  under  swamp-hare. —  2.  The 
spotted  cavy,  or  paca,  Cailogenys  paca. 
water-haze  (wa'ter-haz),  n.    Haze  composed 
of  water-particles,  as  distinguished  from  haze 
consisting  mainly  of  particles  of  dust  and  or- 
ganic matter.     See  haze^. 
water-heater  (wa'ter-he'ter),  «.     A  heating- 
apparatus  which  performs  its  functions  by  the 
agency  of  hot  water. 

water-hemlock  (wa'ter-hem"lok),n.  1.  See  fi- 
CMto. —  2.  The  hemlock  water-dropwort,  (Enan- 
the  crocnta,  otherwise  called  (kud-tongiw ;  also 
(E.  Phellandrium,  distinguished  as  fine-kafed 
Katrr-hemlock. 

water-hemp  (wa'ter-hemp),H.  1.  Scoliemp.— 
2.  The  hemp-agrimony,  Enpatorium  canmihi- 
niim. 

water-hen  (wa't^r-hen),  «.  Some  aquatic  bird 
likened  to  a  hen.  (a)  The  moor-hen  or  gallinule  of 
Great  Britain,  GalUnula  chloropus.  ((.)  Tlie  American 
coot,  Fulica  americaiM.  [Ma.ssachusetts.]  (c)  An  Austra- 
lian bird  of  the  rail  family  and  genus  Triboiu/x.  .See  cut 
under  Trif>„ni/z.  and  compare  wdter-coc*.  —  Spotted  wa- 
ter-hen. ^  Same  as  upoltfd  rait.     Sec  raiH.     [Local,  Euj?.] 

water-hickory  (wa'ter-hik"o-ri),  II.  Same  as 
bitter  pectin  (which  see,  miAer  pecan). 

Water-hoarhonnd  (wa'ter-hor'hound),  n.  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Li/copiis,  chiefly  L.  Europxiis. 

water-hog  (wa'ter-hog),  n.  1.  The  African 
river-hog,  I'otamochwrus  penicillatiiJi.  See  cut 
under  Potamochcerus.—Z.  The  South  American 
capibara,  Hydrochctrus  capibara.    Also  called 


6843 

r.  t.,  3,  and  watered  silk  (under  watered).— 3. 
A  watering-place:  as,  "the  wateryiig  of  Seint 
Thomas"  (better  known  as  St.Thomas  a  Water- 
ings), Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  8126.— 4.  In 
flax-manuf.,  same  as  retting,  1.— Watering  of  the 
mouth,  an  abundant  secretion  of  saliva  excited,  through 
a  reflex  nervous  influence,  by  the  suggestion,  smell,  or 
sight  of  appetizing  food. 

watering-call  (wa'ter-ing-kal),  H.  irUit.,  a  call 
or  sound  of  a  trumpet  on  which  cavalry  assem- 
ble to  water  their  horses. 

watering-can  (wa'ter-ing-kan),  H.  Same  as 
watering-pot. 

watering-cart  (wa'ter-ing-kart),  H.  1.  A  bar- 
rel or  cistern  mounted  on  wheels,  used  for  wa- 
tering plants.  Various  special  forms  are  made,  as  one 
for  watering  plants  in  drills,  the  water  escaping  through 
perforated  pipes  set  at  the  proper  distances  apart. 
2.  A  large  tank,  of  whatever  form,  mounted  on 
a  wagon-body,  used  for  watering  streets. 

watering-house  (wa'ter-ing-hous),  n.  A  house 
or  tavern  where  water  is  obtained  for  cab- 
horses,  etc.     Compare  tcaterman,  2. 

Carriages  .  .  .  roll  swiftly  by ;  watermen,  .  .  .  who  have 
been  shouting  and  rushing  about  for  the  last  two  hours 
retire  to  their  ■—'-—'""  ^ "       * 


water-lemon 

,     .^   ,  The  .Summer 

Invited  my  then  ranging  eies  to  loolc  on 
Large  fields  of  ripen'd  corn,  presenting  trifles 
Of  waterisli  pettie  dainties. 

Dekker  and  Ford,  Sun's  Darling,  iv. 
4.  Pertaining  to  water,  or  having  something  of 
its  characters;  insipid:  as,  a  waterish  color  or 
feel. 

Some  [flowers]  of  a  sad  or  darke  greene,  some  watrishe 
blunkette,  gray,  grassie,  lioarie,  and  Leeke  coloured. 

Touchstone  of  Complexions,  p.  100. 

Of  imtris/i  taste,  the  flesh  not  flrnie,  like  English  lieefe. 

Uakhiyfs  Vopaijes,  I.  386. 

waterishness  (wa'ter-ish-nes),  H.    The  state  or 

character  of  being  waterish. 

Waterishness,  which  is  like  the  serosity  of  our  blood. 

Fluyer. 
water-jacket  (wa'ter-jak"et),  n.  A  casing  con- 
taining water  placed  about  something  to  keep 
it  cool,  or  otherwise  regulate  its  temperature. 
Compare  water-mantle  and  water-box. 
water-joint  (wa'ter-joint),  H.  A  joint  through 
which  water  will  not  leak,  as  in  the  framework 
of  a  water-gate,  the  junction  of  two  water-pipes, 
the  gates  of  canal-locks,  etc. 


the  erc^t„r:'L\XKX"s\n/purT  ''""""™'  ""'  Water-junket  (wa'ter-jung''ket),  n.  ^  The  com. 


tailless  hippopotamus  and  short-nosed  tapir. 
water-hole  (wa'tfer-hol),  n.  A  hole  or  hollow 
where  water  collects,  in  Australia,  a  small  natural 
orartiflclal  renervoir;  in  South  Africa,  a  natural  pool  or 
water-pool.  This  word  is  chiefly  used  in  Australia,  where 
it  means  a  small  pond  or  pool  of  water,  and  especially 
»nch  as  are  mied  during  the  rainy  season  and  dry  up  when 
that  ceases,  or  soon  after. 


In  the  dry  weather,  as  the  small  lagoons  and  iiof*-)-- 
hotet  scattered  all  over  the  country  [Australia]  get  low 
and  dried  up,  large  numbers  of  .  .  .  wild  ducks  congre- 
gate on  the  big  lagoon  in  front  of  Mount  S|)encer  station. 
U.  F.  Ilatirm,  Advance  Australia,  p.  88. 

We  have  been  drafting  close  here  up  at  the  one-eyed 
walerhole.    Mrs.  Campbell  Praed,  The  Head-Statlon,  p.  84. 

Waterhole  (wa'ti-r-hol),  r.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp. 
waterholed,  ppr.  waterhoting.  [<  water-hole,  h.] 
In  coffee-cultivation.     See  the  quotation. 

A  third  operation  is  called  "trenching, "  or  waterhol- 
iag.  The  trenches  are  made  across  the  slope,  and  .  .  . 
the  holes  are  left  open  to  act  as  catch-drains,  and  as  re- 
ceptacles for  wash,  weeds,  pniiiings,  and  other  vegetable 
•"•tte"-  Spans'  Enci/c.  Manuf.,  I.  898. 

water-horse  (wa'ter-h6rs),  H.  Same  as  horse- 
pile. 

water-horsetail  (wa't^r-hors'tal),  ».  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Vhara. 

water-housef  (wa'ttr-hous),  «.  A  house  or 
dwelling  upon  the  water ;  a  ship. 

The  thing  by  her  commanded  is  to  see  Dover's  dread- 
fnl  cliff :  passing,  In  a  poor  water-house,  the  dangers  of 
the  merciless  channel  'twiit  that  and  Calais,  five  long 
hours'  sail,  with  three  poor  weeks'  victuals. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Scornful  Lady,  i.  1. 

water-hyssop  (wa'ter-his'op),  «.  See  Ilerpesti.^. 

water-ice  (wa't^r-is),  «."  a  preparation  of 
water  and  sugar,  flavored  and  frozen  ;  a  sher- 
bet. 

water-inch  (wa't^r-inch),  «.     In   hi/draul,    a 
measure  of  water  equal  to  the  quantity  dis- 
charged in  24  hours  through  a  circular  opening 
of  1  inch  diameter  leading  from  a  reservoir,         +     •       i         i, 
under  the  least  pressure  —  that  is,  when  the  wa-  'Watering-trougn 
ter  is  only  so  high  as  just  to  cover  the  orifice.     "IB.-tF"'''    "'     ^ 
This  quantity  in  very  nearly  500  cubic  feet. 

water-indicator  (wa'ter-in'^'ili-ka-tor),  n.  A 
device  for  indicating  the  weight  of  water  in  a 
boiler  or  a  tank,  or  for  giving  an  alarm  by  per- 
mitting steam  to  escape,  sounding  a  whistle, 
etc.,  when  the  water  falls  below  a  certain  level; 
a  water-gage. 

waterineS8(wa'ter-i-nes),  «.  The  state  of  be- 
ing watery.     Arhuthnot. 

watering (wa't^r-ing),  n.  [<  late  ME.  watnjnge, 
icatringc  (=  MLG.  wateringe  =  MHG.  wezzer- 
unge,  G.  wdsserung);  verbal  n.  of  water,  r.]  1. 
The  act  of  one  who  waters,  in  any  sense. 

Doth  not  each  one  of  you  on  the  sabbath  loose  his  ox  or 
his  ass  from  the  stall,  and  lead  him  away  to  watering? 

Luke  xiii.  l.'i. 
The  clouds  are  for  the  watering  of  the  earth. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii.  !('>«. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  art  or  process  of  giving 
to  the  surface  of  anything  a  wave-like  or  veined 
appearance  of  somewhat  ornamental  effect ; 
also,  the  marking  so  produced.    (Compare  water. 


pipes  and  purl 

Dickens,  Sketches,  Scenes,  ii. 

watering-place  (wa'ter-ing-plas),  w.     [<  ME. 

watri/nge-placc;  <  watering +place.2  1.  A  place 

where  water  may  be  obtained,  as  for  drinking, 

for  watering  cattle,  or  for  supplying  ships. 

Watrynge  Place,  where  beestys  byii  wateryd. 

Pr&mpt.  Parv.,  p.  518. 
The  force  will  have  to  trust  to  known  watering-places 
where  there  are  wells. 

Col.  Farquhar,  in  E.  Sartorius's  In  the  Soudan,  p.  56. 
2.  Especially,  a  place  of  resort  for  a  particu- 
lar kind  of  water,  as  mineral  water;  a  well, 
spring,  town,  etc.,  famous  for  its  waters;  in 
later  use,  a  bathing-place;  a  seaside  resort; 
loosely,  any  summer  resort. 

The  discovery  of  a  saline  spring  .  .  .  suggested  to  a  too 
constructive  brain  the  possibility  of  turning  Treby  Magna 
into  a  fashionable  icatering-place. 

George  Eliot,  I'elix  Uolt,  iii. 
The  term  Ueatering-places]  was  naturally  extended  to 
include  places  resorted  to  for  sea  bathing,  and  sometimes 
as  at  Scarborough,  the  visitors  could  eitlier  have  the  bene- 
fit of  the  spa  or  the  salt  water,  that  famous  watering-place 
having  both  of  these  attractions. 

^V.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,VII.  378. 
watering-pot  (wa'ter-ing-pot),  «.  1.  A  vessel, 
usually  a  somewhat  tall  can,  most  often  of  cy- 
lindrical section,  sometimes  oval,  with  a  long 
spout  springing  from  near  the  base, used  for  wa- 
tering plants  and  for  other  similar  purposes,  as 
sprinkling  sidewalks.  The  spout  is  generally  fitted 
with  a  rose,  often  movable,  for  distributing  the  water  in  a 
number  of  Hue  streams.    It  is  usually  made  of  tin-jilate  or 


mon  sandpiper  of  Great  Britain,  Trimjoides  hy- 
polcucHS. 

water-kelpie  (wa'ter-kel"pi),   n.     A  spirit  or 
demon  supposed  to  dwell  in  water.     See  kelpie. 
The  bonny  grey  mare  did  sweat  for  tear. 
For  she  heard  the  xcater-kelpy  roaring. 

Annan  Water  (Child's  Ballads,  IL  189). 

water-kindt  (wa'ter-kind),   «.     [<  ME.  iratcr- 

kindc;  <  xcater  +  kiiid^.']     Water;  the  elements 

of  water. 

Latin  boc  sejsth  thatt  Ennou  Bitacnethth  icaterrkinde. 

Ormulum  (ed.  White),  I.  18087. 

water-lade  (wa'ter-lad),  «.  A  channel  or  trench 
for  conducting  water;  a  drain;  a  gutter. 

Tlie  chanels  were  not  skoured  .  .  .  for  riverets  and 
Brookes  to  passe  away,  but  the  water-lades  stopped  up 
either  through  negligence  or  depopulation. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  741.    t^Davies.) 

water-laid  (wa'ter-lad),  a.     Noting  three  ropes 
laid  into  one  :  same  as  cahle-laid. 

Waterlander  (wa'ter-lan-der),  n.  [<  D.  Water- 
land,  a  district  in  North'  Holland,  -f  -erl.]  One 
of  the  liberal  wing  of  the  Mennonites  of  the 
Netherlands.  Beginning  with  less  strict  views  of  ex- 
communication than  those  of  the  conservative  wing,  they 
gradually  moved  in  the  direction  of  still  greater  liber- 
ality, exchanged  the  name  of  Mennonites  for  Doopsge- 
zinden  (Baptist  persuasion),  refused  to  condemn  any  one 
for  opinions  which  the  Bible  did  not  expressly  pronounce 
essential  to  salvation,  cooperated  witli  William  the  Si- 
lent, and  even  accepted  civil  ofllce.  The  division  be- 
tween tlicm  and  their  opponents  gradually  disappeared, 
and  the  two  wings  are  now  united  in  Holland  on  sub- 
stantially the  liberal  basis  of  the  Waterlanders.  Encric 
Brit.,  XVL  12.  ■' 


galvanized  sheet-iron,  ami  is  intended  to  be  managed  by  w,+i^ioC,Ji /     ■*•     i      /j-        ^  n^  „- 

hand.    Also  called  icatering-can.  Waterlandian  (wa-ter-lan'di-an),  n.    [<  Water- 

2.  In  coiirli.,  any  species  of  the  genus  A.ijter-     '"'"'  (*^*''^  Waterlander)  +  -ianl']     Same  as  Wa- 

gilUim,  as  J.  i-aginifernin.    These  are  true  bivalves     ''"'•'"«'''''"• 

of  Jhe  family  Gastrucheenidse  (or  Tubicolida),  not  dis-  Watet-langUage  (wa  t^r-lang'''gwaj),  «.   Jocose 

abuse;  chaff.     [Rare.] 

'Twas  all  water-language  at  these  time.?,  and  no  excep- 
tions were  to  be  taken.        Amhiirst,  Terra!  Filius,  Ko.  1. 

water-laverock  (wa'ter-lav'''er-ok),  n.  Same  as 
sandji  larcroek  (which  see,  under  laverock). 

water-leadert  (wa'ter-le'^'der),  n.    [<  ME.  water- 
ledcr  (cf.  D.  waterleiding  =  G.  wasserleitung  = 
Sw.  i-attcnlcdiiing  =  Dan.  vandledning,  aque- 
duct); <  water  +  leader'^.']    A  water-cari-ier. 
The  cokis  and  watir-lederes.  York  Plays,  p.  307. 

waterleaf  (wa'ter-lef),  «,.  1.  Any  plant  of  the 
g;emifi  Ui/dropliyllum  {which  see).— 2.  Paper  m 
the  first  stage  of  manufacture,  after  it  has  been 
pressed  between  the  felts :  a  technical  use. 

The  structure  of  tlie  woferica/niay  lie  regarded  as  an  in- 
terlacement of  vegetable  fibres  in  every  direction. 

Ure,  Diet.,  III.  614. 

water-leecht  (wa'ter-lech),  H.  [<  ME.  water- 
lerhe,  waterelcehc ;  <  water  +  leech".]  Same  as 
horse-leech. 

Waterlechis  two  ben  dostris,  seiende,  Bring  on,  bring 
<"'•  WycHf.  Prov.  xxx.  IR. 

water-leg  (wa'ter-leg),  «.  In  steam-boilers,  a 
vertical  water-space  connecting  other  water- 
spaces,  and  crossing  a  flue-space,  by  which  its 
contents  are  heated. 

water-lemon  (w:i'ter-lem"on),  «.  A  species  of 
passion-flower,  Passifiora  "laurifolia,  native  in 
the  West  Indies  and  tropical  South  America ,  and 
cultivated  there  and  in  other  warm  countries ; 
also,  and  primarily,  its  fniit.  The  latter  is  lemon- 
colored,  oval  ill  form,  of  the  size  of  a  peach,  having  a  soft 
skin,  and  a  very  juicy  pulp  of  a  pleasant  subacid  flavor. 
The  vine  lias  the  leaves  entire,  the  flowers  wliite  with  red 
blotclies,  the  crown  violet  witli  white  streaks.  /'.  mali- 
.furmis,  the  sweet  calabash,  with  a  smaller  fruit  of  similar 
flavor,  is  sometimes  included  under  tlie  name.  The  wild 
watcr-Ienion  is  /'.  foelida,  otherwise  called  (West  Indian) 


tantly  related  to  the  teredos,  and 
all  Ijore  into  liard  substances.  The 
valves  proper  are  very  small  in 
comparison  with  the  long  hard  tube 
with  which  they  are  soldered.  The 
species  named  has  this  tube  cylin- 
drical and  clubbed  or  knobbed  at 
botll  ends,  with  one  end  closed  by 
a  perforated  plate,  the  whole  for- 
mation suggesting  the  sprinkler 
of  a  watering-pot.  It  inhabits  the 
Red  Sea,  and  other  species  of  As- 
peryiUum  are  found  in  Indo- Pacific 
waters.  Also  called  watering-pot 
sitell. 

(wa'ter- 
trough    in 
which  water  is  provided  for 
domestic  animals. 

water-injector    (wa't^r-in- 

jek"tor),  n.  See  injector. 
waterish  (wa'ter-ish),  a. 
[Formerly  also  watrish ;  < 
ME.  'waterish,  <  AS.  wieter- 
isc;  as  water  +  -/.v/(l.]  1. 
Abounding  in  or  containing 
water;  sprinkled,  moistened, 
or  diluted  with  water;  wa- 
tery; aqueous. 

Frost  is  wlieresoever  is  any  waterish  humour,  as  i.s  in  all 
woods,  eitlier  more  or  less  ;  and  you  know  that  all  things 
frozen  and  icy  will  rather  break  than  bend. 

.Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  1864),  p.  115. 
\ot  all  the  dukes  of  waterish  Burgundy 
Can  buy  this  unprized  prceions  maid  of  me. 

Sliak.,  Lear,  i.  1.  201. 

2.  Consisting  mainly  of  water;   hence,  thin; 
weak ;  poor. 

Such  nice  and  waterisli  diet.       Shak.,  Otllello,  iii.  3,  15. 

3.  Juicy;  succulent.     [Rare.] 


Watering-pot  (..Asfifr- 
^xlluni  Ttiffini/frutn), 
one  half  n.ituraf  size,  a, 
the  p;iir  of  small  v.Tlves. 


water-lemon 

love-in-a-mist,  bearing  a  delicate  fruit  of  tlie  size  of  a  small 
cherry,  but  having  ill-smelling  leaves. 

water-lens  (wa'ter-lenz),  «.  A  simple  kind  of 
lens,  formed  by  a  few  drops  of  water  placed  in 
a  small  brass  cell  with  blackened  sides,  and 
having  a  glass  bottom.  Tlie  upper  surface  of  the 
water  is  more  or  less  cur\'ed  accordin;,'  to  the  diameter  of 
the  tube,  and  sometimes  the  convexity  (and  hence  the 
magnifying  power)  can  be  raised  by  a  screw  at  the  side. 

water-lentil  (wa'ter-len'til),  H.     See  loitU. 

waterless  (wa'ter-les),  a.  [<  ME.  miterles,  wn- 
ierlecs,  <  AS.  wxtcrleds,  without  water;  as  xca- 
ter  + -less.]  Lacking  water;  unsuppliedorun- 
moistened  with  water;  of  a  fish,  out  of  water. 

A  monk  whan  he  is  recchelees 
Is  likned  til  a  fish  that  is  waterlees. 

Clmneer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  180. 

Frankincense,  for  which  of  old  they  went 
Through  plain  and  desert  waterless,  and  faced 
The  lioTi-hauntcd  woods  that  edged  the  waste. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  217. 

water-lettuce  (wiX'ter-let"is),  n.     gee  Pistia. 

water-level  (wa'ter-lev'el), )(.  1.  The  surface 
of  the  water  in  any  vessel  or  reservoir,  natural 
or  artificial,  in  which  water  is  standing,  as  in  a 
well,  canal,  pond,  lake,  etc. ;  also,  the  plane  of 
saturation  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
or  the  plane  below  which  the  soil  or  rock  re- 
mains saturated  with  water  under  the  ordinary 
conditions  of  rainfall,  etc. 

But  in  strata  occupying  such  a  position,  as  well  as  in 
the  gravel,  all  wells  nuist  be  sunk  by  digging,  and  not 
bored,  to  the  natural  water-level,  there  being  no  superin- 
cumbent impermeable  stratum  to  keep  down  the  water 
at  a  level  below  that  to  which  it  would  naturally  have  a 
tendency  to  rise. 

Prestivich,  Water-Bearing  Strata  of  London,  p.  6. 

2.  A  leveling-instrument  in  which  water  is 
employed  instead  of  mercury  or  spirit  of  wine. 
It  consists  of  a  tin  tube,  about  3  feet  long,  bent  at  right 
angles  at  each  end,  with  a  small  short  tube  soldered  on 
it  at  its  center,  by  the  aid  of  which  it  can  be  fixed  upon 
some  kind  of  a  support  or  tripod.  In  the  bent  ends  of  the 
long  tube  are  inserted  two  small  glass  vials  with  their  bot- 
toms cut  olf.  Enough  water  is  then  pom-ed  in  to  about 
half  fill  the  bottles  when  the  instrument  is  level.  By  sight- 
ing across  the  surface  of  the  water  a  level-line  is  got.  The 
extreme  cheapness  and  portability  of  this  level  make  it 
serviceable  sometimes,  although  it  gives  but  a  rough  ap- 
proximation to  accuracy  as  compared  with  tlie  best  kind 
of  spirit-level. 

water-lily  (wa'ter-lil"i),  n.  [<  ME.  watir-lili. 
watyr-hjli/ ;  <  water  +  lily.']  1.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Castalia  (Xi/mplisea),  which  contains 
about  25  species  distributed  nearly  throughout 
the  world,  but  most  freely  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere and  the  tropica.  They  are  aquatic  plants 
with  a  perennial  rootstock,  orbicular  floating  leaves,  and 
large  flowers,  single  on  long  scapes  riding  on  the  surface 
of  the  water.  The  flowers  have  numerous  petals  of  a  deli- 
cate texture,  forming  when  expanded  nearly  a  hemisphere 
—  white,  blue,  red,  or  yellow.  Several  white  water-lilies 
are  the  most  familiar.  The  common  European  species  is 
C.  speciosa  (N.  alba),  with  leaves  6  or  8  and  flowers  3  or  4 
inches  in  diameter.  The  ordinary  American  species  is 
C  (A'.)  odorata,  with  very  sweet-scented  flowei-s  often  5A 
inches  wide,  and  leaves  5  to  9  inclics  broad,  varying  in 
color  to  pinkish  or  even  bright  pink-red,  especially  at  Barn- 
stable, Massachusetts.  In  the  interior  United  States  is 
found  C.  (N.)  reniformig,  with  considerably  larger  leaves 
and  flowers,  scentless  or  slightly  apple-scented,  and  always 
white  —  the  rootstock  bearing  numerous  self-detaching 
tubers.  The  golden  water-lily,  C.  (A'.)  Jlava,  of  Florida, 
which  long  escaped  the  notice  of  botanists,  is  a  locally 
abundant  species  of  moderate  dimensions,  with  yellow 
flowers.  C.  mystica  (.V.  Lotus),  the  specific  Egyptian  wa- 
ter-lily, with  white,  pink,  or  red  flowers,  and  C.  scutifolia 
(N.  casridea),  the  blue  water-lily,  also  of  Egypt,  are  named 
among  the  lotuses.  C.  (iV.)  thertnali^  is  a  rare  species  oc- 
curring in  warm  springs  in  Hungaiy,  and  called  H\nvja- 
rian  lotus.  The  Australian  water-lily,  C.  (N.)gi!jantea,  has 
the  leaves  in  tlie  larger  specimens  18  inches  broad,  the 
flowers  a  foot  broad  with  over  200  stamens,  the  petals  blue, 
purple,  pink,  or  rarely  white.  Another  general  name  of 
the  water-lilies  is  water-nyjnph.  See  Ni/viphspa. 
2.  The  pond-lily,  or  yellow  water-lily,  Nymphsea 
(Xiiphar)  lutea.  Hee  pond-lily . —  3.  In  general, 
any  plant  of  the  order  Xymjilncacex,  the  water- 
lily  family.  See  the  phrases  below Blue  water- 
Illy.  See  def.  1.  — Dwarf  water-Illy.  Hatueas/riiHjcd 
7ra(er.ii7.i/.— Egyptian  water-lily.  See  rief.  1.  —Fringed 
water-lily.  Se</,imiirj/i*/.rwr/i«.~  New  Zealand  water- 
lily,  iiea  liannjicuhis. — Prickly  water-lily,  7i'«r7/rt;(?/e- 
rox,  which  has  tlie  calyx  ami  the  under  side  of  the"  leaves 
spiny.  It  is  cultivated  in  India  and  China  for  its  fari- 
naceous seeds.  See  Eitryale,  Z. —  Royal  water-lily,  the 
Victoria  refjia.  See  Victfiria,  2.  —  Sweet-SCented  water- 
lily  Castalia  odornta.  See  def.  1.— Victoria  water-lily. 
See  Victoria,  2.— White  Water-lily.  See  def.  1.— YellOW 
water-lily.    See  def.  2. 

water-lime  (wi'ter-hm),  n.  Hydraulic  lime. 
See  liydniuUc — Water-lime  group,  in  ffeol.,  a  gioiip 
of  strata  of  tipper  Silurian  age,  overlying  the  Onondaga 
Salt  groui»,  and  forming  the  lower  section  of  the  Lower 
Helderberg  group,  according  to  the  nomenclature  of  the 
New  York  Geological  Survey.  This  group  is  of  great  im- 
portance, especially  in  Ulster  county.  New  York,  as  fur- 
nishing a  considerable  part  of  the  hydranlie  cement  man- 
ufactured in  the  i'nited  States.  It  abounds  in  those  fos- 
sils to  which  the  name  Tentaculites  has  been  given,  and 
hence  is  known  also  as  the  Tentaculite  group.  See  cement, 
2,  and  cement-stone. 


6844 

water-line  (wa'ter-lin),  n.  1.  The  line  in  which 
water  at  its  surface  verges  or  borders  upon  any- 
thing; specifically,  in  ship-building,  one  of  the 
hoiizontal  lines  supposed  to  be  described  by 
the  surface  of  the  water  on  the  sides  of  a  ship, 
and  exhibited  at  certain  depths  upon  the  sheer- 
draft.  The  most  important  of  these  lines  are  the  light 
water-tin^,  which  marks  the  depression  of  the  ship's  body 
in  the  water  when  she  is  light  or  unladen,  and  the  load 
water-line,  which  marks  her  depression  in  tlie  water  when 
laden. 

2.  Same  as  water-level,  1. 

The  [mineral]  deposits  are  much  more  valuable  where 
they  are  now  worked  .  .  .  than  they  will  be  l>eIow  water- 
line.  New  York  Tribune,  Nov.  7,  1879. 

3.  A  semi-transparent  line  or  mark  formed  in 
paper  during  its  manufacture ;  a  water-mark. 
See  water-mark,  3. 

It  is  supposed  .  .  .  that  the  waterlines  are  perpendicu- 
lar in  folio,  octavo,  and  decimo-octavo  books,  and  horizon- 
tal in  <(uarto  and  duodecimo. 

De  Morgan,  Arithmetical  Books,  xiii. 

water-lined  (wa'ter-lind),  a.  Marked  with  wa- 
ter-lines :  as,  Irish  linen  water-lined  paper. 

water-liverwort  (wa'tor-liv"er-wert),  71.  The 
water-crowfoot,  Ranunculus  aquatilis. 

water-lizard (wa'ter-liz"iird),  )i.  1.  Anaquatic 
amphibian  with  four  legs  and  a  tail,  as  a  mud- 
puppy,  water-dog,  or  hellbender.  See  triton, 
newt,  and  cuts  under  hellbender,  Menobranehus, 
axolotl,  and  tiewt.  [U.S.]  —  2.  A  water-moni- 
tor or  varan.     See  cut  tmder  Hydrosaurus. 

water-lobelia  (wa'ter-lo-be"lia),  n.  See  7.0- 
bclia,  1. 

water-lock  (wa'ter-lok),  H.  Same  as  lock^,  8. 
mount,  Glossographia,  1670. 

water-locust  (wa'ter-lo'kust),  )i.  A  small  spe- 
cies of  honey-locust,  Gleditschia  monosperma, 
found  in  the  southern  United  States,  especial- 
ly westward,  in  the  bottom-lands,  where  it  oc- 
cupies large  areas.  The  wood  is  of  a  rich  dark- 
brown  color,  heavy,  hard,  and  susceptible  of 
polish.     Also  called  swamp-locust. 

water-logged  (wa'ter-logd),  a.  [<  water  + 
*lo(i()cd,  of  uncei'tain  origin.  In  a  view  com- 
monly accepted,  logged,  lit.  'rendered  (or;r-like,' 
i.  e.  heavy  or  clumsy  in  consequence  of  being 
filled  with  water;  <  log'^  +  -cift.  In  another 
view,  logged  is  lit.  'laid'  or  'placed,'  after  Sw. 
vatten-lagga,  lay  in  water,  soak.  Other  expla- 
nations have  been  proposed;  but  none  accu- 
rately applies  to  rrater-logged,  except  by  assum- 
ing some  confusion  of  the  second  element.  In 
present  use  the  word  is  undoubtedly  associated 
with  tofll.]  Saturated  or  filled  with  water:  ap- 
plied specifically  to  a  ship  when  by  leaking  and 
receiving  a  great  quantity  of  water  into  her 
hold  she  has  become  so  heavy  as  to  be  nearly 
or  altogether  unmanageable,  though  still  keep- 
ing afloat. 

In  the  course  of  the  summer  I  had  discovered  a  raft  of 
pitch-pine  logs  with  the  bark  on.  .  .  .  Though  completely 
waterlogged  and  almost  as  heavy  as  lead,  they  not  only 
burned  long,  but  made  a  vei-y  hot  Are. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  268. 

The  next  day  the  Bon  Homme  Eichard,  quite  water- 
logged, sank,  with  all  the  wounded  on  board. 

A',  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  IV.  537. 

water-lot  (wa'ter-lot),  n.  A  lot  of  ground 
which  is  under  water ;  specifically,  one  of  a 
regular  system  of  city  lots  which  are  partly  or 
wholly  covered  by  the  water  of  a  bay,  lake,  or 
river,  and  may  be  filled  in  and  converted  into 
made  ground  for  the  erection  of  buildings, 
docks,  etc. 

Yesterday,  he  said,  I  bought  a  water-lot;  that  topsail- 
schooner  lies  at  anchor  there. 

J.  W.  Pabncr,  The  Kew  and  the  Old,  p.  244. 

water-lotus  (wa'ter-lo'tus),  n.  The  uelumbo. 
See  lotus,  1. 

water-lung  (wa'ter-lung),  «.  One  of  the  re- 
spiratory trees  or  ramifications  of  the  cloaca  of 
holothurians.  They  are  present  in  most  of  the  order 
Ilulothuroidea,  and  have  an  excretory  or  depuratory  func- 
tion by  tile  continual  passage  of  water  through  them. 

water-lute  (wa'ter-liit),  H.  Any  form  of  air- 
tight joint  formed  by  the  agency  of  water;  a 
water-seal  or  air-trap. 

water-main  (wa'ter-man),  n.  In  water-worls, 
any  one  of  the  principal  pipes  or  conduits  run- 
ning under  streets,  to  which  the  lateral  service- 
pipes  for  supply  of  houses  on  either  side  of  the 
street  are  connected. 

water-maize  (wa'ter-maz),  «.     See  mai-e. 

waterman  (wa'ter-man),  n.;  pi.  watermen 
(-men).  [<  water  -\-  man  (=  D.  waterman  =  O. 
wasscrniann).]  1.  A  boatman;  a  ferryman;  a 
man  who  manages  water-craft;  one  who  plies 
for  hire  on  rivers,  etc. 


Waterman's  Knot. 


water-meter 

It  does  not  become  your  gravity  ...  to  have  offered 
this  outrage  on  a  watemtan,  .  .  .  much  less  on  a  man  of 
bis  civil  coat.  B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  lit  2. 

My  great  grandfather  was  but  a  waterman,  looking  one 
way  and  rowing  another.    liunyan,  Pilgi-im's  Progress,  L 

2.  One  who  carries  or  distributes  water;  spe- 
cifically, a  person  who  waits  at  a  cab-stand  for 
the  purpose  of  supplying 
the  horses  with  water, 
calling  the  cabmen  when 
they  are  absent,  etc.  [Eng.] 
—■waterman's  knot  (naut.),  a 
form  of  knot  used  to  bend  a 
rope  about  a  iK>st  or  bollard. 

watermanship     (wa'ter- 
man-ship),  n.     The  func- 
tions, art,  or  skill  of  a  waterman  or  oarsman ; 
oarsmanship. 

All  the  rowing  interest  of  each  society  makes  sport  for 
ilself  and  amusement  for  spectators  on  the  banks  with 
forms  of  watermanship  which  are  lighter  and  more  pleas- 
ant. The  Atlantic,  LXy II.  102. 

water-mantle  (wa'ter-man'tl),  )i.  [Tr.  of  G. 
wassermantel.]  The  water-jacket,  or  layer  of 
water,  which  incloses  the  space  in  which  the 
cultures  are  placed  in  the  incubator  for  bacte- 
riological investigations,  and  to  which  heat  is 
applied,  and  into  which  is  dipped  the  regulator 
that  serves  to  keep  the  temperature  constant. 
[Rare.] 

Between  the  room  .  .  .  and  the  water-mantle  ...  a 
Schloesing's  membrane-regulator  ...  is  extended. 

Ilueppe,  Bacteriological  Investigations  (tran8.X  p.  189. 

water-maple  (wa'ter-ma'''pl),  «.  Same  as  red 
maple  (whieli  see,  under  maple^). 

water-marigold  (wa't^r-mar^i-gold),  «.  An 
American  aquatic,  Bidcns  Beckii,  of  which  most 
of  the  leaves  are  submerged  and  very  finely  dis- 
sected. 

water-mark  (wa'ter-mark),  n.  1.  The  mark, 
line,  or  limit  of  the  rise  or  height  of  water,  as 
in  a  well,  a  river,  the  sea,  etc. ;  a  water-line ; 
especially,  a  tide-mark. 

The  last  tide  had  risen  considerably  above  the  usual 
watermark.  Scott,  Antiquary,  vii. 

2.  A  faintly  marked  letter,  figure,  or  design 
in  the  fabric  of  paper,  that  denotes  its  size  or 
its  manufacturer,  usually  barely  noticeable  ex- 
cept when  the  sheet  is  held  against  strong  light. 
It  is  made  in  tlie  process  of  manufacture  by  the  pressure 
of  wires  on  the  moist  pulp.  Tlie  water-marks  used  by  the 
earlier  paper-makers  have  given  names  to  several  of  the 
present  standard  sizes  of  paper,  as  pot,  foolscap,  crown, 
elephant,  and  post,  the  last  being  so  called  from  the  device 
of  a  postman's  bom  as  water-mark. 
water-mark  (wa'ter-mark),  V.  t.  1.  To  mark 
or  stamp  with  water-lines:  as,  to  water-mark 
paper;  a. water-marked  page. —  2.  To  mark,  in- 
scribe, or  embody  in  water-lines. 

They  are  without  the  final  refinement  of  the  recurring 
title  water-marked  in  the  lower  margins  of  the  page. 

The  Century,  XXXIX.  94. 

water-meadow  (wa'ter-med-'o),  n.  A  meadow 
capable  of  being  kept  in  a  state  of  fertility  by 
being  overflowed  with  water  at  certain  seasons 
from  some  adjoining  stream. 

The  fire-flies  flitted  over  the  water-ineadows  outside. 

Fortnightly  Ren.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.  69a 

water-measuret  (wa't^r-mezh''ur),  «.  A  unit  of 
measure  used  on  board  ships,  five  pecks  accord- 
ing to  a  statute  of  Henry  VII.  it  was  regarded  as 
a  bushel,  and  was  similarly  subdivided.  A  statute  of  1701 
declares  that  a  water-measure  is  round,  and  18A  inches  in 
diameter  within  the  hoop,  and  8  inches  deep,  and  ordains 
that  apples  and  pears  shall  lie  sold  by  this  measure  heaped. 

water-measurer  (wa'ter-mezh'''ur-er).  w.  Any 
water-bug  of  the  heteropterous  family  Hydro- 
metridee. 

watermelon  (wa'ter-mel'on),  «.  A  plant,  Ci" 
irullus  rulgaris  (frequently  named  Cucutnis 
Citrullus).  or  its  fruit.  The  plant,  supposed  to  be  of 
Asiatic  origin,  is  a  slender  trailing  vine,  requiring  a  warm 
soil.  The  fruit  (a  pepo)  is  of  a  spherical  or  usually  elon- 
gated form,  IJ  or  2  feet  long,  smooth  and  green,  or  some- 
times variegated  on  the  outside,  containing  within  a 
rose-colored  or  sometimes  yellowish  pulp,  pleasantly 
flavored,  and  abounding  in  a  refreshing  sweetish  watery 
juice.  The  watermelon  is  largely  cultivated  in  Egypt, 
India,  China,  Japan,  America,  southern  France,  and  else- 
where. 

Their  Watermelons  were  much  more  large,  and  of  sev- 
eral kinds,  distinguished  by  the  color  of  their  meat  and 
seed.  .  .  .  They  are  excellently  good,  and  very  pleasant 
to  the  taste,  as  also  to  the  eye ;  having  the  rind  of  a  lively 
green  color,  streaked  and  watered,  the  meat  of  a  carna- 
tion, and  the  seed  black  and  shining  while  it  lies  in  the 
melon.  Beverley,  Hist.  Virginia,  iv.  U  19. 

water-meter  (wa'ter-me'ter),  n.  1.  An  in- 
strument that  measures  the  quantity  of  water 
that  passes  through  it,  as  a  gas-meter  mea- 
sures gas.  There  are  various  contrivances  for 
this  purpose.  See  cuts  on  following  page. — 
2.  An  instrument  for  determining  the  amount 


water-meter 


6845 


Water-raeters. 

A.  a,  case  ;*.*',  inlet  and  outlet :  c,  hard  rubber  rotating  piston ;  d, 
ffyrating  spindle  which  drives  the  registering  mechanism  e,  by  means 
of  a  connection  (not  shown) ;  /,  dial. 

B.  a,  a',  case,  composed  of  two  cylinders  cast  integrally:  *,  one  of 
the  two  plungers;  c.  valve  actuated  by  *,  controlling  the  flow  into  and 
out  of  the  cylinder  a.  A  similar  valve  in  a  controls  the  How  into  and 
outofd',  and  in  this  way  the  plunger  in  each  cylinder  governs  the  flow 
into  and  out  of  the  other.  '1  he  plungers  are  hollow,  and  have  very 
nearly  the  specific  gravity  of  water.  Their  reciprocations,  through  a 
connection  (not  shown),  drive  the  registering  mechanism  rf.  The  miet 
(not  shown)  is  opposite  the  outlet  e. 

of  water  evaporated  in  a  giveu  time,  as  from  a 
steam-boiler. 

water-milfoil  (wa't^r-mil'foil),  «.  See  mil- 
foit. 

water-mill  (wa't6r-mil),  )i.  A  rail!  wliose  ma- 
chinery is  driven  by  water. 

There  are  In  this  CUie  200.  Scliooles,  200.  Innes,  400.  wa- 

ter^miles,  600.  water-Conduits,  700.  Temples  and  Oratories. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  I.  47. 

water-mint  (wa'ttr-mint),  «.  The  bergamot- 
miut,  Mentha  nquatica,  an  herb  of  wet  places  in 
Europe  and  Asiatic  Russia,  naturalized  in  other 
localities,  growing  sparingly  in  the  eastern 
United  States.  It  affords  a  perfumers'  oil. 
The  water-mint  or  brook-mint  of  early  usage 
wag  il.  sylrestiis.     See  mhifl. 

Thoae  which  perfume  the  air  most  delightfully,  not 

passed  by  as  the  rest,  but  beiuK  trodden  upon  and  crushed, 

are  three  — that  la,  bumet,  wild  thymt-,  and  water-mintx. 

Bacon,  Gardens  (ed.  1887).  p.  444. 

water-mite  (wa't^r-mit),  «.  Any  mite  of  the 
family  Hydrachnidm ;  a  water-tick.  See  ////- 
drachnidss,  and  cut  under  Hydrachna.  ALso 
called  water-spider. 

water-moccasin  (wa'ter-mok'a-sin),  K.  A 
water-adder:  a  name  applied  with  little  dis- 
crimination in  the  United  States  to  several 
species  of  aquatic  snakes;  properly,  the  veno- 
mous Tozicophis  or  Anci-itrodon  piscivoriis.  with 
which  the  harmless  Tropidonotiis  (or  Xerodia) 
Mpedon  is  sometimes  confounded.  See  tcolrr- 
unakc.  and  cut  under  moccagiii. 

water-mole  (wa't^r-mol),  ».  1.  A  desman; 
a  member  of  the  genus  ilyognle.  See  cut  un- 
der desman. —  2.  The  duck-mole,  or  duck-billed 
platypus,  Ornithorhynchns paradoxHK.  See  cut 
under  duetclnll. 

water-monitor  (wa,'t6r-mon''i-tpr),  «.  A  large 
water-lizard  of  the  family  Mn'nitoridfe  or  Vii- 
rnnidse;  any  aquatic  monitor,  or  varan.  One  of 
the  liest.know"n  Is  the  Indian  kabarajcoya.  or  twohandeil 
monitor,  MoniUfr  or  Varanujt  italvaUrr,  attaining  a  length 
of  5  or  8  feet    See  cut  under  Ilydrotaurm. 

water-monkey  (wa't^r-mung'ki),  «.  A  globu- 
lar vessel  with  a  straight  upright  neck,  com- 
monly of  earthenware,  used  in  tropical  coun- 
tries for  holding  water. 

water-moss  ( wa'ter-mAs),  n.  A  moss  of  the  ge- 
nus I'ontituilis  (which  see). 

water-moth  (wa'ter-mdth),  n.  A  cadilis-fly: 
so  called  from  its  aquatic  habits  and  resem- 
blance to  a  moth.    See  cut  under  ciiddia-worm. 

Every  aood  disciple  of  Walton  and  lover  of  the  "gentle 
art"  knows  the  value  of  the  caddice-fly  or  vater-w/)th  as 
bait  RUey,  5th  Mo.  Ent.  Rep.,  p.  la 

water-motor  (wa'ter-mo'tor),  II.  Any  water- 
wheel  or  turbine;  in  a  narrower  and  the  more 
common  sense,  any  form  of  small  motor  using 
water  under  pressure,  an<l  serving  to  drive  light 
machinery,  such  as  printing-presses  and  sewing- 
machines.  Such  motors  arc  made  in  the  form  of  over- 
shot wheels  Inclosed  In  a  casirig,  reciprocatinij  pistons  in 
cylinders,  an<l  rotary  etiKlnt!*.  Another  form  is  a  sniiill 
turbine  designed  to  be  fitted  to  a  (iomnion  Inmse  supply- 
pipe.  .Small  engines  with  oscillating  cylinders  are  also 
430 


Water-motor. 


ff,  case  supported  on  legs;  l>,  gate-valve  for  regulating  flow;  r, 
buckets  or  floats  attached  to  the  outer  margin  of  a  dislc  keyed  to  the 
shaft  of  the  band-wheel  /.  The  buckets  f  play  in  an  annular  en- 
largement e  of  the  case  as  they  receive  the  impact  of  the  stream 
flowing  through  h.    The  water  is  <iischarged  at  rf. 

used.  Another  form,  employing  the  pressure  of  a  large 
body  of  water  to  raise  a  smaller  quantity,  is  called  a  wa- 
ter-presmre  pump,  but  is  essentially  a  water-motor  nsed 
as  a  pump. 

water-mouse  (wa't^r-mous),  n.  An  Austra- 
lian murine  rodent  of  the  genus  Hijdromys  and 
subfamily  Hydroiiiyin^.  See  cut  under  beaver- 
rat —  WMte-bellled  water-mouse.  .See  white-bellied. 
—Yellow-bellied  water-mouse.    See  yeltow-bellied. 

water-murrain  (wa'tSr-mur'an),  n.  A  disease 
among  cattle, 

water-net  (wa'ter-uet),  II.     See  Uydrodictijoii. 

water-newt  (wa'tfer-niit),  II.  An  aquatic  newt; 
a  triton.     See  cuts  under  newt  and  axolotl. 

water-nixy  (wa'ttr-nik"si),  II.  [After  G.  was- 
sernixe;  <  tcater  +  nix^.'\  A  water-spirit;  an 
elf  inhabiting  the  water. 

The  shallowness  of  a  uyaternixif'x  soul  may  tiave  a 
eharm  until  she  becomes  didactic. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  Ixiv. 

water-nut  (wa'ter-nut),  II.  The  large  edible 
seed  of  plants  of  the  genus  Trapa,  or  the  plant 
itself:  also  called  .Sin(//'or«  n«^.  See  cut  under 
Trapa. 

water-nymph  (wa'ter-niinf), /(.  1.  A  Naiad.— 
2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  A'oi'a.v. — 3.  The  water- 
lily,  Ca.st^ilia  (Xymjthsea). 

water-oak  (wa'ter-6k),  K.  1.  In  hot.,  an  oak, 
Quercus  aqiiatiea, of  the  southern  United  States, 
most  common  antl  bestdeveloped  along  streams 
in  the  eastern  Gulf  States.  Its  wood  is  heavy, 
hard,  and  coarse-grained,  and  does  not  appear 
to  be  used  except  for  fuel.  Also  duck--,jiosKiim-, 
ov  piiiil--oal: — 2.  Same  an  pin-oak: 

water-oats  (wa'ter-6ts),  II.  pi.  See  Indian 
rice  (a),  under  /■/(•«!. 

water-opossum  (wa'tt''r-9-pos"um),  H.  The 
South  American  yapok.     See  cut  under  yapok. 

water-ordeal  (vva'ter-6r"de-al),  ».  See  ordeal,!. 

water-organ  (W!i't6r-6r"gan),  n.  See  hydraulic 
orijiin,  under  oryaii^. 

water-ouzel  (Wa't6r-o"zl),  n.     See  ouzel. 

water-oven  (wa'ter-uv'n),  n.  In  clieni.,  an 
oven  surrounded  on  all  sides  but  tlie  front  or 
top  with  a  chamber  of  boiling  water  oi'  steam, 
used  for  drying  chemical  preparations,  etc. 

water-ox  (wa'ter-oks),H.;  pi.  irofer-oj;eH(-oks"n). 
The  water-cow. 

Water-ox^n  turned  up  their  noses  at  us. 

LitteU'g  Living  Age,  CLXI.  88. 

water-padda  (wa'ter-pad"a),  »i.  A  South  Af- 
rican toad,  lirericeps  i/ibbosit.'i. 

water-pang  (wa'ti?r-pang),  n.     Pyrosis. 

water-parsley  (wa't^r-pars"li),  n.  1.  One 
of  several  water-loving  umbelliferous  plants. 
[Eng.] — 2.  See  IlirhardKonia. 

water-parsnip  (wa'ttT-pars"nip),  «.  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Hiiiiii,  especially  S.  latifoliiim.  See 
cut  under  .skirret. 

water-parting  (wa'ter-piir'ting),  «.  Same  as 
umtershed. 

The  bitih  land  which  forms  the  divisional  line  between 
two  contiguous  river-basins  is  called  the  water-parting. 
Instead  of  ri-aler-jxirting  some  writers  employ  the  term 
waterslied.  Huxley,  Physiography,  p.  18. 

water-partridge  (wa'ter-par"trij),  n.  The  rud- 
dy duck,  Krismatura  riibidii.  G. Trumbull,  1888. 
See  cut  under  Krixmatnrii.  [Patu.\ent  river, 
Maryland.] 

water-passage  (wa'ter-paK"gj),  /(.  A  passage 
for  water:  specifically,  the  urethra, 

water-pennywort ( vva't(''r-])eii"i-w(Tt), «,  Same 

as  iiiiirsh-jiiiiiiyirorf. 
water-pepper(vva't(-r-pep"er),H,  1.  Thesmart- 
w(.>ed,  I'ohifiDiiiiiii  Ilydrojiijiir.    The  mild  water- 
pei)per  is  /'.  hydropijieroidis. —  2.  Same  as  toa- 
teririirt.  1. 


water-pore 

Water-persicaria  (wa'ter-per-si-ka'ri-a),  H. 
See  persicaria. 

water-pewit  (wa'ter-pe"wit),  n.  See  pexcit  (<■) 
and  Sayornis. 

water-pheasant  (wa'ter-fez"ant),  k.  1.  The 
Chinese  jacana,  Hydrophasian'us  chiruryus.  See 
cut  under  Hydrophasianu.s. — 2.  The  pintail  or 
a  congeneric  duck,  having  a  long  tail.  See 
pheamnt{d)  (5),  anci  cut  under -D«//«. —  3.  The 
goosander,  Mergus  merganser ;  also,  the  hooded 
merganser,  Lophodytes  cucuUatus. 

waterphone  (wa'ter-fon),  n.  [IiTeg.  <  loater  + 
Gr.  ijiLivt],  voice,  sound,  simulating  telephone.'] 
An  instrument  for  observing  the  flow  of  water 
in  pipes  and  the  detection  of  leaks,  when  the 
pipes  are  laid  underground  or  in  other  inac- 
cessible places.  A  common  form  consists  of  a  metal- 
lic diaphragm  arranged  in  an  car-trumpet  after  a  manner 
analogous  to  a  telephone  receiver,  and  having  a  slender 
rod  of  steel  connected  with  the  diaphragm  in  such  a  way 
as  not  to  touch  the  trumpet.  In  use  the  free  end  of  the 
rod  is  placed  upon  the  pipe  to  be  examined,  and  the  ear, 
placed  at  tl)e  trumpet,  is  tlms  enabled  to  hear  distinctly 
sounds  that,  witliout  this  device,  would  be  entirely  in- 
audible, 

water-piet  (wa'ter-pi"et),  H.  The  water-ouzel 
or  dipper,  Cinclus  aquaticus.  Also  water-pyet. 
See  cut  under  rfy>|)er.    Montagu.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

water-pig  (wa'ter-pig),  n.  1.  A  porpoise. —  2. 
The  capibara  (which  see,  with  cut). — 3.  A  fish, 
the  gourami. 

water-pillar  (wa'ter-pil'ar),  «.  1+.  A  water- 
spout.—  2.  On  a  railroad,  an  upright  pipe  with 
a  swinging  hollow  arm  or  gooseneck,  placed 
beside  the  track  for  supplying  water  to  loco- 
motives; a  water-crane. 

water-pimpernel  (wa't^r-pim"per-nel),  n. 
See  pimpernel. 

water-pine  (wa'ter-pin),  )(.     See  jiinc^. 

water-pipe  (wa'tfer-pip),  ».  [<  ME.  water-pipe; 
<  water  +  pipe.]  1.  A  pipe  for  conveying  wa- 
ter.    Wrigli  t,  Vocabulary. 

Single  I  grew,  like  some  green  plant,  whose  root 

Creeps  to  the  garden  water-pipes  beneath, 
Feeding  the  flower.  Tennyson,  Fair  Women. 

2.  A  waterspout.     [Ai'chaic] 

One  deep  calleth  another,  because  of  the  noise  of  the 
water-pipes.     Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Psalter,  Ps.  xlii.  9. 

water-pipit  (wa'ter-pip"it),  ».  One  of  several 
species  of  Anthus  which  are  common  in  various 
parts  of  Europe,  especially  that  usually  called 
A.  aquaticus,  also  A.  spinoletta,  and  more  cor- 
rectly ./.  spipoletta.     See  Anthus  andjiipit. 

waterpitt,  ".  [ME.  waterput, <  AS.  wieterpyt;  as 
Kdter  +  /*(7i.]    A  pit  of  water.    Treiisti,  III.  40] . 

water-pitcher  (wa't*r-pich"er),  n.  1.  A 
pitcher  for  holding  water. —  2.  A  plant  of  the 
order  Sarraceniaceee,  including  the  common 
pitcher-plant  or  sidesaddle-flower.  See  cut  un- 
der ^)i7f7(cr-2;/rt»t. 

water-plane  ( wa'tfer-plan),  «.  In  ship-buiUliiHj, 
a  plane  passing  through  a  vessel  when  afloat, 
on  a  level  with  the  surface  of  the  water,  when 
the  vessel  baa  her  stores  and  equipments  only  on  board, 
such  a  plane  is  a  light  water-plaiis;  when  she  is  loadetl,  it 
is  a  load  water-pdane.     Compare  waU'r-line. 

water-plant  (wa'ter-plant),  H.  A  plant  which 
grows  in  water;  an  aquatic  plant. 

water-plantain  (wa't6r-plan"tan),  )(.  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Alisma,  chiefly  A.  I'lanttitio,  the 
common  or  great  water-j)lantain,  gi'owing  in 
shallow  water  throughout  the  temperate  north- 
ern hemisphere,  reappearing  in  Australia.  Its 
leaves  in  form  and  arrangement  suggest  tliose  of  the  com- 
mon plantain,  hut  are  not  ridgy ;  the  flowers  are  small  and 
white-petaled,  borne  in  an  open  panicle  a  foot  or  two  long. 
A  smaller  species  is  A.  ranvncutoi<le'< ;  a  floating  species, 
A.  natans;  both  are  European. 

water-plate  (wa'ter-pliit),  n.  A  plate  having 
a  double  bottom  or  a  lining  of  different  mate- 
rial, with  a  space  left  in  which  hot  water  can 
be  put,  to  keep  articles  of  food  warm. 

This  kind  of  dish  fsentiment],  above  all,  requires  to  be 
served  ui>  hot  or  sent  o(f  in  water-pleites,  that  your  friend 
may  have  it  iilmost  as  warm  as  yourself. 

Lamb,  Distant  Correspondents. 

water-platter  (wa'ter-plaf'er),  11.  The  royal 
water-lily,  Fjcion'rt  reyia:  so  named  with  refer- 
ence to  its  broad  floating  leaves  with  upturned 
margin. 

water-plow  (wa't^r-plou),  n.  A  machine  for- 
merly used  for  taking  mud,  etc.,  out  of  rivers. 
HalHwell. 

water-poise  (wa'ter-poiz),  n.  A  hydrometer, 
or  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  specific  grav- 
ity of  different  liquids. 

water-pore  (wa'ter-por),  «.  1.  In  zoiil.,  the 
pore  or  orifice  by  which  a  water-tube  of  any 
water-vascular  system  opens  to  the  exterior. — 
2.  In  bot.,  an  aperture  or  pore  in  the  epidermis 


water-pore 

of  certain  plants,  through  which  water  is  fre- 
quently expressed.  It  resembles  an  ordinary  stoma, 
but  has' 110  gnardian-cells,  ami  is  situated  directly  over 
tile  extremities  of  the  fibers  of  the  framework.  These 
apertures  are  of  various  size  and  form. 

water-post  (wa'ter-post),  II.  A  post  (often  a 
lamp-post)  to  which  a  pressure-gage  is  affixed, 
the  gage  being  connected  with  the  main  and 
supply  branches  of  a  water-pipe,  and  serving 
to  indicate  the  water-pressure  in  some  part  of 
a  svstem  of  water-supply. 

water-pot  (wa'ter-pot),  «.  [<  ME.  water-pot, 
water-pott,  icatir-pot ;  <  icater  -\-  pof^ .'\  1.  Any 
pot  or  vessel  for  holding,  conveying,  or  dis- 
tributing water. 

Therefor  the  woniman  leftc  the  watir  pott  and  went  into 
the  citie.  Wydif,  John  iv.  28. 

2.  Same  as  watering-pot,  1. 

To  use  his  eyes  for  garden  water -iiots, 
Ay,  and  laying  autumn's  dust. 

Shah.,  Lear,  iv.  6.  200. 

3.  A  chamber-pot. 

water-pouket,  «.  [<  wat^r  +  pouke,  a  pimple 
or  blister,  a  little  pouch  or  poke  holding  water ; 
cf.  pol;c",  poiicli.^     Same  as  vesicle,  1  (6). 

water-power  (wa'ter-pou"er),  II.  The  power  of 
water  employed,  or  capable  of  being  employed, 
as  a  prime  mover  in  machinery ;  hence,  a  fall 
or  descent  in  a  stream  capable  of  being  utilized 
for  mechanical  purposes. 

The  water-power  to  which  a  riparian  owner  is  entitled 
consists  of  the  fall  in  the  stream  when  in  its  natural  state, 
as  it  passes  through  his  land,  or  along  the  boundaries  of  it. 
Or,  in  other  words,  it  consists  of  the  difference  of  level 
between  the  surface  where  the  stream  first  touches  his 
land  and  tlie  surface  wliere  it  leaves  it. 

Gibson,  0.  J.,  3  Eawle  (Ponn.),  p.  90. 

Absorbent-strata  water-power.    See  absorbent. 

water-pox  (wa'ter-poks),  n.  Varicella  or 
chicken-pox. 

water-press  (wa'ter-pres),  n.  Same  as  hydro- 
static or  hydraulic  press.  See  hydraulic.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

water-prism  (wa'ter-prizm),  «.  In  a  canal  or 
river,  tlie  body  of  water  at  any  part  of  its  course 
as  determined  by  the  cross-section  at  that  part, 
regarded  as  a  cross-section  of  a  prism. 

The  Yazoo  river,  by  measurements,  returned  129,000  cu- 
bic feet  per  second  at  the  date  of  highest  water  at  Viciis- 
burg  (June  27)  to  the  water-prim. 
Gov.  iieport  on  Missignippi  River,  1861  (rep.  1876X  p.  80. 

water-privilege  (wa'ter-priv'i-lej),  n.  1.  The 
right  to  use  water ;  especially,  the  right  to  use 
running  water  to  turn  machinery.  See  tvater- 
power. —  2.  A  stream  or  body  of  water  capable 
of  being  utilized  in  driving  machinery.  [U.  S.] 
waterproof  (wa't6r-prof),  a.  and  n.  [Also 
water-proof;  <  water  -H  proof,  a.]  I.  a.  Im- 
pervious to  water,  or  nearly  so — Waterproof 
glue.    See  glue. 

II.  n.  1.  Any  material  which  repels  water; 
especially,  a  light  woolen  cloth  made  for  the 
purpose,  "and  subjected  to  some  waterproofing 
application. —  2.  A  garment  of  some  material 
that  repels  water,  made  either  of  waterproof  ( 1 ), 
or  of  mackintosh  or  a  similar  material  made 
with  india-rubber. 

"There  is  going  to  be  rain,  Sheila,"  her  father  said, 
smelling  the  moisture  in  the  keen  air.  "Will  you  hef 
your  waterproof?"  W.  Black,  Princess  of  Thule,  xxvi. 

Just  as  we  reached  it  the  mist  turned  to  heavy  rain. 
This  is  tlie  depressing  side  of  siglit-seeing  in  Scotland ; 
you  must  take  your  holidays  in  water-proofs. 

Harpers  Mag.,  LXXVII.  946. 

waterproof  (wa'ter-prof),  r.  t.  [<  wateiproof, 
o.]  To  render  impervious  to  water,  as  cloth, 
leather,  etc. 

Thirty  yards  of  waterproofed  and  polished  fly-line  of 
braided  silk.  The  Century,  XXVI.  378. 

waterproofer   (wa'ter-pro'fer),   H.      One  who 
renders  materials  waterproof. 
Waterj/roofers  and  lamp-black  makers. 

Laruet,  1890, 1.  420. 

waterproofing  (wa'ter-pr8"fing),  n.  [Verbal 
n.  of  waterproof,  ».]  1.  The  process  or  method 
of  rendering  impervious  to  water,  as  clothing, 
boots  and  shoes,  and  fishing-lines. 

Tlie  final  combination  of  dubtiing,  whitening,  water- 
proofing, etc.,  it  is  claimed,  gives  the  leather  a  superior 
finish.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leatlier,  p.  Sfte. 

2.  The  material  with  which  a  substance  is  made 
waterproof,  as  caoutchouc,  a  varnish,  or  an  oil. 

As  umbrellas  were  not  used  by  men,  as  being  too  effem- 
inate, and  india-rubber  watei-proofing  was  only  to  be  dis- 
covered more  than  a  century  later,  men  in  Anne's  reign 
had  to  put  their  trust  in  good  liroadulotli  cloaks. 

J.  Ashton,  .Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  1. 1.59. 

water-propeller  (wa'tcr-pro-pel"tr),  «.  A  ro- 
tary pump.     A'.  //.  Knight. 

water-pump  (wa'ter-pump),  n.  A  pump  for 
water:  used  humorously  of  the  eyes. 


6846 

"  Thank  you,  Dobbin,"  he  said,  rubbing  his  eyes  with 
his  knuckles.  .  .  .  The  water-pumps  were  at  work  again, 
and  I  am  not  sure  that  the  soft-hearted  Captain's  eyes  did 
not  also  twinkle.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxiv. 

water-puppy  (wa'ter-pup''''i),  H.  Same  as  water- 
dog,  2. 

water-purpie  (wa't6r-p^r''''pi),  n.  [<  water  -h 
purple,  a  Sc.  corruption  of  purple.l  A  spe- 
cies of  Veronica,  V.  Beccabunga,  found  in  moist 
places;  brook-lime.     [Scotch.] 

Cresses  or  water-purpie,  and  a  bit  ait-cake,  can  serve 
the  Master  for  breakfast  as  weel  as  Caleb. 

Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  xviii. 

water-purslane  (wa'ter-pers'lan),  n.  Seepurs- 
lane. 

water-pyet, »(.     See  watcr-piet. 

water-quaket  (wa'ter-kwak),  n.  A  violent  dis- 
turbance of  water.     [Rare.] 

Wittlesmere  .  .  .  doth  sometimes  in  Calnies  and  faire 
weather  sodainly  rise  tempestuously,  as  it  were,  into  vio- 
lent water-quakes,  to  the  danger  of  the  poore  fishermen. 
Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  600.    (Davies.) 

water-qualm  (wa'ter-kwam),  n.     Pyrosis. 

water-quenched  (wa'ter-kwencht),  a.  Cooled 
by  immersion  in  water :  a  term  frequently  used 
in  speaking  of  tempering  steel  and  similar  oper- 
ations. 

water-quintain  (wa'ter-kwin'tan),  n.  The 
sport  of  tilting  at  the  quintain  by  a  person 
standing  in  a  boat,  which  was  rowed  rapidly 
past.  If  the  filter  was  not  sufficiently  alert, 
the  return  of  the  quintain  threw  him  into  the 
water. 

water-rabbit  (wa'ter-rab'it),  n.  The  swamp- 
hare  of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley,  Lepus 
aquaticiis.     See  cut  under  swamp-hare. 

water-radish  (wa'ter-rad'ish),  II.  A  tall  water- 
cress. Nasturtium  amphibium,  of  wet  places  in 
the  northern  Old  World.  Other  species  of  Nas- 
turtium are  also  so  named.     Also  radish. 

water-rail  (wa'ter-ral),  n.  1.  The  common 
rail  of  Europe,  Ballus  aquaticiis,  as  distinguished 
from  land-rail,  Crex  pratensis ;  any  species  of 
Balliis. —  2.  The  European  gallinule,  GalUniila 
chloropus,  the  water-hen  or  moor-hen.  [Local, 
Eng.] 

water-ram  (wa'ter-ram),  n.  A  machine  for 
raising  water:  same  as  hydraulic  ram  (which 
see,  under  hydraulic). 

water-ranny  (wa't6r-ran"i),  n.  It.  The  short- 
tailed  field-mouse.  Halliwell.  —  2.  Properly, 
the  water-shrew. 

water-rat  (wa'ter-rat),  n.  One  of  several  dif- 
ferent rodents,  of  aquatic  habits,  belonging  to 
the  family  Muridse.  (a)  In  Europe,  the  water-vole, 
a  comparatively  large  blackish  species,  Arvicola  amphi- 


Water-rat  {.-Irvjcoiii  atnphibiusu 

bins,  wliicli  lives  in  the  banks  of  streams  or  lakes.  See 
vole*.^.  (&)  In  America,  the  musquash  or  muskrat,  Fiber 
zibethictis.  See  cut  under  inu»krat.  (c)  In  Australia  and 
Tasmania,  a  water-mouse ;  any  species  of  the  genus  Hy- 
dromys,  as  H.  ctirysogaster  or  //.  leucogaster:  also  called 
beaver-rat.    See  cut  under  beaver-rat. 

water-rate  (wa'ter-rat),  n.  A  rate  or  tax  for 
the  supply  of  water.     Also  water-rent. 

water-rattler  (wa'ter-raf'ler),  H.  The  diamond 
rattlesnake,  Crotalusadamanteus,  often  found  in 
moist  places.   Also  water-rattle.    [Local,  U.  S.] 

water-reed  (wa'ter-red),  n.  A  grass  of  the  ge- 
nus Arundo. 

water-rent  (wa'ter-reut),  n.  Same  as  wa ter- 
ra t<: 

water-ret  (wa'ter-ret).  r.  t.    Same  as  water^ot. 

water-retting  (wa'ter-ret'ing),  n.  See  ret- 
ting, 1.     Kiinjc.  Brit.,  IX.  294. 

water-rice  (wa'tfer-ris),  n.  The  Indian  rice,  Zi- 
;ania  aipiatica.  See  rice,  and  cut  under  Zizania. 

water-robin  (wa'ter-rob'in),  H.  An  Asiatic  fly- 
catcher, Xanthopygia  fidiginona.  See  robiii^,  3, 
and  cut  under  Xanthopygia. 

water-rocket  (wa'ter-rok'et),  n.  1.  A  plant 
of  the  genus  S'asturtium  ;  water-cress. — 2.  A 
kind  of  firework  designed  to  be  discharged  in 
the  water. 


water-shut 

water-room  (wa'ter-rom),  «.  The  space  in  a 
steam-boiler  occupied  by  water,  as  distinct  from 
the  steam-room,  or  the  space  which  contains 
steam. 

water-rose  (wa'tfer-roz),  «.     The  water-lily. 

water-rot  (wa'ter-rot),  V.  t.  To  cause  to  rot 
by  steeping  in  water,  as  in  some  of  the  me- 
chanical trades.     Also  water-ret. 

water-route  (wa'ter-rot),  «.  A  stream  or  other 
tract  of  water  used  as  a  route  of  travel. 

The  competition  of  parallel  railroad  lines  or  water- 
routes.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  688. 

water-rugt  (wa'ter-rug),  n.  [<  water  -t-  rwffl, 
equiv.  here  to  shock'^,  shough.'\     A  kind  of  dog. 

Hounds  and  greyhounds,  mongrels,  spaniels,  curs, 
Shoughs,  water-rugs,  and  demi-wolves  are  clept 
All  by  the  name  of  dogs.        Stiak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1.  94. 

water-sail  (wa'ter-sal),  n.  A  small  sail  occa- 
sionally set  under  a  lower  studdingsail. 

water-salamander  (wa'ter-saFa-man-dSr),  ». 
A  water-newt. 

water-sallow  (wa't^r-sal'o),  n.  [<  water  +  sal- 
low'^.']    Same  as  water-willow,  1. 

water-sapphire  (wa'ter-saf'ir),  «.  A  precious 
stone  of  an  intense  blue  color  and  transparent, 
found  in  small  rolled  masses  in  Ceylon.  It  is  a 
variety  of  iolite. 

waterscape  (wa'ter-skap),  )i.  [<  water  -t-  -scape, 
as  in  landscape.']  A  water-  or  sea- view  as  distin- 
guished from  a  landscape ;  a  seascape.  [Rare.] 

water-scorpion  (wa't^r-sk6r"pi-gn),  n.  A  large 
aquatic  and  carnivorous  bug  of  the  family  Nepi- 
dse.     See  Nepa. 

water-screw  (wa't6r-skr8),  «.  A  water-ele- 
vator consisting  of  an  application  of  the  .Archi- 
medean screw.  It  has  spiral  vanes  set  on  an  inclined 
axis  revidving  within  a  cylindrical  casing  whose  lower 
end  is  in  the  water. 

water-seal  (wa'ter-sel),  n.  A  body  of  water  in- 
terposed as  a  bar  to  the  passage  or  escape  of 
gas.  A  common  way  of  forming  a  water-seal  is  to  insei-t 
the  open  mouth  of  a  pipe  or  vessel  designed  to  hold  the 
gas  below  the  surface  of  water  in  another  vessel  to  a  depth 
at  which  the  hydraulic  pressure  opposing  the  escape  of  the 
gas  is  equal  to  or  greater  than  the  pneumatic  pressure  of 
the  gas.  Another  method  is  to  form  a  bend  downward  in  a 
pipe,  and  fill  the  bent  part  with  water.    Compare  (rapl,  4. 

water-sengreen  (wa'ter-sen''gren),  n.  See  sen- 
green. 

water-serpent  (wa'ter-s^r'pent),  ».  Same  as 
sea-serpent,  2. 

watershed  (wa't6r-shed),  n.  [<  water  +  shed^.] 
The  edge  of  a  river-basin  (see  river) ;  the  line 
separating  the  waters  flowing  into  two  different 
rivers  or  river-basins.  Thus,  the  crest  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  of  California  forms  the  watershed  between  the 
rivers  flowing  into  the  Pacific  and  those  which  lose  them- 
selves in  the  Great  Basin.  Sometimes  called  the  water- 
parting,  and  in  the  United  States  more  frequently  and 
popularly  the  divide,  l^hus,  the  "Continental  Divide"  is 
the  line  which  marks  the  separation  of  the  waters  flow- 
ing into  the  Pacific  from  those  finding  their  way  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Midnight !  the  outpost  of  advancing  day  I  .  .  . 

The  icatershed  of  Time,  from  which  the  streams 
Of  Yesterday  and  To-morrow  take  their  way ! 

Longfellow,  The  Two  Rivers,  L 

The  summit  of  the  pass  is  called  the  divide  or  miter- 
stied.  In  this  last  word  the  "shed"  has  not  the  present 
meaning,  but  an  obsidescent  one  of  "part"  or  "divide" 
(Ger.  ScheidenX  Skeat  says:  "The  old  sense  'to  part' 
is  nearly  obsolete,  except  in  water-shed,  the  ridge  which 
parts  river-systems."  .  .  .  The  waf«r-«A«<f  of  jmy  river  ba- 
sin limits  its  "area  of  catchment,"  as  the  hydraulic  engi- 
neers call  it.       J.  D.  Whitney,  Names  and  Places,  p.  141. 

water-sheept  (wa'ter-shep),  «.  The  roach,  a 
fish:  so  called  in  antithesis  to  water-fox  (the 
carp).     See  cut  under  rofloA.     I.Walton. 

water-shell  (wa'ter-shel),  «.  In  ordnance,  a 
shell,  invented  by  M.  Abel,  consisting  of  an 
ordinary  shell  with  a  centrally  placed  cylinder 
of  guncotton,  having  the  space  between  this 
cylinder  and  the  walls  of  the  shell  filled  with 
water.  The  shell  is  hermetically  sealed  to  re- 
tain the  water. 

water-shield  (wa'ter-sheld),  H.  A  plant  of 
either  of  the  genera  Caboniba  and  Brasenia, 
which  form  the  suborder  Cabonibese,  of  the  Nym- 
phcaceie:  so  called  as  consisting  of  aquatics 
with  peltate  leaves.  Brasenia  peltata,  with  floating 
oval  leaves  1  to  4  inches  across  and  small  dull-purple  flow- 
ers, is  found  in  North  America,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia. 
Also  water-buckler. 

water-shoot  (wa'ter-shot),  H.  [<  water  +  shoot, 
prob.  confused  also  with  chute.]  1.  A  pipe  or 
trough  for  discharging  water  from  a  building. 
—  2t.  A  shoot  from  the  root  of  a  tree. 

water-shrew  (wa'ter-shro),  n.  An  oar-footed 
aquatic  shrew.  In  Europe  tlie  best-known  species  is 
Crossopus  fodiens.  The  corresponding  American  species 
is  Keosorex  palvstris.    See  second  cut  under  shmc. 

water-shutt  (wa'ter-shut),  n.  That  which  stops 
the  passage  of  water. 


water-shut 

Who  all  the  morne 
Had  from  the  ((uarry  with  his  piuk-axe  tome 
A  lai^e  well-squared  stone,  which  he  would  cut 
To  serve  his  stile,  or  for  some  xcater-shut. 

W.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals.     (Nares.) 

waterside  (wa'ter-sitl),  ».  The  brink  of  water; 
the  bank  or  margin  of  a  river,  stream,  or  lake; 
the  sea-shore:  sometimes  used  attributively. 

Come,  Master  Belch,  I  will  hrin^  you  to  the  water-side, 
perhaps  to  Wapping,  and  there  I'll  leave  you. 

Dekkeraiid  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  ii.  1. 

Water  side  insects  are  well  described,  particularly  the 

ephemeridse.  The  Academy,  April  25,  1891,  p.  392. 

water-silvering  (wa'ter-sil''''ver-ing),  n.  A  pro- 
cess of  silvering  analogous  to  water-gilding. 

water-sink  (wa'ter-singk),  u.     See  jwt-hole. 

water-skin  (w^*'ter-skin),  n.  A  vessel  or  bag 
of  skin  used  for  the  storage  or  transportation  of 
w^ater. 

We  had  water,  it  is  tnie,  from  the  Nile;  but  we  never 
thought  we  could  have  t**  much,  as  long  as  there  was  room 
in  our  water-skina  to  holil  more. 

Bruce,  .Source  of  the  Nile,  I.  177. 

water-skipper  (wd'ter-skip^^r),  ».  One  of  the 
slender  long-legged  water-bugs  of  the  genus 
HytfrotrechH.'i ;  any  water-strider. 

water-sky  (wa'ter-ski),  n.  A  peculiar  reflec- 
tion in  the  sky,  common  in  arctic  regions,  indi- 
cating the  presence  of  open  water  beneath. 

Some  circumstances  which  he  reports  seem  to  point  to 
the  existence  of  a  north  water  all  the  year  round ;  and  the 
ft'equeut  icater  skiett,  fujis,  Ac,  that  we  have  seen  to  the 
southwest  during  the  winter  go  to  confirm  the  fact. 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinnell  Exp.,  I.  236. 

water-slater  (wa't^r-sla'^ter),  n.  Any  aquatic 
isopod  or  sUiter  of  the  genus  AscUus. 

water-smartweed  (wa'ter-smart^wed), «.  See 
ttmartweed. 

water-smoke  (wa'ter-smok),  n.  Water  evapo- 
rating in  tlie  visible  form  of  fog  or  mist:  a  phe- 
nomenon that  oeciu's  when  the  temperature  of 
water-surfaces  is  above  tho  dew-point  of  tlie 
air,  and  the  air  is  already  saturated  with  moist- 
ure. Water-smoke  is  frc(iuently  observe<l  over  rivers 
or  other  bodies  of  water  aftor  a  sudden  fall  of  tempt-ra- 
ture,  when,  in  ptjpular  language,  it  is  said  "the  river 
steams,"  and  in  damp  weather  (iv.-r  water-covered  sur- 
faces which  are  much  warmer  tlmn  the  air,  and  is  also 
seen  freqtiently  in  arctic  regions. 

We  had  not  l>een  able  to  ^et  the  doj^s  out  when  the  bit,' 
moon  appeared  above  the  irater-anwke, 

Kane,  Sec.  Grinnell  Exp.,  II.  .12. 

water-snail  (wa'ter-snal),  II.  1.  An  aquatic 
pulraonate  gastropod ;  a  pon4l-snail,  as  a  lim- 
neid»  or  one  of  many  similar  snails.  See  cuts 
under  Limuiea  and  lAmnieidw. —  2.  The  Archi- 
medean screw.     [Rare.] 

water-snake  (wa'ter-snak),  ».  A  snake  which 
frequents  the  water:  variously  applied. 

In  the  Friendly  Islands  the  water-imnke  was  much  re- 
spected. Sir  J.  Lubbock,  Orig.  of  Civilisation,  p.  179. 

Especially  — (a)  Any  one  of  the  venomons  sea-snakes.  See 
Hydrophuise  and  »ea-$erpent,  2,  with  cuts  there  or  there 
cited,  {b)  I'he  Indian  Fordonia  unicoUtr,  or  any  member 
of  the  family  ni/malupxidx.  (c)  A  wart-snake ;  any  mem- 
ber of  the  AcTochordida,  as  8j)ecie8  of  Arrochnrdus  and 
Chersydnu.  See  cut  tinder  wart-muike.  {d)  The  common 
rinffed  snake  of  Enrojie,  TropUhmotus  natn'x.  See  cuts 
uniTer  gnake  and  Tropvionotwt.  (?)  In  the  United  States, 
one  of  several  harmless  aquatic  colubrines,  as  the  species 
of  Nerodia  (or  TropidoiwtuM)  and  lif'gina,  as  S.  xipedtm 
and  R.  leberijf.  In  the  West  several  species  of  garter- 
snakes  (A'ufjrnia)  are  thoroughly  aquatic,  and  would  come 
locally  untler  this  name.  See  ti-ater-adder  awi  water-moc- 
ra*in. 

water-soak  (wa't6r-s6k),  '•.  t.  To  soak  or  fill  the 
interstices  of  with  water. 

water-socks  (wa'ter-soks),  n.  /*/.  The  white  wa- 
ter-lily, f'fisfalia  speriosa.    Britten  and  Holland. 

water-sodden  (wa'tcr-sod'^n),  a.  [<  water  + 
Hoddtn,  pj>.  of  gf'efhe.l  Soaked  and  softened  in 
water;  water-soaked.      Tmiufson. 

water-soldier  (wa'ter-so^'jer),  «.  The  water- 
sengreen,  Stratiotrs  aloi'dfs.  Also  called  wafer- 
aloe. 

water-sorrel  (wji'ter-8or''el).  u.  Same  as  irnter- 
do<k\ 

water-SOUChy  Cwa't«''r-sou'''chi),  H.  Fish  boiled 
and  served  in  its  own  liquor.     See  soufch,  v.  t. 

water-space  (wa'ter-spas),  n.  That  part  of  a 
steam-boiler  which  lies  below  the  Kteam-sjiace, 
and  is  designed  to  hold  the  water  to  be  evapo- 
rated. 

water-spaniel  (wH'ter-Hi)an^''yel).  11.  The  name 
Kiven  to  two  varieties  of  the  dog  calhMi  spaniel, 
namely,  the  large  water-spaniel  and  the  small 
water-spaniel.     Het^  spoil iel,  1. 

water-gparrow  (wa' t^T-spar'^o).  ».  1.  The 
reed-bunting  or  reed-sparrf)W.  End}eriza  seho'iu- 
cluti.  [Prov,  Kng.]  —  2.  A  reed-  or  sedge-war- 
bler of  the  genus  .icrorephfilns.  as  A.  atrepent.'i 
OT  A,  phratjmitis.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


6847 

water-speedwell  (w£t'ter-8ped''''wel),  ».     See 

speedwell. 

water-spider  (wa'ter-spi''''der),  ».  l.  A  spider 
of  the  family  Drassklse,  Argyroneta  aqualica, 
which  makes  a  bag  of  silk  on  water-plants,  and 
lives  in  it  under  water  as  in  a  diving-bell,  the 
opening  being  below,  so  that  the  air  cannot 
escape.  It  is  filled  by  the  spider,  which  brings 
down  bubbles  of  air  one  at  a  time.  See  diving- 
spider,  and  cut  under  Argj/roneta. — 2.  Any  one 
of  certain  spiders  of  the  lycosid  genus  Uoh- 
inedcs,  as  D.  tenebrosns,  D,  urinator,  or  D.  sex- 
punctatus,  which  build  nests  of  leaves  and 
twigs  on  overhanging  rushes,  just  at  the  sur- 
face of  the  water  in  shallow  streams;  a  raft- 
Spider.  The  spiders  construct  their  cocoons  and  live 
in  these  nests.  They  run  rapidly  over  and  dive  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  water,  where  they  can  remain  for  some 
time. 

3.  A  water-mite  or  water-tick. —  4.  A  bug  of 
the  genus  Hydrometra ;  a  water-measurer.  En- 
eyc.  Diet. 

water-spike  (wa'ter-spik),  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Potamogeton,  which  consists  of  aquatics 
with  small  greenish  or  reddish  flowers  in  spikes 
or  heads;  pondweed. 

water-spinner  (wa'ter-spin  er),  n.  A  water- 
spider;  especially,  the  diving  spider. 

waterspout  (wa'ter-spout),  n.  1.  A  pipe,  nozle, 
or  orifice  from  which  water  is  spouted. 

The  manner  in  which  lie  ^'azed  at  the  shops,  stumbled 
into  the  gutters,  ran  against  the  portei-s,  and  stood  under 
the  tmtergj^tovts,  marked  him  out  as  an  ■excellent  subject 
for  the  operations  of  swindlers  and  banteiers. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  iii. 
Every  dozen  or  fifteen  miles  is  a  station  — two  or  three 
sheds,  and  a  water-spout  and  woodpile. 

S.  Bou'les,  Our  New  West,  p.  50. 
2.  A  spout,  jet,  or  column  of  water;  specifi- 
cally-, a  whirlwind  over  a  body  of  water,  pro- 
ducing the  appearance  of  a  solid  column  of 
water  extending  from  the  surface  to  the  clouds. 
In  reality,  however,  the  phenomenon  that  is  seen  is  the 
cloud  brought  down  to  the  earth's  surface  by  tlie  rapid 
gyratory  motion  of  a  vertical  whirl,  anil  it  consists  simply 
of  fine  mist  suiToundiiig  a  central  axis  of  rarefaction.  At 
first  the  cloud  has  the  fcjrm  of  a  tapering  funnel ;  then,  de- 
scending to  near  the  water's  surface,  it  draws  up  the  water 
for  a  distance  into  its  vortex,  andimpartstoit  its  whirling 
motion.  The  sjiout  is  then  complete,  and  appears  as  an 
immense  column  connecting  sea  and  cloud,  light  in  color 
near  the  center,  but  dark  along  the  sides.  Like  other 
whirlwinds,  the  waterspont  has  a  progressive  as  well  as  a 
rotary  motion,  its  axis  sometimes  being  inclined  forward 
in  the  direction  of  advance.  After  continuing  a  short 
time,  generally  less  than  twenty  minutes,  the  column  is 
disunited,  the  lower  part  descending  as  rain,  wliile  the 
upper  part  is  drawn  back  into  the  clouds.  The  height  of 
the  spoilt  depends  upon  the  hygrometric  state  of  the  air; 
in  general  it  is  between  800  and  2,5(X)  feet,  it  is  common 
for  a  nnniber  of  waterspouts  to  be  seen  simultaneously 
or  successively;  and  this  is  to  be  expected,  for  a  series 
of  separate  and  independent  gyrations  arc  likely  to  arise 
when  the  air  is  in  a  state  of  instability,  such  as  is  required 
for  the  development  of  these  whirlwinds.  This  is  espe- 
cially the  case  in  troi)ical  and  equatorial  regions,  where 
wiiterspouta  are  most  frequent. 
Deep  calleth  unto  deep  at  the  noise  of  thy  waterspnuts. 

Ps.  xlii.  7. 

water-sprite  (wa'trr-sprit),  n.  A  sprite  or  spirit 
inhabiting  the  water. 

A  speck,  a  mist,  a  shape,  I  wist! 
And  still  it  near'd  and  near'd ; 
As  if  it  dodged  a  water-sprite. 
It  plunged  and  tack'd  and  veer'iL 

Colerid'je,  Ancient  Mariner,  iii. 

water-stairs  (wa'ter-starz).  it.  pi.  Stairs  lead- 
ing down  to  water,  as  on  the  banks  of  the 
Thames,  where  boats  are  taken  for  ferriage,  etc. 

He  has  but  a  tender  weakc  body,  but  was  always  very 

temperate  ;  made  him  danniable  drnnke  at  Somer- 

Bet-huiise,  where,  at  the  water-stayn-s,  he  fell  dowiie,  and 
had  a  cruel  fall.  Aubrey,  Lives  (Edmund  Waller). 

water-standing  (wa'ter-stan''''ding),   <i.     Wet 
with    water;     perpetnally    filled    with    tears. 
[Rare.] 
An  orphan's  icati-r-standiwj  eye. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  6.  40. 

water-star  ( wa'ter-star),  //.    Same  as  .star-j'ruit. 
water-stargrass  (wa'ttr-star^''gras),  n.    An 

acjuatic     iierb,     lleteranthera    (Schollera)   gra- 

minea,  with  grass-like  leaves  and  yellow  starry 

flowers. 
water-starwort(wa'ter-star'''wert),  ;/.  See  (V//- 

litrirhe  ami  star-gross. 
watersteadt    (wa'trr-sted),   )i.     The  bed  of  a 

river.     Adn/iral  Stityth. 
water-stream  (wii'ter-strem),  ».    [<  ME.  water- 

stroetu,  <  AS.  n-ater-strediu  ;  as  water  +  streain.~\ 

A  stream  of  water;  a  river. 

Forr  all  all  awn  se  xvaterrstrfeni  .  .  .  fietethth  foi'tli  .  .  . 
towarrd  te  sw.  Onnulum  (eii.  VVhite),  1.  IHOO'i. 

water-strider  (wa'ter-Htn''M<'*r),  n.  Any  aquat- 
ic heteropterous  insect  of  the  family  Hydro- 


water-table 

hatidse ;  a  water-skipper:  so  called  from  their 
long,  slender,  straddling  legs  and  aquatic  hab- 
its. 

The  water -striders  prefer  quiet  waters,  upon  which  they 
rest,  or  over  which  they  skim  rapidly. 

Comstock,  Introd.  Entom.  (1S88X  p.  193. 

water-supply  (wa'ter-su-pli''''),  ».  The  obtain- 
ing of  water  for  and  its  distribution  to  a  town  or 
city,  as  far  as  possible  in  sufficient  quantity  and 
of  satisfactory  quality;  also,  the  amount  of  wa- 
ter thus  provided  and  distributed.  Water-supply, 
as  this  term  is  generally  used,  differs  from  irrigation  in 
that  the  latter  has  to  do  with  providing  and  distributing 
water  for  agiicultural  purposes  — that  is,  it  is  an  attempt 
to  make  up  for  a  deficiency  of,  or  for  irregularity  in,  the 
natural  rainfall.  Water-supply,  on  the  other  hand,  is  tlie 
providing  of  water  for  domestic  and  manufacturing  usf  s 
in  sufficient  quantity,  and  under  favorable  conditions,  not 
only  as  to  purity,  but  also  as  to  pressure,  so  that  it  may  )»e 
available  without  the  necessity  of  carrying  it  by  hand  to 
the  upper  stories  of  houses  or  manufactories,  and  as  to 
storage,  so  that  large  quantities  can  be  used  within  a  short 
period  of  time,  as  when  needed  for  extinguishing  exten- 
sive conflagrations  in  cities.  The  question  of  water-sup- 
ply is  one  which  has  to  do,  and  to  a  most  important  ex- 
tent, with  the  health,  comfort,  and  material  well-being  of 
all  localities,  even  where  there  is  only  a  moderately  dense 
aggregation  of  population ;  and  the  larger  and  denser  such 
aggregation  the  more  important  this  question  becomes. 
The  natural  source  of  water-supply  is  the  rain,  and  this  is 
one  of  great  importance  in  regions  of  considerable  rain- 
fall and  of  thinly  aggregated  population,  the  water  being 
caught  on  the  roofs  of  the  houses  or  barns  and  conveyed 
to  cisterns  where  it  is  stored  for  use  as  wanted,  and  from 
which  it  has  to  be  pumped.  Almost  everywhere  in  re- 
gions of  considerable  precipitation  water  can  be  had  by 
digging  shallow  wells  in  the  surface  detritus,  and  this 
is  an  extremely  common  mode  of  supply  in  agricultural 
districts,  the  advantage  being  that  the  expense  of  digging 
a  well  is  much  less  than  that  of  providing  storage  in  cis- 
terns, Avhile  the  disadvantage  is  that  well-water  is  ordi- 
narily not  so  pure  as  rain-water  (and  this  is  emphatically 
the  case  in  limestone  districts).  Besides,  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  provide  cisterns  large  enough  to  liold  the 
amount  of  rain-water  required  during  periods  of  abnor- 
mally long  drought,  such  as  occasionally  occur  even  in 
regions  of  considerable  average  rainfall.  These  sources 
of  supply  — namely,  rain  caught  as  it  falls  and  water  from 
shallow  wells—  are  entirely  unsuited  U)  the  conditions  in 
towns  of  even  moderate  size.  The  rainfall  in  cities  is  con- 
taminated with  soot  and  gases  thrown  out  from  the  many 
chimneys  of  houses  and  manufacturing  estal»lishnients ; 
neither  is  it  large  enough  in  quantity,  nor  can  it  be  stored 
satisfactorily  without  incurring  an  expense  far  greater 
than  would  Ite  that  of  providing  a  supply  in  some  other 
way.  Rivers  would  seem  to  be  the  natural  source  of  sup- 
ply for  cities  situated  upon  them,  and  tliere  are  few  very 
large  cities  through  which  a  river  does  not  run  ;  but  rivers 
are  the  natural  and  almost  necessary  sewers  of  the  cities 
drained  i)y  them,  and  the  water,  thus  polluted,  is  not  only 
often  disagreeable  to  the  taste,  but  is  always  a  possible 
source  of  danger  to  health.  It  is  true  that  some  cities  of 
moilerate  size  situated  on  very  large  rivei-s  do  use  their 
water,  as,  for  instance,  St.  Louis  on  the  Mississippi ;  but, 
in  general,  if  a  river  is  used,  the  water  must  be  taken  from 
a  point  high  enough  up-stream  to  avoid  the  risk  of  con- 
tamination from  the  sewage  of  the  towns  situated  on  or 
near  its  banks,  as  is  done  in  London,  which  is  largely  siij)- 
plied  by  water  from  the  Thames  drawn  from  a  point  far 
above  the  city.  The  most  satisfactory  source  of  water- 
supply  for  a  city  is  a  mountain-lake,  not  too  far  distant, 
where  the  geological  and  other  conditions  are  suth  as 
to  insure  a  high  degree  of  purity  in  the  water.  This  is 
emphatically  the  case  with  regard  to  Glasgow,  wliich  is 
supplied  from  rx)ch  Katrine.  Much  oftener  water  satis- 
factory in  quality  and  abundant  in  (luantity  can  be  ob- 
tained by  creating  one  or  more  artificial  lakes  at  the 
head  of  a  suitably  situated  river  Ity  the  construction  of 
dams;  these  are  sometimes  of  great  height,  holding  back 
bodies  of  water  miles  in  length.  Of  this  character  is  the 
water-supply  of  Liverpool,  of  New  York,  of  Boston,  and 
of  many  otlier  important  cities.  Regions  underlain  by 
thick  masses  of  permeable  rocks— as,  for  instance,  the 
New  Red  Sandstone  and  Chalk  districts  of  England  — are 
not  infrequently  supplied  with  water  by  means  of  wells 
bored  to  considerable  depths  and  of  large  dimensions, 
from  which  the  water  sometimes  rises  to  the  surface,  l>ut 
more  often  has  to  be  pumped.  Many  large  towns  in  the 
manufacturing  districts  of  England  were  formerly  almost 
exclusively,  and  are  still  to  some  extent,  supplied  in  this 
way;  but  wherever  it  has  been  found  possible  to  olitain 
water  in  s<mie  better  way  this  system  has  been  abandoned, 
neither  quality  nor  quantity  being  satisfactory.  Consid- 
erable water  is  procured  in  England  from  deep  wells  in 
the  Chalk,  and  this  method  of  supi)ly  is  of  some  impor- 
tance in  L(mdon.  Where  the  conditions  are  such  that 
pure  water  cannot  be  had,  artificial  purification  is  some- 
times resorted  to,  but  this  is  always  expensive  and  often 
unsatisfactory.  An  abundant  supply  of  soft  water,  taken 
from  some  source  known  to  be  free  from  the  possibility 
of  contamination  by  sewage  or  otherwise,  is  one  of  the 
greatest  of  blessings,  and  this  result  has  been  attained  in 
various  cities,  but  not  without  large  expenditure  and  no 
small  amount  of  engineering  skill.  The  distribution  of 
water  was  once  a  matter  of  considerable  difficulty,  the 
wooden  pipes  first  employed  being  subject  to  rot  and  leak- 
age. In  modern  times  the  use  of  cast-iron  for  the  mains  is 
most  common,  while  the.'^ervice-pipes  are  usually  of  lead, 
but  sometimes  of  bronze  or  brass. 

water-SWallow+(wa'ti-r-swol*o),w.  The  water- 
wagtail.     Hidliwell. 

water-system  (wa'ter-sis''''tem),  n.  In  =ooL,  the 
watei'-vjiscular  system. 

water-tabby  (wa'ter-tab'-'i),  n.  Tabby  having 
a  WMtercil  surface. 

water-table  (\va'ter-ta^''b]).  /^  1.  In  areh.,  a 
string-course,    molding,    or    otlier    projecting 


water-table 

member  so  placed  as  to  throw  off  water  from 
the  wall  of  a  building. 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  what  a  noble  foundation 
there  was  for  the  cliapell,  wct>  did  runne  from  the  Col- 
ledpe  alonj:  the  street  as  far  as  the  Blew  Boare  Inn  ;  w^'i 
was  alx)Ut  7  foot  or  more  high,  and  ailorned  witli  a  very 
rieh  Gothique  water-table. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (Thomas  Wolsey). 

2.  A  small  embankment  made  across  a  road, 
especially  on  a  hill,  to  carry  off  the  water. 
Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  3.  Same  as  tcater- 
hridge. 
water-tank  (wa'ter-taugk),  n.  A  tank,  cistern, 
or  otlier  receiver  for  holding  water. 

The  sensitizing  bath,  plate-holders,  water-ta-)\lt8,  etc.,  all 
adjusted.  Silver  Sunbeam,  p.  128. 

water-tap  (wa'ter-tap),  H.  A  tap  or  cock  by 
which  water  may  be  drawn  from  any  supply. 

water-target  (wa'ter-tar"get),  11.  The  water- 
shield,  Brancuia  jieltata. 

water-tath  ( wa'ter-tath),  n.  A  species  of  coarse 
grass  growing  in  wet  grounds,  and  supposed  to 
be  injurious  to  sheep.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

water-telescope  (wa'ter-tel"e-sk6p),  n.  See 
telencojic. 

water-thermometer  (wa't6r-tlier-mom"e-ter), 
>i.  An  instrument,  in  which  water  is  substi- 
tuted for  mercury,  for  exhibiting  the  precise 
degree  of  temperature  at  which  water  attains 
its  maximum  density.  Tliis  is  at39°.2  F.  or4°C.,  and 
from  that  point  downward  to  the  freezing-point,  32°  F.  or 
0'  C,  it  expands,  and  it  also  expands  from  the  same  point 
upward  to  the  boiling-point,  212°  F.  or  10(1°  C.     See  icater. 

water-thief  (wa'ter-tlief),  n.  1.  A  pirate. 
[Rare.] 

Water-tftieves  and  laud-thieves;  I  mean  pirates. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3.  24. 

2.  A  slender  cylindrical  tin  can,  9  or  10  inches 
long  and  from  ]|  to  2  inches  thick,  furnished 
with  a  bail,  used  to  draw  water  from  a  cask 
through  the  bung-hole;  a  bung-bucket:  so 
called  because  it  is  sometimes  used  by  sailors 
to  steal  water  when  on  short  allowance. 

water-thistle  (wa'ter-this-l),  n.  The  marsh- 
thistle,  Curduus  palustris,  of  the  northern  Old 
World.     Britten  and  Holland.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

water-thrush  (wa'ter-thrush),  n.  1.  A  bird 
of  the  genus  Seiuriis,  as  f>.  mevius  or  S.  mota- 
cilla,  common  in  the  United  States,  and  be- 
longing to  the  American  warblers,  or  Mniotil- 
tidiP.  S.  nieriu^  is  more  fully  called  New  York  water- 
tlirusti,  and  S.  motacitla  the  large-billed  or  Louisiana  wa- 
ter-tfirusti.  The  name  may  have  originally  contrasted  with 
wood-thrush,  but  this  bird  belongs  to  a  different  family. 
The  nearest  relative  of  these  water-thrushes  is  a  woodland 
species  of  the  sanie  genus,  S.  aurieapillug,  the  golden- 
crowned  thrush  (figured  under  oven-bivd),  from  which  the 
two  species  named  above  differ  markedly  in  inhabiting 
watery  tangles  and  brakes.  Also  called  water-wagtail. 
.See  cut  under  Seiurtts. 

2.  Any  bird  of  the  family  I'ittidse;  an  Old 
World  ant-thrush.     See  cut  under  Pittidee. — 

3.  The  water-ouze],  OinclKS  aqiiaticus.  [Local, 
Eng.] — 4.  Sa,tne  a,s  water-wafjtail,  1.  [Local, 
Eng.] 

water-thyme  (wa'ter-tim),  n.     See  thyme. 
water-tick  (wa'tcr-tik),  n.     A  water-spider  of 

the  genus  Hydromctra. 
water-tiger   (wa'ter-ti"ger),  n.     The  larva  of 

any  water-beetle  of  the  family  Dijtiscidee.     See 

cut  under  decapodiform. 

The  larva;  are  called  water  tigerg,  being  long,  cylindrical, 
with  large  llatteued  heads,  armed  witli  scissor-like  jaws 
witli  which  tliey  seize  other  insects,  or  snip  off  the  tails 
of  tadpoles,  while  they  are  even  known  to  attack  young 
fishes,  sucking  their  ijlood. 

A.  S.  Packard,  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects,  p.  435. 

water-tight  (wa'ter-tit),  a.  [=  G.  wa.'iserdicht ; 
as  irater  -f  iir/h  t^ .]  So  tight  as  to  resist  the  pas- 
sage of  water;  impenetrable  by  water Water- 
tight compartment.  See  compartment,  and  compare 
cut  under  dork. 

water-tightness  (wa'ter-tifnes),  n.  The  prop- 
er! v  of  being  water-tight.  The  Enqlnecr,  LXIX. 
148. 

water-torcht  (wa'ter-toreh),  n.  The  reed-mace 
or  cattail,  Ti/jihn  latifolia  :  said  to  be  so  named 
from  its  fruiting  .spike  being  soaked  in  oil  and 
lighted  as  a  torcli.  Prior,  Pop.  Names  of  Brit. 
Plants. 

water-tOWer(wa'ter-tou''er),H.  Same  unHland- 
pipe,  7. 

When  the  flames  are  blazing  through  the  upper  win- 
dows of  a  tall  building  .  .  .  the  value  of  wliat  is  called  a 
water-tower  is  apparent.  Scrib'iier'tf  Mag.,  IX.  56. 

water-treader  (wa'ter-tred"er),  H.  One  who 
or  that  which  treads  water;  hence,  by  poetical 
license,  a  ship. 

M'hcn  the  uater-trfoder  far  away 
Had  left  the  land,  then  plotted  they  tlie  day 
Of  my  long  servitude.     Chapman,  Ody.ssey,  xiv.  477. 


6848 

water-tree  (wa'ter-tre),  71.  See  Tetracera. — 
Red  water-tree,  the  sassy-bark.    See  Erythrophloeum. 

water-trefoil  (wa'ter-tre'foil),  n.  Same  as 
hog-iean. 

water-trunk  (wa'ter-trungk),  n.  A  cistern  of 
planks  lined  with  lead  to  hold  water.  Sim- 
inonds. 

water-tube  (wa'ter-tiib),  n.  1.  A  pipe  for  rain- 
water.—  2.  One  of  a  set  of  tubes  which  open 
upon  the  exterior  of  various  invertebrates,  and 
into  which  water  may  enter.  They  are  supposed  to 
have  an  excretory  or  a  depuratory  office  analogous  to  tliat 
of  kidneys.  See  water-pore,  1,  water-vascular,  and  com- 
pare wa^er-iunsr.— Water-tube  boiler,  a  form  of  boiler  in 
whicli  the  water  circulates  through  pipes,  and  the  flame 
wraps  about  them. 

water-tupelo  (wa't6r-tii''pe-16),».  A  form  (Kys- 
sa  aquatica)  of  the  black-gum  or  pepporidge, 
Nyssa  sylvatica,  having  the  base  of  the  trunk 
greatly  enlarged  or  swollen,  found  In  ponds 
and  swamps  in  the  southern  United  States. 

water-turkey  (wa'tfer-ter'ki),  n.  1.  The  an- 
hinga  or  snake-bird,  Ploius  anhinga.  See  dar- 
ter, 3  (b)  (1),  and  cut  under  anhinga.  [South- 
ern U.  S.] — 2.  The  wood-ibis,  Tantalus  locula- 
tor:  more  fully  called  Colorado  water-turlcey. 
See  wood-ihi.s,  and  cut  under  Tantalus.  [South- 
western U.  S.] 

water-twist  (wa'ter-twist),  91.  The  trade-name 
for  cotton  yarn  spun  on  a  water-frame.  See 
roater-frame. 

water-twyer  (wa'ter-twi"6r),  «.  In  metal.,  a 
furnace  blast-pipe  or  twyer  kept  cool  (to  pre- 
vent the  burning  of  the  nozle)  by  means  of  a 
stream  of  water  constantly  passing  through  a 
pipe  can-led  around  or  beside  it. 

water-vacuole  (wa'ter-vak"u-61),  n.  One  of 
the  temporary  vacuoles  of  many  protozoans, 
consisting  of  a  globule  of  water  taken  in  with 
a  particle  of  food.  The  circulation  of  these  food-vacu- 
oles  or  temporary  stomachs  represents  a  water-vascular 
system  of  tlie  most  primitive  kind.    See  water-vascular. 

water-varnish  ( wa'ter-viir'nish),  71.    A  varnish 

made  by  using  water  as  a  solvent Lac  water- 

vamlsh.    See  lac^. 

water- vascular  (wa'ter-vas"ku-lar),  a.  In  hiol., 
pertaining  to  or  providing  for  circulation  of 
water  in  the  body  of  an  animal.  The  water-vas- 
cular system  is  seen  in  its  utmost  simplicity  in  infusori- 
ans,  and  in  various  degrees  of  complexity  in  higher  inver- 


Wiiter-vasciilar  System  of  a  Trematode  ^.Aspidogaster  conchicola^. 

a,  terminal  water-pore:  *,  lateral  contractile  vessels:  (-.lateral  ciliated 

trnnks,  those  of  left  side  shaded  :  d,  dilatation  of  left  trunk. 

tebrates  —  in  trematode  worms,  for  example.  Water-lungs 
and  water-tubes  belong  to  the  water-vascular  system.  See 
also  cutsunder  iJaZaHOf/iossiw,  Proctucha,  Rhabdocoela,  and 
Uotifera. 

water-vine  (wa't*r-vm),  ?i.  1.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Phytocrene. —  2.  A  climbing  shrub,  7JoW- 
carpiis  Calinea  of  the  DiUeniacese.,  found  in  trop- 
ical America.     [West  Indies.] 

water-violet  (wa'ter-vi"o-let),  )(.  (o)  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Hottonia,  primarily  H.  palustris: 
so  called  from  the  likeness  of  its  flowers  to 
those  of  the  stock-gillyflower,  once  called  vio- 
let. Britten  and  Holland.  See  featherfoil.  (b) 
Sometimes,  same  as  l(t7ice-leafed  violet  (which 
see,  under  violet). 

water-viper  (wa't6r-vi''p6r),  «.     See  riper. 

water-vole  (wa't6r-v61),  n.     The  common  wa- 
ter-rat or  vole  of  Europe,  Arricolit  amphibius. 
See  cut  under  icater-rat. 
The  sudden  dive  of  a  water-vole. 

Ji.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  vii. 

water-wagtail  (wa'ter-wag"tal),  (I.  1.  A  wag- 
tail most  properly  so  called;  any  species  of 
Motacilla  in  a  strict  sense,  as  distinguished 
from  Budytes.  In  England  the  name  commonly 
specifies  the  pied  wagtail,  Motacilla  lugnbris. 
See  cut  under  icagtail. —  2.  Same  as  icatcr- 
thru.'ih,  1  —  Gray  water-wagtail,  yellow  water- 
wagtajlt.  Same  as  gray  wa')tad  (which  see,  under  icag- 
tail). 

waterway  (wa'ti-r-wa),  n.  [<  ME.  water-wey, 
<  AS.  icsetenceg ;  as  water  +  jr«;/l.]  1.  A  chan- 
nel or  passage  of  water;  a  water-route;  spe- 
cifically, that  part  of  a  river,  arm  of  the  sea,  or 
the  like  through  which  vessels  enter  or  depart; 
the  fairway. 

Tliotigh  the  Thames  was  already  a  waterioay  by  which 
London  could  connnunicatc  with  the  heart  of  Englanti,  no 
town  save  Oxford  has  as  yet  arisen  along  its  course. 

J.  Jt.  Qreen,  t'onq.  of  Eng.,  p.  419. 


Water-weevil  (Lissorkoptrut  aimpUx), 
times  natural  size. 


elRht 


waterwitch 

2.  In  ship-building,  a  name  given  to  the  thick 
planks  at  the  outside  of  the  deck,  worked  over 
the  ends  of  the  beams,  and  fitting  against  the 
inside  of  the  top-timbers,  to  which,  as  well  as 
to  the  ends  of  the  beams,  they  are  bolted,  thus 
forming  an  important  binding,  llieir  inner  edge 
is  hollowed  out  to  form  a  channel  for  water  to  run  off  the 
deck.  In  iron  vessels  the  waterway  assumes  many  differ- 
ent forms.    See  cut  under  beam,  2  (g). 

The  spencers  we  bent  on  veiy  carefully,  .  .  .  and,  mak- 
ing tackles  fast  to  the  clews,  bowsed  them  down  to  the 
water-ways.        R.  B.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  258. 

The  Waterway,  as  its  name  would  suggest,  is  a  portion 
of  the  hull  so  situated  that,  in  addition  to  its  otlier  func- 
tions, it  forms  a  channel  for  cairying  water  to  the  scup- 
pers on  each  side  of  the  ship.     Thearle,  Naval  Ai-ch.,  §  209. 

water- weakt  ( wa ' t6r-wek ),  a.  Weak  as  water ; 
very  feeble  or  weak. 

If  merrie  now,  anone  with  woe  I  weepe, 
If  lustie  now,  forthwith  am  water-weak. 

Davies,  Muse's  Sacrifice,  p.  10.    (Davieg.) 

water-weed    (wa'ter-wed),   «.      1.    Any  wild 
aquatic  plant  without  special  use  or  beauty. 
The  willful  water-weeds  held  me  thrall. 

S.  Lanier,  The  Century,  XXVII.  819. 

2.  Specifically,  the  choke-pondweed  or  water- 
thyme,  Elodea  Canadetisis  {Anacharis  Alsitia*- 
trum),  of  the  Hydrocharideee.  See pondweed  and 
Babingto7i's-cursc. 
water-weevil  (wa'ter-we'vl),  n.  A  snout-bee- 
tle, Lisso- 
rhoptrus  sim- 
plex, which 
occurs  in 
great  num- 
bers in  the 
Georgia  and 
South  Caro- 
lina rice- 
fields,  the 
adult  feed- 
ing on  the 
leaves  of  the 
rice,  and  the 
larvai  feed- 
ing on  the 
roots  under 
water. 

This      beetle 
has  gained   Its 

common  name  of  water  weevil  from  the  fact  that  it  is  found 
only  when  the  fields  are  overflowed. 

L.  0.  Howard,  V.  S.  Agricultural  Eeport,  1881-2,  p.  131. 

water-wheel  (wa'ter-hwel),  ».  In  hydraul. : 
(«)  A  wheel  moved  by  water,  and  employed  to 
turn  machinery.  There  are  four  principal  kinds  of 
water-wheels—  the  overshot  wheel,  the  undershot  wtteel, 
the  Ifreast-wheel,  and  the  turbine,  (ft)  A  wheel  for 
raising  water  in  large  quantities,  as  the  Persian 
wheel.  See  wheel'^.  (p)  The  paddle-wheel  of 
a  steamer — Bottom-discharge  water-wheel.    See 

bottom. — Lift  water-WheeL  (a)  An  undershot  wheel. 
(6)  A  water-wheel  the  gudgeons  and  bearings  of  which 
may  be  raised  or  lowered  to  adapt  the  wheel  to  various 
heights  of  water-supply.  E.  H.  A'Titi/Af.— Radial-piston 
water-wheel,  a  form  of  breast-wheel  having  movable 
floats  which  extend  i-adially  outward  to  the  breasting  on 
the  water  side  of  the  wheel  to  receive  the  pressure  of  the 
water  during  its  descent,  and  are  drawn  inward  as  they 
rise  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  wheel. — Water-Wheel 
gate,  a  water-gate  for  controlling  the  quantity  of  water 
admitted  to  a  wheel,  according  to  the  power  required. 
See  cut  under  «cro;i.— Water-wheel  governor,  a  mecha- 
nism employed  to  produce  uniformity  of  motion  in  a  wa- 
ter-wheel. 

water- white  (wa't^r-hwit),  o.  Perfectly  trans- 
parent, as  water ;  limpid  and  colorless.  Spans' 
Encye.  Maniif.,  I.  646. 

water-whorlgrass  (wa'ter-hw^rKgras),  n. 
Same  as  water-hairgrass. 

water-willow  (wa't^r-wil'6),  M.  1.  A  Euro- 
pean willow,  sometimes  named  Salix  aquatica, 
forming  a  variety  of  the  common  sallow,  /S. 
Cap7'ea,  or  if  distinct,  S.  cinerea. —  2.  An  Amer- 
ican acanthaceous  plant,  Dianthera  Americana, 
an  herb  3  feet  high,  of  willow-like  aspect,  grow- 
ing in  water,  having  purplish  flowers  in  axillary 
peduncled  spikes. 

water-wing  (wa'ter-wing),  n.  A  wall  erected 
on  the  bank  of  a  river  adjoining  a  bridge,  to 
secure  the  foundations  from  the  action  of  the 
current. 

waterwitch  (wa'ter-wich),  n.  1.  A  witch  who 
dwells  in  the  water;  a  water-uixy. — 2.  A  per- 
son who  pretends  to  have  the  power  of  dis- 
covering subterranean  springs  by  means  of  a 
divining-rod.  Bartlett,  Americanisms,  p.  741. 
—  3.  One  of  several  water-birds  noted  for  their 
quickness  in  diWng.  as  a  kind  of  duck,  the  buf- 
fle-lieaded  duck,  Clnngiila  or  Biicephala  albeola, 
and  especially  various  species  of  grebes  or 
didappers,  as  the  horned  grebe,  Podicijyes  comu- 


waterwitch 
tvs,  or  the  pied-billed  dabchiok,  Podilymbus  po- 
dicipes.    See  cuts  under  buffie,  grebe,  and  Tachu- 
baptes.—i.  The  stormy  petrel,  or  Mother  Ca- 
rey's chicken.     See  cut  under  petrel. 

water-withe  (wji'ter-with),  «.  a  species  of 
vine,  Viiis  Caribssa,  which  grows  in  the  West 
Indies  in  parched  districts.  It  is  so  full  of  clear  sap 
or  water  that  a  piece  of  the  stem  two  or  three  yards  loiiK 
is  said  to  alford  a  plentiful  draught 

water-wood  (wa'ter-wiid;,  «.  A  large  rubi- 
aceous  tree,  Chimarrhis  cymosa,  of  river-banks 
in  the  West  Indies. 

waterwork  (wa'ter-werk),  n.  1.  A  structure, 
contrivance,  or  engine  for  conducting,  distrib- 
uting, or  otherwise  disposing  of  water:  now 
commonly  in  the  plural.  Specifically -(«)  Au  edi- 
fice with  machinery  constructed  in  London  in  1594-5  for 
forcing  up  and  conveying  the  water  of  the  Tliames  to 
various  parts  of  the  city. 

Titus,  the  brave  and  valorous  young  gallant 
Three  years  together  in  the  town  liath  been, 
Yet  my  Lord  Cliaucellors  tomb  he  hath  not  seen 
Nor  the  new  watencork. 

Sir  J.  Dane*  (%  Epigrams  (1596),  vi.,  In  Titum. 
Mam.  .Shall  serve  the  whole  city  with  preservative 
Weekly ;  each  house  his  dose,  and,  at  the  rate  — 
Sur.  As  he  that  bnilt  the  traterwork  doth  with  water. 
B.  Jonaun,  Alchemist,  ii.  1. 
(6)  |In  plural  form,  as  jrfnsr.  or  pi.]   ITie  aggregate  of  con- 
structions and  appliances  for  the  collection,  iireserva- 
tioii,  and  ilistribution  of  water  for  domestic  purposes 
for  the  working  of  machinery,  or  otherwise  for  the  use 
of  a  community,    (c)  An  appliance  through  which  water 
is  spouted  out  in  jets,  sprays,  or  showers:  a  fountain:  a 
hydraulic  toy. 

Some  (gardens]  are  beautifled  with  basons  of  water  in 
open  pavilions,  or  with  fountains  and  little  water  leorks, 
lu  which,  and  their  pleasant  summer  houses,  their  chief 
beauty  consists.  Pocoeke.  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  123. 
(c)  pi.  Same  as  ttar-jmmp.    [  Humorous  slang.  ] 

Sneaking  little  brute,  .  .  .  clapping  on  the  watermrkx 
just  lu  the  hardestplace. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  ii.  5. 
2t.  A  marine  scene  or  pageant. 

The  first  sceeiie  is  a  water-wurke  presented  by  Oceanus 
king  of  the  sea.  ' 

Dekker,  Londons  Tempe  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  IV.  118). 
(In  the  following  quotation  the  word  is  used  punningly, 
with  reference  to  the  freezing  over  of  the  Thames  during 
the  winter  of  1607-8.  scabies  attended  with  tlieformatlon  of  vesicles." 

Coun.  Make  me  so  much  l)eliolding  to  you  as  to  receive  Water-yam  (wa'ter-yam),  n.     The  latticeleaf: 
''Z'''Ti^e"^^tZlnlo'^^^^^^^^^^^  f^'^l  °f.  t''«  Vl^^utHAponogeton  (Ouvirandra) 

which  he  yet  wears,  about  the  week  before  Cbristmiu;  •     fenc'^traU.'!  and  A.  (O.)  Berneriami:    so  called 
and  hath  kept  it  on  till  now  this  latter  en.l  of  January.   '     from  its  aquatic  growth  and  farinaceous  root- 

The  Oreat  Frost  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  83).]     stock.     See  luttirclmf  &nA  Ouviraildrn. 
St.  Paintingwith  waterorsomethingsolublein  water-yarrow  (wa'ter-yar'6),  «.     The  water- 
water  as  a  vehicle.— 4.  Hence,  a  textile  fab-     violet,  Hottoiiin  paliistri.'i:   so  called  from  its 
ric,  as  canvas,  painted  in  this  manner,  and  used     'eaves  being  finely  divided  like  those  of  yar- 
instead  of  tapestry  to  decorate  a|)artments.  ■■""'•    Britten  and  HoUaml.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

watht,  »'.     [<  Icel.  vudli  =  Sw.  vad,  a  ford:  see 

wade,  «.]  A  ford.  HaJUicell. 
wathe't,  "•  [<  ME.  n-athe  (also,  after  Icel., 
«-oi7A,»frtr  (///(),<  AS.  !(Y(f/(,!ca'f7i,hunting,game,= 
OHCi.  tceidd,  MHG.  G.  weide,  pasture,  meadow, 
=  Icel.  rcidlir,  hunting,  fishing.  Cf.  (/diiii.]  1 . 
The  pursuit  of  game  ;  hunting. 

'  and  walkes  on 


6849 

2.  Consisting  of  water. 

The  queen  o'  the  sky, 
Whose  watery  arch  and  messenger  am  I  [Iris]. 

Sfiak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  71. 
Far  off  from  these  a  slow  and  silent  stream, 
Lethe,  the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls 
Her  watery  labyrinth.  MUton,  P.  L.,  ii.  584. 

3.  Resembling  water;    suggestive   of  water, 
(o)  Thin,  as  a  liquid;  of  slight  consistency. 

Nowe  this  vynes,  whoso  taketh  kepe, 
Not  wattery  but  thicke  humours  wepe. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  104. 
Hence  — (6)  Weak;  vapid;  insipid. 

The  heorte,  thet  was  wateri,  smecchles,  and  iie  uelede 
no  sauur  of  God.  Ancren  Riu-le,  p.  376. 

Slight  Sir  Robert  with  his  wo(crj/ smile. 

Tennyson,  Edwin  ^Morris. 

(c)  Liquid  ;  soft,  and  more  or  less  transparent ;  pale. 
The  chasm  in  which  the  sun  has  sunk  is  shut,  .  .  . 
And  over  it  a  space  of  watery  blue. 
Which  the  keen  evening  star  is  shining  through. 

Shelley,  Evening. 
Slant  watery  lights,  from  parting  clouds,  apace 
Travel  along  the  precipice's  base. 

Wordsworth,  Evening  Walk. 

(d)  Insipid  and  soft  or  flabby,  as  a  fish  or  its  flesh.  ttt   4.+        "  4., 

4.  Pertaining  to,  connected  with,  or  affecting  VV  aueau  mantle, 
water:  specifically  used  of  the  moon,  as  gov-  '^='**'°  '"'"'  '  ■  " 
erning  the  tide. 

Whiles  winter  frets  the  seas,  and  wat'ry  Orion. 

Surrey,  ^neid,  iv.  67. 
All  springs  reduce  their  currents  to  mine  eyes. 
That  I,  being  goveru'd  by  the  watery  moon. 
May  send  forth  plenteous  tears  to  drown  the  world  ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  ii.  2.  69. 
The  watery  god 
Roll'd  from  a  silver  urn  his  crystal  flood. 

Dryilen. 
5t.  Watering  in  desire,  as  the  mouth  ;  eager. 
What  will  it  be. 
When  that  the  watery  palate  tastes  indeed 
Love's  thrice  repured  nectar? 

Shak.,  T.  andC,  iii.  2.  22. 
6.  In  her. :  (a)  Bounded  by,  or  ornamented  by, 
wavy  lines:  a  rare  epithet  used  in  blazoning 
fanciful  modern  bearings,  (b)  Same  as  nnde. 
[Kare.]_Tlie  watery  start.  .See  «<ari.— Watery  fu- 
sion.   See  aqtumiH  fusion,  under/iMion— Watery  ItCll 


wattle 


The  king  for  himself  had  a  hou.se  of  timber,  .  .  .  and 
for  bis  other  lodgings  lie  had  great  and  gixj<ilie  tents  of 
blew  mUerworke,  garnished  with  yellow  nn<l  white. 

Ilolinshed,  Chronicle,  III.  819. 
For  thy  walls,  a  pretty  slight  drollery,  .  .  .  or  the  Ger- 
man hunting  in  xrater-trork,  is  worth  a  thousand  of  these 
bed-hangings,  and  these  fly-bitten  taijestries. 

Shak.,iHm.  IV.,  ii.  i.  1.^,8. 

water-worker  (wA'ter-wer'kcr),  H.  One  wliose 
work  has  to  do  with  water;  in  provincial  Eng- 
lish use,  a  maker  of  mea(low-<lrains  and  wet 
ditches.     Halliirell. 

water-worm  (wa'ter-werm),  n.  A  water  an- 
nelid, as  a  naidid. 

water-worn  (wa'ter-worn),  a.  Worn  by  the 
action  of  water;  especially,  smoothed  by  the 
force  or  action  of  running  water,  or  water  in 
motion:  as,  water-trorn  pebbles. 

wa'terwort  (wa'ter-wert),  n.  1 .  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Elutinc,  or  more  broadly  of  the  order 


"3e,  we  ar  in  wudlond,"  cothc  the  king, 

owre  icayth. 

For  to  imnte  atte  the  herd,  with  houunde  and  with  home. " 
Anturs  of  Arthur  (ed.  Robson),  x.vsiv. 
2.  Game;  jirey. 

Bi-fore  alle  the  folk  on  the  flctU',  frekez  be  beddez 
Verayly  his  venysoun  to  fech  hym  byforne  ;  .  .  . 
"3e  I-wysse, "  quotli  that  other  wyje,  "here  is  wayth 

fayrest 
That  I  Re3  this  .seuen  gere  in  sesoun  of  wynter." 
Sir  (iauayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1381. 
Go<l  send  you  soni  wathe  ! 
Now  ar  thise  fowles  flone  into  seyr  cotnitre. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  33. 


klatiniiciie,  primarily  K.  Ili/dropiper  of  the  Old  wathe'-'t,  w.     [<  ME.  wathe,  toothe,  <  Icel.  vddhi, 

World. —  2.  Thfi  plHnt  I'hih/drnin  laiiuf/ina.inm,     ~~  ^     t^     •.     . 

or  (Eindloy )  any  i)lant  of  the  order  Phili/drarcie. 
water-wraith    (wa'ter-rath),   H.      A  supposed 

water-spirit,  whose  appearance  prognosticates 

death  or  woe  to  the  person  seeing  it. 
By  this  the  storm  grew  loud  apace ; 
The  water-irraith  was  shrieking. 

Camplxll,  Lord  I'llin's  Daughter. 
watery  (wa'ter-i),  a.     [<   ME.  walcn/,  uatcri, 

tcatru,    icatri,  <  AS.  trseteri//  (=  D.  icaterifi  = 

MHG.  we::eric,  ica:zeric,  G.'  wds-ferif/).  <  w!pter, 

water:   see   water.]     1.  Abounding  in.  moist 

with,  or  containing  water;  discharging  water; 

wet;  dripping;   watered;   specifically,  of  the  Watling  Street.       [<   ME.    irrttlinfje-.s-trete. 


eyes,  tearful  or  running 

"After  sharpe  shouieH,"(iuod  Pees,  "nioste  sheiie  is  the 

soime; 
Is  no  weder  warmer  than  after  watery  cloudes." 

Piers  Ptoumutn  (B),  xviii.  410. 

Tliis  lady 
Walks  discontented,  with  her  watery  eyea 
Bent  on  the  earth. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Maid's  'I'ragedy,  i.  1. 


danger,  injury.]     Peril;  harm;  danger. 
Trwe  nion  trwe  restore, 
Thenrie  thar  [need]  mon  drede  no  wathe. 
Sir  Qawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  2355. 
He  vnwoundit,  I-wis,  out  of  ivothe  paste. 

Destruction  0/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  10«9«. 
wathelyt,  adv.     [ME.,  <  wathe^  +  -ly^.]     Dan- 
gerously; severely. 

Ector  done  was  to  dethe,  &  his  day  past, 
Achilles  woundit  full  wottiely  in  were  of  his  lyffe. 

Destruction  0/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  8827. 
Wroghte  wayes  fulle  wyile,  werrayande  knyglitez. 
And  wondes  alle  walhely,  that  in  the  waye  stonrlez! 

Morle  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2090. 

< 


AS.  Wietlini/a  stnet.  lit.  the  Watlings'  street; 
Wietlimia.  gen.  jjl.  of  H'stling,  a  descendant  of 
Wtetla  (<  Wsrtla,  a  man's  name,  -I-  -iny^) ;  .striet, 
a  road,  street.]  1.  A  celebrated  Koman  road 
leading  from  London  (and  possibly  from  Dover) 
northwestward  across  Britain.  Hence— 2t.  The 
Milky  Way,  the  ordinary  name  of  whicli  im- 
plies that  it  is  a  road. 


Se  yonder,  lo,  the  Galaxye, 
The  which  men  clepe  the  Milky  Weyc, 
For  hit  ys  wliite  ;  and  somme,  parfeye, 
Callen  hyt  Watlynge  strcte. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  I.  939. 
watt  (wot),  n.  [So  called  from  the  Scottish  en- 
gineer and  inventor  James  Watt  (173(5-1819).] 
The  practical  unit  of  electrical  activity  or  pow- 
er. Tlie  watt  is  equal  to  10'  ergs  per  second,  or  the  same 
numlier  of  absolute  c.  g.  s.  units  of  electrical  activity  or 
It  IS  the  rate  of  working  in  a  circuit  when  the  E.  .M.  F.  is 
one  volt  and  the  current  one  ampere.  One  horse-power 
IS  equal  to  746  watts. 
wattet,  "•     See  Kv;/3. 

Watteau  back.  In  drcssmal-inci,  an  arrange- 
ment of  the  back  of  a  woman's  dress  in  which 
broad  folds  or  plaits  hang  from  the  neck  to 
the  bottom  of  the  skirt  without  interruption ; 
by  extension,  any  loose  back  to  a  dress,  not 
girded  at  the  waist.  See  cut  under  sack. 
Watteau  bodice.  A  bodice  of  a  woman's  dress 
having  a  square  opening  at  the  neck,  and  pre- 
senting some  resemblance  to  the  costumes  in 
the  paintings  by  the  artist  Watteau  (beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century). 

See  mantle. 
wattle  (wot'l),  n.  [Also  dial,  waddle;  <  ME. 
u-atel,  <  AS.  tratct,  watiil,  a  hurdle,  in  pi.  twigs, 
thatching,  tiles;  cf.  Bav.  wadel,  twigs,  fir- 
branches,  Swiss  wedele,  a  bundle  of  twigs;  per- 
haps akin  to  withy,  wcedi.  Cf.  wallet.}  1.  A 
framework  made  of  interwoven  rods  or  twigs; 
a  hurdle.     See  hurdle. 

The  walls  are  wattles,  and  the  covering  leaves. 

Scott,  The  Poacher. 
They  are  gallant  hares,  and  the  scent  lies  thick  right 
across  another  meadow,  .  .  .  and  then  over  a  good  ««(«« 
with  a  ditch  on  the  other  side. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  7. 
2.  A  rod;  a  wand;  a  switch;  a  twig. 
A  Wattle,  rod,  vibex. 

Lemu,  Manip.  Vocalj.  (E.  E.  T,  S.),  p.  38. 
Nae  whip  nor  spur,  but  just  a  wattle 
O'  saugh  or  hazel. 
Burns,  Farmer's  Salutation  to  his  Anld  Mare. 
3t.  A  basket;  a  bag  or  wallet.  Piers  Plowman 
(C),  xi.  269.-4.  In  ornith.,  a  fleshy  lobe  hang- 
ing from  the  front  of  the  head ;  specifically, 
such  a  lobe  of  the  domestic  hen,  or  a  like  forma- 
tion of  any  bird.  Wattles  most  properly  so  called  are 
paired,  as  in  the  hen,  but  may  be  single,  as  the  dewlap 
of  the  turkey.  They  are  very  various  in  size,  shape,  and 
color,  but  are  usually  pendent,  and  of  some  bright  tint 
as  red,  yellow,  or  blue.  They  occur  in  several  difl'ercnt 
orders  of  birds,  and  among  species  whose  near  relatives 
are  devoid  of  such  appendages.  Similar  lobes  or  flaps  on 
the  auriculars  are  sometimes  called  ear-wattles  though 
more  proi>erly  ear-lobes.  See  wattle  bird,  wattle-erow 
phrases  under  wattled,  and  cuts  under  Gatlus  and  Itasores. 
The  conihs  or  wattles  [of  young  ijaniecocks]  are  to  be  cut 
as  soon  as  tliey  appear;  and  the  cock  chickens  are  to  be 
separated  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  peok  each  other. 

J.  Ashton,  .Social  Life  in  Reign  of  (Jueeii  Ainie,  I.  302. 

5.  A  flap  of  skin  forming  a  sort  of  dewlap  on 
each  side  of  the  neck  of  some  domestic  swine. 

Y''  Wattle  of  a  hog,  nenus. 

Levins,  Manip.  Vocab.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  38. 

Goitrous.   Waddles,  or  wattles,  the  two  little  and  long 

excrescences  which  hang  teat-like  at  either  side  of  the 

throat  of  some  hogs.  Cotgrave,  1611. 

6.  In  ichth.,  a  fleshy  excrescence  about  the 
mouth;  a  barbel. 

The  Barbel  is  so  called,  says  Gesner,  Ijy  reason  of  his 
barb  or  wattles  at  bis  mouth,  which  are  under  his  nose  or 
'^haps.  /.  im^on,  Complete  Angler,  p.  166. 

7.  One  of  various  Australian  and  Tasmauian 
acacias,  valued  to  some  extent  for  their  wood 
and  for  their  gum,  but  more  for  their  bark, 
which  is  rich  in  tannin.  For  tanbark  the  most  im- 
portant species  are  Acacia  decnrrens,  or  (if  it  is  distinct 
from  this,  as  appears  to  be  the  case)  A.  nwllissima  the 
connnon  black  wattle,  also  called  green  or  feathered 
wattle,  and  A.  iD/cmintha,  the  broad-leafed  or  golden 
wattle.  The  silver  wattle,  A.  dealbata,  closely  allied  to 
the  black  wattle,  is  distinguished  by  the  ashen  color  of 
its  young  foliage,  and  is  a  taller  tree  of  moister  ground. 
Its  bark  is  inferior,  but  is  considerably  used  for  lighter 
leathers.  Other  species  yielding  tan-bark  are  A.  saligna 
(A.  leiophylla),  the  blackwood  or  ligbtwood,  A.  Melawixy- 
Ion,  the  native  hickory  (^.  stibporosa),  A.  penninervis, 
etc.  Scveial  wattles  yield  a  gum  resembling  gum  arable,' 
somewhat  exported  for  use  in  cotton-printing  as  an  ad- 
hesive, etc.  The  principal  sources  of  this  product  are  the 
black  wattle,  the  broad-leafed  wattle,  and  A.twmolophylla. 

8.  In  her.,  a  wattle  or  dewlap  used  in  a  bear- 
ing. Compare  "'«///rY/.-Aft1can  wattle,  a  South 
African  tree.  Acacia  .Vn^H/i'd'cr.— Alpine  wattle.  Acacia 
]iranssima,  a  shrub  (.r  small  tree  <.f  the  Viitonan  Alps. 
—  Black  wattle,  feathered  wattle,  golden  wattle, 
green  wattle.  See  def.  7.  Prickly  wattle,  .Uucia 
jumprrnia.  an  evergreen  .shrub  of  Australia  and  Tasma- 
nia.- Raspberry-jam  wattle.  Same  as  ra»yy«'m/->wi 
(rec— Savannah  wattle,  two  West  In.liiin  verljcnaceous 
trees.  Citharcxyluw  t/uadraiigillare  and  C.  cincrca.—  Sil- 
ver wattle.  See  def.  7.  Soap-pod  wattle.  .Same  iis 
soapnut.  2.— Varnish- wattle,  the  Australian  Acacia 
vermcijlua. -Wa.Ua.by    wattle,   an    Australian   shrub, 


wattle 

Acaeia  riye/w.— Wattle  and  daub,  a  rough  mode  of 
building iiuts,  cottages,  etc.,  of  iuterwoveii  twigs  plastered 
with  mud  or  clay :  often  used  attributively  :  as,  wattle- 
and-daub  construction.    Also  wattle  and  dab. 

Melbourne  in  those  days  was  a  straggling  village,  where 
the  fathers  of  the  settlement  were  content  with  slab  shan- 
ties, or  watUe-aiid-daub  huts. 

Quoted  in  Contemporary  Jiev.,  LIII.  8. 

wattle  (wot'l),  f.  t. ;  pret.  aud  pp.  wattled,  ppr. 

tcattling.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  wutle ;  <  ME. 

watelen,  watlen;  <  wattle,  h.]    1.  To  bind,  wall, 

fence,  or  otherwise  fit  with  wattles. 

And  ther-with  Grace  by-gan  to  make  a  good  foundement, 

Aud  icatelide  hit  and  wallyde  hit  with  hus  peynes  and  hus 

passion.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxii.  328. 

Smoke  was  seen  to  arise  within  a  shed  y'  was  joynd  to 

y«  end  of  ye  storehouse,  which  was  watled  up  with  bowes. 

Bradiford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  152. 

2.  To  form  by  interweaving  twigs  or  branches : 

as,  to  wattle  a  fence. 

The  folded  flocks  penn'd  in  their  wattled  cotes. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  344. 

And  round  them  still  the  wattled  hurdles  hung. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead,  ii. 

3.  To  interweave  ;  interlace ;  form  into  basket- 
work  or  network. 

A  night  of  Clouds  muffled  their  brows  about. 
Their  wattled  looks  gusht  all  in  Kiuers  out. 

Sylixster,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  2. 

The  roof  was  a  thatch  composed  of  white-birch  twigs, 
sweet-flag,  aud  straw  wattled  together. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  3. 

4.  To  switch ;  beat.     Balliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
wattle-bark  (wot'1-bark),  n.     A  bark  used  for 

tanning,  obtained  from  several  species  of  Jcacio 
growing  in  Australia.     See  wattle,  7. 
wattle-bird  (wot'1-berd),  n.     1.  The  Austra- 
lian wattled  or  warty-faced  honey-eater,  Aii- 
tliuchee.ru  caruiimilata:  formerly  also  called  wat- 


6850 


wave 


tip  of  the  tail ;  the  length  of  the  male  is  16J  inches,  of  the  -waubeen  (wa-ben'),  n.     Any  South  American 
female  15  inches ;  the  sexes  are  alike  in  color.    A  second     eharacinoid  fish  of  the  subfamily  Erythrinitix. 


ing  a  wattle  or  Wattles,  as  a  bird;  "specifically;  !!*^^i«C, ,tr1!t^fw^h f "'''"''■^ ^" ™  otwabbleK 
■mher.,  noting  a  cock's  head,  and  the  like,  when  ^,f„'?,^^:3^^'^8^    ^^'■''^^' 
the  wattles  are  of  a  different  tincture  from 


the  rest:  generally  used  in  the  expression 
wattled  and  combed.  Also  jewlapped,  jelloped, 
and  barbed. 

The  wattled  cocks  strut  to  and  fro. 

Lonsfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  Prelude. 

Wattled  bee-eatert.  Same  as  wattle-bird,  1.  Latham. 
— Wattled  bird  of  paradise,  Paradigalla  carwnculata 
of  New  Guinea.  This  has  two  pairs  of  wattles,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  forehead,  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  and 

another  at  the  base  of  the  mandible  on  each  side,  of  a ^_ 

blue  and  orange  color.  The  male  is  11  inches  long,  and  TOailSll^'  a 
mostly  of  a  velvety-black  color  with  various  iridescence,  """si*,  i 
—Wattled  creepert  of  Latham,  PtUotis  caruncvlata,  a 
meliphagine  bird  of  the  Samoan,  Friendly,  and  Fiji  isl- 
ands, chiefly  of  olivaceous,  yellowish,  and  grayish  colora- 
tion. See  Wtiolis.— Wattled  crow,  (a)  Any  wattle-crow. 
(6t)  Same  as  wattle-bird,  1.  io(/ia/».— Wattled  honey- 
eater.    Same  as  toattle-bird,  1.  — Wattled  plover,  any 


.  ..  a.     A  Scotch  form  of 

wallow'^. 
waucht,  waught  (wacht),  n.  [Also  quaich, 
quaigh,  etc.  (see  quaij/h);  <  Ir.  Gael,  cuach,  a 
cup,  bowl,  milking-pail;  cf.  W.  cwch,  around 
concavity,  hive,  crown  of  a  hat,  boat.  Cf. 
quaff.l  Alargedraught  of  any  liquid.  [Scotch.] 

She  drank  it  a'  up  at  a  wauffht, 
Left  na  ae  drap  ahin'. 

King  Henry  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  ISO)- 

wauff,  a.    See  waff^. 

waugnl,  )'.  *.     A  variant  of  waff^  for  wane^. 

See  wauch. 
waught,  «.    See  waucht. 
waukriie,  «•    See  wakerife. 
waul,  wawl  (wal),  v.  i.     [Freq.  of  waw*;  cf. 
caterwaul,  caterwaw.}     To  cry  as  a  cat;  squall. 


W.itUed  Plover  {Lobtvanellus  tobattts) 

spur-winged  plover  of  the  genns  Lobivanellus,  as  L.  loba- 
tus,  Iiaving  the  face  beset  with  fleshy  lobes  and  wattles. 
llie  species  named  hiis  these  formations  highly  developed, 
a  small  hind  toe,  and  no  crest;  the  plumage  is  chiefly 
white,  varied  with  black  on  the  head,  neck,  wings,  and 
tail.  See  the  case  of  wattles  and  spurs  explained  under 
«p«r-wmi7ed.— Wattled  Btaret  of  Latham,  Creadion  ca- 
runculatum,  a  corvine  bird  of  New  Zealand,  8  or  9  inches 
long,  chiefly  of  a  chestnut  color,  the  head  and  tail  black, 
the  wings  black  and  chestnut,  the  wattles  yellow  or  ver- 
milion.—Wattled  tree-crow,  a  wattle-crow. 
wattle-facedt  (wot'l-fast),  a.  Lantern-jawed; 
thin-faced. 

Thou  wattle-fac^d  sing'd  pig. 
M  iddletunlfliul  another).  Mayor  of  Queenlwrough,  iii.  3. 

wattle-gum  (wot'l-gum),  «.     An  Australian 
gum.     See  gum  arahic,  under  gum'^. 

wattle-jaws   (wot'1-jaz),  n.  pi.     Long,  lanky 

_ ^   _ ^ jaws;  lantern-jaws.     Balliwell. 

isitinni>.mea  are  Merops  or  Corvuscarum;ulatm,  Creadion  Wattle-tree  (wot'1-tre),  H.  Same  as  wattle,  7. 
carunev2atmn,  and  Corims  paradoxm.  It  inhabits  Aus-  ^^  j ,  ^,„^3„^g  „(  j^e  wattle-trees  mark  the  period 
tralia,  and  has  ear-wattles  about  half  an  mch  long.    In  a     r„„,.i,,|?,  ..vcrvwhere  in  Australia 

related  species  of  Tasmania,  .4.  inrtwri's,  the  wattles  are     i  i'      »'         '  Coritemporary  Hev.   LII.  407. 

more  than  an  inch  long.    The  plumage  is  variegated  with  '        '    ,' 

gray,  brown,  and  white.  Several  otlier  raeliphagine  birds  wattle-turkey  (wot'l-ter"ki),  n.  The  brush- 
are  also  wattled,  tuikey,  Takgalliis  lathami.  See  cut  under  Ta?«- 
2.  A  wattle-crow,  Glaucopis  cinerea,  the  cine-  gdUng 
reous  wattle-bird  of  Latham. — 3.  A  wattle-         ■■-' 


Wattle-bird  i^.'tftthochara  carunculala). 

tied  bee-eater  and  wattled  crow  by  Latham,  and 
pie  apendeloques'byJiaMAin.  Among  its  former  New 


turkey. 
wattle-crOW(  wot'l-kr6),)t.  Anybird  of  the  gi'oup 
(irlaucopime  or  Calleeatiitse;  a  wattled  tree-crow; 
originally  and  specifically,  the  cinereous  wat- 


A  wattled  fab- 


Wattle-crow  (Glaucopis  cinerea). 

tie-bird,  Glaucopis  cinerea,  of  the  South  Island 
of  \ew  Zealand.  The  wattles  are  rich-oiange, blue  at 
the  base  ;  the  bill  and  feet  are  black  ;  the  eyes  are  dark- 
brown  ;  the  plumage  is  slate-gray,  l>lack  on  the  face  and 


wattlework  (wot'l-werk),  n. 
ric  or  structure  ;  wickerwork. 

A  nest  of  wattle-work  formed  of  silver  wire. 

S.  K.  Cat.  Sp.  Ex.,  1862. 

The  huts  were  probably  more  generally  nmde  of  wattle- 
work,  like  those  of  the  Swiss  lakes. 

Dawkins,  Early  Man  in  Britain,  p.  ^271. 

wattling  (wot'ling),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  J('«<We,t'.] 
A  construction  made  by  interweaving  twigs, 
osiers,  or  flat  and  elastic  material  of  any  sort, 
with  stakes  or  rods  as  a  substructure. 

The  houses  .  .  .  have  here  2or  3  partitionson  the  ground 
floor,  made  with  a  watling  of  canes  or  sticks. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  an.  1688. 

wattmeter  (wofme'ter),  71.  [<  icatt  +  »Hfter2.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  in  watts  the  rate 
of  working  or  the  activity  in  an  electric  circuit. 
—  Electrodjmamlc  wattmeter,  a  wattmeter  or  elec- 
trodynamometer  the  indications  of  which  depend  on  the 
nnitual  forces  between  two  coils  through  one  of  which  a 
curi-ent  flows  proportional  in  strength  to  the  electromo- 
tive force,  while  through  the  other  there  flows  either  the 
whole  or  a  definite  fraction  of  the  whole  current  in  the 
circuit. -Electrostatic  wattmeter,  an  electrometer 
arranged  so  that  its  indications  depend  on  the  product 
of  the  electrostatic  difference  of  potential  between  the 
p<des  of  the  electric  generator  and  the  electrostatic  dif- 
ference of  i)otential  between  the  ends  of  a  known  non- 
inductive  resistance  in  the  circuit  through  which  the  cur- 
rent is  flowing. 


The  helpless  infant,  coming  watding  and  crying  into 
the  world.  Scott. 

waule,  n.     See  wall^. 

waur  (war),  a.  A  Scotch  form  of  war'^  for 
worse. 

waure,  n.    A  dialectal  variant  of  ware^. 

wau-wau,  «.  Same  as  wow-woir.  H.  0.  Forbes, 
Eastern  Archipelago,  p.  70. 

wavei  (wav),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  wa»ed,  ppr.  war- 
ing.  [<  ME.  waven,  <  AS.  wafian,  wave,  fluctu- 
ate (rare),  also  waver  in  mind,  wonder  (cf.  AS. 
wiefre,  wavering,  restless,  wsfer-syn,  wavering 
vision,  spectacle) ;  cf.  Icel.  "vafa,  indicated  in 
the  freq.  vafra,  vajla,  waver,  in  vaji,  doubt,  vajl, 
hesitation,  also  in  vdfa.  vofa,  mod.  vofa,  swing, 
vibrate,  waver,  =  MHG.  waben,  wave,  =  Bav. 
waiben,  waver,  totter;  cf.  MHG.  freq.  waberen, 
wabelen,  webelen,  fluctuate,  waver.  The  orig. 
verb  is  rare  in  early  use,  but  the  freq.  forms 
represented  by  waver  and  wabble  are  common : 
see  leaver^,  wabble'^.  The  word  has  been  more 
or  less  confused  with  wave^,  waive.']    I.  intrant. 

1 .  To  mo ve  up  and  down  or  to  and  fro ;  undu- 
late ;  fluctuate ;  bend  or  sway  back  and  forth ; 
flutter. 

Tile  discurrouris  saw  Iharoe  cumaude 
With  baneris  to  the  vynd  va/and. 

Barbour,  Bruce  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ix.  245. 
I  wave,  as  the  see  dothe,  Je  vague  or  je  vndoye.  .  .  . 
After  a  stormc  the  see  waveth.  Palsgrave,  p.  TO. 

Beneath,  stent  Neptune  shakes  the  solid  ground ; 
The  forests  wave,  the  mountains  nod  around. 

Pope,  niad,  xx.  78. 

2.  To  have  an  undulating  form  or  direction; 
curve  alternately  in  opposite  directions. 

To  curl  their  waviiig  hairs.         Pope,  E.  of  the  L,  iL  97. 
Thrice-happy  he  that  may  caress 
The  ringlet's  waving  Italm. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

3.  To  give  a  signal  by  a  gesture  of  movement 
up  and  down  or  to  and  fro. 

A  bloody  arm  it  is,  .  .  .  and  now 

It  ivaves  unto  us !        B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  1 1. 

She  waved  to  me  with  her  hand. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  ix. 

4t.  To  waver  in  mind ;  vacillate. 

They  wave  in  and  out,  no  way  sufficiently  grounded,  no 
way  resolved  what  to  think,  speak,  or  write. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  43. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  move  to  and  fro;  cause  to 
shake,  rook,  or  sway;  brandish. 

The  Childe  of  Elle  hee  fought  soe  well. 
As  his  weapon  he  wavde  amaine. 

The  Child  of  Elle  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  2S0). 
All  the  company  fell  singitig  an  Hebrew  hymn  in  a  bar- 
barous tone,  waving  themselves  to  and  fro. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Jan.  16, 1645. 

And  July's  eve,  with  balmy  breath, 
Wav'd  the  bluebells  on  Newark  heath. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.,  EpU. 

Specifically — 2.  To  offer  as  a  wave-offering. 
See  ware-offering. 

He  shall  wave  the  sheaf  before  the  Lord,  tti  be  accepted 
for  you.  Lev.  xxiii.  11. 

3.  To  shape  or  dispose  in  imdulations;  cause 
to  wind  in  and.  out,  as  a  line  in  curves,  or  a 
surface  in  ridges  and  furrows. 

Horns  whelk'd  and  waved  like  the  enridged  sea. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6.  71. 


This  mtui  [caused  by  a  land-slide]  disported  itself  very 
much  like  lava  flowing  down  inclined  slopes,  the  termina- 
tions being  escalloped,  and  the  surface  leared  by  small 
ridges  like  ropy  lava.  Scietuf,  VI.  87. 

4.  To  decorate  with  a  waving  or  winding  pat- 
tern.    [Rare.] 

lie  giue  him  th'  armes  which  late  I  conquer'd  in 
Asteropeeus ;  forg'd  of  brass,  and  wav^d  alxiui  with  tin ; 
'Twill  be  a  present  worthy  him. 

Chapinan,  Iliad,  xxiii.  482. 


wave 

5.  To  signal  by  a  wave  of  the  hand,  or  of  a  flag. 
a  handkerchief,  or  the  like;  direct  by  a  waving 
gesture  or  other  movement,  as  in  beckoning. 

We  mistrusted  some  knaueiy,  ami,  Ijeing  waued  by  them 
to  come  a  shnare,  yet  we  would  nr)t. 

Uakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  ii.  S3. 
Look,  with  what  courteous  action 
It  waoeu  you  to  a  more  removed  ground. 

Skak.,  Hamlet,  i.  4.  01. 

6.  To  express,  as  a  command,  direction,  fare- 
well, etc.,  by  a  waving  movement  or  gesture. 

Perchance  the  maiden  smiled  to  see 
Von  parting  lingerer  tcape  adieu. 

ScM,  L.  of  the  L,  ii.  5. 
I  retained  my  station  when  he  leaeeU  to  me  to  go,  and 
announced,  "I  can  not  think  of  leaving  you,  sir." 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  lii. 

7.  To  water,  as  silk.     See  wafer,  i:  t,  3. 

The  waoed  water  cijamt.lot  was  from  the  Ijeginnijig  es- 
teemed the  richest  and  liravest  wearing. 

UUland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  viii.  48. 
wavel  (wav),  H.  [<  ME.  *icace,  waive;  <  ware, 
t.  The  word  trace  in  its  most  common  sense 
has  taken  the  place,  in  literary  use,  of  the  diff. 
noun  waw,  wawe,  a  wave.  The  form  wawe  could 
not,  however,  change  into  wave:  see  wawl. 
The  noun  icaie,  as  well  as  the  verb,  has  been 
confused  with  waive^.^  1.  A  disturbance  of 
the  surface  of  a  body  in  the  form  of  a  ridge  and 
trough,  propagated  by  forces  tending  to  restore 
the  surface  to  its  figure  of  equilibrium,  the 
particles  not  advancing  with  the  wave. 
No  (hip  yit  karf  the  wairen  grene  and  Idewe. 

Chaucer,  Former  Age,  1.  21. 
When  you  ilo  dance,  I  wish  you 
A  wave  o'  the  sea,  that  you  might  ever  do 
Nothing  but  that.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  141. 

2.  Water;  a  stream;  the  sea.     [Poetical.] 

The  laughing  tides  that  lave 
These  Edens  of  the  eastern  tcane. 

Byron,  The  Giaour. 

3.  A  form  assumed  by  parts  of  a  body  which 
are  out  of  equilibrium,  such  that  as  fast  as  the 
particles  return  they  are  replaced  by  others 
moving  into  neighboring  positions  of  stress, 
so  that  the  whole  disturbance  is  continually 
propagated  into  new  parts  of  the  body  while 
preserving  more  or  less  perfectly  the  same 
shape  and  other  characters,  in  a  somewhat  wider 
sense  the  word  is  apjilied  In  cases  where  there  is  no 
progression  through  the  lx)dy;  thus,  the  shape  of  a  vi- 
brating piano-string  may  be  called  a  uuix.  But  in  its 
narrowest  and  most  proper  sense  it  is  restricted  to  an  ad- 
vancuig  elevation  or  depression  of  the  surface  of  a  liody. 
An  advancing  elevation  is  called  a  ponlire  wave,  a  de- 
pression a  rygatire  wave.  Waves  on  the  surfaces  of  li- 
quids are  distinguished  into  four  orders.  A  wave  of  the 
first  order,  also  called  a  waiv  of  translation,  leaves  the 
particles,  after  its  passage,  shifted  in  the  line  of  its  motion. 
It  is  also  calleii  a  mlitarif  trace,  becau.se  a  single  impulse 

Sroduces  but  one  elevation  or  depression,  which  has  no 
eflnite  length,  but  extends  over  the  whole  surface.  The 
negative  w.ive  of  this  sort  shortly  breaks;  it  is  only  the 
positive  wave,  which  leaves  the  particles  in  advance  of 
their  initial  positiotis,  which  can  l»e  propagated  far.  This 
wave  is  also  called  Scott  Hiignell'g  yreat  wave,  because  it 
was  llr<t  discovered  by  that  engineer  in  1834,  and  because, 
owijig  to  its  form,  it  cannot  lie  seen  unless  it  is  vei-y  high. 
The  velocity  of  such  a  wave  is  equal  to  y^ih  +  k),  where 

fr  i»  the  acceleration  of  gravity.  A  the  depth  of  the  lii|uid 
n  re|)ose,  and  k  the  height  of  the  crest  of  the  wave  alHjve 
the  plane  of  repose.  This  wave  ilics  down  of  itself  in  a 
canal  of  uniform  depth,  indei)etidently  of  friction,  and 
when  it  pass^'s  int^)  shallow  water  it  breaks  as  soon  as  A  is 
no  greaU-r  than  k.  A  eanal-boat  produces  such  a  wave, 
and  cnn8e<iuently  can  l>e  proiH-lled  at  the  rate  of  speed  of 
the  wave  far  more  economically  than  at  any  other.  In 
waves  of  the  second  order,  called  oncillatorit  waceg,  ob- 
servation shows  that  each  particle  describes  at  a  uniform 
rate  of  motion  a  circle  in  a  vertical  plane  ;  but  according  to 
thet>ry  other  orbits  are  piissible.  The  particle  at  the  ci-est 
of  the  wave  is  at  the  hi^'hest  part  of  its  path,  that  in  the 
trough  at  tbelowe-st.  As  long  as  the  momentum  of  the  par- 
ticles is  kei)t  up,  wave  must  succeed  wave.  If  the  water 
has  a  flow  opposite  to  the  direction  of  [iropagation  of  the 
waves  ami  e<|ual  to  it  in  velocity,  it  is  plain  that  each  par- 
ticle will  descrilH.'  a  prolate  cycloid,  and  this  is  consequent- 
ly the  form  of  the  waves.  Waves  tlms  brought  to  a  stand- 
still by  the  flow  of  the  water  are  called  itandiny  waves. 
(See  flg.  1.)  Tiiey  are  often  seen  in  lapidly  runtiing  water. 


Fig.  I.    Staiiiliiig  waves  in  a  torrent. 

If  the  motion  of  the  liquid  is  irrotational,  theory  shows 
that  the  waves  catmot  be  cycloidal.  But  in  regard  to 
this  whole  subject  neither  theory  nor  observation  can  be 
trusted  implicitly  to  give  the  truth  of  nature.  The  ve- 
locity i>1  propagation  of  oscillatory  waves,  at  least  in  deep 
water,  is  representeii  l»y  the  expression  y(ff\j'2n),  where  A 
is  the  length  of  the  wave  from  crest  to  crest.  But  the  ve- 
locity of  propagation  of  a  group  of  waves  is  much  slower. 
<>8cillat/)ry  waves  break  on  a  shelving  shore  when  their 
height  is  at»out  equal  to  the  ilepth  of  the  water,  ami  from 
each  one.  as  it  breaks,  a  wave  of  the  rtrst  order  is  i»ro<luced. 
t8ee  flg.  2.)  Waves  of  the  third  order,  called  rii/pleg,  are 
distinguished  from  those  of  the  second  order  in  the  fact 
that  the  shorter  they  are  the  more  rapidly  tliey  move. 


6851 

While  an  oscillatory  wave  32  inches  long  will  advance  3 
feet  per  second,  and  one  of  3  inches  long  only  1  foot  per 
second,  a  ripple  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long  will  move  1 
foot  per  second,  a  ripple  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long  will 


l-^a-  -'.     Obcilliitory  waves  rolling  in  and  breaking  upon  the  sliore 
and  giving  rise  to  a  series  of  waves  of  translation. 

move  1}  feet  per  second,  and  so  on.  The  reason  is  that 
the  force  of  restoration  of  the  particles  is  here  not  chiefly 
gravity,  but  the  surface-tension  of  the  liquid.  Eipples 
very  rapidly  die  out.  Waves  of  the  fourth  order  are  mund- 
waveg.  They  are  propagated  in  water  at  the  rate  of  about 
1,680  yards  per  second  —  that  is,  at  a  much  greater  speed 
than  that  of  sound  in  air.  In  the  case  of  sound  propa- 
gated  in  the  air,  the  waves  are  formed  by  the  alternate 
forward  and  back  motion  of  the  air-particles  in  the  di- 
rection in  wliichtlie  sound  is  being  piojjagated;  the  waves 
are  consequently  waves  of  condensation  and  rarefaction, 
having  in  the  free  air  a  spherical  form.  The  amplitude 
of  vibration  or  excursion  of  e,ich  particle  is  very  small 
but  the  wave-length  is  large— for  the  middle  C  of  the 
keyboard,  alwut  4J  feet.  A  sound-wave  travels  in  air 
about  l.ltX)  feet  per  second.  (See  further  under  tmmd^.) 
In  the  case  of  radiant  energy  (heat  and  light)  pi-opagated 
through  the  ether,  the  ether-particles  vibrate  transversely 
to  the  line  of  propagation  ;  here  the  wave-length  is  very 
small— for  violet  light,  alront  0.(XK),016  of  an  inch,  for  red 
al)out  twice  this  length,  wliile  the  dark  heat-wares,  tbi>ugh 
much  longer,  are  still  very  minute  (see  spectrum).  A  light, 
wave  (or,  more  generally,  an  ether-wave)  travels  in  space 
about  ]8fi,tKH)  miles  per  second.  Hertz  has  shown  recently 
(1887)  that  by  a  very  rapid  oscillating  electrical  discharge, 
as  between  two  knobs,  a  disturbance  is  produced  iti  the 
surrounding  ether  which  is  propagated  as  electric  waves 
with  a  velocity  like  that  of  light.  These  electric  waves 
in  Hertz's  experiments  were  found  to  have  a  wave-length 
of  upward  of  one  meter  They  are  reflected  from  the  sur- 
face of  a  conductor,  but  are  transmitted  by  a  non-conduc- 
tor, as  pitch,  and  may  Ije  brought  to  a  focus ;  they  may  be 
made  to  interfere,  tlien  forming  nodal  points,  and  by  pas- 
sage through  a  grating  of  parallel  wires  they  may  be  po- 
larized. These  electric  waves  are  hence  in  all  essential 
respects  like  light-waves,  but  differ  in  their  relatively 
enormous  length  and  the  corresponding  slowness  of  the 
oscillations.  These  exfierinients  of  Hertz  form  a  most  im- 
portant confirmation  of  tlie  electromagnetic  theory  of  light 
proposed  by  Maxwell  (see  light). 

That  which  in  wares  of  fluid  is  rest  is  in  waves  of  sound 
silence,  and  in  ivaves  of  light  darkness. 

Lontmel,  Light  (trans.),  p.  220. 
The  reason  why  one  end  of  the  coloured  band  [spec- 
trum) ...  is  red  and  the  other  blue  is  that  iti  light  as 
in  sotind  we  have  a  system  of  <listurbances  or  waves;  we 
have  long  waves  and  short  waves,  and  what  the  low  notes 
are  to  lutisic  the  blue  waves  are  to  light. 

J.  N.  Lockyer,  Spect.  Anal.,  p.  34. 

4.  One  of  a  series  of  curves  in  a  waving  line, 
or  of  ridges  in  a  furrowed  surface ;  an  undula- 
tion ;  a  swell. 

A  winning  ware  (deserving  note) 
In  the  tempestuous  petticote. 

Herrick,  Delight  in  Disorder. 

The  ears  are  funiished  with  feather  to  the  same  extent, 
with  a  slight  icave,  but  no  curl. 

Dogs  o.f  Great  Britain  and  Avierica,  p.  107. 

5.  Figuratively,  a  flood,  influx,  or  rush  of  any 


waved 

9.  A  book-name  of  certain  geometrid  moths. 
Thus,  Acidalia  rubricata  is  the  tawny  wave;  A.  contigu- 
aria  is  Greening's  wave  ;  Venusia  cambraria  is  tile  Welsh 
wave,  etc.— Barometric  wave.  See  def.  6.— Cold  wave, 
a  progressive  movement  of  an  area  of  relatively  low  tem- 
perature. It  is  preceded  by  an  area  of  low  pressure,  and 
is,  in  the  United  States,  directly  associated  with  the  north- 
westerly winds  which  follow  a  cyclonic  depression  atid  ac- 
company the  advance  of  an  area  of  high  barometer.  The 
cold  wave  is,  in  the  United  States,  in  most  cases  an  out- 
pour of  cold  dry  air  from  the  barren  plains  of  British 
America,  where  the  air  is  cooled  during  the  long  nights 
of  winter  to  a  very  low  temperature.  In  Texas  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  the  cold  wave  is  termed  a  norther.  The 
approach  of  cold  waves  is  made  a  subject  of  forecast  by 
the  United  States  Weather  Bureau.  (See  under  m,</;i«(.) 
A  decided  fall  of  temperature  of  less  extent,  such  as  fre- 
quently occurs  in  other  titan  winter  months,  is  termed  a 
cool  wave.     [U.  S.] 

When  the  fall  of  temperature  in  twenty-four  hours  is 

twenty  degrees  or  more,  and  covers  an  area  of  at  least 

fifty  thousand  square  miles,  and  the  temperature  in  any 

part  of  the  area  goes  as  low  as  36°,  it  is  called  a  cold-wave. 

Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  XL.  46;i. 

Dicrotic  wave.  See  dicrotic. — Hot  wave,  warm  wave, 

a  progressive  movement,  generally  eastward,  of  an  area 
of  relatively  liigh  temperature,  but  without  so  definite  a 
Ixmtidaiy  and  character  as  distinguish  a  cold  wave.  The 
general  conditions  of  a  warm  wave,  or  heated  term,  in  sum- 
mer are  pressure  decreasing  to  the  northward,  southerly 
winds,  fair  or  hazy  weather,  with  practically  unbroken  in- 
scilation,  and,  in  some  cases,  such  an  amount  of  vapor  in  the 
air  as  to  diminish  the  usual  nocturnal  radiation.  [  U.  S.  | 
—  Length  of  a  wave,  or  wave-length,  the  distance  be- 
tween any  two  particles  which  are  in  the  same  phase.- 
Period  of  a  wave,  the  time  between  the  passage  of  suc- 
cessive crests,  or  between  succe.ssiveextreme  displacements 
of  a  particle  in  the  same  manner.— PredicrotiC  wave.  See 
//redicroKc- Smoky  wave.  See  «jno/<i/.— storm-wave, 
(a)  A  sea-wave  raised  at  the  center  of  a  cyclonic  storm  by 
the  low  atmospheric  pressure  atid  the  force  of  the  winds. 
It  advances  with  the  progressive  motion  of  the  storm,  and 
has  all  the  properties  of  a  true  wave.  When  augmented 
by  a  heavy  fall  of  rain,  and  blown  by  strong  winds  upon  a 
low  shore,  the  storm-wave  causes  disastrous  inumlatinns. 
The  thickly  populated  lowlands  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  have  l«;en  the  scene  of  frequent  8tt»rm-fioods,  oc- 
casioning  enormous  losses  of  life  and  property.  (6)  In 
general,  on  sea-coasts,  the  increased  wave-motion  accom- 
panying storms.— Subangled  wave,  a  British  geometrid 
moth,  Acidalia  strigilaria. —  Tidal  wave.  See  tidal.— 
Type  of  a  wave.  See  fi/jw.— Warm  wave.  See  hot 
wave,  above.— Wave  Of  contraction,  in  physiol.,  visible 
muscular  contraction  as  propagated  from  a  point  where 
the  muscle  itself  is  stimulated.— Wave  Of  stimulation, 
in  physiol.,  the  motor  inlluence  of  a  nerve,  supposed  to  be 
transmitted  by  molecular  undulation. 

I  shall  always  speak  of  muscle-ftbres  as  cotiveying  a 
visible  wave  of  contraction,  and  of  nerve-flbres  as  convey- 
ing an  invisible,  or  molecular,  wave  of  stimulation. 

G.  J.  Romanes,  Jelly  Fish,  etc.,  p.  25. 

Wave  of  translation.  See  def.  .s.  (See  also  Smm-Ma/r, 
imUe-wave.)=%yn.  1.  Wave,  Billow,  Surge,  Breaker,  Svrf, 
Swell,  Hippie.  Wave  is  the  general  word.  A  billow  is  a 
great  rouitd  and  rolling  wave.  Surge  is  only  a  somewhat 
stronger  word  for  billow.  A  breaker  is  a  wave  breaking  or 
about  to  break  upon  the  shore  or  upon  rocks.  Snrf  is  the 
collective  name  for  breakers:  as,  to  bathe  in  the  surf;  it 
is  sometimes  popularly  used  for  the  foam  at  the  edge  or 
crest  of  the  breaker.  Swell  is  the  name  for  the  fact  of  the 
rising  (and  falling)  of  water,  especially  after  the  wind  lias 


thing,  marked  bv  unusual  volume,  extent,  up-     sul)sided,  or  for  the  water  that  so  rises  (and  falls),  or  for 
-iiiiiin-  of„     „„,1  t\„c  ^.„.,t„„„t„,l  ,..;n „„,7;.r„     ""y  particular  and  occasional  disturbance  of  water  by 


rising,  etc.,  and  thus  contrasted  with  preceding 
and  following  periods  of  the  opposite  character; 
something  that  swells  like  a  sea- wave  at  recur- 
ring intervals;  often,  a  period  of  intensity, 
activity,  or  important  results:  as,  a  wave  of 
religious  enthusiasm;  waves  of  prosperity. 

A  light  win<l  blew  from  the  gates  of  the  sun. 
And  waves  of  shadow  went  over  the  wheat. 

Tennyson,  The  Poet's  Song. 

An  emotional  ware  once  roused  tends  to  continue  for  a 

certain  length  of  time.    A.  Bain,  Emotions  and  Will,  p.  32. 

Specifically — 6.  In  meteor.,  a  progressive  os- 
cillation of  atmospheric  pressure  or  tempera- 
ture, or  an  advancing  movement  of  large  ex- 
tent in  which  these  are  considerably  above  or 
below  the  normal :  as,  an  air-wave,  barometric 
ware,  cold  wave,  warm  wave,  etc. 


such  rising  (and  falling):  as,  the  boat  was  swamped  by 
the  swell  from  the  steamer.  Hippie  is  the  name  for  the 
smallest  kind  of  wave. 

The  high  watery  walls  came  rolling  in,  and  at  their 
highest  tumbled  into  surf.  .  .  .  Some  white-headed  ^if- 
lows  thundered  on.  .  .  .  The  breakers  rose,  and,  looking 
over  one  another,  Itore  one  another  down,  and  rolled  in, 
in  interminable  hosts.  .  .  .  The  sea  .  .  .  .airied  men, 
spars,  .  .  .  into  the  boiling  surge. 

Dickens,  David  Copperfleld,  Iv. 
This  mounting  tvave  will  roll  us  shoreward  soon. 

l^ennyson,  Lotos-Eaters. 

.\cro88  the  boundless  east  we  drove. 

Where  those  long  swells  of  breaker  sweep 

The  nutmeg  rocks  and  isles  of  clove. 

Tennyson,  The  Voyage. 

As  the  shadows  of  sun-gilt  ripples 

On  the  golden  bed  of  a  brook. 

Lowell,  The  Changeling. 

A  foi-mer  spelling  of 


The  term  baro- 
metric wave  is  often  restricted  to  those  changes  in  at-  waVC^t 
mospheric  pressure  which  are  not  connected  with  cyclonic  waive  * 
disturbances  nor  with  the  regular  diurnal  variation,  but  .™,o— «•]. 
which  include  progressive  oscillations  of  a  varied  charac-  WaVe*  t. 
ter  and  origin,  ranging  from  those  of  a  short  wave-length,  weave^ . 

which  occupy  but  a  fraction  of  a  minute  in  their  passage,  waVe-action  (wav'ak"shon),«.  See 

to  thfjse  which  cover  thousands  of  miles  and  occupy  sev-  nriit))} 
eral  days  in  their  development  and  subsidence.     There-  •"  j.     /     -    /i,       i. 

markahle  air-waves  generated  by  the  eniptiou  of  Kraka-  'Wave-Dreast     (Wav  Drest),    n.       A 


An   obsolete   preterit  of 


toa  are  shown  by  barographlc  traces  to  have  had  an  initial 
velocity  of  700  miles  an  hour,  and  to  have  traveled  round 
■the  earth  not  less  than  seven  times. 
7.  A  waved  or  wavy  line  of  color  or  texture ;  an 
undulation  ;  specifically,  the  undulating  line  or 
streak  of  luster  on  cloth  watered  and  calen- 
dered.—  8.  A  waving;  a  gesture,  or  a  .signal 
giveu  by  waving. 

With  clear-rustling  wave 
The  scented  pines  of  Switzcrliuid 
stand  dark  round  thy  green  grave. 
M.  Arnold,  Stanzas  in  Memory  of  the  Author  of  ()i>er- 

[inann. 
A  magnitlcent  (dd  todily-mixcr  .  .  .  answered  my  <iues- 
tion  by  a  wave  of  one  hand. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  OM  Vol.  of  Life,  i>.  Ki. 


breast  offered  as  a  wave-offering 
(which  see). 
waved  ( wavd),  a.  [<  M'CffY'l  -f  -(y/'^.] 
1.  Having  a  waving  outline  or  ap- 
pearance. See  KY/t'tfl,  ('.  t.  specifl- 
cally— (a)  In  zoti^.,  marked  with  waves; 
wavy  in  color  or  texture;  undulated.  (I/) 
In  entom.,  eremite  or  crenulate,  as  a  mar- 
gin ;  sinuous;  undulated,  (c)  In  arms, 
sbajjcd  in  waves  or  undulations,  as  the 
edges  of  certain  swords  and  daggers. 
Heavy  swords  of  the  middle  ages  were 
sometimes  shaped  in  this  way,  apparently 
with  the  object  of  breaking  plates  of  nrmoV  i.i.uk-. 
the  more  rcadil.v.  In  the  Malay  ci-et-se, 
however,  the  oliject  is  probably  to  make  a  more  ilangeroiis 
wound. 


M.ilay  Creebf, 


waved 

Same  as  watered:  noting  silk,  forged  steel, 


6852 


wavy 


2. 

etc.— 3.  In  hot.,  uiidate.— 4.  In  her.,  same  as 
H«<fe'.-  Waved  sandpipert.  See  sandpiper.— WSLvei 
sword,  in  her.,  a  flanilioyant  sword  used  as  a  bearing.— 
Waved  wheel.    See  wheels.. 

wave-front  (wav'frunt),  «.  The  continuous 
line  or  surface  including  all  the  particles  in 
the  same  phase.  It  is  a  spherical  surface  for 
sound,  and  for  light  in  an  isotropic  medium. 

wave-goose  (wiiv'gos),  «.  The  brant-  or  brent- 
goose, Beniicia  breiiia.     [Durham,  Eng.] 

wave-length  (wav'length),  n.  The  distance 
between  the  crests  of  two  adjacent  waves,  or 
between  the  lowest  parts  of  the  depressions  on 
each  side  of  a  wave ;  more  generally,  the  dis- 
tance between  any  particle  of  the  disturbed 
medium  and  the  next  which  is  in  the  same 
phase  with  it.     See  u-avc^,  li. 

The  wane-length  of  a  ray  of  lisht  in  any  given  substance 
is  consequently  obtained  by  dividing  tlie  waoe-lemjtli  in 
air  by  the  index  of  refraction  of  the  substance  itself. 

Lomjnel,  Light  (trans.),  p.  245. 
No  difference  but  that  of  wam-length  is  recognized  be- 
tween waves  of  radiant  heat  and  of  radiant  light. 

Sci.  Amer.  Sup-p.,  p.  8801. 

waveless  (wav'les),  a.  [<  jcacel -t- -/e6«.]  Free 
from  waves;  imdisturbed;  unagitated;  still. 

Smoother  than  this  iraveleas  spring. 

Peele,  David  and  Bethsabe. 

The  mist  that  sleeps  on  a  waveless  sea. 

Hoff!/,  Kilnieny. 

Unmoved  the  bannered  blazonry  hung  waeeless  as  a  pall. 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  IL  iii. 

wavelet  (wav'let),  «.  [<  ware''-  +  -let.']  A 
small  wave  ;  a  ripple. 

Like  tlie  vague  sighings  of  a  wind  at  even, 
That  wakes  the  wavelets  of  the  slumbering  sea. 

Slielley,  Queen  Mab,  viii. 

The  head,  with  its  thin  waoelets  of  brown  hair,  indents 

the  little  pillow.  George  Eliot,  Amos  Barton,  ii. 

wave-line  (wav'lln),  n.  1.  The  outline  of  a 
wave;  specifically,  in  physics,  the  path  of  a 
wave  of  light,  sound,  etc.,  or  the  graphic  rep- 
resentation of  such  a  path.— 2.  Jsiaiit.,  the 
general  outline  of  the  surface  of  sea-waves: 
specifically  used  attributively  to  note  a  method 
of  ship-building  devised  by  J.  Scott  Russell, 
in  which  the  lines  of  the  hull  of  a  vessel  are 


webelen,  fluctuate,  waver,  =  Icel.  vafla,  hover  rections  through  the  solid  materials  of  the 
about  (see  wabble''-) ;  freq.  of  the  verb  repre-  earth's  crust  from  the  seismic  focus  to  the 
~      ~     ■   ■  -     r„       earth's  surface.     Encyc.  Brit.,  VII.  610. 

waveson  (wav'son),  B.  [Appar.  irreg.  <  wave^, 
waive,  +  -son,  utier  the  anaXogy  of  flotson,jetson, 
jettison,  otherwise  flotsam,  jetsam.']  A  name 
given  to  goods  which  after  a  shipwreck  appear 
floating  on  the  sea. 

wave-surface  (wav'8er"fas),  n.  A  surface 
whose  equation  in  rectangular  coordinates  is 

xV  (1  -  A-r=)  +  J/ V  (1  -  B'r=)  4-  z'/  (1  -  C'r»)  =  a 
If  upon  every  central  section  of  a  quadric  surface  be  erect- 
ed a  perpendicular  at  the  center,  and  points  be  taken  on 
this  perpendicular  at  distances  from  the  center  equal  to 
the  axes  of  the  section,  then  the  locus  of  these  points  will 
be  the  wave-surface.  It  is  frequently  called  Fresiiefs  wave- 
surface,  to  distinguish  it  from  Hvygem's  wave-iur/ace, 
which  is  simply  an  ellipsoid  —  the  latter  being  the  form  of 
the  wave-front  of  a  uniaxial  crystal,  the  former  that  of  a 
biaxial  crystal.- Malus'S  wave-Surface  [discovered  by 
E.  L.  Malus(Vnb  -1812)  in  1810),  a  surface  of  the  wave-front 
of  light  emanating  from  a  point  but  undergoing  reflections 
and  refractions  at  different  surfaces. 


seuted  by  ware^,  q.  v.]      I.    ititrans.    1.    To 
move  lip  and  down  or  to  and  fro ;  wave  ;  float ; 
flutter;  be  tossed  or  rocked  about;  sway. 
All  in  wer  for  to  wait,  wayueronde  he  sole, 
But  he  held  hyni  on  horse,  houyt  o  lofte. 

Destr-uction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  8266. 
For  an  Outlawe,  this  is  the  Lawe, 
Tliat  Men  hym  take  and  binde, 
Without  pytee,  hanged  to  tee. 
And  tvaver  with  the  Wynde. 
Tlie  Nxit-Brown  Maid,  quoted  by  Prior  (Poems, 
[ed.  1756, 1.  147). 

The  wind  in  his  raiment  wavered. 

William  Morris,  Si^'urd,  ii. 

2.  To  quiver;  flicker;  glimmer;  glance. 

As  when  a  sunbeam  wavers  warm 
Withiu  the  dark  and  dimpled  beck. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

3.  To  falter;  fail;  reel;  totter. 

Keep  my  wits.  Heaven:  I  feel 'em  wacerins;  .,,,.. 

Oh  God,  my  head!               Fletclier,  Pilgrim,  iii.  3.  wave-trap  (wav'trap),  n.     In  hydraultc  engtn., 
How  many  wavering  steps  can  we  retrace  in  our  past  a  widening  inward  of  the  spaces  between  piers, 
lives !                                  Oianning,  Perfect  Life,  p.  74.  ^o  afford  space  to  permit  waves  rolling  in  be- 
Like  the  day  of  doom  it  seemed  to  her  wavenng  senses.  t ween  the  piers  to  lose  force  by  spreading  them- 
hongfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  0.  ggjyes. 

4.  To  V)e  undetermined  or  iiTesolute;  fluctu-  yfave-W0rn(wav'w6m),a.  Worn  by  the  waves. 
ate ;  vacillate.  The  shore  that  o'er  his  wave-worn  basis  bow'd. 

Therefore  be  sure,  and  waver  not  of  God's  love  and  fa-  SAat.,  Tempest,  ii.  1. 120. 

vour  towards  you  ui  Christ.  wavev   waw^  (wa'vi),  «.;   pi.  tcareys,  navies 

J.  Bradford.  Letters  (Parker  Soc,  1853),  II.  132.  Wavey,  wavy^  ^A^er.  Ind.  name  iAwa.J     A 

He  that  M)ai)«rc(A  is  like  a  wave  of  tlie  sea  driven  with  '      -  >-- 

the  wind  and  tossed.  -las.  i.  6. 

I  expect  you  should  sollicit  me  as  much  as  if  I  were 

wavering  at  the  Grate  of  a  Monastery,  with  one  Foot  over 

the  Threshold.  Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iv.  .'"j. 

=  Syn.  1  and  4.  Vaeillate.   Seeflucluate.  —  i.  Hesitate,  etc. 

See  scruple. 

Il.t  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  wave  or  move  to 
and  fro ;  set  in  waving  motion  ;  brandish. 

Item,  if  the  Adniirall  shall  happen  to  hull  in  the  night, 
then  to  make  a  wauering  light  oner  his  other  light,  loatwr- 
ing  the  light  vpon  a  pole,  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  III.  147. 
2.  To  demur  or  scruple  about;  hesitate  at; 
shirk. 

The  inconstant  Barons  ivavei-ing  every  hour 
The  fierce  encounter  of  this  boist'rous  tide 
That  easily  might  her  livelihood  devour. 

Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  i.  84. 


goose  of  the  genus  Chen  ;  a  snow-goose. 

Shooting  Wavies  on  the  little  lakes  with  which  this 
region  [the  Red  River  country]  is  dotted  is  said  to  be  a 
favorite  anmsemeut  of  the  sportsmen. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  192. 

Blue  wavey,  the  blue-winged  goose,  Clien  cserulement.— 
Homed  wavey,  the  smallest  snow-goose,  Chen  (fixan- 
themops)  rossi,  which  has  at  times  the  base  of  the  bill 
studded  with  tubercles.  It  is  exactly  like  the  snow-goose 
in  plumage,  but  no  larger  than  a  mallard,  and  inhabibi 


adapted  scientifically  to  the  lines  of  the  waves,  „  ,    _,       ,  ry  i    _l        i  -i     r. 

and  are  nearly  or  quite  cycloidal.— 3.  One  of  waver2  (wa  ver)_,  n.     [<  wave^  -1-  -er^.]     One 


the  series  of  lines  or  furrows  produced  by  the 
sea-waves  upon  a  sandy  beach. 

wavellite  (wa'vel-it),  n.  [Named  after  William 
IVaveU,  an  English  medical  practitioner  (died 
1829) ,  by  whom  it  was  discovered.  ]  A  hydrous 
phosphate  of  aluminium,  commonly  found  in 
radiated  hemispherical  or  globular  crystalline 
concretions  from  a  very  small  size  to  1  inch  in 
diameter,  and  of  a  white  to  yellow-green  or 
brown  color.     See  cut  under  radiate. 

wave-loaf  (wav'lof),  «.  A  loaf  for  a  wave- 
offering. 

Ye  shall  bring  out  of  your  habitations  two  wave  loaves 
of  two  tenth  deals.  Lev.  xxiii.  17. 

wave-molding  (wav'm61'''ding),  n.  In  arch.,  a 
molding  of  undulating  outline,  resembling  more 


who  orthat  which  waves;  specifically,  in  j>nn(- 
ing,  an  inking-roller;  an  apparatus  which  dis- 
tributes ink  on  the  table  or  on  other  rollers, 
but  not  on  the  form  of  types:  so  called  from 
its  vibratory  movement. 

As  the  carriage  retiu-ns,  this  strip  of  ink  is  distributed 
on  the  inking  table  by  rollers  placed  diagonally  across  the 
machine.  The  diagonal  position  gives  them  a  waving  mo- 
tion :  hence  they  are  called  ivavers. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIII.  706. 

waver^  (wa'ver),  n.  [Perhaps <«!ocfl  -t-  -crl  (t).] 

A  sapling  ortimberlingleft  standing  in  a  fallen 

wood.     HalliaeU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
As  you  pass  along,  prune  and  trim  up  all  the  young 

wavers.  Evelyn,  Sylva,  III.  i.  7. 

waver-dragon  (wa'ver-drag'''on),  n.     [<  wurer 

for  iciver  -t-  dragon.]     In  her.,  the  wivern. 


or  less  closely  a  succession  of  waves;  particu-  -^yaverer  (wa'ver-^r),  «.   [<!rnf(;)-l -I- -<?rl.]   One 


larly,  a  molding  of  Greek  origin,  much  used  in 
Renaissance  and  modern  architecture,  having 
the  character  of  a  series  of  breaking  waves, 
much  conventionalized. 
wave-motion  (wav'mo'shon),  n.  Motion  in' 
curves  alternately  concave  and  convex  like 
that  of  the  waves  of  the  sea ;  undulatory  mo- 
tion.    See  wnt'el,  3. 

While  elher-waves  are  in  course  of  traversing  the  ether, 
there  is  neither  heat,  light,  nor  chemical  decomposition  ; 
merely  wave-mntion,  and  transference  of  energy  by  wave- 
motion.  A.  Daniell,  Prin.  of  Physics,  p.  434. 
The  essential  characteristic  of  wave-moliun  is  that  a  dis- 
turbance of  some  kind  is  handed  on  from  one  portion  of 
a  solid  or  fluid  mass  to  another. 

P.  G.  rait,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIV.  603. 

wave-offering  (wav'of 'er-ing), )(.  In  the  ancient 
Jewish  law,  an  ofl'ering  presented  with  a  hori- 

forward  and 


who  or  that  which  wavers  or  fluctuates ;  espe  _  _     . 

cially,  a  person  who  vacillates  or  is  undecided  waviness  (wa  vi-nes) 


Homed  Wavey  (CA«i  «w«"). 

arctic  America,  coming  southward  in  migration.  It  was 
recognizably  described  under  its  present  name  by  Heame. 
but  lost  sight  of  for  nearly  a  century,  till  brought  again  to 
notice,  in  1861,  by  J.  Cassiu.  -  White  wavey,  the  snow- 
goose.  See  cut  under  Chen. 
wa'Vily  (wa'vi-li),  adv.  In  a  wavy  manner, 
form,  or  direction. 

Mr.  Rappit,  the  hair-dresser,  with  his  well-anointed 
coronal  locks  tending  warily  upward. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floas,  i.  9. 

The  state  or  quality 


in  mind. 

Come,  young  waverer,  come,  go  with  me. 

S/ia*-.,R.  and  J.,ii.  3.  89. 

This  prospect  of  converting  votes  was  a  dangerous  dis- 
traction to  Mr.  Brooke ;  his  impression  that  waverers  were 
likely  to  be  allured  by  wavering  statements  .  .  .  gave  WMU 
Ladislaw  much  trouble.        George  Eliot,  Middleniarch,  Ii. 

waveringly  (wa'ver-ing-li),  n.     In  a  wavering, 
vacillating,  or  irresolute  maimer. 

Loke  not  waueringly  about  you,  haue  no  distrust,  be  not  wowl  ( wa'vi),  a. 
afrayd.  ^    .,    .     .  V"" Til' mI''     ">gi"i  waves. 

/^,r.  ^r,^  ,„™  „oo      •!  ,o  n  1 11 V,  ,j^^  ^^.^   ^^^  dlv'd  ittto  thc  ?i'opyseas. 


of  being  wavy  or  undulating. 
wa'Ving-frame  (wa'ving-fram),  h.    In  printing, 
a  frame  which  carries  inking-roUers. 

The  frame  which  supports  the  inking-roUers,  called 
the  waving-franw.,  is  attached  by  hinges  to  the  general 
framework  of  the  machine ;  the  edge  of  the  stereotype- 
plate  cylinder  is  indented,  and  rubs  against  the  vvving- 
frame,  causing  it  to  vibrate  to  and  fro,  and  consequently 
to  carry  the  inking-roUers  with  it,  so  as  to  give  them  an 
unceasing  traverse  motion.  I7re,  Diet.,  III.  655. 


[<  terti'pi  -I-  -ji.]    1.  Abound- 


zontal  movement  of  the   handh  

backward  and  toward  thc  rightand  left, whereas  waver-roUer  (wa'ver-ro"ler),  ». 
the  heave-offering  was  elevated  and  lowered.  "  "'  ^       ''  ''"'  ' 

wave-path  (wav'patli),  «.  The  line  along  which 
any  point  in  any  wave  is  propagated.     [Rare.] 

The  radial  lines  along  which  an  earthquake  may  be 
propagated  from  the  centrum  are  called  wave-pattts. 

J.  Milne,  Earthquakes,  p.  u. 

waver^  (wa'ver),  V.  [<  ME.  waveren,  wayrercu, 
vacillate,  <  AS.  as  if  "wafridn  (cf.  wiefre,  wa- 
vering, wandering,  restless:  said  of  flame  and 
fire,  the  mind  or  spirit,  etc.)  =  MHtj.  waheren, 
(i.  dial,  u-aberii,  waver,  totter,  move  to  and  fro. 
=  Icel.  vafra,  hover  about,  =  Norw.  varra,  flap 
aViout ;   also,  with  var.  suffix,  MHG.  icnbclei', 


waveringness  (wa'ver-ing-nes),  «.  The  char- 
acter or  state  of  a  waverer ;  vacillation. 

Tlie  waveringness  of  our  cupidities  turneth  the  minde 
into  a  diziness\inawares  to  itself. 

W.  Montague,  Devoute  Essays,  Pref. 

In  printing. 
a  roller  made  to  vibrate  in  a  diagonal  direction 
on  the  iuking-table  of  a  printing-machine  for 
the  purpose  of  distributing  the  ink. 
wavery  (wa'ver-i),  o.  [<  jcarcrl -t- -//I.]  Wa- 
vering; unsteady;  shaky;  faltering. 
Old  letters  closely  covered  with  a  wavery  writing. 

Miss  Thaclteray,  Book  of  Sibyls,  p.  4. 

He's  .  .  .  warery;  ...  his  love  changes  like  the  sea- 

sims.  Christian  Union,  July  28, 1887. 

wave-shell(wav'shel), «.  In  earthquake-shocks, 
one  of  the  waves  of  alternate  compression  and 
expansion,  having  theoretically  the  form  of  con- 
centric shells,  which  are  propagated  in  all  di- 


Chapman,  Odyssey,  iv,  669. 
3.  Undulating  in  movement  or  shape;  wav- 
ing: as,  wavy  hah: 

Let  her  glad  Vallies  smile  with  wavy  Corn. 

Prior,  Carmen  Seculare  (1700),  st  26. 

The  U'avy  swell  of  the  soughing  reeds. 

Tennysoti,  Dying  Swan. 

3.  In  hot.,  undulating  on  the  border  or  on  the 
surface.  See  cut  under  repand. —  4.  In  her., 
same  as  unde. —  5.  In  entoni.,  presenting  a 
series  of  horizontal  curves :  noting  marks  or 
margins.  It  is  distinct  from  waved :  but  the 
two  epithets  are  somewhat  loosely  used,  and 
are  sometimes  interchanged. —  6.  In  ::ool.,  un- 
dulating :  sinuous ;  waved ;  ha\ing  waved 
markings.  — Baxry  wavy.  See  dnrri/-— Sword 
wavy.  Seeworrfi.— Wavy  respiration.  Sameasintir- 
raptcd  respiration  (which  see,  under  respiration). 


wavy 

wavy-,  ".     See  irarey. 

wavy-barred    (wa'vi-Mrd),  a.     Crossed  with 

waviug  lines;  undulated:  as,  the  tcavy-baircd 

sable,  a  British  moth.     See  sdhle,  ».,  7. 
waw^t,  n.     [<  ME.  wawey  wa^e,  waghCj  waugh^  a 

wave,  <  AS.  wseg  =  OS.  wag  =  OFries.  ivegj  wei 

=  MB.  waeghe  =  MLG.  tvage  =  OHG.  wag  (>  F. 

vague),  MHG.  wdc,  G.  woge  =  <jtoth.  wega,  a  wave; 

<  AS.  icegati,  etc.,  bear,  carry,  move :  see  weigh, 

wag^,  and  ef.  tcaw-.']     A  wave. 

For,  whiles  they  fly  that  Gulfes  devouring  jawes, 
They  on  this  rock  are  rent,  and  sunck  in  helples  wawes. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  11.  xii.  4. 

waw'-^t,  V.  t.  [<  ME.  wawen,  wagieu,  <  AS.  wa- 
gian,  stir,  move,  =  OHG.  wagen,  move,  =  Goth. 
wagjaiij  move;  a  secondary  fonn  of  AS.  icegan, 
etc.,  bear,  carry :  see  weigh,  and  cf,  waw'^.']  To 
stir;  move;  wave. 

What  wenten  ye  out  in  to  desert  for  to  se?  ii  reed 
wavHd  with  the  wynd?  WycUf,  Luke  vji.  24. 

waw^t,  'I.  L^  ^^E-  ^^^'fiif^c,  wagh,  tva^,  wah,  wowe, 
woughy  woi(hj  <  AS.  icag,  wah  =  OFries.  wach  = 
MD.  weeghe  =  leel.  veggr  =  ^w.  viigg  =  Dan.  rseg^ 
a  wall.]     A  wall.    Piers  Plowman  (B),  iii.  61. 

waw*  (wa),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  waweii ;  imitative; 
ef.  waul,  wawL]     To  cry  as  a  cat;  waul. 

wawah  (wa'wa),  n.  Same  as  wow-wow.  Encye. 
lint.,  IV.  57.  " 

wawef,  interj.  and  n.  A  Middle  English  form 
of  woe. 

wawlj  *".  i.    See  waul. 

wawliet,  «.     An  obsolete  fonn  of  waly^. 

wawprOOS  (wa'pros),  «.  [Amer.  Ind.]  The 
American  varying  hare,  I^pus  amerieanus. 

waw-waw  (wa'wa),  w.    [W,  Ind.]    See  Hajania. 

Wawyt  (wa'i),  a.  [<  hv/h-I  +  -y^.^  Abounding 
in  waves;  wavy. 

I  saw  come  over  the  waunj  flood. 

The  iHle  of  Ladies,  1.  697. 

wai^  (waks),  i*.  i.  [<  ME.  waxe)t,  wexen  (pret. 
weXy  weeXy  wax,  wax,  weax,  wasx,]}\.  wexen,  woxen, 
pp.  waxeuy  wexen,  woxen),  <  AS.  weaxan  (pret. 
wedXypi>.geweaxen)  =  OH.wah.sa»=0¥T\eH.waxa 
=  X>.  wassen  =  OHG.  wahsun,  MHG.  wahsen^  G. 
wacksen  =  leel.  vaxa  =  Sw.  va'xa  =  Dan.  voxe  = 
Goth,  wahsjan  (pret.  icohs,  pp.  wahsans),  grow, 
increase,  wax;  =  Gv. av^dveiv,  wax,  Skt.-\/vak:sh, 
wax,  grow;  appar.  an  extension  of  the  root  seen 
in  L.  augere,  increase,  AS.  edcan,  increase:  see 
el'e,  and  augment,  auction,  etc.  Hence  ult. 
wax^y  n.,  waist,']  1,  To  grow;  increase  in  size; 
become  larger  or  greater :  as,  the  moon  waxes 
and  wanes. 

So  is  pryde  tcaxen 
In  religionn  und  inalletherewmeamongerictteandporo, 
That  preyeres  haue  no  ix>wer  the  pestilence  to  lette. 

Piers  Ploicinan  (B),  x.  T.'i. 

Hotlili  the  child  icax,  and  waa  coumfortid,  ful  of  wysdoni ; 
and  the  ^ace  of  God  was  in  hiui.  Wydi/,  Luke  ii.  40. 

The  chllde  he  kepte  and  norisshed  till  it  was  fcire  well 
icaxen,  and  that  he  royght  ride  after  to  court. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  238. 

A  wexing  moon,  thot  soon  would  wane. 

UrydeHy  Pal.  and  Arc,  iii.  649. 
Thou  »halt  irax&u*\  he  shall  dwindle. 

Tennynuny  Boadicea. 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another;  become ; 
grow:  as,  to  wax  strong;  to  wax  old. 

Ai»d  every  man  that  outiht  hath  in  his  cofre, 
Lat  him  appere  and  wexe  a  philnsofre. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canons  Yenman's  Tale,  1.  284. 
Now  charity  is  rcaxen  cold,  none  helpeth  the  scholar  nor 
yet  the  poor.  Latimer,  SeinKjn  of  the  Plough. 

First  he  wox  pale,  ami  then  wax  red. 

Scott,  Thomas  the  Rhymer,  iii. 
Tiie  commander  of  Fort  Casindr,  when  he  found  his  nmr- 
tial  spirit  waxing  too  hot  within  Idni,  would  sally  f<»rth 
into  the  flelila  and  lay  about  him  most  lustily  with  Ids 
jiahre.  Irciwj,  Knickerbocker,  p.  315. 

Waxing  kernels,  enlart'eil  lymph-nodes  sometimes  found 
in  the  ktoIu  in  children  :  so  cjilled  because  supiwsed  to  be 
associated  with  growth. 
wax^  (waks),  n.  [<  ME.  wax,  wexe  (=  MHG. 
tra/f;!*,  increment,  increase;  also  in  comp.,  MD. 
wasdom  =  G.  wachsthum,  growth);  from  the 
verb.]     If.  Growth;  increase;  prosi)erity. 

Ful  nobley  wele  the  ahnes  yef  and  do; 

Aboute  hym  gret  wexe,  fair  store,  and  gret  lii:ht. 

Rom.  of  Partenaij(E.  E.  T.  S.),  !.  653. 

2.  A  wood.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
wax^  (waks),  n.  [<  ME.  wax,  wrx,  <  AS.  weax 
=  OS.  icahs  =  OB>ies.  wax  =  D.  was  =  OHG. 
MHG.  wahSy  G.  warhs  =  leel.  vax  =  Sw.  rax  = 
Dan.  voxy  wax;  cf.  OBiilg.  vosku  =  Bohem.  rosi: 
=  Pol.  wosk  =  Russ.  vosktl  =  Hung.  rias::k  = 
Lith.  was-kasy  wax  (perhaps  <  Tent.).  Some 
compare  L.  visrnm,  mistletoe,  hir^i-liine:  see 
rwcM/M.]  1.  A  thick,  sticky  suhstanifc  se- 
creted by  liees,  and  used  to  build  their  cells; 
the  matenal  of  honeycomb;    beeswax.     Tn  its 


6853 

natural  state  it  is  of  a  dull-yellow  color,  and  smells  of 
honey.  Its  consistency  varies  with  the  temperature ;  it 
is  ordinarily  a  pliable  solid,  readily  melted.  When  puri- 
fied and  bleached,  it  becomes  translucent  white,  is  less 
tenacious,  without  taste  or  smell,  and  of  a  specitic  gravity 
a  little  less  than  that  of  water.  It  softens  at  80°  F.,  be- 
coming extremely  plastic,  and  retaining  any  form  in  wliich 
it  may  be  molded,  like  clay  or  putty,  and  melts  at  158°  F. 
In  chemical  composition,  wax  consists  of  variable  propor- 
tions of  three  substances,  called  myrocin,  cerolein,  and 
cerotic  acid.  Wax  is  used  for  many  purposes,  both  in  it« 
natural  state  and  variously  prepai'ed.  As  bleached,  and 
also  then  variously  tinted,  it  is  made  into  wax  candles, 
which  give  a  peculiarly  soft  light.  In  pharmacy  it  enters 
into  the  composition  of  various  plasters,  ointments,  and 
cerates,  as  a  vehicle  for  the  active  ingredients,  and  to  con- 
fer upon  the  preparation  a  desired  consistency.  It  has 
varied  uses  in  the  plastic  arts,  especially  in  the  making  of 
anatomical  models,  artificial  flowers  and  fruits,  casts  and 
impressions  of  various  kinds,  etc. 

This  pardoner  hadde  beer  as  yelow  as  wez. 

Cha%icer,  Geu.  Pro!,  to  C.  T.,  1.  675. 
I'll  work  her  as  I  go ;  I  know  she 's  wax. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  ii.  2. 

Tlie  Effigies  of  his  late  Majesty  King  William  III.  of 

Glorious  Memory  is  curiously  done  in  Wax  to  the  Life, 

Richly  Drest  in  Coronation  Kol»es. 

Quoted  in  Askton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 

[L  283. 

2.  One  of  various  substances  and  products  re- 
sembling beeswax  in  appearance,  consistency, 
plasticity,  and  the  like,  or  used  for  like  purposes, 
(a)  The  substance  worked  up  from  the  pollen  of  flowers 
by  the  hind  legs  of  bees,  and  used  to  feed  their  larva; ; 
bee-bread,  formerly  supposed  to  be  beeswax.  (6)  The 
substance  secreted  by  various  coccids  or  wax-scales,  espe- 
cially such  as  has  commercial  value.  (See  ivax-iiisecty  1.) 
(c)  The  product  of  some  other  homopterous  insects.  (See 
wax-insect,  2.)  This  is  more  or  less  stringy  and  flocculent, 
and  approaches  in  character  the  froth  or  spume  of  the 
spittle-insects,  but  in  some  cases  is  usable  like  beeswax. 
((/)  The  secretion  of  the  sebaceous  glands  of  the  outer 
ear;  cerumen  ;  ear-wax.  (e)  A  vegetable  product  which 
may  be  regai'ded  as  a  concrete  fixed  oil,  the  principal  vari- 
eties l>eing  Chinese  wax,  cow-tree  wax,  carnauba  wax,  and 
Japan  wax.  It  may  be  obtained  from  the  pollen  of  many 
flowers,  and  it  forms  a  part  of  the  green  fecula  of  many 
plants,  particularly  of  the  cabbage.  It  appears  as  a  var- 
nish upon  the  fruit  or  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  of 
many  trees,  as  the  wax-palm  and  wax-myrtle.  Also  calle<l 
vegetable  ivax.  See  cut  under  Afyrica.  See  also  wax-tree, 
and  compounds  below.  (/)  A  mineral  product,  one  of 
certain  fossil  hydrocarlwna  which  occur  in  small  quan- 
tities generally  in  the  Carboniferous  formation :  called 
more  fully  mineral  icax.  The  most  familiarly  known 
variety  is  ozocerite,  (g)  A  substance  used  for  sealing. 
See  sealing-wax. 

Qvomodo.   He  will  never  trust  his  land  in  2vax  and 
parchment,  as  many  gentlemen  have  done  before  him. 
Ea«y.  A  by-blow  for  me. 

Middleton,  Michaelmas  Term,  iv.  1. 

A  letter!  hum  I  a  suspicious  circumstance,  to  be  sure! 

What,  an<l  the  seal  a  true-lover's  knot  now,  ha?  or  an 

heart  transfixed  with  dai-ts ;  or  possibly  the  waz  Iwre  the 

industrious  impression  of  a  thimble. 

Colman,  Jealous  Wife,  i. 

(A)  A  thick  resinous  Bubatance,  consisting  of  pitch,  resin, 
and  tallow,  used  by  shoemakers  for  nibbing  their  tliread. 

3.  A  thick  syrup  produced  by  boiling  down  the 
sap  of  the  sugar-maple  tree,  cooling  on  ice,  etc. 
[Local,  U.  S.] — 4.  Dung  of  cattle.  [Westeni 
U.  S.]  —  5.  In  coal-miniagy  puddled  clay,  used 
for  dams  and  stoppings.— Brazil  wax.  Same  as 
camanba  wax.—'ButiQr  of  wax.  Sec  bntteri.^CSJr- 
nauba  wax,  a  secretion  of  the  youn^'  leaves  of  the  car- 
nauba  palm,  Copernieia  cerifera,  of  Brazil,  which  is  used 
in  making  candles  and  is  exported  in  large  quantities. — 
Chinese  or  China  wax,  a  hard  white  wax,  the  product 
of  a  scale-insect  See  j)ela  and  wax-insect,  1  (a).— Ear- 
wax  See  def.  2  (rf)  and  ccrM»(ic?i.— Grafting-wax,  a 
mixture  made  of  resin,  beeswax,  and  linseed-oil,  for  coat- 
ing the  incisions  made  in  a  tree  in  grafting.  — Ibota  wax, 
a  protluct  in  Japan  of  the  shrub  Ligustruni  Ibota.  —  Ja,V3Lli 
wax,  a  wax  obtained  in  Japan  from  the  drupes  of  tlie  wax- 
tree  Bhus  succedanca,  by  crushing,  steaming,  and  press- 
ing. It  is  used  chiefly  for  candles,  and  largely  exported. 
The  fruit  of  the  lacquer-tree,  Pkus  vemicifera,  yields  a 
still  l)etter  wax.— Mineral  wax.  See  def.  2  (/).— Nose 
Of  wax.  See  nosei.— Paraffin  wax,  a  white  subKtancc 
resembling  wax,  obtained  chiefly  from  the  distillation  of 
petroleum,  but  also  produced  in  the  distillation  of  coal, 
wood,  and  other  substances.  It  is  a  neutral,  easily  fusiblf 
substance,  unaltered  by  acids  or  alkalis,  and  hence  lias 
a  wide  range  of  uses  in  the  arts.— Vegetable  wax,  any 
wax  of  vegetable  origin.  See  def.  2  (c).  The  name  once 
denoted  specifically  myrtle-wax.— Wax  dam,  a  <lam  of 
putidied  clay.— Wax  dolL  See  wax-duiL—'Wax  im- 
pression, in  dmtistry,  a  copy  in  wax  of  parts  of  the  mouth, 
taken  usually  for  the  purpose  of  fitting  the  plate  for  arti- 
ficial teeth.— Wax  opal,  a  variety  of  conmion  oi)al  hav- 
ing a  resinous  wax-like  luster.— Wax  wall,  a  dam  of  pud- 
dled clay.  [Leicestershire  coal-fleld,  Eng.  1— White  wax. 
(a)  Blenched  beeswax,  {b)  Chinese  wax,  or  pehi.  (See  also 
bankin<j-wax,  fjottVi-wax,  myrtle-icax,  ocuba-ivax,  sealiny- 
ivax. ) 

wax^  (waks),  V.  [<  ME.  waxen,  wexen;  <  wax^, 
«.]  I.  trans.  To  treat  with  wax;  smear  or  rub 
with  wax;  make  waxy:  as,  to  »y/x  a  thread ;  to 
wax  the  floor  or  a  piece  of  furniture. 

Tlio  tok  I  and  wexede  my  label  in  maner  of  a  peyro 
tables  to  resceyve  distynctly  the  prikkes  of  my  compas. 
Chancvr,  Astrolabe,  ii.  §.  40. 

He  held  a  long  string  in  one  band,  which  he  drew 
through  the  other  hand  incessantly,  as  he  spoke,  just  as  a 
shoemaker  performs  tlie  motion  r)f  waxing  his  thread. 

0.  W.  Ilolmex,  'I'he  Atlantic,  LXVI.  Gfi:!. 


waxen 

Waxed  end,  in  shoemaking,  a  thread  the  end  of  which 
has  been  stiffened  by  the  use  of  shoemakers'  wax.  so  as  to 
pass  easily  through  the  holes  made  by  the  awl;  also,  a 
waxed  thread  terminating  in  a  l)ristle,  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. Also  reduced  to  W'aa:-eHrf.— Waxed  paper.  See 
paper. 

II.  inirans.  To  plaster  with  clay.     [Leices- 
tershire coal-field,  Eng.] 
wax^  (waks),  n.     [Appar.  <  wax'^,  v.,  taken  in 
sense  of  *rub,'  hence  *beat,  thrash.']     A  rage; 
a  passion.     [Colloq.] 

She  's  in  a  terrible  wax,  but  .she  '11  be  all  right  by  the 
time  he  comes  back  from  his  holidays. 

//.  Kingsley,  Ravenshoe,  v. 

wax-berry  (waks'ber''''i),  n.  The  bayberry,  My- 
riea  cerifera, 

waxbill  (waks'bil),  n.  One  of  numerous  small 
Old  World  birds  of  the  family  Ploceidse  and 
subfamily  Spermestinse,  whose  bills  have  a  cer- 
tain waxen  appearance,  due  to  the  translueeucy 
of  the  horny  covering,  which  may  be  white, 
pink,  red,  etc.  The  name  appears  to  have  attached 
more  particularly  to  the  members  of  the  genus  Eatrelda 
in  a  broad  sense,  but  is  of  extensive  and  varied  appli- 
cation. The  Java  sparrow  is  a  good  example.  (See  cut 
under  sparrow.)  The  original  waxbill,  first  so  named  by 
Edwards  in  1751,  the  waxbill  grosl)eak  of  Latham  (1783)^ 
Loxia  astrild  of  Linuffius,  and  now  Estrelda  astrilda,  or 
Estrelda  astrild,  or  Estrdda  astrilda  (for  the  name  tlius 
wavers  in  spelling),  is  a  South  African  bird,  ranging  as 
far  as  Matabeleland  on  the  east  and  Damaraland  on  the 
west  coast.    It  has  also  been  introduced  in  various  places. 


Waxbill  {Estrelda  astrild). 

and  is  a  well-known  cage-bird.  It  is  scarcely  over  4  inches 
long,  the  wing  and  tail  each  aliout  \%  inches;  the  bill  is 
bright-red;  the  eyes  and  feet  aie  brown.  The  general 
aspect  is  that  <tf  a  brown  bird,  but  this  ground-color  is 
intricately  varied  with  several  other  colors.  The  vent  is 
black,  and  there  is  a  crimson  streak  on  each  side  of  the 
head.  The  blue-breasted  waxbill  (A',  ci/anogasti-a),  the  or- 
ange-cheeked (E.  melpoda),  the  red-bellied  {E.  rubHven- 
tris\  the  grenadier  {U neginthxts  granatinus),  and  various 
others  are  among  the  small  exotic  birds  which  form  the 
dealer's  stock  of  amadavats,  senegals,  blood-finches,  straw- 
berry-finches, paddj'-bir<i8,  and  the  like. 

wax-bush  (waks'bush),  H.     Same  as  wax-weed. 

wax-chandler  (waks^chand^ler),  n.  A  maker 
or  seller  of  wax  candles.     [Eng.] 

wax-cloth  (waks'kloth),  n.  A  popular  name 
for  floor-cloth.     [Kng.] 

wax-cluster  (waks'klus'^tcr),)?.  A  shrub,  (UiuU 
theria  hispidn,  found  in  the  mountains  of  Aus- 
tralia and  Tasmania,  it  grows  2  or  3  feet  high  or 
more,  and  is  conspieimus  for  its  abundant  and  beautiful 
white  waxy  berry-like  fruit. 

wax-doll  (waks'dol'),  n.  1.  A  chikVs  doll  of 
which  the  head  and  bust  are  made  of  beeswax 
combined  with  other  ingredients  to  give  it  hard- 
ness.—  2.  2^1.  The  common  fumitory,  Fumaria 
offieinalis :  so  called  from  tlie  texture  and  color 
of  its  white  or  flesh-colored  flowers.  Britten 
and  TfoUaud.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

waxen^  (wak'sn),  a.  [<  ME.  waxen,  <  AS. 
weaxeuy  made  of  wax,  <  weax,  wax:  see  wax'^.l 

1 .  Made  of  wax ;  covered  with  wax :  as,  a  waxen 
tablet. 

She  is  fair;  and  so  is  Julia  that  1  love- 
That  I  did  love,  for  now  my  love  is  thaw'd ; 
Which,  like  a  waxen  image  'gainst  a  fire. 
Bears  no  impression  of  the  thing  it  was. 

Shale,  T.  G.  of  v.,  ii.  4.  201. 

I  beheld  through  a  pretty  ory.stall  glasse  by  the  light  of 
a  waxen  candle,  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  48. 

2.  Resembling  wax;  soft  as  wax  ;  waxy. 

For  men  have  marble,  women  waxen,  minds. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1240. 

3.  Easily  effaced,  as  if  written  in  wax.   [Kare.] 
A  waxen  epitaph.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2.  233. 

4.  In  joo7. :  (r/)  Being  or  consisting  of  wax:  as, 
the  waxen  cells  of  honeycomb,  (b)  Like  wax; 
waxy.  (1)  Like  wax  in  apparent  texture  or  consistency. 
Compare  waxbill.  (2)  Waxy  in  color;  of  a  dull-yellowish 
color,  like  raw  beeswax,     (rf)  Wiixcil ;  liaving  wax- 


waxen 


6854 


like  appendages:  as,  the  icaxeii  chatterer  (the  wax-SCOtt  (waks'skot),H.     A  tax  or  money  pay- 
"  "        ■  •  inentmadebyparishioners  to  supply  the  church 

with  wax  candles. 
wax-tree  (waks'tre),  «.  One  of  several  trees, 
of  different  localities,  the  source  of  some  kind 
of  vegetable  or  insect  wax.  (a)  The  Japan  wax- 
tree,  specifically  lihlig  succedanea,  a  small  tree  originally 
from  the  Loochoo  Islands,  now  extensively  planted  in  Ja- 
pan, especially  on  the  borders  of  fields,  for  its  small  clus- 
tered berries,  which  yield  by  expression  an  excellent  can- 
dle-wax. The  lacquer-tree,  Rhus  vernici/era,  yields  a  still 
better  wax.  (i>)  In  China,  one  of  several  trees  yielding  the 
pela,  or  white  wax  (see  wax-),  which  incrusts  their  twigs  as 
tlie  result  of  the  puncture  of  an  insect.  One  of  the  most 
important  is  a  species  of  privet,  Lif/ustrum  luciduni;  an- 
other is  an  ash,  Fraxinus  Chiiiemds.  Liguatrum  Ihoia 
appears  to  furnish  a  variety  of  the  same  product,  (c)  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Vwnia,  which  consists  of  trees  and 
shrubs  abounding  in  a  yellow  resinous  juice.  This  is 
collected  from  some  South  American  species,  particu- 
larly V.  Ouianengis,  and  from  its  qualities  is  sometimes 
called  American  gamboge,  (d)  The  Colombian  varnish- 
tree,  Elleagia  utilu.  (e)  The  wax-myrtle,  Myrica  ceri/era. 
[Rare.] 

A  fragrant  shrub,  called  the  Anenilche  by  the  Indians, 
had  attracted  the  attention  of  the  government.  It  is  the 
wax-tree,  or  candle-berry  (Myrica  cerifera),  of  which  the 
wax  is  used  for  making  candles. 

Gayarr&,  Hist.  Louisiana,  I.  520. 

wax-weed  (waks'wed),  n.  An  American  herb, 
Cuplwa  viscosis8ima,  sometimes  designated  as 
clammy  cuphea.  It  is  a  brandling  plant  with  purple 
stems  covered  with  extremely  viscid  hairs;  the  petals  of 
the  small  flowers  are  also  purple.    The  full  name  is  Uxie 


Bohemian  waxwing 

waxen-t  (wak'su).  An  obsolete  or  archaic  past 
participle  of  wnji. 

waxen^  (wak'sn).  Archaic  present  indicative 
plural  of  icaj-l. 

wax-end  (waks'end'),  «.  Same  as  waxed  end 
(which  see,  under  icax^). 

waxer  (wak'ser),  n.  1.  One  who  smears  or 
treats  anything  with  wax,  as  in  waxing  floors 
or  preparing  waxed  leather. —  2.  In  a  sewing- 
machine,  an  attachment  for  appl>-ing  a  film  of 
wax  to  the  thread  as  it  passes  from  the  spool 
to  the  needle :  used  only  on  machines  for  sew- 
ing leather  and  heavy  fabrics. 

waxflower  (waks'Hou'er),  ».  1.  See  Clusia. — 
2.  See  Slephauotis.—S.  Same  as  wax-plant. 

wax-gourd  (waks'gord),  II.  The  white  gourd, 
Benincasa  cerifera  (B.  hispida).    See  bcnmcasa. 

waxiness  (wak'si-nes),  n,  A  waxy  appearance 
or  character. 

waxing  (wak'sing),  n.  [<  ME.  toaxyiu/c;  ver- 
bal n.  ot  wax'^,  r.]  1.  The  coating  of  thread 
with  wax  previous  to  sewing. — 2.  A  method  of 
blacking,  dressing,  and  polishing  leatlier,  to 
give  it  a  finish. —  3.  In  calico-priiiting,  the  pro- 
cess of  stopping  out  colors. 

wax-insect  (waks'in'sekt),  n.  1.  One  of  vari- 
ous eoecids  or  bark-lice  which  secrete  wax ;  a 
wax-scale.     Nearly  all  the  Coccidee  secrete  a  kind  of 


wax-weed. 

wax,  but  that  of  but  few  is  abundant  enough  to  be  of  com-  y^aXWlng  (waks' wing),  H.     An  oscine  passerine 

Zi:^t!a  (^^f^oJ^^S^Ta'^ilTi^    Wrd  of  tie  genus  Ampeli,  (or  Bo»%c/««).  fam- 

-       ^  ■■      ■•  -    -      ■■  '.     .  ..       ily  Ampehdse :  so  called  because  the  seconaary 


lated  to  the  cochineal  bug.  It  furnishes  most  of  tlie 
white  wax  of  commerce,  specified  as  Chhiene  wax  and 
pela.  This  insect,  a  native  of  China,  occurs  upon  plants 
of  the  genera  lUiiig,  Ligustrwin,  Hibiscus,  Celastrus,  etc. 
The  wax  is  said  to  be  mainly  secreted  by  the  male.  It  is 
collected  from  the  plants  on  which  it  is  deposited,  melted 
and  clarified,  and  made  into  a  very  liigh  class  of  candles 
used  in  China.  It  has  been  imported  in  England  for  the 
same  purpose,  but  is  too  expensive  for  general  use.  (Ji) 
Any  member  of  the  geuns  Ceroplastes.  The  females  se- 
crete much  wax,  usually  deposited  on  the  body  in  regular 
plates.  C.  eeri/erus  is  an  Indian  wax-scale ;  C.  myricse 
(an  old  Linnean  species)  is  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; 
C.  ftoridensis  is  a  wax-scale  of  Florida ;  C.  cirripediformis 
is  the  barnacle-scale,  (c)  A  scale  of  the  genus  Cerococcus, 
as  C.  quercus,  which  secretes  large  masses  of  briglit-yellow 
wax  upon  the  twigs  of  various  oaks,  as  Quercus  undulata, 
Q.  agrifolia,  and  Q.  ohloiig-ifolia,  in  Arizona  and  California. 
2.  One  of  various  insects  of  the  ta.rm\y  Fulgori- 
(Ise,  and  of  one  of  the  genera  Phenux,  Lystra, 
and  Plata .  in  the  case  of  the  species  of  Lystra,  the  wax 
is  secreted  in  long  white  strings  from  the  end  of  the  ab- 
domen. This  wax  is  said  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  candles  in  the  East  Indies  and  China. 
wax-light  (waks'lit),  n.  [=  D.  waslicM  =  6. 
■wachslicht  (cf.  Icel.  vaxljon,  Sw.  vaxljns,  Dan. 
voMys) ;  as  wax"  +  lU/ht^.']  A  candle,  taper,  or 
night-light  made  of  wax. 

The  only  alternative  would  have  been  wax-Ufjhts  at  half 
a  crown  a  pound.  T.  A.  TroUope,  What  I  Eemember. 

wax-modeling  (waks'mod'el-ing),  «.     The  art 

or  process  of  forming  flgures,relief  s,  ornaments, 

etc.,  in  wax.     See  ceroplastic. 
wax-moth  (waks'moth),  n.     A  bee-moth;  any 

member  of  the  family  Galcriidee.     See  Galeria, 

and  cut  under  bee-moth. 
wax-myrtle  (waks'mer"tl),  ti.     The  bayberry. 


quills  of  the  wiugs,  and  sometimes  other  fea- 
thers of  the  wiugs  or  tail,  are  tipped  with  small 
red  horny  appendages  resembling  sealing-wax. 
There  are  three  species  — the  Bohemian  waxwing  or  chat- 
terer, A.  yarrulus,  of  the  northern  hemisphere  generally. 


way 

Specifically  —  2.  Noting  certain  compleziong. 
(a)  Pallid  or  blanched ;  of  a  translucent  pallor,  aa  in  blood- 
iessness.  (b)  Of  a  dull,  pa.sty,  whitish  color,  sometimes 
inclining  to  the  yellowishness  of  raw  beeswax.  This  is  a 
complexion  almost  diagnostic  of  the  so-called  scrofulous 
or  cancerous  diathesis,  and  of  persons  in  whom  the  opinm 
habit  is  confirmed  and  of  long  standing. 
3.  Made  of  wax;  abounding  in  wax;  waxed: 
as,  a  waxy  dressing  for  leather Waxy  degen- 
eration, (a)  Same  astardacemii  disease  (whit-h  see,  un- 
der lardaceous).  (b)  A  change  of  parts  of  the  muscular 
fibers  into  a  peculiar  hyaline  substance,  which  differs  from 
lardaceiu ;  it  occurs  in  certain  cases  of  typhoid  fever, 
meningitis,  and  other  acute  febrile  disorders. — Waxy 
liver,  kidney,  spleen,  etc.,  a  liver,  kidney,  spleen,  etc., 
which  has  undergone  waxy  degeneration. 
waxy2  (wak'si),  a.  [<  icajS -|- -i^l.]  Angry; 
wrathy;  irate.     [Slang.] 

It  would  cheer  him  up  more  than  anything  if  I  could 
make  him  a  little  waxy  with  me. 

Dickens,  Bleak  House,  xiiv. 

wayl  (wa),  u.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  waye,  waie ; 
<  ME.  way,  wai,  wey,  wei,  weye,  weie,  wtei,  <  AS. 
weq  =  OS.  weg  =  OFries.  icei  =  MD.  wegh,  D.  weg 
=  "MLG.  LG.  wetj  =  OHG.  MHG.  wee,  (i.  weg 
=  Icel.  vegr  =  Svp.  vdg  =  Dan.  re;  =  Goth,  wigs, 
a  way,  road,  =  L.  via,  OL.  rea,  orig.  "reha  = 
Lith.  weza,  track  of  a  cart,  =  Skt.  veiho,  a  road, 
way;  from  the  verb  represented  by  AS.  wegan, 
etc.,  bear,  carry,  =  L.  vchere,  carry,  =  Skt.  V 
rail,  carry :  see  weigli^.  From  the  same  verb  are 
ult.  E.  wain^  and  wagon,  etc.,  and,  from  the  L., 
vehicle,  etc.  For  the  E.  words  from  L.  via,  see 
(•(((1.  Hence  aicay  (reduced  to  way^),  and  way- 
ward, etc.]  1.  The  track  or  path  bypassing 
over  or  along  which  some  place  has  been  or 
may  be  reached ;  a  course  leading  from  one 
place  to  another ;  a  road  ;  a  street ;  a  passage, 
channel,  or  route ;  a  line  of  march,  progression, 
or  motion :  as,  the  way  to  market  or  to  school ; 
a  broad  or  a  narrow  way. 

Men  seyu  that  the  Wlcanes  ben  Weyes  of  Helle. 

MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  55. 

A  grene  ^cey  thou  schalt  fynde. 
That  geth  as  euene  as  he  may  to  paradys  the  on  ende ; 
Ther  bisonde  thi  Modur  and  ich. 

Holy  Bood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23. 

The  worst  wayes  that  ever  I  travelled  in  all  my  life  in 
the  Sommer  were  those  betwixt  Chamberie  and  Aigue- 
belle.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  83. 

I  fear  I  shall  never  find  the  v>ay  to  church,  because  the 
bells  hang  so  far. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northwiml  Ho,  ii.  1. 

The  road  to  resolution  lies  by  doubt ; 

The  next  way  home  's  the  farthest  way  about. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  iv.,  Epig.  2. 

I  hope  our  way  does  not  lie  over  any  of  these  [hillsl,  for 
I  dread  a  precipice.      Cotton,  in  Walton's  Angler,  ii.  228. 


Ruhemian  Waxwing  (.Amftlis  trnrrulus). 

breeding  in  high  latitudes,  and  migrating  southward  irreg- 
ularly, sometimes  in  flocks  of  vast  extent ;  the  red-winged 
Japanese  waxwing,  A.  phognicoplera ;  and  the  smaller  Car- 
olina waxwing,  cedar-bird,  cedar-lark,  cherry -bird,  etc.,  of 
North  America,  A.  eedrorum,  the  prib  chatterer  of  La- 
tham, 1785.  The  sealing-wax  tips  arc  the  enlarged,  har- 
dened, and  peculiarly  modified  prolongation  of  the  shaft 
of  the  feather,  composed  of  central  and  peripheral  sub- 
stances differing  in  the  shape  of  the  pigment-cells,  which 
contain  abundance  of  red  and  yellow  coloring  matter. 
Their  use  is  unknown. 


l/yncrt  ceWfera ;  so  named  from  its  wax-beariiig  waxwork  (waks'werk),  n.     1.  Work  in  wax; 

"   ■ '    ■  "        "  especially,  figures  or  ornaments  made  of  wax ; 

in  ordinary  usage,  figures,  as  of  real  persons, 
usually  of  life-size,  and  more  or  less  of  decep- 
tive resemblance,  the  heads,  hands,  etc.,  being 
in  wax,  and  the  rest  of  the  figure  so  set  up  and 
clothed  as  to  increase  the  imitative  effect. 


niits  and  shining  myrtle-like  leaves.  Sometimes 
candleherry  andtalloir-ishrub.  See  Myrica  (with 
cut).  The  wax-myrtle  of  California  is  chiefly  M.  Cali/or- 
■tiica,  a  close  erect  evergreen  shrub,  or  a  tree  even  .SO  feet 
high. 

wax-painting  (waks'pan'ting),  n.  Encaustic 
painting.     See  encaustic. 

wax-palm  (waks'pam),  «.  See  Ceroxyloii  and 
Copernicia. 

wax-paper  (waks'pa"per),  n.  A  kind  of  paper 
jjrepared  by  spreading  over  its  surface  a  coat- 
ing made  of  white  wax,  turpentine,  and  sperma- 
ceti. 

wax-pine  (waks'pin),  n.  The  general  name  for 
the  species  of  Agathis  (Dammara),  coniferous 
trees  producing  a  large  amount  of  resin. 

wax-pink  (waks'pingk),  n.  A  name  for  gar- 
den species  of  Portiilaca:  so  called  from  their 
wax-like  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 

wax-plant  (waks'plant),  «.     See  Hoya. 

wax-pocket  (waks'pok"et),  «.     In  eiitoiii.,  one 


On  Wednesday  last  Mrs.  Cioldsmith,  the  famous  Woman 
for  Waxwork,  brought  to  Westminster  Abbey  the  Effigies 
of  that  celebrated  Beauty  the  late  Duchess  of  Richmond, 
which  is  said  to  be  the  richest  Figure  that  ever  was  set  up 
in  King  Henry's  Chapel. 

Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 

(I.  283. 

2.  pi.  A  place  where  a  collection  of  such  fig- 
ures is  exhibited. — 3.  The  climbing  bitter- 
sweet, Celastrus  scandeim :  so  named  on  account 
of  the  waxy  scarlet  aril  of  the  fruit.  See  Celas- 
trus  and  staff-tree.  Also  called  Poxbiiry  wax- 
work. 
waxworker  (waks'wer'''ker),  «.  1.  One  who 
works  in  wax ;  a  maker  of  waxwork. —  2.  A 
bee  which  makes  wax. 


of  several  stnall  openings  between  the  ventral  ^^^.^orm  (waks'werm),  «.     The  larva  of  the 

wax-moth 


segments  of  the  abdomen  of  a  bee,  from 

thin  plates  of  wax  exude, 
wax-polish  (waks'pol'''ish),  n.     See  polish'^ 
wax-red  (waks'red),  a.     Of  a  bright-red  color, 

resembling  that  of  sealing-wax. 

Set  thy  seal-manu.ll  on  my  wax-red  lips. 

Shak.,  Veims  and  Adonis,  1.  516. 

wax-scale  (waks'skal),  n.  A  scale-insect  which 
secretes  wax.     See  wax-insect,  1. 


waxyi  (wak'si),  a.  [<  wax-  +  -(/!.]  1.  Resem- 
bling wax  or  putty  in  appearance,  softness, 
plasticity,  adhesiveness,  or  other  properties; 
waxen;  hence,  pliable;  yielding;  impression- 
able. 

That  the  softer  waxy  part  of  you  may  receive  s<ime  im- 
pression from  this  discourse,  let  us  close  all  with  an  ap- 
plication. Hammond,  Works,  III.  ti2t>. 


if  prince  or  peer  cross  Darrell's  way. 
He'll  beard  him  in  his  pride. 

Scott,  Eokeby, 


T.  27. 


2.  A  passage  along  some  particular  path  or 
course ;  progress ;  journey ;  transit ;  coming  or 
going. 

The  Lord  .  .  .  » ill  send  his  augel  with  thee,  and  pros- 
per thy  imy.  Gen.  xxiv.  40. 
Shut  the  doors  against  his  way. 

Shak.C.  of  E.,  iv.  3.92. 

The  next  day  we  again  set  sail,  and  made  the  best  of 
our  ivay,  till  we  were  forced,  by  contrary  winds,  into  St. 
Remo,  a  very  pretty  town  in  the  Genoese  dominions. 

Addison,  Remarks  on  Italy  (ed.  Bohn),  I.  359. 

The  ship  (barring  accidents)  will  touch  at  no  other  port 
on  her  way  out  W.  Collins,  Moonstone,  vi.  6. 

3.  Length  of  space;  distance:  as,  the  church 
is  but  a  little  way  from  here.  In  this  sense,  in 
colloquial  use,  often  erroneously  ways. 

Tliy  servant  will  go  a  little  way  over  Jordan. 

2  Sam.  xix.  36. 

I  here  fli-st  saw  the  hills  a  considerable  way  off  to  the 
east,  no  hills  appearing  that  way  from  the  parts  almut 
Damascus.        Pucocke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  138. 

I  charge  thee  ride  before. 
Ever  a  good  way  on  before.    Tennyson,  Geraint. 

4.  Direction  as  of  motion  or  position :  as,  he 
comes  this  way. 

Now  sways  it  this  way,  like  a  mighty  sea,  .  .  . 
Now  sways  it  that  way,  like  the  selfsame  sea, 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5.  5. 

The  Kingdome  of  Congo  is  about  600.  miles  diameter 
any  way.  Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  49. 

Three  Goddesses  for  this  contend ; 
See,  now  they  descend. 
And  this  Way  they  bend. 

Congreve,  Judgment  of  Paris. 

O  friend  !  I  he.ar  some  step  of  hostile  feet. 
Moving  this  icay,  or  hastening  to  the  fleet. 

Pope,  Iliad,  x.  406. 

No  two  windows  look  one  way 

O'er  the  small  sea-water  thread 

Below  them.  Browning,  In  a  Gondola. 

5.  Path  or  course  in  life. 


The  way  of  transgressoi-s  is  hard. 


Prov.  xiii.  15. 


way 

6.  Pursuit;  calling;  line  of  business.  [CoUoq.] 

Meu  of  his  way  should  be  most  liberal. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  3.  61. 
Thiuking  that  this  would  prove  a  busy  day  ui  the  jua- 
ticiug  way,  I  am  come,  Sir  Jacob,  to  lend  you  a  hand. 

Foote,  Mayor  of  Garratt,  i.  1. 
Is  not  Gus  Hoskins,  my  brother-in-law,  partner  with  his 
excellent  father  in  the  leather  way  ? 

Thackeray^  Great  Hc^garty  Diamond,  xiii. 

7.  Respect;  point  or  particular:  with  in  ex- 
pressed or  understood. 

You  wrong  me  every  way.  Shak. ,  J.  C. ,  iv,  3.  55. 

The  office  of  a  man 
Tliat's  truly  valiant  is  considerable. 
Three  teays:  the  first  is  in  respect  of  matter. 

B.  Ji/nnoiij  New  Inn,  iv.  3. 
Thus  farr,  and  many  other  icairg  were  his  Cuunsels  and 

Sreparutions  before  hand  with  us,  either  to  a  civil  Warr, 
'  it  should  happ'n,  or  to  subdue  us  without  a  Warr. 

Milton,  Eikouoklastes,  x. 

8.  Condition ;  state :  as»  be  has  recovered  a 
little,  but  is  still  in  a  very  bad  waij,     [CoUoq.] 

When  ever  you  see  a  thorough  Libertine,  you  may  al- 
rai»t  swear  he  is  in  a  rising  tcay,  and  that  the  Poet  intends 
tu  make  him  a  great  Man. 

Jereviy  Collier,  Short  View  (ed.  1698),  p.  211. 
You  must  tell  him  to  keep  up  his  spirits ;  everybody 
almost  is  in  the  same  wai/. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  i.  1. 

9.  Course  of  action  or  procedure ;  means  by 
which  anything  is  to  be  reached,  attained,  or 
accomplished;  scheme;  device;  plan;  course. 

Of  Taxations,  properly  so  called,  there  were  neverfewer 
in  any  King's  Reign ;  but  of  Wayt  to  draw  )Ioney  fi-om 
the  Subject,  never  mure.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  6fl. 

By  noble  wayi  we  conquest  will  prepare  ; 
First  offer  peace,  and,  that  refused,  make  war. 

Dryden,  Indian  Emperor,  i.  1. 

10.  Method  or  manner  of  proceeding ;  mode ; 
style ;  fashion ;  wise :  as,  the  right  or  the  wrong 
way  of  doing  something. 

God  hath  so  many  times  and  ways  spuken  to  men. 

Hooker. 
I  will  one  way  or  other  make  you  amends. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  lit  1.  89. 
One  would  imagine  the  Ethiopians  either  had  two  alpha- 
bets, or  that  they  had  two  roayn  of  writing  most  things. 
Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  1,  227. 
Tliis  answerer  had,  in  a  loay  not  to  l>e  pardoned,  drawn 
bis  pen  against  a  certain  great  man  then  alive. 

Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  AimjI. 
Thou  say'st  an  undisputed  thing 
In  such  u  solenm  icay. 

O.  W.  Hoim-eft,  To  an  Insect. 
Tis  not  B«>  much  the  gallant  who  woos. 
As  the  gallant's  way  of  wooing  ! 

W.  S.  Giibert,  Way  of  Wooing. 
Way  in  this  sense  is  equivalent  to  wtttr,  and  in  certain  col- 
loquial phrases  iscmfused  with  it,  appearing  in  the  appa- 
rent plural  tcayn,  which  really  represents  iri*«.  as,  no  uwj/*, 
len^hwayx,  eudirayg,  etc 

To  him  [Go<l]  we  can  not  exhibit  ouemiuch  praise,  nor 
belye  him  any  waytJt,  vnlcsse  it  be  in  abasing  his  excel- 
lencie  by  scarsitie  of  praise. 

PutU;nha>n,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  22. 
He  could  no  way  stir.  Bacttn^  Physical  Fables,  ii. 

Hee  at  that  time  could  be  no  ifay  esteem'd  the  Father 
of  his  Countrey,  but  the  destroyer. 

Milton,  Eikouoklastes,  xxl. 
Simon  Glendinnlng  .  .  .  bit  the  dust,  no  imy  disparag- 
ing in  his  death  that  ancient  race  from  which  he  claimed 
his  descent  Scott^  Monastery,  ii. 

11.  Regular  or  usual  method  or  manner,  as 
in  acting  or  speaking;  habitual  or  peculiar 
mode  or  manner  of  doing  or  saying  things :  as, 
that  is  only  his  way;  an  odd  way  he  has;  wo- 
men's ways. 

We  call  it  only  pretty  Fanny's  twi.v- 

ParneU,  Elegy  to  an  Old  Iteauty. 
It  is  my  way  to  write  dnwn  all  the  gooti  things  I  have 
heard  in  the  last  conversation,  t«j  furnish  my  pa|>cr. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  45. 
Before  I  departed,  the  g4>od  priest  ask'd  me  my  name, 
that  they  might  pray  in  the  church  for  Tiiy  good  journey, 
which  is  only  a  iray  they  have  of  di-airing  charity. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  I.  138. 
He  was  imperious  soinetimes  still ;  but  I  did  not  mind 
that ;  I  saw  it  was  his  wop. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xv. 
All  her  little  womanly  leayn,  budding  out  of  her  like 
blossoms  on  a  yoimg  fruit-tree. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix. 

12.  Resolved  plan  or  mod**  of  action  or  con- 
duct; a  course  insisted  upon  as  one's  own. 

If  I  had  my  way 
He  had  mewed  in  flames  at  home.      B.  Jonnon. 

Man  has  his  will  — but  woman  has  her  %rau ! 

0.  W.  Holtnex,  A  Prologue. 

If  Lord  Durham  had  had  his  wan,  the  Ballot  would  at 
that  thne  }lfa:i\  have  been  included  in  the  proKiaranie  of 
the  Government.       J.  McCarthy,  Hist.  Own  Times,  I.  54. 

13.  Circuit  or  range  of  action  or  observation. 

The  general  ofllcers  and  tlie  puidlc  ministers  that  fell 
in  my  M<aj/  were  generally  subject  to  the  gout. 

Sir  W.  Temple. 


6855 

14.  Progress;  advancement. 

Socialism  in  any  systematic  or  definite  form,  as  a  scheme 
for  superseding  the  institution  of  Capital,  had  not  in  my 
opinion  made  any  serious  iray. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XXVI.  730. 

15.  .iVrtM^, progress  or  motion  through  the  wa- 
ter; headway:  as,  a  vessel  is  under  way  when 
she  begins  to  move,  she  gatliers  way  when  her 
rate  of  sailing  increases,  and  loses  way  when  it 
diminishes. 

Towards  night  it  grew  very  calm  and  a  great  fog,  so  as 
our  ships  made  no  way. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  8. 

Soundings  are  usually  taken  from  tlie  vessel,  and  while 
there  is  some  way  on. 

Sir  C.  W.  Thomson,  Depths  of  the  Sea,  p.  20G. 
A  ship,  so  1<  >ng  as  she  can  keep  way  on  her,  and  can  steer, 
need  not  fear  an  enemy's  ram. 

Sci.  Avier.,  N.  S.,  LXIII.  3U4. 

16.  pL  In  mack. J  etc.,  the  line  or  course  along 
which  anything  worked  on  is  caused  to  move. 

See  cut  under  i'/m^tr.  (a)  The  timbers  on  which  a  ship 
is  launched :  as,  a  new  ship  on  the  ways.  See  cut  under 
launchiny-way.  (h)  Skids  on  which  weights,  ban-els,  etc., 
are  moved  up  or  down,  as  on  an  inclined  plane.—  A  furlong 
wayt.  See  furlong.— A.  lion  in  the  way.  See  Hon.— 
Appian  Way.  See  Appian.—Awd^y  of  necessity,  a  way 
which  the  law  allows  for  pa.s8age  to  and  from  land  not  oth- 
erwise accessible.  It  arises  only  over  one  of  two  parcels  of 
land  of  l>oth  of  which  the  grantor  was  the  owner  when  he 
conveyed  the  other;  and  it  arises  in  favor  of  the  parcel  con- 
veyed when  this  is  wholly  surrounded  by  what  had  \)6en  the 
grantor's  other  land,  or  partly  by  this  and  partly  by  that  of 
a  stranger.— By  all  wayst,  in  all  respects;  in  every  way. 

My  latiy  gaf  "le  al  hooly 
The  noble  gift  of  her  mercy. 
Saving  her  worship,  by  alle  weyes. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1271. 

By  the  way.  See  by^.  —  By  way  of,  for  the  purpose  of ; 
to  serve  iis.    See  also  by^. 

The  Kyug  of  that  Contree,  ones  every  zeer,  zevetheleve 
to  iMjre  men  togon  in  to  the  Lake,  to  gadre  hem  preeyous 
Stones  and  Perlcs,  be  weye  of  Alemesse,  for  the  love  of 
God,  that  made  Adam.  MandevUle,  Travels,  p.  199. 

That  this  gift  of  perpetual  youth  should  pass  from  men 
to  serpents  secm.s  added  by  way  o/ ornament. 

Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  ii.,  Expl. 

By  way  of  being,  doing,  etc..  in  the  condition  of  being, 
doing,  etc.;  so  an  to  be,  do,  etc.  [Eng.]  — Come  yoUT 
ways.  See  come. —Committee  of  Ways  and  Means, 
(a)  In  the  British  Parliament,  a  committee  of  the  whole 
house  which  considei's  the  ways  aixl  means  of  raising  the 
supplies.  (6)  One  of  the  most  important  of  the  standing 
connnittees  of  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives : 
to  it  are  referred  bills  relating  in  the  raising  of  the  reve- 
nue.—Common  way.  Set'  c/»«imott.— Covered  way. 
See  coreri.— Direct  way  aroimd,  dry  way,  Dunstable 

way.     Sec  the  adjectives.—  High  way.     See  hi>jhxray.~ 

In  a  small  way.  See  *//m«.— in  the  family  way.  sec 
/ami7i/.-~In  the  way,  (a)  Along  the  road ;  on  the  way ; 
as  one  proceeds. 

And  as  we  wenten  thus  in  the  weye  wordyng  togyderes, 
Thanne  seye  we  a  Samaritan  sittemle  on  a  mule, 
Kydynge  ful  rai>ely  the  rigt  weye  we  geden. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xvli.  47. 

The  next  morning,  going  to  Cumee  through  a  very  pleas- 
ant path,  by  the  Mare  Mortuum  ami  the  Elysian  Fields, 
we  saw  in  our  iray  a  great  many  ruins  of  sepulchres  and 
other  ancient  edifices. 

Addinon,  Remarks  on  Italy  (ed.  Bohn),  I.  452. 
(6)  On  hand;  present. 

When  your  master  or  lady  calls  a  servant  by  name,  if 

that  sei-vant  be  not  in  the  iray,  none  of  you  are  to  answer. 

Swift,  Advice  t(j  Servants  (General  Directions). 

(c)  In  such  a  position  or  of  su<h  a  nature  as  to  obstruct, 
imi«4ie,  or  hinder:  ah,  a  niecliller  is  always  in  the  way; 
there  are  difficulties  in  the  way. 

I  never  seemed  in  Awf  ir((T/;  he  did  not  take  fits  of  chill- 
ing iiauteur  ;  when  he  met  me  unexpecteiily,  the  encoun- 
ter seemed  weli-ome- he  had  always  a  word  and  some- 
times a  smile  for  me.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xv. 
In  the  way  of.  (a)  So  as  to  meet  or  fall  in  with ;  in  a 
favorable  position  for  doing  or  getting:  as,  I  can  put  you 
in  the  way  of  i\  profitable  investment,  (b)  In  the  matter 
or  business  of;  as  regards  ;  in  respect  of. 

What  my  tontrue  can  do 
/■  the  way  o/ flattery.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  2.  137. 

Mean  wayt.  See  ineaji^.—  Milky  Way.  See  Galaxy,  1. 
—  Once  In  a  way.  Seerm^vi.— ontheway,  in  going  or 
traveling  along;  hence,  in  progress  or  advance  toward 
completion  or  accomplishment. 

My  lord,  I  over-rode  him  on  the  way. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1.  3(1. 

Out  of  the  way.    (a)  Out  of  the  roatl  or  path  ;  so  as  not 

to  ohstrnct  or  hiiuier. 

Take  up  the  stumblingblock  out  of  the  way  of  my  people. 

Isa.  Ivii.  14. 
(h)  At  a  distance  from  ;  clear  of  :  as,  to  keep  out  of  the  way 
of  a  carriage. 

The  emhroylnu'iits  and  factioiisthat  were  then  amongst 
the  Arabs  .  .  .  made  us  desiroustokeepas  faras  possil)le 
out  of  their  wait.  Maundrdl,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  56. 
((•)  Not  in  tlie  proper  course  :  in  surh  a  jMisition  or  condi- 
tion as  to  miss  owv'a  olijcct ;  away  from  the  mark  ;  aside  ; 
astray;  hence,  improper  ;  wrong. 

We  are  qnitc  out  of  the  irai/  when  we  tliink  that  things 
contain  within  themselves  the  qualities  that  appear  to  us 
in  them.  iMcke, 

He  that  knows  but  a  little  of  them  Imatters  of  tipecula- 
tion  or  practice],  and  is  very  confident  of  his  own  strength, 


way 

is  more  out  of  the  way  of  true  knowledge  than  if  he  knew 
nothing  at  all.  Bp.  Atterbury,  Sermons,  I.  v. 

(d)  Not  in  its  proper  place,  or  where  it  can  be  found  or  met 
with  ;  hence,  mislaid,  hidden,  or  lost. 

Is 't  lost?  is 't  gone  ?  speak,  is  it  out  o'  the  way  ? 

Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  4.  80. 
(c)  Out  of  the  beaten  track ;  not  in  the  usual,  ordinary,  or 
regular  course;  hence,  extraordinary;  remarkable:  as, 
her  accomplishments  are  nothing  out  of  the  way:  often 
used  attributively.  Compare  to  put  one's  self  out  of  the 
way,  below. 

This  seemed  to  us  then  to  be  a  place  out  of  the  way, 
where  we  might  lye  snug  for  a  while. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  389. 
It  is  probable  they  formerly  had  some  staple  commodity 
here,  and  that  they  bestowed  great  expences  on  their  pub- 
lic games,  in  order  to  make  people  resort  to  a  place  which 
was  so  much  out  of  the  way. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  ii.  71. 

Permanent  way,  in  rail.,  a  finished  road-bed  and  track, 
including  switches,  crossings,  bridges,  viaducts,  etc.,  as 
distinguished  from  &  temporary  way ,  &nch  tis  \&usg(\  in  con- 
struction, in  removing  the  soil  of  cuttings,  etc.— Private 
way,  a  right  which  one  or  more  persons,  as  distinguished 
from  the  public  generally,  have  of  passing  to  and  fro  across 
land  of  another.  It  may  exist  by  grant,  by  long  usage,  or 
by  proceedings,  sanctioned  by  law  in  some  states,  to  ac- 
quire a  necessary  access  and  egi'ess  on  making  compensa- 
tion.— Right  of  way.  (a)  Aright  to  pass  and  repass  over 
real  property  of  another.  0)  The  right  to  pass  over  a 
path  or  way,  to  the  temporary  exclusion  of  others :  as,  an 
express-train  has  the  riyht  of  way  as  against  a  freight-train. 
(c)  The  strip  of  land  of  which  a  railway-company  acquires 
either  the  ownership  or  the  use  for  the  laying  of  its  tracks. 

—  Second  covered  way,  in  fort.,  the  way  beyond  the 
secontl  ditch.— The  Way,  in  the  New  Testament,  the 
Christian  religion  or  chureh  ;  Christianity.  The  phrase 
is  rendered  in  the  authorized  version  (except  once)  "this 
way"  or  "that  way";  in  the  revised  version  (except  Acts 
xxii.4,  whereithasthedemunstmtive  "this"),  "the  Way." 
Acts  ix.  2;  xix.  9,  23;  xxii.  4;  xxiv.  14,  22.— To  break  a 
way.  See  break.  — 'To  clear  the  way.  See  dear.— To 
devour  the  way.  See  derouri.—To  gather  way.  See 
gather.  — To  give  way,  to  grant  passage;  allow  to  pass; 
hence,  to  yield  :  generally  w  ith  to. 

Open  your  gates  and  give  the  victors  way. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1.  324. 

They  happen'd  to  meet  on  a  long  narrow  bridge. 
And  neither  of  them  would  give  way. 
Bobin  Hood  and  Little  John  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  217). 

We  give  too  much  way  to  our  passions. 

Burton,  Amit.  of  Mel.,  p.  329. 

Suetonius,  though  else  a  worthie  man,  overproud  of  his 
Victorie,  gave  too  much  way  to  his  anger  against  the 
Britans.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

The  senate,  forced  to  yield  to  the  tribunes  of  the  people, 
thought  it  their  wisest  course  also  to  give  way  to  the  time. 

Suift. 

To  go  one*s  way  or  ways.  See  go.—  To  go  the  way  of 
all  the  earth,  to  die.  i  Ki.  ii.  2.— To  go  the  way  of 
nature.  See  jiature.-To  have  one's  way.  See  def.  12. 

—  To  keep  wayt,  to  keep  pace. 

When  there  be  not  stonds  [stopsl  and  restiveness  in  a 
man's  nature,  .  .  .  the  wheels  of  his  mind  keep  way  with 
the  wheels  of  his  fortune.  Bacon,  Fortune  (ed.  1887). 

To  labor  on  the  way.   See  labor^.—  To  lead  the  way, 

to  be  the  first  or  most  forward  in  a  march,  progress,  or 
the  like  ;  act  the  part  of  a  leader,  guide,  etc. 

He  tried  each  art,  reproved  each  dull  delay. 
Allured  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way. 

Ooldstnith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  170. 

To  lie  in  the  or  one's  way.  See  iiei  — To  look  both 
ways  for  Sunday,  to  squint.  [CoUoq.]  — To  look  nine 
ways.  See  niue.^To  lose  way.  See  ;**'!.-  To  make 
one's  way.  See  make^.—To  make  the  best  of  one's 
way.  Hee  best- To  make  wav.  («)  To  give  room  for 
passing;  give  place;  stand  aside  to  permit  another  to 
pass, 

'I'her  wag  no  romayn  so  hardy  nesomyghtybuthe  made 
hym  wey.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  G55. 

Make  way  there  for  the  princess. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  4.  91. 

llie  petty  squadrons  which  had  till  now  harassed  the 
t:oast  of  Britain  made  «»«?/  for  hosts  larger  than  had  fallen 
on  any  country  in  the  west. 

J.  B.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  84. 

(b)  To  open  a  path  through  obstacles;  overcome  resis- 
tance, hindrance,  or  difficulties. 

With  this  little  arm  and  this  good  sword, 
I  have  made  my  way  through  more  impediments 
Than  twenty  times  your  stop. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2.  263. 

(c)  To  advance ;  move  forward. 

We,  seeing  them  prepare  to  assault  vs,  left  our  (tares  and 
made  way  with  our  sayle  to  ineounter  them. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  181. 

To  pave  the  way.  See  pare. —To  put  one's  self  out 
of  tne  way,  to  give  one's  self  trouble. 

Don't  2«((  yourself  out  of  the  uay.  on  our  accoinits. 

Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  xxxi. 
To  take  one's  way.    (a)  To  set  out ;  go. 

They,  hand  in  hand,  with  wandering  steps  and  slow. 
Through  Eden  took  their  solitary  way. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  049. 
(b)  To  follow  one's  own  plan,  opinion,  inclination,  or 
fancy. 

Doctor,  your  service  for  this  time  is  ended  ; 

Take  your  own  way.        Shak.,  Cymbeliiie,  i.  ^.  31. 

Under  way,  in  i)rogrcss  ;  in  motion  :  said  of  a  vessel  that 
has  weighed  her  atichor  or  lias  left  her  nutorings  and  is 
making  progress  through  the  water;  hence,  geiuTaJl)', 
making  progress ;  having  started :  often  erroneously  writ- 


way 

ten  tinder  weigh.— Waisingbam  wayt.  Same  as  Milky 
Way.    See  Galaxy^  1. 

The  commonalty  believed  the  Galaxias,  or  (what  is  called 
in  the  sky)  Milky  Way,  was  appointed  by  Providence  to 
point  out  the  particular  place  and  residence  of  the  Virgin, 
beyond  all  other  places,  and  was,  on  that  account,  gener- 
ally In  that  age  called  M'alsittffham  Way;  and  I  have 
heard  old  people  of  this  country  so  to  call  and  distinguish 
it  some  years  past. 

Btoimfield,  HisL  Norfolk,  ix.  (in  Rock's  Church  of  our 

[Fathers,  III.  287,  note. 
Way  of  the  cross,  (a)  a  series  of  stations  or  represen- 
tations, as  in  relief  or  painting,  of  the  successive  acts  or 
stages  of  Christ's  progress  to  Calvary,  arranged  around  the 
interior  of  a  church  or  on  the  way  to  a  cross  or  shrine. 
(6)  A  series  of  devotions  used  at  these  stations.— Way  Of 
the  Kami.  See  A-am».— Way  of  the  rounds,  in  /ort,  a. 
space  left  for  passiige  between  a  rampart  and  the  wall  of 
a  fortified  town.— Ways  and  means,  (a)  Means  and 
methods  of  accomplishing  some  end ;  resources ;  facilities. 
Then  eyther  pryuce  sought  the  wayes  d;  meanys  howe 
eytlier  oftheym  myght  dyscontent  other. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  an.  1335. 
(6)  Specifically,  in  leijislaiion,  means  for  raising  money; 
metliods  of  procuring  funds  or  supplies  for  the  support  of 
the  government.  See  committee  of  wayg  and  mea»«,  above. 
—  Wet  way.  See  we(l.=Syn.  1.  Way,  Road,  Street,  Ptts- 
srt(/e, /'«ss,Pa(A,3'r«cfc,  7' rai/,  thoroughfare,  channel,  route. 
Way  is  tlie  generic  word  for  a  place  to  pass ;  a  road  is  a 
public  way  broad  enough  and  gfwd  enough  for  vehicles;  a 
gtreet  is  a  main  road  in  a  village,  town,  or  city,  as  contrasted 
with  a  la7te  or  alley ;  passage  suggests  an  avenue  or  nar- 
rower way  through,  as  for  foot-passengers  ;  a  pass  is  a  way 
tin-uugh  wbere  tlie  difficulties  to  be  surmounted  are  on 
an  iniposiug  scale :  as,  to  find  or  open  a  new  pass  through 
the  Andes ;  a  ]tath  is  a  way  f  oi-  passing  on  foot ;  a  track  is 
a  path  or  road  as  yet  but  little  worn  or  used :  as,  a  cart- 
track  through  the  woods.  See  def.  of  trail. — 9  and  10. 
Method,  Mode,  etc.  See  manner'^. 
wayif  (wa),  r.  [<  wn.i/1,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  go 
ill,  .along,  or  tlirougli ;  traverse. 

And  now  it  is  plauutid  ouere  in  desert,  in  loond  not 
wayed  (or  not  hauntid),  Wyclif,  Ezeli.  xix.  13. 

2.  To  put  in  the  way;  teach  to  go  in  the  way  ; 
break  or  train  to  tlie  road  :  said  of  horses. 

He  .  .  .  is  like  a  horse  that  ia  not  well  ?cayed;  he  starts 
at  every  bird  that  flies  out  of  a  hedge. 

Sclden,  Table  Talk,  p.  39. 

II.  intrans.  To  go  one's  way ;  wayfare ;  jour- 
ney. 

On  a  time,  as  they  together  way'd. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,IV.  ii.  12. 
way2  (wa),  adf.     [<  ME.  way,  wey;  by  aphere- 
sis  from  away.']      Same  as   away:    now  only 
colloquial  or  vulgar,  and  commonly  printed 
with  an  apostrophe:  as,  go  'way!  touy  back. 
Do  loey  y(jure  handes.         Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  101. 
way-'t,  V.     An  old  spelling  of  iceif/h'^. 
wayaka   (wa-yii'ka),  n.      [Polynesian.]      See 
yaiii-hcaii. 
■way-bag^age  (wa'bag'aj),  )(.     The  baggage  or 
effects  ot  a  way-passenger  on  a  railroad  or  in  a 
stage-eoaeli.     [U.  S.] 
way-barleyt  (wa'bilr-li),  n.    The  wall-barley  or 
mouse-barley,  Hordeum  mitrinum.     Also  way- 
hciit,  tcay-hciuiet. 
way-beaten  (wa'be''''tn),  a.    Way-worn;  tired. 

Tile  way-beaten  couple,  master  and  man,  sat  them  down. 
Janus,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  II.  iv.  7.    {Davies.} 

way-bennett,  way-bentt  (wa'ben-et,  -bent), «. 

See  Kay-barley. 

way-bill  (wa'bil),  n.  A  list  of  the  names  of 
passengers  who  are  carried  in  a  public  convey- 
ance, or  the  description  of  goods  sent  with  a 
common  carrier  by  land. 

"It's  so  on  the  way-bill,"  replied  the  guard.     Dickens. 

way-bit  (wa'bit),  n.  [ Wso  tv cabit,  now  ivceb it; 
<  jcai/i  +  i/('-2.]  A  little  bit ;  a  bittook.  [North. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Ours  fl.  e.,  our  miles]  have  but  eight  [furlongs],  unless  it 
be  in  Wales,  wlieye  they  are  allowed  better  Measure,  or  in 
the  North  Parts,  where  there  is  a  M'ea-bit  to  every  Mile. 
Howell,  Letters,  iv.  28. 
I  have  heard  him  prefer  divers,  and  very  seriously,  be- 
fore himself,  who  came  short  a  mile  and  a  u'ay-bit. 

lip.  Uacket,  Abp.  Williams,  i.  fiQ.    (Davies.) 

wayboard  (wii'bord),  ».  In  mining,  a  bed  of 
tenacious  clay  formed  by  the  decomposition  of 
the  toadstone.  Also  written  weigh-board.  [Der- 
bysliire,  Eng.] 

waybread  (wa'bred),  n.  [Also  waybred;  <  ME. 
weyhrcde,  wi-ibrede,  <  AS.  iceijbriede  (=  MLG. 
wei/ehrede,  ictt/ehreide,  LG.  wccijhreu  —  OHO. 
v;(.-f/ahreita,  MHG .  wcgnhreite,  (i.  ieegebreit  z=  Sw. 
rdjihreda  =  Dan.  vejbred),  plantain ;  appar.  so 
called  as  spreading  along  roads,  <  wcg,  way, 
road,  4-  briedan,  spread,  <  brad,  broad:  see 
hread^.'\  The  common  plantain,  /'/««<«(/(»  major. 
See  cut  under  plantain. 

waybung  ( wa'bung),  n.  [Native  name  (?).]  An 
Australian  corvine  bird.  Corcorax  niilaiiorliam- 
plim,  a  sort  of  chough,  noted  for  the  singular 
actions  of  the  male  in  puiring-time.  It  is  16 inches 
long,  .sooty-idack  with  a  slight  purplish  gloss,  and  has  a 
large  white  alar  speculum  formed  by  the  inner  weljs  of  the 


6856 

primaries;  the  bill  and  feet  are  black,  the  eyes  scarlet. 
'Tlie  female  is  similar,  buta  little  smaller.  This  bird  is  the 
Australian  type  or  representative  of  the  Asiatic  desert- 
choughs  (see  Podoees),  and  of  the  European  Alpine  and 
conmion  red-legged  choughs. 
way-doort  (wa'dor),  n.     A  street-door. 

He  must  needs  his  posts  with  blood  embrue. 
And  on  his  way-door  fix  the  homed  head. 

Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  III.  iv.  7. 

wayfare  (wa'far),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  weyfarcn,  orig. 
in  ppr.  weyfarand,  <  AS.  wegfarende  (=  Icel. 
veyfarandi  =  Sw.  vdgfarande  =  Dan.  vejfarende), 
<  weg,  way,  +  farcnde,  ppr.  of  faran,  go :  see 
wai/l  and/rtrel.  Cf.  icay/are,  «.]  To  journey; 
travel,  especially  on  foot :  now  only  in  the 
present  participle  or  the  verbal  noun. 

A  certain  Laconian,  as  he  way-fared,  came  unto  a  place 
where  there  dwelt  an  old  friend  of  his. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  390. 

Farewell,  honest  Antony!  —  Pleasant  be  your  wayfar- 
ing, prosperous  your  return ! 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  416. 

wayfarer  (wa'far'er),  II.  [<  ME.  weyfarere,  a 
wayfarer ;  <  waj/l  +  farer.  ]  One  who  wayf ares, 
journej's,  or  travels;  a  traveler,  especially  one 
who  travels  on  foot ;  a  passenger.     li.Carew. 

The  peasant  is  recommended  [1362]  to  give  to  the  needy 
wayfarer  in  preference  to  the  beggar. 

Uibton-Turner,  Vagrants  and  Vagrancy,  p.  54. 

The  wayfarer,  at  noon  reposing. 
Shall  bless  its  shadow  on  the  grass. 

Lowell,  On  Planting  a  Tree  at  Inverara. 

wayfaring  (wa'far'ing),  2>-  a-  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  wai/aring;  <  ME.  wayferande,  also  iccyvtr- 
inde,  wayverindc,  wayfaring,  <  AS.  icegfarendc 
(=  Icel.  vegfarandi,  etc.),  also  wegferend,  way- 
faring: see  wayfare,  v.']  Journeying;  travel- 
ing, especially  on  foot. 

The  wayferande  frekez,  on  fote  &  on  liors. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  79. 

Moreover,  for  the  refreshing  of  waifaring  men,  he  or- 
dained cups  of  yron  or  l>rasse  to  be  fastened  by  such  cleare 
wells  and  fountains  as  did  runne  by  the  waie's  side.  Stow. 

wayfaring-tree  (wa'far''ing-tre),  «.  A  much- 
branched  European  shrub  of  large  size,  Vibur- 
num Lantana,  with  dense  cymes  of  small  white 
flowers.  The  foliage  and  young  shoots  are  thickly  cov- 
ered with  soft  mealy  down  (hence  sometimes  mealy-tree). 
The  name  was  invented  by  Gerard,  with  reference  to  its 
abundance  along  roads.  Also  triptoe.  The  American 
wayfaring-tree  is  the  hobble-bush,  Viburnum  lantanoides, 

way-gate  (wa'gat),  n.     The  tail-race  of  a  mill. 

waygoing  (wa'go'ing),  «.  Going  away;  de- 
parting; of,  pertaining  to,  or  belonging  to  one 
who  goes  away:  as,  waygoing  baggage — Way- 
going crop.    See  away-going  crop,  under  away-going. 

waygOOSe  (wa'gos),  n.  [A  corruption  of  way:- 
goo.'tc  for  wasc-goosc.'i     Same  as  way:goose. 

way-grass  ( wa'gi'as), «.  The  knot-grass,  Polygo- 
num acicularc.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wayket,  waykent.    Old  forms  of  weal;,  weaken. 

waylawayt,  iutcrj.     See  wellau-ay. 

waylay  (wa-la'  or  wa'la),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp. 
waylaid,  ppr.  waylaying.  [<  tcay^  +  lay^ ;  a 
peculiar  formation,  expressing  a  notion  not  de- 
rivable from  way  -f  lay  taken  in  their  proper 
sense,  and  prob.  due  to  confusion  with  lay  wait, 
lie  in  wait.']  1.  To  lie  in  wait  for  in  the  way, 
in  order  to  lay  hold  of  for  some  purpose  ;  par- 
ticularly, to  lie  in  wait  for  with  the  view  of 
accosting,  seizing,  assaulting,  robbing,  or  slay- 
ing ;  take  in  ambush :  as,  to  waylay  a  traveler. 

I  will  waylay  thee  going  home ;  where  if  it  be  thy  chance 

to  kill  me  .  .  .  thou  killest  me  like  a  rogue  and  a  villain. 

Shak.,"!.  N.,  iii.  4, 176. 

But  ray  Lord  St.  Albans,  and  the  Queen,  and  Ambassa- 
dor Montagu  did  way-lay  them  at  their  lodgings,  till  the 
difference  was  made  up,  to  my  Lord's  honour. 

Pepys,  Diary,  I.  152. 

Tuchin,  too,  who  wrote  a  poem  on  the  death  of  James 
II.,  was  waylaid,  and  so  frightfully  beaten  that  he  died 
from  its  effects. 

J.  Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  II.  64. 

On  quitting  the  house,  I  was  waylaid  by  Mrs.  Fitz-Adam, 
who  had  also  her  confidence  to  make. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Crauford,  xiv. 

I  mind  the  time  when  men  used  to  waylay  Fanny  Single- 
ton in  the  cloak-room.  Lawrence,  Gay  Livingstone,  p.  xxv. 

2.  To  beset  with  ambushes  or  ambuscades;  am- 
buscade.    [Rare.] 

How  think'st  thou?  —  Is  otn'  path  way-laid? 
Or  hath  thy  sire  my  trust  betrayed  ? 

Scott,  Rokeby,  ii.  13. 

waylayer  (wa-la'er  or  wa'la''''er),  «.  One  who 
waylays ;  one  who  lies  in  wait  for  another. 

Wherever  there  are  rich  way-farers  there  also  are  sly 
and  alert  way-layers. 
Landor,  Imag.  Cunv.,  Asiuius  PoUio  and  Licinius  Calvus,  i. 

way-leavet  (wa'lev),  n.     Right  of  way. 

Another  thing  that  is  remarkable  is  their  wayteares; 
for,  when  men  have  jiieces  of  ground  between  the  colliery 


wayward 

and  the  river,  they  sell  leave  to  lead  coals  over  their 
ground.       Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  I.  265.    (Daviet.) 

wayleSB(wa'les),  a.  [<way^  + -less.]  Having 
no  way  or  path ;  pathless ;  trackless. 

As  though  the  peopled  towns  had  way-less  deserts  been. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iL  164. 

way-maker  (wa'ma"k6r),  n.  One  who  makes  a 
way ;  a  pioneer ;  a  pathfinder. 

Tliose  famous  U'ay-»iaAr«r«  to  the  .  .  .  restitution  of  the 
evangelical  truth.      Bp.  Hall,  Cases  of  Conscience,  iii.  10. 

way-mark  (wa'mark),  n.  A  finger-post,  guide- 
post,  milestone,  or  the  like. 

She  was  so  liable  to  fits  of  absence  that  she  was  likely 
enough  to  let  her  way-marks  pass  unnoticed. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  vi.  13. 

waymentt,  waymentingt.    See  waiment,  wai- 

mcnting. 

waynelf,  »•  -Aji  obsolete  spelling  of  wain^. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  1.  v.  41. 

way-passenger  (wa'pas"en-j6r),  n.  A  passen- 
ger taken  up  or  set  do wn  by  the  way  —  that  is, 
at  a  way-station  or  at  some  place  intermediate 
between  the  principal  stopping-places  or  sta- 
tions. 

way-post  (wa'post),  n.  A  finger-post;  a  guide- 
post. 

You  have  more  roads  than  a  way-post. 

Colman,  The  Spleen,  i.    (Daviet.) 
An  old  way-post  ahow'd 
Where  the  Lavington  road 
Branch'd  off  to  the  left  from  the  one  to  Devizes. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  172. 

way-shaft  (wa'shaft),  «.     In  steam-engines,  the 

rocking-shaft  for  working  the  slide-valve  from 

the  eccentric. 
wayside  (wa'sid),  n.  and  a.     [<  way^  +  side^. 

Earlier  way's  side:  see  way^.']    I.  n.  The  side 

of  the  way ;  the  border  or  edge  of  the  road  or 

highway. 

They  are    enbuschede  one  bloukkes,  with  bauers  dis- 
playede, 

In  3one  bechene  wode  appone  the  tcaye  gydes. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  L  1713. 

II.  o.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  wayside ;  grow- 
ing, lying,  situated,  or  found  on,  by,  or  near  the 
side  of  the  way :  as,  wayside  flowers ;  a  way- 
side spring. 

Little  clusters  of  such  vehicles  were  gathered  round  the 
stalde-yard  or  baiting-place  of  every  way-side  tavern. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xlii. 
The  windows  of  the  wayside  inn 
Gleamed  red  with  fire-light  through  the  leaves. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  Prelude. 

And  earth,  which  seemed  to  the  fathers  meant 
But  as  a  pilgrim's  wayside  tent. 

Whittier,  The  Preacher. 

way-sliding  (wa'sli"ding),  n.  Sliding  from  the 
right  way;  deviation.     [Rare.] 

Though  I  will  neither  exalt  myself  nor  pull  down 
others,  I  wish  eveiy  man  and  woman  in  this  land  had 
kept  the  true  testimony,  and  the  middle  and  straight 
path,  as  it  were,  on  the  ridge  of  a  hill,  where  wind  and 
water  shears,  avoiding  right-hand  snares  and  extremes, 
and  left-hand  way-slidings. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xviii. 

way-station  (wa'sta^shou),  «.  A  station  inter- 
mediate between  principal  stations  on  a  rail- 
road.    [U.  S.] 

waytt  V.  and  w.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  wait. 

waytht,  n.    See  icathe^. 

way-thistle  (wa'thls'l),  n.     See  thistle. 

way-thorn  (wa'thom),  n.     See  thorn. 

way-train  (wa'tran),  «.  A  train  which  stops  at 
all  or  most  of  the  stations  on  the  line  over  which 
it  passes;  an  accommodation  train.     [U.S.] 

wayward  (wa'wiird),  «.  [<  ME.  weyward, 
iceiward,  by  apheresis  from  "awayward,  adj.,  < 
awayward,  aweiward,  adv.:  see  awayward,  and 
cf.  froward.']  1.  Full  of  caprices  or  whims; 
froward;  perverse. 

•  Bot  jif  thyn  eije  he  ipeyicard,  al  thi  body  shal  be  derk- 
fuL  Wyclif,  Mat.  vi.  23. 

You  know  my  father  's  wayward,  and  his  humour 
Must  not  receive  a  check. 

B.  Jonxon,  Case  is  Altered,  i.  2. 

In  vain,  to  soothe  his  waytrard  fate, 
The  cloister  oped  her  pitying  gate. 

ScoU,  L.  of  the  L.,  iii.  6. 

2.  Irregular;  vacillating;  unsteady,  undnlat- 
ijig.  or  fluctuating:  as,  the  wayward  flight  of 
certain  birds. 
Send  its  rough  wayward  roots  in  all  directions. 
Smithso7i,  Useful  Book  for  Farmers,  p.  32.  (Encyc.  Diet.) 
=  Syn.  Wayward,  Wilful,  Contrary,  Untoicard,  head- 
strong, intractable,  uurul.v.  The  italicized  words  tend 
toward  the  same  meaning  by  different  ways.  Wayward. 
by  (lerivation,  applies  to  one  who  turns  aicay  from  what 
he  is  desired  or  expected  to  be  or  to  do ;  but.  from  its  seeni- 
ing'derivation,  it  has  come  to  apply  more  often  to  one  who 
turns  tt^ward  ways  that  suit  himself,  whether  or  not  they 
happen  to  be  what  othei-a  desire.     Wilful  suggests  that 


wayward 

the  person  is  full  of  self-wUI,  wliich  asserts  itself  against 
those  whose  wishes  ought  to  t>e  deferred  to  or  whose 
commands  should  be  obeyed.  Contrary  and  ttntoicard  ex- 
press the  same  idea,  the  one  in  a  positive,  tlie  other  in  a 
negative  form.  Contrary  is  an  energetic  word,  express- 
ing the  idea  that  one  tal^es,  or  is  disposed  to  talie,  the 
course  exactly  opposite  to  that  which  he  is  expected  or 
desired  to  take.  Contrariness,  when  ingrained,  becomes 
perverseness :  as,  a  co/i(rarj/ disposition;  a  contrary  fellow. 
This  use  of  contrary  is  by  many  considered  colloquial,  but 
has  the  recommendation  of  figurative  force.  Contrary 
and  itntoicard  view  the  person  as  one  to  be  managed ; 
untoward  views  the  person  also  as  the  object  of  mental  or 
moi-al  discipline :  this  perhaps  through  its  use  in  Acts  ii.  40. 
An  untoward  person  is  not  responsive  to  persuasion,  ad- 
vice, influence,  or  requests ;  untoward  circumstances  are 
similarly  such  as  do  not  help  ua  in  our  plans.  All  these 
words  imply  that  the  only  consistency  in  the  person's  con- 
duct is  in  this  self-willed  independence  of  others'  wishes 
or  oppositicm  to  them,  but  untoirard  implies  itleast.  See 
perverse. 
way-warden  (wa'war^'dn),  n.  A  keeper  or  sur- 
veyor of  roads. 

Woodcutter.   Had'st  best  repent  and  mend  thy  ways. 
Peasant.   The  way-ieard'-'n  may  do  that ;  I  wear  out  no 
ways;  I  go  across  country. 

Kingdey,  Saint's  Tragedy,  ii.  6. 

waywardly  (wa'wjird-li),  adv.     In  a  wayward 

manner:  frowardly;  perversely. 
waywardness  (wa'ward-nes),  n.     [<  ME.  wei- 

wardaesscj  perverseness;  <  traificard  +  -)wss.'] 

The  character  of  being  wayward ;  f  rowardness ; 

perverseness. 
The  iiuTuly  irayicardness  that  infirm  and  choleric  years 

bring  with  them,  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  1.  SOJ. 

waywise  (wa'wiz),  a.  [<  way^  +  tcisc^.  Of. 
icny-icitty  ;  see  also  Wfl^ic/^cr.]  Expert  in  find- 
ing or  keeping  the  way;  knowing  the  way  or 
route.     Ash. 

waywisert  (wa'wi'z^r),  n,  [=  D.  icef/wiper,  a 
Kuide,  =  G.  wef/iceiser,  a  way-mark,  guide.  =  Sw. 
idyvi.iare  =  Dan.  vejiiseVy  a  guide,  a  directory; 
as  way'^  +  *iciser,  shower,  indicator,  <  irise''^, 
point  out,  show,  +  -cr^]  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  distance  which  a  wheel  rolls 
over  a  road;  an  odometer  or  perambulator. 

I  went  to  see  Colonel  Blount,  who  showed  nie  the  ap- 
plication of  the  trai/-7fi«cr  to  a  coacli,  exactly  measuring 
the  miles,  and  showing  them  by  an  index  a^  we  went  on. 
It  had  three  circles,  one  pointing  to  the  number  of  rods, 
another  to  the  miles,  by  10  to  UKK),  with  all  the  subdivi 
sious  of  quarters.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  6,  16;>7. 

Way-Wlttyt,  «.     [ME.  xcmcitti;  <  xvay'^  +  iritty. 
Vi.  icayicisc.'\     Same  as  tcaywisc. 
waywode,  waywodeship.     Same  as  voivodcj 

voivodf  shift. 
wayworn  (wa'woni)?  «•     Wearied  or  worn  by 
or  in  traveling. 

A  way-worn  traveller.  Lony/elloic,  Hyperion,  iii.  2. 

waywort  (wa'w^^rt),  i».  The  pimpernel,  Ana- 
(jmlis  ari-eHain.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
wayz-goosef,  «.  [An  erroneous  spelling  of 
* wa.sc-{/oo.sf.,  <  tcaf(A  +  tfoos€.'\  1.  A  stubble- 
goose;  hence,  a  fat  goose  —  that  is,  one  ready 
to  kill  in  harvest-time. — 2.  An  entertainment 
given  by  an  apprentice  to  Ids  fellow-workmen, 
of  which  the  goose  was  the  crowning  dish; 
hence,  in  recent  times,  a  printers*  annual  din- 
ner, the  funds  for  which  are  collected  by  stew- 
ards regularly  appointed  by  *'the  chapel.'' 
we  (we), />r«H. ;  j)!.  of  72.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
wee;  <  ME.  irr,  <  AS.  ice  =  OS.  irl  =  OFries.  trt 
=  D.  wij  =  OHG.  MHG.  G.  irir  =  Icel.  ver,  rar 
=  Sw.  Dan.  ri  =  Gotli.  iretfi,  <  Teut.  *tri::,  ^'wis, 
with  appar.  nom.  suffix  -s,  i)rob.  =  Skt.  vayam, 
we.  The  L.  and  Gr.  forms  are  diflferent;  L. 
nos^  pi.  (including  dual).  =  Gr.  rw,  dual;  Gr. 
7//t/f,  we,  ap])ar.  belonging  to  the  stem  of  f/i*, 
etc.,  me  (see  me^).  In  AS.  wr  had  a  dual,  icif. 
which  disappeared  in  tiie  earliest  ME.  period. 
See  /2,  met,  our,  and  us.]  I  and  another  or 
others;  I  and  he  or  she,  or  I  and  they:  a  per- 
sonal pronoun,  taking  the  possessive  our  or 
ours  (see  OMr^)  and  the  objective  (dative  or  ac- 
cusative) us. 
Oo  we  now  on  goddes  lialuc. 

H'illiam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2&J3. 
How  goes  the  day  with  rw^  (>.  tell  me,  Hubert. 

Shak.,  K.John,  v.  3.  1. 
On  the  left  hand  left  wre  two  little  I;ilands. 

S'(7idyn,  Travailes,  p.  8. 
It  may  be  that  the  gulfn  will  wash  vs  down  ; 
It  may  Iw  we  shall  touch  the  Happy  Isles, 
And  see  the  great  Achilles,  whom  we  knew. 

Tennyson,  I'lysscs. 
We  is  Boniettrnes,  like  they,  vayuely  used  for  society,  peo- 
ple in  general,  the  world,  etc.;  but  whun  the  speaker  or 
writer  unea  ire  he  identifies  himself  more  or  less  (lirectly 
with  the  Btattmcnt :  when  he  U8<s  they  lie  implies  no  such 
identincatiun.  B<)th  pronouns  thus  used  may  i>e  translated 
by  the  French  o»  and  the  Otrnian  man:  as,  we  (or  they) 
•ay,  French  on  dit,  <i»,rmun  man  mi/t. 

Vet  set'H  ifH)  oft,  faniiliar  with  her  [vice's]  fuce, 
We  first  endure,  then  pity,  then  embrace. 

Pt-pe,  Knnay  on  Man.  ii.  22U. 


6857 

The  instances  in  which  our  feelings  bias  us  in  spite  of 
ourselves  are  of  hourly  recuiTence. 

H.  Spencer,  Social  Statics,  p.  196. 
Many  tongues  have  a  double  first  person  plural,  one  in- 
clusive and  one  exclusive  of  the  person  or  persons  ad- 
dressed :  one  we  which  means  '  I  and  my  party, '  as  opposed 
to  you ;  and  one  that  means  '  my  party  and  yours,'  as  op- 
l>osed  to  all  third  persons. 

Whitney,  Life  and  Growth  of  Lang.,  p.  219. 
We  is  frequently  used  by  individuals,  as  editors  and  au- 
thors, when  alluding  to  themselves,  in  order  to  avoid 
the  appearance  of  egotism  whicii  it  is  assumed  would  re- 
sult from  the  frequent  use  of  the  pronoun  I.  The  plu- 
ral style  is  used  also  by  kings  and  other  potentates,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  first  used  in  his  edicts  by  King  .John  of 
Englatul ;  according  to  others,  by  Richard  I.  The  French 
and  German  sovereigns  followed  the  example  about  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

We  charge  you,  on  allegiance  to  otfrself. 
To  hold  your  slaughtering  hands. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1.  86. 
We  and  us  are  sometimes  misused  for  each  other. 

To  poor  we 
Thine  enmity 's  most  capital. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  3. 103. 
Nay,  no  compliment :  .  .  .  Shall  's  to  diimer,  gentle- 
men? Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  ii.  2. 
Our  bodies  themselves,  are  they  simply  ours,  or  are  they 
us?  W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  I.  291. 

We-ims  (literally,  we  onesX  we  or  us.  [Dialectal,  south- 
ern U.  S.] 

*'Grind  some  fur  we-uns  ter-morrer?"  asked  Ab.     "I'll 
grind  yer  bones,  ef  ye'll  send  em  down,"  said  Amos. 
M.  N.  Murfree,  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains,  ix. 

weabit,  u.     See  way-hit. 

weak  (wek),  a.  [<  ME.  tceikjweyl-j  tcaik,  icnyl; 
a  northern  form  (<  Icel,  veikr,  vfykr)  taking  the 
place  of  the  sonthern  form  ivoke^  woe,  tcakCy  waCj 
<  AS.  wae,  waae^  pliant,  weak,  easily  bent,  = 
OS,  wek  =  D.  week  =  MLG.  wek,  LG.  week  = 
OHG,  Weill,  MHG.  G.  weich  =  Icel.  veikrj  veykr, 
rarely  vdkr  =  Sw.  rck  =  Dan.  ver/,  pliant, 
weak;  from  the  verb  appearing  in  AS.  wican 
(pret.  wde^  pp.  wiceu)  =  OS.  wikan  =  OFries. 
tr(7.Y/,  wiaka  =  D,  wijken  =  OHG.  wikkau,  MHG. 
wickeii,  G,  U'cichen,  give  way,  yield,  =  Icel. 
vikja  (pret.  rcyk,  pp.  vikinn)  =  Sw.  rika  =  Dan. 
vifjCf  tnrn,  tnrn  aside,  veer;  cf.  Gr.  uKeiv  (for 
Feikuv)^  yield,  give  way,  =  L.  -y/  vie  in  vitare 
(for  *vieitarc)^  shun,  avoid,  *tj/x,  vieis,  change. 
To  the  same  root  are  referred  wick^y  wieker.] 

1.  Bending  under  pressure,  weight,  or  force; 
pliant  or  pliable;  yielding;  lacking  stiffness  or 
firmness:  as,  the  weak  stem  of  a  plant. 

For  men  have  marble,  women  waxen,  minds. 

And  therefore  are  they  form'd  as  marble  will ; 

The  MVrtA-  oppress'd  (impressed),  the  impression  of  strange 

kinds 
Is  form'd  in  them  by  force,  by  fraud,  or  skill. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1242. 

2.  Lacking  strenfrth;  not  strong.  Specifically - 
(a)  Breaking  down  under  force  or  stress ;  liable  to  fall,  fail, 
or  collapse  umler  strain;  incapable  of  long  resistance  or 
endurance;  frail,  fragile,  or  resistless:  as,  a  ^veak  vessel, 
bridge,  rope,  etc. ;  a  weak  fortress. 

How  weak  the  barrier  of  mere  Nature  proves, 
Oppofi'd  against  the  pleasures  Nature  loves ! 

Cowper,  Tirocinium,  I.  1C9. 
Tlie  gate, 
Half-parted  from  a  2veak  and  scolding  hinge. 

Tennyson,  Tlie  Brook. 
(6)  Deficient  in  bodily  strength,  vigor,  or  robustness;  fee- 
ble, either  constitutionally  or  from  age,  disease,  etc. ;  in- 
firm ;  of  the  organs  of  the  body,  deficient  in  functional  en- 
ergy, activity,  or  the  like :  :is,  a  tveak  stomach ;  weak  eyes. 
Min  wlite  [face]  is  wan, 
»t  min  herte  woe. 
Mine  dagis  arren  nei  done. 

liel.  Antiq.,  L  18(i. 
I  have,  God  woot,  a  large  feeld  to  ere; 
And  icayke  been  the  oxen  in  my  plough. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Talc,  1.  20. 
A  pofir,  infirm,  weak,  and  despised  old  man 
Shak.,  Lear,  i: 


.  20. 

(c)  Lacking  moral  strength  or  firmness ;  liable  to  waver  or 
succumb  when  urged  or  tempted ;  deficient  in  steady  prin- 
ciple or  in  force  of  character. 

Him  that  is  treak  in  the  faith  receive  ye,  but  not  to 
doubtful  disputations.  Rom.  xiv.  1. 

Superior  and  unmoved;  here  only  weak 
Against  the  charm  of  beauty's  powerful  glance. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  viii.  r>32. 
If  weak  Women  went  astray, 
Their  Stars  were  more  in  Fault  than  they. 

Prior,  Hans  Carvel. 
(rf)  Lacking  mental  power,  ability,  or  balance;  simple; 
silly ;  foolish. 

It  is  privatfly  whispered  That  King  Henry  was  of  a 
2ccak  Cajiacity,  and  easily  abused. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  190. 

The  traditi'iii  is  that  the  water  was  conveyed  from 
this  pillar  to  the  top  of  the  famous  temple,  on  which  tlic 
people  arc  so  weak  as  t<i  imagine  there  was  a  garden. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  Kast,  II.  i.  107. 
(f)  Unequal  to  a  particular  need  or  emergency  ;  ineffectual 
or  inefflcacioUH;  inadeiiuate  or  unsatisfactory ;  incapable; 
impotent. 


weakener 

My  ancient  incantations  are  too  weak. 

Shak.,  1  Hfn.  VI.,  v.  3.  27. 
How  vain  is  Reason,  Elotpience  how  weak! 
If  Pope  must  tell  what  Harcourt  caimot  speak. 

Pope,  On  the  Hon.  8.  Harcourt. 
One  equal  temper  of  heroic  heai-ts. 
Made  weak  by  time  and  fate,  but  strong  in  will 
To  strive,  to  seek,  to  find,  and  not  to  yield. 

Tennyson,  Ulysses. 
(/)  Incapable  of  support;  not  to  be  sustained  or  main- 
tained; unsupported  by  truth,  reason,  or  justice:  as,  a 
weak  claim,  assertion,  argument,  etc. 

A  case  so  weak  and  feeble  hath  been  much  persisted  in. 

Hooker. 
I  know  not  what  to  say  ;  my  title 's  weak  — 
Tell  me,  may  not  a  king  adopt  an  heir? 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1.  134. 
(g)  Deficient  in  force  of  utterance  or  sound ;  having  little 
volume,  loudness,  or  sonorousness;  low;  feeble;  small. 
A  voice,  not  softe,  weake,  piping,  womannishe. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  39. 
(A)  Xot  abundantly  or  sufficiently  impregnated  with  the 
essential,  required,  or  usual  ingredients,  or  with  stimu- 
lating or  nourishing  substances  or  properties ;  not  of  the 
usual  strength:  as,  weak  tea;  weak  broth;  a  weak  infu- 
sion ;  iveak  punch. 

Sip  this  weak  wine 
From  the  thin  green  glass  flask. 

Brouminy,  Englishman  in  Italy, 
(i)  Deficient  in  pith,  pregnancy,  or  point ;  lacking  in  vigor 
of  expression :  as,  a  weak  sentence ;  a  iveak  style. 

There  arc  to  whom  my  satire  seems  too  bold :  .  .  . 
The  lines  are  weak,  another  's  pleased  to  say. 

Pope,  Iniit.  of  Hor.,  II.  i.  5. 
(j)  Resulting  from  or  indicating  lack  of  judgment,  discern- 
ment, or  flrnmess ;  arising  from  want  of  moral  courage,  of 
self-denial,  or  of  determination;  injudicious:  as,  a  weak 
compliance ;  a  tveak  surrender. 

If  evil  thence  ensue. 
She  first  his  teeak  indulgence  will  accu.'-e. 

Milton,  P.  L  ,  ix.  1186 
(k)  Slight;  inconsiderable;  trifling.     [Rare.] 

Mine  own  weak  merits,  Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  187. 

(I)  In  gram.,  inflected  —  (1)  as  a  verb,  by  regular  syllabic 
addition  instead  of  by  change  of  the  radical  vowel ;  (2) 
as  a  noun  or  an  adjective,  with  less  full  or  original  diifer- 
ences  of  case-  and  number-forms ;  opposed  to  sfrony  (which 
see),  (m)  Poorly  supplied  ;  deficient :  as,  a  hand  v:eak  in 
trumps,  (n)  Tending  downward  in  i>rice :  as,  a  weak 
market;  corn  was  weak.~The  weaker  sex.  Sif  sex^.~ 
The  weaker  vessel.  See  rp«xe/.-  Weak  accent,  beat, 
or  pulse,  in  music,  a  comparatively  um-niphatic  rhyth- 
mical unit :  opposed  to  a  heavy  or  atrony  accent,  etc.  Sec 
rhythm. — Weak  election.  See  election.—  Wesik.  side, 
weak  point,  that  side,  aspect,  or  feature  of  a  pcrson'.s 
character  or  disposition  in  which  he  is  nmst  easily  influ- 
enced or  affected. 

Guard  thy  heart 
On  this  weak  side  where  most  our  nature  fails. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  l. 
Weak  verb.  See  def.  2  (0- 
weakt  (wek),  t\  [<  ME.  weykeiiy  wayken,  wokev. 
wokicu,  wakicn,  <  AS.  wdciav,  become  weak,  lan- 
giiish,  vacillate  (=  MD.  weeeketiy  become  soft, 
D.  weekeUy  soak,  =  OHG.  weiehan^  MHG.  G.  wvi- 
ehctiy  become  weak),  w^cau,  make  weak,  weak- 
en, soften,  afflict,  <  wdCy  weak:  see  weak,  a.] 

1,  trrnis.  1.  To  make  weak;  weaken. 

It  is  hey  tyme  ;  he  drawyt  fast  h<uiie  m  ard,  and  is  ryte 
lowe  browt,  and  sore  weykid  and  fublyd. 

Paston  Letterx,  I.  444. 
Wc  must  toyle  to  make  our  doctrine  good, 
Which  will  empair  the  flesh  and  weak  the  knee. 

Dr.  H.  More,  Psychozoia,  ii.  80. 

2.  To  soften. 

Ac  grace  groweth  nat  til  goode  wil  gynno  rcyne, 
And  wokie  thorwe  good  wcrkes  wikkedc  liertes. 

Piers  Plowman  (t'),  xv.  25. 

II,  iiitratis.  To  become  weak.     Chauver. 
weak-built  (wek'bilt),  a.  Ill-foniKled.  [Hare.] 
Yet  ever  to  obtain  liis  will  resolving. 
Though  weak-built  hopes  persuade  him  to  jibslainiiig. 

Shak.,  I-ucrece,  I.  130. 

weaken  (we'kn),  r.     [<  weak  +  -eu^.'}    I.    iu- 
(raiis.  To  become  weak  or  weaker:  as,  he  weak- 

rwi'  from  (lay  to  day. 


Somewhat  to  ivoken  [var.  wayken]  gan  the  peytie 
By  lengthe  of  pleynte.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  1144. 

His  notion  weaken/^,  his  discernings 
Are  lethargied.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4.  248. 

II.  tratts.  To  make  weak  or  weaker;  lessen 
or  reduce  the  strength,  power,  ability,  influ- 
ence, or  quality  of:  as,  to  weaken  the  body  or 
the  mind;  to  weaken  a  solution  or  infusion 
by  dilution;  to  weaken  the  force  of  an  argu- 
ment. 

So  strong  a  CoiTosive  is  Grief  of  Mind,  when  it  nicL't.s 
with  a  Body  weakened  before  with  .Sicknes«. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  Oil. 
In  all  these  things  hath  the  Kingdomc  bhi  of. lute  .son: 
treak'nd.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Kng.,  ii. 

A  languor  came 
Tpon  him,  gentle  sickness,  gradually 
Weaktnitiy  the  man,  till  he  could  do  no  more, 

Tennyson,  rnoi-b  Ardcn. 

weakener  (wek'ner),  ».    One  who  or  tliat  which 
weakens. 


weaKener 

Fastinss  and  mortifications,  .  .  .  rightly  managed,  are 
hnge  helps  to  piety,  land]  great  wealmfrs  of  sin. 

South,  Sermons,  VI.  11. 

weak-eyed  (wek'id),  a.  Having  weak  eyes  or 
weak  sight.     Collins. 

weakfish  (wek'fish),  «.  A  scisenoid  fish  of  the 
geutis  Ci/iioscion  (formerly  Otolithus),  as  the 
squeteagiie  :  so  called  because  it  has  a  tender 
mouth,  and  cannot  pull  hard  when  hooked.  The 
common  wealiflsh  or  squeteague  is  C.  regain  (see  cut  un- 
der Cyiioscinn);  the  white  weakfish,  C.  nothus ;  the  spot- 
ted w'ealiflsh,  C.  nebulos\ts.  All  three  are  excellent  food- 
fishes  ;  they  inhabit  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  Ignited  States, 
and  in  southerly  regions  are  misnamed  troid  or  ma-trout. 

weak-handed  (wek'han"ded),  a.  Having  weak 
hands ;  hence,  powerless ;  dispirited. 

I  will  come  upon  him  while  he  is  weary  and  weak 
haruled.  2  Sam.  xvii.  2. 

weak-headed  (wek'hed'ed),  a.  Having  a  weak 
head  or  intellect. 

weak-hearted  (wek'har"ted),  a.  Having  little 
courage ;  dispirited. 

I  am  able  now,  methinks, 
Out  of  a  fortitude  of  soul  I  feet. 
To  endure  more  miseries  and  greater  far 
Than  my  weak-hearted  enemies  dare  offer. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  2.  390. 

weak-hinged  (wek'hinjd),  o.  Ill-balanced;  ill- 
founded.     [Rare.] 

Not  able  to  produce  more  accusation 
Than  your  own  weak-hinged  fancy. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3.  119. 

weak-kneed  (wek'ned),  a.  Having  weak  knees; 
hence,  weak,  especially  as  regards  will  or  de- 
termination: as,  a  weak-kneed  policy  or  effort. 

weakling  (wek'ling),  ».  and  a.  [<  wealc  + 
-ling^.]     I.  n.  A  feeble  creature. 

Weaklitin,  Warwick  takes  his  gift  again. 

Shak.,  3  HeniT  VI.,  v.  1.  37. 

"Jane  is  not  such  a  iveakUng  as  you  would  make  her," 
he  would  say  ;  "she  can  bear  a  mountain  blast,  or  a 
shower,  or  a  few  flakes  of  snow,  as  well  as  any  of  us." 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xxxiv. 

II.  a.  Feeble ;  weak. 

This  weakling  cry  of  children. 

Harper't  Mag.,  LXXXVI.  670. 

weakly  (wek'li),  a.  [<  ME.  *weikhj  (cf.  Icel. 
veikVujr),  earlier  loocUc,  loaclic,  weakly,  <  AS. 
wdcllc,  weak,  vain,  mean,  vile,  <  wac,  weak : 
see  weak  and  -^j/l .]  Weak ;  feeble ;  not  robust : 
as,  a  weakly  woman;  a  man  of  toeaklji  constitu- 
tion. 
Those  that  are  weakly,  as  Hypochondriacks  andHys- 

Gideon  Harvey,  Vanities  of  Phil,  and  Physick  (ed.  1702),  vi. 
When  I  came  at  the  gate  that  is  at  the  head  of  the  way, 
the  Lord  of  that  place  did  entertain  me  freely  ;  neither 
objected  he  against  my  weakly  looks. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

weakly  (wek'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  tracliche,  woc- 
liclie,  <  AS.  wacHce,  weakly,  meanly,  vilely, 
<  tfdcllc,  weak:  see  weakly.']  In  a  weak  man- 
ner, in  any  sense  of  the  word  weak. 

If  a  shoemaker  should  have  no  shoes  in  his  shop,  but 

only  work  as  he  is  bespoken,  he  should  be  weakly^  customed. 

Bactm,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii.  219. 

weak-minded  (wek'min'ded),  a.  Of  a  weak 
mind;  of  feeble  intellect;  also,  indicating  weak- 
ness of  mind. 

The  Duke  of  York  .  .  .  prevailed  for  a  time,  and  fruit- 
lessly endeavoured  to  hind  a  toeak-minded  king  by  pledges. 
J.  Gairdner,  Richard  III.,  i. 
If  he  should  go  abroad,  his  mother  might  think  he  had 
some  weak-minded  view  of  joining  Julia  Dallow,  and  try- 
ing, with  however  little  hope,  to  win  her  l)ack. 

//.  Jame^,  Tragic  Muse,  xxxv. 

weak-mindedness  (wek'min"ded-nes),H.  The 
state  orcharacter  of  being  weak-minded ;  irreso- 
lution; indecision. 

In  homicidal  maniacal  cases  there  may  be  melancholy 
or  tceak-mindednegs  from  the  outset  and  no  maniacal  ex- 
citement. Foilniyhtly  Her.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.  449. 

weakness  (wek'ncs),  «.  [<  ME.  weikencs, 
tveyke lie-sue;  ef.  AS.  wucnya,  weakness,  <  wdc, 
weak:  see  werttaud -He.s.s-.]  The  state  orchar- 
acter of  being  weak,  in  any  sense ;  also,  a  weak 
point. 

.Hyn  weikeneH  of  wemen  may  not  wele  stryve, 

Ne  haue  no  might  tawardea  men  maistries  to  fend. 

Destruction  of  Tray  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  332.5. 
I  think  it  is  tiic  weakness  of  mine  eyes 
That  shajtes  tliis  monstrous  apparition. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3.276. 

Weaknean  is  a  negative  term,  and  imports  the  absence  of 

Btrcngtb.     It  is,  besides,  a  relative  term,  and  accordingly 

imp<.»rts  the  aljsence  of  such  a  quantity  of  strength   as 

makes  the  share  possessed  by  the  person  in  question  less 

than  that  of  some  person  he  is  compared  to. 

Beiitham,  Introd.  to  Morals  and  Legislation,  vi.  8,  note. 

It  is  one  of  the  prime  weaknemea  of  a  democracy  to  be 

fiatisticd  with  the  second-best  if  it  appear  to  answer  the 

purpose  tolerably  well,  and  to  be  cheaper  — as  itnever  is 

in  the  long  run.  Lowell,  Harvard  Anniversary,  1886. 


6858 

weak-sighted  (wek'si"ted),  a.     Having  weak 
siglit.     A.  Tucker. 
weak-spirited  (wek'spir"i-ted),  a.     Having  a 
weak  or  timorous  spirit ;  pusillanimous.    Scott. 
weaky  (we'ki),   a.     [<  weak  +  -yi.]     Moist; 
watery.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
weall  (wel),  n.     [<  ME.  welc,  weole,  <  AS.  wela, 
toeala,  wenla,  weal,  wealth,  prosperity  (=  OS. 
wclo  =  OHG.  iccla,  wola,  MHG.  wole,  G.  wol, 
wolil  =  Sw.  viil  =  Dan.  vel,  weal,  welfare),  <  wel, 
well:  see  ioeW2.   Ct.  wealth.']    1.  Wealth;  riches; 
hence,  prosperity;  success;  happiness;  well- 
being;  the  state  of  being  well  or  prosperous : 
as,  come  weal  or  woe. 

Unwise  is  he  that  can  no  wele  endure. 

Chaucer,  Envoy  of  Chaucer  to  Bukton,  1.  27. 
And  of  this  ye  seide  full  trewe  that  moche  wele  and 
moche  woo  haue  we  suffred  to-geder. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  555. 

In  our  olde  vulgare,  profite  is  called  weale. 

,Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i.  1. 
I  sing  the  happy  Rusticks  weal, 
Whose  handsom  house  seems  as  a  Conmion-weal. 

Sylventer,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  3. 
Glad  I  sul)mit,  whoe'er,  or  young  or  old. 
Ought,  more  conducive  to  our  weal,  unfold. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xiv.  119. 

2t.  The  state :  properly  in  the  phrases  common 
rceal,  public  iveal,  general  weal,  meaning  prima- 
rily '  the  common  or  public  welfare,'  but  used 
(the  first  now  as  a  compound  word)  to  designate 
the  state  (in  which  weal  used  alone  is  an  ab- 
breviation of  commonweal). 

A  pttblike  weale  is  a  body  lyuyng,  compacte  or  made  of 
sondry  astates  and  degrees  of  men,  whiche  is  disposed  by 
the  ordre  of  equite,  and  gouerned  by  the  rule  and  modera- 
tion of  reason.  Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i.  1. 
The  charters  that  you  bear 
I'  the  body  of  the  weal.      Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3.  189. 

The  public,  general,  or  common  weal,  the  interest,  well- 
being,  or  prosperity  of  the  community,  state,  or  society. 

WeaUt  (wel),  V.  t.  [<  weal^,  «.]  To  promote 
the  weal  or  welfare  of.  Fletcher  (and  another), 
False  One,  iv.  3. 

weaP  (wel),  n.  and  v.     Same  as  wale^. 

weal'^t,  ".     Same  as  weeV^. 

weal*  (wel),  V.  i.  [Origin  obscure.]  To  be  in 
woe  or  want.     HaUiwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

weal-balanced,  a.  An  original  misprint,  in 
the  following  passage,  of  well-ialanced,  cor- 
rected by  some  editors,  but  retained  by  some, 
and  absurdly  explained  as  "balanced  with  re- 
gard to  the  common  weal  or  good." 

By  cold  gradation  and  well-balanced  form 
We  shall  proceed  with  Angelo. 

Shak.,  M.  for  JI.,  iv.  3.  KM. 

Weald  (weld),  n.  [<  late  ME.  weekl,  appar.  an 
irreg.  form  of  wild  (formerly  pron.  wild),  early 
mod.  E.  wilde,  wylde,  found  in  same  sense,  con- 
fused by  later  writers  with  ME.  wald,  wold,  wxld, 
<  AS.  weald,  a  forest :  see  wohU.  The  proper  E. 
form  of  AS.  weald  is  wold  (parallel  with  bold, 
fold,  hold,  sold,  told,  etc.).  The  mod.  spelling 
weald  represents  the  earlier  wceld,  and  has  no- 
thing to  do  with  AS.  weald,  unless  it  is  due  to 
Verstegan,  who  affected  the  ''restitution"  of 
old  forms.]  1.  The  name  given  in  England  to 
an  oval-shaped  area,  bounded  by  a  line  topo- 
graphically well  marked  by  an  escarpment  of 
the  Chalk,  which  begins  at  Folkestone  Hill,  near 
the  Straits  of  Dover,  and  jjasses  through  the 
counties  of  Kent,  Surrey,  Hants,  and  Sussex, 
meeting  the  sea  again  at  Beachy  Head,  it  em- 
braces the  southwestern  part  of  Kent.'the  southern  part 
of  Surrey,  the  north  and  northeastern  half  of  Sussex,  and  a 
small  part  of  the  eastern  side  of  Hampshire.  These  are  the 
limits  of  the  area  now  known  to  geologists  as  the  Weold ; 
but,  according  to  the  English  Geological  Survey,  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  area  anciently  designated  by  that  name  was 
somewhat  smaller  than  this,  liaving  been  hounded  by  the 
escarpment  of  the  Lower  Greensand,  which  is  approxi- 
mately concentric  with  that  of  the  Chalk,  but  inside  and 
distant  from  five  to  ten  miles  from  it.  This  latter  escarp- 
ment is,  however,  in  places  rather  ill-deflned,  so  that  there 
the  boundary  of  the  ancient  Weald  was  doubtful.  The 
geology  of  the  Weald  is  extremely  interesting,  hence  the 
name  has  become  very  familiar.  'The  formixtions  covering 
the  Weald  proper  are  known  as  the  Wealden  (which  see). 
The  Weald  was  originally  partly  covered  with  forests  and 
partly  destitute  of  them. 

The  Historic  of  this  Hogheard,  presenteth  to  myminde 
an  opinion,  that  some  men  mainteine  touching  this 
Weald:  which  is  that  it  w.ts  a  great  while  togither  in 
manner  nothing  els  but  a  desart,  and  waste  Wildernesse, 
not  planted  with  Townes,  or  peopled  with  men,  as  the 
outsides  of  the  shyre  were,  but  stored  and  stuffed  with 
iicards  of  Deere,  and  droues  of  Hogs  only.  Which  con- 
ceit, tliough  happily  it  may  seem  to  many  but  a  Paradoxe, 
yet  in  mine  owne  fantaisie,  it  wantetli  not  the  feete  of 
sound  reason  to  stand  upon. 

Lambarde,  A  Perambulation  of  Kent  (1596),  p.  211. 

We  know  that  the  Weald  proper,  or  that  part  of  the 

c<»untry  below  the  Lower  Green.sand  escarpment,  was  tlie 

part  latest  cultivated.    Even  as  late  as  Elizabeth's  time 

swine  are  said  to  have  run  wild  here. 

Topley,  Geol.  of  the  Weald,  p.  398. 


wealth 

3.  \l.  c]  Any  open  country.  [Rare,  and  most- 
ly in  poetry.] 

But  she  to  Almesbury 
Fled  all  night  long  by  glimmering  waste  and  weald. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

Wealden  (wel'dn),  a.  and  n.  [Irreg.  <  Weald 
+  -eifi.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Weald. 
II.  n.  In  geol.,  the  name  of  a  formation  ex- 
tensively developed  in  the  Weald  of  England 
(see  Weald),  and  interesting  from  its  position 
and  organic  remains.  Its  geological  age  is  Lower 
Cretaceous.  The  deposits  of  the  Wealden,  which  have 
a  total  thickness  of  1,800  feet,  precisely  resemble  those 
of  a  modern  delta,  and  the  organic  remains  include  land- 
plants,  fresh-water  shells,  and  a  few  estuarine  or  marine 
forms,  as  also  dinosaurs,  plesiosaurs,  and  pterodactyls. 
The  Wealden  is  separated  into  two  divisions:  the  Weald 
Clay,  at  the  top,  about  1,000  feet  thick,  and  the  Hastings 
Sand  group  beneath,  which  is  subdivided,  in  descending 
order,  as  follows:  Tunbridgc  Wells  Sand,  1'20  to  180  feet 
thick;  Wadhurst  Clay,  120  to  180  feet;  and  Ashdown 
Sand,  400  to  ,500  feet.  The  Wealden  is  overlain  conform- 
ably by  the  Lower  Greensand. 

wealdisht  (wel 'dish),  a.  [<  Weald,  the  Weald,  + 

-isftl.]     Of  or  belonging  to  a  weald,  especially 

[cap .]  to  the  Weald  of  Kent,  Surrey,  and  Sussex. 

The  Wealdish  men.        Fuller,  Worthies,  Kent,  II.  111. 

wealfult  (wel'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  welfid,  weoleful; 
<  icen/i  -I-  -fid.]  Successful;  prosperous;  nap- 
py; joyous;  felicitous. 

For  thow  ne  wost  what  is  the  ende  of  thinges.  forthy 
domesthow  that  felonos  and  wykked  men  ben  myhty  and 
weleful.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  6. 

To  tell  the  jerkes  with  joy  that  joy  do  bring 
Is  both  a  weale/ull  and  a  wofull  thing. 

Davxei,  Holy  Roode,  p.  13.    (Datia.) 

wealfulnessf  (wel'ful-nes),  n.    [<  ME.  weleful- 
nesse;  <  wealfitl  +  -ncss.]    Prosperity;  success; 
happiness. 
In  his  opinioun  of  felicite,  that  I  clepe  wele/v2nesse. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  3. 

weal-publict  (wel'pub"lik),  n.  The  state  ;  the 
commonwealth ;  the  body  politic  ;  the  public 
weal :  properly  two  words,  like  body  politic. 

If  you  can  find  in  your  heart  so  to  appoint  and  dispose 
yourself  that  you  may  apply  your  wit  and  diligence  to  the 
profit  of  the  weal-public. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  i. 

What  is  all  this,  either  here  or  there,  to  the  temporal 
regiment  of  WealptMick,  whether  it  be  Popular,  Princely, 
or  Monarchical  ?  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

weals-manf  (welz'man),  «.  [<  weaTs,  poss.  of 
tceal^,  +  man.]     A  statesman. 

Meeting  two  such  weaUmen  as  you  are  —  I  cannot  call 
you  Lycurguses  —  if  the  drink  you  give  me  touch  my  pal- 
ate adversely,  I  make  a  crooked  face  at  it. 

SAot.,  Cor.,  ii.  1.69. 

wealth  (welth),  n.  [<  ME.  welthe,  weolthe  = 
MD.  welde,  D.  weelde  =  MLG.  welde,  LG.  weelde 
=  OHG.  trelida,  welitha,  wealth ;  as  well^  +  -ih^. 
Cf.  health,  dearth,  etc.]  If.  Weal;  prosperity; 
well-being;  happiness;  joy. 

For  I  am  fallen  into  helle 
From  paradys  and  welthe. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  4137. 

I  schall  go  to  my  fadir  that  I  come  froo. 
And  dwelle  with  hym  wynly  in  welthe  all-way. 

York  Playt,  p.  265. 

Let  no  man  seek  his  own,  but  every  man  another's 
wealth  [but  each  his  neighbour's  good,  R.  V.  ].    1  Cor.  x.  24. 

Grant  her  in  health  and  wealth  long  to  live. 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  [Eng.],  Prayer  for  the  Queen. 

2.  Riches;  valuable  material  possessions;  that 
which  serves,  or  the  aggregate  of  those  things 
which  serve,  a  useful  or  desired  purpose,  and 
cannot  be  acquired  without  a  sacrifice  of  labor, 
capital,  or  time;  especially,  large  possessions; 
abundance  of  worldly  estate;  affluence;  opu- 
lence. 

It  shall  then  be  given  out  that  I'm  a  gentlewoman  of 
sucli  a  birth,  such  a  wealth,  have  had  such  a  breeding,  and 
so  forth.  Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho, !.  2. 

Get  place  and  wealth  —  if  possible,  with  grace ; 
If  not,  by  any  means,  get  wealth  and  place. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  i.  ItiS. 

Wealth,  in  all  commercial  states,  is  found  to  accumulate. 
Goldsmith,  Vicar,  xix. 

Things  for  which  nothing  could  be  obtained  in  exchange, 
however  useful  or  necessary  they  may  be,  are  not  wealth 
in  the  sense  in  which  the  term  is  used  in  Political  Econ- 
omy. J.  S.  Mitt,  Pol.  Econ.,  Prelim.  Rem. 

Senior,  again,  has  admirably  defined  wealth,  or  objects 
possessing  value,  as  "  those  thin^  and  those  things  only, 
which  are  transferable,  are  limited  in  supply,  aiHi  are 
directly  or  indirectly  productive  of  pleasure  or  preventive 
of  pain."  Jemns,  The  Theory  of  Polit,  Econ.,  p.  175. 

3.  Affluence ;  profusion  ;  abundance. 

Again  the  feast,  the  speech,  the  glee. 
The  shade  of  passing  thought,  the  wealth 
Of  words  and  wit. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Conclusion. 

Active  wealth.  See  active  cai>ital,  under  active.  =Syn. 
2.  AJtuencr,  Riches,  etc.    See  opulence. 


wealthful 

wealthfult  (welth'fiil),  «.     [<  we(tUh  +  -fiil.'i 
Full  of  wealth  or  happiness ;  prosperous.     Sir 
T.  More. 
wealthfullyt  (welth'fiil-i),  adv.     In  prosperity 
or  happiness ;  prosperously. 
To  lead  thy  life  wealthfvlly. 

Vives,  Instruction  of  a  Christian  Woman,  ii.  2. 
wealthily  (wel'thl-li),  adv.     In  a  wealthy  man- 
ner ;  in  the  midst  of  wealth ;  richly. 
I  come  to  wive  it  wealthily  in  Padua  ; 
If  wtallhily,  ttien  liappily  in  Pailu,a. 

SAa*.,T.  of  tlieS.,i.  2.  75. 
wealthiness  (wel'thi-nes),  «.     [Early  mod.  E. 
tcelthinesg;  <  tcealthy  +  -«<;««.]     The  state  of 
being  wealthy ;  wealth. 

The  Fosterer  vp  of  shoting  is  Laliour,  companion  of  ver- 
tue,  the  maynteyner  of  honestie,  the  encreiiser  of  healtli 
and  welthinesK.       AKham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  Arl)er),  p.  62. 

It  is  a  more  sound  uKoUhinesfe  for  a  man  to  esteeme 
him  selfe  wise  than  to  presume  to  Ije  of  gieat  wealth ;  for 
with  wisdom  they  oUteine  to  haue,  hut  >vith  hauing  they 
come  to  lose  themselues. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  hy  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  191. 
wealthy  (wel'thi),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  weHlii/, 
welthie;  <  wealth  +  -^1.]     1.  Having  wealth; 
rich;  having  large  possessions;  opulent;  afflu- 
ent. 

Married  to  a  wealthy  widow. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  2.  37. 

2.  Rich  in  any  sense,  as  in  beauty,  ornament, 
endowments,  etc.;  enriched. 

Thou  broughtest  us  out  into  a  wealthy  place. 

Ph.  Ixvi.  12. 
Her  dowry  wealthy.  Shale.,  T.  of  the  .S.,  iv.  8.  65. 

Twas  a  tough  Task,  believe  it,  thus  to  tame 
A  wild  and  wealthy  Language,  and  to  frame 
Oramniatic  Toils  to  curb  her,  so  that  she 
Now  speaks  by  Rules,  and  sings  by  Piosody. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  v.  26. 
EeveallngB  deep  and  clear  are  thine 
Of  wealthy  smiles.  Tennyton,  Madeline, 

3.  Well-fed;    in  good  condition.      Halliirell. 
[Prov.  Eng.]=Syn.  1.  Moneyed,  well  off,  well  to  do. 

weamt,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  ucni. 

wean  (wen),  v.  t.     [Formerly  also  ivahi ;  <  ME. 


6859 


II.  a.  Recently  weaned. 

As  killing  as  the  canker  to  the  rose, 
Or  taint-worm  to  the  weanling  herds. 

Milton,  Lycldas,  1.  46. 
weapon  (wep'on),  n.  [<  ME.  ivqteti,  wepjioii, 
wapen,  wopeii,  <  AS.  wseperi,  tvsepti,  a  weapon, 
shield,  sword,  =  OS.  ivdpait,  sword,  =  OFries. 
wepin,  wepeii,  n-epn  =  D.  wapen  =  MLG.  LG.  wa- 
pen =  OHG.  tcaffan,  u-afan,  MHG.  ivappen,  xva- 
fen,  G.  waffen,  weapon  (ef.  G.  ivappen,  scutch- 
eon, coat  of  arms,  <  D.  or  L6.),  =  leel.  rdpn  = 
Sw.  vapen  =  Dan.  raaben  =  Goth.  pi.  wepna, 
weapon.]  1.  Any  instrument  of  offense ;  any- 
thing used,  or  designed  to  be  used,  in  attacking 
an  enemy,  as  a  sword,  a  dagger,  a  club,  a  rifle, 
or  a  cannon. 

Ector  faght  in  the  flid  felle  of  his  Enmys. 
Polexenas,  a  pert  Duke,  that  the  prinse  met, 
He  dang  to  the  dethe  with  his  derfe  weppun. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (Y,.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  7740. 
Before  they  durst 
Embrace,  they  were  l)y  several  servants  search'd, 
As  doubting  conceal'd  tveapom. 

Fletcher  (and  others).  Bloody  Brother,  i.  1. 
Hence  — 2.  Any  object,  particular,  or  instru- 
mentality that  may  be  of  service  in  a  contest 
or  struggle,  or   in  resisting  adverse   circum- 
stances, whether  for  offense  or  defense ;  any- 
thing that  may  figuratively  be  classed  among 
arms. 
The  weapom  of  o>ir  warfare  are  not  carnal.    2  Cor.  x.  4. 
All  his  niiiul  is  bent  to  holiness ;  .  .  . 
His  weapom,  lioly  saws  of  sacred  writ. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VL,i.  3.61. 
3.  In  :odl.,  any  part  or  organ  of  the  body  which 
is  or  may  be  used  as  a  means  of  attack  or  de- 
fense, as  horns,  hoofs,  claws,  spurs,  stings, 
spines,  teeth,  electric  organs,  etc. ;  an  arm  or 
armature.  =Syn.  1.  See  arm2. 
weapont (wep'on),  r.  1.  [<  ME.  ((;c;)«ic«,  weapon, 
arm  with  weapon.s  <  AS.  wapnian  =  OFries. 
wepna  =  OHG.  wtlfciien  (ef.  G.  ije-ivaffnet,  bc- 
waffnet,  armed  with  weapons)  ='lcel.  vdpna  = 
Sw.  riiima  =  Dan.  viebne,  arm ;  from  the  notm.] 
To  ann  with  weapons. 


wenen,  <  AH.weman  (fje-weman,  accustom,  also  weaponed   (we|.'ond),  a.       [<   ME.   we,m,m<h 
wean.  a-ircH(flH.  wean)  ==  n.  ir/^-i).!/-.!    no<.naf/Mr.     ..   .  <  x  .V.   ._'=■,  .  ■■         .       •^U'l'H'"'^ 


wean,  d-wenian,  wean)  =  D.  wennen.  accustom 
(ge-wennen,  accustom,  inure,  af-iccnntn,  wean), 
=  OHG.  wenjnn,  wennen,  icenen,  MHG.  wenen, 
accustom  (OHG.  ^lii(i.ge-wenen,G.gc-icohnen, 
accustom,  OHG.  int-wcnnan,  MHG.  entwenen, 
G.  entwohnen,  disaccustom,  wean),  =  Icel.  renja 
=  Sw.  fdnja  =  Dan.  v^enne  =  Goth,  wanjan,  ac- 
custom; connected  with  OHG.  giwona,  MHG. 
gevoona  =  Icel.  vani  =  Sw.  rtina  =  Dan.  vane, 
custom,  from  an  adj.  seen  in  OHG.  giivon,  MHG. 
gewon,  6.  'gewohn  (in  gcwoltnhrit,  custom),  ge-  weaponless  (wep'on-les),  a.     [<  ME.  weiienle.t. 


wiepneit,  <  AS.  lesepned,  pp.  of  wiepnian,  arm  with 
weapons:  see  weapon,  c]  Armed  for  offense; 
furnished  with  offensive  arms. 

Take  xii  of  thl  wyprht  jenien 
Well  ipeppynd  be  tliei  side. 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Monk  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  2). 
Be  not  afraid,  though  you  do  see  me  weapon'd. 

Shak.,  Othellc,  v.  2.  266. 
They.  .  .appointed  three  only,  so  Hrn/iojicr/,  to  enter 
into  the  lists.  R.  Pi-eke  (Arl)er's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  636). 


Kohnt  =  Icel.  vanr  =  Sw.  fan,  vand  =  Dan.  rant, 
accustomed:  connected  with  iroHe',  wont,  q.  v.] 
1.  To  accustom  (a  child  or  young  animal)  to 
nourishment  or  food  other  than  its  mother's 
milk;  disaccustom  to  the  mother's  breast:  as, 
to  wean  a  child. 


<  AS.  waepenleas  ('=  D.  wapenloos  =  MLG.  wa- 
penlon  =  G.  waffcnios  =  Icel.  rdpniauss  =  Sw. 
vapenlliH  =  Dan.  raahenliis),  <  w^pen,  weapon, 
+  -/«(.«  =  E.  -fcss.]  Unarmed;  having  no 
weapon. 

.Some  Highway  Theef,  o'  my  conscience,  that  forgets  he 
is  ueajionless.  Brome,  Jovial  Crew,  iiL 


And  the  child  grew,  and  was  weaned.  Gen.  ixi.  8. 

For  the  widowes  and  Orphans,  for  the  sucking  and  Weaponrvt  (wep'on-ri), )(.    [i  weapon  + -rii  (s^e 
""'""'•  /"KrcAao,  Pilgrimage,  p.  198.     .enj).'\     Weapons  in  general.     [Rare.] 

2.  To  detach  or  alienate,  as  the  affections,  from  weapon-salvet  ( wep'on-siiv),  n.   A  salve  which 


any  object  of  desire ;  reconcile  to  the  want  or 
loss  of  something ;  disengage  from  any  habit, 
former  pursuit,  or  enjoyment :  as,  to  wean  the 
heart  from  temporal  enjoyments. 
Elper  years  will  wean  him  from  such  toys. 

Marlowe,  Edward  II.,  i.  4. 
I  will  restore  to  thee 
The  peoples  hearts,  and  wean  them  from  themselves. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  L  211. 
Could  I,  by  any  practice,  jcean  the  boy 
From  one  vain  course  of  study  he  affects. 

B.  Jonaon,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

My  Father  would  willingly  have  weaned  me  from  my 

fondness  of  my  too  indulgent  Grandmother,  intending  to 

have  me  placed  at  Eaton.       Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  21,  1632. 

Weaning  brasb.    See  branh^. 
wean  (wen),  «.     [<  wean,  r.]     1.  An  infant;  a 
weanling.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

What  gars  this  din  of  mirk  and  halefull  harnie. 
Where  euery  jeeane  is  all  betaint  with  bloud? 

Greene,  James  IV*,,  i.  3. 

2.  Achild;  aboyor  girl  of  tenderago.  [Scotch.] 

weanelt,  weanellt  (we'nel),  «.     [<  wean  +  dim. 

-«/.]     A  weanling;  an  animal  newly  weaned. 

A  Laml»^,  or  a  Kidde,  or  a  weanell  Wiist, 

Sixnser,  Shep,  Cnl,,  St'iitembcr. 
weanling   (wen'ling),   m.  and  a.     [<  wean    + 
-lingi.]    I.  «.  A  child  or  young  animal  newly 
weaned. 


As  a  weanling  from  tlic  mother,  I  will  bew 
ful  state. 


1  iny  woe 
J.  Careless,  in  Bradford's  Works  (Parker  .Soc),  II.  367. 


was  supposed  to  cure  a  wound  by  being  applied 
to  the  weapon   that  made  it.    According  to  Sir 
Kenelm  DIgby,  the  salve  produces  sympathy  lietween  the 
wound  and  the  wi.ap<.in ;  he  cites  several  instances  to  prove 
that  "as  the  sword  is  treated  the  wound  Inflicted  Ijy  it 
feels.     Tbu.*,  If  the  instrument  is  kept  wet,  the  wound  will 
feel  cool;  if  held  to  the  lire,  It  will  feel  hot,"  etc.    This 
superstition  is  referred  to  In  the  following  lines; 
She  has  ta'en  the  broken  lance. 
And  washed  it  from  the  clotted  gore, 
And  salved  the  splinter  o'er  and  o'er. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  ill.  2.3. 

weapon-smith  (wep'on-.smith),    n.     One  who 
makes  weapons  of  war;  an  armorer.     [Rare.] 

It  is  unavoidable  that  the  first  mechanics  — beyond  the 
heroical  weojwn-stnith  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other 
the  poor  professors  of  such  rude  arts  as  the  homestead  can- 
not do  without—  .  .  .  sliould  be  those  who  have  no  Ian<l. 
J.  M.  Kemhle,  Saxons  In  England,  ii.  7. 
wearl  (war),r. ;  pret.  wore,  pp.  iron),  ppr.  wear- 
ing. [<  ME.  weren,  werien  (pret.  weredc,  pp. 
wered),  <  AS.  werian  (pret.  werode,  pp.  werod), 
wear,  =  OHG.  wcrjan,  iccrjcn,  clothe,  =  Icel. 
verja,  clothe,  wrap,  inclose,  mount,  also  lay  out, 
spend,  =  Goth,  tva.yan  (pi.  wamla),  clothe  (tlie 
Goth,  form  showing  interchange  of  r  and  .s' ;  see 
rhotaci.tm),  <  •/  «'«.v,  clothe,  in  L.  rf.s/i.v,  cloth- 
ing, ventire,  clothe,  Gr.  fofl'/f,  clothing:  see  vest. 
The  pret.  ivore  (formerly  also  ware),  with  the 
pp.  worn,  is  due  to  ooiifdrmity  with  orig.  strong 
preterits  like  horc  <  liear,  .swore  <  xirear,  tore 
<  tear,  etc.  (pji.  burn,  sworn,  torn,  etc.),  the 
ME.  pret.  being  weak,  irerrd,  mod.  E.  *«'««■«/.] 


wear 

1.  trans.  1.  To  carry  or  bear  on  the  body  as 
a  covering  or  an  appendage  for  warmth,  de- 
cency, ornament,  or  other  use ;  put  or  have  on : 
as,  to  wear  fine  clothes;  to  ivcar  diamonds. 
" I  were  nou3t  wortliy,  wote  God," (luod  Haukyn,  "  to  were 

any  clothes, 
Ne  noyther  sherte  ne  shone  saue  for  shame  one, 
To  keure  my  caroigne."         Piers  Plowman  (B),  xlv.  331. 

Many  wearing  rapiers  are  afraid  of  goose-qullls,  and 
dare  scarce  come  thither.  Shxik.,  Hamlet,  II.  2.  3,'S9. 

Thy  Muse  is  a  hagler,  and  mares  cloathes  vpon  best.l)e- 
trust.   Dekker,  Humorous  Poet  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  I,  245). 
On  her  head  a  caul  of  gold  she  ware. 

A  Praise  of  Mistress  Ryce  (Arljer's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  38). 

From  that  time  forth  he  [Canute]  never  would  teear  a 
Crown.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2.  To  use,  affect,  or  be  in  the  habit  of  using  in 
one's  costume  or  adornment:  as,  to  jccar  green. 

She  wears  her  trains  very  long,  as  the  great  ladies  do  in 
Europe.  o.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  vil, 

3.  To  consume  by  frequent  or  habitual  use; 
deteriorate  or  waste  by  wear;  use  up :  as,  boots 
well  ivorn. 

Continual  Harvest  wears  the  fruitful  field. 

Congreve,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love. 
But  the  object  that  most  drew  my  attention,  in  the  mys- 
terious package,  was  a  certain  alfair  of  fine  red  clotli, 
much  tcorn  and  faded. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  Int.,  p.  34. 

4.  To  waste  or  impair  by  rubbing  or  attrition ; 
lessen  or  diminish  by  continuous  action  upon  ; 
consume ;  waste  ;  destroy  by  degrees. 

When  waterdrops  have  worn  the  stones  of  Troy, 
And  blind  oblivion  swallow'd  cities  up. 

Shak.,  T,  and  C,  lii,  2.  194. 
The  youth  with  broomy  stumps  began  to  trace 
The  kennel's  edge,  where  wheels  had  worn  the  jilace. 
Strift,  Description  of  Morning. 
Hence  —  5.  To  exhaust;  weary;  fatigue. 
Since  you  have  made  the  d.ays  and  nights  as  one. 
To  wear  your  gentle  limbs  in  my  affairs. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  1,  4, 
Thus  were  they  plagued. 
And  mm  with  famine  long.       Milton,  P.  L,,  x,  573, 

6.  To  cause  or  produce  by  constant  percussion 
or  attrition;  form  by  continual  rubbing:  as,  a 
constant  current  of  water  will  wear  a  channel 
in  stone. 

Much  attrition  has  worn  every  sentence  into  a  liullet. 
Eint'rson,  English  Traits,  p.  118. 

7.  To  efface ;  obliterate. 

Sort  thy  heart  to  patience ; 
These  few  days'  wonder  will  be  quickly  worn. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI,,  ii.  4.  69. 

8.  To  have  or  exhibit  an  appearance  of ;  bear; 
carry  ;  exhibit ;  show. 

Ne'er  did  poor  steward  wear  a  truer  grief 
For  his  undone  lord  than  mine  eyes  for  you, 

Shak. ,  T,  of  A, ,  iv,  «.  488. 
I  wore  the  Christian  cause  upon  my  sword, 
Against  bis  enemies. 

Beav.  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  1. 
Tims  both  with  Lamentations  flll'd  the  Place, 
'Till  Sorrow  seem'd  to  wear  t.ne  common  Face. 

Congreve,  Iliad. 

And  my  wife  wears  her  l>enedictory  look  whenever  she 
turns  towards  these  young  people. 

Thackerai/,  Philip,  xxxii. 

9.  To  disaccustom  to  one  thing  and  accustom 
to  another;  bring  gi-adually;  lead;  often  with 
in  or  into  before  the  new  thifig  or  state. 

Trials  mar  us  into  a  liking  of  what  possibly  In  tlic  first 
essay  displeased  us.  Locke. 

A  man  who  has  any  relish  for  fine  writing  .  ,  .  receives 
stronger  impressions  from  the  masterly  strokes  of  a  gnat 
author  every  time  he  peruses  him  ;  besides  tliat  he  natu- 
rally wears  himself  into  the  same  manner  of  speaking  and 
tliinking.  Addison,  Spectator,  So.  409. 

10.  Xant.,  to  bring  (a  vessel)  on  another  tack 
by  turning  her  with  her  head  away  from  the 
wind ;  veer.     Also  ware. 

At  three  bells  in  the  first  watch  the  Deatli  Ship  had  been 
u'ore  to  bring  her  starboard  tacks  aboard. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Death  Ship,  xxxii. 
lit.  To  lay  out;  expend;  spend;  waste;  squan- 
der.    Compare  ware^. 

I  saye  thare  leucings  ar  well!  waird. 
Lauder,  Dew  tie  of  Kyngis  (E.  E,  'I',  S.),  1.  ,33(1, 

I  haue  wared  all  my  mony  in  cow  hides  at  Coleshill  Mar- 
ket. 

Heywood,  1  Edw.  IV.  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  I.  43). 
To  wear  away,  to  impair,  diminish,  or  destroy  by  grad- 
ual attrition  or  imperceptible  action. 

Time  and  patience  wear  away  pain  and  grief. 

Burton,  Anat,  of  Mel.,  p.  .6:!!, 
To  wear  off,  to  remove  or  diminish  by  attiition  or  use ; 
as,  to  (ccaro/ the  stiffness  of  new  sI)oes,—  TO  wear  one's 
heart  upon  one's  sleeve.  See  heart.—  To  wear  out. 
(a)  To  wear  till  useless;  render  useless  by  wiailng  or 

using:  as,  to  u-ear  out  a  coat  or  a  1 k.     (h)  To  waste  or 

destroy  by  degrees ;  consufne  tediously ;  as,  to  wear  out 
life  in  idle  projects. 


wear 

Wtar  out  tliy  youth  with  shapeless  idleness. 

Shak.,r.  a.  ofV.,i,  1.8. 

Tears,  sighs,  and  groans  you  shall  wear  out  your  days 
with.  Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  v.  S. 

Hence  —  (c)  To  obliterate ;  efface. 

Men  that  are  bred  in  blood  have  no  way  left  'em, 
No  bath,  no  purge,  no  time  to  7vear  it  out 
Or  wash  it  off,  Imt  penitence  and  prayer. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  2. 
Who  have  almost  worn  out  all  the  impressions  of  the 
work  of  the  Law  written  in  their  hearts. 

StiUingfleet,  Sermons,  I.  ii. 

(d)  To  harass ;  tire  completely ;  fatigue ;  exhaust ;  waste 
or  consume  the  strength  of. 

Stunn'd  and  worn  out  with  endless  Chat. 

Prior,  Alma,  iii. 

"  Here,"  said  I  to  an  old  soldier  with  one  hand,  who 
had  been  campaign'd,  and  worn  out  to  death  in  ,the  ser- 
vice, "  here  's  a  couple  of  sous  for  tliee." 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  Jlontriul. 

To  wear  the  breeches.  See  breeches.— To  wear  the 
willow.  See  willowi,  1.— To  Wear  yellow  hose  or 
stockingst.    See  yellow. 

II.  intraiis.  It.  To  be  in  fashion ;  be  in  com- 
mon or  recognized  use. 

Like  the  brooch  and  the  tooth-pick,  which  wear  not  now. 
Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  1.  172. 

2t.  To  become  fit  or  suitable  by  use;  become 
accustomed.     [Bare.] 

Let  still  the  woman  take 
An  elder  than  herself ;  -so  ivears  she  to  him ; 
So  sways  she  level  in  her  husband's  heart. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  4.  31. 

3.  To  last  or  liold  out  in  course  of  use  or  the 
lapse  of  time  :  generally  with  well  or  ill. 

The  flattery  with  which  he  began,  in  telling  me  how  well 
I  wore,  was  not  disagi'eeable.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  208. 

4.  To  undergo  gradual  impairment  or  diminu- 
tion through  use,  attrition,  or  lapse  of  time; 
waste  or  diminish  gradually ;  become  obliter- 
ated: often  with  away,  off,  or  out. 

Thou  wilt  surely  mar  away.  Ex.  xviii.  18. 

Thougli  marble  irear  with  raining. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  5ti(). 

The  suffering  plough-share  or  the  flint  may  wear. 

B,  Jonsoa,  Poetaster,  i.  1. 
Love,  like  some  Stains,  will  wear  out  of  it  self. 

Ethereye,  Slie  Would  if  She  Could,  v.  1 
If  passion  causes  a  present  terror,  yet  it  soon  wears  off. 

Locke. 

They  showed  him  all  mantier  of  furniture  whicli  their 

Lord  had  provided  for  pilgrims,  as  sword,  shield,  helmet, 

breast-plate,  all -prayer,  and  shoes  that  would  not  7('caroM(. 

Butiyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

5.  To  pass  or  be  spent ;  become  gradually  con- 
sumed or  exhausted. 

Away,  I  say  ;  time  wears.      Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  1.  8. 

The  day  wears ; 

And  those  that  have  been  offering  early  prayers 

Are  now  retiring  homeward. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iv.  1. 

The  day  rvears  away;  if  you  think  good,  let  us  prepare 

to  be  going.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progi-ess,  ii. 

6.  To  move  or  advance  slowly ;  make  gradual 
progress :  as,  the  winter  wore  on. 

Never  morning  %vore 
To  evening  l)ut  some  heart  did  i)reak. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriani,  vi. 

As  time  wore  on  and  the  offices  were  filled,  tlie  throng  of 
eager  aspirants  diniinislied  and  faded  away. 

The  Century,  XLI.  .33. 

7.  To  become;  grow.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Tile  Spaniards  l)egau  to  ware  weary,  for  winter  drew  on. 

Bemers. 

8.  yuut.,  to  come  round  with  the  head  away 
from  the  wind :  said  of  a  ship. 

The  helm  was  hard  np,  the  after  yards  shaking,  and  the 
ship  in  the  act  of  wearitiy. 

K.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  372. 
To  wear  on  or  upont,  to  have  on  ;  wear. 

Tlicrfoic  I  made  my  visitaeiouns,  .  .  . 
And  wered  uvon  my  gaye  scarlet  gytes. 

C/iaucer,' Prol.  to  Wife  of  ISatll's  Tale,  1.  r>m. 

wear'  (war),  ».  [<  wcar'^,  »-.]  1.  The  act  of 
wearing  or  using,  or  the  state  of  being  worn  or 
used,  as  garments,  ornaments,  etc. ;  use:  as,  a 
garment  not  for  every-day  wear. 

Tliey  have  a  gi-eat  manufacture  of  coarse  woollen  cloth 
in  and  aljout  Sulonica,  whicli  is  exported  to  all  parts  of 
Turky  for  the  wear  of  common  people. 

J'ococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  ii.  ird. 
He  ha<i  transferred  all  the  contents  of  his  every-day 
pockets  to  tliose  actually  in  irear. 

Georije  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  9. 

2.  Stuff  or  material  for  articles  of  wear  ;  ma- 
terial for  giinnents,  etc. 

Nor.  Wliat's  in  tliat  pack  there? 

First  Sold.  'Tis  English  cloth. 
JVor.  Tliat's  a  goo(l  near  indeed. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Kniglit  iif  Malta,  ii.  1. 

3.  An  article  or  articles  worn,  or  intended  or 
fit  to  be  worn ;  style  of  dress,  adornment,  or 
the  like;  hence,  fashion;  vogue. 


6860 

Pom.  I  hope,  sir,  your  good  worship  will  be  my  bail. 
Lucio.   No,  indeed,  will  I  not,  Pompey;  it  is  not  the 
wear.  Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  2.  78. 

Dispatcheth  his  lacquey  to  the  chamber  early  to  know 
what  her  colours  are  for  the  day,  with  purpose  to  apply 
his  wear  that  day  accordingly. 

B.  Jimson,  Cynthia's  Kevels,  v.  2. 

The  general  icear  for  all  sorts  of  people  is  a  small  Tur- 
ban. Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  L  129. 

4.  Use ;  usage  received  in  course  of  being  worn 
or  used;  the  impairment  or  diminution  in  bulk, 
value,  efficiency,  etc.,  which  results  from  use, 
friction,  time,  or  the  like. 

This  rag  of  scarlet  cloth — for  time,  and  wear,  and  a  sac- 
rilegious moth  had  reduced  it  to  little  other  than  arag  — 
on  careful  examination,  assumed  the  shape  of  a  letter. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  Int.,  p.  35. 

A  fibre  capable  of  such  strain  and  wear  as  that  is  used 
only  in  the  making  of  heroic  natures.      Lowell,  Garfield. 

He  might  have  seen  the  wear 
Of  thirty  summers. 

William,  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  336. 

Wear  and  tear,  the  loss  by  wearing ;  the  waste,  diminu- 
tion, decay,  or  injury  which  anything  sustains  by  ordinary 
use :  as,  tlie  wear  and  tear  of  machinery ;  the  wear  and 
tear  of  furniture. 
■wear^t  (wer),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  weren,  werien,  weo- 
rien  (pret.  wereile),  <  AS.  werian,  guard,  defend, 
protect,  =  OS.  werian,  hinder,  =  OHG.  werjan, 
weren,  hinder,  obstruct,  protect,  defend,  MH6. 
wern,  loergen,  G.  wehren,  guard,  protect,  =  Icel. 
rerja  =  Sw.  rarja  =  Dan.  veerge,  defend,  =  Goth. 
warjati,  guard,  protect;  from  the  root  of  ware'^, 
wanj^,  and  so  ult.  connected  with  ward^  and 
guard.']  1.  To  guard;  watch,  as  a  gate,  etc., 
so  that  it  is  not  entered ;  defend. 
Fadir,  that  may  do  no  dere 

Goddis  comaundement  to  fullfyll ; 

For  fra  all  wathes  he  will  vs  were, 

Whar-so  we  wende  to  wirke  bis  wille. 

York  Plays,  p.  61. 

I  set  him  to  wear  the  fore-door  wi'  the  speir  while  I  kept 
the  back-duor  wi'  the  lance. 

Border  Minstrelsy,  i.  208.    {Jamieson.) 

2.  To  ward  off;  prevent  from  approaching  or 
entering:  as,  to  wear  the  wolf  from  the  sheep. 
—  3.  To  conduct  or  guide  with  care  or  caution, 
as  into  a  fold  or  place  of  safety.     [Scotch.] 

Will  ye  gae  to  the  ewe-buchts,  Marion, 
And  wear  in  the  sheep  wi'  me*y 
Old  Sony,  in  Ramsay's  Tea-Table  Miscellany. 

■wear^,  n.     See  weir. 

'wearable  (war'a-bl),  a.  and  it.  [<  wcar'^  +  able.} 

1.  a.  Capable  of  being  worn  ;  fit  for  wear,  as  a 
garment  or  a  textile  fabric. 

Respecting  the  hereafter  of  the  wearable  fabrics,  the 
furiiitnre,  and  the  walls,  we  can  assert  thus  much,  that 
they  are  all  in  process  of  decay. 

JS.  Spencer,  First  Principles,  §  93. 

II.  n.  A  garment;  a  piece  of  wearing-ap- 
parel. 

The  Celt  .  .  .  moved  off  with  Mrs.  Button's  wearablet, 
and  deposited  the  trunk  containing  them  safely  in  the 
boat.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xli. 

Let  a  woman  ask  me  to  give  her  an  edible  or  a  wear- 
able; ...  I  can,  at  least,  understand  the  demand. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxiii. 

■wears  (wer),  «.  [A  spelling  of  icear^,  iccir.] 
In  Iter.,  a  bearing  representing  a  screen  or 
fence  made  of  wattled  twigs,  or  the  like,  and 
upright  stakes, 
fesse. 
■wearer  (war'er),  «.  [<  wear'^  +  -<■('.]  1.  One 
who  wears,  bears,  or  carries  on  the  body,  or  as 
an  appendage  to  the  body :  as,  the  wearer  of  a 
cloak,  a  sword,  or  a  crown. 

By  Jupiter, 
Were  T  the  wearer  ofAntonins'  beard, 
I  would  not  shave 't  today. 

Shak.,  A.  andC.ii.  2.  7. 

Cowls,  hoods,  and  habits,  with  their  wearers  toss'd 
And  flutter'd  into  rags.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  490. 

2.  That  whicli  wears,  wastes,  or  consumes :  as, 
the  waves  are  the  patient  iccarers  of  the  rocks. 

weariable  (wer'i-a-bl).  a.    [<  weari/i  +  -able.]  wearishnesst, « 
Capable  of  becoming  wearied  or  fatigued.  Qiiar- 
tcrlij  liev.     [Rare.] 

wearied  (wer'id),  p.  a.  Tired;  fatigued;  ex- 
hausted with  exertion. 

The  Sainoeds  know  these  vnknowne  deserts,  and  can 
tell  where  the  raosse  growetli  wherewith  they  refresh 
their  wearied  Deere.  I'urchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  434. 

Weariful  (wer'i-f ill),  rt.  [<  ircon/l  + -/■«?.]  An 
unnecessary  extension  of  wcarij'^ ;  perhaps  sug- 
gested by  teearisome.']  Full  of  weariness ;  caus- 
ing weariness;  wearisome;  tiresome;  tedious. 
[Rare.] 

I  was  reading  "  Polexanilre,"  the  wearifullest  of  bo(.^ks, 

I  think ;  and  1  heard  nothing  but  the  rats  and  the  mice. 

A.  E.  Barr,  Friend  Olivia,  ii. 


wearisome 

wearifuUy  (wer'i-fvd-i),  adv.  In  a  weariful 
manner;  wearisomely.     [Rare.] 

The  long  night  passed  slowly  and  wearifully. 

W.  Black,  In  Far  Lochal)er,  xxiii. 

weariless  (wer'i-les),  a.  [<  neary  +  -lesg.]  In- 
cessant; unwearying;  unwearied:  as,  weariless 
wings.     Hogg.     [Rare.] 

Beaten  and  packed 
With  the  flashing  flails  of  weariless  seas. 

Lowell,  Appledore,  UL 

wearily  (wer'i-li),  adv.    In  a  weary  manner; 
like  one  fatigued. 
You  look  wearily.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1.  32. 

weariness  (wer'i-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  icerynes,  weri- 
nesse,  wcrynesse,  iverinisse,  <  AS.  werigyies,  weri- 
nes,  weariness,  <  werig,  weary:  see  weary  and 
-ness.~\  1.  The  state  of  being  weary  or  tired; 
that  lassitude  or  exhaustion  of  strength  which 
is  induced  by  labor,  or  lack  of  sleep  or  rest ;  fa- 
tigue. 

After  his  hnntcng  and  his  besynesse, 
ffor  his  travell  and  his  grcte  werynes. 
He  telle  a  slepe.     Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  160. 
We  come  to  a  certayne  8t<:ine  vpon  ye  which  onr  Messyd 
Lady  was  wont  to  rest  her  werynes  whan  she  most  deuout- 
ly  visyted  these  holy  placcis]  after  ye  ascension  of  or  Lord. 
Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  33. 
Weariness 
Can  snore  niKUi  the  flint,  when  resty  sloth 
Finds  the  down  pillow  hard. 

Shak.,  Cymbellne,  iiL  6.  S3. 

With  weariness  and  wine  opprcss'd. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  xiL  763. 

2.  Mental  depression  proceeding  from  monot- 
onous continuance ;  tedium ;  ennui ;  languor. 

Till  one  could  yield  for  weariness. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  'Vivien. 

3.  A  feeling  of  dissatisfaction  or  vexation 
with  something  or  vrith  its  continuance. 

A  man  would  die,  though  he  were  neither  valiant  nor 
miserable,  only  upon  a  weariness  to  do  the  same  thiug  so 
oft  over  and  over.  Bacon,  Death  (ed.  1887). 

The  Thirteenth  King  was  Osred,  whose  Wife  Cutburga, 
out  of  a  loathing  Weariness  of  Wedlock,  sued  out  a  Di- 
vorce from  her  Husband,  and  built  a  Nunnery  at  Win- 
burn  in  Dorsetshire,  where  in  a  Rel  igious  Habit  she  ended 
her  life.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  8. 

=  SyiL  1.  Lassitude,  etc.    See  fatigue. 
wearing  (war'ing),  n.    [<  ME.  werung,  weriunge; 
verbal  n.  of  Wforl,  r.]     1.  The  act  of  one  who 
wears. — 2.  That  which  one  wears;  clothes;  gar- 
ments. 

Give  me  my  nightly  icearing,  and  adieu. 

Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  3.  1«. 

3.  The  act  of  wearing  away  or  passing. 

Now  again  in  a  half-month's  wearing  goes  Sigrid  into  the 
wild.  William  Morris,  Sigurd,  i. 

wearing  (war'ing),  p.  a.  Wasting;  consuming; 
exhausting;  tiring:  as,  wearing  suspense  or 
grief. 

wearing-apparel  (war'ing-a-par"el),  n.  Gar- 
ments worn,  or  made  for  wearing;  dress  in 
general. 

wear-iron  (war'!'' em),  «.  A  friction-guard, 
consisting  of  a  plate  of  iron  or  steel,  set  on  the 
surface  or  edge  of  a  softer  material  to  pre- 
vent abrasion,  as  on  the  edge  of  the  body  of  a 
wagon,  to  prevent  the  forward  wheels  from 
wearing,  grinding,  or  scraping  the  body  in 
turning.  Also  wear-plate. 
It  is  generally  represented  in  wearisnt  (wer'ish),  a.     [Also  weeri.sh,  werish, 

u-arish;  origin  uncertain ;  some  confusion  with 
weary^,  and  perhaps  with  watcrish,  appears  to 
exist.]     1.  Insipid;  tasteless;  weak;  washy. 

Wenisshe,  as  meate  is  that  is  nat  well  tastye  —  .  .  .  mal 
sauoriS.  Palsgratx,  p.  328. 

As  wcrishe  and  as  vnsauery  as  beet*s. 
Udall,  tr.  of  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus,  p.  lia    (^Varies.) 

2.  Withered;  wizen;  shnmk. 

A  wretched  wearish  elfe.  SpenMr,  F.  Q.,  IV.  v.  34. 

A  wearish  hand, 

.K  bloodless  lip.        Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  v.  1. 

.\  little,  trearish  old  man,  very  melancholy  by  natui-e. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  To  the  Reader,  p.  2. 

,        Insipidity.    Udall.    (^Daries.) 

wearisome  fwer'i-sum),  a.  [<  iceary'^  +  -6-owf.] 
Causing  weariness;  tiresome;  tedious;  irk- 
some; monotonous:  as,  a  wearisome  m&vch;  a 
ivearisome  day's  work. 

Alas,  the  way  is  wearisome  and  long  I 

Shal..  T.  G.  ofV,  ii.  7.  8. 

Gmi  had  delivered  their  souls  of  the  trearixoine  burdens 
of  sin  and  vanity.  Penn,  Rise  and  Progress  of  Quakers,  ii. 

Few  portions  of  Spanish  literature  show  anything  more 
stiff  and  wearisome  than  the  long  declamations  and  dis- 
cussions in  this  dull  fiction.  Ticknor,  Span.  Lit,  III.  88. 
=  Syn.  Wearisome,  Fatiguing,  Tiresome,  Tedious,  Irk- 
some, prolix,  humdrum,  prosy,  dull.  WearisMne  and  /a- 
tiiming  are  essentially  the  same  in  meaning  and  strength  ; 
they  arc  equally  appropriate  whether  the  person  acts  or  is 
acted  upon  :  as,  the  old  man  was  so  deaf  that  it »  as  equally 


wearisome 

leearifome  <or  fatiguing)  to  speak  aiirt  to  be  spoken  to. 
Tiresome  is  more  often  used  where  one  is  acted  upon ;  in 
strenj;th  it  is  the  same  as  weari^me.  Tedious  is  stronger 
than  wearisorm,  and  suigests  the  need  of  constant  effort 
of  the  will  to  do  or  t<)  endure ;  the  weariness  may  be 
physical  or  mental :  as,  a  tedious  task ;  a  tedimis  head- 
ache ;  tediout  garrulity.  Tedious  suggests  conuuonly  that 
one  is  acted  upon  ;  irk»fnne  suggests  that  one  acts  or  is 
called  upon  to  act,  and  implies  also  a  peculiar  reluc- 
tance. In  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1.  56,  is  an  example  of 
the  rarer  use  of  irksome  to  express  a  wearied  shrinking 
from  being  acted  upon :  "  How  irksome  is  this  music  to 
my  heart!"  i^ee fatigue,  n.,  and  fi'rel,  v.  t. 
wearisomely  (wer'i-sum-li),  adv.  In  a  weari- 
some manner;  tediously;  so  as  to  cause  weari- 
ness. 

Pope's  epigrammatic  cast  of  thought  led  him  to  spend 
his  skill  on  liringing  to  a  nicer  adjustment  the  balance  of 
the  couplet,  in  which  he  succeeded  only  too  wearisomely 
well.  Lmmll,  New  Piincelon  Eev.,  I.  166. 

wearisomeness  (wer'i-sum-nes),  «.  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  wearisome ;  tiresomeness; 
tediousness:  as,  the  wearisomeneiss  of  waiting 
long  and  anxiously. 

That  the  wearistrmnesse  of  the  .Sea  may  bee  refreshed 
in  this  pleasing  part  of  the  Countrie. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  6. 
Continual  plodding  and  wearisomeness. 

Milton,  Tetrachordon. 
It  would  Iw  difBcult  to  realize  the  mearisomeness  which 
reigned  in  the  Conclave  ilnring  so  protracted  a  iieriod. 

J.  II.  Shnrthnuse,  John  Inglesant,  xxx. 

wear-plate  (wSr'plat),  «.  Same  as  wcar-iroii. 
wearyl  (wer'i),  a.  [<  ME.  wcri/,  wcri,  <  AS. 
werig  =  OS.  woriy  (in  coiiip.).  weary,  =  OHG. 
worari,  wuarag,  drunken.  Cf.  AS.  icOrian,  wan- 
der, travel,  roll,  <  *wor,  prob.  a  moor  or  wet 
place  (>  ME.  tr or;  "  weri/  so  water  in  wore,"  'dull 
as  wat^r  in  pool'),  in  conip.  wor-li/uia,  a  moor- 
cock; cf.  AS.  wo.'i,  also  Wd.t,  miro,  wet,  ooze: 
see  icaxc^,  woosc,  ooce.]  1.  Tired ;  exhausted 
by  toil  or  exertion;  having  the  endurance  or 
patience  worn  out  by  continuous  striving. 

There  nere  is  the  place  where  that  oure  Lonl  rested 
him,  whan  he  was  wery  for  berynge  of  the  Cms. 

Manderille,  Travels,  p.  80. 

Eateni  tewysday  to  Snza  In  Diner,  and  the  I  rest  mc; 
for  I  was  were,  and  my  hors  also,  ffor  the  grett  labor  that 
I  had  the  same  mornyng  in  pa.><sing  over  the  ivyll  and 
gpevows  mounte  Senes. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travcll,  p.  3. 

Let  as  not  be  wearu  in  well  doing.  Gal.  yi.  9. 

When  they  will  they  work,  and  sleep  when  they  are 
'Mary.  Sandys,  Tnivailes,  p.  14. 

I  see  you  are  weary,  and  therefore  I  will  jiresently  wait 
on  yon  to  your  chamber. 

Cotton,  in  Walton's  Angler,  ii.  235. 
The  stag-hounds,  uvary  with  the  chase. 
Lay  stretched  upon  the  rushy  floor. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  jr.,  i.  2. 

2.  Impatient  of  or  discontented  with  the  con- 
tinuance of  something  painful,  exacting,  irk- 
some, or  distasteful,  and  willing  to  be  done 
with  it ;  having  ceased  to  feel  pleasure  (in  some- 
thing). 

In  the  exercise  and  study  of  the  mind  they  he  never 
treary.  Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  ii.  7. 

Weary  of  the  world,  away  she  hies. 
And  yokes  her  silver  doves. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1189. 

I  think  she  is  weary  of  your  tyranny. 

And  therefore  gone.  Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  ii.  1. 

He  is  loearti  of  the  old  wooden  lionses,  the  nuid  and  dust, 

the  dead  level  of  site  and  sentiment,  the  chill  east  wind, 

and  the  chillest  of  social  atmospheres. 

Hawthorne,  .Scarlet  Letter,  Int.,  p.  11. 

3.  Causing  fatigue;  tiresome;  irksome:  as,  a 
iceary  journey;  a  weary  life. 

How  weary,  stale,  flat,  and  unprofitable 
Seem  to  me  all  the  uses  of  this  world  ! 

SiMk.,  Hamlet,  i.  2.  133. 
Their  dusty  palfreys  and  array 
Showed  they  had  marched  a  wean/  way. 

Scott,  Marmlon,  i.  8. 
Most  weary  seem'd  the  sea,  weary  the  oar, 
Weanj  the  wandering  fields  of  barren  foam. 

Tennyson,  Lot<j8-Eaters. 

4.  Feeble;  sickly;  puny.  Forhy ;  Jamieson. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch. i=Syn.  Disgusted,  weari- 
some.    See  waryl ,  v. 

wearyl  (wer'i),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wearied,  ppr. 
wearying.  [<  ME.  werien,  <  AS.  werigean,  ge- 
wSrigean,  weary,  fatigue,  <  icerig,  weary:  see 
weary^,  a.]  I.  tran.t.  1.  To  make  weary;  re- 
duce or  exhaust  the  physical  strength  or  endur- 
ance of;  fatigue;  tire:  as,  to  weary  ono'a  self 
with  striving. 

The  people  shall  weary  themselves  for  very  vanity. 

Hab.  ii.  13. 

They  in  the  practice  of  their  religion  wearied  chiefly 

their  knees  and  hands,  we  especially  our  ears  and  tongues. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  81. 

2.  To  exhaust  the  endurance,  patience,  or  re- 
sistance of,  as  by  x^ersistenee  or  importunity. 
431 


6861 

I  stay  too  long  by  thee,  I  weary  thee. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  5.  94. 
I  have  even  icearied  heaven  with  prayers. 

Ford,  "I'is  Pity,  i.  3. 
Watchful  I'll  guard  thee,  and  with  Miihiight  Pray'r 
Weary  the  Gods  to  keep  thee  in  their  Care. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma. 

To  weary  out.  (a)  To  exhaust  or  subdue  by  something 
fatiguing  or  irksome. 

Like  an  Egyptian  Tyrant,  some 
Thou  weariest  out  in  building  but  a  Tomb. 

Cowley,  The  Mistress,  Thraldom. 
She  surceased  not,  day  nor  night. 
To  stonn  me  ovcr-watch'd  ami  wearied  out. 

Milton,  a.  A.,1.  406. 
(6)  To  pass  wearily.    [Eare.] 

The  land  of  Italy : 
There  wil  I  waile,  and  weai-y  out  my  dayes  in  wo. 
The  Merchant's  Daughter  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  329). 
=  Sto.  1.  Fatigue,  Jade,  etc.    See  (I'rei. 

II.  intrans.   1.  To  become  weary,  tired,  or 
fatigued. 

She  was  nae  ten  miles  frae  the  town, 
When  she  began  to  weary. 

Lime  Baillie  (Child's  B,allads,  IV.  74). 

2.  To  become  impatient  or  surfeited,  as  with 
the  continuance  of  something  that  is  monoto- 
nous, irksome,  or  distasteful. 

Sing  the  simple  pa-ssage  o'er  and  o'er 
For  all  an  Ai)ril  morning,  till  the  ear 
Wearies  to  hear  it. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

3.  To  long;  languish:  with /or  before  the  ob- 
ject. 

_  The  pair  took  home  schoollwy  meals  in  paper-bags,  sub- 
sisting upon  buns  and  canncii  meats,  ant!  weaming f<yr  i\\fi 
taste  of  a  hot  broiled  steak.      The  Century,  XXXVII.  775. 

weary2  (wer'i),  «.  [<  'wcnry^,  v.,  var.  of  wary"^, 
curse:  see  won/2.]  a  curse:  used  now  oi'ily 
in  the  phrases  Weary  fa^  you!  H'eary  on  you! 
and  the  like.     Scott.     [Scotch.] 

weasand  ( we'zand),  H.  [Also  wea:and,  and  for- 
merly wesatid,  irc:a>id,  also  dial.  we;:::cn,  wiccii, 
wiz^en,  and  loosen;  <  ME.  wesaiid,  ice-sande,  way- 
sande,  wciaiint,  <  AS.  wsenend,  also  wdsciid  (>  E. 
dial,  wosen)  =  OFries.  ird.sctide,  wdsaiidc,  wea- 
sand, windpipe,  =  OHG.  veimnt,  MHG.  weisant 
(E.  Midler),  weasand ;  cf.  G.  dial.  (Bav.)  wai.sel, 
wa.sel,  wauling,  the  gullet  of  ruminating  animals. 
The  word  (AS.  tcd.send)  has  the  form  of  a  present 
participle,  and  some  have  attempted  to  connect 
it  with  whee:e ;  tliis  involves  the  assumption 
that  the  rare  AS.  verb  hwvsan  (pret.  hwcds), 
wheeze,  =  Icol.  Iiree.ia,  hiss,  =  Dan.  liviesc,  hiss, 
wheeze  (not  found  in  OHG.,  etc.),  gave  rise  to 
a  noun  "hwe-send,  varying  to  *hwxtirnd,  *liwd- 
send,  meaning  'the  wheezing  thing,'  that  this 
name  was  applied  to  all  windpipes  (most  of 
which  never  wheeze),  and  that  subsequently 
the  initial  consonant  in  /(«•-  fell  away,  a  phe- 
nomenon wholly  unknown  in  other  AS.  words 
in  /(IP-,  and  not  recognized  even  in  mod.  English 
except  in  dialectal  use.]  The  windpipe;  the 
pipe  or  tube  through  which  air  passes  to  and 
from  the  lungs  in  respiration ;  the  trachea.  See 
trachea^  and  larynx. 

Should  I  have  named  him?  Nay,  they  should  as  soon 
have  this  weasanfl  of  mine. 

Latimer,  2d  Seraion  Ijef.  Edw.  VI. ,  1560. 

Had  Ills  wesand  bene  a  little  widder. 

Spenser,  Sliep.  Cal.,  September. 

Give  me  a  razor  there,  tliat  I  may  scrape  his  weesand, 

that  the  bristles  may  not  hinder  me  when  I  come  to  cut  it. 

Drydcn,  The  Mock  Astrologer,  V.  i. 

Yon  may  h.ave  a  pot  of  porter,  or  two — but  neither  wine 

nor  spirits  shall  wet  your  wu^n  this  night,  Tickler. 

A'octes  Ambrosianx,  Feb.,  1832. 

wease-allan  (wez'aF'an),  n.     See  toeese-allen. 

weasel  (we'zl),  ».  [Formerly  also  weasel,  wee- 
sel ;  <  ME.  we.<iel,  tcesele,  wesile,  wezele,  <  AS. 
wcxie  =  D.  wc.fel,  wc:el  (dim.  iveselke,  wezeltje) 
=  OHG.  wisala,  MHG.  wisel,  wisele,  G.  wiesel 
=  Icel.  rvila  (in  comp.  Iirey.'si-Hsia)  =  Sw.  ves- 
lu,  rd.'isla  =  Dan.  neael,  a  weasel;  origin  un- 
certain.] 1.  A  small  carnivorous  digitigrade 
mammal  of  the  restricted  genus  I'utorius,  of 


weather 

the  family  Mitstelidas,  related  to  the  stoat  or 
ermine,  ferret,  and  polecat  of  the  same  genus, 
and  less  intimately  to  the  marten  or  sable  of 
the  genus  Mti.stcla  of  the  same  family.  The 
species  to  which  the  name  is  most  frequently  or  especially 
applied  is  P.  vulgaris,  tlie  comnmn  weasel  of  Europe  and 
of  most  of  the  cold  and  temperate  parts  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  distingnisheil  by  the  comparative  length  and 
extreme  slenderness  of  the  body,  and  very  small  size, 
being  only  some  6  or  8  inches  long,  with  a  tail  of  2  inches'in 
length,  or  less ;  the  color  is  reddish-brown  a)>ove,  and 
white  below ;  the  tail  is  of  tlie  same  color  as  the  body,  and 
not  tipped  with  black.  In  northerly  regions  it  turns  white 
in  winter,  like  the  ermine.  It  feeds  on  rats_,  mice,  moles, 
shrews,  small  birds  and  their  eggs,  and  insects;  and, 
though  itself  classed  as  vermin  by  gamekeepers,  it  is  often 
serviceable  as  a  destroyer  of  vermin  in  ricks,  barns,  and 
granaries,  its  small  size  and  lithe,  sinuous  body  enabling 
it  to  penetrate  almost  everywhere.  Its  cunning  and 
wariness  are  proverbial  in  the  expression  to  catch  a  icea- 
sel  asleep  —  that  is,  to  do  an  extremely  difficult  thing  by 
strategy,  finesse,  or  unexpected  action.  Other  species  of 
PutoHus,  properly  called  weasels,  inhabit  most  parts  of 
the  world,  and  the  name  has  loosely  attached  to  various 
animals  of  different  families,  some  of  which  applications 
are  noted  in  phrases  below. 


Fair  was  this  yonge  wyf,  and  therwithal 
As  any  wezele  hir  body  gent  and  smal. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale, 


48. 


Common  Weasel  ^Piitortns  vulgaris). 


A  ivesel  tame  have  sum  men  ther  thai  crepe. 
Hem  forto  take. 

Palladius,  Husbnndrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  109. 

I  can  suck  melancholy  out  of  a  song  as  a  wen.sel  sucks 
eggs.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  !>.  13. 

2t.  The  weasel-coot. — 3.  A  lean,  mean,  sneak- 
ing, greedy  fellow. 

The  weasel  Scot 
Comes  sneaking,  and  so  sucks  lier  princely  eggs. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2.  170. 

Four-toed  weaseli,  the  African  zenik  or  suricate,  a 
viven-ine,  formerly  Rhyziena  tetradaetyla.  See  cut  under 
^/rica^c— Malacca  weasel.  Same  as  rasse'i.  See  cut 
under  VimrHnm.—  Mexican  weasel.  Same  as  kinkajou 
(which  see,  witli  cut).— Pouched  weasel.  See  imuched, 
and  cut  under  Phascogale. 

weasel-cat  (we'zl-kat),  ».  The  linsang,  I'rioiio- 
don  grncili.i.     See  cut  under  deliuidung. 

weasel-coot  (we'zl-kot),  n.  The  so-called  red- 
headed smew.  This  is  the  female  or  young  male  of 
Mergellus  alhellus  (the  adult  male  of  wliidi  is  figured  un- 
der smeu!).  The  implication  of  the  term  weasel  appears  to 
be  the  musteline  or  foxy  color  of  the  head.  An  old  name 
of  this  or  a  similar  merganser  was  Mergns  mustelinus, 
and  one  used  by  Sir  T.  Browne  was  Muntela  variegata. 
The  same  adjective  with  the  same  meaning  occurs  in  3'wr- 
dus  mustelinus,  the  present  name  of  the  wood-thrush  of 
the  United  States,  and  in  several  other  specific  designa- 
tions of  animals,  as  in  Lepilemur  mustelinus,  the  weasel- 
lemur.     Compare  tceaser. 

weasel-duck  (we'zl-duk),  n.  Same  as  weasel- 
eoot. 

weasel-faced  (we'zl-fast),  a.  Having  a  thin, 
sharp  face  like  a  weasel's.     Steele. 

weasel-fish  (we'zl-fish),  n.  The  three-bearded 
rockling,  or  whistle-fish.     See  wlii.ftlc-fisli. 

weasel-lemur  (we'zl-le'''mer),  «.  A  small  le- 
mur, Lepilemur  mnstelinus. 

weasellingt,  «•  [Also  wcazelling;  <  weasel  + 
fJHffi.]  A  kind  of  rockling,  probably  the  five- 
bearded,  Motella  luuateia. 

Weaselmongert  (we'zl-mung"ger),  ».  A  rat- 
catcher; one  who  hunts  rats,  etc.,  with  wea- 
sels. 

This  weaselmonger,  who  is  no  better  than  a  cat  in  a 
house,  nr  a  ferret  in  a  conygat  [rabbit-burrow]. 

Peele,  Speeches  to  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Theobalds,  ii. 

weasel-snout  (we'zl -snout),  n.  The  yellow 
dead-nettle,  Laniium  GaleohdoJon :  so  called 
from  the  shape  of  the  corolla.    See  (liileolido/oii. 

weasel-spider  (we'zl-spi'''der),  n.  Abook-iiame 
of  any  arachnidan  of  the  family  Galeodida'.  See 
cut  under  Solpugida. 

Weaser  (we'zer),  H.  [Cf.  wcaseJ-eoot.']  The 
American  merganser  or  sheldrake,  Mergus 
americanns.  J.  P.  Giraud,  1844;  G.  Trumbull, 
1888.  Also  wheaser  and  tweezer.  [Long  Isl- 
and.] 

weasinesst  (we'zi-nes),  n.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  weasy.    Joye. 

weasyt  (we'zi),  a.  [Appar.  for  *wecsy,  a  dial, 
var.  of  uoosy,  an  earlier  form  of  oozy  (like 
wee.se,  tcoose,  ioT  ooze).^  Gluttonous;  sensual. 
Joye. 

weather  (weTH'er),  v.  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  wether ;  with  alteration  of  orig.  d  to  tli  (as 
also  in  father,  mother,  prob.  under  Scaiid.  influ- 
ence ;  cf.  Icel.  vedhr),  <  ME.  weder,  wcdir,  <  AS. 
wedcr,  weather,  wind,  =  OS.  u-cilar,  wcdcr  — 
OFries.  wedcr  =  D.  weder,  contracted  weer  = 
OHG.  wctar,  MHG.  weter,  G.  wetter  (cf.  also  (j. 
ge-witter,  a  storm)  =  Icel.  rcdhr  =  Sw.  rdder, 
wind,  air,  weather,  =  Dan.  reir,  weather,  wind, 
air  (not  found  in  Goth. ).  Cf.  OBiilg.  rcdro,  good 
weather,  redrii,  bright,  clear;  cf.  also  OBulg. 
rietru,  air,  wind  ;  akin  to  wind,  from  the  root  of 


weather 

Goth,  waian,  Skt.  V  rd,  blow :  see  whid^.J  I.  h. 
It.  Wind;  storm;  tempest. 

Now  welcome  somer,  with  thy  suniie  softe, 
That  hast  this  wintves  wedres  oversliake. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  I.  685. 
Aye  the  wyiule  was  in  the  sayle, 
Ovui-  fomes  they  Set  withowtyn  fayle, 
Tlie  icethur  then  forth  gan  swepe. 
Le  Bone  Florence  (Ritson's  lletr.  Rom.,  III.). 
What  susts  of  weather  from  that  gathering  clouil 
My  thoughts  presage  !  Dryden,  ^neid,  v.  19. 

2t.  Cold  and  wet. 

Seynge  this  liysshop  with  liis  company  syttyng  in  the 
wxder,  desyred  hym  to  his  howse.    Fabyan,  Chron.,  lx.\xiii. 
And,  it  two  Boots  lieep  out  the  Weather, 
What  need  you  have  two  Hides  of  Leather? 

Prwr,  Alma,  iii. 

3t.  A  liglit  rain ;  a  shower.  Wijclif,  Dent,  x.xxii . 
2. — 4.  The  state  of  the  air  or  atmosphere  with 
respect  to  its  cloudiness,  humidity,  motions, 
pressure,  temperature,  electrical  condition,  or 
any  other  meteorological  phenomena;  the  at- 
mospheric conditions  prevailing  at  any  moment 
over  any  region  of  the  earth :  as,  warm  or  cold 
weather;  wet  or  dry  weatlicr;  calm  or  stormy 
weather;  fair  or  foul  weather;  cloudy  or  hazy 
weather.  The  invostig^Uion  of  the  various  causes  whieli 
lietcrniine  the  state  of  the  atmosphere  ami  produce  tlu; 
changes  which  are  incessantly  tailing  place  in  its  condi- 
tion forms  the  subject  of  meteorology.  The  average  con- 
dition of  tlie  weatlier  for  a  considerable  period  constitutes 
climate,  and  *he  statistical  compilation  of  meteorological 
observations  forms  the  basis  of  climatology. 
Men  may  see  the  Wallcs  when  it  is  fayr  Wedre  and  eleer. 
Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  101. 

A  I  lorde,  what  the  wedir  is  colde  ! 
The  fcllest  freeso  that  euere  I  felyd. 

J'orfr  Flays,  p.  114. 

They .  .  .  wolde  ride  in  tlic  cole  of  the  mornynge  that 
was  feire  and  stille  and  a  softe  wede.r,  and  thei  were  yonge 
and  tender  to  sutfre  grete  trauayle. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  191. 

Gentlewomen,  the  weather's  hot;  whither  wallj  yon? 
B.  Jonion,  Bartholomew  Fair,  iii.  1. 

Horriljle  weather  again  to-day,  snowing  and  raining  all 
day.  Sydney  Smith,  To  Mrs.  Sydney  Smith. 

5.  Specifically,  in  weather-maps  and  -reports, 
the  condition  of  the  sky  as  to  cloudiness  and 
the  oecuiTence  of  precipitation. —  6.  Change  of 
the  state  of  the  atmosphere;  meteorological 
change;  hence, figuratively, vicissitude;  change 
of  fortune  or  condition. 

It  is  a  reverend  thing  to  see  an  ancient  castle  .  .  .  not 
in  decay ;  how  inucli  more  to  behold  an  ancient  noljle  fam- 
ily which  hath  stood  against  the  waves  and  weathers  of 
time !  Bacon,  Nobility. 

But  my  Substantial  Love 
Of  a  more  firm  and  perfect  Nature  is ; 
No  Wealliers  can  it  move. 

Cowley,  The  Mistress,  Coldness. 

7.  The  inclination  or  obliquity  of  the  sails  of  a 
windmill  to  tlie  plane  of  revolution. —Angle  of 
weather.  See  angle-l  ~  Clerii  of  the  weather.  See 
risri:.— Merry  weathert.  See  »nen-i/i.— Soft  weather, 
(n)  A  tliaw,  [New  Eng.]  (fc)  An  enei-vating  atmosplu-re. 
— To  make  fair  weathert,  to  conciliate  or  flatter,  as  Ijy 
fair  words  and  sliows  of  friendship. 

I  must  ^nake  fair  weather  yet  awhile. 
Till  Henry  Ijc  more  weak  and  I  more  strong. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1.  30. 

To  make  good  or  bad  weather  (iwkO-  SeemaJ-c'.— 
Under  the  weather,  indisposed;  ill ;  ailing:  a  condition 
caused  or  influenced  by  the  state  of  the  weather.   [Colloq.] 

Since  I  went  to  Washington,  and  until  within  ten  days, 
I  Iiave  been  quite  under  the  weather,  and  I  liave  had  to 
neglect  everylliing.  S.  Bowles,  in  Merriam,  II.  49. 

Weather  Bureau,  a  bureau  of  the  Bepartment  of  Agri- 
culture, liaving  charge  of  the  forecasting  of  weather,  the 
issue  of  storm-warnings,  the  display  of  weather-  and  flood- 
signals,  the  gaging  and  reporting  of  rivers,  the  main- 
tenance of  sea-coast  telegraph-lines,  the  collection  and 
transmission  of  marine  intelligence  for  the  benetit  of  com- 
merce and  navigation,  the  taking  of  meteorological  ob- 
servations for  establishing  the  climatic  conditions  of  the 
Tnited  States,  a»id  the  distribution  of  meteorological  in- 
formation. From  1871  Uj  1891  these  duties  were  performed 
by  the  signal  service  of  the  army,  which  during  that  period 
was  i>opularly  called  the  Weather  ijHreaw.— Weather- 
SignaL    See  siynal. 

II.  a.  yaitt.,  toward  the  wind;  windward: 
opposed  to  lee:  as,  weather  bow ;  toeathcr  beam  ; 
weather  rigging.— Weather  anchor,  the  anchor,  ly- 
ing to  win<lward,  by  which  a  ship  rides  when  moored. — 
Weather  helm,  quarter,  tide.  See  the  nouns. 
weather  (weTii'er),  v.  [<  ME.  wederen,  <  AS. 
wc(liriaii,iverlriiiH,  exposeto  the  air,  indicate  tlie 
weather;  cf.  AS.  wedrian  =  Sw.  riidra,  expose 
to  the  air,  air,  scent,  smell,  snuff  the  air,  =  Dan. 
fejre,  air,  scent ;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  air;  expose  to  the  air;  dry  or  otherwise  af- 
fect by  exposure  to  tlie  open  air.     [Rare.] 

I  fear  me  this  land  is  not  yet  ripe  to  be  ploughed ;  for, 
as  the  -saying  is.  it  lacketh  w^atherinf/, 

Latimer,  Sermon  of  the  Plough. 
And  then  he  pearcheth  on  some  bi-aunch  thereby. 
To  weather  him,  and  hi.s  moyst  \ving8  t(j  dry. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos,  1.  184. 


6862 

All  barleys  that  have  been  weattiered  in  the  field,  or 
have  got  mow.bui'ut  or  musty  in  the  stack,  should  be 
rigidly  rejected.  Ure,  Diet.,  IH.  185. 

Hawks  are  weathered  by  being  placed  unhooded  in  the 
open  air.  This  term  is  applied  to  passage  hawks  which 
are  not  snffleiently  reclaimed  to  be  left  out  by  themselves 
unhooded  on  blocks  — they  are  weathered  by  being  put 
out  for  an  hour  or  two  under  the  falconer's  eye. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  IX.  7. 

3.  To  affect  injuriously  by  the  action  of  wea- 
tlier; in  geol.,  to  discolor  or  disintegrate:  as, 
the  atmospheric  agencies  that  weatlier  rocks. 
— 3.  In  tilc-manuf.,  to  expose  (the  clay)  to  a  hot 
sun  or  to  frost,  in  order  to  open  the  pores  and 
separate  the  particles,  that  it  may  readily  ab- 
sorb water  and  be  easily  worked. — 4.  To  slope 
(a  surface),  that  it  may  shed  water. —  5.  Naut.  •■ 
(a)  To  sail  to  windward  of:  as,  to  weather  a 
point  or  eajje. 

We  weathered  Pulo  Pare  on  the  29th,  and  stood  in  for 
the  main.  Cook,  First  Voyage,  iii.  13. 

{h)  To  bear  up  against  and  come  safely  through: 
said  of  a  ship  in  a  storm,  as  also  of  a  mariner; 
hence,  used  in  the  same  sense  with  reference 
to  storms  on  land. 
Here 's  to  tlie  pilot  that  weathered  the  storm.    Canniny. 
Among  these  hills,  from  first  to  last. 
We've  weathered  many  a  furious  blast. 

Wordsworth,  Tlie  Waggoner,  ii. 

1  weathered  some  weary  snow-storms. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  275. 

To  sell  the  boat  —  and  yet  he  loved  her  well ; 
How  many  a  rough  sea  had  he  weather'd  in  her ! 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

6.  Figuratively,  to  bear  up  against  and  over- 
come, as  trouble  or  danger;  come  out  of,  as  a 
trial,  without  permanent  damage  or  loss. 
You  will  weather  the  difficulties  yet.    F.  W.  Itobertsun. 

The  vitality  and  self-direction  of  the  semi-Greek  mu- 
nicipalities of  the  East  in  large  measure  wea(Aered  Roman 
rule,  as  did  also  the  Greek  speech  and  jiartially  Helleii- 
ized  life  of  Asia,  Syria,  and  Egypt.  W.  Wilson,  State,  1 143. 

To  weather  a  point,  to  gain  an  advantage  or  accomplish 
a  iiurpose  against  opposition. — TO  weather  out,  to  hold 
out  against  to  the  end. 

When  we  have  pass'd  these  gloomy  hours. 
And  weather'd  out  the  storm  that  beats  upon  us. 

Addison,  Cato,  iii.  2. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  suffer  a  change,  such  as 
discoloration  or  more  or  less  complete  disinte- 
gration, in  consequence  of  exposure  to  the  wea- 
ther or  atmosphere.     See  weathering,  2. 

The  lowest  bed  is  a  sandstone  with  ferruginous  veins  ; 
it  weathers  into  an  extraordinary  honey-combed  mass. 

Darwin,  Geol.  Observations,  ii.  426. 

Tlie  granite  commenced  to  weather,  and  u'cnthered  mt^r- 
rily  on  in  spite  of  all  technical  and  scientific  ctmimis- 
sioiis.  Science,  VII.  75. 

2.  To  resist  or  bear  exposure  to  the  weather. 

For  outside  work,  boiled  oil  is  used,  because  it  weathers 
better  than  raw  oil.        Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  436. 

weather-beaten  (weTH'er-be'''tn),  a.  [<  weather 
+  beaten.  In  some  of  its  uses  perhaps  a  per- 
verted spelling  of  weather-hitten,  q.  v.]  Beaten 
or  marred  by  the  weather;  seasoned  or  hard- 
ened by  exposure  to  all  kinds  of  weather:  as, 
a  weatlier-heaten  sailor. 

Slie  enjoyes  sure  peace  for  evermore. 
As  wetherbeaten  ship  arryv'd  on  happie  shore. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  i.  2. 

Summer  being  ended,  all  things  stand  in  appearance 
with  a  weather-beaten  face. 

A'.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  35. 

The  weather-beaten  form  of  the  scout. 

J.  F.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxix. 

weather-bitt  (weTH'er-bit),  v.  t.  To  take  an 
extra  turn  of  (a  cable)  about  the  bitts  or  the 
end  of  the  windlass  in  bad  weather. 

weather-bitten  (weTH'er-bit'n),  a.  [=  Sw.  V(i- 
dcr-bitcn  =  Norw.  rcclerbiteit  =  Dan.  reirhidt, 
weather-bitten;  asweathcr+ bitten.  Cf. Norw. 
wederslitlen,  weather-slit,  weather-worn.  Cf. 
weather-beaten.']  Worn,  maiTed,  or  defaced  by 
exposure  to  the  weather. 

The  old  shepherd  .  .  .  stands  by,  like  a  weather-hitten 
conduit  of  many  kings'  reigns.         Shak.,  W.  T.,  v.  2.  60. 

weather-blffwn  (weTH'er-blon),  a.  Weather- 
beaten  ;  weather-stained.     Chapman,  Iliad,  ii. 

weather-board  (weTH'er-bord),  n.  [=  Icel. 
retherbordli,  the  windward  side;  as  weather  + 
board.]  1.  Naut.:  (ai)  That  side  of  a  ship 
which  is  toward  the  wind;  the  windward  side. 
(/))  A  piece  of  plank  placed  in  a  ship's  port 
when  she  is  laid  up  in  ordinary,  inclined  so  as  to 
turn  off  rain  without  preventing  the  circulation 
of  air. — 2.  A  board  used  in  weather-boarding. 

weather-board  (weTH'er-bord),  r.  t.  [<  wea- 
tlier-board,  «.]     To  nail  boards  upon,  as  a  roof 


weathered 

or  wall,  lapping  one  over  another,  in  order  to 
turn  off  ram,  snow,  etc. 

It  was  a  building  of  four  rooms,  constructed  of  hewn 
logs  and  iveather-boarded  at  the  joints. 

The  Century,  XXXVIIL  408. 

weather-boarding  (weTH'er-b6r''ding),  «.  1. 
A  facing  of  thin  boards,  having  usually  a  fea- 
ther-edge, and  nailed  lapping  one  over  another, 
used  as  an  outside  covering  for  the  walls  of 
a  wooden  building.  They  are  practically  the 
same  as  clapboards,  but  are  distinguished  from 
thosebybeinglarger  and  wider. —  2.  The  finish 
or  woodwork  at  the  base  of  a  clapboarded 
wall. —  3.  The  whole  exterior  covering  of  a 
wall  or  roof,  whether  of  weather-boards,  clap- 
boards, or  shingles — Weather-boarding  clamp, 

gage,  saw,  etc.,  special  forms  of  clamp,  gage,  saw,  etc., 
used  in  applying  or  cutting  out  weather-boarding. 

weather-bound  (weiH'er-bound),  a.  Delayed 
by  bad  weather. 

weather-box  (weTH'er-boks),  «.  A  form  of 
hygroscope,  in  the  shape  of  a  toy-house,  which 
roughly  indicates  weather  changes  by  the  ap- 
pearance or  retirement  of  toy  images.  In  a  com- 
mon form  a  man  advances  from  his  porch  in  wet  and  a 
woman  in  dry  weather  —  the  movement  tieing  produced  by 
the  varying  torsion  of  a  hygroscopic  string  by  which  the 
images  are  attached.    Also  called  iffeather-house. 

The  elder  and  younger  son  of  the  house  of  Crawley  were, 
like  the  gentleman  and  lady  in  the  weather-box,  never  at 
home  together.  Tfiaekeray,  Vanity  Fair,  x. 

weather-breeder  (weTH'er-bre'''d6r),  «.  A  fine 
serene  day  which  precedes  and  prepares  a  storm. 

"It's  a  beautiful  day,"  said  Whittaker.  .  .  .  "Yes,  nice 
day,"  gi'owled  Adams,  "but  a  weather-breeder." 

E.  Eggleston,  Roxy,  xlil. 

weather-cast  (weTH'er-kast),  n.  A  forecast  of 
the  weather.     [Bare.] 

Admiral  FitzKoy,  in  1860,  was  enabled,  aided  by  the 
electric  telegraph,  to  inaugurate  a  system  of  storm-warn- 
ings and  weather-casts. 

R.  Strachan,  in  Modem  Meteorology,  p.  84. 

weather-cas'ter  (weTH'^r-kas''ter),  «.  One 
who  computes  the  weather  for  almanacs.  Bal- 
liicell. 

weather-cloth  (weTH'er-kloth),  ?i.  Naut.:  (a) 
A  covering  of  painted  canvas  for  hammocks, 
boats,  etc.  (b)  A  tarpaulin  placed  in  the  wea- 
ther rigging  to  make  a  shelter  for  oflSeers  and 
men  on  watch. 

weathercock  (weTH'^r-kok),  n.  [<  ME.  weder- 
eok;  wedyrcoklce,  weddyrcoVe,  wedercoe,  so  called 
because  the  figure  of  a  cock,  as  an  emblem  of 
vigilance,  has  from  a  very  early  time  been  a  fa- 
vorite form  for  vanes;  cf.  D.  weerhaan  =  Sw. 
viiderhane  =  Dan.  reirhane,  a  weathercock,  etc. 
(D.  haan,  etc.,  a  cock).]  1.  A  vane  or  weather- 
vane;  a  pointing  de\'ioe,  set  on  the  top  of  a 
spire  or  other  elevation,  and  turning  with  the 
wind,  thus  showing  its  direction.  See  cut  un- 
der rane. 

O  jest  unseen,  inscrutable,  invisible, 
As  a  nose  on  a  man's  face,  or  a  wvather-cocJc  on  a  steeple ! 
Shak.,  T.  O.  of  V.,  ii.  1.  142. 

They  are  Men  whose  Conditions  are  subject  to  more 
Revolutions  than  a  Weattier  Cock,  or  the  Uncertain  Mind 
of  a  Fantastical  Woman.  Ward,  London  Spy. 

His  head  .  .  .  looked  like  a  W¥n/A«r-cocAr,  perched  upon 
his  spindle  neck  to  tell  which  way  the  wind  blew. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  420. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  thing  or  person  that  is 
easily  and  frequently  turned  or  swayed;  a 
fickle  or  inconstant  person. 

What  pretty  iceathercocks  these  women  are ! 

Randolph,  Amyntas,  L  1. 

The  word  which  I  have  given  shall  stand  like  fate. 
Not  like  the  king's,  that  iceather-cock  of  state. 

Dryden,  Conquest  of  Granada,  I.,  iiL  1. 

weathercock  (weTH'er-kok),  r.  t.  [<  weather- 
eoel;  )(.]  To  serve  as  a  weathercock  to  or  on. 
[Rare.] 

Whose  blazing  wyvern  iceathercocyd  the  spire. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

weather-contact  (weTH'er-kon'''takt),  H.  In 
teleg.,  leakage  to  neighboring  wires  or  to  earth, 
due  to  wet  insulators. 

weather-cross  (weTH'er-kros), «.  In  telegraph- 
and  telephone-lines,  a  leakage  from  one  line  to 
another,  caused  by  poor  insulation,  and  brought 
about  by  wet  or  stormy  weather. 

weather-dog  (weTH'er-dog),  «.  A  fragmentary 
rainbow,  popularly  belie  ved,  especially  in  Corn- 
wall, to  be  an  indication  of  rain.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

weather-dri'ven (weTn'er-driv''n),o.  [=  Sw.t'o- 
dcr-drifren,  wind-driven:  as  weather  +  driren.] 
Driven  by  winds  or  storms;  forced  by  stress  of 
weather. 

weathered  (wexn'^rd),  p.  a.  1.  Discolored  or 
disiiitegi-ated  by  the  action  of  the  elements: 


K 


weathered 

said  sometimes  of  surfaces  of  wood,  but  oftener 
of  stones  or  rocks.  Trees  which  show  signs  of  having 
suffered  from  exposure  to  the  weather,  as  many  uld  ones 
do,  are  sometimes  said  to  be  weather-beaten,  but  rarely,  if 
ever,  to  be  weathered.    See  weatherimj,  % 

The  bands  of  stratiBcation  .  .  .  can  be  distinguished 
in  many  places,  especially  in  Navarin  Island,  but  only  on 
the  wtathered  surfaces  of  the  slate. 

Darwin,  Geol.  Observations,  ii.  448. 

The  force  of  the  wind  is  such  as  actually  to  loosen  the 
weathered  parts  of  the  rock  and  dislodge  them. 

Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  ii. 
2.  Seasoned  by  exposure  to  the  air  or  the  wea- 
ther.— 3.  In  arch.,  haviuga  slope  or  inclination 
to  prevent  the  lodgment  of  water:  noting  sur- 
faces approximately  or  theoretically  horizon- 
tal, as  those  of  window-sills,  the  tops  of  cor- 
nices, and  the  upper  surface  of  flat  stone-work. 
weather-eye  (weTH'er-i),  «.  The  eye  imagined 
to  be  specially  used  for  the  purpose  of  observ- 
ing the  sky  in  order  to  forecast  the  weather. — 
To  keep  one's  weather-eye  open  or  awake,  to  be  on 
one's  guard ;  have  one's  wits  about  one.    (CoUoq.] 

Keep  your  weather  eye  awake,  and  don't  make  any  more 
acquaintances,  however  handsome. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  ii.  R. 

weather-fend  (weTs'er-fend),  v.  t.     [<  weather 
-l-/e)irfi.]    To  shelter;  defend  from  the  wea- 
ther.    [Rare.] 
The  line-grove  which  weather -f ends  your  cell. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1.  10. 

weather-fish  (weTH'^r-fish),  n.  The  mud-fish, 
thundcr-tish,  or  misgurn  of  Europe,  ilisgtirnm 
fossilis:  regarded  as  a  weather-prophet  because 
it  is  supposed  to  come  out  of  the  mud,  in  which 
it  habitually  burrows,  before  a  stoi-m. 

weather-gage  (weTH'er-gaj),n.  l.  Naut.,\.he 
advantage  of  the  wind;  the  position  of  a  shii: 


6863 

of  rock-surfaces  is  discoloration.  This  arises  in  part  from 
dust  or  dirt  finding  its  way  into  the  Assures,  and  is  most 
quickly  seen  in  laige  cities  where  much  coal  is  burned. 
Discoloration  often  arises  from  the  oxidation  of  some  sul- 
phur compound  which  the  rock  contains,  and  especially 
of  iron  pyrites,  which  is  a  widely  disseminated  mineral. 
Another  very  perceptible  effect  of  weathering  is  the  loss 
of  the  luster  which  many  rock-constituents  naturally 
have.  This  is  particularly  conspicuous  in  the  case  of  feld- 
spar, and  is  the  result  of  incipient  decomposition  and  hy- 
dration. Rounding  of  the  edges  of  angular  projections  of 
the  rock,  or  of  its  constituents,  is  another  result  of  wea- 
thering, the  decomposed  nunerals  being  more  easily  re- 
moved by  the  action  of  water  than  they  were  before  de- 
composition. Weathering  is  a  preliminary  to  erosion,  but 
the  rapidity  with  which  these  operations  are  caiTied  on 
varies  greatly  with  the  nature  of  the  rock  and  the  climatic 
and  other  conditions  to  which  it  is  subjected. 


weather-symbol 

2.  Anything  in  nature  which  serves  as  an  in- 
dicator of  weather  changes,  as  a  bird  whose 
regular  periodicity  of  migration  or  suddenness 
of  appearance  may  indicate  meteorological 
changes  inappreciable  by  man. 

Swallows  have  long  been  held  for  weather-prophets,  and 
with  reason  enough  in  the  (|Uick  response  of  their  organi- 
zation to  the  influence  of  atmospheric  changes. 

Coneg,  Birds  of  the  Colorado  Valley  (1878),  I.  372. 

3.  A  device  for  foretelling  changes  in  the 
weather,  in  most  forms  materials  are  employed  which 
are  so  affected  by  dampness  as  to  move  some  indicator, 
as  a  pair  of  figures,  of  which  one  appears  or  advances  in 
dry  and  the  other  in  wet  weather.  Other  forms  employ 
materials  which  change  color  according  to  the  state  of 

-.,         , .,        r      .  ,       *       .  ,  the  atmosphere.    Compare  weather-box. 

Many  of  them  [nodules  of  various  kmds)  are,  also,  exter-  -weather-renort  CweTH'pr-rp-nm-t"!  »  A  dailv 
nally  marked  in  the  same  direction  with  parallel  ridges  wediner  repop  (,weiH  ei-re-poic  ),  tl.  A  Qaily 
andfurrows.whichhavenotbeenproducedbywea^Aertn.v-  report  ot  meteorological  observations  and  of 
Daricin,  Geol.  Observations,  i.  78.  probable  changes  in  the  weather,  especially 
3.  In  arch.,  a  slight  inclination  given  to  an  o^i"  issued  by  a  weather-service.  [Colloq.] 
approximately  horizontal  surface  to  enable  it  weather-roll  (weTH'er-rol),  n.  The  roll  of  a 
to  throw  off  water.  ^^h>  to  windward,  in  a  heavy  sea  on  the  beam : 

weathering-stockt  (weTH'er-ing-stok),  n.     A     opposed  to  lee  lurch. 
post  to  which  hawks  are  leashed  in  such  a  man-  weather-service  (weTH'er-ser"vis),  n.    An  in- 
ner as  to  allow  them  limited  exercise.    See  last     stitution  organized  for  taking  meteorological 


fiuotation  under  weather,  v.  t.,  1. 

E'en  like  the  hawk  (whose  keeper's  wary  hands 
Have  made  a  pris'ner  to  her  weath'ring  stock). 

Quarles,  Emblems,  V.  ix.  5. 

Weatherliness  (weTH'er-li-nes),  w.  l.  Wea- 
therly  character  or  qualities:  said  of  ships  and 
boats. 

To  combine  the  speed  of  the  ordinary  type  of  American 
sloop  with  the  weatherliness  of  the  English  cutter. 

Science,  VI.  168. 

2.  Xaiit.,  the  state  of  a  vessel  as  to  her  capa- 
city to  ply  speedily  and  quickly  to  windward. 


when  she  is  to  windward  of  another  ship  :  op-  weatherly  (weTH'^r-li),  a.     [<  weather  +  -lyl.^ 
'  ■     ■  yaul.,  making  very  little  leeway  when  close- 

hauled,  even  in  a  stiff  breeze  and  heavy  sea: 
noting  a  ship  or  boat. 

Notwithstanding  her  weatherly  tinalities,   the  heavy 
cross  sea,  as  she  drove  into  it,  beaded  her  oft  bodily. 

M.  .Scott,  Tom  Cringle's  Log,  viii. 

weather-map  (weTu'er-map),  «.   A  map  show 


posed  to  lee-gage. 

A  ship  is  said  to  have  the  weather-gaffe  of  another  when 
she  ia  at  the  windward  of  her.  Admiral  Smyth. 


Advantage  of  position ;  the  upper 


Hence  —  2 
hand. 

Were  the  line 
Of  Rokeby  once  combined  with  mine, 
I  gain  the  weather-gage  of  fate ! 

Scott,  Eokehy,  vl.  24. 
To  dispute  the  weatber-gs^e.  See  dispute. 
weather-gall  (weTH'6r-gal),  ».  Same  as  water- 
gall,  2. 
weather-glass  (we?H'fer-glas),  n.  [=  D.  weer- 
glas  =  Sw.  vdderglas  =  Dan.  reirglas,  barome- 
ter; as  weather  +  glas.i.']  An  instrument  de- 
signed to  indicate  the  state  of  the  atmosphere. 
This  word  is  commonly  applied  to  the  barometer,  but  also 
to  other  instruments  for  measuring  atmospheric  changes 
and  indicating  the  state  of  the  weather,  as  the  thermom. 
eter  and  various  kinds  of  hygrosco|>e8. 

The  King  of  Spain's  health  is  the  Weather-glasn  upon 
which  all  our  politicians  look ;  as  that  rises  or  falls,  we 
look  pleasant  or  uneasy. 

Prior  (Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  26.'>). 
See  shep- 


observations  in  accordance  with  a  systematic 
plan,  and  for  utilizing  the  data  thus  collected 
by  forecasting  the  weather,  issuing  warnings 
of  storms  and  floods,  publishing  cliraatological 
tables,  distributing  infoi-mation  as  to  the  effect 
of  the  weather  on  growing  crops,  and  by  allied 
services.  AH  the  principal  governments  of  the  world 
now  maintain  a  weather.service,  upon  which  a  part  or 
all  of  these  iluties  are  imposed.  In  the  United  States  an 
annual  appropriation  of  nearly  a  million  dollars  is  made 
to  the  Weather  Bureau  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
which  is  charged  with  performing  these  services.  In 
addition  to  the  Weather  Bureau,  and  cooperating  with  it. 
there  is  organize<l  in  nearly  every  State  a  State  weather- 
service,  composed  of  voluntary  observers  whose  work  is 
directed  toward  giving  information  upon  tile  condition 
of  the  crops  as  affected  by  the  weather,  and  in  general 
toward  extending  knowledge  of  local  climatology. 
weather-shore  (weTu'er-shor),  n.  The  shore 
from  whicli  the  wind  blows. 

[The  windl  set  so  violently  as  rais'd  on  the  sudden  so 
greate  a  sea  that  we  could  not  recover  the  weather-shore 
for  many  lloures.  Emlyn,  Diary,  Oct-  11,  1644. 


ing  the  temperature,  pressure,  wind,  weather,  weather-sign  (weTH'er-sin),  ii.    Any  phenome- 


Bbepherd's  or  poor  man's  weather-glass. 

herd. 
weather-gleam  (weTH'er-glem),  «.   A  peculiar 
appearance    of  clear   sky  near  the  horizon. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

You  have  marked  the  lightning  of  the  sky  Just  above 
the  horizon  when  clouds  are  about  to  break  upand  disap    Weather-plant  (weTH  cr-plant),  ». 
Whatever  name  you  gave  it,  you  would  hardly  in: 


and  other  meteorological  elements  over  an  ex- 
tensive region,  compiled  from  simultaneous  ob- 
servations at  a  large  number  of  stations.  The 
pressure  is  represented  by  isobars,  the  temperature  by 
isotherms,  the  wind  by  arrows,  and  the  weather  by  dif- 
ferently sha<led  circles  or  other  conventional  symbols. 
Weather-maps,  prepared  once  or  twice  daily,  form  the 
basis  upon  which  every  government  weather-service  fore- 
casts the  weather  and  issues  storm-warnings. 

weather-molding(weTH'er-m61"ding),  n.  Same 
as  (Irijistonc.  1. 

weathermost  (weTH'er-most),  a.  superl.  [< 
wciittier  +  -most.']     Furthest  to  windward. 

weather-notation  (weTH'er-no-ta"shon),  11.  A 
sj'stem  of  abbreviation  for  the  principal  me- 
teorological phenomena.  Beaufort's  weather-nota- 
tion, which  is  used  in  Great  Britain,  is  as  follows:  b,  blue 
sky,  whether  clear  or  hazy ;  c,  clouds  (detached) :  d,  driz- 
zling rain  ;  /,  fog  ;  g,  very  gloomy  ;  h,  hail ;  I,  lightning  ; 
m,  mist ;  o,  overcast :  p,  passing,  temporary  showers ;  q, 
squally  ;  r,  rain  ;  i,  snow  ;  /,  thunder  ;  v,  ugly,  tlireaten- 
ilig  weather  ;  w,  dew. 

The  Indian 


non  or  sensation  indicating  state  or  change  of 
weather;  hence,  generally,  any  prognostic  or 
sign. 

I  am  not  old  for  nothing  ;  I  can  tell 

The  wenther-signs  of  love  ;  you  love  this  man. 

Mrs,  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  ii. 

weather-spy  (weTu'er-spi),  n.  One  who  fore- 
tells the  weather;  a  weather-prophet.  Donne. 
[Rare.] 

weather-stain  (weTH'er-stan),  n.  [<  weather 
+  stain.']  A  stain  or  discoloration  left  or  pro- 
duced by  the  weather  or  by  weathering. 

Walls  must  get  the  weather-stain 
Before  they  grow  the  ivy. 

-Mrs.  Browning,  Aurora  Leigh,  viii. 
He  .  ,  .  felt  that  the  shape  and  colour  of  every  roof 
and  weather-stain  and  broken  hillock  was  good,  because 
his  growing  senses  had  been  fed  on  them. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  iii.  9. 
With  weather-stains  upon  the  wall, 
And  .stairways  worn,  ami  crazy  doors. 

Longfellow,  Wayside  Inn,  Prelude. 


pear. 

prove  on  that  of  the  weather-gleam,  which  In  some  of  our 

dialects  it  l^ears.  Trench.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

weather-hardened  (weTH'^r-hitr'dnd),  a. 
Hardened  by  the  weather;  weather-beaten. 

A  countenance  which,  weather-hardened  as  it  was,  might 
have  given  the  painter  a  model  for  a  Patriarch. 

Southey,  The  Doctor,  ix. 

weather-head  (weTir'er-hed),  n.  l.  A  sec- 
ondary rainbow.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2. 
Stripes  of  cirrus  cloud.     [Scotch.] 

weather-headedt  (weTii'tr-hed'ed),  a.  Same 
as  wether-headed. 

Sir,  Is  this  usage  for  your  son'/  — for  that  old  weather- 
headed  fool,  I  know  how  to  laugh  at  him  ;  Itut  yon.  Sir  - 
Congreve,  Love  for  L^jve,  ii.  7.    (Daeies.) 

weather-honse  (weTH'er-hous),  n.  Same  as 
weather-hox.     C'owper,  Task,  i.  211. 

weathering (weTH'er-ing),  n.  [<ME.  tcederijng ; 
verbal  n.  of  weather,  r.j  If.  Weather,  espe- 
cially favorable  or  fair  weather. 

For  alle  trewe  shipmen,  and  trewe  pilgrymes,  yat  Godd 
for  his  grace  yeue  hem  wederyng  and  i>iissage,  yat  yei 
mowen  sauely  commen  and  gone. 

English  Gilds  (K  E.  T.  S.),  p.  2.i. 
Which  would  haue  bene,  with  the  weathering  which  we 
had,  ten  or  twelve  dayes  worke. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  III.  516. 

2.  In  gent.,  etc.,  the  action  of  the  elements  in 
changing  the  color,  texture,  or  composition  of 
rock,  in  rounding  off  its  edges,  or  gradually 
disintegrating  it.     The  first  effect  of  the  weathering 


licorice,  Abrus  prccalorius:  so  named  in  view  of  weather-stained  (weTH'er-stand),  a.  Stained 
an  alleged  property  of  indicating  the  weather  in     or  discolored  by  the  weather.  See  iccathering,  2. 

^^^'^T^'  ■  "  '•''•  *  ™"',"'<'"  ti-opical  twining  shrub  (see         a  ,o,„b  somewhat  weather-stained.  Longfellow. 

Abrus\  having  pinnate  leaves  with  from  20  to  40  small  .  ^i'n.jj^ii.mn. 

leaflets.  Recent  careful  observations  show  that  the  pairs  WCather-Statlon  (weTH'6r-sta"shon),  tl.  A  sta- 
of  leaflets  fold  together  more  or  less  as  the  light  Is  stronger  tion  where  daily  meteorological  observations 
or  weaker,  the  movement  being  less  vigorous  In  a  moister     ^re  made  and  reported  to  a  central  office ;  one 

of  the  stations  of  a  weather-service. 

A  slender 


atmosphere;  that  a  certain  wrinkling  of  the  surface  co- 
exists with  a  coloring  of  the  mjirgln  likely  to  be  due  to  the 
attacksof  an  insect;  and  that  the  movement  of  the  rachia,   WeathCT-Strip  (weTH'^r-strip), 


supposed  to  be  barometric,  is  a  diurnal  oscillation  which 
varies  In  extent  with  the  amount  of  light.  'ITie  tempera- 
ture also  affects  the  freedom  of  those  motions.  These 
characteristics  are  all  paralleled  in  other  plants,  espe- 
cially of  the  Leguminospe.  As  a  means  of  forecasting,  the 
plant  is  not  likely  to  be  of  practical  worth, 
weather-proof  (weTH'6r-pr6f),  a.  Proof  against 
rough  weather. 

Lord,  thrui  bast  given  me  a  cell 

Wherein  to  dwell, 
A  little  house,  whose  humble  roof 
Is  weather-proof. 
Ilerrick,  A  Thanksgiving  to  God  for  his  House. 
There  were  only  ten  persons  at  the  conference  meet- 
ing last  night,  and  seven  of  them  were  women ;  he  won- 
ders how  many  icertf/tcr-^vroo/ Christians  there  are  in  the 
parish.  C-  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  72. 

Weather-prophetCweTH'^r-piofet), n.  [=Dan. 
reir-profet ;  a.ii  weather  +  prophet.]  1.  One  who 
foretells  weather ;  one  skilled  in  foreseeing  the 
changes  or  state  of  the  weather.    [Colloq.] 

Who  that  has  read  (Jreek  does  not  know  the  humour 
with  which  the  meteorological  theories  of  the  Athenian 
weather-prophets  are  ridiculed  by  Aristophanes  in  "The 
Clouds"?        R.  H  Scott,  in  Modern  Meteorology,  p.  166. 


strip  of  some  material  intended  to  keep  out  wind 
and  cold;  originally,  a  strip  of  wood  covered 
with  soft  material,  as  list  or  cloth ;  specifically, 
a  contrivance  by  which  a  strip  of  india-rubber 
is  adjusted  closely  to  the  apertures  of  a  door  or 
window,  or  its  frame  or  jamb,  covering  the  cre- 
vice very  tightly:  it  is  generally  a  wooden  mold- 
ing into  which  a  thin  strip  of  rubber  is  fitted. 

weather-strip  (weTH'er-strip),  v.  t.;  pret.  and 
pp.  wcather-strij)ped,]^\n:  weather-stripping.  To 
apply  weather-strips  to ;  fit  or  secure  witli  wea- 
ther-strips. 

weather-symbol  (weTU'er-sim'bol),  n.  A  con- 
ventional sign  used  in  meteorological  records, 
or  in  published  meteorological  observations 
or  weather-maps,  to  represent  graphically  any 
designated  phenomenon.  The  following  symbols 
have  been  adopted  by  the  International  .Meteorological 
Congress  to  represent  the  principal  hydronietcors  and  a 
few  other  phenomena.  Rain,  •  ;  snow.  -Sf  ;  thunderstorm, 
r?  ;  lightning,  i;  hail,  1;  mi-st.  =;  frost,  Jl;  dew,  a; 
snowdrift,  4- ;  high  wind,  \  ;  solar  corona,  ®  :  solar  halo, 
Q) ;  lunar  ctuona,  (j  ;  lunar  halo,  tU ;  rainbow,  -. ;  aurora, 
>i<  ;  haze,  dust  haze,  tx>. 


weather-tile 

weather-tile  (weTH'cr-til),  «.  A  tilo  used  as  a 
substitute  for  a  weather-board  in  frame-build- 
ings. These  tiles  are  overlapped  like  shingles,  ami  are 
held  ill  place  by  nails  driven  through  holes  formed  in  tlie 
tiles  in  molding. 

weather-vane  (weTH'er-van),  «.  A  vane  to 
show  the  direction  of  the  wind ;  a  weather- 
cook.     See  cut  under  rniie. 

weather-waft  (weTu'er-wiift),  a.  Tossed  or 
carried  by  the  wind.     [Kare.] 

I  cannot  Imt  feare  that  those  men  never  Moored  their 
Anchors  well  in  the  flrme  soile  of  Heaven  that  are  weather- 
waft  up  aild  down  witli  every  eddy-wind  of  every  new 
doctrine.  A'.  Ward,  Simple  Colder,  p.  20. 

weather-wind  (weTu'er-wind),  ».  [A  corrup- 
tion of  irithi/wiiKl  for  n-ithirind.'i  Bindweed. 
HnHitrell.     [Provincial.] 

weather-wise  (weTU'er-wIz),  a.    [<  ME.  tocdcr- 
wis;  <  weather  +  w/scl.]     Skilful  in  prognosti- 
cating the  changes  of  the  weather. 
For  thorw  werre  and  wykkcd  wcrkes  and  wcderes  vnre- 

sonable, 
Wedericise  sinpmen  and  witti  clerkes  also 
Han  no  bilieue  to  the  lifte  ne  to  the  lore  of  phllosofres. 
Picas'  Ploimnan  (B),  xv.  350. 

weather-wisert  (weTH'er-wi"zer),  n.     [<  wert- 
tlier  +  *wiKcr,  iiKlieator;  of.  toai/ioiscr.']     Some- 
thing that  foretells  the  changes  of  the  weather. 
The  flowers  of  pimpernel,  the  opening  and  shutting  of 
which  are  tlie  countryman's  weather-toiser, 

Derham,  Physico-Theol.,  x.,  note. 

weather-work  (weTu'er-werk),  n.  Defense  or 
]>rovision  against  the  wind,  sea,  etc.  Coi)k, 
Voyages,  III.  i.  '■i.  (/Ciici/c.  Diet.) 
weather-worn  (weTH'er-vv6rn),  a.  [<  weather 
+  «or«.]  Worn,  injured,  or  defaced  by  the 
action  of  the  weather;  wi^athered. 
weather-wreck  (weTn'er-rek),  «.  A  wreck  by 
storms.     [Rare.] 

Well,  well,  you  have  built  a  nest 

That  will  stand  all  storms;  you  need  not  nnstrust 

A  weather-wreck. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  ii.  2. 

weavei  (wev),  r. ;  pret.  wore  (formerly  also 
weavcd),  pp.  worcu  (sometimes  irorc  and  former- 
ly also  wearcd),  ppr.  wcurin;/.  [<  ME.  vwvcii 
(pret.  waf,  wiif,  pi.  wvreii,  woven,  jip.  woi;cu),<Aii. 
wefan  (pret.  w;ef,  pp.  wcfeii)  =  MD.  D.  weven  = 
OHG.  weban,  MHG.  G.  wehcn  =  Icel.  vefa  =  Sw. 
rdj'va  =  Dan.  Vcere,  weave  (connection  with 
Goth.  bi-wail)jaii,  wrap  around,  is  doubtful),  = 
Gr.  •/  I'V  (orig.  ■\/  Fa<j>),  in  v^ii,  i4o(,  a  web,  v(j>ai- 
vtiv,  weave;  cf.  Skt.  nrna-vdhhi,  a  spider,  lit. 
'wool-weaver,'  Skt.  ■[/ va.  weave,  also  Lith.ico- 
rds,  a  spinner,  spider.  From  the  root  of  wearc"^ 
are  ult.  E.  wch,  weft^,  woof,  oof,  <il)l>,  etc.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  form  by  interlacing  flexible  parts, 
such  as  threads,  yarns,  filaments,  or  strips  of  dif- 
ferent materials.  See  wearing. 
Where  the  women  wove  hangings  for  the  grove. 

2  Ki.  xxiil.  7. 
And  now  his  woeen  girths  he  breaks  asunder. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  200. 
To  wanton  Dalliance  negligently  laid. 
We  weave  the  Chaplet,  and  we  crown  the  Bowl. 

Prior,  .Solomon,  ii. 
These  purple  vests  were  weaved  by  Dardan  dames. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  form  a  te.xtui'e  from;  interlace  or  en- 
twine into  a  fabric. 

When  she  weaved  the  sleided  silk. 

Sliak.,  Pericles,  iv.,  I'l-ol.,  1.  21. 

3.  To  entwine;  unite  by  intermixture  or  close 
connection ;  insert  by  or  as  by  weaving. 

.She  Wff/it  wel,  and  wroot  the  story  above. 

Chaueer,  (iood  Women,  1.  2304. 
This  iveam'i  itself  perforce  into  my  business. 

Sliak.,  Lear,  ii.  1.  17. 
The  government  of  Episf'opacy  is  now  so  weav'd  into  the 
common  Law  :  In  Gods  name  let  weave  out  againe. 

Milton,  Kcformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 
These  words,  thus  ivnven  into  song. 

lli/ron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  112. 

He  carries  off  only  such  scraps  in  his  memory  ns  it  is 

hardly  possible  to  %veave  into  a  connected  and  consistent 

whole.  Prexcott.     (Imp.  Diet.) 

4.  To  inclose  by  weaving  something  about. 
The  mind  can  weave  itself  warmly  in  the  cocoon  of  its 

own  thoughts  and  dwell  a  hermit  anywhere. 

Lowdl,  Study  Windows,  j>.  .''16. 

5.  To  contrive,  fabricate,  or  construct  with  de- 
sign or  elaborate  care:  as,  to  weave  a  plot. 

For  answer  .  .  .  Acesius  iveavelh  out  a  long  history  of 
things  that  happened  in  the  persecution  under  Decins,  and 
of  men  which  to  save  life  forsook  faith. 

Hooker,  Kcdes.  Polity,  vi.  (i. 

My  brain,  more  busy  tlian  the  labouring  spider, 
Weare>;  tedious  snares  to  trap  mine  enendes. 

filiak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1.  340. 
Wove  paper.     See  pajier. 

II.  intran.t.  1.  To  practise  weaving;  work 
with  a  loom. 


6864 

Proclaim  that  I  can  sing,  weave,  sew,  and  dance. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  «.  194. 

They  that  pretend  to  wonders  must  weav  cunningly. 
Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  become  woven  or  interwoven.     [Kare.  J 

The  amorous  vine  which  in  the  elm  still  weaves. 

W.  Browne. 

3.  In  the  manege,  to  make  a  motion  of  the  head, 
neck,  and  body  from  side  to  side  like  the  shuttle 
of  a  weaver :  "said  of  a  horse.     Imj).  Diet. 

weave^  (wev),  «.  [<  «caiel,  V.']  The  act  or  a 
style  of  weaving.     [Trade  use.] 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  and  Application 
of  weaves  for  all  Textile  Fabrics.    Nature,  XXX  VIIL  600. 
The  great  difference  between  a  twill  and  a  plain,  or  be- 
tween a  plain  and  a  satin  weave.    Fibre  and  Fabric,  V.  15. 

weave'^t,  v.  [Also  were;  <  ME^  weven  (pret. 
wevede,  wefde,  pp.  ireved)X  AS.  *rviefan  (in  comp. 
he-wssfan,  wrap  around,  clothe,  =  OHG.  ze- 
weiban  =  Goth,  bi-waibjan,  wrap  around,  cover, 
mixed  with  the  appar.  cognate  Icel.  veifa), 
shake,  vibrate,  wave :  seeM;«i'el.]  1.  trans.  1. 
To  shake;  cause  to  waver;  wave;  brandish; 
toss;  waft. 

Auntrose  [dangerous]  is  thin  euel, 
Ful  wonderliche  it  the  iveues,  wel  I  wot  the  sothe. 

William  0/  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  922. 

Shaking  a  pike  of  fire  in  defiance  of  the  enemie,  and  wean- 
ing tliem  amaiiic,  we  bad  tliem  cf»me  aboord. 

Hakluyt'K  Voyages,  III.  506. 

2.  To  move  ;  cause  to  move. 

'J'hat  comli  ladi  cayres  to  hire  chauinber, 
it  weued  vp  a  window. 

Waiiam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  2978. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  wave;  waver;  float  about. 
To  cold  coles  sche  schal  be  brent  3it  or  come  cue  ; 
ife  the  aschis  of  hire  body  with  the  wind  wciw. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  436S. 

2.  To  move ;  go. 

Thou  wylnez  oucr  thys  water  to  we\u. 

Alliterative  Poems  {qA.  Morris),  i.  319. 
He  saugh  the  stroke  come  and  wevyd  a-side. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  liL  389. 
weavelt,  »•     See  weevil. 

weaver  (we'ver),  n.  [<  ME.  wcvere,  wevar,<  AS 
'wefere  =  MD.  D.  werer  =  OHG.  iceberi,  MHG. 
webare,  G.  weher  =  Sw.  v&fvare  =  Dan.  never,  a 
weaver;  as  weasel  -f  -er^.  Cf.  tveliber.']  1.  One 
who  weaves ;  one  whose  occupation  is  weaving. 

Wewars  also  of  wolne  and  lynnyn. 
Quoted  in  Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Pref. ,  p.  xlvii. 

Weavers  were  supposed  to  be  generally  gixtd  singers. 
Their  trade  being  sedentary,  they  had  an  opportunity  of 
practising,  and  sometimes  in  parts,  while  they  were  at 
work.  Warburton  adds  tliat  many  of  the  weavers  in  Qtieen 
Elizabeth's  days  were  Flcnnsh  Cilvinists,  who  fled  from 
the  persecution  of  the  Duko  of  Alva,  ami  were  therefore 
particularly  given  to  singing  psalms.  .  .  .  Hence  the  ex- 
clamation of  Falstatf,  "  I  wfuild  I  were  a  iceaver !  I  could 
sing  psalms,  and  all  manner  of  songs."  Nares. 

2.  In ocHif/i.,  a  weaver-bird.  —  3.  Inentmn.:  (a) 
A  gyriiiid  beetle;  awhirligig:  so  called  from  its 
intricate  cirelings  and  gyrations  on  tlie  surface 
of  the  water.  See  whirligig,  4,  and  cut  under 
Gyriuidie.  (b)  A  spinning-spider ;  a  true  ara- 
neid  which  weaves  a  web.  Varions  groups  of  such 
spiders  are  distinguished  l>y  the  form  of  their  webs,  as  line- 
weavers,  orh-weavers,  tapestry-weavers,  tube-weavers,  tun- 
nel-weavers, die.    iiee  spider. 

4.  In  ielith.,  same  as  weever Mahall  weaver. 

.■See  trc« re r-im;.~ Sociable  Weaver.  See  %veaver-bird.— 
Tapestry  weaver.  See  (ojw«(ri/.— Weavers'  bottom, 
a  cbroinc  inflatumation  of  a  bursa  situated  oAcr  the  tuber- 
osity of  the  iscluum,  occurring  as  a  result  of  sitting  long 
and  constantly  oti  a  h.-ird  scat.— Yellow-crowned  wea- 
ver. See  %veaver-bird. 
weaver-bird  (we'ver-berd),  «.  One  of  numer- 
ous Old  World  (chiefly  African  and  Indian) 
conirostral  passerine  birds,  noted  for  the  dex- 
terity and  ingenuity  with  which  they  weave 
the  materials  of  their  nests  into  a  textile  fab- 
ric, and  also  for  the  extraordinary  size  and  un- 
usual shape  of  some  of  these  structures.  The 
name  weaver-bird,  in  its  present  broad  sense,  is  modern, 
ami  appears  to  have  originally  specified  a  single  species 
(see  below).  In  the  last  and  early  in  the  present  century 
the  t)irds  of  this  group  which  were  then  known  were  classed 
with  the  finches  and  grosbeaks,  sometimes  with  the  ori- 
oles, mainly  according  to  the  thickness  of  the  bill,  and 
some  of  them  received  still  more  misleading  names. 
Though  there  was  an  Oriolus  textor  in  1788,  the  geiuis 
Ploceus  was  not  named  till  1817.  and  the  family  Ploceidee 
not  till  1847.  With  the  recognition  of  this  large  and  va- 
ried group,  as  well  marked  trom  the  FHngillidx  by  the 
possessictn  of  10  instead  of  9  primaries,  an  English  name 
Ijecamc  a  desideratum  ;  ami  xceavers,  weaver-birds,  or  icea- 
ver-Jinches  became  synonymous  with  Ploceidx,  without  im- 
plymg  that  all  the  birds  so  named  build  very  elaborate 
nests,  {^t^  Ploceus,  Ploceidfe.)  Two  remarkable  types  of 
nest  may  be  noted.  One  is  the  hive-nest  of  the  republi- 
can or  sociable  weavers,  many  pairs  of  which  build  in  com- 
mon an  enormous  domed  structure.  (See  PItiletjerus,  and 
cut  mider  hive-ii^st.)  'llie  other,  the  usual  type  of  nest,  is 
jtensile  or  jiemiulotls,  and  very  closely  woven,  like  that  of 
tile  American  hang-nests,  butnu:)re  elaborate,  antl  with  a 
hole  in  one  side  instead  of  being  open  at  the  top,  in  this 
respect  resembling  the  nests  of  vai  ions  titnuce  (bush-tits 


weaveress 

and  bottle-tits)  and  some  wrens.  These  nests  arc  gener- 
ally slung  at  the  ends  of  long,  slender,  drooping  branches, 
often  over  the  water  of  a  pool  or  stream,  where  they  are 
safest  from  monkeys  and  snakes.  In  some  cases  the  males 
build  additional  nests  for  themselves,  in  which  no  eggs 
are  to  be  laid  —  a  habit,  however,  not  confined  to  weaver- 
birds  (see  cock-nest).  One  of  the  largest,  most  charac- 
teristic, and  best-known  genera  of  weaver-Ijirds  is  that 
African  form  called  Oryx  (a  preoccupied  name)  by  lesson 
in  1831, and  Pyromelana\<y  Bonaparte  in  that  year,  though 
oftener  called  Euplectes  (Swainson,  1837).  There  are  12 
or  15  species,  the  characteristic  coloration  of  which  is 
black  set  off  with  scarlet  or  orange  in  large  massed  areas. 
P.  oryx,  tlie  male  of  which  is  scarlet  and  black,  is  alxiut 
5  inches  long ;  it  was  originally  descrilied  by  Edwards 
in  1751  as  "the  grenadier,"  from  some  fancied  like- 
ness of  its  plumage  to  a  soldier's  uniform.  It  inhabits 
South  Africa.  P.  aurea  of  western  Africa  is  the  golden- 
backed  finch  and  gold-liacked  grosbeak  of  the  early  or- 
nithologists, being  one  of  the  yellow  and  black  species. 
P.  capensis,  the  Cape  groslieak  of  Latham,  is  another, 
from  (^ape  Colony.  P.  tafia,  sometimes  known  as  the 
Mahali  weaver,  and  generally  called  Ploceus  or  Euplectes 
taha,  is  very  small  (scarcely  4i  inches  long),  of  rich  golden- 
yellow  and  velvety-black  hues,  and  its  nest  is  dispropor- 
tionately large.  It  belongs  to  an  extensive  region  of  south- 
eastern Africa.  (See  cut  under  (aAa.)  Several  other  Afri- 
can weavers  represent  the  genus  Ploceipasser,  as  /',  ma- 
hali. There  is  a  large  series  of  small  birds,  all  technically 
weavei-s  (Pioceida?),  which  fall  in  the  spermestine  division 
of  the  family,  and  belong  to  numerous  genera  of  the  Ethio- 
pian, Oriental,  and  even  the  Australian  region,  as  various 
amadavats,  waxbills,  strawberry-finches,  blood-finches, 
senegals,  etc.  (See  Viduiiue  (a),  and  cuts  under  Ploceus, 
Senegal,  Tteniopygia,  and  waxlnll.)  The  birds  of  an  ex- 
tensive Oriental  and  Australian  genus  Munia  (with  its 
subdivisions,  as  Padda)  belong  here.  (See  cut  under 
sparrow.)  Fifteen  species  of  Croloncha,  characterized  by 
cxserted  middle  tail-feathers,  range  from  Africa  to  New 
Guinea;  one  of  them  is  U.  acutieauda.  The  genus  £ry- 
Ihrura  is  another  large  one,  reaching  from  India  through 
much  of  Polynesia.  None  of  the  foregoing  birds  falls  in 
the  subfamily  Ploceinx  as  now  restricted.  Among  the 
latter  may  lie  noted  the  species  of  the  African  genus  Sita- 
gra,  6  in  number,  of  which  the  best-known  is  S.  capensis 
of  Cape  Colony,  the  olive  oriole  of  Latham,  commonly 


Weaver -bird  (Sitagra  capensis). 

called  yellow-croimcd  iccaver  and  Ploceus  icierocephalua. 
This  is  7  inches  long,  of  an  olive  and  golden-yellow  and 
black  color ;  it  builds  a  large  bottle-shaped  or  kidney- 
formed  pensile  nest.  Foudia  is  a  .Madagascar  type.  The 
most  extensive  genus  of  all  is  the  African  HyphatUornig, 
with  over  30  species,  or  the  golden  weavers,  as  H.  gal- 
biita.  These  birds  represent  in  Africa,  or  may  be  com- 
pared with,  the  hang-nest  orioles  of  America.  One  of  the 
longest-  and  best-known  is  H.  cucullatus  of  western  Af- 


Weaver-bird  iHyfhaHtornis  fexttr). 

ricn,  from  Senegambia  to  the  Gaboon  ;  it  has  oftener  been 
called  //.  textor  (after  Oriolus  textor  of  Gmelin,  1788),  and 
enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the 
first,  to  which  the  name  weaver  attached,  being  the  wee- 
ver oriole  of  Latham  (1782) ;  it  is  6  inches  long,  yellow  and 
black.  Malimbus  is  an  African  genus  of  black  and  crim- 
son, scarlet,  vermilion,  or  yellow  coloration,  as  M.  crisla- 
tus.  The  African  genns  Textor  (one  of  the  early  names  — 
Temminck,  1828)  has  2  marked  sjiecies,  T.  albirostris  (or 
alecto),  the  white  billed,  and  T.  erythrorhynchus  (or  ni- 
ger),  the  red-billed.  (See  cut  under  Textor.)  Finally,  the 
genus  Ploceus  itself  as  now  restricted  is  an  Oriental  type 
of  a  few  species,  commonly  called  baya-birds,  though  it 
used  to  be  indiscriminately  ajiplieil  to  any  of  the  fore- 
going, and  became  the  name-giving  genus  of  the  whole 
group.  See  cut  under  Ploceus.  (For  those  Ploceidx 
known  i\a  whidahbirds,  see  Vidviiur.) 
weaveresst  (we'ver-es),  n.  [<  weaver  +  -^ss.'] 
A  female  weaver. 

He  found  two  looms  alone  remaining  at  work,  in  the 
hands  of  an  ancient  weaver  and  iceaveress. 

J.  H.  Blunt,  Hist,  of  Dureley,  p.  222,    (Dariet.) 


weaver-finch 

weaver-finch  (we'ver-tinch),  It.     Any  weaver- 
bird. 
The  Ploeeidie,  or  weaver-Jincheg. 

A.  It  Wallace,  Distribution  of  Animals,  II.  286 

weaver-fisht  (we'ver-fish),  11.  A  fish  of  the 
genus  Tnichinus ;  a  weever.  See  cut  under 
Tracliinu.i. 

weaver-shell  (we'v^r-shel),  «.  A  shuttle-shell. 

weaver's-shuttle  (we'verz-shuf'l),  ».  The 
shuttle-shell,  Radius  roh'a.  See  Ovulum,  and 
cut  under  ehuttlv-shell. 

weavilt,  »■     An  old  spelling  of  weevil. 

weaving  (we'ving),  »i.  [<  ME.  wevi/iigc,  ivef- 
fynge;  verbal  n.  of  weave'-,  r.]  1.  The  act  of 
one  who  or  that  which  weaves ;  specifically,  the 
act  or  art  of  producing  cloth  or  other  textile 
fabrics  by  means  of  a  loom  from  the  combina- 
tion of  threads  or  filaments.  In  weaving  all  kinds 
of  fabrics,  wliether  plain  or  llKured,  one  system  of  tlireails, 
calletl  tlie  woo/"  or  lee/t,  is  nia<Ie  t*)  pass  alternately  under 
and  over  another  system  of  tlirea<l8,  called  the  warp,  web, 
orehaiJi.  The  essential  operations  are  the  successive  rais- 
ing of  certain  threads  of  the  warp  and  the  depression  of 
others,  so  as  to  form  a  shed  fur  the  passaj^e  of  the  weft-yarn, 
which  is  then  beaten  up  by  means  of  a  lathe  or  batten. 
Weaving  is  performed  by  the  hand  in  what  are  called 
hand-Uffttiu,  or  by  8teani-i>ower  in  what  are  called  pimer- 
loams,  but  the  general  arrangements  for  txitli  are  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  the  same.  (See  fooml.)  Weaving,  in  the  most 
general  sense  of  the  term,  comprehends  not  only  the  manu- 
facture of  those  textile  fabrics  which  are  prepared  in  the 
loom,  but  also  that  of  network,  lacework,  etc.  See  cut 
under  ithuttle. 

2.  Ill  the  manege,  the  action  of  a  horse  that 
weaves,  or  moves  the  body  from  side  to  side. 

weazand,  ».     See  weasand. 

weazelt,  «.     See  weasel. 

weazen  (we'/.n).     See  ifi.-fHl. 

web  ( web), H.  [<  MR.H!(''),irf66e,<AS.  !Pe6(H:efi6-), 
a  web (=  OS.  wehhi  =  OFries.  web,  woh  =  1).  iceh, 
tcebbe,  a  web  (=  LG.  ireb,  trehbe  =  ()H(J.  iceppi, 
toap/n,  MUG.  weppe,  weblir,  tcche,  (J.  dial,  webb 
(cf.  G.  gewebe),  web,  woof,  =  Icel.  vcfr  =  Sw. 
vdf  =  Dan.  vat;  web),  <  icefaii,  weave:  see 
weare^.]  1.  That  wliich  is  woven;  a  woven 
fabric;  sjiecifically,  a  whole  piece  of  cloth  in 
course  of  being  woven,  or  after  it  comes  from 
the  loom. 

Biholde  how  Eleyne  hath  a  newe  cote ; 
I  wlashe  thaniie  it  were  myne  and  al  the  urebtte  after  li.  e., 
all  left  after  making  the  coat). 

Pierii  Plotcmnn  (B),  v.  111. 

My  dochter  she 's  a  thrifty  la-ss  ; 
.She  span  seven  year  U)  me ; 
An'  if  it  war  well  counteii  np, 
Kull  ten  mttts  it  would  be. 

Keiiip!/  /fayc  (Child's  Ballails,  VIII.  140). 

At  noon 
To  morrow  come,  and  ye  shall  pay 
Each  fortieth  ivebof  cloth  to  me. 
As  the  law  is,  ami  ko  your  way. 

M.  AnuM,  The  Sick  King  in  Bokhara 

2.  Same  as  vebbiiig,  1. — 3.  The  warp  in  a  loom. 
[Provincial.] — 4.  Something  resembling  a  web 
or  sheet  of  cloth ;  specifically,  a  large  roll  of  pa- 
per such  as  is  used  in  the  web-press  for  news- 
papers. 

Several  men  or  boys  are  placed  to  receive  the  sheets  [of 
paper]  according  to  the  number  into  which  the  width  of 
the  web  la  divided.  Ure,  Diet.,  III.  403. 

5.  Any  one  of  various  thin  and  broad  olgects, 
probably  so  named  from  some  similarity  to  the 
thin,  broad  faV)ri(^  of  tlm  loom.  Especially— (nt) 
A  sheet  or  thin  plate,  as  of  lead. 

There  with  stattdy  iKnnp  by  heaps  they  wend, 
Am!  ('lirislians  slain  roll  up  in  wela  of  lead. 
Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso's  (Jodfrey  of  Boulogne,  x.  Sfi. 

(M)  The  blade  of  a  sword. 

A  sword,  whereof  the  leeh  was  steel ; 
Pummel,  rich  stone ;  hilts,  gf>ld,  approved  by  touch. 
Fair/ax,  tr.  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  Boulogne,  ii.  93. 

(c)  The  blade  of  a  saw.  (</)  The  plate  (or  its  equivalent) 
in  a  beam  or  girder  which  connects  tlie  upper  and  lower 
flat  or  laterally  extending  plates.  («)  The  correspondlnj; 
part  of  a  rail,  between  the  treail  ami  the  foot.  See  cut 
nniler  rail.  (/)  The  Hat  part  of  a  wheel,  between  the 
nave  and  tlie  rim,  as  in  some  railway-wheels  — occupying 
the  space  where  simkes  would  lie  in  uu  ordinary  wheel. 
(.V)  The  solid  part  of  the  bit  of  a  key.  (A)  The  part  of  an 
anvil  l>elow  the  head,  which  is  of  reduced  size,  (i)  The 
thin,  shar()  part  of  the  colter  of  a  plow.  See  cut  imder 
plow.  (J)  A  canvas  cloth  used  in  a  saddle.  (*)  The  has- 
ketwork  of  a  gatdon.  See  cut  under  ffabion.  (0  In  a  ve- 
hicle, a  combination  of  bands  or  straps  of  a  stout  fabric, 
serving  U>  keep  the  IukmI  from  opening  too  far.  E.  II. 
Kniaht.    (in)  'The  aim  of  a  crank. 

6.  In  ornith.,  the  blade,  standard,  vane,  or  vex- 
illum  of  a  feather:  so  called  from  the  texture 
acquired  through  the  weaving  or  interlocking 
of  the  barbs  by  the  barbules  with  their  barbi- 
cels  and  booklets.  That  vane  which  is  furthest  from 
the  middle  line  of  the  bird's  body  is  the  outer  web;  the 
other,  thi*  iuiier  iceh,  is  tecbuically  distiugtdshed  as  poffo- 
niitm  externum  and  internum.  The  two  often  differ  from 
each  other  in  size,  sha|ie,  or  color,  or  in  all  these  resiwcts; 
the  difference  is  most  pronounced  on  the  flight-feathers 


6865 

(as  seen  in  any  quill  pen)  and  lateral  rudder-feathers.  See 
cuts  under  aftershaft,  barb,  ocellate,  and  pencilinij. 

They  [barbules]  make  the  vane  truly  a  web :  that  is,  they 
so  connect  the  barbs  together  that  some  little  force  is  re- 
quired to  pull  them  apart. 

Couei,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  84. 

7.  The  plexus  of  very  delicate  threads  or  fila- 
ments which  a  spider  spins,  and  whicli  serves 
as  a  net  to  eateh  flies  or  other  insects  for  its 
food;  a  cobweb;  also,  a  similar  substance  spun 
and  woven  into  a  sort  of  fabric  by  many  in- 
sects, usually  as  a  covering  or  jirotection.  See 
bag-worm,  web-worm,  and  tent-caterpillar. 

The  Comissarles  court 's  a  spiders  webbe. 
That  doth  entangle  all  the  lesser  flies. 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  81. 
Much  like  a  subtle  spider,  which  doth  sit 
In  middle  of  her  weti,  which  spreadeth  wide. 

Sir  J.  Dames,  Immortal,  of  Sonl,  xviii. 

8.  Figttratively,  anything  carefully  contrived 
and  elaborately  put  together  or  woven ;  a  plot; 
a  scheme. 

All  this  is  but  a  web  of  the  wit ;  it  can  work  nothing. 

Bacon,  Praise  of  Knowledge  (ed.  1887). 
The  Fates  at  length  the  blissful  Web  have  spun. 

Conr/reve,  Birth  of  tlie  Muse. 
O,  what  a  tangled  iveb  we  weave 
When  tlrst  we  practise  to  deceive  ! 

Scott,  Marmion,  vi.  17. 
It  is  one  web  of  intricate  complications  between  the 
Emperors  of  the  East  and  West,  the  Republic  of  Venice, 
the  Kings  of  Hungary,  Dalmatia,  and  Bosnia. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  229. 

9.  In  anal.,  a  connective  or  otlicr  tissue;  any 
open  structure  composed  of  fibers  and  mem- 
branes running  into  each  other  irregularly  as 
if  tangled,  and  serving  to  support  fat  or  other 
soft  substances.      See  tix.siic  and  histohigij. — 

10.  In  r<»>7.,  the  membrane  or  foldof  skin  which 
connects  the  digits  of  any  animal;  especially, 
that  which  connects  the  toes  of  a  l)ird  or  a  quad- 
ruped, making  the  animal  palmiped,  and  the 
foot  itself  palmate,  as  occurs  in  nearly  all  aquat- 
ic birds  (hence  called  web-footed),  and  in  many 
aquatic  mammals,  as  the  beaver,  tlic  muskrat, 
and  ornithorhynchus.  Webs  soniethues  occur  as  a 
congenital  defect  of  the  hinnan  lingers  or  toes.  The  rela- 
tively largest  webs  are  those  of  the  bats'  wings.  In  birds 
the  extent  and  si>ecial  chai-acter  of  the  webs  (teebnically 
called  palamx)  arc  taken  into  some  account  in  classili- 
eation,  anil  some  conditions  of  the  webs  receive  special 
names.  See  ireb-/ooted,  and  cuts  under  liaf^,  duckl/ill,  Jtij- 
inij-frog.  (Kdemia,  otary,  palmate,  semipalmate,  and  toii- 
pahfuile. 

Some  full-iireasted  swan 
That,  fluting  a  wild  carol  ere  her  deatii, 
KulHes  her  pure  cidd  plume,  and  takes  the  flood 
With  swarthy  webs.  Tennyson,  Morte  d' Arthur. 

11.  In  coal-mining,  the  face  or  wall  of  a  long- 
wall  stall  in  course  of  being  holed  and  broken 
down  for  removal.  Gresteij.  [Midland  coal- 
fields, Kng.]— Basal  web,  a  small  web  between  a 
bird's  Uies,  extending  little  if  any  beyond  the  basal  joints 
of  the  digits  it  eotmects.  .See  cuts  under  Kreunetes  atnl 
semipalmute.—  Chain- web,  a  kind  of  saw;  a  scroll  saw. — 
Choroid  web,  the  velum  interix'situm.  — Emarginate 
web,  a  lull  web  between  a  bird's  toes,  whose  fi-ci;  border 
is  notably  concave  or  miarginate.  See  cut  under  totipal- 
?«a(e.— (geometrical  spider's  web.  Sec  geometric,  and 
cut  under  (ri«)i;;fr.- Holland  webt.  Same  as  holland, 
n.,  1.— Incised  web,  a  very  deeply  cnnirginate  web  of 
a  bird's  toes.— India-rubber  web,  a  fabric  in  which  a 
warp  of  rubber  threads  is  ftlle<l  with  a  weft  of  silk,  linen, 
or  cotton.  The  warp,  rendered  inelastic  during  the  weav- 
ing, has  its  elasticity  subsequently  restol'ed  by  a  process 
In  which  the  fabric  is  subjected  to  heat.  Also  called 
elastic  uvh.  —  Mill-saw  web,  a  thin  saw  carried  in  a  verti- 
cal saw.gute.  :ind  used  for resawing.  —  Pinandwebt.  See 
pi'n:i.— Spider's  web.    See  spidcr-ueb. 

web  (web),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  jtp.  webbed,  ppr. 
webbing.  [<  ME.  wcbbcn,  <  AS.  icc/zftfln,  weave, 
web;  from  the  noun.]  1.  To  cover  with  or  as 
with  a  web;  envelop. —  2.  To  connect  with  a 
web,  as  tlio  toes  of  a  bird;  render  palmate. — 
Webbed  Angers,  two  or  more  fingers  of  the  human  hand 
which  are  unitc<l  by  a  band  of  connecting  tissue,  either 
occurring  coiigenitally  or  as  an  abnormality,  or  resulting 
from  cicatrization  after  burns  and  other  woun<ls;  dacty- 
lion.  See  web-finyered,  and  Didut's  operation  (luider  ojiera- 
tion). — Webbed  toes,  a  condition  affecting  the  toes  of  the 
Innnan  foot,  abnormally  or  accidentally,  similar  to  that  of 
webbed  lingers.     See  web-/ooted. 

webbe^t,  "■  [<  ME.  webbe,  a  weaver,  <  AS.  web- 
bri,  a  weaver,  <  wefan,  weave:  see  weare'^,  and 
cf.  web.  The  ME.  noun  webbe  survives  in  the 
proper  name  ll^chb.']     A  weaver.    See  Webber. 

A  webbe,  a  dyere,  and  a  tapicer. 

Chaucer,  den.  Pn.l.  to  C.  T.,  I.  362. 

The  weblies  ant  the  fullarls  assembleden  hem  alle, 
Antmakeden  huere  consail  in  huere  comnuine  lialle. 

Flemish  Insurrection  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  270). 

webbe^t,  "•     An  old  spelling  of  well. 

webbert  (web'er),  11.  [<  ME.  wehharc,  <  AS. 
webherc,  a  weaver,  <  wchhdii,  weave:  see  tvcb, 
n.  The  noim  snrviv(^s  in  the  surname  Webber,^ 
A  Middle  English  form  of  weaver'^. 


web-machine 

webbing  (web'ing),  «.  [<  ME.  webbtjnge;  verbal 
n.  of  we/),  t'.]  1.  -A.  woven  material,  especially 
one  woven  without  pile,  [dainly  and  strongly. 
The  term  is  applied  to  material  or  pieces  of  material 
which  are  intended  for  strength,  to  bear  a  weight,  to  be 
drawn  tight,  or  the  like,  as  a  belt  or  surcingle,  and  also 
for  that  which  serves  to  protect  and  cover  the  edge  of  a 
piece  of  more  delicate  fabric  :  thus,  Eastern  rugs  are  often 
made  with  several  inches  of  webbiny  projecting  beyond 
the  part  that  is  covered  with  pile. 
2.  In  printing,  the  broad  tapes  used  to  conduct 
webs  or  sheets  of  paper  in  a  printing-machine, 
or  the  broad  straps  or  girths  attached  to  the 
roance  of  the  hand-press. —  3.  In  roo7.,  the 
webs  of  the  digits  collectively:  as,  the  webbing 
is  extensive  or  complete ;  the  webbed  state 
of  the  digits,  or  the  formation  of  their  webs ; 
palmation.  See  web,  n.,  10.— Elastic  webbing. 
See  elastic. 

webby  (web'i),  «.  [<wcb  +  -y'^.']  Relating  to  a 
web,  or  consisting  of  a  web,  in  any  sense  ;  web- 
like; membranous. 

Bats  on  their  webby  wings  in  darkness  move, 
And  feebly  shriek  their  melancholv  love. 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  60. 

weber  (va'ber),».  [After Wilhelm  Tf'ebcr{lS04- 
1891),  a  German  physicist.]  A  name  proposed 
by  Latimer  Clarke  for  tlie  unit  of  electrical 
quantity  which  has  since  been  named  coulomb; 
it  was  also  for  some  time  used  for  the  practical 
unit  of  electrical  cui'rent  which  is  now  called 
ampere. 

Weberian  (we-be'rian),  a.  [<  Weber  (see  def.) 
-1-  -i«».]  Pertaining  to  or  named  after  a  per- 
son named  Weber  (in  ttie  following  plirases  E. 
II.  Weber,  179r)-1833,  a  German  anatomist  and 
pliysiologist) — Weberian  apparatus,  the  whole  of 
the  parts  or  organs  by  means  of  which  Ihe  air-bladder  of 
some  fishes  is  connected  with  the  ear,  including  the  We- 
berian ossicles  and  their  connections. 

An  air-bladder  connected  with  the  auditory  organ  by 
i[)tervention  of  a  ^yebtTian  apparatus,  formed  of  parts  of 
the  anterior  vertebra',  modified  after  precisely  the  same 
plan  as  in  the  otlier  siluroids. 

Amer.  Nat.,  May,  1889,  p.  427. 
Weberian  ossicles.    See  ossicle. 

weber-meter  (Vil'ber-m6"ter),  n.  Same  as  aiu- 
pvre-meler  or  as  cintlnnib-mcter  (see  weber). 

Weber's  chronometer.  A  kind  of  metronome 
invented  by  (iottl'ried  Weber,  consisting  of  a 
weight  and  a  graduated  and  ad.justable  cord. 
See  metninoinc. 

Weber's  corpuscle.  The  depression  in  the  veru 
montaiium  situated  between  tlie  openings  of 
tlie  e,]acul,atory  ducts. 

Weber's  experiment.  The  experiment  of  clos- 
ing one  ear  to  find  that  a  vibrating  tuning-fork 
placed  with  th(!  end  resting  against  the  vertex 
will  be  heard  more  distinctly  in  that  ear. 

Weber's  glands.     The  mucous  glands  of  the 

toilglU'. 

Weber's  law.    See/coci. 

Weber's  paradox.  The  fact  that  a  muscle, 
when  so  stretched  that  it  cantiot  contract,  may 
elongate. 

web-eye  (web'i),  ».  In  patlwl.,  same  a,^  ptery- 
gium, 'i. 

web-eyed  (web'id),  a.  Exhibiting  or  affected 
with  the  disease  called  wcb-ei/e. 

web-fingered  (web'ting^gerd),  a.  Having  the 
fingers  of  the  hand,  or  any  digits  of  the  fore 
limb,  connected  by  means  of  more  or  less  ex- 
tensive webs  formed  of  a  fold  of  skin  :  as,  the 
bat  is  a  completely  wcb-fmgered  animal.  Tlic  An- 
gers of  the  human  hand  arc  naturally  webbeil  a  little  at 
the  base,  and  sometimes  connected  for  their  wh(dc  length, 
constituting  a  congenital  deformity.  Compare  webbed  Jin- 
ffers  (under  web,  v.  t.),  and  see  cuts  umler  baV^,  Jlyiny-Jox, 
and  Jlyiny-friiy. 

He  was,  it  is  said,  web-footed  naturally,  and  partially 
web-Jinyered. 

Mayhew,  Lomlon  Labinir  and  London  Poor,  II.  137. 

web-foot  (web'fut),  V.  A  foot  wliose  toes,  or 
some  of  them,  are  webbed;  also,  the  condition 
of  being  web-footed.  As  applied  to  persons,  it 
implies  an  abnormal  condition,  corresponding 
to  the  web-fingered.  -  Gillie  web-foot.    See  yillie. 

web-footed  (web'fut'cd),  a.  Having  web-feet; 
being  web-toed,  whether  as  an  abnormality  of 
persons,  or  as  the  natural  formation  of  the 
feet  of  many  a(|uatic  animals.  Many  nuimmals 
are  web-footed,  as  the  seal,  the  otter,  the  nuiskrat,  the 
beaver,  and  the  duck-mole.  Nearly  all  swinuiiiiig  and 
many  wading  birds  are  web-footed,  to  a  varying  extent  in 
dirt'erent  cases.  The  salient  batrachians  ai-e  mostly  web- 
foote<l,  esi)ecially  frogs,  as  to  their  hind  feet.  Sec  wet',  n., 
10,  web,  V.  t.,  webtiiny,  'i, pinniped,  palmiped,  palmate,  semi, 
palmate,  totifalmate,  with  various  cuts,  and  those  muler 
Jlyiny-froy,  duckbill,  and  otary. 

web-footedness  (web'fut"ed-iies),  )(.  Web- 
I'oof ;  the  state  of  being  web-footed. 

web-machine  (web'ma-slieu"),  n.  Same  as 
iieb-pres.^. 


web-press 

web-press  (web'pres),  n.  A  printing-machine 
which  is  automatically  supplied  with  its  paper 
from  a  great  web  or  roll:  usually  a  rotary  ma- 
chine, but  the  name  is  given  to  newspaper 
printing-machines  of  different  constructions, 
like  those  of  Hoe,  Marinoni,  Walter,  and  others. 
See  cut  un<\eT printing-machine. 

web-saw  (web'sa),  n.     A  frame-saw. 

The  irflt-mu;  the  glue-pot,  the  plane,  and  the  hammer 
arc  the  principal  tools  used.     The  Century,  XXXVII.  418. 

webstert  (web'ster),  w.  [=  Sc.  wabster;  <  ME. 
webstere,  websiar,  <  AS.  webbcstrc,  a  female 
weaver,  <  ttY'fcftaK,  weave :  see  ht6  and -s/er.  As 
with  other  JIE.  forms  in  -stcr  (strictly  fem.  in 
themselves),  the  word  was  also  often  regarded 
as  mase.  (cf.  baxter  and  brewt^ter'^,  used  as  masc. 
in  ME.).  The  name  survives  In  the  surname 
Webste7-.J    A  weaver.     IVyclif,  Job  vii.  6. 

One  witness  says  "a  very  goodwebster  cslh  scarcely  earne 
fewer  pence  a  day  w'>'  weavinge." 

Mecord  Soc.  Lancashire  and  CheshirCj  XI.  53. 

websterite  (web'ster-U),  n.  [So  named  in 
honor  of  Thomas  Webster  ( 1772-1844),  a  Scottish 
geologist.]  Aluminite;  hydrous  tribasic  sul- 
phate of  aluminium,  found  in  Sussex,  England, 
and  at  Halle  in  Prussia,  in  reniform  masses  and 
botryoidal  concretions  of  a  white  or  yellowish- 
white  color. 

Webster's  condenser.  An  apparatus  consist- 
ing of  two  lenses,  used  in  microscopy  for  in- 
tensifying the  light  thrown  on  the  object. 

web-toed  (web'tod),  a.     Web-footed. 

web-wheel  (web'hwel),  n.  A  wheel  in  which 
the  hub  and  rim  are  connected  by  a  web  or 
plate,  which  may  be  either  intact  or  perforated. 
It  is  a  common  form  for  railway  car-wheels,  and  is  also 
used  for  the  wheels  of  watches  and  clocks,  which  are  cast 
or  stamped  with  webs,  and  then  crossed  out — that  is,  the 
web  is  perforated  and  filed  into  the  form  of  spokes.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

web-winged  (web'wingd),  «.  Winged  by  large 
webs  stretched  between  elongated  digits  of  the 
fore  limbs,  as  bats;  chiropterous.  Seecutsun- 
der  bat-  and  Fiiria. 

web-worm  (web'werm),  n.  Anyone  of  several 
lepidopterous  larvai  which  feed  more  or  less 
gregariously,  and  spin  large  webs  into  which 
they  retire  at  night,  or  within  which  they  feed 
during  the  day  until  the  contained  foliage  is 
entirely  devoured,  when  the  web  is  enlarged. 
The  tent-caterpillars,  Clisiocampa  americana  and  C.  syl- 
vatica,  are  web-worms.  (See  cut  under  tent -caterpillar.') 
The  fall  well-worm  is  the  larva  of  the  bombycid  Hi/phan- 
tria  cunea.  The  garden  web-worm  is  the  larva  of  Eury- 
creon  rantidia,  a  pyralid  motli  of  the  fjimily  Botidm.  This 
species  is  nut  gregarious,  but  the  larvae  form  individual 
webs  near  the  roots  of  corn,  cotton,  cabbage,  melon,  po- 
tato, and  other  cultivated  crops  in  the  western  United 
States.  —  Grape  web-worm.  Same  as  vine  inch-worm 
(which  see,  under  vine). —  Turf  web-WOrm.  Same  as 
god-worm. 

wecht  (weeht),  n.  [Also  spelled  weight,  wcyht; 
perhaps  connected  with  ME.  Keyi/en,  <  AS. 
wecyan,  move,  a  secondary  verb,  <  wet/an,  carry : 
see  iceiylA,  and  cf.  wei(jht^.'\  An  instrument  in 
the  form  of  a  sieve,  but  without  holes,  used  for 
lifting  grain.     Burns.     [Scotch.] 

wedt  (wed),  n.  [=  Sc.  wad;  <  ME.  wed,  wedde, 
<  AS.  wed,  wedd,  a  pledge,  =  OFries.  wed  =  MD. 
wedde  =  OHG.  ivetti,  weti,  MHG.  wette,  wete, 
wet,  G.  wctlc  =  leel.  veth,  a  pledge,  =  Sw.  vad, 
a  bet,  appeal.  =  Goth,  icadi,  a  pledge,  =  L.  vas 
(vad-),  a  pledge;  cf.  Gr.  at-BAov,  contr.  aS'Aov 
(orig.  *aFtl)'/.ov),  a  prize,  tlie  prize  of  a  contest 
(>  ult.  E.  athlete,  etc.) ;  cf.  Skt.  vadhu,  a  bride, 
woman.  Hence  wed,  i\,  wud.'ict,  etc.  From  the 
same  source,  L.  or  Teut.,  are  ult.  E.  vadimony, 
gage,  engage,  wage,  wager,  etc.]  A  pledge ; 
pawn ;  security. 

He  that  lawith  at  a  niynstrels  worde  gevith  to  hyni  a 
wedde.  Political  Poeins,  etc.  (ed.  Funiivall),  p.  31. 

Passage  shalt  thou  pai  here  under  the  grene-wode  tre, 
Or  els  thou  shiilt  leve  a  wedde  with  me. 

Playc  of  llobyn  Mode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  427). 
There  'a  uane  that  gaes  by  Carterhaugh 

But  maun  leave  him  a  wad. 
Either  gowd  rings,  or  green  mantles. 

The  Ymuvj  Tamlane  (CInld's  Ballads,  I.  116). 
To  wed,  in  pledge;  in  pawn. 

A  Kyng  of  Fraunce  bi,ughte  theise  Relikes  soratyme  of 
the  .luwes,  to  whom  the  Emperour  had  leyde  hem  to 
wedde,  for  a  gret  summe  of  Sylvi-e. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  13. 
Let  him  be  war,  his  nekke  lith  to  wedde. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  360. 
My  londes  beth  set  to  wedde,  Roliyn, 
XJntvll  a  certayne  daye. 
Lytell  Gette  of  Itohyn  Uode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  .',4). 

wed  (wed),  f.;  j)r('t.  and  pp.  wedded,  teed,  ppr. 
wedding.  [<  ME.  wedden.i  AS.  weddian,  pledge, 
engage,  =  OS.  weddian  =  MI).  D.  wedden,  lay  a 
wager,  =  MHG.  G.  wetten,  wager,  =  Icel.  retlija. 


6866 

wager,  =  Sw.  vddja,  appeal,  =  Dan.  vedde,  wa- 
ger, =  Goth,  ga-ioadjon,  pledge,  betroth;  from 
the  noun.  Ci.  wage, gage',  v.}  I.  trans.  It.  To 
pledge  ;  henee,  to  wager. 

Yee  be  welcome,  that  dare  I  wele  wedde. 
My  lorde  has  sente  for  to  seke  hym. 

York  Plays,  p.  261. 
The  yonge  man,  hauinge  his  hart  all  redy  wedded  to  his 
frende  Titus,  .  .  .  refused  ...  to  be  parswaded. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  ii.  12. 

I'll  wad  a  weather  he'll  gar  the  blude  spin  frae  under 

your  nails.  Scott,  Black  Dwarf,  xvii. 

2.  To  marry  ;  take  for  husband  or  for  wife. 

Thei  wedden  there  no  Wyfes ;  for  alle  the  Womnien  there 
ben  commoun,  and  thei  forsake  no  man. 

Mandetrille,  Travels,  p.  179. 
Since  the  day 
I  saw  thee  first,  and  wedded  thee. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  1030. 

3.  To  join  in  marriage;  give  or  unite  in  wed- 
lock. 

In  Syracusa  was  I  born,  and  wed 

Unto  a  woman.  Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1.  37. 

4.  To  unite  closely  in  affection ;  attach  firmly 
by  passion  or  prejudice:  as,  to  be  wedded  to 
one's  habits  or  opinions. 

Men  are  wedded  to  their  lusta.  TUlotson,  Sermons. 

I  am  iu)t  wedded  to  these  ideas. 

Jefferson,  To  Colonel  Monroe  (Correspondence,  I.  236). 
Faith,  fanatic  Faith,  once  wedded  fast 
To  some  dear  falsehood,  hugs  it  to  the  last. 

Moore,  I.alla  Rookh,  Veiled  Prophet. 

5.  To  unite  forever  or  inseparably. 

Thou  art  wedded  to  calamity.    Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3. 3. 
They  led  the  vine 
To  wed  her  elm.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  215. 

6t.  To  espouse;  take  part  with. 

They  .  .  .  wedded  his  cause.  Clarendon. 

To  wed 'With  a  rush  ring.    SeerusAi. 

II.  intrans.  To  marry;    contract  marriage; 
become  united  as  in  matrimony. 

With  Athulf  child  he  wedde. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  9. 
For  to  been  a  wyf  he  gaf  nie  leve 
Of  indulgence,  so  it  is  no  repreve 
To  wedde  me  if  that  my  make  dye. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  I.  86. 
Tiiought  leapt  out  to  wed  with  Thought 
Ere  Thought  could  wed  itself  with  Speech. 

Tennyson,  Iti  Men)oriam,  xxiii. 

Wed.    An  abbreviation  of  Wednesday. 
wedbrekt,  «•     [ME.,  <  wed  +  break.~i    An  adul- 
terer.  Early  English  Psalter,  Ps.  xlix.  18.  (Strat- 
mann.) 

weddet,  «•    Same  as  wed. 

wedded  (wed'ed),  j?.  a.    1.  Married;  united  in 
marriage. 

Let  wealth,  let  honour,  wait  the  wedded  dame. 

Pope,  Eloisa  to  Abelard,  1.  77. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  matrimony:  as,  wedded 
life;  wedded  bliss. —  3.  Intimately  united  or 
joined  together;  clasped  together. 

Then  fled  she  to  her  inmost  bower,  and  there 
Unclasp'd  the  wedded  eagles  of  her  belt. 

Tennyson,  Godiva. 

wedde-fee,  n.    See  wed-fee. 

wedder' (weii'er),».    [<  iccrf -t- -erl.]    One  who 

weds. 
wedder^   (wed'er),    n.      A   dialectal  form  of 
wether. 
wedde-settet,  "•  *•     See  wcdset,  wadset. 
wedding  (wed'ing),  n.     [<  ME.  wedding,  wed- 
dynge,  <  AS.  weddung  (=  MD.  weddinghe),vfed- 
ding,  marriage,  verbal  n.  of  weddian,  pledge, 
wed:  see  !(;e(?l.]     Marriage;  nuptials;  nuptial 
ceremony  or  festivities,  especially  the  latter: 
also  used  attributively:  as,  wedding  cheer. 

Tliere  dide  oure  Lord  the  firste  Myracleat  the  Wedyny, 
whan  he  turned  Watre  in  to  Wyu. 

Mand£dZle,  Travels,  p.  111. 

The  kyngdam  of  heueues  is  maad  lie  to  a  man  kyng  that 

made  weddingus  to  his  sone.  Wyclif,  Mat.  xxii.  2. 

Simple  and  brief  was  the  wedding,  as  that  of  Ruth  and  of 

Boaz. 
Softly  the  youth  and  the  maiden  repeated  the  words  of 

betrothal, 
Taking  each  other  for  husband  and  wife  in  the  Magis- 
trate's presence.  Longfellow,  Miles  Staudish,  ix. 

Penny  wedding,  a  wedding  at  which  the  guests  contrib- 
ute toward  the  expenses  of  the  entertaitmient,  and  fre- 
quently toward  the  household  outfit  of  the  wedded  pair. 
Love  that  no  golden  ties  can  attach 
.  .  .  will  fly  away  from  an  Emperor's  match 
To  dance  at  a  Penny  Wedding  ! 

Hood,  Miss  Kilmansegg,  Her  Honeymoon. 

Silver  wedding,  golden  wedding,  diamond  wed- 
ding, the  celebmticiiis  of  the  twenty-flfth,  the  flftietb, 
and  the  seventy-fifth  anniversaries  of  a  wedding,  at  w  hich 
silver,  gold,  and  dianioml  ]>resents  respectively  are  maile. 
Pajyer,  jrooden,  tin,  crystal,  and  china  weddings  arc  also 
sometimes  celebrated  on  fir-^t,  fifth,  tenth,  fifteenth,  ami 
twentieth  anniversaries.  =  Syn.  Nuptials,  Matnmony,  etc. 
See  marriage. 


wedge 

wedding-bed  (wed'ing-bed),  «.  The  bed  of  a 
newly  married  pair. 

My  grave  Is  like  to  be  my  wedding  bed. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  5.  137. 

wedding-cake  (wed'ing-kak'),  «.  A  rich,  deco- 
rated cake  made  to  grace  a  wedding,  it  is  cut 
and  distributed  to  the  guests,  and  portions  of  it  are  sent 
afterward  to  friends  not  present.    Also  bride-cake. 

wedding-cards  (wed'ing-kilrdz' ),  n.  ]>l.  In  gen- 
eral, an  invitation  or  notification  sent  out  on 
the  occasion  of  a  marriage;  specifically,  two 
cards,  one  bearing  the  name  of  the  bride  and 
the  other  that  of  the  groom. 

wedding-chest  (wed'ing-chest),  n.  A  chest  or 
coffer,  usually  of  ornamental  character,  de- 
signed to  contain  the  clothes  and  ornaments 
of  a  bride.  Compare  bridal  chest  (under  ehest^), 
and  cassone. 

wedding-clothes (wed'ing-kloTHz'),  n.pl.  Gar- 
ments made  for  the  occasion  of  a  wedding,  es- 
pecially those  of  the  bride  or  the  bridegroom, 
and  either  worn  at  the  ceremony  and  festivities, 
or  prepared  as  necessary  for  the  changed  con- 
ditions of  life. 

wedding-day  ( wed'ing-da),  n.  The  day  of  mar- 
riage. 

wedding-dower  (wed'ing-dou''er),  V.  A  mar- 
riage-portion. 

Let  her  beauty  be  her  wedding -dmcer. 

Shak.,  1.  G.  of  V.,  uL  1.  78. 

wedding-dress  (wed'ing-dres'),  w.  The  dress 
worn  by  a  bride  at  her  wedding. 

Weddinger  (wed'ing-er),  n.  [<  wedding  +  -«rl.] 
A  guest  at  a  wedding;  one  of  a  wedding  party. 
[Provincial.] 

wedding-fa'VOr  (wed'ing-fa''''vor),  )i.  A  bunch 
of  white  ribbons,  or  a  rosette,  etc.,  sometimes 
worn  by  men  attending  a  wedding.    Simtnoitds. 

wedding-feast  (wed'ing-fest),  «.  A  feast  or 
entertainment  in  honor  of  a  wedding. 

wedding-flower  (wed'ing-flou"<T),  n.  A  plant, 
Marxa  (Iri,s)  Eobin,smiiana  of  Lord  Howe's 
Island,  New  South  Wales,  having  white  iris- 
like flowers  sometimes  4  inches  across Cape 

wedding-flower,  Dombeya  Xatalcnsui,  a  ^outh  African 
sliruh  or  .small  tree  with  showy  flowers. 

wedding-garment  (wed'ing-giir'ment),  n.  A 
garment  such  as  is  worn  at  a  wedding  ceremony 
or  entertainment. 

And  when  the  King  came  in  to  see  the  guests,  he  saw 
there  a  man  which  had  not  on  a  wedding  garment. 

Mat.  xxii.  11. 
Is  supper  ready,  the  house  trinnned,  .  .  .  and  every  offi- 
cer his  wedding -garment  on  ?     Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1.  51. 

wedding-knife  (wed'ing-nif ),  n.  One  of  a  pair  of 
knives  contained  in  a  sheath  which  is  arranged 
to  be  worn  at  the  girdle.  This  was  a  common 
wedding-gift  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

wedding-ring  (wed'ing-ring),  11.  A  ring  which 
is  given  by  one  of  a  married  pair  to  the  other 
on  the  occasion  of  their  marriage,  especially  one 
given  by  the  groom  to  the  bride.  It  is  usually 
a  plain  gold  ring. 

wedding-song  (wed'ing-s6ng),  H.  A  song  sung 
in  honor  of  a  bride  and  groom;  an  epithala- 
mium. 

wedeH,  v-  i-    [ME.  weden,  <  AS.  wedan,  be  mad,  < 
tfod,  mad :  see  uood^.']    To  go  mad ;  rage ;  rave. 
He  tok  his  leue  &  went  home  a-geiue 
Weping  as  he  wold  wide  for  wo  &  for  sorwe, 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  1509. 

wedeif,  «.     [ME.,  <  wede,  r.]    Madness. 
And  had  therof  so  mochc  drede. 
That  he  wende  have  go  to  wede. 

MS.  Harl.  1701,  f.  24.    (HalliiceO.) 

wede^t,  »•     A  Middle  English  form  of  weed^. 

wed-fee  (wed'fe),  «.  [Also  wedde-fee;  <  wed 
+  /wl.]  1.  A  wager.  Bobson.  (Halliwell.) 
[Prov.Eng.] — 2.  Wage;  reward;  recompense. 
Jamieson.     [Scotch.] 

wedgel  (wej),  n.  [<  ME.  wegge.  wigge,  wege,  < 
AS.  wecg,  a  wedge  (a  mass  of  metal),  =  MD. 
wegghe,  wigghe,  D.  wigge,  wig,  a  wedge,  =  MLG. 
wegge  =  OHG.  icekl-i,  weggi,  MHG.  wecie,  wegge, 
G .  toecVe,  week,  a  wedge-shaped  loaf,  =  Icel.  veggr 
=  Sw.  i-igg  —  Dan.  vsegge,  a  wedge;  prob.  lit. 
'a  mover' (from  the  use  and  effect  in  splitting), 
ult.  from  the  verb  represented  by  weight.  Cf. 
Lith.  wagis,  a  bent  wooden  peg  for  hanging 
things  on,  a  spigot  for  a  cask,  also 
a  wedge.]  1.  A  simple  machine 
consisting  of  a  very  acute-angled 
triangular  prism  of  hai'd  material, 
which  is  driven  in  between  objects 
to  be  separated,  or  into  anything 
which  is  to  be  split.  The  wedge  is  wed^c. 
nieiely  a  special  application  of  au  inclined 
plane,  and  is  nowise  entitled  to  a  distir.ct  place  in  th 
list  of  niecliaincal  iwwers. 


hanging 


wedge 

Yf  thai  nyl  here,  a  wegge  oute  of  a  Ijroiide 
Ywrought  dryve  in  the  roote,  or  sumdel  froo 
Let  diche  and  fild  with  assheii  let  it  stonde. 

PaUaditti,  Husbondiie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  53. 

Thorw  wich  pyii  ther  goth  a  litel  wegge  wliich  that  is 

cleped  the  hors.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe. 

For  'tis  with  Pleasui'e  as  it  is  with  Wedges;  one  drives 

out  another. 

N.  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  I.  167. 

2.  A  mass  resembling  a  wedge  in  form ;  any- 
thing in  the  form  of  a  wedge. 

They  gather  it  [gold]  witll  great  laboure  and  nielte  it 
and  caste  it,  fyrste  into  masses  or  wedges,  and  afterwarde 
into  brode  plates. 

R.  Eden,  tr.  of  Sebastian  Munster  (First  Books  on  Amer- 
(ica,  ed.  Arber,  p.  29). 
Open  the  mails,  yet  guard  the  treasure  sure ; 
Lay  out  our  golden  wedges  to  tlie  view. 

Marlowe,  Taniburlaine,  I.,  i.  12. 
A  wedge  of  gold  of  Bfty  shekels  weight       Josh.  vii.  21. 
See  how  in  warlike  muster  they  appear. 
In  rhombs,  and  wedges,  and  half-nioons,  and  wings. 

Matoii,  K  R.,  iii.  309. 

3.  In  her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  triangle 
with  one  very  acute  angle  —  that  is,  like  a  pile, 
but  free  in  the  escutcheon  instead  of  being  at- 
tached to  one  of  its  edges. — 4.  In  Cambridge 
University,  the  name  given  to  the  man  whose 
name  stands  lowest  on  the  list  of  the  classical 
tripos:  said  to  be  a  designation  suggested  by 
the  name  (Wedgewood)  of  the  man  who  occu- 
pied this  place  on  the  first  list  (1824).  Com- 
pare wooden  spoon,  under  -spoon^. 

Five  were  Wranglers,  four  of  these  Double  men,  and 
the  fifth  a  favorite  for  the  Wedge.    The  last  man  is  called 
the  Wedge,  corresponding  to  the  Spoon  in  Matheniatii-s. 
C.  A.  Brisled,  English  Ijilversity,  p.  312. 

Foxtail  wedge.  Same  as  /ux-wedge.  —  The  thin  or  small 
end  of  the  wedge,  figuratively,  an  initiatory  move  of 
small  apparent  importance,  but  calculated  to  produce  or 
lead  to  an  ultimate  important  effect. — Wedge  Of  least 
resistance,  the  form  in  which  loose  earth  and  other  sub- 
stances yield  to  pressure.— Wooden  wedge.  Same  :i8 
wedgel,  4. 
wedge^  (wej),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  icedijed,  ppr. 
vjedging.     [<  late  ME.  tfcrfiyeii;  from  the  noun.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  cleave  with  a  wedge  or  with 
wedges;  rive. 

My  heart. 
As  wedged  with  a  sigh,  wotiM  rive  In  twain. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  i.  1.  35. 

2.  To  drive  as  a  wedge  is  driven ;  crowd  or 
compress  closely;  jam. 

Among  the  crowd  i'  the  .\bbey  ;  where  a  finger 
Could  not  be  wedged  in  moro. 

Shat.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iv.  1.  58. 
Wedged  in  the  rocky  shoals,  and  sticking  fast 

Dryden,  ^neid,  v.  286. 
The  age  had  not  so  much  refinement  that  any  sense  of 
imprwpriety  restrained  the  wearers  of  petticoat  and  far- 
thingale from  stepping  forth  into  the  public  ways,  and 
wedging  their  not  unsulistantiiil  persons  .  .  .  into  tlie 
throng  nearest  to  the  scaffold  at  an  execution. 

Hawth'/rne,  Scarlet  Letter,  ii. 

3.  To  fasten  with  a  wedge  or  witli  wedges ;  fix 
in  the  manner  of  a  wedge:  as,  to  widgc  on  a 
scythe;  toicerf<7cin  a  rail  or  a  piece  of  timber. — 

4.  In  eeram.,  to  cut,  divide,  and  work  together 
(a  mass  of  wet  clay)  to  drive  out  bubbles  and 
render  it  plastic,  just  before  placing  it  on  the 
wheel. —  5.  To  make  into  the  shape  of  a  wedge; 
render  cuneiform. —  6.  To  force  apart  or  split 
off  with  or  as  with  a  wedge. 

Yawning  fissures  which  will  surely  widen  until  they 
vxdfie  off  the  projecting  masses,  and  strip  huge  slices  from 
the  face  of  the  clifT.  Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  ii. 

II.  intrans.  To  force  one's  way  like  a  wedge. 

Haunting 
Tlie  Globes  and  Mermaids,  wedging  in  with  lords 
Still  at  the  table.        B.  Jonson,  Devil  is  an  Ass,  iii.  1. 

wedge^  (wej),  n.     [A  dial.  var.  of  wadge,  wage.] 
A  pledge;  a  gage.     Halliicell. 


^t 


Wedifebill  {Sthtstfs  fiersonalus). 


6867 

wedgebill  (wej'bil),  u.  A  humming-bird  of  the 
genus  Hchistes,  having  the  bill  of  peculiar  shape, 
rather  thick  for  a  hummer,  and  suddenly  sharp- 
pointed.  There  are  2  species,  both  Ecuadorian, 
*'.  geoffroyi  and  .^.  personatus,  3J  inches  long. 
See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

wedge-bone  (wej'bon),  ».  An  ossicle  often 
found  on  the  under  surface  of  the  spinal  column 
at  the  junction  of  any  pair  of  vertebras :  more 
fully  called  suhiertchral  wedge-hone. 

Such  a  separate  ossilication,  or  sub-vertebral  wedge-hone, 
is  commonly  developed  beneath  and  between  the  odon- 
toid bone  and  the  body  of  the  second  vertebra  [in  Lacer- 
filial  Hwdey,  Auat.  Vert.,  p.  1S7. 

wedge-cutter  (wej'kuf'er),  n.  1.  An  instru- 
ment used  in  dentistry  to  cut  off  the  projecting 
part  of  a  wedge  that  has  been  driven  between 
two  teeth. —  2.  In  wood-ioorking,  a  machine 
for  relishing  and  cutting  the  wedges  of  a  door- 
rail.     See  relish'^.    E.  H.  Knight. 

wedged  (wejd),  a.  [<  tt'erfjre  + -erf2.]  In.:o67., 
wedge-shaped ;  cuneiform  or  ouneate :  as,  a 
wedged  bone ;  the  wedged  tail  of  a  bird. 

wedge-micrometer (wej'mi-krom'e-ter), n.  See 
mierometer. 

wedge-photometer  (wej'fo-tom"e-ter),  n.  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  brightness  of 
stars.  It  consists  of  a  long  wedge  of  neutral-tinted  dark 
glass  arranged  to  slide  before  the  eyepiece  of  a  telescope, 
and  provided  with  a  graduated  scale.  The  scale-reading, 
which  corresponds  to  the  thickness  of  the  wedge  at  the 
point  where  the  image  of  the  star  becomes  invisible,  de- 
termines the  star's  brightness. 

wedge-press  (wej'pres),  n.  A  press  for  extract- 
ing oil  from  seeds,  as  hemp-seed,  sunflower- 
seed,  etc. ,  by  crushing,  it  has  perforated  iron  cheek- 
plates,  l)etween  which  the  seeds  are  placed  in  hair  i>ags, 
with  blocks  and  wedges  between  the  bags  and  the  plates. 
A  tightening-wcdge  is  then  driven  in  by  a  maul,  and  the 
Juice  escapes  through  the  perforations  in  tlic  plates,  and 
is  c<dlected  in  a  cistern  below. 

wedge-shaped  (wej'shapt),  a.  Having  the 
shape  of  a  wedge ;  wedged ;  cuneiform ;  euue- 
ate  :  as,  a  wedge-shaped  leaf ;  the  loedge-shaped 
tail  of  a  bird:  usually  noting  surfaces,  without 
regard  to  solidity — Wedge-shaped  isobar,  an  iso- 
bar bounding  a  projecting  ai-ea  of  high  pressure  moving 
along  l)ctwecn  two  cyclones. 

wedge-shell  (wej'shel),  n.  A  bivalve  mollusk 
of  the  family  Donaeidse. 

wedge-tailed  (wej'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail 
wedged  or  cuneate :  noting  birds  whose  tail- 
feathers  are  regularly  graduated  in  length  to 
such  an  extent  that  the  tail  when  moderately 
spread  appears  to  be  beveled  off  obliquely  at 
the  end  from  the  middle  to  the  outermost  fea- 
ther on  each  side.  It  is  a  very  common  forma- 
tion.    See  cuts  under  Sphenocercus,  Sphenura, 

Trieliiigio>i.\i(.i,and  t'roaetns Wedge-tailed  eagle, 

Utou'lus  tt'fdax,  of  Australia.  See  cut  under  Uruaetits. — 
Wedge-tailed  pigeon  or  dove.  See  Sphenocercus  (with 
cut). 

wedge-valve  (wej'valv),  n.  A  wedge-shaped 
valve  driven  into  its  seat  by  a  screw:  used  for 
closing  water-mains,  etc. 

wedge-wlse  (wej'wiz),  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
a  wedge. 

wedging  (wej'ing),  )i.  1.  A  method  of  joining 
timbers,  in  which  the  tenon  is  made  just  long 
enougli  to  pass  through  the  mortised  piece,  and 
a  small  wedge  is  driven  into  a  saw-cut  in  the 
end  of  the  tenon,  with  the  effect  of  expanding 
it,  and  thus  preventing  its  withdrawal.  —  2.  In 
kneading  clay  for  fine  modeling,  the  process  of 
cutting  the  clay  to  pieces,  as  by  means  of  a 
strained  wire,  and  then  throwing  the  severed 
pieces  forcibly  upon  the  mass,  the  object  being 
to  expel  the  air.— Foxtail  wedging,    Hee /oxtail. 

wedging-crib  (wej'ing-krib),  n.  In  mining,  in 
sliatt-sinking  in  very  watery  grotmd,  a  curb  or 
crib  on  which  the  tubbing  is  placed,  it  generally 
consists  of  pieces  of  oak  carefully  shaped  and  joined  to- 
gether. Between  the  e.xterior  of  this  curb  and  the  rock 
there  is  left  a  space  of  a  few  inches  in  width,  which  is 
marie  water-tight  by  the  most  careful  wedging  and  the 
use  of  moss.  The  oliject  of  the  whole  arrangement  of  the 
wedging-cnrb  and  the  tubJ)ing  which  rests  upon  it  is  per- 
manently to  hold  back  the  water  which  would  otherwise 
find  its  way  into  tlie  shaft  and  have  to  be  raised  to  the 
surface  by  pumping.  In  some  mining  districts  the  wedg- 
ini-'-crib  is  made  of  cast-iron. 

Wedgwood  scale.  A  scale  used  by  the  inven- 
tor ill  measuring  high  temperatures  by  his  py- 
rometer: as,  10°  ll'cdgwood.  The  zero  corre- 
siionds  to  1077°  F. 

Wedgwood  ware.    See  teart^. 

Wedgy(wej'i),o.  [<  H<;(?f/el -1- -1/1.]  Formed  or 
adapted  to  use  as  a  wedge ;  fitted  for  prying 
into  or  among. 

Pushed  his  wedgy  snout  far  within  the  straw  8ul>ja- 
cent.  Landor.    (hnp.  Diet.) 

wedhoodt  (wed'liud),  n.  [ME.  wedhod;  <  wed 
+  -hood.]     The  state  of  marriage. 


weed 

Save  in  here  ivedhod 
That  vs  feyre  to-fore  God. 
ms.  Colt.  Claud.  A.  ii.  f.  129.    (Halliwell.) 

wedlock  (wed'lok),  n.  [<  ME.  icedlac,  tcedkik, 
tcedlokc,  wedlaik;  wedlock,  matrimony,  mar- 
riage, <  AS.  wedldc,  pledge,  <  iced,  a  pledge,  + 
luc,  a  gift,  etc. :  see  iced  and  lake'^,  loke^.  The 
compound  wedldc  is  supposed  to  mean  'a  gift 
given  as  a  pledge,'  hence  a  gift  given  to  a 
bride,  but  the  second  element  is  perhaps  to  be 
taken  in  the  sense  of  '  condition,  state,'  being 
ult.  nearly  identical  with  the  suffix  in  knoicledgc, 
etc.]  1.  Marriage;  matrimony;  the  married 
state;  the  vows  and  sacrament  of  marriage. 
Sometimes  used  attributively. 

Which  that  men  clepeth  spousail  or  wedlok. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  69. 

You  would  sooner  commit  your  grave  head  to  this  knot 
than  to  the  wedlock  noose.         B.  Jotison,  Epiccene,  ii.  1. 

By  holy  crosses  .  .  .  she  kneels  and  prays 

Fur  happy  wedlock  hours.    Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1.  32. 

2t.  A  wife. 

Which  of  these  is  thy  wedlock,  Menelaus?  thy  Helen, 
thy  Lucrece  ?  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  1, 

To  break  wedlock,  to  commit  adultery.    Ezek.  xvi.  38. 

Howe  be  it,  she  kept  but  euyll  the  sacrament  of  matri- 
mony, but  brake  lier  tvedloke. 

Berners,  tr.  of  Froissart's  Chrou.,  I.  xxi. 

=  Syn.  1.  Matrimony,  Wedding,  etc.    See  marriage. 
wedlock  (wed'lok),  r.  t.     [<  wedlock,  n.]     To 
unite  in  marriage ;  marry. 

Man  thus  wedlocked.  Milton,  Divorce,  ii.  15. 

Wednesday  (wenz'da),  Ji.  [<ME.  Wednesday, 
Wodncsdei,  Wcdnesdai,  <  AS.  WOdnes  d^g  —  D. 
Woensdag  =  Icel.  Othinsdagr  =  Sw.  Dan.  0ns- 
dag  (for  *Odcnsdag);  lit.  'Woden's  day':  AS. 
Wodnes.  gen.  of  Woden  =  OS.  Jf'odan,  fVoden  = 
OHG.  Wuotan,  Wotan  =  Icel.  Othinn  (>E.  Odin), 
Woden;  prob.  lit.  '  the  furious,' i.  e.,  the  mighty 
warrior,  <  AS.  wod,  etc.,  furious,  raging,  mad: 
see  wood-.]  The  fourth  day  of  the  week;  the 
day  next  after  Tuesdaj'.  Abbreviated  (J'.,  Wed. 
See  H'rei'^.—Pnlver  Wednesday!.  .Same  as  Ash  Wed- 
nesday. 

wedsett,  v.  t.  [ME.  wedsetten ;  <  wed  +  sefl. 
Cf.  wadset.]     To  pledge :  same  as  wad.iet. 

weel  (we),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  we,  in  the  phrase 
a  little  we,  a  little  bit,  a  short  way  or  space, 
appar.  for  a  little  icay,  the  form  we  being  ap- 
par.  a  Scand.  form  (Icel.  rcgr,  a  way,  =  Sw. 
rag  =  Dan.  vci)  of  way:  see  !tv)yl.  Little  and 
wee  were  and  are  so  constantly  associated  that 
they  have  become  synonymous,  and  wee  has 
changed  to  an  adjective.  Cf.  way-hit,  equiv.  to 
wee  bit.  E.  wee  cannot  be  connected  with  OHG. 
wena-c,  G.  wcnig,  little.]  I.  n.  A  bit.  Specifically 
—  (a)  A  short  distance. 

Behynd  hir  a  litill  u-c 
It  [a  stone]  fell. 

Barbour,  Bruce  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  xvii.  677. 
(b)  A  short  space  of  time. 

O  bold  your  hand,  you  minister, 
Hold  it  a  little  wee. 
Sweet  William  (Child's  Balla<ls,  IV.  263). 

II.  a.  Small;  little;  tiny.     [Colloq.] 

He  hath  but  a  little  wee  face,  with  a  little  yellow  beard. 
Shak.,  II.  W.  of  W,,  i.  4.  22. 

wee^t,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  teoc. 

weC'^t,  pi'on.     An  old  spelling  of  wc. 

weebit  (we'bit),  n.     Same  as  way-hit. 

weechelmt,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  witch-elm. 

weed'  (wed),  n.  [<  ME.  weed,  reed,  wcod.  wied, 
a  weed,  <  AS.  weod,  wiod  =  OS.  MD.  w'iod,  D. 
wiede,  a  weed,  =  LG.  woden,  wocn,  pi.,  the  green 
stalks  and  leaves  of  turnips,  etc.]  1.  Any  one 
of  those  herbaceous  plants  which  are  useless 
and  without  special  beauty,  or  especially  which 
are  positively  troublesome.  The  application  of  this 
general  term  is  somewhat  relative.  Handsome  but  per- 
nicious plants,  as  the  oxeye  daisy,  cone-flower,  and  the 
purple  cow-wheat  of  Europe  (Melampyruni  arvense),  are 
weeds  to  the  agriculturist,  tliiwers  to  the  esthetic.  So  also 
plants  that  are  cultivated  for  use  or  l)eauty,  as  grasses, 
hemp,  carrot,  parsnip,  morning-glory,  become  weeds  when 
they  spring  up  where  they  are  not  wanted.  The  exotics  of 
cool  countries  are  sometimes  weeds  in  the  tropics. 
On  fat  londe  and  ful  of  donge  foulest  wedes  groweth. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xiii.  224. 
An  ill  weed  grows  apace.  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  iv.  3. 

2.  A  sorry,  worthless  animal  unfit  for  the 
breeding  of  stock;  especially,  a  leggy,  loose- 
bodied  horse ;  a  raeo-horse  having  the  ap- 
pearance liut  wanting  tlie  other  qiuilities  of 
a  thoroughbred.     [Slang.] 

He  bore  tlie  .«ame  relation  to  a  man  of  fashion  that  a 
weed  does  to  a  "wiimer  of  tlie  Derby." 

Lever,  Davenport  Dunn,  ii. 

3.  A  cigar;  with  the  definite  article,  tobacco. 
[Colloq.] 


weed 

Sir  Rufns  puffed  his  own  weed  in  solitude,  strolling  up 
and  down  the  terrace. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Harper's  Slas.,  LXXVII.  88. 

Angola  weed,  an  archil-plant,  Rmnulina  /ur/vracea, 
growing  in  Angola,  a  district  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa. 
— Astblna-weed,  Lobelia  inJtatOy  Indian  tohacco.  —  Can- 
cer-weed,  a  name  given  to  a  wild  sage,  Salvia  Itjrata, 
to  the  rattlesnake-plantain,  Ooodyera  pnlfescens,  and  to 
a  species  of  rattlesnake-root,  Prenantheg  alba.  [V.  S.]  — 
Consumptlve's-weed.  See  eoiisumptiBe.—  Cross-weed, 
a  plant  of  the  cruciferous  genus  hiplotaxis.  —  'EnaetiCt 
Frencli,  guinea-hen  weed.  See  the  qualifying  words. 
— Jamestown  weedt.  See  jimson-wced  and  xtramoni- 
ufft.— Joy-weed,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Altemanthera. — 
Phthisis-weed,  Ludwi'jiu  pahistris,  water-i)in'Slane. — 
Salt-rheum  weed.  See  s<rf(-rAeum.— Soldier's  weed. 
Piper  aiigwdifQlium,  matico. — Turpentine-weed,  the 
rosin-weed,  Silphiutn  laciniatum. — YaW-weed,  iieeMo- 
rinda.  (See  basil-need,  bindweed,  bishop's-weed,  breastweed, 
biitteriveed,  carpet-weed,  dyer's-weed,  joepye-weed,  knap- 
weed, hiwttceedy  lake-weed,  lienrice-weed,  loco-weed,  mat- 
weed,  Mauritius-weed,  viermaid-weed,  milkweed,  morass- 
weed,  mutnceed,  neckweed,  oreweed,  trumpetweed,  tumble- 
weed,  winter  weed,  yellow-weed.) 
weed^  (wed),  c.  [<  HE.  weeden,  toeoien,  <  AS. 
weodiaii,  weed,  =  D.  wieden  =  LG.  tcedeti,  loe- 
en  =  G.  dial,  icietcn,  weed:  see  weed^,  «.]  I. 
trails.  1.  To  free  from  weeds  or  noxious  plants. 

There  were  <ilso  a  few  species  of  antique  and  hereditary 
flowers,  in  no  very  flourishing  condition,  but  scrupulously 
weedetl.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vi. 

2.  To  take  away,  as  noxious  plants;  remove 
what  is  injurious,  oifensive,  or  unseemly;  ex- 
tirpate. 

Each  word  thou  hast  spoke  hath  weeded  from  my  heart 
A  root  of  ancient  envy.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  .5. 108. 

We'll  join  to  weed  them  out.    B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  v,  1. 

3.  To  free  from  anything  hurtful  or  offensive. 

Heweeded  the  Kingdom  of  such  as  were  devoted  to  Elai- 
ana.  Howell,  Vocall  Forrest,  p.  47. 

II.  iiiirtiii.s.  To  root  up  and  remove  weeds,  or 
anything  resembling  weeds. 

Thei  coruen  here  copes  and  conrtepies  hem  made. 

And  wenten  .as  workmen  to  wcdi-n  and  mowen  ; 

Al  for  drede  of  here  deth,  suche  dyntes  gaf  Hunger. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  ix.  186. 
There  .are  also  in  the  plains  and  rich  low  grounds  of  the 
freshes,  abundance  of  hops,  which  yield  their  product  with- 
out any  labor  of  the  husbandman,  in  weediny,  hilling,  or 
poling.  Beverley,  Hist.  Virginia,  iv.  If  17. 

■weed^t.  A  reduced  form  of  weeded,  past  par- 
ticiple of  wced^. 

■weed^  (wed),  II.  [<  ME.  wede,  weeds,  <  AS.  wxde, 
ueut.,  wsed,  f.,  a  garment,  =OS.  icar^t  =  OPries. 
wede,  wed  =  MD.  loade,  waede,  a  garment,  = 
OHG.  MHG.  wdt,  elotliiug,  accoutrements,  ar- 
mor, G.  obs.  wat  (ef.  G.  leinwand,  linen  cloth, 
canvas,  with  interlopiug  n,  by  false  analogy 
with  (fewatid,  garment,  <  OHG.  MHG.  Iluwdt  = 
AS.  Uiiwied)  =  leel.  vdth,  a  piece  of  stufif  or 
cloth,  also  a  garment  (see  wad^,  wadmal);  cf. 
Goth,  (jii-widan.  (pret.  ijawath),  bind  together; 
Zend  y  vudli,  clothe.]  A  garment  of  any  sort, 
especially  an  outer  garment;  hence,  garments 
in  general,  especially  the  whole  costume  worn 
at  any  one  time:  now  commonly  in  the  plural, 
and  chiefly  iu  the  phrase  widown'  weeds.  See 
M'iftoffl. 

He  spendeth,  jousteth,  niiiketh  festeynynges ; 
He  geveth  frely  ofte  and  ehaungeth  wede. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1719. 
The  gret  dispite  which  in  hert  he  had 
Off  i'romont,  that  in  mnnkes  wede  was  clade. 

Hum.  of  Partenay  CE.  E.  T.  S.),  1,  S416. 

0  sir,  know  that  viider  simple  weeds 
The  gods  liaue  niaskt. 
Greene,  Orlando  Fnrioso  (ed.  Giosart),  1.  1130. 

weed-'  ( wed ),  « .  [Sc .  also  weld ;  origin  obscure.  ] 

1.  A  general  name  for  any  sudden  illness  from 
cold  or  relapse,  usually  accomjianied  by  febrile 
symptoms,  taken  by  women  after  confinement 
or  (luring  nursing,  especially  milk-fever  or 
inflammation  of  the  breast.  [Scotch.]  —  2. 
Lymphangitis  in  tlie  horse,  characterized  by 
fever  and  temporary  swelling  of  the  limbs.  It 
appears  usually  after  a  pei-iod  of  inactivity. 

■weed''  (wed),  11 .  [Perhaps a  dial.var.of  wciffhfl.J 
A  heavy  weight.     llaUiwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

■weeded  (we'ded),  a.  [<  veed^  +  -ed^.J  Over- 
grown with  weeds.     [Rare.] 

Weeded  anil  woi-n  the  ancient  thatch 
Upon  the  lonely  moated  grange. 

Tennyson,  Mariana. 
■weeder  (we'der),  n.     [<  ME.  wedare,  a  weeding- 
hook;  <  K'cef?!  -t-  -6/-1.]     1.  One  who  weeds,  or 
frees  from  anything  noxious. 

A  weeder-owt  of  his  ])roud  adversaTJes. 

Shak.,  Itich.  III.,  i.  3.  123. 
'lliese  weeders  thereby  procnring  some  wages  of  the  hus- 
bandmen t>  their  owners.      Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  437. 

2.  In  rif/ri.,  any  form  of  hand-  or  horse-tool 
for  uprooting  or  destroying  weeds.    The  name  is 


6868 

given  especially  to  one  of  a  class  of  small  hand-tools  hav- 
ing a  series  of  bent  teeth,  a  sharp  steel  bow  set  trans- 
versely, or  a  modified  hoe-blade,  etc.,  the  object  of  all 
being  to  cut  off  the  weeds  below  the  surface,  or  to  drag 
them  up  by  the  roots. 

■weeder-clips  (we'der-klips),  n.  pi.  Weeding- 
shears.     Burns.     [Scotch.] 

■weedery  (we'der-i),  n.  [<  weef?l  -I-  -ery.']  1. 
Weeds  collectively.     [Rare.] 

Tile  weedery  which  through 
The  interstices  of  those  neglected  courts 
Unchecked  had  flourished  long,  and  seeded  there. 
Was  trampled  then  and  bruised  beneath  the  feet. 

Southey. 

2.  A  place  full  of  weeds.    Imp.  Diet.    [Rare.] 

■weed-grown  (wed'gron),  a.  Overgrown  with 
weeds. 

■weed-hook  (wed'huk),  n.  [=  Sc.  weedocTc;  < 
ME.  wcodliook,  wiedhoc,  wedlioc,  <  AS.  wcodlioc, 
<  weod,  weed,  +  hoc,  liook.]  1.  A  hook  used 
for  cutting  away  or  extirpating  weeds.  Titsser, 
Husbandry. —  2.  An  attachment  to  a  plow  for 
bending  the  weeds  over  in  front  of  the  share 
so  that  they  may  be  covered  by  the  inverted 
sod. 

■weediness  (we'di-nes),  n.  A  weedy  character 
or  state :  as,  a  garden  remarkable  for  its  iceedi- 
ness. 

■weeding  (we'ding),  n.  [<  ME.  tcedynge  ;  verbal 
n.  of  toecdX,  v.']  The  act  or  process  of  removing 
weeds  from  ground. 

weeding-chisel  (we'ding-ehiz/'el),  n.  A  tool 
with  a  divided  chisel-point  for  cutting  the  roots 
of  large  weeds  beneath  the  ground. 

weeding-forceps  (we'ding-for'^seps),  11.  sing. 
and  pi.  An  instrument  for  pulling  up  some 
sorts  of  plants  in  weeding,  as  thistles. 

■weeding-fork  (we'ding-fork),  «.  A  strong 
three-pronged  fork  with  flat  tines,  used  for 
clearing  ground  of  weeds. 

■weeding-nook  (we'ding-hiik),  «.  [<  ME.  we- 
dyiigc-liookc;  (.weeding  +  liook:']  Same  as  wced- 
hool;  1. 

The  last  purgatory-flre  which  Go<l  uses,  to  burn  the 
thistles,  .  .  .  when  the  gentle  influence  of  a  sun-beam 
will  not  wither  them,  nor  the  weeding-hook  of  a  short 
affliction  cut  them  out. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  829. 

■weeding-iron  (we'ding-i''''em),  )(.  Same  as 
weeding-fork. 

■weeding-pincers  (we'ding-pin''''serz),  n.  sing. 
and  pi.     Same  as  weeding-forceps. 

■weeding-rim  (we'ding-rim),  11.  [Spelled  er- 
roneously weeding-rhim  ;  <  weeding  +  E.  dial. 
rim,  remove,  var.  of  ream'-':  see  reaiii^.~i  An 
implement  somewhat  like  the  frame  of  a  wheel- 
barrow, used  for  tearing  up  weeds  on  summer 
fallows,  etc.     [Local,  Eng.] 

■weeding-shears  (we'ding-sherz),  n.  sing,  and 
2)1.     Shears  used  for  cutting  weeds. 

■weeding-tongs  (we'ding-tongz),  «.  sing,  and 
pi.     Same  as  weeding-forceps. 

■weeding-tool  (we'ding-tol),  n.  An  imple- 
ment for  pulling  up,  digging  up,  or  cutting 
weeds. 

■weedless  (wed'les),  a.    [<  w'ccrfl  -f-  -U'ss.']    Free 
from  weeds  or  noxious  matter. 
Weedless  paradises.      Donns,  Anatomy  of  the  World,  i. 

■weedyl  (we'di),  «.  l<wccd'^  + -y'^.']  1.  Having 
the  character  of  a  weed;  weed-like. 

Some  of  them  are  clever  in  a  way ;  rooted  fools  by  na- 
ture, who  bear  a  vjeedy  little  blossom  of  wit,  and  suppose 
themselves  to  flower  all  over,  like  rhododendrons  in  the 
season.  Z>.  C.  Murray,  Weaker  Vessel,  xiv. 

2.  Consisting  of  weeds. 

Her  weedy  trophies  and  herself 
Fell  in  the  weeping  brook. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7.  l?.";. 
Nettles,  kix,  and  all  the  weedy  nation. 

G.  Fletcher,  Christ's  Triumph  over  Death. 

3.  Abounding  with  weeds.     Trmng. 

When  the  grain  is  weedy,  we  must  reap  high. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  ii.  8. 

4.  Not  of  good  blood;  not  of  good  strength 
or  mettle ;  scraggy ;  hence,  worthless,  as  for 
breeding  or  racing  purposes :  as,  a  weedy  horse. 
[Slang.] 

Along  the  middle  of  the  street  the  main  business  was 
horse-dealitig,  and  a  gypsy  liostler  would  trot  out  a  suc- 
cession of  the  weediest  old  screws  that  ever  kept  out  of 
the  l<eiinels.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  625. 

weedy2  (we'di),  a.  [<  iceed"^  +  -?/!.]  Clad  in 
weeds,  or  widowsMnourning.     [Rare.] 

She  was  as  weedy  as  in  the  early  days  of  her  mouniing. 

Dickens. 
A  weedy  woman  came  sweeping  up  to  us. 

Lonfjfellow,  Journal,  Oct.  16,  1848. 

weef  (wef),  )}.  [Prob.  a  dial.  var.  of  woof.']  A 
llexible  toiigli  sapling,  or  a  split  sapling,  adapt- 


week 

ed  for  interweaving  with  others,  as  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  crates.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
week!  (wek),  k.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  weke  ;  < 
ME.  weke,  wike,  wuke^  woke,  tcouke  (pi.  wiken, 
wokeUf  tcikes,  loukesy  tcokes),  a  week,  period  of 
seven  days,  <  AS.  wicCj  wicu,  wuce,  wucu  =  OS. 
tcika  =  OFries.  wike  =  MD.  weke,  D.  week  = 
MLG.  weke,  LG.  weke,  wek,  week  =  OHG.  wehha, 
also  wohha  (>  Finnish  wiika),  MHG.  woche, 
wuche,  G.  woche,  week,  =  leel.  vika  =  Sw.  vecka 
=  Dan.  lif/e  (for  *vuge),  a  week,  =  Goth,  wiko, 
found  in  the  phrase  wikon  kunjis  seinis,  tr.  Gr.  h 
Ti)  rd^ei  t(p7jfiepiag  avTov,  L.  in  oi'dine  viciis  suse, 
'  in  the  order  of  his  course,'  Luke  i.  8,  but  prob. 
to  be  taken,  in  the  G  oth. ,  as  *in  the  week  or  period 
of  his  course,'  wikon  appearing  to  mean  'suc- 
cession,' 'change,'  hence  'recurrent  peiiod,' 
and  to  be  allied  to  Icel.  vikja,  turn,  return,  etc. : 
see  weak.  The  collocation  of  the  Goth,  wikon 
and  the  L.  vicis  in  this  passage,  and  the  resem- 
blance of  foi-m,  have  given  rise  to  the  notion 
that  the  Teut.  word  is  borrowed  from  the  L.; 
but  the  L.  word  equiv.  to  wikon  is  ordine,  and 
there  is  no  evidence  that  L.  *vix,  vicis  wq.s  ever 
used  in  the  sense  '  week.']  1 .  A  period  of  seven 
days,  of  which  the  days  are  numbered  or  named 
in  like  succession  in  every  pei-iod  —  iu  English, 
Sunday  (or  first  day,  etc.),  Monday,  Tuesday, 
Wednesday,  Thursday,  Friday,  Saturday  (or 
seventh  da}');  hence,  a  penod  of  seven  days. 
The  week  is  not  dependent  upon  any  other  period,  as  a 
subdivision  of  that  period,  but  cuts  across  the  division- 
lines  of  month  and  year  alike  witli  its  never-ending  repe- 
tition. In  general  Jewish  and  Christian  belief,  it  is  founded 
on  the  creation  of  the  world  in  six  days  (according  to  the 
account  in  GenesisX  witli  a  succeeding  seventh  day  of  rest, 
specially  commemorated  by  the  Jewish  rest-day,  or  Sab- 
bath, our  Saturday.  It  has  also  been  conjectured  to  repre- 
sent a  fourth  of  the  lunar  month  of  about  28  days ;  but  no 
people  is  known  as  having  made  and  manitained  such  a 
subdivision  of  the  month.  As  a  period  and  division  of 
time,  its  use  is  limited  to  Jews  and  Christians  (including 
also  in  some  measure  the  Mohammedans,  by  derivation 
from  these) ;  but  the  week-day  names  and  their  succession 
are  found  more  widely,  and  are  of  a  wholly  different  origin ; 
they  rest  upon  an  astrological  principle,  wliich  assigns 
each  day  in  succession  to  one  oi  the  planets  as  regent ;  and 
tliey  further  involve  a  division  of  the  day  into  24  hours. 
If  the  planets  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  distance 
from  us  as  held  by  the  ancients  —  namely,  Saturn,  Jupiter, 
Mars,  Sun,  Venus,  Mercury,  Moon, —  then,  if  the  first  hour 
of  a  day  is  allotted  to  Saturn,  and  each  following  hour  to 
the  next  planet,  the  25th  hour,  or  the  first  of  the  next  day, 
will  fall  to  the  Sun,  the  49tli,  or  the  first  of  the  following 
day,  to  the  Moon,  and  so  to  Mars,  Mercui-y,  Jupiter,  Venus, 
in  succession  ;  and,  each  planet  being  reckoned  as  regent 
of  the  whole  day  of  whose  flret  hour  it  is  regent,  the  days 
are  Sun's  day,  Moon's  day,  Mai-s'  day,  and  so  on  to  Saturn's 
day,  where  the  same  succession  is  taken  up  anew.  These 
names  were  unknown  to,  or  at  least  never  used  by,  the 
Jews,  nor  do  they  appear  in  classical  Greek,  nor  do  the 
Mohammedans  employ  them  ;  but  they  passed  from  Ko- 
mau  use  to  European,  and  not  only  in  their  Latin  forms, 
but  also  as  translated  into  Germanic  languages,  the  names 
of  Germanic  divinities  being,  by  a  rude  identification,  sub- 
stituted in  them  for  those  of  tlie  Koman,  as  Mars,  etc., 
witliout  any  regard  to  the  planets  (see  the  names  Tuesday, 
etc.);  and  they  are  found  also  in  India,  which  doubtless  re- 
ceived them,  with  the  rest  of  its  astronomy  and  astrology, 
from  Greece  and  Kome.  The  Indian  days  are  coincident 
with  our  days  of  the  same  name  —  that  is,  it  is  Sun's  day 
there  when  it  is  our  Sunday,  and  so  on.  But  there  ia  no 
other  than  an  astrological  si^ificance  belonging  to  the 
names  there ;  a  week  as  a  division  of  time  is  wholly  un- 
known to  botii  ancient  and  modern  India.  In  law,  v*eekis 
sometimes  construed  to  mean  any  period  of  seven  full  days, 
and  sometimes  to  mean  such  a  period  beginning  with  the 
beginning  of  a  Sunday.  Tims,  a  requirement  of  "a  week's 
notice"  may  be  satisfied  by  the  lapse  of  any  seven  con- 
secutive days,  but  a  publication  of  a  notice  "once  in  each 
week  for  tliree  weeks  liefore  the  sale"  is  held  to  contem- 
plate three  weeks  reckoned  as  from  Sunday  to  Sunday,  not 
merely  21  days  before  the  sale.     Abbreviated  w.,  ick. 

By  twyne  the  Cyteeof  Darke  and  theCytee  of  Raphane 
ys  a  Ry  vere,  that  men  clepen  Sabatorje.  For  on  the  Satur- 
day hyt  renneth  faste  ;  and  alle  the  Wooke  elles  hyt  stond- 
eth  stylle,  and  renneth  nouzt  or  lytel. 

MandevUle,  Travels,  p.  1^. 

I  shal  namore  come  here  this  vn/ke. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  430, 

Nor  can  I  go  much  to  counti-y -houses  for  the  same  rea- 
son. Say  what  they  will,  ladies  do  not  like  you  to  smoke 
in  their  bed-rooms ;  their  silly  little  noses  scent  out  the 
odour  upon  the  chintz,  weeks  after  you  have  left  them. 

Thackeray^  Fitz- Boodle's  Confessions. 

2.  The  six  working-days  of  the  week  ;  the  week 
minus  Sunday :  as,  to  be  paid  so  much  a  week. 

Why  such  impress  of  shipwrights,  whose  sore  task 
Boes  not  divide  the  Sunday  from  the  week. 

5Aflt.,  Hamlet,  i.  1.  76. 

A  prophetic  week,  in  Scrip.,  a  week  of  years,  or  seven 
years.— A  warp  Of  weeks.  See  warp.  — A  week  of 
Sundays, seven  Sundays;  hence,  seven  weeks,  and,  more 
loosely,  a  long  time.  [Colloq.]—  Chaste  week.  Cleans- 
ing week.  See  cAo^/e.— Easter,  Exhortation,  Expec- 
tation week.  See  the  (lualifying  wortis.— Grass  week, 
Rogation  week.  .Bo(/r7i«,Pop.  Antiq.  (1777Xp.  270.— Great 
Week,  in  ancient  times  and  still  in  the  Greek  Church, 
Holy  Week.  The  Greek  Church  has  retained  from  early 
usiige  the  epithet  great  (or  holy  and  great)  not  only  for 
this  week,  but  for  the  several  days  in  it,  as  Great  Monday, 
etc.,  Good  Friday  having  also  other  special  names.    Great 


week 

Sabbath  or  Cfreat  Saturday  has  been  a  name  for  Easter 
eve  since  very  early  times  in  Iwtli  East  anti  West.— Holy 
Week,  in  the  ecclesiastical  year,  the  week  imnuiliately 
preceding  Easter  Sunilay  :  sometimes  also  called  Passion 
"'eat.— Bllserere  week.  See  i/ii.>va/.'.  — New  week. 
See  «*«•.— Parson's  week,  .-iee  ;'.rr5..n.— passion  Week. 
See  piwwon.— Procession  week,  Rogation  week.  See 
rogation.— The  feast  Of  Weeks,  a  Jewish  festival  lasting 
•even  weeks  — that  is,  a  "week  of  weeks  "  after  the  Pass- 
over. It  corres|)onds  to  Pentecost  or  Wliitsnntide.  See 
PenteoMit,  1.  —  This  (that)  day  week.  See  dayl. 
This  day-week  you  will  be  alone. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxvl. 
Week  about.  See  about. — Week's  day,  that  day  of  last 
week  or  of  next  week  which  corresponds  to  tlie  present 
day. 

I  mene  if  God  please  to  be  at  Salisburie  the  wekesdaie 
at  night  before  Easterdaie ;  where  for  divers  respectes  I 
would  gla<IIie  speake  wth  you. 
Darretl  Papers  aaa2)(U.  Hall,  Society  in  Elizabethan  Age). 

week-t,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  icickl. 
week-'  (wek).  II.    [Se.  also  weik;  wick;  a  var.  of 

iriifi.]     A  corner;  an  angle:  as,  the  xceeks  of 

the  mouth  or  the  eye. 

The  men  of  the  world  say  we  will  sell  the  truth ;  we 
will  let  them  ken  that  we  will  hing  by  the  mcks  of  the 
mouth  for  the  least  point  of  truth. 

M.  Bruce,  Soul-Conflrmation,  p.  18.     (Jamieson.) 

week-day  (wek'da),  n.  [E.  dial,  u-eckyrlai/ ;  < 
ME.  'wekedaij,  <  AS.  wicdsey,  aucdsin  =  leel. 
vikudagr;  as  week^  +  thty^.]  Any  day  of  the 
week  except  Sunday:  often  used  adjectively. 

She  loues  Preaching  better  then  Praying,  and  of  Preach- 
ers Lecturers,  and  thinkes  the  IKecite.doyes  E.\ereise  farre 
mure  edifying  then  the  Sundaies. 

Bp.  EarU,  Micro-cosmographie,  A  Shee  precise  Hypocrite. 
One  solid  dish  his  iceek-day  meal  affords, 
Au  adiled  pudding  solemnised  the  Lord's. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  346. 
jFor  dinner  — which  on  a  itvekdai/  is  hardly  ever  eaten  at 
the  costefmonger's  alMxte  —  they  buy  '*  block  ornaments," 
as  they  call  the  small,  dark-coloured  pieces  of  meat  ex- 
posed on  the  cheap  butchers*  bhKiksor  counters. 

Mat/hew,  L<jndon  Labcuir  and  J<ondoii  Poor,  L  G'2. 

weekly  (wek'li),  «.  and  «.  [<  wcek^  +  -///l.] 
I.  «.  1.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  lasting  for  a  week  ; 
reckoned  by  the  week;  produced  orpcrforme(l 
between  one  Sunday  and  the  next :  as,  werklij 
work. —  2.  Coming,  happening,  or  done  once  a 
week:  as,  a  weekly  payment;  a  weekly  paper;  a 
Keekly  allowance;  the  weekly  sailings  of  steam- 
ers; a  weekly  mail. 

When  yonder  broken  arch  was  whole, 
'Twas  there  was  dealt  the  weekly  dole. 

Scikl,  Rokeby,  vi.  1. 

H.  «.;  pi.  weeklies  (-liz).  A  periodical,  as  a 

newsiiaper,  apj>earing  once  a  week. 
weekly  (wek'li),  ailr.     [<  weekly,  «.]     Once  a 

week;  at  intervals  of  seven  days:  as,  a  paper 

published  weekly;  wages  paid  weekly. 
week-work  (wek'wcrk),  ».     in  old  ICiKj.  umye, 

the  distinctive  service  of  a  serf  or  villein,  being 

a  specified  number  of  days,  u.sually  three,  in 

eacn  week, 
weel't  (wel),  M.     [E.  dial,  also  wed,  wiel,  also 

tcale;  <  ME.  weel,  wele,  wel,  <  AS.  wiel  =  MD. 

wael,  a  whirlpool,  =  MLG.  »rf/,  a  pool.]     A 

whirlpool. 
Weel^  (wel),  H.     [Also  we/il ;  cf.  willy,  a  willow 

basket.  <  willy,  a  var.  of  trillmr :  see  iri7/((ifl.] 

1.  A  kind  of  trap  or  snare  for  fish.  [(Obsolete 
or  provinci(>l.] 

Fishing  is  a  kind  of  hunting  by  water,  be  it  with  nets, 
veelet,  tmits,  angling.  Burton,  Anat  of  Mel.,  p.  3111. 

Diug.  f.aert.  tells  ns  that  it  was  a  saying  of  Socrates  that 
young  batchelers  desirous  of  marriage  were  like  to  flslies 
who  play  atM^iit  the  weele,  and  gladly  would  get  in,  when 
on  the  contrary  they  that  are  within  strive  how  tliey  should 
get  out.  heyipttod,  Anna  and  PhilIiB(Wfirks,  ed. 

(Pearson,  1874,  VI,  810). 

In  our  river  Ishnia  eel-p<mts  were  cauglit  as  well  as  cru- 
cians and  rrawflsli ;  the  last  tumbled  of  themselves  in  the 
voeeU  set  for  tliem,  or  into  ordinary  baskets. 

Uarperg  Mai).,  IJC.XVIII.  379. 

2.  In  her,,  a  bearing  representing  a  kind  of  eel- 
pot  or  fish-pot,  composed  of  strips  or  slats  with 
open  spaces  between.  Sometimes  the  number 
of  these  slats  is  mentioned  in  the  blazon. 

WeeP  (wel),  adv.  and  a.  A  Scotch  form  of 
well^. 

weem  (wem),  «.  [Cf.  Gael,  uamlia,  a  cave.]  An 
earth-house;  an  artificial  cave  or  subterranean 
building.     [Scotch.] 

Weent  (wen),  «.  [<  Mf].  weiie,  wen,  <  AS.  wen, 
(.,  weiKi,  m.,  hope,  weening,  expectation,  =  OS. 
M)«n  =  OFries.  wi'n,  hope,  =  D.  wtiiiii,  opinion. 
conjecture,  =  OH(i.  MUG.  wdii,  G.  waliii,  illu- 
sion, false  hope,  =  Icel.  ran,  expectation,  = 
Goth,  ireiifi,  expectation  ;  from  the  root  of  win  : 
see  trin.]     Doubt;  conjecture. 

1  wol  ben  here,  withonten  any  wene. 

Chaucer,  'I'roilus,  iv.  1693 


6869 

For  lyf  and  deth,  withouten  icene. 

Is  in  Ids  hande.  Jtom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  469«. 

ween  (wen),  v.  [<  ME.  wenen,  <  AS.  u-eiian  (pret. 
wende.  pp.  weiide,  wente),  hope,  expect,  imagine, 
=  OS.  wdnian  =  OFries.  weiia  =  D.  wanen,  think, 
fancy,  =  LG.  wanen,  fancy,  =  OHG.  wiman,  wan- 
nan,  MHG.  wsenen,  G.  waliiieii  =  Icel.  rdna,  hope 
(cf .  Sw.  rdntii  =  Dan.  ventc),  =  Goth,  wenjan,  ex- 
pect; from  the  noun.]  To  be  of  opinion;  have 
the  notion  ;  think ;  imagine  ;  suppose.  [Ar- 
chaic] 

And  whan  tliei  wil  flghte,  tliei  wille  schokken  hem  to 
gidre  in  a  plomp,  that,  zif  there  lie  20000  men,  men  sclialle 
not  wenen  that  there  be  scant  10000. 

Mandeeille,  Travels,  p.  262. 
But  trewely  I  wende,  as  in  this  cas, 
Kaught  have  agilt,  ne  doon  to  love  trespas. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  462. 
Prosperitie  .  .  .  may  be  discontinued  by  moe  waies 
than  you  would  afore  haue  ivent. 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1673),  fol.  34. 
Earle  Robert  would  needes  set  forward,  weening  to  get 
all  tlie  glory  to  hiniselfe  before  tlie  coniniing  of  the  hoste. 
Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  36. 
Ye  ween  to  hear  a  melting  tiile 
Of  two  trtie  lovers  in  a  dale. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  ii.  29. 
Though  never  a  dream  the  x'oses  sent 
Of  science  or  love's  compliment, 
I  leeen  they  smelt  as  sweet. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Deserted  Garden. 

weenong-tree  (we'nong-tre),  n.  See  Tetra- 
mele.s. 

weepl  (wep),  r.;  pret.  and  pp.  wept,  ppr.  weep- 
ing. [<  ME.  wejien,  toenpen  (pret.  weep,  wep, 
wenj),  wiep,  wip,  pi.  wepen,  wepe,  wopen,  later 
weptc),  weep,  wail,  shed  tears,  <  AS.  teepan 
(pret.  weop).  cry  aloud,  wail,  =  OS.  wOpian,  cry 
aloud,  =  OFries.  wepa  =  OHG.  wiiofaii,  wuofjan 


weepmg-cross 

II.   trans.   1.   To  lament;  bewail;  bemoan. 
Pensive  she  sat,  revolving  fates  to  come, 
And  wept  her  godlike  son's  approaching  doom. 

Po^ie,  Iliad,  xxiv.  114. 
Xor  is  it 
Wiser  to  weep  a  true  occasion  lost. 
But  trim  our  sails,  and  let  old  bygones  )>e. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 
To  weep  his  oliscquics.  Dryden,  Mneu\,  ix.  648. 

2.  To  shed  or  let  fall  drop  by  drop,  as  tears; 
give  out  in  drops. 

Sithen  thou  hast  wepen  [var.  wopen]  many  a  drope. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  941. 
Sir  Gawein  that  therof  hadde  grete  pite  hit  toke  with 
gladde  cbere  and  myri,  and  wepte  right  tendirly  water 
with  his  iyen  vndir  his  helme. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  477. 
Weep  your  tears 
Into  the  channel.  Shak.,  J.  C,  i.  1.  03. 

Groves  wliose  rich  trees  wept  odorous  gums  and  balm. 
Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  248. 

3.  To  spend  or  consume  in  weeping;  exhaust 
in  tears:  usually  followed  by  away,  out,  or  the 
like. 

Weep  my  life  away.  Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

I  could  weep 

My  spirit  from  mine  eyes.     Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3.  99. 

To  weep  millstonest.   See  millstone. 

weepi  (wep),  II.    [<  ME.  wepe,  we]),  a  later  form, 

after  the  verb,  of  wop,  <  AS.  inip,  clamor,  cry : 

see  weep^,  v.]     If.  Weeping;  a  fit  of  weeping. 

She  l>ogan  to  brestc  a  wepe  anon. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  408. 
Wid  reweli  lote,  and  sorwe,  and  wep. 

Genesi.^  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2328. 

2.  Exudation ;  sweat,  as  of  a  gum-tree  ;  a  leak, 
as  in  the  joint  of  a  pipe.  [Obsolete,  colloq.,  or 
trade  use.] 

Same  as  peweep  for 


wepa 
(pret.  tciof),  MHG.  wuofeii,  wiiefen  =  IceX.'wpa  weep-t    «  "'  [Imitative  ] 
(pret.  apta),  cry,  shout,  =  Goth,  wojijan  (pret.    /,(,„•/(.  '  Also  wijpe,  wipe. 
wopida),  cry  out,  ^veep ;  Irom  a  noun,  AS.  wup,  weepablet  ( we'pa-bl),  a.     [Earlv  mod.  E.  wepe- 
clamor,  outcry,  =  Ob.  wop  =  OHG.  wiiof,  wiiaj,     ^ble ;  <  weep"^  +  "-able.]    Exeitin'g  or  moving  to 


outcry,  lament,  =  Icel.  op,  a  shout;  cf.  Kuss. 
i-opite,  sob,  wail,  lament.  Not  connected  with 
E.  whnup,  which  is  prop,  hoop.]  I.  intraiis.  1. 
To  express  sorrow,  grief,  or  anguisli  by  outcry ; 
wail;  lament;  in  more  modern  usage,  to  shed 
tears. 

Thei  of  the  Contree  seyn  that  Adam  and  Eve  weptcn 

upon  that  Mount  an  lOO  Zeer,  whan  thei  weren  dryveii 

out  of  I'aradys.  Mandemlle,  Travels,  p.  199. 

In  al  tills  world  ther  nis  so  cruwel  hertc  .  .  . 

That  nolde  have  wopen  for  hire  peynes  sinelte ; 

S*j  tenderly  she  wepte  both  eve  and  morwc. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  724. 

To  whom  he  sayde,  "Wepe-  ye  not  vpon  me,  ye  doiigh- 

ters  of  Jlierusalcm,  but  wepe  ye  vpon  your  self  and  vpon 

your  children.  "  Sir  It.  Guyl/irrde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  28. 

They  all  uvpt  sore,  and  fell  on  Paul's  neck,  and  kissed 

him.  Acts  XX.  37. 

Then  they  for  sudden  joy  did  weep. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4  191  (song). 
The  Indian  elephant  is  known  sometimes  to  weep. 

Darwin,  Express,  of  Emotions,  p.  107. 

2.  To  drop  or  flow  as  tears. 

The  blood  weeps  fiYim  my  heart. 

Sliak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  4.  .68. 

3.  To  let  fall  drops;  drop  water;  drip;  hence, 
to  rain. 

When  heaven  doth  weep,  doth  not  the  earth  o'citlow? 
Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1.  222. 

4.  To  give  out  moisture;  be  very  damp. 

CI  ayes  wepe 
Uncertainly,  whoos  teres  beth  riglit  swete. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  173. 
It  is  a  delicious  place  for  prospect  and  ye  thickctts,  lint 
the  soile  cold  and  weeinng  clay. 

Eiielyn,  Diary,  Feb.  17,  1002. 
6.  To  have  di'ooping  branches;  be  pendent; 
droop :  as,  a  irec/iinf/  tree  ;  the  weeping  willow. 
—  To  weep  Irigh,  to  express  or  affect  synipatlietic  grief 
by  wailing  and  sliedding  tears ;  keen. 

Hiirely  the  Egyptians  did  not  weep-Irish  with  faigned 
and  mercenary  tears. 

Fuller,  Pisg.ah  Sight,  II.  xii.  15.  {Davies.) 
Wee^lnif  ash,  the  variety  2)endula  of  the  European  asli, 
Fraxinus  excelsior,  having  the  branches  arching  down- 
ward instead  of  upward.  — Weeping  birch,  a  variety  of 
the  white  birch,  Betula  alba,  of  a  weeping  haliit,  conunon 
in  Europe,  and  often  cultivated  for  ornament.  Its  shoots 
when  young  are  quite  smooth,  but  when  mature  al'c  of  a 
bright  chestnut-brown,  covered  with  little  white  warts. 


tears;  lamentable;  grievous.     Jip.  I'ecock. 
weeper  (we'per),  H.     [<  mc/*! -t- -o-l.]     1.   One 
who  weeps;  one  who  sheds  tears;  specifieallj', 
a  hired  inourncr  at  a  I'uiiei'al. 

If  yon  have  served  God  in  a  holy  life,  send  away  the 
women  and  the  weepers ;  tell  tlieni  it  is  as  mucli  intem- 
perance t<i  weep  too  much  as  to  laugh  too  much. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  ii.  6. 
Laughing  is  easy,  lint  the  wonder  lies 
What  store  of  liriiie  siliiplied  the  weeper's  eyes. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Satires,  x.  40. 

2.  Something  worn  conventionally  as  a  badge 
of  mourning,  (a)  A  strip  of  white  linen  or  muslin 
worn  on  the  end  of  tiie  sleeve  like  a  cutf.  The  term  is 
also  used  for  the  band  of  crape  worn  as  a  mark  of  mourn- 
ing. 

Our.  .  .  mourners  clap  iiits  of  muslin  on  their  sleeves, 
and  these  are  called  weepers. 

Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  Woi-ld,  xcvi. 

Thei-e  was  not  a  widow  in  all  the  country  who  went  to 
such  an  expense  for  black  bombazine.  She  had  lier 
beautiful  hair  conllned  in  crimped  cajis,  and  her  weepers 
came  over  her  elliows.  Thackeray,  Blueljeard's  (ihost. 
(/>)  A  long  hatb.'ind,  like  a  scarf,  of  crai>e  or  otlier  black 
stuif,  worn  by  men  at  a  funeral. 

It  is  a  funereal  street,  Old  Parr  Street,  certainly ;  the 
carriages  whicli  drive  there  ouglit  to  have  feathers  on  the 
roof,  and  the  butlers  who  open  tlie  doors  should  we.ir 
weepers.  Thackeray,  Pliilip,  ii. 

(e)  The  long  black  crape  veil  worn  by  a  widow  in  her 
weeds. 

Most  thankful  I  shalJ  be  to  see  yon  with  a  couple  o' 
pounds'  woi'th  less  of  <;rape.  ...  If  anyliody  was  to  marry 
me  tlattering  himself  I  should  wear  these  hijeous  weepers 
two  years  for  him,  he'd  lie  deceived  by  liis  own  vanity, 
tliat's  all.  George  Eliot,  Middlemareb,  Ixxx. 

3.  Anything  resembling 
1  and  'J  in  shape  or  use. 

The  firs  were  hung  with  weepers  of  black-green  moss. 
/;.  Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  169. 

The  eyes  with  which  itithe  aqueduct  tunnell  weeps  are 
rightly  called  iceejiers,  being  small  rectangular  openings 
in  the  side  walls,  through  wliich  all  the  water  collected 
and  collecting  on  the  outside  of  the  masonry  jiours  into 
the  inside.  New  York  Tritntne,  Feliruary  2,  1890. 

4.  The  South  American  capuchin  monkey, 
('elms  rapticinns. 

weepfult(wep'ful),«.   [<weep'^,v.,  +  -ful.']  Full 
of  \vc(']iing;  motirnful.      Il'i/elif. 


a  weeper  m  senses 


Weeping  eczema,  eczema  attended  with  considerable  weeping  (vve'ping),  «.    [<.'MV..wipiii<ie,tcepnnae; 

t"rtnl:ttii,tt  •    Till  li  at   fi'7i;ii',  TITaartivior  trr-riaa    „  in-oeo     XI  i\  T      ,  „  -,  ->tj'-,'  ,'  ,      ,  • 

Wailmg;  lamentation; 


exudation  ;  moist  eczema.  —  Weeping  grass,  a  grass.  Mi 
croliena  (Ehrharta)  slipoides,  of  Australia  and  New  Zea- 
land, so  called  doubtless  from  the  form  of  its  panicle.  It 
is  a  perennial  grass,  keeping  green  through  the  year,  and 
valued  for  grazing.  Mueller,  Select  Extra-trop.  Plants. 
—  Weeping  oak.  See  oa*— Weeping  pipe,  a  small 
pipe  connected  witli  a  tank  or  water-closet  sniiply-pipc, 
and  designed  to  allow  a  little  water  to  escape  at  inter 
vals  so  1)8  to  preserve  the  seal  in  traps. 
lar.    See  jwp/ar.— Weeping  rock, 

whichwateroozes.— Weeping  sinew,  a  gai.i^.,,,B".  ■.111. ■  1      I-   1  -i      ,.    ,     ,■ 

in  the  synovial  sheath  of  a  tendon;  ganglion.- Weeping     ""^yi  at  winch  penitential  devotions  were  per 
willow.    See  wiilowi.  formed 


vertial  ii.  of  weep'^,  c] 
shedding  of  tears. 

With  myche  wepywi  (fe  woo  tlies  wordes  ho  said. 

Destruction!'/ Troy (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  8489. 
There  shall  be  weeping  and  gnashing  of  teeth. 

Mat.  viii.  12. 


raps.— Weeping  pop-  weeping-crosS  (we'iiing-ki-As).  n.     A  cross,  of- 
eW!a'';aU,eringof  m'lid      ''■"  "''  «f«",".''  ,''><?''t':'l  "»."!•  '^.-V  ""'.^i''''  "^  ^  »"Sll- 


weeping-cross 

One  is  a  kind  of  weeping-crogg,  Jack, 
A  gentle  purgatory. 

Fletcher  and  Shirlty,  Siglit- Walker,  i.  1. 

For  liere  I  mourn  for  your,  our  publike  losse. 
And  doe  my  peniiance  at  the  wa'piiig-crvuse. 

Wither,  Prince  Henry's  Obsequies. 

To  return  or  come  home  by  weeplng-croBst,  to  suffer 

defeat  in  some  adventure  ;  meet  witll  repulse  or  failure  ; 
hence,  to  repent  of  having  taken  a  certain  course  or  en- 
gaged in  a  certain  undertaking. 

The  judgement  stands,  onely  this  verdit  too: 
Had  you  before  the  law  foreseen  the  losse, 
You  had  not  now  com£  home  by  wceping-croBse. 
Heyuvod,  If  you  Know  not  me  (Works,  ed.  1874,  I.  267). 

But  the  time  will  come  when,  comming  hmne  by  Weep- 
ing-Crosse,  thou  shalt  confesse  that  it  was  better  to  be  at 
home.  Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England. 

weepingly  (we'ping-li),  adr.  [<  wcephig  +  -/(/2.] 
With  weeping ;  in  tears. 

She  took  her  son  into  her  arms  weepingly  laughing. 

Sir  IL  Wotton,  Reliquise. 

weeping-ripet  (we'ping-rip),  a.  Ready  to  weep. 

Tlie  king  was  weeping-Hpe  for  a  good  word. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L,  v.  2.  274. 

weeping-spring  (we'ping-spring),  11.  A  spring 
that  very  slowly  discharges  water. 

weeping- widow  (we'ping-wid'6),  n.  The 
guinea-hen  ilower,  FntiUaria  Mehagris.  Brit- 
ten and  Holland.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

weeplyt  (wep'li),  a.  [<  ME.  wepU;  <  weep  + 
-i^i.]     Weeping;  tearful. 

I  .  .  .  niarkede  my  wepli  corapleynte  with  office  of 
poyntel.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  i.  prose  1. 

weepy  (we'pi),  a.  [<  weep  +  -i/l.]  Moist; 
springy;  exuding  moisture;  oozy;  seepy :  as, 
iceep!/  clay  ;  weepy  stone.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

weerisht,  «•     Same  as  wearixh. 

weesandt,  «•     An  old  spelling  of  iceasand. 

weese-allen  (wes'ar'en),  n.  The  Jiiger  or  skua- 
gull.  See  dirtij-atlen.  Also  loease-allan,  weese- 
allan,  weese-aulin. 

weeselt,  «•    An  old  spelling  of  tceasel. 

weet^t,  V.    An  obsolete  form  of  ici/l. 

weetl  (wet),  «.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  wit^. 

weet^  (wet),  ».,  a.,  and  r.  A  dialectal  form  of 
tcet. 

weet''  (wet),  a.     A  dialectal  form  of  wiglit"^. 

weet'^  (wet),  «.    [Imitative.]    The  peetweet,  or 

common  sandpiper.   See  Tringoides Weet-my- 

feet,  an  imitative  name  for  the  common  quail,  Coturnix 
communis  (or  dactylisonans).    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

weet*  (wet),  r.  >.  [See  weet^,  ».]  To  cry  as  a 
weet  or  peetweet. 

A  sand-piper  glided  weet  wectinq  along  tlie  shore. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  2. 

weet-bird  (wet'berd),  «.  [<weet^  +  hird"^.  Cf. 
pcetu-eet.^  The  wryneck,  Ijpix  torqniUa  :  from 
its  cry.     See  cut  under  wryneck. 

weetingt,  weetinglyt.     See  witting,  wittingly. 

weetlesst,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  witless. 

weetweet  (wet'wet),  n.     Same  as  »■«■(*. 

weeverH,  "•  Same  as  weacer-bird.  Latham, 
17«2. 

weever^  (we'ver),  ».  [Formerly spelled  wearer, 
and  appar.  a  particular  use  of  wearer"^.  Zo- 
ologists now  connect  it  with  the  L.  specific 
name  vip/era,  as  if  weerer  were  a  var.  of  the  obs. 
icirec]  Either  one  of  two  British  fishes  of  the 
genus  Trachinus,  the  greater,  T.  draco,  10  or  12 
inches  long,  and  the  lesser,  T.  ripera,  of  half 
this  length;  hence,  any  member  of  tlie  Tra- 
chinidse  (which  see).  These  fishes  have  sharp  dorsal 
and  opercular  spines,  with  which  they  may  inflict  a  pain- 
ful and  serious  wountl  when  incautiously  handled.  It 
does  not  appear  that  the  spines  convey  a  sijecific  poison, 
Ijnt  they  are  smearo'l  with  a  slime  which  causes  the  punc- 
ture they  inflict  to  fester,  like  the  similar  wound  from  the 
tail-spine  of  the  sting-ray.    See  cut  under  Trachimtn. 

weever-flsh  (we'ver-fish),  u.     Same  as  !Ceci'cc2. 

weevil  (we'vl),  v.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  wcavil, 
n-earel,  trirel ;  <  ME.  wevcl,  wirel,  weryl,  wyrel. 
<  AS.  n:ifel,  in  an  early  gloss  w^ibil,  a  beetle 
(cf.  wiliha  in  saern-wihlxi,  dung-beetle),  =  OS. 
wivil  =  MLO.  M'ei-'-?  =  D.  werel  =  OHG.  wibil, 
wihel.  MH(t.  wihel,  <i.  wieliel,  wihel.  a  weevil,  = 
Icel.  yjill  (in  comp.  M/t/-)/////,  dung-beetle).]  1. 
A  snout -beetle;  any  coleopterous  insect  of 
the  section  lihynrhojihoni  (which  see).  The 
term  Is  more  properly  restricted  to  the  lonK-snciut<:d 
forms  of  the  family  Ciirr,idioit!dje,  l)ut  is  also  e.xtended 
(beyond  the  Rhynchuphura)  to  tlir>  family  Ilrucliidie.  The 
weevils  are  almost  exclusively  plant-feeders ;  most  of  them 
live  in  nuts,  grains,  the  stems  of  plants,  rolled-up  leaves, 
catkins,  i>r  fruit,  while  others  are  leaf-miners,  and  a  few 
liveingall-likeexcrescenceson  the  stems  or  rcotsfd  plants. 
Brachytarxug  contains  the  only  c-arinvorons  forms,  and 
these  are  said  t^>  live  on  baik-li*-e.  .'^oine  forms  .ire  siib- 
acpiatic,  as  the  water-weevil,  LiK^orhnptrun  simplex.  See 
phrases  following,  and  <-nts  under  AntkiinoitiU'<,  liulani- 
nvM,  f/ean-n-eecil,  lirurhlts,  Catandra,  clover-ueevil.  Cono- 


6870 


weigh 


trachelut,  diamond-beetle,  Epicemis,  pea-weevil,  Fissodes,  weOZelt,  "•      An  old  spelling  of  weasel. 


pluni-gouger,  Ehynchophora,  and  geed-w^etrU. 

Tlie  wheat  which  is  not  turned  is  eaten  with  wiueh. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1677),  p.  94. 

About  this  time  it  chanced  a  pretty  secret  to  be  dis- 
couered  to  preserue  their  corne  from  the  fly,  or  weauell, 
which  did  in  a  manner  as  much  hurt  as  the  rats. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  101. 

The  Thunder,  which  went  to  Bemmda  the  17th  Octoljer, 
now  returned,  bringing  corn  and  goats  from  Virginia, 
(for  the  weavila  had  taken  the  com  at  Bernmda  before 
they  came  there).     Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  159. 

2.  Any  insect  which  damages  stored  grain,  as 
the  fly-weevil,  a  local  name  in  the  southern 
United  States  for  the  grain-moth,  (lelechia 
cerealella.  See  grain-moth,  2. —  3.  The  larva 
of  the  wheat-midge.  Diplosis  tritici.  Also  called 
V.  Riley.     [Western  U.  S.] 


weftl  (weft),  «.  [<  ME.  weft,  <  AS.  weft,  wefta 
(=  Icel.  veftr,  also  vipta,  rifta),  threads  woven 
into  and  crossing  the  warp;  with  fonnative  -t, 
<  wef an, -weave:  see  tceaic-l.]  1.  The  threads, 
taken  together,  which  run  across  the  web  from 
side  to  side,  or  from  selvage  to  selvage.  -Also 
called  woof. 

The  we/t  was  so  called  from  its  being  "  wafted  "  in  and 
out  of  the  warp  ;  it  is  also  often  called  the  woof,  though 
more  con-ectly  the  woof  is  the  same  as  the  web  or  fin- 
ished stuff.  Encyc.  Brit,  XXIII.  206. 

2.  In  bot.,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  a  felt- 
like stratum  produced  in  certain  fungi  by  abun- 
dant closely  interwoven  hyphse. 

The  peripheral  portion  of  the  delicate  hyphal  wtift. 

De  Bary,  Fungi  (trans.),  p.  217. 


red  weevil.     C.  _       _ 

Apple-blossom  weevil,  Anthonomus  pommum,  which  ,,«  ^  ^^  i-ij 

attacks  the  flower-buds  of  the  apple  in  Europe.— Apple-  WCft^t.     An  obsolete  form  of  the  preterit  and 
weevil,  Anthonomus  qiiadrigibbus,  a  weevil  which  infests     past  participle  of  wave^. 

the  fruit  of  the  apple  in  the  United  States.    Commonly  \.  ...  , ,     ,    , ,  t..  .,„«» 

called  apple-curculL    See  apple-curculio,  and  cut  under  Ne  can  thy  irrevocable  desteny  bee  ««/(«. 

AnUimmnus.-Ca.bbaee-'^eeyil,  Ceuthortiynchus  najn,  A^jcMer,  Ji.  y.,  iii.  iv.  ao. 

whose  larvre  bore  the  crown  of  young  cabbages  in  Europe,  weit^t,  "•     name  as  waij. 

and  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  recently  -weft*  (weft),  11.     A  dialectal  foiin  of  waft,  3. 
into  the  United  States.— Chestnut-weevil,  Baiumma        _,       .  »..*.„„    ...  >,<„f  i„  „  „„«  „f„,  ,,» 

caryatriixs,  a  very  long  nosed  weevil  whose  larva  is  the         The  strongest  sort  of  smells  are  best  in  a  w^f  afar  off 
common  chestnut-grub  of  the  United  States.- Clover-  *<"^''"'  ^at-  Hist.,  |8S3. 

weevU.    (a)  Seedoi)«r-tcecCTi(withcut).   (())PA7/(o»iomi(s  .^gfl.-^.,  c^gf/^jj;\  „_      \<.  weftT-  + -aqe.']     Tex- 
imnctatus,  whose  larvffi  feed  on  the  leaves  of  clover  in    "„l""4^,„  „t„i„  „_,.„-- 
Europe  anil  tlie  United  States,    (c)  Sitones  cn'm7u»  and  S. 


jlavescens,  which  feed  upon  the  leaves  of  clover  in  Europe, 
their  larva;  boring  in  the  roots.  The  latter  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  United  States.— Cranberry-weevll,  ^n- 
^Ao)iomM(rM(«rai!».— Grape-weevU.    (n)  Craponiusin- 

«(/uaZis,  which  attacks  tlie  fruit  of  tlie  grape  in  the  United  ,         ,      . 

States.    (*)  otiorhynchus  suicatus  and  O.  j)fcij)c»,  which  woft-fork  (weft'fork),  Ji.    1.  A  device  employed 
feedupon  the  leaves  and  shoots  of  the  grape  in  Europe,     jjj  some  looms  to  lay  in,  piece  by  piece,  a  filling 


ture ;  the  style  or  quality  of  the  web,  as  of  any 
textile  fabric. 

The  whole  muscles,  as  they  lie  upon  the  bones,  might 
be  truly  tanned,  whereby  the  we/tage  of  the  fibres  might 
more  easily  lie  observed.  Grew,  Museum.    (Latham.) 


(c)  Rhynchites  betuleti,  a  formidaljle  grape-pest  in  Europe, 
which  rolls  the  leaves  of  the  vine.— Hazelnut-weevil, 
Balaninus  nuciim.  —  Hlckory-nut  weevil,  Balaninus 
nasicus,  whose  larva  is  found  commonly  in  hickory -nuts  in 
the  United  States.— Imbricated  weevil,  Epicarus  im- 
trricatuit,  of  the  X'nited  States.  See  Epicserua  (with  cut).— 
Ironwood  leaf-weevil,  an  undetermined  weevil  which 
mines  the  leaves  of  iron- 
wood  in  the  United  States. 
—  Leaf-rolling  weevil, 
any  weevil  whoselarva  lives 
in  a  leaf-roll,  as  Attelabus 
hipunctulatus  of  the  United 
States,  wliose  larva  rolls  the 
leaves  of  oak.— New  York 
weevil,  Ifhycerus  novebo- 
racen-tis,  the  adult  of  which 
gnaws  the  twigs  of  fruit- 
trees  in  the  United  States, 
wliile  its  larva  devours  the 
interior  of  oak  and  hickory- 
twigs.  -  Oak-bark  weevil, 
Magdalit  olyra,  which  lives 
under  tlie  bark  of  oak  in 
the  United  States.- Palm- 
weevll,  Hhynchophoriis 
paltnarwn,  li.  fei"rugineus, 
and  allied  species,  which 
bore  into  the  trunk  of  palm- 
trees.  See  palm-worm,  un- 
der Mwm.— Pear-shaped 
weevil,  any  weevil  of  the 
genus  Apion,  as  A,  apri- 
cans,  an  enemy  to  clover  in 
England.  See  cuts  under 
clover-iceevil  and  seed-wee- 
vil.—Pitch -esitiag  wee- 


New  York  Weevil  {Ithycerus 
nmeborai-fnsis). 
stem  punctured  by  larva :  A. 
pupa ;  f.  lM;etle. 


Vll,  Paehylobiu.'i  picivortat, 

« inch  lives  under  the  bark  of  the  pitch-pine  in  the  I'nited 


of  slats,  whalebone,  palm-leaf,  or  other  stiffen- 
ing material.— 2.  An  early  aiTangement  for 
stopping  a  loom  in  case  of  the  failure  of  the 
weft -thread.  It  is  essentially  a  weighted  lever,  which 
is  supported  by  the  weft-thread,  and  performs  its  action 
by  falling  in  the  event  of  the  breakage  or  failure  of  the 
thread. 

weft-hook  (weft'hiik),  «.  A  tool  used  to  draw 
the  filling  through  the  warp  in  some  kinds  of 
hand-weaving,  as  in  slat-weaving  and  some 
narrow-ware  weaving  or  ribbon-weaving. 

wegget,  11-     A  Middle  English  form  of  wedge^. 

weght,  weigh^t,  "•     See  wie. 

weght,  n.     See  weeht. 

weghtnest,  »•     Same  as  wightness. 

weheet,  "•     Seewighie. 

wehrgeld,  wehrgelt,  «.  See  wergild. 
"  wehrUte  (war'lit),  «.  [Named  after  Aloys 
ll'ehrle,  an  Austrian  metallurgist  and  mining 
official  (1791-1835).]  A  mineral  obtained  from 
Dentsch-Pilsen,  in  Hungary,  in  steel-gray  folia 
with  bright  metallic  luster  and  high  specific 
graWty  (8.4).  It  consists  essentially  of  liismuth  and 
tellurium,  and  some  analyses  show  the  presence  of  a 
small  amount  of  silver.  It  is  allied  to  tetradymite,  but 
its  exact  composition  is  uncertain,  and  it  is  possible  that 
more  than  one  species  may  be  included  under  the  name. 

wehr-wolft,  ".     See  werwolf. 

weit,  «•     An  old  spelling  of  way. 

weibyeite,  «.  A  rare  iiuo-carbonate  of  the  met- 
als of  the  cerium  group,  occurring  in  minute 


states. 
trinotatns, 


.        .  .        white  crystals  in  southern  Norway. 

Potato-stalk  weevil,  Trichobar,.(orBandins)  j^  ,    .^^.  g  ,,.^^^3. 

s.  a  weevil  whose  larva  bores  the  staUs  of  the    "^J"  \         /»  ... 

'  potato    in    the    niid,lle  weiet,  r.     An  old  spelling  of  weiglA. 

United  States. -Quince-  Weierstrassian  (vi-^r-stras'i-an),  a.  Of  or 
weevil,  Conotrachelus  pertaining  to,  or  named  from,  K.  T.  W.  Weier- 
strass,  a  German  mathematician  (bom  1816). 
-Weierstrassian  function,  (a)  One  of  the  functions 
used  in  Weierstrass's  metliod  of  treating  elliptic  functions. 
(It)  The  function 

ix  =  i«  b"  cos^a")  XTT. 


Quince-weevil  {Conotrachelus 

cratxgi^. 

a,  side  view  ;  b,  dorsal  view. 

(Line  shows  natural  size.) 


crateegi,  which  lioros  into 
tlie  fruit  of  the  quince 
in  the  United  States.- 
Rhubarb- weevil,  hix- 

us  concarus,  wliich  bores 
the  stems  of  rliubarb  in 
the  niiddleUnited  States. 
— Roae-weevll,  Aromi- 
gus  fuUeri,  whose  larva 
burrows  in  the  roots  of 
the  rose.— Strawberry- 
weeviL  («)  The  straw- 
berry-crown borer(which 
see, with  cut,nndersfrrtw- 
berry),  Tyloderjna  fraga- 

intotheroot-erownoftliestrawb^^Si^feSslEWeiei^traSS'k'fundame^^^^ 
(d)  y4H(AonomtKm«.sc»i«s,  the  adult  of  which  destroys  the     thcoicm.  ,      ,      ,„,  ,     j     ^^       ■       iv 

lilossnms  and  flower-staliss  of  the  strawberry  in  tlie  eastern  WeigOrt  S  method.  The  method  of  tracing  the 
I'nited  States.— White-pine  weevil  Sec  Pti!sorfc»(wiili  eourse  of  the  mediillated  nerve-fibers  bv  hard- 
cut),  {ice  a.\s,<y  acorn-weevil,  bean-weeml.diammd-wecviL  p,,;,,©' and  staininff  them 
grain-weenl,  nut-weevil, pea-weevil, pine-weevil, plum-wee-  ening  ana  stainiiigj_ue_iii. 
vil,  rice-weevil,  seed-weevil,  water-weevil,  wheat-weevil.) 

weeviled,  weevilled  (we'vld),  a.  [<  wceiHl  + 
-ed'^.']  Infested  or  infected  with  weevils,  as 
grain. 

weevily,  weevilly  (we'vl-i),  n.  [<  weevil  +  -i/i .] 

Same  as  weeviled. 
wee-wowl  (w-e'wou),  a.    [Appar.  a  redupl.  var. 

of  'wow.  <  AS.  wOh.  crooked.]     Wrong.     Ilnl- 

liwill.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
Wee-W0w2  (we'wou),  r.     [<  icce-woH-l,  «.]     To 

twist  iibout  in  an  irregular  manner,     llalliwill. 

[Prov.  Eng.] 


In  certain  cases,  as  when  p  =  1,  fc<l,  a&>l  -f  §w,  this  func- 
tion, although  continuous,  has  no  differential  coefficient. 
In  fact,  the  curve  of  the  function,  when  seen  at  a  distance, 
appears  like  a  simple  curve  of  sines ;  but  when  it  is  mag- 
nified, small  waves  are  seen  upon  it ;  under  a  higher  mag- 
nifying power,  wavelets  on  these  waves ;  and  so  on  ad  in- 
finitum; so  that,  although  f  (x  -i-  h)  -  tx  becomes  infini- 
tesimal witll  h,  yet  it  has  no  limiting  ratio  to  h. 

-      - See 


weighl  (wa),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  way;  < 
MK  weien,  wcyen,  wegcn  (pret.  wei,  wai,  wege, 
weie,  wogh,  pp.  weien,  iwcge,  itceie,  wowiii),  <  AS. 
wegan  (pret.  wa>(i.  pp.  wegen),  carry,  bear,  also 
iiitr.  move,  =  OFries.  wega.  weia  =  MD.  we- 
ghen,  D.  wegen,  weigh,  =OH6.  wegan,  MHG.  we- 
gen. move,  G.  wegen  in  comp.  betregen,  move, 
also  in  var.  forms  wiegen,  rock,  wdgen,  weigh, 
=  Icel.  rcga.  move,  carry,  lift,  weigh,  =  Sw. 
riiga,  weigh.  =  Dan.  rcie,  "weigh,  =  Goth,  gatri- 
;/«'»,  move,  sliake  about,  =  0Bulg.tf,s7i,  go,  move, 
=  L.  vehere,  carry,  =  Gr.  ex^iv,  bxe'ioOai  =  Skt. 


weigh 

V  vah,  go,  move.  The  orig.  sense  '  carry'  passed 
into  that  of  '  raise,  lift,'  and  thenee  into  that  of 
'weigh.'  Hence  ult.  (<  AS.  wegan,  ete.)  wag^, 
wagon,  wain^,  weiyl,  wight^,  whit,  and  (<  L.  Ve- 
here)  vehicle,  convection,  etc. :  see  esp.  way^.^  I. 
trans.  1.  To  raise  or  lift ;  bear  up :  as,  to  weigh 
anchor;  to  weigh  a  ship  that  has  been  sunk. 

And  BO  ye  same  momyiig  we  wayde  our  ancre  and  made 
sayle,  and  come  into  the  foresayd  hauyn  at  Mylo. 

Sir  R.  Ouyl/orde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  63. 

[The  ship]  struck  upon  a  rock,  and,  being  forced  to  run 
ashore  to  save  her  men,  could  never  be  weighed  since,  al- 
though she  lies  a  gieat  height  above  the  water. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  3. 

2.  To  bear  up  or  balance  in  order  to  determine 
the  weight  of ;  determine  the  relative  heaviness 
of  (something)  by  comparison  in  a  balance 
with  some  recognized  standard;  ascertain  the 
number  of  pounds,  ounces,  etc.,  in :  as,  to  weigh 
sugar;  to  weigh  gold. 

Like  BtuSe  baue  I  read  in  3.  Francis  Legend,  of  the  bal- 
lance  wherein  mens  deedes  are  weighed,  and  the  Deuill 
lost  his  prey  by  the  weight  of  a  Chalice. 

Purckcu,  Pilgiimagc,  p.  140. 

The  hunter  took  up  his  rifle  instinctively  from  the  comer 

of  the  room,  leeighed  it  in  both  hands  held  palm  upward. 

»'.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  297. 

3.  To  consider  or  examine  for  the  purpose  of 
forming  an  opinion  or  coming  to  a  conclusion ; 
compare ;  estimate  deliberately  and  maturely ; 
balance;  ponder:  as,  to  weigh  the  advantages 
and  disadvantages  of  a  scheme. 

In  noble  coi'age  oghte  been  areste. 
And  tceyen  eveiy  thing  by  equitee. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  I.  398. 
Wherefore  I  pray  you  weigh  this  with  yourself  the  bet- 
ter, and  see  whether  you  can  espy  how  your  doctrine  is 
doubtful.    J.  Drad/ord,  letters  (Parker  Soc.,  IS-W),  II.  13U. 
Regard  not  who  it  is  which  speaketh,  but  weigh  only 
what  is  spoken.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  Pref. ,  i. 

Weigh  oath  with  oath,  and  you  will  nothing  weigh. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2.  131. 

4f.  To  consider  as  worthy  of  notice  ;  make  ac- 
count of ;  care  for ;  regard ;  esteem. 
You  weigh  me  not  'I    O,  that 's  you  care  not  for  me. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L,  v.  2.  27. 
You  are  light,  gentlemen. 
Nothing  to  weigh  your  hearts. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  i.  1. 

8.  To  overweigh  or  overpower ;  burden ;  op- 
press.     See  the  following  phrase To  weigh 

down,    (of)  To  preponderate  over. 
Ue  weight  King  Ricliaid  down. 

Shak.,  Rich.  11.,  iii.  4.  89. 
{h)  To  oppress  with  weight  or  heaviness ;  overburden  ; 
depress. 

Thou  [sleep]  no  more  wilt  weigh  my  eyelids  down. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  1.  7. 

H.  intrans.  1.  To  weigh  anchor ;  get  under 
way  or  in  readiness  to  sail. 

When  he  was  aboard  his  bark,  he  weighed  and  set  sail, 
and  shut  off  all  his  gnus. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  II.  232. 

The  vessel  iceighg,  forsakes  the  shore, 
And  lessens  to  the  sight. 

Cowper,  The  Bird's  Nest. 

2.  To  have  weight,  literally  or  figuratively. 

Alliances,  how  near  soever,  wei'/h  but  light  in  the  .Scales 
of  State.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  117. 

3.  To  be  or  amount  in  heaviness  or  weight; 
be  of  equal  effect  with  in  the  balance:  as,  a 
nugget  weighing  several  ounces;  a  load  which 
weiyhg  two  tons.  The  terms  expressing  the  weight 
are  in  the  ativerbial  objective.  That  which  a  lialance 
measures  is  the  proportionate  acceleration  of  masses  to- 
ward the  center  of  the  earth.  This  is  equal  to  their  pro- 
portionate masses ;  and  mnsn  is  the  important  quantity 
determined.  The  weight,  or  attraction  of  gravitation  (less 
the  centrifugal  force),  dirfers  at  different  stations,  and  is 
not  determined  by  the  operation  of  weighing. 

And  the  Frensshe  kyng  gaue  hyni  a  goblet  of  syluer 
weynge  ilil,  marke. 

Bern^rs,  tr.  of  Froissai-t's  Chron.,  II.  Ixxxvii. 
Master  Featherstone,  O  Master  Featherstone,  you  may 
now  make  your  fortunes  weigh  ten  stone  of  feathers  more 
than  ever  they  did ! 

Dekker  and  Webgter,  Northward  Ho,  v.  1. 

4.  To  be  consiilercd  as  important ;  have  weight 
in  the  intellectual  balance. 

He  finds  .  .  .  that  the  same  argument  which  weighs  with 
him  has  weighed  with  thousands  .  .  .  before  him. 

Bp.  Alterbury,  Sennona,  II.  ii. 

Such  considerations  never  weigh  with  them. 

Qoldamith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xci. 

6.  To  bear  heavily  ;  press  hard. 

Cleanse  the  stutf'd  bosom  of  that  perilous  stuff 
Which  weighs  uiM,n  the  heart. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  3.  45. 
6.  To  consider;  reflect. 

My  tongue  was  never  oil'd  with  '*  Here,  an  't  like  you," 
"There,  I  beseech  you";  weigh,  I  am  a  soldier. 
And  truth  Z  covet  only,  no  tine  terms,  sir. 

t'lelcher.  Loyal  Subject,  ii.  1. 


6871 

The  soldiers,  lees  weighing  because  less  knowing,  clam- 
oured to  be  led  on  against  any  danger. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 
To  weigh  down,  to  sink  by  its  own  weight  or  burden. 

The  softness  of  the  stalk,  which  maketh  the  bough,  be- 
ing over-loaden,  .  .  .  weigh  down. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  610. 
To  weigh  In,  in  sporting,  to  ascertain  one's  weight  before 
the  contest.     Whyte  Melville,  White  Rose,  I.  xiv. 
•weighl  (wa),  ».    [<  trnj/Zil,  J).]    A  certain  quan- 
tity or  measure,  estimated  by  weight ;  a  mea- 
sure of  weight  (compare  wey) ;   in  the  South 
Wales  coal-fields,  a  weight  of  ten  tons. 
weigh^  (wa),  n.     A  misspelling  of  (t'fiyl,  in  the 
phrase  under  way,  due  to  confusion  with  the 
phrase  to  weigh  anchor. 
We  lost  no  time  in  getting  under  neigh  again. 

B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  230. 

weigll^t,  ».     See  wegh. 

weighable  (wa'a-bl),  a.  [<  weiyh'^  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  weighed. 

'Weighage  (wa'aj),  n.  [<  weight  +  -age.}  A 
rate  or  toll  paid  for  the  weighing  of  goods. 
Inq).  Diet. 

'Weigh-batlk  (wil'bak),  «.  The  beam  of  a  bal- 
ance; hence,  in  the  plural,  a  pair  of  scales. 
[Scotch.] 

Capering  in  the  air  in  a  pair  of  weigh-bauks,  now  up, 
now  down.  Scott,  Redgauntlet,  xxiv.     (Encyc.  Diet.) 

'Weigh-beam  (wa'bem),  n.  A  weighing-scale 
carried  by  a  wooden  or  iron  horse,  for  conve- 
nience in  weighing  freight  at  a  dock  or  railroad- 
station  ;  a  portable  scale  used  by  custom-house 
weighers,  etc. 

■weigll-boardCwa'bord),?!.  In  mining.  Seew-ay- 
boaril. 

weigh-bridge(wa'brij),  «.  A  weighing-machine 
for  weigliing  carts,  wagons,  etc.,  with  their 
load. 

weigh-can  (wa'kan),  n.  A  reservoir  from  which 
supplies  are  drawn,  so  connected  with  a  scale 
that  any  desired  weight  may  be  conveniently 
drawn  out. 

■weighedt  (wad),  a.     Balanced  ;  experienced. 
A  young  man  not  weighed  in  state  matters.  Bacon. 

■weigher  (wa'6r),  n.  [<  ME.  leeycre  (=  MLG. 
MHG.  weger);  <  weight  -1-  -e»-l.]  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  weighs ;  an  officer  whose  duty  it 
is  to  weigh  commodities  or  test  weights. —  2t. 
The  equator. 

This  same  cercle  is  cleped  also  the  weyere  (equator)  of 
tlie  day,  for,  whan  the  sonne  is  in  the  hevedcs  of  Aries  and 
Libra,  than  ben  the  dales  and  the  nyhtes  illike  of  lenghtlie 
in  the  world.  Chaiccer,  Astrolabe,  i.  sec.  17. 

Backer  and  weigher.    Sec  sackeri. 

weighership  (wa'6r-ship),  «.  [<  weigher  + 
-xliip.']     The  office  of  weigher. 

weigh-house  (wa'hous),  «.  A  building  (gener- 
ally of  a  public  character)  at  or  in  which  goods 
are  weighed  by  suitable  apparatus. 

He  shall,  with  an  hour's  lying  in  the  pulpit,  get  enough 
to  find  thirty  or  ftjrty  sturdy  lubbers  a  month  long,  of 
which  the  weakest  shall  be  as  strong  in  the  belly,  wlten 
he  Cometh  unto  the  manger,  as  the  mightiest  iwrter  in  the 
weigh-ltouse. 
Tyndale,  Ana.  to  Sir  T.  More,  etc.  (Parker  Soc.,  1860X  p.  76. 

weighing  (wa'ing),  n.     [<  ME.  wcyynge, weynge ; 

verbal  n.  of  ifci(//|i,ti.]  1.  The  act  of  ascertain- 
ing weight. — 2.  As  much  as  is  weighed  at  once : 

as,  a  weighing  of  beef.    Imp.  Diet. — 3.  Same  as 

weighting. 
weighing-cage(wa'ing-kaj),n.  Aeage  in  which 

living  animiils,  as  pigs,  sheep,  and  calves,  may 

be  conveniently  weighed. 
weighing-house   (wa'ing-hous),   «.      Same  as 

wcigh-hoii.ic. 
weighing-machine  (wii'iiig-ma-shen'''),  «.    Any 

contrivance  by  which  the  weight  of  an  object 

may  be  ascertained,  as  the 

common  balance,  spring- 
balance,    steelyard,   etc. 

See   cuts    under    balance 

and  steelyard.    The  term  is, 

however,  generally  applied  only 

to    those    contrivances  which 

are  employed  for  ascertaining 

the  weight  of  heavy  bodies,  as 

the  machines  for  the  purpose 

of  determining  the  weights  of 

laden    vehicles,  machines  for 

weighing  cattle,  machines  for 

weighing  heavy  goods,  as  large 

casks,  bales,  etc.     The  hydro- 

Ktatic    weighing-machine    (see 

cut)  consists   essentialiy  of  a 

strong  cylinder  within    which 

moves  a  tightly  packed  jiistoii, 

the  space  being  Hlled  with  cas- 

tor-oH ;   the  loop  above  is  at- 
tached to  the  cylinder  and  tlie 

ring  below  to  the  piston.    When 

the  object  to  be  weigh"d  is  hung  on  the  ring,  the  piston 

presses  on  the  oil,  and  this  puf^ses  by  a  channel  to  a  gage 


Hydrostatic  Weiuhiny-iiia- 
chine. 


weight 

which  indicates  by  the  motion  of  the  index  on  the  dial 
the  weight  In  pounds  and  tons. 

weighing- scoop  (wa'lng-skop),  n.  A  combined 
scoop  and  spring-balance.  The  spring  is  in  the  han- 
dle of  the  scoop,  and  while  the  scoop  is  being  filled  the 
spring  is  held  in  place  by  a  stop  controlled  by  the  thumb. 
On  raising  the  loaded  scoop  the  atop  is  released,  and  the 
weight  of  the  contents  is  indicated  on  the  liandle.  E.  H. 
Knight. 

weigh-lock  (wa'lok),  n.  A  canal-lock  at  which 
barges  are  weighed  and  their  tonnage  is  set- 
tled. 

Weighman  (wa'man),  n. ;  pi.  tvcighmen  (-men). 
A  weigher.     [Rare.] 

Two  weeks  after  the  coopers'  strike  came  tlie  strike  of 
the  lightermen  and  weigkmen. 

U.  S.  Com.  Rep.,  No.  Ixv.  (1886),  p.  266. 

Weigh-shaft  (wa'shaft),  n.  In  a  steam-engine, 
a  rocking-shaft  or  rocker-shaft. 
weight^  (wat),  n.  [Formerly  also  waiffht;  <  ME. 
weif/ht,  xceiht€y  weigte,  iveght,  wight,  ivigt,  <  AS.  ge- 
wiht,  weight,  =  MLG.  ivicht,  geicicht  =  D.  geicigt 
=  OHG.  ""gewihtj  MHG.  gewiht,  gcwihte,\},  ge~ 
tcicJit,  weight,  =  leel.  vaftt  =  Sw.  vigt  =  Dan. 
vsegt,  weight;  with  formative  ~t,  <  AS.  wegan, 
etc.,  raise,  lift:  see  weight.  The  reg.  mod.  form 
would  be  wight  (parallel  with  night,  sight,  etc.); 
the  present  vowel-form  is  due  to  conformity 
with  the  verb  tveigh^.^  1.  Downward  force  of 
a  body;  gravity;  heaviness;  ponderousness ; 
more  exactly,  the  resultant  of  the  force  of  the 
earth's  gravitation  and  of  the  centrifugal  pres- 
sure from  its  axis  of  rotation,  considered  as  a 
property  of  the  body  affected  by  it.  Considerable 
confusion  has  existed  between  weight  and  mass,  the  latter 
being  the  quantity  of  matter  as  measured  by  the  ratio  of 
the  momentum  of  a  body  to  its  velocity.  Weight,  in  this 
the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  is  sonietliitig  which  varies 
with  tlie  latitude  of  the  station  at  which  the  heavy  body 
is,  being  greater  by  ^^g  of  itself  at  the  poles  than  at 
the  equator;  it  also  varies  considerably  with  the  ele- 
vation atwve  the  sea  (ruVs  for  every  kilometer).  The 
weights  of  different  bodies  at  one  and  the  same  station 
were  proved,  by  Newton's  experiments  with  penilulnms 
of  different  material,  to  be  in  the  ratio  of  their  masses, 
and  irrespective  of  their  chemical  composition ;  conse- 
quently, a  balance  which  shows  the  equality  of  weight  of 
two  bodies  at  one  station  also  shows  the  eijuality  of  their 
masses.  In  determining  the  specillc  gravity  of  a  hotly, 
it  is  hung  by  a  fine  thread  to  one  pan  of  the  balance, 
and  immei-sed  completely  in  water.  The  reduced  number 
of  pounds,  ounces,  etc.,  which  is  required  in  the  other 
pan  to  lialance  the  first,  under  these  circnmstances,  is 
called  the  weight  of  the  body  in  water.  In  like  manner, 
we  speak  of  the  weight  in  air  and  the  weight  in  water. 
These  expressions  forbid  our  conceiving  of  weight  as  sy- 
n(»nynious  with  the  quantity  of  matter;  and  yet,  when  a 
pound  is  said  to  be  a  unit  of  weight,  although  it  is  in- 
tended to  be  carried  up  mountains  and  to  distant  jilaces, 
ma88,orquantityofmatter,must  be  understood, since  there 
is  no  important  quantity  but  the  quantity  of  nnitter  which 
a  pound  or  a  kilogram  measures.  The  confusion  is  in- 
creased when  the  pound  is  defined,  as  it  still  is  in  the 
United  States,  by  the  weight  of  a  certain  standard  in  air, 
without  reference  to  the  height  of  the  barometer  imd  ther- 
mometer. In  the  older  books  on  mechanics,  a  pound  is 
taken  as  a  force,  and  the  quantity  of  matter  is  obtained 
by  dividing  the  weight  by  the  measure  of  gravity ;  but  now 
both  the  theoretical  books  and  tlie  legal  definitions  of  the 
standards  used  in  weighing  make  the  pound,  kilo,  etc.,  to 
be  masses,  or  quantities  of  matter,  whose  weight  is  ob- 
tained by  multiplying  them  by  the  acceleration  of  gravity 
at  any  station.  Nevertheless,  the  older  system  still  finds 
a  few  supporters.  It  was  long  after  Galileo  bad  firmly  es- 
tablished the  law  of  falling  bodies  liefore  it  occurred  to 
anybody  that  weight  was  a  force.  Gravity,  so  far  ns  eom- 
iium  observation  shows,  draws  bodies  to  the  eartli  alone, 
and  that  in  parallel  lines,  and  Galileo  had  shown  that  it 
accelerates  all  bodies  alike,  whether  they  are  great  or 
.small,  so  that  there  was  nothing  to  suggest  tlie  idea  of 
force,  especially  as  that  idea  was  then  in  its  infancy,  and 
had  not  attained  its  present  prominence  in  the  minds  of 
men.  Weight  in  those  days  being  hjoked  upon  as  a  jirop- 
erty  of  single  bodies,  and  not  as  subsisting  between  pairs 
of  bodies,  was  necessarily  confounded  with  mass;  and  a 
mental  inertia,  or  natural  clinging  to  old  conceptions, 
kept  up  the  confusion  after  Newton  had  demonstrated  the 
true  law  of  gravitation.  For  the  units  of  weight,  see  def.  5. 
Abbreviated  ui. 

Alias  that  I  bihighte 
Of  pnred  gold  a  thousand  pound  of  nighfc 

Chaucer,  Franklin's  Tule,  1.  832. 
So  Ilelgian  mounds  bear  on  their  shattered  sides 
The  sea's  whole  weight,  increased  with  swelling  tides. 

Addison,  The  C'jiinpaign. 
Though  a  pound  or  a  gramme  is  the  same  nil  over  the 
world,  the  weight  of  a  pound  or  a  gninime  is  greater  in 
high  latitudes  than  near  the  equator. 

Clerk  Maxioell,  Matter  and  Motion,  Art.  xlvii. 

2.  Mass;  relative  quantity  of  matter.— 3.  A 
heavy  mass;  specifically,  something  used  on 
account  of  its  weight  or  its  mass.  Tims,  the  use- 
fulness of  the  weights  that  a  man  holds  in  his  hands  in 
leaping  or  jumping  lies  in  the  addition  they  impart  to 
his  momentum,  and  their  dragging  him  down  is  a  disad- 
vantage ;  but  the  weights  of  a  clock  are  for  giving  a  down- 
ward pull,  and  their  momentum  is  practically  nothing. 

A  man  leapeth  better  with  weights  in  bis  hands  than 
without.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  0D9. 

Both  men  and  women  in  Cochin  acc<mnt  it  a  great  Gal- 
lantrie  to  hane  wide  eares,  whieh  therfore  they  stretch 
by  arte,  banging  waights  on  them  till  they  reach  t<»  their 
shoulders.  Vurchas,  I'ilgrimage,  p.  494. 


weight 

Impartial  Justice  holds  her  equal  Scales, 
Till  stronger  Virtue  does  the  Weitfht  incline. 

Prior,  Ode  to  the  Queen,  st.  10. 

"When  I  said  I  would  match  you,  I  meant  witli  even 

weight ;  you  ride  four  stone  lighter  than  I."    "Very  well, 

but  I  am  content  to  carry  weight.'        Scott,  Rob  Roy,  iii. 

4.  Specifically,  a  body  of  determinate  mass,  in- 
tended to  be  used  on  a  balance  or  scale  for  mea- 
suring the  weight  or  mass  of  the  body  in  the 
other  pan  or  part  of  the  scale  (as  the  platform 
in  a  platform-scale). —  6.  A  system  of  units  for 
expi'essing  the  weight  or  mass  of  bodies.  Avoir- 
dupois weight  is  founded  on  tlie  avoirdupois  pound  (see 
poH/kfi),  which  isetjual  to  453.5926525  grams.  It  is  divided 
into  16  ounces,  and  each  ounce  into  16  drams ;  112  (in  the 
I'liited  States  commonly  100)  pounds  make  a  hundred- 
weight,and20humlredwe!ght8aton.  (Hee(o»il.)  The  stone 
is  14  pounds.  Troy  weight  is  founded  on  the  troy  pound, 
which  is  373.242  grama.  It  is  divided  into  12  ounces,  each 
ounce  into  20  pennyweights,  and  each  pennyweight  into 
24  grains.  But  formerly  the  pennyweight  was  divided  into 
32  real  grains.  There  was  also  an  ideal  subdivision  of  the 
grain  into  20  mites,  each  of  24  droites,  each  of  20  peroits, 
each  of  24  blanks.  The  goldsmiths  also  divided  the  ounce 
troy  into  24  carats  of  4  grains  each  for  gold  and  silver,  and 
into  I.tO  carats  of  4  grains  each  for  diamonds.  Troy  weight, 
formerly  employed  for  many  purposes,  is  now  only  used 
for  gold  and  silver.  Apothecaries'  weight,  still  used  in 
the  United  States  for  dispensing  medicine,  divides  the 
troy  ounce  into  8  drams,  each  dram  into  3  scruples,  and 
each  scruple  into  20  grains,  which  are  identical  with  troy 
grains.     For  weight  in  the  metric  system,  see  metric^ 

6.  Pressure;  burden;  care;  responsibility. 

A  wise  Chieftain  neuer  trusts  the  waight 
Of  th'  execution  of  a  braue  Exploit 
But  vnto  those  whom  he  most  honoureth. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Biirtjis's  Weeks,  i.  7. 
Sage  he  stood, 
With  Atlantean  shoulders,  fit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  307. 
Why  does  that  lovely  Head,  like  a  fair  Flow'r 
Oppress'd  with  Drops  of  a  hard-falling  Show'r, 
Bend  witli  its  Weight  of  Griefl    C(j«i/reye,  To  Cynthia. 

7.  In  coal-mining,  subsidence  of  the  roof  due 
to  pressure  from  above,  which  takes  effect  as 
the  coal  is  worked  away,  in  long-wall  working, 
the  weight  is  usually  of  importance,  as  causing  the  coal, 
after  it  has  been  holed,  to  "get  itself  "—that  is,  to  break 
down  witbout  the  necessity  of  using  powder,  wedges,  or 
something  similar.  Properly,  "weiglit"  is  the  cause  and 
"weighting"  the  result,  but  the  two  words  are  often  used 
with  nearly  the  same  meaning. 

8.  Importance ;  specifically,  the  importance  of 
a  fact  as  evidence  tending  to  establish  a  con- 
elusion;  efficacy;  power  of  influencing  the 
conduct  of  persons  and  the  course  of  events; 
effective  influence  in  general,  in  calculations  by 
least  squares,  the  weight  assigned  to  an  observation  is  its 
effect  upon  the  result,  expressed  l)y  its  equivalence  to  a 
certain  nunil)er  of  truncordant  observations  of  standard 
accuracy. 

It  happens  many  times  that,  to  vrge  and  enforce  the 
matter  we  speake  of,  we  go  still  mounting  by  degrees  and 
encreasing  our  speech  with  wordes  or  witli  sentences  of 
more  waight  one  then  another,  &  is  a  figure  of  great  )»oth 
efficacie  it  ornament.  .  .  .  We  call  this  figure  by  the 
fireeke  originall,  the  Auancer  or  figure  of  encrease,  be- 
cause eucry  word  that  is  spoken  is  one  of  more  weight 
then  another.        Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  j).  182. 

For  well!  aneughe  they  understood 
The  matter  was  of  weght. 
Battle  of  lialrimies  (Cliild's  Ballads,  VII.  223). 

As  men  are  in  (|uality  and  as  their  services  are  in 
weight  for  the  public  good,  so  likewise  their  rewards  and 
encouragements  .  .  .  might  somewliat  declare  how  the 
state  itself  duth  accept  their  pains. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  81. 

If  the  people  of  Ireland  were  a  united  nation,  it  is 
conceiviildc  that  their  demaiid  for  autonomy  would  have 
weight.  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  568. 

9.  In  mcfl.,  a  sensation  of  oppression  or  heavi- 
ness over  the  whole  body  or  over  a  part  of  it,  as 
the  head  or  stotmieh — Atomic  weight.   Seenfomic. 

—  Dead,  weiglit,  tlie  pressure  produced  by  a  heavy  body 
supported  in  a  state  of  rest  by  anything:  used  literally 
and  figuratively. 

The  huge  dead  weight  of  stupidity  and  indolence  is  al- 
ways ready  to  smother  audacious  en(|uiries. 

Leslie  Stephen,  Eng.  Thonght,  i.  §  17. 
I  feel  so  free  and  so  clear 
By  the  loss  of  that  dead  weight. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xix.  10. 
Fisherman's  weight,  ^aefixherman.—  Gross  weight, 
the  wL'iglit  before  dednction  for  tare,  impurity,  or  other 
similar  eoi  lectioJi  :  in  contradistinction  to  net  or  suttle 
weight.— LSizy,  net,  tron  weight.  See  the  (lualifying 
words.  -  Mercurial-weight  thermometer.  Same  as 
overfi^Hiiug  theriiuiinrfpr  (whhh  see,  under  thermometer). 

—  weight  of  an  observation,  the  number  of  ordinary 
observations  to  whi.-h  it  i.s  considered  as  equivalent  in  the 
deduction  of  the  most  prolialde  value.  Compare  ilcf.  8.— 
Weight  of  a  reciprocant.  See  reciprocant.-  Weight 
of  metal,  the  weight  of  iron  capable  of  being  thrown  at 
(.ne  di.seharge  fnttn  all  the  guns  of  a  ship.  — Weight  Of 
wind,  in  organ-hiilding,  the  degree  of  compression  in  the 
air  fnrnished  by  tlie  bellows  to  a  particular  stop  or  group 
of  stops.  The  usual  pressure  is  sufficient  to  raise  a  c<dumn 
i»f  water  in  a  (J-tube  about  3  inches. 

weight'  (wat),  r.  f.  [<  m-i(fhn,  ».]  1.  To  add 
or  attach  a  weight  or  weights  to;  load  with  ad- 
ditional weight;  add  to  tlie  heaviness  of. 


6872 

Some  of  the  [balance]  poles  are  weighted  at  both  ends,  but 
ours  are  not.     Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor. 

2.  In  dyeing,  to  load  (the  threads)  with  miner- 
als or  otlierforeign  matters  mixed  with  the  dyes, 
for  the  purpose  of  making  the  fabrics  appear 
thick  and  heavy. 

Barytes  ...  is  used  for  weighting,  that  is,  for  giving 

weight  and  apparent  body  and  finnness  to  inferior  goods. 

O'yeill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  74. 

3.  In  founding,  to  bind  (the  parts  of  a  flask)  to- 
gether by  means  of  weights  placed  on  the  top,  in 
order  to  prevent  the  bursting  of  the  flask  under 
the  pressure  of  the  liquid  metal. 

weignt^  (wat),  n.     See  wecht, 

weightily  (Wa'ti-li ),  adv.  In  a  weighty  manner. 
(a)  Heavily;  ponderously.  (6)  With  force  or  Impressive- 
ness;  with  moral  power. 

weightiness  (wa'ti-nes),  n.  The  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  weighty;  ponderousness;  heavi- 
ness, literally  or  figuratively;  solidity;  force; 
importance. 

The  weightiness  that  was  upon  their  spirits  and  counte- 
nances keeping  down  the  lightness  that  would  have  been 
up  in  us.  T.  Ellwood,  Life  (ed.  Howells),  p.  192. 

The  weightiness  of  any  argument.  Locke. 

The  weightiness  of  the  adventure.  Sir  J.  Hayward. 

weighting  (wa'ting),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  weight^, 
r.]  In  coal-mining,  subsidence  or  other  distur- 
bance in  a  coal-mine  due  to  "weight,"  or  pres- 
sure of  the  overlying  mass  of  rock.  A  mine  in 
which  such  subsidence  is  taking  place  is  said 
to  bo  *'on  the  weight."  [Eng.] 
weightless  (wat'les),  a.  [<  tceight^  +  -Jess.']  1. 
Having  no  weight;  imponderable;  light, 
'i'hat  light  and  weightless  down. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  5.  33. 

2.  Of  no  importance  or  consideration. 

And  so  [they]  are  oft-times eniboldned  to roule  upon  them 
as  from  alofte  very  weake  and  weightlesse  discourses. 

Bp.  Hall,  Apol.  against  Brownists,  §  1. 

weight-nail  (wat'nal),  n.  In  ship-lndJding,  a 
nail  somewhat  similar  to  a  deck-nail,  but  not 
so  fine,  and  with  a  square  head,  used  for  fasten- 
ing cleats,  etc. 

weight-rest  (wat'rost),  n.  A  form  of  lathe- 
rest  which  is  held  firmly  upon  the  shears  by  a 
weight  hung  beneath.     E.  II.  Knight. 

weighty  (wa'ti),  a.  [Early  mod.  l5.  also  waigh- 
iie,  waijghtif ;  <  weight^  +  -//!.]  1.  Having  con- 
siderable weight;  heavy;  ponderous. 

Yorke.  I  pray  you,  Vncle,  giue  me  this  D;igger.  .  .  . 
Glo.  It  is  too  weighiie  for  your  Grace  to  weare. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.  (fol.  1023),  iii.  1. 

2.  Burdensome;  hard  to  bear. 

He  was  beholding  to  the  Romanes,  that  eased  him  of  so 

waightie  a  burthen,  and  lessened  his  cares  of  gouernment. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  84. 

The  cares  of  empire  are  great,  and  the  burthen  which 
lies  upon  the  shoulders  of  princes  very  weighty. 

Bp.  Atterbury,  Sermons,  I.  viii. 

3.  Important;  serious;  momentous;  grave. 

Nor  for  no  fauour  suld  promoue  thanie 
To  that  most  gret  an<l  wechty  ciu'e. 

Lauder,  Dewtic  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  297. 
This  secret  is  so  weighty  'twill  require 
A  strong  faith  to  conceal  it. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  1.  144, 
My  head  is  full  of  thoughts 
More  weighty  than  thy  life  or  death  can  he. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 

4.  Adapted  to  affect  the  judgment  or  to  con- 
vince; forcible;  cogent. 

Masking  the  business  fr<:>m  the  c<immon  eye 
For  sxuidry  weighty  reasons. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  1.  126. 
Skillful  diplomatists  were  surprised  to  hear  the  weighty 
observations  which  .at  seventeen  the  prince  made  on  pub- 
lic affairs.  Maeaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vii. 

5.  Grave  or  serious  in  aspect  or  purport. 

Things  .  .  . 
That  bear  a  weighty  and  a  serious  brow. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  Prol.,  1.  2. 
She  looked  upon  me  with  a  weighty  countenance,  and 
fetched  a  deep  sigh,  crying  out,  "O  the  cumber  and  en- 
tanglements of  this  vain  world  t " 

Penn,  Travels  in  Holland,  etc. 

6.  Authoritative;  influential;  important. 

The  weightiest  men  in  the  weightiest  stations.       Sni/t. 

The  gi-ave  and  weighty  men  who  listened  to  him  ap- 
proved his  words.  Bancroft,  Hist  Const.,  II.  257 

7t.  Severe;  rigorous;  afflictive. 
We  banish  thee  for  ever.  .  .  . 
If,  after  two  days'  shine.  Athens  contain  thee, 
Attend  our  wev/htier  judgement. 

5/iaA-.,T.  of  A.,iii.  n.  102. 
weik,  n.     See  wrrl-^. 
weilt,  ".     Snmo  as  u-ecl'^. 

Weil's  disease.  An  infectious  disease,  having 
a  course  of  about  ten  days,  eharacterize<l  by 
jaundice,  muscular  pains,  enlargement  of  tlie 


weird 

liver  and  spleen,  and  fever.     Also  called  acute 
infectious  Jaundice. 
weily,  adt,'.     A  dialectal  form  of  welly. 

Well,  I'm  weily  brosten,  as  they  sayn  in  Lancashire. 

Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  iL    (^Davies.) 

Weingarten's  theorem.    See  theorem. 

Weinmannia  (win-man'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Lin- 
neeus,  1763),  named  after  J.  W.  Weinmann^  a 
German  apothecary.]  A  genus  of  polypetalous 
plants,  of  the  order  Saxifragacese  and  tribe  Cu- 
lioniese.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  imbricated 
sepals,  foiu*  or  five  petals,  eight  or  ten  long  stamens  insert- 
ed on  the  base  of  a  free  disk,  and  snuiU  oblong,  commonly 
pilose  seeds.  There  are  about  60  species,  principally  ol 
tropical  or  south  temperate  regions,  occurring  in  Amer- 
ica, Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Mascarene  and  Pacific 
islands.  They  are  trees  or  shrubs  with  oppfjsite  branch- 
lets,  opposite  coriaceous,  often  glandular  leaves,  odd-pin- 
nate with  a  winged  rachis.  The  small  white  flowers  are 
disposed  in  simple  terminal  or  axillary  erect  racem^  fol- 
lowed by  small  coriaceous  two-celled  capsules  splitthtg 
into  two  sharp  boat-like  valves.  Some  species  afford  a  soft 
light  wood  used  in  carpentry  and  cabinet-work.  A  Peru- 
vian species  yields  an  astiingent  bark  utilized  in  tannhig. 
W.  tinctoria  is  employed  in  the  Isle  of  Bourlwn  in  dye- 
ing red.  W.  pinnata,  a  tree  with  downy  branches  native 
from  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico  to  Guiana,  is  known  in 
Jamaica  as  bastard  braziletto.  W.  Benthami,  an  evergreen 
tree  of  New  Soutli  Wales,  reaches  100  feet  high ;  4  others 
are  Australian,  and  2  occur  in  New  Zealand,  of  which  W. 
Sfjlvicola,  a  small  tree  with  blackish  bark,  is  now  culti- 
vated in  England,  and  W.  raceinosa  is  known  as  the  tawai- 
bark  tree. 

weir,  wear^  (wer),  n.  [The  spelling  iceir  is 
irreg.  and  appar.  Sc;  the  proper  spelling  is 
wear ;  early  mod.  E.  wear,  wearCj  were,  some- 
times wire;  <  ME.  wer  (dat.  were),  <  AS.  wer,  a 
weir,  dam,  fence,  hedge,  inclosure,  =  G.  wehr^  a 
weir,  dam,  dike,  =  Icel.  vorr,  a  fenced-in  land- 
ing-place ;  from  the  root  of  AS.  werian,  protect, 
guard,  defend,  etc.,  also  fence,  dam :  see  wear'^.'\ 

1 .  A  dam  erected  across  a  river  to  stop  and  raise 
the  water,  as  for  the  purpose  of  taking  fish,  of 
conveying  a  stream  to  a  mill,  of  maintaining  the 
water  at  the  level  required  for  navigating  it,  or 
for  purposes  of  irrigation. 

Half  the  river  fell  over  a  high  weir,  with  all  its  appen- 
dages of  bucks,  and  hatchways,  and  eel-baskets,  into  the 
Nnn's-pool.  Kingdey,  Veast,  Iii. 

2.  A  fence,  as  of  twigs  or  stakes,  set  in  a 
stream  for  catching  fish.  Weirs  differ  from  iK>unds 
principally  in  l>ei!ig  constructed,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of 
brush  or  of  narrow  boards,  with  or  without  netting;  and 
they  are  sometimes  arranged  so  that  at  low  tide  a  sand- 
bar cuts  off  tlu;  escape  of  the  fish,  leaving  them  in  a  basin, 
and  allowing  thtnn  to  he  taken  at  any  time  before  a  certain 
stage  of  rise  of  the  next  tide.  Weirs  are  of  two  kinds,  the 
shoal-water  weir  and  the  deep-ipater  weir.  The  shoal-water 
weir,  as  illustrated  in  fig.  1,  has  a  leader  L,  which  is  a  row 
of  stakes,  generally  woven  with  brush,  leading  out  from 
the  shore.     Its  extrendty  is  at  the  entrance  of  the  big 


I,  shoal-water  wcir  ;  2,  deep-water  weir. 

pound  M.  The  big  p«:iund  is  likewise  of  stakes  filled  with 
brush,  and  its  entran(;e  30  feet  wide.  This  leads  by  a  pas- 
sage 5  feet  wide  into  the  little  i>ound  N,  and  this  into  the 
pocket  O,  which  is  a  frame  about  16  feet  long  and  10  feet 
wide,  with  sides  of  netting,  and  a  board  floor.  Tlie  flsh 
following  the  shore  meet  the  leader,  turn  and  follow  it 
into  the  big  iMumd  ;  liere  they  follow  the  side  around  un- 
til they  pass  into  the  little  pound,  and  from  that  into  the 
pocket,  where  they  are  left  by  the  receding  tide  and  taken 
out  at  low  water.  The  deep-water  weir  (fig.  2)  has  a  sim- 
ilar leader  A,  extending  to  the  entrance  of  the  big  pound, 
or  heart,  B,  IJeyond  which  are  the  small  pound  C  and  the 
bowl  D,  into  which  the  fish  finally  go.  The  fttrm  of  the 
inclosures  in  both  cases  leads  the  flsh  constantly  forward, 
and  they  rarely  or  never  find  their  way  back  through  the 
passages.  In  l>oth  figures  E  represents  the  land  or  high- 
water  mark,  and  F  the  low-water  mark. 

The  day  following  we  came  to  Chippanum,  whore  the 
people  were  fled,  but  their  wires  afforded  vg  fish. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  90. 

Deep-water  weir.  See  def.  2.—  Dry  weir,  a  weir  on  a 
flat  which  is  leftbaie  at  tl  il>-tide.— Half-tide  weir,  a  fish- 
weir  so  placed  that  the  flsh  taken  can  l>e  reinoved  at  half- 
ebb  or  half-tide,  without  waiting  for  low  tide,  as  is  gener- 
ally done.— Lock- weir,  a  weir  having  a  lock-chaml»er  and 
gates.  E.  H.  Knight—  Shoal-water  welr.  See  def.  2.— 
Slat  weir.    See  slats. 

weiranglet,  n.    Same  as  warriangle.    Willvghhy. 

weird  (werd),  n.  [Formerly  also  wierd ;  <  ME. 
werde,  wierde,  wirde,  uyrde,  wvrde^  <  AS,  wyrd, 
wird,  nurd,  destinv.  fate,  also,  personified,  one 
of  the  Fates  (=  OS.  u-urth  =  MD.  trrd,  wrth  = 
OHG.  wurt,  MHG.  wurth,  fate,  death,  =  Icel. 
urthr,  fate,  one  of  the  three  Norns  or  Fates),  < 
n-corthan  (pret.  pi.  trurdon),  etc.,  become,  hap- 
pen :  see  worth^.  The  spelling  weird  is  Sc]  1. 
Fate;  destiny;  luck. 


weird 

The  wtnUs  that  we  clepen  destiiiee. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2580. 
I  was  youngest, 
And  aye  my  wierd  it  w;i.s  the  hardest ! 

Cotpalrick  (child's  Ballads,  I.  16.'0. 
My  «w»rrf  maun  be  fulfllled. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xii. 
For  the  personiflcation  of  ITciVrf  or  Destiny,  seeKemhle, 
Saxons  in  England,  i.  400 ;  "  it  shall  befall  us  as  Weird  de- 
cidetb,  the  lord  of  every  man." 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist.,  p.  9Sf>. 

2.  A  prediction. 

His  raither  in  her  iceird^ 
Foretald  his  death  at  Troy. 
Poems  in  Buchan  Dialect,  p.  18.    (Jatniemn.) 

3.  A  spoil;  a  eharra.     Scott.     (Iiiij).  Diet.)  — 

4.  That  wliieh  comes  to  pass;  a  fact. 

After  word  comes  weird ;  fair  fall  them  that  call  me 
Madam.  Scotch  J'roverb.    (Javiie,ion.) 

6.  The  Fates  personified.     [Rare.] 

Wo  worth  (quoth  the  Weirdjf)  the  wights  that  thee  wrought. 
Mmitgoingrie,  in  Watson's  Coll.    (Jamiegon.) 

To  dree  one's  or  a  weird.  Sec  dreei. 
'weird  (werd),  <i.  [Not  directly  <  weird,  «.,  but 
first  in  the  phrase  weird  sisters,  an  awkward 
expression,  lit.  'the  fate  sisters,' appar.  meant 
for  'the  Si.sler  Fates';  but  perhaps  weird  was 
thought  to  be  an  actual  a<ljective  meanin;; 
'  fatal.'  No  such  adjective  use  is  known  in 
ME.  The  second  use  (def.  'J)  is  due  to  an  erro- 
neous notion  of  the  meaniui;  of  the  phrase  the 
weird  sisters,  which  has  l)een  taken  to  mean 
'the  sisters  who  look  witch-like  or  uncanny.'] 

1.  Connected  with  fate  or  destiny;  able  to  in- 
fluence fate. 

Makbeth  and  Ban(iuho  .  .  .  met  he  ye  gait  thre  women 
clothit  in  elrage  and  uncouth  wcid.  They  wer  jugit  he 
the  pepill  to  Ik;  weird  Kustem.     Ilo*'thiitx  (tr.  liy  bellenden). 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  witches  or  witchcraft ; 
supernatural;  hence,  unearthly;  suggestive  of 
witches,  witchery,  or  unearthliness;  wild;  un- 
canny. 

Out  uf  the  hardened  clay  and  marl  of  the  lake  bottoms 
the  elcmentt  are  carving  some  of  the  ^Oiirdcxt  scenery  on 
the  face  of  the  earth.  Ocikie,  (ieol.  Hketches,  ii.  8. 

We  heard  the  hawks  at  twilight  play,  .  .  . 
The  lofiu's  weird  laughter  far  away. 

WItittier,  Snow-Bound. 

The  weird  sisters,  the  Fates. 

The  renianant  hereof,  (luhat  euer  he  it. 
The  weird  sitteris  defendis  that  suld  he  wit. 

G.  Dowjlax,  j*]neid,  iii. 
I  dreamt  last  night  of  the  three  weird  niMcrit. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  ii.  1.  2<). 

weird  (werd),  r.  t.  [Formerly  also  icierd ;  < 
weird,  «.]  1.  To  destine;  doom;  change  by 
witchcraft  or  sorcery. 

1  weird  ye  to  a  fiery  beast. 
And  relieved  sail  ye  never  be. 

Kempion  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  13fl). 

Say,  what  hath  forged  thy  u-i^rded  link  uf  destiny  with 

the  House  of  Avenel '!  Scott,  .Monastery,  I.  231. 

2.  To  warn  solemnly  ;  adjure. 

O  byde  at  hanie,  my  gnde  Ixjrd  Weire, 
I  tceird  ye  byde  at  hanie. 

Lttinmikin  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  308). 

weirdlesst  (werd'les),  rt.  {i  weird  +  -less.']  Ill- 
fated  ;  luckless. 

Wae  be  to  that  leeirdlexK  wicht. 
And  a'  his  witcherie. 

Mary  IliimiWm  (Child  8  Ballads,  III.  32.')). 

weirdly  (werd'Ii),  <i>lr.  In  a  weird  manner; 
with  a  weird  or  unearthly  effect  or  appearance. 

weirdness  (werd'nes),  II.  The  state  of  being 
weird,  or  of  inspiring  a  sort  of  ujiaccounta- 
ble  or  superstitious  dread  or  fear;  eeriness. 
Ciiiiteiiiimriiri/  Her. 

weir-fishing  (wer'fish'ing).  «.  The  method  or 
practice  of  taking  fish  by  means  of  a  weir. 

weir-table  (wer'ta'bl),  «.  A  record  or  memo- 
randum used  to  estimate  the  quantity  of  water 
tliat  will  How  in  a  given  time  over  a  weir  of 
given  width  at  different  heights  of  the  water. 

weise  (we/,),  r.  t.     A  Scotch  form  of  wise^. 

Weism  (we'izm).  «.  [<  we  +  -ism.  in  imitation 
of  ei/iitism.]  The  frequent  use  of  the  pronoun 
ire.     Antijrieohiii  Iter.      [Cant.j      (liiij).  Diet.) 

Weitbrecht's  cartilage.  An  interarticular 
cartilage  in  th<'  acromioclavicular  joint. 

Weitbrecht's  ligament.  A  thin  band  of  fibers 

jiassing  between   the   radius   and  ulna  in  the 

forearm. 
wei'Vet,  ''.     An  ohl  spelling  of  vxiire. 
wejack,  »■     The  fisher,  or  Pennant's   marten. 

Hi'f  tislitr  (with  cut). 
weka  rail.     See  Oeijdromus. 
weke't,  «.     A  Middle  Englisli  form  of  wiek'^. 
Weke'-t,  «•  and  r.     An  old  spelling  of  ireak. 
weke^  (wek),  iiitirj.     [Cf.  irheik,  sqiieuk-.l^     An 

imitation  of  the  scjueaking  of  an  infant  or  a  pig. 


6873 

Weke,  wcke .'  so  cries  a  pig  prepared  to  the  spit. 

Shak.,  Tit.  -And.,  iv.  2.  146. 

wekett,  «.     A  Middle  English  form  of  wicket. 
wekydt,  a-     A  Middle  English  form  of  wicked^. 
welt,  (tdr.     An  old  spelling  of  well^. 
welat,  adr.    An  occasional  Middle  English  form 

of  well'^,  as  in  wela  wijlle,  very  wild,  locla  wynnc, 

very  joyful,  ete. 

H'f^o-wynne  is  the  wort  that  woxes  ther-oute. 
When  the  donkande  dewe  dropez  of  the  lenez. 
To  bide  a  blysful  hlusch  of  the  brygt  sunne. 
Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Green  Knir/ht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  518. 

lO^awylle  watz  the  way,  ther  thay  bi  wod  schulden, 
'I'il  hit  watz  sone  sesoun  that  the  sunne  ryscs. 
Sir  Gawaync  and  the  Green  Kniijht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2084. 

welawayt,  welawot,  inleij.  and  n.     See  wcll- 

IIWIII/. 

Welcht  (welch),  a.  and  n.     An  obsolete  form 
of  Ifclsli. 
Welcker's   sphenoidal    angle.     The    angle 

formed  by  the  junction,  at  the  middle  of  the 
crest  separating  the  optic  grooves  from  the  pi- 
tuitary fossa,  of  lines  drawn  to  this  point  from 
the  basion  and  from  the  nasofrontal  suture. 
welcome  (wel'kum),  «.  [<  ME.  welcome,  wel- 
ciiiiie,  wilciiiiic,  wilciime,  icidciimc,  wolcoiiie,  wil- 
kiime,  welcome,  used  in  predicate  and  orig.  a 
noun,  <  AS.  witcuma,  one  whose  coming  suits 
the  w  ill  or  wish  of  another,  one  who  is  received 
with  jdeasure,  a  welcome  guest  (=  OIKj.  willi- 
koiHc,  one  who  is  received  with  pleasure,  MHG. 
willekiimen,  (i.  willkommcn,  welcome,  =  MD.  wH- 
lekiim,  welkoin,  D.  welkoiii,  adj.,  welcome) ;  <  wil- 
1(1,  will,  wish,  pleasure,  +  ciiiiki,  one  who  comes, 
a  comer:  see  will^  and  come.  In  ME.  the  word 
becomes  confused  with  a  similar  form  of  Seand. 
origin,  namely  Iccl.  relkominii  (=  Sw.  rdlkommen 
=  Dan.  relkomnien,  welcome,  lit.  '  well  come,' 
like  F.  bicn  reiiii),  <  rel,  etc.  (=  E.  well),  + 
kiiminii,  etc.,  =  E.  come,  pp.;  but  these  forms 
were  prob.  orig.  identical  witli  the  AS.,  D..  and 
G.  Ihe  adj.  use  is  due  to  the  position  of  the 
noun  in  the  predicate,  and  in  greeting,  where  it 
could  still  be  regarde<l  as  a  noun.]  1.  Gladly 
received  for  intercourse  or  entertainment;  es- 
teemed as  one  whose  coming  or  presence  is 
agreeable;  held  as  doing  well  to  come:  as,  a 
welcome  guest  or  visitor;  you  are  always  ipc/- 
comehere;  to  make  a  visitor  feel  irc/cowf.  Some- 
times used  elliptically  as  a  wrjrd  of  gi-eeting  to  a  comer 
or  ctimers  ;  as,  welcome  home  ;  bid  our  friends  welcome. 
Welcinne,  ffrentlis;  but  I  wolde  frayne 
How  fare  go  with  that  faire  woman? 

York  I'liiyK,  p.  194. 
Ife  're  icelcome  here,  my  young  Redin, 
For  coal  and  candle  licht. 

Youmj  Itedin  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  13). 

Politeness  and  pood  breeding  are  e<iually  necessary  to 
make  you  uvkome  and  agreeable  in  conversutiun  and  com- 
mon life.  Chexterjield,  Letters. 

2.  Conferring  gladness  on  receipt  or  presenta- 
tion; such  that  its  perception  or  acquisition 
gives  pleasure ;  glaiUy  received  into  knowledge 
or  possession :  as,  welcome  news;  a,  welcome n- 
lief. 

A  welcoiner  present  to  our  master. 

Fletcher  {and  another).  Love's  Cure,  v.  3. 

Although  my  thoughts  seem  sad,  they  are  welcome  to  me, 
Fletctier,  Wife  for  a  Month,  i.  1. 
They  were  a  nvllcum  sight  to  see. 

Jamie  'A-(/er  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  114). 

3.  Gladly  or  willingly  pei'mitted,  privileged,  or 
the  like;  free  to  have,  enjoy,  etc.:  as,  you  are 
welcome  to  do  as  you  please;  ho  is  welcome  to 
the  money,  or  to  all  his  honors. 

Lod.  Madam,  good-night:  I  humbly  thank  your  lady- 
ship. 
l)CA.  Your  honour  is  most  welcome. 

S/;n»:.,  Othello,  iv.  3.  4. 
—  Syn.  1  and  2.  Acceptable,  agreeable,  gratifying,  pleas- 
ant- 
welcome  (wel'kum),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wel- 
comed, ppr.  welcomiiKj.  [<  ME.  weleiimeii,  wiJ- 
ciiiiien.  wilcomen,  widciimeii,  wiilciimen,  <  AS.  wil- 
cumiiiii  (=G.  i)e-willkomiiiiien),-we\vome,  treat  as 
a  welcome  guest,  <  wilciimn,  a  welcome  guest : 
see  welcome,  «.]  To  greet  the  coming  of  with 
pleasure;  salute  with  a  welcome ;  receive  glad- 
ly or  joyfully:  as.  to  welcome  a  friend,  or  the 
break  of  day. 

Thei  .  .  .  come  to  logres  the  thirde  day,  and  ther  were 
thei  richely  welcimed.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  M.),  iii.  447. 

A  brow  unbent  that  secm'd  to  welcome  woe. 

Slittk,,  Lucrece,  1.  1509. 

welcome  (wel'kum), //.  [<  we/co/MC,  r.]  1.  The 
act  of  bidding  or  making  welcome;  a  kindly 
greeting  to  one  coming. 

The  camp  recciv'il  him  with  acclamations  of  joy  and 
welcome.  Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  i.  1. 


weld 

The  Guardian  and  Friars  receiv'd  us  with  many  kind 
welcomes,  and  kept  us  with  them  at  Supper. 

Mamidrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  67. 

2.  Kin<l  or  hospitable  reception  of  a  guest  or 
new-comer. 

Whoe'er  has  travell'd  life's  dull  roimd, 
Where'er  his  stages  may  have  been, 

May  sigh  to  think  he  still  has  found 
The  warmest  welcome  at  an  inn. 
Shenstone,  Written  on  the  Window  of  an  Inn. 

To  bid  a  welcome,  to  receive  with  professions  of  friend- 
ship, kindness,  or  gladness. 

To  thee  and  thy  comjiany  I  hid 
A  hearty  welcome.  SItak.,  Tempest,  v.  1.  111. 

welcomelyt  (wel'kum-li),  adv.  [<  welcome  + 
-///^.]     In  a  welcome  manner. 

Juvenal,  ...  by  an  handsome  and  metrical  expression, 
more  wetcomeln  cngl-afts  it  int«->  our  junior  memories. 

Sir  T.  Broome,  Vulg.  Err.,  iii.  4. 

welcomeness  (wel'kum-nes),  11.  The  state  of 
being  welcome;  agreeableness;  kind  reception. 
[Rare.] 

The  poor  little  fellow  pressed  it  upon  them  witli  a  nod 
of  leeleomenes^.  Sterile,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  37. 

welcomer  (wel'kum-er),  «.  [<  welcome  + -cr"^.^ 
One  who  welcomes,  or  salutes  orreceives  kindly 
a  new-comer. 

Thou  woful  welcomer  of  ftlory. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  1.  90. 

weld',  W0ld2  (weld,  w61<l),  n.  [Also  Sc.  inilil; 
<  ME.  welde,  triilde,  wolde,  weld,  dyers'  yellow- 
weed;  cf.  D.  n-diiw  =  Sw.  Dan.  run  =  G.  witii, 
wiiitdc,  wicd  (>  F.  ijiiudc  =  Sp.  (/iialdit  —  Pg. 
gualde),  weld.  Further  connections  uncertain. 
Some  compare  woiid,  and,  for  the  root,  the  verb 
wcll^,  boil.]  The  dyer's-weed,  Jie.sedii  liiteiilii, 
a  scentless  species  of  mignonette,  luitive  in 
southern  Europe  and  naturalized  further  north. 
It  was  formerly  much  cultivated  .as  a  dye-plant,  its  pods 
affording  a  permanent  yellow  suited  to  both  animal  and 
vegetable  fibers,  later  displaced,  however,  by  quercitron, 
flavin,  anil  the  aniline  dyes.  Its  seeds  yield  a  drying-oil. 
Also  yellow-weed,  and  sometimes  woad  or  uild  woad. 

weld-  (weld),  r.  [Ult.  a  variant,  through  the 
Scand.  forms,  of  !(■<://,  boil:  see  wy/^.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  unite  or  consolidate,  as  pieces  of  metal 
or  a  metallic  powder,  by  hammering  or  com- 
pression with  (U' without  previous  softening  by 
heat.  Welding  is  and  has  long  been  a  matter  of  great 
practical  importance,  chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  iron 
and  steel,  and  of  the  various  tools,  utensils,  and  imple- 
ments made  of  those  metals.  Irtm  has  the  valuable  prop- 
erty of  continuing  in  a  kind  of  pasty  condition  through 
quite  a  wide  range  of  temperature  below  its  melting-iioint, 
and  this  Is  a  circumstance  highly  favorable  to  the  process 
of  welding.  Most  metals,  however,  pass  quickly,  when 
sufficiently  heated,  from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  condition,  and 
with  such  welding  is  more  diflieult.  The  term  welding  is 
more  generally  used  when  the  junction  of  the  pieces  is  ef- 
fected without  the  actual  fusing-point  of  the  metal  having 
been  reached.  Sheets  of  lead  have  sometimes  been  muted 
together  by  fusing  the  metal  with  a  blowitijie  along  the 
two  edges  in  contact  with  each  other,  and  this  has  lieen 
called  autogenous  soldering,  or  tmrning  if  the  heating  was 
done  with  a  hot  iron.  Still,  "the  difference  between  weld- 
ing and  autogenous  soldering  is  only  one  of  degree  "  (Percy). 
The  term  welding  is  also  used  in  speaking  of  the  uniting 
of  articles  not  metallic.  Most  metals  when  in  the  foim 
of  powder  can  be  consolidated  or  welded  into  a  perfectly 
homogeneous  mass  by  sufficient  pressure,  without  the  aid 
of  heat.  I'ho  same  is  true  of  various  non-metallic  sub- 
stances, such  as  graphite,  coal,  and  probably  many  others. 
A  method  of  welding  has  been  recently  invented  by  Elihu 
Thomson,  which  appears  to  be  capable  of  being  employed 
with  a  variety  of  metals  on  a  very  extensive  scale.  In  this, 
which  is  ktuiwn  as  electric  welding,  a  current  of  electri- 
city heats  the  abutting  etuis  of  the  two  objects  which  are 
to  be  welded,  these  being  pressed  together  by  mechanical 
force,  and  so  arranged  with  reference  to  the  electric  cur- 
rent that  there  is  a  great  and  rapid  accunndation  of  heat 
at  the  joint,  in  consequence  of  the  greater  relative  con- 
ductivity of  the  rest  of  the  circuit,  'this  metluKl  of  weld- 
ing in  some  cases  partakes  of  the  nature  of  autogenous 
soldering,  the  pieces  of  metal  being  actually  fused  while 
uniting;  in  other  cases,  as  with  iron,  nickel,  or  platintun, 
the  union  may  take  place  without  fusion,  as  in  ordinary 
welding.  In  electric  welding  the  pressure  which  forces 
the  metallic  surfaces  together  ni.ay,  in  the  case  of  a  plas- 
tic metal  like  iron,  be  either  quiet  or  percussive  in  char- 
acter; in  autogenous  soldering  a  more  delicate  and  (jU'ct 

f>ressure  is  generally  preferred.  In  case  of  large  articles 
lydraulic  pressure  can  be  used  to  force  their  surfaces  into 
contact  with  each  other. 

To  weld  anew  the  chain 
On  that  red  anvil  where  each  blow  is  pain. 

Whittier,  A  Word  for  the  Hour. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  bring  into  intimate  union; 
make  a  close  joining  of :  as,  to  weld  together 
the  parts  of  an  argument. 

How  he  .  .  .  slow  rc-wrought 
That  I.anguage — welding  words  into  the  crude 
Mass  from  the  new  speech  round  him. 

Browning,  Sordello,  ii. 

II.  iiitrans.  To  undergo  the  welding  process; 
1)0  capable  of  being  welded. 
weld-  (weld),  n.     [<  weld",  ('.]    A  solid  union  of 
metallic  pieces  formed  by  welding;  a  welded 
junction  or  joint. 


weld 

Sound  >cetd»  are  very  difficult  to  make  in  wire,  and  are 
not  to  be  trusted.  R.  S.  Cvlley,  Pract.  Teleg.,  §  311. 

weld^t,  '•■  t.     A  Middle  English  form  of  wield. 

weldability  (wel-da-bil'i-ti),  n.     [<  u-eldahle  + 

-ity  (see  -bility).^    'Capability  of  being  welded. 

The  above-mentioned  elements  harden  malleable  iron, 

and  probably  alfect  its  weldabUity  by  their  ready  oxida- 

bility.  W.  It.  Oreenwood,  Steel  and  Iron,  p.  8. 

weldable  (wel'da-bl),  a.  [<  iceliP'  +  -able.'] 
Capable  of  being  welded. 

weld-bore  (weld'bor),  n.  A  kind  of  woolen 
cloth  made  at  Bradford,  in  Yorkshire,  England. 
Diet,  of  XeedU'Worli. 

welder'l  (wel'dfer),  n.  [<  weW^  +  -er].'\  One 
who  welds,  or  an  instrument  or  appliance  for 
weldin". 

welder^t,  »•    An  obsolete  fonn  of  wielder. 

welding-heat  (wel'ding-het),  ?;.     See  heat. 

welding-machine  (wel'diug-ma-shen"),  «.  A 
machine  by  which  the  edges  of  plates  previous- 
ly bent  are  joined.  The  edges  are  made  to  lap  inside 
a  chamber,  and  are  exposed  to  a  gas-flame,  whence  the 
joint  is  passed  l)eneatli  a  gang  of  rolls  or  a  hammer. 

welding-powder  (wel'ding-pou"der),  II.  A  flux 
for  use  in  heating  metal  for  welding,  consist- 
ing of  a  calcined  powder  formed  from  borax 
and  other  ingredients. 

The  steel  to  be  welded  ...  is  then  dipped  into  the 
welding  poieder,  and  again  placed  in  the  Are. 

Workshop  Receipts,  Ist  ser.,  p.  361. 

welding-swage  (wel'ding-swaj),  n.  A  block  or 
a  fulling-tool  used  in  closing  a  welded  joint. 
E.  H.  Kiiiijlit. 

weld-iron  (weld'i"ern),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
applied  to  wrought-iron.  Tliis  name  was  recom- 
mended l)y  an  international  committee  appointed  by  the 
American'instituteof  Mining  Engineers,  but  has  not  been 
generally  adopted;  indeed  the  institute  did  not  accept 
tlie  report  of  its  committee  in  so  far  as  this  modification 
of  the  established  nomenclature  of  iron  is  concerned. 

weldless  (weld'les),  «.  [<  weUl  +  iexs.']  Hav- 
ing no  welds ;  made  without  welding. 

It  is  their  intenti(»n  to  lay  down  plant  for  the  construc- 
tion of  boilers  built  up  of  weldless  rings. 

The  Eiiijineer,  LXIX.  267. 

weld-steel  (weld'stel),  n.  Puddled  steel.  This 
name  was  suggested  l)y  a  committee  appointed  by  tlie 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  but  has  not 
been  generally  adopted. 

weldy  (wel'di),  «.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  wield;/. 

welet.     A  Middle  English  form  of  iveaU,  wcll'^. 

welefult,  «■     Another  spelling  of  wcalful. 

welewt,  ''•     A  Middle  English  form  of  walloic^. 

First  a  man  growith  as  dooth  a  gras, 
And  anooii  after  iveleiHth  as  flouris  of  hay. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  173. 

welfare  (wel'far),  ».  [<  ME.  welfare  (=  MLG. 
wolvare);  <  icelP  +  fare'^.']  1.  A  state  or  con- 
dition of  doing  well ;  prosperous  or  satisfactory 
course  or  relation ;  exemption  from  evil ;  state 
with  respect  to  well-being:  as,  to  promote  the 
physical  or  the  spiritual  welfare  of  society ;  to 
inquire  after  a  friend's  welfare;  to  be  anxious 
about  the  welfare  of  a  ship  at  sea. 

My  daughter's  welfare  I  do  fe.are. 
The  Merchants  Daughter  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  332). 
He  [James  II. 1  seems  to  have  determined  to  make  some 
amends  for  nes^lecting  the  welfare  uf  his  own  soul  by  tak- 
ing care  of  the  souls  of  others.    Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

2t.  A  source  of  well-being;  a  blessing;  agood. 

Litll  Troylus,  byraft  of  eche  ivelfarc, 
Yboundeu  in  the  blake  bark  of  care. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  228. 
welk',  «.  Same  as  whelk"^. 
welk^t  (welk),  ?;.  i.  [<  ME.  wclken,  fade,  van- 
ish, wither,  =  D.  welken  =  OHG.  welchen,  MHG. 
G.  welken,  wither;  from  an  adj.  seen  in  OHG. 
u-elc,  weleh,  JIHG.  G.  ti'elk,  moist,  mild,  soft, 
withered;  cf.  OBulg.  rlaga,  moisture,  damp- 
ness, vliKjUku,  moist,  Lith.  viUjijti,  make  moist; 
prob.  from  a  root  *ii;elg,  be  moist.     Cf.  welkin.'] 

1.  To  fade;  decline;  decrease. 

But  nowe  sadde  Winter  rvelked  hath  the  day. 

Spenser,  Shop.  Cal.,  November. 
Now  seven  times  Phoebus  had  his  wclked  wain 
Upon  the  tup  of  Cancer's  tropic  set. 

JJrayton,  Baron's  Wars,  iv.  1. 

2.  Towitlier;  wrinkle;  shrivel. 

Ful  pale  and  wclked  is  my  face. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  276. 

welk'S  n.     Same  as  whelk'^. 

welked,  «.     See  whelked. 

welkin  (wel'kin),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  wclken, 
welkine,  welkne,  walkyn,  wolkne,  wolcne,  weolcne, 
the  welkin,  the  sky,  the  region  of  clouds,  orig. 
'  the  clouds,'  <  AS.  wolcnn,  clouds,  pi.  of  wolcen, 
a  cloud,  =  OS.  wolkan  =  OFries.  loolkcn,  iilken 
=  MD.  wolcke,  D.  tcolk  =  LG.  wttlkc  =  OHG. 
wolehan,  also  wolcha,  MHG.  wolken,  ivolkc,  G. 


6874 

wolke,  a  cloud ;  prob.  orig.  '  mist,  fog,  moisture,' 
<  •/  *welg,  be  moist :  see  welk'^.  For  the  transi- 
tion from  '  cloud '  to  '  sky,'  cf.  sky"^,  heaven,  orig. 
'  cloud.'J  I.  n.  The  sky ;  the  vault  of  heaven ; 
the  heavens.  [Now  used  chiefly  in  poetry.] 
The  see  may  ebbe  and  flowen  more  or  lesse, 
The  welkne  hath  might  to  shyne,  reyne,  or  hayle. 

Chaucer,  Fortune,  1.  62. 

All  the  heavens  revolve 
In  the  small  welkin  of  a  drop  of  dew. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 

II.  a.  Sky-blue.     [Rare.] 

Come,  sir  page. 
Look  on  me  with  your  welkin  eye  :  sweet  villain  ! 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2.  136. 
welky,  a.    See  whelky. 

well!  (wel),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  wellen,  <  AS.  wellan, 
wyllan,  well  or  spring  up  (=  OHG.  wellon,  MHG. 
G.  wellen,  well  up,  =  Icel.  velUi,  make  to  boil),  a 
secondary  form,  associated  with  the  noun  icell'^, 
from  the  orig.  strong  verb  AS.  leeallan  (= 
OFries.  walla  =  OS.  OHG.  wallan  =  Icel.  vella  = 
Sw.  vcilla  =  Dan. veelde),  boil,  well  up:  see  wal!2, 
and  cf.  jt-eHl,  n.  Cf.  also  weld^.~i  I.  intrans. 
To  issue  forth,  as  water  from  the  earth  or  from 
a  spring;  spring;  flow  up  or  out. 

She  no  lenger  myght  restreyne 
Hir  teres,  they  gonne  soo  up  to  welle. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  709. 
From  out  the  sounding  cells 
What  a  gush  of  euphony  voluminously  wells  ! 

Poe,  The  Bells,  ii. 
The  springs  that  welled 
Bet]eath  the  touch  of  Milton's  rod. 

Whittier,  Rautoul. 
II.  trans.  If.  To  boil. 
He  made  him  drynke  led  [lead]  iweld  and  In  is  mouth 
halde  it  tliere.  Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.  ),  p.  58. 

2.  To  pour  forth  from  or  as  if  from  a  well  or 
spring.     Spenser. 

It  was  like  visiting  some  classic  fountain,  that  had  once 
welled  its  pure  waters  in  a  sacred  shade,  but  finding  it  dry 
and  dusty.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  30. 

well^  (wel),  )(.  [<  ME.  wel  {well-),  also  welle, 
iculle,  wille,  <  AS.  well,  icyll,  also  wella,  wylla,  a 
well,  spring  (=  MD.  icelle,  t>.  wel  =  OHG.  wella, 
MHG.  G.  welle,  a  wave,  billow,  surge,  =  Icel. 
vella,  boiling,  ebullition,  =  Dan.  rseld  (for  *vsell), 
a  spring), <  loeallan,  boil :  see  icaW^,  and  cf .  icall^, 
«.,  and  weHl,  t'.]  1.  A  natural  source  of  water ; 
a  place  where  water  springs  up  in  or  issues 
from  the  ground ;  a  spring  or  well-spring ;  a 
fountain.  As  soon  as  a  spring  begins  to  be  utilized  as  a 
source  of  water-supply  it  is  more  or  less  tlioronghly  trans- 
formed into  a  well.  (See  def.  4.)  This  is  necessary,  both 
for  remlering  the  access  to  it  convenient,  and  for  giving 
the  water  a  chance  to  accumulate  and  be  protected  when 
not  needed  for  use.  Hence  the  word  spring  is  much  used 
by  geologists  in  describing  the  natural  sources  of  water- 
supply,  and  well,  by  those  indicating  the  manner  in  which 
the  supply  has  been  made  available.  There  is,  however,  no 
sharp  distinction  possible  between  the  two  words.  Thus, 
Prestwich  speaks  of  the  "beautiful  spring  [between  Ci- 
rencester and  Cheltenham]  known  as  tlie  Seven  Wells," 
and  Phillips  of  a  "feeble  intermittent  spring  [issuing  from 
Giggleswick  Scar,  In  Yorkshire]  known  as  the  Ebbing  and 
Flowing  Well." 

Ther  were  a  fewe  welles 
Came  renning  fro  the  clitfes  adoun. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  160. 

Ther  sprong  welles  thre,  .  .  . 

Of  watyr  bothe  fayr  &  good. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  118. 

Begin  then.  Sisters  of  the  sacred  well 

Tliat  from  beneath  the  seat  of  Jove  doth  spring. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  15. 

He  deep  comfort  hath 
Who,  thirsting,  drinks  cool  waters  from  a  well. 
R.  W.  Gilder,  The  Celestial  Passion,  Love  and  Death. 

Hence  —  2.  The  source  whence  any  series  or 
order  of  things  issues  or  is  drawn;  a  well- 
spring  of  origin  or  supply;  a  fount  in  the  fig- 
urative sense. 

He  that  is  of  worthinesse  the  welle. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  178. 

Dan  Chaucer,  u'cll  of  English  nndefyled, 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  3'2. 

3.  That  which  flows  or  springs  out  or  up  from 
a  source  ;  water  or  other  fluid  issuing  forth. 

And  from  his  gored  wound  a  well  of  blond  did  gush. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  iii.  86. 

The  water  that  I  shall  give  him  shall  be  in  him  a  well 

of  water  springing  up  into  everlasting  life.      John  iv.  14. 

4.  A  pit,  hole,  or  shaft  sunk  in  the  ground, 
either  by  digging  or  by  boring  through  earth  and 
rock,  to'  obtain  a  supply  of  water,  or  of  other 
fluid,  as  mineral  water,  brine,  petroleum,  or 
natural  gas,  from  a  subterranean  source,  and 
walled  or  otherwise  protected  from  caving  in. 
Wells  are  generally  cylindrical,  and  are  sometimes  bored 
to  a  de]tth  of  several  hundreds  or  thousands  of  feet.  (See 
Artesian  well,  imder  Artesian.  See  also  oil-well,  tube-well.) 
From  ordinary  wells  for  domestic  use  the  water  is  raised 
in  vessels  —  generally  buckets  hung  in  pairs  to  a  windlass 


well 

or  singly  to  a  well-sweep  —  or,  as  from  deeper  wells,  by 
pumping. 

'Tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nor  so  wide  as  a  church-door ; 
but  'tis  enough.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1.  99. 

The  old  oaken  bucket,  the  iron-bound  bucket, 
The  mosB-covered  bucket  which  hung  in  the  well. 

S.  Woodworth,  The  Old  Oaken  Bucket. 
You  were  certain,  by  a  sort  of  fate,  to  stop,  in  passing, 
at  the  well  in  the  front  yard  for  a  drink. 

W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  51. 

5.  A  cavity,  or  an  inclosed  space,  shaft,  or  the 
like,  in  some  way  comparable  to  or  suggestive 
of  an  ordinary  well,  but  of  some  other  origin  or 
use :  as,  an  ink-well. 

The  veriest  old  well  of  a  shivering  best  parlour. 

Dickens,  Christmas  Carol,  ii. 

Through  a  most  unsavory  alley  into  a  court,  or  rather 
space,  serving  as  a  well  to  light  the  rear  range  of  a  tene- 
ment house.  T.  Winthrop,  Cecil  Dreeme,  iv. 

She  had  gotten  it  in  a  great  well  of  a  cupboard. 

R.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  xliv. 

The  well  .  .  .  must  be  a  square  hole,  a  little  larger  than 
the  plate  [for  etching],  and  about  an  inch  deep. 

Workshop  Receipts,  Ist  ser.,  p.  166. 

There  must  be  perfect  drainage  insured  from  the  bot- 
tom of  the  well  [the  receptacle  for  ice  in  an  ice-house],  so 
that  the  ice  will  be  kept  dry. 

Workshop  Receipts,  Ist  ser., 'p.  364. 

Specifically — (a)  In  a  building,  a  compartment  or  shaft 
extending  through  the  different  floors,  or  from  top  to  bot- 
tom, in  which  the  stairs  are  placed,  or  round  which  they 
turn  ;  or  one  in  which  an  elevator  or  lift  moves  up  and 
down  ;  or  one  which  serves  for  the  admission  of  air  or 
light  to  interior  rooms,  etc.  The  kinds  of  well  named  are 
distinctively  called  a  well-staircase  or  (for  the  space  inte- 
rior to  the  stairs)  tiwellhole,  a.n  elevator-shaft,  and  an  atr- 
OT tight-shaft,  (b)  In  aship:  (1)  Aconjpartmentformedby 
bulkheads  round  the  pumps,  for  their  protection  and  for 
ease  of  access  to  them.  (2)  A  shaft  through  which  to  raise 
and  lower  an  auxiliary  screw-propeller.  (3)  The  cockpit, 
(c)  In  a  fishing-vessel  or  on  a  float,  a  compartment  with  a 
perforated  bottom  for  the  admission  of  water,  in  which 
fish  are  kept  alive:  distinctively  called  lire-well.  (d)  In 
a  military  mine,  ashaftwith  branches  or  galleries  ruiniing 
out  from  it.  (e)  In  a  furnace,  the  lower  part  of  the  cav- 
ity  into  which  the  metal  falls.  (/)  In  an  Irish  janntiug- 
car,  the  hollow  space  for  luggage  between  tlie  seats.  Q) 
In  some  breeeh-loading  small  arms,  a  cavity  for  the  breech- 
block in  the  rear  of  the  chamber,  {h)  In  an  English  court 
of  law,  the  inclosed  space  for  the  lawyers  and  their  assist- 
ants, immediately  in  front  of  the  judges'  bench. 

Solicit4)rs  .  .  .  ranged  in  a  line,  in  a  long  matted  well, 

.  .  .  between  the  registrar's  red  table  and  the  silk  gowns. 

Dickens,  Bleak  House,  i. 

6.  In  her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  well-curb, 
usuall.v  seen  in  perspective,  circular,  and  ma- 
soned of  large  stones. —  7.  A  whirlpool;  an 
eddy ;  especially,  a  dangerous  eddy  in  the  sea, 
as  about  the  Orkne:j  and  Shetland  Islands. 

The  wells  of  Tuftiloe  can  wheel  the  stoutest  vessel  round 
and  round,  in  despite  of  either  sail  or  steerage. 

Scott,  Pirate,  xxxriU. 
O  to  us, 
The  fools  of  habit,  sweeter  seems 
To  rest  beneath  the  clover  sod  .  .  . 
Than  if  with  thee  [a  ship]  the  roaring  wells 
Should  gulf  him  fathom-deep  in  brine. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  x. 

AbBorblnK-'weU.  See  «isor6.— Artesian  well.  See^r- 
tesian  (with  cut).— Driven  'Well,  or  drive-'welL  See 
tube-well.^TlO'Wilie  well.  See  /oirin,';.— Negative 
welL  Same  as  absorbing-well.—  The  Wells,  or  WellS,  in 
England,  wells  or  springs  of  mineral  waters,  or  a  place 
where  such  wells  are  situated  :  as,  to  drink  of  or  go  to 
the  wells  at  Bath  ;  Tunbridge  WelXs. 

The  New  WVH»  at  Epsom,  with  variety  of  BafBing  Shops, 
will  be  open'd  on  Easter  Monday  next. 

Quoted  in  Ashton's  Social  Life  in  Seign  of  Queen  Anne, 

(IL  113. 

=  Syn.  4.  Well,  Spring,  Fountain,  Cistern.  A  well  is  an  ar- 
tificial  pit  sunk  to  such  a  depth  that  water  comes  into  the 
bottom  and  rises  to  the  wat«r-Ievel,  ready  to  be  drawn  up. 
X  spring  is  a  place  where  water  comes  naturally  to  the 
surface  of  the  ground  and  flows  away  :  a  spring  may  be 
opened  or  struck  in  excavation,  but  cannot  be  made.  A 
fountain  is  characterized  by  the  leaping  upward  of  the 
water  :  it  may  be  natural,  and  thus  be  a  kind  of  spring,  or 
it  may  be  artificial,  as  in  a  public  square.  A  cistern  is  an 
artificial  receptacle  for  the  storage  of  water,  as  that  which 
is  ccnnlncted  from  roofs  ;  figuratively,  the  word  may  be 
applied  to  similar  natural  subterranean  reservoirs. 
well"  (wel),  flrfr. ;  compar.  better,  snperl.  best. 
[Also  E.  dial,  wall;  Sc.  weel,  weil;  <  ME.  trel, 
weel,  wal,  wol,  welle,  wele,  sometimes  wela.  <  AS. 
wel,  tcell  =  OS.  wel  =  OFries.  wel,  wal,  wol  =  D. 
wel  =  MLG.  wol,  wal,  wole.  LG.  wol  =  OHG. 
wela,  wola,  MHG.  wol,  G.  wohl.  wol  =  leel.  rel 
(sometimes  val)  =  Sw.  ral  =  Dan.  rel  =  Goth. 
waila,  well ;  orig. '  as  wished,' '  as  desired.'  from 
the  root  of  wiW^ ;  cf.  6r.  fUATrpoc.  better,  Skt. 
vara,  better,  vara,  a  wish.  Skt.  \f  tar,  choose-, 
see  «'(7/l.  Well  has  come  to  be  used  as  the  ad- 
verb of  good.]  1.  In  a  good  or  laudable  man- 
ner; not  ill;  worthily;  rightly:  properly; 
suitably :  as,  to  act  or  reason  well :  to  work 
or  ride  well ;  to  be  well  disposed ;  a  irf/?-built 
house. 

The  poets  did  irell  to  conjoin  music  and  medicine  in 
Apollo.  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii.  189, 


well 

You  cannot  anger  him  worse  than  to  doe  well. 

Bp.  Earle,  Micro-cosiuographie,  A  Detractor. 

'Tis  as  certain  that  the  work  was  well  done  at  first, 
seeing  it  performs  it's  office  so  well,  at  so  great  a  distance 
of  time.  Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  52. 

Men  who  die  on  a  scaffold  for  political  offences  almost 
always  die  well.  Macaulay,  flallam's  Const.  Hist. 

2.  In  a  satisfactory  or  pleasing  manner ;  ac- 
cording to  desire,  taste,  or  the  like  ;  fortunate- 
ly; happily;  favorably:  as,  to  live  or  fare  well; 
to  succeed  well  in  business  ;  to  be  well  situated. 

The  same  dayc  the  wynde  fell  xrell  in  our  wayo. 

Sir  II.  Guylfurde,  Pylgryma^e,  p.  61. 
To  make  a  savcry  pcre  and  weel  smellinge. 

Palladium,  Husljondric  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  89. 
Mistress  Ford,  by  my  troth,  you  are  very  well  met. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  L  1.  200. 
T.-ike  your  fortune ; 
If  you  come  off  weU,  praise  your  wit. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

3.  With  satisfaction  or  gratifieation;  com- 
mendably;  agreeably;  highly;  excellently: 
as,  to  be  well  entertained  or  pleased. 

I  hear  so  wWi  of  your  Proceedings  that  I  should  rather 
commend  than  encourage  you.       Howell,  Letters,  I.  v.  9. 

All  the  world  speaks  well  of  you.  Pope. 

A  m»n  who  thinks  sufficiently  rcell  of  himself  is  never 
»hjr.  T.  A.  Trollope,  What  I  Remember,  p.  117. 

4.  In  reality;  fairly;  practically;  fully. 

For  blyU'l  men  (as  I  haue  feill) 
Can  nocht  decerne  fair  colours  weill. 
Lauder,  Dewtio  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  1.  451. 
Would  they  were  both  wdl  ont  of  the  room  ! 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

Though  winter  l>e  ()vcr  in  March  by  rights, 

Tis  May  perhaps  ere  the  snow  shall  have  withered  well 

off  the  heights.  Browning,  I'p  at  a  Villa. 

It  is  evident  that  before  the  l.'Jth  century  had  well  l)e- 

gun  an  historical  compendium  of  great  vuhie  had  already 

been  drawn  up.  Quarterly  Rev.,  CLXII.  314. 

6.  To  a  good  or  fair  degree ;  not  slightly  or 
moderately ;  adequately :  as,  to  be  well  deserv- 
ing ;  to  sleep  well ;  a  icc//-known  author. 
Whanno  he  was  come  the  kyng  be  held  hym  well. 
And  liked  him  right  well  in  eucry  thyng. 

Generydes  (T..  E.  T.  S.),  1.  468. 

She  looketh  well  to  the  ways  of  her  household. 

Prov.  xxxi.  27. 
Pray  thee  advise  thyself  loell. 

B.  Jomon,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  3. 
Look  you,  this  ring  doth  fit  me  passing  wfll. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  i.  1. 
Full  well  they  laughed,  with  counterfeited  glee. 
At  all  his  jokes,  fur  many  a  joke  h:id  he. 

Ooldtmith,  Ues.  Vil.,  1.  201. 

I  have  heard  of  a  military  engineer  who  knew  so  well 

how  a  bridge  should  lie  built  that  he  could  never  buibl 

one.  Lowell,  Coleridge. 

6.  To  a  large  extent ;  greatly,  either  in  an  ab- 
solute or  in  a  relative  sense. 

The  kyng  was  wele  in  age,  I  yow  ensur. 

Geiwrydes(r..  E.  T.  S.),  1.  190.-). 
Aton  is  from  thens  southwardes  wele  towarde  Jherusa- 
lem,  within  the  londe  and  not  vpon  the  see. 

Sir  R.  Ouyljorde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  48. 
She  wears  her  bonnet  well  back  on  her  lieud. 

O.  H'.  Ilohnet,  Professor,  vii. 

7.  Conformably  to  state  or  circurastaneeH; 
with  propriety;  conveniently;  advantageously; 
justifiably:  as,  I  cannot  wilt  afford  it. 

A  little  evil 
May  well  l)e  suffer'd  for  a  general  goo<l,  sir. 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  iv.  2. 
To  know 
In  measure  what  the  mind  may  iri'll  contain. 

Milton,  i:  h.,  vii.  128. 

You  may  well  ask  "  What  is  to  know  ?  "  for  the  expression 

Is  an  ambiguous  one.    .yiimit,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  28. 

8.  Conformably  to  requirement  or  obligation  : 
with  due  heed  ordiligence;  carefully;  conscien- 
tiously: now  only  in  the  legal  jihrase  well  and 
truhf,'a,s  part  of  an  oath  or  undertaking. 

Ther  for  tn  heryii,  wele  and  dcuowteliche,  a  messo  bipI 
empliche  souugyn.  Eiuitigh  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  47. 

Bequyke  and  redy,  meke  and  seruisable, 
Wele  awaityng  to  fulfylle  anonu 

What  that  thy  souerayne  comav[nlditlie  the  to  be  done. 
Bakes  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  3(1. 
In  (elonlea  the  oath  administered  |to  jurors]  is  "Vou 
shall  well  and  truly  try.  and  true  deliverance  make  l)e- 
tween  our  sovereign  lady  the  Queen  and  the  prisoner  at 
the  bar,  etc."  Encijc.  Brit.,  XVII.  7ol. 

9t.  Entirely;  fully;  quite;  in  full  measure. 

That  Castellc  [Bethanyel  is  wet  a  Myle  long  fro  Jeru- 
salem. Mandeviiie,  Travels,  p.  97. 
The  elder  brother  hade  a  sonne  to  dtrke, 
Welle  of  fyftene  wynter  of  age. 

Political  l-uems,  etc.  (c<l.  Fundvall),  p.  98. 

Be  these  thre  men  uvle  of  thi  (!r.imseile? 

.tfpr/m(E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  38. 

10.  Very;  much;  very  much:  obsulcte  except 
in  well  ni/;h  (see  weU-)ii;ili). 

With-oute  presentz  or  pens,  she  plesetli  wel  fewe. 

Piers  Plowman  (H),  ill.  161. 


6875 

Wel  litel  thynken  ye  upon  my  wo. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  515. 
Thei  tit  agon  turned,  to  telle  the  sothe, 
&  here  hem  wi  beter  then  thei  bi-fore  hade. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3830. 

11.  Elliptically,  it  is  well;  so  be  it:  used  as  a 
sign  of  assent,  either  in  earnest,  in  indifference, 
or  in  irony,  or 'with  other  shades  of  meaning,  as 
a  prelude  to  a  further  statement,  and  often  as 
a  mere  introductory  expletive. 

Well,  I  shall  live  to  see  your  husbands  beat  you. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Captiiin,  iii.  3. 

Well  now,  look  at  our  villa !     Browning,  Up  at  a  Villa. 
Well ~'ii&  well  that  I  should  bluster! 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 
As  well,  also  :  equally ;  besides  :  used  absolutely. 
I  have  trusted  thee,  Cannllo, 
With  all  the  nearest  things  to  my  heart,  as  well 
My  chamber-councils.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2.  236. 

It  is  not  simply  a  house.    It  is  a  person,  as  it  were,  as 
well.  H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  93. 

As  well  as.  .See  asl.— As  well ...  as,  both  .  .  .  and  ; 
one  equally  with  the  other ;  jointly. 

Stake  owt  all  kindes  of  fortiflcac[i]ons,  as  ivell  to  pre- 
vent the  mine  and  sappe  as  the  Canon. 

Booke  of  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.),  i.  4. 
In  polity,  as  well  ecclesiastical  as  civil,  there  are  and 
will  be  always  evils  which  no  art  of  man  can  cure,  breaches 
and  leaks  more  than  man's  wit  hath  hands  to  stop. 

Honker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  9. 
Just  as  well,  improperly  used  by  some  writers  for  *all 
the  same.' 

Her  aged  lover  made  her  presents,  but  just  as  well  she 
hated  the  sight  of  him. 

Quoted  in  It.  G.  White's  Words  and  their  I'ses,  p.  184. 

Sowellast.  See«oi.— TogoweU.  Sei  '/».— Tospeak 
well  for.  See  speak.  — WeU.  enough,  in  .1  moderate  ile- 
gree ;  so  as  to  give  moderate  satisfaction,  or  so  as  to  rc- 
(lUire  no  alteration.—  Well  heeled.  See  heeled,  2.— Well 
met.  See  Tneed.— Well  must  ye.  Sec  jiiHSfl.— Well 
nigh,  very  nearly  ;  almost:  of  ten  compounded.  Sua  well- 
nigh. 
Jly  steps  had  urll  nigh  slipped.  Pa.  Ixxiii.  2. 

One  that  is  well-nigh  worn  to  pieces. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  1.  21. 

Well  Off,  in  a  good  condition,  especially  as  to  property. 
See  of,  a.,  6. 

George  will  have  all  my  property,  but  Frank  is  nearly 
as  well  off,  barring  the  baronetcy. 

T.  Hook,  Fathers  and  Sons,  i. 
Well  spoken.    See  speak. 

(Of  the  proper  compounds  of  well  with  participial  adjec- 
tives, only  those  are  given  below  which  are  in  standard 
use,  or  the  meaning  of  which  is  not  directly  obvious.  In 
regard  to  the  improper  joining  of  well -w'lih  participles 
in  regular  verbal  i^onstruction,  see  rem.ark  under  ill.  \ 
well-  (wel),  «.  and  «.  [<  «•<■//-,  adv.,  and  in  most 
uses  still  strictly  an  adv.]  I.  a.  1.  Agreeable 
to  wish  or  desire;  satisfactory  as  to  condition 
or  relation ;  fortunate ;  opportune ;  propitious : 
only  predicative,  and  most  commonly  used  in 
impersonal  clauses. 

Is  it  well  with  thee?  is  it  well  with  thy  husband?  is  it 
well  with  tlie  child  ?    And  she  answered.  It  is  well. 

2  Ki.  iv.  26. 
Striving  to  bettor,  oft  we  mar  what's  well. 

Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4.  309. 
All  is  well  as  it  can  bo 
I'pori  this  earth  where  all  has  end. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise.  I.  3.M. 

2.  Satisfactory  in  kind  or  character;  suitable; 
proper ;  right ;  good :  as,  was  it  well  to  do  this  ? 
the  well  ordering  of  a  household. 

Thei  woldcn  awyrien  that  wist  for  his  well  dedcs. 

Piers  Plowman's  Crede  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6«2. 
Olym.  Is't  not  a  handsome  wimch? 
Gent.  She  is  well  enough,  madam. 

Fletcher,  I.oyal  Subject,  i.  2. 

It  is  a  more  common  thei\  convenient  saying  that  nine 
Taylors  make  a  man  ;  it  were  well  if  nineteen  could  make 
a  woman  to  her  minde.      N.  Ward,  Simple  Cobler,  p.  28. 

Jeremy  Bentham's  logic,  by  which  he  proved  (hat  he 
cunliln't  p.issibly  see  aghoet,  is  all  very  well  in  the  day- 
time. O.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  viii. 

3.  In  a  good  state  or  condition;  well  off;  com- 
fortable; free  from  trouble:  used  predicative- 
ly:  as,  I  am  (piite  well  where  I  am. 

One  woman  is  fair,  yet  I  am  well ;  another  is  wise,  yet 
I  am  well.  Shak.,  Mucli  Ado,  ii.  3.  2!^. 

4t.  In  good  standing;  favorably  situated  or  con- 
nected;  enjoying  consideration :  used  preiiica- 
tively. 

He  '.  .  .  was  well  with  Henry  the  Fourth.  Dryden. 

5.  In  good  health;  not  sick  or  ailing;  in  a 
sound  condition  as  to  body  or  mind :  usually 
predicative:  as,  he  is  now  well,  or  (colloquially) 

a  well  man. 

I  am  now  as  well 
As  any  living  man  ;  why  not  as  valiant? 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  ii.  4. 

He  proceeded  to  acquaint  her  who  of  quality  was  well 
or  sick  witldn  the  bills  of  mortality. 

.'ileele,  Tatler,  No.  207. 

To  let  well  alone.  See  («n.-  well  to  llvet,  having  a 
competence;  in  comfortable  circumstances.  Compare 
well-to-do. 


well-being 

You're  a  made  old  man  ;  .  .  .  you're  well  to  live. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iii.  3.  125. 
Welltopassl.    See  pa.fK.  =  Syn.  5.  Hale,  hearty,  sound. 
Il.t  «•  That  which  is  well  or  good;  good  state, 
health,  or  fortune.     [Bare.] 

"  0  !  how,"  sayd  he,  "  mote  I  that  well  out  find. 
That  may  restore  you  to  your  wonted  well  ? " 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ii.  43. 

well-acquainted  (wel'a-kwan'ted),  a.    Having 

intimate  acquaintance  or  ijersonal  knowledge. 

As  if  I  were  their  well-acquainted  friend. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iv.  3.  2. 

welladay  (wel'a-da),  interj.  An  altered  form 
of  wellaway,  siniulating  rf«^ — the  present  time, 
either  as  the  witness  or  the  cause  of  distress, 
being  often  brought  into  ejaculations  of  this 
kind.     See  wellaway. 

0  well-a-day.  Mistress  Ford  !  having  an  honest  man  to 
your  husband,  to  give  him  such  cause  oi  suspicion  ! 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  3.  106. 

Ah  !  woe  is  me  ;  woe,  woe  is  me  ; 
Alack  and  well-a-day  '. 
Herrick,  Hesperidcs  (The  Mad  Maid's  Song). 

well-advised  (wel'ad-vizd'  ),n.  Accordant  with 
good  advice  or  careful  reflection ;  considerate ; 
prudent :  as,  a  well-adiised  proceeding. 

well-aneart  (wel'a-ner'),  adv.  [Also  weU-aiiere 
(given  as  wetl-an-ere  in  Halliwell)  as  an  excla- 
mation; <  «-e?/2  -I-  aiiear.  In  the  exclamatory 
use  anear  seems  to  supply  the  same  vague  ref- 
erence to  the  present  time  as  day  in  welladay.'] 
Almost  immediately ;  very  soon. 

Tlie  lady  shrieks,  and  well-a-near 
Docs  fall  in  travail  with  her  fear. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.,  Prol.,  1.  61. 

well-appointed  (wel'a-poiu'ted),  a.  1.  Com- 
plete in  appointment  or  equipment;  furnished 
with  all  requisites ;  in  good  trim. 

The  gentle  Archbishop  of  York  is  up. 
With  U'ell-appointed  powers. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1.  190. 

They  [defenders  of  the  established  religion]  were  a  nu- 
merous, an  intrepid,  and  a  well-appointed  band  of  com- 
batants. Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

Hence  —  2t.  Dominant;  protective;  auspicious. 
Or  seen  her  well-appointed  star 
Come  marcliing  up  tlie  eastern  liill  afar.      Cowley. 

Well-appointedness  (wera-poin'ted-nes),  ». 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  well-appointed. 
[Bare.] 

Her  actual  smartness,  as  London  people  would  call  it, 
her  urll-apjtointedness,  and  her  evident  command  of  more 
than  one  manner.  //.  James,  Jr.,  Tragic  Muse,  xxvi. 

wellaway  (wel'a-wa),  i)ifevj.  [<  ME.  wellawaye, 
weluway,  wayleway,  waylaway,  walaway,  weyla- 
wey,  weleaway,  trei  la  wei,  wo  la  wn,  etc..  <  AS. 
wd  Id  wd,  wdid  wd,  an  exclamation  of  surprise 
or  distress:  »■«,  woe;  Id,  lo;  hy(,  woe.  Hence, 
by  variation,  welUidiiy.']  An  exclamation  ex- 
pressive of  grief  or  sorrow,  eijuivalent  to  alas. 

Tim  salt,  after  the  thridde  dei, 

Ben  do  on  ri)de,  wcUa-wei! 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2088. 

This  is  the  lif  of  this  lordis  that  lyuen  shuUle  with  Do-bet, 
And  wel-a-wey  wers  and  I  shulde  al  telle. 

Piers  Plotmnan  (A),  xi.  215. 

I  have  hem  don  dishononre,  walaway! 

Chaucer,  'I'roilns,  v.  1066. 
In  Scarlet  towne,  where  I  was  borne. 

There  was  a  faire  maid  dwellin. 
Made  every  youth  crye  Wel  awaye  ! 
Her  name  was  Barbara  Allen. 
Ilarlmra  Allen's  Cruelty  (ChiWs  Ballads,  IT.  1.58). 

wellawayt,  ".  [iwellaway, interj.']  Woe;  misery. 
For  his  glotonie  and  his  grete  scleuthe  he  hath  a  greuous 

penaunce. 
That  is  ivelawo  whan  he  waketh  and  wepeth  for  colde. 

Piers  Plomnan  (B),  xiv.  235. 

Wot  no  wight  what  werre  is,  ther  as  pees  regneth, 
Ne  what  is  witeriiclie  wele  til  wele-a-way  hym  teche. 
Piers  Pl<nc'man(C),  xxi.  239. 

well-balanced  (wel'bal'anst),  n.  Rightly  bal- 
anced; properly  ad  justed  or  regulated ;  not  con- 
fused or  disorderly. 

The  well-balanced  world  on  hinges  hung. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1.  122. 
A  teell-balarwed  moral  nature  consists  of  a  large  variety 
of  mental  forces,  wbicli  do  not  easily  group  tliemsclvis 
under  one  or  two  general  aspects. 

J.  Sully,  Sensation  and  Intuition,  p.  269. 

well-behaved  (wel'be-hfivd'),  a.  Of  good  be- 
liavior  or  conduct;  becoming  in  manner;  cour- 
teous; civil. 

Such  orderly  and  well-behaved  rejiroof  to  all  nnconu-li- 
ness.  Shiik.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  1.  .W. 

well-being  (wel'be'ing),  )(.  [<  well'-  +  ticiii)/.'] 
Well-conditioned  existence:  good  mode  of  be- 
ing; moi'al  or  physical  welfare;  a  state  of  life 
which  secures  or  tends  toward  happiness. 
Sometimes  written  weltbeini/. 


well-being 


6876 


well-knit 


well-deck  (wel'dek),  n.    An  open  space  on  the  well-found  (wel'found),  a.     Found  to  be  well 
main  deck  of  a  ship,  inclosed  like  a  well  by  the 
bulwarks  and  partial  higher  decks  forward  and 

aft. 

The  question  of  the  freeboarj  of  steamers  of  the  ipell- 
deck  type  is  again  being  brouglit  before  tile  notice  of 
Lloyd's  by  the  shipowners  of  the  northeast  coast. 

The  Engineer,  LXV.  468. 

well-decker  (werdek"er),  n.    A  ship  having  a 
well-deck 


West  Hartlepool  are  weU-deckern. 

The  ICn;/ineer,  LXVII. 


192. 


It  behoves  not  a  wise  Nation  to  commit  the  sum  of  thir 
vjellbeillff,  the  whole  state  of  thir  .Safety,  to  Fortune. 

Milton,  Free  Commonwealth. 

No  test  of  the  physical  well-beinii  of  society  can  be 
named  so  decisive  as  that  which  is  furnished  by  bills  of 
mortality.  Mfu-aidaii,  Southey's  Colloiiuies. 

well-beloved  (wel'be-luv'ed),  a.     Greatly  bo- 
loved;   very  dear.     Sometimes  used  substan- 
tively. 
Myrrh  is  my  well-beloved  unto  me.  Cant.  i.  13. 

The  mil-beloved  Brutus.  Shah.,  .1.  C,  iii.  2.  180. 

well-beseeming  (werbe-se'ming),  a.   Properly 
or  duly  beseeming;  suitably  becoming. 

In  a  noble  Prince  nothing  is  more  decent  and  welbe- 
seeminr/  his  greatnesse  than  to  spare  foule  speeches. 

Putteuham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  249. 

Rome's  royal  empress, 
ITiifurnish'd  of  her  welt-bexeemimj  troop. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  ii.  3.  r)6. 

well-beseent  (wel'be-sen'),  a-     Well-looking; 
fine  in  appearance;  showy. 

The  llriton  Prince  him  readie  did  awayte, 
In  glistering  amies  right  goodly  icell-hfseene. 

Spenner,  F.  Q.,  V.  viii.  29. 

well-bestrutted  (wel 'bo- strut 'ed),  a.     [See 
strut,  V.I    Fully  stretched  or  distended;  swelled 

out. 

And  well  bestrutted  bees  sweet  bagge. 

Ilerrick,  Hesperides  (Oberoii's  Feast). 

well-boat   (wel'bot),    «.     A   fishing-boat  ]iro- 

vided  with  a  live-well;  a  smack-boat  or  smack. 

[Canada  and  New  Eng.] 
well-borer  (wel'bor'er),  II.     A  person  engaged 

in  or  an  instrument  used  for  boring  wells.  ,,   ,   .       ,      ,,,..,.     s  .    ^.  ,,     i  • 

well-boring  (wel'b6r''ing),N.  A  method  of  sink-  Well-doing  (wel  do'ing),  a.  Acting  well;  doing 

ing  wells  by  drilling  or  boring  through  rock,     what  is  right  or  satisfactory. 

these  wells  often  extending  to  a  great  depth.         The  jfcWi/oini;  steed.    5Aa*.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  112. 

Percussion  drilling  is  most  used  for  this  pur-  -well-drain  (wol'dran),  ii.    1.  A  drain  or  vent, 

pose.     Compare  OI/-WC?/,  uil-dcrriek,  etc.  somewhat  like  a  well  or  pit,  serving  to  discharge 

well-bom  (wcl'born),  «.     1=  G.  woMf/cIiorcn ;     the  water  of  wet  land.— 2.   A  drain  leading  to 


or  good;  approved;  commendable. 
Gerard  de  Narbon  was  my  father; 
In  what  he  did  profess  well  found, 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  ii.  1.  105. 
Many  live  comparatively  Well-found  lives. 

Forlniglttly  Rev.,  N.  8.,  XIX  728. 

well-founded  (wel'foun'ded),  a.  Founded  on 
good  reasons;  having  strong  probability;  not 
baseless:  as,  M;c//-/ottHrf«rf  suspicions. 


A  large  proportion  of  the  steamei-s  built  and  owned  at  well-givent  (wel'giv'n),  a.     Given  to  what  is 


well-deedt,  «.     [<  ME.  weMedc,  wclileed,  <  AS. 

tocMMd  (=  OHG.  ivolatdt  =  Goth,  wailadeds) ;  as 

luell^  +  deed.']     Benefit. 
well-disposed  (wel'dis-pozd'),  a.    Of  a  good  or 

favorable  disposition;  in  a  kindly  or  friendly 

state  of  feeling;  well-willed. 

You  lose  a  thousand  well-disposed  hearts. 

Shnk.,  Rich.  IL,  iL  1.  206. 

Rome  well-disposed  persons  have  talien  offence  at  ray 
using  the  word  free-thinker  as  a  term  of  reproach. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  136. 


well  or  good ;  well-meaning  ;  well-intentioned. 

Why  are  you  a  burthen  to  the  world's  conscience,  and 
an  eye-sore  to  well-given  men  ? 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Westward  Ho,  ii.  2. 

well-govemort,  «•    [ME.  vd-gouvemour  (ir.  Ij. 
qui  bene preecHi).]     One  who  governs  well. 

Tlic  prestis  that  lien  wel  nouemmiris. 

Wyclif,  1  Tim.  v.  17. 

well-graced  (wel'grast),  a.    Held  in  good  grace 
or  esteem  ;  viewed  with  favor ;  popular. 
The  eyes  of  men. 
After  a  well-graced  actor  leaves  the  stage. 
Are  idly  bent  on  liim  that  enters  next 

Sliak.,  Rich.  IL,  v.  2.  24. 


well-doer  (wel'do'er),  M.     One  who  does  well,  ,      ,,     .   ^         mt         ^  >- 

a  performer  of  good  deeds  or  actions:  opposed  -welljgrassjwel  gras)^,  h^  T?„w^.t.  !r'""n!.!l.„™ 
to  evil-doer.  '""' "  "  """    "•"■"■        "    "~ 


well-doing  (wel'do'ing),  n.     [<  ME.  well-doing; 
<  well^  +  doing.]     Good  conduct  or  action. 

The  cristin  ne  myght  bet  litill  space  endure,  ne  hadde 
be  the  well  dtdwje  of  the  v  knyghtus. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  iii.  550. 
Let  us  not  be  weary  in  weU  doling.  Gal.  vi.  9. 


as  welP  +  liorti^ .  ]    Of  high  or  respectable  birth ; 
not  of  low  origin. 

The  term  icell-hom  was  a  contemptuous  nickname  given 
to  the  Federalists. 

MeMastei;  People  of  United  States,  I.  469. 


a  well  or  pit 
well-drain  (wel'dran),  V.  t.     [<  well-drain,  »(.] 
To  drain,  as  land,  by  means  of  wells  or  pits, 
which  receive  the  water,  and  from  which  it  is 
discharged  by  machinery, 
well-breathed  (wel  bretht),^;.  Long-breathed;  vrell-dressing  (wel'dres'ing),  ii.    The  decora- 


having  good  wind;  strong  of  lung. 

On  thy  xcell-breath'd  horse  keep  with  thy  hounds. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  678. 

well-bred  (wel'bred),  (I.  1.  Of  good  breed- 
ing; polite;  cultivated;  refined. 

For  lictter  luve  I  that  bonnie  boy 
Than  a'  your  weel-bred  men. 

Ladye  Diamowl  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  383). 
A  moral,  sensible,  and  well-bred  man 
"Will  not  affront  ine,  and  no  other  can. 

Coivper,  Conversation,  1.  193. 

2.  Of  good  breed,  stock,  or  race,  as  a  domestic 
animal.  Compare  half-bred,  thoroughbred. 
well-bucket  (wel'buk'et),  H.  A  vessel  for 
drawing  up  water  from  a  well:  often  used  in 
pairs,  one  ascending  while  the  other  descends. 
It  is  usually  of  wood,  and  barrel-shaped;  in 
some  parts  of  Europe  copper  vessels  are  used. 

The  muscles  arc  so  many  well-buckets;  when  one  of  them 
acta  and  draws,  'tis  necessary  that  the  other  must  obey. 

Dryden. 

well-carriaged  (wel'kar'iijd),  a.     Of  good  car- 
riage or  deportment;  well-mannered.     [Karc] 
The  mistress  of  the  house,  a  pretty    well-carriaged 
woman.  Pepys,  Diary,  I.  317. 

well-carset,  "•    [Also  8c.  well-kerse;  ME.  welle 
came,  <  AS.  wi/lle-ciersc,  water-cress,  <  wyllc, 
well,   spring,   +    cserse,  cress:   see    wcll^   and 
c/'e.s-.s-.]     Water-cress. 
Ich  rede  no  faithful  frere  at  thy  teste  sytte; 
3Ut  were  me  leuere,  by  oure  lord,  lyue  by  wellc-carses 
'I'han  hauc  my  fode  and  my  fymiynge  of  false  menne  wyn- 
nyngcs.  JHers  Plowman  (C),  vii.  292. 

well-chain  (vvel'chan),  )(.  A  chain  attached  to 
a  buekf^t  or  a  pair  of  buckets,  and  used  with 
a  windlass,  for  drawing  water  from  a  well. 

well-conditioned  (wel'kon-dish'ond),  a.  [< 
ME.  well  coiidieiimd  ;  <  welP  +  conditioned.]  In 
good  or  favorable  condition ;  in  a  desirable  state 
of  being:  ns,  a  ivell-conditioned  mind.  Prompt. 
Pnrv.,  p.  ."i21. 

well-conducted  (wel'kon-duk'ted),  a.  1.  Prop- 
erly led;  under  good  conduct:  as,  a  wcll-con- 
ducted  e.xpeclitioii. —  2.  Characterized  by  good 
conduct;  acting  well  or  ]iroperly;  well-be- 
haved: as,  a  well-conduct<d  person  or  commu- 


turtium  officinale.     Also  welUgirse.     Compare 
well-carse.    [Scotch.] 

well-grounded  (wel'groun'ded),  a.  Having 
good  grounds  or  reasons ;  well-based ;  well- 
founded. 

well-head  (wel'hed),  n.  The  source  of  a  natu- 
ral well  or  spring. 

To-walten  [overflowed]  alle  thyse  wetle-hedez  [of  the  del- 
uge] &  the  water  flowed. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  428, 
Old  well-heads  of  haunted  rills.        Tennyson,  Eleanore. 

well-hole  (wel'hol),  «.  1.  A  deep,  narrow,  per- 
pendicular cavity,  as  the  space  from  top  to  bot- 
tom of  a  house  round  which  stairs  turn ;  also, 
an  inclosure  in  which  a  balancing-weight  rises 
and  falls,  etc. —  2.  The  well-room  of  a  boat. 

well-house  (wel'hous),  ».  A  room  or  small 
house  built  round  a  well,  for  dairy  and  other 
domestic  uses. 

I  lately  had  standing  in  my  vxU-house  ...  a  gre.it  caul- 
dron of  copper.  Ilarman,  Caveat  for  Cursetors,  p.  25. 


tion  of  wells  and  springs  with  flowers,  etc 

accompanied  by  religious  observances,  prae-  yrell-informed  (werin-fomid'),  a.     Possessed 

tised  at  set  times  in  England  (especially  at  Tis- 

sington,  in  Derbyshire,  on  Ascension  day)  and 

elsewhere.     Also  called  u-ell-flowering. 

Fetlchism  survives  in  the  honours  paid  to  wells  and 
fountains,  common  in  Germany  and  in  some  i>ai't8  of 
Franco,  and  in  England  known  under  the  name  of  uvil- 
dressing.  Keary,  Prim.  Belief,  p.  87. 

well-drill  (wel'dril),  n.  A  tool  or  drill  used  in 
boring  wells. 

well-earned  (wel'emd),  a.  Thoroughly  de- 
served ;  fully  due  on  account  of  action  or  con- 
duct :  as,  a  well-C(irned  punishment. 

well-faced  (wel'fiist),  a.  Of  good  face  or  as- 
pect.    [Kare.] 

He  that  hath  any  well-faced  phancy  in  his  Crownc,  and 
doth  not  vent  it  now,  fears  the  pride  of  his  owne  heart  will 
dub  him  dunce  for  ever.       N.  Ward,  Simple  Coblor,  p.  2. 

well-famed   (wel'famd),   a.     Of  great  fame; 
famous ;  celebrated. 
Heet.  I  thank  thee,  most  imperious  Agamemnon. 
Agam.  [To  Troilus.]  My  ](W(-/rt7n<'d  lordof  Troy,  uolcss 
to  you.  Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  5.  173. 

well-fard  (wel'fiird),  a.  [He.,  also  wcel-fard, 
veilfaurt;  a  dial,  contraction  of  well-favored.] 
Weil-favored. 


Now  hold  your  tongue,  my  irell-far'd  maid, 
Lat  a'  your  moiirtdng  be. 

John  o'  Hazdgreen  (t'hild's  Ballads,  IV.  86). 

wellfaret,  ".     An  obsolete  spelling  of  irclfarc. 
well-faringt  (wel'far'ing),  (1.    [Cf.  fnre^,  v.,  6.] 
Well-seeming;  fine-appearing;  handsome. 

Therwithal  of  brawnes  and  of  bones 
A  wel-faringe  persone  for  the  nones. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Monk's  Tale,  1.  54. 

well-favored  (wel'fa'vord),  a.    Being  of  good 

favor  or  appearance ;  good-looking;  comely. 

Rachel  was  beautiful  .ind  well  favnured.     Gen.  xxix.  17. 

To  be  a  iveU-favoured  man  is  the  gift  of  fortune. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  3.  16. 

well-fed  (wel 'fed),  a.     Showing  the  result  of 
good  feeding ;  in  good  condition ;  fat ;  plump. 

And  well-fed  sheep  and  sable  oxen  slay. 

Poiie,  Iliad,  xxiii.  20.5. 


well-curb  (wel'kerb),  ».     A  curb  or  inclosure  well-flowering  (werflou"er-ing),  «.     Same  as 

around  and  above  the  to[)  of  a  well.     See  cut  icell-dressing, 

under  po::::o.  Makes  this  feast  of  the  well-fiowering  one  of  the  most 

^                     '            .,         „        I     ,      ..      ,     , ,  beautiful  of  all  the  old  customs  that  are  left  in  "  Merrie 

Losson  ...  sat  on  the  well-cnrb,  shouting  bad  language  England  "                                  y.  and  Q,   7th  ser.   III.  457. 

down  to  the  parrot.  ,",  „   *     ,  .                  ,,«./\          V^          ,  *'*     *  ,  x* 

Ji.  Kipling.  In  the  Matter  of  a  Private.  Well-fOUghtcnt  (wel  fa'tll),  a.    Bravely  fought. 


of  full  information  on  a  wide  variety  of  sub- 
jects. 

welling  (wel'ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  well^,  v.] 
An  outpouring,  as  of  liquid  or  gas. 

Wellington  boot.  1.  A  riding-boot  with  leg 
extending  upward  at  the  rear  to  the  angle  of 
the  knee,  and  high  enough  in  front  to  cover  the 
knee.  So  called  because  the  pattern  issupposed  to  have 
been  introduceil  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  who  wore  such 
boots  in  his  campaigns. 

2.  A  similar  boot,  somewhat  shorter,  worn  un- 
der the  trousers,  and  fitting  the  leg  closely. 

No  gentleman  could  wear  anything  in  the  daytime  but 
Wellington  boots,  high  up  the  leg,  over  which  the  trousers 
fitted  tightly,  covering  most  of  the  foot,  and  secured  un- 
derneath by  a  Ijroad  strap. 

K  Vates,  Fifty  Years  of  London  Life,  I.  ii. 

Wellingtonia  (wel-ing-to'ni-ii),  H.  [NL.  (Lind- 
ley,  1853),  named  after  the  Duke  of  Wellington : 
see  WeUingtonian.]  A  name  much  used  in  Eng- 
land for  tiie  big  trees  of  California,  which  has 
given  way  to  the  earlier  name  Sequoia  under 
the  rule  of  priority.     See  Sequoia  (with  cut). 

Wellingtonian  (wel-ing-to'ni-an),  a.  [<  Well- 
ington (see  def.)  -1-  -tan.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  first  Duke  of  Wellington  (Arthur  Wellesley, 
1769-1852),  a  British  general  and  statesman. 

The  Wellingtonian  legend  was  once  as  strong  in  Eng- 
land as  the  Napoleonic  in  France. 

The  Academy,  No.  906,  p.  159. 

well-intentioned  (wel'in-ten'shond).  a.  C\\a,T- 
acterized  by  or  due  to  good  intentions ;  meaning 
well ;  well-meant ;  intended  for  good. 

The  publicity  and  control  which  the  forms  of  free 
constitutions  provide  for  guarding  even  well-intmtionrd 
rulers  against  honest  errors.  Brougham. 

"Immorl.ility  inherent  in  Nature"  .  .  .  \a&weUinlen- 
tinned  argument.  The  American,  XI.  44. 

well-judged  (wel'jujd),  a.  Treated  or  done 
with  good  judgment;  correctly  estimated  or 
calculated;  judicious;  wise. 

The  well-judg'd  purchase,  and  the  gift. 
That  grac'd  his  letter'd  store. 
Cowper,  Burning  of  Lord  Mansfield's  Library. 

well-knit  (wel'nit),  a.  [<  iccll-  +  Inif,  jip.] 
Firmly  compacted ;  strongly  framed  or  fixed. 

O  well-knit  Samson !  strong-jointed  Samson  ! 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  2.  77. 
His  soul  vxll-knit,  and  all  his  battles  won, 
Momits,  and  that  hanlly,  to  eternal  life. 

M.  Arnold,  Iminort«lity. 


well-known 

well-known  (wel'non),  n.  Fully  or  familiarly 
known;  clearly  apprehended;  generally  ac- 
knowledged. 

Implureti  for  aid  each  well-krwurn  face, 
Ami  strove  to  seek  the  Dame's  embrace. 

ScoU,  L.  of  L.  .M.,  iv.  25. 
well-likingt  (wel'li"king),  a.      1.    Appearing 
well;  good-looking;  well-conditioned. 

Children  ...  as  fat  and  as  well-liking  as  if  they  had 

been  gentlemen's  children.  Latimer. 

Through  the  great  providence  of  the  Lord,  they  came 

all  safe  on  shore,  and  most  of  them  sound  and  veil  lUcintt, 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  244. 

2.  Showing  off  well;  clever;  smart. 

WeU-liking  wits  they  have.       Shak.,  L  L.  L,  v.  2.  268. 
well-lookedt  (wel'liikt),  a.    Well-looking ;  hav- 
ing a  good  appearance. 

They  are  Iwth  little, but  very  like  one  another,  and  well- 
looked  children.  Pepys,  Diary,  III.  270. 

well-looking  (wel'luk'ing),  a.  Looking  well ; 
fairly  good-looking. 

The  horse  was  a  bay,  a  rcelllooking  animal  enough. 

l>icke)U. 
She  was  a  well-looking,  almost  a  handsome  woman. 

J.  C.  Jeaffreioit,  Live  it  Down,  xxx. 

well-mannered  (wel'man'ord).  a.  [<  ME.  locU 
maiieryrl;  <  welP  +  m(iiinered.'\  Having  good 
manners;  polite;  well-bred;  complaisant. 

Sir,  if  yon  will  not  that  men  call  you  presumptuous,  or, 
to  speake  plainly,  do  call  you  foole.  haue  a  care  to  be  well 
manered.   Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  74. 

well-maxked  (wel'markt),  a.  1.  In  ro67.  and 
bot.,  pronounced;  decided;  obvious;  signal; 
easily  recognized  ordetermiiied:  as,  icell-marked 
characters;  a  wcU-markcd  genus,  species,  or 
variety. —  2.  Specifying  a  South  African  tor- 
toise, Homnpus  sig>iatti.i.     P.  L.  Sclater. 

well-meaner  (wel'me'ner),  H.  One  who  means 
well,  or  whose  intention  is  good. 

Deluded  well-meaiters  come  over  out  of  honesty,  and 
small  offenders  out  of  common  discretion  or  fear. 

I>ryden,  Vind.  of  Duke  of  Guise. 

well-meaning  (wel'me'ning),  (I.    Well-inten- 
tioned: frequently  used  with  slight  contempt. 
Plain  well-meaning  souL         Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  il.  1.  12K 

He  was  ever  a  timorous,  chicken-spirited,  though  uvll- 
meaning  man.  Scott,  Fair  .Maid  of  Perth,  xx. 

well-meant  (wel'ment),  a.  Rightly  intended  ; 
friendly;  sincere;  not  feigned. 

Edward's  well-meoTlt  honest  love. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ili.  3.  67. 

well-minded  (wel'min'ded).  a.  Of  good  or 
well-<li8posed  mind ;  well  or  favorably  inclined. 

For  discharge  of  a  bishop's  office,  to  be  well-ininded  is 
not  enough.  ilook>r,  Eccles.  Polity,  vii.  24. 

Well-minded  Clarence,  t)e  thou  fortunate  I 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  8.  27. 

well-natured  (wel'na'turd),  «.  Of  excellent 
nature  or  character ;  properly  disposed ;  right- 
minded. 

On  their  life  no  grievous  Iturtheu  lies, 
Who  are  well-natured,  ten>i)erate,  and  wise. 

Sir  J,  Denham,  Old  A^e. 

Theyshou'd  rather  disturb  than  tlivert  iXwwell-naiur'd 
•lid  reflecting  Part  of  .an  Audience. 

Cfrngrece,  Way  of  the  World,  Ded. 

wellness  (wel'nes),  H.     [<  woll'^  +  -uess.']     The 

state  of  being  well  or  in  good  health.  Hood. 
well-nigh  (werni'),rt'/r.  [<  ME.  we  I  ini,iccl  iii/nli, 
weliicih;  prop,  two  words :  nee  wcll'^  and  )ii<jli.^ 
Very  uigh;  very  nearly;  almost  wholly  or  en- 
tirely. Also  written  as  a  single  word  and  (more 
properly)  as  two  words. 

A  wegge  of  boone  or  yron  putte  bytwene 
The  bark  and  tree  welni/gh  III  Angers  depe. 

PaUadim,  Hnsbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  H.},  p.  73. 

The  labour  of  wel-nigh  fifty  pioners. 

SiuuigK,  Travailes,  p.  10. 

The  dreary  night  ha.s  wellnigh  passed.    Whittier,  Pjcan. 

well-ordered  (werov'derd),  «.     Rightly  or  cor- 
rectly ordered,  regulated,  or  governed. 
There  is  a  law  in  each  well-order'd  nation 
To  curb  those  raging  apiM-tites. 

.Shnk.,  T.  and  C,  ii.  2.  180. 

well-packing  (wel'pak'ing),  >i.  A  cylindrical 
bag  hUeil  with  Ha.xseed,  or  some  similar  appa- 
ratus, placed  around  the  well-tube  in  deep  oil- 
wells,  to  prevent  llic  entrance  of  water  above 
or  below  the  oil  in  the  well ;  a  seed-bag.  Ii.  H. 
Knij/lil.     See  cut  under  piirLini/. 

well-pleasing  (wd'plo'zlng),  ti.  Acceptable; 
pleasing. 

A  sacrihcc  acceptable,  well-pleaifing  to  God. 

Phil.  iv.  IS. 

well-pleasing  (wel'jile'zing),  ».     That  which 
is  well  pleasing;  also,  the  act  of  pleasing  or 
satisfying.     [Rare.] 
432 


6877 

The  fruits  of  unity  (next  unto  the  well-pleasing  of  God, 
wliich  is  all  in  all)  are  two. 

Bacon,  Unity  in  Religion  (ed.  1887). 

Thou  wouldst  willingly  walk  in  all  well-pleasing  unto 
Him.  Bp.  Leighton,  Com.  on  1st  Peter. 

well-proportioned     (wel'pro-por'shond),   a. 

Havmg  good  or  correct  proportions;  fitting  as 

to  parts  or  relations  ;  properly  coordinated. 
well-read  (wel'red),  a.     Having  read  largely  ; 

ha-ving  an  extensive  and  intelligent  knowledge 

of  books  or  literature. 
well-regulated  (wel'reg'u-la-ted),   (I.    Under 

proper  regulation  or  control;  in  good  order  as 

to  arrangement  or  management ;  well-ordered. 
Things  which  would  have  distressed  most  rvell-regulated 

Belgravian  damsels.  £.  Vates,  Land  iit  Last,  iii.  3. 

well-respected  (wel're-spek'ted),  «.     1.  Held 
in  high  respect ;  highly  esteemed.     [Rare.] 
If  well-respected  honour  bid  me  on, 
I  hold  aa  little  counsel  with  weak  fear 
As  you,  my  lord.        Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3. 10. 

2t.  Having  respect  to  facts  or  conditions; 
properly  viewed ;  carefully  weighed. 

well-room  (wel'rom),  »).  1.  A  room  which  con- 
tains a  well ;  especially,  a  room  built  over  a 
mineral  spring,  or  into  which  its  waters  are 
conducted,  and  where  they  are  drunk. —  2.  In 
a  boat,  a  place  in  the  bottom  where  leakage 
and  rainwater  are  collected,  to  be  thrown  out 
with  a  scoop. 

well-rounded  (wel'roun'ded),  a.  Being  well 
or  properly  rounded  or  filled  out ;  symmetri- 
cally proportioned ;  complete  in  all  parts. 

.Something  so  complete  and  well-round''d  in  his  .  .  . 
life.  Long/ellow. 

well-seentCwel'seu'),  a.   Highly  accomplished ; 
e.xpert ;  skilful. 
All  sixe  vxU-seene  in  amies,  ;iud  prov'd  in  many  a  fight. 
Spenser,  E.  Q.,  V.  iii.  5. 
As  a  schoolmaster 
Well  seen  in  music,  to  instruct  Biauca. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  2.  134. 
well-set  (wel'sef),  fl.     1.  Firmly  set  or  fixed  ; 
properly  placed  or  arranged. 

Instead  of  a  girdle,  a  rent ;  and,  instead  of  ivell  set  hair, 
baldness.  Isa.  iii.  24. 

2.  Symmetrically  formed  ;   properly  joined  or 
put  together:  as,  a  trcll-net  frame  or  body. 
well-sinker  (wersing"ker),  II.    One  who  sinks 
or  digs  wells. 

Modern  urll-sinkers  will  go  down  in  any  strata  almost 
to  any  depth.  Sci.  Ainer.,  N.  S.,  L^V.  89. 

well-sinking  (wersing'''king).  II.  The  ope- 
ration of  sinking  or  digging  wells;  the  act  of 
boring  for  water. 

well-smack  (wel'smak),  H.  A  fishing-smack 
furnished  with  a  well;  a  smack.  [Canada  and 
New  Eng.] 

well-spherometer  (wersfe-roin"e-ter),  ».  A 
form  of  splierometer  for  accurately  measuring 
the  radius  of  cnrv.ature  of  a  lens. 

well-spoken  (wel'spo'kn),  fl.  1.  Spoken  well 
or  with  propriety:  as,  a  ircll-spokcit  recitation. 
—  2.  See  well  spoken,  xmAev  apeak. 

well-spring  (wel'spring),  «.  [<  ME.  leeUr- 
si>riuij,  icilt<prin<i,  <  AS.  icyllspriiiy,  iryhiiriny.  a 
fountain,  spring  of  water,  <  wijll,  well,  -I-  sprituj, 
spring:  see  iirHl  and  sprbuj.']  1.  A  water- 
source  ;  a  fountainhead ;  a  living  spring.  [Ob- 
solete or  archaic] 

A  litill  lirooke  that  com  reunynge  of  two  welle  tqiryngee 
of  a  niountayne.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  3.),  ii.  338. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  perennial  source  of 
anything;  a  fountainhead  of  supply  or  of  ema- 
nation. 

Understanding  is  a  welhpring  of  life  unto  him  that 
hath  it.  Prov.  xvi.  22. 

well-staircase  (wel'star'kas),  ».  A  staircase 
forming  or  built  around  a  well  or  well-hole. 
See  icclV-,  ii.,  5  (a). 
well-sweep  ( wel'swep),  H.  A  sweep  or  pivoted 
polo  to  one  end  of  which  a  bucket  is  hung  for 
drawing  water  from  a  well. 
Leaning  well-Kweeps  creaked  in  the  scant  garden. 

S.  Judd,  Slargaret,  ii.  ]. 

well-tempered  (wel'tem'perd),  a.  In  music, 
tuned  in  ecpial  temperament.  Tlie  term  is  used 
specifically  in  tlic  (English)  title  of  one  of  J.  S.  Bach's  most 
famous  works,  "The  Well-Tempered  (Clavichord,"  a  col- 
lection of  ft)rty-eight  preludes  :ind  fugues,  in  two  equal 
parts,  one  tlinshed  iti  1722  and  tlic  other  in  1744,  w  hicb 
were  written  in  all  the  major  and  minor  keys  (tonalities) 
of  the  keyboard  for  the  purpose  of  testing  tlie  tlieory  of 
tuning  in  eiinal  teniifci-innent,  at  that  time  but  little 
known.     See  temperament. 

well-thewed  (wel'thud),  «.  [<  ME.  u-d-tlieu-cd. 
iril  tliiKrd ,'  <  «•(//'-  -I-  thiirid.]  (jiood  in  man- 
ner, habit,  form,  or  construction  ;  well-man- 
nered; well  done. 


well-wisher 

They  bene  so  well-thewed,  and  so  wise. 
What  ever  that  good  old  man  bespake. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Feliruary. 

well-timbered  (wel'tim'b^rd),  a.  Well  fur- 
nished with  timber:  as,  ireU-tiinbered  land ;  also, 
made  with  good  or  abundant  timber,  literally 
or  figuratively ;  strongly  formed  or  built. 

A  well-timbered  fellow,  he  would  have  made  a  good 
column,  an  he  had  been  thought  on  when  the  house  was 
a  building. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  Ind. 

well-timed  (wel'timd),  a.  1.  Done  at  a  good 
or  suitable  time  ;  opportune. 

Methinks  an  angry  scorn  is  here  well  timed. 

Lowell,  ToG.  W.  Curtis. 

2.  Keeping  accurate  time:  as,  trcH-timed  oars. 

well-to-do  (wel'to-do'),  a.     1.  Having  means 

to  do  or  get  along  with;  well  off;  forehanded; 

prosperous :  as,  a  well-to-do  merchant  or  farmer. 

I  am  rich  and  well-to-do.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

2.  Manifesting  a  state  of  being  well  off;  in- 
dicative of  prosperity. 

There  was  a  well-to-do  aspect  al)out  the  place. 

Mre.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  vi, 

Tobermory  is  a  commonplace  town,  with  a  semicircle  of 
uvll-to-do  houses  on  the  shores  of  a  sheltered  bay. 

Harper's. Mag.,  LXXVII.  498. 

well-tomb  (■wel'tom),  n.  A  deeply  excavated 
tomb;  one  of  a  numerous  class  of  ancient 
burial-pits,  as  in  Egypt  and  in  Phenician  lands, 
etc.,  sunk  in  the  gi'ound  or  rock  like  wells. 

The  graves  belong  to  tiie  type  of  well-tombs,  and  show  a 
curious  and  subtle  art  in  their  design  for  the  purpo.ses  of 
concealment.  The  Nation,  XLVIII.  303. 

well-trap  (wel'trap),  n.     Same  as  stink-trap. 

well-'tube  (wel'tiib),  «.  A  wooden  or  metallic 
tube  or  piping  running  from  top  to  bottom  of  a 
well  for  the  fluid  to  rise  or  be  pumped  through. 

See  cut  niuler  jiackiiig Well-tube  filter,  a  filter  or 

stl-ainer  at  tiie  end  <if  the  tube  of  a  driven  well,  to  pre- 
vent the  entrance  of  gravel  or  sanil. 

well-turned  (wel'tcnul),  «.  1.  Accurately 
tm'ued  or  rounded:  as,  a  well-turned  column. — 
2.  Dexterously  turned  or  fashioned;  well- 
rounded;  aptly  constructed:  as,  a  well-turned 
sentence  or  compliment. 

well-warranted  (wel'wor'an-ted),  n.  Having 
good  warrant  or  credit;  well-accredited;  well- 
trusted. 

And  yon,  my  nolde  and  well-warranted  cousin,  .  .  . 
Do  with  your  injuries  as  seems  yon  best. 

Shak.,  M.  for  ,\f.,  V.  1.  254. 

well-water  (werwa"tcr),  n.  The  water  of  a 
well  or  of  wells ;  water  drawn  from  an  artificial 
well. 

He  alludes  to  the  excellence  of  her  freestone  welt-ivatcr, 
declares  he  nnist  really  take  a  third  drink  out  of  her  nice 
goiu-d.  W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  24!>. 

well-'willedt,  "■  [<  ME.  welwi/lli/d ;  <  u-eir~  + 
H'(//l  -I-  -<(l'^.]     Bearing  good-wiil;  favorable. 

well-Willert  (wcrwil"er),  n.  One  who  wills  or 
wishes  well ;  a  well-wisher. 

[They]  scornefullie  mocke  his  worde,  and  also  spiteful- 
lie  hate  and  hurte  all  well  willera  theieof. 

Aacham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  82. 
Be  ruled  by  your  well-willers. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  1.  72. 

well-'Willingt  (wel'wil'ing),  a.  [<  ME.  wele- 
wijlttjiKj,  welwillende,  <  AS.  welwillende  (tr.  L. 
beneiuiliis),  <  wel.  well,  -t-  willcndc,  ppr.  of  ic///l.] 
Wishing  well;  well-inclined;  favorable;  friend- 
ly; propitious. 

To  ther  desire  the  kyng  was  welewillyng, 
So  fourth  on  himtyne  he  rode  certeyidy. 

Gemrgdes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  964. 

well-'Willyt  (wel'wir'i),  fl.  [Also  wcl-irilli/;  Se. 
weill-wiUie ;  <  ME.  wellwilli/  (=  S\v.  ralrillii/  = 
Dan.  rcliillifi),  benevolent;  <  irell-  -I-  with  + 
-//I.  Cf.  well-willinij.']  Kindly  wishing;  favor- 
able ;  propitious. 

Vetms  mene  I,  the  wehnlly  planete. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  12.^»7. 

well-'wisht  (wel'wish' ),  )i.  A  good  or  favorable 
wish;  a  benevolent  desire. 

If  this  be  true,  1  nuist  cfuifess'l  am  charitable. only  in 
my  liberal  intentions,  and  bountiful  wetlw'Shcy. 

Sir  T.  Brvume,  Heligio  Jledici,  ii.  13. 

Let  it  not  .  .  .  enter  into  tlie  heart  of  any  one  that  hath 
...  a  well-winh  for  his  friends  or  jiostcrity  to  tliink  ()f  a 
peace  witli  France.       Addisvn,  Present  State  of  the  War. 

well-wishedt  (wel'wisht ),  a.  Held  in  good  will ; 
highly  esteemed  ;  well-liked. 

The  general,  subject  to  a  well-wixh'd  king, 

(^iiit  tlieir  own  part.        .Shak.,  M.  for  .M.,  ii.  4.  27. 

well-'Wisher  (wel'wish'er),  n.  One  who  wishes 
well,  its  to  a  person  or  ii  ctuise ;  a  person  favor- 
ably inclined;  a  sympathizing  friend. 


well-wisher 

It  heartens  the  Young  Libertine,  and  confirms  the  welt- 
vnshers  to  Atheism. 

Jeremy  Collier,  Short  View  (ed.  1698),  p.  1»0. 

well-won  (wel'wun),  (7.  Honestly  gained ;  hard- 
ly earned. 

My  bargains  and  ray  vKll-vmn  thrift. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3.  61. 

well-worn  (werworn),  a.  1.  Much  affected 
by  wear  or  use ;  hence,  familiar  from  frequent 
repetition ;  worn  threadbare. 

The  icelt-ivorn  plea  that  unequal   acquaintanceships 
never  prosper.  Mrs.  Gore,  Two  Aristocracies,  xv. 

I>own  which  a  well-worn  patliway  courted  us. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

2.  Properly  or  becomingly  worn;  suitably 
borne  or  maintained.     [Rare.] 

Tliat  well-worn  reserve  which  proved  he  knew 
Xo  sympathy  with  that  familiar  crew. 

Byron,  Lara,  i.  27. 

welly  (wel'i),  adv.  [An  extension  of  weH^.] 
Weil-nigh;  very  nearly;  almost.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

Our  Joseph 's  welly  blind,  poor  lad. 

Wauffh's  Lancashire  Sont/s. 

welmt,  ''•  »•  [ME.  welmcn,  <  irehn,  walm,  a 
bubbling  up,  a  spring:  see  walm.']  To  well; 
spring. 

The  watere  is  evere  fresh  and  nowe 
That  welmeth  up  with  wawis  brighte. 

Rom.  of  the  Hose,  1.  1561. 

wels  (welz),  n.     The  sheatfish,  Silurns  (jlanis. 

Welsil  (welsh),  a.  andji.  [Formerly  also  Welch, 
early  mod.  E.  also  Walsh;  <  ME.  Welsce,  Walshe, 
Wie.lscc,  Walsche,  Walse,  Walisc,  Welisc,  <  AS. 
weUsc,  wselisc,  foreign,  esp.  Celtic,  in  later  use 
applied  also  to  the  French  (=  OHG.  ivalhisc, 
foreign,  esp.  pertaining  to  Rome,  Roman,  MHG. 
welscli,  icellisch,  walliisc,  pertaining  to  Rome, 
French,  Italian,G.  wiihch,  foreign  (cf.G.  Wdlsch- 
laml,  Italy),  =  leel.  vaMr,  foreign),  <  wealh  (pi. 
wealas),  foreigner,  esp.  the  Celts  or  Welshmen, 
=  OHG.  walk,  MHG.  walch,  a  foreigner,  esp.  a 
Roman  (ef.  Wallach);  of.  LL.  Volcse,  a  reflex  of 
a  Celtic  name.  The  AS.  noun,  in  the  pi.  Wealas, 
lit.  'foreigners,'  exists  in  the  patrial  names 
Wales,  Cornwall,  and  in  eomp.  in  wahmt;  and 
the  adj.  appears  as  a  surname  in  the  forms 
WeWi,  Welch,  Walsh.]  I.  a.  If.  Foreign.  See 
welshnut. —  2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  Wales 
(a  titular  principality  and  a  part  of  the  island 
of  Great  Britain,  opposite  the  southern  part  of 
Ireland),  or  to  its  people  or  its  indigenous  Cym- 
ric language — Welsh  clearwlng,  Trochilium  scolise- 
forme,  a  British  hawk-moth  whose  larva  feeds  on  the 
birch. —  Welsh  draket,  the  gaiiwall  or  gray  duck,  Chan- 
lelasmus  strepenut.  J.  P.  Giraud,  ISii.  Also  called  Ger- 
man  duck.  See  cut  under  Chaulelasmus.  [New  Jersey.] 
—  Welsh  glave.  See  glave,  3.—  Welsh  groin,  in  arch., 
a  proin  formed  by  the  intersection  of  two  cylindrical 
vaults,  of  which  one  is  of  less  height  than  the  other.  See 
iinderpitch  groining,  under  (jroininy.  —  Welsh  harp.  See 
/iar/>.— Welsh  hook,  an  old  military  weapon  of  the  bill 
kind,  but  having,  in  addition  to  a  cutting-blade,  a  hook 
at  the  back. 

Swore  the  devil  his  true  liegeman  upon  the  cross  of  a 
Welsh  hook.  Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  ii.  4.  S72. 

Welsh  lay.  See  lay'i. — Welsh  main,  a  ntjitch  at  cock- 
lighting  where  all  niust  fight  to  death.  .S'co«.— Welsh 
medlar.  Same  as  ozaioZf.— Welsh  mortgage.  Seemort- 
gat/e.  —  Welsh  mutton,  a  choice  and  delicate  quality  of 
mutton  otjtained  from  a  small  breed  of  sheep  in  Wales. 
St»jmo»w/«.— Welsh  onion,  the  ciliol,  Allium  fistulosum, : 
so  called  from  the  Gentian  Wdlsch,  which  merely  indicates 
a  foreign  origin.  See  cif/ol,  2,  and  iecfr.— Welsh  parsleyt, 
a  burlesque  name  for  hemp  or  a  hangman's  halter  made 
of  it. 

This  is  a  rascal  deserves  ...  to  dance  in  hemp  Der- 
rick's coranto:  let's  choke  him  with  Welsh  jiarsley. 

Jiandolph,  Hey  for  Honesty,  iv.  1. 

Welsh  poppy.  See  Mecotiopsis  and  poppy.— Welsh 
rabbit,  ware,  wig,  etc.    See  the  nouns. 

II.  H.  1.  Collectively,  as  a  plural  word  with 
the  definite  article,  the  people  of  Wales,  or  the 
members  of  tlie  Cymric  race  indigenous  to 
Wales.  They  were  ruled  by  petty  princes,  and 
maintained  their  independence  of  the  English 
till  1282-;!.— 2.  Tlie  language  of  Wales  or  of 
the  Welsh.  The  'Welsh  is  a  memlier  of  the  Celtic  fam- 
ily of  languages,  forming,  with  the  iJreton  language  and 
the  now  extinct  ('ornish  branch,  the  Cymric  group. 
welsh'-  (welsh),  r.  t.  and  i.  [Also  wcleh ;  < 
Wehh^,  cither  from  tlie  surname,  or  in  allusion 
to  the  alleged  bad  faith  of  Welshmen.]  To 
cheat  or  ijractise  cheating  by  betting  or  taking 
money  as  a  stake  on  a  horse-race,  and  running 
off  without  settling. 

A  late  decision  (jf  the  Coin-ts  has  rather  taken  the  lower 
class  of  liookmaker  by  surjirise —  velshiwj  was  decided  to 
be  an  indictable  offence,     yineteenth  Century,  XXVI.  850. 

He  stakes  his  money  with  one  of  the  book-makers  whom 
he  has  seen  at  his  stand  for  many  years,  with  the  cer- 
tainty that  he  will  receive  his  wiimiugs,  and  run  no  ri.sk 
of  being  welshed. 

Daily  Tcleyraph,  March  12,  1887.    (Eneyc.  Vict.) 


6878 

welsher  (wel'sh^r),  n.  [<  welsh^  +  -erl.]  A 
swindling  better  or  book-maker  on  a  race-track; 
one  who  absconds  without  paying  his  losses,  or 
what  is  due  to  others  on  account  of  money  de- 
posited with  him  for  betting.  Also  written 
icelcher. 

The  icelcher  properly  so  called  takes  the  money  offered 
him  to  back  a  horse,  but,  when  he  has  taken  money 
enough  from  his  dupes,  departs  from  the  scene  of  his  la- 
bours, and  trusts  to  his  luck,  a  dyed  wig,  or  a  pair  of  false 
whiskers  not  to  be  recognised.  Alt  the  Year  Round. 

Welshman  (welsh 'man),  «.;  pi.  Welshmen 
(-men).  [Formerly  also  Wclchman;  <  Welsh  + 
man.]  1 .  A  native  of  the  principality  of  Wales, 
or  a  member  of  the  Welsh  race. —  2.  A  local 
name  of  the  black-bass  and  of  the  squirrel-fish. 

welshnutt  (welsh'nut),  n.  [Also  walshnut;  < 
ME.  welshnotc,  walshnoie,  lit.  'foreign  nut':  see 
Welsh'^  and  nut,  and  cf.  walnut.]  The  nut  of  Ju- 
(jlans  reyia,  tlie  European  walnut ;  also,  the  tree. 

I  saugh  him  carien  a  wind-melle 

Under  a  walsh-note  [var.  welsh-note]  shale. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1281. 
[Early  printed  editions  have  walnote.] 
welsomet  (wel'sum),  a.  [<  ME.  welsum ;  <  wf/P 
+  -some.]  Well  off ;  in  good  condition ;  prosper- 
ous. WvcUf,  Gen.  xxiv.  21. 
welsomelyt  (wel'sum-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  welsum- 
li ;  <  tvelsome  +  -lij'^.]  Prosperously ;  with  fa- 
vor or  well-being. 

I  .  .  .  shall  be  turned  agen  welsumty  to  the  hows  of 
my  fader.  Wycltf,  Gen.  xxviii.  21. 

welt^t  (welt),  i\  i.  [<  ME.  welten,  roll,  upset, 
overturn,  <  AS.  tcyltan,  roll,  etc.,  =  OHG.  wol- 
zan,  MHG.  welzcn,  G.  walzen,  walzen  =  Icel. 
velta,To\\:  see  wait.]     To  roll;  revolve. 

Hit  walz  a  wenyng  vnwar  [foolish]  that  welt  in  his  mynde. 
Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ill.  115. 

welt^  (welt),  ?i.  [<  ME.  weltf,  a  narrow  strip 
of  leather  round  a  shoe,  a  hem,  a  fringe ;  per- 
haps <  W.  f/wald,  a  hem,  welt,  gicaltes,  the  welt 
of  a  shoe  (ef .  ijwaldu,  welt,  hem,  gwalteisio,  form 
a  welt).]  1.  An  applied  hem,  selvage,  border- 
ing, or  fringe;  especially,  a  strengthening  or 
ornamenting  strip  of  material  fastened  along 
an  edge,  or  over  or  between  two  joined  edges, 
often  forming  a  rounded  ridge  by  the  insertion 
of  a  cord  or  the  doubling  outward  of  the  ma- 
terial. [Now  rare,  except  in  specific  or  tech- 
nical uses.] 

Little  low  hedges,  round  like  welts,  with  some  pretty 
pyramids,  1  like  well.  Bacon,  Gardens  (ed.  1887). 

{'lap  but  a  civil  gown  with  a  welt  [a  civilian's  gown  with 
a  furred  border]  on  the  one,  and  a  canonical  cloke  with 
sleeves  on  the  other.  B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  iv.  2. 

A  committee-man's  clerk,  or  some  such  excellent  ras- 
cal, clothing  himself  from  top  to  toe  in  knavery,  without 
a  welt  or  gard  of  goodness  about  him. 

Rntidolph,  Hey  for  Honesty,  i.  1. 
His  coat  was  greeiie, 
"With  welts  of  white  seamde  betweene. 

Greene,  Mourning  Garment, 
Specifically  —  («)  In  a  heraldic  achievement,  a  narrow 
border  to  an  or(linary  or  charge,  (b)  A  strip  uf  material 
sewed  round  or  along  an  open  edge,  as  of  a  glove. 

He  [a  glove-maker]  cuts  pieces  for  the  tlniml»s  .  .  .  and 
for  the  binding  round  the  top  and  the  opening  just  above 
the  palm  of  the  hand,  which  are  called  welts, 

Chamtters's  Journal,  5th  ser.,  III.  226. 
((•)  A  strip  of  leather  in  a  boot  or  shoe  sewed  round  the 
edge  of  the  conjoined  upper  leather  and  inner  sole,  pre- 
paratory to  the  attachment  of  the  bottom  or  outer  sole. 
See  cut  under  t>oot.  (d)  In  carp.,  a  strip  forming  an  addi- 
tional thickness  laid  over  a  flush  seam  or  joint,  or  placeil 
in  an  angle,  to  strengthen  it,  as  in  a  carvel-built  vessel, 
(c)  In  sheet-iron  work,  a  strip  riveted  to  two  contiguous 
plates  forming  a  butt-joint,  if)  In  knitting:  (1)  One  of  the 
ribs  at  an  end  of  the  work,  intended  to  prevent  it  from 
rolling  up,  as  around  the  opening  or  top  of  a  sock.  (2)  A 
separate  flap,  as  a  heel-piece,  on  any  piece  of  work  made 
in  a  knitting-machine.  It  is  made  independently  of  the 
work,  and  afterward  knitted  on. 
Hence  —  2.  A  low  superficial  ridge  or  linear 
S'ivelling,  as  on  the  skin ;  a  weal  or  wale  :  as, 
to  raise  welts  on  a  person  or  an  animal  by 
blows  with  a  whip.  See  trelt'^.  r.  1.,  2.  [Colloq.] 
welt'-*  (welt),  ».  <.  l<welf^,v.]  1.  To  fix  a  welt 
or  welts  to  or  in ;  furnish  or  ornament  with  any- 
thing called  a  welt:  as,  to  welt  shoes. 

If  any  be  sicke,  a  speare  is  set  vp  in  his  Tent  with 
blacke  Felt  tvelted  about  it,  and  from  thenceforth  no 
stranger  entereth  therein.      Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  412. 

Wit 's  as  suitable  to  guarded  coats  as  wisdom  is  to  wetted 
gowns.  Chapman,  Monsieur  D'Olive,  iv.  1. 

2.  To  beat  severely  with  a  whip  or  stick,  where- 
by welts  may  be  raised.  See  welt^,  «.,  2.  [Col- 
loq.] —  welted  thistle.  See  thistle. 
welt^  (welt),  r.  i.  [A  dial.  var.  of  wilt.]  To 
wilt;  wither;  become  soft  or  flabby,  as  from 
decay;  liecorae  rojiy  or  stringy,  as  some  liquors. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

Her  coodn't  lave  'ouze  by  raison  of  the  Christmas  bakkon 
comin'  on,  and  zonie  o'  the  cider  welted. 

R.  D.  Blackmore,  L(U-na  Doone,  ii. 


welt-shoulders 

welt*t.     Preterit  of  wait. 

wel't-cut'ter  (welt'kuf'^r),  n.  In  shoe-manuf.,  a 
machine  to  cut  notches  in  the  edges  of  a  welt, 
in  order  to  admit  of  laying  it  in  smoothly  at 
the  toe.  The  cutting-blade  is  triangular,  and 
is  depressed  by  a  treadle  and  raised  by  a 
spring.     E.  H.  Knight. 

weltet.  Preterit  of  weM",  welde,  older  forms  of 
wield. 

wel'ter  (wel'ter),  V.  [<  ME.  welteren,  a  var.  of 
walteren,  waltren,To\\oveT:  see  waiter.]  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  roll  or  toss;  tumble  about;  flow 
or  act  waveringly,  confusedly,  or  tumultuously : 
used  chiefly  of  waves,  or  of  things  comparable 
to  them. 

Again  the  reckless  and  the  brave 
Ride  lords  of  weltering  seas. 

Motherwell,  Battle-Hag  of  Sigurd. 

Incapable  of  change. 
Nor  touched  by  welterings  of  passion. 

Wordsworth,  Frel.,  vi. 
The  waves 
"Whelmed  the  degraded  race,  and  weltered  o'er  their  graves. 
Bryant,  The  Ages,  sL  18. 

2.  To  roll  about,  as  in  some  fluid  or  unstable 
medium ;  be  tossed  or  tumbled  ;  hence,  to  wal- 
low or  grovel  (in  something). 

He  must  not  float  upon  his  watery  bier 
Unwept,  and  welter  to  the  parching  wind 
Without  the  meed  of  some  melodious  tear. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  t  13. 

Happier  are  they  that  welter  in  their  sin. 
Swine  in  the  mud,  that  cannot  see  for  slime. 

Tennyson,  Holy  GraiL 

3.  To  be  exposed  to  or  affected  by  some  wel- 
tering or  floating  substance  or  medium :  said  of 
objects  at  rest. 

When  all  is  past,  it  is  humbling  to  tread 
O'er  the  weltering  field  of  the  tombless  dead. 

Byron,  Siege  of  Corinth,  xvIL 

We  climbed  over  the  crest  of  high  sand,  where  the 
rushes  lay  weltering  after  the  wind. 

R.  D.  Blackmore,  Maid  of  Sker,  xi. 

She  fell  from  her  horse,  slain,  and  weltering  in  her 
blood.  E.  W.  Lane,  Modern  Egyptians,  II.  153. 

II.  trans.  If.  To  roll ;  cause  to  turn  or  re- 
volve. 

He  that  weltereth  a  stone.  BiWe  of  1549  (Prov.  xxvi.  27X 
2.  To  subject  to  or  affect  by  weltering;  ac- 
complish by  or  as  if  by  wallowing.     [Rare.] 

Weltering  your  way  thi-ough  chaos  and  the  murk  of  Hell. 

Carlyle. 

wel'ter  (wel'ter),  V.  [<  welter,  v.]  Rolling  or 
wallowing  motion ;  a  tossing  or  tumbling 
about ;  hence,  turmoil ;  ferment ;  hurly-burly. 

The  foul  welter  of  our  so-called  religious  or  other  con- 
troversies, Carlyle, 

Nothing  but  a  confused  welter  and  quiver  of  mingled  air, 
and  rain,  and  spray,  as  if  the  very  atmosphere  is  writhing 
in  the  clutches  of  the  gale.     Kin^sley,  Two  Years  Ago,  iii, 

Tlie  welter  of  the  waters  rose  up  to  his  chin. 

Willictm  Morris,  Sigurd,  L 

welter-race  (wel'ter-ras),  n.  A  race  in  which 
the  horses  carry  welter-weight.  See  tceltcr- 
wciijh  t. 

welter-stakes  (wd'ter-staks),  n.  pi.  The  stakes 
in  a  welter-race. 

welter-weight  (wel'ter-wat),  II.  [Appar.  <  wel- 
ter, r.,  +  wvighi;  in  allusion  to  the  heavier  mo- 
tion. But  in  early  racing-lists  the  first  element 
is  said  to  be  swelter,  for  which  tlien  «t/?<t  would 
be  a  substitute.  Swelter  would  allude  to  the 
overheating  of  the  heavily  weighted  horses.] 
In  horse-racing,  an  unusually  heavy  weight,  es- 
pecially as  carried  by  horses  in  many  steeple- 
chases and  hurdle-races.  These  weights  some- 
times amount  to  as  much  as  40  pounds  over 
weight  for  age. 

wel't-gnide  (welt'gid),  ».  An  attachment  to  a 
shoe-sewing  machine  for  presenting  the  welt 
in  the  machine  in  position  for  sewing  in. 

welting  (wel'ting),  H.  [Verbal  n.  of  welt^,  »•.] 
1.  A  sewed  border  or  edging;  a  thickened 
edging. —  2.  A  severe  beating  with  a  whip, 
stick,  strap,  or  the  like.     [Colloq.] 

He  bewhimpered  his  tceltittg,  and  1  scarce  thought  it 
enough  for  him.  G.  Meredith. 

wel't-leather  (welt'leTH'er),  n.    Leather  from 
the  slioulders  of  tanned  hides,  used  for  mak- 
ing the  welts  of  boots  and  shoes. 
The  demand  for  welt  leather  is  greater  than  the  supply. 
U.  S.  Com.  Rep.,  Na  lii.  (188!i),  p.  442. 

welt-machine  (welt'ma-shen'),  n.  In  ghoe- 
mnniif..  a  macliine  for  cutting  leather  into  strips 
suitable  for  welts.  The  welts  are  afterward  passeil 
through  the  welt-cutter.  Welts  may  also  be  cut  and 
trimmed  with  hand-tools  called  ^celt-trimv\ers. 

welt-shoulders  (welt'shol'derz),  n.  pi.  Same 
as  welt-leather. 


welt-trimmer 

welt-trimmer  (welt'trim"cr),  >i.  A  eutting-tool 
for  trimming  welts  for  shoes;  also,  a  welt- 
machine. 

wel-willyt,  «•     See  well-will!/. 

WelwitSChia  (wel-wioh'i-a),  II.  [NL.  (J.  D. 
Hooker,  186H),  named  aner  Friedrieh  ft'cl- 
witsch  (1806-72),  an  Austrian  botanist  and 
traveler.]  A  genus  of  gJ^nnospermous  plants, 
of  the  order  Gnctaceee,  among  the  most  remark- 
able in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  distinguished 
by  dioecious  many-flowered  imbricated  cone- 
like spikes  panicled  at  the  margin  of  a  short 
woody  trunk.  The  only  species,  W.  mirahilis,  is  a  native 
of  sandy  regions  of  southwestern  tropical  Africa,  in  Ben- 
guela  and  Daniara-land,  l)etween  14'  an<t  23'  south  latitude. 


Weilfifsi-hia  mirabilis. 
I.  Entire  plaint,  a.  Hranchofthe  p.iniclc.  «,  stamen  — tulie  l.iid  oi>ei>. 
tjiowin^  the  incloscil  ovule  ;  h,  pollen-);rains  :  r,  scale  of  cone  with 
flower-mid:  ,/, seed,  longitudinal  section,  showing;  the  cal^ptrifonn 
intettumcnt  at  its  apex  ;  e,  ripe  see<l  an<l  Kise  of  pericarp  ;  /,  pericarp 
with  styhforni  apex  of  the  inteEumeut  of  the  seed  :  f^,  cnihryo. 

It<  thick  trunk  liears  hut  two  leaves.  The  original  coty- 
ledonn,  which  are  opi>08ite,  green,  spreailiug,  and  persis- 
tent, are  uonip<«eil  of  a  hard  fllirous  substance,  and  licconie 
often  tt  feet  huig  and  2  or  3  wiile.  They  fliially  split  into 
long  shreils,  hut  are  still  retained,  it  is  said,  throiiiih  over 
a  hunilred  years  <if  growth.  Ille  mature  trunk  fonns  a 
tabular  mass  only  alxnit  a  foot  high,  but  ."J  or  fi  feet  across ; 
the  top  iB  truncate,  hard,  pitteii,  ami  broken  by  cracks, 
and  resembles  a  fungus  of  the  genus  Volyporu^ ;  the  base 
is  deeply  sunk  in  the  soil,  and  produces  middle-sized  roots. 
The  panicled  inflorescence  is  coinpi'Seii  of  rigid  erect  di- 
ehotoniously  jointed  stems  from  fi  to  12  inches  high,  with 
two  opposite  scales  sheathing  each  joint,  and  is  tievelopcii 
annually  from  the  upper  sitle  of  the  tnink  at  the  base  of 
the  cotyledons.  The  flower-spikes  are  conipiiseil  of  bril- 
liant scarlet  scales  overlapping,  usually  in  four  rows  —  the 
male  with  spikes  \\  inches  long  or  under,  the  female  larger, 
fewer,  and  thicker.  Each  scale  contains  a  flower,  the  male 
a  small  loose  niembranous  perianth,  the  fliaments  connate 
into  a  Itjosely  exserted  tnl>e,  and  six  anthers,  cacli  opening 
by  three  apical  antl  finally  confluent  pores.  The  fruit  is 
dry,  two-winged,  compressed,  inclosed  in  a  flbrous  ntrii-le. 
The  new  growth  is  chiefly  horizontal,  enliirging  the  stem 
both  al)ove  and  lielow  the  l)ii.se  of  the  leaf,  which  tlnally 
projecta  fnun  a  tlcep  marginal  cavity. 
welyt,  ".  [MK.,  <  AS.  iieUij,  icdfy  (=  OIKi. 
irela</i),  rich,  wealtliy,  <  irclii,  weal:  see  «•(«/'.] 
lu  a  state  of  weal  or  good  health;  healthy. 

Tile  clawes  drie  ami  scabbetl  oMe  biisely 
Kytte  all  away,  ami  kepe  up  that  is  trel^. 

PaUmiiiiJ',  Husbondrie  (E.  F..  T.  S.),  p.  70. 

Wem't  (wem),  M.  [Early  mod.  K.  also  icraiii ; 
<  ME.  iceiii,  iccmiiif,  aitereil,  after  the  verb,  from 
'wain,  "iroiii,  <  AS.  iriiiii,  irinn  (iniiinn-,  ii'iiiiim-), 
spot,  blot,  sin,  =  OS.  uaiii  =  OFries.  irmii  (in 
Klitiwitm)  =  OHG.  wmiim  =  Icel.  raiiiiii  =  (Joth. 
wamm,  a  spot,  lilemish.  Cf.  icein'^,  v.]  A  spot; 
scar;  fault;  lilemish;  taint. 

Beren  your  Ijody  into  every  place  .  .  . 
Withoute  irem  of  yow   thurgh  foul  or  fair. 

Cham-er,  .Siiuire's  Talc,  1.  113. 

The  shaft  must  lie  nnule  round,  nothing  flat,  without 
gall  or  teem,  tor  this  purpose. 

AKhaw,  ToX(ilihiluB(ed.  ISOI),  p.  121. 


6879 

Rubbe  out  the  wrinckles  of  the  niinde,  and  l.ic  not  curi- 
ous about  the  iceams  in  the  face. 
Lyltf,  Euphues  and  his  England  (Arber's  reprint,  IV.  463). 

wem^t  (wem),  V.  t.  [<  ME.  weiiimen,  <  AS.  ircm- 
man  (=  OHG.  ffi-wemman  =  Goth,  aiui-wamm- 
jan),  spot,  blemish,  etc.,<  warn  (waiiiiii-),  a  spot: 
see  icewl,  H.]     To  corrupt;  vitiate.     Driint. 

wem^t  (wem),  «.  [A  shortened  form  of  weatii, 
wame,  a  dial,  form  of  wmiib.~\  The  belly;  the 
wame. 

He  bad  his  gang  therefore  command  ns  .  .  . 
To  probe  its  [the  Trojan  horse's]  went  with  wedge  and 
beetle.  Cotton,  Scarronides,  p.  7.    (Davies.) 

wemlesst  (wem'les),  (I.  [<  ME.  weiiiles,  iccmiiic- 
Ics,  Kciiilecs,  <  AS.  wamlcdfi,  woiiilcds,  without 
spot  or  blemish,  <  warn,  spot,  -I-  -?e«'A'  =  E.  -Icss.J 
Spotless;  stainless;  immaculate. 

Thou  Virgin  tvemmeles. 
Bar  of  thy  body,  and  dweltest  mayden  pure. 

Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1.  47. 

wemmyt  (wem'i),  «.  [<  «c«(l -I- -ji.]  Faulty; 
unsound;  blemished;  tainted. 

The  mustiewheate,  thcsowre  wine,  the  ratt-eaten  bread, 
the  wemmie  cheese. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1677),  p.  2.^7. 

wen  (wen),  11.  [<  ME.  wen,  iceiiiw,<  AS.  wen,  wseii 
{weiiii-,  weenii-)  =  OFries.  wen  =  D.  wen  =  L6. 
ii'CH,  ween  =  G.  dial,  wenne,  wehne,  tvahnc,  a  wen, 
wart.]  A  circumscribed  benign  tumor  of  mod- 
erate size,  occurring  on  any  part  of  the  body, 
but  especially  on  the  scalp,  consisting  of  a  well- 
defined  sac  inclosing  sebaceous  matter. 

wenchl  (wench),  H.  [<  ME.  weiiehe.  shortened 
form  of  wenchel,  orig.  a  child,  prob.  <  AS.  *if en- 
eel,  a  child,  represented  by  the  once  occun-ing 
winelo,  pi.,  children,  prob.  for  "!ceHCf7H, neut.pl. 
of  the  adj.  wcncel,  icenecle,  weak  (found  once,  in 
dat.  pi.  wenecluni,  applied  to  widows),  var.  of 
waneiil,  woncol,  unstable,  >  E.  wnnkle:  see  wan- 
kie.  The  AS.  wencle,  a  wench,  a  daughter, 
given  by  Somner,  is  an  error  based  upon  the 
above  forms.]     It.  A  child  (of  either  sex). 

Were  &  wif  tt.  wenchel  [man  and  wife  and  child]. 

Aneren  liiuie,  p.  334. 

2.  A  female  child  ;  a  girl ;  a  maid  or  damsel ; 
a  young  woman  in  general.  \Wciieh  had  originally 
no  depreciatory  implication,  and  continued  tei  be  used  in 
a  resiiectful  sense,  esjiecially  as  a  familiar  term,  long 
after  it  hail  acquired  such  an  implication  in  specific  em- 
ployment ;  and  it  is  still  comnmnly  so  used  in  provincial 
English,  and  sometimes  arcliaically  in  literature.] 
William  tt  his  worthi  iceiiche  [a  iirincess]  than  were  blithe 
Of  the  help  that  thei  hade  <if  this  wiltl  best. 

William  of  Paler  lie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  lOOl. 

Go  3e  awey,  for  the  weiiche  is  nat  dead,  but  slepith. 

Wijclif,  Mat.  ix.  24. 

Xow,  how  diist  thou  look  now?  O  ill-starr'd  wench  [Dcs- 

ilemona) !  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2.  272. 

3.  Specifically  —  («)  A  girl  or  young  woman 
of  a  humble  order  or  class;  especially,  a  maid- 
servant; a  working-girl. 

A  wench  [maid-servaiit,  R.  V.]  went  and  toKl  them. 

2  Sam.  xvii.  17. 

The  wench  in  the  kitchen  sings  ami  sciitirs  from  mtiiii- 

iiig  to  night.  .'ileele,  Tatlcr,  No.  24s. 

(ft)  A  lewd  or  immodest  woman  ;  amistress;  a 
concubine;  a  stnmipet.  [This  use  was  early 
developed,  and  is  always  indicated  by  the  con- 
text.    It  is  oljsolescen'i.] 

I  am  a  gentil  wumman,  ami  no  wenrhe. 

Chaucer,  Merchants  Tale,  I.  il.^K*^. 
A  lodging  of  your  providing!  tt>  be  called  a  lieutenant's 
or  a  captain's  wench  ! 

Dekker  and  Wetixter,  Northward  Ho,  i.  2. 

(<•)  A  colored  woman  of  any  age;  a  negress  or 
inulattress,  especially  one  in  service.    [( 'ollo([., 
V.  S.] 
wench^  (wench),  r.  i.     [<  ireiieh^,  ».]     To  con- 
sort with  strumpets. 
Wliat  's  become  of  the  wenehing  rogues  ? 

Shak.,  T.  iiml  V.,  v.  4.  S.'j. 

wench-t,  ".  An  obsolete  form  of  wiiieli'^  for 
winee'^. 

wencher  (wen'cher),  ".  [<Mr«W(l  +  -cr'.]  XJne 
who  wenches;  a  lewd  man. 

.My  cozen  Roger  told  ns  .  .  .  that  the  Archliislnjp  of 
f'auterbnry  ...  is  as  very  a  trencher  as  can  lie. 

/'«;<■'/«,  Uiary,  III.  2(17. 

wend'  (wend),  r.;  pret.  and  jip.  wenileil  (for- 
merly also  went),  p\n:  weniHnii.  Il'ent,  which 
is  rc'illy  the  jireterit  of  this  verb  (like  ftent  from 
send),  is  now  detached  from  it  and  used  as  prc(- 
erit  of  ijii.  [<  ME.  irenden,  <  AS.  wcniltin,  tr. 
turn,  intr.  turn  oneself,  proceed,  go,  =  OS.  wcn- 
dian,  wenileiin  =  OFries.  wendo  =  1).  wenden, 
turn,  tack,  =  OH(i.  wentiiii,  MIIG.  (!.  wenden, 
cause  to  turn,  =  Irv\.rentlii,  wend,  turn,  change, 
=  Sw.  vdnda  =  Dan.  vendt:  =  Goth,  waiidjiin, 
cause  to  turn;  caus.  of  AS.  windaii,  etc.,  turn. 


wentletrap 

wind:  see  wind^,  r.]  I.  trtin.f.  It.  To  turn; 
change. 

To  wenden  thus  here  thoght. 

Genesis  and  .fc'xo*«(E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  4061. 

2.  To  direct  (one's  way  or  course) ;  proceed 
upon. 

Wende  foi-the  thi  course,  I  coniaunde  the. 

York  Plays,  p.  52. 
And  still,  her  thought  that  she  was  left  alone 
Uncoinpanicd,  great  voyages  to  wend 
In  desert  land,  her  Tyrian  folk  to  seek. 

Surrey.  .'Encid,  iv.  616. 

Then  slower  tveiided  back  his  way 
Where  the  poor  maiden  bleeding  lay. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iv.  26. 

II.  intra  ns.   If.  To  turn;  make  a  turn;  go 
round ;  veer. 

For  so  is  this  worlde  went  with  hem  that  ban  powere. 

Piers  Plotvvian  (B),  iii.  280. 
At  the  tvendynr/  [turning  of  the  furrow]  slake 
The  yoke,  thyne  oxen  neckes  forto  cole. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  44. 

The  lesser  [ship]  will  turn  her  broadsides  twice  before 

the  greater  can  wend  once.  Raleigh. 

2.  To  take  one's  way  or  course  ;  proceed  ;  go. 

For  every  wyght  which  that  to  Rome  tcent  [wendeth] 
Halt  nat  o  path  or  alwey  o  manere. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  36. 
As  fer  38  any  wight  hath  ever  ivent. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  444. 
Hopeless  and  helpless  doth  .-l^^geon  trend. 
But  to  procrastinate  his  lifeless  end. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  1.  1.  158. 
Bereft  of  thee  he  trends  astray. 

Prior,  Wandering  I'ilgrini,  st.  12. 

3t.  To  pass  away;  disappear;  depart;  vanish. 

The  grcte  tonnes  see  we  wane  and  tcende. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  2167. 

He  putte  thee  doun,  thou  nisbtist  not  rise  ; 
Thi  sti-engthe,  thi  witt,  awei  is  went! 

Political  Poeins,  etc.  (ed.  Furuivall),  p.  163. 

Wend^  (wend),  H.  [G.  Wende,  pi.  Wenden  (called 
in  Slavic  Serb,  Sorab,  etc.:  see  Serb,  Snrb'^); 
a  name  prob.  ult.  connected  (like  Vandal)  with 
ii'CH(/i,  wander.'^  1.  A  name  applied  in  early 
times  by  the  Germans  to  their  Slavic  neigh- 
bors.—  2.  A  member  of  a  branch  of  the  Slavic 
race  dwelling  in  Eusatia:  same  as  Sorb^. 

wend-^t,  wendet.     Obsolete  preterits  of  ween. 

Wendic  (wen'dik),  a.  and  h.     [<  Wend'^  +  -jc] 

1.  a.  Of  or  jiertainiiig  to  the  Wends;  Wend- 
ish  :  as,  the  Wendic  tongue. 

II.  n.  Same  as  Sorbian,  2. 
Wendish  (wen'dish),   a.     [<  G.  H'cndisch;   as 
ll'cnip  +  -(.',7(1.]  Of  orpcrtainiiig  tothe  Wends; 
Wendic. 

The  original  Wendish  towns  which  thecomiuerors  found 
already  established  .  .  .  ttecame  (lerman. 

W.  Wilson,  State,  §  441. 

wenet,  "•  and  r.     All  old  spelling  of  ween. 
wengt,  "•     An  obsolete  form  of  winij. 

Wennam  prism.    Heoprixin. 

weniont,  ".     Same  as  wanion. 

Wenlock  group.     See  lyroi/;)!. 

wennish  (wcn'ish),  a.  [<  wen  +  -(>/(.]  Hav- 
ing the  character  or  appearance  of  a  wen  ;  also, 
affected  with  wens  or  wen-like  excrescences. 
Sir  II.   Wdllon. 

wenny  (wcn'i),  <i.  [<  wen  +  -//'.]  Same  as 
weiinit^li.      Wiseman,  Surgery. 

wenona  (we-no'nii),  n.  [N.  Amer.  Ind.]  A 
small  American  serpent,  Cliarina  jilnniliea,  na- 
tive of  California  and  Mexico.  It  is  a  sort  of  sand- 
snake  related  to  and  formerly  iilaced  in  the  family  Jiry- 
eidir,  but  represents  a  dilferent  family,  Charinidie. 

went't  (went),  H.  [<  ME.  wente;  <  wenif^  (cf. 
I'enO,  n.,  <  ftciirf').]  1.  A  turn  or  change  of 
course;  a  turning  or  veering;  hence,  a  rolling 
or  tossing  about. 

In  wo  to  beddo  he  wente. 
And  made  or  it  was  day  ful  many  a  wente. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  (i3. 

He  knew  the  diverse  went  of  mortall  wayes. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  VI.  vi.  3. 

2.  A  course;  aiiassage;  a  path. 

Hit  fortli  wente 
Doun  by  a  fioiiiy  grene  u'ente 
Ful  thikke  of  gras,  ful  stifle  ami  sweet. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  lilanche,  I.  SOS. 
Hut  here  my  wearie  teeme,  nigh  over  spent. 
Shall  breath  it  selfe  awhile  after  so  long  a  unit. 

Spenser,  V.  (J.,  IV.  v.  40. 

3.  A  furlong  of  land.     Hallincll. 
went'-' (went).     See  weiid^  and  i/ii. 

went^t,  wentet.     An  olisolete  iireterit  and  jiast 

participle  of  ween. 
wentle  (wen'tl).  r.    [Frcq.  of  H7»</1  (cf.  »T»M).] 

To  turn;  rollover.     llalliireU. 
wentletrap    (wen'tl-trap),   «.      [<    G.    wendel- 

Irejipc,    a    winding    staircase,    cockle-stair,    a 

shell  so  called,  a  wentletrap,  <  wendcl,  in  comp.. 


wentletrap 

a  turning  (<  wenden,  turn:  see  xoemV-,  and  ef. 
win<He),  + treppe,s,t-A\v:  see /raj)^.]  A  shell  of 
the  genus  Scniaria  or  family  Scalariidee ;  a  lad- 
der-shell. See  Scalariidse,  and  cut  under  Scci- 
laria. 

wept.    An  obsolete  preterit  of  tceejA. 

wepelyt,  "•     See  icecj^li/. 

wepent,  wepnet,  -weppont,  weppynt,  etc.,  )(. 
Obsolete  forms  of  weapon. 

wept  (wept).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
wecp'^. 

werH,".  [Alsoicfre;  ME.  wer,  were,  <  AS.  wee, 
a  man,  also  a  fine  so  called,  wergild,  =  OS.  tcer 
=  OHG.  (rer  =  leel.  verr  =  Goth,  wair  =  L.  vir, 
a  man.  Hence,  in  comp.,  wergild,  werwolf. 
From  the  L.  rir  are  ult.  E.  ririle,  virtue,  etc.. 
and  the  second  element  of  decemvir,  duumvir, 
triumvir,  etc.]    1.  A  man. 


6880 

terials  of  all  the  rocks  In  solution,  and  from  which  ocean 
the  various  formations  were  precipitated  one  after  an- 
other. 

The  Wemerian  notion  of  the  aqueous  precipitation  of 
"  Trap  "  has  since  that  date  never  held  up  its  head. 

6.  P.  Serope,  Geol.  and  Extinct  Volcanos  of  Central 
[France,  Pref.,  p.  ix. 

II.  n.  In  ^eo?.,  an  advocate  of  the  Wemerian 
theory. 

My  two  friends  agreed  with  me  in  the  opinion  that  the 
error  of  the  Werneriam  in  undervaluing,  or  rather  despis- 
ing altogether  as  of  no  appreciable  value,  the  influence 


west 

About  the  field  religiously  they  went, 

With  hollowing  charms  the  warwolf  thence  to  fray, 

That  them  and  theirs  awaited  to  betray. 

Drayton,  Man  in  the  Moon. 

In  the  old  doctrine  of  Werewolves,  not  yet  extinct  in 
Europe,  men  who  are  versipelles  or  turnskins  have  the 
actual  faculty  of  jumping  out  of  their  skins,  to  become 
for  a  time  wolves.  E.  B.  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  77. 

werwolflsh,  werewolflsh.  ( wer'-,  wer'  wul'fish ), 
a.  [<  wenvolf  +  -jsfti.]  Like  a  werwolf ;  1}'- 
oanthropic;  having  or  exhibiting  the  appear- 
ance or  propensities  attributed  to  werwolves. 


of  volcanic  forces  in  the  production  of  the  rocks  that  com-  ,„■'   wprpwnlfisni    fwer'-    wer'wul 

pose  the  surface  of  the  globe  formed  a  fatal  bar  to  the  WerWOinsm,   Werewoinsm    (,wer    ,    wer  wm 


progress  of  sound  geological  science  which  it  was  above 
all  things  desirable  to  remove. 

O.  P.  Serope,  Geol.  and  Extinct  Volcanos  of  Central 
[France,  Pref.,  p.  vi. 

Neptune  had  failed  to  extinguish  the  torch  of  Plutx>, 
and  the  Werneriam  were  retreating  before  the  Huttoni- 
ans.  Nature,  XLII.  218. 


Me  hwet  is  he  tlies  icere  that  tu  art  to  Iweddet? 
Life  of  St.  JnliaiM  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 


Ne  lipne  no  wif  to  hire  were,  ne  were  to  his  wyne. 


Wer  [in  ancient  English  criminal  law]  was  a  species  of 

fine,  a  price  set  upon  a  man  according  to  his  rank  in  life. 

Stephen,  Hist.  Crim.  Law,  I.  hi. 


flzm),  n.  [<  icerwolf  +  -ism.']  Lycanthropy; 
also,  the  body  of  tradition  and  belief  on  that 
subject. 

English  folklore  is  singularly  barren  of  were-wolf 
stories.  .  .  .  The  traditional  belief  in  were-wdlftsm  must, 
however,  have  remained  long  in  the  popular  mind,  ,  .  . 
for  the  word  occurs  in  old  ballads  and  romances. 

S.  Baring-Gould,  Book  of  Were- Wolves,  viiL 

weryt.     An  old  form  of  weary'^,  warry,  worry, 

warruy. 


wernerite  (wer'ner-it),  n.     [<  Werner  (see  Wer- 
Pierian)  +  -ite^.']     A  variety  of  scapolite. 

— „  •  .       ,.    ,o,   ,  oi  Werner's  map-projection.    See  projection.        ,„„,„„ 

Old  Eng.  HomUies (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1st  ser.  Moral  Ode,  1.  32.  Wernicke's  fissurC.    The  exoceipital  fissure  of  ^eryanglet  ".     Same  as  warriangle, 
2.  Wergild.  the  cerebrum ;  one  of  the  so-called  ape-fissures,  .^esandt,  ".'   An  old  spelling  of  weasand. 

Every  man  was  valued  at  a  certain  sum,  which  was     found  in  apes  as  well  as  in  man.  we'se  (wez).     1.  A  dialectal  reduction  of  we 

called  his  were.  BoswortA,  Anglo  Saxon  Diet.   ^erOWanCCt,    "•      [Amer.    Ind.J      An    Indian     ^;jaH._  2.  A  dialectal  reduction  of  «;<;  M  for  ice 

chief.  are.     [Negro  dialect,  U.  S.] 

A  tFeroMa?ice  is  a  military  officer,  who  of  couree  takes  •^fesllt  WCSSllt.     Obsolete  preterits  of  wash. 
upon  him  the  command  of  all  parties,  either  of  hunting,  —.-oVo'ttU    «       fiamp  aa  wnsxnil 
travelling,  warring,  or  the  like,  and  the  word  signifies  a  Weslieylt,  «•     bdme  as  '"assajf. 
war-captain,  Beceriei/,  Virginia,  iii.  H  4,5.  we8llt(we'zil),».  [See roertsand. J  The weasand. 

Bacon . 


wer^t,  ».     An  obsolete  form  of  roeir. 

'WBT^,  pron.    A  dialectal  form  of  onr'^. 

werblet,  >'■  and  "•     -A-n  old  form  of  warUe^. 

wercht,  «'.  and  n.     An  old  form  of  work^. 

werche,  a.     Same  as  iversli. 

werdt,  ".     A  Middle  English  form  of  weird. 

werelf.     An   obsolete  form   of  jpearl,   wear'^, 


weir,  war^,  rair. 


were^t,  «.    See  wer'^. 

were^.     Indicative  plural  and  subjunctive  sin- 
gular and  plural  of  teas.     See  was. 

were-angel,  «.     An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  warriantjle. 

weregild,  n.     See  wer<jild. 

werelyet,  «•    Same  as  warely. 

weremod,  ".     Same  as  wormwood.     [Obsolete 
or  prov.  Eng.] 

werent.    An  obsolete  form  of  wereS. 

werena  (wer'na).     A  Scotch  form  of  icere  no 
that  is,  were  not. 

werewolf,  werewolflsh,  etc.   See  werwolf,  etc. 

wergild,  weregild  (wer'-,  wer'gild),  n.  [Also 
ti-eregeld;  prop,  weryild,  repr.  AS.  xoergild,  wer- 
geld,  weryld,  also  erroneously  tvseregild,  weregild 
(=  OHG.  MHG.  wergelt,  G.  wergeld,  wehrgeU),  < 
wer,  a  man,  -t-  geld,  gild,  gyld,  retribution,  com- 
see  !ce>-l  and  yield,  n.,  geld^,  gild^.] 


The  Indians  were  also  deprived  of  the  power  of  choos- 
ing their  own  chief  or  werowance. 

E.  D.  Neill,  Virginia  Carolorum,  viii. 

werret.     A  Middle  English  foi-m  of  warl,  war"^. 

werreiet,  werreyt,  werryt,  'v- 1.  Middle  English 
forms  of  warray. 

werreyourt,  »'•  A  Middle  English  form  of  war- 
rior. 

werset,  «•     An  old  spelling  of  icorse. 

wersh  (wersh),  a.  [Also  tcarsh,  werche;  a  re- 
duced form  of  weomL]  Insipid;  tasteless;  deli- 
cate ;  having  a  pale  and  sickly  look.     [Scotch.] 

Wersh  parritch,  neither  gude  to  fry,  boil,  nor  sup  cauld. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality,  ix. 

werstet,  «•     An  old  spelling  of  worst. 
wert^  (wert).     See  was. 
wert^t,  «.     A  Middle  English  variant  of  ivarf^ 


Wesleyan  (wes'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  Wesley 
(see  def.)  +  -an.}  I.  a.  1.  Pertaining  or  re- 
lating to  the  English  family  to  which  John  and 
Charles  Wesley  belonged,  or  to  any  of  its  mem- 
bers: as,  Wesleyan  genealogy  or  characteris- 
tics; Wesleyan  hymnology.  Specifically — 2. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  John  Wesley  (1703-91), 
or  the  denomination  founded  by  him:  as, 
the  Wesleyan  Methodists;  Wesleyan  doctrine  or 
Methodism.     See  Methodist. 

II.  n.  A  follower  of  John  Wesley;  a  Wes- 
leyan Methodist.     See  Methodist. 

Wesleyanism  (wes'li-an-izm),  n.  [<  Wesleyan 
+  -ism.']  Arminian  Methodism ;  the  system  of 
doctrines  and  church  polity  of  the  Wesleyan 
Methodists. 


Wertherian'^(ver-te%n'an)ra.  '  "(rWertlier^ i\^e  west  (west),  n.  and  «.     [<  ME.  west,  n.,  west 

hero  of  Goethe's  romance,   "Die  Leiden  des     '         '  "" 

jungen  Werther"  ('The  Sorrows  of  Young 
Werther'),  a  type  of  the  sentimental  young 
German,  +  -i-an.]  Resembling  the  character  of 
Werther;  characteristic  of  the  sentiments  and 
modes  of  thought  exemplified  by  Werther. 

A  love-lorn  swain,  .  .  .  full  of  imaginary  sorrows  and 
Wertherian  grief.     TroUope,  P.archester  Towers.  (Roppe.) 


pensation:  _  ,  . 

In  Anglo-Saxon  and  ancient  Teutonic  law,  a  .      ^  r^  ti-    ,.7      / 

kind  of  fine  for  manslaughter  and  other  crimes  Werthensm  (ver  ter-izm),  ».     [<  Werther  (see 
against  the  person,  by  paying  which  the  oflfend-     Wertherian)  -t-  ■ism.']    Wertherian  sentiment. 
er  freed  himself  from  every  further  obligation        The  romance  of  Jacobinism  which  thrilled  in  Shelley, 
or  punishment.    The  fine  or  compensation  due  by  the     the  romance  of  Wertherlsr,i  which  glowed  with  sullen  fire 
offender  varied  in  amount  according  to  his  rank  or  station     m  Byron,  are  extinct  as  poetic  impulses 
and  that  of  the  person  killed  or  injured,  and  also  accord-  Edinburgh  Rev.,  CLXIII.  46». 

ing  to  the  nature  of  the  injury.    It  was  in  general  paid  to  -^ervelst   n.  pi.     An  obsolete  ioYva  ot  varvels. 
therelativesof  him  whohadbeenslain,  or,  in  thecaseof  ,f '  If  (^     A  /_    ■n.er'wulf")    n-    xA 

a  wound  or  other  bodily  harm,  to  the  person  who  sustain-  WerWOlI,  WerCWOlI  (.wer    ,  wer  wuii;,  «. ,    pi. 
ed  the  injury;  but,  if  the  cause  was  brought  before  the     werwolves,    werewolves   (-wulvz).       [Also    loehr- 

■     ' -        ■     '     . -.1^-^--  IV.     ^^^y,  ^jjjj  formerly  warwolf;   prop,  werwolf,  < 

ME.  werwolf  {-p\.  w'erwolves),  <  AS.  werwulf,  also 
erroneously  iverewulf,  a  werwolf  (also  used  as 
an  epithet  of  the  devil)  (=  MD.  loeerwolf  waer- 
wolf,  weyrwolf,  wederwolf,  D.  waarwolf  =  MLG. 
tvertculf,  werwolf,  warivulf  =  MHG.  werwolf,  G. 
werwolf,  also  erroneously  wa7ir(P0//=  Sw.  varulf 
=  Dan.  vantlv,  werwolf;  cf.  OF.  wareul,  garoul, 
P.  garott  (in  comp.  loup-garou),  dial,  gairou, 
varou,  etc.,  ML.  gerulplius,  garulplnis,  <  Tent.), 
lit.  'man-wolf  (tr.Gr.  'AvKavdpunoQ,  >ML.  lycan- 
thropus,  >  E.  h/canthropc),  <  wer,  man,  -f-  tculf, 
wolf:  see  iceri  and  wolf.  ]  In  old  superstition, 
a  human  being  turned  into  a  wolf  while  retain- 
ing human  intelligence.  This  transformation  was 
either  voluntarily  assumed,  through  infernal  aid,  for  the 
giatiflcation  of  cannibalism  or  other  beastly  propensities, 
or  inflicted  by  means  of  witchcraft ;  and  it  might  be  made 
and  unmade  at  its  subject's  will  in  the  former  case,  or  be 
either  temporary  or  permanent  in  the  latter.  A  volun- 
tary werwolf  was  the  most  dangerous  of  all  creatures, 
and  trials  of  men  on  charge  of  crimes  committed  while  in 
this  form  took  place  in  Europe  as  late  as  the  seventeenth 
century.  But  an  involuntary  werwolf  might  retain  hu- 
mane feelings  and  sympathies,  and  act  beneficently  as  tlie 
protector  of  persons  in  distress  or  otherwise  ;  and  many 
medieval  legends  are  based  upon  this  idea.  The  former 
belief  in  werwolves  throughout  Europe  (not  yet  entirely 
extinct  in  regions  where  wolves  still  abound)  has  given 
the  general  name  lycanthropy  to  belief  in  the  metanior- 
pliosia  of  men  into  beasts  of  any  kind  (generally  the  most 
destructive  or  obnoxious  of  the  locality),  prevalent  among 
nejuly  all  savage  and  semi-civilized  peoples. 

Sir  MaiTocke,  the  good  knight  that  was  betrayed  by  his 
wife,  fur  slice  made  him  well  a  seven  years  a  warwol'f. 

Sir  T.  Malory,  Mort  d' Arthur,  III.  cxxxix. 


community  the  plaintiff  received  only  part  of  the  flue,  the 
community,  or  the  king  when  there  was  one,  receiving  the 
remainder. 

weriet,  v.  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  wear^. 

werisht,  werishnesst.  Same  as  toearish,  wear- 
ishness. 

werkandt,  a.    See  warkand. 

werlaughet,  ".  An  obsolete  variant  of  war- 
lock'^. 

Werlhop's  disease.     Purpura  hemorrhagica. 

werlyt,  ".    An  old  form  of  warely. 

wermodt,  «.     An  old  form  of  wormwood. 

wernt,  v.  1.    An  old  form  of  warn. 

wernardt,  ".  [ME.,  <  OF.  guemart,  deceitful, 
prob.,  with  suffix  -art,  E.  -ard,  <  "gnernir,  deny, 
<  OS.  wernian,  etc.,  deny:  see  warn.]  A  de- 
ceiver; a  liar. 

Wel  thow  wost,  u-ernftrd.  but  gif  thow  wolt  gabbe, 
Thow  hast  lianged  on  myne  half  elleuene  tymes. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  iii.  179. 

Thus  saistow,  wernard,  God  give  the  mescliaunce. 
Chaucer,  I'rol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  260  (in  some  M8S.). 

Wemerian  (wer-ne'ri-an),  0.  and  )i.  [<  Werner 
(sec  ilcf. )  -t-  -i-aii.]  I.  a.  Partaking  of  or  in 
conformity  with  the  views  of  Abraham  Gottloli 
Werner  (1750-1817),  a  (icrman  geologist,  pro- 
fessor in  the  mining-school  of  Freiberg,  Saxony, 
who  had  much  influence  on  the  development  of 
geology  at  the  time  when  this  branch  of  sci- 
ence began  to  be  seriously  studied.  He  was  the 
principal  expounder  of  the  .so-called  Neptunian  theory  of 
the  earth's  formation,  according  to  which  tlie  earth  was 
originally  covered  by  a  cha(»tic  ocean  which  held  the  ma- 


(aee.  west  as  adv.),  <  AS.  west,  adv.,  west,  west- 
ward (cf.  westan,  from  the  west,  westmest,  west- 
most  ;  in  comp.  west-,  a  quasi-adj.,  as  in  west- 
dxl,  the  west  part,,  west-ende,  the  west  end,  etc.), 
=  OFries.  tcest  =  D.  west,  adv.,  n.,  and  a.  (cf. 
OF.  west,  onest,  F.  ouest  =  Sp.  Pg.  oeste  =  It. 
ovest,  n.,  west,  <  E.),  =  OHG.  MHG.  west-  (in 
comp.)  =  leel.  vestr,  n.,  the  west,  =  Sw.  Dan. 
vest,  the  west;  orig.  adv.,  the  noun  uses  being 
developed  from  the  older  adverbial  uses:  (1) 
AS.  west,  adv.,  =  D.  west  =  ljG.  west{m  comp.), 
to  the  west,  in  the  west,  west;  (2)  AS.  icc«to« 
=  OHG.  ivestana,  MHG.  G .  westen,  from  the  west, 
in  MHG.  and  G.  also  in  the  west;  hence  the 
noun,  MLG.  westen  =  OHG.  westan,  MHG.  G. 
westen,  the  west;  (3)  OS.  wester  ^OTries.  wes- 
ter, D.  wester  =MLG.  wester  =  OHG.  westar,  G. 
ivester-  (in  comp.),  west;  (4)  AS.  'icestrene  (in 
comp. ),  western ;  all  from  Teut.  stem  "west  (im- 
perfectly reflected  in  the  first  element  of  the  LL. 
"Fisigothee,  West  Goths),  prob.  connected  with 
leel.  vist,  abode,  esp.  lodging-place,  Goth,  wis, 
rest,  calm  of  the  sea,  L.  vesper,  vespera  =  Gr. 
cTTTepoc,  iairipa,  evening  (see  vesper) ;  Gr.  dorti,  a 
city,  Skt.  rdstu,  a  house  (the  term  west  appar.  al- 
luding to  the  abiding-place  of  the  sun  at  night), 
<  -4/  was,  Skt.  y  ras,  dwell :  see  teas.  The  forms 
and  construction  of  west  agree  in  great  part 
with  those  of  east,  north,  and  south,]  I.  ».  1. 
One  of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the  com- 
pass, opposite  to  the  east,  and  lying  on  the 
left  hand  when  one  faces  the  north ;  the  point 
in  the  heavens  where  the  sun  sets  at  the  equi- 
nox, or  the  corresponding  point  on  the  earth; 
more  generally,  the  place  of  sunset.  Abbrevi- 
ated 71'. 

As  far  as  the  east  is  from  the  irest,  so  far  hath  he  re- 
moved our  transgressions  from  us.  Ps.  ciii.  12. 

When  ye  see  a  cloud  rise  out  of  the  ipe<sf,  straightway  ye 
say.  There  conieth  a  shower.  Luke  xii.  54. 

A  certain  aim  he  took 
At  a  fair  vestal  throned  by  the  ivest. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  ii.  1.  168. 

2.  The  quarter  or  direction  toward  the  mean 
point  of  sunset ;  the  tendency  or  trend  direct- 
ly away  from  the  east ;  the  western  part  or 
side:  -with  to,  at,  or  on  :  as,  that  place  lies  to 
the  west  of  this;  to  travel  to  the  west;  at  or 
on  the  west  were  high  mountains;  Europe  is 


west 

bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Atlantic. — 3.  The 
western  part  or  division  of  a  region  mentioned 
or  understood:  as.  the  west  of  Europe  or  of 
England ;  the  Canadian  tcest ;  he  lives  in  the 
west  (of  a  town,  county,  etc.).  Specifically  — (a) 
[cap.]  The  western  part  of  the  world,  as  distinguished  from 
the  East  or  Orient ;  the  Occident,  either  as  restricted  to 
the  greater  part  of  Eumpe  or  as  including  also  the  west- 
ern hemisphere,  or  America.  See  Occirfe/i/, 2.  {b)  [cap.]  In 
the  United  States,  formerly,  the  part  of  the  country  lying 
west  of  the  original  thirteen  States  along  the  Atlantic 
seat)oard,  and  particularly  the  northern  part  of  this  re- 
gion :  now,  indefinitely,  the  region  beyond  the  older  sea- 
board and  central  States,  or  more  specifically  that  in- 
cluded mainly  between  the  Mississippi  river  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  and  especially  the  northern  part  of  this 
region. 

4.  Eccles.:  (a)  The  point  of  the  compass  to- 
ward which  one  is  turned  wlien  looking  from 
the  altar  or  high  altar  toward  the  further  end 
of  the  nave  or  the  usual  position  of  the  main  en- 
trance of  a  church.  Seeeast,ii.,l.  (i)  [frtj>.]  In 
church  hist.,  the  church  in  the  Western  Empire 
and  countries  adjacent,  especially  on  the  nortli ; 
the  Western  Church — By  west,  westward;  toward 
the  west :  as,  north  by  irest. 

A  shipman  was  ther,  woning  fer  by  wegte. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  38S. 

Empire  of  the  West.  See  Weetem  Empire,  under  e/n- 
pire, 

n.  a.  1.  Situated  in.  on,  or  to  the  west;  be- 
ing or  lying  westward  with  reference  to  some- 
thing else ;  western :  as,  the  West  Indies ;  West 
Virginia ;  the  iccst  bank  or  the  west  fork  of  a 
river;  ice«*  longitude. 

This  shall  be  your  weiA  border.  Num.  xxxiv.  t). 

Qo  thoa  with  her  to  the  xcegl  end  of  the  wood. 

SAa*.,T.  O.  of  v.,  y.  3.  9. 

2.  Coming  or  moving  from  the  west  or  western 
region:  as,  a  west  wind. — 3.  Ecclcs.,  situated 
in,  or  in  the  direction  of,  that  part  of  a  church 
which  is  furthest  from  the  altar  or  high  altar; 

opposite  the  ecclesiastical  east West  dial    Slc 

duU.  —  West  End,  the  western  part  of  London;  specifi- 
cally, the  f.ishionable  or  aristocratic  quarter ;  often  used 
attributively. 

west  (west),  nrfr.  [See  ifcwi,  «.]  To  or  toward 
the  west ;  westward  or  westerly ;  specifically 
(eccleg.),  toward  or  in  the  direction  of  that  part 
of  a  church  which  is  furthest  from  the  altar  or 
high  altar. 

Go  vegt,  young  man,  and  grow  up  with  the  country. 

Horace  Greeley. 

west  (west),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  western;  <  west,  «.] 
To  move  toward  the  west;  turn  or  veer  to  the 
west.     [Kare  or  obsolete.] 

On  a  bed  of  gold  she  lay  to  reste 
Tyl  that  the  bote  sonne  gan  to  watte. 

Chaueer.  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  260. 
Twice  hath  he  risen  where  he  now  doth  West, 
And  wetted  twice  where  he  ought  rise  aright. 

Speiixr,  ¥.  q.,  v.,  Prol.,  st.  8. 

west-abont  (west'a-bout"),  <i<h\  Around  to- 
ward the  west;  in  a  westerly  direction. 

westent,  «.  [ME..  <  AS.  ice.ften  (=  OFries. 
uOstene,  westeiie,  wcstenie  =  OS.  wostiiinea  = 
OHG.  wostinna),  a  waste,  desert,  <  weste,  waste, 
desert:  see  icn^tei.]  A  waste;  a  desert.  Old 
Ktifi.  Homilies,  I.  245.     (Strntmann.) 

wester  (wes't^r),  c.  i.  [<  ME.  wcstren,  tend  to- 
ward the  west,  <  west,  west:  see  west,  n.  Cf. 
western,  westerly.'^  To  tend  or  move  toward  the 
west;  trend  or  turu  westward.  [Obsolete  or 
archaic] 

The  Sonne 
Gan  westren  faste  and  dounward  for  to  wrye. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  90«. 

The  winde  did  Wenter,  so  that  wee  lay  South  southwest 
with  a  flawne  sheete.  Ilaktuyts  Voyages,  I.  447. 

Thy  fame  has  journeyed  irejrfm/i^with  the  sun. 
O.  W.  llolmcjf.  To  Christian  tJottfried  Ehrenberg. 

westerling  (wes'ter-liug),  «.  [<  we.ster(ii)  + 
-liiiijl.  CT.  easterliny.]  A  person  belonging  to 
a  western  country  or  region  with  reference  to 
one  regarded  as  eastern.     [Kare.] 

T  was  set  forth  at  the  sole  charge  of  foure  Merchants 
of  London  ;  the  Country  being  tlien  reputed  by  your 
wetterliiigi  a  most  rockie,  barren,  destjlate  desart. 

Quoted  in  Cn;-(.  John  SmittCg  Works,  IL  262. 

westerly  (wes'tei--li),  «.  [<  wcstcrln)  +  -///l. 
Cf.  easterh/,  etc.]  1.  Having  a  generally  west- 
ward direction;  proceeding  or  directed  main- 
ly toward  the  west :  as.  a  Hv.sfer///  cuiTcnt  or 
course;  the  westerly  trend  of  a  mountain-chain. 
—  2.  Situated  toward  the  west;  lying  to  the 
westward:  as,  the  wrsterly  parts  of  a  country. 

The  Hugll  is  the  most  wegterbi  of  the  network  of  chan- 
nels by  which  the  Ganges  iHvurs  into  the  sea. 

Xinetectvth  Century,  XXJU.  41. 

3.  Looking  toward  the  west;  as,  a  «y.s^-(/// ex- 
posure.—  4.  Coming  from  the  general  direction 


6881 

of  the  west;  blowing  from  the  westward,  as 
wind:  sometimes  used  substantively. 

The  sea  was  crisping  by  a  refreshing  westerly  breeze. 
T.  B.  Aldrich,  Ponkapog  to  Pesth,  p.  206. 

westerly  (wes'ter-li),  ado.  [<  we.'iterly,  a.]  To 
the  westward;  in  a  westerly  direction. 

From  spire  and  barn  looked  westerly  the  patient  weather- 
cocks. Whittier,  Huskers. 

western  (wes'tern),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  western, 
westreH,  <  AS.  *westerne  (in  eomp.  suthan-wcst- 
erne,  southwestern)  (=  OS.  OHG.  westrOni),  < 
west,  west:  see  west,  and  ef.  eastern,  northern, 
southern.~\  I.  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  west, 
or  the  quarter  or  regioti  of  sunset;  being  or  ly- 
ing on  or  in  the  direction  of  the  west ;  occiden- 
tal: as,  the  western  horizon;  the  western  part  or 
boundary  of  a  country. 

Apollo  each  eve  doth  devise 
A  new  apparelling  for  western  skies. 

Keats,  Endymion,  ill. 

His  cheery  little  study,  where  the  sunshine  glinnnered 
so  pleasantly  through  the  willow  branches,  on  the  icestem 
side  of  the  Old  Manse. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  Int.,  p.  7. 

2.  Tending  or  directed  towaid  the  west;  ex- 
tending or  pursued  westward :  as,  a  western 
course;  a  ic<;«fer«  voyage. —  3.  Belonging  to  or 
characteristic  of  some  locality  in  the  west, 
or  some  region  specifically  called  the  West 
(in  the  latter  case  often  capitalized):  as,  west- 
ern people  or  dialects  (as  in  England) ;  a  ll'est- 
ern  city  or  railroad,  or  Western  enterprise  (as 
in  the  United  States);  the  Western  Empire. — 

4.  Declining  in  the  west,  as  the  setting  sun ; 
hence,  figuratively,  passing  toward  the  end; 
waning. 

He!  that  a  gentleman  of  your  discretion, 
Crown'd  with  such  reputation  in  youryouth. 
Should,  in  your  western  days,  lose  th'  good  opinion 
Of  all  your  friends.         T.  Toinlcis  (?),  Albumazar,  v.  6. 

The  weiytern  sun  now  shot  a  feeble  ray. 
And  faintly  scattei'ed  the  remains  of  day. 

Addison,  The  Campaign. 

5.  Coming  from  the  west :  as,  a  western  wind. — 
Connecticut  Western  Reserve.  See  re«erie.— West- 
em  barred  owl,  Si/rymnn  occidetitale  (or  Strix  occiden- 
talis),  discovered  by  J.  Xantus  at  >'ort  Tejon,  California. 
It  resembles  but  is  specifically  distinct  from  the  owl 
figured  under  Strix.  Western  bluebird.  See  hluchird 
and  Sialia. — Western  chickadee,  Pams  occidentalis  oi 
the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America.  —  Western  chinka- 
pin. Same  as  chinkapin,  2. —  Western  Church.  Sec 
cAtircA.  —  Western  cricket,  the  shiekl-ljacked  grasshop- 
per. See  »(Aw?/d-6acfrc(i.  — Western  daisy,  a  plant,  Betlis 
inteyrififlia,  found  from  Kentucky  southwcstward,  the 
only  species  of  the  true  daisy  geims  native  in  the  liiited 
States.  Differently  from  B.  perennis,  the  garden  species,  it 
has  a  leafy  stem  ;  the  heads,  borne  on  slender  peduncles, 
have  pale  violet-purple  rays.  — Western  dowitcher.  Ma- 
erorhatnphus  scAopaceus,  a  long-billed  variety  of  ^[.  yri- 
seus,  perhuits  a  distinct  species,  found  chiefly  in  western 
parts  of  North  America.— Western  Empire.  Seeempiie. 
—Western  grassfinch,  that  variety  of  the  vesper-bird 
which  is  found  from  the  plains  to  the  Pacific. — West- 
em  grasshopper.  See  (ocH<ti,i.— Western  grebe,  the 
largest  grebe  of  North  America.  See  cut  under  ^j-^ch- 
mophorus.— Western  hemisphere.  See  hemisphere.— 
Western  herring-gull,  I.arus  occidentalis  of  Audubon, 
a  large  thick-l>illed  and  dark-mantled  gull  common  on 
the  Pacific  coast  of  North  Amelica.— Western  house- 
wren,  I'arkman's  wren  (which  see,  under  irren). — West- 
ern meadow-lark,  the  l)i.d  figured  under  Sturnella. — 
Western  mudfish.  Same  as  lake-lawyer,  1. —  West- 
em  nonpareil,  the  prusiano.  —  Western  redtail,  Bnieo 
horcalis  ealurus  {B.  calurus  ol  Cassiii),  the  commonest  and 
most  characteristic  representative  of  the  hen-hawk  or  red- 
tail  in  most  parts  of  western  North  America  from  the 
plains  to  the  Pacific,  where  it  runs  into  several  local  races. 
—  Western  States,  formerly,  the  States  of  the  American 
I'nion  lyini,'  west  of  the  .Alleghanies;  as  the  country  de- 
velonetl,  the  phrase  came  to  include  all  the  States  west- 
ward to  the  Pacific  and  north  of  the  slave  States,  although 
certain  States  have  been  classed  l>oth  as  Southern  and  as 
Western  States.  The  jjlirase  is  very  indefinite  :  sometimes 
it  is  restricted  to  the  States  west  of  the  Mississippi  (ex- 
cluding the  so-called  Southwest) ;  sometimes  it  includes 
the  northern  part  of  the  entire  region  from  Ohio  to 
California.  — Western  wallflower.  See  wall lUm-er.— 
Western  warbler.  See  icarWcr.-  Western  yellow- 
nunp.  Same  as  Audubon's  warbler  (wliich  see,  under 
warbler). 

II.  H.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  a  western  region, 
orof  the  West  or  Occident ;  specifically,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  Western  race  as  distinguished  from  the 
Eastern  races. —  2.  ['■«/).]  A  member  of  the 
Latin  or  Western  Chureli. 

westerner  (wes'ter-ner).  «.  [<  western  +  -er^.'] 
A  person  belonging  to  the  west,  or  to  a  west- 
ern region ;  specifically  [(Jo/).],  an  inhabitant 
of  the  western  part  of  the  United  States. 

westernism  (wes'tern-iztn),  H.  [<  western  + 
-('•s/«.]  Tlie  jieculiarities  or  characteristics  of 
western  people ;  specifically,  a  word,  an  idiom, 
or  a  manner  peculiar  to  inhabitants  of  the  west- 
ern United  States  —  that  is,  of  the  Northern 
States  called  Western. 


westward 

A  third  ear-mark  of  Westernism  is  a  curious  use  of  a  verb 
for  a  noun.      The  Independent  (New  York),  Dec.  ilO,  1869. 

westernmost  (wes'tem-most),  a.  sii[ierl,  [< 
western  +  -most.  Cf.  we.itniost.'i  Furthest  to 
the  west ;  most  western.  Cooli,  Second  Voyage, 
i.  7. 

westing  (wes'ting),  (I.  [Verbal  n.  of  west,  r.] 
Space  or  distance  westward;  space  reckoned 
from  one  point  to  another  westward  from  it ; 
specifically,  in  plane  sailiny,  the  distance,  ex- 
pressed in  nautical  miles,  which  a  ship  makes 
good  in  a  westerly  direction ;  a  ship's  departure 
when  sailing  westward.     See  departure,  5. 

westlingl (west'ling), a.and».  l<west+  -Un{/^.'] 
I.  a.  Being  iu  or  coining  ft-otn  the  west;  west- 
ern; westerly.     [Old  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

Saft  the  westlin  breezes  blaw. 

It.  Tannahill,  Gloomy  Winter  's  now  Awa". 

The  fringe  was  red  on  the  westlin  hill.    Iloyy,  Kilmeny. 

II.  H.  An  inhabitant  of  the  west ;  one  who 

inhabits  a  western  country  or  district.     [Rare.] 

westling3  (west'ling),  adv.     [<  tcest  +  -ling^.] 

Toward  the  west ;  westward, 
westlins  (west'linz),  flrfi'.     [Alao  westlines ;  for 
"westlings,  <  westting^  +  adv.  gen.  -.s-.]     Same 
as  westling^.     [Scotch.] 

Now  frae  th'  east  nook  of  Fife  the  dawn 
Speel'd  westlincs  up  tlie  lift. 

Ramsay,  Christ's  Kirk  on  the  Green,  iii.  1. 

Westminster  Assembly.  See  Assembly  of  Di- 
vines at  Westminster,  under  assembly. 

Westminster  Assembly's  catechism.     See 

cateeliisni,  '2. 

westmost  (west'most),  a.  su[}erl.  [<  ME.  'west- 
mcst,  <  AS.  tvestmest,  wcstemest,  <  iccA-f  +  -mest, 
a  doulile  superl.  suffix:  see  -most.~\  Furthest 
to  the  west.     [Rare.]     Imp.  Diet. 

Westplial  balance.  A  fortn  of  balance  used 
indetermiuitig  the  specific  gravity  of  solutions 
and  also  of  mineral  fragments.  In  the  case  of  frag- 
ments a  "heavy  solution  "  is  first  obtained,  in  wliich  tliey 
just  float.  The  balance  consists  of  a  bar  supported  on  a 
fulcrum  near  the  middle,  and  having  one  halt  of  it,  from 
whose  extremity  hangs  a  sinker,  graduated  into  ten  parts. 
The  sinker  is  immersed  in  the  liquid  under  experiment, 
and  then  riders  are  hung  at  suitafile  points  on  the  bar 
until  it  is  brought  back  into  a  horizontal  position  as  in- 
dicated by  the  fixed  scale  at  the  other  end.  The  position 
and  size  of  the  riders  give  the  means  of  reading  off  at  once 
the  required  specific  gravity  without  calculation. 

Westphal-Erb  symptom.  Same  as  WestphaVs 
.•iifniptom.     See  symptom. 

Westphalian  (west-fa'li-an),  a.  and  n.  [<  West- 
phalia (see  def.)  -I-  -an.y  I.  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Westphalia,  a  province  of  Prussia,  bor- 
dering on  Hanover,  the  Rhenish  Province,  the 
Netherlands,  etc.  Westphalia  was  formerly  a 
duchy,  and  (with  larger  territory)  a  Napoleoiuc 
kingdom  from  1807  to  1813. 

The  Westphatian  treaties,  which  terminated  the  thirty 
years'  war,  were  finally  signed  on  Oct.  24,  164S. 

Amer.  Cyc.,  XVI.  570. 

Westphallan  gerlcht.    Same  as  vchmyericht. 

II.  H.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  West- 
phalia. 
Westphal's  foot-phenomenon.    A  series  of 

rhythmical  contractions  of  the  calf-muscles 
following  a  sudden  pushing  uj)  of  the  toes  and 
ball  of  the  foot,  thereby  putting  the  tendo 
Achillis  on  the  stretch;  ankle-clonus. 

Westphal's  symptom.     See  symptom. 

westret,  ''.  /.     An  old  form  of  wester. 

Westringia  (wes-trin'ji-ji),  «.  [NL.  (Sir  J.  E. 
Smith,  1798),  named  after  J.  P.  Westring,  a  phy- 
sician of  Linkiiping,  Sweden,  who  died  in  1833.] 
A  genus  of  gainopetalous  plants,  of  the  order 
Labiatie  and  tribe  rrostanthereie.  it  is  character- 
ized by  a  calyx  with  five  equal  teeth,  a  corolla  with  the 
upper  lip  fiattish,  and  anther-connectives  without  an  ap- 
pendage. There  are  !)  or  11  species^  all  natives  of  extra- 
ti'opical  Australia.  They  are  shrubs  with  small  entire 
leaves  in  whorls  of  three  or  four  together,  and  sessile 
or  shoit-pedicelled  twin  flowers  scattered  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  or  rarely  crowded  in  leafy  terminal  Iieads. 
ir.  rosmarini/i.nnis,  the  Victorian  loseniary,  an  ever- 
green shrul)  growing  about  8  feet  high,  is  sometimes 
cultivated. 

West -Virginian  (west-ver-,iin'i-!ni).  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Of  or  ])ertaining  to  West  Virginia,  one 
of  the  United  States,  set  apart  frofn  Virginia 
durifig  the  civil  war,  and  admitted  to  the  Union 
in  1863. 

II.  n.  A  native  or  an  inhabitant  of  West  Vir- 
ginia. 

westward  (west'wiird),  adv.  [<  ME.  west- 
ward; <  AS.  westweard,  westcweard,  westward, 
<  west,  west,  -I-  -weard,  E.  -ward.^  1.  Toward 
the  west;  ina  westerly  direction:  as,  to  ride  or 
sail  westward. 

Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  its  way. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  .\rts  and  Learning  in  -America. 


westward 

2.  Toward  the  ecclesiastical  west.     See  west. 

Mass  is  celebrated  by  tbe  priest  standing  behind  the 
altar  with  his  face  westicard. 

E,  A,  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  105. 
Westward  ho  !  to  the  west :  an  old  cry  of  London  water- 
men on  the  Thames  in  hailing  passen;;ers  bound  west- 
ward, taken  as  the  title  of  a  play  by  Uekker  and  Wclister 
and  of  a  novel  by  Cliarles  Kingsley. 

Oil.  There  lies  your  way,  due  west. 
Vio,  IXien  westward-ho ! 

Sliah:,  T.  -\.,  iii.  1.  140. 

westward  (west'wjird),  (/.  [<  wculward,  «r7c.] 
Being  toward  the  "west:  bearing  or  tending 
westward:  as,  a  ircstwa rd  jtosition  or  course; 
the  wc.itirard  trend  of  the  mountains. 

westwardly  (west'wiird-li),  <i.  [<  u-cstward  + 
-///I.]  Bearing  toward  or  from  the  west ;  west- 
erly.    [Rare.] 

On  the  lOth,  the  [ice-]pack  was  driven  in  by  a  westwardly 
wind,  and  .  .  .  this  open  space  was  closed. 

C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Expedition,  p.  259. 

westwardly  (west'wjivd-li),  adr.     [<  westward- 
ly, «.]   In  a  direction  bearing  toward  the  west : 
as.  to  pass  Ke.^twiirdly. 
westwards  (west'wiirdz),  adv.     [<  ME.  *west- 
trardca  (=  I),  westwaartu  =  G.  wcstwdrts);  as 
vcstirard  +  adv.  gen.  -.v.]     Same  as  westward. 
westyH,  "•     [ME.,  also  weKtig,  <  AS.  westU/,  des- 
ert, <  ireste,  a  desert, waste :  see  wastc^.]  Waste ; 
desert.     Laijamon,  1.  1120. 
westy- (wes'ti),  o.    Dizzy;  giddy.    Hay;  Halli- 
well.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

Whiles  he  lies  wallowing  with  a  westy  head, 
And  palish  cai-cass,  on  his  brothel  bed. 

Bp.  Hall,  .Satires,  IV.  i.  158. 

wetl  (wet),  a.  [E.  dial,  and  Se.  also  leect  and 
«i«<;  <  ME.  wet,  weet,  wat,  <  AS.  wa:t  =  OFries. 
wet,  wcit  =  Icel.  vdtr  =  Sw.  vdt  =  Dan.  ruad,  wet, 
moist;  akin  to  AS.  wsetvr,  etc.,  water,  and  to 
Goth,  watu,  etc.,  water:  see  wiit<  r.]  1.  Covered 
with  orperineatedbyamoistortluid  substance; 
charged  with  moisture:  as,  a  wet  sponge;  icet 
land;  tcet  cheeks;  a  «,y(  painting  (one  on  which 
the  paint  is  still  semi-fluid). 

Ziff  the  Ertlie  were  made  nioyst  and  weet  with  that 
Watre,  it  wolde  nevere  bere  Fruyt. 

Mandeeille,  Travels,  p.  ICH). 
I,  forced  to  go  to  the  office  on  foot,  was  almost  wt  to 
tile  skin,  and  spoiled  my  silk  breeches  almost. 

Pepyx,  Diary,  II.  293. 
In  the  greenest  growth  of  the  Maytime, 
I  rode  where  the  woods  were  wet. 

Swinburne,  An  Interlude. 

2.  Filled  with  or  containing  a  supply  of  water : 
as,  a  wet  dock ;  a  wet  meter.  See  phrases  be- 
low.—  3.  Consisting  of  water  or  other  liquid; 
of  a  watery  nature. 

lie  your  tears  w'<;^?    Yes, 'faith.    I  pray,  weep  not. 

Shah.,  Lear,  iv.  7.  71. 

4.  Characterized  by  rain;  rainy;  drizzly;  show- 
ery: as,  wet  weather;  a  wet  season  (used  espe- 
cially with  reference  to  ti'opical  or  semitropi- 
cal  countries,  in  which  the  year  is  divided  into 
wet  and  dry  seasons). 

M'et  October's  torrent  flood.  Milton,  Comus,  1.  930. 

As  Ui  the  Seasons  of  the  Year,  I  cannot  distinguish  them 
there  [in  the  ton-id  zone]  no  other  way  than  by  Wet  and 
Dry.  Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  iii.  2. 

5.  Drenclied  or  drunk  with  liquor;  tipsy.  [Col- 
loq.] 

When  my  lost  Lover  the  tall  Ship  ascends, 
With  Music  gay,  and  wet  with  jovial  Friends. 

Prior,  Celia  to  Damon. 

6.  In  r',  .S.  j>o//^.  ,s7«>(|/,  opposeii  to  prohibition 
of  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors:  as,  a  irct  town.  Coinjiare  dry,  13.— A 
wet  blanket.  See  blanket— A  wet  boat,  a  boat  that  is 
crank  and  ships  water  readily. 

"Why  don't  yon  go  forward,  sir?  .  .  .  she  is  sure  to  wet 
us  abaft."  .  .  .  "Thank  you,  but  .  .  .  (with  an  heroic  at- 
tempt at  sea-slang)  I  like  a  wet  boat." 

C.  Jieade,  Love  me  Little,  xvii. 
A  wet  day.  S;ime  as  a  rainy  day  (which  see,  under  rainy). 

VA%i\,  saith  the  rniser,  "part  with  nothing,  but  keep  all 
against  a  wet  day." 

Fuller,  General  AVoi-thies,  xi.    {Dames.) 

Wet  bargain.  Same  as  Dutch  ?>aryn("?i  (which  see,  un- 
lier  baryain).  -  Wet  bob,  a  boy  who  goes  in  for  boating  in 
preference  tocricket,  football,  or  other  land-sports.  lEt<jn 
(.'ollege  slaTig.) 

Kverything  is  enjoyable  at  Eton  in  the  summer  half. 
The  wet-bob>i  on  the  river,  in   all   their  many  trials  of 
strength,  .  .  .  and  the  "  dry-hobs  "  in  the  playing-llelds, 
with  all  the  excitement  of  their  conntleHs  matches. 
C  A'.  I'aacw,  Kveiy-day  Life  in  Our  I'ublic  Schools,  p.  G2. 

Wet  brain,  a  dropsical  condition  of  the  brain  and  its 
membranes,  sometimes obsirved  in  postmortem  examina- 
tions of  those  who  have  died  of  drliriuni  tremens.  — Wet- 

bulb  thermometer.  See  j^^yth  routpter  (with  cut).  -  Wet 
cooper.  See  ci)<)per.  Wet  dock,  a  <iock  or  ba.sin  at 
a  seaport  furTiislied  with  gates  f(jr  shutting  in  tbe  tidal 
water,  so  as  to  float  vessels  berthed  in  it  at  a  projjer 
level  for  loading  and  unloading.     Wet  goods,  litiuors: 


6882 

so  called  in  humorous  allusion  to  dry  goods.  ISlang,  U.  S,] 
—Wet  meter,  a  gas-meter  in  which  the  gas  to  be  mea- 
sured passes  through  a  body  of  water.  The  wet  meter 
regulates  the  flow  of  gas  more  steadily  than  the  dry  me- 
ter, but  is  more  difficult  to  keep  in  order.— Wet  plate, 
in  photog.,  a  plate  coated  with  collodion  and  sensitized 
with  a  salt  (usually  the  nitrate)  of  silver:  so  called  be- 
cause it  is  necessary,  in  this  process,  to  perform  all  the 
operations  of  making  the  picture,  to  and  including  the 
final  fixing  of  the  plate,  before  the  coating  of  collodion 
dries.  For  some  thirty  years,  from  about  1850,  this  was 
by  far  the  most  important  photographic  process  in  use, 
but  it  is  now  almost  wholly  superseded  by  the  various 
rapid  dry-plate  processes.  The  phrase  is  also  used  attrib- 
utively to  note  the  process  or  anything  connected  with 
it.  See  collodion  process,  under  collodion. -Wet  port,  a 
seaport  as  a  place  of  entry  for  foreign  goods,  in  distinction 
from  a  drt/  port,  or  land-port,  a  place  of  entry  for  goods 
transportetl  by  land.  Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  729.— Wet  prep- 
aration, a  specimen  of  natural  history  immersed  in  alco- 
hol or  other  preservative  fluid —Wet  provisions,  a  class 
of  provisions  furnished  to  a  ship,  including  salt  beef  and 
pork,  vinegar,  molasses,  pickles,  etc.  — Wet  puddling. 
See  puddling,  2.  — Wet  Quakert,  a  Quaker  who  does  not 
strictly  observe  the  rules  of  his  society. 
Socinians  and  Presbyterians, 
liuakers,  and  Wet-Quakers,  or  MciTy-ones, 

T.  Ward,  England's  Reformation,  I.  213. 

Wet  Quakerism.  See  Quakerism.— Wet  steam.  See 
steam  and  open,  13.— Wet  way,  in  chem.,  the  method  of 
qualitative  and  quantitative  analysis  and  assay  in  which 
the  substance  to  be  examined  is  first  dissolved  in  some  li- 
quid and  then  treated  with  liquid  reagents:  the  opposite 
of  fire-assay,  or  treatment  in  the  dry  way.  In  the  ordi- 
nary analysis  of  minerals,  the  substance  is  first  finely  pul- 
verized and  then  dissolved  in  an  acid,  after  which  further 
treatment  follows.  If  insoluble  in  an  acid,  it  is  fused  with 
potassium  or  sodium  carbonate,  after  which  treatment 
the  fused  mass  is  soluble,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  the  sil- 
ica (if  the  mineral  is  a  silicate)  separating  out  and  being 
removed  by  filtering,  after  which  the  process  is  continued 
the  same  way  as  when  the  substance  is  soluble  without 
the  necessity  of  a  preliminary  attack  by  an  alkali  at  a  high 
temperature.  Ordinary  analyses  of  minerals  are  made  in 
the  wet  way,  assays  of  ores  not  infrequently  in  the  di-y  way. 
— With  a  wet  finger t,  with  little  effort  or  trouble;  very 
easily  or  readily :  probably  from  the  practice  of  wetting 
the  finger  to  facilitate  matters,  as  in  turning  over  a  leaf  of 
a  book,  or  rubbing  out  writing  on  a  slate. 

Walk  you  here  ;  I'll  beckon  ;  you  shall  see 
I'll  fetch  her  uith  a  xvet  finger. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Westward  Ho,  ii.  2. 

wet^  (wet),  n.  [E.  dial,  and  Sc.  also  u-evi  and 
ivat;  <  ME.  ivctj  icete,  ivset€,jcatc^  <  AS.  w^ta, 
m.,  H-^tCj  f.  (=  Icel._Sw.  v^ta  =  Dan.  rsede), 
wet,  moisture,  <  w^t,  wet:  see  wct^,  «,]  1. 
Tlxat  which  makes  wet,  as  water  and  other  li- 
quids; moisture;  specifically,  rain. 
I  se  wel  how  ye  swete ; 
Have  beer  a  cloth  and  wype  awey  the  wete. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  176. 
rpon  whose  [a  river's]  weeping  margent  she  was  set ; 
Like  usury,  api>lying  xvet  to  wet. 

Shak..  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  40. 
Aft  ha'e  I  run  your  errands,  lady. 
When  blawin  baith  wind  and  weet. 

Lady  Maisry  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  83). 
The  gable-end  of  the  cottage  was  stained  with  wet. 

T.  Hardy,  Three  Strangers. 

2.  The  act  of  wetting;  specifically,  a  wetting 
of  the  throat  with  drink;  a  drink  or  dram  of 
liquor;  indulgence  iu  drinking.     [Slang.] 

No  bargain  could  be  completed  without  a  wet,  and  no 
friendship  or  enmity  forgotten  without  recourse  to  the 
bottle.  A.  C.  Grant,  Bush-Life  in  Queensland,  I.  30. 

3.  In  U.  S.  polit.  slang,  an  opponent  of  prohi- 
bition; one  who  favors  the  traffic  in  liquor. — 
Heavy  wet.    See  heavy^. 

wet^  (wet),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wetted  ov  wet,  ppr. 
wetting.  [<  JIE.  iceten,  iv^U-n  (pret.  wctte,  watte, 
pp.  wet),  <  AS.  wietan,  wetan,  gc-weian  (=  Icel. 
Sw.  Vieta  =  Dan.  vsede),  wet,  moisten,  <  w^t, 
wet:  see  wei^,  «.]  1.  To  make  wet;  moisten, 
drench,  or  soak  with  water  or  other  fluid ;  dip 
or  soak  in  a  liquid. 

Ne  wette  hir  flngres  in  hir  sauce  depe. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  129. 

2.  To  moisten  with  drink;  hence,  figuratively, 
to  inaugurate  or  celebrate  by  a  drink  or  a  treat 
of  liquor:  as,  to  wet  a  new  hat.     [Slang.] 

Down  came  all  the  company  together,  and  away!  the 
ale-house  was  immediately  filled  with  clamour,  and  scor- 
ing one  mug  to  the  Marquis  of  such  a  place,  oil  and  vin- 
egar to  sucii  an  Earl,  three  quarts  to  my  new  Lord  fortoet- 
ting  his  title.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  88. 

Then  we  should  have  commissions  to  wet. 

C.  Shadivell,  Humours  of  the  Navy,  ii.  3. 

To  wet  down  paper,  in  printing,  to  dip  paper  in  water,  or 
sprinkle  it  in  snmll  portions,  which  are  laid  together  and 
left  under  pressiu'e  for  a  time  to  allow  the  moisture  to 
spread  ecjually  through  the  mass.  The  dampness  of  the 
paper  fits  it  for  taking  the  ink  readily  and  evenly  in  the 
process  of  printing,  and  prevents  it  from  sticking  to  the 
tyj)e.  The  fltiest  printing,  however,  is  done  with  dry  pa- 
]>er,  ami  ink  of  a  suitable  quality  for  such  use.— TO  WCt 
one's  line.  See  line-. 
I  have  not  yet  wetted  my  line  since  we  met  together. 

1.  Walton^  CotnpU'te  Angler,  p.  84. 

To  wet  one's  whistle.     See  whuttle. —Wettms-ont 

steep.  Same  as  rot's  sleep  (which  see.  under  steeji'^). — 
Wetting  the  block,   among   English    shoemakers,  the 


wetter-off 

act  of  celebrating  by  a  convivial  supper,  on  the  first 
Monday  In  March,  the  cessation  of  work  by  candle-light. 
Ualliwell. 

wet^t,  V.  and  n.     A  Middle  English  form  of  wit^. 

wetandt.  A  Middle  English  present  participle 
of  wit^. 

wetandlyt,  adv.  A  Middle  English  form  of  wit- 
tingbj. 

wet-bird  (wet'berd),  n.  The  chaffinch,  Frin- 
gilla  cadehs,  whose  cry  is  thought  to  foretell 
rain.     See  out  under  chaffinch.      [Local,  Eng.] 

wet-broke  (wet'brok),  n.  In  paper 'inannj'.,  the 
moist  and  imperfectly  felted  stock  or  pulp  as 
it  leaves  the  wire  cylinder,  and  before  it  has 
been  smoothed  out  on  the  forwarding-blanket. 
/;.  H.  Knight. 

wet-cup  (wet'kup),  «.  A  cupping-glass  when 
used  in  the  operation  of  wet-eupj)ing.  Home- 
times  it  is  specially  constructed  with  a  lance  or  scarifica- 
tor, which  can  be  used  to  incise  tlie  skin  after  the  cup 
has  been  applied. 

wet-cupping  (wet'kup''''ing),  v.  The  applica- 
tion of  a  cupping-glass  simultaneously  with  in- 
cision of  the  skin,  by  means  of  which  a  small 
quantity  of  blood  is  withdrawn.  See  cupping,  1. 

wetet.    A  Middle  English  form  of  wef^,  wit^. 

wether  (weTH'er),  ».  [E.  dial,  also  icedder; 
<  ME.  wether,  wethir,  wedyr,  <  AS.  wither,  a 
wether,  a  castrated  ram.  =  OS.  withar,  wither 
=  D.  wedder,  weder  =  OHG.  widar,  MHG,  wider, 
G.  widder  =  Icel.  vethr  =  Sw.  vddur  =  Dan. 
vseder,  vsedder,  a  ram,  =  Goth,  withrusj  a  lamb; 
akin  to  L.  intHlus,  a  calf,  Skt.  imtsa,  calf,  young, 
lit.  'a  yearling,'  connected  with  Skt.  vatsara 
and  Gr.  tro^,  a  year,  L.  vetus,  aged,  old:  see 
veal  and  veteran.'\     A  castrated  ram. 

And  softer  than  the  wolle  is  of  a  tvether. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  L  03. 

wether-hog  (wcTH'er-liog),  n.  A  young  wether. 

[Prov.  Eng.] 
wethewyndet,  «•     A  Middle  English  form  of 

withwind. 
wetly  (wet'li).  adv.     [<  wety  +  -?j/2.]     In  a  wet 
state  or  condition ;  moistly. 

"  Ix)ve/'  she  says,  very  sweetly,  while,  for  the  last  time, 
her  blue  eyes  xcetly  dwell  on  his. 

Rhoda  Broughton,  Joan,  ii.  11. 

wetness  (wet'nes),  n.  The  state  or  condition  of 
being  wet;  also,  the  capacity  for  communicat- 
ing moisture  or  making  wet:  as,  the  wetness  of 
the  atmosphere  or  of  steam. 

The  wetness  of  the  working  fluid  [steaml  to  which  the 
action  of  the  walls  of  the  cylinder  gives  rise  is  essentially 
superficial.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  488. 

wet-nurse  (wet'ners),  «.     A  woman  employed 
to  suckle  the  infant  of  another.    Compare  dry- 
n  urse. 
wet-nurse  (wet'ners),  V.  t.    [<  wet-nurse,  ?*.]    1, 
To  act  as  a  wet-nurse  to;  suckle. 

Or  is  he  a  mythus  — ancient  word  for  "humbug'*- 
Such  as  Livy  t«ld  about  the  wolf  that  wet-nursed 
Romulus  and  Remus?  0.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  i. 

Hence  —  2,  To  coddle  as  a  wet-nurse  does; 
treat  with  the  tenderness  shown  to  an  infant. 

The  system  of  iretnursing  adopted  by  the  Post  Office  au- 
thorities in  the  case  of  the  telegraph  service  has  not  been 
one  of  uniform  success.       Elect.  Hev.  (Eng.X  XXVII.  205. 

wet-pack  (wet'pak),  h.  A  means  of  reducing 
the  temperature  in  fever  by  wrapping  the  body 
in  cloths  wet  with  cold  water,  and  covering 
these  with  a  blanket  or  other  dry  material. 

wet-press  (wet'pres),  /(.  \\\  pajter-making,  the 
second  press  in  which  wet  hand-made  paper  is 
compacted  and  partially  dried.     E.  H.  Anight. 

wet-saltert  (wet'sal''''ter),  «.  A  salter  who  pre- 
pares or  deals  in  wet  provisions.  See  wet  pro- 
visions, under  wef^.     Compare  dry-salter. 

The  Parade  .  .  .  smelt  as  strong  about  Breakfast  Times 
as  a  Wet  Salter's  Shop  at  Midsummer. 

Tom  Brmcn,  Works  (ed.  1708),  III.  86. 

wet-shod  (wet'shod).  a.  [<  ME.  wet-shod,  wat- 
shod,  wete-shoddc;  <  wef^  4-  ^s7*(>(/i.]  Wet  as  re- 
gards the  shoes;  wearing  wet  shoes. 

There  [in  the  battle]  men  were  wetschoede 
Alle  of  Brayn  &  of  blode. 

Arthur  (ed.  Furnivall),  \.  469. 

Unless  to  shame  his  Court  Flatterers  wlu)  would  not 
else  be  convinc*t,  Canute  needed  not  to  have  gone  ir^f-^fAorf 
home.  MUton,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

So  he  went  over  at  last,  not  much  aboue  wet-shod. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  lYogress,  ii. 

wetter  (wet'er),  n.  One  who  wets,  or  practises 
wetting,  for  some  purpose:  specifically,  in 
}>rinting,  a  workman  who  wets  down  paper. 
See  phrase  under  wet^,  v.  t. 

wetter-off  (wet'er-of),  n.  In  glass-maltng.  a 
workman  who  detaches  formed  bottles  from 
the  blowi!ig-iron  by  applying  a  moistened  tool 
to  tlie  neck. 


r 


wetting-machine 

wetting-machine  (wet'ing-ma-shen''),  H.  A 
mechanism  that  dampenn  paper  and  makes  it 
suitable  for  printing,  it  is  made  in  many  forms,  the 
simplest  of  which  is  a  tlexible  and  vibrating  rose-nozle 
attached  by  a  pipe  to  a  water-tank.  Paper  for  web-presses 
is  usually  dampened  by  a  spray  of  water  from  a  perforated 
pipe  as  the  paper  is  automatically  unwound. 

wettish  (wet'ish),  a.  [<  ict-n  +  -ishK^  Some- 
what wet;  moist;  humid. 

we-uns.     See  under  we. 

weveH,  v.     An  old  spelling  of  iceave^. 

weve-t,  V.  t.    A  Middle  English  form  of  waive, 

weve-H, '-.     See  weave^. 

wevilt,  ».     An  obsolete  spelling  of  weevil 

wext,  V.     An  obsolete  form  of  wax^. 

weyi  (wa),  n,  [<  ME.  weie^  waie^  weihe,  wsese,  < 
AS.  w£Bg{=  OHU.  tcdga  =  Icel.  vdf/),  a  weight,  < 
ire^/flM, raise, lift:  seetm///*i,  w.,andef.  weight^,'] 

1 .  A  unit  of  weight,  14  stone  according  to  the 
old  statute  de  ponderibus.  But  a  wey  of  wool  is  6.V 
tods,  or  13  stone;  locally,  30,  30^,  or  31  pounds.  A  wey  of 
hemp  was  tiO  pounds  in  Somei-setshire,  32  pounds  in  Dor- 
setshire, being  8  heads  of  4  pounds,  twisted  and  tied.  A 
statute  of  1430  Ueclarts  that  cheese  shall  not  be  weighed 
by  the  ouncel,  but  by  the  wey  of  32  cloves,  each  clove  of  7 
poands,  except  in  Essex,  where  it  is  2.'>6  pounds,  or  32 
cloves  of  7i  pounds.  But  locally  it  was  3  hundredweight, 
or  416  pounds. 

Hence  —  2,  A  unit  of  measure,  properly  40 
bushels.  So  a  statute  of  George  III.  makes  a  wey  of  salt 
one  ton,  which  is  40  bushels.  But  another  statute  of  the 
same  monarch  makes  a  wey  of  meal  48  bushels  of  84  pounds 
each ;  and  in  Devonshire  a  wey  of  lime,  coals,  or  culm  was 
sometimes  48  double  Winchester  bushels.  So  in  South 
Wales  a  wey  of  coals  is  0,  not  5,  chaldrons. 

3.  An  amount  of  window-glass  —  60  cases. 
[Eng.  in  all  uses.] 

wey^t,  weyef,  v.     Obsolete  spellings  of  weight. 
wey^f,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  wat/^. 
weyeret,  «.      An  obsolete  spelliug  of  weigher. 
Weymouth  pine.    See  />*«f  i. 

weyvet.  v.     An  old  spelling  of  icaive. 

wezandt,  n.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  wcasand. 

W.  f.  In  printing,  an  abbreviation  of  wrong 
font:  a  mark  on  the  margin  of  a  proof,  calling 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  letter  or  letters, 
etc.,  opposite  dilTer  from  the  rest  in  size  or 
face. 

W.  O.  An  abbreviation  of  Worthy  Grand^  pre- 
fixed to  various  titles  of  office  among  Free-ma- 
sons and  similar  orders:  as,  W.  G.  C.  (  Worthy 
Grand  Chaplain  or  Conductor). 

Wh-.     See  W,  1. 

wha  (hwii),  jiron.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
(Scotch)  fonn  of  who, 

whaap,  n.     See  whnup. 

whack  (hwak),  V.  [A  var.  of  th/tck'^,  appar.  sug- 
gested by  whop,  whop,  whip,  etc.,  the  fonn 
thwack  being  intermediate  between  thack'^  and 
trAocA'.]  I,  trauji.  1.  To  give  a  heavy  or  re- 
sounding blow  to;  thwack.     [Colloq.] 

A  traveller,  coming  up,  flnds  the  missing  man  by  whack- 
ing  each  of  them  over  the  shoulder. 

W.  A.  Clougton,  Book  of  Noodles,  ii. 

2.  To  divide  into  shares;  apportion;  parcel 
out.     [Slang.] 

They  then,  as  theytenn  it,  whack  the  whole  lot. 

Mayhetc,  Londuii  Lalxmr  and  London  Poor,  II.  l.'J2. 

H.  intrans.  1.  To  strike,  or  continue  strik- 
ing, anything  wltli  smart  blows.  [Colloq.] — 
2.  To  make  a  division  or  settlement;  square 
accounts;  pay:  often  in  the  phrase  to  whack 
up.     [Slang.] 

The  city  has  never  whacked  up  with  the  gas  conipany. 
Elect.  Rev.  (Amer.),  XIII.  9. 

At  last  Long  J and  I  got  to  quarrel  about  the  whack- 
ing; there  was  cheatin"  a  goin'  on. 

Mayhew,  London  labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  172. 

whack  (hwak),  n.  [<  wharky  r.]  1.  A  heavy 
blow;  a  thwack. 

Sometimes  a  chap  will  give  me  a  lick  with  a  stick  just 

as  I'm  going  over ;  sometimes  a  regular  gtMjd  hard  whack. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  I^judon  Poor,  II.  5G4. 

2.  A  stroke;  a  trial  or  attempt:  as,  to  tako  a 
M7Aa/"A:at  ajob.  [Slang.] — 3.  Apiece;  a  share; 
a  portion.     [Slang.] 

This  gay  young  hacbelor  had  taken  his  share  (wliat  he 
called  "his  whack")  of  pleasure. 

Thackeray,  Shabl)y  (;enteel  Story,  v. 

My  word  I  he  did  more  than  his  xvhnrk; 
He  waa  never  a  cove  as  would  shirk. 
G.  Walch,  A  Little  Tin  Plate  (A  Century  of  .Australian 

(Song,  p.  509). 

4.  Appetite.    Halliwell.     [Prov.  Krig.] 
whaCKer  (hwak'er),  ".   [<  whack  +  -//-i.]  Some- 
thing strikingly  large  of  its  kind;  a  big  tiling; 
a  whopper.      T.  Iliit/hes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford, 
II.  vii.     [Slan(r.] 

whacking  (hwak'ing).  a.  [Ppv.  of  whack,  r. ; 
cf.  whopping^  etc.]  Very  lurifc ;  lusty;  whop- 
ping: as,  u  whacking  ^^\x  or  falsehood.     Often 


6883 

used  adverbially :  as,  a  whacking  big  fish.  [Col- 
loq.] 

whahoo  (hwa-ho'),  )i.  Same  as  wahoo,  but  ap- 
plied specifically  to  the  winged  elm. 

whaintf,  whaintiset.  Middle  English  forms  of 
qu/iint,  quainti-^c. 

whaisle,  whaizle  (hwa'zl),  v.  i.  [A  dial.  freq. 
of  wheez€.'\  To  breathe  hard,  as  in  asthma; 
wheeze.     [Scotch.] 

But  sax  Scotch  miles  thou  try 't  their  mettle, 
An'  gart  them  whaizle. 
Bwms,  Farmer's  Salutation  to  his  Auld  Mare. 

whake,  Whaker,  Dialectal  forms  of  quake, 
quaker. 

whale^  (hwal),  n.  [<  ME.  hwaly  what,  qwal, 
qual,  <  AS.  hw^l  (pi.  hwalas)  =  MD.  wal  =  Icel. 
hvalr  =  Sw.  Dan.  hval,  a  whale,  including  any 
large  tish  or  cetacean ;  also  in  comp.  D.  walvisch 
=  OHG.  walHsCy  MHG.  wal-visch,  G.  walfisch 
=  Icel.  hcalfiskr  =  Sw.  Dan.  hraliisk,  a  whale 
(see  whale-fish);  ef.  OHG.  MJa/Zm, 'MHG.  walrc, 
a  whale;  cf.  also  MHG.  G.  wels,  shad.  Hence 
ult.  in  comp.  E.  walrus,  narwhal,  horsewhale;  ul- 
terior origin  unknown.  Skeat  connects  whale^j 
as  lit.  'the  roller,'  with  tvheel'^;  others  connect 
it  with  L.  balsena,  a  whale.  Both  derivations  are 
untenable.]  Any  member  of  the  mammalian 
order  CcUicea  or  Ccte  (which  see);  an  ordinary 
cetacean,  as  distinguished  from  a  sirenian,  or 
so-called  herbivorous  cetacean  ;  a  marine  mam- 
mal of  fish-like  form  and  habit,  with  fore  limbs 
in  the  form  of  fin-like  flippers,  withoiit  external 
trace  of  hind  limbs,  and  with  a  naked  body 
tapering  to  a  tail  with  flukes  which  are  like  a 
fish's  caudal  fin,  but  are  horizontal  instead  of 
vertical;  especially,  a  cetacean  of  large  to  the 
largest  size,  the  small  ones  being  distinctively 
named  dolphins,  porpoises,  etc. :  in  popular  use 
applied  to  any  large  marine  animal,  (a)  Whale  is 
not  less  strictly  applicable  than  universally  applied  to  the 
tfKJthless  or  whalel»one  whales,  all  of  which  are  of  great 
size,  and  some  of  which  are  by  far  the  largest  of  animals. 
They  consist  of  the  right  whales,  finner-whales,  and  hump- 
backs, composing  the  family  Bal/enidie  alone,  and  repre- 
sent rive  well-marked  genera,  namely :  (1)  Baliena  proper, 
the  right  whales,  without  any  dorsal  flu  and  with  smooth 
throat ;  (2)  AeobalsFtia,  based  on  N.  man/inata,  a  whale- 
bone whale  said  to  combine  a  smooth  throat  with  pres- 
ence of  a  dorsal  tin;  (3)  Rachianectes,  with  one  species, 
R.  glaucus,  the  gray  whale;  (4)  Megaptera,  the  hump- 
backed whales,  with  a  doi-sal  fin,  furrowed  throat,  and  long 
flippers,  of  sevenU  nominal  species  of  all  seas;  and  (5) 
Balsenoptcra,  the  true  tinners,  or  rorquals,  with  dorsal  fin, 
furrowed  throat,  and  short  flippers :  it  comprises  at  least 
four,  and  probably  more,  species.  Various  otlier  genera 
have  been  named  (as  Agapheluii  for  certain  so-called  scrag- 
whales),  and  the  generic  synonyms  of  these  whales  arc 
probably  more  numerous  than  the  actual  species,    (b) 


Whale  is  extended,  nearly  always  with  a  ([ualifying  word, 
to  most  of  the  odontocete  or  toothed  cetaceans,  and  espe- 
cially to  those  of  great  size,  as  the  sperm-whale,  but  also  to 
srmie  of  the  smallest,  no  larger  than  a  dolphin,  as  the  p}  g- 
my  or  porixiise  sperm-whales  of  the  geims  Kogia,  and  to 
various  forms  of  intermediate  sizes,  as  the  pilot-whales 
(Globicephaliia),  the  bottle-nosed  or  bottle-headed  whales 
(Ilyperoodoii),  tlie  white  whales  (Delphiriapterun),  etc. 
Some  of  these  whales  also  have  distinctive  names  into 
which  whale  does  not  enter,  as  blackjigh,  beluga,  boitlehead, 
bottlenf)»e,  grampus,  killer,  etc.,  or  they  share  the  qualified 
names  jxirpoixe  and  dolphin  vf'\i\\  various  small  cetaceans 
more  properly  so  called.  The  genera  and  species  of  the 
t^wthed  whales  are  much  more  numerous  than  those  of 
the  baleen  whales ;  their  synonymy  is  very  extensive 
and  intricate,  and  is  in  some  cases  in  a  state  of  confusion 
which  can  only  be  cleared  up  by  future  research,  (c)  In 
geologic  time  whales  date  back  to  the  Kocene ;  and 
a  suborder  Arch^oceti  (contrasted  with  Odonti>ceii  and 
Mtjffticete)  has  been  named  to  cover  certain  forms  still  only 
imperfectly  known  from  fragmentary  remains.  (See  Zeu- 
glodon.)  The  oldest  whales  like  any  of  the  living  forms 
date  from  tlie  late  Eocene,  and  are  tiwthed  whales  related 
tu  the  bumpltacks.  Whalebone  whales  are  not  kiiown  to 
be  ithler  than  the  Pliocene.  (</)  In  present  geographical 
distritiution  whales  ai-e  found  in  all  seas,  and  some  of 
tlicTii  enter  rivers.  Most  of  the  species  are  individually 
wiile-ranging  on  the  high  seas,  and  attempts  which  have 
been  made  to  discriminate  similar  forms  from  different 
waters  have  in  most  cases  proved  futile.  Sevend  of  the 
larger  forms  have  been  the  objects  of  systematic  fisheries 
for  centuries,  (f'^eti  whale-Jtshery.)  The  principal  products 
are  oil,  both  train  and  sperm,  baleen  or  whalebone,  sper- 
maceti, and  ambergris;  the  hide  of  some  of  the  smaller 
whales  atfords  a  leather.  Whales  are  exclusively  carnivo- 
rcjus.  and  feed  for  the  most  part  upon  a  great  variety  of 
small  animals  which  float  on  the  surface  of  the  sea,  gener- 
ally known  collectively  as  hrit  or  whale-hrit.  This  includes 
various  cephalupods,  as  sijuids  and  cuttles,  with  other 
inotluska  of  dilferent  orders,  as  well  as  several  different 
kinds  of  crustaceans,  brit  of  some  kinds  covers  the  ocean 


whale 

in  immense  areas,  to  which  the  whales  resort  as  feeding- 
grounds.  8ome  whales  attack  large  animals,  even  of  their 
own  kind  (see  killei-,  Orca^),  but  nearly  all  are  timid  and 
inoffensive,  seeking  only  U)  avoid  their  enemies,  though 
capable  of  formidable  resistance  to  attack.  Whales  bring 
forth  their  young  alive,  like  all  mammals  above  the  mono- 
tremes,  and  suckle  them  ;  the  teats  are  a  pair,  beside  the 
vulva.  They  breathe  only  air,  for  which  purpose  they  must 
regularly  seek  the  surface,  though  capable  of  remaining 
long  under  water  without  respiring.  The  spouting  of  the 
whale  is  the  act  of  expiration,  during  which  the  air  in  the 
lungs,  loaded  with  watery  vapor,  is  forcibly  expelled  like 
spray  in  a  single  stream,  or  in  two  streams,  according  as 
the  blowholes  are  single  or  there  are  a  pair  of  these 
spiracles.  Some  sea-water  may  be  mixed  with  the  lireath, 
if  the  whale  spouts  beneath  the  surface,  but  the  visible 
stream  is  chiefly  condensed  vapor,  like  that  of  human 
breath  on  a  cold  day.  Whales  have  a  naked  skin,  sav- 
ing a  few  bristles  about  the  mouth,  chiefly  in  the  young; 
the  hide  is  often  incrusted  with  barnacles,  or  infested  with 
other  crustacean  parasites.  The  bodily  temperature  is 
maintained  in  the  coldest  surroundings  by  the  heavy  layer 
of  blubber  which  lies  under  the  skin  of  the  whole  body, 
and  in  the  sperm-whale  forms  a  special  deposit  on  the 
skull,  giving  its  singula:'  shape  to  the  head.  The  general 
form  of  the  body  is  like  that  of  a  flsh,  in  adaptation  to  en- 
tirely aquatic  habits  and  means  of  locomotion.  It  tapers 
behind  the  body-cavity  in  a  solid  muscular  part,  the  innall, 
and  ends  in  broad,  short  flukes  lying  horizontally  and  ex- 
tending from  side  to  side.  This  tail-fln  is  the  principal  or- 
gan of  locomotion,  like  the  vertical  caudal  fin  of  a  flsh.  The 
fore  limbs  fonii  flippers  of  vailing  length  in  different  spe- 
cies. These  flns  are  of  medium  length  in  the  right  whale, 
short  in  the  sperm  and  rorqual,  and  extremely  long  in  the 
humpback.  In  all  cases  the  pectoral  fln  has  a  skeleton 
composed  of  the  same  joints  or  segments  as  the  fore  limb  of 
ordinary  mammals,  and  of  all  the  usual  bones  except  a  cla- 
vicle ;  but  the  digital  phalanges  are  more  numerous.  The 
dorsal  fin,  when  present,  is  a  mere  excrescence,  without  any 
bony  basis.  There  is  never  any  outward  sign  of  hind  limbs, 
but  the  skeleton  of  some  whales  includes  certain  vestigial 
bones  of  a  proximal  segment  of  the  pelvic  limb,  entirely 
separate  from  the  spinal  column,  and  apparently  only  serv- 
ing in  the  male  as  a  suspensorium  for  the  penis.  Thei  e 
is  consequently  no  sacrum,  nor  any  break  in  the  series  of 
vertebrse  from  the  hindmost  that  bears  ribs  to  the  end  of 
the  spinal  column.  The  cervical  vertebrse  offer  excep- 
tional conditions.  (See  cut  mwAqt  ankylosis.)  The  denti- 
tion of  whales  is  sufhciently  diverse  to  furnish  characters 
of  the  main  divisions  of  cetaceans.  The  entire  toothless- 
ness  of  the  baleen  whales  is  matched  by  few  mammiUs 
(see  Edentata) ;  the  presence  of  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  only, 
as  in  various  odontocete  whales,  is  peculiar;  the  denti- 
tion of  the  narwhal  is  wholly  exceptional.  Teeth,  when 
present,  are  always  homodont  (like  one  another)  and 
monophyodont  (there  being  no  milk-teeth).  The  soft 
palate  and  the  larynx  are  specialized  in  adaptation  to  the 
act  of  spouting.  The  digestive  organs  are  comparatively 
simple  ;  the  uterus  is  bicornous,  the  placenta  dittuse  and 
non-deciduate  ;  the  testes  are  abdominal ;  and  there  is  no 
OS  penis  nor  seminal  vesicle.  The  ciiculatory  system  is 
notable  for  its  plexuses,  both  ai'terial  and  venous.  Not- 
withstanding the  outward  resemblance  to  a  fish,  whales 
belong  to  the  higher  (educabilian)  series  of  mammals,  hav- 
ing a  relatively  large  brain.  One  of  the  most  remarkable 
of  the  many  anomalies  presented  by  this  highly  specialized 
order  of  mammals  is  the  difference  in  size  of  its  mem- 
bers, the  range  being  far  greater  than  that  of  any  other 


'3900.3. 


ordinal  group  —  from  4  to  about  80  feet  in  linear  dimen- 
sion. The  size  of  the  larger  whales  has  been  grossly  ex- 
aggerated in  many  of  the  accounts  which  find  popular 
credence.  Adult  right  whales  of  different  species  range 
from  20  to  50  feet  in  length,  only  the  polar  whale  attaining 
the  latter  dimension;  the  connnon  humpback  is  from  41) 
to  50  feet  long  ;  the  sperm-whale  reaches  60  feet ;  and  the 
rorquals  of  several  species  range  from  40  to  80  feet,  the 
maximum  length  being  reached  only  by  the  blue  ronpial, 
which  is  the  largest  of  known  animals.— Arctic  Whale, 
the  polar  whale,  Baliena  mysticetnn;  that  right  wli:du 
which  is  of  circumpolar  distribution,  as  distinguished 
from  any  such  whale  of  temperate  \orth  Atlantic  or  North 
Pacific  waters,  or  from  which  the  latter  are  sought  to  be 
distinguished,  as  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  nort/nreat,  or  Bis- 
cay w7t«/(^.— Atlantic  whale,  the  right  whale  of  temper- 
ate North  Atlantic  waters.  It  is  not  distinct  from  the 
southern  right  wiiale,  Baliena  australis,  though  so  named, 
as  B.  ci,sarctica,  and  as  B.  bixcayensitt,  the  Biscay  wliale. 
—  Australian  whale,  the  New  Ze:dand  whale.— Baleen 
wliale,  any  whalebone  whale,  as  a  right  whale.  See  cuts 
under  iffl/ff/i('(/fl?  and  whalebone. — Biscay  whale,  Baliena 
Hscayensis,  long  the  object  of  a  special  flsln'ry  by  the 
Basques,  conducted  as  early  as  the  tenth  century. —  Black 
whale,  (a)  Any  baleen  whale,  as  distinguished  from  a 
sperm-whale.  (6)  Sec  hlackjinh.  -1,  black-whale,  and  Globi- 
cepfiaiiis.  —  Blue  Whale,  Sibbald's  whale;  the  large  ror- 
qual.-Bone-whale,  any  baleen  whale. -Bottle-headed 
whale,  a  zipliioid  whale;  a  cetacean  of  the  family  Ziphi- 
it/«!.— Bottle-nosed  whale.  See  boitlenose,  l  (b\  and  cut 
at  Ziphiiiue.  —  Bow-head  whale,  the  jiolar  whale,  or  bow- 
head.— Bull  Whale,  any  adult  male  whale  ;  a  bull.—  Calf- 
Whale,  any  young  whale.  — California  Whale,  tlie  gray 


Liilifuiiiia  (".t.iy  Wluik'  (Ktn /iiui/^,  Ui\f;/niiins). 


whale 

whale.  See  Jiachiawctes.—  CaMii^  whale,  a  c:iaing- 
whale;  a  pilot- wJuile.  — Cape  Whale,  the  southern  right 
\vh:Ue,  Baliena  atuitrali^.—  Cow  Whale,  any  adult  feiualc 
whale;  a  dam.  -Denticete  whales,  the  toothed  whales. 
—  Digger  whale,  the  gi-ay  whale.— Down  Whale,  a 
whale  under  water,  as  in  soundinp.  — Finback  whale, 
a  finner-wiiale;  a  rorqual;  any  whale  of  the  family  BaLr- 
iwpteridie.  See  cut  under  rorqtml. ^Tin-Whale  or  fin- 
ner-Whale,  a  finback  whale;  any  whalebone  whale  with 
a  dorsal  flu.  as  a  humpback  or  rorqual ;  a  furrowed  whale. 
See  Balanioptera,  Megaptera,  and  cut  under  rorqual.— 
Furrowed  whale,  a  whalebone  whale  with  the  skin  of 
the  throat  plicated,  or  thrown  into  ridges  and  furrows, 
and  a  dorsal  tin  :  distinguished  from  smooth  u-hale.  The 
humpbacks  and  the  tinners  or  rorquals  aie  furrowed 
w  hales.  See  Bcdsenopteridie.  —  Giant  sperm-whale, 
the  sperm-whale  proper.  See  cut  under  sperm-whale. — 
Gray  whale,  the  California  whale,  liackianecies  glaucus, 
a  large  flnner-whale  or  rorqual  of  the  Pacitic  coast  of 
^orth  America.  It  has  many  locsd  names,  as  devil-fish, 
grayback,  hardhead,  mussel  digijer,  ripsack,  etc.  See  Ba- 
chiajiectes.—  GreaX  polar  whale,  the  polar  or  Green- 
land right  whale.— Greenland  whale,  the  right  whale 
of  the  North  Atlantic ;  the  great  polar  whale,  Balmna 
»iJ/,sVtc^/(«.  — Humpbacked  whale.    See  humpback  and 


Hiimpbacked  Whale  \Mejr,iptera  boops,. 

Mejaptera.~Ja,pa.Tl  or  Japanese  whale,  Balfena  japo- 
nica,  a  right  whale  of  the  North  I'aciftc.  —  Killer-Whale. 
See  killer,  ;j,  and  Orca'^. —  Loose  Whale,  a  whale  that 
has  not  been  struck  by  the  toggle-iron,  or  a  whale  that 
has  been  fastened  to,  but  has  made  its  escape.— Mysti- 
cete  whales,  the  toothless  or  baleen  whales  ;  whalebone 
whales.  Sec  Mysticete,  Megapteriiife,  Balienidse. — New 
Zealand  whale,  Neuhalsena  viarginata,  a  wlialebone 
whale  of  Polynesian  and  Australian  waters,  not  yet  well 
known,  having  the  smooth  throat  of  the  right  whales,  a 
doi-sal  (In,  very  long  and  slender  white  baleen,  small  flip- 
pers with  only  four  digits,  and  various  osteological  pecu- 
liarities. It  is  of  smallest  size  among  the  baleen  whales, 
being  only  about  20  feet  long.— Northwest  Whale,  the 
right  whale  of  the  northwestern  coast  of  North  America, 
Balfena  sieboldi,  as  distinguislied  from  the  southern  right 
whale.  Also  called  Pacific  right  ivhale.  —  'PiiOtrWhale. 
Same  as  caaing-tvhale. —  Tolax  Whale,  the  right  whale 
of  the  arctic  Atlantic  waters,  or  Greenland  whale.  Bala?- 
na  mysticettts,  more  fully  called  great  polar  whale,  and 
by  many  local  names,  as  bow-head,  titeepletop,  ice-break- 
er, ice  whale,  etc.  — Pygmy  sperm-whale,  a  toothed 
whale  of  the  genus  Kogia;  a  porpoise  sperm-whale  (which 
see,  under  sperm-whale).— "Right  Whale,  a  whaleljone 
whale  of  the  restricted  genus  Balfena :  so  called,  it  is 
said,  because  this  is  the  "right"  kind  of  whale  to  take. 
Right  whales  inhabit  all  known  seas,  and  those  of  the 
main  divisions  of  the  waters  of  the  globe  have  been  spe- 
cified by  name,  as  the  arctic,  polar,  or  Greenland  right 
whale,  the  Atlantic,  the  Pacific,  the  southern,  the  north- 
west, etc.  These  have  received  several  technical  names, 
as  B.  mgxticetus  of  the  Arctic  ocean,  B.  biscayensis  or  cis- 
arctica  of  the  North  Atlantic,  B.  australis of  the  Soutli  At- 
lantic, B.  japonica  of  the  Noilh  Pacific,  B.  antipodarumot 
the  South  Pacific,  and  others.  It  is  not  likely  that  more 
than  two  valid  species  are  represented  in  this  synonymy : 
(a)  jB.  mysticetns  is  of  circumpolar  disti-ibution  in  the 
northern  hemisphere.  It  attains  a  length  of  from  40  to  r)0 
feet,  has  no  doi-sal  fin,  flippers  of  medium  size,  and  very 
long  narrow  flukes,  tapering  to  a  point  and  somewhat  fal- 
cate. Tlie  greatest  girth  is  about  the  middle,  whence  the 
body  tapers  rapidly  to  the  comparatively  slender  root  of 
the  tail.  The  throat  is  smooth  ;  the  head  is  of  great  size ; 
and  the  eye  is  situated  very  low  down  and  far  back,  be- 


Ptilar  Rijjht  Whale  ^Unlmna  ntystitetus). 

tween  the  base  of  the  flipper  and  the  corner  of  the  mouth. 
The  profile  of  the  mouth  is  strongly  arched,  and  its  capacity 
is  enormous,  exceeding  tliat  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen 
together.  This  cavern  is  fringed  on  each  side  with  baleen 
hangiTig  from  the  upper  jaw  ;  the  iilatcs  are  350  to  400  on 
each  side,  the  longest  attaining  a  length  of  10  or  12  feet; 
they  are  black  in  color,  and  finely  frayed  out  along  the 
inner  edge  into  a  fringe  of  long  elastic  filaments.  When 
the  jaws  are  closed,  the  baleen  serves  as  a  sieve  to  strain 
out  the  multitudes  of  small  mollusks  or  crustaceans  upon 
which  the  whale  feeds,  and  which  are  gulped  in  with 
many  barrels  of  water  in  the  act  of  graziitg  the  sur- 
face with  open  mouth.  Aliout  300  of  the  slabs  on  each 
side  are  mt;rchantable,  representing  15  hundredweight  of 
bone  from  a  whale  of  average  size,  which  yields  also  If) 
tons  of  oil  ;  but  some  large  individuals  render  nearly 
twice  as  much  of  both  the.^e  iModucts.  {b)  The  southern 
light  whale,  B.  aitstralis,  difitrs  fiom  the  polar  whale  in 
its  projwrtionately  shorter  and  smaller  Iiead,  greater  con- 
vexity of  the  arch  of  the  mouth,  shorter  haleen,  and  more 
numerous  vertebrae.  It  irdiabita  both  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans  in  temperate  latitudes,  and  in  the  former  waterd 
was  the  object  of  a  fishery  duiing  the  middle  ages  for  the 
Kuropean  supply  of  oil  and  Ijone.  'J'his  industry  gave  way 
to  the  pursuit  of  the  polar  whale  about  the  beginning  of 


6884 

the  seventeenth  century.  This  whale  has  long  been  rare 
in  the  North  Atlantic,  but  has  occasionally  stranded  on 
the  European  coast,  and  more  frequently  on  that  of  the 
United  States.  A  similar  if  not  identical  right  whale  is 
hunted  in  temperate  North  Pacific  waters.  Right  whales 
are  rare  and  not  pursued  in  tropical  seas,  but  are  objects 
of  the  chase  in  vai'ious  parts  of  the  south  temperate 
ocean.  See  cuts  above,  and  under  Bal/vnid/e.  —  'RVL- 
dolphi'S  whale,  the  small  finner-whalc  or  rorqual,  Ba- 
leenopiera  borcalis.  See  ror^a^.—  Sibbald'S  Whalej  a  very 
large  finnerwhale,  the  blue  rorqual,  Bal/rnoptera  stbbaldi, 
one  of  the  two  or  three  largest  of  all  animals.  See  ror- 
g'wa?.  — Siebold'S  whale,  a  right  whale  of  the  North  I'a- 
ciflc,  nominally  BaL'ena  gieboldi.  See  narthwesi  wfiale. 
above.  — Smooth  whale,  a  whalebone  whale  having  no 
plications  of  the  skin  of  the  throat  and  no  dorsal  ftn,  as  a 
right  whale:  distinguished  ivoiw  furrowed  whale.  See 
iJa^^mrf*.- Southern  right  whale,  BaUena  australis  of 
the  South  Atlantic,  admitted  as  a  distinct  species  from  the 
polar  right  whale.  See  Atlantic  whale,  aliove.- South 
Pacific  whale,  a  southern  right  whale,  Baliena  antipoda- 
rw/rt.— Sower  by  *s  whale,  a  ziphioid  whale,  Mesftplodon 
sow'crbiensis,  of  the  Atlantic  — Spermaceti  Whale,  the 
spenn-whale.— Sulphur  whale,  sulphur-bottomed 
whale.  Same  as  sulphur-bottom.- To  bone  a  whale,  to 
strike  a  bone,  as  the  shoulder-blade,  in  lancing  a  whale.— 
Toothed  whale,  a  whale  or  other  cetacean  with  true  teeth 
in  one  or  both  jaws ;  any  member  of  the  division  Denticete 
or  Odontoceti:  distinguished  from  whalebone  whale.— To 
throw  a  tub  to  a  whale.  See  tid>. — Very  like  a  whale, 
an  expression  of  ironical  assent  to  an  assertion  or  a  propo- 
sition regarded  as  preposterous :  from  the  use  of  the  phrase 
by  Polonius  in  humoring  Hamlet's  supposed  madness : 

Ham.  Methinks  it  fa  cloud]  is  like  a  weasel. 

Pol.  It  is  backed  like  a  weasel. 

Ham.  Or  like  a  whale? 

Pol.   Very  like  a  whale.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2.  399. 

Whalebone  whale,  a  baleen  whale;  a  toothless  whale 
whose  mouth  contains  whalebone ;  any  member  of  the  Ba- 
Isenidx,  as  a  right  whale,  humpback,  or  rorqual,  whether 
furrowed  or  smooth. — Whale  of  passage,  a  migratory 
whale,  or  a  whale  during  its  migration.— Whale's  bonet, 
ivory:  perhaps  because  supposed  to  come  from  the  bones 
of  the  whale,  at  a  time  when  the  real  source  of  the  material 
was  little  known,  or  when  most  of  the  ivory  used  in  western 
Europe  consisted  of  the  teeth  of  the  walrus,  confounded 
with  the  whale,  and  possibly  those  of  the  spenn-whale, 
which,  though  of  comparatively  small  size,  are  of  fine 
quality.  The  term  was  in  common  use  for  several  centu- 
ries. 

Her  hands  so  white  as  ichales  bone. 

Her  finger  tipt  with  Cassidone. 

Puttenham,  Partheniades,  vii. 

This  is  the  flower  that  smiles  on  every  one, 
To  show  his  teeth  as  white  as  whale's  bone. 

Shak.,  L  L.  L.,  v.  2.  332. 
White  whale,  a  whale  of  the  family  Delphinidm  and  ge- 
nus Delphinapterus,  as  D.  leucas;  a  beluga.  The  species 
named  inhabits  arctic  and  subai'ctic  waters,  and  is  prized 
for  its  fine  oil  and  valuable  skin.  The  latter  makes  a  kind 
of  leather  used  for  mast-bays  and  some  military  accoutre- 
ments. Also  called  whitefish.  See  cut  under  Delphinap- 
terus.—Ziphioid  whales.  See  Hyperoodon,  Ziphius, 
Ziphiinse.  (See  also  caaing-whale,  ice-whale,  scrag-whale, 
sperm-ivhale.) 
whale^  (hwill),  V.  i. ;  pret.  aud  pp.  whaled,  ppr. 
whaliiKj.  [<  whttle'^,  ;;.]  To  take  whales;  pur- 
sue tbe  business  of  whale-fisliiug. 

Cruising  and  whaling  in  the  bays  is  full  of  excitement 
and  anxiety.        C.  M,  Scammon,  Marine  Mammals,  p.  (>3. 

Whale^  (hwal),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  i)p.  icltalcd,  ppr. 
ivhaling.  [Avar,  of  tcale'^^  the  change  of  initial 
IV-  to  wh~  being  perhaps  due  to  association  with 
whacl;  ichap,  whij),  etc.]  To  lasli  witli  vigorous 
stripes;  thrash  or  beat  soundly.     [Colloq.] 

I  have  whipped  you,  Antipodes  fa  lioi-se],  but  have  I 
whaled  you?  T.  Winthrop,  Canoe  and  Saddle,  xii. 

But  first  I  would  remark,  that  it  is  not  a  proper  plan 
For  any  scientific  gent  to  whale  his  follow-man. 

Bret  Harte,  The  Society  upon  the  Stanislaus. 

whaleback  (hwal'bak),  ».    Same  as  turtlcbacl'. 
The  deck  is  elliptical,  with  a  whale-back  from  the  con- 
ning tower  to  the  bow.  2'he  Engineer,  LXIX.  140. 

whale-barnacle  (hwarbiir'na-kl),  n.  A  cirri- 
ped  of  the  family  Coronulidee,  parasitic  upon 
whales,  as  CoronuJa  diadema.  See  cut  under 
('oromdo. 

whale-bird  (hwarberd),  71.  1.  One  of  the  blue 
petrels  of  tlie  genus  Prion,  several  species  of 
which  inhabit  the  southern  ocean,  p.  vittattts,  one 
of  the  best-known,  is  notable  for  the  expanse  of  its  beak, 
the  edges  of  which  are  beset  with  tooth-like  processes. 
The  name  extends  to  several  other  oceanic  birds  which 


% 


Four  plates 
of  t>aleen,  seen 
obliquely    from 


f^^^shs 


Whiilebird  {Prion  vittittusu 


whale-fisher 

gather  in  multitudes  when  a  whale  has  been  captured,  to 

feed  upon  the  offal ;  they  are  chiefly  of  the  petrel  and  gull 

families. 

2.  The  tumstone,  Strepsilas  interpres.   Hearnc. 

[Hudson's  Bay.]  —  3.  The  red  or  gray  phala- 

rope.     Kumleiii.     [Labrador.] 

whale-hoat  (hwal'bot),  n.  A  long  narrow  boat, 
sharp  at  both  ends,  and  fitted  for  steering  with 
an  oar  as  well  as  with  a  rudder,  used  in  the 
pursuit  of  whales,  and,  from  its  handy  and  sea- 
worthy qualities,  also  for  many  other  purposes. 
It  is  usually  from  20  to  30  feet  long.  A  pair  of  theae 
boats  is  commonly  carried  by  ocean  passenger- steamers, 
in  addition  to  their  heavier  boats. 

whalebone  (hwarbon),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  whaU 
hone,  qwalc-hon;  <  whale^  H-  houe^.']  I.  n.  1.  The 
elastic  horny  substance  which  grows  in  place  of 
teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  of  whales  of  the  family  Ba- 
Isenidse  (hence  called  whalebone  or  hone  whaks)^ 
forming  a  series  of  thin  parallel  plates  from  a 
few  inches  to  several  feet  long;  baleen  (which 
see).  The  t£rm  is  misleading,  for  the  substance  is  in 
no  sense  bone,  but  a  kind  of  horn ;  and  its 
trade-name  whale-fin  is  equally  inaccu- 
rate, for  it  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  fins 
of  the  whale.  Whalebone  grows  in  sever- 
al hundred  close-set  parallel  plates  along 
each  side  of  the  upper  jaw  of  the  baleen 
whale,  and  thus  in  the  situation  occupied 
by  the  teeth  of  ordinary  mammals;  it  is 
entirely  shut  in  by  the  lips  when  the  mouth 
is  closed.  Each  one  of  the  plates  of  both 
rows  then  bends  with  a  strong  sweep  back- 
ward, and  when  the  mouth  is  opened 
straightens  out,  so  that  there  is  always 
a  heavy  fringe  on  each  side  of  the  cavity 
of  the  mouth,  forming  an  impassable  bar- 
rier to  the  multitudinous  small  creatures 
which  the  whale  scoops  in  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  sea.  The  longest  baleen  plates 
are  those  of  the  polar  whale,  some  of 
which  may  exceed  12  feet  in  length.  The 
plates  in  different  species  differ  in  color 
from  a  dull  grayish -black  through  various 
streaked  or  veined  colorations  to  somewhat 
creamy  white.  Whalebone  stands  quite 
alone  among  animal  substances  in  a  par- 
ticular combination  of  lightness,  tough- 
ness, flexibility,  elasticity,  and  durability, 
together  with  such  a  cleavage  (due  to  the 
straightness  of  its  parallel  fibers)  that  it 
may  be  split  for  its  whole  length  to  any  desired  thinness 
of  strips.  A  sulphur-bottom  whale  has  yielded  800  pounds 
of  baleen,  of  which  the  longest  plates  were  4  feet  in 
length.  In  the  California  gray  whale  the  longest  bone 
is  from  14  to  16  inches,  of  a  light  or  whitish  color,  coarse- 
grained, and  heavily  and  xinevenly  fringed.  The  baleen 
of  a  finback  is  of  a  light  lead-color  streaked  with  black, 
attaining  a  length  of  2  feet  4  inches  and  a  width  of  from 
12  to  14  inches,  with  a  fine  fringe  from  2  to  4  inches  long; 
it  is  somewhat  ridged  crosswise.  That  of  the  shjyp-head- 
ed  flnner  is  entirely  white,  with  a  short  thin  frin^ ;  it  has 
been  found  to  consist  of  270  pairs  of  plates,  the  longest  be- 
ing 10  inches  in  length.  Whalebone  is  or  has  been  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  a  great  variety  of  articles. 
2,  Something  made  of  whalebone  or  baleen ; 
a  piece  of  whalebone  prepared  for  some  regu- 
lar use:  as,  the  whalebones  of  a  corset. —  3. 
Specitically,  a  whalebone  riding-whip. 

They're  neck  and  neck ;  they're  head  and  head: 
They're  stroke  for  stroke  in  the  running; 

The  whalebone  whistles,  the  steel  is  red, 
No  shirking  as  yet  or  shunning. 

A.  L.  Gordon,  Visions  in  the  Smoke. 

4t.  In  the  middle  ages,  ivory  from  the  narwhal, 
walinis,  or  other  sea-creature,  or  supposed  to 
be  from  such  a  source.  See  whale's  bone,  under 
whaJe'^,  n. 

To  telle  of  hir  tethe  that  tryetly  were  set, 
Alse  qwyte  it  qwem  as  any  qwalle  ban. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  L  3055. 

II.  a.  Made  of  or  containing  whalebone. 
Their  ancient  ivhalebone  stays  creaked. 

a.  B.  Stotce,  Oldtown,  p.  398. 

Whalebone  whale.    See  I.,  l,  and  phrase  under  whaled. 

whale-brit  (hwal'brit),  n.     Same  as  brit'^,  2. 

Compare  whale'^,  «.,  1. 

whale-built  (hwal'bilt).  a.    Constructed  on  the 

model  of  a  whale-boat. 

The  Canadian  fishing-boats  are  whale-huilt.  Periey. 

whale-calf  (hwarkjif),  n.  The  young  of  the 
whale.     Also  ealf-whale. 

whale-fin  (hwarfin),  n.  In  eom.,  a  plate  or 
hnnina  of  whalel)one;  whalebone  collectively. 
[Both  whale-fin  and  whalebone  are  misnomers,  due  to  origi- 
nal ignorance  of  the  source  and  nature  of  the  material.] 

A  duty  was  imposed  upon  whale-fins,  which,  notwith- 
standing the  double  duty  on  fins  imported  by  foreigners, 
went  far  toward  the  ruin  of  the  Greenland  trade. 

5.  Dou'ell,  Taxes  in  England,  II.  61. 

whalefisht   (hwarfish),   n.     [=  D.  walrisch   = 

OHG.  walfisc,   MHG.  walriseh^  G.  waJjisch   = 

Icel.  hralJislT  =  Sw.  Ban.  hvalfjsl-;  as  whale^  + 

_/(>/(!.]     A  whale. 

There  by  be  many  wlhWefysshes  and  flyinge  fysshes. 

B.  Eden,  in  First  Books  on  America  (ed.  Arber,  p.  xxvlii.), 

whale-fisher  (hwartish^er),  «.  A  person  en- 
gaged in  the  whale-fishery ;  a  whaler.  (.'.  J/. 
Scanuuon,  Marine  Mammals,  p.  211. 


whale-fishery 

whale-fishery  (hwal'fish'er-i),  n.  1.  The  oc- 
cupation or  industry  of  taking  whales ;  also,  the 
men,  vessels,  etc.,  engaged  in  this  pursuit. —  2. 
A  locality  that  is  or  may  be  resorted  to  for  the 
taking  of  whales;  a  place  where  whale-fishing 
is  conducted,  or  where  whales  abound. 

whale-fishing  (hwal'fish'ing),  u.  The  act  or 
occupation  of  taking  whales  ;  whaling. 

whale-flea  (hwal'fle).  «.     Same  as  whale-loufie. 

whale-food  (hwal'fod),  Jt.  Same  as  whale-brit. 
See  hrit-,  2,  uhale^,  n.,  and  cuts  under  CHone 
and  Limacinu. 

whale-head  (hwal'hed).  n.  A  remarkable  gral- 
latorial  bird  of  Africa,  related  to  the  herons 
and  storks:  so  called  on  account  of  the  size  of 
the  head  and  monstrous  shape  of  the  beak ;  the 
whale-headed  stork,  or  shoebill,  Balseniccps  rex, 
the  only  representative  of  the  family  Balxtii- 
cipidee.     See  cut  under  Baleeiticipidx. 

whale-headed  (hwal'lied'ed),a.  Having  a  large 
heavy  head  suggestive  of  a  whale's:  noting  the 
shoebill.    See  whale-head.  Encijc.  Brit.,  III.  759. 

whale-hunter  (hwal'hun'ter),  H.  A  whaleman. 

Octher  .  .  .  said  that  ...  lie  was  come  as  far  towards 
the  north  as  commoDly  the  uhale-huiiiirs  vse  to  trauell. 
llakluyt's  Voyaijes,  I.  4. 

whale-lance  (hwal'lans),  n.  The  lance  used 
in  striking  a  whale,  it  may  be  either  a  hand-lance 
or  a  bomb-lance,  but  the  term  i^  more  frequently  applied 
to  the  (onner. 

whale-line  (hwal'lin),  n.  Rope  from  2  to  3 
inches  in  circumference,  made  with  great  care 
from  selected  material,  and  used  for  harpoon- 
lines  in  the  whale-fishery,  it  forms  the  tow-line 
of  a  whale-boat,  with  which  a  whale  la  made  fast  to  tbe 
boat  by  means  of  the  toggle-iron. 

Whale-line  is  three-stranded  rope,  2^  inches  in  circum- 
ference, composed  of  the  finest  hemp,  32  yams  per  strand. 
Hm-ijc.  Drit.,  XXIV.  626. 

whale-louse  (hwal'lous),  u.  Any  small  exter- 
nal parasite  of  a  whale :  a  fish-louse  or  epizoic 
crustacean  infesting  whales;  especially,  a  la?- 
modipod  of  the  family  Ci/aiiiiilie,  as  Vtjamus  cell 
and  other  species  of  this  genus.  See  cut  under 
Cyamus.     Also  whale-flea. 

whaleman (hwal'man),  II. ;  pi.  whalemen  (-men). 
One  who  wliales;  a  whaler;  especially,  one  en- 
gaged in  the  actiuil  capture  of  whales,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  another  indirectly  concerned 
in  the  industry. 

Hundreds  of  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  were  discov- 
ered and  chartered  by  whaiemen.      The  Century,  XL.  623. 

whale-oil  (hwal'oil),  n.  The  oil  obtained  from 
the  blubber  of  a  whale  or  other  cetacean,  (a)  Com- 
mon oil,  or  train-oil,  is  that  procured  from  the  Ijlubber  of 
any  baleen  whale  ;  it  has  a  rank  odor,  and  varies  in  color 
from  honey-yellow  to  dark  brown,  according  t4)  the  char- 
acter of  the  blubber  and  the  method  of  trjing-out.  It 
includes  several  chemically  different  substimces,  the  more 
solidiflable  of  which  may  be  extracted  under  pressure  and 
cold,  and  constitute  trtiale-tatl'iic,  the  fluid  residuum  being 
called  premted  oil.  (6)  .Sperm-oil  or  spermaceti-oil  is  ob- 
tained fronr  the  sperm-whale  and  other  toothed  cetaceans. 
That  from  the  head  of  the  whale  contains  the  spermaceti, 
which  is  deposited  at  ordinary  tetnpeiatures  on  extraction 
from  the  animal.  leaviTig  the  iicjuid  oil.  of  a  clear  yellow 
color.  (See  njierinaceti.)  Sperm-oil  when  refined  is  much 
uaed  as  a  lubricant  for  delicate  machinery,  and  that  from 
various  cetaceans  is  often  named  from  them,  as  grampus- 
oil,  porpoise-oil,  etc.— Black  whale-olL  (a)  Oil  from  the 
baleen  whales,  including  the  rorquals;  train-oil.  (b)  Oil 
discolored  in  running  machinery.  — Pressed  whale-oil. 
See  def.  (a). 
whaler!  (hwa'ler),  n.  [<  u-hiili'^  -1-  -lA.]  A 
person  or  a  vessel  engaged  in  tlie  business  of 
capturing  whales. 

Kor  a  tchaler't  wife  to  have  been  '"round  the  tape" 
half  a  dozen  times,  or  even  more,  was  nothing  extraordi- 
nary. The  Century,  XI.,.  611. 

But  o'  Thursday  t'  Resolution,  first  uhaler  back  this 
season,  came  in  port.  Mr».  Oaskell,  Sylvia's  Ix)Vers,  v. 

whaler^  (hwa'ler),  H.  [<  ic7(rt/<'-2 -(- -erl.]  Some- 
thing whaling,  or  big  or  extraordinary  of  its 
kind;  a  whopper;  a  whacker.     [Slang.] 

whale-rind  (hwal'rind),/!.  The  skin  of  awhale. 
It  is  thick,  tough,  and  for  the  most  part  dark-colored,  and 
overlies  the  blubber  somewhat  as  the  rind  of  a  fruit  covers 
the  pulp. 

Whalery   (hwa'ler-i),    M.;    pi.   whaleries  (-iz). 
[<  whaJe^  +  -frj.]     1.  The  industry  of  taking 
whales;  whaling. 
The  whalery  not  being  sufficiently  encouraging. 

An/uiU  of  J'hiia.  and  I'enii.,  I.  7. 

2.   An  establishment  for  carrying  on  whale- 
fishery  or  any  of  its  Vjranches.     [Rare.] 

They  set  up  a  glass  house,  a  tanyarri,  a  saw-mill,  and  a 
whalery.  Annals  «/  I'hila  and  I'enn.,  I.  12. 

Whale's-food(hwalz'f6d),  H.  Whale-brit.  See 
6n(2,  2,  whahA,  n.,  1,  and  Clionc. 

whale-shark  (hwal'shiirk),  «.  1.  A  shark  of  the 
family  Khinodoiitidie,  Ilhinodon  tjipieus,  one  of 
the  very  largest  sharks,  and  native  of  warm 


6885 

seas.    See  the  technical  names. —  2.  Thebask- 
ing-shark  (which  see,  with  cut). 
whale-ship  (hwal'ship),  n.     A  ship  built  for  or 
employed  in  the  business  of  whale-fishing;  a 
whaling-ship  or  whaler. 

Smeerenbei-g  .  .  .  was  the  grand  rendezvous  of  the 
Dutch  whale  ships. 

C.  M.  Scammon,  Marine  Mammals,  p.  190. 

whale-shot  (hwal'shot),  ii.  [<  MD.  icalschot, 
spermaceti,  <  wal,  whale,  -I-  schot,  what  is  cast : 
see  lohalc^  and  shot.']  Spermaceti  or  matter 
from  the  liead  of  the  whale :  formerly  so  called 
by  the  Dutch  and  English  whalers. 

whale's-tongue  (hwalz'tung),  n.  A  misnomer 
of  the  acorn-worms,  or  species  of  Balanoglosstis, 
mistranslating  the  technical  generic  name. 

whaling!  (hwa'ling),  ».  [Verbal  u.  of  whale'^, 
v.]  The  act  or  business  of  taking  whales;  the 
pursuit  of  whales;  whale-fishing:  much  used 
in  compounds:  as,  a  tchaliiig-ship;  a  Khalinij- 
voj'age;  ir/(«!(H(/-grounds ;  bay-!(;/i«KH;/;  shore- 
whaliit/J. — WhaUng  company,  a  company  engaged  in 
whaling,  consisting  of  a  captain,  a  mate,  a  cooper,  two  boat- 
steerers,  and  eleven  men.  The  stock  consists  of  boats, 
whaling-craft,  and  whaling-gear,  and  is  divided  into  six- 
teen equal  shares,  and  the  ''lay"  of  each  member  of  the 
company  is  the  same.  The  captain  and  mate  are  paid  a 
bonus  of  3*200  or  $300  for  the  term  engagement,  which  is 
one  year,  and  they  are  also  exempt  from  all  expenses  of 
the  company.     C.  M.  Scaminon. 

whaling-  (hwa'ling),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  ifhalc^,  v.~\ 
Big,  luiusual,  or  extraordinary  of  its  kind; 
strapping;  whopping;  whacking:  as,  a  irhaliiiij 
lie.     [Slang.] 

whaling-gang  (hwa'ling-gang),  .'.  The  crew 
of  a  whale-boat. 

whaling-gun  (hwa'ling-gun),  )(.  Any  me- 
chanical contrivance  for  killing  whales  by 
means  of  an  e.xplosive  and  a  projectile,  as  the 
bomb-gun,  swivel-gun,  darting-gun,  and  whale- 
I'oi'kct. 

whalingman  (hwa'ling-mau),  n.    A  whaleman. 

whaling-master  (hwa'Iing-mas'''ter),  n.  A  cap- 
tain of  a  whaling-craft,  or  one  who  is  in  com- 
mand of  a  whaling-station. 

whaling-port  (hwa'ling-port),  II.  A  port  of 
entry  where  wlialing-vessels  arc  owned  and 
registered. 

whaling-rocket  (hvva'ling-rok"et), )(.  A  special 
form  of  I'ockct  used  in  whaling  to  carry  a  har- 
poon and  line,  and  an  explosive  shell,  into  the 
bodv  of  a  whale. 

whaling-station  (hwa'ling-sta'shon),  ti.  In 
shore-whaling,  a  place  where  the  try-works  are 
located.  C.  M.  Seuniinun.  [Western  coast  of 
U.  S.] 

whall  (hwal),  )i.     See  icalP. 

whallabee  (hwol'a-be),  n.     Same  as  wiiUahij. 

whallyt  (hwal'i),  a.  [For  "icuUii ;  <  icaU^^  +  -i/l.] 
Having  a  greenish  tinge,  as  the  eye  in  glaucoma. 
Compare  wall-cije. 

A  bearded  Gote,  whose  rugged  heare 
And  tvhallif  eies  (the  signe  of  gelosy) 
Was  like  the  jjerson  selfe  whom  he  did  beare. 

Spemer,  V.  Q.,  I.  iv.  24. 

whaly  (hwa'li),  u.  [<  whalc^  +  -i/l.]  Per- 
taining to  or  consisting  of  whales :  cetaceous. 
[Rare] 

The  ocean's  monarch,  whom  lone  did  annoint, 
The  great  controller  of  the  uhaly  ranckes. 

Tounu'ur,  Transf.  iletamorphosis,  st.  39. 

whame  (hwam),  H.     [Cf.  «■/(»»;;;.]    A  fly  of  the 

genus  Tahanus;   a  breeze  or  burrel-fly.     See 

hreezc^.     Dcrham. 

whammel  (hwam'el).  r.  t.     Same  as  icheiiimle. 

whamp  (hwomi>),  II.     [Cf.  u-hamc  and  wop,  dial. 

var.  of  ini.sp.']     A  wasp.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
whampee,  n.     Same  as  icaiiipee. 
whang'   (liwang),   n.     [A  var.  of  tliicanfi,  now 
fhnii(/:    see  thonij.]      1.  A  thong,  especially  a 
leathern  thong. 

He's  taen  four-and-twenty  braid  arrows, 
And  liiced  them  in  a  whaiui  <•. 
Sweet  Willie  and  Lady  ilanjerie  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  54). 

2.  A  tough  leather,  such  as  is  used  for  thongs, 
belt-lacing,  etc.  It  is  usually  made  of  calf's  hide,  but 
sometimes  of  eelskin  or  the  hide  of  a  dog,  woodchuck, 
racoon,  etc. 
Whang'-^  (hwang),  r.  [Cf.  Sc.  whaiik,  beat,  flog, 
also  cut  off  large  ])ortious;  prob.  a  var.  of 
whack,  confused  with  irhaiiij'^.']  I.  trann.  1. 
To  beat  or  bang:  thwack:  whack:  flog;  also, 
to  throw  with  violence.  [Provincial  or  colloq.] 
—  2.  To  cut  in  large  slices  or  strips;  slice 
[Scotch.] 

My  uncle  set  it  [a  cheese]  to  his  breast. 
And  whany'd  it  down. 

W.  lleattie.  Tales,  p.  8.     (Jamiesan.) 

II.  intrans.  To  make  or  give  out  a  banging 
noise. 


wharfing 

Bang,  whang,  whang,  goes  the  drum. 

Browning,  Up  at  a  Villa. 

whang- (liwang),  H.  [<  ic/iaHf/S,  I'.]  1.  A  blow 
or  thwack;  a  whack;  a  beating  or  banging;  a 
bang.     [Colloq.] 

The  whang  of  the  bass  drum. 

C.  D.  M'armr,  Their  Pilgrimage,  p.  317. 

2.  A  cut;  apiece;  a  slice;  a  chunk. 

Of  other  men's  lether  men  take  large  whanges. 

Ray,  Proverbs  (ed.  1C78),  p.  386. 

Wi'  sweet-milk  cheese,  in  mony  a  2chang. 

Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

3t.  Formerly,  in  Maine  and  some  other  parts  of 
New  England,  a  house-cleaning  party :  a  gath- 
ering of  neighbors  to  aid  one  of  their  number 
in  cleaning  house 
whangam  (hwang'gam),  n.  A  feigned  name 
of  some  animal  (probably  meant  for  whang 
'em). 

A  whangam  that  eats  grasshoppers  had  marked  .  .  . 
[this  one]  for  its  prey,  and  was  just  stretching  forth  to  de- 
vour it.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xcviii. 

whang-leather  (hwang'leTH''''er),  n.  See  leather 

and  whaiii/^,  2. 
whank  (h'wangk),  V.  and  n.     Same  as  ichaiig^. 

[Scotch.] 
whap,  whapper,  etc.     See  whop,  etc. 
whappetl  (liwop'et),  II.     [<  whap  -I-  -et.'\     A 

blow  on  the  ear.     HalUiccU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
whappet^  (hwop'et),  n.     [A  var.  of  wappet,  a 

yelping  cur.]    A  snarling,  worthless  dog:  a  cur. 
To  feare  tflSbarking  and  bawling  of  a  lewe  little  curres 

and  whappets.  Dent,  Pathway,  p.  243.    (A'ares.) 

As  the  sturdy  steed  dashes  out  the  little  whappet's 

brains.  liev.  S,  Ward,  Sermons,  p.  65. 

wharf  (hwarf),  II. ;  pi.  wharves,  wharfs  (hwarvz. 
liwarfs).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  irreg.  warf;  < 
ME.  whcrf,  a  wharf,  <  AS.  "hwcaif,  hwerf,  a  dam 
or  bank  to  keep  out  water  (cf .  mere-hu'carf,  the 
sea-shore),  =  D.  werf,  a  wharf,  yard,  =  Icel. 
hvarf,  a  shelter,  =  OS'w.  hwarf,  Sw.  rarf,  a  ship- 
builder's yard,  =  Dan.  VcCift,  a  wharf,  dockyard 
((i.  iccrft,  a  wharf,  werf,  a  bank,  wharf,  <  D.  and 
Dan.);  prob.  orig.  a  dam  or  bank  to  'turn'  or 
keep  out  water,  and  partly  identical  with  AS. 
hwearf,  hwcif,  a  turning,  exchange,  a  space,  a 
crowd,  =  OS.  hwarf,  a  crowd,  =  D.  icerf,  turn, 
time,  =  Icel.  liraif,  a  turning,  =  OSw.  hwarf, 
turn,  time,  order,  layer,  etc.,  <  AS.  hircorfaii  = 
Icel.  hvcifa  =  OSw.  hrerfra,  turn:  see  whcrre. 
Cf.  tt'7(ir/,  from  the  same  ult.  root.]  1.  A  plat- 
form of  timber,  stone,  or  other  material  built 
on  a  support  at  the  margin  of  a  harbor  or  a 
navigable  stream,  in  order  that  vessels  may 
be  moored  alongside,  as  for  loading  or  unload- 
ing, or  while  at  rest.  A  wharf  may  be  parallel  with 
and  contiguous  to  the  margin,  when  it  is  more  espe- 
cially called  a  quay  ;  or  it  may  project  away  from  it,  with 
openings  underneath  for  the  flow  of  water,  when  it  is  dis- 
tinctively called  a  pier.  (Sec  cuts  uudev  pilework.)  In 
England  wharves  are  of  two  kinds:  (a)  legal  wharves, 
certain  wharves  in  all  seaports  appointed  by  connnission 
from  the  Court  of  Kxchequer,  or  legalized  by  act  of  Par- 
liament; and  (fc)  sufferance  wharves,  places  where  certain 
goods  may  be  landed  and  shipped  by  special  sufferance 
granted  by  the  Crown  for  that  purpose.  In  American  sea- 
ports wharves  generally  belong  to  the  municipality,  and 
are  often  leased  to  their  occupants,  but  some  are  private 
property. 

The  wharves  stretched  out  towards  the  centre  of  the 
harbor.  Hawtttorne,  Seven  Gables,  xvi. 

Out  upon  the  wharfs  they  came, 
Knight  and  burgher,  lord  and  dame. 

Tennyson,  Lady  of  Shalutt,  iv. 

2t.  The  bank  of  a  river,  or  the  shore  of  the  sea. 

Duller  shouldst  thou  t)e  than  the  fat  weed 
That  roots  itself  in  ease  on  Lethe  wharf. 

Shah.,  Hamlet,  i.  5.  33. 

wharf  (hwarf),  V.  i.  [<  wharf,  v.\  1.  To  guard 
or  secure  by  a  wharf  or  linn  wall  of  timber  or 
stone.  Evclijii. — 2.  To  place  or  lodge  on  a 
wharf. 

wharfage  (hwar'faj),  «.  [<  wharf  +  -age.']  1. 
Provision  of  or  accommodation  at  wharves; 
berthage  at  a  wharf:  as,  the  city  had  aljundani 
wharfage;  to  find  wharfage  for  a  ship. — 2. 
Charge  or  payment  for  the  use  of  a  wharf;  the 
cliarges  or  receipts  foi'  accommodation  at  a 
wharf  or  at  wharves.     Ilakltii/t's  t'oijagcs,  1. 135. 

wharf-boat  (hwarf'bot),  «.  1.  In  the  IJnited 
States,  a  boat  supporting  a  platform  sometimes 
used  as  a  wharf  in  rivers  or  in  otlier  situations 
where  actual  wharves  do  not  exist,  or  where 
they  are  imin-actieable  from  the  great  variation 
in  the  height  of  the  watei'.  Floating  platforms  simi- 
larly supported,  called  floats,  are  use<l  in  some  Knropean 
and  other  river-ports  for  landing  goods  and  passengers. 
2.  A  boat  employed  about  a  wharf  or  wharves. 

wharfing  (hwar'fing),  V(.  [<  H'/(«j;/'-l- -/)/;/!.]  1. 
A  structure  in  the  form  of  a  wharf ;  materials 


wharfing 

of  which  a  wharf  is  coiistrueted ;  wharves  in 
general. 

A  strong  stonewall,  which  was  a  kind  of  H'ftrtr/??i(/ against 
rivers  running  into  it.         Evelyn,  Sylva,  i.  2.    {Latham.) 

The  San  Marco  glided  into  a  bayou  under  a  high  U'harf- 
ing  of  timbers,  where  a  bearded  tlsherman  waited. 

Harpers  Mag.,  LXXVI.  703. 

2.  In  hytlraiilic  eiii/iii.,  a  method  of  facing  sea- 
walls by  the  use  of  sheet-piling  anchored  to  the 
bank. 

wharfinger  (hwAr'fin-jer),  n.  [For  *wliar/(i</ci- 
(with  intrusive  ii  as  in  mcasciKjcr, passenger,  por- 
rinijer,  saireiiyer,  etc.),  <  wliarfaye  +  -«■!.]  A 
person  wlio  owns  or  who  lias  charge  of  a  wharf ; 
one  who  makes  a  business  of  letting  accommo- 
dation for  vessels  at  his  wharf. 

wharfman  (hwarf'man),  H. ;  pi.  wharfmen 
(-men).  A  man  employed  on  or  about  a  wharf; 
one  performing  or  having  charge  of  work  on  a 
wharf. 

An  organization  of  whar/men,  who  form  a  species  of 
close  corporation.  Fisheries  of  U.  S.,  V.  ii.  .'i48. 

wharf-master  (liwarf'raas''ter),  )(.  A  wharfin- 
ger.    [Western  U.  S.] 

wharf -rat  (hwarf'rat),  n.  1.  The  common 
brown  or  Norway  rat,  Mu.'!  deeumanus,  when 
living  in  or  about  a  wharf,  considered  with  ref- 
erence to  its  being  in  many  places  an  imported 
animal,  first  naturalized  in  wharves  after  leav- 
ing the  ship  which  brings  it,  or  to  the  special 
size,  ferocity,  or  other  distinctive  character  it 
acfjuires  under  the  favorable  conditions  of  en- 
vironment afforded  by  wharves,  shipping,  and 
storeliou.ses.  Henee  —  2.  A  fellow  who  loafs 
about  or  haunts  wharves,  making  a  living  as 
best  he  can,  without  regular  or  ostensible  oc- 
cupation.    [Cant.] 

wharli  (hwiirl),  n.  [A  var.  of  wlinrl  or  whirJ. 
Cf.  i(7«/rc()H-.]  A  part  of  a  spindle;  a  spin- 
dle (f).     [I'rov.  Eng.] 

[A  patent  for]  placing  ropes  on  whades  of  machinery. 
The  Emjiiwer,  LXVII.  470. 

wharl^  (hwilrl),  r.  I.  [A  var.  of  whirl,  u.sed  in 
sense  of  wliir,  1.  e.  roll ;  ef.  i«r^.]  To  sjieak 
with  the  uvular  utterance  of  the  r;  be  unable 
to  pronounce  r. 

All  that  are  born  therein  [Carleton]  have  a  harsh  and 
rattling  liind  of  uttering  their  words  with  much  dittlculty 
and  wharling  in  their  throat.       Fuller,  Worthies,  II.  226. 

Wharl"  (hwiirl),  II.  [<  wkarP,  «.]  See  the  quo- 
tation. 

The  natives  of  this  Country  [Northumberland]  of  the 
antient  original  Race  or  Families  are  distinguished  by  a 
Shiblwlcth  upon  their  Tongues  in  pronouncing  the  Letter 
R,  which  they  can  not  utter  without  a  hollow  Jarring  in 
the  Throat,  by  which  they  are  as  plainly  known  as  a 
Foreigner  is  by  pronouncing  the  Th. :  this  they  call  the 
Northumberland  R  or  Wharle ;  and  the  Natives  value 
themselves  upon  tlnrt  Imperfection,  because,  forsooth,  it 
shows  the  Antiiiuity  of  tlleir  Blood. 

De.foe,  Tour  tliro'  (jreat  Britain,  iii.  233.     (Davies.) 
wharlet,  "•     A  dialectal  variant  of  quarreft. 
Witli  all)lastens  also  amyt  full  streght, 
Wliappet  in  wharles,  whellit  the  pepull. 

Deslructiun  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4743. 

wharp  (liwiirj)),  n.  [An  erroneous  form  of 
u-firp.'\     Same  as  treiit-sarid.     [Local.] 

Wharrow-spindle  (hwar'6-spin"dl),  n.  In  her., 
a  spindle  represented  with  a  small  handle  at 
the  top,  projecting  at  right  angles  as  if  intended 
to  whirl  the  spindle  by.     Berri/. 

whart  (hwart),  V.     Same  as  thwart^. 

Whartonian  (hwar-to'ni-an),  a.  [Commemo- 
rating the  English  anatomist  Thomas  Wharton 
(died  1C73).]  Noting  certain  anatomical  struc- 
tures liiscovered  or  described  by  Wharton. — 
Whartonian  duct.    See  (hict. 

Wharton's  duct.    Sec  ilmi. 

Wharton's  gelatin,  Wharton's  jelly.     See 

!/i'laliii  of  Hharloii,  under  gelatin. 

wharves,  n.     Plural  of  wharf. 

what'  (hwot),  pran.  [<  ME",  what,  whet,  wheel, 
qiml,  (prnl,  hicat,  hicet  (gen.  wha.'s,  whos,  dat. 
wham,  whom,  ace.  u-hnt,  whet),  <  AS.  hws-t  (gen. 
hwxs,  dat.  hwriin,  hwuiin,  ace.  hwiet)  =  OS.  hwat, 
h im I  =  OFries.  /; wet  =  D.  wa t  =  MLG.  LG.  tmt  = 
OHG.  hwa~,  HY/r,  MHG.  wa::,  G.  !(.■«,«  =  Icel.  hral 
=  Dan.  Sw.  head  =  Goth,  hwa,  what  (inter- 
rogativf^  and  indefinite,  also  interjeetional) ;  = 
]j.7«(V/,  what  (indefinite),  somewhat,  =  Zen(UY(rf 
=  Skt.  Icat;  neut.  of  the  pron.  who:  see  who. 
WhoKe  is  historically  the  gen.  of  what  not  less 
than  of  who;  and  it  is  still  so  used  (namely,  as 
equivalent  to  of  which),  although  many  authori- 
ties object,  and  it  is  becoming  less  common.] 
A.  iiitirrog.  1.  Used  absolutely  as  an  interro- 
gative pronoun,  (a)  Applied  to  inanimate  things, 
i^wat  liast  thu  don  .  .  .  sin  Saterdai  at  nun  ? 

Iti'l.  Aiitiij.,  I.  i^li 


6886 

Thenne  ascryed  thay  hym  skete,  &  asked  ful  loude, 
'*  What  the  deuel  hatz  thou  don,  doted  wrech?" 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  iii.  li)6. 
Shame  then  it  was  that  drove  him  from  the  Parlament, 
but  the  shame  of  what?  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  vi. 

Folks  at  her  House  at  such  an  Hour  ! 
Lord  !  what  will  all  the  Neighbours  say  ? 

Prior,  Tlie  bove,  St.  9. 
I  believe  they  are  in  actual  consultation  upon  what 's  for 
supper.  Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  ii.  1. 

What  can  restrain  the  agony  of  a  mother's  heart  ? 

Irmng,  Granada,  p.  40. 
(?>)  Applied  to  animals  (and  sometimes  in  contempt  to 
persons)  with  the  force  of  inquiry  after  the  nature  or 
kind;  as,  what  is  that  running  upthejtree?  (c)  Applied 
to  persons :  nearly  equivalent  to  who,  but  having  reference 
to  origin  or  character,  rather  than  to  name  or  identity. 
"  What  is  this  womnian,"  quod  I,  "so  worthily  atired?" 
"Tliat  is  Xlede  the  mayde,"  quod  she. 

Piers  Pluinnan  (B),  ii.  19. 
Thise  tweyne  come  to  the  messagers,  and  hem  asked 
what  thei  were,  and  thei  ansuerde  that  thei  sholde  sone 
knowe,  yef  it  plesed  hem  to  a-byde. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  ii.  129. 
What 's  he  that  walks  alone  so  8adl.v,  with  his  hands  be- 
hind him?  Beaxi.  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  ii.  1. 
Eminent  titles  may,  indeed,  inform  who  their  owners 
are,  not  often  what.  Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  Ded. 
(rf)  Used  in  various  elliptical  and  incomplete  construc- 
tions: as,  what?  equivalent  to  what  did  yim  say  ?  or  what 
i^  it?  (e)  Used  in  exclamation,  to  express  surprise,  in- 
dignation, etc. 

Bwat !  wuUe  ge  this  pes  to-breke. 
And  do  than  kinge  swuche  schame? 
Owl  and  Nightingale,  1. 1730  (Morris  and  Skeat,  I.  191). 

"  IT/taf .' " quod  the  prestto  Perkyn,  "Peter!  as  me  think- 

eth, 
Thow  art  lettred  a  litel ;  who  lerned  the  on  boke  ? " 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  vii.  130. 

But  what,  shall  the  abuse  of  a  thing  make  the  right  vse 

odious?    Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie  (ed.  Arher),  p.  54. 

What !  are  the  ladies  of  your  land  so  tall  ? 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 
(/)  Expressing  a  summons. 

La.  Cap.  Nurse,  where 's  my  daughter  ?  call  her  forth  to 
me. 

Nurse.  ...  I  bade  her  come.     What,  lamb  !  what,  lady- 
bird ! 

Uod  forbid  !    Where 's  this  girl  ?    What,  .Juliet? 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  3.  3. 
Qua.  [Within.]  ICAaf,  Simplicius  ! 
Sim.  I  come,  Quadiatus.   Marslon,  Wliat  you  Will,  v.  1. 

Chamberlain,  call  in  the  music,  bid  the  tapsters  and 
maids  come  up  and  dance;  what/  we'll  make  a  night  of 
it.  Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  v.  1. 

(i/t)  A  general  introductory  notion,  equivalent  to  'well,' 
'lo,'  'now,'  etc.,  and  constituting  a  mere  expletive. 
What,  welcome  be  the  cut,  a  Goddes  name  ! 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  854. 
What,  will  you  walk  with  me  about  the  town? 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  2.  22. 

2.  Used  adjectively  and  lending  an  interroga- 
tive force  to  the  proposition  in  whicli  it  occurs, 
(a)  Inquiring  as  to  the  individual  being,  character,  kind, 
or  sort  of  a  definite  thing  or  person. 

Alias  !  ivhat  womman  wil  ye  of  me  make? 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1305. 

What  maimer  of  man  is  this,  that  even  the  wind  and 

the  sea  obey  him  ?  Mark  iv.  41. 

What  news  on  the  Rialto?  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  3.  30. 

What  good  should  follow  this,  if  this  were  done? 

What  harm,  undone?    Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

(6)  Inquiring  as  to  extent  or  quantity:  equivalent  to  the 

question  how  much? 

"  ITAaf  money  have  you  got,  Copperfleld  ?  "  he  said.  .  .  . 
I  told  him  seven  shillings. 

Dickens,  David  Copperfleld,  vi. 
(c)  Used  intensively  or  emphatically  with  a  force  vaiying 
from  tlie  interrogative  to  the  exclamatory  :  often  followed 
by  the  indefinite  article  :  as,  what  an  idea ! 

What  manner  of  pei-sons  ought  ye  to  be  in  all  holy  con- 
versation and  godliness?  2  Pet.  iii.  11. 

What  a  piece  of  work  is  a  man  !  how  noble  in  reason ! 
how  infinite  in  faculty  I  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  315. 

What  confusion  ar.d  misclieif  do  the  avarice,  anger,  and 
ambition  of  Princes  cause  in  the  world  I 

Eeelyn,  Diary,  March  24,  1672. 
Oh,  Amos  Cottle  !  —  Phoibus  I  what  a  name. 
To  fill  the  speaking  trump  of  future  fame  I 

Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 
Oh,  what  a  dawn  of  day  1 
How  the  March  sun  feels  like  May! 

Browning,  A  Lover's  Quarrel. 
What  an  (and)  1ft  ?    Same  as  what  if? 
And  what  an  if 
His  sorrows  have  so  overwhelm'd  his  wits. 
Shall  we  be  thus  afflicted  in  liis  wreaks? 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  4.  9. 
What  else  ?  what  else  can  or  could  be  the  case :  an  ellip- 
tical expression  expecting  no  answer,  and  hence  sonie- 
tintes  equivalent  to  a  strong  affirmation. 

Licio.  But  cans't  thou  blow  it? 
Huntsman.  What  else?  Lt////,  Midas,  iv.  3. 
What  .  .  .  for?  what  for?  what  .  .  .  as?  what  kind  of? 
in  such  phrases  as,  what.fora  man  is  he?  — that  is,  what 
kind  of  man.  in  loolis  or  character?  It  is  equivalent  to  the 
(ierman  idiom  wasfiir  ein,  and  as  reflecting  that  idiom  is 
used  in  the  Englisli  of  tlie  Pennsylvania  Germans  and  their 


what 

neighbors,  being  in  exclamatory  use  equivalent  to  wJuU. 
The  earlier  idiom  what  .  .  .  for  is  now  rare. 
What 's  he  for  a  man  ? 

Peele,  Edward  I.  (ed.  Dyce),  p.  383. 
What  is  he  for  a  fool  that  betroths  himself  to  unquiet- 
ness?  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  3.  49. 

Wliat  ho  !  an  exclamatory  summons  or  call. 
Gads.  What,  ho .'  chamberlain  ! 
Cham.  [Within.]    At  hand,  quoth  pick-purse. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  11.  1.  62. 
What  if?  elliptical  for  wfiat  wmdd  happen  if?  what  wmdd 
you  say  if?  what  matters  it  if?  etc. 

Wliat  t/this  mixture  do  not  work  at  all?  .  .  . 
Whattfithe  a  poison?      Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  3.  21. 
What  if  he  dwells  on  many  a  fact  as  though 
.SomethingsHeaven  knew  notwhichit  ought  to  know?  .  .  . 
Such  are  the  prayers  his  people  love  to  hear. 

0.  W.  Uolines,  A  Family  Record. 
What  iB  thee?t  what  is  the  matter  with  thee? 
Lef dy,  what  is  the?  .  .  . 
Me  were  letifre  to  beo  ded 
Thane  iseo  the  make  such  chore. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  50. 
What  not,  elliptical  for  what  may  J  not  say  ?  implying 
'  everything  else ;  various  other  things  ;  et  cetera ;  what 
you  will' :  as,  the  table  was  loaded  with  toys,  pictures, 
and  what  not.     Hence  what-not,  n. 

Such  air  is  unwholesome,  and  engenders  melancholy, 
plagues,  and  what  not.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  150. 

Thou  art  like  to  meet  with,  in  the  way  which  thou  goest, 
.  .  .  lions,  dragons,  darkness,  and,  in  a  word,  death,  and 
what  not.  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  I'rogress,  i. 

College  A  cannot  compete  with  College  IS  unless  it  has 
more  scholarships,  unless  it  changes  the  time  of  elec- 
tion to  scholarships,  or  what  jujt. 

Contemporary  Rev.,  LI.  617. 
Whatof?  (a)  Elliptical forwAadjomMo/.'—tliat is, what 
care  you  (I,  we,  etc.)?  does  it  matter  in  any  way? 
All  this  is  so ;  but  what  of  this,  my  lord? 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  1.  73. 
(6)  Elliptical  for  what  say  or  think  you  of? 
To-day?  but  what  o/ yesterday? 

Tennyson,  The  Ancient  Sage. 
'VThat's  his  (Its)  name  ?  what  do  you  calllt  ?  etc. ,  collo- 
quial phrases  gienerallysignifying  that  the  speaker  cannot 
supply  a  definite  name  for  some  person  or  thing,  either 
because  the  name  has  escaped  his  memory,  or  because  the 
person  or  thing  is  of  so  trivial  consequence  that  he  or  it  is 
not  deserving  of  a  specific  name.  The  phrases  are  some- 
times formed  into  a  compound :  as,  tell  Mr.  What's-his- 
name  to  be  off.  See  what-d'ye-catt-it. 
Good  even,  good  Master  What-ye-cail't. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  3.  74. 
What's  to  do  here?   .See  do'.— what  though?   See 

though. 

B.  rel.  1.  A  compound  relative  pronotin, 
meaning  'that  which,'  or  having  a  value  in- 
eluding  the  simple  relative  pronoun  which  with 
the  demonstrative  pronoun  W(n<  preceding:  as. 
"what  1  have  written  I  have  written"  (that  is, 
that  which  I  have  written  I  have  written).  It 
is  no  longer  used  of  persons,  except  in  the 
anomalous  phrase  but  what. 

Mekli  than  to  Meliors  he  munged  [told]  what  he  thon3t. 
WiUiam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  \.  257a 
Loke  up,  I  seye,  and  telle  me  what  she  is 
Anon,  that  I  may  gon  aboute  thy  nede. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  862. 
I  am  what  I  was  born  to  be,  your  prince. 

Beau,  and  Fl,,  Philaster,  t.  4. 
A  host  of  second-rate  critics,  and  official  critics,  and 
what  is  called  "the  popular  mind  "  as  well. 

.If.  Arnold,  Litermture  and  Dogma,  vi.  6. 

What,  as  strictly  equivalent  to  the  relative  which,  never 

had  much  vogue,  and  has  long  been  a  vulgarism  ;  but  its 

genitive  [whose]  has  survived,  in  preference  to  whichs, 

as  we  should  have  modernized  the  medieval  quhilkes. 

F.  Hall,  False  Philology,  p.  7,  note. 
What  was  formerly  and  in  vulgar  speech  is  still  used  as  a 
simple  relative,  equivalent  to  that  or  which :  as,  if  I  had  a 
donkey  what  wouldn't  go. 
Offer  them  peace  or  aught  what  is  beside. 

Peele,  Edward  I.  (Old  Plays,  II.  37). 
The  matter  what  other  men  wrote. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  142. 
I  fear  nothing 
What  can  be  said  against  me. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  v.  1.  126. 
What  has  also  the  value  of  whatever  or  whoever :  as,  come 
what  will,  I  shall  be  there. 

What  in  the  world  he  is 
That  names  me  traitor,  villain-like  he  lies. 

Shak.,  Lear,  v.  3.  97. 
Let  come  what  come  may,  ... 
I  shall  have  had  my  day. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xL 

2.  Usedadjeetively, meaning 'that  .  .  .  which,' 
or  having  compound  relative  value :  as,  I  know 
what  book  you  mean  (that  is,  I  know  that  book 
which  you  mean);  he  makes  the  most  of  what 
money  he  has  (that  is,  he  makes  the  most  of 
that  money  which  he  has):  applied  to  persons 
and  things,  (o)  That  .  .  .  who  or  which ;  those  .  .  . 
who  or  which. 

.Shal  nat  be  told  for  me  .  .  . 
.  .  .  what  jeweles  men  in  the  fyr  tho  caste. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  2as7. 


what 

(6)  What  sort  of ;  such  ...  as. 

Thorow  his  prayer  they  may  be  clensed  of  synne 
What  tyme  they  entre  the  chapelle  with-In. 

Political  P(*eim,  etc.  (ed.  Funiivall),  p.  126. 
Anno  1^76,  at  what  time  the  Switzers  took  their  revenge 
upon  Charles  Duke  of  Burgundie.    Coryat,  Crudities,  1. 4*2. 
And  heavenly  quires  the  hymensean  sung, 
What  day  the  genial  angel  to  our  sire 
Brought  her,  in  naked  beauty. 

Milton,  l\  L.,  iv.  712. 
Now  a  mercliant  may  wear  trhat  boots  he  pleases. 

Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xiii. 
(c)  Any  who  or  which;  whatever;  whoever. 

Also  qwat  brother  or  sustre  die,  and  he  may  noughte  be 

broughte  .  .  .  wyt  his  owne  catelle,  he  sal  be  brouglite  wyt 

the  broderhedes.  Etujlish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  no. 

I  love  thee  not  a  jar  o'  the  clock  behind 

What  lady-she  her  lord.        Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2.  44. 

I  never  said  aught  but  this.  That  what  rule,  or  laws,  or 

custom,  or  people  were  flat  against  the  word  of  God  are 

diametrically  opposite  to  Christianity. 

Hunyan,  Pilgrim's  I'rogress,  i. 
id)  How  much.     fC^Iloq.] 

When  a  man  bets  he  doesn't  well  know  what  money  he 
uses,  Trollope,  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset,  xxxvii. 

But  What,  but  that;  but  who  ;  who  or  that  .  .  .  not. 

There  was  scarce  a  farmer's  daugliter  within  ten  miles 
round  but  what  had  found  him  successful. 

Goldgmith,  Vicar,  iii. 

Not  a  writer  .  .  .  that  mentions  his  name  but  wfiat 
tells  the  story  of  him.        Bentley,  Diss,  on  Euripides,  §  4. 

There  are  few  madmen  but  what  are  observed  to  be 

ftfraid  of  the  strait  waistcoat. 

Bentham,  Introd.  to  Morals  and  Legislation,  xiv.  28,  note. 

What  ast,  that  which. 

Here  I  do  bequeathe  to  thee, 

In  full  possession,  half  that  Kendal  hath 

And  what  an  Bradford  holds  of  me  in  chief. 

Old  Plays,  11.  47. 

Whatdonest  [what  dones  is  literally  'what  made,'  duties 

being  the  genitive  of  don,  E.  d<nie,  pp.  of  do,  make,  used 

in  the  genitive  in  imitation  of  kiniien  in  what  kinnes,  of 

what  kind j,  uf  what  sort;  what  kind. 

And  whan  I  seighe  it  was  so  slepyng,  I  went 
To  warne  HIates  wyf  what  doiies  man  was  lesus; 
For  luwes  hateden  hym  and  ban  done  hym  to  deth. 

IHers  Ploinnan(b),  xviii.  298. 

What  thatt^  whatsoever;  whatever;  what.     Also  t/tat 
tpkat. 

Hini  ne  dret  (dreadeth)  naat  to  do  zenne,  huet  thet  hit 
by  l»>e].  AyenbUe  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  a4. 

What  lutles  (little]  that  he  et. 

Poems  and  Lives  of  Saints  (ed,  FumivallX  p.  300. 
What  schulde  I  telle  .  .  . 
And  of  moche  other  thing  what  that  then  was? 

Jtob.  of  Srunne,  Prol. 
What  that  a  king  himselfe  bit  [bids]. 

Goicer,  Conf.  Araant,  I.  4. 

That  what  ia  extremely  proper  in  one  company  may  be 

highly  improper  in  another.  Chesterjield. 

0.  indef.  (a)  Something;  anj-tbing:  obsolete 
except  in  such  colloquial  phrases  as  /'//  tell 
you  tchat  (by  abbreviation  for  uhat  it  iti,  wfutt 
I  thittkj  or  the  like). 

Al  was  us  never  broche  ne  rynge, 

Ne  ellia  what  (var.  nouyht  and  ought]  fro  women  sent. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1741. 
Wot  you  what,  my  lord  ? 
To-day  the  lords  you  talk  of  are  beheaded. 

.S'Afl*.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  2.92. 
11!  tell  you  what  now  of  the  devil. 

Massinger  and  iJeiktr,  Virgin-Martyr,  iii.  3. 
I  tell  you  what—  Eller>'  Daveni)ort  lays  out  to  many  a 
real  angeL     He  s  to  swear  and  she  's  to  pray  ! 

//.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  filS. 

(frt)  Athing;  a  portion  ;  an  amount;  a  bit:  as, 
a  little  what. 

Thanne  she  a  lytel  what  smylynge  seyde. 

Chaucer,  Boethiup,  iv.  prose  0. 
Then  the  kynge  anone  called  his  seruaunt,  that  hadde 
but  one  lofe  and  a  lytell  whatte  of  wyne. 

Fabyan,  Chron.,  clxxii. 
They  prayd  hini  sit,  and  gave  him  for  to  feed 
Such  homely  what  as  serves  the  simple  clowne. 

Spenser,  F.  y.,  VI.  ix.  7. 
To  know  what 's  what.    See  knme^. 
What^  (hwot),  adr.  and  conj.     [<  ME.  irhdt ;  < 
u-ftat,  proit.]     I.  adv.   1.   Why? 

What  sholde  he  studie,  and  make  himselven  wood. 
Upon  a  book  in  cloistre  alwey  topoureV 

Chaucer,  Oen.  l*iol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  1S4. 

What  is  the  shepe  to  tdame  iti  youre  syght 
Whane  he  is  shorne  of  liis  tlees  it  niaade  alle  bare, 
Thoughe  folke  of  nialyce  for  her  wollis  fyght? 

Political  Poem*,  etc.  (eii.  Farnivall),  p.  20. 

Ahlas  what  should  she  fight? 

Fewe  women  win  by  Ilglit. 

OaJteoigne,  Fhlloniene (Steele  (ilas,  etc.,  ed.  ArberX  p.  !f7. 

What  should  I  don  tliis  (imperial)  robe,  and  trouble  you  ? 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1.  \H'.K 


6887 

For  wnat  is  a  man  advantaged  if  he  gain  the  whole 
world  and  lose  himself?  Luke  ix.  25. 

For  what  are  men  better  than  sheep  or  goats  .  .  . 
If,  knowing  God,  they  lift  not  hands  of  prayer? 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 
3t.  How;  how  greatly;  to  what  an  extent  or 
degree;  how  remarkably :  exclamatory  and  in- 
tensive. 

O !  u'hat  I  am  fetys  and  fayre  and  fygured  full  fytt ! 

York  Plays,  p.  3. 
What  .  .  .  what,  in  some  measure  ;  in  part;  partly  by; 
in  consequence  of ;  partly:  now  followed  by  wi(A;  indefi- 
nite and  distributive  in  value. 

Lordinges,  the  tyme  wasteth  nyght  and  day, 
And  steleth  from  us,  u'hat  prively  slepinge, 
And  what  thurgh  necligence  in  our  wakinge, 
As  dooth  the  streeni,  that  turneth  never  agayn, 
Descending  fro  the  montaigne  into  playn. 

Chaucer,  ITol.  to  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  I.  21. 
Than  woot  I  wele  she  myghte  nevere  fayle 
For  to  ben  holpen,  what  at  youre  instaunce. 
What  with  hh'e  other  frendes  generaunce. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1441. 

Than  sente  Gawein  abouto  to  euei-y  garnyson  thourgh 

the  reame  of  Logres,  and  assembled  xxx'"'  what  oon  what 

other.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  277. 

Most  men,  as  it  happens  in  this  world,  either  weakly, 

or  falsly  principl'd,  what  through  ignorance,  and  ichat 


whatsom 

II.  a.  rel.  Of  what  kind  or  sort  it  may  be ; 
no  matter  what;  any  or  all  that:  applied  to 
persons  and  things:  as,  whatever  person  is  ap- 
pointed must  be  satisfactory  to  the  court. 

I'll  forgive  you. 
Whatever  torment  you  do  put  me  to. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1.  84. 

The  knowledge  of  the  theory  of  logic  has  no  tendency 
whatever  to  make  men  good  reusoncrs. 

Macaulay,  Ix)rd  Bacon. 

Whatever  &\<\q  he  was  on,  lie  could  always  find  excellent 
reasons  fur  it.       Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  30. 

What-like  (hwot'lik),  indcf.  rel.  a.  Of  what 
appearance  or  character.  [Colloq.  or  provin- 
cial.] 

She  knows  Miss  Abbey  of  old,  remind  her,  and  she  knows 
what-like  the  home  and  what-like  the  friend  is  likely  to  turn 
out.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  iii.  2. 

Whatman  paper.    See  paper. 
whatna     (hwot'nii),    a.       Same    as    whaten. 
[Scotch.] 

There  was  a  lad  was  born  in  Kyle, 
But  whatna  day  o'  whatna  style, 
I  doubt  it 's  hardly  worth  the  while 
To  be  sae  nice  wi'  Robin. 

Burtis,  There  was  a  Lad. 


iwTi^^t  ''^^V"l"^  *'f  r?'  ''**";**"  dlscours  and  writing    whatnCSS  (hwot'nes),  )i.     [<  ivhat^  +  -Hess.-]    In 
by  what  hath  bin  of  late  written  ni  vulgar,  have  not      ,.,,,/„>w.     «  ^..,j,i,iu,r       ttj         n 
seem'd  to  attain  the  decision  of  this  point.  metaph.,  a  quiddity.     [Rare.] 

MUton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3.  Wnat-not(hwot'not),7^   [<  ivhat}iot(seewhat'^); 

With  omission  of  the  second  ivhat  (so  freciuently):  tlie  stand  being  so  called  as  used  to  hold  shells, 

H'AaMor  hire  kynrede  and  hir  nortelrie.  photographs,  bric-a-brac,  **and  whatnot":  see 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  47,     under  what^.^     1.  A  stand  or  set  of  shelves  on 

What  with  pride,  projects,  and  knavery,  iKwr  Peter  was     which  to  keej)  or  display  small  articles  of  CU- 

grown  distracted.  Sicij%  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv.     riosity  or  ornament,  as  well  as  books,  papers, 


II.  eonj.  1.  So  much  as;  so  far  as. 

Ector,  with  ful  many  a  bolde  baroun, 
< 'ast  on  a  day  witli  (Jrekesfor  to  flghte. 
As  he  was  wont  to  greve  hem  tchat  he  myghte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv, 
To  helpe  youre  freendis  what  I  may. 

Itmn.  of  the  Rose. 
Mr.  Brown,  being  present,  observed  them  (Indians)  to 
be  much  alfected,  and  one  especially  did  weep  very  mucli, 
though  covered  it  what  hee  could. 

T.  Shepard,  Clear  Sunshine  of  the  Gospel,  p.  36. 


etc. ;  an  etag^re. 

What  cheerfulness  those  works  of  art  will  give  to  the 
little  parlors  up  in  the  country,  when  they  are  set  up  with 
other  shells  on  the  ivhat-not  in  the  corner! 

C.  D.  Warner,  Their  Pilgrimage,  p.  51. 

2.  Anything;  no  matter  what;  what  you  please. 
See  what  not,  under  what'^,  A.     [Colloq. J 

I  profess  to  be  an  impartial  cbi-onieler  of  poor  Phil's 
fortunes,  misfortunes,  friendships,  and  ^vhat-iwts. 

Thackeray,  Pliilip,  ix. 

2.  That,    (at)  In  a/a'A(((,  until  (compare  fl/(A(m<7/(,  etc.).  whatreck    (hwot'rek),    adv.      [Short    for    what 

j'6rA-7?' *  whatcare  I?']  Nevertheless.  [Scotch.] 


.  35. 
.0300. 


Tho  kinges  hem  wenten  and  hi  seghen  |they  sawj  tlio 
sterre  thet  yede  bi-fure  hem.  al-uat  hi  kam  over  tho  husc 
war  ure  louerd  was.        Old  Eng.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  27. 

Thet  heaued  me  akth ;  ich  ne  ssel  by  an  eyse  [I  shall 
not  be  at  easel  alhuet  iih  babbe ydronke. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  51. 
(6)  In  the  phrase  but  tvhat :  but  that;  that  .  .  .  not. 

The  Abbot  cannot  be  humbled  but  what  the  community 
^must  be  humbled  in  his  person.  Scott,  Monastery,  x. 

Not  a  thing  stolen  hut  what  the  sea  gave  it  up. 

J.  II.  Newman. 

What'-^t   (hwot),  a.     [<  WE.  hwaty  (luiek,  <  AS. 

hwicty  keen,  sharp,  bold  (=  OS.  hwat  =  Icel. 

hvatr^kveu).    Cf.  whet^.l    i^uick;  sharp;  bold. 

Tiler  weoren  eorles  swithe  whaete.       Layamon,  1.  1137. 

whatabouts  (hwot'a-bouts''')*  "•     The  matters 
which  one  is  about  or  occupied  with.     [Colloq.] 

You  might  knowof  all  my  goings  on,  and  M7ia^a?>o«(«  and 
wherealxjuts,  from  Henry  Taylor. 

Soxithey,  To  G.  C.  Bedford,  March  3,  1830. 

what-d'ye-call-it,  what-d'ye-call-'em  (hwof- 

dye-karit,  -em).  A  word  substituted  for  the 
name  of  a  thing,  because  of  forgetfulness  or 
ignorance,  or  in  slight  contempt.     [Colloq.] 


I  wot  he  was  na  slaw,  man ;  .  .  . 
But  yet,  tohat-reck,  he,  at  (Quebec, 
Montgomery-like  did  fa',  man. 

Burns,  The  American  War. 

WhatSOt  (hwot'so),  a.  and  pron.  [<  ME.  what- 
^■<^  what.siva,  whatse,  hwatse,  quat  so,  what  so,  < 
whaf^  4-  A-oi.  Of.  whoso.']  I.  a.  Of  whatever 
character,  kind,  or  sort;  no  matter  what  (per- 
son or  thing) :  an  indefinite  relative  use. 

What  man  so  vs  metes  may  vs  sone  knowe. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2565. 

II,  j>n>«.  No  matter  what  or  who;  whatso- 
ever; whosoever. 

But  it  were  any  persone  obstinat, 
What-io  he  were,  of  heigh  or  lowe  estat. 
Him  wolde  he  sTiibben  sharply  for  the  nones. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Piol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  522. 
"  In  exitu  Israel  de  ^iCgypto  !  " 
Thus  sang  they  all  together  in  one  voice, 
With  whatso  in  that  Psalm  is  after  written. 

Longfellow,  tr.  of  Uante's  Purgatorio,  ii. 
Sometimes  written  as  two  separate  words. 

Quyt  is  she 
From  yow  this  yer,  ivhat  after  so  befalle. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  664, 


But  what  do  we  suffer  misshaped  and  enormous  pn-la- 
tism,  as  we  do,  thus  to  blanch  and  varnish  her  deformi- 
tlea  with  the  fair  colours,  as  before  of  martyrdom,  so  now 
of  episcopacy ';*  Miltoji,  Reformation  in  ling.,  i. 

2.   To  what  degree?  in  what  respect  ? 


I'here  is  no  part  of  the  body,  an'  please  youi-  honour,  , 

where  a  wound  occasions  more  intolerable  anguish  than  whatSOe  61  (hwot-so-ar' ),  j>ro«,     A  contracted 

*'"'  '■"""  *'""■"  ''"""-  ""  * '  ■—  '     form  of  whatsoever.  ' 

whatsoever  (hwot-so-ev'er),  a.  and  pron.  [< 
ME.  whatsoever ;  <  whaf^  +  so^  +  ever.  Cf.  what- 
so and  whatsom  ever.']  I.  a.  Of  whatever  na- 
ture, kind,  or  sort;  whatever:  an  intensive  form 
of  whatever^  still  separable  and  used  as  a  cor- 
relative phrase. 

I  have  learned  In  ivhatsoever  state  I  am  tlierewith  to  be 
content.  I'hil.  iv.  11. 

Goodness  guide  thy  actions  whatsoever ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.  (?),  Faithful  Friends,  iii.  3. 
The  Meridians,  which  are  Circles  passing  oner  our  heads, 
in  what  part  of  the  World  soeuer  we  be. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  fiO. 

Marauding  thieves,  to  be  destroyed  by  i(?/t«?*oeu*'r  method 
possible.  The  Academy,  March  28,  1891,  p.  298. 

II,  pro)i.  What  thing  or  things  soever;  no 
matter  what  thing  or  things ;  wliatever  or  who- 
ever. 

I  will  knowe  the  soth  [truth],  what-so-eiicr  it  coste. 

Merlin  iV..  E.  T.  S.),  i.  37. 

Youth,  u'fuitsoever  thou  art,  thou  art  but  a  scurvy  fellow. 

Shak.,  T.  X.,  iii.  4.  163. 

For,  'tis  not  Courage  {whatme'r  men  say). 

But  Cowardize,  to  make  ones  Self  away. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Uu  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Trophies. 

whatsomt,  a.  and  jtron.  Same  as  whatsom- 
rwr. 


upon  the  knee,  .  .  .  there  being  so  many  tendons  and 
what-d'ye-call-ems  all  about  it. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  viii.  19. 

whate'er  (hwot-ar'),7>roM.  A  contracted  form 
of  whatever. 

He  strikes  whate'er  is  in  his  way. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  623. 

whaten,  whatten  (hwot'n),  a.  [Sc.  also  what- 
(tii,  :uid  (witii  tlie  indef.  article)  whatna:  < 
whai'^  +  -en,  orig.  adj.  inflection.]  What;  what 
kiml  of.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

L<ird  safe  usl  only  look  at  him  sitting  asleep.  Whatan 
a  face  I  Noctes  Ambrosiame,  Oct.,  1828. 

whatever  (hwot-ev'er),  jrron.  and  a.  [<  what^ 
+  fver.]  I.  proit.  A.  hidef.  rel.  Anything 
which;  no  matter  wliat ;  all  that. 

To  effect 
Whatever  I  shall  happen  to  devise. 

Shak.,  Kich.  II.,  iv.  1.  330. 
The  veiy  best  will  variously  incline. 
And  what  rewards  yijur  virtue,  punish  mine. 
Whatever  is,  is  right.      J*ope,  Essay  on  Man,  iv.  145. 
The  board  was  expected  to  make  itself  thoroughly  ac- 
([uainted  with  whatcrer  CDUcerned  the  colonies. 

Prescott,  Kerd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  9. 

B.  htterrtxj.  What  f  as,  whafevcv  shall  I  do"? 
[Vulgar,  Itut  coiiinion  in  recent  Hritish  collo- 
quial use.] 


whatsomever 

whatsomever  (liwot'''sum-ev'er),  a.  and  ^)roM. 
[<  ME.  ichatsumever,  ichatsomevtr  (confused 
with  whatfioever);  <  what^  +  som  {<  Dan.  tiom, 
:i5i  so)  +  ever.  Cf.  howsomever.']  Whatsoever. 
[Now  viUgar.] 

Whatsomever  woo  they  fele, 
They  wol  not  pleyne,  but  ooncele. 

Botn.  of  the  Rose,  1.  5041. 

Doughtir.  loke  that  thou  be  waare,  whatmimeuere  thee 

bitide, 
Make  not  thin  husbonde  poore  with  spendinge  ne  with 

pride.  Bahees  Book  (E,  E.  T.  S.),  p.  45. 

whatten,  <(.     See  n-hateu. 

whattie  (hwot'i),  «.     Same  as  whifiky. 

whault,  n.    See  waJl'^. 

whaup  (hwap),  /*.  [Se.  also  whaapj  quhaup^ 
quhdip,  aicp ;  said  to  be  so  called  from  its 
cry.j  A  curlew.  [Scotch.]— Great  whaup,  the 
curlew,  Numenms  arquata.  Also  called  stock-whaup.— 
Little  whaup,  May  whaup,  the  whimbrel,  Nuineniiis 
phieopus:  so  called  from  its  relative  size  and  the  time  of 
its  apptarance.     Also  called  laivj-ichaup. 

whave  (hwav),  v.  t.-,  pret.  and  pp.  whared,  ppr. 
wharih</.  [Prob.  a  dial.  var.  of  qiuwe.Ji  1.  To 
turn  (pottery)  when  drying.  [Prov.  Eng,]  —  2. 
To  cover,  or  hang  over.     [Prov.  Eng,] 

whawl,  v.  i.     [A  var.  of  wawl,  tcatil.^    To  cry  as 
a  oat:  same  as  wauJ. 
The  cats  tvhauled.     Annals  of  Phila.  and  Penn.,1.  209. 

whaylet,  a.  A  coiTux>t  Middle  English  spelling 
of  hail'-^,  halc^. 

whay-worm  (hwa'werm),  /(.  [Also  whey-worm  ; 
periiaps  a  dial.  I'eduetion  of  wheal wor in. ~\  1.  A 
pimple.  Varr^  Craven  Gloss.,  ii.  Ii52.  {HaUi- 
wcU.)  —  2.  A  whim.     Compare  m^/f///oL 

And  so  marched  toward  London,  where  the  Essex  men, 
havinge  wylde  whay-ivormes  in  their  heddes,  joined  them 
with  him.  HcUL  Edward  IV.,  f.  33.    {Ualliwell.) 

whe^  (hwe).  pron.     A  form  of  who.     MaUiwell. 

[Prov.  Eng.] 
whe'-'t,  n.     See  wie. 

wheadlet,  '■.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  wheedle. 
wheal^  (hwel),  u.     [<  ME.  wheel,  whele,  whelle, 

a  pimple,  wheal  (ef.  dim.  whelk,  a  little  wheal), 

<  AS.  *hicele,  wheal  (Somner) ;  origin  and  status 
uncertain;  cf.  AS.  hwelan  {  hwelun  ?),  wither, 
pine  away;  cf.  W.  chwiler,  a  maggot,  wheal, 
pimple.]     1.  A  pimple  ;  a  pustule. 

He  must  drie  his  face  very  well,  for  feare  of  wheales  and 
wrinkles.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  194. 

All  wheales  and  itching  pimples  which  are  readie  to 
breake  forth.  Holland,  tr.  of  Tliny,  xxii.  25. 

Specifically  —  2.  An  elevation  of  the  skin,  of 
varying  size,  usually  elongated  in  form,  caused 
by  a  stroke,  as  of  a  rod  or  wliip,  or  constituting 
an  eruption,  as  that  of  urticaria.  See  urticaria. 
wheali  (liwel),  V.  [<  ME.  wheleii :  see  wheal^,  n.l 
I.  trana.  To  produce  a  wheal  upon. 

His  eyes  were  bloodshot,  his  cheeks  whealed  and  puffed. 
S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  2. 

II.  Inlrans.  To  supinirate;  form  a  sore  or 
pustule. 

Isow  gins  the  leprous  cores  of  ulcered  sins 
Wheale  to  a  heade.  Marston,  Ant.  and  Mel.,  II.,  v.  1. 

■wheal-  (hwel),  n.    [Also  huel^  wheel,  ichel,  wheyl; 

<  Com.  hwel,  a  work,  a  mine;  cf.  W.  chwyl,  a 
turn,  course,  while,  chwyloj  turn,  revolve,  run  a 
course,  bustle,  chwel,  a  course,  turn.]  A  mine. 
[Cornwall,  Eng.] 

wheal-worm  (liwerwerm),  71.  [<  wheaX^  + 
wor}ii.'\  1.  The  itch-mite,  Acarus  seabiei. —  2. 
The  acarine  Leptus  afftumiialis,  or  some  similar 
harvest-bug:  so  named  from  the  wheals  or  pim- 
}>les  produced  by  its  bite.  See  cut  under  har- 
refit-itiite. 

wheaser  (hwe'zer),  n.  [Said  to  be  connected 
with  we((!iel.^  The  red-breasted  merganser, 
Mertfns  srirator.     [Local,  New  Eng.] 

wheat  (hwet),  n.  [<  ME.  whete,  wete,  whsete, 
Itwefe,  luiefe,  quete,  <  AS.  hw^te  =  OS.  hiceti  = 
MD.  weite,  \).  weit  =  MLG.  wetcn,  wciten,  LG. 
weten  ~  OIIG.  wei-i,  MUG.  wcitze,  G.  weizcn, 
ulso  OHG.  wei::i,  MPIG.  Kei::e,  G.  dial,  tveisseit  = 
Icel.  hreifi  =  Sw.  hvete  =  Dan.  hvcdc  =  Goth. 
hwaiteis,  wheat ;  cf.  Lith.  kwehfs,  Lett,  kweenvld, 
wheat  (prob.<  Tent.);  lit. 'that  which  is  white' 
(witliref.  to  the  color  of  the  grain  or  the  meal), 

<  AS.  hirit,  etc.,  white:  see  whitc^.}  A  cereal 
grain,  the  proiiuet  of  species  of  y>v7/c«;//,  chiefly 
(•f  T.  satiVKin  (  T.  vuUfare).  The  oriKiii  of  the  plant 
i^  not  clearly  known,  but  it  is  tlioujfht  by  many  to  be 
derived  from  a  grass,  jEyiiops  ovata,  of  tbe  Mediterranean 
I  egion.  now  classed  as  a  species  of  Triticum.  The  wheat- 
idant  is  a  ^-ass  closely  related  to  barb-y  and  rye,  hav- 
i-.JK  a  dense  four-sided  spike,  and  grains  lt)ngitudinally 
f  irrowed  on  one  side,  turgid  on  tbe  other.  In  some 
varieties  the  palets  bear  awns,  in  others  not,  the  varie- 
ties being  resi>ectively  calle<l  bearded  and  beardless  ur 
(jild.  Some  are  planted  in  the  spi-iiig  —  spring  or  summer 
uht-at  — otbers  in  the  fall,  maturing  the  next  seasuu  — 


6888 

winter  wheat.     The  product  of  the  latter  was  formerly 
preferred,  but  with  recent  methods  of  manufacture  spring 


Wheat  {Triticum.  satiuum). 
I,  the  conipltte  plant  of  the  variety  asti-vunt;  a,  the  spike  of  the 
same  ;   3,  the  spike  of  the  variety  Hiber*titui ;  4,  a  grain gerniinatiny. 
a,  part  of  the  rachis;  *,  the  floret  of  the  variety  iCj/'/t'Kw/ r,  the  fluw- 
er,  showing  two  lodicules,  the  stamens,  and  the  stigmas. 

wheat  is  equally  valued.  The  varieties  are  further  classi- 
fied as  while  and  red  or  amber,  referring  to  the  color  of 
the  grain ;  among  winter  wheats,  at  least,  the  white  are 
more  esteemed.  The  grain  is  highly  nutritious,  contain- 
ing some  67  per  cent,  of  carbohydrates,  13  per  cent,  of 

Brash 


Wheat    Bulb-wL-rro 
(Merornyza      ameru 

CJHO). 

a,  wheatstallc, 

showing  larva  at 
work  ;  i,  larva  ;  c, 
pupa.  (Lines  ^ow 
natural  sizcs.J 


Loiigitutiinal  Section  of  Grain  of  Wheat,  enlarged. 

albuminoids,  together  with  small  quantities  of  the  mineral 
substances,  potash,  soda,  etc.,  required  by  the  animal  sys- 
tem, with  only  14  per  cent,  of  water.  For  use  it  is  chiefly 
convei-ted  into  Hour  ;  the  finest  but  not  the  most  nutri- 
tious flour  is  nearest  pure  starch.  The  richer  elements 
lie  nearest  the  skin,  and  these  are  secured  in  "  Graham  ' 
flour,  which  properly  includes  the  whole  grain,  and  by 
recent  milling  processes  which  appropriate  all  but  the 
cuticle.  Wheat  was  formerly  matte  in  England  into  a 
dish  called  frumenty  or  furmenty.  by  boiling  it  entire  in 
milk,  and  seasoning.  It  is  now  largely  used  in  America 
in  the  form  of  cracked,  crushed,  or  rolled  wheat,  or  wheat- 
grits.  Wheat  has  been  known  from  antiquity,  being 
mentioned  in  Scripture;  it  is  traceable  to  ancient  Egypt, 
and  is  recorded  as  introduced  into  China  about  2700  B.  C. 
It  now  furnishes  the  principal  breadstuff  among  all  civ- 
ilized nations.  It  is  adaptable  to  various  conditions  and 
widely  grown  in  temperate  regions;  it  is  not  excluded 
by  cold  winters,  but  requires  a  mean  summer  temperature 
of  not  less  than  57^.  Among  the  principal  countries 
which  produce  a  surplus  are  the  I'nited  States,  Canada, 
Kussia,  Hungary,  India,  Australia,  Egypt,  Rumania,  and 
'J'urkey.  The  varieties  are  very  numerous,  and  there  are 
several  more  or  less  strongly  marked  races,  one  of  which 
is  spelt. 

The  asse  of  the  melle,  thet  ase  bletheliche  berth  here 
[as  blithely  beareth  baj-!eyl  ase  hncte. 

Ayenbiie  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  141. 

We  maun  gar  wftc«(-flour  serve  us  for  a  blink ;  .  .  .  it's 
no  that  il  I  food,  though  far  frae  being  sae  hearty  or  kindly 
to  a  Scotchman's  stamach  as  the  curney  aitmeal  is. 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xx. 
Amher  wheat.  See  def.— Arras  wheat.  See  Emmer 
wheat,  below.— China  Wheat,  a  spring  wheat  grown  in 
the  Vnited  States,  said  to  have  been  derived  from  a  grain 
found  in  a  tea-chest.— Clock  wheat,  a  variety  of  the 
race  known  as  Triticum  turyidum. —  Cow-wheat,  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Melampyrum,  particularly  M.  arvense,  with 
beautifully  variegated  flowers  in  a  long  spike.  The  Ameri- 
can cow- wheat  is  J/.  Americayiiim ,  nn  inconspicuous  plant. 
"  Dinkel  wheat,  spelt— Emmer  wheat,  the  race  called 
Triticum  dicoccum,,  including  the  An'as  wheat  of  Abys- 
sinia. Its  varieties  flourish  in  poor  soil,  are  remarka- 
bly exempt  from  diseases,  and  make  excellent  starch.— 
Guinea  wheatt.  See  Turkey  ivfteat,  below.  -Indian 
wheat.  («t)  A  former  name  in  England  for  Indian  corn, 
Zea  Mays,  See  cut  under  Zea.  (b)  Fayopyrmn  Tatari- 
euDi,  which  is  cultivated  to  some  extent  in  the  T'nited 
States.  ]iarticularly  in  the  northwest.  — Oil  Of  wheat.  See 
oiX— One-grained  or  single-grained  wheat,  a  wheat 
with  one  seed  to  each  spikelet  —  Triticum  moiiocuccmn  — 
which  appears  to  be  a  true  species.    Also  called  ,S'(.  Peter's 

corn.  — Red  wheat.    See  def.— Revet  or  rivet  wheat. 


wheatear 

a  variety  of  the  race  Triticum  (wr^rtrfw?/!.— Saracen's 
wheat,  buckwheat.  Compare  «arrazin.— Single-grained 
wheat.  See  one-grained  wheat,  above.—  Spring  wheat, 
summer  wheat,  see  def.— Tatary  wheat,  the  India 
or  Indian  wheat,  Fayopyrum  Tatancum.—  Tea  wheat. 
Same  as  China  wheat.— Toxliey  wheatt,  Turldsh 
wheatt,  Indian  corn,  vaguely  supposed  to  come  from 
Turkey  (compare  turkey).  Also  called  Guinea  wheat  and 
Indian  wheal. 

There  grows  in  several  parts  of  Africa,  Asia,  and  Amer- 
ica a  kind  of  corn  called  Mays,  and  such  as  we  commonly 
name  Turkey  wfieat.  They  make  bread  of  it  which  is  hard 
of  digestion,  heavy  in  the  stomach,  and  does  not  agree 
with  any  but  such  aa  are  of  a  robust  and  hail  constitution. 
L.  Lemery,  Treatise  on  Foods  (1704),  p.  71.    (Davies.) 

We  saw  a  great  many  fields  of  Indian  corn,  which  grows 
to  the  height  of  six  or  seven  feet.  It  is  made  into  flour 
for  the  use  of  the  common  people,  and  goes  by  the  name 
of  Turkey  wheat.  Smollett,  Travels,  viit 

Wheat-aphid  or  -aphis,  a  wheat  plant-louse  (see  below). 

—  Wheat  hulb-fly,  IJylemyia  arctica,  a  European  fly  of 
the  family  AnfhuinyiidsE,  whose  larva  infests  the  sterna 
of  wheat.— Wheat  hulb-worm,  the  larva  of  an  OBcinid 
fly,  Meromyza  americana,  which  affects  the  stems  of 
wheat  in  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada, stunting  the  ears,  and  prema- 
turely ripening  the  kernels. —Wheat- 
CUtworm,  the  lai-va  of  an  American 
noctuid  moth,  Laphygma  fruyiperda. 
Also  called  grass- wor^n  and  fall  army- 
worm.  See  Laphygma.  C.  V.  Riley. 
—Wheat-dampening  machine,  a 
machine  for  washing  grain  to  free  it 
from  smut  and  dirt,  and  afterward  dry- 
ing it.  E.  II.  Kiiy/ht.—WheaX  eel- 
worm,  a  nematode  worm  of  the  fam- 
ily Anyuillitlidse,  Tylenchus  tritici, 
which  causes  the  disease  known  as 
ear-cockle,  purples,  or  false  ergot  in 
wheat  in  Europe.  It  produces  round 
dark -colored  distoi-ttd  growths  in  the 
ear  of  wheat.  Also  called  wheat-worm. 

—  Wheat  gall-fly,  the  adult  of  the 
wheat  joint- worm.  See  Isosoma,  1, 
joint-uovm,  2,  and  cut  under  wAeat- 
/7y.— Wheat-head  army-worm,  the 

larva  of  an  American  noctuid  moth, 
Lencanut   albilinea.      See  Leucania. 

—  Wheat  plant-louse,  one  of  sev- 
eral  aphids,  or  Aphidids,  which  in- 
fest wheat,  as  Siphonophora  avense 
and  Tozoptera  graminium. — Wheat 
straw-worm,  the  wheat  joint-worm. 
%&e  joint-worm,  "2.- Wheat  whisky. 
See  whisky-.  —  Wheat-wlreworm. 
See  wire  worm.  — White  Wheat.  See 
def.— Winter  wheat.  See  def.  (See 
also  inummy-wheat,  not-wheat.) 

wheat-bird  (hwet'berd),  n.  The  chaflSneh  or 
wheatsel-bird.     [Local,  British.] 

wheat-brush  (hwet'brush),  w.  In  milling^  a 
^rain-sc'ouiiii^  machine,  it  consists  essentially  of 
two  brushes  in  the  form  of  disks  placed  close  together  in 
a  hopper,  one  brush  remaining  stationary,  and  the  other 
revolving  rapidly  as  the  grain  is  delivered  between  them. 
The  grain  is  carried  to  the  periphei-y  of  the  brushes  by  cen- 
trifugal force,  and  falls  into  a  chamber  beneath,  whence 
the  dust  is  removed  by  a  suction-blast.    E.  U.  Knight. 

wheat-bug  (hwet'bug),  «.  Either  one  of  two 
bugs,  Miria  tritici  and  J/.  dolabratus,  found  com- 
monly on  wheat  in  England.  Curtis,  Farm  In- 
sects. 

wheat-caterpillar  (hwefkat-^er-pil-ar), «.  A 
small  caterpillar  which  eats  the  kernels  of 
wheat  in  the  field :  supposed  to  be  Asopia  cos- 
taJis.     T.  }}'.  Harris. 

wheat-chafer  (hwet'cha'fer),  w.  A  beetle,  Ani- 
soplia  austriaea,  which  does  great  damage  to 
European  wheat-fields,  particularly  those  of 
Russia. 

wheat-cracker  (hwet'krak^er),  ?^  A  mill  for 
cracking;  wlieat  to  make  grits. 

wheat-drill  (hwet'dril),  «.     See  drill^,  ».,  3. 

wheat-duck  (hwet'duk),  ?(.  The  American 
widgeon,  Mareca  a7)iericana,  found  in  large 
flocks  in  wheat-fields.  G.  Trumbull,  1888. 
[Oregon.] 

wheat-ear  (hwet'er),  ??.  [<  wheat  +  ear'^.']  An 
ear  of  wlieat. 

Gold  flashed  out  from  the  wheat-ear  brown, 

And  tlame  from  the  poppy's  leaf.  Eliza  Cook. 

Wheat-ear  stitch,  in  embroidery,  a  fancy  stitch;  a  va- 
riety of  chain-stitch  by  which  is  produced  a  pattern  some- 
what resembling  an  ear  of  grain  with  stitf  beard, 
wheatear  (hwet'er),  n.  [A  corruption,  simu- 
lating wheat  +  ear-  (also  used  in  the  form  trhite- 
ear,  with  the  first  element  unaltered),  of  white- 
arse,  or  rather  of  its  earlier  form  *wAi7e/>'<'  (taken 
as  a  plural,  whence  the  supposed  singular  wheat- 
ear)  :  so  called  from  its  Avhite  rump,  <  white^  + 
arse.  The  name  is  equiv.  to  ichitetail,  foi-merly 
ivhittailj  and  the  F.  name  cul  hhuie.']  A  chat  of 
the  genus  Saxieola,  Saxicola  cevanthe,  the  stone- 
chat,  fallow-finch,  or  whitetail.  an  oscine  pas- 
serine bird  alnmdaut  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Af- 
rica, and  found  sparingly  in  North  America. 
The  wheatear  is  GJ  inches  long^  and  l'2i  in  extent ;  it  va- 
ries much  in  plumage  with  sex,  age,  and  season.  The 
adult  male  in  summer  has  the  upper  parts  tYench  gray, 
with  conspicuous  w  lute  rump  and  white  base  of  the  black 
tail ;  the  under  parts  are  some  shade  of  buff,  often  whitish ; 


wheatear 

the  wings  are  blackish ;  n  broad  glossy-black  bar  on  the 
Bide  of  the  head  includes  the  ears,  and  is  surmounted  by 
a  white  stripe ;  the  bill  and  feet  are  black,  the  eyes  dark- 


Wheatear  tS.f.vtio/u  o-KaMllif  ,  ailitit  iii.tlo. 

brown.  The  female  is  brownish,  darkest  on  the  upper 
parts,  with  wings  alid  tail  like  those  of  the  male;  the 
young  resemble  the  female,  but  are  spotty.  The  nest  is 
made  on  the  ground;  the  eggs  are  four  to  seven,  green- 
ish-blue, usually  spotless,  sometimes  faintly  speckled. 
The  wheatear  shares  with  both  the  British  species  of  Pra- 
tiwola  the  name  utouechat,  wliich  is  more  appropriate  to 
this  bird  than  to  either  of  the  bushchats;  it  is  more  fully 
specified  as  ichite-rinnped  Manechat,  and  alsocalletliMiYe- 
nimp,  u'hitftail,  Motie-dalter  (from  its  Gaelic  name  dacha- 
ran^  which  survives  in  .Scotland  and  in  books),  faUow- 
finch,  and  by  other  local  names. 

What  cook  of  any  spirit  would  lose  her  time  in  picking 
larks,  wheat-^ars,  and  other  small  birds? 

Stcift,  Directions  to  SeiTants  (Cook). 
Although  the  whentear'g  colors  are  somewhat  chaste, 
still  their  bold  contrast,  and  the  manner  in  which  they 
are  distributed,  make  the  bird  a  very  pretty  one. 

Seebnhm,  Hist.  Blit.  Birds,  I.  302. 

wheat-eel  (hwet'el),  «.    [Appar.  <  wlient  +  ccl, 

but  perhaps  a  dial,  form  of  'iclicat-cril,  <  iihcdt 

+  eci/l.]     Ear-eockle  or  purples,  a  disease  of 

wheat  caused  by  the  eel-worm,  Ti/lencliitu  tritici. 

wheaten  (hwe'tn),  a.     [<  me.  nil/ten,  Itiietoi, 

Inrirlcn,  <  AS.  Iiuietcii  (=  MU.  irriUii,  D.  icciU- 

(meel)  =  G.  icci::cii(hri>(l)),  <  hivietc,  wheat.  + 

•en,  E.  -<"«2.]     Of,  pertaining  to,  or  made  from 

wheat:  as,  irhenlen  straw,    specifically— (n)  Made 

of  the  stalks,  straw,  or  husks  of  wheat. 

There  wayteti  Summer  naked  starke,  all  sane  a  wheaten 

hat.  Giiiing,  tr.  of  Ovid's  iletamorph.,  ii. 

Peace  should  still  her  wheaten  garland  wear. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  41. 
(6)  Made  of  the  grain  or  flour  of  wheat. 

More  hi  uynt  sinak  (she  tlnds  more  relish]  in  ane  zoure 
epple  thanne  in  ane  hnetene  Ihoue  [b>af]. 

Aj/eiMte  of  Inwtjt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  82. 
Of  wheaten  flour  shalt  thou  make  them  fcakes  and 
wafersl.  Ex.  xxix.  2. 

His  diet  was  of  wheaten  bread. 

Cnieper.  Epitaph  on  a  Hare. 

wheat-field  (hwet'feUI),  n.     A  field  of  wheat. 

wheat-fly  (h wet' fli),  «.  1.  Anv  one  of  several 
flies  of  the  family  Osrinidir.  common  upon 
wheat  in  Europe  and  Xorlh  Amerioa,  as  Osci- 
nix  frit,  Chliiroiis  t.riiinjiiix,  and  ''.  liiiritld. —  2. 
The  Hessian  Hy.— 3.  The  wheat-midfje.— 4. 
Improperly,  a  wheat  idant-louse  in  the  winKe<l 
form.  Compare  </'■"■''./'.'/, -. —  5.  The  wheat  gall- 


Wlicat  (rail-fly  i.l^ofo»ta  kordft'. 

rt,  wheat-stalks  with  Kails  pnKliiced  by  the  larva  ;  b,  female  fly  (cross 

shows  natural  size!. 

fly,  a  variety  of  Ixusomit  hordii,  whose  larva  is 
the  wheat  joiiil-worin.     Hpi-jinnt-worni,  2. 

wheat-grader  (liwel'f;ra"der),  ».  In  milling,  a 
machine  for  fleaniiiK,  seiiaratinjj,  and  grailiiiK 
wheat  a<'C(ii-dinK  to  the  size  and  shape  of  tho 
CTaiiis;  a  grain-  or  wheat-separator.  K.  //. 
h'niiiht. 

wheat-grass  (hwet'gras),  II.  The  couch-  or 
<|uiteh-grasH.  Ai/roiii/riiiit  rrjirtis  ;  also,  any  wild 
jfrass  of  the  genus  Aifrojiiinini  nr  Tiiliniiii. 

Wheatland  (hwet'laml),  ».  Land  sown  with 
wheat. 


6889 

Beyond  the  wheatlands  in  the  northern  pines. 

A.  Lampntan,  The  Academy,  Nov.  23, 1889,  p.  33.^. 

wheat-maggot  (hwet'mag  ot),  n.  The  larva  of 
any  one  of  the  dipterous  insects  affecting  the 
wheat-plant. 

wheat-midge  (liwet'mij),  «.  l.  A  dipterous 
insect  of  the  family  Cecidoiiii/iidse,  Di2>!osis  tri- 
tici, which  lays  its  eggs  in  the  flowers  of  wheat- 
heads,  and  whose  minute  reddish  larvae  devour 
the  kernels.  It  is  originally  a  European  insect,  but 
has  been  imported  into  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
The  larva  is  known  in  England  as  the  red  maggot. 
2.  A  dipterous  insect,  Lasioptcra  ohfuscatii. 
Kncyc.  Diet. 

wheat-mildew  (hwet'mll"du),  n.  A  name  ap- 
plied in  England  to  the  common  rust  (Piicci- 
iiia  grniiiiiiis),  found  on  various  grasses,  and 
especially  on  wheat  and  oats.  In  the  United 
States  it  is  applied  to  Ertjsiphe  graiiiiiiix,  a  true 
powdery  mililow. 

wheat-mite  (hwet'mit),  n.     Same  aafloiir-mitc. 

wheat-moth  (hwet'moth).  ».  One  of  several 
small  moths  whose  larvae  devour  stored  wheat, 
as  the  Angoumois  grain-moth  (Gclccliia  cerca- 
?e/to),  the  Indian-meal  moth  (.£7)/(esf(rt  interj/mic- 
tella).  the  MediteiTanean  flour-moth  {Ephestia 
kiihniella),  or  the  wolf-moth  \Tinca  graneJJa). 

wheat-pest  (hwet'pest),  n.  A  dipterous  insect, 
the  frit-fly,  Oscinis  vastator. 

wheat-riddle  (hwet'rid"l),  i?.  A  grain-  or 
wlieat-separator. 

wheat-rust  (hwet'rust),  «.  Same  as  red  rii.it 
and  l>lack  ntxt  (see  both,  under  riist). 

wheat-scourer  (hwet'skour"^r),  i>.  In  miUiiiy, 
a  cleaning-machine  which  receives  the  grain  as 
passed  from  the  smutter,  and  removes  any  hairs 
or  loose  parts  of  the  outer  bran.  One  form  con- 
sists of  a  stiff  brush  with  a  grooved  buiTStone  revolving 
against  it  below,  the  wheat  passing  between  the  two.  E. 
It.  Knvjht. 

wheatsel-bird  (hwet'sl-berd),  n.  The  chaf- 
finch, FriiKjiUa  Calebs:  so  called  from  its  con- 
gregating ill  autumn  about  the  time  of  sowing 
wheat.  ./.  H.  Gunieij.  See  cut  under  chaffinch. 
[Norfolk,  Eng.] 

wheat-separator  (hwet'sep"a-ra-tor),  n.  All 
apparatus  for  freeing  wheat  from  mustard-seed, 
cockle,  grass-seed,  etc.  The  grain  is  made  to  pass 
over  a  series  of  inclined  plates  pierced  with  holes  which 
allow  the  passage  of  the  smaller  seeds  but  retain  the  wheat. 
K  II.  KiwjM. 

Wheatstone  bridge.    See  resistance,  3. 

wheat-thief  (hwet'thef),  ».  The  com  grom- 
well  or  bastard  alkanet,  Lithospcrmuin  arrensc, 
a  grain-tield  weed  of  Europe  and  parts  of  Asia, 
introduced  in  North  America. 

Wheat-thrips  (hwet'thrips),  ».  Any  one  of 
several  species  of  thrips  found  abundantly  upon 
wheat,  and  commonly  supposed  to  injure  the 
wheatlands,  as  Thrips  cercalium  of  Europe,  and 
Limolhriji.'t  trilici  and  L.  graminese  of  the  United 
States. 

wheat-weevil  (hwet'we'vl),  M.  1.  The  gi'ain- 
weevil. —  2.  Tlie  rice-weevil.  See  also  C'alaii- 
ilrii.  2,  and  iccrril. 

wheat-worm  (hwet'wferm),  n.  Same  as  trheitl 
ei'l-inirni  (which  see,  VLwAer  wheat) . 

wheazet,  ''■  '.     An  old  spelling  of  loheczc. 

whedert,  y"''>«-     An  old  spelling  of  whether'^. 

wheedle  (hwe'dl),  v.;  pret.  and  i>p.  wheedled, 
ppr.  wlicedling.  [Formerly  wheadle  ;  perhaps  for 
*weedle,  <  G.  wcdein,  wag  the  tail,  fan  (hence 
fawn,  flatter?),  <  wedel,  a  fan,  tail,  brush,  MHG. 
ircdel  (wadel),  OHG.  wedil{wadal),  fan,  winnow- 
ing-fan,  lit.  instrumentforblowing;  withforma- 
tive  -del  (-thio-),  <  OHG.  wehan,  MHG.  G.  irthen. 
blow:  see  trinil'^.  Similar  uses  occur  with  Dan. 
liigrc,  wag  the  tail,  also  fawn  upon  one:  with 
Iccl.flnthra,  wag  the  tail,  fawn  upon;  with  OF. 
coiicier,  wag  the  tail,  etc.  It  is  not  clear  how 
a  G.  word  of  this  kind  could  get  into  E. ;  but 
the  German  wars  of  the  17th  century  brought 
in  a  number  of  words,  and  this  may  have  been 
taken  np  as  a  slang  term.  Some  refer  wheedle 
to  W.  rhiredUii,  talk,  gossip,  <  chwedl,  a  fable, 
story,  diseom-se ;  but  the  resemblance  is  super- 
ficial.] I.  trans.  1.  To  entice,  especially  by 
soft  words;  gain  over  by  coaxing  and  flattery; 
cajole;  coa.\;  flatter;  hence,  to  hoax:  take  in. 

1  admire  tliy  Impudence,  I  cou'd  never 
Have  Iiad  the  Face  t**  have  wheadid  the  poor  Knight  so. 
lithereje,  She  Would  if  She  Coiilil,  i.  I. 
And  so  go  to  her,  begin  thy  ulw  employment  ;  wheedi- 
her,  jest  with  her,  and  be  better  acquainted  one  with  an- 
other.  Wi/cfierleif,  (.'ountry  Wife,  ii.  1. 

I  am  not  the  first  that  he  has  wheadled  with  his  dissem- 
bling Ttmgue.  Con(jrei'e,  Way  of  the  World,  v.  I. 
It  is  (j>roliably)  the  best  (Conduct  not  to  bear  away  t^uai  - 
tering,  till  you  have  wheedled  the  Enemy  iutoytjur  Wake. 
W.  Moitniaine,  Seaman's  Vade-Meenni  (ed.  1701),  p.  120. 


wheel 

2.  To  gain  or  procure  by  flattery  or  coaxing. 

I  have  .  .  .  a  deed  of  settlement  of  the  best  part  of  her 
estate,  which  I  wheedled  out  of  her. 

Conffreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iii. 

II.  intrans.  To  flatter  ;  coax. 

His  business  was  to  pump  and  wheedle. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  iii.  33.'"^ 

If  that  uheadling  Villain  has  wrought  upon  Foible  to 

detect  me,  I'm  ruin'd.    Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iii.  4. 

In  a  fawning,  wheedling  tone.    C.  Kingsley,  Ilypatia,  iv. 

wheedlet  (hwe'dl),  ».     [<  wheedle,  i'.]    1.  One 

who  wheetiles  ;  a  cajoling  or  coaxing  person. 

Ilip.  Methinks  you  might  believe  me  without  an  oath. 
You  saw  I  could  dissemble  with  my  father,  why  should 
you  think  I  could  not  with  you  'i 
Ger.  :<o  young  a  icheedle! 

Wychertei/,iient\em[in  Dancing-Master,  iv.  1. 

2.  A  piece  of  cajolery;  a  flattering  or  coaxing 
speech;  a  hoax. 

Why,  hast  thou  lost  all  Sense  of  Modesty'/ 
Do'st  thou  think  to  pass  these  gross  wheadten  on  me  too'? 
Etherege,  She  'WoHld  if  She  Could,  i.  1. 

wheedler  (hwed'ler),  n.     [<  wheedle  +  -cfl.] 
One  who  wheedles. 
wheedlesome  (hwe'dl-sum),  a.     [<   wheedle  + 
-some.'i     Coaxing;  cajoling.     [Rare.] 
Anytlling  more  irresistibly  wheedlesome  I  never  saw. 

L.  M.  Alcott,  Hospital  Sketches,  etc.,  p.  88. 

wheedling  (hwed'ling),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  ichee- 
ille,  1'.]  The  act  or  art  of  coaxing,  cajoling,  or 
deluding  by  flattery. 

He  wrote  severall  pieces,  viz.  "The  English  Rogue,  ' 
"The  Art  of  Wheadling,"  ttc.       Aubrey,  Lives  (^Ieriton\ 

wheeU  (hwel),  n.  [<  ME.  wheel,  whele,  whel, 
wheal, qwel,  hwel,  huegel,  7(  ^<.'co^<  AS.  hwedl,  hwiol, 
contr.  of  hn-coicol,  hteeohl  (=  MD.  wecl,  Kiel,  D. 
wiel  =  LG.  weel,  wel  =  Icel.  hjol  =  OSw.  hiugl,  Sw. 
hjul  =  Dan.  hjnl,  a  wheel) ;  Teut.  appar.  "hwehv- 
la,  "hicehiila,  perhaps  =  Gr.  kIk'/oi;  awheel,  cir- 
cle: see  cycled.  The  Icel.  hrcl,  orb,  disk,  can 
hardly  be  related.]  1.  A  circular  frame  or 
solid  disk  turning  on  an  axis,  wheels,  as  ap- 
plied to  vehicles,  usually  consist  of  a  nave,  into  wliich  are 
inserted  spokes  or  radii,  connecting  it  with  the  periphery 
or  circular  ring.  (See  car-wheel  (with  cut);  also  cuts 
under  car-track  and  .felly.)  Wheels  are  most  important 
agents  in  machinery,  being  employed  in  a  variety  of  forms 
and  combinations  for  a  great  variety  of  purposes,  as  for 
transmitting  motion,  regulating  velocity,  converting  one 
species  of  motion  into  another,  reducing  friction,  equal- 
izing the  effect  of  forces  applied  in  an  intermittent  or 
irregular  manner,  etc. 

The  cartere  over-ryden  with  his  carte, 
Under  the  whel  ful  lowe  he  lay  adouii. 

Chancer,  Knight's  Tale  (ed.  Morris),  1.  1161-. 
Smack  went  the  whip,  round  went  the  wheels, 

Were  never  folks  so  glad  ; 
The  stones  did  i-attle  underneath. 
As  if  Clieapside  were  mad.     Cowper,  .John  CJilpin. 

2.  Any  instrument,  apparatus,  machine,  or 
other  object  shaped  like  a  wheel,  or  the  essen- 
tial feature  of  which  is  a  wheel :  as,  a  mill- 
ichcel,  a  spiniiing-?r7(fe^  or  a  potters'  wheel. 

Then  I  went  down  to  the  potter's  house,  and,  behold, 

he  wrought  a  work  on  the  wheels.  Jer.  xviii.  :i. 

Thus,  in  lower  life,  whilst  the  wheel,  the  nceille,  ttc, 

iniploy  her,  the  plough  of  some  trade  perhaps  demands 

the  muscles  and  hardiness  of  him. 

W.  Wollaston,  Religion  of  Nature,  viii.  I. 
Turn,  turn,  my  wheel!    This  earthen  jar 
A  touch  can  make,  a  touch  can  mar. 

Longfellow,  Keramos. 
The  meal-sacks  on  the  whiten'd  floor. 
The  dark  round  of  the  dripping  leheel. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter, 
(a)  Naut.,  a  circular  frame  with  handles  projecting  from 
the  periphery,  and  an  axle  on  which  are  wound  the  rojies 
or  chains  which  connect  with  the  rudder  for  steering  ii 
ship;  a  steering-wheel.  Where  a  ship  is  steered  by 
steam,  in  place  of  an  ordinary  wheel  a  small  wlieel  is  used, 
by  turning  wliich  steam  is  admitted  to  the  engines  which 
turn  the  barrel  on  which  the  wheel-rope  is  wound.  (6) 
An  instrument  of  torture.  See  to  break  on  the  wheel,  under 
break. 

The  lifted  axe,  the  agonizing  wheel, 

Luke's  iron  crown,  and  Damien's  bed  of  steel. 

Goldsmith,  Traveller,  1.  4;;.'i. 
(c)  A  flrework  of  a  circular  shape  which  revolves  on  an 
axis,  while  burning  hy  the  reaction  of  the  escaping  gases. 
f^iificatharin^'Wheel,:i,nmipinwheel,3.  ill) pi.  Figuriitively, 
a  carriage  ;  a  chariot.     [Poetical,  j 

How  now,  noble  Pompeyl   What,  at  the  wheels  of  Cresar'.' 
art  thou  led  in  triumph?  tihak.,  M.  for  M.,  iii.  ■>.  47. 

I  earth  inearth  forget  these  empty  courts. 
And  thee  returning  on  thy  silver  wheels. 

Tennyson,  Titlionus. 
(e)  One  of  the  attriliutesof  Fortune,  theemblcm  of  muta- 
bility. 

lluanne  the  lluuedi  of  hap  llady  of  fortune]  both  hire 
hne^el  y-went  [turned|  to  the  maniie. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  24. 
Now  y  am  vndre  Fortunes  whcle, 
My  fremlis  foi-saken  me  EuervclHKin. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc'.(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  7.'(. 

The  noxt  turn  of  the  wheel  gave  the  victory  to  Kd- 

waril  IV.  J.  Guirduer,  Kichard  111.,  i. 


wheel 

(/)  A  bicycle  or  a  tricycle.    IColloq.] 

A  plucky  long  man  with  a  fifty-six  inch  irheel.  who 
crowned  his  etfort  with  the  difficult  performance  of  bring- 
ing his  machine  to  a  stand-still  before  dismounting,  and 
holding  it  so  tor  several  minutes.  The  Century,  XIX.  4i)4. 
(y)  In  zodl. :  (1)  The  characteristic  organ  of  a  wheel-ani- 
malcule ;  the  trochal  disk  of  a  rotifer ;  a  wheel-organ 
(which  see).  See  cuts  under  Rotifer,  Rotifera,  and  (ro- 
chal.  (2)  Some  discoid  or  wheel-shaped  calcareous  or  sili- 
cious  concretion,  as  of  an  echinoderm  or  a  sponge ;  awheel- 
spicule. 

3.  A  circular  course  or  motion;  a  whirling 
round;  a  revolution;  rotation;  also,  a  wheel- 
ing, turning,  or  bending. 

The  leed,  withouten  faile. 
Is,  lo,  the  metal  of  Saturne,  * 
That  hath  a  ful  large  tvheel  to  turne. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1450. 

Satan,  bowing  low,  .  .  . 
Throws  his  steep  flight  in  many  an  aery  wheel. 

Millon,  P.  L.,  iii.  741. 

4.  A  motive  power ;  in  the  plural,  machinery ; 
hence,  a  principle  of  life  or  motion. 

The  wheels  of  weary  life  at  last  stood  still. 

Dryden  and  Lee,  (p^dipus,  iv.  1- 
That  power  who  bids  the  ocean  ebb  and  flow,  .  .  . 
Builds  life  on  death,  on  change  duration  founds, 
And  gives  the  eternal  xcheels  to  know  their  rounds. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iii.  168. 
When  .  .  .  the  heart  is  sick. 
And  all  th^d  wheels  of  Being  slow. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  1. 

burden  of  a  song;   a  refrain:   per- 
allusion  to   its   regular  recurrence. 


5t.    The 
haps   in 

Stftrciis. 
Oph. 


[Sings.]  You  must  sing  a-down  a-down. 
An  you  call  hima-down-a. 
O,  how  the  wheel  becomes  it ! 

Shak.,  Ilaralet,  iv.  5. 


172. 
[Prov. 


6.  A   factory   for  grinding  cutlery. 
Eng.] 

This  branch  of  trade  [cutlery  grinding)  is,  in  Slieflield, 
conducted  in  distinct  establishments  called  wheels. 

Encye.  Brit.,  VI.  734. 

7.  A  dollar.  Tufts.  [Thieves' jargon.]  — 8.  In 
embroidery  and  fancy  needlework,  an  opening, 
not  necessarily  circular,  filled  with  radiating 
bars  or  brides  of  thread,  it  is  acommon  form  of  deco- 
ration for  collars  and  similar  washable  garments.  Some- 
times the  radiating  lines  ai'e  interspersed  with  loops,  fes- 
toons, and  the  like,  or  are  of  different  lengths,  so  that  a 
part  of  the  opening  will  be  filled  with  more  bauds  than 
another  part,  producing  diversity  of  pattern. 

9.  See  u-artP,  11. -Adhesion  of  wheels  to  rails 
See  odAcsioK.— Aerohydrodynamlc  wheel.  See  afm- 
Aydrodi/iiomtc.— Bastard  wheel.  Sei'  fcn.'./nrrf.  —  Big 
WheeL  Sameaslargeirheel.  See «;«'n/i/H</-7i'//(yi.— Blank 
Wheel,  a  wheel  having  no  teeth.— Cardiac  wheel  See 
cardfa«.— Center-discharge  wheel,  a  turbine  in  which 
the  water  enters  from  the  chute  to  the  periphery  of  the 
buckets,  passes  inward,  and  is  discharged  at  the  center 
about  the  axis.— Chilled  WheeL  See  c/(!«i.— Eccentric 
wheel.  See  eccra«™.— Elliptical  wheel.  Same  as  rf- 
Itptual  gearimj  (which  see,  under  '/rari/iy).  — Engaged 
Wheels.  See  eH7ff/7erf.~Epicycloidal  wheel.  See  ™i- 
cyclmdal  (with  cut).  — Fifth  wheel,  (a)  In  mech.  See 
}i.fth.  (h)  Figuratively,  something  superfluous  or  useless. 
—  Foundling- Wheel,  a  cylindiical  box  revolving  on  an 
upright  axis,  placed  in  an  aperture  in  the  door  or  wall  of 
a  foundling-asylum.  It  enables  any  person  to  confide  an 
infant  to  the  care  of  the  asylum  without  being  seen. 

The  ruota  or  .foundlin/j-wheel  still  exists  in  1222  of  the 
communes,  being  freiiuent  in  the  Neapolibin  provinces 
and  Sidly.  Encye.  ISrit.,  .XIII.  44!(,  note. 

Impulse-Wheel  a  form  of  turljine  water-wheel  driven 
by  the  impulse  of  a  jet —Intermittent,  internal  lapi- 
dary wheel.  See  the  adjectives.— Large  WheeL  See 
spiiininr/wheel.  — hong  WheeL  a  workmen's  name  for  a 
grindstone  driven  by  a  belt  and  a  hand-wheel  r,  or  0  feet 
in  diameter,  which  is  turned  by  a  laborer  stationed  be- 
hind the  grinder.— Mansell  Wheel,  a  railroad-wheel  in 
which  the  hub  is  composed  of  two  wrought-  or  cast-iron 
rings  bolted  together.  Car-Builder's  Diet.—  Middle-Shot 
Wheel,  inhydraid.,  a  breast-wheel  which  receives  the  wa- 
ter at  about  the  middle  of  its  height.  See  cut  under  breast- 
wheel. — Multiple  Wheel,  a  form  of  slosh-wheel. — Multi- 
plying WheeL  a  form  of  nuiltiplying  gearing;  a  geared 
wheel  for  converting  slower  movement  into  more  rapi<l 
Tnovement.  Compare  cut  under  lantern-u'hecl.  —  'Sla.ti- 
lated  WheeL  see  mutilated  (with  cut). — Non-circular 
wheel,  a  wheel  having  a  perimeter  which  is  not  circular, 
but  is  elliptical,  scroll-shaped,  hyperbolar,  etc.  Two  such 
wheels  are  employed  for  transmitti  ng  a  velocity  of  variable 
ratio  between  a  pair  of  parallel  axes.  E.  II.  Knv/ht.— 
Persian  wheel,  a  water-lifting  wheel ;  a  bucket-wheel 
or  noria ;  an  apparatus  in  wliit:h  buckets,  jars,  or  Ikix- 
chambers  are  arranged  in  a  radial  position  on  a  large 
wheel,  which  by  its  revolution  dips  the  vessels  in  the 
water,  fills  them,  and  raises  each  in  turn  to  empty  its  load 
on  another  level.  It  is  used  especially  for  irrigation.  Com- 
pare cut  under  JionW-— pitch-back  Wheel,  a  form  of 
water-wheel  in  which  tlie  water,  before  descending  into 
the  buckets,  is  turned  at  an  angle  with  its  cimise  in  the 
flume  :  a  kind  of  Ijreast-wheel  irj  which  the  water-su])ply 
IS  near  the  top  of  the  wheel.-  Potters' wheel.  Kcepotterl 
(without).— Savart'S  WheeL  an  acoustical  instrument 
consisting  of  a  toothed  wheel  which  can  be  rapidly  rotated 
BO  as  to  strike  against  a  card  and  produce  a  tone,  the  vibra- 
tion-number of  which  can  be  accurately  determined  from 
the  number  of  the  revolutions  of  the  wheel.  Compare  m'rcji 
(with  cut).—  Saxon  WheeL    See  Kpinnini/.u-heei  — Skew 


6S90 

WheeL  See  «/rewl,  8.  — Small  Wheel.  Heespinnitu/whed. 
-Spiral  wheels,  in  mach.,  a  form  of  gearing  in  which  the 
teeth  are  formed  upon  the  circumference  of  cylinders  of 
the  retiuired  diameter  at  an  angle  with  their  respective 
axes.  By  this  construction  the  teeth  become  in  fact  small 
parts  of  screws  or  spirals  winding  round  the  cylinders 
(whence  the  name).  Wheels  of  this  kind  aie  often  used 
when  the  two  shafts  require  to  pass  each  other.  When 
the  shafts  are  in  the  same  plane  bevel-wheels  are  em- 
ployed.—Split  WheeL  See  split  gear,  under «p<«.—  Sun- 
and-planet  wheels.  See  suni.—To  break  a  butterfly 
(fly,  etc.)  upon  a  (the)  wheeL  to  subject  one  to  a  punish- 
ment out  of  all  proportion  to  the  gravity  of  the  offense 
and  the  importance  of  the  offender;  hence,  to  employ 
great  means  or  exertions  for  the  attainment  of  trifling 
ends. 

Satire  or  sense,  alas  I  can  Sporus  feel. 
Who  breaks  a  butterfiy  upon  a  wheel  ? 

Pope,  I'rol.  to  Satires,  1.  30a 
He  was  sorry  .  .  .  for  the  excellent  people,  and  deplored 
the  necessity  of  breaking  mere  house-flies  on  the  wheel. 

Dickens,  Little  Dorrit,  ii.  21. 

To  break  upon  the  wheel.  See  break.— TootheA 
wheels.  See  luotlied.—To  put  a  spoke  In  one's  wheeL 
See  spokei.—To  put  one's  shoulder  to  the  wheeL  See 
shoiddcr.— To  slack  over  the  wheel.  See  slacki.— To 
steer  a  trick  at  the  wheel.  See  sfeeri— Undershot 
wheel.  See  MHrfcrsAnf.- Variable-speed  wheels.  See 
oartaWe.— Waved  Wheel,  in  mech.,  a  friction-wheel  hav- 
ing a  waved  or  convoluted  surface,  and  imparting  a  recip- 
rocating motion  to  an  arc  or  lever  pressing  against  its  side. 
E.  U.  Knigkt.—Wbeel  and  axle,  one  of  the  mechanical 
powers,  consisting  in  its  primary  form  of  a  cylindrical 
axle  on  which  a  wheel,  concentric  with  the  axle,  is  firmly 
fastened.  A  rope  is  usually  attached  to  the  wheel ;  the 
axle  is  turned  by  means  of  a  lever;  and  the  rope  nets 
as  in  the  pulley  — that  is,  also  upon  the  principle  of  the 
lever.  — Wheel  barometer,  a  modification  of  the  siphon 
barometer.  See6aro?ncter.  — Wheel  couching.  See  couch- 
ingi,  6.— TVlieel  crossbow,  a  crossbow  in  which  the  Ikiw 
IS  bent  by  the  revolutions  of  a  wheel  acting  as  a  windlass. 
See  cut  under  >«o»(«H(;(.— Wheel-cutting  machine,  (a) 
A  g&ar-cutting  machine.  (6)  A  device  for  dividing  a  circle 
into  any  number  of  equal  parts.  E.  H.  Knight. —  Wheel- 
facing  machine,  a  machine  with  adjustable  cutters  and 
rolls  for  facing  the  sides  of  wheels,  making  the  fellies  of 
uniform  thickness,  and  forming  a  bevel.  E.  H.  Knight. 
—Wheel-finishing  machine,  a  form  of  slotting-macliine 
for  planing  off  the  inner  face  of  locomotive-wheel  tires. 
The  cutter  is  carried  at  the  end  of  a  vibrating  lever  — 
Wheel  of  life.  See  zo«ro^.— wheel  press,  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  locomotives  and  railway-cars,  a  powerful 
screw-press  or  hydraulic  press  by  which  wheels  are  forced 
on  to  turned  bearings  of  axles  with  a  frictional  binding 
stress  sufficient  to  hold  them  in  place  firmly  without  keys, 
set-screws,  or  other  holding  devices.  — Wheels  within 
Wheels,  a  complication  of  circumstances,  motives,  influ- 
ences, etc.    Compare  Ezek.  i.  16. 

It  was  notorious  that,  after  this  secretary  retired,  the 
king's  affairs  went  backwards;  wheds  within  wheels  took 
P'"'^"-  Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  II.  66. 

Wheel  tax.  See  taa;.— Wire  WheeL  "  brush-wheel  made 
of  wire  instead  of  bristles,  used  for  cleaning  and  scratch- 
ing metals  preparatory  to  gilding  or  silvering.  E.  II. 
Kmght.  (See  also  breast-xcheel,  bull-ioheel,  catharine-wheel, 
rixj-irheel,  crown-wheel,  dial-wheel,  fiange-wheel,  measur- 
ing-wheel, pinwheel.) 
Wheeli  (hwel),  v.  [<  ME.  "tchelex,  whielen, 
liwrolcii;  <  whcen,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  cause 
to  turn,  or  to  move  in  a  circle ;  make  to  rotate, 
revolve,  or  change  direction. 

So  had  he  seen,  in  fair  Castile, 

The  youth  in  glittering  Sfpiadrons  start; 
Suddenly  the  flying  jennet  tcheel. 
And  hurl  the  unexpected  dart. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M 
The  sun  gradually  wheeled  his  broad  disk  down  inUi  the 
west.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  438. 

Tlie  Sun  flies  forward  to  his  hrother  Sun  ; 
The  dark  Earth  follows  wheel'd  in  her  ellipse; 
And  human  things  returning  on  themselves 
Move  onward,  leading  up  the  golden  year. 

Tennyson,  Golden  Year. 


wheelbarrow 

7.  In  tanniuff,  to  submit  to  the  action  of  a  pin- 
wheel.     See  pinwheel,  2. 

The  skins  next  go  into  the  England  wheel  vat  .  .  .  and 
are  wheeled.  c.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  530. 

8.  To  shape  by  means  of  the  wheel,  as  in  pot- 
tery. See  letters'  wheel  (under  potter^),  and 
throw^,  V.  t.,  2.-9.  To  break  upon  the  wheel. 
See  break. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  turn  on  or  as  on  an  axis 
or  about  a  center ;  rotate  ;  revolve. 
His  Gloiy  found 
Thou  first  Mobile, 
Which  mak'st  all  wheel 
In  circle  round.       Howell,  Letters,  I.  v.  11. 
The  moon  .  .  .  not  once  wheeling  upon  her  own  center. 

Be^Uley. 

2.  To  change  direction  of  course,  as  if  moving 
on  a  pivot  or  center. 

As  he  to  flight  his  wheeling  car  addrest. 
The  speedy  jav'lin  drove  from  back  to  breast. 

Pope,  Iliad,  v.  63. 
Steady  !  steady  !  the  masses  of  men 
Wheel,  and  fall  in,  and  wheel  again, 
Softly  as  circles  drawn  with  pen. 
Leigh  Uunt,  Captain  Sword  and  Captain  Pen,  ii. 

3.  To  move  in  a  circular  or  spiral  course. 
Then  wheeling  down  the  steep  of  heaven  he  flies. 

Pope. 
The  poor  gold  flsh  eternally  wheeling  round  his  crystal 
"'''"•  De  Quincey,  Secret  Societies,  ii. 

The  swallow  wheeled  above  high  up  in  air. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  1.  15. 

4.  To  take  a  circular  course ;  return  upon  one's 
steps ;  hence,  to  wander;  go  out  of  the  straight 
way. 

Spies  of  the  Volsces 
Held  me  In  chase,  that  I  was  forced  to  wheel 
Three  or  four  miles  about,  else  had  I,  sir. 
Half  an  hour  since  brought  my  report. 

ShaJc.,  Cot.,  I.  6.  19. 

5.  To  travel  smoothly;  go  at  a  round  pace; 
trundle  along;  roll  forward. 

Thunder  mix'd  with  hail. 
Hail  mix'd  with  Are,  must  rend  the  Egyptian  sky 
And  wlwel  on  the  earth,  devouring  where  it  rolls. 

Milton,  P.  L-,  xii.  183. 
Through  the  rough  copse  wheel  thou  with  hasty  stride ; 
I  choose  to  saunter  o'er  the  grassy  plain. 

Wordsworth,  River  Duddon,  xxx. 

6.  To  move  on  wheels ;  specifically,  to  ride  a 
bicycle  or  tricycle ;  travel  by  means  of  a  bi- 
cycle or  tricycle.     [Colloq.] 

The  sun,  gladdened  by  the  sweet  air.  shone  on  the  fields 
and  woods,  and  the  ugly  barracks  and  pretty  cott^es  by 
which  we  wheeled. 

J.  and  E.  R.  Pennell,  Canterbury  Pilgrimage  on  a 

[Tricycle. 

7.  To  change  or  reverse  one's  opinion  or  course 
of  action  :  frequently  with  about. 

Being  able  to  advance  no  further,  they  are  in  a  fair  way 
to  wheel  about  to  the  other  extreme.  South. 


To  wheel  the  wild  scrub  cattle  at  the  yard 
With  a  running  fire  of  stockwhips  and  a  fiery  run  of  hoofs. 
Contemporary  Rev.,  LII.  40.i. 
2.  To  convey  on  wheels  orin  a  vehicle  mounted 
on  wheels. 


You  shall  clap  her  into  a  post-chaise,  .  .  .  wluxl  her 
down  to  Scotland.  Colinan,  .Jealous  Wife,  i. 

"  Wheel  me  a  little  farther,"  said  her  ladyship.  "They 
will  follow."  I  obeyed  her  again,  and  wheeled  her  away 
from  the  house  with  extreme  slowness. 

D.  Christie  Murray,  Weaker  Vessel,  xxxviii. 

3.  To  make  or  perform  in  a  circle;  give  a 
circular  direction  or  form  to. 

Now  heaven  in  all  her  glory  shone,  and  roll'd 
Her  motions,  as  the  great  first  Mover's  hand 
First  wheel'd  their  course.       Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  .'iOl. 

The  silvered  kite 
In  many  a  whistling  circle  wheels  her  flight. 

Wordsicorth,  An  Evening  Walk. 

4.  To  provide  with  a  wheel  or  wheels:  as,  to 
whirl  a  cart.  Imp.  Diet.— 5.  To  cause  to  move 
on  or  as  on  wheels ;  rotate  ;  cause  to  ttirn  :  as, 
to  wheel  a  rank  of  soldiers. 

Let  fall  the  curtains,  wheel  the  sofa  round. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  37. 
Of.  To  turn  on  a  wheel. 


Plato  and  Aristotle  were  at  a  losse. 

And  wheel'd  about  again  to  spell  Christ-Crosse. 

G.  Herbert,  The  Temple,  The  Church  MUitant 
wheel-t,  "•     An  old  spelling  of  wheal^. 
ji.  wheel'\  «.     See  wheal'^. 

wheel'*  (hwel),  n.     An  erroneous  dialectal  form 

of  wcel'-i. 
wheelage  (hwe'la.i),  n.     [<  whcen  +  -age.]     A 
duty  or  toll  paid  for  carts,  etc.,  passing  over 
certain  ground. 
wheel-animal   (hwel'an'i-mal),   n.     A   wheel- 
animalcule. 
wheel-animalcule  (hweran-i-maF'kiil),  «.     A 
rotifer.     See  liotifera  (with  cut),  also  cuts  un- 
der Flo.irnlaria,  Motifer,  and  trochal. 
wheel-band   (hwel'band).    «.      The  tire   of  a 
wheel. 


Fortune  on  lofte 
And  under  eft  gan  hem  to  whielen  Iwthe. 
Chaucer,  Troilus, 


139. 


The  chariot  tree  was  drown'd  in  blood,  and  th'  arches  by 
the  seat 

Dispurpled  from  the  horses'  hoofs,  and  from  the  wheel- 
bands'  beat.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xi.  466. 

wheel-barometer  (hwerba-rom''e-ter),  n.     See 
bar(}meter. 

wheelbarrow  (hwerbar^o),  «.  [<  ME.  whel- 
barowc;  <  wheeU  +  barrow^.]  A  barrow  with 
one  wheel  or  more,  on  which  it  runs.  The  most 
common  form  has  one  wheel  in  front  and  two  legs  at  the 
rear  on  which  it  rests,  and  two  handles  by  which  a  person 
lifts  the  legs  from  the  ground  and  carries  a  part  of  the 
load,  while  he  pushes  forward  the  vehicle  on  the  wheel. 
Express  and  railroad  barrows  have  two  and  often  three  or 
four  wheels,  only  a  small  part  of  the  load  or  none  of  it 
being  carried  by  the  person  using  the  barrow,  or  truck,  as 
it  is  more  commonly  called.  Barrows  of  this  class  are 
commonly  made  with  the  wheels  toward  the  middle  and 
handles  at  each  end  for  convenience  in  using  on  narrow 
steamboat-landings  and  station-platforms. 
Carribla,  ...  a  wheel-barroic.  Florio. 

My  author  saith  he  saw  some  sixteen  or  twenty  carpen- 
ters at  work  upon  an  engine,  or  carriage,  for  six  mnsketa, 
manageable  by  one  man,  and  to  be  crowded  before  him 
like  a  wheelbarrow  upon  wheels. 

Court  and  Times  o/  Charles  /.,  II.  87. 


wheel-base 

wheel-base  (hwel'bas),  >i.  In  locomotives  and 
raihvay-cars,  the  distance  between  the  points 
of  contact  of  the  front  and  back  wheels  with 
the  rail. 

The  distance  between  the  supporting  wheels  is  four 
feet,  which  thus  fomis  the  rigid  w/ieel-bage  of  the  truck. 
Jour.  FraiMin  Iimt.,  CXil.  201. 

wheel-bearer  (hwerbar"er),  n.     A  rotifer  or 
wheel-animalcule. 
The  little  wheel-bearer,  Rotifer  vulgaris. 

Staiul.  Nat.  Uist.,  I.  202. 

wheel-bird  (hwel'berd).  ».  The  night-jar  or 
goatsucker,  Caprimuhjti.s  europseus :  so  named 
from  its  chirring  cry,  likened  to  the  noise  of 
a  spinning-wheel.  Also  bj>iiincr  and  wheeler. 
Compare  like  use  of  reehr,  2,  and  see  cuts  under 
goatsucker  and  nUiht-jar.     [Local,  Scotland.] 

wheel-boat  (hwel'bot),  ».  A  boat  with  wheels, 
to  be  used  either  on  water  or  upon  inclined 
planes  or  railways. 

wheel-box  (hwel'boks),  n.  A  box  inclosing  a 
wheel,  either  to  lessen  the  noise  of  its  action 
or  for  purposes  of  safety. 

wheel-DUg  (hwel'bug),  n.  A  large  reduvioid 
bug,  I'rionidus  cristatiix,  common  throughout 


Wheel-bug  tPrwniditi  crisfatuj).  fem.ile,  ii.-itural  size, 

the  southern  United  States,  having  a  semicircxi- 
lar  toothed  thoracic  crest  like  a  cogged  wheel. 
It  is  predaceous,  and  destroys  great  numbers  of  injurious 
insects,  such  aa  willow-slugs,  web-worms.  cut-woi-ms,  and 
cotton-caterpillars.     Also  called  deril  H-rUiintj-horm. 

wheel-carriage  (hwerkar"aj),  «.  A  carriage 
moved  on  wheels,  as  a  coacli,  chaise,  gig,  rail- 
way-car, wagon,  cart,  etc. 

wheel-case  (hwel'kas).  n.  In  pi/rotcchnic.i.  a  case 
made  of  stout  paper,  filled  with  a  composition, 
and  tied  to  the  rim  of  a  wheel  or  other  revolv- 
ing-pyrotechnic device,  to  which  it  gives  a  rapid 
movement  of  rotation  while  it  burns  with  a 
brilliant  flame. 

wheel-chain  (hwel'chan),  «.  A  chain  used  for 
the  same  purpose  as  a  wheel-rope. 

wheel-chair  (hwel'char),  ti.  A  chair  or  chair- 
like structure  mounted  on  wheels;  a  Bath  chair; 
an  invalid's  chair. 

wheel-colter  (hwel'kol'ter),  H.     See  ealler. 

wheel-cross  (liwel'kros),  h.  A  variety  of  the 
ring-cross,  in  which  a  small  circle  occupies  the 
center  of  the  larger  one,  the  arms  of  the  cross 
radiating  from  it.  The  name  irheHcrtm  h.i8  been 
founded  ntH>n  a  BUi>p<jse<l  intentional  lesemblance  tu  a 
wheel,  aa  of  the  sun-carriage.     Wtrrxaae,  Danish  Arts,  p.  IK), 

wheel-cultivator  (hwel'kul'ti-vfi-tor),  «.  In 
fii/ri.,  a  form  of  cultivator  supported  on  wheels. 

Wheel-cut  (hwel'kut),  II.  Cut,  as  glass,  by  the 
ordinary  process  of  glass<'utting,  which  leaves 
a  perfectly  polished  and  jierfectly  transparent 
surface.     Car-liiiililer'-i  Diet. 

wheel-cutting  (liwcrkufing),  n.  The  process 
or  operation  of  cutting  teeth  in  the  wheels  used 
by  watch-  and  dock-makers  and  for  other  me- 
chanical purposes. 

wheel-draft  (hwel'draft),  H.  In  steiini-ciKjin., 
a  continuous  draft  or  current  of  smoke  and  hot 
air  passing  around  in  one  direction,  as  distin- 
guished from  a  ilirert,  a  ren  rtiuii,  or  a  .iplit  tlraft. 

wheeled  (hwelil),  n.  [<  u-heel'^  +  -eil'^.'\  Fur- 
nished with  a  wheel  or  wheels,  or  with  any  ro- 
tating disk,  rosette,  or  the  like,  as  a  spur  of  the 
modern  type. 

The  leheet'd  seat 
<>f  fortunate  t'wsar. 

.Shak. ,  A.  and  <;. ,  iv.  14.  7.^. 

The  knights  appejir  to  have  rejecteil  with  particular  ol»- 
Btlnacy  the  innovation  of  Ihc  wheeled  hiiut. 

Hewitt,  Ancient  Armour,  1.  p.  xxii. 

wheel-engraving    (hweren-gra'ving),    II.      In 

<lliix.i-»niiiii/.,  siiiiie  as  i/lasx-iiiiiriiriiii/. 
wheeler  (liwe'lcr),  n.     [<  irAoV  -(- -r/l.    Hence 
the  surnaiiK?  If'lierlcr.']     1.  One  who  wheels. 

Each  gang  is  composed  of  one  moulder,  one  wheeler,  and 
one  boy  called  an  olf-bearer. 

C.  T.  Davit,  Bricks  and  Tiles,  p.  108. 

2.  A  maker  of  wheels;  a  wheelwright. —  3.  A 
wheel-horse,  or  other  animal  driven  in  the  place 
of  one. 

We  saw  the  vehicle  turn  over  altogether,  one  of  the 
wheelert  down  with  its  rider,  and  the  leaders  kicking. 

Thackeray,  I'hilip,  xlii. 


6891 

4.  A  worker  of  wheel  work  on  sewed  muslin. 
Imp.  Diet. —  5.  That  which  is  provided  with 
a  wheel  or  wheels:  used  in  composition:  as,  a 
stem-wheeler  ;  a  s\Ae-wheeler . 

The  fast  eight-irftee^er*  have  the  Westinghouse  auto- 
matic brake  on  drivei-s  and  tender. 

The  Engineer,  L.YIX.  269. 

6.  Same  as  wheel-hint.  [Prov.  Eug.]_Near(or 
ni^h)  wheeler,  the  horse  (or  mule)  on  the  left-hand  side, 
often  ridden. — Off  Wheeler,  the  horse  (or  mule)  on  the 
right-hand  side  ;  that  one  which  the  driver  never  rides. 

wheelerite  (hwe'ler-it),  n.  [Named  after 
Lieut.  G.  M.  Wheeler,  U.  S.  A.]  A  fossil  resin 
found  in  New  Mexico. 

wheel-fire  (hwel'fir),  ».  In  chem.,  a  fire  which 
encompasses  a  crucible  without  touching  it. 

wheel-fixing  (hwel'fik'sing),  H.     See  fixing, 'i. 

wheel-guard  (hwel'gard),  «.  l.  A  circular 
guard  for  a  sword  or  dagger.  Hewitt,  Ancient 
Armour,  II.  258. —  2.  In  a  vehicle,  a  hood  to 
protect  the  axle  from  mud,  and  prevent  mud 
from  entering  between  the  axle-box  and  the 
spindle ;  a  cuttoo-plate,  dirt-board,  or  round- 
robin — Wheel-guard  plate,  in  a  vehicle,  and  also  on 
an  artillery-carriage,  one  of  the  iron  plates  fixed  on  either 
side  of  the  box  or  the  stock  to  prevent  chafing  by  the 
wheels  in  turning ;  a  ruI)-iion.  E.  II.  Knight.  See  cut 
under  gun-carriage. 

wheel-head  (hwel'hed),  «.  In  seal-ciigraiiiig. 
the  lathe-hea<t  of  a  seal-engi-avers'  engine. 

wheel-hoe  (hwel'ho),  n.  A  form  of  hand-culti- 
vator consisting  of  a  frame  mounted  on  wheels, 
and  carrying  one  or  a  number  of  blades  serving 
as  hoes. 

wheel-horse  (hwel'hors),  ».  A  horse  harnessed 
next  to  the  fore  wheel  of  a  venicle  —  that  is, 
attached  to  the  pole  or  shafts  —  as  in  a  four-in- 
hand  or  a  tandem;  hence,  figuratively,  a  per- 
son who  bears  the  brunt,  or  on  whom  the  bur- 
den mostly  rests. 

In  the  next  room  Poelman  and  Kilianus  and  Raphelen- 
gius  plodded  like  wheel  htjrsex  in  dragging  obscure  texts 
out  of  the  muddy  roads  in  which  copyists  and  C()nipo8i- 
tors  had  left  them.  The  Centtmi,  XX.WI.  245. 

Whenever  .  .  -  offices  are  to  be  filled,  we  desire  such 
men  as  he,  and  not  old  political  hacks  and  .  .  .  wheel, 
homen,  should  fill  them.  The  Nation,  XIII.  207. 

wheel-house  (hweriious),  n.  Xmit.,  same  as 
jiilol-lioiixe. 

Wheelhouse's  operation  for  stricture.    Sec 

operiiHiiii. 
wheeling  (hwo'ling),  ?i.     [Verbal  n.  of  wheels. 
r.]     1.    riie  act  of  traveling  or  of  conveying  a 
load  on  wheels,  or  in  a  wheeled  vehicle. 

The  sleighing  is  not  as  good  as  it  was,  and  the  state  of 
the  streets  admits  wheeling.  Upper  Ten  Thinutand,  ii. 

2.  Specifically,  the  art  or  practice  of  riding  on 
a  bicycle  or  a  tricycle.     [Collo(|.] 
Wheeling  bridge  case.    See  <■«.«!. 

wheel-jack  (Inverjak),  n.  1.  A  lifting-jack 
liaving  a  jirojection  to  catch  under  the  tire  of  a 
wheel. —  2.  An  apparatus  of  which  the  lifting- 
bar  is  a  cogged  rack,  worked  by  a  pinion  ami 
hand-<-rank. 

wheel-jointer  (hwerjoin'ter),  n.  A  machine 
for  triiiiniing  joints  of  staves,  heading,  etc.  Ii. 
II.  Ii  night. 

wheel-lathe  (hwel'laTH),  w.    A  power-lathe  for 

tiirniiig  railway-wheels  and  similar  large  work. 

Double  wheel-^lathe,  a  wheel-lathe  so  made  that  it  can 

work  upon  a  pair  of  wheels  without  removing  them  from 

the  axle. 


Wheel  lock. 
a,  lock-plate,  sup[>ortiu(;  .ill  the  lock  mechanism;  *.  wheel,  with 
^nxives  of  V  section  to  form  circmiiferenti.'il  edjjes;  f,  chain  connect- 
ing the  axle  of  *  with  the  extremity  of  the  mainspring  d;  e,  trigger : 
/,  fl.asli-p.an :  f,  the  serpentine  hokimg  the  Hint;  h.  spring  which 
presses  the  flint  uixjn  the  wheel  in  firing,  or  holds  it  away  when  wind- 
ing lip  the  lock  :  k,  sear  and  sear-spring,  the  scar  cng.aging  the  wheel 
I>y  a  short  stuil  entering  recesses  in  the  side  of  the  wheel ;  i.  wrench, 
fitted  to  the  .ixie  of  b,  un  winding  up  the  chain,  and  having  a  hollow 
handle  for  measuring  out  the  priming  powder. 


wheel-window 

wheel-lock  (hwel'lok),  ».  l.  A  lock  for  firing 
a  gun  by  means  of  the  friction  of  a  small  steel 
wheel  against  a  piece  of  sulphuret  of  iron  (py- 
rites). The  wheel  was  turned  by  a  spring,  which  was  re- 
leased by  a  trigger,  or  tricker,  and  wound  up  again  by 
means  of  a  spanner.  See  cut  in  preceding  column,  and 
cut  under  primer. 

2.    A  combination-lock  or  letter-lock. —  3.  A 
form  of  brake  ;  a  wagon-lock. 

wheelman  (hwel'man),  ». ;  pi.  wheelmen  (-men). 
1.  The  man  at  the  wheel  of  a  vessel;  a  steers- 
man.—  2.  One  who  uses  a  bicycle,  tricycle,  or 
similar  conveyance.     [Recent.] 

In  the  parlors  the  costumes  of  the  wheelmen  seemed  not 
so  much  out  of  place.  The  Centurg,  XIX.  496. 

wheel-ore  (hwel'or),  «.  A  variety  of  bouriio- 
nite  in  compound  crystals  resembling  a  cog- 
wheel. 

wheel-organ  (hwer6r"gan),  n.  The  charac- 
teristic organ  of  the  wheel-animalcules  or  roti- 
fers, formed  by  the  anterior  part  of  the  body: 
so  called  from  the  movement  of  its  cilia,  it 
represents  the  persistence,  in  the  adult,  of  a  primitive 
circlet  of  cilia  of  embryonic  worms,  etc.  (Sec  telatrocha , 
Irochnt^phcre ,  and  cuts  under  Rotifer,  lioHfera,  trochal,  and 
I'eliger. 

wheel-pit  (hwel'pit),  n.  1.  A  pit  inclosed  by 
the  piers  which  support  a  large  fly-wheel  or 
driving-wheel,  affording  the  requisite  space 
for  the  motion  of  the  wheel. —  2.  A  whirlpool. 
Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wheel-plate  (hwel'plat),  n.  In  a  plate  car- 
wheel,  the  web,  or  the  part  uniting  the  rim  and 
the  hub. 

wheel-plow  (liwel'plou),  n.     See  plow. 

wheel-race  (hwerriis),  n.  The  part  of  a  race 
in  wliich  a  water-wheel  is  fixed. 

wheel-rib  (hwel'rib),  n.  A  projection  cast  usu- 
ally on  the  inner  side  of  plate  car-wheels  to 
strengthen  them.     Ciir-Hiiiltler',s  Dirt. 

wheel-rope  (hwel'rop),  ».  Aropeleailingfrom 
the  wheel  or  steering-engine  to  tlie  tiller,  by 
which  motion  is  given  by  the  helmsman  to  the 
tiller  and  consequently  to  the  rudder.  Chains 
are  sometimes  used  for  this  purpose. 

wheel-seat  (hwel'set),  «.  The  part  of  an 
axle  which  fits  into  the  hub  of  a  wheel;  the 
.spindle. 

wneelseed  (Invel'sed),  n.     See  Troehiiciirpa. 

wheel-shaped  (Inrfd'sliapt),  h.  Shaped  like  a 
wheel.  S])ecitically  — (rt)  In  hot.,  expanding  into  a  flat  bor- 
der at  the  top,  w  ith  scarcely  any  tube :  rotate  :  as,  a  wheel- 
shaped  corolla.  See  cuts  tnuier  rotate  and  Stapelia.  (b) 
In  zoi/L,  nitate ;  rotular ;  discoitl :  as,  the  wheel-xhaped  spic- 
nla  of  holothurians.—  Wheel-shaped  bodies,  plates,  or 
splcula,  certain  calcareous  formations  in  the  skin  of  .'^onie 
echiiuMlenns ;  wheel  spicules.  They  are  circular  di.sks 
with  the  appearance  of  spokes  radiating  from  a  hub  to 
the  tire.     See  cut  under  Holuthwroidea. 

wheelsman    (hwelz'man),    n.  ;    pi.    wheel.'tmcn 
(-men).     A  steersman  or  lielmsnian. 
The  wheeUotanoi  a  steamer.    Sci.  Ainer.Sniq}.,  LI V. 250. 

wheel-spicule  (hw61's])ik"ul),  ;/.  One  of  the 
wlieel-snapcd  calcareous  concretions  in  the  skin 
of  a  holotliurian.      Enri/c.  Brit. 

wheel-stitch  (hwel'stich),  n.  Ill  emhriiiilerii,  a 
stitch  used  in  making  a,  pattern  of  radiating 
lines  crossed  by  an  inlcilaciiig  threail,  etc., 
which  begins  at  the  center  and  extends  as  far. 
or  nearly  as  far,  as  the  ends  of  the  radiating 
lines. 

wheelstone  (hwel'slon),  ».  A  screwstone;  an 
entrocliitc,  or  joint  of  the  stem  of  a  stone-lilv. 

wheel-swarf  (hwel'swiirf),  n.  The  niateri--il 
worn  olf  the  surface  of  a  grindstone  and  tliat 
of  the  articles  wliich  are  being  ground  in  the 
manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  cutlery,  espcBially 
at  Sheffield,  England.  It  consists  of  silicicms  parti 
cles  mixed  with  those  of  more  or  less  oxidized  steel. 
AVhccI-swarf  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  blister-steel, 
the  surface  of  the  last  layer  of  chai'coal  in  the  cementation 
pot  being  coated  with  it;  tliis,  when  heated,  partly  fuses, 
anil  ftums  an  air-tiglit  covering  to  the  charcoiil  and  bars 
of  iron  beneath. 

wheel-tire  (hwel'tir).  n.  The  iron  bainl  that 
encircli's  a  wootlen  wheel.     See  tire''. 

wheel-tooth  (hwiil'totli),  ».    A  cog. 

Some  persons  have  a  mistaken  impression  (hat  the  ob- 
ject to  :iim  at  in  constructing  wheel  lerth  is  t^i  nnikethem 
roll  on  one  anotlier  without  ;iny  rubbing  friction. 

Sir  E.  Beeltelt,  Clocks,  Watches,  ;imi1  Bells,  p.  274. 

wheel-tree  (hwel'tre),  «.    Same  as  pnilittciroinl. 
wheel-urchin   (hwercr"chin),   H.      A  flat  sea- 
urchin  ;  a  cake-urchin  ;  a  sand-dollar. 
wheelway  (hwel'wa),  «.     A  road  or  space  for 
the  passage  of  wheeled  vehicles. 

Nearer  the  wheeheay  and  upon  (he  outer  edges  of  the 
public  road,  where  the  plowshare  never  disputes  their 
right  to  the  soil,  grew  a  perfect  tangle  of  wild-Jlowers. 

The  Centvrg,  XXXVIII.  570. 

wheel-window  (hwel'win"d6).  n.  A  large  cir- 
cular window  with  tracery  radiating  from  the 


wheel-window 

iiiltkUe,  so  tliat  the  form  of  a  wliccl  is  more  or 
less  closely  suggested,  it  is  practically  the  same  as 
rose-iriiuioic' though  the  attempt  is  sometimes  made  to  re- 


6892 

wheezily  (hwe'zl-li),  adv.  In  a  wheezing  man- 
ner; as  if  with  difficulty  of  breathing. 

"The  potman  was  a-listening,"  he  said,  wheezUy ;  "I 
could  see  it  by  the  way  he  'eld  'is  'ed." 

D.  Christie  Murray,  Weaker  Vessel,  xii. 

wheezy  (hwe'zi),  fl.  l<.uhee:e  + -y^.~\  Affected 
with  or  characterized  by  wheezing. 

So  Fred  was  gratified  with  nearly  an  hour's  practice  of 
.  .  .  favorite  airs  from  his  "Instructor  on  the  l-'lute"  — a 
wheezy  performance,  into  which  he  threw  much  ambition 
and  an  irrepressible  hopefulness. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xi. 

wheft  (hweft),  n.     Naut.,  an  erroneous  form  of 

waft,  i. 
whelfcl  (hwclk),  n.     [<  ME.  wltelke,  qwelke,  dim. 

of  jf/ieo?!.]     A  wheal;  a  pustule;  a  swelling  or 

protuberance,  as  on  the  body. 

Boras,  ceruce,  ne  oille  of  tartre  noon, 
Neoynement  that  wolde  dense  and  byte, 
That  him  mighte  helpen  of  his  wltelkes  whyte. 

Chancer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  632. 

One  Bardolph,  if  your  majesty  know  the  man  ;  his  face 

is  all  bubukles,  and  whelks,  and  knobs,  and  flames  o'  fire. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  8.  108. 

whelk^  (hwelk),  n.  [An  erroneous  modem 
form  of  w<m,  <  ME.  tcclk,  wilt,  vj/lk-e  (>  OF. 
wclke),  <  AS.  wihr,  later  weoluc,  velnc,  a  moUusk 
with  a  spiral  or  convoluted  shell,  prob.  orig. 
*icilc,  <  wcalcan,  roll,  walk:  see  tcalk,  ».]  A  gas- 
tropod of  the  family  i?«mHJrfa  in  a  broad  sense; 
a  buecinid,  or  some  similar  univalve  with  a  spi- 


Wheel-wiiidow  in  western  facade  of  Cliartres  Cathedral,  France  ; 
end  of  i2th  century. 

Strict  the  name  wheel-window  to  examples  in  which  straight 
spokes  are  particularly  suggested.  Also  called  catharine- 
wheel. 

The  transept  facade  has  sometimes  a  ^rfieel  window  at 
the  clerestory  level,  as  at  Lincoln,  and  sometimes  it  has 
such  a  window  in  the  gable,  as  at  York  and  Beverley. 

C.  H,  Motjre,  Gothic  Architecture,  p.  160. 

wheelwork  (hwel'werk),  ».  A  combination 
of  wheels,  as  in  watches  and  clocks,  in  embroi- 
dery, etc. 

wheel-worn  (hwel'worn),  a.  Worn  by  the  ac- 
tion of  moving  wheels. 

The  chariots  abounding  in  her  wheel-worn  streets. 

Cmvper,  Expostulation,  1.  21. 

wheel'wright  (hwel'rit),  «.  [<  ME.  whelwrigt, 
qirlwri,^tc  ;  iwheel^  +  wriqht.']  A  person  who 
works  at  or  with  a  wheel ;  specifically,  a  man 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  wheels,  wheeled 
carriages,  etc. 

A  wifman  of  so  much  myjth, 

.So  wonder  a  tfhelwry,Yth, 

Sey  I  nevere  with  sygth. 

ilS.  Laud.  108,  fol.  237  (Eel.  Antiq.,  II.  S). 
The  basket-maker  peeling  his  willow  wands  in  the  sun- 
shine ;  the  tcheelicriyht  putting  the  last  touch  to  a  blue 
cart  with  red  wheels.  Geonje  Eliot.  Felix  Holt,  Int. 

Wheelwrights'  machine,  an  adjustable  machine  for 
doing  some  of  the  various  operations  by  which  a  wagon- 
wheel  is  made,  as  boring  the  hubs  and  fellies  and  tenoning 
the  spokes. 
wheely  (hwe'li),  «.  [<  whceU  +  -(/!.]  Circu- 
lar; suitable  to  rotation. 

Give  a  wheely  form 
To  the  expected  grinder.        J.  Philips,  Cider,  ii. 

wheenl  (hwen), )(.     [A]so  whin  ;  <.'ME.*whe»c, 

<  AS.  Inrxiic,  hieenc;  secondary  form  of  ME. 
whim,  qviDi,  hwan,  liwriii,  wan.  <  AS.  hwoti,  adv., 
a  little,  somewhat.]  A  little  (originally  used 
adverbially);  a  small  number;  hence,  a  quan- 
tity.    [Scotch.] 

There  will  be  a  wheen  idle  gowks  coming  to  glower  at 
the  hole  as  lang  as  it  is  daylight.    Scott,  Antiquary,  xxiv. 

wheen'-^  (hwen),  w.     A  dialectal  form  of  qncen'^. 
'I'hat  es  called  the  wheene  of  Amazonnes, 
I'lulyr  whose  powere  that  folk  wonnes. 

llampole.    (Halliwell.) 

wheen-cat  (bwen'kat),  II.  [<  ichccii-  +  cafi.'] 
A  queen  or  female  eat.  HaUiwcll.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

wheeze  (hwezj,  r.  t. ;  pret.  anil  pp.  ir]iec~eil,  ppr. 
wliif-iii//.   [Fonnerly  also  v:hin:e ;  <  ME.  htce.^cii, 

<  AS.  jiwcsaii  (pret.  //(fco.y),  wheeze;  perhaps 
akin  to  Icel.  hriesa  =  Sw.  hvii.'ia  =  Dan.  hvsese, 
hiss,  wheeze,  and  to  the  imitative  E.  words, 
whis-jicr,  wliiHtle.  Cf.  Skt.  -^  Qfax,  puff,  breathe, 
Ij. qnrri (\tY>.  qiwstu-t),  comj)lain:  see(/«es(l,  quer- 
nliiH.t.  For  the  alleged  conncctioti  with  wca.wii(l, 
see  iriii.'iaiiil.]  To  breathe  liiird  ;  puff  and  blow ; 
brcatlic  witli  <lifficully  and  audiljly. 

Catarrhs,  .  .  .  u?/iee^i/iy  lungs.  .S/ia*., 'i'.  and  ('.,  v.  1.  24. 

The  patient  [in  asthma]  .  .  .  begins  to  wheeze  during 
sleep,  and  is  only  aroused  when  the  dyspiKjea  bec(jines  se- 
vere. Quain,  Med.  Diet.,  p.  01. 

wheeze  (hwez),  n.  [<  whec^c,  v.]  A  puffing  or 
lilowing,  especially  as  in  labored  breathing. 

The  fat  old  dog  on  the  portico  gave  a  gentle  wheeze  of 
recognition.  The  Atlantic,  LXVI.  isf.. 


A'ltssu  reticulata. 


Whelks. 
Vassa  oiisotet.i.     (Both  natural  sizi 


ral  gibbous  shell  whose  aperture  forms  a  kind 
of  spout,  and  whose  whorls  are  more  or  less 
varicose  or  whelked.  A  vei7  common  whelk  to 
which  the  name  may  have  originally  or  especially  applied 
is  Buccxnutn  undatum.  See  also  cuts  under  Buccinwm. 
cancrisocial,  nidainental,  ribbon,  and  Siphonostomata. 
Also  wilk. 

A  deal  table,  on  which  are  exposed  .  .  .  oysters  .  .  . 

and  divers  specimens  of  a  species  of  snail  {wilkn,  we  think 

they  are  called),  floating  in  a  somewhat  bilious-looking 

green  liquid.  Dickens,  Sketches,  Scenes,  xii. 

Live  whelkn,  the  lips'-beard  dripping  fresh, 

As  if  they  still  the  water's  lisp  heard. 

Browning,  Popularity. 

The  whelk  and  barnacle  are  clinging  to  the  hardened 
sand.  Geikie,  GeoL  Sketches,  ii. 

Reversed  whelk,  Fulgur  perperso.— Ribbon  whelk, 

one  of  the  large  whelks  which  spin  out  a  ribbon  or  ruflle 
of  egg-cases,  as  Fulgur  (or  Busycon)  carica  and  Sycotypus 
canalicxilatus ;  a  hairy  whelk.  [Local,  U.  S.]  —  Rough 
whelk,  Urosalpinx  cinerea,  the  borer  or  drill.  See  cut 
under  Urosalpijix.  (See  also  dog-whelk.) 
whelked  (hwelkt),  a.  [An  erroneous  form  of 
wclkid.  early  mod.  E.  wealkcd ;  <  whelk^,  welk^. 
-I-  -od^.]  Formed  like  a  whelk ;  hence,  marked 
or  covered  with  ridges  like  those  of  a  wlielk. 

Horns  whelk'd  [var.  welk'd,  wealkd]  and  waved  like  the 
enridged  sea.  Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6.  71. 

Look  up  at  its  Ithe  tree's]  towering  expanse  of  branches, 
observe  its  whelked  and  furrowed  bole,  and  try  to  clasp 
it  round.       A.  S.  Palmer,  Word  Hunter's  Note-Book,  iv. 

whelk-tingle  (hwelk'tin'''gl),  «.  A  kind  of  dog- 
whelk,  Nassa  rcticuJata,  common  on  the  English 
coast.     See  cut  under  dog-ivlwlk.     [Eng.] 

whelkyH  (hwel'ki),  a.  [<  whelkl  +  -yl-.'i 
Abounding  in  whelks,  pustules,  or  blisters. 

Pluck  .  .  .  stood  sunk  to  his  chin  in  the  snow,  and 
laughed  as  heartily  as  any  of  them,  his  shining  bald  pate 
and  whelky  red  face  streaming  with  moisture  and  shaking 
with  merriment.  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  17. 

whelky-  (hwel'ki),  a.  [Prop,  welkji;  <  whclk^, 
+  -»/i.]  Formed  like  a  whelk;  hence,  knobby; 
rounded. 

Ne  ought  the  whelky  pearles  esteemeth  hee, 
Which  are  from  Indian  seas  brought  far  away. 

Spenser,  Virgil's  Gnat,  1.  lo.'i. 

whelm  (liwelm),  r.  [<  ME.  ivhelmoi,  an  al- 
tered form  (due  to  the  influenceof  the  different 
word  wclm,  or  a  lost  noun,  *wlicl»i  for  *wlirlfiii) 
of  wlirlrcii,  turn,  overturn,  cover  by  something 
turned  over,  overwhelm,  =  OS.  Jie-hwilliian  =  1). 
wclveii  =  MHG.  irelboi.  G.  wolbcii,  arch  over, 
cover,  =  Icel.  In-dlfa,  holfa,  turn  upside  down, 
=  Sw.  hrdlfra  =  Dan.  hvselrc,  arch  over;  asso- 
ciated with  AS.  Iiwcalf,  arched,  convex,  hwralf, 
a  vault,  =  Icel.  hrdlf,  liolf,  a  vault,  arch,  =  Sw. 


whelp 

fct!o?/=Dan.  hvseh;  a  vault,  arch;  ef.  Gr.  k6?.voc, 
bosom,  gulf  (see  (/m//).]  J.  trans.  1.  To  throw 
over  so  as  to  cover.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

I  whelme  an  hollowe  thyng  over  an  other  tbyng.  Je 
met  desBus.  .  .  .  Wfielme  a  platter  upon  it,  to  save  it  from 
flyes.  Palsgrave,  p.  7&0. 

Hill  upon  hill  whelmed  upon  it  [the  church],  nay,  [it  lay] 
like  a  grain  of  corn  between  the  upper  and  lower  mill-stone, 
ground  to  dust  between  tyrants  and  heretics. 

Donne,  Sermons,  xvii. 

2.  To  engulf ;  submerge ;  cover  by  immersion 
in  something  that  envelops  on  all  sides ;  over- 
whelm. 

She  is  my  prize,  or  ocean  whelm  them  all. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 143. 
We  perish'd,  each  alone ; 
But  I  beneath  a  rougher  sea, 
And  whelm'd  in  deeper  gulfs  than  he. 

Cowper,  The  Cast-away. 
Drawn  thro'  either  chasm  .  .  . 
Koird  a  sea-haze,  and  whelm'd  the  world  in  gray. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

3.  Hence,  to  crush,  ruin,  or  destroy  by  some 
sudden  overpowering  disaster. 

Grievous  mischiefes  which  a  wicked  Fay 
Had  wrought,  and  many  whehnd  in  deadly  paine. 

Spenser,  i'.  Q.,  IL  ii.  43. 
To  whelm 
All  of  them  in  one  massacre. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

II.  intrans.  To  pass  or  roll  over  so  as  to  cover 
or  submerge. 
The  waves  whHrrCd  over  him. 

Dryden,  Don  Sebastian,  t  1. 

whelp  (hwelp),  ».  [<  ME.  whelp,  welp,  hweolp, 
hwelp,  <  AS.  hwelp  =  OS.  hwelp  =  D.  welp  =  LG. 
welp  =  OHG.  hwelf,  welf,  MHG.  welf  =  Icel. 
hielpr=  OSw.  hwnip,  Sw.  valp  =  Dan.  hvalp,  a 
whelp,  the  young  of  dogs,  wolves,  lions,  and 
other  beasts.]  1.  The  young  of  the  dog,  wolf, 
lion,  tiger,  bear,  seal,  etc.,  but  especially  of  the 
dog;  a  cub:  sometimes  applied  to  the  whole 
canine  species,  whether  young  or  old. 

The  Liun  of  Prude  [Pride]  haueth  swuthe  monie  hweolpes. 
Ancren  Riwle,  p.  198. 
Youre  rede  colera,  parde, 
Which  causeth  folk  to  dremen  in  here  dremes  .  .  . 
Of  grete  bestes,  that  they  wol  hem  byte. 
Of  contek,  and  of  whelpes  grete  and  lyte. 

Cfuiucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  I.  112. 
A  bear  robbed  of  her  whelps.  2  Sam.  xvii.  8. 

The  son  [Caliban]  that  she  did  litter  here, 
A  freckled  whelp  hag-born.    Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.  283. 

Both  mongrel,  puppy,  whelp,  and  hound. 
And  curs  of  low  degree. 

Goldsmith,  Elegy  on  Death  of  a  Mad  Dog. 

2.  A  youth;  a  cub;  a  puppy:  a  term  of  eon- 
tempt. 

On  one  of  the  back  l)encbes  .  .  .  sat  the  villainous 
whelp,  sulky  to  the  last,  whom  he  had  the  misery  to  call 
his  son.  Dickens,  Hard  Times,  iii.  7. 

3t.  A  kind  of  ship. 

25  July,  16.3.^.  About  six  hour  I  went  aboard  one  of  the 
king's  ships  called  the  ninth  whelp,  which  is  in  the  king's 
books  215  ton  and  tonnage  in  king's  books.  She  carries 
sixteen  pieces  of  ordinance.  .  .  .  This  ship  is  manned 
with  sixty  men.  Brereton,  Travels,  p.  164.    (Oavies.} 

Four  of  the  king's  ships  and  six  merchant  ships  are  to 
go  for  the  coast  of  Ireland,  to  beat  the  Turks  thence. 
And  the  occasion  was  this :  Captain  Plumley  was  sent 
thither  with  one  of  the  ships  royal  and  two  whelps  to 
seek  out  Nutt  the  pirate. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  II.  186. 

4.  Naut.,  one  of  several  longitudinal  projec- 
tions from  the  barrel  of  a  capstan,  windlass,  or 
winch,  provided  to  take  the  strain  of  the  chain 
or  rope  which  is  being  hove  upon,  and  afford  a 
firmer  hold. —  5.  One  of  the  teeth  of  a  sprocket- 
wheel.     E.  H.  Kniijht. 

whelp  (hwelp),  V.  [Also  Sc.  trhalp;  <  ME. 
u-helpvn.hwelpen,  hncolpen ;  <  whelp,  n.]  I.  in- 
trans. To  bring  forth  young,  as  the  female  of 
the  dog  and  various  beasts  of  prey. 

They  [sharks]  spawne  not,  but  whelp,  like  the  Dogge 
or  Wolfe,  and  at  night  or  towardes  stormes  receiue  their 
young  into  their  mouthes  for  safetie. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  902. 

It  is  a  Bitch-otter,  and  she  has  lately  whelp'd. 

1.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  60. 

II.  trans.  To  bring  forth,  as  a  bitch,  lioness, 
and  many  beasts  of  prey  ;  hence,  to  give  birth 
to ;  originate  :  used  in  contempt. 

Then  said  Lyciugus,  you  are  witnesses  that  these  two 
dogges  were  whelpt  in  one  day,  ...  of  one  syre  and  dam. 
Gueeara.  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  22. 
Did  thy  foul  fancy  whelp  so  foul  a  scheme 
Of  hopes  abortive? 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  vii.  901. 

He  was  nane  o'  Scotland's  dogs, 
But  whalpit  some  place  far  abroad. 
Whare  sailors  gang  to  tish  for  cod. 

Burn*,  The  Twa  Dogs. 


wheme 

whemeti  *7.  and  r.  An  obsolete  variant  of  queme. 
whemmel,  whemmle  (hwem'l),  r.  t     [Also 

tvhammcl,  Scquhem/Cf  whamle,  ivhommel,  eLireq. 
(or  perhaps  orig.  transposed)  form  of  wheltn.^ 
To  whelm.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
whemmel,  Whezmnle  (hwem'l),  ».     An  over- 
turn; an  overthrow.     [Scotch.] 

Nae  doubt  — ay,  ay  — it's  an  awfu'  ivhummle  —  and  for 
ane  that  held  his  head  sae  high,  too.   Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxii. 

when  (hwen),  adv.  and  couj.  [<  ME.  wheny  whwt, 
wfioiiy  qvauy  qveuy  qwan^  watiy  woHj  hworij  ichenne, 
whannCj  hicenne,  hwaune,  hiconney  ivenue,  wmine, 
wonne,  wanCy  woney  <  AS.  hicsenne,  lnvo)tnc,  when, 
=  OS.  hican  =  OFries.  hicenne  =  MD.  wan  = 
OHG.  MHG.  icatuie,  hwanne,  G.  wanu,  when, 
wenriy  when,  if,  =  Goth,  hwaa,  when;  orig.  a 
case  of  the  interrog.  pron.  (cf.  Goth,  hwaua, 
ace.  masc),  Goth,  hwas  =  AS.  hied,  etc.,  who? 
see  who,  Cf.  L.  quumy  qxiomy  when,  as  related 
to  L.  quis,  who  ?  Gr.  Trore,  when  ?  from  same 
pron.  base.  Hence  ult.  whenne^y  tL'hence.'\  I, 
interroff.  adv.   At  what  time  ?  at  which  time  ? 

When  shall  these  things  be  ?  and  what  shall  be  the  sign 
of  thy  coming  ?  Mat.  xxiv.  a. 

One  [window!  to  the  west,  and  counter  to  it, 
And  blank;  and  who  shall  blazon  It?  when  and  how? 
Tenni/Kon,  Holy  Grail. 
When  was  formerly  used  exclamatorily,  like  what,  to  ex- 
press impatience. 

Why,  when,  I  say?  .  .  . 

Oflf  with  my  t>oots,  you  i"Ogues  !  you  villains,  when?  .  .  . 

Out,  you  rogue  I  you  pluck  my  foot  awry. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  1.  146. 
Why,  when?  begin, sir:  I  must  stay  your  leisure. 

iiiddleton.  More  Dissemblers  besides  \\omen,  v.  1. 
Set,  parson,  set ;  the  dice  die  in  my  hand. 
When,  parson,  when  !  what,  can  you  find  no  more? 

Munday  {and  other*),  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  iv.  1. 

II,  rel.  coiij.  1.  At  the  or  anytime  that;  at 
or  ju.st  after  the  moment  that;  as  soon  as. 

Whan  Gawein  saugh  hem  come,  he  seide  now  may  we 
a-bide  to  longe.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  iii.  .587. 

When  the  broken  arches  are  black  in  night, 
And  each  shafted  oriel  glimmers  white,  .  .  . 
Then  view  St.  David's  ruin'd  pile. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  it  1. 

2.  At  which  time. 

I  am  at  London  only  to  provide  for  Monday,  when  I 
shall  use  that  favour  which  my  Lady  Bedford  hath  afforded 
me,  of  giving  her  name  to  my  daughter. 

Donne,  Letters,  xiii. 
The  Moors  fought  valiantly  for  a  short  time,  until  the 
alcaydes  of  Marabella  and  Casares  were  slain,  when  they 
gave  way  and  fled  for  the  rear-guard. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  71*. 
A  time  when  the  idols  of  the  market-place  are  more  de- 
voutly worshipped  than  ever  Diana  of  the  F.pliesian.s  was. 
Lowell,  Harvard  Anniversarj'. 
When  in  this  sense  is  sometimes  used  with  ellipsis  of  the 
time  preceding. 
I  knew  irAe»  seven  justices  could  not  take  up  a  quarrel. 
Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  4.  10:i. 
They  were  apprehended,  and  expected  euer  u'fien  to  be 
put  to  death.    Quoted  in  Capt,  John  Svtith's  Works,  J.  213. 

3.  At  the  same  time  that;  whereas;  wliile  on 
the  contrary:  used  adversatively,  to  denote 
contrast  or  incompatibility. 

You  rub  the  sore, 
When  you  should  brini?  the  plasttr. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  1.  139. 
How  shall  I  please  thee,  how  deserve  thy  smiles, 
When  I  am  only  rich  in  misery? 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Buniing  Pestle,  ii.  2. 

How  then  can  any  man  be  as  a  Witness,  when  every 
man  is  made  the  Accuser?  Selden,  Tablc-Talk,  p.  38. 

When  was  formerly  foUowtMi  !>y  a*  and  that  used  redun- 
dantly.    See  whenas. 

Whan  that  Aprille  with  his  shoures  srxjte 

The  droghte  of  Marche  hath  perced  to  the  r(H)te. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  L  1. 

Qteene  that  the  kynge  Arthur  by  conqueste  hade  wonnyne 
Castelles  and  kyngdoms,  and  cdiitreez  many. 

3/ort-;  Arthnre  (K  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2(5. 

When  is  often  used  as  a  quasi-pronoun,  meaning  '  which 
time,'  introducing  a  dependent  clause  after  gince,  till,  or 
similar  connective  denoting  time. 

Shortly  .  ,  .  I'll  resolve  you.  .  .  . 
These  happen'd  accidents;  till  iphen,  be  cheerfuL 

Shak.,  Tempest,  v.  1.  2.M). 

Since  trhen.  Ills  brain  that  had  before  l)een  diy, 
became  the  well-spring  of  all  poetry. 

Sir  J.  Davieg,  Dancing. 

Thy  steeds  will  pause  at  even  —  till  when,  farewell. 

Shelley,  I'rometheus  Inbound,  iii.  2. 

When  all  comes  to  alL    Hee  all. 
whenas  (liwcii-az')i  '*''"./•     [^  tvhen  +  (/.v^.]     1. 
When.     [Arcliaic.J 

Come,  give  me  now  a  bag  for  my  bread,  .  .  . 
And  one  f<ir  a  peny,  irhenatt  I  get  any. 
LUtie  John  and  the  Fmtr  Ik'juara  (<  'hibi's  Ballads,  V.  326). 
Whenai*  in  silks  my  Julia  goes. 
Till  then,  methlnks,  how  sweetly  flows 
That  liquefaction  of  Iier  clothes  ! 

Ilerrick,  I'poti  Julia's  Clothes. 
433 


6893 

2.  Whereas;  while.     [Rare.] 

Whenas,  if  they  would  enquire  into  themselves,  they 
would  find  no  such  matter.  Barrow. 

Fit  professors  indeed  are  they  like  to  be  to  teach  others 

that  godlinesse  with  content  is  great  gaine,  whenas  their 

godlinesse  of  teaching  had  not  been  but  for  worldly  gaine. 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

whence  (hwens),  adv.  and  coiij.  [<  ME.  whens, 
ichennes,  ichanneSy  huanneSy  with  adv.  gen.  -es, 

<  whennCy  whence:  see  whenne'^.']  I.  interrog, 
adv.  From  what  place  ?  from  what  source,  ori- 
gin, or  antecedents? 

First  Outlaw.  Whence  came  you  ? 

Vol.  From  Milan.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  1.  18. 

II.  rcl.  conj.  From  what  place ;  from  which 
place  or  source. 

Thes  goat  [spirit]  him  sseweth  huet  he  is,  .  .  .  and 
huannes  he  comth,  and  huyder  he  geth. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  115. 
I  wot  wel  what  ge  ar  &  ichennes  ^e  come. 

WUliam-  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3122. 
Look  unto  the  rock  whence  ye  are  hewn,  and  to  the  hole 
of  the  pit  whence  ye  are  digged.  Isa.  Ii.  1. 

Now  wee  may  perceave  the  root  of  his  hatred  ivhence  it 
springs.  Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  iv. 

We  know  not  whence  we  live, 
Or  why,  or  how.       Shelley,  Revolt  of  Islam,  ix.  S3. 
Here  was  square  keep,  there  turret  high,  .  .  . 
Whence  oft  the  Warder  could  descry 
The  gathering  ocean-storm. 

Scott,  Marmion,  v.  33. 
From  whence,  whence  :  a  common  pleonasm. 
From  whence  come  wars  ami  fightings  among  ye? 

Jas.  iv.  1. 
A  place 
From  whence  himself  does  tiv. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  2.  8. 
O,  how  unlike  the  place  frmn  whence  they  fell. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  75. 
Of  whence*  whence  :  a  pleonasm.     [Rare.] 

He  asked  his  airy  guide. 
What  and  o/  whence  was  he,  who  pressed  the  hero's  side. 
Dryden,  Mwexd,  vi.  1193. 

whence-ever  (hwens-ev'er),  covj.  [<  whence 
+  ever.']  Whencesoever.  Prior.  {Worcester.) 
[Rare.] 
Whencefortht  (hwens-forth'),  conj.  [<  whence 
+  forth^.']  Forth  from  which  place;  whence. 
[Rare.] 

Before  them  stands  the  God  of  Seas  in  place,  .  .  . 
And  strikes  the  rockes  with  his  three-forked  mace ; 
Whenceforth  issues  a  warlike  steed  in  sight. 

Spenser,  Muiopotmos.  1.  316. 

whencesoever  (hwens-so-ev'er),  conj.  [Early 
mod.  E.  irhens-soet'er ;  <  whence  +  so^  +  ever.'] 
From  what  place  soever ;  from  what  cause  or 
source  soever. 

This  Cytie  of  Jherusaleni  is  in  a  fayre  emynent  place, 
for  it  stondeth  vpon  suche  a  grounde  that  from  wftens 
soever  A  man  commyth  thede  he  must  nede  aacende. 

Sir  It.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  22. 

Any  idea,  whencesoever  we  have  it.  Locke. 

whene'er  (hweu-ar'),  conj,     A  contracted  form 

of  irhenerer. 
whenever  (hwen-ev'er),  conj.     [<  ME.  when 
ever;  <  when  4-  cver.^     At  whatever  time;  at 
what  time  soever. 

Rer,  on  to  hir  loggyng, 
When  euer  it  please  yow,  I  shall  he  your  gyde  ; 
ffor  she  is  liere  l)y  vppon  the  Ryuerez  side. 

Generydes  {Yl.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1245, 
Whnitcer  you  have  need, 
You  may  be  armed  and  appointed  well. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2.  15. 

whenneH,  ode     An  obsolete  form  of  when. 

whenne'-t,  odv.  and  couj.  [<  ME.  whcnncy  hwenncy 
hwanenCy  whanene,  wonene,  wanenCy  hwenenCy 
etc.,  <  AS.  hwanan,  hwanoHy  hwonan  (=  OS. 
hvanen,  hranan  =  OHG.  wananOy  xcannan,  MHG. 
G.  (tvn(«c«,  whence);  with  adv.  formative  -an,  < 
hwtPnne,  etc.,  when :  see  trhen.  Cf.  hence,  thence, 
similarly  formed.]  1.  interrog.  adv.  Whence? 
II,  rcl.  conj.  Whence. 

Sei  me  hwet  art  thu  ant  kweonne  ant  hwa  the  hider 
sende.  St.  Juliana  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  38, 

whennest,  adv.  and  conj,  A  Middle  English  form 

of  whence. 
Whenso  (h  wen-s6'),  adv.  [<  ME.  whcnso,  hwense; 

<  when  +  ,sv>l.]  When;  whenever.  Old  Eng. 
Homilies  (ed.  Mon-is),  I.  8o,     [Archaic] 

In  a  Tar-off  land  is  their  dwelling,  whenso  they  sit  at  home, 
W.  Morris,  quoted  in  The  Academy,  Feb.  9,  1889,  p.  ha. 

whensoever  (hwen-so-ev'er),  conj.  [<  when  + 
A'yi  +  erer.'\  At  what  time  soever;  at  what- 
ever time. 

Mercifnlly  assist  our  prayers  which  we  make  before 
thee  in  all  our  troubles  and  adversities,  whensoever  they 
oppress  us.  Hook  <>/  Common  Prayer,  Lesser  Litany. 

Wher't,  odv.  and  C'>nj.     Se<*  wherr^. 
wher'-f,  f'">U.     S*'C  where^. 

Where^  (hwar),  adv.  and  conj.  [<  ME.  wher, 
wh(u\  whspr,  warCy  war,  war,  hwerCy  hware^  hwar, 


whereabout 

hwser,  <  AS.  hw^r,  hwar  =  OS.  hwar,  hudr  = 
OFries.  hwer  =  I),  waar  =  MLG.  war,  woVy  LG. 
waar,  woor  =  OHG.  war,  hwar,  MHG.  wdr-y  G. 
war-  (in  comp.,  as  in  war-ion,  wor-in),  also  re- 
duced, OHG.  MHG.  wdy  G.  wo  =  Icel.  Sw.  hvar 
=  Dan.  hvor  =  Goth.  hwaVy  where  ? ;  cf .  Lith. 
kury  where?  L.  cur,  OL.  qnor,  sometimes  cor 
(usually  explained  as  a  contraction  of  qua  re), 
why?  Skt.  karhiy  at  what  time?  when?;  from 
the  pronominal  base  represented  hy  whOy  what: 
see  who,  what^.  Cf,  there,  as  related  to  thCy 
that.']  I.  interrog.  adv.  1.  At  or  in  what  place? 
in  what  position,  situation,  or  circumstances? 
Htver  scule  [shall]  we  win  [wine]  flnden? 

Old  Eng.  Hmn.  (ed.  Morris),  I.  241. 

If  there  were  no  opposition,  where  were  the  triall  of  an 
unfained  goodnesse  and  magnanimity? 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  7. 

Where  sooner  than  here,  where  louder  than  here,  may 
we  expect  a  patriotic  voice  to  be  raised  ? 

D.  Webiiter,  Speech,  New  York,  ilarch  10,  1831. 

2.  To  which  place?  whither? 

Where  is  bicome  Cesar,  that  lorde  was  of  al ; 
Or  tlie  riche  man  clothid  in  purpur  &  in  pal? 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  86. 
Where  runn'st  thou  so  fast?        Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  iii.  2.  71. 

3.  From  what  source?  whence f 

Where  have  they  this  mettle  ? 
Is  not  their  climate  foggy,  raw  and  dull? 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.  .^  15. 

Where  away?  {nant.),  aquei-y  from  the  officer  of  the  deck 
as  to  the  direction  of  any  object  reported  by  the  lookout. 

II.  rel.  conj.  1.  At  or  in  which  place,  or  the 
place  in  which;  in  which  case,  position,  cir- 
cumstances, etc. 

Asketh  him  Hwat  beo  ordre,  and  hwar  he  iflnde  in  hoU 
write  religiun  openluker  descriued.       Ancrcn  liiwle,  p.  8. 

He  enforces  hym  to  seke  Ihesu  in  the  joy  of  the  worlde, 
whare  neuer  he  sail  be  fundene. 

Hampole,  Prose  Treatises  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  5. 

Bare  ruin'd  choirs,  where  late  the  sweet  birds  sang. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  Ixxiii. 

2.  To  which  place;  whither;  to  a  place  such 
that. 

Oh,  cousin  !  thou  hast  led  me  ivhere  I  never 

Shall  see  day  more.         Shirley,  The  Wedding,  ii.  2. 

3.  W'herever. 

Where  the  lordea  and  cheif  men  wax  soe  barbarous  and 
bastardlike,  what  shall  be  hoped  of  the  pesantes? 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland, 
Where  your  treasure  is,  there  will  your  heart  be  also. 

Mat.  vi.  21. 
Now  where  nothing  is,  there  nothing  can  come  to  be. 

J.  Dehme,  Aurora,  xix.  438. 

4.  Whereas. 

His  [Armagnac'a]  wealth  doth  warrant  a  liberal  dower, 
Where  Reignier  sooner  will  receive  than  give. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  .').  47. 
It  was  observed  that  those  who  were  born  after  the 
Beginning  of  this  Mortality  [the  plague]  had  but  twenty- 
eight  Teeth,  where  before  they  liad  two  and  tliirty. 

Baker,  Clironicles,  p.  131. 
Where,  frequently  having  the  force  or  function  of  a  rela- 
tive or  other  pronoun  (which,  what,  etc.).  is  often  used  in 
composition  with  a  following  preposition:  ns,  whereby, 
'by  what,'  'by  which';  wherewith,  *with  what,'  'with 
which.'  It  was  also  formerly  used  after  certain  adverbs 
or  adjectives  in  a  general  sense,  as  it  still  is  in  everywhere, 
someivhere  (which  see),  Middle  English  widenivher  (astTny, 
at  random),  in  forms  corresponding  to  similar  compounds 
of  there  (see  there). 

Thus  I  wente  wyden-wher.  Dowel  to  seche. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  ix.  53. 

whereat  (hwar),  n.  [Formerly  also  whcare; 
<  whereby  adv.y  as  used  in  ererf/whcre,  some- 
where.]    Whereabout;  situation;  place. 

Finding  the  Nymph  asleepe  in  secret  wheare. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  III.  iv.  19. 
Bid  them  farewell,  Cordelia,  though  unkind: 
Thou  losest  here,  a  better  tvhcre  to  find. 

Shak.,  Lear.  i.  1.  2G4. 

where-t,  conj,    [<  ME.  whery  where,  contraction 
of  ivhcder,  E.  whether'^.]    A  contracted  form  of 
ivhether'^. 
Wher  he  [the  cat]  ryt  other  rest  other  romyth  to  playe. 
Piers  Plowman  (C),  i.  186. 
Off  hir  linage  enquered  I  no-thing  ; 
Where  she  be  of  duk  or  of  niarkois  hy, 
Forsoth  I  wyll  hyr  liaue,  she  is  me  pleasyng. 

limn.  0/  Part€nay(E.  E.  T.  H.),  1.850. 
I  know  not  wfi^r  I  am  or  no  ;  or  speak, 
Or  wlietber  thou  dost  hear  me. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Sew  Inn,  v.  1. 

whereabout  (hwar'a-bouf),  adv.  and  conj.  [< 
where'^  -^  ahouf.]  1,' interrog.  adv.  About  what? 
concernin^^  what?  near  what  or  which  place? 
as,  ivhcveaf)OHt  did  you  drop  the  coin? 

II.  ?>■/.  ro/y/.  About  wliioh;  ^•oncerniug  which; 
on  what  puri)ose. 

Let  no  man  know  anything  of  the  business  whereabout 
I  send  thee.  1  Sam.  xxi.  2. 

I  must  not  have  you  henceforth  ([ueation  me 
Wliither  I  go,  nor  reasoTi  irhereabmit. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  3.  107. 


I 


whereabout 

whereabout  (hwSr'a-bout"), «.  [<  vhereahout, 
(j(/i'.]  The  place  Wlicre  one  is;  one's  present 
place. 

Thou  .  .  .  firm-set  earth, 
Hear  not  my  8t«ps,  which  way  they  walk,  for  fear 
Thy  very  atones  prate  of  my  whereabout. 

Shak.,  Macbetli,  ii.  1.  58. 
From  a  rifted  crag  or  ivy  tod  .  .  . 
Thou  givst  for  pastime's  sake,  by  shriek  or  shout, 
A  puzzling  notice  of  thy  whereabout. 

Wordsicorth,  Evening  Voluntaries,  vii. 

whereabouts  (hwar'a-bouts'),  "<1''  aiiii  c'»'j- 
[<  xchcreahout  +  adv.'gen.  -s.]  Same  as  where- 
about. 

whereabouts  (hwar'a-bouts"),  «•  [<  where- 
abouts, adv.]  The  place  where  one  or  where 
anything  is;  location;  locality. 

I  feel  as  if  it  were  scarcely  discreet  to  indicate  the  where- 
abouts of  the  chateau  of  the  obliging  young  man  I  had  met 
on  the  way  from  Nimes ;  I  must  content  myself  with  say- 
ing that  it  nestled  in  an  enchanting  valley. 

//.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  171. 

Whereagainst  (hwar'a-gensf),  eonj.  [<  whcrr^ 
+  ayain.':! .~\     Against  which. 

Let  me  twine 
Mine  anns  about  that  body,  wfiere  against 
My  grained  ash  an  hundred  times  hath  broke. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  H.  113. 

whereas  (hwai    az'),  couj.     [<  where^  +  as'^.'] 

1.  The  thing  being  so  that;  considering  that 
things  are  so:  implying  an  admission  of  facts, 
sometimes  followed  by  a  different  statement, 
and  sometimes  by  inference  or  something  con- 
sequent, as  in  the  preamble  to  a  law  or  a  reso- 
lution. 

Whereas,  A  consistent  and  faithful  adherence  to  thcprin- 
ciples  of  administrative  reform  ...  is  absolutely  essen- 
tial to  the  vitality  and  success  of  the  .  .  .  party  ;  .  .  . 

Resolved,  That  .  .  .  the  character,  record,  and  aasocia- 
tions  of  its  candidates  .  .  .  should  be  such  as  to  warrant 
entire  confidence. 

Quoted  in  Appleton's  Annual  Ci/c.,1884,  p.  767. 

2.  While  on  the  contrary ;  the  fact  or  case 
really  being  that;  when  in  fact. 

Whereas,  before,  our  forefathers  had  no  other  books  but 
the  score  and  the  tally,  thou  hast  caused  printing  to  be 
used.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  7.  37. 

If  I  were  wise  only  to  mine  own  ends,  I  would  certainly 
take  such  a  subject  as  of  it  self  might  catch  applause, 
whereas  this  hath  all  the  disadvantages  on  the  contrary. 
Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.,  I'ref. 
3t.  Where. 

Soone  he  came  whereas  the  Titanesse 

Was  striving  with  faire  Cynthia  for  her  seat. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vi.  17. 

He,  spying  her,  bounced  in,  whereas  he  stood. 

Shak.,  Passionate  Pilgrim,  1.  83. 

whereat  (hwar-af),  adv.  and  conj.     [<  ichere^ 
+  at.]     I.  interrof/.  adv.  At  what?  as,  whereat 
are  you  offended ?    Johnson. 
II.  rel.  conj.  At  which. 

Even  at  this  word  slie  hears  a  meriy  horn. 
Whereat  she  leaps  that  was  but  late  forlorn. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  I.  1026. 
He  now  prepared 
To  speak  ;  tehereat  their  doubled  riinks  they  bend 
From  wing  to  wing,  and  half  inclose  him  round. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  616. 

Whereat  erewhile  I  wept,  I  laugh.  Greene,  Song. 

whereby  (hwar-bi'),  adr.  and  conj.  [<  ME.  whar- 
hi  (=r  D.  waarbij  =  G.  woI>ei);  <  where"^  -¥  %l.] 
I,  intcrrof/.  adv.  By  what?  how?  why? 
Wharbi  seistow  [sayest  thou]  so? 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  225C. 
Whereby  shall  I  know  this?  Luke  i.  18. 

II.  rcl.  conj.  By  which,  in  any  sense  of  the 
word  by. 

You  take  my  life 
When  you  do  take  tlie  means  whereby  I  live. 

,Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iv.  1.  377. 

But  this  word  Werowance,  which  we  call  and  construe 
for  a  King,  is  a  common  word,  whereby  they  call  all  com- 
manders.        (Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  143. 

The  mind  .  .  .  has  a  power  to  abstract  its  ideas,  and  so 
they  become  essences,  general  essences,  whereby  the  sorts 
of  things  are  distinguished. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  III.  viii.  1. 

■•  Fear 

Stared  in  her  eyes,  and  chalk'd  her  face,  and  wing'd 
Her  transit  to  the  throne,  whereby  slie  fell 
IJelivoring  scal'd  dispatclies.       Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

where'er  (hwar-ar'),  adv.  A  contracted  form 
of  wherever. 

wherefore  (hwar'for),  adr.  and  conj.  [Early 
mod.  E.  wherforc;  <  ME.  wherfore,  whcrfor, 
hwarfore  {—  D.  iraarvoor  =  C}.'  wofilr  =  Sw. 
hvarfiir  =  Dan.  hrorfor);  <  where^  +  fore'^.'] 
I.  intcrrof/.  iidr.  Foi'  what  reason,  thing,  or 
purpose?  what  for?  why? 

Wherefore  was  I  born? 
If  that  my  cousin  king  be  King  of  England, 
It  must  be  granted  I  am  l>uke  of  Lancaster. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II..  ii.  3.  122. 


6894 

If  Princes  need  no  palliations,  as  he  tells  his  Son,  where- 
fore is  it  that  he  himself  hath  so  oft'n  us'd  them? 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xxvii. 

II.  rel.  conj.  For  which  cause  or  reason ;  in 
consequence  of  which;  consequently. 
Dedes  therof  mak  the  cause  ther-on  be. 
Off  the  lordes  yifte  the  encheson  may  se, 
Wfier-for  lie  it  yaf,  and  for  wat  reason. 

Itom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  658. 
He  pardoneth  and  absolveth  all  those  who  truly  repent. 
.  .  .  Where.fore  let  us  beseech  him  to  grant  us  true  re- 
pentance. "  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Absolution. 
The  night  was  as  troublesome  to  him  as  the  day  ;  where- 
fore, instead  of  sleeping,  he  spent  it  in  sighs  and  tears. 
Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  1. 

To  do  whereforet,  to  make  a  return  ;  give  or  fumish  an 
equivalent. 

No  wollemonpere,  ne  no  man,  ne  may  liabbe  no  stal  in 
the  heye-stret  of  Wynchestre  bote  he  do  war-fore. 

Enylish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  358. 
=  SyTl.  Therefore,  Wherefore,  Accordingly,  etc.    See  there- 
fore. 
wherefore  (hwar'for),  n.     [<  wherefore,  adv.] 
The  reason  or  cause.     [Colloq.] 

Dispute  learnedly  the  whys  and  wherefores. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iii.  1. 
The  w!iy  and  the  wherefore  of  it  all 
Who  knoweth?  Jean  Ingelow. 

wherefrom  (hwar-from'),  conj.  [=  Sw.  hrari- 
J'rdn  =  Dan.  hvorfra  ;  as  wliere^  +  from.]  From 
which;  whence. 

In  each  a  squared  lawn,  wherefrom 
The  golden  gorge  of  dragons  spouted  forth 
A  flood  of  fountain-foam.    Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art. 
.\  larger  surface  wherefrom  material  can  be  washed  into 
the  lagoon.  Nature,  XLII.  148. 

wherehencet,*"!^").  [<»'''0'e^  +  ''e«fc.]  Whence. 
[Rare.] 

He  had  lived  two  years  at  Campostella,  .  .  .  wherehenee 
he  then  came.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  20. 

wherein  (hwar-in'),  adv.  and  conj.  [<  ME. 
wherin,  hverinne  (=  D.  waarin  =  G.  worin  =  Sw. 
hvari  =  Dan.  hvori),  wherein;  <  where'^  -f-  in^.] 

1.  interrog.  adv.  In  what?  in  what  thing,  time, 
respect,  etc.? 

But  ye  say.  Wherein  have  we  robbed  thee?  In  tithes 
and  offerings.  Mai.  iii,  8. 

How  looked  he  ?  Wherein  [that  is.  in  what  clothes] 
went  he  ?  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  2.  234. 

II.  rel.  conj.  1.  In  or  within  which  or  what; 
in  which  thing,  time,  respect,  etc. 

This  zenne  [sin]  is  the  dyeules  panne  of  helle,  huerinne 
he  maketh  his  friinges  [fiyings]. 

AyerMte  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23. 
You  naked  trees,  whose  shady  leaves  are  lost, 
Wherein  the  byrds  were  wont  to  build  their  bowre. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  .January. 
The  Alfantica  is  also  a  place  of  note,  because  it  is  in- 
vironed  with  a  great  wall,  wherein  lye  the  goods  of  all  the 
Merchants  securely  guarded. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  45. 

Milton  seems  to  have  known  perfectly  well  wherein  his 
strength  lay.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  315. 

2.  In  that  in  which;  in  whatever. 

Wherein  it  doth  impair  the  seeing  sense. 
It  pays  the  hearing  double  recompense. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2. 180. 

whereinsoever  (hwar-in'so-ev'er),  conj.  In 
whatever  place,  point,  or  respect. 

Whereinsoever  ye  shall  perceive  yourselves  to  have  of- 
fended, .  .  .  there  to  bewail  your  own  sinfulness. 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Communion  office.  Exhortation. 

whereinto  (hwar-in'to  or  -in-to'),  adv.  [<  where^ 
+  into.]     I.  interrog.  adv.   Into  what? 
II,  rcl.  conj.  Into  which. 

Where's  that  palace  whereinto  foul  things 
.Sometimes  intrude  not?    Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  137. 
I  watched  my  opportunitie  to  get  a  shore  in  their  Boat, 
whereinto  the  darke  night  I  secretly  got. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  .Smith's  Works,  II.  212. 

wheremidt,  conj.  [<  ME.  whermid,  hwermid, 
werniid  (=  D.  waarmedc  =  G.  womit  =  Sw. 
hrarnicd  =  Dan.  hvormed);  <  where'^  +  mid^.] 
Wherewith. 

Nothing  he  ne  founde  in  al  the  ni^te 
Wer-mide  his  honger  aquencbe  mijtte. 

Jtel.  Aivtiq.,  II.  274. 

Thet  is  the  dyeules  peni  huermide  he  bayth  [buyeth]. 
Ayenbite  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  23. 

whereness  (hwar'nes),  v.  [<  where^  +  -nets.] 
The  state  or  property  of  having  place  or  posi- 
tion ;  ubication. 

A  point  hath  no  dimensions,  but  only  a  whereness.  and 
is  next  to  nothing.  N.  Greie,  Cosinologia  Sacra. 

Vbication  or  n-hereness.  Whewell. 

whereof  (hwar-ov'),  adv.  and  conj.  [<  ME. 
wher  of,  irharof  worof  hvarof  (=  Sw.  hraraf 
=  Dan.  Iivoraf),  <  wh(re^  -h  oj'.]  I.  intcrrot). 
adv.     Of  what?  from  what? 

Quarof  ard  thou  so  ferd  ? 
Hit  is  a  litil  synne. 

MS.  Cantab.  Ff.  v.  48,  f.  82.    (nalliwell.) 


whereunder 

Now,  gods  that  we  adore,  whereof  comes  this  ? 

Shak.,  Lear,  1.  4.  312. 

II.  rel.  conj.   Of  which ;  of  whom. 

For  lente  neuere  was  lyf,  but  lyflode  [means  of  livelihood] 

were  shapen, 
Wher-of  or  wherfore  or  where-by  to  lybbe. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiv.  40. 
The  days  are  made  on  a  loom  whereof  the  warp  and 
woof  are  past  and  future  time. 

Emerson,  Works  and  Days. 

whereon  (hwar-on'),  adv.   and  conj.     [<  ME. 

wheron,  hveran  (=  D.  waaraan  =  G.  worun)-,  < 

where^  +  0)1^.]     \,  interrog.  adv.   On  what  if  on 

whom? 

Queen.   Whereon  do  you  look? 

Ham.  On  him,  on  him  !  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  124. 

II.  rcl.  conj.  On  which. 

O  fair  foundation  laid  whereon  to  build 
Their  ruin  I  Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  621. 

How  He  who  bore  in  Heav'n  the  second  name 
Had  not  on  earth  whereon  to  lay  His  head. 

Bums,  Cottar's  Saturday  Night. 

whereout  (hwar-ouf),  conj.  [=  D.  waaruit;  as 
where'^  +  out.]     Out  of  whieli. 

That  I  may  give  the  local  wound  a  name 
And  make  distinct  the  very  breach  whereout 
Hector's  great  spirit  flew. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  iv.  6.  246. 
The  cleft  ivheremit  the  lightning  breaketh.       Holland. 
whereover  (hwar-6'ver),  conj.    Over  which. 
[Rare.] 

A  great  gulf  .  .  .  whereijver  neither  Mves  nor  Abraham, 
nor  yet  Moses  himself,  can  pass. 

T.  Parker,  On  the  Death  of  Daniel  Webster,  p.  7. 

whereso  (hwar'so),  conj.  [<  ME.  whereso ;  < 
tvhere^ -\- so'^.  Ct.  AS.  swdhwSrswd.]  Where- 
soever. 

Of  ble  as  the  brere  flour  w?iere-»o  the  bare  scheweed  [show- 
ed] 
Ful  clene  watz  the  countenaunce  of  her  [their]  cler  yjen. 
Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  790. 

Furnished  with  deadly  instruments  she  went 
Of  every  sort,  to  wound  whereso  she  meant. 

Drayton,  Barons'  Wars,  ii.  5. 

wheresoe'er  (hwar-so-ar'),  conj.    A  contracted 

form  of  wheresoever. 
wheresoever  (hwSr-so-ev'er),  conj.  [<  where^  -I- 
sol  +  ever.]   1.  In  wliat  place  soever;  in  what- 
ever place. 

Wheresoever  I  am  sung  or  told 

in  aftertime,  this  also  shall  be  known. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 
2t.  Wliencesoever. 

This  is  some  minx's  token,  and  I  must  take  out  the 
work?  .  .  .  Wheresoever  you  had  it,  I'll  take  out  no  work 
on 't.  Shak.,  Othello,  iv.  1.  160. 

3.  Whithersoever;  to  what  place  soever. 

The  noise  pursues  rae  wheresoe'er  I  go. 

Dryden,  Aurengzebe,  v.  1. 

wherethorought  (hwar-thur'6),  conj.  [<  ME. 
wherthnr,  hwarthuruh,  huerthurh  ;  <  where^  + 
thorough  (see  thorough  a.nd  through^).]  Same  as 
wheretlirotigh. 
wherethrough  (hwar-thro'),  conj.  [Also  where- 
thro';  <  ME.  wherthrough  ;  <where^  +  through'^. 
Of.  whcrethorough.]  Through  which,  in  any 
sense  of  the  word  through. 

He  .  .  .  hath  beaute,  wher-through  he  is 
Worthy  of  love  to  have  the  blis. 

Rom.  of  the  Bote,  1.  373a 

A  way  without  impediment,  .  .  .  wherethrough  all  the 
people  went.  Wisdom  xix.  8. 

There  is  no  weakness  left  in  me  wherethrough  I  may 
look  back.  ScotL 

Yet  all  experience  is  an  arch  wherethro' 
Gleams  that  untravell'd  world,  whose  margin  fades 
For  ever  and  for  ever  when  I  move. 

Tennyson,  Ulysses, 

whereto  (hwar-to'),  adv.  and  conj.  [<  ME.  hwar- 
to,  hrarto,  war  to,  hwerto  (=  D.  waartoc  =  G.  tco- 
zu);<.  where''- -h  to^.]  I.  interrog.  adv.  To  what 
place,  point,  end,  etc.? 

Wherto  bonnet  ye  to  batell  in  your  bright  geire, 
Whethur  worship  towyn,  or  willfully  shame? 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  6565. 

Lysander,  whereto  tends  all  this? 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iii.  2-  256. 

II.  rel.  conj.  To  which ;  to  whom ;  whither. 

They  may,  by  his  direction,  be  employed  principally  in 

suche  profession  whereto  their  nature  doth  most  conforme, 

Booke  of  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.X  i.  8. 

Purposing  to  be  of  that  Religion  whereto  they  should 

addict  themselves.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  46. 

This  battle  in  the  west. 

Whereto  we  move.        Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

whereunder  (hwar-uu'der),  conj.    [<  ME.  huer- 
onder  (=  D.  waarondcr  =  G.  worunter  =  Sw. 
hrariindcr  =  Dan.  hroriindcr);  <  where''  +  un- 
der.]    Under  which. 
The  wild  grape  vines  .  .  ,  jrAfri-mKfiT  we  had  slept 

Scribner's  Mag.,  IX.  553. 


whereunder 

Shone  resurgent,  a  sunbriglit  sign, 
Through  shapes  whereunder  the  strong  soul  glows. 

SmnMime,  Death  of  \V.  Bell  Scott. 

whereuntil  (bwar-un-til'),  <■'»'./.     [<  u-lwrcl  + 

unlil.'\     Whereunto.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

We  know  ichereuntil  it  doth  amount 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  V.  2.  493. 

whereuntot  (hwar-un'to  or  -un-to'),  adr.  and 
coitj.    [<  icherc^  +  unto.]   I.  interrog.  adv.  Unto 
what  or  whom  ?  whereto  ? 
Whereunto  shall  we  liken  the  kingdom  of  God? 

JIark  iv.  30. 
n.  rel.  conj.  To  which  or  whom ;  unto  what; 
for  wliat  end  or  purpose. 

Now  when  Andrew  heard  whereunto  Christ  was  come,  he 

forsook  his  master  .John,  and  came  to  Christ.        Latimer. 

The  next  whereunto.  Hooker. 

whereupon  (hwSr-u-pon'),  adr.  and  coiij.     [< 

JAE.  whenipon ;  <  iclierc^  +  upon.']     I.  intcrrog. 

adv.    Upon  what  place,  ground,  cause,  etc.  ? 

whereon  f 

II.  rel.  conj.  Upon  which  or  whom ;  whereon. 

There  [at  the  Mount  of  Olives]  is  Also  the  stone  wher 
vpon  the  Aungell  stod  comfortyng  hym  the  same  tyme. 

Torkinjton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  28. 
The  king  hath  sent  to  know 
The  nature  of  your  griefs,  and  whereupon 
You  conjure  from  the  breast  of  civil  peace 
Such  bold  hostility.        Shak.,  1  Hen  IV.,  iv.  3.  42. 
This  was  cast  upr)n  the  board  ;  .  .  .  whereupon 
Rose  feud,  with  question  unto  whom  't  were  due. 

Tennyson,  tEnone. 

wherever  (hwar-ev'er),  conj.  [<  ME.  irher  cverc ; 
<  irAfrel  +  ever.]     At  whatever  place. 

He  hathe  alweys  3  Wifes  with  him.  where  that  evere 
he  be.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  218. 

They  courted  merit,  whererer  it  was  to  be  found. 

Prescott,  ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  2fi. 

wherewith  (hwar-wiTll'),  ndv.  and  conj.  [<  MK. 
vihcncith,icliarwith,hwcr  tcith  :  <  wlicre^  +  with'^.] 

1.  interrog.  adv.  With  what  or  whom  f 

O  my  Lord,  wherewith  shall  I  save  Israel  ?    Judges  vi.  15. 
H.  rel.  conj.  With  which ;  also,  as  compound 
relative,  that  with  which. 

And  bisily  gan  for  the  soules  preye  fpray] 

Of  hem  that  yaf  liim  wheru-Uh  io  scoleye  [study]. 

Chancer,  Gen.  I'rol,  to  C.  T.,  1.  302. 
Wheretrilh  he  flxt  his  eyes 
Vppon  her  fearefull  face. 
OoKoigne,  Philomene  (Steele  Glas,  etc.,  ed.  Arber,  p.  96). 
The  love  whereirith  thou  ha.st  loved  me.    John  xvii.  2C. 
Reverence  is  that  wheremlh  princes  are  girt  from  God. 
Bacon,  Seditions  and  Troubles  (ed.  1887). 
Was  T  in  a  desert,  I  would  find  out  whereu-Uh  in  it  to 
call  forth  my  affections. 

Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey,  p.  29. 

[Wheretrith  is  collo<inialIy  used  as  a  noun  in  the  phrase 
the  wherewith  (compare  the  commoner  ccjuivalent  phrase 
the  wherewithaC) — that  is,  what  is  neces.sary  or  re<iuired  ; 
means. 

Uis  [the  Esquimaux's]  digestive  system,  heavily  taxed 
in  providing  the  wherewith  to  meet  excessive  loss  by  ra- 
diation, supplies  less  material  for  other  purposes. 

//.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  l.'i.] 

wherewithal  (hwar-wi-Tllal'),  ndv.  and  conj. 
[<  ic/icrt'l  +  willial.]     Same  as  wherewith. 

Wherewithal  shall  a  young  man  cleanse  his  way? 

Ps.  cxix.  9. 

We  our  selves  have  not  wh^rwilhal;  who  shall  bear  the 
Charges  of  our  Journey  .'  Miitun,  Touching  Hirelings. 
The  wherewithal,  same  as  the  wheremth.  See  note 
under  wlierewith.    [*-'olloq.] 

For  the  whereiritbal 
To  give  his  babes  a  better  bringing-up. 

Tennymn,  Enoch  Arden. 

Wherr  (hw6r),  a.     [Prob.  <  W.  rhwrnv,  bitter, 

sharp,  severe;  cf.  ehwerwon,  bitters,  chinrivi, 

become  bitter.  Cf.  wherry^.]  Verysour.  [Prov. 

Eng.] 

Wherrett,  wherritt  (hwer'et,  hwer'it),  ».  and 

t.  See  whirret. 
wherryl  (hwer'i),  H. ;  pi.  «7(oc)i>.>((-iz).  [Early 
mod.  E.  also  wherij,  irhivric,  ivhijrrij  ;  origin  un- 
known. According  to  Skeat,  <  Iccl.  hverfr, 
shifty,  crank  (said  of  sliips)  (=  Norw.  krerr, 
crank,  unsteady,  also  swift),  <  hvcrfii  (pret. 
Afar/),  turn:  see  wharf.]  1.  A  light  shallow 
rowboat,  having  seats  for  passengers,  and  ply- 
ing on  rivers  and  harbors.  It  resembles  the 
dory. 

A  whyrry,  boate,  pout*".      Levins.  Manip.  Vocab.,  p,  106. 
What  sights  of  line  folks  he  oft  row'd  in  his  wlirrry, 
Twas  clean 'd  out  so  nice,  and  so  painted  withal. 

C.  iHbdin,  The  Waterman. 

2.  A  light  half-decked  fisliing-vcssel  used  in 
different  parts  of  llreat  Uritain  and  Ireland. 

wherry'-^  (hwer'i),  n.  [f'f.  wherv.]  A  li(|Uor 
made  from  the  pulp  of  crab-apples  after  the 
verjuice  is  expressed.  Kometimes  called  croh- 
whcrri).     [Prov.  Eng.] 


6895 

wherryman  (hwer'i-man),  «.;  pi.  wherrymen 
(-men).     One  who  rows  a  wherry. 

He  that  is  an  excellent  icherryman  looketh  towards  the 
bridge  when  he  puUeth  towards  Westminster.         Bacon. 

whersot,  indcf.  pron.    [<  ME.  tvherso,  contracted 
form  of  whetherso.]     ISame  as  whetherso. 
Al  is  yliche  good  to  me, 
Joye  or  sorowe,  wherso  it  be. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  10. 

whervet,  ''•  f-  [^  ME-  whervcn,  wherj'en,  hwcrfen. 
<  AS.  hwcrfan,  hwyrj'nn  (pret.  hwyrfde)  =OHG. 
hwerban,  htcarban,  werban,  werben,  SIHG.  wer- 
lien  =  Icel.  hverfa,  tr.  cause  to  turn,  turn,  intr. 
turn,  revolve  ;  a  weak  verb,  causative  of  early 
ME.  "hwerfen  (in  comp.  a-hwerfcn),  <  AS.  hwcor- 
fan  (pret.  Invearf,  pi.  bwurfon,  pp.  hworfcn), 
turn,  turn  about,  go,  =  OS.  hwcrbhan  =  OFries. 
hwcrva.  wcrva,  warfa  =  OHG.  hwerban,  werban. 
wervan,  werhen,  MHG.  iverben,  werven  =  Icel. 
hverfa  =  Goth,  hwairban,  turn,  go  about.  This 
verb,  lost  in  early  ME.,  survives  only  in  the 
derivatives  ivherve,  n.,  wharf,  ivhirl,  ichorl,  etc.] 
To  turn;  change. 

Alfred  .  .  .  wrat  tha  lasen  on  Engli-s,  .  .  . 
And  wh£er/de  hir  nome  on  his  and  tornde  the  name  in  his 
daige.  Layamon,  1.  6319. 

wherve  (hwerv),  n.    [Also  wharve;  <  tchervc,  v.] 

1.  A  round  piece  of  wood  put  on  a  spindle  to 
receive  the  thread. 

Wouldst  thou  .  .  .  blunt  the  spindles,  join  the  wTierve/t, 
slander  the  spinning-quills,  ...  of  the  weird  Sister- 
ParciB  ?  Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.  28. 

So  fine,  so  round,  and  even  a  thread  she  [the  spider] 
spinnes,  hanging  thereunto  herselfe,  and  asiiig  the  weight 
of  her  own  bodie  instead  of  a  wherve. 

lloUand,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xi.  24. 

The  spindle  and  wharoe  are  rigidly  attached  to  each 
other,  and  the  upper  section  of  the  wharve  is  hollowed 
out  to  form  a  chamber  capable  of  containing  quite  a  quan- 
tity of  oil.  Sci.  Atner.,  X.  S.,  L.XI.  342. 

2.  A  joint.     HalliwcU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
whet  (hwet),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whetted  or  whet, 

ppr.  whetting.  [<  ME.  whetten.  <  AS.  hwettan 
(=  D.  LG.  wettcn  =  OHG.  wexcn,  MHG.  G.  wct- 
:en  =  Icel.  hretja  =  Sw.  hviissa  =  Dan.  hv/essc), 
sharpen,  whet,  <  liwset,  sharp:  see  what''^.]  1. 
To  make  sharp ;  sharpen  (an  edged  or  pointed 
tool  or  weapon)  by  rubbing  it  on  a  stone,  or 
with  an  implement  of  stone  or  other  material. 
Assaying  how  hire  speres  weren  whette. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  1760. 
I  whrtte  a  knyfe,  or  any  weapen  or  toole,  to  make  it 
sharpe.  ...  I  love  better  whettynge  of  knyves  afore  a 
good  dyner  than  whettyitf/e  of  swordes  and  bylles. 

Palsgrave,  p.  780. 

And  Beauty  walked  np  and  down 
With  Imjw  in  hand,  and  arrows  whet. 

Lord  Vauz  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  7.i). 

.\nd  the  mower  whetg  his  sithe.    Mil/on,  L'AUcgro,  1.  66. 

2.  To  make  shaqi,  keen,  or  eager;  excite; 
stimulate  :  as,  to  whet  the  appetite. 

Since  Cassins  first  did  whet  me  against  Cffisar, 
I  have  not  slept.  Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1.  61. 

The  favourers  of  this  fatal  war, 
Whom  this  example  did  more  sharply  whet. 

Drayton,  Harons'  Wars,  iv.  12. 

It  but  whets  my  stomach,  which  is  too  sharp-set  already. 
Middleton,  Chaste  JIaid,  i.  1. 

Malice  whets  her  sland'rous  tongue. 

Cutvper,  Love  Increased  by  Suffering. 

3.  To  riilt ;  scratch.     HnUiwcU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
After  a  grindstone  .  .  .  has  been  used  for  a  time  in 

sharpening  chisels,  the  surface  gets  a  dark  metallic  glaze, 
and  the  stone  will  not  thcTi  bite  the  steel.  To  remove  this 
glaze  the  stone  was  aAcfto;  or  sharpened  (both  tennswere 
used)  by  rubbing  it  with  sand  and  water,  the  rubbing  me- 
dium being  a  piece  of  stone  harder  .  .  .  and  of  coarser 
grain.  A',  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  XI.  173. 

4.  To  prime  or  preen ;  trim.     [Kare.] 
There,  like  a  bird,  it  sits  and  sings. 
Then  ic/iete  and  claps  its  silver  wings. 

Marvell,  The  Garden. 

5.  To  cut  with  a  knife.  HiiUiwcU.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  — To  whet  on  or  whet  forward*,  to  urge  on ;  in- 
stigate. 

I  prithee,  peace,  gottd  queen. 

And  whet  not  on  these  furious  peers. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  1.  34. 

To  whet  one's  Whlstlet.  Same  as  to  wet  one's  tchistte 
(confusioTi  of  urt  and  wliet).     .See  whistle. 

Give  the  boy  some  drink  there  !  Piper, 

Whet  yowrwhitlle.     Fletcher.Beggars'  Bush,  iii,  1. 

Let 's  e'en  say  grace,  and  turn  to  the  fire,  drink  the  other 

cup  to  whet  our  whittles,  and  so  sing  away  all  sad  thoughts. 

/.  Wultoii,  Complete  Angler,  p.  8U. 

whet  (hwet),  ".  [<whet,v.]  Tlie  act  of  sharp- 
ening by  friction;  hence,  simiething  that  jiro- 
vokes  or  stimulates;  especially,  something  that 
whets  the  appetite,  as  a  dram. 

You  are  cloy'd  with  the  I'rcparative,  and  what  you  mean 
for  a  Whet  turns  the  Edge  of  your  puny  stomachs. 

Cnmireve,  did  Batclielor,  i.  4, 


whether 

He  had  assisted  at  four  hundred  bowls  of  punch,  not  to 
mention  sips,  drams,  and  whets  without  number. 

Addison,  Spectator. 
Mr.  Mayor  gives  a  whet  [a  light  luncheon]  to-day  after 
church,  when  he  hopes  you  will  attend. 

Quoted  in  A^.  and  Q. ,  7th  ser.,  XI.  55. 

whether^  (hweTH'er),  a.  and  ^jcoh.  [Formerly 
also  eontr.  loher,  where;  <  ME.  whether,  whather, 
whsethcr,  wether,  wathcr,  hwcther,  hwather,  qveth- 
er,  also  eontr.  wher,  <  AS.  hweethcr,  hwether  = 
OS.  hwethar,  hucder  =  OFries.  hwcder,  hoder  = 
MLG.  weder,  tcedder,  LG.  loedder,  weer  =  OHG. 
htcedar,  huedar,  tvedar,  which  of  two,  MHG.  G. 
weder  =  Icel.  hvadharr,  eontr.  hvdrr,  hvorr  = 
Goth,  hwathar,  which  (of  two) ;  =  OBulg.  Russ. 
kotondi,  which,  =  L.  nter  (for  *cutcr)  =  (Jr.  ko-e- 
pof,  -drepof  =  Skt.  l-atara,  which  (of  two);  with 
compar.  suffix  -ther  (,-dcr,  -tcr,  etc.),  from  the 
base  hwa  of  the  pron.  who:  see  who,  and  cf. 
what^,  etc.  Cf.  either.]  I.  a.  A.  interrog. 
Which  (of  two)?  which  one? 

B.  rel.  (always  in  compound  relative  use,  or 
with  the  antecedent  implied,  not  expressed). 
Which  (of  two,  or,  less  exactly,  of  more  than 
two). 

When  the  father  him  bethought. 
And  sighe  [saw]  to  whether  side  it  drough. 

Goiter,  Conf.  Amant.,  ii. 

I  woulde  gladly  knowe  in  whether  booke  you  haue  read 
moste,  which  is  to  wit,  in  Vegetius,  which  entreateth  of 
mattere  of  wars,  or  in  S.  Augustine  his  boke  of  Christia  doc- 
trine.        Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  238. 

But  to  whether  side  fortune  would  have  been  partial 
could  not  be  determined.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iii. 

II.  2>ron.  A.  interrog.  Which  (of  two,  or  of  the 
two)?  which  one  (of  two)? 

Whether  of  them  [the,  R.  V.)  twain  did  the  will  of  his 
father?  Mat.  xxi.  31. 

B.  rel.  Which  (of  two) ;  which  one  (of  two) ; 
also,  more  indefinitely,  whichever. 

Well,  I  will  hear,  or  sleep,  I  care  not  whether. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  2. 

It  may  be  a  question  among  men  of  noble  sentiments, 

whether  of  these  unfortunate  persons  had  the  greater  soul. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  5. 
"Chese  now,"(iuod  she,  "oon  of  thise  thinges  tweye  .  .  . 
Now  chese  your  selven  whether  that  you  liketh." 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  I.  371. 
Bothe  gouge  (t  oolde,  whethir  ge  be. 
In  cristis  name  good  cheer  3e  make. 

Hymns  to  Viryin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  32. 
To  waxen  or  to  wonien,  whether  God  lyketh. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  viii.  59. 

whether^  (hwcTH'er),  adv.  and  conj.  [<  ME. 
whether,  wheder.  wether,  hwcther,  eontr.  wher, 
wer,  <  AS.  hwsether,  hwcther  =  OS.  hwethar  = 
OFries.  hwcder  =  MLG.  weder,  wedder  =  OHG. 
hwcdar,  wedar,  MHG.  G.  weder  =  Icel.  hvdrt, 
whether;  orig.  neut.  of  the  pron.  whether:  see 
whether,  a.  a.m\  pron.]  I.  interrog.  adv.  1.  In- 
troducing the  first  of  two  direct  (alternative) 
questions,  the  second  being  introduced  by  or 
(literally,  which  of  these  two  things  [is  true]  ?). 
Whether  is  Herod,  or  that  Youngling,  King? 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  iii.  161. 

2t.  Introducing  a  single  direct  question,  the  al- 
ternative being  unexpressed,  and  sometimes 
only  dimly  implied. 

Whether  is  not  this  the  sone  of  a  carpenter?  Whether  his 
niodir  be  not  seid  [called]  Marie?       Wyclif,  Mat.  xiii.  5f>. 

Well  then,  if  God  will  not  allow  a  king  too  much,  whe- 
ther will  he  allow  a  subject  too  nuich? 

Latimer,  1st  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI. ,  1649. 

What  authoritye  tbinke  you  meete  to  be  given  him? 
whether  will  ye  allowe  him  to  protecte,  to  safe  conducte, 
and  to  have  marshall  lawe  as  they  are  accustomed? 

Spenser,  St^Ue  of  Ireland. 

II.  rel.  conj.  1.  Introducing  the  first  of  two 
(or  more)  alternatives,  the  second  being  intro- 
duced by  or  (or  or  whether). 

Whether  30  ben  aposidof  princes  or  of  prcstisof  the  lawe. 
For  to  answere  hem  haue  pe  no  doute. 

Piers  I'lowman  (A),  xi.  289. 
Whether  the  tyranny  be  in  bis  place 
Or  in  his  eminence  th.at  fills  it  up. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  i.  2.  167. 
Thou  Shalt  speak  my  words  unto  them,  whether  they  will 
hear  or  whether  they  will  forbear.  Ezek.  ii.  7. 

But  whether  thus  these  things,  or  whether  not ; 
Whether  the  sun,  predominant  in  heaven. 
Rise  on  the  eartli,  or  earth  rise  on  the  sun  ;  .  .  . 
Solicit  not  thy  thoughts  with  matters  hid. 

.Vilton,  P.  L.,  viii.  l.M. 
The  Moors,  whether  wounded  or  slain,  were  thrown  head- 
long without  the  walls.  Irving,  Granada,  p.  64. 
Laws  may  be  received  as  indicating  the  dispositions  of 
the  ruler,  whether  for  good  err  for  evil. 

Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  26. 

There  are  moments  in  life  wlien  the  lip  and  the  eye 
Try  the  question  of  whether  to  sniili^  or  t<>  cry. 

Whittier,  'I'he  ()uaker  Alunmi. 
So  long  as  men  bad  sleTuler  means,  whether  of  keeping 
out  colli  or  cbeckniaf  ing  it  with  artitlcial  hi'at,  Winter  was 
an  unwelcome  guest,  especially  in  the  conntiy. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  30, 


whether 

■Sometimes  the  correlative  clause  is  formed  simply  l)y  a 
particle  of  negation. 
Whether  one  Nym  .  .  .  had  the  chain  or  no. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iv.  .■;.  33. 

This  obscure  thorn-eater  of  malice  and  detraction,  as 
well  as  of  Quodlibets  and  .Sophisms,  knowes  not  whether 
it  were  illegall  or  not.  Milton,  An  Apology,  etc. 

His  [.Solomon's]  case  isleft  disputable  to  this  day,  whether 
he  ever  recovered  by  repentance  or  no. 

SiUlingfleet,  Sermons,  II.  iii. 

Whether  we  are  in  Danger  or  no  at  present,  'twere  Pre- 
sumption in  me  to  judge.  Iloieell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  11. 

To  that  frere  wyll  I  go, 
And  bring  him  to  you, 
Whether  he  wyl  or  no. 
Playe  of  Itobyn  Mode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  421). 

2.  Introducing  a  single  alternative,  the  other 
being  implied :  as,  1  do  not  know  whether  he  is 
yet  gone  [or  not] . 

God  woot  wher  he  was  like  a  manly  knyghte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1263. 

You  shall  demand  of  him  whether  one  Captain  Dumain 
be  i'  the  camp.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  3.  139. 

These  are  but  winds  and  flaws  to  try  the  floting  vessell 
of  our  faith  tvhether  it  be  stanch  and  sayl  well. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  i.  7. 

These  dark  doctrines  and  puzzling  passages  were  in- 
serted to  be  the  test  of  ingenuous,  of  sincere  and  well- 
disposed  minds :  to  see,  tvhetlier,  when  we  were  once  sat- 
isfied that  a  lK)ok  came  from  God,  we  would  acquiesce  in 
every  thing  contained  in  it.   Bp.  Atterbury ,  Sermons.  1 1,  ix. 

Whether orno.    Seeiwi. 

He  would  be  as  likely  to  believe  me  guilty  as  not.  .  .  . 
'What  would  he  do,  whether  or  no  ? 

Dickens,  Bleak  House,  Iii. 

whether^t,  >i(h\     An  obsolete  form  of  ichither. 

whe'thering  (hweTH'er-ing),  n.  [Origin  ob- 
scure.] The  retention  of  the  afterbirth  in 
cows,     (iardner. 

whethersot  (hweTH'er-s6), /(irfe/.  ^jrow.  [ME.; 
<  whether^  +  srA.'i  Whichever  of  two,  or  of  the 
two. 

Warne  alle  the  compaignye  that  longen  to  this  fraternite, 
man  and  woman,  that  is  with-inne  the  tonne,  to  come  to 
the  exsequies  of  hym  or  of  hir  that  is  deede,  whethir-so 
it  be.  Unylish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  74. 

whetile  (liwe'til),  ».  [Imitative;  of.  yaffle] 
The  green  woodpecker,  Gecinus  viridis.  See 
cut  under  popinjay. 

whet-slate  (hwet'slat),  «.  A  very  fine-grained 
liard  silieious  rock,  suitable  for  making  whet- 
stones and  hones.  Also  called  novacuHte  and 
hone.'itone. 

whetstone  (hwet'ston),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
whestone;  <  ME.  whetston,  tceiston,  watstoii, 
weston,  <  AS.  hwetstdn  (=  MD.  iveisteen  =  MLQ. 
wettesten,  tvetsteii  =  OIIG.  wezzistein,  MHG. 
wetzesteiii,  G.  wetzstein),  a  whetstone,  <  hicetkin, 
whet,  +  stoH,  stone.]  1.  A  stone  for  sharpen- 
ing cutlery  or  tools  by  friction.  'Whetstones  are 
made  of  various  kinds  of  stone,  the  finer  kinds  being  a 
silieious  slate,  and  when  used  are  moistened  with  oil  or 
water. 

Diligence  is  to  the  understanding  as  the  whetsdQnfi  to  the 
razor.  South. 

Whetftto7ies  or  scythestonea  used  to  be  made  solely  by 

hand  in  large  quantities  at  stone  quarries  in  Derbyshire. 

N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  XI.  173. 

2.  Figuratively,  that  which  sharpens,  stimu- 
lates, or  incites  the  faculties  or  ajipetites. 

I  assure  you,  there  is  no  such  whetstone  to  sharpen  a 
good  witte  and  encourage  a  will  to  learninge  as  is  praise. 
Aschani,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  20. 
Let  them  read  Shakespeare's  sonnets,  taking  thence 
A  whetatone  for  their  dull  intelligence. 

Shelley,  To  his  Genius. 
To  give,  deserve,  or  win  the  whetstonet,  old  phrases 

in  which  a  whetstone  appears  as  the  proverbial  prize  for 
lying.  Confirmed  liars  or  slanderers  were  sometimes  pub- 
licly exhiltited  with  a  whetstone  fastened  to  them.  Com- 
pare the  following  allusion.s. 

If  Mother  Hubbjird,  in  the  vein  of  Chaucer,  happened 
to  tell  one  canicular  tale,  father  Elderton  and  his  son 
Greene,  in  the  vein  of  .Skelton,  or  Scoggin,  will  counterfeit 
an  hundred  dogged  faljles,  libels,  calumnies,  slanders,  lies 
for  the  wJietstone,  what  not.  G.  Harvey,  Four  Letters. 

The  wliettstone  is  a  knave  that  all  men  know, 
"i'et  many  on  him  doe  much  cost  bestowe  : 
Hee's  us'd  almost  in  every  shoppe,  but  whye? 
An  edge  must  needs  be  set  on  every  lye. 

Quoted  in  Chamber's  Book  of  Days,  II.  45. 
This  will  explain  a  smart  repartee  of  Sir  Francis  Bacon's 
before  King  James,  to  whom  Sir  Kenelm  Digby  was  relat- 
ing that  he  had  seen  the  true  philosopher's  stone  in  the 
possession  of  a  hermit  in  Italy,  and  when  the  king  was 
very  curious  to  understand  what  sort  of  stone  it  was.  and 
Sir  Kenelm  much  puzzled  in  describing  it.  Sir  Fi-a.  Bacon 
interposed,  and  said,  "  Perhaps  it  was  a  ivhetstone." 

Z.  drey. 
whetstone-slate  (hwet'stonslal),  «.    Siimc  as 

ichcl-slfllr. 
Whettent  (hwefn),  r.  t.      [<  ii-hei   +    iii'^.]     To 
whet.     [Rare.] 

My  niynd  was  greedelye  whetned 
'I'oo  parle  with  the  Regent.      Stanihurst,  M\M(l,  iii. 


6896         . 

whetter  (hwet'^r),  H.  [<  whet  + -er'^.']  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  whets  or  sharpens. 

Love,  like  other  sweet  things,  is  no  whetter  of  the 
stomach.  Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews,    (Latham.) 

2t.  Specifically,  one  who  indulges  in  whets  or 
drams;  a  dram-drinker;  a  tippler. 

There  are  in  and  about  the  Royal-Exchange  a  sort  of 
people  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Whetters,  who 
drink  themselves  into  an  Intermediate  state  of  being 
neither  drunk  nor  sober  before  the  hours  of  Exchange  or 
business.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  138. 

The  Whetter  is  obliged  to  refresh  himself  every  moment 
with  a  liquor,  as  the  Snuff-taker  with  a  powder. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  141. 

wheugh,  interj.     A  variant  of  whew'^. 

whewl  (hwu),  interj.  [Sometimes  also  wheugh, 
formerly  also  whti;  an  exclamation  in  imita- 
tion of  whistling ;  ei.  Icel.  hviss !  Cf.  whoottov 
hoot.]  An  exclamation,  uttered  with  a  whistling 
sound,  expressing  astonishment  or  dismay. 

In  a  cold  morning,  whu  —  at  a  lord's  gate. 
How  you  have  let  the  porter  let  me  wait ! 

Vanbrugh,  Confederacy,  Prol. 

He  swears  by  the  Rood.     Whetv ! 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  1.  1. 

whewl  (hwu),  «.  [Sometimes  also  ivheugh, 
formerly  also  whue ;  <  lohew'^,  interj.  or  f.]  1. 
A  whistling  sound,  usually  noting  astonish- 
ment. 

The  fryer  set  his  fist  to  his  mouth. 
And  whuted  whues  three. 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Curtail  Fryer  (Child's  Ballads,  \.  276). 

Behind  them  lay  two  long,  low,  ugly-looking  craft,  at 
sight  of  which  Yeo  gave  a  long  wheugh. 

Kingsley,  Westward  Ho,  xix. 
Lepel  suppressed  a  whew. 

nannay.  Singleton  Fontenoy,  ix. 
2.  Same  as  whewer. 

Wigeon  (French  Vigeon,  from  the  Latin  "Vipio),  also 
called  locally  "Whewer"  and  "Whew"  (names  imitative 
of  the  whistling  call-note  of  the  male). 

A.  Newton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIV.  661. 

whewl  (hwu),  V.  i.  [<  n-hcw^,  interj.]  To  ut- 
ter the  interjection  whew  or  a  sound  like  it ; 
whistle  with  a  shrill  pipe,  as  a  plover  or  duck. 

I  had  often  been  wondering  how  they  [the  plovers]  staid 
sae  lang  on  the  heights  that  year,  for  I  heard  them  aye 
wheu'ing  e'en  an'  morn.  l^ogg.  Brownie,  iii. 

whew^  (hwu),  V.  i.  [Origin  obscure.]  1.  To 
fly  hastily;  make  great  speed.  Also  whiew. 
Broel-ett;  HaUiwcll.  [Prov.  Eng.]  — 2.  To 
hurry  or  bustle  about;  work  tempestuously. 
[New  Eng.] 

Her  father  .  .  .  had  married  a  smart  second  wife  "to 
look  after  matters."  .  .  .  Nothing  ever  got  ahead  of  her ; 
she  u'hewed  round ;  when  she  was  wheu'ing  she  neither 
wanted  Bel  to  hinder  nor  help. 

Mrs.  A.  D.  T.  Whitney,  The  Other  Girls,  vii.  112. 

whew'-^  (hwu),  n.  [<  whew-,  r.]  A  sudden  van- 
ishing away.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

whew-duck  (hwu'duk),  n.  [<  whew^  +  duel';  cf. 
whewer.]  The  i)andle-whew,  whewer,  or  wid- 
geon, Marecu  penelope,  among  whose  names 
are  c<mard  sifflenr  and  Anas  fi.ttnlaris.  [Local, 
British.] 

In  some  parts  of  England  it  [the  widgeon]  is  .  .  .  called 
the  Whew-duck  and  Whewei-. 
Yarrell,  British  Birds  (4th  ed.),  IV.  40O.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

whewellite  (hwu 'el -it),  n.  [Named  after  W. 
Il'hewell,  master  of  Trinity  College, Cambridge.] 
Native  calcium  oxalate,  a  rare  mineral  occur- 
ring in  monoclinic  crystals,  colorless  or  white 
with  brilliant  luster. 

whewer  (hwfi'er),  ».  [<  whcw'^  +  -eel.]  The 
whew-duck.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

In  Norfolk,  according  to  Ray,  whewers. 

C.  Swainson,  Brit.  Birds  (1885),  p.  155. 

wheyi  (hwa),  11.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  whay ; 
also  dial,  xcliiij:  <  ME.  whey,  whci,  hwei.  <  AS. 
hwSiij  =  Fries,  weye  =  MD.  wey,  D.  wei,  also 
MD.  hny,  hoy,  hid  =  LG.  wey,  wnje,  hei,  heii, 
whey;  root  unknown.  Cf.  W.  ehwig,  whey 
fermented  with  sour  herbs;  ehivig,  sour,  fer- 
mented.] The  serum  of  milk ;  that  part  of  milk 
which  remains  fluid  after  the  proteids  have 
been  coagulated  by  rennet  as  in  cheese-mak- 
ing, or  by  an  acid  as  in  the  natural  souring  of 
milk.  Whey  is  often  mixed  with  wine,  or  flavored  with 
herbs,  spices,  etc.,  and  used  as  a  cooling  beverage. 
The  pined  Fisher  or  poor-Daiery-Renter 
That  Hues  of  whay,  for  forfeiting  Indenture. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  3. 

Down  to  the  milke-house,  and  drank  three  glasses  of 

whey.  Pepys,  Diary,  11.  398. 

Alum  Whey,  the  whey  formed  In  the  coagulation  of  milk 
by  powdered  alum.  — Whey  cure,  the  treatment  of  cer- 
tain diseases  by  means  of  the  internal  administration  of 
tiuantitiesof  whey,  sometimes  combined  with  baths  in  the 
same  li(|uid.  This  "  cure  "  is  usually  practised  In  eoiniee- 
tioii  with  drinking  and  bathing  in  minei'al  waters  at  Euro- 
pean spas.—  Wine  whey.     See  wine. 


which 
whey^t,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  quey. 

5  wheyes  (4  years  old),  £6. 

H.  Hall,  Society  In  Elizabethan  Age,  App.  I. 

whey-beard  (hwa'berd),  n.  The  whitethroat, 
Sylvia  cinerea.  Macgilliiray ;  Montagu.  See  cut 
under  whitethroat.  [Local,  British.] 
wheyey  (hwa'i),  a.  [<  whey^  -(-  -ey  for  -yl.] 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  whey ;  containing  or 
resembling  whey.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  ^  43. 
whey-face  (hwa'fas),  n.  [<  w/if^l  +  face^.]  A 
face  white  or  pale,  as  from  fear;  also,  a  person 
having  a  white  or  pale  face,  or  looking  pale 
from  fright. 

Go,  prick  thy  face,  and  over-red  thy  fear. 
.  .  .  What  soldiers,  ivhey/ace ? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  3. 17. 

whey-faced  (hwa'fast),  a.  [<  xchey^  +  face^  + 
-ed^.  a.  cream-faced.]  Having  a  white  or  pale 
face;  pallid. 

All  this  You  made  me  quit,  to  follow 
That  sneaking,  Whey-fac'd  God  Apollo. 

Prior,  To  Fleetwood  Shephard  (1689). 

wheyish  (hwa'ish),  «.  [<  whey'^  +  -ish'^.]  Hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  whey ;  thin ;  watery. 

If  it  be  fresh  and  sweet  butter ;  but  say  it  be  sour  and 
wheyish  ?  B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  ii.  1. 

A  diet  of  Asses  or  other  Wheyish  Milk. 

O.  Harvey,  Vanities  of  Philosophy  and  Physick 
((ed.  1702),  xi. 

wheyishness  (hwa'ish -nes),  «.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  wheyish.  Southey.  (  Worces- 
ter.) 

whey-whig  (hwa'hwig),  n.  A  pleasant  and 
sharj)  beverage,  made  by  infusing  mint  or  sage 
in  buttermilk-whey.     HalliweU. 

whey-worm,  «.     See  whay-worm. 

whf.     -An  abbreviation  of  wharf. 

whlchl  (hwich),  pron.  [<  ME.  which,  whuch, 
hwuch  (alsounassibilated  hwic),  a  reducedform, 
with  loss  of  orig.  t,  of  "whilch,  whulch,  wilche, 
hwilch,  wtdch,  hwukh,  assibilated  forms  of  whilk, 
while,  whnlc,  hwidc  (>  Se.  whilk;  quhilk),  <  AS. 
hwilc,  hwytc,  hwelc  =  OS.  hwilik ^OFries. hwelik, 
hwelh;  hwel-  =  D.  welk  =  MLG.  LG.  wclk  =  0H6. 
hwelih,  tvelih,  wielih,  welich,  welch,  MHG.  welch, 
welich,  G.  welche,  which,  =  Icel.  hvilikr,  of  what 
kind,  =  Sw.  Dan.  hrilken,  m.,  hvilket,  neut.,  = 
Goth,  hweileiks,  yihich;  <  hwa,  the  stem  of  AS. 
hwd,  etc.,  who,  +  AS.  -lie,  etc.,  a  formative 
seen  also  in  such  (which  is  closely  parallel  pho- 
netically to  which),  each,  etc.]  A.  interrog. 
What  one  of  a  certain  implied  number  or  sett 
indicating  a  general  knowledge  of  a  certain 
group  of  individuals,  and  seeking  for  a  selec- 
tion of  one  or  more  from  that  number:  thus, 
whicli  do  you  want?  implying  a  limitation  which 
is  absent  from  the  question  what  do  you  want  f 
Many  good  works  have  I  shewed  you  from  my  Father ; 
for  which  of  those  works  do  ye  stone  me  ?  John  x.  32. 
Who  is  it  that  says  most  ?  wAtcft  can  say  more 
Than  this  rich  praise,  that  you  alone  are  you  ? 

Shak;  Sonnets,  Ixxxiv. 

Are  any  of  these  charges  admitted  to  be  true  by  the 
friends  of  the  Administration,  and,  If  any.  which  ? 

D.  Webster,  Speech,  Senate,  June  27,  1834. 

But  which  Is  It  to  be"?  Fight  or  make  friends?  "Why," 
says  he,  "  I  think  it  will  be  the  best  manner  to  spin  a  coin 
for  it."  /(.  L.  Stevenson,  Master  of  Ballantrae,  ii. 

Used  adjectively,  with  a  selective  and  interrogative  force, 
to  limit  a  noun. 

Cost.  From  my  lord  to  my  lady. 

J'rin.  From  which  lord  to  lehich  lady  ? 

Shak.,  L-  L.  L.,  iv.  1.  105. 

Me  miserable  !  which  way  shall  I  fly 
Infinite  wrath  and  inflnite  despair'? 

Milton,  P.  I..,  iv.  73. 
In  an  old  exclamatory  use,  what  I 
"Lol"   selth  holy  letterure,  "wftiche  lordes  beth  this 

shrewes  [are  these  wretches] ! " 
Thilke  that  god  moste  gyueth,  leste  good  thei  deleth. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  X-  27. 

Kay  the  stiward  .  .  .  dide  as  a  nobleknyght;  if  or  the 
thre  Princes  seidc,  "Mercy  god,  whiche  a  stiward  is  this ! " 
Mertin  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  iii-  661. 
Which  Is  which?  which  is  the  one,  which  the  other?  a 
common  phrase  implying  inability  to  distinguish  between 
two  or  more  things.  I'sed  relatively  as  well  as  interroga- 
tively :  see  the  quotation. 

The  whole  mass  of  buildings  is  jammed  together  in  a 
manner  that  from  eertain  points  of  view  makes  it  far 
from  apparent  which  feature  is  which. 

H.  James,  Jr.,  Little  Tour,  p.  159. 

B.  rel.  1.  As  a  simple  relative  pronoun:  (a) 
Who  or  whom.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

Now  that  I  see  my  lady  bright 
Which  I  have  loved  with  al  my  might. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  478. 

The  yonger  sone  ser  Abell  was  his  name, 
Whiche  of  his  enmys  had  but  litlll  drede. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1922. 

Our  Father  which  ai't  in  heaven.  Mat.  vi.  9. 


which. 

(&)  Used  with  reference  to  things,  and  to  crea- 
tures not  persons:  the  antecedent  may  also  be 
a  phrase  or  a  clause :  as,  tlie  rain  washed  away 
the  track,  which  delayed  the  train. 

This  rede  pensell  ye  shall  bere  hym  also, 
Whiche  I  myself  enbrowdreil. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3253. 
I  declare  unto  you  the  gospel  which  I  preached  untu  you, 
which  also  ye  have  received,  and  wherein  ye  stand. 

1  Cor.  XV.  1. 
Xext  to  the  Guilt  with  which  you  wou'd  asperse  me.  I 
scorn  you  most.  Cotigreve,  Way  of  the  World,  ii.  3. 

There  is  one  likeness  without  which  my  gallery  t»f  Cus- 
tom-House portraits  would  be  strangely  incomplete. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  Int.,  p.  21. 
Unto  her  face 
She  lifts  her  hand,  which  rests  there,  still,  a  space, 
Then  slowly  falls.  R.  W.  Gilder,  After  the  Italian, 

2.  As  a  compound  relative  pronoun,  having 
the  value  of  both  antecedent  and  relative:  as, 
you  can  determine  which  is  better  (that  is,  you 
can  determine  that^  or  the  one.  which  is  better). 
My  nevew  shal  my  bane  be, 
But  which  I  noot  [know  not],  wherefore  I  wol  be  siker. 
Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2660. 
Are  not  you 
Which  is  above  all  joys,  my  constant  friend? 

Beau,  and  FL,  Maid's  Tragedy,  lit  2. 
Even  a  casual  reading  of  the  statistics  given  above  will 
show,  it  is  believed,  which  is  the  more  probable. 

Amer.  Jour.  Philol.,  X.  339. 
Which  is  used  adjectively:  (ot)  With  the  sense  of  'what 
sort  of.' 

Had  thei  wist  witterli  whiche  help  god  hem  sente, 
Al  hire  gref  in-to  game  gaynii  schotd  haue  turned. 

Waiiam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.).  I.  2705. 
Bat  herkeneth  me,  and  stinteth  now  a  lyte, 
Which  a  miracle  ther  bifel  anon. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  'iale,  1.  1817. 
(6)  As  indicating  one  of  a  number  of  known  or  specified 
things:  as,  be  careful  which  way  you  turn. 

Never  to  unfold  to  any  one 
Which  casket  'twas  I  chose. 

Shak.,  M.  of  \*.,  ii.  9.  11. 
[Which  was  formerly  used  as  a  clause-connective,  along 
with  a  personal  prtmoun  which  took  its  place  as  subject 
or  object,  and  rendered  it  redundant  save  as  in  its  rela- 
tive value :  as,  which  .  .  .  Ae  =  icho ;  which  .  .  .  his  - 
who»e. 

Lo !  this  is  he, 
Which  that  myn  uncle  swerth  he  moot  be  dede, 
But  I  on  hym  have  mercy  and  pite. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  654. 
The  Kynges  dere  sone, 
The  goode,  wyse,  worthy,  fresshe,  and  free, 
Which  alwey  for  to  don  wel  is  hi*  wone. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  318. 
He  that  will  mould  a  modern  Bishop  into  a  primitive 
mast  yeeld  him  to  be  elected  by  the  popular  voyce,  un- 
diocest,  unrevenu'd,  unlorded,  and  leave  nini  nothing  but 
brotherly  eijuality,  matchless  temperance,  frc<iuent  fast- 
ing, incessant  prayer,  and  preaching,  coutiiuial  watch- 
ings,  and  labours  in  his  Ministery  — m'AjcA  what  a  rich 
bootie  it  would  be,  what  a  plump  endowment  t*)  the  many- 
beneflce-gaping  mouth  of  a  Prelate  I 

MUton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 
A  relic  of  this  construction  survives  in  the  vulgar  use  of 
which  as  a  general  Introtluctory  word. 

"That  noble  young  fellow."  says  my  general;  "that 
noble,  noble  Philip  Firmin.  *  Which  nuble  his  conduct  I 
own  it  has  been.  Thackeray,  Philip,  xvi. 

Which  I  wish  to  remark  .  .  . 
That  for  ways  that  are  dark  .  .  . 
Tlie  heathen  Chinee  is  peculiar, 
Which  the  same  I  would  rise  to  explain. 
Bret  Uarte,  Plain  Language  from  Truthful  James. 
Which  was  formerly  often  followed  by  that  or  as,  having 
the  effect  of  giving  emphasis  or  detlnitcness. 

This  abbot  which  that  was  an  holy  man.  Chaucer,] 

The  WlliCh.     (rtt)  Who  or  whom. 

Quod  she  ayeyn  to  Mirabell  here  mayde. 
"The  same  is  he,  tfw  whu^he  I  love  so  wfll." 

Genen/dex  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2719. 
(b)  Redundant  for  which. 

Lo.  herte  myne !  as  wolde  the  excellence 
Of  love  agenis  the  whiche  that  no  man  may 
Ne  oght  ek  goodly  maken  resistence. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iil.  989. 
What  is  the  cause  of  this  great  arising  of  the  sands  and 
shelves  here  about  this  haven,  tfie  which  stop  it  up  that 
no  ships  can  arrive  here? 

Latim/'r,  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1550, 

wMcll^f  (hwieh),  h.  [<  ME.  whicchr,  whifchc, 
whucchc,  var.  of  hncrhr,  etc.:  see  hutch^.']  1. 
A  chest.     HaUiw'iL 

"Rede  me  not,"  (piod  Reson,  "reutbe  tn  hauc, 

Til  lordes  and  ladien  louen  alle  treuthe, 

And  Perncles  porfyl  I»e  put  in  heore  whucche." 

Piern  Pltnvinan  {X),  iv.  102. 

2.   Speeifically,  a  nutvable  wai^on-box. 

In  this  case  the  which  is  the  movable  box  belonging  to 
the  tumbcrel,  which  was  separated  from  it.  and,  wlien  re 
quired.  waH  placed  uikmi  the  tumbril.  Ui  ciury  dung  or 
such  other  materials  as  could  not  be  loaded  upon  a  mere 
skeleton  of  wheels  and  shafts.     -V.  ««</ V.,  7th  aer.,  X.  473. 

whichever  (hwifh-cv'er),  ftrtni.  [<  irhich^  + 
ever.]  Whether  one  or  the  other;  no  matter 
which. 


t>897 

Which-ever  of  the  Notions  be  true,  the  Unity  of  Milton's 
Action  is  preserved  according  to  either  of  them. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  327. 

Whichever  of  his  children  might  become  the  popular 
choice  was  to  inherit  the  whole  kingdom,  under  the  same 
superiority  of  the  liead  of  the  family.  Hallam. 

whichsoever  (hwich-so-ev'er),  proii.  [<  which^ 
+  so^  +  ever.'\     Same  as  whichever. 

New  torments  I  behold,  and  new  tormented 
Around  me,  whichsoever  way  I  move, 
And  whichsoever  way  I  turn,  and  gaze. 

Longfellow,  tr.  of  Dante's  Inferno,  vi.  5. 

whick  (hwik),  (I.     A  dialectal  variant  of  quick. 

whickfiaw  (hwik'fla),  n.  [A  dial  var.  of  *quick- 
flaw,  <  quick,  the  living,  sensitive  flesh,  as  under 
the  nails  (Icel.  kvika,  kvikva,  the  flesh  under  the 
nails,  and  in  animals  under  the  hoofs),  +  Jlaw, 
a  crack,  breach:  see  qwick  a,ndjiaw^.  Heuee, 
by  corruption,  whifjlaw,  ivhitlow:  see  whitlow.'] 
A  swelling  or  inflammation  about  the  nails  or 
ends  of  the  fingers;  paronychia;  whitlow.  See 
whitlow.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

whid^  (hwid),  «.  [Sc.  also  quhidj  quhi/d;  ef. 
W,  chwid,  a  quick  turn,  chwido,  jerk.  Of.  also 
AS.  hwithdj  a  breeze,  =  Icel.  hwidhd,  a  puff.] 
A  quick  motion;  a  rapid,  noiseless  movement. 
[Scotch.] 

And  jinkin'  hares,  in  amorous  whids. 

Their  loves  enjoy.    Bums,  To  W.  Simpson. 

whid^  (hwid),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  pp.  ivhidded,  ppr. 
whidditif/.  [Ct.  ivhid^jii.']  1.  To  whisk;  scud; 
move  nimbly,  as  a  hare  or  other  small  animal. 

Ye  maukins  whiddin  thro'  the  glade. 

Bjtrns,  Elegy  on  Capt.  Matthew  Henderson. 

That  creature  whids  about  frae  place  to  place,  like  a  hen 

on  a  het  girdle.         Saxon  and  Gael,  III.  104.    (Jamieson.) 

2.  To  fib;  lie,     [Scotch  in  both  uses.] 
whid'*^  (hwid),  )t.     [Perhaps  a  dial,  form,  ult.  < 

AS.  cwidcy  a  saying,  <  cwethan,  say :  see  quethe.'] 
1.  A  word.  Harman,  Caveat  for  Cursetors, 
p.  116.  [Thieves'  and  Gipsies'  cant.]  —  2,  A 
lie;  a  fib.     [Scotch.] 

A  rousing  whid  at  times  to  vend, 
An  nail't  wi'  Scripture. 

Bums,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 

3.  A  dispute;  a  quarrel.  HalUwell.  [Prov. Eng.] 
—To  cut  bene  (or  boon)  whids,  to  speak  good  words. 

"Peace,  I  pray  thee,  good  Waylandl"  said  the  boy, 
"credit  me,  the  swaggering  vein  will  not  pass  here;  you 
must  cut  boon  whids!  '  Scott,  Kenilworth,  x. 

whid'-^  (hwid),  r.  /.:  pret.  and  pp.  whidded,  ppr. 
ivhidding.    [<.whid'^,n.\    To  lie;  fib.    [Scotch.] 

whidah  (hwid'a),  n.  [Also  whydah,  whidow, 
whijdaw;  short  tor  whidah-bird ;  <  IVhidah,  ^^  hif- 
dah^  the  chief  seaport  of  Dahomey,  West  Afri- 
ca.]   Same  as  whidah-bird Whidah  thrush.    See 

thrush^. 

whidah-bird  (hwid'ji-berd),  h.  [Also  whydah- 
bird,  widow-bird ;  <  U'liidoh,  a  locality  in  Daho- 
mey, where  the  birds  abound.    See  whidah,  and 


whiff 

scarlet  (sometimes  orange)  necklace  or  collar  on  the  fore- 
neck.  The  female  is  quite  different,  and  only  4|  inches 
long.    This  bird  has  been  known  for  more  than  a  century, 


Necklaceii  Whi<iah-birii   iColjittpnsser 
or  Penthetria  ardetts),  mule. 


cf.  Vidua.']    An  oscine  passerine 
bird  of  Africa,  belonging  to  the 
hivdWy  Plocr idle,  or  weaver-birds, 
and  sTibfainily  fididuse  in  a  strict 
sense,  and  especiallj' to  the  genus 
Vidua,  or  one  of  two  or  three  close- 
ly related  genera.      They  are  small- 
bodied  birds,  about  as  large  as  a  canary; 
but  the  males  have  several  feathers  of  the 
tail   enormously   lengthened    and   variou.sly 
shaped,  forming  a  beautiful  arched  train.   Any 
one  of  them  is  also  called  whidah-jinch,  Hda- 
Jitich.  u-idow'bird.  and  simply  whidah  or  widov, 
as  well  as  by  the  French  name  veuve.     The  ori- 
ginal whidah-bird,  or  widow  of  paradise,  is  Vidtia 
(or  Stefianiira)  paradisea,  described  and  figured 
under  Vidvinfe  (which  see).     The  king  whidali- 
bird  is  Videstrelda  re!fia(nee  Videi<f.relda,  with  exit). 
The  principal  whidah-bird  is  l^idifa  principa /is  (acG 
Vidtta.  with  cut).      The  SiMith  African  necklaced 
whidah-bird  is  Coliuspasser  or  Penthetria  ardens,  the  m;de 
uf  which  is  12  inches  long,  with  a  tail  (if  s^,  and  has  the 
plumage  nearly  uniform  black,  normally  varied  with  a 


Epaylet  Whidah  bird  {L/iera 
Procnt),  male 

and  has  acquired  an  extensive 
and  intricate  synonymy,  chiefly  of 
worthless  New  Latin  names.  The 
other  whidah  here  figured  is  also 
South  African,  and  has  in  the 
male  a  train  of  several  long  tail- 
feathers  resembling  in  develop- 
ment and  in  general  effect  the 
upper  tail-coverts  of  the  paradise- 
trogon ;  it  is  also  very  large,  the 
male  being  about  19  inches  long. 
This  is  Chera  procne,  the  epaulet 
whidah,  so  called  fi-om  the  scar- 
let shouldei'S,  in  translation  of  a 
IiYench  name.  Its  original  tech- 
nical name  was  Emheriza  procne 
(of  Boddaert,  17S3,  whence  Chera 
procne  of  most  modem  writers), 
and  it  used  to  be  called  Emberiza 
or  Fringilla  or  Vidxia  longicauda, 
and  Loria  or  Frinyilla  or  Chera 
caffra;  but  it  is  a  monotype  whose 

synonymy  presents  no  serious  dilticulty.  It  inhabits  from 
Cape  Colony  to  Natal  and  the  Transvaal,  and  also  to  Ben- 
guela.  Other  whidah-birds  are  noted  under  Viduime 
(whicii  see). 

whidah-finch  (hwid'a-finch),  H.  A  whidah-l)ird. 
Also  widow-finch. 

whidder  (hwid'er),  V.  i.  [Cf.  whid'^.]  1.  To 
shake;  tremble.  Haiti  well.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2. 
To  whid;  whizz.     [Scotch.] 

He  heard  the  bows  that  bauldly  ring. 
And  arrows  whidderan  hym  near  bi. 
Sang  of  the  Outlarv  Murray  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  25). 

whiew,  V.  i.  See  whcw'^,  1. 
whiffi  (hwif),  u.  [Cf.  W.  chwif,  a  whiff,  puff, 
chwiffio.  puff,  chivaf,  a  gust;  Dan.  vift,  a  puff, 
gust.  Cf.  also  icff#l,  7^(#,  fuf,  G.  pif,  paff, 
similar  imitative  words.  Hence  whiffle.]  1.  A 
slight  blast  or  gust  of  air;  especially,  a  puff  of 
air  conveying  some  smell. 

Pyrrhus  at  Priam  drives ;  in  rage  strikes  wide ; 

But  with  the  whiff  and  wind  of  his  fell  sword 

The  unnerved  father  falls.      Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  495. 

For  when  it  [my  nose]  does  get  hold  of  a  pleasant  ivhiff 

or  so,  .  .  .  it's  generally  from  somebody  else's  dinner, 

a-coming  home  from  the  baker's.  Dickens,  Chimes,  i. 

2t.  A  quick  inhalation  of  air,  and  especially  of 
smoke;  a  drawing  or  drinking  in  of  smoke; 
alsOj  a  draught  or  drink,  as  of  wine  or  liquid. 

To  entertain  the  most  gentlemanlike  use  of  tobacco ; 
.  .  .  the  rare  corollary  and  practice  of  the  Cuban  eboli- 
tion,  euripus,  and  ivhiff. 

Ii.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  1. 

Whiff,  indeed,  occurs  in  a  dull,  prosing  account  of  to- 
bacco in  the  Queen's  Arcadia,  from  which,  as  well  as 
from  what  our  author  says  elsewhere,  it  would  seem  to  be 
either  a  swallowing  of  the  smoke,  or  a  retaining  it  in  the 
throat  for  a  given  space  of  time. 

Gifford,  Note  to  the  above  passage. 

Then  let  him  shew  his  several  tricks  in  taking  it  [tobac- 
co], as  the  \vhiff,  the  ring,  ttc,  for  these  are  complements 
that  gain  gentlemen  no  mean  respect. 

Dekker,  Gull's  Hornbook,  p.  120. 
I  will  yet  go  drink  one  7rA?"^more. 

ifrquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  6. 

3.  A  sudden  expulsion  of  air,  smoke,  or  the 
like  from  tlie  mouth;  a  puff. 

Four  Pipes  after  Dinner  he  constantly  smokes; 
And  seasons  his  Whiffs  with  impertiTient  Jokes. 

Prior,  Epigram. 
The  skipper,  he  blew  a  wfiiff  front  his  pipe. 

Longfellow,  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus. 

4.  A  hasty  view;  a  glimpse;  a  gliff.  [Prov, 
^ng-]  — 5.  At  Oxfor(l  and  othei-  })lafeH  on  the 
Thames,  a  light  kind  of  outrigger  boat,  it  is 
timber-built  throughout,  thus  differing  from  a  skiff,  which 
is  a  racing-boat,  usually  of  cedar,  and  covered  with  canvas 
for  some  distance  at  the  bow  and  stern.     Encyc.  Diet. 

The  whiff  is  a  vessel  which  recommends  itself  to  few 
save  the  ambitious  freshman.  .  .  .  It  combines  the  disad- 
vantages of  a  dingey  and  a  skilf,  with  the  excellences  of 
neither.  Dickens's  Did.  Oxford,  p.  19. 

Oral  whiff,  or  Drummond's  whiff.    See  oral. 


whiff 

whiff Mliwif),f.  [Seew/ii/l,?*.]  1.  iidrmis.l. 
To  puff ;  blow ;  produce  or  emit  a  puff  or  whiff. 
When  through  their  green  boughs  whiffiuff  winds  do  whirl. 
With  wanton  pufs  their  waning  locks  to  curl. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  2. 

2.  To  drink.     [Prov.  Eug.] 

n.  traim.  1.  Topuff;  puff  out;  cxliale;  blow: 
as,  to  icliiff  out  rings  of  smoke. — 2.  To  carry  as 
by  a  slight  blast  or  whiff  of  wind. 

Old  Empedocles's  way.  who,  when  he  leapt  into  ^y.tna, 
having  a  (fry  sear  body,  and  light,  the  smoke  took  him  and 
tchift  him  up  into  the  moon. 

B.  Joiison,  World  in  the  Moon. 

How  was  it  scornfully  whiffed  aside ! 

Carhjle,  i"rench  Rev.,  I.  v.  2. 

3t.  To  draw  in ;  imbibe ;  inhale :  said  of  air  or 
smoke,  and  frequently  of  liquids  also, 
livery  skull 
And  skip-iacke  now  will  have  his  pipe  of  smoke. 
And  whiff  it  bravely  till  hee  's  like  to  choke. 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  71. 

In  this  season  we  might  press  and  make  the  wine,  and 

in  winter  whiff  it  up.  Urquhart,  tr.  of  Kabelais,  i.  27. 

whiffy  (hwif),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  An  ana- 
canthine  or  malaeopterygious  fish  of  the  i'Ara- 
i\j  Pleiirotiectidse,  a  kind  of  flatfish  or  flounder, 
the  Cynicoglossus  microecplialus,  found  in  Brit- 
ish waters;  the  smear-tiab,  sail-fluke,  or  mary- 
sole. 

whiff^  (hwif),  V.  i.  [An  error  for  wliip,  v.  i.,  2.] 
To  fish,  as  for  mackerel,  with  a  hand-line.  See 
whiffing,  ii. 

One  might  as  well  argue  that,  because  bits  of  red  flannel 
or  of  tobacco-pipe  are  highly  successful  baits  in  whiffiny 
for  Mackerel,  therefore  these  substances  form  a  "favour- 
ite food  "  of  this  fish.  Salure,  XLI.  638. 

whiffer  (hwif'er),H.  [<w7i(^l  +  -e)-i.]  One  who 
whiffs. 

Great  tobacco-w/iiircrs; 

They  would  go  near  to  rob  with  a  pipe  in  their  mouths. 
Beaxi.  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  iv.  1. 

whiffet  (hwif'et),  n.  [<  ri'Uff'i'  +  -ct^.']  1.  A 
little  whiff.  Imp.  Diet.  [Rare.] — 2.  A  whip- 
per-snapper; a  whipster;  any  insignificant  or 
worthless  person.     [U.S.] 

The  sneaks,  whiffets,  and  surface  rats. 

Philadelphia  Times,  Aug.  1, 18S3. 

whifHjlg  (hwifing),  )i.    [Verbal  n.  of  wliiff^,  v.'] 

1.  Surface-fishing  with  a  hand-line. 

Whiffing,  the  process  of  slowly  towing  the  bait  (sculling 
or  pulling  in  the  known  haunts  of  the  fish). 

Field,  Dec.  26,  1S8B.    (,Eneyc.  Diet.) 

It  [the  whiting]  is  often  caught  by  whiffing,  when  it 
gives  good  sport.  Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  III.  273. 

2.  A  kind  of  hand-line  used  for  taking  mack- 
erel, pollack,  and  the  like. 

whiffing-tackle  (hwif 'ing-tak"!),  n.  The  tackle 
used  in  whiffing;  surface-tackle. 

whi£B.e  (hwif '1),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  u-hiffied,  ppr. 
wliifflini/.  [Freq.  of  «'/i((?'l ;  perhaps  confused 
with  D.  tfe(/c?eH,  waver.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  blow 
in  gusts;  hence,  to  veer  about,  as  the  wind. 

Two  days  before  this  storm  began,  the  Wind  whiffled 
about  to  the  South,  and  back  again  to  the  East,  and  blew 
very  faintly.  Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  iii.  66. 

Seizing  a  shovel,  he  went  by  the  back  door  to  the  front 
of  the  house,  at  a  spot  where  the  whiffUwj  winds  had  left 
the  earth  nearly  bare  [of  snow],  and  commenced  his  sub- 
nivean  work.  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  17. 

2.  To  change  from  one  opinion  or  course  to 
another;  use  evasions;  prevaricate;  be  fickle 
or  unsteady ;  waver. 

A  person  of  a  whiffling  and  unsteady  turn  of  mind,  who 
caimot  keep  close  to  a  point  of  a  controversy. 

Waits,  Improvement  of  the  Mind,  I.  ix.  §  27. 

3.  To  trifle;  talk  idly.  rhillip.'<,  1706;  Ha!li- 
wcU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

I  am  not  like  those  officious  and  importunate  sots  who, 
by  force,  outrage,  and  violence,  constrain  an  easy,  good- 
natured  fellow  to  whiffle,  <iua(f ,  carouse,  and  what  is  worse. 
Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.,  Prol. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  disperse  with  a  puff;  blow 
away;  scatter. 

Such  as  would  whiffle  away  all  these  truths  by  resolving 
them  into  a  mere  moral  allegory. 

IJr.  II.  Ml/re,  Epistles  to  the  Seven  Churches,  ix. 
[(^Lathatn.) 

2.  To  cause  to  cljange,  as  from  one  opinion  or 
course  to  another. 

Every  man  ought  to  be  stedfast  and  unmovable  in  them 
[the  main  things  of  religion],  and  not  sutler  himself  to  be 
whiffled  out  of  them  by  an  insignificant  noise  about  the 
infallibility  (jf  a  visible  cliuich.       Tillnlsnn,  Sermons,  Ixv. 

3.  To  sliake  or  wave  quickly.     Donne. 
whifB.et  (hwif'l;,  II.     [<  whiffle,  r.,  in  sense  of 

orig.  verb.]     A  fife. 

Whiffler,  .  .  .  one  that  plays  on  a  Whiffle  or  Fife. 

Bailey,  1727. 

whifiler  (hwif'ler),  n.  [<  u-hifflc  + -er^ .']  If.  A 
piper  or  fifer. 


6898 

His  former  transition  was  in  the  faire  about  the  Jug- 
glers ;  now  he  is  at  the  Pageants  among  the  Whifflers. 

Milton,  On  Uef.  of  Hurab.  Kemonst. 

2t.  A  herald  or  usher;  a  person  who  leads  the 
way,  or  prepares  the  way,  for  another:  prob- 
ably so  called  because  the  pipers  (see  piper'^, 
1)  usually  led  the  procession. 

The  deep-mouth'd  sea. 
Which  like  a  mighty  whiffler  ioie  the  king 
Seems  to  prepare  his  way. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.,  cho.,  1.  12. 
The  term  [whitfler]  is  undoubtedly  l>orrowed  from  whif- 
fle, another  name  for  a  fife  or  small  flute ;  for  whifflers 
were  originally  those  who  preceded  armies  or  processions 
as  flfers  or  pipers.  F.  Douce,  Illus.  of  Shakespeare,  p.  311. 
I  can  go  in  no  corner  but  I  meet  with  some  of  my  whiff- 
lers in  their  accoutrements. 

Chapman,  Monsieur  D'Olive,  iii.  1. 
The  Whiflers  of  your  inferior  and  Chiefe  companies 
cleere  the  wayes  before  him. 

Dekker,  Seven  Deadly  Sins,  p.  43. 

Before  the  dame,  and  round  about, 
Mai'ch'd  whifflers ?i\\A  staftiers  on  foot. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  650. 

3.  One  who  whiffles;  one  who  changes  frequent- 
ly his  opinion  or  course;  one  who  uses  shifts 
and  evasions  in  argument ;  a  fickle  or  unsteady 
person. 

Your  right  whiffler  indeed  hangs  himself  in  Saint  Mar- 
tin's, and  not  in  Cheapside. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  ii.  1. 

Every  whiffler  in  a  laced  coat  .  .  .  shall  talk  of  the  con- 
stitution. Swift. 

4.  A  puffer  of  tobacco ;  a  whiffer.    HalliweU. — 

5.  The  whistlewing,  or  goldeneye  duck.  G. 
Trnmbidl,  1888.     [Maryland.] 

whifflery  (hwif 'ler-i),  n.    The  characteristics  or 
habits  of  a  whiffler;  trifling;  levity. 
Life  is  no  frivolity,  or  hypothetical  coquetry  or  whifflery. 
Carlyle,  in  Froude,  Life  in  London,  iii. 

whiffletree  (hwif'l-tre),  «.      [<  whiffle,  turn,  + 
tree.     Cf.  whippletree,  siviugletree.^     Same  as 
sii'inqletree. 
Whift  (hwift),  n.     [Var.  of  lohiffT-.']     A  whiff  or 
waft;  a  breath;  a  snatch.     [Rare.] 

A  sweep  of  lutestrings,  laughs,  and  whiftsof  song. 

Browning,  Fra  Lippo  Lippi. 

whigl  (hwig),  n.  1.  Sour  whey.  Brochett. 
[Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

With  green  cheese,  clouted  cream,  with  flawns  and  cus- 
tard stor'd. 
Whig,  cyder,  and  with  whey,  I  domineer  a  lord. 

Drayton,  Muses'  Elysium,  vi. 
Drinke  Whig  and  sowre  Milke,  whilest  I  rince  my  I'hroat 
With  Burdeaux  and  Canarie. 

Ileywood,  English  Traveller  (ed.  Pearson),  L  2. 

2.  Buttermilk.     Halliwen.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
whig^  (hwig),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  whiggcd,  ppr. 
whigging.     [VX.  Sc.  whiggle,  var.  of  wiggle:  see 
wiggle.']     I.  intrans.  To  move  at  an  easy  and 
steady  pace;  jog.     [Scotch.] 

The  Solemn  League  and  Covenant 
Came  whif/ging  up  the  hills,  man. 
Battle  of  KilliecraiJrie  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  166). 

To  Whig  awa*  wi',  to  drive  briskly  on  with,  Jamieson. 
I  remember  hearing  a  Highland  farmer  in  Eskdale,  after 
giving  minute  directions  to  those  who  drove  the  hearse 
of  his  wife  how  they  were  to  cross  some  boggy  land,  con- 
clude, "Now,  lads,  whig  awa'  wt"  her." 

Scott.    {Jamieson.) 

II.  trans.  To  urge  forward,  as  a  horse. 
[Scotch.] 
whig3  (hwig),  n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  whigg; 
■proh.  short  tor  whiggamore,  q.Y.I  I.  >i.  1.  One 
of  the  adlierents  of  the  Presbyterian  cause  in 
Scotland  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century:  a  name  given  in  derision. 

When  in  the  teeth  they  dar'd  our  Whigs, 
AW  covenant  true  blues,  man. 

Burns,  Battle  of  Sheriff-Muir. 

I  doubt  I'll  hae  to  tak  the  hills  wi'  the  wild  whigs,  as 
they  ca'  them,  and  ...  be  shot  down  like  a  mawkin  at 
some  dyke-side.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vii. 

2.  leap.]  A  member  of  one  of  the  two  great  po- 
litical parties  of  Great  Britain,  the  other  being 
tlie  Tories  (later  the  Conservatives).  The  Whigs 
were  the  successors  of  the  Roundheads  of  the  Civil  War 
and  the  Country  party  of  the  Restoration.  The  name  was 
given  to  them  about  1679  as  a  reproach  by  their  opponents, 
the  Court  party,  through  a  desire  to  confound  them  with 
the  rebel  Whigs  of  Scotland  (see  %ehig-\  1).  The  Whigs 
favored  the  Revolution  of  1(>«8  -fl,  and  governed  Great  Brit- 
ain for  a  long  period  in  the  eighteenth  century.  In  gen- 
eral, they  may  be  called  the  party  of  progress ;  one  of 
their  principal  achievements  was  the  passage  of  the  Re- 
form Bill  in  183-2.  About  the  same  time  the  name  Whig 
began  to  be  replaced  by  Liberal,  though  still  retained 
to  denote  the  more  conservative  members  of  the  Liberal 
party.     See  Liberal,  Tory. 

The  south-west  counties  of  Scotland  have  seldom  com 
enough  to  serve  them  round  the  year  :  And  .  .  .  those  in 
the  west  come  in  the  summer  to  buy  at  Leifh  the  stores 
that  come  from  the  north  :  And  from  a  word,  Whiggam, 
used  in  driving  their  horses,  all  that  drove  were  called  the 
Whiggamors,  and  shorter  the  Whigs.     Now  in  that  year, 


whiggery 

after  the  news  came  down  of  Duke  Hamilton's  defeat,  the 
Ministers  animated  their  people  to  rise,  and  march  to  Ed- 
inburgh. And  they  came  up  marching  on  the  head  of  their 
parishes,  witil  an  unheard-of  fury,  praying  and  preaching 
all  the  way  as  they  came.  The  Marquis  of  Argile  and  hiB 
party  came  and  headed  them,  they  being  about  6,000.  'i'his 
was  called  the  Whiggamor's  inroad.  And  ever  after  that 
all  that  opposed  the  Court  came  in  contempt  to  be  called 
Whiggs.  And  from  Scotland  the  word  was  brought  into 
I)ngland,  where  it  is  now  one  of  our  unhappy  t«rms  of  dis- 
tinction. Bp.  Burnet,  Hist.  Own  Times,  I.  68. 

I  hate  a  Whig  so  much  that  I'll  throw  my  Husband  out 
of  his  Election,  or  throw  myself  out  of  the  World !  a  I'ar- 
cel  of  canting  Rogues ;  they  have  always  Moderation  in 
their  Mouths — rank  Ilesistance  in  their  Hearts  —  and 
hate  Obedience  even  to  their  lawful  Wives. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Gotham  Election,  i.  1, 

The  prejudice  of  the  Tory  is  for  establishment;  the 
prejudice  of  the  Whig  is  for  innovation.  A  Tory  does  not 
wish  to  give  more  real  power  to  Government,  but  that  Gov- 
ernment should  have  more  reverence.  Then  they  differ  as 
to  the  Church,  'the  Toi-y  is  not  for  giving  more  legal  power 
to  the  Clergy,  but  wishes  they  should  have  a  considerable 
influence,  founded  on  the  opinion  of  mankind ;  the  Whig 
is  for  limiting  and  watching  them  with  a  narrow  jealousy. 
Johnson,  in  Boswell,  an.  1781. 

3.  [cap.]  In  Amer.  hist. :  (a)  A  member  of  the 
patriotic  party  during  the  revolutionary  period. 

The  Hessians  and  other  foreigners,  looking  upon  that 
as  the  right  of  war,  plunder  wherever  they  go,  from  Iwth 
Whigs  and  Tories,  without  distinction. 

Aobert  Morris,  Dec.  21,  1776,  quoted  in  Lecky's  Eng.  in 

[18th  Cent.,  xiv. 

(b)  One  of  a  political  party  in  the  United  States 
which  grew  up,  in  opposition  to  the  Democrat- 
ic party,  out  of  the  National  Republican  party. 
It  was  first  called  the  Whig  party  in  18:i4.  Its  original 
principles  were  extension  of  nationalizing  tendencies,  and 
.  support  of  the  United  States  Bank,  of  a  protective  tariff, 
and  of  a  system  of  internal  improvements  at  national  ex- 
pense. It  won  the  presidential  elections  of  1840  and  1848, 
but  soon  after  divided  upon  the  slavery  question.  It  lost 
its  last  national  election  in  1862,  and  soon  after  many  of 
its  members  became  temporarily  members  of  the  Ameri- 
can and  Constitutional  I'uion  parties,  but  eventually  most 
of  its  northern  members  became  Republicans,  most  of 
its  southern  members  Democrats.— Conscience- WMg,  in 
U.  S.  hist.,  in  the  last  days  of  the  Whig  party,  one  of  those 
northern  Whigs  who  were  indisposed  to  regard  the  com- 
promise of  1850  as  a  final  settlement  of  the  slavery  ques- 
tion :  so  called  from  their  conscientious  objections  to  such 
compromises  with  slavery. —  Cotton-Whig,  in  U.  S.  hist., 
in  the  last  days  of  the  Whig  party,  one  of  those  northern 
"Whigs  who  were  disposed  to  regard  the  compromise  of 
1860  as  a  final  settlement  of  the  slavery  question :  so 
called  from  their  supposed  partiality  to  the  cotton  in- 
terest. 

II.  a.  Relating  to  or  composed  of  Whigs,  in 
any  use  of  that  word ;  wliiggish :  as,  Whig  mea- 
sures; a  jr/(ijr  ministry. 

The  hope  that  America  would  supply  the  main  mate- 
rials for  the  suppression  of  the  revolt  [the  American  Revo- 
lution] proved  wholly  chimerical.  One  of  the  first  acts  of 
the  Whig  party  in  eveiy  colony  was  to  disarm  Tories. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xiv. 

The  Whig  party  was  always  opposed  to  slavery.  But 
there  was  a  broad  and  well-understood  distinction  be- 
tween Whig  opponents  of  slavery  and  the  fanatical  A1k>- 
litionists.  T.  W.  Barnes,  Thurlow  Weed,  p.  306. 

whig*  (hwig),  «.  A  variant  of  icig^.  [North. 
Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

A  cook  whose  recipes  were  hopelessly  old-fashioned,  and 
who  had  an  exasperating  belief  in  the  sutflciency  of  but- 
tered whigs  and  home-made  marmalade  for  all  require- 
ments. Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  Robert  Elsmere,  ii. 

whiggamore  (hwig'a-mor).  «.  [Also  whiggamor, 
whigamore;  according  to  Burnet,  derived  from 
whiggam,  as  used  by  the  men  orig.  called  ichig- 
gamores  (def.  1)  in  driving  their  horses;  %chig- 
gam  is  a  dubious  word,  appar.  connected  -with 
whig^,  jog:  see  whig^.  In  the  glossary  to  the 
Waverley  novels  whigamore  is  defined  "  a  great 
whig,"  appar.  implying  a  derivation  <  whig'^  + 
Gael,  mor,  great ;  whereas  the  evidence  indi- 
cates that  M/iiy/f*  is  an  abbr.  of  uhigganiore.  No 
Gael,  form  that  could  be  the  base  of  whiggamore 
ap|)cars ;  but  it  may  be  a  perverted  form  from 
an  original  not  now  obvious.]  1.  A  person 
wlio  came  from  the  west  and  southwest  of 
Scotland  to  Leith  to  buy  com.  See  the  quota- 
tion from  Bishop  Burnet,  under  Tf'hig^,  2. — 2. 
One  of  the  people  of  the  west  of  Scotland  who 
inarched  to  Edinbtu'gh  in  1648,  their  expedition 
being  called  the  whiggamores'  inroad  (see  the 
quotation  referred  to  in  def.  1).  Hence  —  3. 
A  Scotch  Presbyterian ;  one  of  the  party  op- 
posed to  the  court;  a  whig. 

There  [at  Bothwell  Brigg]  was  he  and  that  sour  whiga- 
more they  cad  Burley.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  ixxviL 

whiggarchy  (hwig'ar-ki),  n.      [<  whigS  +  Gr. 
n^Hfn,  rule.]    Government  by  \Vhigs.    [Rare.] 
They  will  not  recognise  any  other  goTernment  in  Great 
Britain  but  whiggarchy  only. 

Swift,  App.  to  Conduct  of  the  Allies, 

whiggery  (hwig'er-i),  H.  l<.  whig^  + -erii.]  The 
j)rineiples  or  practices  of  Whigs:  first  applied 
to  the  Scottish  Presbyterian  doctrine,  and  gen- 
erally used  as  a  term  of  contempt. 


whiggery 

m  hfte  nae  whiggery  in  the  barony  of  TiUietudlein  —the 
next  thing  wad  be  to  set  up  a  conventicle  in  my  very  with- 
drawing room.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  vii. 

Our  friend  was  ahearty  toper  in  the  days  of  his  Whiggery, 
but  no  sooner  turned  one  of  the  tautest  of  Tories  than  he 
took  to  the  teapot.     It  seems  a  thing  against  nature. 

Socles  A-mbrosianse,  Sept.,  1832. 

wMggification  (hwig'i-fi-ka'shon),  n.  [<  whi(fi 
+  -i-Jivittioti.]  A  making  or  becoming  wliiggish. 
[Humorous.] 

We  were  all  along  against  the  whiggification  of  the  Tory 
System.  Nocteg  Ainbrosiatue,  Sept.  ,1832. 

whiggish  (hwig'ish),  a.  [<  whiy'i  +  -is/il.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  whigs,  in  any  application  of 
the  name ;  partaking  of  the  principles  of  whigs. 

To  the  shame  and  grief  of  every  whiggish,  loyal,  and  true 
Protestant  heart.  Sicift,  Polite  Conversation,  Int. 

whiggishly  (hw-ig'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  whiggish 
manner. 

Being  whiggighly  inclined,  [Thomas  Cox]  was  deprived 
of  that  office  in  Oct.,  1G83.  Wood,  Fasti  0.von.,  II.  64. 

whiggishness  (hwig'ish-nes),  11.    The  character 

of  being  whiggish  ;  whiggery. 
Mr.  Walpole  has  himself  that  trait  of  WhiggishJiess 

which  peculiarly  fits  him  to  paint  tlie  portraitof  the  chief 

of  the  Whigs.  The  Academy,  Nov.  18,  1889,  p.  311. 

whiggism  (hwig'izm),  M.   [<  H7iiV/3  +  .j«»j.]  The 

principles  of  the  whigs ;  whiggery. 

As  if  whiggism  were  an  admirable  cordial  in  the  mass, 
though  the  several  ingredients  are  ranit  poisons. 

Dryden,  Vind.  of  Dui^e  of  Guise. 

whigling  (hwig'liug),  n.  [<  whUj'^  +  -liiig'^.'] 
A  whig,  in  any  sense :  used  in  contempt.  Spec- 
tator.   (Imp.  Diet.) 

whigmaleerie,  whigmeleerie  (hwig-ma-,  hwig- 
me-le'ri),  >i.  [Al.so  whiijmalctrij ;  origin  ob- 
scure; appar.  a  fantastic  name.]  Any  fan- 
tastical ornament ;  a  trinket ;  a  knickknack ; 
also,  a  whim  or  crotchet.  Also  used  attribu- 
tively.    [Scotch.] 

Some  fewer  whiipnaleeries  in  your  noddle. 

Bums,  Brigs  of  Ayr. 
Ah!  it's  a  brave  kirk  —  nane  o' yere  whigmaleeries  ?im\ 
carliewurties   and  oi>en-8teek  hems  about  it  — a'  solid, 
weel-jointed  mason-wark.  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xix. 

I  met  ane  very  honest,  fair-spoken,  weel-put-ori  gentle- 
man, .  .  .  that  was  in  the  whigtiiateery  man's  [silver- 
sniith'sl  back  shop.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel,  iii. 

whigsMp  (hwig'ship),  ii.  [<  «•/»(/»  +  -sliip.] 
Whiggism.     [Uare.J 

People  of  your  cast  in  politics  are  fond  of  vilifying  our 
country.    Is  this  your  Whigship  ? 
Landor,  Imag.  Conv.,  Johnson  and  John  Home  (Tooke),  i. 

whilel  (hwil), «.  [<  ME.  wJillr,  whil,  ii-liylc,  ([rile, 
Kile,  hwile,  <  AS.  Incil,  a  time,  =  OS.  hriln  = 
OFries.  hicile,  wile  =  D.  icijl  =  LG.  ici/e  =  OHG. 
Vila,  MHG.  inVe,  G.  tceile,  time,  period  or  point 
of  time,  hour,  =  Icel.  Iirila,  jjlace  of  rest,  bed, 
=  Sw.  hvila  =  Dan.  Iivile,  rest,  =  Goth.  Iiweilii, 
a  time,  season ;  perhaps  akin  toOBulg.  7)o-('/(i7/, 
rest,  L.  guies,  rest:  see  quiet.]  1.  A  time;  a 
space  of  time ;  especially,  a  short  space  of  time 
during  which  something  happens  or  is  to  hap- 
pen or  be  done. 

Many  a  tyme  he  layd  hym  downe, 

And  sliot  another  ichyle. 
LyteU  Uesle  of  Jiobyn  llode  (Chikls  liallads,  V.  98). 

Yes,  signior,  thou  iirt  even  he  we  speak  of  all  this  while, 
flctcher  {and  another),  I^ove's  Cure,  ii.  1. 

In  the  priijjeval  age  a  dateless  ii-hile 

The  vacant  .Shepherd  wandcr'd  with  his  flock. 

Coleridge,  Religious  Musings. 

2.  Time  spent  upon  anything ;  expenditure  of 
time,  and  hence  of  pains  or  labor;  trouble:  as, 
to  do  it  is  not  worth  onc'.s  ivliile. 

A  clerk  hadde  lithcrly  biset  [evilly  spent]  his  whgle. 
But  if  he  koudc  a  carpenter  liisyle. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  113. 
If  Jelousle  doth  tliee  payne, 
Quytc  hym  his  tchile  thus  agayne. 

Horn,  of  the  Rose,  I.  1392. 

Woe  the  while 
That  brought  such  wanderer  to  our  isle ! 

Scott,  L.  of  the  I,.,  ii.  15. 
What  Cambridge  saw  not  strikes  us  yet 
As  scarcely  worth  ones  while  to  see. 

Loieell,  To  Holmes. 

Ala3  the  while.    See  ulm.    Every  once  In  a  while. 

See  ewr.i/l.—  In  the  mean  while,  see  mean-t.  3.—  The 
while,  the  whiles*,  during  the  time  soniethiiig  else  is 
going  on:  in  the  mean  time:  from  this  ixpression  the 
conjunctive  use  is  derived. 

l)o  tlie  body  speke  so 
Right  as  Iiit  wrjiied  was  to  do, 
Tlie  whi/les  that  it  was  on  lyve'; 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Ulanche,  1.  I.'.l. 
The  whiles,  witli  hollow  throates. 
The  Choristers  the  Joyous  Antheme  sing. 

.Spenser,  Epithalamion,  1.  220. 
If  youll  sit  down, 
I'll  l)«ar  your  logs  the  while. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1.  2-1. 


6899 

Worth  while,  worth  the  time  which  it  requires  ;  worth 
the  time  and  pains ;  worth  the  trouble  and  expense.  See 
def.  2,  above. 

What  fate  has  disposed  of  the  papers,  'tis  not  worth 
while  to  tell.  Locke. 

How  1  don't  you  think  it  worth  while  to  agree  in  the 
lie"?  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

■wMlel  (hwil),  conj.  and  adv.  [<  ME.  while, 
whil,  whijl,  hwile,  etc.  (=  MHG.  wile,  G.  well,  be- 
cause); abbr.  of  the  orig.  phrase  t]ie  while  that, 
<  AS.  thd  hirilc  the  (MHG.  die  wile,  G.  die  weil), 
'the  while  that,'where/i«;j/c is  ace. of /(«:(/, while, 
time  (other  constructions  also  being  used;  cf. 
D.  terwijl,  G.  derweil,  while,  orig.  genitive) :  see 
while,  H.]  I.  eonj.  1.  During  or  in  the  time 
that ;  as  long  as. 

Whil  I  have  tyme  and  space,  .  .  . 
Me  thynketh  it  acordaunt  to  resoun 
To  telle  yow.     Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T. ,  1.  35. 
While  that  the  armed  hand  doth  fight  abroad. 
The  advised  head  defends  itself  at  home. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2.  178. 
While  you  were   catering   for  Mirabell  I  have  been 
Broaker  for  you.  Congreve,  Way  of  the  \\'orld,  v.  1. 

White  stands  the  Coliseum,  Rome  shall  stand. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  145. 

2.  At  the  same  time  that :  often  used  adversa- 
tively. 

He  wonder'd  that  your  lordship 
Would  suffer  him  to  spend  his  youth  at  home. 
While  other  men,  of  slender  reputation. 
Put  forth  their  sons  to  seek  preferment  out. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  i.  3.  6. 

While  we  condemn  the  politics,  we  cannot  but  respect 

the  principles,  of  the  man.    Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa. ,  ii.  25. 

3.  Till ;  until.     [Now  prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

We  will  keep  ourself 
Till  supper-time  alone;  while  then.  Got!  be  with  you  ! 

Shak.,  -Macbeth,  iii.  1.  44. 
A  younger  brother,  but  in  some  disgrace 
Now  with  my  friends  :  and  want  some  little  means  . 
To  keep  me  upright,  while  things  be  reconciled. 

B.  Jonson,  Devil  is  an  Ass,  i.  2. 
At  Maltby  there  lived,  some  years  ago,  a  retired  drug- 
gist. The  Ijoys'  Sunday-school  was  confided  to  his  man- 
agement, and  he  had  a  way  of  appealing  to  them  when 
they  were  disorderly  which  is  still  quoted  by  those  who 
often  heard  it;  *'  Now,  boys,  I  can't  do  nothing  while  you 
are  <iuiet."  J.  Earle. 

~  Syn.  2.  While,  Though.  While  implies  less  of  contrast  in 
the  parallel  than  though,  sometimes,  indeed,  implying  no 
contrast  at  all.  Thus  we  say,  *'  WhUe  I  admire  his  bravery, 
I  esteem  his  moderation :"  but  "  though  I  admire  his 
courage,  I  detest  his  cruelty." 

Il.t  "''''•  At  times ;  sometimes ;  now  and 
then :  used  in  con-elation  as  while  .  .  .  while. 
Compare  whilex,  ade. 

Godes  wrake  cumeth  on  this  woreld  to  wrekende  on 
sunfnlle  men  here  gultes,  .  .  .  binimeth  hem  hirile  oref 
[cattlel,  .  .  .  hwile  liere  hele  [health],  &  hicile  here  ogen 
[own]  lif.  Bel.  Antiq.,  I.  128. 

while'-^  (hwil),  r. ;  jjret.  and  pp.  whiled,  ppr. 
tchiliiig.  [<  ME.*/Hci7f«,iu  comp.i/iici/cH  =  OHG. 
wiloii,  MHG.  wilen,  sojourn,  stay,  rest,  G.  tceileii, 
linger,  loiter,  stay,  =  Icel.  Iivila  =  Sw.  hiihi  = 
Dan.  hiile,  rest,  =Goth.  hiceildii,  pause  a  while, 
cease;  from  the  noun,  in  the  orig.  sense  as  in 
Goth.  Iiwcild,  pause,  rest:  see  while^.}  I.  trniif:. 
1.  To  cause  to  pass;  sjiend;  consume;  kill: 
said  of  time:  usually  followed  by  uwtuj. 
Nor  do  I  beg  tliis  slender  inch,  to  while 
Tlie  time  away.  Quarlcs,  Emblems,  iii.  13. 

And  all  the  day 
The  weaver  plies  his  slmttle,  and  whiles  away 
Tlie  peaceful  hours  with  songs  of  liattles  past. 

/(.  //.  Stoddard,  History. 

2t.  To  occupy  the  time  of ;  busy;  detain. 

still  lakes,  thii-ke  woods,  and  varietie  of  Continent-ob- 
seruations  bane  tlms  long  whiled  vs. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  705. 

II.  iitti-dii.s.  Toitass;  clajise,  as  time.  [Rare.] 

Tliey  .  .  .  must  necessarily  fly  to  new  acquisitions  of 
beauty  to  pass  away  the  whiling  moments  and  intervals 
of  life ;  for  with  tliem  every  hour  is  heavy  that  is  not 
joyful.  .Steele,  Spectator,  No.  522. 

whileast,  conj.     [<  while^  +  osl.]     While, 
lint  Burn  cannot  his  grief  asswage,  whiteas  his  dayes  en- 

dureth. 
To  see  the  Changes  of  tliis  Age,  which  day  and  time  pro- 

curetli. 
Siehnl  Burn,  in  Roxburghc  Ballads  (ed.  Eliswortli),  VI.  01)8. 

■whilemealt,  '"'''■  [ME.  whilmele;  <  while^  + 
-meal  as  in  piecemeal,  stoundiiicul,  etc.]  By 
turns;  by  courses;  at  a  time. 

He  [.Solomon]  sente  hem  into  tlie  wode,  ten  thousand 
hi  echo  monetli  whilnit'le,  so  that  two  monethis  whilmele 
thei  weren  iji  her  bowsis.  Wyclif,  3  Ki.  [1  Ki.  ]  v.  14. 

whilendt,  "•     Passing;    traiisienl  :   transitory, 
t'oniiiare  while-,  v.  i. 
For  that  hwilende  lust  [there  is]  endeles  pine  [pain]. 

Ilali  MeidenlMd  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  26. 
Tin's  world  fai-etli  hwibinde. 
Hwenne  on  cumetli  otiier  goth. 

Old  Eng.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  94. 


•wMIom 

'VrMlenesst,  «•  [ME.  whileness ;  <  while^  +  -ncss."] 
Time  as  vicissitude;  transitoriuess ;  change. 
[Rare.] 

Anentis  whom  is  not  ouerchaunginge,  nether  schadew- 
ing  of  whileness,  or  tyme  [tr.  L.  vicissitudinis  obumbratio]. 

Wyclif',  Jas.  i.  17. 
Thurgh  oure  might  &  oure  monhod  maintene  to  gedur  I 
What  whylenes,  or  wanspede,  wryxles  [ovei*powers]  our 
mynde?  Destniciion  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  9327. 

■wMleret  (hwil-ar'),  ade.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ichilcare,  whyleare ;  <  ME.  while  er,  whill  ere; 
<  ichile^  +  crel.]  A  little  while  ago;  hitherto; 
some  time  ago ;  erewhile. 

Whill  ere  thu  l)ad  I  shuld  reche  the  thy  sheld. 

And  now  me  think  thu  hast  nede  of  on, 

ffor  neyther  spore  ne  sheld  that  thu  may  weld. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2361. 
Whose  learned  Sluse  thou  cherisht  most  whilere. 

L.  BryskettiArber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  278). 

■whiles  (hwilz),  conj.  and  adr.  [<  ME.  ichilen, 
whylca,  qwylles,  etc.,  adverbial  gen.  of  hwil  (reg. 
gen.  7(itij7e),  while :  see  tcftik'l.  Cf.  whilst.}  I.t 
conj.  While ;  during  the  time  that ;  as  long  as ; 
at  the  same  time  that. 
Withowttene  changynge  in  chace,  thies  ware  the  cheefe 

armes 
Of  Arthure  the  avenaunt,  qwhylles  he  in  erthe  lengede. 

Mort£  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3662. 
Whiles  they  are  weake,  Ijetimes  with  them  contend. 

Spenser,  F.  Q,,  II.  iv.  34. 

Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly,  whiles  tliou  art  in 

the  way  with  him.  Mat.  v.  25. 

II.  adv.  At  times.     [Scotch.] 
I  tnk  his  body  on  my  back. 
And  whiles  I  gaed,  and  whilesl  satt. 
The  Lament  of  the  Border  H'idoic(Child's  Ballads,  III.  87). 
Mony  a  time  I  hae  helped  Jenny  Dennison  out  o'  the 
winnock,  forbye  creeping  in  whiles  mysell. 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xxv. 

whilesast,  ronj.  [<  whiles  +  fl6'l.]  Same  as 
tehileas.     [Rare.] 

Wliose  noble  acts  renowned  were 
Whilesas  he  lived  everywhere. 

Ford,  Frame's  Memorial,  Epitaphs. 

whilk',  n.     Another  form  of  whclk^,  properly 

icelk,  Willi. 
whilk^  (hwilk),  proii.  and  o.     An  obsolete  or 
Scotch  form  of  wliich^. 

"  What,  whilk  way  is  he  geen  ? "  he  gan  to  crie. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1. 168. 

whilk^  (hwilk),  n.  The  scoter,  Uidemia  nigra. 
MonUitjii.    See  cut  under  «coto'.    [Local,  Brit.] 

whilly  (hwil'i),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whillied,  ppr. 
whilli/ing.  [A  dial,  form,  perhaps  a  mi.xture  of 
wile'^  with  wheedle.']  To  cajole  by  wheedling; 
whilly-wha.     [Scotch.] 

These  baptized  idols  of  theirs  bl-ought  pike-staves  and 
sandalled  shoon  from  all  tlie  four  winds,  and  whillied  the 
old  women  out  of  their  corn  and  their  candle-ends. 

Scott,  Abbot,  xvi. 

whilly-wha,  whilly- whaw  (hwil'i -hwa),  v. 
[Appar.  a  mere  extension  of  If /((■(///.]  I.  iiitrans. 
To  use  cajolery  or  make  wheedling  s]ieeches. 
[Scotch.] 

What,  man  !  the  life  of  a  King,  and  many  thousands  be- 
sides, is  not  to  be  weighed  with  the  chance  of  two  young 
things  whilly-whawing  in  ilk  other's  ears  for  a  minute. 

Scott,  tjuentin  Durward,  xxxi. 

II,  trans.  To  cajole :  wheedle ;  delude  with 
specious  pretenses.     [Scotch.] 

\Vylie  Mactrickit  the  writer  .  .  .  canna  whilli-wha  me 
as  he  's  dune  mony  a  ane.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  xl. 

whilly-wha,  whilly-whaw  (hwil'i -hwa),  «. 
and  «.  [<  whilli/-wha,  r.]  I.  n.  A  wheedling 
sjjeech ;  cajolery. 

I  wish  ye  binna  beginning  to  learn  the  way  of  blawing 
in  a  woman's  lug,  wi'  a'  your  whilly-wha' s ! 

Scott,  Old  Mortality,  v. 
II.  a.  Cajoling;  wheedling;  smooth-tongued. 
[Scotch.] 

Because  he 's  a  whilly-whaw  body,  and  lias  a  plausible 
tongue  of  his  own,  .  .  .  they  have  made  him  Provost ! 

Scott,  Redgauutlet,  xii. 

whilom  (hwi'loni),  tide,  and  c<»ij.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  whilome,  whi/lome;  <  ME.  whilom,  whilome, 
whi/lom,  trhiliim,  whilein,  hwilem,  whilen,  hwilen, 
wiien,<  AS.  hwilum,  at  times,  sometimes  {hwi- 
lum  .  .  .  hwilum,  now  .  .  .  then),  dat.  or  instr. 
pi.  of  hteil,  time,  jioint  of  time.]  I.  adi\  1.  At 
times;  by  times. 

i'ntenderly  fro  the  toppe  thai  tiltine  to-gederz; 

Whilome  Arthure  over,  and  other  while  untlyre. 

ilorte  Arthure  (E.  K.  T.  S.),  1.  1146. 

2.  Once;  formerly;  once  ujion  a  time. 
Whylom,  as  olde  stories  tellen  us, 
Ther  was  a  duk  that  highte  Theseus. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1. 
Here  is  Trapezonde  also,  whilome  bearing  the  proude 
name  of  an  Empire.  J'urchoK,  I'ilgriniage,  p.  320. 

For  so  Apollo,  witli  unweeting  band. 
Whilom  did  slay  liis  dearly  loved  mate. 

Milton,  Deatli  of  a  Fair  Infant. 


whilom 

WhUome  thou  earnest  with  the  morniiij;  mist. 

Tennytson,  Memory. 
Sometimes  used  adjectively. 

The  ticlcle  queen  caused  her  whilom  favorite  to  be  be- 
headed.    IT.  S.  Gregg,  Irisl)  Hist,  for  Eng.  Readers,  p.  60. 

Il.t  conj.  While. 
At  last  he  cais  to  minde  a  man  of  fashion, 
With  whom  his  father  heid  much  conversation 
Whiiovxe  he  livde. 

Times'  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  121. 

whilst  (hwilst),  conj.  and  adv.  [Formerly  also 
whilest,  <  tclnlcs  +  -t  excrescent  after  s  as  in 
amidst,  amotujst,  betwixt,  etc.]  Same  as  while^, 
or  whiles,  in  all  its  senses. 

I  could  soon  .  .  .  reckon  up  such  a  rabble  of  shooters, 
that  be  named  here  and  there  in  poets,  as  would  hold  us 
tallying  whilst  to-morrow. 

Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  1864),  p.  74. 

To  him  one  of  the  other  twins  was  bound, 
Whilst  I  had  been  like  heedful  of  the  other. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1.  83. 

Whilest  the  Grape  lasteth  they  drinke  wine. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  84. 

We  find  ourselves  unable  to  avoid  joining  in  the  merri- 
ment of  our  friends,  whilst  unaware  of  its  cause. 

H.  Spencer,  .Social  Statics,  p.  115. 

The  Whllstt.    (a)  While. 

If  he  steal  aught  the  whilst  this  play  is  playing. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2.  93. 
(ft)  In  the  mean  time. 

I'll  call  Sir  Toby  the  whilst. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iv.  2.  4. 

And  watch'd,  the  whilst,  with  visage  pale 
And  throbbing  heart,  the  struggling  sail. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  21. 

whimi  (hwim),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  ichimmed,  ppr. 
whimming.  [<  leel.  hvima,  wander  with  the 
eyes,  as  a  silly  person  does,  =  Norw.  kvima, 
whisk  or  flutter  about,  trifle,  play  the  fool ;  cf. 
Sw.  dial.  hviDimer-lantig,  dizzy,  swimming  in 
the  head:  cf.  also  W.  chwimiol,  be  in  motion, 
cliwimlo,  move  briskly;  MHG.  wimmen  (>  G. 
!ct»i?He/)i),  move.]  l.intrans.  To  turn  round;  be 
seized  with  a  whim  :  also  with  an  indefinite  it. 

My  Head  begins  to  whim  it  about. 

Congreve,  Way  of  the  World,  iv.  9. 

II.  trans.  To  turn ;  cause  to  turn ;  ttu'n  off 
or  away. 

He  complained  that  lie  had  for  a  long  season  been  in  as 

good  a  way  as  he  could  almost  wish,  but  he  knew  not  how 

he  came  to  be  wlmnmed  off  from  it,  as  his  expression  was. 

R.  Ward,  Life  of  Dr.  H.  More.    {Latham.) 

whiml  (hwim),  H.  [<  wkinA,  v.  Cf.  Icel.  vim, 
giddiness,  folly.  Cf.  also!t7(»««(/.}  If.  An  unex- 
pected or  surprising  turn ;  a  startling  outcome, 
development,  or  proceeding ;  a  prank  or  freak. 

One  told  a  Gentleman 
His  son  should  be  a  man-killer,  and  hang'd  for  't ; 
Who,  after  prov'd  a  great  and  rich  Physician, 
And  with  great  Fame  ith'  Universitie 
Hang'd  up  in  Picture  for  a  grave  example. 
There  was  the  whim  of  that.     Quite  contrary  ! 

Broine,  Jovial  Crew,  i. 

2.  A  sudden  turn  or  inclination  of  the  mind; 
a  fancy ;  a  caprice. 

If  You  have  tliese  Whims  of  Apartments  and  Gardens, 
From  twice  fifty  Acres  you'll  ne'er  see  five  Farthings. 

Prior,  Down-Hall,  st.  42. 

Ichabod,  on  the  contrary,  had  to  win  his  way  to  the 

heart  of  a  country  coiiuette,  beset  with  a  labyrinth  of 

whims  and  caprices,  which  were  for  ever  presenting  new 

difficulties  and  impediments.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  430. 

3.  A  simple  machine  for  raising  ore  from  mines 
of  moderate  depth,  it  consists  of  a  vertical  shaft 
carrying  a  drum,  with  arms  to  which  horses  may  be  at- 


ii^atitf*'^^-- 


(T,  frame;  ^,  shaft ;  <-,  cross  h.ir ;  </,  driiiii ;  c.  pulley  ;  /.hoisting-rope. 

taehbd,  and  by  wliicb  it  may  be  turned.  The  hoisting- 
rope,  passina  over  pulleys,  is  wound  or  unwound  on  the 
drum,  according  to  the  direction  of  the  horses'  motion. 
Also  whimgg,  whim-gin,  and,  in  England,  gin. 
4.  Hence,  a  mine:  as,  Tully  IHiim,  in  the  Isle 
of  Purbeck,  England.— 5.  A  round  table  that 
turns  round  upon  ii  screw.  Ilaltiwdl.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  =  Syn.  1  and  2.  Prank,  etc.  (see /ri-ai^),  humor, 
crotchet,  quirk,  wliimsy,  vagary. 

whim'-*  (hwim), )/.  [(Jrigin  obscure.]  The  brow 
of  a  hill.     Halliwcll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

whim-'  (hwim),  «.  [Cf.  Khimhrcl,  whirnmer.] 
The  widgeon  or  whewer,  Mareca  pcnelope.  See 
whew-duck.     Montagu.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


6900 

whimbrel(hwim'brel),  «.  l Als^o  wimbrel ;  per- 
haps for  *whimmerel,  so  called  with  ref.  to  its 
peculiar  cry,  <  whiinmer  +  -e?.]  The  jack-cur- 
lew or  half-curlew  of  Europe,  Numenius  phieo- 
pus,  smaller  than  the  curlew  proper,  N.  arqua- 
tus,  and  very  closely  related  to  the  Hudsonian 
curlew  of  North  America,  N.  hudsonicus.  Also 
called  tang-whaup.  May  whau}),  and  little  whaup 
(which  see,  under  whaup). 

whlm-gin  (hwim'jin),  n.  [<  whim^  +  gin^.] 
Same  as  whinA,  3. 

whimlingt  (hwim'ling),  n.  [Also  corruptly 
whimlen;  <  whim^  +  -Hh(/1.]  A  person  full  of 
whims. 

Go,  whimling,  and  fetch  two  or  three  grating-loaves  out 
of  the  kitchen,  to  make  gingerbread  of.  "I'is  such  an  un- 
toward thing!  Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  iv.  7. 

whimmer  (hwim'er),  V.  i.     [Var.  of  whimper; 

cf.   G.  wimmern,   moan.]     Same  as  whimper. 

[Scotch.] 
whimmy  (hwim'i),  a.     [<  ii7/iHjl  +  -^1.]     Full 

of  whims ;  whimsical. 

The  study  of  Kabbinical  literature  either  finds  a  man 
whimmy  or  makes  him  so.  Coleridge. 

whimpt  (hwimp),  V.  i.     Same  as  whimper. 

St.  Paul  said,  there  shall  be  intractabiles,  that  will 
whimp  and  whine. 

Latimer,  3d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  "VI.,  1549. 

whimper  (hwim'per),  V.  [Also  (Sc.)  whimmer; 
=  L(t.  wemcrcn  =  G.  wimmern,  whimper;  ef. 
MHG.  icimmcr,  n.,  whining,  gewammer,  whin- 
ing; perhaps  ult.  connected  with  whine.'\  I. 
intrans.  1.  To  cry  with  a  low,  whining,  broken 
voice;  make  a  low,  complaining  sound. 

Speak,  whimp'ring  Younglings,  and  make  known 
Tile  reason  why 
Ye  droop  and  weep. 
Herrick,  To  Primroses  flU'd  with  Morning  Dew. 
Tlie  little  brook  that  whimpered  by  his  school-house. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  424. 

2.  To  tell  tales.     HalHwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

II.  trans.  To  utter  in  a  low,  whining,  or  cry- 
ing tone. 

Poverty  with  most  who  whimper  forth 
Their  long  complaints,  is  self-inflicted  woe. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  429. 

whimper  (hwim'per),  n.  [<  whimper,  v.  Cf. 
MHG.  wimmcr,  whimper,  crying,  wliiniug.]  A 
low,  peevish,  broken  cry;  a  whine. 

The  loved  caresses  of  the  maid 

The  dogs  with  crouch  and  whimper  paid. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  24. 

To  be  on  the  whimper,  to  be  in  a  peevish,  crying  state. 
[Colloq.] 

Mrs.  Mountain  is  constantly  on  ttte  whimper  when 
George's  name  is  mentioned.    Thackeray,  Virginians,  xii. 

whimperer  (hwim'per-er),  n.  [<  whimper  + 
-«■!.]     One  who  whimpers. 

No  effeminate  knight,  no  whimperer,  like  his  brother. 
Jarvis,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  i.  1. 

whimpering  (hwim'per-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
whimper, «).]     A  low,  whining  cry ;  a  whimper. 

Line  in  puling  and  whimpering  (fe  heuines  of  hert. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  90. 

He  will  not  be  put  off  with  solemn  whimperings,  hypo- 
critical confessions,  rueful  faces. 
Dr.  H.More,  Mystery  of  Godlii)e8S(1660),  p.  509.  (Latham.) 

whimperingly  (hwim'p<'r-ing-li),  adv.  In  a 
whimpering  or  whining  manner. 

*'  'T  was  n't  my  fault ! "  he  whimperingly  declared. 

St.  Nicholas,  XVIII.  176. 

whimple  (hwim'pl),  n.  and  v.  An  erroneous 
form  of  icimple. 

whimsey,  «.,  a.  and  v.     See  whimsy. 

whimsey-shaft  (hwim'zi-shaft),  ».  Same  as 
whim-shaft. 

whim-shaft  (hwim'shaft),  n.  In  mining,  a  shaft 
at  vvhicli  there  is  a  whim  for  hoisting  the  ore. 
In  shallow  mines  and  in  regions  where  fuel  is  very  scarce 
(as  in  Mexico)  most  of  the  hoisting  is  done  by  horse-power 
and  the  use  of  the  whim :  called  in  Derbyshire,  England, 
where  this  mode  of  raising  the  ore  was  formerly  almost  ex- 
clusively used,  a  horse-engitie  shaft.    See  cut  under  whim^. 

whimsical  (hwim'zi-kal),  a.  [<  whims(y)  + 
-ic  +  -ah']  1.  Full  of  wliims ;  freakish;  having 
odd  fancies  or  peculiar  notions  ;  capricious. 

There  is  another  circumstance  in  which  I  am  particular, 
or,  as  my  neighbors  call  me,  whimsical :  as  my  garden  in- 
vites into  it  all  the  birds,  ...  I  do  not  suffer  any  one  to 
destroy  their  nests.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  477. 

How  humoursome,  how  whim.'dcal  soever  we  may  ap- 
pear, there's  one  fixed  principle  that  runs  through  almost 
the  whole  race  of  us.  Vanbntgh,  .^sop,  "V.  i. 

2.  Odd;  fantastic. 

In  one  of  the  chambers  is  a  whimsical  chayre,  which 
folded  into  so  many  varieties  as  to  turn  into  a  bed,  a 
bolster,  a  table,  or  a  couch.     Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  29,  1044. 

The  .  .  .  genti7  now  dispersed,  the  whimsical  misfor- 
tune which  had  befallen  the  gens  d'armerie  of  Tillietudlem 


whin 

furnisliing  them  with  huge  entertainment  on  their  road 
homeward.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  iii. 

=  Syn.  1.  Singular,  Odd,  etc.  (see  eccentric),  notional, 
crotchety. —  2.  Fanciful,  grotesque. 
whimsicality  (hwim-zi-kal'j-ti),  n.     l<  whimsi- 
cal +  -ity.~\    1.  The  state  or  character  of  being 
whimsical ;  whimsicalness. 

The  whimsicality  of  my  father's  brain  was  so  far  from 
having  the  whole  honor  of  this  as  it  had  of  almost  all  his 
other  strange  notions.       Stirne,  Tristram  shandy,  iii.  33. 

2.  Oddity;  strangeness;  fantastiealness. 

It  was  a  new  position  for  Mr.  Lyon  to  find  his  prospec- 
tive rank  seemingly  an  obstacle  to  anything  he  desired. 
For  a  moment  the  whimsicality  of  it  interrupted  the  cur- 
rent of  his  feeling. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Little  Journey  in  the  World,  v. 

3.  PI.  whimsicalities  (-tiz).  That  which  exhib- 
its wiiimsical  or  fanciful  qualities ;  a  whimsical 
thought,  saying,  or  action. 

To  pass  from  these  sparkling  whimsicalities  to  the  al- 
most Quaker-like  gravity,  decorum,  and  restraint  of  the 
essay  "On  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Mr.  Isaac  Disraeli" 
is  an  almost  bewildering  transition. 

The  Academy,  April  26,  1891,  p.  389. 

whimsically  (hwim'zi-kal-i),  adv.  In  a  whim- 
sical manner;  freakishly. 

There  is  not  ...  a  more  whimsically  dismal  figure  In 
nature  than  a  man  of  real  modesty  who  assumes  an  air 
of  impudence.  Goldsmith,  The  Bee,  No.  1. 

whimsicalness  (hwim'zi-kal-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  character  of  being  whimsical ;  whimsicality ; 
freakishness ;  whimsical  disposition ;  odd  tem- 
per.    Pope,  Letter  to  Miss  Blount. 

whimsy,  whimsey  (hwim'zi),  n.  and  a.  [Ap- 
par.  from  an  unrecorded  verb  whitnse,  be  un- 
steady, <  Norw.  kvimsa,  skip,  whisk,  jump  from 
one  thing  to  another,  =  Sw.  dial,  hvimsa,  be 
unsteady,  giddy,  or  dizzy,  =  Dan.  rimse,  skip, 
jump,  etc.:  see  icAiWfl.]  I.  n.;  pi.  whimsies, 
whimseys  (-ziz).  1.  A  whim;  a  freak;  a  ca- 
pricious notion. 
I  cannot  but  smile  at  this  man's  preposterous  whimsies. 
Milton,  Ans.  to  Salmasius,  iii. 

I  court  others  in  Verse,  but  I  love  thee  in  Prose ; 
And  they  have  my  Whimsies,  but  thou  hast  my  Heart 
Prior,  Better  Answer  to  Cloe  Jealous,  st  4. 

Wearing  out  life  in  his  religious  whim 
Till  his  religious  whimsey  wears  out  him. 

Cowper,  Truth,  1.  90. 

2.  Same  as  tohitn^,  3 ;  also,  a  small  warehouse- 
crane  for  lifting  goods  to  the  upper  stories. 
E.  H.  Knight. —  3.  See  the  quotation. 

The  table  [of  crown-glass],  as  it  is  now  called,  is  carried 
off,  laid  fiat  upon  a  support  called  a  whimsey. 

Glasttnaiing,  p.  124. 

II.  a.  Full  of  whims  or  fancies;  wiiimsical; 
changeable. 
Jeer  on,  my  whimsy  lady.         Shirley,  Hyde  Park,  iL  2. 
Yet  reveries  are  fleeting  things, 
Tliat  come  and  go  on  whimsy  wings. 

F.  Locker,  Arcadia. 

whimsyt,  whimseyt  (hwim'zi),  r.  t.  [<  whim- 
sy, «.]     To  fill  witn  whimsies. 

Jewels,  and  plate,  and  fooleries  molest  me ; 

To  have  a  man's  brains  whimsied  with  his  wealth ! 

Fletcher,  Kule  a  Wife,  it  2. 

whimsy-boardt  (hwim'zi-bord),  v.  A  board  or 
tray  on  which  different  objects  were  carried 
about  for  sale. 

I  am  sometimes  a  small  retainer  to  a  billiard-table,  and 
sometimes,  when  the  master  of  it  is  sick,  earn  a  penny 
hy  a  whimsy-board.     Tom  Brown,  M'orlis,  11.17.    (Daviet.) 
Then  pippins  did  in  wheel-barrows  aliound, 
And  oi-anges  in  whimsey  boards  went  round  ; 
Bess  Hoy  first  found  it  troublesome  to  bawl. 
And  therefore  plac  d  her  cherries  on  a  stall. 

W.  King,  Art  of  Cookery,  1.  342. 

whimwham  (hwim'hwam),  «.  [A  varied  re- 
duplication of  irhim^.  Ct.  flimflam.']  A  play- 
thing ;  a  toy ;  a  freak  or  whim ;  an  odd  device. 

Nay,  not  that  way ; 
They'll  pull  yon  all  to  pieces  for  your  whim-whams. 
Your  garters,  and  your  gloves. 

Fletcher  and  Shirley,  Night- Walker,  L  5. 
Your  studied  whim-whams,  and  your  fine  set  faces  — 
What  have  these  got  ye?  proud  and  harsh  opinions. 

Fletcher,  Wildgoose  Cliase,  iii.  1. 

whin^  (hwin),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  whynne  :  < ME. 
whynne,  quyn,  gorse,  furze,  <  W.  ehwyn,  weeds,  a 
weed;  cf.  Bret.  WicMfMWff,  weed.]  1.  A  plant 
of  the  genus  VUx,  the  furze  or  gorse,  chiefly  U. 
Europeeus  and  V.  nanus.  See/wiTe,  1,  and  cut 
under  Vtcx. 
With  thornes,  breres.  and  moni  a  quyn. 

Ywain  and  Gawain,  1.  159.    (Skeat.) 
Whynnes  or  hethe  —  bruiere.  Palsgrave,  p.  288. 

Blackford  I  on  whose  uncultured  breast. 

Among  the  broom,  and  thorn,  and  whin, 
A  truant-boy,  I  sought  the  nest. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iv.  24. 
2.  Same  us  rest-harrotr,l — Cammoclc-whliL  Same 
as  caminoc*!.—  Cat- Whin,  the  dogrose  (liosa  cantjio),  the 


whin 

bumet-rose  (ij.  spinim»nma\  and  rarely  some  other  plants. 
Britten  and  UMand.  (I'rov.  Eng.)  — Heather- Whin. 
Same  as  moor-w/im.  — Ijidy-whin,  a  Scotch  name  of  the 
land  whin.  — Land-Whin,  the  rest-harrow,  Ononu  arcen- 
as:  so  named  as  infesting  the  cultivated  field,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  furze  growing  only  along  the  margin. 
Britten  and  Holland.     [I'rov.  Eng.)  —Moor- whin,  a  spe 


6901 

I  whyne,  as  a  chylde  dothe,  or  a  dogge.  .  .  .  Whyne  you 
nowe,  do  you  holde  your  peace,  or  I  shall  make  you. 

PaUgrave^  p.  781. 
\st  witch.  Thrice  the  brinded  cat  hath  mew'd. 
2d  witch.  Thrice,  and  once  the  hedge-pig  whined. 

Shak.,  .Macbeth,  iv.  1.  2. 


ciesof  broom.  Genista  A nulica,  growing  on  bleak  heaths  2.    To  complain  in  a  puerile,  feeble,  or  imdie- 

and  mosses :  from  its  sharp  spines  commonly  called  medle-  .lifiprf  -(vav  •  bemoan  one's  self  we-i  k-1  v 

furze  or -whtn.     Compare  petty  whin.— 'BettY  wMn.   a  '""'^""<''y>   uemoan  one  s  seu  weakly, 
name  originally  invented  by  Turner  for  the  rest-harrow 


Ononis  arvensis,  but  later  applied  in  books  to  the  moor- 
whin.    Prior,  Pop.  Names  of  British  Plants. 

Whin^  (hwin),  «.  [Short  for  whUistoiie.}  A 
name  given  in  the  north  of  England  and  in 
Wales  to  various  rocks,  chiefly  to  basalt,  but 
also  to  any  unusually  hard  quartzose  sand- 
stone. The  latter  is  sometimes  called  white  or 
gray  whin,  the  basalt  blue  whin.     See  whin-siU. 

whin^  (hwin),  H.  An  erroneous  form  of  whim^, 
3.     E.  H.  Kniyht. 

whin''  (hwin),  «.     Same  as  whcen^.     [Scotch.] 

whin-ax  (hwiu'aks),  H.  An  instrument  used 
for  extirpating  whin  from  land. 

whinberxy  (hwin'ber'i),  w.;  pi.  whinberries 
(-iz).     An  erroneous  form  of  wiiiberry. 

Here  is  a  heap  of  moss-clad  boulder,  there  a  patch  of 
whinberry  shrub  covered  with  purple  fruit- 

The  Purl/ulio,  1890,  p.  198. 

whin-bruiser  (hwin'bro'zer),  «.  A  machine 
for  cutting  and  bruising  furze  or  whins  for  fod- 
der for  cattle.    SimmoiKt.^. 

whin-bushchat  (hwin'biish'ehat),  n.  The  whin- 
chat.     M'li-t/illirnn/. 

whinchacker,  whincheck  (hwin'ehak"er, 
-chek),  n.  Same  as  whiiichat.  Also  whiii- 
clocharet.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Whinchat  (hwin'chat),  «.  [<  uhiiii  +  (>/iaf2.] 
An  oscine  passerine  bird  of  the  genus  I'rutin- 
cola,  P.  rubetra,  closely  related  to  the  stone- 
chat,  and  less  nearly  to  tlie  wheatear.  Com- 
pare cuts  under  utoiieehat  and  wheatear.  This  is 
one  of  the  bushchats,  specified  as  the  whin-lAishchat.  It  is 
llso  called  ffrasschat  and  furzechat,  and  shares  the  name 

•ftmecAo/ with  its  congener /'.  ruWco/a.     It  is  a  common       ,.  /,      .    .^ 

British  bird,  whose  rauge  includes  nearly  the  whole  of  Whinge  (hwng) 
Earope,  much  of  Africa,  and  a  little  of  western  Asia.  The  ppr.  ichitiqinq. 
whinchat  is  5\  inches  long  and  9]  in  extent ;  the  upper  "  '"  '  ' 


For,  had  you  kneel'd,  and  whin'd,  and  shew'd  a  base 
And  low  dejected  mind,  I  had  despis'd  you. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  1. 
Thou  look'st  that  I  should  whine  and  beg  compassion. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  iv.  4. 
I  am  not  for  whining  at  the  depravity  of  the  times. 

Goldsmith,  English  Clergy. 
He  never  whines,  although  he  is  not  more  deficient  in 
sensibility  than  many  authors  who  do  little  else. 

Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  29. 

II.  trans.  Toutter  in  a  plaintive,  querulous, 
drawling  manner:  usually  with  out. 

Fool  as  I  was,  to  sigh,  and  weep,  and  whine 
Out  long  complaints,  and  pine  myself  away. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  224. 

A  parson  shall  whine  mtt  God  bless  me,  and  give  me  not 

a  farthing.  Farquhar,  Love  and  a  Bottle,  i.  1. 

whine  (hwin),  n.  [<  whine,  c]  1.  A  drawling, 
plaintive  utterance  or  tone,  as  the  whinny  of  a 
dog;  also,  the  nasal  puerile  tone  of  mean" com- 
plaint ;  mean  or  affected  complaint. 

Philip  bent  down  his  head  over  the  dog,  and  as  it  jumped 
on  him,  with  little  bleats,  and  whines,  and  innocent  ca- 
resses, he  broke  out  into  a  sob. 


Thackeray,  Philip. 

The  bees  keep  their  tiresome  whine  round  the  resinous 

flrs  on  the  hill.  Browning,  Up  at  a  Villa. 

2.  In  hunting,  the  noise  made  by  an  otter  at 
rutting-time.     HalUwdl  (under  hunting). 
whiner  (hwi'ner),  H.     [<  whine  +  -erl.]     One 
who  or  an  animal  that  whines. 

One  pitiful  whiner.  Melpomene. 
(r'ai/(oii,  Festivous  Notes  on  Don  Quixote,  p.  242.  {Latham.) 

The  grumblers  are  of  two  sorts  — the  healthful-toned 
and  the  whiners.     C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  141. 

■.  I. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whinged, 
[Sf.  also  wheenge,  formerly 
quhynge,  whiiie ;  cf .  OHG.  winson,  MHG.  win.ien, 
mourn,  G.  win.tKln,  whine,  whimper:  with  orig. 
verb-formative  -s,  from  the  root  of  whine.'}  To 
whine. 

If  ony  whiggish,  whingin'  sot 
To  blame  poor  Matthew  dare. 
Burns,  Epitaph  on  fapt.  Matthew  Henderson. 

whinger  (hwing'er),  «.  [Also  whinijar;  prob. 
a  perversion  of  hinijcr  for  hanger  (cf.  hing  for 
hung).     Ct.  xchinyard.']    A  dirk  or  long  kiiife. 

Had  bugles  blown. 
Or  sign  of  war  been  seen,  .  .  . 

Whingers,  now  in  friendship  bare. 
The  scjcial  meal  Ut  part  and  share. 
Had  found  a  bloody  sheath. 

Scotl,  L.  of  L.  M.,  v.  7. 

whin-gray  (hwin'gra),  «.    The  common  linnet, 

or  whin-linnet.     [North  of  Ireland.] 
whinidstt,  «•     A  corrupt  form  found  only  in 
the  folio  editions  of  Shakspere's  "Troilusand 
parts  are  variegated  with  blackish-brown  shaft-spots  and     C'ressida,"  ii.  1.  If),     i^ee  fmewed. 
yellowiah-brown  edgings  of  the  feathers,  lightest  on  the  wMningly  (hwi'ning-li),"  fl(?c.      In    a  wliining 
rump;  the  under  parts  are  uniform  rich  rufous:  a  long     manner 

saperciliary  stripe,  a  streak  below  the  eye  and  blackish  i..„  t  '_   i    m      •    /t    ,/   ..\  m, 

auriculars,  a  patch  on  the  wing,  and  the  concealed  bases  of  Whin-iinnet  (liwiu  hn  et),  n.  The  common 
the  tail-feathers  are  white  or  whitish ;  the  eyes  are  brown,  linnet,  Linota  cnnnabina.  See  cut  under //««(.■(. 
and  the  bill  and  feet  black.    The  whinchat  haunts  lowland      [Stirling,  Scotland.] 

pastures  as  well  as  upland  wastes,  nests  on  the  ground,   whin-lintip  niwin'lin'til    «     Saine!i<i  irhinihni 
and  lays  four  to  six  greenish-blnc  eggs,  with  faint  re<l-  *P?  uniie  U'win  "n  ii;,  n     oameas  wiimaiat. 
dish-brown  sjxjU  usually  zoned  about  the  larger  end;  it     i./>wain,'<on._    LAberdeen,  Scotland.] 
is  an  expert  flycatcher,  and  also  feeds  largely  on  the  de-  whlnnCr  (hwin'er),  r.  and  n.    A  variant  of  whin- 
structive  wire-worm.    I>uring  .May  and  .lune  the  male  h<is     ny'^.      [Prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

a  melodious  song.  The  whinchat  has  an  Oriental  repre-  m-tjinnopk  fhwilpokl  n  TPprlrin.;  <■  whiur  4- 
•enUtive,  /•.  macrorhyneha  of  India,  and  several  other  wmnnoi-Ji.  I,u«in  ok;,  n.  Lr-euiap.s  ^  wninc  -t 
species  are  described.  *"'"•  -"«■(');  or  <  whiu*,  wheen.  a  small  quantity 

or  number.]     1.  The  least  pig  in  a  litter;  the 
runt.     HaUiwell. —  2.   A  milk-pail.     Halliwell. 


Whinchat  ;  Pratincola  rui^tra). 


species  are  described. 

The  bir<l  is  commonly  seen  in  the  large  gorse-coverts, 
from  which  it  receives  its  njinie  of  HViin-'or  Fnrze-cft«(. 
/'.  Seebohm,  Hist.  Brit.  Birds,  I.  312. 

whincow(hwin'kou),  H.  Abush  of  furze.  Hal- 
liwell. [Prov.  Eng.] 
Whindle  (hwin'dl),  r.  (. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whindled, 
WT.  whindling.  [Also  whinnel;  freq.  of  it'Ainc] 
To  whimper  or  whine.  Phillip.",  1706.  [Prov. 
Eng.  aud  U.  S.] 

A  whindling  dastard.  B.  Jonson,  Epicccne,  iv.  2. 

To  whindle  or  whinnel,  *to  cry  peevishly,  to  whimper' 

(ased  of  a  child),  is   very  common   in  East  Tennessee. 

Wright  has  whindlf.  wtiingel,  and  whinnel.  all  meaning  Ui 

vhine;  so  Halliwell  whinnel. 

Trans.  Amer.  Philot.  Ass.,  XVII.  l.i. 

whine  (hwin),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whined,  ppr. 
whining.  [<  ME.  whinen,  hwinen,  <  AS.  hwinan, 
whine,  =  Icel.  hrina,  wliizz,  whir.  =  Sw.  hrina, 
whistle,  =  Dan.  hriur.  whistle,  wliiiie ;  cf.  Icel. 
kveinn,  wail,  Goth.  l:woinou,  mourn,  Skt.  \/  t:ran, 
buzz.]  I.  intrant.  1.  To  utter  a  jilaintive  pro- 
tracted sound  exjjressive   of  distress  or  com 


[Prov.  Eng.  in  both  senses.] 
whinnyl  (hwiii'i),  «.   [<  ir//(«l -1- -(/l.]   Abound- 
ing in  whins  or  whin-bushes. 

The  Ox-moor  .  .  .  was  a  fine,  large,  whinny,  undrained, 
unimproved  common.        Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  :U. 

whinny2(hwin'i),  rt.  [<ii7ii«2-(- -yl.]  Abound- 
ing ill  or  resembling  wliinstonp. 

whinny'^  (hwin'i),  v.  i.;  pret.  and  pp.  wlii)tni<'d, 
ppr.  whinnying.  [A  dim.  or  frecj.  of  «•/((»«.  The 
word  Itinny,  <  L.  hinnirc,  neigli,  is  different; 
both  are  felt  to  bo  imitative.]  To  utter  the 
cry  of  a  horse;  neigh. 

Sir  Richard's  colts  came  whinnt/ing  and  staring  round 
the  intruders.  Kingsley,  Westward  Ho,  v. 

whinny'^  (hwin'i),  n.;  pi.  whinnicn  (-iz).  [< 
rrhinnyS,  v.]     The  act  of  whinnying;  a  neigh. 

"With  colt-like  whinny  and  with  hoggish  whine 
They  burst  my  prayer.    Tennyson,  St.  Simeon  Stylitcs. 

whinock,  ».     Same  as  whinnoclc. 


plaint;  moan  as  a  dog,  or  in  a  childish  fasliion.  whin-rock  (hwin'rok),  n.    Same  as  whin^. 


whip 

I  might  as  weel  ha'e  tried  a  quarry 
O'  hard  whin  rock. 

Burns,  Death  and  Ilr.  Hornbook. 

whin-sill  (hwin'sil),  H.  The  basaltic  rock 
which,  in  the  form  of  intrusive  sheets,  is  inter- 
calated in  the  Carboniferous  limestone  series 
in  the  north  of  England:  so  called  by  the  min- 
ers of  that  region.  Whin,  whinstone,  uhin-sUl,  and 
loadstone  are  all  names  used  somewhat  indiscriminately 
by  writers  on  the  geology  of  Derbyshire,  Northumberland, 
Durham,  and  Vorkshire :  loadstone,  however,  belongs  ra- 
ther to  Derbyshire,  and  whin-sill  to  the  other  counties 
mentioned. 

whinstone  (hwin'ston),  n.  [Also  Sc.  quliin- 
stane;  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  *whern-stone, 
a  dial.  var.  of  quern-stone,  in  sense  of  'stone 
suitable  for  making  querns':  see  quern,  quern- 
stone.J     Same  as  whin-. 

As  for  gratitude,  you  will  as  soon  get  milk  from  a  whin- 
stone.  Ii.  L.  Stevenson,  Master  of  Ballantrae,  p.  27. 

He  found  .  .  .  that  the  dark  trap-rocks,  or  u'hinstones 
of  Scotland,  were  likewise  of  igneous  origin. 

Geikie,  Ceol.  Sketches,  xii. 

The  following  names  have  been  applied  to  the  Toad- 
stones  in  Derbyshire :  amygdaloid,  black  clay,  basalts, 
boulder  stones,  brown  stone,  cat  dirt,  channel,  chirt,  clay, 
dunstone,  ferrilite,  fiery  dragon,  freestone,  jewstone,  rag- 
stone,  trap,  tuftstone,  whinstone,  secondary  traps,  and 
others.  /;.  Hunt,  British  Mining,  p.  243. 

whintaint  (hwin'tiln),  n.     An  obsolete  form  of 

quintain. 
Whinyardt   (hwin'yiird),    n.      [Also   whiniard, 

whinncard,    also    whingard ;    prob.    a    variant, 

simulating  yarift,  of  whinger,  ([.  v.]     A  sword 

or  hanger. 

His  pistol  next  he  cock'd  anew, 

.\nd  out  his  nut-brown  whinyard.  drew. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  I.  iii.  48t). 
And  how  will  you  encounter  St.  George  on  Horseback, 
in  his  Cuirassiers  Arms,  his  Sword,  and  his  Whin-yard  ? 
N.  Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  II.  0. 

whip  (hwip),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whipped,  whipt, 
ppr.  whipping.  [<  MfL  whippen,  whyppen,  not 
found  in  AS.  (the  alleged  AS.  "hweop,  a  whip, 
"hweopian,  whip,  scourge,  in  Somner,  being  un- 
authenticated) ;  prob.  a  variant  of  wippen,  < 
MD.  wippen,  shake,  wag,  D.  wippen,  skip,  hasten, 
also  give  the  strappado  (cf.  leip,  a  swipe,  the 
strappado),  =  MLG.  wippen,  LG.  wippen,  wup- 
pen.  move  uji  and  down  (>  G.  wippen,  move  up 
and  down,  balance,  see-saw,  rock,  draw  up  on  a 
gibbet  and  drop  suddenly,  give  the  strappado), 
=  Sw.  vippa,  wag,  jerk,  give  the  strappado,  = 
Dan.  rippe,  see-saw,  rock,  bob;  a  secondary 
verb,  connected  with  OHG.  wipph,  MHG.  wipf, 
swinging,  quick  motion,  and  MHG.  G.  iceij'e'n, 
cause  to  swing,  move,  wind,  or  turn ;  causative 
of  MHG.  wlfen,  swing;  akin  to  L.  vibrare,  vi- 
brate, Skt.  ■\/  rip,  tremble:  see  vibrate.  The 
Gael,  cuip,  a  whip,  and  the  W.  chwip,  a  quick 
turn,  chwipio,  move  briskly  or  nimbly,  are  prob. 
<  E. :  see  quip.  In  defs.  7,  etc.,  the  verb  is  from 
the  noun.  For  the  change  from  wip  (ME.  wip- 
pen) to  tchij),  cf.  whap,  «'«/)!.]  I.  inirans.  1. 
To  move  suddenly  and  nimbly;  start  (in,  out, 
away,  etc.)  with  sudden  quickness:  as,  to  u-hiji 
round  the  corner  and  disappear. 

Whip  to  our  tents,  as  roes  run  o'er  land. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  309. 

You  two  shall  be  the  chorus  behind  the  arras,  and  whip 
out  between  the  acts  and  speak.    B.  Jonson,  Epicrone,  iv.  2. 

I  .  .  .  saw  her  hold  up  her  fan  to  a  hackney-coach  at  a 
fiistance,  who  immetliately  came  up  to  her,  and  she  whip- 
jnng  into  it  with  great  nimbleness,  pulled  the  door  with 
a  bowing  mien.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  503. 

In  my  wakeful  mood  I  was  a  good  deal  annoyed  by  a 
little  rabl)it  that  VnpiwhipjAng  in  at  our  <lilapidateddoor 
and  nibtding  at  our  bread  ami  bard-tack. 

J.  Burroughs,  The  Century,  XX.X.VI.  614. 

She  .  .  .  whipped  behind  one  of  the  large  pillai-s,  gave 
her  dress  a  little  shake  at  the  bides  and  behind,  ran  her 
hands  over  her  hair,  and  ap])cared  befol'e  the  caller  cool, 
calm,  and  collected.  The  Century,  XXXVIII.  776. 

2.  In  angling,  to  cast  tlie  line  or  the  fly  by 
means  of  the  rod  with  a  motion  like  tliat  of  us- 
ing a  whip ;  make  a  cast. 

Tlicrc  is  no  better  sport  than  whipirimj  for  Bleaks  in  a 
boat  in  a  sunmiers  evening,  with  a  hazle  top  about  live  or 
six  foot  long,  and  a  line  twice  the  lengtli  of  the  Rod. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler  (ed.  1653),  p.  205. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  move,  throw,  put.  pull,  cai'- 
ry,  or  the  like,  with  a  sudden,  quick  motion; 
snatcli:  usually  followed  by  some  jireposition 
or  adverb,  as  away,  from,  in,  into,  off,  on,  out,  up, 
etc.:  as,  to  whip  out  a  sword  or  a  revolver. 

I  whipt  nie  beldnd  the  arras.  Shak.,  iluch  Ado,  i.  3.  63. 
In  came  Clause, 

The  old  lame  beggar,  and  whipt  up  Master  (Joswin 

I'nder  his  arm,  away  with  him. 

Ftetclwr,  Beggars'  Busli,  v.  1. 

She  ihenwhip2)edofhor  domino,  and  threw  it  over  Mrs. 
Atkinson.  Fielding,  Amelia,  x.  3. 


i 


whip 

2.  To  overlay,  as  a  cord,  rope,  etc.,  with  a  cord, 
twine,  or  thread  going  roiind  and  round  it;  in- 
wrap;  seize:  serve  with  twine,  tliread,  or  the 
like  wound  closely  and  tightly  round  and  round : 
generally  with  about,  around,  over,  etc. 

Whipjxd  over  either  with  gold  thread,  silver,  or  silk. 

Stubbes.    (Imp.  Diet.) 

The  same  stringes,  beeing  by  the  Archers  themselves 
with  ftne  threed  well  whipt,  did  also  verie  seldom  breake. 
Sir  J.  Smyth,  Discourses  on  Weapons,  etc  ,  quoted  in 
[Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  54. 

Its  string  is  flmily  whipped  about  with  small  gut. 

Moxon,  Mechanical  Exercises. 

3.  To  lay  regularly  on ;  serve  in  regular  cir- 
cles round  and  round. 

Whip  your  silk  twice  or  thrice  about  the  root-end  of  the 
feather,  hook,  and  towght. 

Cotton,  in  Walton's  Angler,  ii.  245. 

4.  To  sew  with  an  over  and  over  stitch,  as  two 
pieces  of  cloth  whose  edges  are  laid  or  stitched 
together;  overcast:  as,  to  wAy)  a  seam. — 5.  To 
gather  by  a  kind  of  combination  running  and 
overhand  stitch :  as,  to  whip  a  ruflle. 

In  h^i-ichipt  muslin  needles  useless  lie. 
And  shuttle-cocks  across  the  counter  fly. 

Gay,  Trivia,  ii.  389. 

6.  Naut.,  to  hoist  or  purchase  by  means  of  a 
rope  passed  through  a  single  pulley. —  7.  To 
strike  with  a  whip  or  lash,  or  with  anything 
tough  and  flexible ;  lash;  use  a  whip  upon:  as, 
to  whip  a  horse. 

At  night,  the  lights  put  out  and  company  removed,  they 

whipped  themselves  in  their  Chappell  on  Mount  Calvai-y. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  132. 

It  blew  so  violently  before  they  recovered  the  House 
that  the  Boughs  of  the  Trees  whipt  them  sufficiently  be- 
fore they  got  thither ;  and  it  rained  as  hard  as  before. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  iii.  69. 

8.  To  punish  with  a  whip,  scourge,  birch,  or  the 
like ;  iiog :  as,  to  xchip  a  vagrant ;  to  ivhip  a  per- 
verse boy. 

Fough  I  body  of  Jove !  I'll  have  the  slave  whipt  one  of 
these  days.  B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  iv.  1. 

A  countiy  scholler  in  England  should  be  whipped  for 
speaking  the  like.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  20. 

I  was  never  carted  but  in  harvest ;  never  whipt  but  at 
school.  Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  i.  3. 

9.  To  outdo;  overcome;  beat:  a,a, to  whi^)  crea- 
tion.    [CoUoq.] 

A  man  without  a  particle  of  Greek  whipped  (to  speak 
Kentuckic^)  whole  crowds  of  sleeping  drones  who  had 
more  than  they  could  turn  to  any  good  account. 

De  Quincey,  Herodotus. 

10.  To  drive  with  lashes. 

Consideration,  like  an  angel,  came, 

And  whipp'd  the  offending  Adam  out  of  him. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  i.  1.  29. 
This  said,  the  scourge  his  forward  horses  drave 
Through  ev'ry  order;  and,  with  him,  all  whipp'd  their 

chariots  on. 
All  threat'ningly,  out-thund'ring  shouts  as  earth  were 
overthrown.  Cftapman,  Iliad,  xv.  319. 

11.  To  lash,  in  a  figurative  sense;  treat  with 
cutting  severity,  as  with  sarcasm  or  abuse. 

Wilt  thou  whip  thine  own  faults  in  other  men? 

Shak.,T.  of  A.,  v.  1.  40. 

I  look'd  and  read,  and  saw  how  finely  Wit 

Had  whipp'd  itself ;  and  then  grew  friends  with  it. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  62. 

12.  To  cause  to  spin  or  rotate  by  lashing  with 
a  whip  or  scourge-stick :  said  of  a  top. 

Since  I  plucked  geese,  played  truant  and  whipped  top. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  1.  27. 

He  was  whipt  like  a  top.    Fletcher,  Loyal  Subject,  v.  4. 

13.  To  thrash;  beat  out,  as  grain  by  striking: 
as,  to  whip  wheat.  Imp.  Diet. — 14.  To  beat 
into  a  froth,  as  eggs,  cream,  etc.,  witli  a  whisk, 
fork,  spoon,  or  other  implement. 

To  make  Clouted  cream  and  whipt  Sillabubs? 

Shadwelt,  The  Scowrers. 

15.  To  fish  upon  with  a  fly  or  other  bait;  draw 
a  fly  or  other  bait  along  the  surface  of:  as,  to 
whip  a  stream. 

He  shot  with  the  pistol,  he  fenced,  he  whipped  the 
trout-stream,  .  .  .  but  somehow  evei7thing  went  amiss 
with  him.  Lever,  Davenport  Dunn,  xxiii. 

16.  To  bring  or  keep  together  as  a  party  whip 
does  :  as,  to  whip  a  party  into  lino.  See  whip, 
«..  3  (Ij). 

Lord  Essex  was  there,  .  .  .  u'hii)ping  up  for  a  dinner- 
party, cursing  and  swearing  at  all  his  friends  for  being  out 
of  town.  Macaulay,  in  Trevelyan,  I.  v. 

The  only  bond  of  cohesion  is  the  caucus,  which  occa- 
sionally whips  a  party  together  for  cooperative  action 
against  the  time  for  casting  its  vote  upon  some  critical 
question.  W.  Wilson,  Cong.  Gov.,  ii. 

To  Whip  in,  to  keep  from  scattering,  as  hounds  in  a  hunt ; 
hence,  to  bring  or  keep  (the  members  of  a  party)  together,  as 
in  a  legislative  assembly.—  To  whip  Off,  to  drive  (hounds) 
off  a  scent. 


6902 

The  difficult  nature  of  the  covert,  and  the  fact  that  they 
were  running  in  view,  prevented  hounds  being  whipjjed  off 
at  the  outset.  T/ic  Field,  April  4,  1885.  (Encye.  Diet.) 
To  Whip  the  cat.  (a)  To  practise  the  most  pinching  par- 
simony. Forby.  [Prov.  Eng.]  (&)  To  go  from  house  to 
house  to  work,  as  a  tailor  or  other  workman.  Compare 
whip-cat.    [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.  and  U.  S.] 

Mr.  Hart  .  .  .  made  shoes,  a  trade  he  prosecuted  in  an 
itinerating  manner  from  house  to  house,  ivhipping  the  cat, 
as  it  was  termed.  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  3. 

(ct)  To  get  tipsy.  HaUiweU.— To  Whip  the  devll  around 
the  stamp.  See  devil. 
■whip  (hwip),  11.  [<  ME.  whippe,  quippe  =  MD. 
wippe,  a  whip,  D.  wip,  a  swipe,  strappado,  mo- 
ment: see  whip,  d.]  1 .  An  instrument  for  flagel- 
lation, whether  in  driving  animals  or  in  pun- 
ishing human  beings ;  a  scourge.  In  its  typical 
form  it  is  composed  of  a  lash  of  some  kind  fastened  upon 
a  handle  more  or  less  rigid ;  the  common  form  of  horse- 
whip has  little  or  no  lash,  being  a  long,  tapering,  and  very 
pliant  switch-like  rod  of  wood,  whalel>one,  or  other  ma- 
terial, usually  wound  or  braided  over  with  thread. 

And  alle  the  folk  of  the  Contree  ryden  comounly  with 
outen  Spores  ;  but  thei  beren  alle  weys  a  lytille  Whippe  in 
hire  Hondes,  for  to  chacen  with  hire  Hors. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  249. 

The  dwarf  .  .  . 
Struck  at  him  with  his  whip,  and  cut  his  cheek. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

2.  One  who  handles  a  whip,  as  in  driving  a 
coach  or  carriage ;  a  driver :  as,  an  expert 
whip. 

What  the  devil  do  you  do  with  a  wig,  Thomas?— none 

of  the  London  whips  of  any  degree  of  ton  wear  wigs  now. 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  i.  1. 

That  is  the  famous  coaching  baronet,  than  whom  no 
better  whip  has  ever  been  seen  upon  the  road. 

W.  Besant,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  50. 

3.  A  whipper-in.  Specifically— (a)  In  hwvting,  the 
person  who  manages  the  hounds. 

After  these  the  body  of  the  pack  —the  parson  of  the 
parish,  and  a  hard-riding  comet  at  home  on  leave  ;  then 
the  huntsman,  the  first  whip,  nearly  a  quorum  of  magis- 
trates, etc.  Whyte  Melville,  White  Rose,  II.  xv. 
(6)  In  English  parliamentary  usage,  a  member  who  per- 
forms certain  non-offlcial  but  important  duties  in  looking 
after  the  interests  of  his  party,  especially  the  securing  of 
the  attendance  of  as  many  members  as  possible  at  impor- 
tant divisions:  as,  the  Liberal  whip;  the  Conservative 
whip.    See  the  quotation. 

The  whip's  duties  are  (1)  to  inform  every  member  be- 
longing to  the  party  when  an  important  division  may  be 
expected,  and,  if  he  sees  the  member  in  or  about  the 
House,  to  keep  him  there  until  the  division  is  called  ;  (2) 
to  direct  the  members  of  his  own  party  how  to  vote ;  (3) 
to  obtain  pairs  for  them  if  they  cannot  be  present  to  vote ; 
(4)  to  "tell,"  i.  e.,  count  the  members  in  every  party  di- 
vision; (5)  to  "keep  touch"  of  opinion  within  the  party, 
and  convey  to  the  leader  a  faithful  impression  of  that 
opinion,  from  which  the  latter  can  judge  how  far  he  may 
count  on  the  support  of  his  whole  party  in  any  course  he 
proposes  to  take. 

J.  Bryce,  American  Commonwealth,  I.  199. 

4.  A  call  made  upon  the  members  of  a  party  to 
be  in  their  places  at  a  certain  time  :  as,  both 
parties  have  issued  a  rigorous  irhiit  in  view  of 
the  expected  division.  [Eng.] — 5.  A  contri- 
vance for  hoisting,  consisting  of  a  rope  and  pul- 
ley and  usually  a  snatch-block,  and  worked  by 
one  or  more  horses  which  in  hoisting  walkaway 
from  the  thing  hoisted.  In  mining  usually  called 
whip-and-dcrrij.  See  cut  under  cahle-Iaid. —  6. 
One  of  the  radii  or  arms  of  a  windmill,  to  which 
the  sails  are  attached ;  also,  the  length  of  the 
arm  reckoned  from  the  shaft. 

The  arm,  or  whip,  of  one  of  the  sails. 

Ranlcine,  Steam  Engine,  §  188. 

7.  In  angling,  theleaderof  ananglcr'seast  with 
its  flies  attached.  The  fly  at  the  end  is  the  drag-fly, 
tail-fly,  or  stretcher;  those  above  are  the  drop-flies,  drop- 
pers, or  bobljers.    More  fully  called  a  whip  o/jlies. 

8.  A  vibrating  spring  used  as  an  electric  cir- 
cuit-closer for  testing  capacity.  The  spring  is  per- 
manently connected  to  one  plate  of  the  condenser  or  ca- 
ble, and  vibrates  between  two  studs,  contact  with  one  of 
which  closes  a  battery  circuit,  and  with  the  other  a  gal- 
vanometer circuit.  The  condenser  is  thus  in  rapid  suc- 
cession charged  from  the  battery  and  discharged  through 
the  galvanometer.  The  indications  of  the  latter  are  thus 
proportional  to  the  rate  of  vibration  and  the  capacity  of 
the  condenser. 

9.  A  slender  rod  or  flexible  pole  used  instead 
of  stakes  to  mark  the  bounds  of  oyster-beds. — 

10.  The  common  black  swift,  Cypsclus  apus. 
[Prov.  Eng.]  — 11.  A  preparation  of  cream, 
eggs,  etc.,  beaten  to  a  froth. 

There  were  "whips"  and  "floating-islands"  iind  jellies 
to  compound.  The  Century,  XXXVII.  841. 

Crack-the-whip.  Same  as  snap-the-whip. — Slx-stringed 
whip,  or  the  whip  'with  six  strings,  the  Six  Articles. 
See  articic— Snap-the-whip,  a  game  played  in  running 
or  skating.  A  number  of  persons  join  hands  and  move 
rapidly  forward  in  line ;  those  at  one  end  stop  suddenly 
and  swing  the  rest  sharply  around ;  the  contest  is  to  see 
wliether  any  of  the  outer  part  of  the  line  can  thus  be 
thrown  down  or  made  to  break  their  hold.  Also  called 
crack-the-u-hip.  —  To  drink  or  lick  on  (upon)  the  whipt, 
to  have  a  taste  of  the  whip  ;  get  a  thrashing. 


whlphandle 

In  fayth  and  for  youre  long  taryng 
Ye  shal  lik  on  th£  whyp. 

Towneley  Mysteries,  p.  30. 

Comes  naked  neede?  and  chance  to  do  amisse? 
He  shal  be  sure,  to  drinke  vpon  the  whippe. 

Gascoiyne,  Steele  Glas  (ed.  Arber,  p.  68). 
Whip  and  spur,  making  use  of  both  whip  and  spur  in 
riding ;  hence,  with  the  utmost  haste. 
Came  whip  and  spur,  and  dash'd  through  thick  and  thin. 
Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  197. 

whip  (hwip),  adv.  [An  elliptical  use  of  whip, 
V.  Cf.  LG.  wips!  quickly,  =  Sw.  Dan.  vips! 
pop!  quick!]  With  a  sudd  en  change;  at  once; 
quick. 

You  are  no  sooner  chose  in  but  whip !  you  are  as  proud 

as  the  devih  Mrs.  CenUivre,  Gotham  Election,  L  4, 

When  I  came,  whip  was  the  key  turned  upon  the  girls. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  VIII.  267.    (_Davies.) 

whip-and-derry  (hwip'and-der'i),  n.  The  sim- 
plest form  of  machinery,  with  the  exception  of 
the  windlass,  for  hoisting,  it  consists  of  a  rope 
passing  over  a  pulley,  and  is  worked  hy  a  horse  or  horses. 
It  is  rarely  used  in  mining,  except  in  very  shallow  mines. 
Sometimes  called  simply  whip,  and  sometimes  whipmy- 
derry. 

whipcant  (hwip'kan),  n.  [<  whi}),  v.,  +  obj. 
c«k2.]     a  hard  drinker. 

He  would  prove  an  especial  good  fellow,  and  singular 
whip-can.  Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  8.    (Daviet.) 

whipcat  (hwip'kat),  n.  and  a.  [<  whip,  v.,  + 
obj.  cat.]  I.  n.  A  tailor  or  other  workman 
who  "whips  the  cat."  See  to  whip  the  cat  (6), 
under  whip.     [Colloq.] 

A  tailor  who  "whipped  the  cat"  (or  went  out  to  work 
at  his  customers'  houses)  would  occupy  a  day,  at  easy 
labour,  at  a  cost  of  Is.  6d.  (or  less)  in  money,  and  the 
whipcat's  meals  .  .  .  included. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  n.  414. 

Il.t  a.  Drunken. 

With  xehip-cat  bowling  they  kept  a  myrry  carousing. 

Stanihurst,  jEneid,  iii. 

whip-cord  (hwip'kord),  H.  1.  A  strong  twisted 
hempen  cord,  so  called  because  lashes  or  snap- 
pers of  whips  are  made  from  it. 

Let's  step  into  this  shop,  and  buy  a  pennyworth  of 
whip-cord  ...  to  spin  my  top. 

Kinysley,  "Westward  Ho,  iii. 

2.  A  cord  or  string  of  catgut. 

In  order  to  produce  a  cord  —  known  aswAipcord  —  from 
these  intestines,  they  are  sewn  together  by  means  of  the 
fllandre  before  mentioned,  the  joints  being  cut  aslant  to 
make  them  smoother  and  stronger. 

Spons'  Encyc.  Manuf.,  I.  609. 

3.  A  seawsed,  Chorda  fihnn,  having  a  very 
long,  slender,  whip-like  frond.  See  Chorda,  2. 
— Whip-cord  couching,  embroidery  in  which  a  heavy 
whip-cord  is  laid  upon  the  material  and  is  covered  by  the 
silk  couching,  which  is  afterward  sewed  closely  down 
upon  the  background  on  each  side  of  the  whip-cord,  so  as 
to  leave  a  decided  ridge.— WMp-COrd  willow.  See 
willow. 

whip-COrdy  (hwip'k6r''di),  a.  [<  whip-cord 
+  -(/!.]  Like  whip-cord;  sinewy;  muscular. 
[Rare.] 

The  bishop  [of  Exeter  was]  wonderfully  hale  and  whip- 
cordy.       Bp.  WUber/orce,  in  Life,  II.  33a    (Eneyc.  Diet.) 

whip-crane  (hwip'kran),  n.  A  simple  and 
rapid-working  form  of  crane,  used  in  unload- 
ing vessels.     E.  H.  Knight. 

whip-crop  (hwip'krop),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the whitebeam(P)/;v/,s  Aria),to  the  wayfaring- 
tree  (Viburnum  Lantana).  and  to  the  guelder- 
rose  ( r.  Opulus),  from  the  use  of  their  stems 
for  whip-stocks.  Britten  and  Holland.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

whip-fish  (hwip'fish),  n.  A  cheetodont  fish, 
Hcnioehua  macrolepidotus,  having  one  of  the 
spines  of  the  dorsal  fin  produced  into  a  long 
filament  like  a  whip-lash. 

whip-gin  (hwip'jin),  71.  A  simple  tackle-block 
with  a  hoisting-rope  running  over  it:  same  as 
giu-blocl: 

■whip-graft  (hwip'graft),  «.  t.  To  graft  by  cut- 
ting the  seion  and  stock  in  a  sloping  direction, 
so  as  to  fit  each  other,  and  by  inserting  a 
tongue  on  the  scion  into  a  slit  in  the  stock. 

whip-grass  (hwip'gras),  n.  An  American  spe- 
cies of  nut-grass,  Sclcria  triglovierata. 

whip-hand  (hwip'hand),  n.  1.  The  hand  that 
holds  the  whip  in  riding  or  driving — that  is, 
the  right  hand. 

Mr.  TuUiver  was  a  peremptory  man,  and,  as  he  said, 
would  never  let  anybody  get  bold  of  his  whip-hand. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  i.  5. 

2.  An  advantage,  or  advantageous  position. 

The  archangel  .  .  .  has  the  whip-hand  of  her.  Dryden. 

Now,  what  say  you,  Mr.  Flameftre?  I  shall  have  the 
whiphand  of  you  presently.  Vanbrugh,  -Esop,  v.  1. 

Whiphandle  (hwip'han'dl),  n.  1.  The  handle 
of  a  whip.  See  u-hip-hand,  2,  and  compare  whip- 
row. —  2t.  See  the  quotation. 


whiphandle 

These  little  ends  of  men  and  dandiprats  (whom  in  Scot- 
land they  caH  whipftandlet!  [mattches  d' estrUles],  and  knots 
of  a  tar-barrel)  are  commonly  very  testy  and  choleric. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  ii.  27. 

To  have  or  to  keep  the  whlpbandle,  to  have  the  ad- 
vantage. 

Why,  what  matter  ?  They  know  that  we  shall  keep  the 
whip-haiulU.  The  CeiUury,  XXXVIII.  932. 

whip^hanger  (hwip'hang'er),  H.     A  device  for 

holding  carriage-whips  in  a  harness-room ;  a 

whip-rack. 
whip-hem  (hwip'hem),  «.     A  hem  formed  by 

whipping  an  edge,  as  of  a  ruffle,  etc.    See  whip, 

V.  t.,  4. 

Bits  of  ruffling  peeping  out  from  the  folds,  with  their 
edges  in  almost  Invisible  whip-hems. 

Mrs.  Whitney,  Leslie  Goldthwaite,  i. 

whipjack  (hwip'jak),  H.  A  vagabond  who  begs 
for  alms  as  a  distressed  seaman:  hence  a  gen- 
eral term  of  reproach  or  contempt. 

A  mere  whip-jack,  and  that  is,  in  the  commonwealth  of 
rogues,  a  slave  that  can  talk  of  sea-fight,  .  .  .  yet  indeed 
all  his  service  is  by  land,  and  that  is  to  rob  a  fair,  or  some 
such  venturous  exploit. 

Middteton  and  Dekker,  Roaring  Girl,  v.  1. 

Albeit  one  Boner  (a  bare  whippe  Jacke)  for  lucre  of 

money  toke  vpon  him  to  be  thy  father,  and  than  to  mary 

thy  mother,  yet  thou  wast  persone  .Savage's  bastarde. 

Bp.  Ponet  (Maitland  on  Reformation,  p.  74).    (Davieg.) 

whip-kingt  (hwip'king),  «.  [<  ii-hip,  v.,  +  obj. 
itiw(/l.]     A  ruler  of  king.s ;  a  king-maker. 

Richard  Nevill,  that  ■whip-king  (as  some  teanned  him), 
.  .  .  going  about  ...  to  turn  and  translate  scepters  at 
his  pleasure.      Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  571.    (Davi^.) 

whip-lash  (hwip'lash),  n.  The  lash,  or  pliant 
part,  of  a  whip. 

If  I  had  not  put  that  snapper  on  the  end  of  my  ivhip- 
lagh,  I  might  have  got  off  without  tlie  ill-temper  which 
my  antithesis  provoked. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Atlantic,  LXVI.  067. 

whip-maker  (hwip'ma'ker),  ».  One  who  makes 

whips. 
Whip-mastert  (hwip'mas't^r),  n.     A  flogger. 

Woe  to  our  back-sides !  he 's  a  greater  whip-master  than 
Busby  himself.     Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  p.  »4. 

whip-net  (hwip'net),  II.  A  simple  form  of  net- 
work fabric  produced  in  a  loom  by  a  systematic 
crossing  of  the  warps.     £.  U.  Knij/ht. 

whippel-treet,  «.  [ME.,  also  uiiippil-,  whipU-, 
whipjuil-,  tvi/p/ii/l-,  wijjinl-trc,  prop,  'wipjicl-tir, 
<  "wijipcl  =  MLG.  *«-y(e/  (in  ici pel-bom),  also 
icipkcH  (iripken-bom),  icipekeii  (wepekcn-bOiii), 
wepekc,  dim.  of  icepe,  also  icejien-doni,  wcpdarn, 
wipdoni,  the  cornel-tree;  connected  with  MD. 
wepclen,  waver,  MD.  MLG.  xcippen,  waver:  sec 
whip.']     The  cornel-tree. 

3Iapul,  thorn,  beech,  hasel.  ew,  whippetre. 

Chaueer,  Knight's  Tale,  I.  2065. 

Whipper  (hwip'<-r),  «.  [<  wliiji  +  -rrl.]  1. 
One  who  whips ;  particularly,  an  officer  who  in- 
flicts punishment  by  legal  wliippiug. 

They  therefore  reward  the  whipper,  and  estceme  the 
whip  (which  I  euuie  not  to  them)  sacred. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  295. 
2.  A  flagellant. 

A  brood  of  mad  heretics  which  arose  in  the  Church ; 
whom  they  calle<l  Klagellantes,  "the  whippers";  which 
went  about  .  .  .  lashing  themselves  to  blood. 

Bp.  Hall,  Women's  Vail,  §  1. 

3t.  Something  that  surpasses  or  beats  all ;  a 
"whopper." 

Mark  well  thys,  thys  relyke  here  is  a  whi}yper ; 

My  freendes  unfayned,  here  is  a  slipper 

Of  one  of  the  seven  slepers,  be  sure. 

Heywooii,  Four  Ps  (l)odsley's  Old  Plays,  I.  75). 

4.  One  who  raises  coals  with  a  whip  from  a 
ship's  hold:  name  a.H  rmil-irhippir. —  5.  In  .s;»h- 
niiig,  a  simple  kind  of  willow. 

whipperee  (hwip-e-re'),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
whip-ray,  like  utimjnrec  for  istiiif]-ra)j.\  Same 
as  whip-ray. 

whipper-in  (hwip'er-in'),  II.;  pi.  xchippcrs-in 
(hwip'erz-in')-  1.  In  hiuitiiiij,  one  who  keeps 
the  hounds  from  wandering,  and  whips  them 
in,  if  necessary,  to  the  line  of  chase. 

The  master  of  the  hounds  and  the  whippers-in  wore  the 
traditional  pink  coats,  as  did  a  few  of  the  other  riders. 

T.  C.  Crawford,  English  Life,  p.  179. 

2.  In  the  game  of  hare  and  hounds,  one  who 
leads  the  hounds,  sets  the  pace,  etc. — 3.  Hence, 
in  British  Parliament,  same  as  wliip,  '.i  {!>). — 4. 
In  rarini)  slang,  a  horse  that  finishes  last,  or  near 
the  last,  in  a  raci'.  Krik'.i  (liiide  to  the  Turf. 
whipper-snapper  {hwip'er-snap'cr),  «.  [Prob. 
a  balanced  form  of  irhip-.iniipjier,  'one  who  has 
nothing  to  do  but  snap  or  <'rack  the  whip.']  A 
shallow,  insignificant  person;  a  whipster:  also 
used  attributively. 

A  parcel  of  whipper-snapper  sjwrka. 

t'teldini/,  Joscpli  Andrews,  iv.  6. 


6903 

Much  as  he  had  ingratiated  himself  with  his  auiit,  she 
had  never  yet  invited  him  to  stay  under  her  roof,  and  here 
was  a  young  whipper-snapper  who  at  first  sight  was  made 
welcome  there.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  xxxiv. 

whippett  (hwip'et),  II.  [Cf.  whiffet.']  A  kind 
of  dog,  in  breed  between  a  greyhound  and  a 
spaniel.     HaUiicell. 

In  the  shapes  and  formes  of  dogges  ;  of  all  which  there 
are  but  two  sorts  that  are  usefull  for  mans  profit,  which 
two  arethe  mastitfe,  and  the  little  cui're,  whippet,  or  house- 
dogge;  all  the  rest  are  for  pleasure  and  recreation. 

John  Taylor,  Works.    (Xares.) 

whippincrustt,  «.     A  variety  of  wine  (?). 

I'll  give  thee  white  wine,  red  wine,  claret  wine,  sack, 
muskadine,  malmsey,  and  whippincrust. 

Marlowe,  Faustus,  ii.  3. 

whipping  (hwip'ing),  71.    [Verbal  n.  of  whip,  v.] 

1.  A  beating;  flagellation. 

Use  every  man  after  his  desert,  and  who  should  'scape 
whipping?  Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  556. 

No  nuns,  no  monks,  no  fakeers,  take  whippings  mure 
kindly  than  some  devotees  of  the  world. 

Thackeray,  Philip,  iv. 

2.  A  defeat ;  a  beating :  as,  the  enemy  got  a 
good  whi2>piii!l.  See  whip,  c,  9.  [CoUoq.] — 3. 
yaut.,  a  piece  of  twine  or  small  cord  wound 
round  the  end  of  a  rope  to  keep  it  from  unlay- 
ing.— 4.  In  bookbinding,  the  sewing  of  the  raw 
edges  of  single  leaves  in  sections  by  overcast- 
ing the  thread  [Eng.] :  known  in  the  United 
States  as  whipstitching. — 5.  In  6-eM'(«(7,  same  as 
overcasting,  2. — 6.  The  act  or  method  of  cast- 
ing the  fly  in  angling;  easting. 

whipping-boy  (hwip'ing-boi),  >..     A  boy  for- 
merly educated  with  a  prince  and  punished  in 
his  stead.     Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  II.  342. 
whipping-cheert  (hwip'iug-cher),  «.  Flogging ; 
chastisement. 
She  shall  have  whipping -clieer  enough,  I  warrant  her. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  4.  3. 

Your  workes  of  supcren-ogation, 

Your  idle  crossings,  or  your  wearing  liaire 

Next  to  your  skin,  or  ail  your  whipping-cheer. 

Times'  Whistle  (K  E.  T.  S.),  p.  13. 

whipping-hoist  (hwip'ing-hoist),  H.  A  steam- 
hoist  working  with  a  whip. 

whipping-post  (hwip'ing-post),  n.  The  post  to 
whicn  are  tied  persons  condemned  to  punish- 
ment by  whipping;  hence,  the  punishment  it- 
self, frequently  employed  for  certain  offenses, 
and  still  retained  in  some  communities. 

He  dares  out-dare  stocks,  whipping-posts,  or  cage. 

John  Taylor,  Works.     (Xares.) 

The  laws  of  New  Ent^land  allowed  masters  to  correct 
their  apprentices,  and  teachers  their  pupils,  and  even  the 
public  whi^fping-pfst  was  an  institution  of  New  England 
towns.  //.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  122. 

whipping-snapping  (hwip'ing-snap'ing),  a.   [< 
whi]iping  +  snii/iping:   adapted  fr(«n  whipper- 
xiifipjier.]     Insignificant;  diminutive. 
.Ml  sorts  of  whi}>jnng-snni>piiig  'Yon\  Thumbs. 

Thackeray,  Roundabout  Papers,  Ogres. 

whipping-top  (hwip'ing-top),  II.  Same  a,s  whip- 
top. 

whippletree  (hwip'l-tre),  n.  Same  as  whiffle- 
trie. 

whippoorwill  (liwip'piir-wil'),  II.  [Formerly 
a\so  wliipjKiwill  (L-f. poor-will);  an  imitative  word, 
from  the  sound  or  cry  made  Ijy  tlie  bird,  as  if 
'whip  poor  Will.']  An  American  caprimul- 
gine  bird,  .Introat^yniu.f  vociferns,  related  to  the 
chuck-will's-widow,  ./.  carolincnsis,  and  resem- 
bling the  European  goatsucker, Caprimidgii.s  eii- 
rojnrii,'!.  It  is  9  to  lo  inches  long,  anil  1(1  to  18  in  ex- 
tent of  wings  (being  thus  nmch  smaller  than  the  chuck- 


JT-i     ■■''-■    \^-         ■  '     -    ■ 


Whi|)I)"orwill  {.Ittlri'stt'fuus  voci/ertis'i. 

will's-widow),  and  lacks  the  lateral  filaments  of  the  l-ictal 
bristles.  The  coloration  is  infinnitely  variegated  with  gray, 
black,  white,  and  tawny,  giving  a  prevailing  gray  or  neu- 
tral tone,  somewhat  frosted  or  hoary  in  Iiigh-pluniaged 
males,  ordinarily  nun-e  brownish  ;  there  are  sliarp  black 
streaks  on  the  head  and  back  ;  tlie  wings  and  their  coverts 


whip-snake 

are  barred  with  rufous  spots;  tlie  lateral  tail-feathers  are 
black,  with  a  large  terniinal  area  white  in  the  male,  tawny 
in  the  female :  and  there  is  a  throat-bar  white  in  the  male, 
tawny  in  the  female.  The  bill  is  extremely  small,  but  the 
mouth  is  deeply  cleft,  and  as  wide  from  one  corner  to  the 
other  as  the  whole  length  of  the  rictus  (as  figured  under 
Jissirostral).  There  has  been  some  popular  confusion  iie- 
tween  the  whippoorwill  and  the  night-hawk;  tliey  are  not 
only  distinct  species,  but  belonf;  to  different  genera,  and 
their  dissimilarity  appears  at  a  glance.  I'nlike  the  night- 
hawk,  the  whippoorwill  is  entirely  nocturnal ;  it  flies  with 
noiseless  wings,  like  the  owl,  and  is  oftener  heard  tlian 
seen.  The  notes  which  have  given  the  name  are  trisyl- 
labic (compare  poor-will),  and  rapidly  reiterated,  witli  a 
strong  accent  on  the  last  syllable;  a  click  of  tlie  Iicak 
and  some  low  muffled  sounds  may  also  be  heard  when  the 
bird  is  very  near.  The  eggs,  two  in  number,  are  laid  on 
the  ground,  or  on  a  fallen  log  or  stump,  without  any 
nest;  they  are  creamy-white,  heavily  clouded  and  marked 
with  brown  and  neutral  tints,  nearly  equal-ended,  and 
1.2.')  by  0.90  inch  in  size.  The  young  are  covered  with 
fluffy  down.  The  whippoorwill  inhabits  the  eastern  half 
of  the  United  .States  and  British  provinces;  it  breeds  near- 
ly throughout  its  range,  but  winters  extralimitally.  A 
western  variety  is  sometimes  specified  as  the  Arizona 
whippomicill ;  hut  the  place  of  whippoorwills  is  mostly 
taken  in  tlie  west  by  the  poor-wills,  as  Nuttall's.  Several 
other  species  of  Antrostonius  are  found  in  Mexico  and 
Central  and  South  America. 

The  moan  of  the  whip-poor-irill  from  the  hillside  ;  the 
boding  ciy  of  the  tree-toad,  that  hai-binger  of  storm ;  the 
dreary  hooting  of  the  screech-owl. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  424. 

whip-postt  (hwip'post),  «.  Same  as  whipjnng- 
post. 

If  the  stocks  and  whip-post  cannot  stay  their  extrava- 
gance, there  remains  only  the  jail-house. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  18. 

whippO'willt,  "•     Same  as  xchippoorwill. 

whippy  (hvvip'i),  ((.  and  n.  [Also  whuppy;  < 
whip  +  -y^.]  I.  a.  Active;  nimble;  forward; 
pert.     Jamieson. 

II.  «. ;  pi.  ichippics  (-iz).  A  girl  or  young 
woman  ;  especially,  a  malapert  young  woman. 
Eli:.  Hamilton.     [Scotch  in  both  uses.] 

whip-ray  (hwip'ra),  «.  [Also,  corruptly,  if/i//)- 
perec;  <  whi)i  +  ray".]  A  sting-ray;  any  mem- 
ber of  the  family  Trygoiiidfr ;  any  ray  with  a 
long,  slender,  flexible  tail  like  a  whip-lash,  as 
a  member  of  the  Myliohatida:  See  cuts  under 
.itiiig-ray  and  Trygoii. 

whip-rod  (hwip'rod),  ;(.  A  whipped  rod;  an 
angling-rod  wound  with  small  twine  from  tip 
to  butt,  like  a  whip. 

whip-roll  (hwip'rol),  II.  Inweaving,  a  voWer or 
bar  over  which  the  yarn  passes  from  the  yarn- 
beam  to  the  reed,  the  pressure  of  the  yarn  on 
the  whip-roll  serving  to  control  the  let-off  mech- 
anism.    E.  II.  Knight. 

whip-row  (hwip'ro),  H.  In  agri.,  the  row  easi- 
est to  hoe;  hence,  the  inside  track;  any  advan- 
tage: as,  to  have  the  whip-row  of  a  person  (to 
have  an  advantage  over  him).     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

whip-saw  (hwip'sa),  H.  A  frame-saw  with  a 
narrow  blade,  used  to  cut  curved  kerfs.  See 
cut  under  .sdir. 

whip-saw  (hwip'sa),  c. /.  [<  «;7((j)-,«()c,  «.]  1. 
To  cut  witli  a  whip-saw. 

The  great  redwoods  that  were  hewn  in  tlie  Sonoma  for- 
ests were  whip-sawed  by  hand  for  tllc  plank  required. 

The  Century,  XLI.  387. 

2.  To  have  or  take  the  advantage  of  (an  adver- 
sary), whatever  he  does  or  may  be  able  to  do ; 
jiarticularly,  in  gamblers'  slang,  to  win  at  faro, 
at  one  turn  (two  bets  made  by  the  same  person, 
one  of  whicii  is  played  ojien.  the  other  being 
coppered);  beat  (a  iilayer)  in  two  ways  at  once. 

whip-sawing  (hwip'sa'iiig),  //.  [Verbal  n.  of 
whip-xaw,  i\]  The  acceptance  of  fees  or  bribes 
from  two  op]iosing  persons  or  jiarties.  Hag.  of 
Amer.  Ili.st.,  Xlll.  490.     [Political  slang.] 

whip-scorpion  (lnvip'sk6r"pi-on),  n.  A  false 
scorpion  of  the  family  Tlielyphoiiida;,  having  a 
long,  slender  abdomen  like  the  lash  of  a  whip, 
as  Thelyjihoiiiis  gigaiiten.i.otthe  southern  United 
States:  also  there  called  grampiix,  mule-killer, 
atid  rinaigrier.  The  name  is  sometimes  extended  to 
the  species  of  the  related  family  Phrynidie.  and  tlius  to 
the  whole  of  the  suborder  Pedipalpi.  See  the  technical 
names,  and  cut  under  Pedipalpi. 

whipsey-derry  (hwip'si-der"i),  n.  Same  as 
iihi/i-iiiid-derry. 

whip-shaped  (hwiji'shilpt),  a.  Shaped  like  the 
lash  of  a  whip.  Specifically- (n)  In  but.,  notingroots  or 
stems,  (b)  In  zoiil.,  lash-like  ;  flagellate  or  flagelliform  : 
said  of  various  long,  slender  parts  or  processes. 

whip-snake  (hwi])'snak),  n.  One  of  various 
serjieiits  of  long,  slender  form,  likened  to  that 
of  a  whiji-lash.  In  the  United  states  it  is  applied  to 
various  species  of  the  genus  Masticophis,  as  M.  [lagetli- 
.furmis,  more  fully  called  eoachwhipsnake.  a  harmless  ser- 
pent 4  or  5  feet  long.  'I'lie  emerald  whiii-snakc  is  ]'hi- 
Indnias  riridissiinus,  of  a  lovely  green  color,  inhabiting 
Brazil.  See  also  Passerita  (with  cut). 
He  wislied  it  bad  been  a  wliipsnake  instead  of  a  magpie. 
//.  Kingxley,  (icotfry  llainlyn,  xxvii. 


whip-socket 

whip-socket  (hwip'sok'et),  ?(.  A  socket  at- 
taeued  to  the  dashboard  of  a  vehicle,  to  receive 
the  butt  of  the  whip. 

whip-staff  (hwip'staf),  H.  1.  A  whiphaudle. — 
2.  yaiit.,  a  bar  by  which  the  rudder  is  turned  : 
an  old  name  for  the  tiller  in  small  vessels.  Fal- 
coner. 

whip-stalk  (hwip'stak),  n.  Same  as  whip-stock. 

whipster  (hwip'ster),  «.  [(.  whip  + -ster.'\  1. 
8auie  as  ichipper-snapper. 

Every  puny  whipster  gets  my  swoid. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2.  244. 
That  young  liquorish  whipster  Heartfree. 

Vanbrugh,  Piovoked  Wife,  v.  3. 

2t.  A  sharper.     Buileij,  1731. 

whip-stick  (hwip'stik),  n.  Same  as  whip-stock. 
—  Whlp-Stlclc  palm.    See  palmil. 

whip-stitch  (h\vip'stich),f.  t.  1.  To  sew  over 
andover:  especiallyiisedin bookbinding.  Com- 
pare whip,  r.  t.,  i. —  2.  In  agri.,  to  half-plow  or 
rafter.     Imp.  Diet.     [Local,  Eng.] 

whip-stitch  (hwip'stich),  n.  [<  whip-stitch,  v.] 
1.  In  agri.,  a  sort  of  half-plowing,  otherwise 
called  raftering.  [Local,  Eng.]  — 2.  A  hasty 
composition.  Drydcn.  [Bare.]  —  3.  Apartiele; 
the  smallest  piece.  [Colloq.] — 4.  A  tailor: 
used  in  contempt. 

whip-stitching  (hwip'stich^ing),  n.  See  whip- 
ping, 4. 

whip-stock  (hwip'stok),  n.  The  staff,  rod,  or 
handle  to  which  the  lash  of  a  whip  is  secured. 
Also  whip-stalk,  whip-stick. 

Out,  carter ; 

Hence,  dirty  whipgtock;  hence,  you  foul  clown. 

Be  gone.  T.  Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar,  iv.  4. 

Phoebus,  when 
He  broke  his  whipgtock,  and  exclaim'd  against 
The  horses  of  the  sun. 

Fletcher  {and  another),  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  i.  2. 

whip-tail,  whip-tailed  (hwip'tal,  -tald),  a. 
Having  a.  long,  slender  tail  like  a  whip-lash: 
as,  the  trhip-tail  scorpion.     See  whip-scorpion. 

whip-tom-kelly  (hwip'tom-kel'i),  n.  The 
blaek-whiskered  vireo  or  greenlet  of  Cuba, 
the  Bahamas,  and  Florida,  Vireo  hariatidus : 
so  ealled  in  imitation  of  its  note.  It  closely  resem- 
bles the  common  red-eyed  vireo  of  the  United  States,  but 
has  Ijlack  mystacial  stripes.    Compare  cut  under  greenlet. 

whip-top  (hwip'top),  n.  A  top  which  is  spun 
by  wliipping.     Also  whipping-top. 

We  have  hitherto  been  speaking  of  the  whip-top;  for 
the  peg-top,  I  believe,  must  be  ranked  among  the  modern 
inventions,  and  probably  originated  from  the  te-totums 
and  whirligigs.  Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  492. 

whip-worm  (hwip'werm),  n.  A  nematoid  para- 
sitic worm,  Trichoccphalus  dispar,  or  another  of 
this  genus,  as  T.  affinis,  the  ceecum-worm  of 
sheep.  They  have  a  long,  slender  anterior  part  and  a 
short,  stout  posterior  part,  like  a  whip-lash  joined  to  a 
whip-stock. 
whir  (hwer),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whirred,  ppr.  ic7ij>- 
ring.  [Also  whirr,  and  formerly  whiir ;  prob.  < 
Ban.  hfirrc,  whirl,  twirl,  =  Sw.  dial,  hwirra, 
whirl;  cf.  (t.  schwirren,  whir,  buzz.  Cf.  whirl.^ 
I.  intrans.  To  fly,  dart,  revolve,  or  otherwise 
move  quickly  witli  a  whizzing  or  buzzing 
sound;  whizz. 

When  the  stone  sprung  back  again,  and  smote 
Earth,  like  a  whirlwind,  gath'ring  dust  with  whirring 

fiercely  round. 
For  fervour  of  his  unspent  strength,  in  settling  on  the 
ground.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xiv.  343. 

The  lark 
Whirred  from  among  the  fern  beneath  our  feet. 

Wordsworth,  The  Borderers,  iii. 
The  blue  blaze  whirred  up  the  chimney  and  flashed  into 
the  room.  S.  Jttdd,  Margaret,  i,  13. 

And  the  ivhirriny  sail  [of  the  windmill]  goes  round. 

Tennyson,  The  Owl,  i. 

II.  trans.  To  hurry  away  with  a  whizzing 
sound. 

This  world  to  me  is  like  a  lasting  stonn, 
Wldrria'j  me  from  my  friends. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  1.  21. 

whir  (liwer),  ».  [Mao  tchirr;  <.  whir,  v.l  1.  The 
buzzing  or  whirring  sound  made  by  a  quickly 
revolving  wheel,  a  partridge's  wings,  etc. 

As  my  lord's  brougham  drives  up,  .  .  .  the  ladies,  who 
know  the  whirr  of  the  wheels,  and  may  be  quarreling  in 
the  drawing-room,  call  a  truce  U)  the  fight. 

Thackeray,  Philip,  iv. 
2t.   A  turn;  commotion. 

They  flapt  the  door  full  in  my  face,  and  gave  me  such  a 
whitrr  here.  Vanl/ruyh,  Journey  to  London,  ii.  1. 

whirl  (hworl),  r.  [Formerly  also  tcherl.  whiirl; 
<  JIE.  whirlen,  whwirllen,  wirlcn,  contr.  from 
*whcrvelcn  =  MD.  werrelen,  whirl.  =  O.  wirheln, 
whirl,  =  Icel.  hvirfla  =  Sw.  lirirfln  =  Dan. 
hvirvle,  whirl ;  freq.  of  the  verb  represented  by 
AS.  hwcorfan,  etc.,  turn:  see  wherrc,  and  cf. 
icarhle^.     The  E.  verb  is  perhaps  due  to  tlie 


6904 

Seand. ;  it  depends  in  part  on  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.  1.  To  swing  or  turn  rapidly  round;  ro- 
tate, or  cause  to  revolve  rapidly. 

A-bowte  cho  whirUide  a  whele  with  her  whitte  hondez. 
ilorte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3201. 
My  thoughts  are  whirled  like  a  potter's  wheel. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  5.  19. 
With  that  his  faulchion  he  wherled  about. 
Bohin  Hood  and  the  Stranger  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  416). 

2.  To  east  with  a  twirling  or  twisting  motion ; 
throw  with  a  rapid  whirl. 

And  proudest  Turrets  to  the  ground  hath  wkurld. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  6. 
First  Sarpedon  whirl'd  his  weighty  lance. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xvi.  685. 

3.  To  cari'y  swiftly  away  with  or  as  if  with  a 
revolving  or  wheeling  motion. 

See,  see  the  chariot,  and  those  rushing  wheels, 
That  whirl'd  the  Prophet  up  at  Chebar  flood. 

Milton,  The  Passion,  1.  37. 
The  last  red  leaf  is  whirl'd  away. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  xv. 
Uplifted  by  the  blast,  and  whirled 
Along  the  highway  of  the  world. 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  ii. 
=  SjTL  1.  To  twirl,  spin,  revolve,  rotate. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  turn  rapidly;  move  round 
with  velocity ;  revolve  or  rotate  swiftly. 

Four  [moons]  fixed,  and  the  fifth  did  whirl  about 
ITie  other  four.  Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  2.  183. 

This  slippery  globe  of  life  whirls  of  itself. 

Lowell,  Parting  of  the  Ways. 

2.  To  pass  or  move  with  a  rapid  whirling  mo- 
tion, or  as  if  on  wheels. 

I'll  come  and  be  thy  waggoner. 
And  whirl  along  with  thee  about  the  globe. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  v.  2.  49. 
What  thoughts  of  horror  and  madness  whirl 
Through  the  burning  brain. 

Whittier,  Mogg  Megone,  i. 
The  supply  of  material  in  the  world  is  practically  con- 
stant; nothing  drops  off  of  it  as  we  whirl  through  space, 
and  the  only  thing  added  is  some  stray  meteorite,  insig- 
nificant except  in  the  way  of  a  sign  or  wonder. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXX.  88. 
WMrllng  chair,  an  apparatus  formerly  used  to  subdue 
intractable  patients  in  retreats  for  the  insane.  After  the 
victim  had  been  strapped  in,  the  chair  was  made  to  re- 
volve very  rapidly.— 'Whirling  dervish.  See  dervish. — 
Whirling  plant.  Same  as  telegraph-plant. 
whirl  (hwerl),  H.  [<  ME.  whirl  (in  oomp.)  = 
MD.  wervel,  worvel,  a  whirl,  peg,  a  spinning- 
wheel,  =  OHG.  icirhil,  wjr^;,  a  whirlwind,  MHG. 
G.  wirbel,  a  whirl,  the  crown  of  the  head,  =  Icel. 
hvirfiU,  a  circle,  ring,  the  crown  of  the  head: 
see  whirl,  v.,  and  cf.  wharl^,  whorl.']  1+.  The 
whorl  of  a  spindle. 

A  whirle,  ...  a  round  Piece  of  Wood  put  on  the  spin- 
dle of  a  spinning-wheel.  Bailey,  1731. 
Medle  you  with  your  spyndle  and  your  whirle. 

Udall,  Roister  Doister,  i.  3. 

2.  A  reel  or  hook  used  in  rope-making  for  twist- 
ing strands  of  hemp  or  gut. —  3.  A  rope-winch. 
— 4.  In  hot.  and  conch.    See  whorl. —  5.  A  rapid 
circling  motion  or  movement,  as  that  of  a  re- 
volving body;  rapid  rotation,  gyi'ation,  or  cir- 
cumvolution: literally  and  figuratively:  as,  the 
tohirl  of  a  top  or  of  a  wheel ;  the  whirls  of  fancy. 
Thus  I  would  prove  the  vicissitudes  and  whirl  of  plea- 
sures about  and  again.    B.  Jomon,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv.  1. 
Now  with  sprightly 
Wheel  downward  come  they  into  fresher  skies ;  .  .  . 
Still  downward  with  capacious  whirl  they  glide. 

Keats,  Sleep  and  Poetry. 

6.  Something  that  whirls,  or  moves  with  a  rapid 
circling  motion ;  the  circling  eddy  of  a  whirl- 
pool, a  whirlwind,  or  the  like. 
What  flaws,  and  whirls  of  weather, 
Or  rather  storms,  have  been  aloft  these  three  days  ! 

Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  iii.  6. 
XTpon  the  whirl,  where  sank  the  ship, 
The  boat  spun  round  and  round. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mai'iner,  vii. 

whirl-about  (hwerra-bouf),  n.  1.  Something 
tliat  whirls  with  velocity ;  a  whirligig. —  2t.  A 
great  fish  of  the  whale  kind ;  a  whirl-whale. 

The  monstrous  Whirl-about, 
Which  in  the  Sea  another  Sea  doth  spout, 
Where-with  huge  Vessels  (if  they  happen  nigh) 
Are  over-whelm'd  and  sunken  suddenly. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  5. 

whirlbat  (hwerl'bat),  n.  [Also,  by  confusion, 
htirlhat;  <  whirl  -\-  bat^.]  Tlie  ancient  cestus, 
a  kind  of  boxing-glove  used  by  Greek  and  Ro- 
man athletes.     See  cuts  under  cestiis'^,  2 

Your  shoulders  must  not  undergo  the  churlish  wkoorlbat's 

fall ; 

Wrastling  is  past  you,  strife  in  darts,  the  foot's  celerity ; 

Flarsh  age  in  his  years  fetters  you,  and  honour  sets  you 

free.  Chapman.  Iliad,  xxiii.  538. 

He  rejected  them,  as  Dares  did  the  whirlbat^  of  Eryx. 

when  they  were  thrown  before  him  by  Entellus. 

Dryden,  Pref.  to  Fables. 


whirl-pillar 

whirlblast  (hwerl'blast),  n.  A  whirling  blast 
of  wind;  a  whirlwind. 

The  whirl-blast  comes,  the  desert  sands  rise  up. 

Coleridge,  Night-.Scene. 
A  whirl-bla^  from  behind  the  hill 
Rushed  o'er  the  wood  with  startling  sound. 

Wordsworth,  Poems  of  Fancy,  iii. 
Were  this  bitter  whirl-blast  fanged  with  flame. 
To  me  'twere  summer,  we  being  side  by  side. 

Lowell,  Paolo  to  Francesca. 

whirlbone  (hwSrl'bon),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
whyrlebone ;  <  ME.  whirlbon,  whyrlebone,  whorle- 
bone  (=  MD.  wervelben);  <  whirl  +  bone^. 
Hence,  by  confusion,  hurlbone.']  If.  The  bone 
of  a  ball-and-socket  joint,  as  in  the  hip. 

The  .  .  .  whirlebones  of  their  hips,  about  which  their 
hucklebones  turne.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxviii.  11. 

2.  The  patella;  the  kneepan  or  stifie-boue. 

Patella.  ...  La  palette  du  genouil.  The  tchirlebone  of 
the  knee.  Nomendator.    {Nares.) 

whirler  (hwer'ler),  «.  [<  idiiri -(- -«ri.]  1.  One 
who  or  that  which  whirls. —  2.  In  rope-manuf., 
one  of  the  revolving  hooks  to  which  the  hemp 
is  fastened  in  the  operations  of  twisting  it  into 
rope-yarn  or  small  rope. 

whirl-firet  (hwerl'fir),  n.     Lightning. 

The  smoaking  storms,  the  whirl-fire's  crackling  clash. 
And  deafening  Thunders. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  it.  The  Lawe. 

whirlgig  (hwerl'gig),  n.     Same  as  whirligig,  4. 

whirllCOtet  (hwer'li-kot),  n.  [Appar.  for  whirl- 
c<ite  {at.  whirligig  tor  ivhirlgig),<.  whirl  +  cote^.'] 
A  wheel-carriage. 

Of  old  time.  Coaches  were  not  known  in  this  Iland,  but 
Chariots  or  Whirlv:otes,  then  so  called,  and  they  onely 
used  for  Princes  or  great  Estates,  such  as  had  their  foot- 
men about  them.    Stow,  Survey  of  London  (ed.  1633),  p.  70. 

whirligig  (hwer'li-gig),  n.  and  a.  [Early  mod. 
E.  whirlygig,  whijrlygigge ;  also  whirlgig  (in  def. 
4,  with  a  var.  whirhcig);  <  ME.  whi/rlegyge;  < 
whirl -i-  gigT^.]  I.  «.  1.  Any  toy  or  trivial  object 
to  which  a  rapid  whirling  motion  is  imparted. 
Especially — (a)  A  tee-totum,  or  a  top. 

I  tryll  a  whirlygig  rounde  aboute.  Je  pirouette.  ...  I 
holde  the  a  peny  that  I  wyll  ti-yll  my  whirlygig  longer 
about  than  thou  shalte  do  thyne.  Palsgrave,  p.  762. 

Hath  the  truth  been  hid  in  corners,  that  we  must  grope 
for  it  in  a  sectary's  budget'/  Or  are  not  such  men  rather 
sick  of  Donatism  ?  That  every  novelist  with  a  whirligig  in 
his  brain  must  broach  new  opinions  I 

Bev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  1. 180. 
They  [the  gods]  gave  Things  their  i^ginning. 
And  set  this  Whirligig  a  Spinning.  Prior,  The  Ladle. 
(6)  A  toy  which  children  spin  in  the  hand  by  means  of 
string,  (c)  A  carrousel  or  meiry-go-round.  (d)  A  toy  re- 
sembling a  miniature  windmill,  which  children  cause  to 
spin  or  whii-1  round  by  moving  it  through  the  air. 

2.  Hence,  anything  that  revolves  or  spins  like 
a  whirligig;  also,  spinning  rotation  ;  revolving 
or  recurring  course. 

The  whirliffig  of  time  brings  in  his  revenges. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  v.  1.  385. 

3.  In  }nilit.  antiq.,  an  instrument  for  punishing 
petty  offenders,  as  a  kind  of  wooden  cage  turn- 
ing on  a  pivot,  in  which  the  offender  was 
whirled  round  with  great  velocity. — 4.  In  en- 
tom.,  any  one  of  numerous  species  of  water- 
beetles  of  the  family  Gyrinidsc,  as  Gyrinus  na- 
tator,  usually  seen  in  large  numbers  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  water,  circling  rapidly  about,  and 
diving  only  to  escape  danger,  when  caught,  many 
exude  a  milky  liquid  having  an  odor  of  apples.  They 
abound  in  fresh-water  ponds,  pools,  and  ditches.  The 
larvse  are  aquatic,  and  breathe  by  means  of  ciliate 
brauchise.  The  American  whirligigs  belong  to  the  genera 
Gyrinus,  Dineutus,  and  Gyretes.  See  cut  under  Gyrinidse. 
Also  whirlgig,  whirhcig,  and  whirl  wig-beetle. 

Il.t  a.  Whirling. 
Thrise  to  her  bed  sliding  shee  quayls,  with  whirlygig  eye- 
sight 
Up  to  the  sky  staring.  Stanihurst,  .Eneid,  iv. 

And  so  continuing  their  whirlegigg-deuotious  with  con- 
tinuall  turnings.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  307. 

whirling-table,  whirling-machine  (hwer'- 
ling-ta''''bl,  -ma-shen*),  «.  1.  A  machine  con- 
trived for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  the  princi- 
pal effects  of  centripetal  or  centrifugal  forces, 
when  bodies  revolve  in  the  circumferences  of 
circles  or  on  an  axis. —  2.  In  pottery,  a  potters' 
lathe  for  holding  a  jilaster  mold  in  which  is 
laid  a  thin  mass  of  clay,  to  form  a  plate  or  other 
circular  piece.  The  mold  shapes  the  inside  of  the 
piece,  and  a  templet  appi'oached  to  the  revolving  mold 
forms  the  outside.  See  potters'  wheel,  under  potter^. 
3.  A  horizontal  ann  mounted  for  rotation  about 
a  vertical  axis,  used  in  experiments  in  aerody- 
namics, in  determining  the  constants  of  ane- 
mometers, or  for  other  purposes  for  which  high 
velocities  are  desired  under  conditions  thus  at- 
tainable. 

whirl-pillar  (hwcrl'pil'ar),  (I.  A  waterspout; 
a  dust-whirl. 


whirlpit 

Whirlpitt  (hwferl'pit),  n.  [<  whirl  +  pin.]  A 
whirlpool. 

The  deepest  whirl-pit  of  the  rav'nous  seas. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  liis  Humour,  ii.  2. 
This  wkirlepU  is  said  to  have  thrown  up  her  wracks 
ueer  Tauromenia.  Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  192. 

whirlpool  {hnerl'pol),  ii.  [Earlj- mod.  E.  wliirl- 
poole,wliirlpole;  <  whirl  +  })ooli.]  1.  A  cireu- 
lar  eddy  or  current  in  a  river  or  the  sea  pro- 
duced by  the  configuration  of  the  channel,  by 
meeting  currents,  by  winds  meeting  tides,  etc. 
The  celebrated  wliirlpool  of  Charj-bdis  between  .Sicily  and 
Italy,  and  the  Slaelstrom  off  the  coast  of  Norway,  are  not 
whirlpools  in  the  strict  sense,  but  merely  superficial  com- 
motions caused  by  winds  meeting  tidal  currents,  and  in 
calm  weather  are  free  from  danger.  Ijistances  of  vorti- 
cal motion,  however,  do  occur,  as  in  the  whirlpool  of  I'o- 
ryvreckan  in  the  Hebrides,  between  ,Iura  and  Scarba,  and 
in  some  eddies  among  the  Orkneys. 

Greedy  Whirl-pools,  ever-wheeling  round. 

Suck  in,  at  once,  Oars,  Sails,  and  Ships  to  ground. 

Syltxgter,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Battle  of  Ivry. 
2t.  Some  huge  sea-monster  of  the  whale  kind ; 
a  whirl-whale  ;  a  wliirl-about. 

The  Indian  Sea  bree<leth  the  most  and  the  biggest  fishes 
that  are;  among  which  the  whales  and  whirlpools,  called 
balsente,  take  up  in  length  as  much  as  four  acres  or  arpens 
of  land.  IloUaiul,  tr.  of  Pliny,  i.  235.    (Tremh.) 

Whirl-pufft  (hwi'rl'puf),  n.     [<  ME.  whirlpuf ; 
<  whirl  +  puff.]     A  whirlwind.     Il'ydif. 
A  vkirie-puffe  or  ghust  called  Typhen. 

Holland,  tr.  of  I'liny,  ii.  4S. 
whirlwatert  (hwerl'wa'ter),  )i.    An  old  name 
for  a  waterspout. 

There  was  no  other  water  fell  over  the  duke's  water-gate 
than  what  came  of  the  breaking  there  of  the  whirlwater, 
or,  as  some  call  it,  the  water-pillar. 

Court  and  Times o,f  Charles  I.,  I.  114. 

whirl-whalet  {hwferl'hwal),  «.  A  monster  of 
the  whale  kind;  a  whirl-about;  a  whirlpool. 

Another,  swallowed  in  a  Whirl- Whales  womb. 
Is  laid  a-Iive  within  a  living  Toomb. 

Syloetter,  tr.  of  Du  Uartas's  Weeks,  ii. ,  The  Lawe. 

whirlwlg  (hw^Tl'wig),  H.  [A  var.  of  wliirh/iij, 
perhaps  simulating -inV/ in  earwig.']  Same  as 
whirliijifi,  4. 

whirlwind  (hwerl'wind),  n.  [<  ME.  whi/rlc- 
wyiide,  qxrirl-wind,  a  whirling  wind,  =  D.  wcrrtl- 
loind  =  ti.  tcirhelwind  =  Icel.  hrirfih-indr  =  Sw. 
hrirfrehind  =2\ia.n.  hvirrelriiid,  a  whirlwind;  as 
whirl  +  wiiiiri,  II.]  1.  A  wind  moving  in  acir- 
cum.seribedeirpularpath;  a  mass  of  air,  of  whicli 
the  height  is  generally  very  great  in  comparison 
with  its  width,  rotating  rapidly  round  a  vertical 
or  slightly  inclined  axis,  this  axis  having  at  the 
same  time  a  progressive  motion  over  the  sur- 
face of  the  land  or  sea.  Whirlwinds  vary  greatly 
in  dimensions  and  intensity,  the  term  including  the 
miniature  eddy  that  circles  in  the  dusty  street,  the  tow- 
ering sand-pillars  of  the  tropical  deserts,  the  watersp<jut 
formed  over  bodies  of  water,  and  the  destructive  tornado 
of  the  t'nited  States.  They  arise  when  the  atmosphere  is 
in  a  condition  of  instability,  and  are  one  of  the  processes 
by  which  a  stable  condition  is  regained. 
The  Lord  answered  Job  out  of  the  whirlwind. 

Job  xxxviii.  1. 

2.  Figuratively,  any  wild  circling  rush  resem- 
bling a  whirlwind. 

There  the  companions  of  his  fall,  o'erwhelm'd 
With  HwkIs  and  whirlieinds  of  tempestuous  fire. 
He  soon  discerns.  Milton,  V.  L.,  i.  77. 

What  a  whirlwind  is  her  head  !  Byron. 

The  deer  was  flying  through  the  park,  followeil  l)y  the 
whirlwind  of  hounds  and  hunters. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  xxi. 

To  SOW  the  wind  and  reap  the  whirlwind.    See 

wind'i. 
whirl-worm  (hwirrwenu),  II.    A  turbcllarian  ; 
anv  member  of  the  TurhrUuria. 
Whirly-batt  (hwer'li-bat),   n.     Same  as  whirl- 
but. 

Very  true,  and  he  also  propos'd  the  fighting  with  Whirly- 
bats  too,  and  I  d<»n't  like  that  Sport. 

A'.  Bailnj,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus.  I.  S4. 

whirrett  (hwir'et),  «.  [Perhaps  from  whir.] 
A  slap;  a  blow.  Also  written  ic/icnf^,  jWiin)7, 
tchirrick. 

And  in  a  fume  gave  Fnrius 
A  irhirrt'l  on  the  eare. 
Kendall,  Flowers  of  Epigrams  (l'»77).     {Nares.) 
1  forthwith  went,  he  following  me  at  my  heels,  and 
now  and  tbeti  giving  n)e  u  whirret  on  the  ear,  which,  the 
way  to  my  chamber  lying  through  the  liall  where  .John 
Kaunce  was,  he,  poor  man,  might  see  and  be  sorry  for.  as 
I  doubt  not  that  he  was,  but  could  not  help  me, 

7'.  KIlwinHl.  Life  (ed.  Howells),  p.  222. 
Then  there's  your  sou.He,  your  irherrit.  and  your  drjwst. 
Tugs  on  the  hair,  your  bolt  o'  the  lips,     a  wbclp  (»n  't  I 
I  ne'er  c<ju1<1  find  much  difference. 

Fletcher  {and  another';),  Nice  Valour,  iii.  2. 

whirrett  (hwir'et ),  r.  I.  [Also  whirril,  etc. ;  cf. 
whirret,  n.]  1.  To  Iiuitv;  trout)le;  tease.  liiik- 
erstaff,  liOve  in  a  Village,  i.  ").  —  2.  To  give  a 
box  on  the  ear  to.     Hkih.  tiiiil  l''l. 


6905 

Whirrick  (hwir'ik),  n.     A  variant  of  whirret. 
Harry  .  .  .  gave  master  such  a  whirrick! 

II.  Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  21.    (Davies.) 

whirritt,  ».  and  v.     See  whirret. 

whirry  (liwer'i),  v.     [A  dial,  form  of  whir  or  of 
hwrri/.]     I.  iiitrans.  To  fly  rapidly  with  noise; 
whir;  hurry. 
II.  traii.^'.  To  hurry.    [Scotch  in  both  uses.] 

whirtle  (hwfer'tl),  H.  [Origin  obseure.]  A  per- 
forated steel  plate  through  which  pipe  or  wire 
is  drawn  to  reduce  its  diameter.   E.  H.  Knight. 

whishl  (hwish),  V.  i.  [Imitative;  cf.  whi;:  and 
swish.]  To  move  with  the  whirring  or  whizzing 
sound  of  rapid  motion. 

The  scenery  of  a  long  tragic  drama  flashed  through  his 

mind  as  the  lightning-express  train  ichi^-hes  by  a  station. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  vi. 

whish^t  (hwish),  iiiterj.    [Var.  of  hush.]    Hush. 

What  means  this  peevish  tiabe?  Whish,  lullaby  ; 
What  ails  my  babe'^  what  ails  my  babe  to  cry'* 

Quarles,  Emblems,  ii.  8. 

Whish2t  (hwish),  a.  [Var.  of  hush.]  Silent: 
same  as  hush,  whi.iht,  whisf^. 

You  took  my  answer  well,  and  all  was  whish. 

Sir  J.  Harington,  Ep.,  i.  27. 

whishey,  whishie  (hwish'i),  n.  The  white- 
throat,  tiijlcia  ciiicrea.  Macgillivraij.  Also  it'/(a(- 
tie. 

whishtt  (hwisht),  j«<€r/.  and  v.  [Var.  of  hu.'sht.] 
Same  as  husht,  whist^. 

When  they  perceived  that  Solomon,  by  the  advise  of 
his  father,  was  annoynted  king,  by  and  by  there  was  all 
whisht.  Latimer,  2d  Sermon  !)£'.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

whiskl  (hwisk),  II.  [Prop.  *wi.sk;  <  Icel.  risk, 
a  wisp  of  hay,  something  to  wipe  with,  a  rub- 
ber, =  Sw.  viska,  a  whisk,  small  broom,  =  Dan. 
risk,  a  wisp,  rubber,  =  D.  wisch  =  OHG.  wise, 
MHG.  G.  wisch,  a  whisk,  clout;  prob.  con- 
nected with  w(i.sh.  The  verb  is  from  the  orig. 
noun;  but  the  noun  in  the  later  senses  (-act 
of  whisking,'  etc.)  is  from  the  verb.]  1.  A 
wisp  or  small  bunch,  as  of  grass,  hair,  or  straw ; 
specifically,  such  a  wisp  used  as  a  brush,  broom, 
or  besom,  and  especially  in  modern  usage  one 
made  of  the  ripened  panicle  of  broom-corn 
(see  broom-roni  and  Sorgliuiii),  used  for  brush- 
ing the  dust  off  clothes,  etc. 

If  you  happen  to  break  any  china  with  the  top  of  the 
whisk  on  the  matitle-tree  or  the  cabinet,  gather  up  tile 
fragments.       Su\fl,  Advice  to  Servants  (Chamber-maid). 

The  ceiling  was  divided  by  whisks  of  flowers,  with  a 
margin  of  honeysuckles.  .S".  Judd,  Margaret,  ii.  11. 

2.  An  instrument  used  for  whisking,  agitat- 
ing, or  beating  certain  articles,  such  as  cream 
or  eggs. — 3.  A  coopers'  plane  for  leveling  the 
chimes  of  casks. — 4.  A  neckerchief  worn  by 
women  in  the  seventeenth  century.  Also  called 
falling-whisk,  ai)|iareiitlv  in  distinction  from 
the  riiff. 

My  wife  in  her  new  lace  wldske,  which  indeed  is  veiy 
noble,  and  I  am  much  pleased  witli  it. 

Pepys,  Diary,  II.  217. 
With  whisks  of  lawn,  by  grannums  wore. 
In  l)ase  contempt  of  bishops  sleeves. 

Hudihras  Jiediriinis (1706).     (Nares.) 

5.  A  lirief.  rapid  sweeping  motion  as  of  some- 
thing light ;  a  sudden  stroke,  whiff,  pull',  or  gale. 

This  first  sad  whisk 
'takes  off  tliy  dukedom  ;  thou  art  but  an  earl. 

Flfte/ier  (and  another).  Noble  tientlenian,  v. 

He  tunu;d  with  an  angry  whisk  on  bis  heel,  and  swag- 
gered with  long  strides  out  of  the  gate. 

J.  .V.  1.6  Fanu,  Dragon  %'olant,  iv. 
If  a  wliisk  of  Kate's  broom  sn.ap  your  coliweb  asunder. 
Loivell,  Blondel,  ii. 
6t.  A  servant.     [Contemptuous.] 

'I'his  is  the  protid  braches  whiske.  Drome,  Novella. 

7.   An  impertinent  fellow.     Ilalliwcll.     [Prov. 

K"g]  —Mexican  or  French  whisk.  Same  as  broom- 
rout. 

whiskl  (li  wisk),  ('.  [Prop,  wi.fk  (as  in  dial,  use) ; 
<  Sw.  riskd,  wipe,  sponge,  also  wag  the  tail,  = 
Dan.  rwA'c,  wipe,  rub,  sponge,  =  OIIG.  wiskvn, 
MHG.  G.  wisehen,  wipe,  rub;  from  the  noun.] 

1.  trans.  1.  Tosweeporbrush  with  a  light,  rapid 
motion:  as,  to  whisk  tlie  dust  from  a  table. 

She  advanced  to  the  fire,  rearranged  the  wood,  picked 
up  stray  brands,  and  whisked  up  the  coals  with  a  brush. 
//.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  xxiv. 

2.  To  agitate  or  mix  with  a  light,  rapid  mo- 
tion ;  beat:  as,  to«7((.s-A'eggs. — 3.  To  move  with 
a  (|uick,  swee])ing  motion  or  Uourisli:  luove 
briskly. 

His  papers  light  fly  diverse,  toss'd  in  air; 

.Songs,  sonnets,  epigrams  the  winds  uplift, 

Au(l  whisk  'em  liack  to  l-'vuns.  Young,  and  Swift. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  IKi. 


whiskered 

4.  To  flourish  about. 

Who?  he  that  wjvlks  in  grey,  whiskiim  his  riding-rod? 
Fletcher  (and  another),  Noble  Gentleman,  ii.  1. 

5.  To  cam- suddenly  and  rapidly ;  whirl. 
The  outsiders  [in  open  railway-carriages],  who  experi- 
enced the  inconvenience  of  the  smoke  as  well  as  the  cold 
atmosphere  through  which  they  were  whisked. 

Quoted  in  First  Year  of  a  Silken  lievjn,  p.  150. 
II.  intrans.  To  move  with  a  quick,  sweeping 
motion ;  move  nimbly  and  swiftly :  as,  to  whisk. 
away. 

Then,  ill  bested  of  counsel,  rageth  she  [the  Queen], 
And  whisketh  through  the  town.       Surrey,  ."^^neid,  iv. 
I  wish  you  would  one  day  whisk  over  and  look  at  Har- 
ley  House.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  44. 

whisk^t  (hwisk),  n.  [<  whisk^,  v.,  referring,  in 
the  orig.  form  of  the  game  called  "wliisk  and 
swabbers,"  to  the  rapid  action  and  the  whisk- 
ing or  sweeping  of  the  cards  from  the  table  as 
the  tricks  were  won.  There  are  various  other 
card  terms  having  reference  to  quick,  sweeping 
action:  e.  g.,  'sweep  the  stakes,' slams,  etc.  The 
name  whisk,  having  no  very  obvious  significance 
after  its  first  application,  came  to  be  called 
ichist.     See  u-hi,'<t'K]     The  game  of  whist. 

He  plays  at  whisk  and  smokes  his  pipe  eight-and-forty 
hours  together  sometimes. 

Farquhar,  Beaux'  Stratagem,  i.  1. 
He  played  at  whisk  till  one  in  the  morning. 

Walpole,  Letters,  II.  417. 

Whlsk  and  swabbers.  See  swabber. 
whisker  (hwis'ker),  n.  [Formerly  also  (Sc.) 
whisquer.  whiscar;  <  whisk'^  +  -o'l.]  1 .  One  who 
or  that  which  -whisks,  or  moves  with  a  quick, 
sweeping  motion. —  2.  A  switch  or  rod.  [Old 
slang.  ] 

A  whip  is  a  whisker  that  will  wrest  out  blood 
Of  back  and  of  body,  beaten  right  well. 

Ilarman,  Caveat  for  Cursetors,  p.  122. 

3.  A  bunch  of  feathers  for  sweeping  anything. 
Jamiesnn. — 4.  In  :iHil.:  {a)  One  of  the  long, 
stiff,  bristly  hairs  which  gi'ow  on  the  upper  lip 
of  the  cat  and  many  other  animals;  a  vibrissa; 
a  feeler:  also,  the  set  of  such  haii's  on  either 
side  of  the  mouth.  See  ribrissa,  and  cuts  under 
Plati/rhi/nchus  and  tiger.  (6)  jil.  Any  similar 
formation  of  hairs,  feathers,  etc.,  about  an  ani- 
mal's mouth;  also,  color-marks  suggestive  of 
whiskers,  as  mystacial  or  maxillary  stripes. 
See  whiskered,  (c)  In  entoin.,  a  long  fringe  of 
hairs  on  the  clypeus,  overhanging  the  mouth, 
as  in  flies  of  the  genus  Asiliis. — 5.  The  hair  of 
the  face,  especially  that  on  the  sides  of  the  face 
or  cheeks  of  a  man,  as  distinguished  from  that 
which  grows  on  the  upper  lip  (called  the  inus- 
tache)  and  that  on  the  chin  (called  the  beard), 
but  the  word  was  formerly  also  used  for  the  hair 
on  the  upper  lip:  commonlyin  the  plural.  Com- 
pare side-irli  iskcrs. 

His  face  not  very  great,  ample  forehead,  yellowish  red- 
dish whiskers,  which  natni-ally  turned  up  ;  f)eIowe  he  was 
shaved  close,  except  a  little  tip  under  his  lii>. 

Aubrey,  Lives  (Thonnis  Hoblies). 
His  whiskers  curled,  and  shoe-strings  tied, 
A  new  Tcdedo  by  his  side.   Addison,  Rosamond,  ii.  2. 
He  had  a  beard  tfK>,  and  whiskers  turned  upwards  on  his 
upper-lip,  as  laiig  as  Baudron's.  Scott,  Antiquary,  ix. 

The  Czar's  look,  I  own,  was  much  l)righter  and  brisker, 
But  then  he  is  sadly  deficient  in  whisker. 

Byron,  Fragment  of  Epistle  to  Thomas  Moore. 

6.  In  ships,  an  outrigger  of  wood  or  iron  extend- 
ing laterally  from  each  side  of  the  bowsprit-cup, 
serving  to  support  the  ,jib  and  flying-jib  guys. — 

7.  Something  great  or  extraordinary;  a  whop- 
per; a  big  lie.  I'laidiis  made  Engli.th  (1694), 
p.  9.     (IJaeies.)  —  8.  A  blusterer.  '  [Scotcli.] 

March  whisquer  was  never  a  good  fisher. 

Scotch  prorerb  (Ray,  Proverbs  (1 078),  p.  385). 

Whiskerando  (hwis-ke-ran'do),  n.  [So  called 
in  allusion  to  Dun  Feriilo  iVhi.'<keranil(iK,  a  bur- 
lesque character  in  Sheridan's  i)lay,  "The 
Critic":  a  name  formed,  witli  a  Spanish-look- 
ing termination,  <  wliisker.]  A  whiskered  or 
bearded  person.     [Burles(|ue.] 

'I'he  dumpy,  elderly,  square-shouldered,  S(iuintiiig,  t-ar- 
roty  wliiskerando  of  a  warrior  who  was  laying  altont  bitu 
s<j  savagely.  Thackeray,  I'bilip,  xiii. 

whiskerandoedt  (hwis-ke-ran'dod),  n.  [As 
whiskeraudii  -4-  -eiP.]     Whiskered. 

To  what  follies  and  what  extravagancies  would  the 
whiskerandoed  macaronies  of  Ilomi  Street  and  St.  .James's 
proceed,  if  the  beard  once  inoie  wen',  instead  of  the  neck- 
cloth, to  "nnike  the  num"  1        .^ovtlieu,  'I'lie  Doctor,  clvi. 

whiskered  (hwis'kerd),  a.  [<  whi.-<ker  ■¥  -rr/'-'.] 
1.  Wearing  wliiskers;  having  whiskers,  in  any 
sense. 

The  ietmker\t  vermin  race.       Grainyer,  Sugarcane,  ii. 

Again  the  i/hiskerrd  Sp.-uiiard  all  the  land  witti   terror 

sniote.  I.onyfeitow.  lielfly  of  Hruges. 


whiskered 

2.  Formed  into  whiskers. 

PreferriiiK  sense  from  chin  that 's  bare 
To  nonsense  thron'd  in  iphi^fter'd  hair. 

,1/.  Green,  The  Spleen. 

Black-whiskered  greenlet  or  vireo.  See  vireo  and 
irAi>-(om-»-pHi/.— Whiskered  auk  or  auklet,  Simorhyn- 
cA«s  piiymjriu!,  a  small  auk  founil  in  tin;  North  Pacific,  of 
a  dark' color,  having  long  white  featliers  like  whiskers  on 
each  side  of  the  head.  It  closely  resenililes  the  bird  fig- 
ured at  n »*•;<•(. —Whiskered  bat,  VespertUio  myxtacinm, 
a  small  brown  bat  widely  distributed  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
—  Whiskered  tern.  Seetenji. 
whiskery  (Invis'lser-i),  a.  [<  whisl-cr  +  -i/i.] 
Having  or  weaving  whiskers.     [Humorous.] 

The  old  lady  is  as  ugly  as  any  woman  in  the  parish,  and 
as  tall  and  n-hMery  as  a  Grenadier. 

Thackeray,  Book  of  Snobs,  xli. 

whisket  (hwis'ket),  n.  [Also  wisl'ct;  <  whisk''- 
+  -et.~i  1 .  A  basket ;  especially,  a  straw  Ixisket 
in  which  provender  is  given  to  cattle.  HalU- 
wcU.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  A  small  lathe  forturn- 
ing  wooden  pins.  It  has  a  Iiollow  chuck  to  hold 
the  pin  while  being  turned.     Ji.  If.  Knight. 

whiskey,  whiskeyfled.  Seewhish/'^,  whiskificd. 

whiskined,  whiskeyfled  (hwis'ki-fid),  a.  [< 
whiski/i  +  -fij  +  -erf2.]  Intoxicated,  or  partly 
intoxicated,"  as  with  whisky.     [Humorous.] 

The  two  ivhiskeyfied  gentlemen  are  up  with  her. 

Thackeray,  Virginians,  xxxviil. 

This  person  was  a  sort  of  n-hiskified  Old  Mortality,  who 
claimed  to  have  cut  all  manner  of  tombstones  standing 
around.  W.  Black,  Phaeton,  xxviii.    (Davies.) 

whiskint  (hwis'kin),  )(.  [Origin  obscure.]  1. 
A  kind  of  drinking-vessel. 

And  wee  will  han  a  ivhiskin  at  every  rush-bearing ;  a 
wassel  cup  at  yule ;  a  seed-cake  at  fastens. 

The  Two  Lancashire  Lovers  (1640),  p.  19.    (Halliwell.) 

2.  A  low  menial  of  either  sex.    Ford's  Fancies, 
i.  .S,  note. 
whisking  (hwis'king), p.  a.    1.  Sweepingalong 
lightly ;  moving  nimbly. 

With  whiskiny  broom  they  brush  and  sweep 
The  cloudy  Curtains  of  Heav'ns  stages  steep. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,*  i.  2. 

The  vhiskiriy  winds.  Purehas. 

2.  Great;  large.     Bailc!/,17S\.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
whiskyi,  whiskey^  (hwis'ki),  «.    [<  ichisk^  + 
-1/1,  because  it  whisks  along  rapidly.]     A  kind 
of  light  gig  or  one-horse  chaise.     Sometimes 
called  tim-iohisky. 

Whiskeys  and  gigs  and  curricles.    Crabbe,  Works,  II.  174. 

The  increased  taxation  of  the  cnrriclo  had  the  effect  of 
bringing  into  existence  the  less  expensive  gig,  a  develop- 
ment or  imitation  of  a  class  of  two-wheeled  caiTiage  known 
in  the  country  as  a  u-hisky. 

S.  Dowell,  Taxes  in  England,  III.  227. 

whisky2,  whiskeys  (hwis'ki),  ?(.  [Also  Sc. 
whusketj:  prob.  short  for  "ichiski/bnxgh  or  some 
similar  form,  var.  of  nsqucbaufih,  <  Gael,  and  Jr. 
wsgeheatha,  whisky,  lit.  (like  V.  can  de  ric,  bran- 
dy) 'water  of  life,'  <  uisyc,  water,  -f  hcatlia,  life 
(cf .  L.  vita,  life,  Gr.  /3/of,  life).  It  does  not  seem 
probable  that  E.  zchiskij  was  taken  from  Gael. 
Ir.  ninije  simply.]  An  ardent  spirit,  distilled 
chiefly  from  grain.  The  term  was  originally  applied 
to  the  spirit  obtained  from  malt  in  Ireland,  Scotland,  etc., 
in  which  sense  whisky  is  synonymous  with  usquehangh. 
Irish  whisky  and  Scotch  whisky  are  still  made  from  malt, 
and  are  known  by  numerous  names,  as  j^oteen,  mountain- 
deu;  etc.  In  the  United  States  whisky  is  commonly  made 
either  from  Indian  corn  (cfrrn  tvhisky)  or  from  rye  (rye 
u-hvtky).  Tlie  name  u-heat  whisky  has,  however,  been  ap- 
prijpriated  to  certain  brands,  and  wheat  is  probably  used 
in  the  making  of  many  different  kinds  or  qualities. — 
Whisky  cocktail,  a  cocktail  in  which  whisky  is  the  prin- 
cipal ingredient :  it  consists  of  whisky  and  water  flavored 
with  bitters,  usually  also  with  the  peel  of  orange  or  lemon, 
and  sweetened  with  sugar.— Whisky  Insurrection  or 
Rehellion.  See  insurreetiun. — Whisky  ring^  a  combi- 
nation of  Tnited  States  revenue  officers  and  distillers  to 
defraud  the  government  of  a  part  of  the  internal-revenue 
tax  on  distilled  spirits.  It  was  formed  in  St,  Louis  about 
1872,  extended  to  other  western  cities,  and  secretly  ac- 
quired great  influence  in  the  government,  but  was  broken 
up  in  1875. — Whisky  smash,  a  beverage  of  which  the 
principal  ingredient  is  whisky  flavored  with  mint  which 
is  bruised  or  sma.shed  in  tlic  liquor,  and  usually  also  with 
orange,  lemon,  pineapple,  or  other  fruit  ;  a  whisky  sour 
with  the  addition  of  mint. —  Whisky  SOUr,  a  beverage 
consisting  chiefly  of  whisky  and  water,  acidulated  with 
lenton-juice. —  Whisky  toddy,  toddy  of  which  whisky  is 
the  principal  ingredient;  a  l)everage  consisting  of  hot 
water  and  wliisky,  sweetened  or  spiced. 

whisky-frisky  (hwis'ki-fris'ki),  a.  Flighty. 
[Colioq.] 

As  U)  talking  in  such  a  whisky-frisky  manner  that  no- 
body can  understand  him,  why  it's  tantamount  to  not 
talking  at  all.  Miss  Hurney,  Cecilia,  ix.  3. 

whisky-jack  (hwis'ki-jak),}(.  [An  altered  form, 
by  substitution  of  the  familiar. /or/,'  iovJohn,  of 
u-hi>;ki/-j(ilt)i.'\  The  gray  jay  cinnnioii  in  north- 
ern sections  and  western  mountainous  parts  of 
North  America;  the  Cana'la  jay,  I'triffiircihs 
c'liiridfiisis.  related  to  /'.  infaioiliis  nt  northern 
Europe;  the  moose-bird.  See  cut  under  Peri- 
sorons. 


6906 

The  Canada  Jay,  or  Whiskey-Jack  (the  corruption  proba- 
bly of  a  Cree  name).  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIII.  611. 

whisky-john  (hwis'ki-jon),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
the  Cree  lud.  name,  rendered  wluskac-sliawiieesh 
by  Sir  John  Richardson,  but  commonly  spelled 
wiskachon,  <  Cree  Ind.  wiss-ka-tjan.  Cf.  nhi.sky- 
juck.']     Same  as  irhiskii-jack. 

whisky-li'yer  (hwis'ki-liv"er),  v.  Cirrhosis  of 
the  liver,  resulting  from  chronic  alcohol-poison- 
ing. 

whisp  (hwisp), )(.  An  erroneous  form  of  icisp,  4 
(like  the  erroneous  form,  now  established,  whisk 
for  wisk). 

whisper  (hwis'per),  V.  [<  ME.  whisperen,  whys- 
peren,  whispren,  hwispreu,  whisper,  <  AS. 
(ONorth.)  hicisjman,  whisper,  murmur,  =  MD. 
wispercn,  D.«i'(spc?e«,  whisper,  =  OHG.i('i-«/M(?o«, 
hwispalon,  MH(j.  G.  wispeln,  whisper;  ef.  recent 
G.  wispern,  whisper;  allied  to  Icel.  hviskra  =  Sw. 
hriska  =  Dan.  hviske,  whisper;  imitative  words, 
like  whistcr,  whistle,  AS.  hwi.itlian  and  hweestri- 
an,  whistle,  ult.  from  the  sibilant  base  hwis-. 
Cf.  whistle.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  speak  without 
uttering  voice  or  sonant  breath ;  speak  with  a 
low,  rustling  voice ;  speak  softly  or  under  the 
breath;  converse  in  whispers:  often  implying 
plotting,  evil-speaking,  and  the  like. 

I'll  whisper  with  the  general,  and  know  his  pleasure. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  8.  329. 
When  David  saw  that  his  servants  tvhispered,  David  per- 
ceived that  the  child  was  dead.  2  Sam.  xii.  19. 
All  that  hate  me  whisper  together  against  me.  Ps.  xli.  7. 
The  hawthorn-bush,  with  seats  beneath  the  shade  — 
For  talking  age  and  whispering  lovers  made  ! 

(joldstnith,  Bes.  Vil,,  1.  14. 

Alas !  they  had  been  friends  in  youth  ; 
But  whispering  tongues  can  poison  truth. 

Coleridge,  Christabel,  ii. 

2.  To  make  a  low,  rustling  sound,  like  that  of 
a  whisper. 

Soft  zephyrs  whispering  through  the  trees. 

Thomson,  Country  Life. 

The  trees  began  to  whisper,  and  the  wind  began  to  roll. 
Tennyson,  May  Queen,  Conclusion. 

Smooth  aa  our  Charles  [River],  when,  fearing  lest  he  wrong 
The  new  moon's  mirrored  skiff,  he  slides  along. 
Full  without  noise,  and  whispers  in  his  reeds. 

Lowell,  To  H.  \V.  L.  on  his  Birthday. 
Whispered  bronchophony,  bronchophony  elicited  by 
the  whispering  of  the  patient. 

II.  tra)is.  1.  To  utter  in  a  low  non-vocal  tone; 
say  under  the  breath ;  state  or  communicate  in 
whispers;  often  implying  plotting,  slanderous 
talk,  etc. 

She  tfhispers  in  his  ears  a  heavy  tale. 

Shak.,  Venns  and  Adonis,  1.  1125. 
Fresh  gales  and  gentle  airs 
Whisper'd  it  to  the  woods. 

Miltoti,  P.  L.,  viil.  516. 
I  know  that 's  a  Secret,  for  it 's  whisper'd  every  where, 
Congrevi',  Love  for  Love,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  address  or  inform  in  a  whisper  or  low 
voice,  especially  with  the  view  of  avoiding  pub- 
licity :  elliptical  for  whisper  to. 

He  did  first  whisper  the  man  in  the  ear,  that  such  a  man 
should  think  of  such  a  card.         Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  946. 
He  came 
To  whisper  Wolsey. 

Sliak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  1.  179. 

You  saw  her  whisper  me  erewhile, 

B.  Jonson,  Epiccene,  iv.  2. 
He  whisper'd  the  bonnie  lassie  heraell. 
And  has  her  favour  won. 
Katharine  Janfarie  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  30). 

At  the  same  time  he  ichispered  me  in  the  ear  to  take 
notice  of  a  tabby  cat  that  sat  in  the  chimney  corner. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  117. 

whisper  (hwis'per),  )?.  [<  whisper,  v.l  1.  The 
utterance  of  words  with  the  breath  not  made 
vocal ;  a  low,  soft,  rustling  voice. 

The  seaman's  whistle 
Is  as  a  whv'per  in  the  ears  of  death. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.  1.  9. 

The  inward  voice  or  whisper  can  never  give  a  tone. 

Bacon,  Nat.  llist.,  1 174. 

2.  A  whispered  word,  remark,  or  conversation. 

Full  well  the  busy  whisper,  circling  round, 
Convey'd  the  dismal  tidings  when  he  frown'd. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  203. 

I^pon  his  first  rising  the  court  was  hushed,  and  a  gen- 
eral wfiisper  ran  among  the  country  people  that  Sir  Roger 
was  uj).  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  122. 

No  sound  broke  the  stillness  of  the  night  save  now  and 
then  low  whispers  from  the  men,  who  were  standing  mo- 
tionless in  the  ranks.        Cornhill  Mag.,  Oct.,  18S8,  p.  384. 

3.  A  secret  hint,  suggestion,  or  insinuation. 

At  least,  the  whisper  goes  so.       Shak.,  Hamlet,  i,  1,  SO, 

Princes, 
'I'luMigh  they  be  sometime  subject  to  loose  whispers. 
Yet  wear  they  two-edg'd  swords  for  open  censures, 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  Iii,  1. 


whist 

T  heard  many  whispers  against  the  other,  as  a  whimsical 

sort  of  a  fellow.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  48. 

4.  A  low,  rustling  sound  of  whispering,  or  a 
similar  sound,  as  of  the  wind. 

In  whispers  like  the  whijipers  of  the  leaves 
That  tremble  round  a  nightingale. 

Tennyson,  Gardener's  Daughter. 

5.  Specifically,  in  mcd.,  the  sound  of  the  whis- 
pering voice  transmitted  to  the  ear  of  the  aus- 
eultator  placed  against  the  chest-wall Carer- 
nous  ■wrhisper.  See  cavernous.— 'Pig.'li  'Whisper.  See 
pig'i. 

whisperer  (hwis'per-er),  n.    [<  whisper  +  -erl.] 

1.  One  who  whispers,  or  speaks  in  a  low,  soft, 
rustling  voice,  or  under  the  breath. —  2.  One 
who  tells  secrets,  or  makes  secret  and  mis- 
chievous communications;  a  talebearer;  an 
informer. 

A  whisperer  separateth  chief  friends.  Prov.  xvi.  28. 

Whisperers,  backbiters,  haters  of  God.  Rom,  i.  29. 

Their  trust  towards  them  hath  rather  been  as  to  good 
spials  and  good  whisperers  than  good  magistrates  and  of- 
ficers. Bacon,  Deformity  (ed.  1887). 

They  are  directly  under  the  conduct  of  their  whisperer, 
and  think  they  are  in  a  state  of  freedom  while  they  can 
prate  with  one  of  these  attendants  of  all  men  in  general, 
and  still  avoid  the  man  they  most  like. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  118. 

whisperhood  (hwis'per-hud),  n.  [<  whisper  -H 
-hood.']  The  state  of  being  a  whisper ;  the  initial 
condition  of  a  rumor  —  that  is,  a  mere  whisper 
or  insinuation.     [Rare.] 

I  know  a  lie  that  now  disturbs  half  the  kingdom  with 
its  noise,  which,  although  too  proud  and  great  at  present 
to  own  its  parents,  I  can  remember  its  whisperhood. 

Swift,  Examiner,  No.  14. 

whispering  (hwis'per-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of 
whisper,  v.]  1.  Whispered  talk  or  conversa- 
tion ;  a  whisper,  or  whispers  collectively. 

Ther  was  nothing  but  private  meetings  and  whisperings 
amongst  them,  they  feeding  themselves  &  others  with 
what  they  should  bring  to  pass  in  England. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  173. 

Even  the  whisperings  ceased,  and  nothing  broke  the 
stillness  but  the  plashing  of  the  waves  without. 

E.  L.  Bynner,  Begum's  Daughter,  xxii. 

2.  Talebearing,  hint,  or  insinuation. 

Lest  there  be  .  .  .  whisperings.  2  Cor.  xii.  20. 

Foul  whisperings  are  abroad.  Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  1.  79. 
whispering  (hwis'per-ing),  p.  a.  [Ppr.  of  whis- 
per, v.]  I.  Like  a  whisper ;  low  and  non-vo- 
eal. 

The  passing  of  all  these  hundreds  of  naked  feet  makes 
a  great  whispering  sound  over  the  burning  pavements. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVII.  224. 

2.  Eriiitting,  making,  or  characterized  by  a  low 
sound  resembling  a  whisper. 

The  watch-dog's  voice  that  bay'd  the  whispering  wind. 
Goldsmith,  Des.  Vil.,  1.  121. 

To  Rosy  Brook,  to  cut  long  whispering  reeds  which  grew 
there,  to  make  pan-pipes  of. 

T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  3. 

I  waded  and  fioundered  a  couple  of  miles  through  the 
whispering  night.  Loicell,  Study  Windows,  p.  40. 

whispering-gallery  (hwis'per-ing-gal"e-ri),  «. 
See  f/allcry, 

whisperingly  (hwis'p^r-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  whis- 
pering manner;  in  a  low  voice. 

The  pool  in  the  comer  where  the  grasses  were  dank 
and  trees  leaned  whisperingly. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  liL 

whisperously(hwis'per-us-li),«rf('.  [<  *irhisper- 
oiis  (<  whisper  +  -ous)  -(-  -ly-.]  In  a  whisper; 
whisperingly.     [Rare.] 

The  Duchess  in  awe  of  Carr  Vipont  sinks  her  voice,  and 
gabbles  on  whisperously. 

Bulwer,  What  will  he  do  with  it?  v.  8. 

whistl  (hwist),  interj.  [<  ME.  whist!  hush!  ef. 
whi.'yht,  histi,  husht,  hu^h,  etc.  These  are  all  va- 
riations of  the  utterance  st,  consisting  of  a  sibi- 
lant or  low  hiss  stopped  abruptly  by  the  stop- 
consonant  t.  This  utterance  is  especially  suit- 
ed to  call  the  attention  of  one  near,  and  by  the 
lowness  of  the  sound  to  suggest  silence.  Cf. 
whisper,  whistle.]     Silence!  hush!  be  still! 

whistl  (hwist),  a.  [Also  whish;  <  whist^,  interj.] 
Hushed;  silent;  mute;  still:  chiefly  used  pred- 
icatively. 

When  all  were  ichist.  King  Edward  thus  bespake. 

Peele,  Honour  of  the  Garter. 

Far  from  the  town  (where  all  is  whist  and  still). 

Marlowe,  Hero  and  Leander,  i. 

The  winds,  with  wonder  whigt. 
Smoothly  the  waters  kist 

Milton,  Nativity,  I.  64. 

whistlf  Hiwist),  r.  [<whist^.a.  Of.  hist^,  husht, 
etc.]     I.  trails.  To  silence;  still. 

So  was  the  Titanesse  put  downe  and  whist. 

Spenser,  V.  I}.,  VII,  vii.  69. 


whist 

n.  infrans.  To  become  silent. 

In  silence  then,  yshrowding  him  from  sight, 
But  days  twice  five  he  whisted;  and  refused, 
To  death,  by  speech  to  further  any  wight. 

Surrey,  JEneid,  ii. 
Th'  other  nipt  so  nie 
That  whigt  I  couUl  not. 

Mir.  fur  Mags.,  p.  427. 
Whist^  (hwist),  n.  [A  later  form  of  whisk^. 
The  change  from  whisk-,  a  word  of  no  very  ob- 
vious significance  after  its  first  application,  was 
prob.  orig.  accidental,  or  due  to  an  unthinking 
conformity  to  ichht^.  The  notion  that  the  game 
was  called  whist  "because  the  parties  playing 
have  to  be  whist  or  silent,"  etjTnologically  im- 
probable in  itself,  is  based  on  the  erroneous 
assumption  that  irhist  is  the  orig.  name.  The 
rule  of  silence,  so  far  as  it  exists,  is  appar. 
founded,  however,  in  part  on  the  false  etymol- 
ogy.] A  game  played  with  cards  by  four  per- 
sons, two  of  them  as  partners  in  opposition  to 
the  other  two,  also  partners.  Partnership  is  deter- 
mined by  agreement  or  by  cutting:  if  by  agi-eenient,  two 
players,  one  on  each  side,  cut  for  deal ;  if  t)y  cutting,  the 
two  who  cut  the  lowest  cards  are  partners,  and  the  original 
deal  belongs  to  the  player  who  cuts  the  lowest  card.  The 
ace  is  the  lowest  card  in  cutting.  Previous  to  play,  the  cards 
(a  full  pack)  are  shuffled.  The  player  on  the  right  of  the 
dealer  cuts,  and  the  dealer,  b^inning  with  the  player  on  his 
left,  distributes  in  regular  order  to  all  the  players,  one  at  a 
time,  the  cards  face  downward,  except  the  last  card,  which 
he  turns  face  upward  upon  the  table,  at  his  right  hand, 
where  it  must  remain  until  his  turn  to  play.  This  is  the 
tramp  card,  and  the  suit  to  which  it  belongs  is  the  trump 
suit ;  the  other  three  suits  are  plain  suits.  The  leader  is 
the  dealer's  left-hand  player,  who  begins  the  play  by  throw- 
ing one  of  his  thirteen  cards  face  upward  iiiKm  the  center 
of  the  table.  Second  hand,  the  leader's  left-hand  player, 
follows  with  a  card  of  the  same  suit  if  he  holds  one  ;  if  he 
does  not  hold  one,  with  a  card  of  a  plain  suit  (a  discard)  or 
with  a  trump ;  third  and  fourth  hands  sinularly  follow ; 
and  the  highest  card  or  the  highest  trump  played  takes 
the  trick.  The  trick  is  gathered  by  the  partner  of  the 
winner;  the  four  cards  are  made  by  him  into  a  packet, 
and  placed  face  downward,  at  his  left  hand,  on  the  table. 
The  winner  becomes  the  leader,  and  the  routine  is  con- 
tinued until  all  the  cards  held  are  played.  Tricks  above 
^  in  number  count  a  point  each  upon  the  score.  The 
KCfK  is  the  record  kept  of  the  number  of  p4jint8  made.  In 
play  the  ace  is  highest,  the  king,  queen,  knave,  10,  and  9 
are  also  high  cards,  the  8  is  the  middle  cant,  and  the  7  to 
the  2  inclusive  are  low  cards.  The  rank  of  the  canls  is  in 
the  above  order :  the  queen  will  take  the  knave,  the  0  will 
take  the  5.  The  ace,  king,  queen,  and  knave  of  the  trump 
suit  are  the  honors.  Any  trump  will  take  any  plain-suit 
card.  The  usual  practice  is  to  play  with  two  packs  of 
cards,  one  of  these  being  shuttled  or  "made  up"  by  the 
partner  of  the  dealer  during  the  deal,  and  afterward 

S laced  by  him  on  the  left  hand  of  the  next  dealer.  The 
ealer  has  the  privilege  of  shuffling  l>efore  the  cards  are 
cut.  The  play  is  conducted  with  reference  to  combina- 
tions of  cards  held.  By  the  system  used  the  cards  are  nunle 
conversation^  In  EwjlUh  or  tthrrt  whuit  the  table  is 
complete  with  six  candidates.  When  a  rubber  has  been 
played  by  four  of  these  (elected  by  cutting),  the  other 
two  have  right  of  entry.  The  game  is  of  five  jK»ints  made 
by  tricks  and  by  honors  as  counted.  Four  honors  held  by 
a  player,  or  in  conjunction  with  his  partner,  count  four 
points;  three  honors  similarly  held  count  two  iwints.  The 
winners  of  a  game  score  a  point  (a  single)  if  the  adversaries 
have  three  or  four  points  up  ;  two  jwints  (a  double)  against 
one  or  two  points  up ;  ana  three  points  (a  treble)  against 
no  score.  A  rubber  (two  games  won  in  succession,  or  two 
won  out  of  three)  is  always  played.  Two  points  for  the 
rubber  are  added  to  the  score  of  the  rubber-winners. 
When  three  games  are  played,  the  value  of  the  opponents' 
Bcore  is  deducted  from  the  winners'  total.  Exposeii  cards 
(cards  seen  when  they  should  not  l)e  played)  must  be  left 
face  upward  on  the  table,  liable  to  an  adversary's  call ;  a 
card  led  out  of  turn  may  be  called,  or,  instead,  a  card  of 
another  suit ;  cards  played  up<«i  a  trick  may  by  any  idayer 
be  ordered  to  be  placed  l)efore  their  respective  i)layers; 
a  player  may  ask  his  partner  if  he  holds  a  card  of  a  suit 
in  which  he  renounces ;  and  any  player  may  demand  to 
see  the  last  trick  that  has  been  turned.  In  Am-primn 
or  tUindard  whvd  four  players  form  a  table.  These  may 
agree  upon  or  cut  for  partners.  The  game  is  of  seven  p<Mnts, 
made  of  tricks  and  penalties.  Credit  for  all  points  made 
by  both  sides  is  given,  the  winner  of  a  rubber  scoring  the 
entire  number  of  points  made  against  the  entire  number 
made  by  the  opponents.  Cards  are  not  called,  a  trick 
turned  caimot  Iw  shown,  honors  are  not  counted,  and 
conversation  during  play  is  not  permitted.  Penalties  for 
8i>eaklng  or  demonstration,  exposure  of  cards,  or  leading 
out  of  turn,  and  for  rev(»king  are  payable  in  points  after 
the  last  card  of  a  hand  is  played  and  before  the  canls  are 
cut  for  the  next  deal, 

I  affirm  against  Aristotle  that  cold  and  rain  congregate 
homo^enes,  for  they  gather  t4)gether  you  and  your  crew, 
at  wkitt,  punch,  and  claret. 

Sicijt,  To  Dr.  Sheridan,  Jan.  25,  1725. 

Wkist  is  a  language,  and  every  card  played  an  intelli- 
gible sentence.  JaiMS  Clay. 

At  Whint  there  Is  a  constant  endeavor  on  the  part  of 
one  side  to  arrive  at  the  maximum  result  for  their  hands 
by  the  use  of  observation,  memory,  hiference,  and  judg- 
ment, their  play  being  dependent  from  trick  to  trick  on 
the  Inferred  jM^sItlon  of  the  unknow?)  from  observation  of 
the  known.  Cavendvih,  i'&rd  Essays,  p.  0. 

American  WhiM  is  recrt^ative  work,  enjoyable  labor, 
paradoxical  as  that  may  seem  ;  its  riddle  is  fascination  ; 
Its  practice  is  intelligent  employment;  its  play  is  mathe- 
matical induction  ;  itA  result  is  intellectual  gain. 

American  WhUt  Illm.,  p.  279. 
Double-dummy  whist.  Hee  dmMp  dummy,  under 
rf«mm»/.— Dummy  whist.    Hee  dummy,  5.  -  Duplicate 


6907 

whist,  a  modification  of  the  game  of  whist  in  which  by 
an  arrangement  of  boards,  indicators,  and  counters  hands 
are  preserved  after  having  been  once  played,  enabling 
them  to  be  replayed  by  the  opposing  partners.  — Fancy 
whist,  any  form  of  play  that  introduces  unauthorized 
methods.-  Five-point  whist,  a  game  without  counting 
honors,  usually  played  under  such  short-whist  laws  as 
may  be  applied  to  it.  —  Loil|r  whist*  a  game  of  ten  points 
with  honors  counting.  This  was  the  game  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  played  at  the  English  clubs  until  that 
of  five  points  with  hrmors  counting,  called  by  Clay  short 
whist,  was  introduced. 

In  the  author's  opinion  long  whist  (ten  up)  is  a  far  finer 
game  than  short  whist  (five  up).  Short  whist,  however, 
has  taken  such  a  hold  that  there  is  no  chance  of  our  re- 
verting to  the  former  game.     Cavendish,  On  Whist,  p.  51. 

Mongrel  whist,  a  game  played  in  accordance  with  laws 
or  regulations  selected  from  the  two  authorized  methods. 
whistert  (hwis'ter),  V.  t,  [A  var.  of  tchisper, 
simulating  ip/(i5fl.]  To  whisper;  recite  in  alow 
voice. 

Then  retumeth  she  home  unto  the  sicke  party,  .  .  . 
and  whistereth  a  certaine  odde  praier  with  a  Pater  Noster 
into  his  eare.     Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  II.  147.     {Davies.) 

Oft  fine  whiMring  noise  shall  bring  sweete  sleepe  to  thy 
sences.    W.  Webbe,  Eng.  Poetry  (ed.  Arber),  p.  75.   (Davies.) 

whistersnefett,  whistersnivett,  «.    [Origin 

obscure.]     A  hard  blow;  a  buffet.     [Slang.] 

A  good  whiMersnefet,  truelie  paied  on  his  eare. 

Udail,  tr.  of  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus,  p.  112. 

whistle  (hwis'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whistled,  ppr. 
whistlitiff.  [<  ME.  whistlen,  whistelen,  whystelen, 
<  AS.  *hwi.stlia7i  (as  seen  in  AS.  hwistlere,  a^pipev, 
whistler)  =  leel.  hrisla,  whisper,  =  Sw.  hvissla, 
wliistle,  =  Dan.  hvislc,  whistle,  also  hiss;  freq. 
from  an  imitative  base  *hwis:  see  whisper.']  I, 
iutrans.  1.  To  utter  a  kind  of  musical  sound 
by  forcing  the  breath  through  a  small  orifice 
formed  by  contracting  the  lips. 

Bi3t  as  capones  in  a  court  cometh  to  mennes  whistlynge 
In  menynge  after  mete.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xv.  460. 

A-noon  as  thei  were  with-drawen.  Merlin  whistelid 
lowde.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ill.  666. 

Now  give  me  leve  to  whistell  my  fyll. 
Playe  of  Robyn  H»de  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  424). 
Just  saddle  your  horse,  young  John  Forsyth, 
And  whvttle,  and  I'll  come  soon. 

Kppie  Morrie  (Child's  Ballads,  Vf.  263), 
Whistle  then  to  me. 
As  signal  that  thou  hear'st  something  approach. 

Shak.y  K.  and  J.,  v.  3.  7. 

2.  To  emit  a  warbling  or  sharp,  chirping  sound 
or  song,  as  a  bird. 

Latin  was  no  more  difficile 
Thau  to  a  blackbird  'tis  to  whistle. 

S.  Butler,  Iludibras,  I.  i.  54. 

Hedge-crickets  sing  ;  and  now  with  treble  soft 
The  redbreast  whistles  from  a  garden-croft, 

And  gathering  swallows  twitter  in  the  skies. 

Keats,  To  Autumn. 

3.  To  sound  shrill  or  sharp ;  move  or  rush  with 
shrill  or  wbizzing  sound. 

The  southern  wind 
Doth  play  the  trumpet  to  his  purposes, 
And  by  his  hollow  trhiMlintj  in  the  leaves 
Foretells  a  tempest  and  a  blustering  day. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  1.  b. 

A  bullet  whistled  o'ur  his  head.  Byron,  The  Giaour. 

4.  To  sound  a  whistle  or  similar  wind-  or  steam- 
instrument;  as,  locomotives  whistle  at  cross- 
ings.—  5.  To  give  information  by  whistling; 
hence,  to  become  informer. 

I  keptaye  between  him  and  her,  for  fear  shehad  whistled. 
Scott,  Ony  Mannering,  xxxiii. 

To  go  whistle,  a  milder  expression  for  to  go  to  the  deuce, 
or  tlie  like. 
This  being  done,  let  the  law  go  whittle. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  715. 

Your  fame  is  secure ;  bid  the  critics  go  tvhistle. 

Shcntitone,  The  I'oet  and  the  Dun. 

To  whistle  down  the  Windjto  talk  to  no  purpose;  hold 
an  idle  or  futile  argument.— To  whistle  for,  to  summon 
by  whistling.— To  Whistle  for  a  wind,  a  superstitious 
practice  among  old  seamen  of  whistling  during  a  calm  to 
obtain  a  breeze.  Such  men  will  not  whistle  during  a 
storm. 

"Doyounotdesiretobefree?"  "Desire!  aye,thatIdo; 
but  I  may  whistle  for  that  )/i«(i  long  enough  before  it  will 
blow."  Johnston,  Chrysal,  II.  1.S4.    (Davies.) 

Whistling  coot,  the  American  black  Kcoter,  (Kdenna 
americana.  M'onnecticut.]  See  cut  umler  iKdemia.— 
Whistling  dick,  (a)  Same  as  whistling  thrush.  [Local, 
Eng.]  {b)  An  .Australian  bird,  Collurieincla  (or  C'Aluro- 
cincla  or  CollyriocinHa)  harmonica,  the  harmonic  thrush 
of  Latham,  usually  placed  in  the  family  Laniidse,  now  in 
the  Primw/ndw,  or  another  of  this  genus,  as  the  Tasma- 
nian  C.  rectirostris  (C.  selhyi).  The  species  named  are 
9!  to  10  inches  long,  chieHy  of  a  gray  color  varied  with 
brown  and  white.— Whistling  duck,  (a)  The  whistler 
or  widgeon,  a  duck,  (h)  Same  as  whistlein'ng.  (c)  Suine 
as  whistling  cwf.  -Whistling  eagle,  whistling  hawk, 
ifaliastvr  sjjhcnurus  (one  of  wliose  f'jrnier  names  was 
Ilaliaetujt  rannrus,  of  Vigors  ;um1  Horsfleld,  1S'20).  a  small 
eagle  or  large  hawk,  'I'l  inches  long,  inhabiting  the  whole 
of  Australia  and  New  Caledonia.  It  is  a  congener  of 
the  wide-sprea<i  Pondiclierry  eagle,  //.  indiis.-  Whlst- 


whlstle 

ling  marmot,  the  hoar>-  marmot.  See  cut  under  whist- 
ler, 1  (c).— Whistling  plover.  See  p^oyer.- Whistling 
r&le,  sibilant  rale.  See  dry  rale,  under  nUe.— Whistling 
snipe,  (a)  Same  as  greenshank.  (b)  See  stiipeA,  1  (c). — 
Whistling  swan,  (a)  The  hooper,  elk,  or  whooping 
swan.  See  swan'i^,  1.  (&)  In  the  I'nited  States,  the  com- 
mon American  swan,  Cygnus  americatius  or  columbianus, 
as  distinguished  from  the  trumpeter,  C.  {olor)  buccinator. 
—Whistling  thrush,  the  song-thrush,. jfttrdws  mxmcus. 
See  cut  under  thrush.     [Local,  Eng.] 

II.  trans.  1.  To  form,  utter,  or  modulate  by 
whistling:  as,  to  whistle  a  tune  or  air. 

Tunes  .  .  .  that  he  heard  the  carmen  whistle. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2.  342. 

I  might  as  well  .  .  .  have  whistled  jigs  to  a  mile-stone. 
If'.  Collins,  Moonstone,  xxi. 

2.  To  call,  direct,  or  signal  by  or  as  by  a  whis- 
tle. 

He  cast  off  his  friends,  as  a  huntsman  his  pack, 
For  he  knew  when  li«  pleased  he  could  wliistle  them  back. 
Goldsmith,  Retaliation. 

The  first  blue-bird  of  spritig  whistled  them  back  to  the 
woods.  Lowell,  Harvard  Anniversai^. 

Sf.  To  send  with  a  whistling  sound. 

The  Spaniards,  who  lay  as  yet  at  a  good  distance  from 
them  behind  the  Bushes,  as  secure  of  their  Prey,  began  to 
whistle  now  and  then  a  shot  among  them. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  117. 

To  whistle  off,  to  send  off  by  a  whistle ;  send  from  the 
fist  in  pursuit  of  prey ;  a  term  in  falconry;  hence,  to  dis- 
miss or  send  away  generally ;  turn  loose.  Nares  remarks, 
on  the  quotation  from  Siiakspere,  that  the  hawk  seems  to 
have  been  usually  cast  off  in  this  way  against  the  wind 
when  sent  in  pursuit  of  prey ;  with  it,  or  down  the  wind, 
when  turned  loose  or  abandoned. 

If  I  do  prove  her  haggard, 
Though  that  her  jesses  were  my  dear  heart-strings, 
rid  whistle  her  off,  and  let  her  down  the  wind, 
To  prey  at  fortune.     ^  Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  262. 

This  is  he. 
Left  to  fill  up  your  triumph  ;  he  that  basely 
Whistled  his  honour  off  to  the  wind. 

Fletcher,  Bonduca,  iv.  3. 

whistle  (hwis'l),  n.  [<  ME.  whistle,  ichistel, 
whi/sti/l,  wistle,  <  AS.  hwistle,  a  whistle,  a  pipe: 
see  whistle,  v.]  1.  A  more  or  less  piercing  or 
sharp  sound  produced  by  forcing  the  breath 
through  a  small  orifice  formed  by  contracting 
the  lips;  as,  tlie  merry  whistle  of  a  boy. — 2. 
Any  sitnilar  sound.  Especially  —  (a)  The  shrUl  note 
of  a  bird. 

The  great  plover's  human  whistle. 

Tennyson,  Geraiut. 
(6)  A  sound  of  this  kind  produced  on  an  instrument,  espe- 
cially one  of  the  instruments  called  whistles.     See  def.  3. 

Ship-lwys  .  .  . 
Hear  the  shrill  whistle  which  doth  order  give. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iii.,  ProL 

Sooner  the  whistle  of  a  mariner 
Shall  sleeke  the  rough  curbs  of  the  ocean  back. 

Marston,  What  You  Will,  v.  1. 

(c)  A  sound  made  by  the  wind  blowing  through  branches 
of  trees,  the  rigging  of  a  vessel,  etc.,  or  by  a  flying  missile. 

(d)  A  call  or  signal  made  by  whistling. 

Such  a  high  calling  therefore  as  this  sends  not  for  those 
drossy  spirits  that  need  the  lure  and  whistle  of  earthly 
preferment,  like  those  animals  that  fetch  and  carry  for  a 
morsell.  Milton,  On  Def.  of  Hum]).  Kemonst. 

They  [of  Scio]  have  now  no  domestic  partridges  that 
come  at  a  whistle,  but  great  plenty  of  wild  ones  of  the  r&d 
sort.  Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  ii.  9. 

3.  An  instrument  or  apparatus  for  producing 
a  whistling  sound.  Whistles  are  of  various  shapes  and 
sizes,  but  they  all  utilize  the  principle  of  the  direct  flute 
or  flageolet—  that  of  a  stream  <if  air  so  directed  through  a 
tube  as  to  impinge  on  a  sharp  edge. 

With  qwisUis,  &  qwes,  (V-  other  qwaint  gere, 
Melody  of  mowthe  myrthe  for  to-here. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6051. 

A  whistle  seems  to  have  been  a  badge  of  high  command 
in  the  navy  in  the  sixteenth  century.  One  is  mentioned 
in  the  will  of  Sir  Edward  Howard  (1512)  as  hung  from  a 
rich  chain.  Fairholt. 

Specifically  — (a)  The  small  pipe  used  in  signaling,  etc., 


H(>.^ts^vairls'  Whistle. 

by  boatswains,  huntsmen,  policemen,  etc.  (ft)  A  small  tin 
or  wooden  tube,  fitted  with  a  mouthpiece  aiul  pierced 
generally  with  six  holes,  used  as  a  nuisical  toy.  Often 
cuMed  a  pen7iy  whistle.  Sgg  flageolet,  (c)  An  instrument 
sounded  by  escaping  steam,  used  forgiving  signals, alarms, 
etc.,  on  railway-engines,  steamships,  etc.  See  cuts  un- 
der steam-whistle  and  passenger-engine. —  AX  one's  whis- 
tle, at  one's  call. 

Ready  at  his  whistle  to  array  themselves  round  him  in 
anns  against  the  iMunmander  in  chief. 

Macaiday,  Hist.  Eng.,  xiii. 

Galton's  whistle,  an  instrument  for  testing  the  power 
to  hear  shrill  notes.  — To  pay  for  one's  whistle,  or  to 
pay  dear  for  one's  whistle,  to  pny  a  high  price  for 

s<unething  one  fancies;  pay  dearly  for  indulging  one's 
whim,  cnpvice,  fancy,  or  tlie  like.  'I'he  allusion  is  to  the 
stoi-y  Benjamin  Fnuiklin  tells  (Works,  ed.  18;i0,  II.  182)  of 


whistle 

his  setting  his  mind  upon  a  common  whistle  and  buying 
it  for  four  times  its  real  value. 
If  a  man  likes  to  do  it,  he  must  pay  /or  his  whistle. 

George  Eliot,  Daniel  Dei'onda,  xxxv.  (Davies.) 
To  wet  one's  whistle,  to  take  a  drink  of  liquor,  perhaps 
with  reference  to  the  wetting  of  a  wooden  whistle  to  im- 
prove the  tone,  perhaps  merely  in  comparison  of  the  throat 
and  vocal  organs  with  a  musical  instrument.  Sometimes, 
erroneously,  to  whet  one's  whistle.  [Colloquial  and  jocose.] 
As  any  jay  she  light  was  and  jolyf, 
So  was  hir  joly  irhistle  wel  ytret. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  236. 
I  wet^  my  ivhystell,  as  good  drinkers  do.    Je  crocque  la 
pie.     Wyll  you  wete  your  whystell  f  I'alsijrave,  p.  780. 

Worth  the  whistle,  worth  the  trouble  or  pains  of  call- 
ing for. 
I  have  been  xeorth  the  whistle.         Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  2.  29. 

whistle-belly  (hwis'l-bel"!),  «.  That  causes 
rumbliug  or  whistling  in  the  belly.     [Slang.] 

*'I  thought  you  wouldn't  appreciate  the  widow's  tap," 
said  East,  watching  him  with  a  grin.  ''Regala.r  whisUe- 
belly  vengeance,  and  no  mistake ! " 

T.  Kughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  II.  xviii. 

whistle-cup  (hwis'1-kup),  n.  A  drinking-cup 
iiaving  a  whistle  appended,  awarded,  as  a  prize 
in  a  drinking-bout,  to  the  last  person  able  to 
blow  it. 

whistle-drunk  (hwis'l-dmngk),  o.  Too  drunk 
to  whistle;  very  drunk.     [Slang.] 

He  was  indeed,  according  to  the  vulgar  phrase,  whistle- 
dntnk;  for,  before  he  had  swallowed  the  third  bottle  he 
became  so  entirely  overpowered  that,  though  he  was  not 
carried  off  to  bed  till  long  after,  the  parson  considered 
him  as  absent.         Fieldiny,  Tom  Jones,  xii.  2.    {Davies.) 

whistle-duck  (hwis'1-duk),  n.  1.  Same  as 
n-histlcr,  1  (c). —  2.  Same  as  icltistlcii-iiif/. 

whistle-fish  (hwis'1-tish),  ?i.  Arockling;  spe- 
eifloally,  the  three-bearded  rockling:  same  as 
sea-loach.     Also  weasel-fish. 

I  believe  .  .  .  that,  while  preserving  the  sound  of  the 
name,  the  term  has  been  changed,  and  a  very  different 
word  substituted,  and  that  for  whistle-Jish  we  ought  to 
read  weasel-fish.  Both  the  Three  and  Five-bearded  Rock- 
lings  were  called  mustela  from  the  days  of  Pliny  to  those 
of  Rondelet,  and  thence  to  the  present  time. 

Yarrell,  British  Fishes,  II.  272. 

whistler  (hwis'ler),  n.  [<  ME.  whistJere,  hicist- 
k-re,  <  AS.  hwistlere,  a  whistler,  piper,  <  htcist- 
lian,  whistle:  see  tohistle.']  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  whistles. 
One  guinea,  to  be  conferred  upon  the  ablest  whistler. 
Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  474. 
Specifically — (a)  The  hoary  marmot,  Arctomys  pruino.tus, 
a  large  marmot  found  in  northerly  and  western  moun- 


6908 

whistling-buoy  (hwis'ling-boi),  H.  See  bum/,  1 
(with  cut). 

whistlingly  (hwis'ling-li),  adv.  In  a  whistling 
manner ;  with  a  sibilant  or  shrill  sound.  Stor- 
month. 

whistling-shop  (hwis'ling-shop),  )(.  A  spirit- 
shop,  especially  a  secret  and  illicit  one.  in  the 
quotation,  the  pla'ce  referred  to  is  a  room  in  a  prison  for 
debtors  where  spirits  are  sold  secretly.    [.Slang.  ] 

"Bless  your  heart,  no,  sir,"  replied  Job;  "a  whistling- 
shop,  sir,  is  where  they  sell  spirits." 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  xlv. 

Whistlyt  (hwist'li),  adv.     [<  whisfl  +  -lifi.     Cf. 
wisthj!]     Silently. 
whist-play  (hwist'pla),  ".    Play  in  the  game  of 
whist. 

The  fact  is  that  all  rules  of  whist-play  depend  upon  and 
are  referable  to  general  principles. 

Eru^c.  Brit.,  XXIV.  644. 


whist-player  (hwist'pla"6r), 

whist. 


One  who  plays 


About  1830  some  of  the  best  French  whist-players,  with 
Deschapelles  at  their  head,  modified  and  improved  the 
old-fashioned  system.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIV.  544. 

whitl  (hwit),  ?!.  [A  var.  of  *wit,  a  var.  of  wight, 
<  ME.  uigt,  wihi,  sometimes  with,  <.  AS.  wiht: 
see  wUjht^.  The  change  of  initial  w-  to  w/)-  is 
perhaps  due  in  this  case  to  emphasis  (so  wanfi 
is  sometimes  pronounced  emphatically  whont). 
The  notion  that  whit  is  derived  by  metathesis 
from  AS.  wiht  is  erroneous.]  The  smallest  part, 
particle,  bit,  or  degree  ;  a  little ;  a  jot,  tittle,  or 
iota :  often  used  adverbially,  and  generally  with 
a  negative. 

A  meruelous  case,  that  lentlemen  should  so  be  ashamed 

of  good  learning,  and  neuer  a  whit  ashamed  of  ill  maners. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  60. 

Nor  is  the  freedom  of  the  will  of  God  any  whit  abated, 
let,  or  hindered.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  i.  2. 


whistler  i--/r(  totttjs  prrtinos. 


tainous  parts  of  North  America,  related  to  the  wood- 
chuck  :  a  translation  of  the  Canadian  French  name  sif- 
fieur.  (&)  The  whistlewing.  [U.  S.]  (c)  The  widgeon, 
Mareca  penelope  (see  whew-duck).  \d)  The  ring-ouzel, 
Merida  tirrquata.  See  cut  under  ovzel,  2.  [Local,  Eng.] 
(e)  The  green  plover  or  lapwing  ;  the  pewit. 

Tile  screech-owl,  and  the  whistler  shrill.    Webster. 
2.  A  broken-winded  horse  ;  a  roarer. 

The  latter  of  whom  is  spoken  of  as  a  non-stayer  and  a 
whixUer.  The  Field,  Aug.  27,  1887.     (Encyc.  Diet.) 

3\.  A  piper;  one  who  plays  on  the  pipes.  Piers 
riowman  (B),  xv.  47.5.-4.  The  keeper  of  a 
shebeen,  or  unlicensed  spivit-shop.     [Slang.] 

The  turnkeys  knows  beforehand,  and  gives  the  word  to 

the  wii^lers,  and  you  may  wistle  for  it  wen  you  go  to  look. 

Dickens,  Pickwick,  xlv. 

whistlewing  (hwis'1-wing),  n.  The  golden- 
eyed  du(;k,  Clanguhi  i/laitcion.  Also  whistle- 
duel:.  wItistliiKi  duel'. 

whistle-wood  (hwis'l-wnd),  «.  The  striped 
maple,  Acer  I'enii.ii/lrttKiciiiii,  thus  named  be- 
cause used  Vjj-  boys  to  make  whistles,  the  bark 
easily  separating  from  a  section  of  the  stem  in 
spring.  The  name  is  also  given  to  the  basswood,  TUia 
Americana,  having  the  same  property,  and  in  Great  Brit- 
ain is  locally  applied  to  the  mountain-ash,  Pyrus  aucti- 
paria.  and  to  the  common  and  .sycamore  maples,  Acer 
cainpestre  and  A.  Psendo-jjlatanus. 

whistling  (huis'ling),  /I.  a.  Sounding  like  a 
wliistle:  as,  a.  irhi.^iliiii/  sonni}. 

whistling-arrow  (hwis'ling-ai'T)).  ».  An  ar- 
row whose  head  whs  so  frirnied  that  the  air 
rushing  through  it  in  its  flight  produced  a  whist- 
ling sound:  a  toy  in  use  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. 


And  Samuel  told  him  every  whit. 


1  Sam.  ill.  18. 


Are  ye  angry  at  me,  because  I  have  made  a  man  every 
whit  whole  on  the  Sabbath  day  ?  John  vii.  23. 

But  all  your  threats  I  do  not  fear, 
A'or  yet  regard  one  tvhit. 
The  Cruel  Black  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  376). 

Why,  man,  you  don't  seem  one  wfdt  the  happier  at  this. 
Stieridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  3. 

whit^  (hwit),  a.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
(surviving  especially  in  old  compounds,  as  whit- 
leather,  Wliitstin,  etc.)  oltvhite^. 

whit-bee  (hwit'be),  ».  See  Portland  stone,  un- 
der stone. 

whitel  (hwit),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  whit,  whijt,  qrit, 
hieit,  <  AS.  hwit  =  OS.  7)!i77=  OFries.  hwit  =  D. 
wit  =  LG.  wit  =  OHG.  MHG.  «•*.-,  G.  wciss  = 
leel.  hvifr  =  Sw.  hvif  =  Dan.  hvid  =  Goth,  hweits, 
white;  akin  to  Skt.  fvcta,  white,  <  ■\/ gvit,  be 
white,  shine:  cf.  gvitra,  gvitna,  white,  OBulg. 
svietu,  light,  smtieti,  shine,  give  light,  Euss. 
svictii,  light,  etc.  Hence  ult.  tcheat,  whitster, 
ivhittW^,  whiting'^,  etc.]  I.  a.  1.  Of  the  color 
of  pure  snow  or  any  powder  of  material  trans- 
mitting all  visible  rays  without  sensible  absorp- 
tion ;  transmitting  and  so  reflecting  to  tlie  eye 
all  the  rays  of  the  spectrum  combined  in  the 
same  proportions  as  in  the  impinging  light,  and 
tlius,  as  seen  in  sunlight,  conveying  the  same 
impression  to  the  eye  as  sunlight  of  moderate 
intensity;  not  tinged  or  tinted  with  atiy  of  the 
proper  colors  or  their  compounds;  snowy:  the 
opposite  of  black  or  dark. 

Aniidde  a  tree  fordiye,  as  whyte  as  chalk,  .  .  . 
Ther  sat  a  faucon  over  hir  heed  ful  liye. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  1.  401. 

Fresshe  lampraye  bake ;  open  y"  pasty,  than  take  whyte 
brede,  and  cut  it  thynne,  &  lay  it  in  a  dysshe. 

Bahees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  281. 

A  head 
So  old  and  white  as  this.    Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  2.  24. 

Nor  ever  falls  the  least  white  star  of  snow. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

2.  Pale;  pallid;  bloodless,  as  from  fear  or  cow- 
ardice. 

To  turn  tehite  and  swoon  at  tragic  shows. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  308. 

Or  whispering  with  white  lips  — "The foe  !  they  come!" 
Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  26. 

3.  Free  from  spot  or  guilt;  pure;  clean;  stain- 
less. 

Calumny 
1'he  whitest  virtue  stiikes. 

Shak.,  Al.  for  M.,  iii.  2.  198. 

In  the  white  way  of  virtue  and  true  valour 
You  liave  l)een  a  pilgrim  long. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  5. 

4t.  Fair;  beautiful. 

"  Ve,  ywis,"  quod  fresshe  Antigone  the  white. 

Chaucer,  Troilns,  ii.  8S7. 


white 

Y  wa«  stalworthe  &  white. 
Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  72. 

5t.  Dear;  favorite;   darling.     See  whiteboy,  I. 

He  is  great  Pi-lnce  of  Walis ;  .  .  . 
Then  ware  what  is  done. 
For  he  is  Henry's  white  son. 
Greene,  Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay  (Works,  ed.  Dyce, 

[I,  174X 

6.  Square;  honorable;  reliable:  as,  a  white 
man.     [Slang,  U.  S.] 

Why,  Miss,  he  's  a  friend  worth  havin',  and  don't  you 
forget  it.  There  aiti't  a  whiter  man  than  Laramie  Jack 
from  the  Wind  River  .Vlountains  down  to  Santa  V6. 

The  Century,  XXXIX.  523. 

7t.  Gracious;  specious;  fair-seeming. 
"Ye  caused  al  this  fare. 
Trow  I,"  quod  she,  "for  al  your  wordes  white." 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  1568. 

8.  Gracious;  friendly;  favorable;  auspicious: 
as,  a  tchite  witch. 

Thou,  Minerva  the  whyte, 
Gif  thou  me  wit  my  letre  to  devyse. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1062. 

Till  this  white  hour,  these  walls  were  never  proud 
T'  inclose  a  guest.  Shirley,  Grateful  Servant,  ii.  1. 

The  Thanksgiving  festival  of  that  year  is  particularly 
impressed  on  my  mind  as  a  white  day. 

H.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  336. 

9t.  Silver:  a,s,  white  monej. 

Let  but  the  hose  be  searched,  I'll  pawn  my  life 
There's  yet  the  tailor's  bill  in  one  o'  the  pockets, 
And  a  whit£  thimble  that  I  found  i'  moonlight 

Jiliddleton  {and  others).  The  Widow,  iv.  2. 

10.  In  musical  notation,  of  a  note,  having  an 
open  head:  as,  whole  notes  and  half  notes  are 
white.  Seenote'^. — 11.  In 7ier., an  epithet  used 
instead  of  argen  t  to  note  certain  furs  which  are 
supposed  to  be  represented  not  in  silver  but  in 
dead  white.  It  is  a  modern  fanciful  variation, 
and  not  good  heraldry. — 12.  In  silverware, 
chased  or  roughened  with  the  tool,  so  as  to  retain 
a  slightly  granulated  and  therefore  white  sur- 
face, as  distinguished  from  that  of  burnished 
silver. — 13.  Bright  and  clean ;  burnished  with- 
out ornament,  and  in  no  way  colored  or  stained : 
said  of  armor  of  steel  or  iron. — 14.  In  cerani., 
noting  the  biscuit  when  dry  and  ready  for  firing, 
because  in  that  state  it  has  grown  much  lighter 
in  color  than  it  was  when  first  molded,  and  full 
of  moisture. — 15.  Transparent  and  colorless, 
as  glass  or  water ;  also,  with  reference  to  wine, 
light-colored,  whitish  or  yellowish,  as  opposed 
to  red:  sometimes  used  to  note  wine  of  even  a 
deep-amber  color. 

White  glass  is  introduced  here  and  there  [in  a  stained- 
glass  window]  to  heighten  the  effect  in  draperies  and  in 
ornaments.         C.  H.  Moore,  Gothic  Architecture,  p.  303. 

16.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  Carmelites 
or  other  orders  of  monks  for  whose  dress  white 
is  the  prescribed  color:  as,  the  white  friars. 

At  the  fourth  day  after  evensong  hee  came  to  a  white 
[Augustinian]  abbey. 

Sir  T.  Malory,  Morte  d'Arthure,  III.  ixxviii. 

May  Day  we  went  to  Seynt  Elyn  and  offerd  ther,  She 
lith  in  a  ffayer  place  of  religion  of  whith  monks. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  7. 

17.  In  hot.  and  zoiil.,  the  compounds  of  white 
with  participial  adjectives  are  numberless, 
as   tchite-flnwered,   white-headed,   white-winged. 

Only  a  few  of  these  are  given  below Great 

white  egret,  little  white  egret.  See  egrret. —OiAer 
of  the  White  Eagle,  of  the  White  Elephant,  of  the 
White  Falcon.  See  eagle,  etc.— To  mark  with  a 
white  stone.  See  stone. — White  admiral  See  ad- 
miral, 5. —  White  agaric.  Same  as  purgin'j-agaric. — 
White  agate.  Same  as  chalcedony. — White  alder.  See 
Ctethra  and  Platylophus. — White  ale.  (a)  A  liquor  made 
in  Devonshire :  said  to  be  made  of  malt  and  hops,  with 
flour,  spices,  and  perhaps  an  unknown  ingredient  called 
grout  (which  see)  or  ripening.  It  ia  drunk  new,  and  does 
not  improve  with  age.  Bickerdyke.  (ft)  A  drink  made  in 
the  south  of  England,  said  to  consist  of  common  ale  to 
which  flour  and  eggs  liave  been  added.  — White  amber, 
spermaceti.  — White  amphisbaena, -47«;)/jts&fl'Ha  alba,  a 
large  light-colored  species  of  amphisbiena. — White  ant, 
a  termite;  any  member  of  the  genus  Termed  or  family 
Terniitidte  (see  the  technical  names,  and  cut  under 
Termes).  Though  thus  qualified  as  ants,  these  insects  are 
not  hymenopterous,  but  neuropterous.  their  strong  resem- 
blance to  ants  being  deceptive,  though  it  is  exhibited  not 
otdy  in  their  general  appearance  but  also  in  their  social 
life  ami  their  works. —  Wbite  antimony.     ?>*ie  antimony. 

—  White  arsenic.  Same  as  arsenious  acid,    iiee  arsenious. 

—  White  art.  See  black  art,  under  artS.— White  ash. 
See  ash',  1,  and  Platylophus,  3.—  White-ash  breeze,  the 
action  or  tile  force  of  rowing  :  so  called  because  oars  are 
generally  made  of  white  ash.  [Humorous.] — White  asp. 
See  <i«pi.— White  atrophy  of  the  optic  nerve,  a  form 
of  secoiuiary  optic  nerve  atrophy.- White  bait.  See 
whitebait.  — 'White  balsam,  a  substance  expressed  from 
tile  fruit  of  the  (piinquino :  sometimes  confounded  with 
the  balsam  of  ToUi. —White  baneberrv.  See  Actjea.— 
White  bass.  See  ifTiitc-tas*.- White  basswood.  See 
TOio.— White  bath.  (o)See6<i(Ai.  (b)  See  Trillium,  \. 
—White  bay.  See  Jfai/iwi/cr.- White  bear,  (a)  The 
polar  bear,  Ursus  or  Thalassarctos  maritimus.  The  cubs 
are  quite  wliite,  but  the  adults  acquire  a  dingy-yellowish 


white 

or  pale  brownish- white  color.  See  cuts  under  6ear2  and 
HarUigrada.  (6)  An  unusually  lipht-colored  specimen  of 
Crsus  horribiiCit,  the  grizzly  hear  of  the  Rocky  Mountains: 
so  named  by  Lewis  andcliirke  (1814).  ( 'oinpare  tirst  cut  un- 
der 6e«r-'.— Wlxite  bedstraw,  beefwood,  beet,  beheu. 
See  the  nouns.— Wblte  beech,  the  common  American 
beech.  Faf/iis/erritfp'n^'a.  — White  Bengal  fire.  Seejire. 
— Whitebent.  Heer^'/fo^.- white  bezant  Heebemju. 
—White  birch,  the  common  birch  of  Europe,  Betula  alba, 
in  the  variety  popxdifulia  (sometimes  called  gray  birch  or 
uldfiel'i  &trcA)also common  in  eastern  North  America;  also, 
sometimes,  the  canoe-bireh,  li.  jxipyri/era.  See  birch  and 
canoe-birch.— White  bitter-WOOd.  See  bitter-wood.— 
White-blood  disease.  same  as  leucemia.— White 
brant,  bream,  bronze,  bully-tree.  See  the  nouns.— 
White  bryony,  the  common  liryony,  Bryonia  dioica, or 
sometimes  B.  aiha.  — White  butterflies,  the  pieridine 
butterflies  collectively.— White  buttonWOOd.  See  but- 
tonwoodj  1.— White  cabbage-butterfly,  any  one  of  sev- 
eral white  huttertlies  of  the  genus  I'teris,  whose  larvse 
feed  on  the  cabbage,  as  P.  rapie  of  Europe  and  North 
America,  P.  oleracea  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  P. 
monugte  of  the  soutliern  I'nited  States,  and  P.  napi  of 
Europe.  See  cabba-ie-biftterjly,  Pieris,  and  rape -butter fly. 
—White  cabbage-tree,  a  small  stout  composite  tree, 
Senecu)  Pladaroxylon  (Ptadarnxylon  Leucadendron)  of  St. 
Helena.— White  camplon.  see  campiun.— White  can- 
dlewOOd.  Same  as  janca-trfe.  — White  Canon.  Same 
as  Prem4)mtrant. —White  Cape  hyacinth.  See  Hya- 
cinthits.  — White  caterpillar,  the  larva  of  the  magpie- 
moth.— White  cedar,  a  name  applied  to  numerous  chiefly 
coniferous  trees,  for  whicli  see  Chainsecypari»,  ginyer  pine 
(under  yt'fig IX  l^iboredruif,  Thuya,  Melia,  PeiUacerax,  Proti- 
um.— white  Chalk,  the  name  sometimes  given  by  Eng- 
lish geologists  to  a  division  of  the  Cretaceous  series,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  Gray  Chalk  and  the  Chalk  Marl. 
ITie  latter  Is  the  lowest  division  of  the  whole  Chalk 
series;  above  this  is  the  Gray  Chalk,  and  higher  still  the 
"Lower  White  Chalk  without  flints"  (the  TuronianX  fol- 
lowed by  the  "Cpper  White  Chalk  with  flints"  (the  Se- 
nonian).— White  chamseleon.  charlock,  cinnamon, 
clergy,  clover.  See  the  nouns.  -White  club-flower. 
See  Leucocoryne.  — White  COal,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  tasmanite.— White  COat.  See  u/iite-c»at.~  White 
cochin,  cohosh,  see  the  nouns.—  White  colon,  a  Brit- 
ish noctuid  moth,  Mainestra  albicolon.— White  COOp- 
er.  See  cfjoper.— White  COPper,  one  of  the  many  names 
of  German  silver:  a  literal  traiislati*)n  of  the  Gennan 
Weisskup/er.  [Little  used.)— White  copperas,  zinc  vit- 
riol, or  goslarite.- White  corpuscles  or  the  blood,  leu- 
cocytes; colorless  prot<»pIaBmic  nucleated  cells,  having 
amteboid  movements:  one  of  the  nonnal  constituents  of 
the  blood.  See  cut  under  blood.  — White  Crag,  in  Eny. 
geol.,  a  division  of  the  Pliocene.  See  cray^,  2.^Whlte 
crane,  (a)  of  America,  the  whooping  crane,  Grxitt  ameri- 
eana.  (6)  f*'  India,  Grwi  leucoyeranwt.  See  cranel  and 
G(rt«r.  —  White  cricket,  the  snowy  cricket.  See  cut  under 
tree-crieJcet.  — White  crop.  See  crop. —White  crottles. 
f^ee erottleg^.— White  crow,  an  albino  crow.  The  crow  be- 
ing naturally  lustrous  black,  and  "black  as  a  crow"  being 
proverbial,  "  a  white  crow '  Is  s<jmetimes  said  of  any  great 
rarity,  or  of  an  apparent  impossibility  or  contradiction  in 
terms  which  is  nevertheless  a  fact.  See  the  quotation  under 
black  fwarijUndergwan^.  -  White  currant.  Seecwrran/'-, 
2.— White  cypress.  See  raj:/x/(uwi.  — white  daisy,  the 
oievf  daisy,  or  white  weed.— wwte  dammar-resin. 

white  dammar-tree.  See  damumr-reHn  and  Valeria. 
— White  damp,  In  coal-mining,  carbonic  oxid:  not  an 
inflammable  hut  a  very  pdsonous  gas,  S4)metimes(although 
rarely)  met  with  In  coal-mines,  probably  always,  or  nearly 
always,  in  the  after-damp.  White  dead-nettle.  See 
deorf-nfrt/^.- White  deal,  see  yorway  gjiruce,  under 
tpruce^.— White  decoctlOn,a  mixture  of  burnt  hartshorn 
in  mucilage  and  water.- White  diarrhea,  diarrhea  in 
which  there  is  a  large  amount  of  thin  mucus  in  the  stools. 
-White  dock.  See  doc*i,  1.— White  dogwood.  See 
Pucidia  and  Viburnum.— White  doyoun^.  Same  as  vir- 
goletue.— White  dysentery,  dysenteiT-,  occurring  sonic- 
times  a«  an  epidemic,  in  which  there  is  no  admixture  of 
blood  in  the  st^wU.- Wlllte  elder.  See  elder^.—  White 
elephant,  (a)  The  elepliant  as  affected  with  albinism 
to  a  degree  or  extent  which  makes  it  more  or  less  of  a 
dingy-whitish  color,  or  at  least  iiota)>ly  nale.  Such  indi- 
viduals are  rare,  but  have  been  recordea  from  remote  an- 
tiquity. They  are  highly  esteemed,  and  in  some  places 
even  venerate<l,  especially  in  Siam,  thence  called  "the 
country  of  the  white  elephant";  the  animal  als<j  marks 
the  Siamese  flag.    (6)  See  W'-fj/iaH^  -Whiteelm,   Seec/m. 

—  White  ermine,  (a)  The  ermine,  Puioriug  enninea ; 
the  stoat  in  winter.  See  cut  under  erwrm".  (6)  In  entmn., 
a  British  arctiid  moth,  SpUtjuf/ma  menthantri,  expanding 
1^  inches,  having  the  wings  white  or  whitish  and  sp<jtted 
with  black,  and  the  body  yellow  with  black  spots.  The 
larva  Is  a  hairy  black  cateipillar  which  feeds  on  various 
plant*.- White  eye.  See  white -eye.— White  feather, 
film,  finch,  fish-glue,  flag,  fly.  See  the  nouns.— 
White  flux.  See  jinx,  7  -White  friar,  see  friar.— 
White  frost.  See  /ri»st.  —  White  gangrene,  a  rare  form 
of  gangr&ne  in  which  the  tissues  become  dry  and  narch- 
ment-lTke  and  turn  a  dirty-white  color  instead  of  black. 
-White  garnet.  See  ^far/wn— White  glasswort. 
See.Su^rffl— White  goby,  a  small  gobioid  flshof  Europe, 
Latruncidnx  p^Unrid^is,  of  a  pale  translucent  color.- 
Wllite  gourd,  white  gourd-melon.    Same  VAbenincam. 

—  White  grouse,  a  gronae  which  turns  white  in  winter,  or 
agrouse  in  that  conditio?!  ;  aptarmigan.  See  Lff^o;«w,  and 
cot  under  pran/it'/rt/i.- White  gTUnt.  Same  as  capeuna. 
—White  gull,  the  kittiwake  gull.  See  Ariy/i'tcaA-^  (with  cut). 
—White  guara.  see  .ryimm.  — White  gum,  a  name  ap- 

?li«id  to  some  ilozen  npecies  of  Kucalyptvji  in  Australia  and 
asmania,  as  fC.  ntdlnlnta,  K.  paucijlora,  K.  amyydnlinn, 
etc.j  referring  somet  imes  or  always  to  the  color  of  the  bark. 
-White  gunpowder,  hauberk,  heat,  hellebore,  her- 
on, herring,  see  the  nouns.— White-heart  cherry. 
See  hiyaroon.  White-heart  or  white-heai  ted  hick- 
ory.   Same  as  inorkrr/iut  -  White  heath.    S.-e  hri^T-root. 

—  white  hoarhound.  see/i'.«r/Km/id— White  honey- 
suckle. See  ho,wyxuckl>',  L  -  White  hOOp-Wlthe.  Sec 
Toume/(/rtia.  -  White  horse.  (a)  See  whiie-ho^rse.  (b)  A 
white-topped  wave. 

The  hay  Is  now  curling  and  writhing  in  white  horxes  un 
der  a  smoking  south  wester.  Kingdey,  Life,  viii. 

434 


6909 

White  House,  the  name  popularly  given  to  the  oftlcial 
residence  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  at  Wash- 
ington, from  its  color.  Its  official  designation  is  Executive 
Mansion.— WhlX^  Huns.  See  i/w?ii.— White  ipecacu- 
anha. See  ipecacuanha.— White  iron,  pig-iron  in  which 
the  carbon  is  almost  entirely  in  chemical  combination  with 
the  iron :  such  iron  is  very  hard,  of  light  color,  and  breaks 
with  a  coarse  granular  or  crystalline  structure.  White  iron 
containing  a  lai^e  amount  of  manganese  is  called  spie- 
geleisen.  The  white  irons  generally  contain  a  high  per- 
centage of  carbon.  The  French  name  for  tin-plate  (/er- 
blanc)is  sometimes  (incorrectly)  translated  'white  iron.'— 
White  ironbark-tree.  See  ironbarktree.— White  iron 
pjnrites.  Same  as  marcasite,  2. — White  ironwood.  See 
ironwood.— White  Jasmine.  See  Jasminum. —White 
1aiUldice,a  name  formerly  applied  to  chlorosis.— White 
Kidney,  a  kidney  which  has  undergone  lardaceous  or 
waxy  degeneration. —  White  Jura,  in  geol.,  according  to 
the  nomenclature  of  the  German  geologists,  the  uppermost 
division  of  the  Jurassic :  called  sometimes  the  Malm.  It 
takes  the  name  of  white  from  the  lighter  color  of  the  rocks 
of  which  it  is  made  up,  as  contrasted  with  the  darker 
tints  of  the  underlying  rocks.  See  Malm,  2.— White  lark, 
lead,  leather.  See  the  nouns.— white  laurel.  See 
Magnolia.  — White  League,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  Kuklux  Klan,  but  especially  to  a  nearly  contempo- 
rary military  organization  formed  in  Louisiana  to  secure 
the  political  ascendancy  of  the  whites.  — White  leprosy, 
elephantiasis  Grajcorum.  The  name  was  applied  at  one 
time  to  various  affections  in  which  there  were  white 
patches  on  the  skin,  such  as  leucodenna  and  some  forms 
of  psoriasis.  —White  lettuce,  see  lettuce.— White  LiaS, 
in  Eng.  geol.,  the  uppermost  division  of  the  Rhtetic  Lias 
or  Infra-Lias,  as  that  formation  is  developed  in  south- 
western England.— White  lie,  light,  lignum-vitse, 
lime,  line,  lupine,  magic,  mahogany,  manganese, 
mangrove,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— White  mace,  tne  mace 
obtained  from  the  Santa  K^  nutmeg,  Myristica  Otoba.— 
White  man's  footprint,  a  name  given  by  the  American 
Indians  to  the  common  plantain,  Plantago  major,  sup- 
posed to  appear  wherever  white  men  settle.— White 
man's  weed.  See  whiteu^ed.— White  maple.  See  silver 
maple,  under  ?naj>iel.— White  meat,  (a)  Food  made  of 
milk,  butter,  cheese,  ^gs,  and  the  like. 

How  cleanly  he  wipes  his  spoon  at  every  spoonful  of  any 
whitemeat  he  eats  I 

B.  Jonxon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  1. 

Look  you,  sir,  the  northern  man  loves  white-meat^,  the 
southern  man  sallads. 

Dekker  and  Webfter,  Northward  Ho,  1.  3. 
(6)  Certain  delicate  flesh  used  for  food,  as  poultry,  rabbits, 
veal,  and  pork. 

Fish  was  enormously  consumed,  and  so,  too,  were  ophite 
meat  and  dairy  produce. 

//.  Hall,  Society  in  ILlizabethan  Age,  vi. 

(c)  %ame  as  light  meat.  See  i/ica^l. —White  melilot.  See 
Melilottis.- White  metal,  mignonette,  money,  see 
the  nouns.- White  Moor8,the  Genoese.  See  the  quota- 
tion. 

It  is  proverbially  said  there  are  in  Genoa  Mountaines 
without  wood,  Sea  without  fish,  Women  without  shame, 
and  5Ien  without  conscience,  which  makes  them  to  be 
tenued  the  White  Moores. 

Howell,  Forreine  Travell  (ed.  Arber),  p.  41. 

White  mouse,  (a)  One  of  a  fancy  breed  of  the  common 
house-mouse,  an  albino  of  Mug  muscuhis.  The  albinism 
originates  by  chance,  like  that  of  many  other  animals,  but 
may  be  perfected  and  perpetuated  by  methodical  selection. 
When  it  is  perfect,  the  mice  are  snow-white,  with  pink 
eyes,  nose,  ears,  paws,  and  tail.  (6)  The  lemming  of  Hud- 
son's Bay,  Ctiniculus  torquatus ;  the  anow-mouse,  which 
turns  pure-white  in  winter.- White  mulberry, mullen, 
mustard.  See  the  nouns.— White  nettle,  the  white 
dead-nettle,  Lamium  album.— White  nickel^  nickel  di- 
arsenide,  the  mineral  rannnelsbergite. —  White  nlght- 
hawk.  Same  as  mutton-bird  .  —  White  noddy,  the  white 
tern.  See  cut  under  Gygi^.-Whlte  nosegay-tree.  See 
luinegay-tree.— White  note.  See  def.  Ill  and  note^.— 
White  nun.  the  smew,  Mergellus  albellus.  See  cut  under 
mnew.— White osCk..  See oo"A:(with  cut).— White oakum. 
See  (xikuyn,  2.  —White  olivo.  See  Halleria.  —White  OWL 
See  snow-owl. —White  pearWOOd,  a  South  African  tree, 
Pterocelastruit  rostratun,  of  the  Celaxtracae.  It  has  a  height 
of  about  20  feet,  and  yields  a  heavy,  strong,  and  <lurable 
wood,  much  used  for  wagon-work.— White  pepper.  See 
pepper.— White  perch,  a  very  common  food-fish  of  east- 
ern North  America,  Morone  americana,  of  the  family  La- 
bracidfe.    It  is  thus  not  a  true  perch,  or  member  of  the /*cr- 


Whilc  Perch  {.\f, 


cidteiiitr  an  example  of  which  see  first  cut  under  perch^), 
but  is  most  nearly  related  to  the  brass-ljass  or  yellow-bass, 
Morone  intemipta,  and  next  to  the  striped-bass,  Roccux 
lineatux,  and  white-bass,  R.  chrytiopit.  It  scarcely  attains 
the  length  of  a  foot,  and  is  usually  smaller  than  this; 
the  color  is  olivaceous,  silvery-white  on  the  sides,  with 
faint  light  streaks,  but  without  any  of  the  dark  stripes 
which  mark  its  near  relatives.  It  abounds  coastwise  fnmi 
Cape  Cod  to  Horida.  ascending  all  streams,  and  makes  an 
excellent  pan-flsh.  -  White  pine.  See  }nne.  — White- 
pine  weevil,  see  Pixxodex (with  cut)and  weetnl.-Whlte 
pitch.  See  Burgundy  pitch,  under  piVcA'-V  -  White  point, 
a  British  noctuid  moth,  Leucania  albijnuicta.-  wllite 
pond-lily,  poplar,  poppy,  potato,  precipitate.  See 
the  nouns.— White  post.     See  ;»o«(l,  5.— White  pOt- 


white 

herb.  See  Valerianella.— White  prominent,  a  British 
prominent  moth,  Notodonta  tricolor,  with  white  wings,  the 
fore  wings  spotted  with  black.— Wllite  quebrachO.  See 
gwe6rac/w.— White-rag  worm,  the  lurg.— White  rent. 

(a)  In  Devon  and  Cornwall,  a  rent  or  duty  of  eight  pence, 
payable  yearly  by  every  tinner  to  the  Duke  of  Cornwall,  as 
lord  of  the  soil.  Imp.  Diet.  (6)  See  r«n«ii,  2(c).— White  rhi- 
noceros, the  African  kobaoba.  Rhinoceros  simns. — White 
ribbon,  a  ribbon  worn  to  signify  that  the  wearer  is  a  mem- 
ber of  some  organization  for  the  promotion  of  moral  purity. 
—White  robin-snipe,  rocket,  rodwood,  rope,  rose, 
rot,  rubber,  Russian,  sage,  salmon,  salt,  sandalwood, 
sanicle,  sapphire.  See  the  nouns.— White  sapota,  a 
small  Mexican  tree,  Casimiroa  edxdix,  of  the  liutaceie.  It 
bears  a  nearly  globose  pulpy  edible  fruit,  for  which  it 
is  cultivated. ^White  satln,  Liparis  or  StUpnotia  salicis, 
a  British  moth  with  satiny-white  wings  expanding  two 
inches.— White  scale,  (a)  Aspidiotux  nerii,  a  small  white 
bark-louse  or  scale-insect  found  commonly  on  citrus-trees 
and  -fruits  and  upon  the  oleander,  magnolia,  ivy,  and  many 
other  plants.  (6)  The  cushion-scale,  or  fluted  scale, /c^r.yre 
purchasi.  See  cushion-scale,  (c)  The  rose-scale,  Diaspix 
rosse,  a  very  white  cosmopolitan  species  occurring  on  the 
twigs  and  leaves  of  the  rose.— White  schorl,  sea-bass, 
seam.  See  the  nouns.— White  Sennaar  gum.  Seeginn 
arable,  under  ^»m2.— White  shark,  skin,  snail,  snake- 
root.  See  the  nouns.- White  softening  of  the  brain. 
See  softening.— White  spruce,  squall,  Stopper,  stork, 
stringy-bark,  stuff,  sultan.  Sec  the  nouns.— White 
sumac.  Same  -Assinooth  s(/(/?ff<; (which  see,  under 8?f»iac). 
—White  swallowwort,  sweetwood,  swelling,  syca- 
more, taUow,  tansy,  teak,  tea-tree,  thorn.  See  the 
nouns.- White  tern,  any  tern  of  the  genus  Gygis.  when 
adult  of  pure-white  plumage  with  black  bill.— White 
tincture.  Same  as  lesser  elixir  (which  see,  luuier  elixir, 
1).— White-topped  aster,  see  Sericocarjyus.- White 
trash,  vervain,  vine,  vitriol,  wagtail,  walnut,  wash, 
water,  water-lily,  wavey,  wax,  whale,  wheat,  wid- 
geon, willow,  wine,  witch,  wolf,  etc.  See  the  nouns. 
—White  trout.  See  Micropterus.— White  WOOUy  cur- 
rant-scale,  Pulviitaria  ribix,  a  large  bark-louse  with  a 
white  egg-sac,  which  occurs  on  currant-bushes  in  Europe. 
lEng.]— White  wren,  yam,  etc.  See  the  nouns.  =Syn. 
2.  White,  Fair,  Blond,  Clear.  As  to  complexion,  white  ex- 
presses that  which  has  too  little  color  for  naturalness  or 
health ;  that  is  fair  which  agreeably  approaches  white ; 
that  is  clear  which  is  free  from  blotch ;  there  is  a  clear 
brown  or  olive  as  well  as  a  clear  blond.  Blond  is  fair  in 
distinctive  application  to  the  color  of  the  human  skin  — 
properly  to  that  of  females. 

n.  H.  [<  ME.  hwiie,  the  white,  whiteness,  fair- 
ness; cf.  OHG.  wi::l,  leel.  hviti.^  1.  A  highly  lu- 
minous color,  devoid  of  chroma,  and  tlierefore 
indeterminate  in  hue.  But  a  white  intensely  illumi- 
nated has  a  yellow  effect,  and  very  deeply  shaded  takes  on 
the  bluish  look  of  gray.  A  dei-angement  of  the  propor- 
tions of  liglit  in  pure  white  to  the  extent  of  3  per  cent,  of 
the  red,  (5  per  cent,  of  the  green,  or  .5  per  cent,  of  the  blue, 
is  readily  perceived  by  direct  comparison  ;  but  quite  con- 
siderable admixtures  of  chronm  are  compatible  with  the 
color's  retaining  the  name  of  white. 

My  Nan  shall  be  the  queen  of  all  the  fairies, 

Finely  attired  in  a  robe  of  white. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  \V.,  iv.  4.  72. 

2.  A  pigment  of  this  color, — 3.  Something,  or 
a  part  of  something,  having  the  color  of  snow. 
Speciflcally — (a)  The  central  part  in  the  butt  in  archery, 
which  was  formerly  painted  white ;  the  center  or  mark  at 
which  an  arrow  or  other  missile  is  aimed ;  hence,  the  thing 
or  point  aimed  at. 
Vertue  is  the  white  we  shoote  at,  not  vanitie. 

Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  245. 
'Xwas  I  won  the  wager,  though  you  hit  the  tvhite. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2.  180. 

Thus  (ieneva  Lake  swallowed  up  the  Episcopal  Sea, 

and  Church-Lands  were  made  secular,  which  was  the 

White  they  levell'd  at.  Howell,  Letters,  iii.  ;i. 

(b)  The  albumen  of  an  egg.  or  that  pellucid  viscous  fluid 
wiiich  sun'ounds  the  yolk;  also,  sometimes,  the  corre- 
sponding part  of  a  seed,  or  the  farinaceous  matter  sur- 
rounding the  embryo,  (c)  That  part  of  the  ball  of  the  eye 
which  suiTouiuls  the  iris  or  colored  part. 

And  he,  poor  heart,  no  sooner  heard  my  news, 
But  turns  me  up  his  whites,  and  falls  flat  down. 

Grim,  the  Collier,  iii.    (Davies.) 

Ay,  and  I  turned  up  the  nhitex  of  my  eyen  till  the  strings 
awmost  cracked  again.  Macklin,  Man  of  the  World,  iii.  1. 
(rf)  pi.  In  printing,  blank  spaces,  (e)  pi.  A  white  fabric 
otlierwise  called  long  cloth. 

The  Indians  doe  bring  flue  whites,  which  the  Tartars 
do  all  roll  about  their  heads,  iV  al  other  kinds  of  whites, 
which  seme  for  apparell.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  3;i2. 

Salisbuiy  has  .  .  .  Long  Cloths  for  the  Turkey  trade, 
called  Salisbury  Whites. 

Defoe,  Tour  thro'  Great  Britain,  I.  .'1*24.    (Davies.) 
(/t)  White  clothing  or  drapeiy. 

You  clothe  Christ  with  your  blacks  on  earth,  he  will 
clothe  you  with  his  gIori<ms  whites  in  heaven. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  11.  174. 
(g)  A  member  of  the  white  racet»f  mankind  :  as,  the  "poor 
whites"  of  the  southern  United  States. 
4.  pf.  In  }uc<(..  leucon-hea — Body  white,  sec 
(lake -whitr.—  China,  white,  a  very  pure  variety  of  white 
lead,  usually  in  small  drops.  Also  nlver-v:hite.  —  Chinese 
white.  Same  as  ztm:  »7((7*'.— Clichy  White,  ;»  kind  of 
white  lead  made  atClichy,  in  France.— Constant  White, 
an  artificially  prepared  sulphate  of  barium.  See  blancjixe, 
under  blanc.—  Cvevci'Ultz  white.  See  Kremnitz  white. -^ 
Dutch  white,  an  adulterated  white  lead  :  a  book-name.— 
Faenza  white,  a  name  given  to  the  thie  white  enamel  of 
some  varieties  of  majolica.  It  is  thought,  however,  that 
the  discovery  is  due  to  the  factory  t*i  Fenara.— Flake 
White.  See }f«*f-jr/(f7e.  — Forest  whitest,  same  as/jcn- 
islone.—  Yxench  white,  a  variety  of  white  lea(i :  same  as 
China  white.  Also  called  hlanc  d'argent.—  In  black  and 
White.    See  WrtcAr.— Indophenol  white,    same  as  lenco- 


white 


6910 
and  maiked  along  the  sides  with  several 


indiyphenol.  —  EreznnitZ  wMte,  London  white,  white  yellow  below, 
lead.— Paris  white.  See  i(iAi7i»(/.—Pattison's  white,  blackish  lines, 
the  hydrated  oxychlorid  of  lead.— Pearl  white,  the  basie  white-beaked  (hwit'bekt),  a.    Having  a  white 


nitrat*  of  bisniuth  used  as  a  cosmetic— Permanent 
white.  Same  as  constant  w/iiYe.  —  Roman  White,  white 
lead:  a  book-name.— Silver  White.  Same  as  French 
irAifc— Spanish  white.  See  whiting.— The  white  and 
the  redt,  silver  and  gold. 

Thev  shulle  forgon  the  whyte  and  ek  the  rede. 

Chaucer,  Troiltis,  iii.  ISS-i. 
Thin  white,  in  rfUding,  the  first  priming  of  hot  size  and 
whiting.  This  is  followed  by  several  layers  of  greater 
consistence,  called  thick  white.  Two  thick  whites  laid  on, 
one  almost  immediately  after  the  other,  are  called  douMe 
opening  white.— To  Splt  White.  See  sjmC-',— Venice 
white,  an  adulterated  white  lead:  a  book-name.— Zlnc 
White,  impure  oxid  of  zinc. 
white'  (bwit),  v.;  pret.  and  jip.  whited.  ppr. 
whiting.  1(a)  <  ME.  wliiteii,  hwiten,  <  AS.  hwi- 
tian  =  OHG.  u-i::cn,  MHG.  «-i:cn  =  Goth,  hwcit- 


beak.  (o)  White-billed,  as  a  bird,  (ii)  Having  the  snout 
or  rostrum  white,  as  a  skunk-porpoise  of  the  genus  La- 
i/enorhifnchiis  (which  see). 

whitebeam,  whitebeam-tree  (hwit'bem,  -tre), 
«.  A  small  Old  World  tree,  I'l/riis  Aria,  hav- 
ing the  under  side  of  its  foliage,  as  well  as  the 
young  twigs  and  inflorescence,  clothed  with 
silvery  down.     See  beam-tree. 

white-beard  (hwit'berd),  n.  [<  ME.  whytcherd; 
<  white  +  beard.]  A  man  having  a  white  or 
gray  beard ;  a  gi-aybeard  ;  an  old  man. 

And  yff  they  woUe  not  dredde,  ne  obey  that,  then  they 
shall  be  quyt  by  Blackberd  or  Whyteberd. 

Paston  Letters,  I.  131. 

White-beards  have  arm'd  their  thin  and  hairless  scalps 
Against  thy  majesty.  Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  iii.  2.  112. 


jail,  become  white ;  also  AS.  ychwitiaii  =  D.  wit- 

fe«  =  G.  (re/s.«<'«=Goth.(7rt/((i'<")(/««,niakewhite;  white-bearded  (hwit'ber"ded),  a.     Having  a 

from  the  adj.:  see  if'AJtel,  «.]     I.t  iniraiis.  To  white  or  gray  beard, 

grow  white;  whiten.  Our  WAite-ftcarrfed  Patriarchs  died. 

He  .  .  .  laueth  hem  in  the  lauandrie  .  .  .  Byron,  Heaven  and  Earth,  i.  S. 

And  with  warme  water  of  bus  eyen  woketh  hit  til  hit  Whlte-hearded  monkey,  Semnopitheeus  nestnr,  of  Cey- 

ichite.                                 Piers  Plowman  (C),  xvu.  332.  io„_ 

II.  traii.t.  To  make  white.     Specifically— (a)  To  white-bellied    (hwit'bel'id),    a.       Having  the 
whiten ;  whitewash  ;  hence,  to  gloss  over.  belly  white  :    specifying  many  birds  and  other 

Hisraimenthecameshining,  exceeding  white  as  snow;     animals.  —  White-hellied    mnrrelet,    Brachyrham- 


phus  hypoleuciis,  a  bird  of  the  auk  family,  found  on  the 
coast  of  Southern  and  Lower  California.— White-bellied 
nuthatch.  See  nuthatch  (with  cut).— Whlte-beilled 
petrel,  Fregatta  yrallaria,  a  kind  of  stilt-petrel. — 
White-bellied  rat.    See  blacic  rat,  under  ra(i .— Whlte- 


so  as  no  fuller  on  earth  can  white  them.  Mark  ix.  s. 

Then  iiring'st  his  virtue  asleep,  and  stay's!  the  wheel 
Both  of  his  reason  and  judgment,  that  they  move  not; 
H'hit'st  over  all  his  vices. 

Fletcher  (and  others).  Bloody  Brother,  iv.  1. 
He  was  as  scrupulously  whited  as  any  sepulchre  in  the 
whole  bills  of  mortality.  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  viii. 

(ft)  To  make  pale  or  pallid. 

Your  passion  hath  sufficiently  whited  your  face. 

B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  3. 
=  Syn.  See  whiten. 
white-  (hwit),  V.  t.     A  dialectal  form  of  thwite. 

Compare  whittle'^  from  *thwittle. 
white-alloy  (hwit'^-loi"),  «.     One  of  various  .^jjitebelly  (hwit'bel"i),  n.     1.  Tlie  common 

Most   or      „!,„„„  t.,;i„.l  „,.„„„„  „f +v 


white-eye 

for  buttons,  which  are  made  by  first  casting  and  then  care- 
fully pressing  so  as  to  bring  out  the  ornamental  pattern 
on  the  surface, 
whi'te-breas'ted  (hwit'bres'ted),  «.    1.  Having 
a  white  breast  or  l)Osom. 

White-breasted  like  a  star 
Fronting  the  dawn  he  moved.    Tennyson,  (Enone. 

2.  Having  the  breast  more  or  less  white :  speci- 
fying numerous  animals.  See  cut  under  sqnir- 
rel-hawk. 

white-brindled  (hwit'brin''''dled),  a.  Brindled 
with  white:  specifying  a  British  moth,  Botyn 
olivalis. 

white-browed  (hwit'broud),  «.  In  oriiitft., hav- 
ing a  white  superciliary  streak:  as,  the  white- 
browed  sparrow,  Zoiiotrichia  leucophrys. 

whitebug  (hwit'bug),  n.  A  bug  which  injures 
vines  and  other  plants,  as  a  white  scale  (\yhich 
see,  under  ichite^). 

whitecap  (hwlt'kap),  «.  1.  The  male  redstart, 
a  bird,  liuticiUa  phwnicura.  See  &'st  cut  un- 
der redstart.  [Shropshire, Eng.]— 2.  The  tree- 
or  mountain-sparrow.  Passer  montanus.  Imp. 
Vict. — Z.i>t.  The  common  mnshioom,  Agaricus 
campestris. — 4.  Naut.,  a  wave  with  a  broken 
crest  showing  as  a  white  patch;  a  white  horse. 
— 5.  \_cap.'\  One  of  a  self-constituted  body  or 
committee  of  persons,  who,  generally  under  the 
guise  of  rendering  service  or  protection  to  the 
community  in  which  they  dwell,  commit  va- 
rious outrages  and  lawless  acts. 


bellied  sea-eagle,  Ilaliaetus  leucoyaster,  of  Asia,  Aus-  Whltecnapel  Cart.     bee  can. 

tralia,  etc.— ■Whlte-helUed  seal,  the  monk-seal,  Mono-  whitecoat  (hwit'kot),  n.     A  young  harp-seal; 

chus  nWiceiifer.- 'White-hellied  snipe.    See  mit'pci.—  any  seal-pup  or  very  young  seal  whose  coat  is 

■White-bellied  swallow,  Taehycineta  or  Iridoprixne  bi-  .j^;i„       fNewfoiindland  1 

co^or,  having  the  under  parts  pure-white,  the  upper  dark  wn^e-      llNewiounuianu.j               ^  ^  ^    ^. 

lustrous-green.    It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  as  well  as  The  phenomenon  so  carefully  described  by  him  was 

most  abundant  swallows  of  North  America,  sometimes  simply  a  white-coat,  or  young  six-weeks-old  seal. 

known  as  (ree-«(io«o«'.     See  cut  under  »wa!iow.— White-  Ka<;*-wood'«  .Ma<7.,  July,  1873,  p.  S4.    {hncyc.  Dtet.) 

bellied  water-mouse,  the  Australian  Hydromys  lemo-  -nrhite-crested    (hwifkres'ted),   a.     Having   a 


gaster.  —  White-beUied  wren.    See  wren. 


cheiip  alloys  used  to  imitate  silver. 

tliem  contain  copper  and  tin,  with  some  arsenic. 
whi'te-armed  (hwit'iirmd),  a.      Having  white 

arms. — "White-armed  sea-anemone,  an  actinia.  So- 

garti.a  leticnlxtna. 
white-arse  (hwit'iirs),  n.     The  wheatear. 
whiteback  (hwit'bak),  /(.     1.  The  canvasback 

duck.    See  cut  under  e«Hrai7)«ci-.    Alex.  Wilson, 

1814.     [Potomac  river,  U.  S.]— 2.  The  white 

poplar,  I'opulus  alba.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
white-backed  (hwit'bak t),  a.  Having  the  back 

inoi'e  or  loss  white — White-backed  bushbuck.  See 


(iiMAiucJr.— 'White-backed  colie,  the  South  African  Co-  -.,•u^- 

lim  capensis,  marked  with  a  black-and-white  line  on  each  whlte-blaze  (hwit  blaz) 
side  of  the  back.  It  is  small-bodied,  but  a  footor  more  long  white-bloW  (hwit'blo),  ii. 


owing  to  the  development  of  the  tail.— "Whlte-backed 
skunk,  the  conepate.  See  cut  under  Conepatus.  — 'White- 
backed  woodpecker,  a  three-toed  woodpecker  of  North 
America.  Picoides  dfrrsalia  of  Baird,  having  a  long  white 
stripe  d(nvTi  the  middle  of  the  black  back. 
whitebait  (hwit'bat),  n.  1.  A  small  clupeoid 
lish,  prized  as  a  delicacy  in  England, 
are  best  when  from  2  or  3  inches  long,  but  retain  the  name 
up  to  a  size  of  4  or  n  Inches.     They  abound  in  the  estuary 


sharp-tailed  grouse  of  the  United  States,  whose 
under  parts  appear  white  in  comparison  with 
those  of  the  pinnated  grouse.  See  cut  under 
Pedia:cetcs. — 2.  The  American  widgeon,  Ma- 
reca  americana.  See  cut  under  widgeon.  [New 
Eng.] 

whitebill  (hwit'bil),  «.  The  common  Ameri- 
can coot,  Fnlica  americana.     [New  Jersey.] 

white-billed  (hwit'bild),  a.  Having  a  white 
bill,  as  a  bird:  specifying  various  species:  as, 
the  white-billed  textor.     See  cut  under  Textor. 

white-bird  (hwit'berd),  «.  Same  as  white-baker. 
Sa,me  aB  white-face. 
Either  of  two  early 


white  crest,  as  a  bird  or  other  animal :  as,  the 
white-crested  turakoo  (see  turakoo) ;  the  great 
white-crested  cockatoo,  Cacatua  eristata;  the 
white-crested  black  Polish  fowl;  the  white-crest- 
ed spiny  rat  (see  Loncheres). 
whi'te-CrO'wned  (hwit'kround),  o.  Haying  the 
crown  or  top  of  the  head  white,  as  a  bird.  The 
white-crowned  pigeon  is  Columba  leucocephala,  with  the 
whole  top  of  the  head  pure-white,  inhabiting  the  Wegt 


flowers, .S«j(/'/-rt(/rt  tridaetijlites  and  Erophila  vul- 
garis (Uraba  verna),  both  also  named  whitloic- 
gra.'is:  an  old  name  in  England. 
white-bonnet  (hwit'bon'et),  n.  A  fictitious 
bidder  at  sales  by  auction:  same  as  puffer,  2. 
WhUebait  wMtebottle  (hwit'bof'l),  ?i.  The  hladder-cam- 
pion,  iSileiie  Cucubalns  (S.  iiiflata).     See  Silene. 


f  the  Thames  ami  in  other  similar  British  localities  at  Whiteboy  (hwit'boi),  n.     1+.  An  old  terra  of  en- 


certain  seasons.  The  fishing  begins  in  April,  and  lasts 
through  the  summer;  tile  fishes  are  taken  in  bag-nets. 
They  are  chiefly  of  a  silvery-white  color  inclining  to  a 
pale-greenish  on  the  i>ack.  Some  places  in  England,  as 
especially  Greenwich,  are  famous  for  their  whitebait 
dinners.  The  fish  are  usually  fried  till  they  are  crisp. 
The  identity  of  whitebait  has  been  much  discussed  and 
disputed.  They  have  been  supposed  to  be  a  distinct 
species,  named  Clupea  alba,  and  even  placed  in  a  genus 
framed  for  their  reception  as  Rogenia  alba.  They  have 
been  more  generally  recognized  as  the  fry  of  certain  clu- 
peoids,  as  the  sprat  (CTujoca  sprattwi),  the  herring  (C.  haren- 
gus),  and  the  shad  (of  one  or  another  of  the  British  species), 
lint  careful  examinations  of  great  quantities  of  whitebait, 
made  in  different  localities  at  different  times,  have  shown 
tliese  opinions  to  be  more  or  less  erroneous.  Whitebait 
consists  in  fact  of  the  fry  of  several  different  clupeoid 
fishes,  mainly  the  sprat  and  the  herring,  with  occasionally 
a  small  percentage  of  yet  other  fishes;  and  the  relative 
quantity  of  the  different  species  represented  varies,  more- 
over, accordintr  to  season  and  locality. 

Our  wives  (without  whose  sanction  no  good  man  would 
surely  ever  look  a  whitebait  in  the  face)  gave  us  permis- 
sion to  attend  this  entertainment.     Thackeray,  Philip,  xi. 

2.  A  Chinese  salmonoid  fish,  Nidanx  sinensis. 
See  Sdlaiix. 

white-baker  (hwit'bil''''ker),  n.  The  beam-bird, 
Mu.scicapa  grisolu  ;  tlie  spotted  flycatcher.  Also 
whitewall,  tvhite-hird. 

white-barred  (hwit'biinl),  a.  Having  one  or 
more  wliite  bars,  as  an  animal:  specifying  a 
British  hawk-moth,  Stsiit  sjilirgifiirmis  or  Tro- 
liiiliiiiii  sjilifft/iforme. 

white-bass  (hwit'bas),  v.  A  fresh-water  food- 
fish  of  th(.'  United  States,  Ilorcus  chri/sops,  found 
chiefly  in  the  Mississipjii  l)asin  and  the  Great 
Lake  region,  of  the  same  genus  as  the  striped- 
bass  (/i".  lineatus),  which  it  much  resembles, 
but  quite  ditferent  from  the  black-basses  (which 
are  ceiitrarclioids).    The  color  is  silvery,  tinged  with 


dearment  applied  to  a  favorite  son,  dependent, 
or  tlie  like;  a  darling.     See  white^,  a.,  5. 

" I  know,"  quoth  I,  "I  am  his  white-boy,  and  will  not 
be  gulled."  Ford,  'Tis  Pity,  i.  i. 

His  first  addresse  was  an  humble  Remonstrance  by  a 
dutifull  son  of  the  Church,  almost  as  if  he  had  said  her 
white-boy.  Milton,  Apology  for  Sraectymnuus. 

2.  [cnji.]  A  member  of  an  illegal  agrarian  asso- 
ciation formed  in  Ireland  about  the  year  1761, 
whose  object  was  "to  do  justice  to  the  poor  by 
restoring  the  ancient  commons  and  redressing 
other  grievances"  (Lecki/).  The  members  of  the 
association  assembled  at  night  with  white  frocks  over 
their  other  clothes  (whence  the  name),  threw  down  fences, 
and  leveled  inclosnres  (being  hence  also  called  Levelers), 
destroyed  the  property  of  harsh  landlords  or  their  agents, 
the  Protestant  clergy,  the  tithe-collectors,  and  any  others 
who  had  made  themselves  obnoxious  to  the  association. 
Also  used  attributively. 
Unlike  ordinary  crime,  the  White-boy  outrages  were 


^s^f«^^- 


White-crowned  Pigeon  {Columba  leHcocefhala). 


Indies  and  parts  of  Honda.  This  is  a  large  stout-bodied 
and  dark-colored  pigeon,  notable  as  one  of  the  few  Amer- 
ican forms  which  most  authors  continue  to  regard  as  con- 
generic with  the  Old  World  species  of  Columba  proper. 
The  white-crowned  sparrow  is  Zonotrichia  leucophrys, 
one  of  the  crown-sparrows,  closely  related  to  the  white- 
throated,  common  in  eastern  parta  of  North  America, 
having  in  the  adult  the  top  and  sides  of  the  head  striped 
with  ashy-white  and  black. 


systematically,  skilfully,  and  often  very  successfully  di-  white-ear^  (hwit'er),  n.     A  shell  of  the  family 


rected  to  the  enforcement  of  certain  rules  of  conduct. 

Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  XTi. 

Whitebojrism  (hwit'boi-izm),  n.  [<  Whiteboy 
+  -ism.']  The  principles  or  practices  of  the 
Wliileboys. 

The  Catholic  bishop  of  Cloyne,  in  March,  1762,  issued  a 
pastoral  urging  those  of  his  diocese  to  use  all  the  spiritual 
censures  at  their  disposal  for  the  purpose  of  repressing 
Whitfboyixm.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xvi. 

white-brass  (hwit'bras),  «.    An  alloy  of  copper  white-eye  (hwit/i;,n. 

.rtion  of  copper  is     white-eyed  duck,  3;/rocfl /f>TH<7'«<-''  or  X /f«- 
cophthalma.    See  cut  tinder  A j/too«.— 2.  In  the 


Vanikoridie ;  a  vanikoro. 

white-ear^  (hwit'er),  n.  [See  xrhentear.']  The 
wheatear  or  fallow-finch,  Saxicola  ananthe.  See 
cut  under  wheatear. 

white-eared  (hwlt'erd),  a.  Having  white  ears: 
(a)  as  a  bird  whose  auricular  feathers  are 
white;  (b)  as  poultry  with  large  white  ear- 
lobes White-eared  thrush.    See  thrush^. 

1.  In  Great  Britain,  the 


and  zinc,  in  which  the  proportion  of  copper 
comparatively  small.  With  less  than  45  per  cent,  of 
copper  the  color  of  brass  ceases  to  be  yellow,  and  as  the 
percentage  of  zinc  is  increased  the  color  of  the  alloy  passes 
from  silver-white  to  gray  and  bluish-gray.  Such  alloys  are 
brittle,  and  have  but  a  limited  use.  Some  of  these  white- 
brasses  are  sold  under  the  trade-names  of  "Birmingham 
platinum"  and  "platinum  lead."    These  are  chiefly  used 


United  States,  the  white-eyed  vireo  or  greenlet. 
Vireo  noreboracensis.  See  cut  under  Vireo. — 
3.  Any  bird  of  the  genus  Zosterops :  a  silver- 
eye:  as,  the  Indian  white-eye,  Z.  palpebrosus. 
See  cut  under  Zosterojis. 


white-eye 


6911 


By  nioBt  English-speaking  people  in  various  parts  of 
the  world  the  prevalent  species  of  Zosterops  is  commonly 
called  "WhiU-eye"  or  "Silver-eye'  from  the  feature  be- 
fore mentioned. 

A.  Keicton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIV.  824,  note. 
white-eyed  (hwit'id),  a.     Having  white  eyes  — 
that  is,  eyes  in  whieli  tlie  iris  is  wliite  or  color- 
less.    Whlte-eyed  pochard.    See  cut  under  Xi/roca 
White-eyed  shad.     .*;ini  ...     —  . 

tOWhee,  a  variety  of  tlic  i( 

in  Florida  —  I'ipito  eriifhri'phlhalm  us  nlleni.  Compare  cut 
under  Pipiio-— White-eyed  vlreo  or  greenlet.  See 
Fireo  (with  cut).— White-eyed  warblert.  See  warbler. 
white-faced  (hwit'fast),  a.  l.  Having  a  white 
or  pale  face,  as  from  fear  or  illness. — 2.  Hav- 
ing a  white  front  or  surface. 

That  pale,  that  white-faaii  shore, 

Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1.  23. 

On  a  rickety  chair,  tilted  against  the  white-faced  wall, 
sat  a  young  man.  wearing  a  suit  of  exceedingly  cheap  and 
shabby  store-clothes.  The  Atlantic,  L.VI.  676. 


upon  the  roots  of  grass  and  other  vegetation,  and  at  times 
are  serious  pests.    See  Allorhiim  (with  cut),  cockchafer, 
dor-bifj  (with  cut),  June-bug  (with  cut),  Lachnosterna, 
May-beetle,  and  Melolontha. 
white-gum  (hwit'gum),  n.    In  med.,  an  emption 
of  whitish  spots  surrounded  by  a  red  areola, 
occurring  about  the  neck  and  arras  of  infants ; 
strophulus  albidus. 
as  mud-shad.-WMie-eyed  white-handed  (hwit'lian"ded),  n. 
mmon  towhee  bunting,  found     white  hands 


whitening 


[<wliit(;'l-  +  -lyl.2    White; 


White-handed  mistress,  one  sweet  word  with  thee. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  230. 

2.  Having  pure,  unstained  hands ;  not  tainted 
with  guilt. 

O,  welcome,  pure-eyed  Faith  ;  white-handed  Hope, 
Thou  hovering  angel,  girt  with  golden  wings ! 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  213. 

3.  In  zooL,  having  the  fore  paws  white:  as 
the   white-handed  gibbon,  Hylobates  lar. 


See 
cut  under  gibbon. 
3.  Marked  with  white  on  the  front  of  the  head,  white-hass  (hwit'has),  «.     A  white-pudding, 

as  a  bird  or  other  animal White-faced  hlack     stuffed  with  oatmeal  and  suet.     [Scotch.] 

SpanlBh  fowl.  See  Spanish  /nicl,  under  .S;w/ii«A,—  ~' 
White-faced  duck,  (a)  The  female  scaup-duck,  Fuli- 
(fula  inarUa,  which  has  a  white  band  aliout  the  base  of 
the  bill.  See  cut  under  Kcaiip.  (6)  The  blue-winged  teal. 
.•See  cut  under  teaii.— White-faced  goose.  See  <jorm.-~ 
White-faced  hornet.    See  re«pa.— whlte-faced  Ibis, 

/6w  guarauna,  related  to  the  glossy  ibis,  but  having  the 


whitehause  (hwit'haz),  «.  [<  %chite  +  hiiuse, 
var.  of  hdhe^.']  The  shagreen  ray,  Raia  ful- 
hnicii,  a  batoid  fish  common  in  British  waters. 

partsabout  the  bill  white:  found  iii  western  parts  o?  the  ^T,i4,„vl,„  J  /i,     ;*'i,   a\  i     mu        i  -i     t       j    i 

United  states.-Whlte-faced  type    SeeJj/pis  "  whitehead  (hwit  hed),  «.    1.  The  white-headed 

white-favored   (hwit'fa"vord),    «.      Wearing    scoter  or  surf-seoter,  ad 
white  favors,  as  in  connection  with  a  wedding. 
But  they  must  go,  the  time  draws  on. 
And  those  white-favour'd  horses  wait, 

Tennyson,  In  Meraoriam,  Conclusion. 

Whitefieldian(hwit-fel'di-an),  «.  [<  Whitefieia 
(seedef.)  +  -«(«.]  A  follower  of  George  White- 
field,  after  his  separation  from  the  Weslcys: 
same  as  Uuntini/donian. 

whiteflsh  (hwit'fish),  «.  a  general  name  of  white-headed  (hwit'hed"ed), 
fishes  and  other  aquatic  animals  which  are 
white,  or  nearly  so :  variously  applied,  (n)  a  fish 
of  such  kind  as  the  whiting,  haddock,  or  menhaden,  (b) 
Anyflshof  thegcnusCiwe^oniM.  These  are  important  food- 
fishes  of  both  American  and  European  waters,  represent- 
ing a  division  (Coregiminx)  of  the  family  Salmiinid/e. 


f 


Whhcfish  of  th«  Great  L.akes  {(Scr'^niis  clupei/ormts^. 

Most  of  the  species  have  their  distinctive  names,  for 
which  see  Ctjregonintr  and  Coregoniui.  See  also  cuts  under 
Cisco  and  thadteaiter.  {c)  Any  llsh  of  the  genus  Leuei»eti». 
(rf)  Any  white  whale,  or  beluga.  See  lietuga.  i,  and  cut 
under  I)rlphinapteru*.  («)  Same  as  Uaiujuillo.  2. — Whlte- 
flsh-muUet.  See  mulleti. 
whiteflawt  (Lwit'fla).  «.  [A  var.  of  ichickflaw, 
simulating  ir/ii'fcl.]     A  whitlow. 

A  cock  is  offered  (at  least  was  wont  to  lie)  to  St,  Chris- 
topher In  Touraine  for  a  certalne  sore,  which  usetli  to  be 
in  the  end  of  men's  fingers,  the  u-hite-jUtw. 
World  nf  Wonders,  p.  308.    (tjnoted  in  .V.  and  ().,  7th  ser., 

IX,  511.) 
The  nails  fain  off  by  Whit-ftaires. 

llerrick,  Oberon's  Palace, 

White-flesher    (hwjt'tlesh'fr),   «.     The    ruffed 
grouse,  Uonti.ia  umhcUii. 
tion  from  grouse  wltl: 
Riehardsnn,  1831.     [Canada.] 

white-flowered  (hwit'flou'crd),  n.  Noting  nu- 
merous plants  with  white  flowers:  as,  irhilr- 
floicerril  azalea,  broom,  cinquefoil,  etc. 

white-footed  (h»it'fut"ed),  a.     Having  white 


so  called  in  distiiic-  white-leg  (hwit'leg), 
lark  meat.     -Sir  John     sjadolens;  milk-leg. 


feet:   as.  tXw  white-fooled  hapalote,   HaiHtlotin  white-line  (hwit'lin),  rt.     Wliite-lined. 
New    South    Wales.  — White-footed     line  dart,  a  British  noctuid  moth,  >4.<m)(M  ( 


'esperimnn  americantis,  the  commoTK-st  \fsper- 
North  America,  with  snowy  paws  and  under 


alhipex,    of    Aew    South    VSales White-footed 

mouae,  V'« 

mouse  of 

Parts- features  shared  t»y  most  of  the  mice  of  tlic  genus 
esperimiis.     See  I'esperimtts.  and  cut  under deer-infnuie. 

white-fronted  (hwit'fnuited),*/.  Having  the 
front  or  forehead  white,  as  a  bird.  The  white- 
fronted  dove  is  Kngyptiia  nlijifrons.  found  in  I'cxas  and 
Mexico.  The  white-fronted  goose  is  Anser  albifrons  of 
Europe,  a  variety  of  which,  A.  alh\frons  gamheli,  'iribal>its 
North  America,  and  is  known  in  some  parts  as  the  K/teckle. 
belly.  The  white-fronted  lennir  of  .Madagascar  is  a  spe- 
cies or  variety  which  has  been  named  Lemur  albi^frons. 
The  white-fronted  capuchin  is  Ci'btix  albi/rons,  a  South 
Ameriran  monkey. 

white-grass  (hwit'gras),  «.     See  Leer.iia. 

white-grub  (hwit'griib),  n.  The  large  white 
earth-inhabiting  larva  of  any  one  of  a  number 


duck,  Qidemia  perspicit- 
latd.  See  cut  under /'cHo«e«rt.  [Long  Island.] 
—  2.  A  breed  of  domestic  pigeons  with  the 
head  and  tail  white;  a  white-tailed  monk. — 
3.  The  blue  wavey.  or  blue-winged  snow-goose, 
Chen  eserulescens.  See  ijoose.^4:.  The  broom- 
bush,  Parthcnium  Hysterophorus.  Also  called 
bastard  feverfetc  and  West  Indian  mnowort. 
[West  Indies.] 

a.  Having  the 
head  more  or  less  entirely  white:  specifying 
many  animals.- 'Whlte-headed  duck,  Erismatura 
leucncephala,  a  rudder-taileil  oi  stitf-tailcd  duck  of  Europe 
and  Africa,— 'White-headed  eagle,  tlie  common  bald 
eagleorseaeagleof  Xorth  America,  Ilalla'itmleueocepha- 
lus.  See  eoyte.— White-headed  goose,  gull,  shrike. 
See  the  nouns.— White-headed  harpy.  See  harpu, 
3  (()),— White-headed  tern,  -Sterna  trudeaui,  a  South 
American  species  of  tern.  — White-headed  titmouse, 
a  variety  of  the  long-tailed  titmouse,  Acredvla  caudata 
(or  rw^«),  whose  head  is  whiter  than  usual.  It  inhabits 
iiorthcily  continental  Europe.  — White-headed  wood- 
pecker. Pictfs  or  Xenopicus  albolarmtus,  a  woodpecker 
with  a  Iilack  IxMiy,  white  head,  scarlet  nuchal  band  in  the 
male,  ami  white  wing-patcli,  found  in  the  forest.^  chiefly 
of  conifers,  of  the  Pacific  slope  of  the  Vnited  States.  See 
cut  under  Xenopicus. 

Whitehead's  operations.    See  operation. 

white-horse  (hwit'hdrs),  «.  1.  An  extremely 
tough  and  sinewy  substance  resembling  blub- 
ber, but  destitute  of  oil,  which  lies  between 
the  upper  jaw  and  the  junk  of  a  sperm-whale. 
('.  M.  Scaminon,  Marine  Mammals,  p.  312. —  2. 
A  West  Indian  rubiaeeous  shrub,  Portlandia 
(jraniliflora,  having  wliitish  flowers  3  to  8  inches 
long. 

white-hot  (hwit'hot),  a.  Heated  to  full  incan- 
descence so  as  to  emit  all  the  rays  of  the  visible 
spectrum,  and  hence  appear  a  dazzling  white 
to  the  eye.  See  radiation  and  npeetrum,  and 
red  heat,  white  heat  (under  heat). 

Whitf-hfit  iron  we  are  familiar  with,  but  uhite-fiot  silver 
is  what  we  do  not  often  look  upon. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  Ix. 

.     The  disease  phlegma- 
i^eo  jihleiinia.'<ia. 
white-limed  (hwit'iimd),  a.    [<  ME.  u-hitlymed; 
<  tchitrl  -j-  limed.']     Whitewashed. 
Viwcrisie  .  .  .  isylikned  in  Latyn  to  alothlichc  dounghep, 
That  were  by-snywe  al  with  snow  and  snakes  withynne. 
Or  to  a  wal  tchit-lymed  and  were  blak  withinne. 

Piers  Ploicman  (t'),  xvli.  267. 

Whlte- 
llne  dart,  a  British  noctuid  moth,  Agrotis  tritici 


For  Bardolph,  lie  is  white-Ucered  and  red-faced ;  by  tlie 
means  whereof  a'  faces  it  out,  but  tights  not. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  iii,  2,  34, 
As  I  live,  they  stay  not  here,  white-liver' d  wretches  ! 

Fletcher  (and  another),  El  ler  Brother,  iv,  3. 

When  they  come  in   swaggering  company,  and  will 

pocket  up  anything,  may  they  not  properly  lie  said  to  be 

white-Ucered  r  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iv,  1. 

1.  Having  whitelyt  (hwit'li),rt. 

pale. 

A  whitly  wanton,  with  a  vclnet  brow. 

Shak.,  E.  L.  L.,  iii.  1.  l»s  (folio  ie2;t). 
Could  I  those  whitely  Stars  go  nigh 
Which  make  the  Milky- Way  in  Sky. 

Howell,  Letters,  ii.  22  (song). 

white-marked  (hwit'miirkt),  a.     Marked  with 

white,  as  various  animals White-marked  moth, 

Txniocampa  leucographa,  a  British  noctuid.— 'White- 
marked  tussock-moth,  a  common  Korth  American 
vaporer,  Orgyia  leucnstigma.  See  tussock-moth,  and  cut 
under  Orgyia,  2. 

white-meat  (hwit'met),  n.     [<  ME.  ifhitmete ; 

<  irhite^  +  meat.']    See  white  meat,  under  tc/iifcl. 

'a.     In  coneh., 

white-lipped. 

whiten  (hwi'tu),  r.  [<  ME.  hwitnen  =  Icel. 
hiitna  =  Sw.  hvitnii  =  Dan.  hridne,  whiten, 
become  white;  as  whitel-  +  -e«l.]  I.  intrans. 
To  become  white ;  turn  white ;  bleach :  as,  the 
sea  whitens  with  foam. 


There  is  black-pudding  and  jMitc-Aass  — try  whilk  ye  whitf>-mmitbpH^(liwit'innutbt1 
bkebest.  .^oft.  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  xii.   WUpe-moUinea  (liwit  moutnt) 


white-lined  (hwit'lind),  a.  Having  a  white 
line  or  lines — 'White-lined  momlng-sphlnx,  a  com- 
mon North  American  spliingid  moth,  Deih^pltila  lineata. 
See  sjthinx  (with  cut). 

white-lipped  (hwit'lijit),  a.  Having  white 
lips;  li.iviiig  a  whiti*  lip  or  aperture,  as  a  shell. 
—White-lipped  peccary,  Dicotyles  labiatns.—Vfbite- 
llpped  snail,  the  common  garden-snail,  ginilcd  snail,  or 
brown  snail,  Helix  nemoraliji  (Including  H.  hortensis  and 
//.  hybnda).     Also  called  white-mmithed  snail. 

white-listed  (hwit'lis'ted),  a.     Having  white 

stripes  or  lists  on  a  darker  ground  (the  tree  in 

the  (luotation  having  been  torn  with  lightning). 

He  raised  his  eyes  and  saw 

The  tree  that  shone  white-listed  thro'  the  gloom. 

Tennysoil,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 


of  8caraba;id  beetles.    Th5  common  white  gruli  of  Whlte-li'Vered  (hwit'liv'erd),  a.     Having  (ac- 

Europe  is  the  larva  of  the  cockchafer,  Melolontha  vulgaris;  cording  to  an  old  notion)  a  liglit-colored  liver. 

that  <)f  the  more  northern  Inite.l  States  is  the  larva  of  supposed  to  lie  due  to  lack  of  bile  or  gall,  and 

the  May-beetle,  Ijitrhnosterun  A'urff,  and  congeneric  ilor-  ,     *'               i     i       i                ■      i-       .•           ^.                 ,- 

bogs;  and  that  of  the  s<mlhcm  Inited  States  Is  usually  heiiee  a  pale  look  — an  indication  ol  cowardice; 

the  larva  o/  the  June  bug,  AUorhinn  nitida.    All  feed  hence,  cowardly. 


Whiten  gaii  the  orisounte  sheene 
Al  esterward,  as  it  Is  wont  to  done, 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v,  276. 
Willows  whiten,  aspens  quiver. 

Tamyson,  Lady  of  Shalott. 

Fields  like  prairies,  snow-patched,  as  far  as  you  could 
see,  with  things  laid  out  to  whiten ! 

Mrs.  Whitney,  Leslie  Goldthwaite,  vi. 

II.  trans.  To  make  -white  ;  bleach  ;  blanch  ; 
whitewash:  as,  to  whiten  cloth;  to  whiten  a 
wall. 

Drooping  lilies  widtened  all  the  ground. 

Addison,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  iv. 
It  [the  mastic]  is  chewed  only  by  the  Turks,  especially 
the  ladies,  who  use  it  both  as  an  amusement  and  also  to 
whiten  their  teeth  and  sweeten  the  breath. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  ii.  4, 

The  walls  of  Chnrches  and  rich  Jleiis  Houses  are  whit- 
ened with  Lime,  tiotb  within  and  without. 

Dttwjncr,  Voyages,  I.  14(1, 

=  S3m.  Whiten,  Bleach,  BlaiKh,  Etiolate.  Whiten  mny  he 
a  general  word  for  making  white,  but  is  chiefly  used  for 
the  putting  of  a  white  coating  upon  a  surface :  as,  a  wall 
w/titened  by  the  application  of  lime  ;  the  sea  whitened  by 
the  wind.  White  for  ichiten  is  old-fashioned  or  Biblical, 
Bleach  and  blanch  express  the  act  of  mal\iiig  white  by  re- 
moval, change,  or  destruction  of  color.  Bleaching  is  done 
chemically  or  by  exposure  to  light  and  air:  as,  to  bleach 
linen  or  bones,  Blanctdng  is  a  natural  jirocess :  celery 
and  other  plants  are  blanched  or  etiolated  by  excluding 
light  from  them  ;  cheeks  are  blanched  by  fear,  when  the 
blood  retires  from  their  capillaries  and  leaves  them  pale. 
See  also  defs.  b  and  6  under  blanch. 

white-necked  (hwit'nekt),  a.  Having  a  white 
neck:  specifying  various  animals:  as.  tlietfAf^c- 
wccA'f graven,  Corrus eryptoteueiis.  a  sinall  raven 
found  in  western  parts  of  the  United  States, 
having  the  concealed  bases  of  the  feathers 
of  the  neck  fleecy-white  ;  the  while-necked  or 
chaplain  crow,  Corvus  .n'apulattts;  the  tchite- 
nirkeil  otary,  an  Australian  eared  seal. 

whitener  (hwit'ni''r),  n.  [<  whiten  -¥  -eel.] 
OiK^  who  or  that  which  bleaches,  or  makes 
white ;  especially,  some  chemical  or  other  agent 
used  for  bleaching  or  cleaning  very  perfectly. 

whiteness  (hwit'nes),  w.  [<  MIO.  wliytnesse, 
whitnes.ie;  <  irhitc^  +  -ness.]  1.  The  state  of  be- 
ing white;  white  color,  or  fi-eedom  from  any 
darkness  or  obscurity  on  the  surface. 

Says  Al  Kittib,  they  [the  Moors]  displayed  teeth  of  daz- 
zling whiteness,  and  their  lireath  was  as  the  perfume  of 
flowers.  Irvi^ig,  Granada,  i. 

2.  Lack  of  color  in  the  face  ;  paleness,  as  from 
sickness,  terror,  or  grief  ;  pallor. 

Thou  treniblest ;  and  the  whiteness  in  thy  cheek 
Is  apter  than  tliy  tongue  to  tell  thy  errand. 

Shak.,->  Hen.  IV,,  i.  1,6S. 

3.  Purity;  cleanness;  freedom  from  stain  or 
blemish. 

I  am  she. 
And  so  will  ticar  myself,  whose  triltli  and  wtdtencss 
Shall  ever  stand  as  far  from  these  detections 
As  yon  from  duty. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoiel.  i.  I, 
He  had  kept 
The  wliUemss  of  his  soul,  and  thus  men  o'er  him  wejit. 
Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii,  f)?. 

whitening (hwit'ning),  n.  [Verbal  ii,  of  whilrii. 
r.]  1.  'the  act  or  iirocess  of  making  wliite, 
—  2.  In  leafhcr-manitf.,  the  ojicratiiin  of  clean- 
ing and  preparing  the  flesh  siile  of  a  hide  on 
a  beam,  preparatory  to  waxing, —  3,  Tin-plat- 
ing.    See  ehemieal  jilalin;/,  under  iilal( ,  v.  t. — 

4.  Same  as  whitimj^. 


whitening 

Three  bright  shillings,  .  .  .  which  I'eggotty  had  evi- 
dently polished  np  with  whitening. 

Dickens,  David  t'opperfleld,  v. 

whitening-slicker  (hwit'nhig-slik'er),  n.  A 
kind  of  scraper  or  knife  witli  a  very  line  edge, 
used  by  leather-dressers  in  whitening  or  clean- 
ing the  flesh  side  of  skins  before  waxing. 

whitening-stone  (hwit'uing-ston),  «.  A  fine 
sharpening  stone  used  by  <'utlers. 

white-pot  (hwit'pot),  «.  1.  A  dish  made  of 
milk  or  cream,  eggs,  sugar,  bread  or  rice,  and 
sometimes  fruit,  spices,  etc.,  baked  in  a  pot  or 
in  a  bo\yl  placed  in  a  quick  oven.  Older  recipes 
differ  as  to  the  ingredients,  Ijut  in  its  more  frequent  forms 
the  dish  is  of  the  nature  of  a  rice-  or  bread-pudding. 

To  make  a  white-pot.  Take  a  pint  and  a  half  of  cream, 
a  quarter  of  a  pound  of  sugar,  a  little  rose-water,  a  few 
dates  sliced,  a  few  raisins  of  the  sun,  six  or  seven  eggs, 
and  a  little  mace,  a  sliced  pippin,  or  lemon,  cut  sippet 


6912  white  wing 

white-thorn  (hwit'thom),  n.     [<   ME.  whyUic 
5-  '•'•     tharnf,  idtthorn;  (.white^  +  thoriA.']  Seethorii^. 
A  ground-thrush,  Geitcirlila  whitethroat  (hwit'throt),  n.     1.  One  of  sev- 
This  bird  was  originally  described     eral   small  singing  birds  of  the  genus  Sylvia, 
found  in  the  British  Islands.    The  common  white- 
throat  is  S.  ciiierea.    The  lesser  whitethroat  is  R.  cumtca. 
The  garden-whitethroat  is  S.  horteimg,  also  called  biUy 
whitethroat  and  greater  peUichapg.     See  cut  in  preceding 
column. 

2.  The  white-throated  sparrow,  or  peabody- 
bird,  of  the  United  States,  Zonotrichia  albicolHx. 
—  3.  A  Brazilian  humming-bird,  Loucochlorin 
idhicolli'i.     The  character  implied  in  the  name 

..,■,..,,.,,,.  .   -        ,     _       , ,,      I.  is  very  uiuisual  in  this  family. 

itantonly,  its  habitat  benig  as  given  under  !/ro«n(/-r/t)TMA  vi._"4.v.._«4._j  i\ ;*'H,.;i//4-„,i\  «      tj <,<,;<,»  o 

(which  se4);  (3)  that  the  supposed  White's  thrush  of  Aus-  whlte-throated  (hwit  thro'ted),  a.     Having  a 
tralia  is  G.  lunvlata  (Turdiis  lunulatus  of  Latham),  and 


Carry  it  among  the  whiigterg  in  Datchet-niead 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W., 

White's  thmsh. 

(Orcochicid)  raria. 

as  Turdm  varlus  by  Pallas,  1811 ;  as  jT.  aureus  by  H  olandre, 
1828;  and  as  T.  whitei  by  Eyton,  1836,  when  it  was  found 
as  a  straggler  to  Great  Britain,  and  dedicated  to  (J.  White 
of  Selborne ;  it  is  also  known  as  Oreocincla  aurea,  0.  whitei, 
and  by  other  names.  By  some  singular  misapprehension 
White's  thrush  has  been  said  to  be  "the  only  known  bird 
which  is  found  in  Europe  and  America  and  Australia  alike" 
—  the  facts  being  (I)  that  various  birds  are  so  found,  but 
no  tlirushes  of  any  kind  are  so  found ;  (2)  that  White's 
thrush  has  never  been  found  either  in  America  or  in  Aus- 
tralia, and  has  been  found  in  Europe  as  an  accidental  vis- 


the  true  White's  thrush,  occurring  as  a  straggler  in  Eu- 
rope, was  mistakenly  recorded  as  Turdwt  lunulatus  by 
Blasius  in  1862 :  whence  a  part  of  the  myth,  which  in  its 
y   -.    -.  .:  .  1-  ,--  .         J  J.    .u  --1      rounded-out  form  extended  to  America, 

fashion  for  your  dishes  you  bake  m,  and  dip  them  in  sack  ._,i,jf -_+„_. /i,..,;f'„(.^,,  >   „     a  litpvu!  tvHiiKlfltinii 
or  rose-water.  OenUewmnanS  Delight  (.1676).  WhlteStOnC  (^Mt  ston),  «.  A  literal  tiansiation 

of  the  German  JVetssstem,  the  name  of  a  rock 


When  I  show  you  the  library,  you  shall  see  in  her  own 
hand  .  .  .  the  best  receipt  now  in  England  both  for  a 
hasty-pudding  and  a  white-pot.    Steele,  Spectator,  No.  109. 

But  white-pot  thick  is  my  Buxoma's  fare. 
While  she  loves  white-pot,  capon  ne'er  shall  be. 
Nor  hare,  rior  beef,  nor  pudding,  food  for  me. 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Monday,  1.  92. 

2t.  A  drink  consisting  of  port  wine  heated, 
with  a  roasted  lemon,  sugar,  and  spices  added. 
y.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VII.  218. 

whi'te-pudding  (hwit'pud''''ing),  «.  1.  A  pud- 
ding made  of  milk,  eggs,  flour,  and  butter. —  2. 
A  kind  of  sausage  of  oatmeal  rai.xed  with  suet, 
seasoned  with  pepper,  salt,  and  sometimes 
onions,  and  stuffed  into  a  prepared  intestine. 
Compare  hlack-puddiiuj. 

white-rock  (hwit'rok),  n.  In  the  South  Staf- 
fordshire coal-field,  dikes  of  diabasic  rock  which 
there  intersect  the  coal-measures. 

Microscopical  examination  shows  that  this  white-rock 
or  "white-trap"  is  merely  an  altered  form  of  some  dia- 
basic or  basaltic  rock,  wherein  the  felspar  crystals,  though 
much  decayed,  can  yet  be  traced,  the  angite,  olivine,  and 
magnetite  being  more  or  less  completely  changed  into  a 
mere  pulverulent  earthy  substance. 

Geikie,  Text-Book  of  Geol.,  2d  ed.,  p.  ."iOO. 

white-roott  (h-wit'rot),  «.  The  Soloiiion's-seal, 
Polygonatum  multifloriim,  or  perhaps  P.  offici- 
nale. 

white-rot  (hwlt'rot),  n.     See  rot. 

whi'terump  (hwit'rurap),  «.  1.  Savae  as  white- 
tail,  1. — 2.  The  Hudsonian  godwit,  Limnxa  liie- 
mastica:  same  asspoirump.  G.  TrumbuU,  1888. 
[West  Barnstable,  Mass.] 

white-rumped  (hwit'rumpt),  a.  Having  a  white 
rump  or  white  upper  tail-coverts:  specifying  va- 
rious birds ■WMte-nunped  petrel,  Leach's  petrel, 

Cymochorea  leucorrhoa,  of  a  fuliginous  color  with  white 
upper  tail-coverts :  found  on  both  east  and  west  coasts  of 
the  United  States.— WMte-rumped  sandpiper,  Bona- 
parte's sandpiper,  Tringa  or  Actodromas  bonapartei,  hav- 
ing white  upper  tail-covert«  ;  abundant  in  many  parts  of 
North  America.— 'WMte-rumped  shrllce,  the  common 
American  shrike,  a  variety  of  the  loggerhead,  Lanius  ludo- 
cicianus  eicitfri'torot'dra.— WMte-rumped  tMllSh.  See 
thnish'^. 

white-sal'ted   (hwit'sal"ted),  a.      t'ured   in   a 

certain  manner,  as  herring  (which  see) 'WMte- 

salted  herring.    .See  herring. 

white-scop  (hwit'skop),  «.  Same  as  whitehead. 
1.    G.  Trumbull,  1888.     [Local,  Connecticut.] 

white-shafted  (hwit 'shaf ''■'ted),  a.  Having 
white  shafts  or  shaft-lines  of  the  feathers:  as, 
the  ifhite-shafted  fantail,  lihiindnra  albiscapa. 
Compare  red-shafted,  yellow- shafted. 

Whiteside  (hwit'sid),  n.  Tlie  golden-eyed  duck, 
Clanyuld  ijlaucion.     [Westmoreland,  Eng.] 

white-sided  (hwit'si'ded),  a.    Having  the  sides 


white  throat:  specifying  many  birds  and  other 
animals:  as,  the  white-throated  sparrow,  Zono- 
trichia albicollis,  the  most  abundant  kind  of 
crown-sparrow  found  in  eastern  parts  of  the 
United  States.  See  cut  under  Zonotrichia. — 
White-tMoated  blue  warbler.  See  warWpr.— WMte- 
throated  finch.  See^jicAi.— 'WMte-tMoated  moM- 
tor,  a  Suiitli  African  varan.  Monitor  all>igtdarig.—WbXt^ 
throated  tMckhead.  Same  as  thunder-bird,  1. — 'WMte- 
throated  warbler.  See  warbler. 
whitetip  (hwit'tip),  II.  A  humming-bird  of  the 
genus  I'rosticte. 

the  white 


now  generally  known  as  granulite,  but  some- 
times called  leptinite.  The  name  WeissstHn  is  now 
obsolete  in  Germany,  and  irhitestoue  has  very  rarely  been 
used  by  English  writers  on  lithology. 

whi'tetail  (hwit'tal),  n.     [Formerly  also  whit-        ^ 

tail;  <  white  +  tail.     Cf.  whiterump,  wheatear.^  -whitV-top  "(hwYt'top),  u.    A  grass 

1.  Thewheatearorstoneehat,iSaxico/n(Bna«W«'.  ^jj.,jf  or  fiorin   Aqrostis  alba. 

Mm  whiterump,  tchite-arse,  wittol,  etc.     See  cut  ^hite-tree  (h-vvit'tre),  n.    Atree  of  Australia 

under  wheatear.—  2.  A  hummiug-bird  of  the  ^^^  tj,g  Malay  archipelago,  Melaleuca  Leiu;a- 

genus  Urochroa  (which  see,  with  cut).— 3.  The  (ie„(i,-„„  a  probable  variety  of  which,  M.  minor, 

white-tailed  deer  of  North  America,  Cariacu.i  fumjgties  eajeput-oil. 

virginianus:  in  distinction  from  the  blacktail  -syhitewaU  (hwit'wal),  n.    Same  as  white-baker. 

(C.macrotis).  See  tchite-tailed deer  (unaer  white-  rpj-oy.  Eng.] 


tailed),  and  cut  under  Cariacm 
white-'tailed  (hwit'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail 
more  or  less  completely  white :  noting  various 
birds  and  other  animals — 'WMte-tailed  buzzard, 
Duteo  ttlbocaudatus,  a  fine  large  hawk  of  Texas  and  south- 
ward, having  the  tail  and  its  coverts  white  with  broad 
black  subterminal  zone,  and  many  flue  zigzag  blackish 
lines.— WMte-tailed  deer,  the  commonest  deer  of  North 
America,  Cariacus  virginianus;  the  whitetail.  The  tail 
is  very  long  and  broad,  of  a  flattened  lanceolate  shape, 
and  on  the  upper  side  concolor  with  the  back;  but  it 
is  pure-white  underneath,  and  very  conspicuous  when 
hoUted  in  (light.  See  cut  under  Cormcii*.— WMte- 
tailed  eagle,  Ualiaetus  atbicilla,  the  common  sea-eagle 
or  earn  of  Europe,  etc.  — WMte-tailed  emerald,  Elvira 
chionura,  a  small 
humming-bird,  3J 
inches  long,  chief- 
ly green,  but  with 
the  crissal  and  tail 
feathers  white,  the 
latter  tipped  with 
black.  This  spe- 
cies inhabits  the 
United  .States  of 
Colombia  (Vera- 
gua)  and  Costa 
Rica.  A  second  is 
E.  cupreiceps,  lit- 
tle different.  The 
feature  named  is 
unusual  in  this 
family.  Compare 
Urochroa  (with 
cut)  and  Urosticte. 
—  WMte-tailed  gnu,  Catoblepas  gnu,  the  common  gnu, 
in  distinction  from  C.  gorgon,  whose  tail  is  black.  See 
cut  under  ymi.- 'WMte-tailed  godwit,  Limosa  uropij- 
gialis,  a  species  widely  distributea.  closely  resembling  the 
bar-tailed  godwit.— White-tailed  kite,  the  black-shoul- 
dered kite  of  the  United  States.  Elauusleucurus.  See  cut 
under  Mtf.- WMte-tailed  longspur,  the  black  shoul- 
dered or  chestnut-colhu-ed  longspur.  Centrophanes  orna- 
tus,  a  verj-  common  fringilline  bird  of  the  western  parts  of 
North  America.— 'WMte-tailed  marlln.  See  marlin  {b). 
—WMte-tailed  mole,  Talpa  leueura,  an  Indian  species. 
— 'WMte-tailed  ptarmigan,  Lagopm  leucurus,  a  ptar- 
migan peculiar  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  North 
America,  in  winter  pure-white  all  over,  including  the  tail, 
contrary  to  the  rule  in  this  genus.  The  nearest  approach  to 
this  condition  is  found  in  L.  hemileucurus  of  Spitzbergen. 


\Vliite-t.-iiIed  Emerald  iHl-vira  ifiianur, 


white,  or  having  white  on  the  sides:  as,  the  white-thighed  (hwit'thid),  n.   Having  the  fcni 

white-sided  dolphin,  or  skunk-porpoise.    See  out     oral  region  white,  or  having  white  on  the  thighs: 

under  Lagenorhynchus.  as,  the  white-thighed  colobus,  Colobus  rellerosm, 

whitesmith  (hw'it'smith),  «.    [<  whiter  +  smith,     a  semnopithecoid  ape  of  Africa. 

Cf.  blac]csmith.~\     1.  A  worker  in  tinware. —  2. 

A  worker  in  iron  who  finishes  or  polishes  the 

work,  in  distinction  from  one  who  forges  it. 
whitespot  (hwit'spot),   n.     1.   A  British    iioc- 

tuid  moth,  Dianthcecia  albimaculata. —  2.  An- 
other British  moth,  J'Jnnychia  octomacnlata. 
white-spotted  (hwit'spot'' ed),  a.    Spotted  with 

white:   as,  the  white-spotted  pinion,   Calymnia 

difflnis,   a   British    noctuid;    the   white-si>ottcd 

pug,  Eujiitheeia  albopunctata,  a  British  geome- 

trid  moth. 
whitespur  (hwit'sper),  n.     In  her.,  a  title  given 

to  a  certain  class  of  esquires,  from  the  spurs 

which  they  wore  at  their  creation.     Also  called 

esf/uires'  whitispurs. 
whitester,   Whitster  (hwit'ster,   hwit'ster),  n. 

[Early  mod.  E.  n-hyfstare,  wytsliin;  whitstarre, 

<  ME.  whitstare;  <  white'^  4-  -ster.]    A  bleacher; 

a  whitener.     [Obsolete  or  local.] 


'whitewash  (hwit'wosh),  w.  1.  Awash  or  li- 
quid composition  for  whitening  something. 
Especially  —  (a)  A  wash  for  making  the  skin  fair. 

The  clergy  .  .  .  were  very  much  taken  up  in  reforming 
the  female  world ;  I  have  heard  a  whole  sennon  against  a 
whitewash.  Addison,  Guardian,  No.  116. 

(6)  A  composition  of  quicklime  and  water,  or,  for  more 
careful  work,  of  whiting,  size,  and  water,  used  for  whiten- 
ing the  plaster  of  walls,  woodwork,  etc.,  or  as  a  freshening 
coating  for  any  surface.    It  is  not  used  for  fine  work. 

Some  dilapidations  there  are  to  be  made  good;  .  .  .  but 
a  little  glazing,  painting,  whitewash,  and  plaster  will  make 
it  la  house)  last  thy  time.  Vanbrtigh,  Relapse,  v.  3. 

2.  False  coloring,  as  of  character,  alleged  ser- 
vices, etc.;  the  covering  up  of  wrong-doing  or 
defects:  as,  the  investigating  committee  ap- 
plied a  thick  coat  of  whitewash,     [Colloq.]  — 

3.  In  ha.>ie-ball  and  other  games,  a  contest  in 
which  one  side  fails  to  score.     [Colloq.] 

whitewash  (hwit'wosh),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  ichite- 
wnshed,  jipr.  whitewashing.  [<  ichitewash,  «.]  I. 
Irons.  1.  To  cover  with  a  white  liquid  composi- 
tion, as  with  lime  and  water,  etc. 

There  were  workmen  pulling  down  some  of  the  old  hang- 
ings and  replacing  them  with  others,  altering,  repairing, 
scrubbing,  painting,  and  white-washing. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xliit 

2.  To  make  white ;  give  a  fair  external  appear- 
ance to ;  attempt  to  clear  from  imputations  ;  at- 
tempt to  restore  the  reputation  of.     [Colloq.] 

A  white-washed  Jacobite ;  that  is,  one  who,  having  been 
long  a  non-juror,  .  .  .  had  lately  qualifled  himself  to  act 
as  a  justice,  by  taking  the  oaths  to  Government. 

Scott,  Rob  Roy,  vii. 

Whitewashed,  he  quits  the  politician's  strife 
At  ease  in  mind,  with  pockets  filled  for  life. 

Lowell,  Tempora  Mntantur. 

3.  To  clear  by  a  judicial  process  (an  insolvent 
or  bankrupt)  of  the  debts  he  owes.  [Colloq.] 
— 4.  In  bosc-ball,  etc. .  to  beat  in  a  game  in  which 
the  opponents  fail  to  score. 

II.  intrans.  To  become  coated  with  a  white 
inflorescence,  as  some  bricks. 

The  bricks  made  from  them  [clays  on  the  Hudson  River] 
usually  "whitewash"  or  "saltpetre"  upon  exposure  to  the 
weather.  C.  T.  Dame,  Bricks,  etc.,  ii.  44. 

whitewasher  (hwit'wosh'' er),  «.  [<  whitewash 
-I-  -c;!.]     One  who  whitewashes. 

white-water  (hwit'wa''t&r),  w.  A  disease  of 
sheep. 

white- water  (hwit'wa"ter),  r.  i.  To  make  the 
water  white  with  foam  by  lobtailing,  or  splash- 
ing with  the  flukes,  asaivhale:  as,  "There  she 
white-waters!"  a  cry  from  the  masthead. 

white-wave  (hwit'wav),  «.  A  British  geome- 
tric! iiKitli,  as  Cobera  exanthemaria. 

whiteweed  (hwit'wed).  n.  [From  the  color 
given  bv  its  flowers  to  a  field.]  The  common 
oxeye  daisy,  a  composite  plant,  Chrysanthemum 
Leucanthemnm.  Also  called  margxierite,  and  by  the  In- 
dians while  man's  weed,  its  introduction  and  rapid  spread 
in  America  being  compared  to  the  occupation  of  their 
country  by  the  palefaces- 

whitewing  (hwit 'wing),  n.  1.  The  white- 
winged  or  velvet  scoter,  sea-coot,  or  surf -duck, 
(Edcmia  .fiisca  deglandi :  so  called  along  the  At- 


whitewing 

lantie  coast  of  the  United  States.  Various  plu- 
mages of  the  bird  are  distinguislied  by  gunners  as  Uack 
gray.  Hay,  great  May,  and  eastern  lehiteinny ;  and  it  lias 
many  other  local  names.  See  cut  under  velvet. 
2.  The  chaffinch,  Friiiyilla  calebs:  so  called  from 
the  white  bands  on  the  wing.-wutewlng  doves 
the  pigeons  of  the  genus  Melopelia.  .See  uldle-winged.  ' 
wnite-winged  (hwit'wingd),  «.  Having  the 
wings  white,  wholly  or  in  part :  specifying  vari- 
ous birds. -Whlte-wlnged  blackbird,  the  lark-bunt- 
mg,  Calamotptza  bicolor,  the  male  of  which  is  black  with 
a  conspicuous  white  wing-patch.  See  cut  under  Cala- 
tnonjnza.— Whlte-wlnged  coot.  See  cmt,  3.— White- 
Winded  crossbill,  Lijxia  leucoptera,  a  North  .American 
species,  the  male  of  which  is  carmine-red  with  two  white 
wing-bars  on  each  wing.— White- Winged  dove,  Melopelia 
lemoptera,  a  pigeon  found  in  soulliwtstern  parts  of  the 
United  States,  with  a  broad  oblitiue  white  wing-bar.  See 
cut  under  JMo^Mtta.— wblte-wlnged  gull,  lark,  sand- 
piper. See  the  nouns— Whlte-wlnged  scoter.  Same 
as  whitewing,  1,— White- Winged  snowbird,  a  variety  of 


0913 

whither-OUtt  (hwiTH'er-out),  interrog.  adv.  and 
rel.  coiij.  In  what  direction  outward;  whence 
and  whither. 


'Lorde,' 

eth : ' 


quod  I,  "if  any  wiste  wyte  whider.oute  it  grow- 
Piers  Plomnan  (B),  xvi.  12. 
whithersoever   (hwiTH'6r-so-ev'er),    adv.     [< 
whither  +  soever.^     To  whatever  place. 
Master,  I  will  follow  thee  whithersoever  thou  goest. 

Mat.  viii.  19. 
whitherward  (hwiTH'er-ward),  interrog.  adv. 
and  re!,  conj.  [<  ME.  uhiderward,  Imuderward, 
whoderward ;  <  ich  itiier  -\-  -loard.']  Toward  what 
or  which  direction  or  place.  [Obsolete  or  ar- 
chaic] 

And  asked  of  hire  whiderward  she  wente. 

(Jhaucer,  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  782. 

Whitherward  wentest  thou '!  William  Morris,  Sigurd,  iii. 

the  common  black  mowhud,JuTic7'hi^'m7!uaaeni7'^'ith  whitingl  (hwi'ting\  >i.      f<  ME.  tchutinine :  ver 


white  wingbars,  found  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado.  Com 
pare  cut  under  »no«*i>d. _ White- Winged  surf-duck 
the_  velvet  scoter.  See  tchHetcing,  1,  and  cut  under  velvet. 
whitewood  (hwit'wud),  H.  A  name  of  a  large 
number  of  trees  or  of  their  white  or  whitish 
timber.  The  whitewoods  of  North  America  are  the 
tulip-tree,  Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  and  the  basswood,  Ti- 
tia  Americana:  also,  in  Florida,  the  Guiana  plum,  I>ry- 
petet  erocea,  and  the  wild  cinnamon,  Caiulla  alba  (see 
CaneOa',  and  whitewood  bark,  below).  In  the  West  Indies 
Tabebuia  Lemoxylon,  the  white»oo<l  cedar,  and  T.  penta- 
phylla,  both  formerly  classed  under  Teeoiiui,  are  so  named, 
together  with  Ocotea  Leumxylon  and  the  white  sweet- 
wood,  Xectandra  AntiUiana  (A',  leucantha  of  Grisebach). 
The  cheesewood,  Pittoaporum  bicolor,  of  Victoria  and  Tas- 
mania, and  Lagunaria  Patermni,  a  small  soft-wooded  mal- 
Taceous  tree,  found  in  Queensland  and  Norfolk  Island, 
are  so  named  ;  and  a  large  handsome  tree,  Paiuu  elegaiu, 
of  eastern  Australia,  is  the  muwbulan  whitewood.  Locally, 
in  England,  the  limlen,  Tiiia  Eurupiea,  and  tlie  wayfaring- 
tree.  Viburnum  Lantana,  and  in  Cheshire  all  timber  but 
oak,  are  called  whitewood.  (Britteaand  Holland. )— White- 
wood  bark,  the  white  cinnamon,  the  bark  of  Cunella 
alba. 

Whiteworm  (hwit'werm),  «.     Same  as  white- 

gruh. 

Whitewort  (whit'wiTt),  ».     An  old  name  of  the 

feverfew,  Chrysauthimum  I'lirtlietiiiim,  and  of 

the  Solomon's-seal,  Folijf/onatiim  midtijioriim. 

whitflawt  (hwit'fla),  II.   iiarae  as  irliiteflaiv.  icliit- 

loic,  irhickjlaic. 
whither  (hwiTH'fer),  ade.  and  roiij.  [Formerly 
also  iclietlier;  with  change  of  orig.  (/  to  tli,  as  iii 
hither,  thither,  father,  etc.;  <  ME.  ivhidcr,  irhidir. 
whidur,  whedir,  huider,  whoder,  ivoilir,  qrider, 
qvediir,  htceder,  whither,  <  AS.  hiriihr,  hici/der. 
to  what  place,  whither,  =  Ooth.Ai(vi(//c.wliitlier; 
<  Teut.  'hiva,  who,  +  compar.  sufti.x  -iler.  -Iher: 
see  leho,  and  cf.  irhrlher^  and  the  correhiti ve  ad- 
verbs AiV/ier  and  thither.^  I.  iiiterriH/.  adv.  1. 
To  what  place! 
llentiU  knyghtes.  wtiettwr  ar  ye  a-wey? 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  24.'i. 
Whither  is  fled  the  visionary  gleam? 
Where  is  it  now,  the  glory  and  the  dream  ? 

Wordgicorth,  Intimations  of  Mortality,  st.  4. 
2t.  To  what  point  or  degree  ?  how  far  ?   [Karc] 
Whither  at  length  wilt  thou  abuse  our  patience? 

B.  Joiuton,  I'atiline,  iv.  2. 
n.  rel.  conj.   1.   To  which  place. 

Sothly,  soth  it  is  a  seloouthe,  me  thinkes, 

Whider  that  lady  is  went  and  wold  no  lenger  dwelle. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.).  1.  701. 
Then  they  Hed 
Into  this  abbey,  whither  we  pursued  them. 

.S/i(j*.,  C.  of  E  ,  v.  I.  155. 

From  this  countrey  towards  the  .South  there  is  a  cer- 

tetne  port  called  Scirings  hall,  whither  he  sayth  that  a 

man  was  not  able  to  Salle  in  a  moneths  space,  if  he  lay 

still  by  night,  although  he  had  euery  day  a  f  ull  winde. 

Ilaklttyt's  Voytigi^s,  p.  0. 
What  will  all  the  gain  of  this  world  signitie  in  that 
State  whitlier  we  are  all  hastening  apace? 

StUlingfieet,  Sermons,  I.  xii. 

2.  Wliithersoever. 

Nor  let  your  Chyhlren  go  u-fiether  they  will,  but  know 
whether  they  goe,  in  what  company,  and  what  they  haue 
done,  go<jd  or  euill.  Babeet  Bmk  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  1)4. 

Thou  shalt  let  her  go  whither  she  will.        Dent.  xxi.  14. 

A  fo<il  go  with  thy  soul,  whither  it  goes  I 

.Sliak.,  1  Hen,  IV.,  v.  3.  22. 
Where  haa  now  to  a  considerable  extent  taken  the  place,  in 
conversational  use,  of  whitlier:  thus,  it  would  seem  rather 
stilted  to  say  "  whither  are  you  going  ?  "  instead  of  "  where 
are  you  going?"  Whither  in  still  used,  hc)wever,  in  the 
more  elevated  or  serious  style,  or  when  precision  is  re- 
quired. 
Any  Wblthert.    See  anywhither. 

Vee  haue  heard  that  two  Flemings  togidei' 
Will  vndertake  or  they  goe  any  irhithir, 
Or  they  rise  once  to  drinke  a  Ferkin  full 
Of  good  Beerekin.  llakluyt's  Voyaget,  I.  192. 

Woo<!  and  water  he  would  fetch  vs,  guide  vsany  whether. 
Quoted  in  Capl.  .John  Smith's  Works,  I.  184. 
No  Whither,     see  imwhithir. 

Elisha  said  unt^i  him.  Whence  coniest  thou,  Gehazi  ? 
And  he  said.  Thy  servant  went  no  whither.       2.  Ki,  v,  25, 


bal  n.  of  ichitel,  v.)  Chalk  which  has  been'dried 
either  in  the  air  or  in  a  kiln,  and  afterward 
ground,  levigated,  and  again  dried,  in  trade  it 
has  various  names,  according  to  the  amount  of  labor  ex- 
pended on  it  to  make  it  line  and  free  from  grit,  there  be- 
ing ordinary  or  commercial  whiting,  then  Spanish  white, 
then  gilders'  whiting,  and  finally  Paris  white,  which  is  the 
best  grade.  Whiting  is  used  in  fine  whitewashing,  in  dis- 
temper painting,  cleaning  plate,  making  putty,  as  an  adul- 
terant in  various  processes,  as  a  base  for  picture-moldings, 
etc.     Also  whitening. 

When  the  father  hath  gotten  thousands  by  the  sacrile- 
gious  impropriation,  the  son  perhaps  may  give  him  [the 
vicar]  a  cow's  grass,  or  a  matter  of  forty  shilli:igs  per 
annum ;  or  bestow  a  little  whiting  on  the  church,  and  a 
wainscot  seat  for  his  own  worship. 

Itev.  T.  Adar.'S,  Works,  I.  144. 

When  you  clean  your  plate,  leave  the  whiting  plainly  to 
be  seen  in  all  the  chinks,  for  fear-  your  lady  should  not 
believe  you  had  cleaned  it. 

Swift,  Advice  to  Servants  (Butler). 

whiting'-i  (hwi'ting),  H.  [<  ME.  whytijnge  (= 
MD.  wijtiiujh,  wittinijh  =  MLG.  witink;  also  witik; 
witeke) ;  <  w/iifei  -I-  -tw/a.]  1.  A  gadoid  fish  of 
Europe,  Merlangus  vulgaris,  or  another  of  this 
genus.  It  abounds  on  the  British  coast,  and  is  highly 
esteemed  for  food.     It  is  commonly  from  12  to  18  inches 


Whiting  ( MtrlangHs 
,  and 


Igaris),  one  sixth  niitiiral  sire. 


Whitsunday  , 

der  of  the  same  salt,  which  will  comparatively  exhibit  a 
very  considerable  degree  of  whitishness. 

Boyle,  Exper.  Hist,  of  Colours,  II.  i.  12. 

Whitleather  (h\vit'leTH"er),  n.  [Earlv  mod. 
E.  whittlether,  whitlether;   <  tvhite^  +  leather.'] 

1.  Leather  dressed  with  alum;  white  leather. 
See  leather. 

Hast  thou  ao  much  moisture 

In  thy  whit4eather  hide  yet  that  thou  canst  cry? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  v.  1. 

2.  The  nuchal  ligament  of  grazing  animals,  as 
the  ox,  supporting  the  head:  same  as  inixicax. 
See  cut  under  ligamentum. 

whitling  (hwit'ling),  «.  [=z  Sw.  hvitliiig,  a 
whiting;  as  white^  +  -'"'ff^-]  The  young  of  the 
bull-trout.     Imp.  Vict. 

whitlow  (hwit'16),  H.  [A  corruption  of  irhit- 
flaw,  ivhiteflaiv,  for  whickflaw,  a  dial.  var.  of 
quick-flaiv,  perhaps  simulating  tvhite^  +  low*, 
a  fire,  as  if  in  ref.  to  the  occasionally  white 
appearance  of  such  swellings,  and  to  the  in- 
flammation.] 1.  A  suppurative  inflammation 
of  the  deeper  tissues  of  a  finger,  usually  of  the 
terminal  phalanx ;  felon,  panaritium,  or  paro- 
nychia.— 2.  An  inflammatory  disease  of  the 
feet  in  sheep.  It  occurs  around  the  hoof,  where 
an  acrid  matter  collects,  which  ought  to  be  dis- 
charged. 

whitlow-grass  (hwit'16 -gras),  II.  Originally, 
either  of  two  early-blooming  little  plants,  Saxi- 
fraga  trydactytites  and  Draba  verna  (Erophila 
vulgaris),  regarded  as  curing  whitlow,  in  later 
times  the  name  has  been  confined  to  Draba  verna  (vernal 
whiUow-gras8\  and  thence  extended  to  the  whole  genus. 
The  section  Erophila,  however,  of  this  genus,  to  which  D. 
verna  belongs,  is  now  separated  as  an  independent  genus. 
See  Draba,  and  cut  under  silide. 

whitlowwort  (hwit'16-wert),  n.  See  Parony- 
chia^, 2  (with  cut). 

Whit-Monday  (hwit'muii"da),  «.  [<  whit^  (for 
whitcl)  +  Monday.']  The  Monday  following 
Wliitsunday.  In  England  the  day  is  generally 
observed  as  a  holiday.  Also  called  IVhitsiii'i- 
Monday. 

wMtneyite  (hwit'ni-it),  n.  [Named  after  J.  D. 
Whitney,  an  American  geologist  (born  1819).] 
A  native  arsenide  of  copper,  occurring  massive, 
of  a  reddish-white  color  and  metallic  to  sub- 
metallic  luster,  and  found  in  the  copper  region 
of  Lake  Superior. 

whitret  (hwit'ret),  n.  [Sc.  also  qiihitred,  quhit- 
Iret,  whitrack;  origin  uncertain.  Cf.  E.  dial. 
(Cornwall)  whitneck,  n  white-throated  weasel.] 
A  weasel.     [Scotch.] 


dock  and  some  other  related  fishes  by  the  absence  of  a  whitSOVir  (hwit'sour), 
barbule.     The  flesh  is  of  a  pearly  whiteness.  ~       ' 


mg,  and  of  one  or  two  pounds  weight,  though  it  grows  mv-x  LOcOtcn.J 

inch  larger.    It  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  had-  WhltSOnt,  ».     An  old  form  of  IVhitsiin. 

[Appar.  <  whitei  + 
■mnr.]     A  variety  of  summer  apple. 
whitstert,  /*.     See  whitester. 
Whitsult  (hwit'sul),  n.     [<  while^  +  soiiP,  ,vhZ.] 
A  dish  composed  of  milk,  cheese,  curds,  and 
butter. 

namely,  niilke,  soure 


And  here 's  a  chain  of  whitings'  eyes  for  pearls ; 
A  muscle-monger  woultl  have  made  a  better. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  iv.  1. 
2.  In  the  United  States,  one  of  several  sciffiuoid 
fishes  of  the  genus  Menticirrus,  as  M.  america- 
nns.  The  silver  whiting,  or  surf-whiting,  is  M. 
littoralis.—Z.  The  silver  liake,  Mcrliicins  biline- 
nm-.— 4.  The  menhaden. —Bermuda,  bull-head 
or  Carolina  whiting.  See«-i«jr/»A(a),— 'Wlilting's-eye, 
a  wistful  glance  ;  a  leer,  or  amorous  look. 

I  saw  her  just  now  give  him  the  languishing  Eye,  as 
they  call  it;  that  is,  the  Whiting's- Eye,  of  old  called  the 
.Sheep's- Eye. 

Wycherley,  Gentleman  Dancing-Master,  iv.  1. 

whiting-mopt  (hwi'tiiig-mop),  n.  [<  whitinifi  + 
'««;*'.]     1.  A  young  whiting. 

They  will  swim  you  their  measures,  like  whiting-mops, 
as  if  their  feet  were  tins,  and  the  hinges  of  their  knees 
oiled.  Fletcher  (and  another).  Love's  Cure,  ii.  2. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  fair  lass;  a  pretty  girl. 

I  have  a  stomach,  and  would  content  myself 
With  this  pretty  whiting-mop. 

Massinger,  Guardian,  iv.  2. 

whiting-pollack  (hwi'ting-pol'ak),  n.  Seepol- 
lurk. 

whiting-pout  (hwi'ting-pout).  /(.  A  gadoid 
fish,  the  bib,  Gailiis  lii.icus. 

whiting-timet  (hwi'ting-tim),  «.  Bleaching- 
tinie.     Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W..  iii.  3.  140. 

whitish  (hwi'tish ),  a.  [<  ME.  whitisshc ;  <  whitel 
+  -/.s7(l.]  Somewhat  white;  white  in  a  mod- 
erate degree ;  albescent. 

His  taste  is  goode,  and  wfiitisshe  his  coloure. 

Palladins,  Huslwudrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  91. 
In  stooping  he  saw,  about  a  yard  off,  something  whitish 
and  square  lying  on  the  dark  griiss.     This  was  an  orna- 
mental note-book  of  p:de  leather  stamped  with  gold, 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xiii. 

whitishness  (hwi'tish-nes),  H.  The  quality  of 
being  somewhat  white;  albescence. 


You  may  more  easily  make  the  experiment,  by  taking 
good  venereal  vitriol  of  a  deep  blue,  and  comparing  with 
some  of  the  entire  crystals  .  .  ,  some  of  the  subtile  pow- 


'Tlieir  meat  whitmdl,  as  they  call  it : 
milke,  cheese,  curds,  butter. 

K.  Careii;  Survey  of  Cornwall,  folio  e«. 
Whitsun(hwit'sun),«.  [Formerly also  llhitson, 
also  Whisson,  tVheeson;  <  ME.  irhittoii-,  wyttson- 
whyssoii-  (=  leel.  Hritn  snnna),  Whitsun ;  abbr. 
of  Whitsunday  or  the  common  first  element  of 
Whitsunday,  Wliitsun-iveek.  etc.]  Of,  ])crtain- 
ing  to,  or  observed  at  Wliitsuntide;  following 
Whitsunday,  or  falling  in  Wliitsun-week:  gen- 
erally used  in  composition:   as.    If'hilsuii-u\e; 

Whitfun -'Monday,  etc.— -Whltsun  day.  See  Whit- 
sunday. 
Whitsun-ale(hwit'sun-ril),  «.  [Also  Whilson- 
ale;  <  Whitnun  +  ale.]  A  festival  formerly  held 
in  England  at  Whitsuntide  by  the  inhabitants 
of  the  various  parishes,  who  met  generally  in  or 
near  a  large  barn  in  the  vicinity  of  the  chiircli, 
ate  and  drank,  and  engaged  in  various  games 
and  sports. 

May-games,  Wakes,  ami  W hitsnn-ales,  &c,,  if  they  lie  not 
at  unseasonable  hours,  may  justly  be  permitted. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel,,  p  276. 
Whitsunday  (hwit'sun-da),  n.  [<  ME.  whit- 
suiidny,  ivliith  sounduy,  witsondui,  ivixson-daii, 
ha-itc  sune-dei,  hivite  sune-dai,  etc.,  <  AS.  liuita 
sunnan-diei/,  only  in  dat.  case  hivitan  .■<unniin 
dseg  (=  Icel.  hvitasiinnu-daijr  (cf.  also  hirita- 
dagitr,  'white  days,'  a  name  for  Whitsnn- 
week,  livita-dagn-rika,  'white days-week,' Ar(7ff- 
Kinniiidiiiis-rika.  Whitsunday's  week)  =  Xorw. 
Kvilsiiinidiiij,  Whitsunday),  <  hivit,  white,  -I- 
sunnanilspg,  Sunday:  see  whitei  and  Sunday. 
The  name  refers  to  the  white  garments  (Icel. 
hrita-rddhir,  white  weeds)  worn  by  caiuiidates 
for  baptism.  The  notion  which  has  been  cur- 
rent that  Whitsunday  is  derived  from  the  G. 
/ijiugstcn,  Pentecost  (see  Pinkster  and  Pente- 


Whitsunday 

cost),  is  ridiculous.]  1.  The  seventh  Smuiay 
after  Easter;  a  festival  of  the  church  in  com- 
memoratiou  of  the  descent  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
on  the  day  of  Pentecost. 

Have  hatte  uf  fioures  as  fresli  as  May, 
Chapelett  of  roses  of  Wissonday. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  2278. 
Tewysday  a  tor  whith  Sonnday,  we  cam  to  Canterbury, 
to  Seyiit  Thonies  Messe,  And  tlier  I  otferyd,  and  made  an 
ende  of  my  pylgrymage. 

TorHngton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travel],  p.  (i". 

2.  In  Scotland,  one  of  the  term-days  (May  15th 
or,  from  tlie  Old  Style,  May  26tli)  on  which 
rents,  annuities,  ministers'  stipends,  etc.,  are 
paid,  servants  are  engaged  and  paid,  etc.  The 
Whitsunday  removal  term  in  the  towns  is  now 
fixed  bv  law  as  May  28th. 

Whitsiin-farthings  (hwit'sun-far'THingz),  II. 
pi.     Pentecostals. 

Whitstm-lady  (hwit'suu-la'di),  n.  Tlie  lead- 
ing female  character  in  the  merrymakings  at 
Whitsuntide. 

Whitsun-lord  (hwit'sun-lord),  n.  The  master 
of  the  revels  at  the  old  Whitsuntide  festivities. 

A  cooper's  wit,  or  some  such  busy  spark. 
Illuminating  the  high  constable  and  his  clerk 
And  all  the  neighbourhood  from  old  records 
Of  antique  proverbs,  drawn  from  Whitswdordii. 

B.  Juti^on,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  Prol. 

Whitsuntide  (hwit'sun-tid),  n.  [<  ME.  whit- 
soiitj/dc,  witainitijik,  tohi/ssonti/cle,  whitesime-Ude, 
ichiisioitidc ;  <  Whitsuii  +  tide.']  The  season 
of  Pentecost,  comprehending  the  entire  week 
which  follows  Pentecost  Sunday,  in  the  Church 
of  England  Whitsunday  was  appointed  in  1549  as  the 
day  on  wliich  the  reformed  Book  of  Common  Prayer  was 
to  be  used  for  the  first  time.  Whitsuntide,  along  with 
Easter,  was  one  of  the  two  great  seasons  for  baptism  in 
the  ancient  church,  and  received  the  name  of  White  Stm- 
day  (Dmninica  Alba)  from  the  albs  or  white  robes  of  the 
newly  baptized,  as  Low  Sunday  was  also  called  Alb:Sun' 
day  {Dominica  post  Albas  or  in  Albls  depositis).  See  Pen- 
tecost. 

The  weke  afore  n-itsontyde  come  the  kynge  to  Cardoell, 
and  when  he  was  come  he  axed  Merlin  how  he  hadde 
spedde.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  60. 

The  king  then  left  London  for  the  North  a  little  before 
Whitsuntide,  as  the  contemporary  writer  of  Croylaiid  tells 
us.  J.  Gairdner,  Richard  III.,  vi. 

Whitsun-week  (hwit'sun-wek),  ».  [<  ME. 
"icliitsoii  weke,  wi/ttsoii-tooke;  <  Wliitsun  + 
jt'ceA'l.]  The  week  which  begins  with  Whit- 
sunday. 

So  it  befelle  that  this  Emperour  cam,  with  a  Cristene 
Knyghtwith  him,  into  a  Chirche  in  Egypt:  and  it  was  the 
.Saterduy  in  Wyttson  woke.  '      Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  299. 

whittaw  (hwit'a),  II.  [Appar.  for  whitimcer.] 
Same  as  u-liit-tnirer. 

Men  are  busy  there  mending  the  harness,  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  Guby  the  whittaw,  otherwise  sad- 
dler. George  Eliot,  Adam  Bede,  vi. 

whit-tawer  (hwit'a"er),  n.  [<  ivhit"  for  irhile^  + 
tairer.  Cf.  tcliiti/er.]  Aworker  in  white  leather; 
especially,  a  saddler.     HalliweU. 

whitten  (liwit'n),  n.  [Appar.  <  wliitc'^  +  -en, 
orig.  a<l,j.  inflection-ending.]  A  name  assigned 
in  some  old  books  to  the  guelder-rose.  Vibur- 
num OjihIu.i  (also  called  snowball-tree),  but  prop- 
erly belonging  to  the  wayfaring-tree,  ('.  ]jin- 
tuntt,  alluding  to  the  white  under  surface  of  its 
leaves,  and  so  used  in  large  portions  of  Eng- 
land. 

whittie-whattie  (hwit'i-hwof'i),  n.  [A  varied 
reduplication;  cf.  licittle-twattle.']  Vague,  shuf- 
fling, or  cajoling  language;  hence,  a  person  who 
employs  cajolery  or  other  deceptive  means  to 
gain  an  end.     .fiiiuienon.     [Scotch.] 

whittie-whattie  (hwit'i-hwof'i),  r.  i.  [Sc]  To 
mutter;  whisper;  waste  time  by  vague  cajol- 
ing language;  talk  frivolou.slv;  shill}--shall3'. 
[Scotch.] 

What  are  ye  whittie-whattieiny  about,  ye  gowk?"  said 
his  gentle  sister,  who  suspected  the  tenor  of  his  murmurs. 

Scott,  Pirate,  vi. 
whittle'  (liwit'l),  H.  [<  ME.  u-hitel,  liwitel,  < 
AS.  Iiirilel  (=  Icel.  Iiritill  =  Norvv.  Icvitcl),  a 
blanket  or  mantle,  lit.  a  'white  mantle,' <  hwit, 
white.  Cf.  E.  blanket,  tilt.  <  ¥.  blanc,  white.] 
Originally,  a  blanket;  later,  a  coarse  shaggy 
mantle  orwo<ilen  shawl  worn  by  West-country 
women  in  England.     [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

When  he  streyneth  hym  to  strecchc  the  straw  is  bus 

whitel ; 

S<j  for  bus  glot<jnye  and  grete  synne  he  hath  a  greuous 

I)enaunce.  Piers  Ploicmait  (C),  xvii.  70. 

Her  figure  is  tall,  graceful,  and  slight,  the  severity  of 

its  outlines  suiting  well  with  the  severity  of  her  dress, 

with  the  brown  stuff  gown,  and  ijiain  gray  whittle. 

Kinysley,  Two  Years  Ago,  ii. 

whittle-  (hwit'l),  n.  [Altered  for  "tliicillle,  < 
MK.thiritil,  a  knife,  lit.  'a  cutter.'  <  AS.  tlnritiin, 
E.  lliKile.  dial,  iftiite,  cut :  see  tliirile.]    A  knife : 


6914 

especially,  a  large  knife,  as  a  butcher's  knife  or 
one  carried  in  the  girdle. 

There 's  not  a  whittle  in  the  unruly  camp. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  v.  1.  183. 

The  long  crooked  whittle  is  gleaming  and  bare  ! 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  56. 
I've  heerd  tell  as  whalers  wear  knives,  and  I'd  ha'  gi'en 
t'  gang  a  taste  o'  my  whittle  if  I'd  been  cotched  up  just 
as  I'd  set  my  foot  on  shore. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  iv. 

whittle^  (hwit'l),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whittled, 
ppr.  wltittliiiy.  [Formerly  also  Ji7*i We;  <.  whittle'^, 
«.]  I.  traug.  1.  To  cut  or  dress  with  a  knife ; 
form  with  a  whittle  or  knife :  as,  to  whittle  a 
stick. 

I  asked  about  a  delightful  jumping-jack  which  made  its 
appearance,  and  wished  verj'  much  to  become  the  owner, 
for  it  was  curiously  whittled  out  and  fitted  together  by 
Mr.  Teaby's  own  hands.  Tlie  Atlantic,  LXV.  88. 

2.  To  pare,  or  reduce  by  paring,  literally  or 
figuratively. 

We  have  whittled  down  our  loss  extremely,  and  will  not 
allow  a  man  more  than  three  hundred  and  fifty  English 
slain.  Walpole,  Letters,  II.  60. 

3.  To  intoxicate;  make  tipsy  or  druuk.  [Ob- 
solete or  prov.  Eng.] 

After  the  Britans  were  wel  whitled  with  wine,  he  fell  to 
taunting  and  girding  at  them. 
Versteyan,  Rest,  of  Decayed  Intelligence  (ed.  1628),  p.  230. 

Poms,  well  whittled  with  nectar  (for  there  was  no  wine 
in  those  days),  walking  in  Jupiter's  garden,  in  a  bower 
met  with  Penia.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  443. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  cut  wood  with  a  pocket- 
knife,  either  ainilessly  or  with  the  intention  of 
forming  something;  use  a  pocket-knife  in  cut- 
ting wood  or  shaping  wooden  things. 

Here  is  a  boy  that  loves  to  run,  swim,  .  .  .  make  faces, 
whittle,  fish,  tear  his  clothes. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  viiL 

The  Megg,ar  boys  .  .  .  produce  knives  sitnultaneously 
from  their  pockets,  split  each  a  good  splinter  off  the  pal- 
ings, and  begin  whittling. 

W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  264. 

2t.  To  confess  at  the  gallows.     [Cant.] 

When  his  last  speech  the  loud  hawkers  did  cry, 
He  swore  from  his  cart,  it  was  all  a  damn'd  lie  !  .  .  . 

Then  said,  I  must  speak  to  the  people  a  little. 
But  I'll  see  you  all  damn'd  before  I  will  whittle. 

Simft,  Clever  Tom  Clinch. 

Whittleseya  (hwit'l-si-ii),  n.  [Named  after 
C.  Whittleseii  (see  def.).]  The  generic  name 
of  a  plant  first  found  by  Charles  Whittlesey 
in  the  coal-measures  at  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio, 
and  named  by  J.  S.  Newberry  in  honor  of  its 
discoverer  (1853).  This  plant  is  known  only  by  its 
leaves,  of  which  the  nervation  is  very  peculiar,  exclud- 
ing it  from  all  other  known  genera.  The  generic  char- 
acters, as  given  by  Lesquereux,  arc  — "frond  simple  or 
pinnate,  nerves  fasciculate,  confluent  to  the  base,  not  di- 
chotomous,  fructification  unknown."  The  leaves  have  a 
peculiar  truncate  form,  are  somewhat  fan-like  in  shape, 
and  dentate  at  the  upper  border,  but  entire  on  the  sides 
and  rapidly  narrowing  into  a  short  petiole.  I'his  plant, 
of  which  the  nervation  has  some  analogy  with  that  of  the 
gingko,  was  placed  by  Lesquereux  with  the  S oeygarathiese ; 
Schenk  considers  it  as  possibly  belonging  to  the  gymno- 
sperms.  Wfdttleseya  has  been  found  In  various  localities, 
always  low  down  in  the  coal-measures. 

whittle-shawl  (hwit'1-shal),  «.  Same  as  irhit- 
ttcK 

whitwall  (hwit'wal),  n.     Same  as  tritifall. 

Whitwell  stO've.  One  of  various  forms  of  stove, 
on  the  regenerative  principle,  whicli  ai'e  used 
for  heating  the  air  for  the  supply  of  an  iron 
ftirnaee  working  with  the  hot-blast.  The  heating- 
surfaces  in  the  Whitwell  stove  consist  of  broad  spaces 
and  flat  walls  instead  of  the  checkerwoik  usually  em- 
l)loycd.  Such  stoves  have  been  built  having  a  height  of 
70  feet  ami  a  diameter  of  over  20. 

Whitworth  gun.    See  ;/««'. 

whity  (hwi'ti),  a.  [<  whiti'^  +  -//'.]  Kather 
white;  whitish. 

whity-brown  (hwi'ti-broun),  a.  Of  a  whitish 
cohu'  with  a  brownish  tinge;  light  yellowisli- 
gray:  as,  Khitij-brawn  pai)er.  Diflferent  shades 
of  paper  have  at  different  times  been  so  desig- 
nated. 

whityert  (liwit'yer),H.  [<  Jf7i/<fl  +  -ijer,  -ier'^. 
Cf.  whiter,  whiUter.  The  word  survives  in  the 
surname  Wldttier.']     A  bleacher ;  a  whitster. 

whiz,  r.  and  n.     See  whi:::. 

whizgig,  n.    A  mechanical  toy. 

whizlet  (hwiz'l),  r.  i.  [A  freq.  of  irAL-.]  To 
wliizz ;  whistle.     [Rare.] 

Rush  do  the  winds  forward  through  perst  chinck  narrolye 
whizliny.  Stanihitrst,  .^neid,  i.  93. 

whizz,  whiz  (liwiz),  r.  /. ;  pret.  and  p)).  u-hi::ed. 
p|>r.  whi::iii(i.  [=  Icel.  Iirissa,  hiss,  run  with  a 
liissiiig  sound,  said  of  streams,  etc.;  an  imita- 
tive wui-d,  like  /i/.s.v.  hu:.:,  whistle,  etc.]  1.  To 
make  a  liuniming  or  hissing  sound,  like  that  of 
an  arrow  or  ball  flying  thi'ough  the  air. 


who 

God,  in  the  whizzing  of  a  pleasant  wind. 
Shall  march  upon  the  tops  of  mulbeiTy  trees. 
To  cool  all  breasts  that  bum  with  any  griefs, 
As  whilom  he  was  good  to  Moyses'  men. 

Peele,  David  and  Bethsabe. 
The  exhalations  whizzing  in  the  air 
Give  so  much  light  that  I  may  read  by  them. 

S/ia*.,J.  C.,ii.  1.44. 

2.  To  move,  rush,  or  fly  with  a  sibilant  hum- 
ming sound. 

How  the  quoit 
Whizzed  from  the  Stripling's  arm. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  vii. 
Parried  a  nmsket  ball  with  a  small  sword,  insomuch 
that  he  absolutely  felt  it  wtiiz  round  the  blade. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  442. 

whizz,  whiz  (hwiz),  «.  [<  tchizz,  r.]  A  sound 
between  hissing  and  humming;  a  sibilant  or 
whistling  hum,  such  as  that  made  by  the  rapid 
flight  of  an  arrow,  a  bullet,  or  other  missile 
through  the  air. 

Every  soul  it  passed  me  by. 
Like  the  whizz  of  my  cross-bow ! 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  iii. 

whizzer  (hwiz'Sr),  «.    A  centrifugal  machine 

used  for  drying  sugar,  gi'ain,  clothes,  etc. 

From  the  whizzer  the  «  heat  passes  to  the  smut  machine. 

The  Engineer,  LXV.  2. 

Ritchie's  Steam  Whizzer.  —  A  machine  for  treating  musty 

grain.  Set.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LVIII.  178. 

whizzingly(hwiz'ing-li),arfr.  l<whizzing,ppr., 
H-  -Ij/'^.]     With  a  whizzing  sound. 

whizzing-stick  (hwiz'ing-stik),  ti.  Same  as 
bull-roarer.    Amer.  Anthrop.,  III.  258. 

who  (ho),  proH.  [<  ME.  who,  uha,  wo,  qtco,  quo, 
qaa,  qva,  hwo,  hoo,  ho  (gen.  whos,  whas,  whes, 
quos,  hwas,  hwes,  hwos,  hos,  wos,  dat.  whotn, 
wham,  wlisem,  nam,  hwam,  ace.  whan, wan,  hwan), 
<  AS.  hwd  (gen.  huies,  dat.  hwuni,  hwsevi,  ace. 
hwone,  instr.  hwi,  hwjj  (see  whyi))  =  OS.  hve  = 
OFries.  hwd,  wd  =  LG.  we,  wer  =  D.  wie  =  OHG. 
MHG.  wer,  G.  «er  =  Icel.  hverr,  hier=Sw.hvem 
=  Dan. /i few,  7H-o  =  Goth.  Iiicas,  m.,  htco,  f.  (gen. 
hwis,  m.,  hwizos,  f.,  dat.  Iiwamma,  m.,  hwizai,  t., 
ace.  hwana,  m.,  Iiwo,  t.,  instr.  hwe,  pi.  Jiwai,  etc.), 
who,  =  Ir.  Gael,  co  =  W.  pwy  =  Russ.  kto,  chto, 
who,  what,  =Lith.  kas,  who,  =L.  qnis,va.,  qux, 
f.,  quid,  neut.,  who,  =  Gr.  'irof,  *K(5f  (in  deriv. 
TToi;  where,  etc.,  rrorepoc,  Kurepof,  whether)  =  Skt. 
kas,  who  (ace.  kain,  whom).  For  the  neuter, 
see  whaf^.  From  this  root  are  ult.)f/(eH,!r7ience, 
where,  whether^,  whieh,  whither,  why,  how,  and 
(from  the  L.  root)  quiddity,  quality,  quantity, 
etc.  Who,  which,  what  were  orig.  only  inter- 
rogative pronouns;  which,  whose,  whom  occur 
regularly  and  usually  as  relatives  as  early  as 
the  end  of  the  12th  century,  but  ir//o  not  until 
the  14th  century.]  A.  interro;/.  Denoting  a 
personal  object  of  inquiry:  What  man  or  wo- 
man? what  person?  WAo  is  declined,  in  both  singular 
and  plural  alike,  with  the  possessive  (genitive)  whose  and 
the  objective  (dative  or  accusative)  whom :  as,  w-ho  told 
you  so?  whose  book  is  tliis?  of  irhom  are  you  speaking? 
Qtio  made  domme  tdumbi,  and  quo  specande? 
Quo  made  bisne  (blind),  and  yjto  lockende? 
Quo  but  ic,  that  bane  al  wrogt  ? 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2821. 
Ho  makede  the  so  haidy 
For  to  come  in  to  mi  Tur? 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  69. 

Whom  have  I  in  heaven  but  thee  ?  Ps.  Ixxiii.  25. 

Whence  comes  this  bounty?  or  u-hose  is  't? 

Beau,  and  El.,  Laws  of  Candy,  iv.  2. 
Arrest  me  !  at  lehose  suit?  —  Tom  Chartley,  Dick  Lever- 
pool,  stay  ;  I'm  arrested. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  i.  2. 

In  certain  special  uses  who  appears  —  (rt)  Inquiring  as  to 
tlie  character,  origin,  or  status  of  a  person :  as,  who  is  this 
man?  (that  is,  what  are  his  antecedents,  his  social  standing, 
etc.):  titio  are  we  (what  sort  of  persons  are  we)  that  we 
should  condemn  him? 

Wlw  art  thou  that  judgest  another  man's  servant?  to 
his  own  master  he  standeth  or  falleth.  Rom.  xiv.  4. 

Please  to  know  me  likewise.     Who  am  I? 
Why,  otie,  sir,  who  is  lodging  with  a  friend 
Three  streets  off.  Browning.  iYa  Lippo  Lippi. 

Mr.  Talboys  inquired,  "  Who  were  these  people?  '  "O, 
only  two  humble  neighbors,"  was  the  reply. 

C.  Jteade,  Love  ile  Little,  iii. 
(6)  In  exclamatory  sentences,  interrogative  in  form  but 
expecting  or  admitting  no  reply  :  as,  who  would  ever  have 
suspected  it ! 

Our  heir-apparent  is  a  king  I 

Who  dream'd,  u-ho  thought  of  such  a  thing? 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iii.,  ProL,  1.  38. 

B.  rel.  Introducing  a  dependent  clause,  and 
noting  as  antecedent  a  stibjeet,  object,  or  other 
factor,  expressed  or  understood,  in  a  clause 
actually  or  logically  preceding,  (o)  With  reference 
to  the  clause  following,  the  relative  may  introduce- (1) 
A  subordinate  proposition  explanatorj-  or  restrictive  of  the 
antecedent. 

Ydolatrie  thus  was  Iwren, 

For  qmtam  mani  man  is  for-loren. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  696. 


who 

He  nadde  bote  u  dogter  ho  niygte  ys  eir  be. 

liol).  of  Gloucester,  p.  89. 
Witnesse  on  Job  whom  that  we  diden  wo. 

Chaucer,  Friai's  Tale,  I.  193. 
A  verse  may  And  him  who  a  sermon  flies. 

G.  Herbert,  The  Church  Porch. 
The  general  purposes  of  men  in  the  conduct  of  their 
lives  .  .  .  end  in  gaiiiinsr  either  the  affection  or  the  es- 
teem of  those  with  u-kom  they  converse. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  206. 
Grant  me  still  a  friend  in  my  retreat, 
Whom  I  may  whisper  — solitude  is  sweet. 

Cowpcr,  Retirement,  1.  742. 
The  antecedent  is  sometimes  omitted,  being  implied  in 
the  pronoun,  which  is  in  this  case  usually  called  a  com- 
pound relative. 

Adraweth  3oure  suerdes  &  loke  wo  may  do  best. 

Rob.  of  Gloticester,  1.  127  (Morris  and  Skeat,  II.  6). 
Ac  hi  casten  heore  lot  hices  he  [Christ's  garment)  scolde 
beo.  Old  Eng.  Mixc  (ed.  Morris),  p.  50. 

Nuw  tell  me  who  made  the  world. 

Marlowe,  Fatistus,  ii.  2. 
The  dead  man's  knell 

« Is  there  scarce  ask'd  for  who. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3.  171. 
There  be  who  can  relate  his  domestic  life  to  the  exact- 
ness of  a  diary.  Milton.  Eikonoklastes,  xxvii. 
Her  we  ask'd  of  that  and  this, 
And  icho  were  tutors.  Tennyson,  Princess,  i. 
g)  A  clause  dependent  in  form,  but  adding  a  distinct  idea. 
Here  the  relative  force  is  lUmost  entirely  lost,  who  be- 
coming equivalent  to  and  with  a  demonstrative  pronoun. 
He  trod  the  water, 
Whose  enmity  he  flung  aside. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  ii.  1.  116. 
The  yong  man  ...  at  last  married  her.  to  whose  wed- 
ding, amongst  other  guests,  came  Apollonius,  who  .  .  . 
found  her  out  to  be  a  Serpent,  a  Lamia. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  438. 
(6)  With  reference  to  gender,  who  originally  noted  a  mas- 
culine or  feminine  antecedent,  whether  human,  animate, 
or  other,  the  neuter  being  irhat ;  and  whose,  the  posses- 
sive (genitive)  of  icho,  was  also  that  of  what,  and  is  still 
correctly  used  of  a  neuter  antecedent  (see  whati).  More- 
over, before  the  appearance  of  the  possessive  its,  whose 
place  was  tilled  by  the  neuter /*»«  (see  hel,  I..  C.  (6)),  not 
only  were  neuter  objects  designated  in  the  two  other  cases 
by  he  and  him,  but  who  and  irhom  were  sometimes  sub- 
stituted for  that  as  the  nt^miinative  and  objective  of  the 
neuter  relative  (see  the  quotation  from  Puttenham).  In 
modem  use,  however,  icho  and  whinn  are  applied  regularly 
to  persons,  fre^juently  to  animals,  and  sometimes  even  to 
inanimate  things  when  represented  with  some  of  the  at- 
tributes of  humanity,  as  in  personification  or  vivid  descrip- 
tion. 

Men  seyn  over  the  walle  stonde 
Crete  engyncs,  who  were  nygh  honde. 

limn,  of  the  Rose,  1.  41i>4. 

The  nature  and  condition  of  man  ...  is  called  humani- 

tie ;  whiche  is  a  generall  mime  to  those  vertnes  in  whome 

senieth  to  be  a  mutuall  Concorde  and  loue  in  the  nature  of 

man.  Sir  T.  Ehjot,  The  Governour,  ii.  8. 

Such  is  the  figure  Ouall,  (rAvw  for  hisantiquitie,  dignitie 
and  vse.  I  place  among  the  rest  of  the  figures  to  embellish 
our  prop«>rti<>ns.     Puttenhatn,  Arte  of  Eng.  I'oesie,  p.  84. 

Death  arrests  the  organ  of  my  voice, 
Who,  entering  at  the  breach  thy  sword  hath  made, 
Hacks  every  vein  and  artier  of  my  heart. 

..WnWowr,  TamJiurlaine,  I.,  ii.  7. 
A  green  and  gilded  snake  .  .  . 
Who  with  her  head  niinlile  in  threats  approach  d 
The  opening  of  his  mouth. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3.  110, 
Two  things  very  worthy  the  ob-seruation  I  saw  in  two  of 
the  walkes,  eiien  two  beech  trees  "''"'  were  veiy  admira- 
ble to  behold,  not  so  much  for  the  het^rht,  .  .  .  but  f(jr 
their  greatnesse.  Corijat,  Crudities,  I.  37. 

Animals,  who,  by  the  proper  application  of  rewards  and 
punishments,  may  be  tauRht  any  course  of  action. 

Hume,  Human  Cnderstanding,  ix. 
If  strange  dogs  come  by,  .  ,  ,  she  fa  doe]  returns  to  the 
cows,  wjAo,  with  fierce  lowings  and  meiuu'ing  horns,  drive 
the  assailants  quite  out  of  tlie  pasture. 

Gilbert  White,  Nat.  Hist.  Selborne,  xxiv. 
A  mirror  for  the  yellow-l)illed  ducks,  wAo  are  seizing  the 
opportunity  of  getting  a  drink. 

Geor-jf  Klii't,  Adam  liede,  vi. 
And  you,  ye  stars. 
Who  slowly  biigin  U>  marshal, 
As  of  old,  in  the  fields  of  heaven, 
Your  distant,  melancholy  lines  I 

M.  Ariu>ld,  Empedocles  on  Etna,  ii. 
(c)  With  reference  to  the  nature  of  its  antecedent,  who 
may  note  (I)  a  i)articular  or  tleterminate  person  or  thing 
(see  (a));  or  (21  an  indefinite  antece<lent,  in  which  case 
who  has  the  force  of  whono,  whosoever,  or  whoever,  and  is 
called  an  indpfinite  relative.  Its  antecedent  may  be  ex- 
pressed, or  it  may  be  a  compound  relative. 

flwam  ich  biteche  that  bred  that  iuh  on  wyne  wete, 
He  me  schal  bitraye. 

Old  En>j.  Mine.  (eti.  Morris),  p.  40. 
Qu{»t  deth  so  he  de^yre  he  dreped  als  faste. 

Alliterative  Poejns  (^eti.  Morris),  ii.  1048. 
Of  croice  in  the  aide  testament 
Was  mani  bisening  [tokens),  gwn  to  cowde  tent. 

II(Ay  JtfMid  (eil.  MoiTis),  p.  118. 
*'  Whom  the  gods  love  die  young,"  was  said  of  yore. 

Byron,  DcmJuan,  iv.  12. 
As  who  salth.    Same  as  ax  who  should  say. 

For  he  was  synguler  hym-self.  and  seyde  faciamus. 
Ah  who  seifh  ntore  mote  here  t<'  than  my  worde  one. 

Pu'rs  Plowman  {l\),  ix.  36. 


6915 

My  maister  Bukton,  whan  of  Criste  our  Kinge 
Was  axed  what  is  trouthe  or  sothfastnesse, 
He  nat  a  word  answerde  to  that  axinge, 
As  icho  saith,  "no  man  is  al  trew,"  I  gesse. 

Chaucer,  Envoy  of  Chaucer  to  Bukton,  1,  4. 

As  who  should  say,  as  one  who  says  or  who  might  say ; 
as  if  one  should  say. 

He  doth  nothing  but  frown,  as  who  should  say,  "If  you 
will  not  have  me,  choose."  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  i.  ■>.  51. 

The  slave  .  .  .  holds 
John  Baptist's  head  a-dangle  by  the  hair, 
With  one  hand  ("  look  you,  now,"  as  who  should  say). 

Browniwj,  Fra  Lippo  Lippi. 

Thewho.thatonewho;  who:  soaIso  the  whose,  the  whom. 
[Archaic] 

The  whos  power  as  now  is  falle. 

Gmver,  Conf.  Amant.,  v. 
Your  mistress,  from  the  whom,  I  see. 
There 's  no  disjunction  to  be  made. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  539. 

Who  all,  all  the  persons  who ;  the  whole  number  (who). 
[CoUoq.] 

I  don't  know  who  all,  for  I  aint  much  of  a  bookster  and 
don't  recollect.  Haliburton,  Sam  Slick  in  England,  xlviii. 
Who  but  he,  who  else?  he  only  ;  nobody  else. 

Every  one  repaireth  to  Wriothesley,  honoureth  Wri- 
othesley  (as  the  Assyrians  did  to  Haman),  and  all  things 
as  done  by  his  advice :  and  who  bid  he  ? 

Po)iet,  quoted  in  R.  W,  Dixon's  Hist.  Church  of  Eng., 

[xvi.,  note. 

She  made  liim  Marquis  of  Ancre.  one  of  the  Twelve 
Mareschals  of  France,  Governor  of  Normandy;  and  con- 
fered  divers  other  Honours  and  OflScesof  Trust  upon  him  : 
and  who  bid  he?  Howell,  Letters,  1.  i.  19. 

Who  thatt,  who  or  whoever  :  as  a  relative,  either  defi- 
nite or  indefinite. 

For  who  that  entreth  ther, 
He  his  sauff  euere-more. 
William  ofShoreham-,  De  Baptismo,  I.  6  (.Morris  and  Skeat, 

[IL  63). 
And  dame  Musyke  commaunded  curteysly 
La  Bell  Pucell  wyth  me  than  to  daunce, 
Whome  that  I  toke  wyth  all  my  plesaunce. 

Hawes,  Pastime  of  Pleasure  (Percy  Soc),  p.  70. 
=  SyTl.  Who,  which,  and  that  agree  in  being  relatives,  and 
are  more  or  less  interchangeable  as  such ;  but  who  is 
used  chiefly  of  persons  (though  also  often  of  the  higher 
animals),  ivhich  almost  only  of  animals  and  things  (in  old 
English  also  of  persons),  and  that  indifferently  of  either, 
except  after  a  preposition,  where  ordy  who  or  ivhich  can 
stand.  Sfjme  recent  authorities  teach  that  only  that 
should  be  used  when  the  relative  clause  is  limiting  or 
defining  :  as,  the  man  that  runs  fastest  wins  the  race  ;  but 
who  or  which  when  it  is  descriptive  or  coordiTiating  :  as, 
this  man,  who  ran  fastest,  won  the  race;  but,  though 
present  usage  is  jterhaps  tending  in  the  (lirection  of  such 
a  distinction,  it  neither  has  been  nor  is  a  rule  of  English 
speech,  nor  is  it  likely  to  l)ecome  one,  especially  on  ac- 
count of  the  impossibility  of  setting  that  after  a  preposi- 
tion; for  to  turn  all  relative  clauses  into  the  form  ''the 
house  fAcr(  Jack  lived  jk" (instead  of  "the  house  m  H'ftic7i 
Jack  lived")  would  be  intolerable.  In  good  punctuation 
the  defining  relative  is  distinguished  (as  in  the  examples 
above),  by  never  taking  a  comma  before  it,  whether  it  l)e 
who  or  which  or  that.  Wherever  that  could  be  properly 
used,  but  only  there,  the  relative  may  be,  and  very  of- 
ten is,  omitted  altogether:  thus,  the  house  Jack  built  or 
lived  in  ;  the  man  (or  the  purpose)  he  built  it  for.  The 
adjective  clause  introduced  by  a  relative  may  qualify  a 
noun  in  any  way  in  which  an  adjective  or  adjective  phrase, 
either  attributive  or  appositional,  can  qualify  it,  and  has 
sometimes  a  pregnant  implication  of  one  or  another  kind  : 
as,  why  punish  this  man,  who  is  innocent?  i.  e.  seeing,  or 
although,  he  is  innocent  (=  this  innocent  man).  But  a 
relative  is  also  not  rarely  made  use  of  to  add  a  coordi- 
nate statement,  being  e(iuivalent  to  and  with  a  following 
pronoun  :  as.  I  studied  geometry,  uhich  I  found  difficult 
{and  [l'\  found  it  difficult):  I  met  a  friend,  who  kindly 
showed  me  the  way  (and  he  kindly,  etc.>.  Tliis  way  of  em- 
phiying  the  relative  is  by  some  regarded  as  a  Latinism, 
and  condemned  ;  it  is  restricted  to  who  and  which. 
whoa  (livv6),/«^r/;/.  [A  var.ofAoi.]  Stop!  staiwl 
still! 

Come,  He  go  teach  ye  hayte  and  ree,  gee  and  whoe,  and 
which  is  to  which  hand. 

HeyuHiod,  Fortune  by  Land  and  Sea  (Works,  ed.  1874, 

[VI.  :J84). 

whobubt,  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  hiihhub.    Also 

[Cry  within  of  Arm,  Arm  ! 
What  a  vengeance  ails  this  whobi/b?  imx  refuse  'em. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Women  Pleased,  iv.  1. 

whodet,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  hood. 

I  maruell  that  he  sent  not  therwith  a  foxes  tayle  for  a 
scepture,  and  a  whode  with  two  cares. 

Bp.  Bale,  English  Votaries,  foL  104. 

whoever  (ho-ev'er),  itidt'/.  pron.  [<  who  +  rvcr.'] 
Any  person  whatever;  no  matter  vpho;  any 
one  without  exception. 

Forsoth  by  a  sidemne  day  he  was  wont  to  leeue  to  hem 
oon  bounden,  whovi  cuere  thei  axiden.    Wyclif,  .Mark  xv.  ti. 

Whoever  bound  him,  I  will  loose  his  bonds. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1.  339. 

Whoever  in  those  glasses  looks  may  find 
The  spots  return'd.  or  graces,  of  liis  mind. 
And  l)y  the  help  of  so  divine  an  art, 
At  leisure  view  and  dress  his  nobler  part. 

Waller,  t'pon  B.  Jonson. 

I  will  not  martdi  one  foot  against  the  foe  till  you  all 

swear  to  me  that  whomewr  I  take  or  kill  his  arms  I  shall 

quietly  possess.  Swift,  Battle  of  Books. 


whole 

whole  (hoi),  a.  and  7i.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
whoUe ;  with  unovig.  initial  w ;  prop.,  as  in 
earlv  mod.  E.,  hole,  <  ME.  hoi  hool,  <  AS.  ha! 
=  OS.  hel  =  OFries.  hcl  =  D.  heel  =  ORG. 
MHG.  G.  heil,  sound,  whole,  saved,  =  leel. 
hcill  =  Sw.  hel  =  Dan.  heel  =  Goth.  /(^(//,s-, 
hale,  whole,  =  OBulg.  cielu,  whole,  complete; 
perhaps  allied  to  Gr.  Ka/.o^,  excellent,  good, 
hale,  and  Skt.  kaUja,  hale,  healthy  (>  kalydiia, 
prosperous,  blessed).  From  whole  (AS.  hdl) 
are  also  ult.  E.  wholesome,  wholcside.,  ivhoUy, 
heal'^,  health,  healthij^  and  the  second  element  of 
wassail;  from  the  Scand.  form  (Icel.  heill)  are 
ult.  E.  hale'^,  hail^,  etc.  The  change  of  initial 
ho'  to  icho-  was  a  dial,  peculiarity,  there  being 
an  actual  change  of  pronunciation  (hotohwo), 
due  to  the  labializing  effect  of  the  long  6  ;  the 
change  was  retiected  in  the  spelling,  which  in 
some  words,  as  ichole,  whoop,  whore,  ivhot,  came 
into  literary  use.  while  the  orig.  pronunciation 
with  simple  //  remained  or  prevailed.  In  dial. 
use  the  who-  (hwo-)  thus  developed  was  after- 
ward reduced  in  some  districts  to  wo~,  as  wot 
for  whot  (orig.  whote)  for  hot  (orig.  hole).  Whole 
is  one  of  the  words  wliich  the  American  Philo- 
logical Association  and  the  English  Philologi- 
cal Society  include  in  their  list  of  spellings  to 
be  amended,  recommending  the  restoration  of 
the  old  form  hole,  in  keeping  with  the  derived 
or  related  hoh/,  heal^,  hale^,  etc.  (Trans.  Amer. 
Philol.  Ass., '1886,  p.  ll>7).]  I.  a.  1.  Hale; 
healthy;  sound;  strong;  well. 

When  his  men  saw  hyni  hoi  and  sounde, 
For  sothe  they  were  ful  fayne. 
Jiobin  Hood  and  the  Monk  (ChihVs  IJallads,  V.  15). 
They  that  be  whole  need  not  a  physician,  l)ut  they  that 
are  sick.  Mat.  ix.  l± 

,  A  soul  ,  .  . 

So  healthy,  sound,  and  clear  and  whole. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

2.  Restored  to  a  sound  state;  healed;  made 
well. 

What  Man  that  first  bathed  him,  aftre  the  nievynge  of 
the  Wafre,  was  made  hool  of  what  maner  Sykenes  that  he 
hadde.  Mandemlle,  Travels,  p.  88. 

Thy  faith  hath  made  thee  whole;  go  in  peace,  and  be 
whole  of  thy  plague.  Mark  v.  34. 

He  call'd  his  wound  a  little  hurt, 
Whereof  he  shouhl  he  quickly  whole. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

3.  Unimpaired;  uninjured:  unbroken:  intact: 
as.  the  dish  is  still  whole;  to  get  off  with  a  whole 
skin. 

Fier  brennen  on  the  grene  leaf, 
And  thog  grene  end  hoi  bi-leaf. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  277U. 
My  life  is  yet  ivhole  in  me.  2  Sam.  i.  9. 

Yet  all  goes  well,  yet  all  our  joints  are  whole. 

Shak.,  1  lien.  IV.,  iv.  1.  83. 

4.  Entire;  complete;  without  omission,  reduc- 
tion, diminution,  etc.:  as,  a  (r/*o/^^  apple  ;  the 
whole  duty  of  man ;  to  serve  the  Lord  with  one's 
whole  licart ;  three  whole  days  ;  the  whole  body. 

For  all  the  hole  temple  is  dedycate  and  halowed  in  the 
honour  and  name  of  the  holy  Senulcre. 

Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  27. 

Ther  is  a  parte  of  the  hede  of  Seynt  George,  hys  left 
Anne  with  the  holl  hande. 

Toikitujton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  10. 
Whole  we  call  that,  and  perfect,  which  hath  a  beginning, 
a  midst,  and  an  end.  B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

Assassination,  hm-  whide  mind 
Blood-thirsting,  on  her  arm  reclinVI. 

Churchill,  The  iJuellist,  iii.  C7. 
(If  the  disgraceful  dealings  whiih  were  .  .  .  kept  up 
with  the  French  Court,  Danby  deserved  little  or  none  t)f 
the  blame,  though  he  suffered  the  whole  punishment. 

Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

5.  AH;  every  part,  unit,  or  member  required 
to  make  up  the  aggregate:  as,  the  whole  city 
turned  out  to  receive  him. 

Yeis  am  ye  ordynnaunces  of  our  Clylde,  ordeynd  be  alle 
the  hoi  fraternite.  Enylish  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  lO.J. 

The  whole  race  of  mankind.        Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  1.  -JO. 

The  whole  Anglican  priesthood,  the  whole  Cavalier  gen- 
try, were  against  him.  Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vii. 

6t.  Without  reserve;  sincerely  or  entirely  de- 
voted. 

Have,  and  ay  shal,  liow  sore  that  me  smerte, 
lien  to  yow  trew  and  hool  with  al  myii  herte. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  ItiOl. 
The  Sheriff  is  noght  so  hole  as  he  was,  for  now  he  wille 
shewe  but  a  part  of  his  frendeshippe. 

Paston  Letters,  I,  '208. 

7t.   Uniiied;  in  hannony  or  accord;  one. 

I  think  of  you  as  of  God's  dear  children,  whose  hearts 
are  uiude  with  the  Lord. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (I'arker  Soc,  1863),  II.  40. 

8.  In  DiiniHt/,  that  part  of  a  coal-seam  in  pro- 
cess of  being  worked  in  which  the  headings 


whole 


6916 
whole-note  (hol'not),  n.     See  note^,  14 — Whole- 


ouly  have  been  driven,  the  rest  remaining  un 

touched,  or  before  "working  the  broken  "has    noterest.    See  regfi  8  (6).  ,.,,,,       ,1^ 

begun.    [North.  Eng.]  -A  Ue  out  of  whole  cloth,  wholesale  (]">l'sal)^  «.  and  «.   [<  whole  +  said.] 
See  lie-.— In  or  With  a  whole  skin. 


See  sH».— The 
Whole  box  and  dice.  See  dfces.— The  whole  kit.  See 
kit.':  —The  whole  world.  See  world.  —To  go  the  whole 
figure,  the  whole  hog.  See  30.— Upon  the  whole 
matter.  See  iiMMer.— Whole  blood,  culverln,  curva- 
ture. See  the  nouns.— Whole  cadence.  Same  as  i«)-- 
fect  cadetice  (which  see,  under  crtd^/ice).  — Whole  chest. 
See  tea-chest. — Whole  cradle,  in  minimi,  a  platform  sus- 
pended in  the  shaft,  and  nearly  as  large  as  the  shaft  itself : 
such  a  platform  or  cradle  is  hung  by  chains  to  a  crab-rope 
let  down  from  the  surface,  and  is  used  for  repairs,  etc.— 
Whole  deal  See  deal^,  1.  —Whole  flat,  in  working  coal 
by  the  panel  or  barrier  system,  a  whole  panel,  or  such  a 
portion  of  a  seam  as  is  distinctly  separated  from  the  rest 
by  a  barrier.  [North.  Eng.]— Whole  milk.  See  ma*.— 
Whole  number,  an  integer,  as  opposed  to  a  fraction.— 
Whole  press,  hand-pressworlj  done  by  two  men,  one  to 
ink  and  one  to  print.— Whole  Shift.  Hee  shift,  2.— Whole 
Bine  of  a  circle,  the  radius.— Whole  stalls,  in  mining, 


whoop 

The  wholeemnenesse  and  temperature  of  this  climate 
doth  not  onely  argue  the  people  to  be  answerable  to  this 
Description,  but  also  of  a  perfect  constitution  of  body. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  1. 108. 


2.  Salutariness;  eondueiveness  to  mental,  mor- 
al, or  social  health. 

Noble;  generous; 


I.  n.  Sale  of  goods  by  the  piece  or  in  large  quan 

tity,  as  distinguished  from  retail By  wholesale 

(or,  elliptically,  wholesale),  in  the  mass;  in  the  gross; 

in  great  quantities;  hence,  without  due  discrimination  wnOle-SOUled  (hoi  sold),  a. 

or  distinction.  hearty. 

And  are  those  fit  to  correct  the  Church  that  are  not  fit  wholO-Stitch  (hol'stich),  n.     In  lace,  the  sim- 

to  come  into  it?    Besides,  What  makes  them  fly  out  upon     pjggj  j^j^d  of  filling,  in  which  the  threads  are 

the  Function,  and  rail  6y  wWesaie.?    Is  the  Priesthood     J^„„p„  t„£,pti,p.    as  in  cloth 

a  crime,  and  the  service  of  God  a  Disadvantage?  woven  togetner,  as  in  eiotn. 

Jeremy  Collier,  Short  View  (ed.  1698),  p.  139.  whoUy  (ho  li),   adv.     [With  unong.  w,   as  in 
Tx         1     T>     •  J     IT      V    J.V.      ■     „  „      wJiole ;  ToroTO- holelu  ov  holly,  <.  MY,,  holely,  hoolli, 

II.  a.  1.  Buying  and  selling  by  the  piece  or     i,oliyXm%mchi;  <  whole  + -hj^.}    l.Entirel 

m  large  quantity :  as  a  wholesale  dealer.-  2.  ^'o^pi^tely ;  perfectly ;  without  reserve. 

Pertaining  to  the  trade  by  the  piece  or  quan-    v  >  -"    f-     j  i  1  j  ' 


tity:  as,  the  wholesale -pride. —  3.  Figuratively, 
in  great  quantities;  extensive  and  indiscrimi- 
nate :  as,  wholesale  slaughter. 


saled,  ppr.  wholesaling.     [<  wholesale,  n.]     To 
sell  by  wholesale  or  in  large  quantities. 
wholesaler  (hol'sa-lfer),  n.    [<  wholesale  +  -eri.] 
One  who  sells  by  wholesale ;  a  wholesale  mer- 
chant. 

Articles  which  the  consumer  recognizes  as  single  the 
retailer  keeps  wrapped  up  in  dozens,  the  wholesaler  sends 
the  gross,  and  the  manufacturer  supplies  in  packages  of 
a  hundred  gross.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  176. 

whole-skinned  (hol'skind),  a.   Having  the  skin 
unbroken;  sound;  uninjured. 

He  is  whole  skinn'd,  has  no  hurt  yet. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  i.  1. 

whole-snipe  (hol'snip),  «.    The  common  snipe, 

Gallinago  media  or  G.  ccelestis,  of  Europe:   so 

called  in  distinction  from  double-snipe  ariihalf- 

syiipe  (see  these  words). 
wholesome  (hol'sum),  a.      [With  unorig.  w,  as 

in  whole;  prop.,  as  in  early  mod.  E.,  holesome; 

<  ME.  holsom,  holsum,  helsum,  halsum,  whole- 
some, salutary  (not  in  AS.) ;  prob.  suggested  by 

Icel.  heilsamr,  wholesome,  salutary,  <  heill,  = 

E.  whole,  +  j-samr  =  E.  -some :  see  whole  and  '^]iomso  (hom'so),  2>ron. 


a  certain  number  of  Stalls  of  which  the  faces  are  on  a  line  wholesale  (hoi  sal),  V.  t;  pret.  and  pp.  whole- 

with  each  other.   [South  Wales  coal-field.]  — Whole  step.  "  ---.  ,„, 

See  step,  14.— Whole  tone.  See  tonei,  6.  =Syn.  4  and  6. 
Entire,  Total,  etc.    See  complete. 

II.  n.  1.  An  entire  thing;  a  thing  complete 
in  itself;  the  entire  or  total  assemblage  of 
parts ;  all  of  a  thing  without  defect  or  excep- 
tion. 

It  was  not  safe  to  leave  him  [Edward  II.  1  a  Part,  by 
which  he  might  afterward  recover  the  whole. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  112. 

'Tis  not  the  whxtle  of  life  to  live. 
Nor  all  of  death  to  die. 
Montgomery,  Oh,  where  shall  rest  be  found? 

But,  bad  though  they  nearly  all  are  as  wholes,  his  [Dry- 
den's]  plays  contain  passages  which  only  the  great  mas- 
ters have  surpassed. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  Ist  ser.,  p.  69. 

2.  A  complete  system;  a  regular  combination 
of  parts  ;  an  organic  unity. 

All  are  but  parts  of  one  stupendous  whole. 
Whose  body  Nature  is,  and  God  the  soul. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  267. 
Nature  is  not  an  aggregate  of  independent  parts,  but  an 
organic  whcie.  Tyndall,  Radiation,  §  16. 

Actual  whole.   See  actual.  —  By  the  wholet,  wholesale. 
If  the  currier  bought  not  leather  hy  the  whole  of  the  tan- 
ner, the  shoemaker  might  have  it  at  a  more  reasonable 
price. 
Greene,  Quip  for  an  Upstart  Courtier  (Harl.  Misc.,  V.  411). 

Collective,  composite,  constituent,  constituted 
whole.  See  the  adjectives. — Committee  of  the  whole. 
See  comwiifee.— Definitive,  dissimilar,  essential,  for- 
mal, logical,  mathematical,  metaphysical,  natural 
whole.  See  the  adjectives.— On  or  upon  the  whole, 
all  circumstances  being  considered  or  balanced  against 
one  another ;  upon  a  review  of  the  whole  matter. 

Upon  the  whole,  I  do  not  know  but  he  is  most  fortunate 
who  engages  in  the  whirl  through  ambition,  however  tor- 
menting. Irving.     (Imp.  Diet.) 

The  death  of  Elizabeth,  though  on  the  whole  it  improved 
Bacon's  prospects,  was  in  one  respect  an  unfortunate 
event  for  him.  Macaiday,  Lord  Bacon. 

Physical,  positive,  potential  whole.  See  the  adjec- 
tives. =SyTi.  Total,  totality,  entirety,  amount,  aggregate, 
gross,  sum. 
wholet  (hol),  adv.  [<  ME.  hool;  <  whole,  a. 
(prop,  the  adj.  in  predicate  use).]  Wholly;  en- 
tirely. 

Therfore  I  aske  yow  counseile  how  we  may  beste  be 
gouemed,  ffor  I  putte  me  all  hooll  in  youre  ordenaunce. 
Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  317. 
The  Ills  thou  dost  are  wltole  thine  own, 
Thourt  Principal  and  Instrument. 

Cowley,  The  Mistress,  The  Innocent,  iii. 

whole-colored  (horkuVord),  «.  All  of  one  col- 
or; unieolorous ;  concoior:  opposed  to  party- 
colored. 

whole-footed  (hol'fuf'ed),  a.  [<  ME.  hole- 
foted;  i  whole  +  footed.']     If.  Web-footed. 

The  hdefoted  fowle  to  the  flod  hy^ez. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  538. 

2.  Heavy-footed.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.]  — 

3.  Unreserved;  frank;  free;  easy;  at  ease; 
intimate.     [Colloq.] 

His  chief  Remissions  were  when  some  of  his  nearest  Re- 
lations were  with  him,  or  he  with  them,  and  then,  as  they 
say,  he  was  whole-.footed ;  but  this  was  not  often,  nor  long 
together.    Rftger  North,  quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  I.  447. 

whole-hoofed  (hol'hott),  o.    Having  undivided 

hoofs;  solidungulate. 
whole-length  (hol'length),  «.^nd  w.     I.  a.  1. 

Extending  from  end  to  end.- 
exhibiting  the  whole  figure 

John  Closterman  wiis  the  artist  who  painted  the  whale- 
length  portrait  of  Queen  Anne  now  in  the  Guildhall. 

J.  Ashton,  .Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  II.  4.5. 

II.    )(.  A  portrait  or  statue  exhibiting  the 
whole  figure. 
wholeness   (hol'nes),  n.     The   state   of  being 
whole,  complete,  entire,  or  sound;  entireness; 
totality;  completeness. 

There  never  can  be  that  actual  wholeness  of  the  world 
for  us  which  there  must  be  for  the  mind  that  renders  the         -  ^ 

world  one.         T.  H.  Oreen,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  §  72.     health ;  salubrity. 


Sleep  hath  seized  me  wholly.    Shak.,  Cymbeline,  ii.  2.  7. 
To  her  my  life  I  wholly  sacrifice. 

Spenser,  Colin  Clout,  1.  475. 

2.  Altogether;  exclusively;  only. 

Arthur  seide, "  I  put  me  holly  in  God  and  in  holy  cherche, 
and  in  youre  gode  counseile."    Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  104. 

A  bully  thinks  honour  consists  wholly  in  being  brave.  ' 
Steele,  Tatler,  No.  217. 

wholth  (holth),  n.  [<  whole  +  -th  ;  intended  to 
explain  the  lit.  sense  of  health.']  Wholeness; 
soundness;  health.     [Rare.] 

That  "  perfect  diapason  "  which  constitutes  health,  or 
wholth,  and  for  the  use  or  abuse  of  which  he,  as  a  rational 
being,  is  answerable  on  soul  and  conscience  to  himself, 
to  his  fellow-men,  and  to  his  Maker. 

Dr.  J.  Brown,  Spare  Hours,  Sd  ser.,  p.  125. 

whom  (hom),  pron.  The  objective  case  (origi- 
nal dative)  of  who. 

whomever  (hom-ev'er),  pron.  The  objective 
case  of  whoever. 

whommle,  whomble  (hwom'l,  hwom'bl),  v.  t. 
Dialectal  forms  of  whemmle. 


I  think  I  see  the  coble  whomUed  keel  up. 

Scott,  Antiquary,  xl. 

Whommle,  "  to  turn  a  trough,  or  any  vessel,  bottom  up- 
wards, so  that  it  will  drain  well  " :  used  in  West  Virginia. 
Trans.  Atner.  Philol.  Ass.,  XIV.  56. 

The  objective  ease  of 


some.']     1.  Healthy;  whole;  sotmd  in  mind  or 
body.     [Obsolescent.] 

Like  a  mildew'd  ear 
Blasting  his  wholesome  brother. 

SItak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  65. 

The  purifying  influence  scattered  throughout  the  at- 
mosphere of  the  household  by  the  presence  of  one  youth- 
ful, fresh,  and  thoroughly  wholesome  heart. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  ix.  whoop^  (hop),  V.     [Properly,  as  formerly,  hoop, 
2.  Tending  to  promote  health;  favoring  health ;     the  initial  »i- being  unoriginal,  as  in  whole,  etc., 


whoso. 

whomsoever  (hom'so-ev'er),  pron.     The  objec- 
tive case  of  whosoever. 

whoobubt  (ho'bub),  n.     Another  spelling  of 
whohuh. 

Had  not  the  old  man  come  in  with  a  whoo-tnA  against 
his  daughter.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  iv.  4.  629. 


healthful;  salubrious:  as,  wftote'owe  airordiet; 
a  wholesome  climate. 

Or  well  of  Helesey,  whose  waters,  bycause  they  were 
bytter  salt,  and  bareyne,  ye  sayd  prophet  helyd  them  and 
made  them  swete  and  holsome. 

Sir  P.  Ouylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  53. 

I  did  commend  the  black-oppressing  humour  to  the 
most  tvhelesome  physic  of  thy  health-giving  air. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  1.  235. 

The  soile  is  not  very  fertile,  subiect  to  much  snow,  the 
aire  holesome.  Purehas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  528. 

3.  Contributing  to  liealth  of  mind  or  charac- 
ter; favorable  mentally  or  morally;  sound;  sal- 
utary: as,  wholesome  advice ;  wholesome  doc- 
trines; loholesome  truths. 

But  to  find  citizens  ruled  by  good  and  wholesome  laws, 
that  is  an  exceeding  rare  and  hard  thing  ! 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  i. 

I  find  it  wholesome  to  be  alone  the  greater  part  of  the 
time.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  147. 

With  a  wholesome  fear  of  Burke  and  Dehrett  before  my 
eyes,  I  suppress  the  proper  name  of  the  noble  maiden. 

Whyte  Melville,  Good  for  Nothing,  i.  1. 


advantageous ;  hence,  prosper- 


4t.  Profitable 
ous. 

When  Shalt  thou  see  thy  wholesome  days  again  ? 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3.  106. 

5.  Clean  and  neat.      [Now  only  prov.  Eng.] 

For,  how  Negligent  soever  People  may  be  at  Home, 
yet  when  they  come  before  their  Betters  'tis  Manners 
to  look  wholsom. 

Jeremy  Collier,  Short  View  (ed.  1698),  p.  22. 


=  Syn.  Salutary,  etc.  (see  healthy),  nourishing,  nutritious, 

r.    /^^  i,  11  1        ii,       invigorating,  beneficial. 

2.  Of  full  length ;  wholesomely  (hoi '  sum  -li),  adv.  [<  ME.  hol- 
sumly,  holsumliche ;  <  wholesome  +  -ly^.]  In  a 
wholesome  or  salutary  manner;  healthfully. 

The  hende  knyjt  at  home  holsumly  slepe 
With-inne  the  conily  cortynes,  on  the  colde  morne. 
Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1732. 

Consideration  for  his  wife  seemed  a  wholesomely  perva- 
sive feeling  with  him.  Scribner's  Mag.,  IV.  749. 

wholesomeness  (hol'sum-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  hol- 
sumncs.'ie;  <  wholesome  + -ness.]  1.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  wholesome  or  of  contributing  to  whoopl   (hop) 


and  the  proper  pron.  being  hop  (as  given  in 
Walker),  and  not  hwop,  which,  so  far  as  it  ex- 
ists, is  a  perverted  pronunciation,  prob.  due  to 
the  spelling;  <  ME.  hoiipen,  howpen,  whmopen, 
<  OF.  honper,  whoop,  shout;  ef.  hoitp!  interj., 
houp-la!  stop!  stop  there!  Cf.  hoop^,  hubbub, 
whoobub.  Tliere  may  have  been  some  connection 
with  AS.  wop,  outcry,  weeping  (mod.  E.  *u:oop), 
Goth,  wopjan,  crow  as  a  cock,  etc.  (see  weep); 
but  none  with  Goth,  hwopjan,  boast.]  I.  in- 
trans.  1.  To  shout  with  a  loud  voice;  cry  out 
loudly,  as  in  excitement,  or  in  calling  to  some 
one ;  halloo ;  shout ;  also,  to  hoot,  as  an  owl. 

Hit  fill  that  thei  mette  Merlin  with  the  Dragon  in  his 
hande  that  com  hem  a-geins  ;  and  as  soone  as  he  saugh 
hem  comynge  he  gan  to  whoivpe. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  363. 

I  whoope,  I  call.  .  .  .  Whooppe  a  lowde,  and  thou  shalte 
here  hym  blow  his  home.  Palsgrave,  p.  781. 

The  Gaules  stood  upon  the  banke  with  disstant  hooping, 
hollaing,  yelling,  and  singing,  after  their  manner. 

HMand,  tr.  of  Livy,  p.  408. 

Sometimes  they  whoop,  sometimes  their  Stygian  cries 
Send  their  black  Santos  to  the  blushing  skies. 

Quarles,  Emblems,  L  10. 

2.  In  )««<?.,  to  make  a  sonorous  inspiration,  as 
that  following  the  paroxysm  of  coughing  in 
whooping-cough. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  hoot  at;  insult  or  deride 
with  shouts  or  hooting;  drive  or  follow  with 
shouts  or  outcry. 

Suffer'd  me  by  the  voice  of  slaves  to  be 
Whoop'd  out  of  Rome.  Shak.,  Cor.,  iv.  .5.  84. 

If  we  complain,  ... 
We  are  mad  straight,  and  whoop'd,  and  tied  in  tetters. 
Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  iii.  2. 
I  should  be  hissed. 
And  whooped  in  hell  for  that  ingratitude. 

Dryden,  Don  Sebastian,  ii.  1. 

2.  To  call  or  signal  to  by  a  shout  or  whoop. — 
To  whoop  it  up,  to  raise  an  outcry  or  disturbance; 
hence,  to  hurry  or  stir  matters  up;  work  in  a  lively, 
rousing  manner.    [Slang.] 

His  rival  is  a  prominent  iiolitician,  with  an  abundance 
of  party  workers  to  whoop  it  up  for  him. 

*^  The  Century,  XXXVIII.  156. 

[Early  mod.  E.  also  hoop, 


howp:  see  xclwop^,  v.]    1.  A  whooping  or  hoot- 


whoop 

ing  ory,  like  that  of  the  iraiie;  a  loud  call  or 
shout ;  a  cry  designed  to  attract  the  attention 
of  a  person  at  a  distance,  or  to  express  excite- 
ment, encouragement,  enthusiasm,  vengeance, 
or  teri'or. 

Captaine  Smith  told  me  that  there  are  some  .  .  .  will 
by  hallowes  and  hoippg  vnderstand  each  other. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  811. 
You  have  ran  them  all  down  with  hoopg  and  hola's. 
Bp.  Parker,  Reproof  of  Rehearsal  Transprosed,  p.  26. 
With  hark,  and  whoop,  and  wild  halloo, 
No  rest  Benvoirlich's  echoes  knew. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i.  3. 

2.  In  med.,  the  peculiar  sonorous  inspiration 
following  the  attack  of  coughing  in  whooping- 
cough, 
whoopi  (I'op),  interj.     [See  whoojA,   c]     Ho! 
hallo! 
Whoop,  Jug  I  I  love  thee.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4.  245. 

whoop'-'t  (hop),  n.     Same  as  Iioop'^  for  hoopoe. 
To  the  same  place  came  his  orison  —  mutterer,  impale- 
tocked,  or  lapped  np  about  the  chin  like  a  tufted  whoop. 
Urqithartj  tr.  of  Rabelais,  i.  21. 

whooper  (ho'per),  H.  One  who  or  that  which 
whoops;  a  hooper:  speeifieally  applied  in  or- 
nithology to  a  species  of  swan  and  of  crane. 
whoop-tymn  (hop'him),  «.  A  weird  melody 
chanted  by  the  colored  fishermen  of  the  Poto- 
mac river  while  hauling  the  seine :  more  fully 
called  fi.ilii)tg-nlwre  whoop-hijmn. 
whooping  (ho'ping).  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  ichoojA, 
v.]     A  crying  out;  clamor;  howling. 

Nought  was  heard  hut  now  and  then  the  howle 
Of  some  vile  curre,  or  whooping  of  the  owle. 

W.  Broiciie,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  ii.  4. 

whooping-cough  (ho'ping-kof),  «.  An  acute 
contagious  disease  of  childhood,  from  which, 
however,  adults  are  not  always  exempt,  char- 
acterized by  recurrent  attacks  of  a  i)eculiar 
spasmodic  cough.  This  consists  in  a  series  of  short 
expirations,  followed  (after  a  seeming  effort)  by  a  long 
strident  inspiration,  the  whfwp,  and  often  accompanied 
by  vomiting;  pertussis.     Als<)  spelled  Ao<*^'*iy-couy/i. 

whoopmg-crane(ho'piiig-kran').  ».  The  large 
white  crane  of  North  America,  Grits  americanii, 
noted  for  its  loud  raucous  cry.  See  craiw^ 
(with  cut). 

Whooping-SWan  (ho'ping-swon'),  H.  The 
hooper  or  elk.     See  sicaii. 

whoop-la  (hdp'lii),  interj.  [See  irhoop^,  f.] 
Whooj)!  hallo!  Also  spelled /»«»/*-/«  and /i(>«/»/((. 

The  glad  voices,  and  "  trhoop-la  "  to  the  hounds  as  the 
party  galloped  down  the  valley. 

Mrs.  E.  B.  Cunler,  Boots  and  Saddles,  p.  lOfl. 

whoott  (hot),  r.  [Also  .sometimes  uhiite;  var. 
spelling  of  lioot.    Cf.  whew.']     Same  as  hoot. 

The  man  who  shews  his  heart 
Is  whooted  for  his  nudities. 

Youiuf,  Night  Thoughts,  viiL  3:i.'». 

whop,  whap  (hwop).  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whopped, 
ifh(ijipe<l,  ppr.  whojijiiiiii,  whapjiiiiij.  [Also  wop; 
prob.  var.  of  qiiujA,  i/uo/A,  perhaps  associated 
withirAi';;.  Ct.trojA.]  I. /roii.t.  To  beat;  strike; 
whip.     [Colloq.] 

Bunch  had  put  his  Iwys  to  a  famous  sclujol.  where  they 
might  vhop  the  Frencli  boys,  and  learn  all  the  modern 
languages.  Thackeray,  Philip,  xviii. 

H.  intrau.i.  1.  To  vanish  suddenly.  Htilli- 
well.  [North.  Eng.] — 2.  To  plump  suddenly 
down,  as  on  the  ground;  flop;  turn  suddenly: 
as,  she  whoppcil  down  on  the  floor;  the  fish 
whojiped  over.  [U.  S.] 
whop,  whap  (hwop),  H.  [<  ME.  whapp  ;  <  whop, 
r.  Cf.  (/Ho;)l,  (/«rt/)l,and  «v(/)l.]  A  heavy  blow. 
[Colloq.] 

For  a  whapp  so  he  wbyned  and  whesid, 
And  jitt  no  lasshe  to  the  lurdaii  was  lente. 

York  Plays,  p.  326. 

whopper,  whapper  (hwop'er),  n.  [<  whop. 
whiip,  +  -<r^.  ((.  wiipper.l  1.  One  who  whops. 
—  2.  Anything  uncommonly  large :  applied  ]>ar- 
ticularly  to  a  monstrous  lie.     [(jolloq.] 

This  is  a  whopper  that  8  after  us. 

Marryat,  Frank  Mildmay,  x%.    (Davies.) 
But  he  hardly  deserves  mercy,  having  told  whoppers. 

liariiers  Mag.,  L.XXII.  21;!. 

whopping,  Whapping  (Invop'ing),  a.  [Ppr.  of 
whop,v.  Vf.woppini/.]  Very  large;  thumping: 
as,  a  whopjiinfi  big  trout.     [Colloq.] 

whore  (hor),  n.  [With  unorig.  w,  as  in  whole, 
etc.;  <  ME.  horr.  a  harlot  (not  in  AS.),  <  Icel. 
hOra.  ailulteress,  =  Sw.  hora  =  Dan.  hore  = 
D.  hoer  =  OHG.  hnoni,  huorrn,  MHG.  hiiore, 
(t.  hiire  (Goth.  hor.  f..  not  found,  another  word, 
kalki,  being  used);  also  in  masc.  form,  Icel.  horr 
=  Goth,  hors,  adulterer;  cf.  AS.  'hor,  adultery 
(in  comp.  horewfn,  adulteress),  <  Icel.  hor  =  Sw. 
Dan.  hf^r  =  OHG.  Inior,   adultery;  cf.   MHG. 


6917 

herge,  f.,  a  prostitute;  OBuIg.  kuriira  =  Pol. 
ktirwa  =  Lith.  kurra,  adidteress  (perhaps  < 
Tent.).  Some  compare  Ir.  ctiruim,  love,  cara, 
friend,  L.  cams,  dear,  orig.  loving  (see  ca- 
ress), Skt.  charu,  agreeable,  beautiful,  etc. 
The  word  was  confused  or  homiletieally  asso- 
ciated in  early  ME.  with  ME.  hore,  <  AS.  horu 
(horw-)  —  OS.  horu,  horo  =  OFries.  hore  = 
OHG.  horo,  filth,  dirt.  By  some  modern  writers 
it  has  been  erroneously  derived  from  /i/rc-i,  as 
if  'one  hired,'  the  notion  really  present  in  the 
equiv.  L.  iiieretrix,  a  prostitute  (see  meretrix). 
The  vowel  in  this  word  was  orig.  long,  and 
the  reg.  mod.  form  would  be  "hoor  (hor),  the 
pron.  hor  instead  of  hor  (as  given  by  Walker 
beside  hor)  is  prob.  due  to  the  confusion  with 
the  ME.  hore,  filth,  and  to  the  later  confusion  of 
the  initial  ho-  with  who-,  as  also  in  whole.  The 
word,  with  its  derivatives,  is  now  avoided  in 
polite  speech  ;  its  survival  in  literature,  so  far 
as  it  survives,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  it  is  a 
favorite  word  with  Shakspere  (who  uses  it,  with 
its  derivatives,  99  times)  and  is  common  in 
the  authorized  English  version  of  the  Bible. 
The  word  in  all  its  forms  (whoredom,  etc.)  is 
generally  retained  in  the  revised  version  of 
the  Old  Testament,  though  the  American  re- 
visers recommended  the  substitution  of  harlot, 
as  less  gross;  in  the  revised  version  of  the 
New  Testament  harlot  (with  fornieator  for 
whoremoitf/er,  etc.)  is  substituted.]  A  woman 
who  prostitutes  her  body  for  hire;  a  prostitute; 
a  harlot ;  a  courtezan ;  a  strumpet ;  hence,  in 
abuse,  any  unchaste  woman  ;  an  adulteress  or 
fornicatress.     [Now  only  in  low  use.] 

Do  not  marry  me  to  a  whore.    Shak.,  II.  for  M. ,  v.  1.  521. 

Hee  wooed  her  and  sued  her  his  mistress  to  bee, 
And  offered  rich  presents  to  Mary  Ambree.  .  .  . 
".\  mayden  of  England,  sir.  never  will  bee 
The  whore  of  a  monarcke,"  ((Uotli  Mary  Ambree. 

Mary  Ambree  ((  hild's  Ballads,  VII.  113). 

Thou  know'st  my  Wrongs,  and  with  what  pain  I  wear 
The  Name  of  Whore  his  Preachment  on  me  pinn'd. 

J.  Beautnont,  Psyche,  iii.  184. 

whore  (hor),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  whored,  ppr. 
lehorliuj.  [=  G.  hitren  =  Sw.  hora  =  Dan.  hore ; 
cf.  D.  hoerereii ;  from  the  noun.]  I.  iittraiis. 
To  prostitute  one's  body  for  hire ;  in  general, 
to  practise  lewdness.  Shak.,  Othello,  v.  1. 110. 
[Low.] 

II.   traiLs.  To  c(jrrupt  by  lewd  intercour*'. 
[Low.] 

He  tliat  hatli  kill'd  my  king  and  whirred  my  mother. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  64. 
A  Vestal  ravish'd,  or  a  Matron  ichor'd, 
Are  laudable  Diversions  in  a  Lord. 

Contfrece,  tr.  of  Eleventh  Satire  of  Juvenal. 

whoredom  (hor'dum),  «.  [<  ME.  horedoiN,  hor- 
doiii,  <  Icel.  hdrdoiiir=  Sw.  hordoiii  =  OD.  hocr- 
dom,  whoredom;  as  whore  +  -dom.']  Prostitu- 
tion of  the  body  for  hire;  in  general,  the  jiractice 
of  unlawful  sexual  commerce.  In  Scripture  the 
term  is  sometimes  applied  metaphorically  to  idolatry  — 
the  desertion  of  the  worship  of  the  true  Go<l  for  the  wor- 
ship of  idols. 

Taniar  .  .  .  is  with  child  by  wAoredOTrt.  Gen.  xxxviii.  24. 

The  whole  Countrie  overflowetli  with  the  synne  of  that 
kiiule,  and  nde  mervell,  as  havinge  no  lawe  to  restrayne 
whoredmnejt,  adulteries,  and  like  vncleanes  of  lief. 
The  Company  of  Merchants  trading  to  Miutcovy  ( F.Uis's  Lit. 

[Letters,  p.  79). 

whore-house  (hor'hous),   ».     [<  ME.  horehous 
—  OH(J.  MHG.  hiiorhiis,  G.  hurriihaiis  =  Sw. 
horhiis  =  Dan.  horehii.i ;  as  whore  +  house'^.]    A 
brothel;  a  house  of  ill  fame.     [Low.] 
whoremant  (hor'man),  n.      [<  ME.  horemaii, 
adulterer  (cf.  Sw.  Dan.  h<ir-korl,  adulterer);  < 
hore,  adultery,  +  man.']     An  adulterer. 
The  me[i]stre8  of  thise  hore-men,  .  .  . 
The  i>idde  ic  hangen  that  he  ben. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4072. 

whoremaster  (hor'nias"ter),  u.  [Early  mod. 
K.  hori-iiiai.'itcr :  <  whore  +  master^.]  One  who 
keeps  or  procures  whores  for  others ;  a  pimp ; 
a  procurer;  hence,  one  who  practises  lewdness. 
.Shak.,  1  Hen.  TV.,  ii.  4.  nlf,.     [Low.] 

whoremasterly  (hor'nias'ter-li),  a.  [<  whore- 
master +  -///'.]  Having  the  character  of  a 
whoremaster;  libidinous.     [Low.] 

That  flreekish  tvhnrcmasterly  villain. 

Shak.,  T.  and  C,  v.  4.  7. 

whoremonger  (hor'mung'ger),  «.    One  who  has 
to  do  with  whores;  a  fornicator.     Heb.  xiii.  4 
[fi>rnie<itor,  K.  V.]. 
whoremongingt  (hor'mung'ging),  H.    Fornica- 
tion ;  whoring. 

Nether  haue  they  niynde  of  anything  elles  than  vpon 
whoremonging  and  other  kyndes  of  wikednes. 

J.  Udall,  On  2  Pet. 


whortleberry 

whore's-birdt  (h6rz'l){Td),  n.  A  low  term  of 
abuse. 

They'd  set  some  sturdy  whorc's-fnrd  to  meet  me,  and 
beat  out  ha'f  a  dozen  of  my  teeth. 

Plautus  made  English  (1694),  p.  9.     (Davies.) 

Damn  you  altogether  for  a  pack  of  whores'-birds  as  yon 
are.  Graves,  Spiritual  Quixote,  iv.  9.    {Davies.) 

whore's-egg  (horz'eg),  ».     A  sea-urchin. 

whoresont  (tor'sim).  "•  and  a.  [Early  mod.  E. 
s,\so  horeson,hor.<ion;  <.  whore  +  sou .]  I.  u.  A 
bastard:  used  generally  in  contempt,  or  in 
coarse  familiarity,  and  without  exactness  of 
meaning.     [Low.] 

Well  said ;  a  merry  whoreson,  ha ! 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iv.  4.  19. 

Frog  was  a  sly  whoreson,  the  reverse  of  John. 

Arbuthtiot,  Hist.  John  Bull. 

II.  a.  Bastard-like ;  mean ;  scurvy :  used  in 
contempt,  or  in  coarse  familiarity,  and  applied 
to  persons  or  things. 

A  whweson  cold,  sir,  a  cough,  sir. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iiL  2.  193. 

The  whoreson  rich  innkeeper  of  Doncastjer,  her  father, 
shewed  himself  a  rank  ostler  to  send  her  up  at  this  time 
a  year,  and  by  the  carrier  too. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  ii.  2. 

whorish  (hor'ish),  «.  [<,  trhore  + -ish^ .]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  whores;  having  the  character  of 
a  whore;  lewd;  unchaste.  Shak.,  T.  and  C, 
iv.  1.  63.     [Low.] 

Your  whorish  love,  your  drunken  healths,  your  houts  and 
shouts.  Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  iv.  1. 

whorishly  (hor'ish-li).  adr.  In  a  whorish  or 
lewd  manner.     [Low.] 

whorishness  (hor'ish-nes),  u.  The  character 
of  being  whorish.     [Low.] 

whorl  (hwerl  or  hworl),  u.  [<  late  ME.  whorle, 
contr.  of  *whorrel,  whorwhil,  whorwil ;  cf.  OD. 
worrel,  a  spindle,  whirl,  etc. :  see  ichirl,  and  cf. 
teharl^.]  1.  In  hot.,  a  ring  of  organs  all  from 
the  same  node;  a  verticil.  Every  complete  flower 
is  externally  formed  of  two  whorls  of  leaves,  constituting 
the  floral  envelop,  or  perianth  ;  and  internally  of  two  or 
more  other  whorls  of  organs,  constituting  the  organs  of 
fructiflcation.  The  term  whorl  by  itself  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  a  circle  of  radiating  leaves  —  an  arrangement  of 
more  than  two  leaves  around  a  conunon  centei',  upon  the 
same  plane  with  one  another.  AUo  whirl,  Hee  cuts  under 
Lavandula,  Paris,  and  Veronica. 

2.  In  couch.,  one  of  the  turns  of  a  spiral  shell; 
a  volution ;  a  gyre.  The  last  whorl,  opposite  the 
apex  or  nucleus,  alid  including  the 
aperture  of  the  shell,  is  commonly 
distinguished asthebody-whorl.  See 
spire-,  n.,  2  (with  cut),  and  cuts  un- 
der unicalve,  Pleurotomaria ,  and 
Scalaria.     Also  whirl. 

See  what  a  lovely  shell,  .  .  . 

.Made  so  fairily  well, 

With  delicate  spire  and  whorl. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  xxiv.  1. 

3.  In  anat. :  (a)  A  volution 
or  turn  of  the  spiral  cochlea 
of  man  or  any  mammal.  See 
cut  under  car.  (h)  A  scroll 
or  turn  of  a  turbinate  hone,  as  the  ethmotur- 
binal  or  maxilloturbinal.  See  ciit  under  nasal. 
—  4.  The  fly  of  a  spindle,  generally  made  of 
wood,  sometimes  of  hard  stone,  etc.  Also 
tliworl  and  pixiz-icheet. 

Elaborately  ornamented  leaden  whorls  which  were  fas- 
tened at  the  lower  end  of  their  spindles  to  give  them  a 
due  weight  and  steadiness. 

S.  K.  Handbook  Textile  Fabrics,  p.  2. 

Whorl  Of  the  beaxt.  iymwii  &»  vortex  o/ the  heart.  See 
vortex. 

whorled  (hw^rld  or  hworld),  o.  Furnished  with 
whorls;  verticillate.  in  hot.,  zoSl.,  and  anat:  (o) 
Having  a  whorl  or  whorls;  verticillate;  volute;  turliinate: 
as,  a  whorled  stem  of  a  plant,  or  shell  of  a  inollusk.  (6) 
Disposed  ill  the  form  of  a  whorl ;  as,  whorled  leaves ; 
whirled  turns  of  a  shell. 

whorler  (hwer'ler  or  hwor'ler),  u.  A  local  spell- 
ing of  whirler,  retaiiie<l  in  some  cases  in  the 
trades. 

whom  (hworn).  u.     A  Scotch  form  of  horu. 

Tliey  hae  a  cure  for  the  mnir-ill,  .  .  .  whilk  is  ane  pint 
...  of  yill  .  .  .  iwil'd  wi'  sope  and  hartshorn  draps, 
and  loomed  doun  the  creature's  throat  wi'  ane  whom. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xxviii. 

whort  (hwert),  n.  [Also  whurt ;  a  dial.  var.  of 
wort\.]  The  fruit  of  the  whortleberry,  or  the 
shrub  itself. 

whortle  (hwfr'tl),  n.  [Appar.  an  abbr.  of 
whortleberry.]     Same  as  tchortleherri/. 

Carefully  spying  across  the  moor,  from  behind  the  tuft 
of  u'hortles,  at  first  he  could  discover  nothing. 

Ii.  D.  Btackmore.  I.orna  Doone,  xxxi. 

whortleberry  (hwcr'tl-ber'i),  «.;  pi.  whortle- 
herrirs  (-iz).  [Early  mod.  E.  also  whurtleherrii, 
appar.  intended  for  "wortleherry  (not  found  in 


whorls  of  ylfninotiites 
rothomttgtHsis. 


whortleberry 

MK.  or  AS.).  <  AS.  icyriil,  a  small  shrub  or  root 
(also  in  eomp.  hiscoii-wyrtil,  commonly  biscop- 
icyrt,  bishop's- wort )  (='  LG.  D.  wortel  =  OHG. 
irurzala.  MHO.  (J.  it-M/re/,  root)  (dim.  of  Wjirt, 
root),  +  fcfrie,  berry :  see  (roc/l  and  fco'j-yi .    The 
first  element,  however,  has  long  been  uncer- 
tain, the  word  having  variant  forms,  liurthhcrnj, 
hurtberry,  hurtberry,  showing  confusion  or  per- 
haps nit.  identity  with  hartberry  in  its  orig. 
application  (AS.  'heni-tberge,  beiTy  of  the  buck- 
thorn).    See  hiirtleberry,  hurtberry,  hurt^,  hart- 
berry,  hiickleberry.l     A  shrub,  Vaccinium  Myr- 
tillus,  or  its  fruit.    It  is  a  low  bush  v.ith  numerous 
angled  branches,  anil  glaucous  blackish  berries  which  are 
edible.    It  grows  in  Europe,  in  Siberia,  and  in  America 
from  Colorado  to  Alaska.    The  name  is  extended  to  many 
other  Tacciniums  bearing  similar  fruit.    See  huckleberry. 
At  my  feet 
The  whortle-berries  are  bedew'd  with  spray 
Dash'd  upwards  by  the  furious  waterfall. 
Coleridi/e,  The  Picture,  or  The  Lover's  Resolution. 
Victorian  whortleberry,  a  prostrate  or  creeping  shrub, 
WittsUinia  meciniacea,  of  the  whortleberry  family,  found 
on  mountain  rocks  in  Victoria.    It  is  exceptional  in  the 
order  for  its  dehiscent  anthers. 
whose  (hoz),  ])roii.     See  who  and  lohat. 
whosesoever  (hoz-so-ev'er),  proii.    The  posses- 
sive or  genitive  ease  of  whosoever.    John  xx.  23. 
whoso  (ho'so),  iiidef.  rel.  pron.    [<  ME.  "whoso, 
hwage,  whoso  (cf.  ME.  dat.  hwamso,  whomso); 
el.AS.swdhwtisicd:  see  !(i/)rtand.s'oi.]    Whoso- 
ever; whoever. 

Qwo  80  wylle  of  curtasy  lore, 
In  this  boke  he  may  hit  here  ! 

ISabees  Book  (E.  E,  T.  S.),  p,  299. 
Their  love 
Lies  in  their  purses,  and  whoso  empties  them 
Bv  so  much  fills  their  hearts  with  deadly  hate. 

Shak.,  liich.  II.,  ii.  2.  130. 

Like  Aspis  sting  that  closely  kils, 
Or  cruelly  does  wound  whoin  so  she  wils. 

Speiiser,  F.  Q.,  V.  xii.  36. 

whosoever  (ho-so-ev'er),  pron.;  poss.  whoseso- 
ever, obj.  whomsoever.  [<  ME.  whoso eiier,  hwose 
euer ;  <  whoso  -I-  ever.]  Whoever;  whatever 
person ;  any  person  whatever  that. 

For  hem  seniethe  that  lehoso  evere  be  nieke  and  pacyent, 
he  is  holy  aud  profitable.         Mandenlle,  Travels,  p.  170. 

With  whomsoever  thou  flndest  thy  gods,  let  him  not  live. 

Gen.  xxxi.  32. 

Whosoever  will,  let  him  take  the  water  of  life  freely. 

Rev.  xxii.  17. 

He  counts  it  lawfull  in  the  bookes  of  whomsoever  to  re- 
ject that  which  hee  finds  otherwise  than  true. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

Whott,  whotet,  whottet,  «■     Obsolete  or  dia- 
lectal forms  of  /io(l. 
whucchet,  »■     [See  which'^.']     A  hutch  or  coffer. 
whummle  (hwum'l),  v.  and  n.    A  dialectal  form 
of  whemmle.     Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxii. 
Whunstane     (hwun '  stan),     «.       Whinstone. 
[Scotch.] 

A  vast,  unlMttom'd,  boundless  pit, 

FiU'd  fou  o'  lovvin'  brunstane, 
Wha's  ragin'  flame,  an'  scorchin'  heat, 
Wad  melt  the  hardest  whun-sta)ie ! 

Burns,  Holy  Fair. 

whurt,  V.  and  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  whir. 

whurryt,  v.  and  n.  An  obsolete  variant  of  hurry. 

whurt,  ».     See  whort. 

whuskey  (hwus'ki ),n.  A  Scotch  form  of  whisky". 

whyl  (hwi),  (I'lv.  and  coiij.  [Early  mod.  E.  whie; 
<  ME.  whi/,  whi,  hwi,  wi  (also  in  the  phrase  for 
whi),  <  AS.  hwi,  hwy,  hivi(j  =  OS.  hu-i  =  OHG. 
hwiu,  wiu,  hiu  =  Icel.  Iiri  =  Svv.  Dan.  hvi  =  Goth. 


6918 

I  am  of  late 
Shut  from  the  world ;  and  why  it  should  be  thus 
Is  all  I  wish  to  know. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  4. 
I  was  dispatch'd  for  their  defence  and  guard  ; 
And  listen  u-hy ;  for  I  will  tell  you  now. 

Milton,  ComUB,  1.  43. 

Clearer  it  grew  than  winter  sky 
That  Nature  still  had  reasons  why. 

Lowell,  The  Nomades. 


wicked 

successive  portions  to  be  burned ;  also,  a  piece 
of  woven  fabric  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  wUke  and  the  warme  fuyr  wol  make  a  fayr  flamme. 
Piers  I'lowman  (C),  xx.  20.'). 

There  lives  withhi  the  very  flame  of  love 
A  kind  of  vnck  or  snuff  that  will  abate  it. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  7.  116. 

The  vnck  gi-ew  long  and  black,  and  cabbaged  at  the  end. 
Irviny,  Bracebiidge  Hall,  p.  96. 


Why,  like  other  words  of  the  same  class,  is  occasionally  wick'''  (wik),  ii.     [Also  in  comp.  -wick,  and  as- 


used  as  a  noun. 

Cursed  were  he  that  had  none  other  why  to  believe  than 
that  I  so  say. 
Tyndaie,  Ans.  to  Sir  T.  More,  etc.  (Parker  Soc,  1850),  p.  62, 

Thus  'tis  when  a  man  will  be  ignorantly  officious,  do  ser- 
vices, and  not  know  his  why.      B.  Joiuon,  Epiccene,  ii.  2. 

In  your  I'ancy  carry  along  with  you  the  When  and  the 
Why  many  of  these  things  were  spoken. 

J{.  Milward,  Ded.  to  Selden's  Table-Talk. 
For  Why  (AS.  /or-hwt].  See  /or.— The  cause  why,  the 
reason  why,  the  cause  or  reason  on  account  of  which 
something  is  or  is  to  be  done. 

The  came  whi  his  Doughtres  made  him  dronken,  and 
for  to  ly  by  him,  was  this  :  because  thei  sawghe  no  man 
alioute  hem  but  only  here  Fadre. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  101. 

The  why  and  wherefore,  the  reason. 
whyl  (hwi  or  wi),  interj.     1.  An  emphatic  or 
often  expletive  use  of  the  adverb. 

A  Jew  would  have  wept  to  have  seen  our  parting ;  why, 
my  giandani,  having  no  eyes,  look  you,  wept  herself  blind 
at  my  parting.  Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  3.  13. 

Why,  this  it  is  that  spoils  all  our  brave  bloods, 

B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  ii.  1. 
May.  Where  is  your  mistress,  villain?  when  went  she 
aljroad? 
Pren.  Abroad,  sir?  why,  as  soon  as  she  was  up,  su-. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  i.  3. 
If  her  chill  heart  I  cannot  move, 
Why,  1 11  enjoy  the  very  love. 

Cowley,  The  Request. 

Why,  sure  the  girl 's  beside  herself ! 
Goldsmith,  Epil.  spoken  by  Mrs.  Bulkley  and  Miss  Catley. 
The  while  he  heard,  the  Book-man  drew 
A  length  of  make-believing  face ;  .  .  . 
"  Whii,  you  shall  sit  in  Ramsay's  place." 

Whittier,  Tent  on  the  Beach. 

2.  Used  as  a  call  or  an  exclamation. 
Whu  how  now,  Claudio  !  whence  comes  this  restraint? 
Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  i.  2.  128. 

Why,  so,  an  expression  of  consent  or  unwilling  acquies- 
cence. 

Why,  so !  go  all  which  way  it  will ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  2.  87. 

why'^  (hwi),  n.     A  dialectal  form  of  quey. 

whydt,  «•     See  whid'^. 

whydah,  whydah-bird.    See  whidah,  ivhidah- 

bird. 
whylet,  "■  and  couj.    An  obsolete  spelling  of 

while. 
whylearet,  <idv.    A  spelling  of  whilere. 
whylenest,  "•     See  whileness. 
whylest,  ti<li'.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  whiles. 
whylomt,  whylomet,  uHv 

of  whilom. 
why-nott  (hwi'not),  J).     [<  why  iiotf  a  formula 
often  used  in   captious  questions.     Cf.  what- 
not, H.]     Any  sudden  or  unexpected  event  or 
turn;  a  dilemma. 

When  the  church 
Was  taken  with  a  Why-not?  in  tli»  lurch. 

S.  BiMer,  On  Philip  Nyes  Thanksgiving. 
This  game  .  .  .  was  like  to  have  been  lost  with  a  why- 
not.  Sir  J.  UariwjUin,  in  Nuga;  Antiq.  (ed.  Park), 

[II.  144. 

Now,  dame  Selby,  I  have  you  at  a  whynot,  or  I  never 
had.  JKchardson,  Sir  Charles  Grandison,  IV.  iv. 


hwe,  why,  for  what  (se.  reason) ;  instr.  case  of  -^Jiytt's    disease.       Tubercular    meningitis  ; 
AS.  7(if«,  Goth,  hwiis,  etc.,  who:  s;ee  who,  and  cf.     acute  hydrocephalus. 

"A  dialectal  (Scotch)  abbrevia- 


how"^.]    I.  iuterrog.  adv.  For  what  cause,  rea- 
son, or  jturpose  ?  whei'efore  ? 

Turn  ye,  turn  ye,  ...  for  uhy  will  ye  die? 

Ezek.  xxxiii.  11. 
Why  so  pale  and  wan,  fond  lover? 

I'lithce,  why  so  pale? 
Will,  when  looking  well  can't  move  her, 
I.ooking  ill  prevail? 
Prithee,  wfiy  so  pale? 

Sir  John  Suckliny,  Why  so  Pale? 

Why  so?  for  what  reason?  wherefore? 

And  why  SI),  my  lord?  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  1.  7. 

II.  rel.  atnj.  For  which  reason  or  cause ;  on 

account  of  which;  for  what  or  which;  also,  as 

compound  relative,  the  thing  or  reason  for  or 

on  account  of  which. 

Whie  I  said  so  than,  I  will  declai'e  at  large  now. 

Af:cham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  71. 
Eros.  My  sword  is  drawn. 
Ant.  Then  let  it  do  at  once 
The  thing  wtiy  thou  hast  drawn  it. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  14.  Wi. 

Lose  not  your  life  so  basely,  sir ;  you  are  arm'd  ; 

And  many,  when  they  see  your  sword  out  and  know  why, 

Must  follow  your  adventure.    Fletcher,  Valentiiiian.  iv.  4. 


wi'  (wi),  prep. 
tion  of  witli^. 

wibblet  (wib'l),  n.  [A  corrupt  form  of  wimble.} 
A  wimble.  Tufts's  Glossary  of  Thieves'  Janjou 
(1798). 

wicchet,  "•     An  old  spelling  of  ivitch. 

Wich  (wieh),  «.     See  wick'^. 

wichet,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  ivitch. 

wick^  (wik),  ?(.  [Formerly  and  dial,  also  week; 
<  ME.  wicke,  weke,  weyke,  wcike,  <  AS.  iveoca 
(for  *«•(>«),  a  wick  (also  in  comp.  candel-weoea, 
candle-wick),  =  OD.  iviecke,  a  wick,  =  MLG. 
iveke,  tveike,  LG.  wike,  weke,  lint  for  wounds,  a 
wick,  =  OHG.  ivioh,  MHG.  ivieehc,  weche,  wick, 
G.  dial.  (Bav.)  Wicte/,  bunch  of  flax,  =  Sw.  veke, 
a  wick,  =  Dan.  viege,  a  wick,  =  Norw.  vik,  a 
skein  of  thread,  also  a  bend;  prob.  ult.  from 
the  verb  represented  by  AS.  wicun  (pp.  wiceu). 
yield,  give  way:  see "  «'(ni-.]  A  number  of 
threads  of  cotton  or  some  spongy  substance 
loosely  twisted  together  or  braided,  which  by 
ciil)illary  action  draws  up  the  oil  in  lamps  or 
the  melted  tallow  or  wax  in  candles  in  small 


sibilated  -ivich;  also  wike;  <  ME.  wike,  wyke, 
wic,  <  AS.  wic,  a  town,  village,  dwelling,  street, 
camp,  quarter,  =  OS.  wik  =  OFries.  wik  =  D. 
wijk,  quarter,  parish,  retreat,  refuge,  =  MLG. 
wik,  LG.  wike,  wik  =  OHG.  wih  (wihh-),  a  place, 
locality,  MHG.  wich  =  Goth,  weihs,  village,  < 
L.  views,  village,  street,  quarter,  =  Gr.  oixof, 
house,  =  Skt.  ve^a,  house,  yard.  The  word 
enters,  as  -wick  or  -wich,  into  many  place- 
names  (being  confused  in  some  with  wick^  and 
wick*,  wich).  From  the  L.  vicus  are  ult.  E. 
vicine,  vicinage,  vicinity,  etc.,  vill,  villa,  village, 
villain,  etc.,  and  -ville  in  place-names ;  from  the 
Gr.  olicoc:  are  ult.  economy,  ecumenical,  etc.,  the 
radical  element  in  diocese,  parish,  and  many 
scientific  terms  in  eco-,  aco-,  -eecious,  etc.]  1. 
A  town ;  village :  a  common  element  in  place- 
names,  as  in  Berwick  (AS.  Berwic),  WarirJcA' 
(AS.  Wereivic),  Greenwich  ( AS.  Grenewic,  Grena- 
wic),  Sandicicft  (AS.  Sandwic). 

Cauntyrbery,  that  noble  wyke.  Rel.  Antiq.,  II.  98. 

2.  A  district:  occuniug  in  composition,  as  in 
hailitvick,  constableiCicA-,  sherifificicS',  shirewicA-. 
wick'J  (wik),  n.  [Also  in  comp.  assibilated 
-wich;  =  MLG.  wik.  a  bay;  <  Icel.  vik,  a  small 
creek,  inlet,  bay.  Cf.  viking  and  wicking.  Cf. 
also  wick"^.}     A   creek,  inlet,  or  bay.     Scott, 

wick*  (wik),  H.  [Also  wich  (formerly  iri/cfc); 
appar.  a  particular  use  of  iviek-  or  wick'i.']  1. 
A  salt-spring ;  a  brine-pit. 

The  House  in  which  the  Salt  is  boiled  is  called  the  Wych- 
house,  whence  may  be  guessed  what  Wych  signtfles,  and 
why  all  those  Towns  where  there  are  Salt-Springs,  and 
Salt  made,  are  called  by  the  name  of  Wyeh,  viz.  Nampt- 
wych,  NorthicucA,  Middleiryc/i,  Droitiri/c». 

Ray,  Eng.  Words  (1691),  p.  207. 

2.  A  small  dair^'-house.  HalliwelliwaAerwich). 

[Prov.  Eng.] 

Candle- wright,  or  Candle-wick,  street  took  that  name  (as 
may  be  supposed)  eytherof  channdlerf,  *c.— or  otherwise 
wike,  which  is  the  place  where  they  use  to  worke  them. 
As  scalding  wike,  by  the  Stockes-market,  was  called  of  the 
powlters  scalding  and  dressing  their  poultry  there ;  and  in 
divers  countries  dayrie-houses,  or  cottages  wherein  they 
make  bntter  and  cheese,  are  usually  called  mckes. 

London  (ed.  1599),  p.  171.    (Saret.) 

■Wick^  (wik),  V.  t.  [Appar.  ult.  <  AS.  wican,  bend, 
yield:  see  wi'cfcl.]     To  strike  (a  stone)  in  an 
oblique  direction:  a  term  in  curling — To  wick 
„  a  bore.    Seeborci. 

Obsolete  spellings  'vnck'>  (wik).  n.     [Also  tveek ;  <  ME.  wike,  wyke, 
<  Icel.  vik,  corner  (munn-vik,  the  comers  of  the 
mouth).]     A  corner ;  especially,  one  of  the  cor-  _^ 
ners  of  the  mouth.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
The  frothe  femed  at  his  mouth  vnfayre  bi  the  jcykez. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 1572. 

•wick'^t,  "•  [ME.  wick,  wic,  earlier  wicke,  wikke, 
wykke,  wiche,  bad,  wicked ;  orig.  a  noun,  <  AS. 
wicca,  wizard,  tvicce,  witch:  see  witch^  and 
Wi'rferfl.]  1.  Bad;  wicked;  false:  with  refer- 
ence to  persons. 

Whan  i  knew  al  here  cast  of  here  wic  wille, 
I  ne  mist  it  suffer  for  sorwe  <V  for  renthe. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  4662. 

2.  Bad :    wretched ;   vile :    with  reference   to 

things. 

With  poure  mete,  and  feble  drink. 
And  [with!  swithe  uikke  clothes. 

Haielok  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  2458. 

Wikke  appetyt  comth  ay  before  scknesse. 

Chaucer,  Fortune,  1.  55. 

3.  Unfavorable;  inauspicious;  baneful. 
For  thilke  ground  that  bereth  the  wedes  wykke 
Bereth  eke  thise  holsom  herbes.  and  fnl  ofte. 
Nexte  the  foule  netle,  rough  and  thikke, 
The  lilie  waxeth,  swote  and  sniothe  and  softe. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  946. 

wick*  (wik),  a.  [A  dial.  var.  of  tihick  for  quick. 
Cf.  icici-crf'-'.]     Quick;  alive.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

There  be  good  chaps  there  [at  the  Infirmary]  to  a  man 
while  he  's  u-ick,  whate'er  they  may  be  about  cutting  him 
up  at  after.  Mrs.  Gaskell,  Mary  Barton,  viii. 

wickedl  (wik'ed),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  wicked, 
wikked,  wikkid,  wi/kked,  wiikkil<1-  evil,  bad,  <  wick, 
wicke,  wikke,  bad,  -I-  -fiP,  as  if  pp.  of  a  verb 
'wikken.  render  evil  or  witch-like:  see  wick' 
andM'»Yc/il.]  I.  a.  1.  Evil  in  principle  or  prac- 
tice; deviating  from  the  divine  or  the  moral 
law ;  addicted  to  vice ;  depraved ;  vicious ;  sin- 


wicked 

ful;  immoral;  bad:  wrong;  iniquitous:  a  word 
of  comprehensive  signitifation,  including  ev- 
erything that  is  contrary  to  the  moral  law, 
and  applied  both  to  persons  and  to  their  acts : 
as,  a  (CicA-erf  man  ;  a  wicked  deed;  iciekedwsiya; 
icicked  lives:  a  wicked  heart;  wicked  designs; 
tricked  works. 
Thei  ben  fulle  icykked  .Sarruzines  and  cruelle. 

Mandevitte,  Travels,  p.  112. 
To  see  this  would  deter  a  doubtful  man 
From  mischievous  intents,  much  more  the  practice 
01  what  is  irickeil.    Beau,  and  Fl., Kni^Xitol  Malta,  iv.  1. 
Are  men  less  ashamed  of  being  nicked  than  absurd? 

Jon  Bee.  Essay  on  Samuel  Foote. 
To  do  an  injury  openly  is,  in  his  estimation,  as  leicked 
08  to  do  it  secretly,  and  far  less  profitable. 

Maeaulay,  Machiavelli. 
2t.  Vile;  baneful;  pernicious;  no.xious. 
That  wynde  away  the  wicked  ayer  may  hurle. 

Palladius,  Husljondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  175. 
Faire  Araorett  must  dwell  in  icicked  chaines. 

Spenser,  f.  Q.,  III.  ix.  24, 
As  wicked  dew  as  e'er  my  mother  brush'd 
With  raven's  feather  from  unwholesome  fen 
Drop  on  you  both.  Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.  321. 

3t.  Troublesome;  difficult;  hard;  painful;  un- 
favorable ;  disagreeable. 

Hony  is  the  more  swete  yif  mowthes  have  fyrst  tasted  sa 
vourea  that  ben  iryckyd.    Chaucer,  Boethius,  iii.  meter  1. 
The  wallis  in  werre  wikked  to  assaile 
With  depe  dikes  and  derke  doubuU  of  water. 

Detraction  of  Troy  (l^  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1565. 
But  this  lande  is  full  icicked  to  be  wrought, 
To  hardde  in  hete,  and  over  softe  in  weete. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  49. 
I  pray,  what 's  good,  sir,  for  a  icicked  toothy 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  iv.  1. 

4.  Mischievous;  prone  or  disposed  to  mischief, 
often  good-natured  mischief ;  roguish  :  as,  a 
Kicked  urchin.     [Colloq.] 

Pen  looked  uncommonly  icicked. 

Thackeray,  Pendemiis,  xxvii. 

The  wicked  one,  the  devil.  —  wicked  Bible.  See  Bible. 

=tolL  L  Illegal,  Immoral,  etc.  (see  criminal),  Heinoiut, 
Ir^famowt,  etc.  (see  atrocious),  uniighteotis,  profane,  un- 
godly, godless,  impious,  unprincipled,  vile.  al>andoned, 
profligate. 

Il.t  «•  ■■'iiiy-  and  ;*/.  A  wicked  person;  one 
who  is  or  those  who  are  wicked. 

Then  shall  that  Wicked  be  revealed,  whom  the  Lord  shall 
consume.  2  Thes.  ii.  ». 

There  lay  his  body  vjiburied  all  that  Friday,  and  the 
morrow  till  afternoone,  none  daring  to  deliver  his  body  to 
the  sepulture;  his  head  there  icicked  Umk.  and,  nayling 
thereon  his  hoode,  they  flxe  it  on  a  pole,  and  set  it  on 
London  Bridge.  Stowe,  Annals  (1605),  p.  45s. 

wicked''^  (wik'ed),  ft.  [<  ir(f/,-8  -I-  -<;(/2,  here  mere- 
ly an  adj.  extension.]  Quick;  active,  [ftov. 
Eng.] 

Another  Irishwoman  of  diminutive  stature  complacent- 
ly described  herself  to  a  lady  hiring  her  services  as  ''small 
but  icicked."         A.  S.  Palmer,  Folk-Etym.,  Int.,  p.  xxii. 

■wickedly  (wik'ed-li),  iidv.  [<  ME.  wikkedbj, 
wickedii,  wikkedlielie ;  <  wicked^  ■¥  -ly^.]  In  n 
wicked  manner. 

Ho  keppit  hym  full  kaiitly,  kobbit  with  hyin  sore, 
Woundii  hym  icickedlit  in  hir  wode  angur. 

Oextnu-tion  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T,  S,),  1.  110'25. 
I  have  sinned,  and  I  have  done  wickedly. 

2  Sam.  xxiv.  17. 

wickedness  (wik'ed-nes),  «.  [<  ME.  wikked- 
ne.H.ie ;  <  wicked  +  -hc.i.i,  C{.  ME.  wiekciicfi,  wike- 
nenKe.  wikncs,  <  icicke  (see  wick"!)  +  -«<■,«.]  1. 
Wicked  character,  iiuality,  or  disposition;  de- 
pravity or  con-uption  of  heart ;  evil  disi)Osition  ; 
sinfulness:  as,  the  niekediienn  <if  a  man  or  of  an 
action. 
And  al  the  icikkednesse  in  this  worlde  that  man  myste 

worche  or  thynke 
Ne  is  no  more  to  the  mercye  of  f  Jod  than  in  the  see  a  glede. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  v,  291. 
And  after  thi  mercies  that  ben  fele, 
Ijiul,  fordo  my  wich/dnesse. 

Political  Poems,  etc,  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  251. 

Goodness  belongs  to  the  tinds,  Piety  to  Men,  Revenge 

and  Wickedness  U>  the  bevils.  Ilawell,  Letters,  ii.  11. 

2.  Wicked  conduct 
morality:  vice 

Tis  not  go<Ki  that  children  should  know  any  unckedness. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2.  134. 
There  is  a  method  in  man',"*  wickedness ; 
It  grows  up  by  degrees.  Beau,  and  Ft. 

3.  A  wicked  thing  or  act;  an  act  of  ini(iuity. 
What  wickedness  is  this  that  is  dcjiie  among  yon? 

.Judges  XX,  12, 
I'll  never  care  what  wickedness  I  do 
If  this  man  come  to  good, 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  7.  99. 

4.  Figuratively,  the  wicked. 

Those  tents  thou  sawest  so  ])leasunt  were  the  tents 
Of  wickedness.  .Villon.  P.  L..  xi,  fi(i7, 

=  Byil.  rnrighteousness,  villainy,  rascality,  knavery,  atro- 
city, iniquity,  enormity.     See  references  iimltiv  icicked. 


evil  practices;  active  im- 
criirie;  sin. 


6910 

wlcken  (wik'n),  ».  [Appar.  connected  with 
wick^,  wicker^,  witch-elm,  etc.;  but  early  forms 
have  not  been  found.]  The  mountain-ash  or 
rowan-tree,  Pijrus  Aucuparia.     Also  wickij. 

■wicken-tree  (wik'n-tre),  n.     Same  as  wicken. 

■wickeri  (wik'er),  )i.  and  a.  [Also  dial,  wiggcr: 
<  ME.  *wiker,  wijkijr;  cf.  Sw.  dial,  vikkir,  vekker, 
vekare,  the  sweet  bay-leaved  willow,  =  Dan. 
dial,  vogger,  vegre,  also  voge,  a  pliant  rod,  withy 
(vogre-kurv,  vegre-ktin;  wicker-basket),  reeger, 
vxggei;  a  willow;  ef.  Bav.  dial,  wickcl,  buncli  of 
tow  on  a  distaff,  G.  wickel,  a  roll;  ult.  <  AS.  «•("- 
can,  etc.,  bend,  yield:  see  icicA-l  and  wenk.^  I. 
H.  1.  A  small  pliant  twig;  an  osier;  a  withe. 
Which  hoops  are  knit  as  with  wickers. 

Wood,  .\thente  Oxon.,  I.    (Richardson.) 

For  want  of  a  pannier,  spit  your  fish  by  the  gills  on  a 
small  icicker  or  such  like. 

W.  Lauson  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  197). 
Aye  wavering  like  the  willow-»ctdtfr, 

Tween  good  and  ill.  Burns,  On  Life. 

2.  Wickerwork  in  general;  hence,  an  object 
made  of  this  material,  as  a  basket. 

Then  quick  did  dress 
His  half  milk  up  for  cheese,  and  in  a  press 
Of  icicker  press'd  it.        Chapman,  Odyssey,  ix.  351, 
Each  [maiden]  having  a  white  ivicker,  overbrimm'd 
With  April's  tender  younglings.      Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

3.  A  twig  or  branch  used  as  a  mark:  same  as 
wike'-^. 

II,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  wicker;  especially, 
made  of  plaited  twigs  or  osiers;  also,  covered 
with  wickerwork:  as,  a  wicker  basket ;  a  wicker 
chair. 

Robin  Hood  swam  to  a  bush  of  broome, 
The  fryer  to  a  ici(/ger  wand, 
Jtolrin  Hoodand  the  Curtail  Fr!/er(Child's  Ballads,  V.  274). 
The  lady  was  placed  in  a  large  wicker  chair,  and  her 
feet  wrapped  up  in  tlannel,  supported  by  cushions, 

Steele,  Tatler,  No,  266, 
The  doll,  seated  in  her  little  wicker  carriage. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  Int,,  p,  40. 


widdy 

half-high  door.  IC.  H.  Knight.^5\.  A  hole  or 
opening. 

Wickettes  two  or  three  thou  make  hem  couthe, 
That  yf  a  wicked  worme  oon  holes  mouthe 
Besiege  or  stoppe,  an  other  open  be. 
And  from  the  wicked  worme  thus  save  thi  bee, 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E,  T,  S.),  p,  39. 

6.  In  cricket:  (a)  The  object  at  which  the 
bowler  aims,  and  before  which,  but  a  little  on 
one  side,  the  batsman  stands.  It  consists  of 
three  stumps,  having  two  bails  lying  in  grooves 
along  their  tops.     See  cricket^  (with  diagram). 

The  wicket  was  formerly  two  straight  thin  battons  called 
stumps,  twenty-two  inches  high,  which  were  fixed  into  the 
ground  perpendicularly  six  inches  apart,  and  over  the  top 
of  both  was  laid  a  small  round  piece  of  wood  called  the 
bail.  Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  175. 

A  desperate  fight  .  .  .  between  the  drovers  and  the 
farmers  with  their  whips  and  the  l)oys  with  cricket-bats 
and  wickets.  T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  4. 

{!>)  A  batsman's  tenure  of  his  wicket,  if  the  bat- 
ting side  pass  their  opponents'  full  score  with  (say)  six 
players  to  be  put  out,  they  are  said  to  win  "by  six  u^k- 
ets"—a.  colloquial  abbreviation  for  "with  six  wickets  to 
go  down."  (c)  The  ground  on  which  the  wickets 
are  set:  as,  play  was  begun  with  an  excellent 
wicket. —  7.  In  coal-mining.  See  wicket-work. 
■wicket-door  (wik'et-dor),  «.     A  wicket. 

Through  the  low  wicket-door  they  glide. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  v.  29. 

wicket-ga'te  (wik'et-gat),  ».     A  small  gate;  a 
wicket. 
I  am  going  to  yonder  wicketyate  before  me. 

Banyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

■wicket-keeper  (wlk'et-ke-'per),  h.  In  cricket, 
the  player  belonging  to  the  fielding  side  who 
stands  immediately  behind  the  wicket  to  stop 
such  balls  as  pass  it.  See  diagram  under 
cricket''^. 

"I'm  your  man,"  said  he.  "  Wicket-keeper,  cover-point, 
slip,  or  long-stop  — you  bowl  the  twisters,  I'll  do  the  field- 
ing for  you."  Whyte  ilelcille.  White  Rose,  II.  xiii. 


2.   Made  of  flexible   strips   of  shaved  wood,  ■wicket-work  (wik'et-wei-k),  «.    In  eonl-minimi, 


ratan,  or  the  like :  as,  wicker  furniture ;  a  wicker 
chair. 
■wickerH  (wik'er),  r. «.    [iwicker^,  n.']    To  cover 
or  lit  witli  wickers  or  osiers ;  inclose  in  wicker- 
work. 

He  looks  like  a  musty  bottle  new  wickered. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

Thir  Ships  of  light  timber,  Wickerd  with  Oysier  l)etweerie, 

and  coverd  over  with  Leather,  serv'd  not  therefore  to 

tranceport  them  farr.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

■wicker'-'  (wik'er),  )'.  [Cf.  H'/cA-er'.]  I.  iiitroii.s: 
To  twist,  from  being  too  tightly  drawn.  Vhild'n 
Biilludu,  Gloss. 

The  nurice  she  knet  the  knot, 

And  O  she  knet  it  sicker ; 
The  ladie  did  gie  it  a  twig  [twitch]. 

Till  it  began  to  wicker. 
Laird  of  Wariestoun  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  iii.). 

II.  traiLs.  To  twist  (a  thread)  overmuch,    .fti- 
miisoii.     [Scotch.] 
■wickered  (wik'erd),  a.     [<  wicker'i  -I-  -<■,'/'-']     1. 
Ma(le  of  wicker. 


a  variety  of  ]>illar  and  stall  work  sometimes 
adoi>ted  in  tlie  North  Wales  coal-field.  The 
headings  or  stalls  (called  wickets)  are  sometimes  as  much 
as  24  yards  wide,  and  the  pillars  as  much  as  15.  Two 
roadways  are  generally  cai-ried  up  each  wicket. 
■wicking  (wik'ing),  ii.  [<  wick^  +  -iiig^.J  The 
material  of  which  wicks  are  made,  as  in  long 
pieces  which  can  be  cut  at  pleasure. 

Generally  the  traces  of  nuisk-cattle  are  in  mass — like 
balls  all  melted  together.  ...  It  struck  me  it  would 
make  capital  wicking  for  Esquimaux  lamps. 

C,  F.  Hall,  Polar  Expedition  (1876),  p.  161. 

wickiup, ■wicky-up  (wik'i-up),  h.  [Amer.  Ind.] 
An  American  Indian  house  or  hut ;  especially, 
a  rude  hut,  as  of  brushwood,  such  as  is  built  by 
the  Apaches  and  other  low  tribes:  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  tepee  of  skins  stretched  on  stacked 
lodge-poles.  Wickiups  are  built  on  the  spot  as 
required,  and  are  not  moved. 

After  an  hour's  riding  to  the  south,  we  came  upon  old 
Indian  icicky-ups.  Amer.  Antiquarian,  XII,  205, 


2.  Covered  with  wickerwork.  _,.   ,,.»..  ,  ,,       „.    ,,  . 

Wickerwork  (wik'er-w6rk),  H.     Basketwork  of  Wickllffite,  «.  and  »      See  ri //<■/,«<■. 

any  sort;  anvthing  plaited,  woven,  or  wattled  Wlck-trimmer  (wik  trim"er),«.    Apair  of  seis- 

of  flexible  aild  tough  materials,  as  osier,  ratan,  -'^ors  or  sliears  tor  trimming  wieks;  a  pair  of 

and  shaved  strips  of  wood.  *'!'"i      z'^'., /.,  ,       -  ,,     ,.   ,     ,-.^. 

Wicket  (wik'et),  11.    [<  ME.  wicket,  iciket,  wykct,  Wicky  (wik  i),  h  ;  pi.  wjckies  (-iz).    [Cf.  wicken.^ 

vikct  =  MI),  ii-ickct,  also  irincket,  <  OF.  *wikcl,  \-  ,*'"""^' "«  "^^"*c''-— 2.  Same  as  sheep-lmirel. 

wi.^krt,  ri,/i,et.  i/iiiehet,  F.  guicliet  (Walloon  wi-  SJPViS,P'  "'        ,''  "'"t"'^'\,-    ,-  ■ 

diet)  =  Pr.  gui.-;(ji,et,  a  wicket ;  a  dim.  form,  prob.  Wicllffite,^'.  and  „.     See  11  yclijite. 
ult.  from  the  verb  seen  in  AS.  wicaii,  etc.,  give 
way:  see  wick'^,  wcak.'i   1.  A  small  gate  or  door- 
way, especially  a  small  door  or  gate  forming 
part  of  a  larger  one. 

When  the  buernes  of  the  burgli  were  broght  vpon  slepe, 
He  jsiiion]  warpit  vp  a  tcicket.  wan  bom  with-oute. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E,  E.  T.  ,S.),  I,  11923. 
The  clyket 
That  Januarie  bar  of  the  smale  icyket 
By  which  into  his  gardyn  ofte  he  wente. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  I.  874. 
They  steeked  them  a'  but  a  wee  wicket, 
.And  Lammikiu  crap  in. 

Lammikin  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  308), 
"O,  haste  thee,  Wilfrid  !  "  Redmond  cried; 
"  Undo  that  wicket  by  thy  side  !  " 

Scott,  Rokeby,  v,  29, 

2t.  A  hole  through  which  to  communicate,  or  to 
view  what  passes  without ;  a  window,  lookout, 
loophole,  or  the  like. 

They  have  made  barris  to  barre  the  dorys  crosse  weyse, 
and  they  have  made  wykets  on  every  qmirter  of  the  hwse 
to  schote  owte  atte,  bothe  with  bt)wys  and  with  hand 
gunnys.  Poston  Letters,  I.  «:j:  \7i(JdoWt 

3.  A  small  gate  by  which  the  chamber  of  a    ividow^. 
canal-lock  is  empticil;  also,  a  gate  in  the  chute  'Widdy',  widdie  (wid'i) 
of   a   water-wheel,   designed    to   regulate   the     withy,  :). 
amount  of  water  passing  to  the  wheel.— 4.  A  widdy-  (wid'i),  ti.    A  dialectal  foi'ni  of  widowK 


Wicopy  (wik'6-pi),  H.  [Also  wikop,  wiciij),  wick- 
iijt;  of  Amer.  Ind.  origin.]  1.  Tlie  leatherwood, 
Virctt  jxilii.'itrib: — 2.  One  of  the  willow-herbs, 
as  Epilohium  ungiistifoliiim,  E.  liticnrc,  and  per- 
haps other  species:  distinguished  as  Indian  or 
herh  wicopy.     See  willow-herb. 

Wid  (wi<l),  jircp.  All  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 
of  «■/«(!. 

Sifter  hole  water  same  ez  a  tray. 

Ef  yon  fill  it  wid  moss  en  dob  it  ind  clay, 

J.  C.  Harris,  Tncle  Renms,  xxii, 

widbin  (wid'bin),  n.  [A  dial,  form  of  wood- 
hiue.'\  1.  The  woodbine,  Lonicera  I'criclyme- 
niim.     [Scotch.] 

The  rawn-tree  in  [and]  the  widdbin 
Hand  the  witches  on  cum  in, 
Qreyor,  Folk-lore  N,  E,  Scotland,    (Britten  and  Holland.) 

2.    Tlie   dogwood,   Cornn.f  aangiiinca.      [Prov. 

Fng.]  -  Widbin  pear-tree,  the  whitebeam,  Pi/ms  Aria. 
[Prov,  EnK,i 
■widdershinst  (wid'er-shinz),  adf.     See  wither- 
.sjtiits. 

md   ('.      An  obsolete  spelling  of 

Dialectal  forms  of 


wide 

wide  (will),  "•  auJ  «■  [<  ^iE.  iciV/.  «',V'/.  <  AS. 
trill  =  0!S.  icid  =  OFries.  loV/  =  T).  idjd  =  LG. 
ir/ffl'  =  OHG.  MHG.  trit.  G.  wcit  =  leel.  i'(7/(r  = 
Sw.  Dan.  vid.  wide;  i-oot  unknown.]  I.  fl.  1. 
Having  relatively  great  or  considerable  exten- 
sion from  side  to"side ;  broad:  as,  «•/*  elotli ;  a 
vide  hall:  opposed  to  ttarrow. 

Wide  is  the  gate  .  .  .  that  leadeth  to  destruction. 

Mat.  vii.  13. 

Shallow  brooks,  and  rivei-s  wide.  Milton,  L' Allegro,  1.  7«. 
And  wounds  appear'd  so  inde  as  if  the  grave  did  gape 
To  swallow  both  at  once.        Drayton,  Polyolhion,  i.  456. 

2.  Having  (a  certain  or  specified)  extension 
as  measured  from  side  to  side;  having  (a 
specified)  width  or  breadth:  as.  cloth  a  yard 
tcide. 

'Tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nor  so  mde  as  a  church-door; 
but  'tis  enough.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  1.  100. 

The  city  of  Oanea,  capital  of  the  western  province  of 
Candia,  is  situated  at  the  east  corner  of  a  bay  about  fifteen 
miles  wide.      Pococke,  Description  of  tlie  East,  II.  i.  242. 

3.  Of  gi-eat  horizontal  extent;  spacious;  ex- 
tensive; vast;  great:  as,  the  rojrfc  ocean. 

Corali  castelles  and  couth  and  cuntres  wide. 

WiUiam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  1.  5063. 
For  nothing  this  wide  universe  I  call 
Save  thou,  my  rose  ;  in  it  thou  art  my  all. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  cix. 

These  perpetual  exploits  abroad  won  him  im'de  fame. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  ii. 

Within  the  cave 
He  left  me,  giant  Polypheme's  dark  cave  ; 
A  dungeon  wide  and  horrible. 

Addison,  tr.  of  Virgil's  .-Eneid,  iii. 

The  wide  waste  prmluced  by  the  outbreak  [of  the  Refor- 
mation] is  forgotten.  MacaJilay,  Kurleigh. 

4.  Embracing  many  subjects ;  looking  at  a  ques- 
tion from  many  points  of  view;  applicable  to 
many  eases:  as,  a  person  of  wide  culture. 

States  have  always  been  best  governed  by  men  who  have 
taken  a  wide  view  of  public  affairs,  and  who  have  rather 
a  general  acquaintance  with  many  sciences  than  a  perfect 
mastery  of  one.  Macaulay,  Athenian  Orators. 

5.  Capacious;  bulging;  loose;  voluminous. 
I  hadde  wonder  of  his  wordes  and  of  his  rvyde  clothes  ; 

For  in  his  bosome  he  bar  a  thyng  that  he  Missed  euere. 
JHers  Plotnnan  (B),  xvi. 

Weed  mde  enough  to  wrap  a  fairy  in. 
Shak.,  M.  N.  I), 


6920 

1.  To  a  distance;  afar;  widely;  a  long  way; 
abroad ;  extensively. 

Ihc  habbe  walke  vnde 
Bi  the  se  side. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  27. 

The  wounded  coveys,  reeling,  scatter  wide. 

Burm,  Briggs  of  Ayr. 

IjCt  Fame  from  brazen  lips  blow  uide 

Her  Chosen  names.         Whittier,  My  Namesake. 

2.  Away  or  to  one  side  of  the  mark,  aim,  pur- 
pose, or  direct  line;  hence,  astray. 

Nay,  Cosyn,  .  .  .  there  walke  you  somewhat  wide,  for 
ther  you  defende  your  owne  righte  for  your  temporal 
aualye.  Sir  T.  More,  Works  (ed.  l.')57),  II.  1151. 

She  him  obayd,  and  turnd  a  little  wyde. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  5. 

I  understand  you  not ;  you  hurt  not  me, 
Your  anger  flies  so  wide. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Captain,  ii.  2. 

His  arrows  fell  exceedingly  wide  of  each  other. 

Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  130. 

3t.  Round  about;  in  the  neighborhood  around. 
Old  Meliboe  is  slaine ;  and  him  beside 
His  aged  wife,  with  many  others  mde. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  VI.  xi.  18. 

Set  wide.    Seeseti.— To  run  wide.    Seenmi. 
Widet  (wid),  V.  t.     [<  ME.  widen;  <  wide,  a.]    To 
make  wide;  spread  or  set  far  apart. 
And  vdde  hem  [quinces]  so  that  though  the  wynd  hem 

shake, 
Noo  droop  of  oon  until  an  other  take. 

Palladim,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  94. 

■wide-awake  (wid'a-wak-'),  «.  and  n.     I.  a.  On 
the  alert;  keen;  sliarp;  knowing.     [CoUoq.] 

Our  governor  's  wide  awake,  he  is ;  111  never  say  nothin' 
agin  him  nor  no  man,  but  he  knows  what  'a  o'clock,  he 
does,  uncommon.  Dickem,  Sketches,  Talcs,  x.  2. 

II.  n.  A  soft  felt  hat:  a  name  given  about 
1850. 

She  was  one  of  the  first  who  appeared  in  the  Park  in  a 
low-crowned  hat  —  a  wide-awake. 

II.  Eingsley,  Ravenshoe,  xliii. 


widgeon 

drill  so  shaped  as  to  form  a  hole  of  greater 
diameter  than  itself:  same  as  broach,  12. 
■wideness  (wid'nes),  «.     [<  ME.  wydenesse;  < 
icide,  (I.,  +  -«e»s.]     The  state  or  character  of 
being  wide;  breadth;  widtli. 

This  Temple  is  64  Cubytes  of  wyderusse,  and  als  manye  In 
lengthe.  MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  84. 

wide-spread  (wid'spred),  a.  Diffused  or  spread 
to  a  great  distance;  extending  far  and  wide; 
being  general. 

To  stand  upon  such  elevated  ground  as  to  be  enabled  to 
take  a  larger  view  of  the  wide-spread  and  Infinitely  diver- 
sified constitution  of  men  and  affairs  in  a  large  society. 

Brougham. 

There  was  a  very  wide-spread  desire  to  hear  him,  and 
applications  for  lectures  flowed  in  from  all  parts  of  the 
kingdom.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Emerson,  vli. 

wide-stretched  (yid'streoht),  a.  Large;  ex- 
tensive. 

Wide-stretched  honours  that  pertain  .  .  . 
Unto  the  crown  of  France. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iL  4.  82. 

■wide-watered  (wid' wa-'tferd),  a.  Traversed  or 
bordered  by  wide  waters. 

I  hear  the  far-off  curfeu  sound, 
Over  some  wide-watefd  shore, 
Swinging  low  with  sullen  roar. 

Milton,  n  PenseroBO,  1.  75. 

As  when  a  lion  rushing  from  his  den 
Amidst  the  plain  oj  some  wide-water'd  fen. 

Pope,  Iliad,  XV.  761. 

Wide-wheret  (wid'hwar),  adv.  [<  ME.  wydewher, 
icydeicliere  (also  wydenicher) ;  <  wide,  adv.,  + 
ic/i^rel.]  Far  and  wide;  everywhere;  in  places 
far  apart. 

Wide-where  is  wist 
How  that  ther  is  diversite  requered 
Bytwexen  thynges  lyke,  as  I  have  lered. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  404. 

Her  dochter  was  stown  awa  frae  her ; 
She  sought  for  her  wide-whare. 
Bosmer  Uafmand  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  283). 


Some  one  .  .  .  would  with  pleasure  exchange  on  the  '^de-WOrk   (wid'werk),   n.     In  coal-mining,  a 
spot  irreproachable  black  coat  and  glistening  hat  for  a  ^j^    i    f  working  coal,  now  nearly  obsolete, 

shabby  shooting-jacket  and  a  wide-awake  with  a  cast  of     '"V"""  "'  ,     i  „.^_j  ■'   ^.t,.  C3„„4.i.  'c-„_i,„i.;-„ 


flies  round  it.    '  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.  627. 

Wide-awakeness    (wid'a-wak'nes),     h.      The 

character  or   state   of   being  wide-awake   or 

sharp.     [Colloq.]_ 

ii.  1.  2.56.  ■wide-chapped  (wid'chapt),  a.     Having  a  wide 


,  2.5:!. 


6.  Distended;  expanded;  spread  apart;  hence,     mouth;  wide-mouthed 
open.  'I'lie  wide-chapp'd  rascal.  Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  1. 60 
Against  whom  make  ye  a  wide  mouth,  and  draw  out  the  wide-gab  ( wid'gab),  n.      The  angler  or  fishing- 
tongue?                               Isa.  Ivii.  4.     frog,  Lophius piseaiorius.     Also  widc-(jap,  wide 


(/ape,  wide-gut. 
ide" 


space ; 


I,ooking  wistfully  with  wide  blue  eyes. 

Tennyson,  Morte  d'Arthur, 

7.  Apart  or  remote  from  a  specified  point; 
distant ;  hence,  remote  from  the  direct  line  or 
object  aimed  at ;  too  far  or  too  much  to  one 
side;  deviating;  errant;  wild:  as,  a  iCiVte  arrow 
in  archery;  a  tcide  ball  in  cricket. 

Many  of  the  fathers  were  tar  inde  from  the  understand- 
ing of  this  place.  Raleigh. 

For  those  of  both  religions  propose  to  go  to  the  place 
[the  river  Jordan]  where  Christ  was  baptized,  but  happen   ■oriHe-mOUthed    (wid  '  moutht), 
to  differ  in  their  opinions,  and  are  three  or  four  miles    "*•  ^"'""fi: 
mde  of  each  other.  ^"'^  moutli. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  32.  The  little  wide-mmith'd  heads  upon  the  spout. 

I  make  the  u-ideM  conjectures  concerning  Egypt,  and  Tennyson,  Godiva. 

her  shepherd  kings.      Lamb,  Old  and  New  Schoolmaster.      Wide-mOUthed  salmon,  the  ScopeHda. 

But  all  this,  tliough  not  unconnected  with  our  general  'Wideill    («i'dn),  _('.      [<    tt'i'rfe,    a.,   +  -f)|2.]     J, 


See  cut  under  angler. 
■widely  (wid'li),  adv.  1.  In  or  to  a  wide  degree 
or  extent;  extensively;  far  and  wide:  as,  a  man 
who  is  widely  known.— 2.  Very  much;  very; 
greatly;  extremely:  as,  two  H'jrfe/i/ difl'erent  ac- 
counts of  an  affair.— 3.  So  as  to  leave  a  wide 
at  a  distance.     [Rare.] 

We  passed  Selinus,  .  .  . 
And  widely  shun  the  Lilybajan  strand. 

Dryden,  .Eneid,  iii.  927. 

Having  a 


but  formerly  followed  in  the  South  Yorkshire 
coal-fields.  It  was  one  of  the  many  varieties 
of  pillar-and-stall  work. 

widgeon,  wigeon  (wij'on),  «.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  wigion,  wygeon  ;  prob.  <  ME.  "wigeon,  <  OP. 
vigeon,  foundj  with  the  variants  ringeon,  gin- 
qeon,  as  a  name  of  the  canard  siffleur,  whist- 
ling duck,  or  widgeon,  formerly  Anas  fintu- 
lariK,  =  It.  vipione,  a  small  crane,  <  L.  ripio{>i-), 
a  kind  of  small  erane.  Cf .  E.  pigeon,  ult.  <  L. 
pipio{n-).^  1.  A  duck  of  the  genus  Mareca, 
belonging  to  the  subfamily  Anatinee.  The  Euro- 
pean widgeon  is  M.  penelope ;  the  American  is  a  distinct 
species,  M.  americana  ;  each  is  a  common  wild-fowl  of 


theme,  is  wide  of  our  immediate  purpose. 

De  Quincey,  Style,  iv. 

8t.  Amiss;  unfortunate;  ill;  bad;  hence,  of  lit- 
tle avail ;  useless. 

It  would  be  u-ide  with  the  best  of  us  if  the  eye  of  God 
should  look  backward  to  our  former  estate. 

Bp.  Hall,  Contemplations,  viii.  1. 

9.  In  phonetics,  uttered  vvitli  a  eomjiaratively 
relaxed  or  expanded  condition  of  the  walls  of 
the  buccal  cavity:  said  by  some  phonetists  of 
certain  vowels,  "as  e,  »,  (>,  u,  when  compared 
with  a,  e,  d,  c — To  cut  a  wide  swath.  See  swathi.— 
To  give  a  wide  berth  to.  See  fcertft'J,  i.-  Wide-angle 
lens.  Hee  lens.  =SyTl.  W'l'/e, /Jrortd,  spacious, large,  ample. 
Wide  and  !n-oad  may  be  synonymous.  l)ut  broad  is  generally 
the  larger  and  more  emphatic  ;  a  wide  river  is  not  thought 
of  as  so  far  across  aa  a  broad  river.  Wide  is  sometimes 
more  applicable  to  that  which  is  to  be  passed  through : 
as,  a  wide  mouth  or  aperture.  It  is  another  way  of  stating 
this  fact  to  say  that  u-ide  has  more  in  mind  than  broad  the 
limiting  sides  of  the  thing.  Wide  is  also  more  generally 
applicable  to  that  of  which  the  length  is  much  greater 
than  the  width,  but  not  to  the  exclusion  of  broad.  Each 
may  in  a  secondary  sense  be  used  of  length  and  breadth  ; 
as,  broad  acres  ;  a  -aide  domain. 
II.  ".  1.  Wideness;  breadth;  extent.  [Ra 
EniptinesB  ami  the  waste  it-ide 
Of  that  abyss.  Tennyson,  Two  X'oices. 

2.  In  criehcl,  a  ball  tliat  goes  wide  of  tlie  wicket, 

and  counts  one  against  tlic  side  tliiit  is  bowling. 

■wide  (wid),  <idi:.     [<  ME.  nidi ,  n-y<le,  <  AS.  wiile 

(=  a.  weit),  widely,  <  wid,  wide:  see  wide,  a.] 


triui.i.  1.  To  make  wide  or  wider;  extend  in 
breadth;  expand:  as,  to  widen  a  street. 

I  speak  not  these  things  to  widen  our  differences  or  in- 
crease our  animosities ;  they  are  too  large  and  too  great 
already.  SliUingfleet,  Sermons,  I.  viii. 

The  thoughts  of  men  are  widen'd  with  the  process  of  the 
suns.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

He  widened  knowledge  and  escaped  the  praise. 

Lowell,  Jeffries  Wyman. 

2.  To  throw  open. 
So,  now  the  gates  are  ope ;  .  .  . 
'Tis  for  the  followers  fortune  widens  them. 
Not  for  the  fliers.  Shxik.,  Cor.,  i.  4.  44. 

3.  In  knittiwi,  to  make  larger  by  increasingthe 
number  of  stitches :  opposed  to  nairoic. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  grow  wide  or  wider;  en- 
large;  extend  itself;  expand;  broaden. 

Arches  widen,  and  long  aisles  extend. 

Pope,  Temple  of  Fame,  1.  '-'(in. 

( I'er  Sigurd  widens  the  day-light. 

William  Morris,  Sigurd,  ii. 

2.    In    knitting,    to    increase   the    number   of 
stitches :  as,  to  iriden  at  the  third  row. 
]  ■widen^t,  "('i'.     lME.,a,\so  widenc,wydeneOiBG. 
witene,  witen);  <  wide,  o.]     Widely;  wide. 
In  habite  of  an  hermite  vnholy  of  werkes 
Wcnde  I  wydene  in  this  world  wondres  to  here 

Piers  Plotcman  (A),  Prol. ,  1.  4. 

Widener  (wid'nfer),  n.     One  who  or  that  which 
widens;    specifically,   a  form  of  boring-bit  or 


.\incnc.in  Widgeon  i.Vijrern  fintericttnn^- 


its  own  country,  of  the  migratory  and  other  habits  com- 
mon to  the  Anatinse,  breeding  mostly  in  high  or  even 
hyperborean  regions,  and  flocking  in  more  temperate  lat- 
itudes during  the  winter.  They  are  also  known  as  batd- 
pates,  from  the  white  on  the  top  of  the  head,  whistler  or 
whisUijig  duck,  whew,  whewer,  whim,  from  their  cries,  and 
by  many  local  names. 

2.  By  extension,  some  or  any  vrild  duck,  except 
the  mallard :  usually  with  a  qualifying  term. 

In  Shropshire  every  species  of  wild  duck,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Anas  boscas.  is  called  wigeon. 

C.  Swaimon,  Brit.  Birds  (1885X  p.  156. 

(a)  Thegadwall,  Chaidelasmus  streperus:  more  fully  called 
qray  widifeon.  See  cut  under  Chaulelasmus.  [Southern 
Ibily.)  ('(>)  The  pintail,  Dafila  acuta  •  more  fully,  gray  or 
kite-tailed  widgeon,  or  sea-widgeon.  See  cut  under  Dafila. 
[Local,  U.  S.]  (c)  The  wood-duck,  Aix  sponm:  more  fully, 
wood-uidqem.  See  cut  under  wood-duck.  [Connecticut.] 
((f)  The  ruddy  duck,  Erimiatura  rublda.  See  cut  under 
Erismatura.     [Massachusetts.] 

3t.  A  fool :  alluding  to  the  supposed  stupidity 
of  the  widgeon.     Compare  goose,  gudgeon^. 

If  you  give  any  credit  to  this  juggling  rascal,  you  are 
worse  than  simple  mdgeons,  and  will  be  drawn  into  the 
net  by  this  decoy-duck,  this  tame  cheater. 

Fletcher  (and  another\  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn.  iv.  2. 

The  apostles  of  this  false  religion. 
Like  Mahomet's,  were  ass  and  widgeon. 

S.  Butler.  Hudibras,  I.  i.  282. 


widgeon 

4.  A  small  teasing  fly;  a  midge.  Enoic.  Brit., 
XXIV.  561.  [Loeal,  Eng.]  _  American  widgeon, 
AtuMot  Mareea  amencana,  which  dilters  specifically  from 
the  common  widgeon  of  Europe,  M.  peneli/te  ■  tlie  green- 
headed  widgeon.  Also  called  locally  hald-faced  widgeon 
gmilhem  icidgeon,  California  widgeon,  baU-a-own,  bald- 
pate,  bald-/ace,  baldhead,  ichitebelly,  poacher,  wheat-duck 
and  mwktng-duck.  See  cut  above.  — Black  Widgeon' 
Same  as  curre  mdijeon.  [Devonshire,  Eng.]  — Bull-head- 
ed Widgeon,  the  pochard,  Fidigula  ferina.  —  Carre  Wid- 
geon, the  tufted  duck,  FiUigvla  erintata.  Also  called  black 
curre.  IlaiitM.  See  cut  under  (ii/rerf.  [Somerset,  Eng.]  — 
Pied  widgeon,  (a)  .Same  as  garganey.  (b)  The  golden- 
eyed  duck,  Clangula  glaiwlon.  (c)  The  male  goijsander, 
Mergmmerga  iwr.  -  Popping  widgeon.  .See  poj)l .  -  Red- 
beaded  Widgeon.  .Same  as  redhead,  2  —  SnufF-headed 
Widgeon,  the  pochard  or  redhead.  Compare  care  headed 
and  weofel-headed.—Wbiie  widgeon,  the  white  mer- 
ganser, nun,  or  smew,  Mergellug  albellus.  .See  cut  under 
rmew.    [Devonshire,  Eng.] 

widgeon-coot  (wij'on-kot),  «.  The  ruddy  duck, 
F.nsmatura  rubkla.  See  out  under  Krisnuitura. 
[Massachusetts.] 

widgeon-grass  (wij'ou-gras),  u.  The  grass- 
wrack,  Zont^ra  mariiKi.  Britten  and  Holland. 
[Local,  Ireland.] 

WidmannstSttian  (wi<l-inan-stet'i-an),  a.  Per- 
taining to  Aloys  Beck  von  Widraaiinstatt,  of 

Vienna  (17.53-1849). -widmannstattlan  figures, 
the  name  given  to  certain  peculiar  markings  seen  on 
the  polished  surfaces  of  many  meteoric  irons  (sidero- 
lltes)  when  these  have  been  acteil  on  by  an  acid.  They 
were  first  noticed  by  Widmannstatt  in  18<)8,  on  the  Agram 
meteorite.  The  general  appearance  of  these  markings 
may  be  learned  from  the  annexed  figure,  which  is  a  copy 
of  a  photograph,  of  natural  size,  of  a  part  of  an  etched 
section  of  the  Laurens  county  (.South  Carolina)  meteoric 
Iron.  The  Widmannstattian  figures  are  sections  of  planes 
of  cleavage  or  of  crystalline  growth,  along  which  segrega- 
tion, or  chemical  change  of  some  sort,  has  taken  place, 
and  whose  form  and  position  with  reference  to  each  other 
are  in  accordance  with  the  laws  governing  the  develop- 
ment of  crystalline  substances  belonging  to  the  isometric 
system.     Reichenbach  divided  these  figures  int<j  what  he 


6921 

plained,  from  the  Skt.,  as  'without  a  husband,' 
as  if  Skt.  ridhavd  were  <  ri,  without,  -I-  dhava, 
husband;  but  it  is  more  prob.  derived  from  the 
root  (Skt.)  (■(■«(//(,  lack.  The  L.  riduus,  lacking, 
deprived  of,  is  prob.  developed  from  the  fem. 
vidiui,  taken  as  adj.,  widowed,  deprived.  Simi- 
larly the  words  for  '  widower'  are  derived  from 
those  for  'widow.'  From  L.  riduus  are  ult.  E. 
vmd,  avoid,  etc.]  1.  A  woman  who  has  lost 
her  husband  by  death,  in  the  early  church,  widows 
formed  a  separate  class  or  order,  whose  duties  were  devo- 
tion and  the  care  of  the  orphans,  the  sick,  and  prisoners. 
And  whan  the  Queen  and  alle  the  othere  noble  Ladyes 
sawen  that  thei  weren  alle  Wydewef,  and  that  alle  the 
rialle  Blood  was  lost,  thei  armed  hem,  and,  as  Creatures 
out  of  Wytt,  thei  slowen  alle  the  men  of  the  Contrey  that 
weren  laft.  MnndeiiUe,  Travels,  p.  l.=.-l. 

We'll  throw  his  castell  down, 
And  make  a  widmce  o'  his  gaye  ladye. 
.'kiivj  of  the  Outlaw  Murray  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  23). 


wie 


wuduire,  f.,  widow:   see  Mvrffxcl.]      1.  A  man 
who  has  lost  his  wife  by  death. 
Wedewea  and  wedeweres  that  here  owen  wil  for-saken, 
And  chast  leden  here  lyf.        Piers  Plowman  (C),  xix.  76. 
Our  widower's  second  marriage-day. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  v,  3.  70. 
2.  See  the  quotation. 

Let  there  be  nidowrn,  which  you  call  releevers,  ap- 
pointed everywhere  to  the  church-service. 
Bp.  Hall,  Apologie  against  Brownists,  §  19.    (Encyc.  Did.) 

■widower^  (wid'6-er),  n.     [<  widoto'^,  v.,  +  -ec'.] 
One  who  or  that  which  widows  or  bereaves. 
Hengist,  begirt  with  that  fam'd  falchion  call'd 
The  *'  Widower  of  Women." 

Milman,  Samor,  Lord  of  the  Bright  City,  xi. 

Widowerhood  (wid'o-er-hud),  n.  [<  icidower^  + 
-hood.'i     The  condition  of  a  widower. 
Ine  spoushod,  other  ine  wodewehod. 

Ayenbite  of  Inwyt  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  185. 
Widow  is  also  used  attributively  (now  only  coll«iuially):  'WidoW-finch  (wid'6-fineh),  n.  Same  as  u-hidnh- 
as,  "a  mdow  woman,    2  Sam.  xiv.  6.  tinch 

This  widow  lady=°"  "SLT.  K."joh„,  ii.  1.  ,S48.    ^d°?^lieadt.  (wid  '  o  -hed).    n.      [<    widou-A    + 


Who  has  the  paternal  power  whilst  the  widow  queen  is 
with  child?  Locke,  Of  Oovernment,  §  123. 

2.  A  European  geometrid  moth,  Cidaria  luc- 
tuata,  more  fully  called  mourning  widow ;  an 
English  collectors'  name. —  3.  In  some  card- 
(jamen,  an  additional  hand  dealt  to  the  table, 

sometimes  face  up,  sometimes  not Hempen 

widow.  See  /wmpen.— Locality  of  a  widow.  See  <o- 
radfi/.— Mournful  'Widow,  mourning  -widow.  See 
inouriyfiU-indou;  mmirnimi-tridmr.— Widow  bewitched, 
a  woman  living  apart  from  her  husband  ;  a  grass-widow. 

What  can  you  be  able  to  do,  that  would  be  more  grate- 
ful to  them,  than  if  they  should  see  you  divorced  from  _ 
your  husband ;  a  widow,  nay,  to  live  (a  widow  bemtcht)     plied  to  the  state  or  conditioii  of  being  a  widow 
worse  than  a  widow ;  for  widows  may  marry  again. 

Bailey,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  p.  136.    (Dacies.) 

Ay !  and  yo'  were  Sylvia  Robson,  and  as  bonny  and  light- 


licad.^     Widowhood. 

Virginity,  wedlock,  and  widorvhead  are  none  better  than 
other,  to  be  saved  by,  in  their  own  nature. 
Tyndale,  Ans.  to  SirT.  More,  etc.  (Parker Soc,  18,i0),  p.  I.'i7. 

ITpon  you,  who  are  a  member  of  the  spouse  of  Christ, 
the  church,  there  can  fall  no  tridowticad,  nor  orphanage 
upon  those  children  to  whom  God  is  father. 

Donne,  Letters,  Ixxvi. 
widowhood  (wid'o-Iiud),  »i.  [<  ME.  wydow- 
hood,  wijdcKood,  Kidichode,  wideweliad ;  <  widow'^ 
+  -hood.']  1.  The  state  of  a  man  whose  wife 
is  dead,  or  of  a  woman  whose  husband  is  dead, 
and  who  has  not  married  again :  generally  ap- 


hearted  a  lass  as  any  in  all  t'  Riding,  though  now  yo . ,  .. 
poor  widow  bewitched.  Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xx.\ix. 
Widow's  chamber,  the  apparel  and  furniture  of  the  bed- 
chaml>er  of  the  widow  of  a  London  freeman,  to  which  she 
was  formerly  entitled.— Widows'  lawn,  a  kind  of  fine 
thin  muslin,  made  originally  for  widows'  caps.  [Eng.  ]  — 
Widow's  man.     .See  the  quotations. 

As  to  Square,  who  was  in  his  person  what  is  called  a 
jolly  fellow,  or  a  widow's  man,  he  easily  reconciled  his 
choice  to  the  eternal  fitness  of  things. 

Fielding,  Tom  Jones,  iii.  6.     (Dames.) 

Widow's  mfntire  imaginary  sailors,  borne  on  the  books, 
and  receiving  pay  and  prize-money,  which  is  appropriated 
to  Greenwich  Hospital. 

Marryat,  Peter  Simple,  vii.,  note.    (Dacies.) 

Widow's  mantle.    See  mantle.— WiAow's  ring.    Sec 

n'liyi.— Widows'  silk,  a  silk  fabric  made  with  a  very 

dull  surface,  and  considered  especially  fit  for  mcturning. 

-Widow's  weeds,  the  mourning-dress  of  a  widow. 


What  have  I  done  at  home,  since  my  Wife  died? 
Xo  Turtle  ever  kept  a  undowhood 
More  strict  then  I  have  done. 

Broine,  Queens  Exchange,  i. 
ifother  and  daughter,  you  behold  them  both  in  their 
uidotphood  —  Torceilo  and  Venice. 

Ituskin,  Stones  of  Venice,  II.  ii.  §  2. 
He  was  nmch  older  than  his  wife,  whom  he  had  married 
after  a  protracted  widouhood. 

Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVII.  im. 
2t.  A  widow's  right ;  the  estate  settled  on  a 
widow. 

For  that  dowry,  I'll  assure  her  of 
Her  widowhood,  be  it  that  she  survive  me. 
In  all  my  lands.  Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1.  12.'S. 

widow-hunter  (wid'6-hnn"ter),  n.  One  who 
seeks  or  courts  widows  for  the  .sake  of  a  joint- 
ure or  fortune.     Addiaon. 

■Widowly  I  wid'o-li),  adv.  [<  widow^  +  -li/-.]  In 
a  manjier  beiitting  a  widow.     [Kare.] 


widowl  (wid'o),  1. /.     [<  jr(f/oH-l,  «.]     1.  To  re-  'widow-maker  (wid'o-ma'''ker),  «.     One  who  or 


annsLltti^iii  Fi,;iires, 


called  a  triuM  (more  properly  a  /rwit/)- namely,  kama- 
cite  (Balkeneisen),  ttenite  (Kandeisen),  and  plessite  (Full- 
eisen)—  the  first  consisting,  wi  far  as  Itas  been  as  yet  made 
out,  of  distinct  plates  of  iron,  with  a  comparatively  small 
percentage  of  nickel ;  the  second  consisting  of  thitmer 
plates  enveloping  the  kamacite,  and  richer  in  nickel ;  and 
the  third  being  a  sort  of  ground-mass  filling  the  cavities, 
and  having  less  obvious  indications  of  structure  and  gener- 
ally a  darker  color  than  the  others.  It  has  frequently  been 
stated  that  some  meteoric  irons  do  not  exhibit  the  Wid- 
mannstattian figures,  and  that  consequently  tlieii-  absence 
is  not  a  pnK>f  of  non-celestial  origin  ;  it  is  certain,  how- 
ever, that  few,  if  any,  siderolites  do  not  show  traces  of 
some  kind  of  structure,  although  investigators  in  this 
branch  of  science  are  by  no  means  agreed  as  to  what  kiml 
of  figures  are  properly  designated  by  the  name  Wvi- 
nuinnMiittian.  A  somewhat  similar  uncertainty  prevails 
with  regard  to  the  figures  developed  by  etching  on  tlie 
terrestrial  iron  of  Ovifak  :  so  that,  at  the  present  time,  it 
cannot  be  said  that  the  Widmannstattian  figures  furnish 


(luce  to  the  condition  of  a  widow;  bereave  of 
a  husband  or  mate :  commonly  in  the  ])ast  par- 
tici])le. 

In  this  city  he 
Hath  widow'd  and  unchildtfd  many  a  one. 

.Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  6.  IfiS. 
We  orphaned  many  children, 
.And  widowed  many  women. 

Peacock,  VVarSong  of  Dinas  Vawr. 

2.  To  endow  with  a  widow's  right.     [Rare.] 

For  his  possessions. 
Although  by  contiscation  they  are  ours. 
We  do  instate  and  widow  you  withal. 
To  buy  you  a  better  husband. 

tShak..  M.  for  M.,  v.  1.  42ii. 


that  which  makes  widows  by  bereaving  women 

of  their  husbands. 

O,  it  grieves  my  soul 
That  I  must  draw  this  metal  from  my  sule 
'To  be  a  widow-maker!         Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2.  17. 

Widow's-cross  (wid'6z-kr6s),  *(.     .See  Scdum. 

'WidoW-wail  (wid'o-wal),  n.  1.  A  dwarf  hardy 
sljrub,  CiKorHni  tricoccon.  of  the  Simaruliacea', 
found  in  Spain  and  the  south  of  France.  It  has 
procumbent  stems.  Iance-shape<l  evergreen  leaves,  and 
clusters  of  pink  sweet-scented  rtowers.  'The  name  ex- 
tends to  the  only  other  species  of  the  genus,  C.  pulverti- 
lentum,  of  Teneriffe. 
2.  Same  iis  wccpiini-u-idow.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Widret,  ''•     An  obsolete  form  of  wither'^ 


3.  Figuratively,  to  deprive  of  anything  regarded  width  (width),  «.     [<  wide  +  -tli^.]    1.  Breadth; 


Dryden. 


as  analogous  to  a  hus'oand;  bereave 
times  with  of. 

'I'he  uidow'd  isle  in  mourning 
Dries  up  her  tears. 

Trees  o/ their  shrivell'd  fruits 
Are  witlow'd.  J.  Philips,  Cider,  ii.  74. 

4t.  To  survive  as  the  widow  of;  be  widow  to. 

Let  me  be  manted  to  three  kings  in  a  forenoon,  and 

widow  them  all.  Sltak.,  A.  and  C,  i.  2.  27. 


positive  criterion  by  which  the  authenticity  of  a  mete-  widOW^  (wid'o),  )(.      [Hhori  for  widow-bird.]     A 
.!„  I.....         ■       ..K.,..,„.i .  ..„.  ..  ..  .._....,..  .u..  ....„      whidah-bird.- Mourning  widow,  a  whiilah-bird  ,.f 

the  genus  Coliuxpass^.    See  I'irfw/M,^.  —  Widow  of  para- 
dise, one  of  the  whidah-birds.     See  Vidua  (with  cut). 

'Widow-bench  (wid'6-bench),  n.  That  share 
which  a  widow  is  allowed  of  her  husband's  es- 
tate, besides  her  jointure.      MlKirtou. 

widow-bird  (wid'o-berd),  «.      [An  aceom.  form 
(simulating  E.  widow^)  of  whidah-hird.] 
as  whidali-hird.     Also  widoir-flnch. 


oric  iron  may  be  established ;  yet  it  is  certain  that  well 
developed  figures  of  this  kind  ilo  render  it  highly  probable 
that  the  specimen  in  which  they  are  seen  is  extraterres- 
trial. A  classification  i»f  meteoric  irons  on  the  basis  of 
the  different  forms  of  figures  which  they  exhibit,  in  the 
present  condition  of  this  branch  of  science,  does  not  seem 
to  be  Justifiable,  although  this  has  been  attempted. 
widow'  (wid'o),  H.  [Formerly  also  widdow :  < 
ME.  wideirr,  iri/ilcwe,  iridwf^,  iridue,  irodnrc  (pi. 
widewrn,  widous),  <  AS.  widrwr,  wi/deirr,  wuduwe. 


wideness;  the  lineal  extent  of  a  thing  from  side 
to  side;  comprehensiveness:  ojjposed  to  nar- 

7-0U'IICS.1. 

Whence  from  the  width  of  many  a  gaping  wound. 
There 's  many  a  soul  into  the  air  must  fly. 

Drayton,  Battle  of  Agincourt,  st.  142. 
The  two  reniain'il 
Apart  by  all  the  chamber's  width. 

Tennyson,  (ieraint. 
2.  In  tcxtile.'i,  drci.imakiiig,  etc.,  same  as  lircadtli. 
•^.  =Syn.  1.  See  wide. 
■widthwise  (width'wiz),  adv.     In  the  direction 
of  the  width;  as  regards  the  width. 
The  stage  is  widthwise  divided  into  five  parts. 

Scrlhner's  Mag.,  IV.  436. 

widualt,  a.    An  erroneous  form  of  vidua!.    Bp. 
Bale.  Ajiology,  fol.  38. 
Same  wldwet,  widwehedt,  "•     Middle  English  forms 
of  widiiu'K  widowhood. 


widwr,  wudwr,  wroduwr  =  OS.  widuwa.  widoira.   widow-buTning  (wi(ro-ber''ning),  n.     Saine  as  'wiet,  'wyeH,  ".    [ME.  wic,  wye,  wige,  also  errone- 

leidwa  =  OFries.  widirr  =  I),  weduwf  =  L(i.     .suttee,  'i.  ' 

icedewr  =  <)ll(j.  witutca  (witiiwa),  MHti.  wiliwr.  'widow-duck(wid'6-duk),  ».  The Vieissy duck. 
witice,  a.  iritlwe  =  (Soth.  widuwo.  tridowo  =  W.  Dcndroei/i/ua  riduata,  one  of  the  best-known 
gweddw  =  OPriiss.  widdewu  =  OBulg.  vidorn    tree-ducks. 

=  Kuss.  rdora  =  L.  ritlua  (>  It.  reilova  =  Sp.  'Widower'  (wid'o-er),  n.  [<  ME.  widewer,  wid- 
riiula  =  Pg.  riiira  =  Pr.  rrurii  =  F.  reuri)  =  wrr  ='S\V>.  wediiwer  =  '^\y{(i.witewaerc,i~r.witt- 
Per«.  biva  =  Skt.  riiUiard.  a  widow;  ef.  (Jr.  wer,  a  later  substitute,  with  suffix  -er,  for  the 
^ideoc,  unmarried.      The  word   is  usually  ex-     AS.  wudmca,  a  widower,  etc.,  a  masc.  form  to 


ously  whe,  <  AS.  wit/a,  a  warrior,  <  wig,  war.] 
A  warrior;  poetically,  a  man. 

Missely  marked  he  is  way,  &  so  manly  he  rides 
Tliat  alle  his  uies  were  went  ne  wist  he  neuer  winder. 
William  of  Paler  ne  (E.  E.  T.  S. ),  1.  208. 
In  god.  Fader  of  lieuenc, 
Was  the  Sone  in  hym-selue  in  a  simile,  as  Eue 
Was,  whanne  god  wolde  out  of  the  wye  y-drawe. 

Piers  Plowman  (('),  xix.  230. 


I 


6381. 


vie 

The  Sonne  of  saint  Elaine,  the  seemelich  Ladie, 
That  weihe^  worshipen  yet  for  hur  werk  hende. 

Alimunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  1227. 

To  the  water  thai  went,  tho  nvghU!  to  gedur, 
Paris  to  pursew  with  prise  men  of  Armes. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3684. 

wielt,  »•     See  ireel^. 

wield  (weld),  r.  t.     [<  ME.  trehhii  (pret.  u-rUle, 

wafde,  tceltf,  icelded,  weldide,  pp.  welt),  <  AS.  ge- 

tceldan,  (leici/ldan,  have  power  over;  a  seeoii- 

darv  form  of  the  strong  verb,  ME.  u-alden,  wcal- 

rff  n"(pret.  wield),  <  AS.  wealdaii  (pret.  %i-e6ld,  pp. 

wealden),  have  power  over,  govern,  rule,  pos- 
sess. =  OS.  icaldaii  =  OFries.  w(i(da  =  D.  wel- 

deii   =   OHG.  waltaii,  dispose,  manage,  rule, 

MHG.   G.  wdlfeii,  rule,  =  Icel.  valda,  wield,  = 

Sw.  rSlhi  (for  "vAlda),  occasion,  cause,  =  Dan. 

volde,  commoulv  for-voldo,  occasion,  cause,  = 

Goth.waldaii,  govern;  cf.  Russ.rZarfjefo",  reign,  -vv-iesUTe'n  water, 

rule, possess     "' '       '  -'^  ...~>-j..i.  ...i« 

govern,  possess 

have  power 

sway  over 

Now  coronyd  is  the  kyng  this  cuntre  to  weld  ; 
Hade  homage  of  all  men,  &  honour  full  grete, 
And  began  for  to  gouerne,  as  gome  in  his  owne 
Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 

Adam  .  .  .  welte  al  Paiadys,  saving  o  tree. 

Chaucer,  Monk's  Tale,  1.  20. 

Thence  to  the  famous  orators  repair, 
Those  ancient,  whose  resistless  eloquence 
Wielded  at  will  that  fierce  democratic, 
Shook  the  arsenal,  and  fulniined  over  Greece. 

Milton,  P.  E.,  iv.  269. 

Where'er  that  Power  may  move  .  .  . 
Which  widds  the  world  with  never-weiu'ied  love. 

Shelley,  Adonais,  xlii. 

2.  To  use  or  exert  in  governing;  sway. 
Her  new-born  power  was  wielded  at  the  first  by  unprin- 
cipled and  ambitious  men.  De  Quiticey. 

3.  Hence,  in  general,  to  exercise ;  put  to  prac- 
tical or  active  use,  as  a  means,  an  instrument, 
or  a  weapon;  use  with  freedom  and  ease :  as,  to 
wield  a  hammer. 

Ac  his  Witt  welt  he  after  as  wel  as  to-fore. 

WUliam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  142. 

In  oure  chapitre  praye  we  day  and  nyght 
To  Crist  that  he  thee  sende  heele  and  myght 
Thy  body  for  to  weelden  hastily. 

Chaucer,  Summoner's  Tale,  1.  239. 

Part  widd  their  arms,  part  curb  the  foaming  steed. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  643. 

A  potent  wand  doth  Sorrow  wield. 

Wordsworth,  Peter  Bell. 

4t.  To  have;  possess;  enjoy. 

And  sum  prince  axide  him,  seyinge.  Good  niaister,  what 
thing  doynge  schal  I  wdde  euerlastyng  lyf  ? 

Wycl%f,  Luke  xviii.  18. 

And  alway  [he]  slewe  the  kynges  dere. 
And  welt  them  at  his  wyll. 
Lytell  Geste  of  Itobyn  Uode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  1(18). 

But  tell  me,  that  hast  seen  him,  Menaphon, 
What  stature  uields  he,  and  what  personage? 

Marlowe,  Taniburlaine,  I.,  ii.  1. 

To  wield  a  good  baton.    See  baton. 
■wieldt,  »•     [<  ME.  welde  (cf.  wtdde,  wulde,  <  AS. 
f/eweald,  power);  from  the  verb.]     Command; 
power;  management. 

Doo  weel  bi  hem  of  thi  good  that  thou  hast  in  welde. 
Babees  Urmk  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  43. 

wieldable  (wel'da-bl),  a.     [<  wield  +   -(ible.^ 

Capable  of  being  wielded. 
'wieldancet  (wel'dans),  ».     [<  wield  +  -o«ce.] 

The  act  or  power  of  wielding,     iij;.  Hall,  St. 

Paul's  Combat,  ii. 
wielder  (wel'der),  ».    [<  ME.  wcMcrp,  possessor 

(=G.  wiilter  =  Ic(A.  rtddari,  viddr,  ruler) ;  <  wield 

+  -fij'l.]     One  wlio  wields,  employs,  manages, 

or  possesses. 
Like  the  faliled  spear  of  old  mythology,  endued  with 

the  faculty  of  healing  the  saddest  wound  its  most  violent 

unelder  can  inflict. 

Landor,  Iniag.  Conv.,  Melanchthon  and  Calvin. 

Brisk  wielder  of  the  birch  and  rule, 
Tlie  master  of  the  village  school. 

Whittier,  Snow-Bound. 

'wieldiness  (wel'di-nes),  II.     The  property  of 

being  wicldy. 
'Wieldillgt   (wel'ding),  n.      [<   ME.   weeldipH/e  ; 

verbal  n.  of  wield,  ».]     Management;  control. 

Ye  have  hem  in  youre  myght  and  in  youre  weeldyngc. 
Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 

■wieldless  (weld'les),  a.  [Early  inod.  E.  weeld- 
le.tse ;  <  wield  +  -te«.s-.]  Unmanageable;  un- 
wieldy. 

That  with  the  weight  of  his  owmt  weeldlesHc  might 
He  falleth  nigh  tti  ground,  and  scurse  recoveretti  tliglit. 
Spenser,  ¥.  Q.,  IV.  iii.  10. 

wieldsomet  (weld'sum),  «.  [<  wield  +  -siiiiie. 
Cf.  (for  the  form)  G.  tjcwitll'iiiiii,  violciit,  pow- 


6922 


Wig 


erful.]     Capable  of  being  easily  managed  or 

wielded.     Goldinn.  .,  ,,    .^„  ,.  ,^  ,  i.    i,     •     u- 

■wieldy  (wel'di),  a.      [<  ME.  wcldy,  extended  -Wlfe-carl  (\vif  karl),  ».    A  man  who  busies  hiin 


A  wifC'bound  man  now  dost  thou  rear  the  walls 

Of  high  Carthage?  Surrey,  ^Eneid,  iv.  343. 


form  of  welde,  <  AS.  wylde,  dominant,  control- 
ling, <  wealduii,  rule,  govern  :  see  wield.  Cf.  uii- 
wield!/.'\  It.  Capable  of  wielding ;  dexterous; 
strong;  active. 

So  fressh,  so  yong.  so  iceldy  senied  he. 
It  was  an  beven  upon  him  for  to  se. 

Chajicer,  Troilus,  ii.  636. 

2.  Capable   of  being   wielded;    manageaVjle; 

wieldable;  not  unwieldy.     Johnson. 
wier,  )'.     See  weir. 

■wierdt,  'Wierdet,  «•   Obsolete  spellings  of  weird. 
■wieryif,  «•    An  old  spelling  of  wiry.    Compare 

.liery  for  firy. 
■wiery-t,  "•     [^  -AS.  wier,  a  pool,  a  fish-pond.] 

Wet;  moist;  marshy. 

See  water. 


lf=  D.  wijf  =  LG.  wief  = 
lolp,  G.  weil)  =  Icel.  vif  (used  only  in  poetry) 
=  Sw.  vif  =  Dan.  viv,  woman;  not  found  in 
Goth,  and  not  traced  outside  of  Teut. ;  root  un 


self  about  household  affairs  or  woman's  work. 
[Scotch.] 
'vnfehood  (vrifhiid),  «.  [<  ME.  wifliod,  wiif- 
hood,  <  AS.  wifhnd,  <  %eif,  wife,  +  had,  condi- 
tion.] Wifely  character  or  condition ;  the  state 
of  being  a  wife. 

She  taughte  al  the  craft  of  fyn  lovinge, 
And  namely  of  uryfhood  the  livinge. 

CItaucer,  Good  'Women,  1.  .545. 

The  stately  flower  of  female  fortitude. 

Of  perfect  wifehood.  Tennyson,  Isabel. 

'Wifekint  (wif'kin),  n.  [ME.,  <  wife  +  fc(«l.] 
Womankind.  Getiesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.), 
1.  &56. 

wifeless  (wif'les),  a.  [<  ME.  wiifles,  wyfles, 
wyflees;  <  wife  +  -less.']  Without  a  wife ;  un- 
married. 

Sixty  yeer  a  wyjUes  man  was  he. 

Chaucer,  Merchant's  Tale,  1.  4. 

■Wifelike  (-wif 'lik),  a.  [<  wife  +  -like.']  Kesem- 
bling  or  pertaining  to  a  wife  or  woman. 

Wifelike  government.  Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  4.  138. 

Wifdike,  her  hand  in  one  of  his. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 


known.    It  cannot  be  connected,  as  commoidy  —if.,„,„^f,y,^   „    re  MTi'  wUlu  JiHi  <  AS  wif 

tremble   L    Xw^^^  '^'  < '"X  ^fe  +  -lie,  ^. -ly^ .]     Pertaining  to 

tremble,  L,.  )  (0/«rf,  vioraie,  (luiver,  tjiiu.  nei  >,„fitti„<r  a  wlfp-  like  a  wife. 


ho»,  -waver,  be  inspired,  be  irresolute,  and  sup- 
pose that  the  word  orig.  meant  '  something  in- 
spired' (tlie  Germans  orig.  seeing  in  woman 
sanclnin  aliqnid  ct  providiim),  or  that  it  orig. 
meant  'trembling,'  with  ref.  to  the  timidity  of 
a  bride.     Some  connect  it  with  Goth,  waibjan. 


or  befitting  a  wife ;  like  a  wife. 
Yit  is  it  bet  for  me 
For  to  be  deed  in  wyfly  honestee 
Than  be  a  traltour  living  in  ray  shame. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2701. 

With  all  the  tenderness  of  wifdy  love. 

Dryden,  Amphitryon,  iii. 


wind,  twine,  in  bi-waibjaii,  wind  about,  clothe,  -wife-ridden  (wif'rid''n),  fl.     Unduly  influenced 

envelop,  because  of  a   woman's   'enveloping  by  a  wife;  ruled  or  tyrannized  over  by  a  wife ; 

clothing,'  or  because  she  is  tlie  'one  who  binds  henpecked. 

or  unites  herself .'    These  are  all  vagaries.    The  Listen  not  to  those  sages  who  advise  you  always  to  scorn 

earlier  Teut.  word,  the  one  with  other  Indo-Eu-  the  counsel  of  a  woman,  and  if  you  comply  with  her  re- 

ropean  cognates,  is  that  represented  by  queen,  quests  pronounce  you  wife-ridden.                  Mrs.  Piozzi. 

quean.    The  neuter  or  inadequate  significance  -wiflet,  »•     [Origin  obscure.]     A  kind  of  ax. 

of  the  word  isprob.  indicated  also  by  the  forma-  xj.  crosljowes  whereof  iij.  of  stele,  and  v  wyndas.    Item, 

tion  in  AS.  of  the  appar.  more  distinctive  word  i-  borespere.    Item,  vj.  vyiJUs.          Paston  Letters,  I.  487. 

wifman.  whence  ult.  E.  woman.]     1 .  A  woman :  'wifmant,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  woman. 

now  only  in  rural  or  provincial  use,  especially  in  •mg^,  n.     [<  ME.  wig,  <  AS.  wicg  =  Icel.  viggr 

Scotland,  and  usually  -svith  an  adjective,  or  in  (viggja-),  also  vigg,  a  horse,  steed;  conne^cted 


composition  with  a  noun,  implying  a  woman  of 
humble  position :  as,oldwi!!e,s-' tales;  afishtt'(/6". 
On  the  grene  he  saugh  sittynge  a  wyf ; 
A  fouler  wight  ther  may  no  man  devise. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1. 142. 

To  sink  the  ship  she  sent  away 

Her  witch  wives  every  one. 

The  Laidley  Worm  of  SpiiuXleston-tietigh  (Child's  Ballads, 

II.  284). 
She  .  .  .  shudder'd,  as  the  village  uife  who  cries 
"I  shudder,  some  one  steps  across  my  grave." 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

2.  The  mistress  of  a  house;  a  hostess:  called 
more  distinctively  the  goodwife  (correlative  to 
(joodman)  or  the  housewife. 

A  preest  .  .  . 

Which  was  so  pleasaunt  and  so  servisable 

Unto  the  wyf,  wher  as  he  was  at  table. 

That  she  woulde  suffre  him  no  thing  for  to  paye. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  4. 

3.  A  woman  who  is  united  to  a  man  in  the  law- 
ful bonds  of  wedlock;  a  man's  spouse:  the  cor- 
relative of  husband. 

He  3ede  forth  bliue 
To  Rymenhild  his  ivyue. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  21. 

The  Soudan  bathe  4  Wyfes,  on  Cristene  and  3  Sarazines ; 
of  the  wliiche  on  dwellethe  at  Jerusalem,  and  another  at 
Damasce,  and  another  at  Ascalon. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  38. 

A  good  u-ife  is  heaven's  last  best  gift  to  man,  his  angel 
and  minister  of  graces  innumerable,  his  gem  of  many  vir- 
tues, his  casket  of  jewels.  Jer.  Taylor. 

All  the  world  and  his  wife.  See  icorW.-- Auld  wives' 
tongues.  Heeaii/rf. -Deceased  Wife's  Sister  Bill.  Sec 
W«:'.— Dutch  wife.  See  D»/cA.— Inliibition  against 
a-srtfe.  SeeiHMWfion.— Old -wife.  See  did.— Old -wives' 
tale.  See  lalel.—  Plural  -wives,  consorts  or  concubines 
of  the  same  man  under  a  polygamous  union.—  Ratifica- 
tion by  a  wife.  See  ralijicalion.— Wife's  equity,in  law, 
the  general  rule  established  by  courts  of  equity  that  where 
a  husband  resorted  to  a  coui-t  of  equity  to  enforce  his  com- 
nion  law  marital  right  to  take  his  wife's  property,  that 
court  would,  in  general,  oblige  him  to  make  a  reasonal)le 
provision  out  of  the  fund  for  the  benefit  of  his  wife  and 
children.  This  doctrine  has  been  extended  or  superseded 
by  acts  wliich  secure  the  whole  property  of  a  wife  to  her- 
self. 
-wifet  (wif),  '-.  ;.  [<  wife,  »(.]  To  take  a  -«'ife; 
inaiTv. 

Bu.  .  .  .  An't  you  weary  of  irifeinfi  ? 
Po.  I  aju  so  weai7  of  it  that,  if  this  Eighth  should  die 
to  Day  I  would  ntarry  the  Ninth  to-Morrow. 

.V.  ISaileji,  tr.  of  Colloquies  of  Ei-asmus,  I.  348. 

■wife-bound  (wif 'bound),  n.  Devoted  or  tied 
down  to  ii  wife;  wife-ridden.     [Bare.] 


with' AS.  wegan,  earry:  see  way^,  weight-.] 
beast  of  burden,  as  a  horse  or  an  ass. 

Ac  theh  he  [were]  aire  louerdes  louerd,  and  aire  klngene 
ki(n)g,  natheles  he  sende  after  the  aire  unwurtheate  wig 
one  to  riden,  and  that  is  asse. 

Old  Eng.  Homilies,  2d  ser.,  p.  89. 

wig2  (wig),  n.  [Also  wigg  (and  erroneously 
whig) ;  early  mod.  E.  wygg'e  ;  =  D.  wig,  wigge,  a 
wedge,  =  G.  week,  wecke,  a  sort  of  bread :  see 
wedge^.]    A  sort  of  cake.    [Obsolete  or  local.] 

Home  to  the  only  Lenten  supper  I  have  had  of  wiggs 
and  ale.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  117. 

You  may  make  wigs  of  the  biscuit  dough,  by  adding .  .  . 
currans.  Coll.  of  Keceipts,  p.  2.    (Jamitson.) 

■wig3  (wig),  j(.  [Abbr.  ot  peritcig :  see  periwig 
and  peruke.]  1.  An 
artificial  covering 
of  hair  for  the  head, 
used  generally  to 
conceal  baldness, 
but  formerly  worn 
as  a  fashionable 
head-dress.  Wigs  are 
usually  made  to  imitate 
the  natural  hair,  but 
formal  curled  wigs  are 
worn  as  part  of  their 
professionjil  costume  by 
judges  and  lawyers  in 
Great  Britain.  Wigs  are 
much  used  on  the  stage. 
See  peruke. 

I  have  often  wanted 
him  to  throwoff  his  great 
flaxen )«!/; .  .  .  with  his 
usual  Gothic  vivacity, 
lie  said  I  only  wanted 
.  .  .  to  convert  it  into  a 
tete  for  my  own  wearing. 

Goldsmith,  .She  Stoops 
[to  Conquer,  ii. 

I  never  believe  any- 
thing that  a  lawyer  says 
when  he  has  a  wig  on  his 
head  and  a  fee  in  his 
hand. 

Trollope,  Phineas  Re- 
|dux,  Ixi. 

2.  The  full-gro-wn 
male  fur-seal  of 
Alaska.  Callnrhinus 
ur.iinus.  See  cut  un- 
under  fur-seal. — 3. 
The  head.  [Col- 
loq.]  — Allonge  wig. 


Forms  of  Wig  worn  in  Great  Brilain 
in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. 

i.TimeofJaraesl.:  2.  time  of  Charles 
I.:  3,4.5,  Ke-storation.  Charles  II.;  6,7, 
time  of  James  II.  and  Anne:  8.  9,  time 
of  William  and  Mary  ;  ro,  campaign 
wig,  1684:  II.  Ramilie  wig,  1730;  18. 
tjob-H-ifi,  1742;  13.  14,  the  Macaronis* 
wig,  1772;  15,  16.' wigs  of  1774-80:  17. 
18,  wigs  of  1785-95. 


wig 

See  alloTige.— Blenheim  wigt,  a  periwig:  m  named  in 
honor  of  the  battle  of  Blenheim  (1704).— Campaign 
Wig,  a  wig  used  in  traveling,  with  twisted  side-locks 
ana  curled  forehead.  See  10  in  cut  on  preceding  page. 
—  Cauliflower  wig,  a  variety  of  peruke  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  close  curled,  and  covered  with  powder  :  so  named 
from  its  supposed  resemblance  to  a  head  of  cauliflower 
when  served  at  the  table.— Welsh  wig,  a  worsted  cap. 
Simmonds. 
Wig3  (wig),  t'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  irigijrd,  ppr.  win- 
ging. [<  (fiV/S,  II.,  the  orig.  sense  being  perhaps 
■  to  put  a  wig  on,'  i.  e.  to  set  right  witliout  cere- 
mony, or  'to  snatch  at  (one's)  wig,'  to  ruffle  or 
handle  (one)  without  ceremony.  Compare  icig- 
ging,  where  the  ref.  to  ear-wigging  in  the  quo't. 
is  prob.  humorous,  the  term  meaning  '  wigging 
into  one's  private  ear,'  but  alluding  to  earwig. 
an  annoying  insect.]  To  rate  or  scold  severely. 
[Colloq.] 

If  you  wish  to  'scape  ■wi'jgino.  a  dumli  wife 's  the  dandy  ! 
Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  386. 

Wi^an  (wig'an),  «.  [Prob.  from  the  town  of 
tt^gaii  in  Lancashire,  Eng.]  A  stiff,  open  can- 
vas-like fabric,  used  for  stiffening  and  protect- 
ing the  lower  inside  surface  of  skirts,  etc. 

Wigandia  (wi-gan'di-a),  II.  [NL.  (Kunth, 
1818),  named  after  J.  H.'  JUganil  (1769-1817), 
a  physician  in  Hamburg.]  A  genus  of  gamo- 
petalous  plants,  of  the  order  Hi/dropliyllaccse 
and  tribe  Xaineif.  It  is  characterized  hy  a  broadly 
bell-shaped  corolla,  commonly  exserted  stamens,  and  a 
two-valved  capsule.  There  are  :i  or  4  closely  related  spe- 
cies, widely  dispersed  through  mountain  regions  of  tropical 
America.  They  are  tall,  coarse,  rough  hairy  herbs,  with 
large  rugose  alternate  leaves  and  conspicuous  forking  scor- 
pioid  cymes.  They  are  sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament 
or  as  curiosities.  W.  urenx  has  been  called  Caracas  bit/- 
lea/. 

wig-block  (wig'blok).  «.  A  block  shaped  like 
the  top  of  the  head,  designed  to  support  a  wig 
in  the  process  of  making  or  when  not  in  use. 

wigeon,  «.     See  widgeon. 

Wigged  (wigd),  a.  [<  iciifi  +  -rd'i.'l  Having 
the  heail  covered  with  a  wig;  wearing  a  wig. 

Tlic  best-wigg'd  Pr-n-e  in  Ohristendom. 

Moore,  Twopenny  Post-bag. 

At  one  end  of  this  aisle  is  raised  the  Speaker's  chair,  be- 
low and  in  frontof  which,  invading  the  spacesof  the  aisle, 
are  the  desks  of  the  \fi(f<jeil  and  gi  >wned  clerks. 

W.  WUmn,  rongressional  (Jovernment,  ii. 

wiggen-tree,  'wiggin-tree  (wig'ou-tre,  wig'in- 

tre),  n.  Hamons  iriekin-trfi:  Uritt/n  and  Hal- 
land.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wiggert,  a.     An  obsolete  form  of  wicl.cr^. 

Wiggery  (wig'er-i),  n.;  pi.  wiggrrici  (-iz).  [< 
10(1/3  -f  -eri/.]  1.  The  work  of  a  wig-maker; 
false  hair.     [Rare.] 

She  was  a  ghastly  thing  to  loi>k  at,  as  well  from  the 
quantity  aa  from  the  natine  of  the  iriii'jerieif  which  she 
wore.  Trollope,  I>ast  (.'hroniclc  of  Barset,  xxiv. 

2.   Excess  of  formality ;  red-tapism. 

There  is  yet  in  venerable  wigged  .Justice  some  wisdom 
unid  such  mountains  of  irO:ipriei  and  folly. 

Carlyle.  Paat  and  Present,  ii.  17.    (IMvieif.) 

'wigging  (wig'ing),  II.    A  scolding.     See  wi</3,  v. 

If  the  head  of  a  firm  calls  a  clerk  into  the  parlour  and 
rebukes  him,  it  is  an  eann'^^'/i^ ;  if  dotie  before  the  other 
clerks,  it  is  a  tri-j*fin'j.  Ilotten's  SlatKj  Diet. 

'Wiggin-tree,  «.  See  wiggen-tree. 
wiggle  (wig'l).  r.  t.  and  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wig- 
gled, ppr.  wiggling.  [<  ME.  icigcleii  (=  MD. 
leighelen  =  Mllti.  trigelen),  reel,  stagger;  prob. 
H  var.  form  of  waggle.'}  To  waggle;  wabble; 
wriggle.  [Provincial  orcolloq.] 
'Wiggle  Cwig'l),  n.     [<  wiggle,  c]     A  waggling 

or  wriggling  motion. 
Wiggler  (wig'ler),  H.     One  who  or  that  which 

wriggles. 
wiggletail  (wig'1-tal),  ».     Same  as  wriggler. 
■Wighert,  '•.  i.     [Prob.  imitative;  cf.  E.  dial,  ire- 
Af'-.  ir(/i(>,  neigh,  whinnv.]    To  neigh;  whinny. 
[Rare.  J 

Sir  Per.  .See  you  this  tail '? 
Dind.  I  cut  it  from  a  dead  horse  that  can  now 
Neither  iriijher  nor  wag  tail. 

Heau.  and  Fl.  (?),  Faithful  Friends,  iii.  2. 

'Wighiet,  «.  [Also  weliee;  prob.  imitative;  cf. 
wigher.]     Tlie  neighing  of  a  horse  ;  a  neigh. 

Whan  the  hors  was  lans,  he  ginnctli  gon  .  .  . 

Forth  with  Wehei:      Chauee.r,  Beeves  Tale,  1. 14«. 
Hange  on  hyin  the  beuy  brydel  to  holde  hi.>  bed  lowe, 
For  he  wil  make  leehe  tweye  er  be  be  tlicrc. 

Piem  Ploinmtn  (B),  iv.  2'2. 

wight'  (wit),  w.  [<  MK.  Wight,  wi/glif.  wi?t, 
wiht,  <  AS.  Willi,  wnlit,  iniht,  neut.  iind  f.,  a  crea- 
ture, animal,  person,  thing.  =  OS.  wiht.  thing, 
pi.  demons,  =  D.  wiehl.  »  <diild,  =  OIKi.  wiht, 
m.  and  neut.,  thing,  cieature,  ])i'isoii.  MIK!. 
wihl,  creature,  thing,  <«.  wieht.  being,  i-ri^ature, 
babe,  =  Iccl.  cdttr,  a  wight,  vietUi,  a  whit,  =  Sw. 


6923 

vdtier,  vatt  =  Dan.  vietl£,  an  elf,  =  t4oth.  waihts, 
f.,  tpaJAi,  neut.,  athing;  prob.  orig. ' something 
moving'  (a  moving  object  indistinctly  seen  at 
a  distance,  whether  man,  child,  animal,  elf,  or 
demon),  <  AS.  wegan,  etc.,  move,  stir,  carry : 
see  weight,  wag^.  The  word,  by  a  phonetic 
change,  also  appears  as  mod.  E.  whit^.  It  also 
appears  unrecognized  in  aught,  naught,  ho/1.] 
1 .  A  person,  whether  male  or  female ;  a  human 
being:  as,  an  unlucky  wight. 

There  schulle  thei  fynde  no  Wight  that  will  selle  hem 
ony  Vitaille  or  ony  thing.         Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  130. 
To  you,  my  purse,  and  to  non  other  wi<jht 
Compleyne  I,  for  ye  be  my  lady  dere. 

Chaxieer,  Complaint  to  his  Purse,  1.  1. 
She  was  a  icight,  if  ever  such  wight  were,  .  .  . 
To  suckle  fools  and  chronicle  small  beer. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1.  159. 
N'o  living  wight,  save  the  Ladye  alone. 
Had  dared  to  cross  the  threshold  atone. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  i.  1. 

2t.  A  preternatural,  unearthly,  or  uncanny 
creature ;  an  elf,  sprite,  witch,  or  the  like. 

*'I  crouche  thee  from  elves  and  fro  vnghteg," 
Therwith  the  nyght-spel,  seyde  he  anonriglites. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  I.  293. 

3t.  A  space  of  time ;  a  whit;  awhile, 
she  was  falle  aslepe  a  litle  wight. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  363. 

wight^  (wit),  a.  [<  ME.  Wight,  wijght,  wicht, 
wyte,  wiht,  teigt,  nimble,  active,  strong,  <  Icel. 
rigr  (neut.  fi/ft),  serviceable  for  war,  in  fight- 
ing condition  (=  Sw.  vig  (neut.  vigt),  nimble, 
active,  agile),  <  fig  (=  AS.  wig),  wiir;  cf.  vega, 
fight,  smite,  (ioth.  weihan,  fight,  strive,  con- 
tend, L.  vincere,  conquer:  see  victor,  vincible. 
Cf.  wie,  wye,  a  warrior.]  Having  warlike  prow- 
ess; valiant;  courageous;  strong  and  active; 
agile;  nimble;  swift.     [Archaic] 

He  was  a  knight  full  kant,  the  kynges  son  of  Lice, 
And  a  uright  mon  in  wcr,  wild  of  his  dedis; 

Pegtniction  o/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  6085. 
I  is  ful  wight,  God  wat,  as  is  a  ra. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  166. 

Le  BalafriS  roared  out  for  fair  play,  adding  "that  he 

would  venture  his  nephew  on  him  were  he  as  uright  as 

Wallace."  Scott,  Quentin  Durward,  xxxvii. 

wigllt'''t,  "•     -^  Middle  English  form  of  weight^. 

wight't,  ».     See  witel. 

'Wightlyt  (wit'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  wightly,  wihtliche, 

wigtliehc,   wi^tli ;  <   wight"  -I-  -/y-.]      Swiftly; 

nimbly;  quickly;  vigorously;  boldly. 

Wi.jtliche  with  the  child  he  went  to  his  house, 
and  bi-tok  it  to  his  wif  tijtly  to  kepe. 

Waiiam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  65. 
Sho  went  vp  tcightlg  by  a  walle  syde 
To  the  toppe  of  a  toure,  &  tot  ouer  the  water 
Ffor  to  loke  on  hir  luffe,  longyng  in  hert. 

Destruction  o/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  862. 
ii&  wightli/  thou,  and  I  sal  keepe  hym  heere. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  182.    (Uarl.  MS.) 
For  day  that  was  is  wightiy  past. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cat,  September. 

■wightnesst  ('wit'nes),  n.     [<  ME.  wightiies;  < 
wight-  -I-  -nes.'i.']     Courage;  vigor;  bravery. 
Thurgh  my  leightnes,  I-wysse,  &  worthi  Achilles, 
We  bane  .  .  .  getyn  to  the  grekis  this  ground  with  oure 
help.  Destruction  o/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  12108. 

'Wighty  (wi'ti),  o.     [<  wight^  -I-  -//I.]    Strong; 

active.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
wigless  (wig'les),  a.    [<  icig^  -t-  -tes*-.]    Without 
a  wig;  wearing  no  wig. 

Though  irigtess,  with  his  cassock  torn,  he  bounds 
From  .some  facetious  squire's  encouraged  hounds. 

Colman,  "Vagaries  Vindicated. 

■wig-maker  (vvig'ma"ker),  n.  One  who  makes 
wigs,  or  who  keeps  up  an  establishment  for 
the  making  and  selling  of  wigs. 

'Wigre'Ve  (wig'rev),  n.  [For  'wickrecre :  <  ME. 
'wikrere.  <  AS.  wic-gerefa,  a  village  or  town  of- 
ficer who  had  supervision  of  sales,  <  wie,  town, 
+  gerefa,  reeve:  see  ic/ct^and  reere'^.']  A  bailiff 
or  steward  of  a  hamlet. 

'Wig-tail  (wig'tSl).  n.  The  tropic-bird.  See 
cut  under  I'haifthan. 

The  wig-tail,  a  white  bird  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon, 
having  two  long  flexible,  streamer-like  tail  featliers." 

Amer.  Naturalist,  X.\II.  862. 

wig-tree  (wig'tre),  ».  The  Venetian  sumac, 
or  smoke-tree,  llhnn  Cotiniis:  so  named  from 
its  puffy  peruke-like  inflorescence.  See  ninake- 
tree  and  ^nnifte,  2. 

wigwag  (wig' wag),  r.  i.  [A  varied  redupl.  of 
ttYff/t.]  To  move  to  and  fro;  specifically,  to 
signal  by  nu)vements  of  flags.     [Collo([.] 

'Wigwag  (wig'wag),  (/.  and  n.  [<  wigwag,  »i.] 
I.  ((.  Writhing,  wriggling,  or  twisting. 

His  midil  embnicing  with  wig  wag  eirculed  hooping. 

Stanihurst,  Mnnid,  ii.  2.'iO. 


Wild 

II.  n.  1.  A  rubbing  instrument  used  by  watch- 
makers. It  is  attached  by  a  crank  to  a  wheel  of  a  lathe, 
which  gives  it  a  longitudinal  movement  of  reciprocation. 
E.  U.  Knight. 

2.  Signaling  by  the  movements  of  flags:  as,  to 
practise  the  wigwag.     [CoUoq.] 

In  the  army  wig-wag  system,  a  flag  moved  to  right  and 
left  during  the  day,  and  a  white  light  moved  over  a 
stationary  red  one  at  night,  are  readily  made  to  answer 
the  same  purpose.  Sci.  Amer.,  LIV.  16. 

■wigwag  (wig'wag),  adv.  [An  elliptical  use  of 
wigwag, ».]  To  and  fro ;  with  wiggling  motion : 
as,  to  go  wigwag  back  and  forth.     [CoUoq.] 

wigwam  (wig'wam),  a.  [Formerly  also  week- 
waiii ;  from  an  Algonkin  word  represented  by 
Etehemin  weekwahm,  a  house,  week,  his  house, 
neek,  my  house,  keek,  thy  house,  Massachusetts 
week  or  wek,  his  house,  wekou-om-ut.  in  his  or 
their  house,  etc. ;  Cree  wikiwdk,  in  their  houses.] 
1.  The  tent  or  lodge  of  a  North  American 
Indian,  generally  of  a  conical  shape  and  formed 
of  bark  or  mats,  or  now  most  often  of  skins. 


>y//' 


Wigwam. 

laid  over  poles  (called  lodge-poles)  stacked  on 
the  ground  and  converging  at  the  top,  where  is 
left  an  opening  for  the  escape  of  smoke. 

Ye  Indeans  .  .  .  departed  from  their  wigwames. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  428. 

Finch,  of  Watertown,  had  his  wigwam  burnt  and  all  his 
goods.  Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  43. 

"We  then  marched  on,  .  .  .  and,  falling  upon  several  Wig- 
wams, burnt  them. 

Colt.  Mass.  Hi.1t,  Soc.  (1677),  2d  ser.,  VIII.  142. 

When  they  would  erect  a  wigwam,  which  is  the  Indian 
name  for  a  house,  they  stick  saplins  into  the  ground  by  one 
end,  and  bend  the  other  at  the  top,  fasteinng  them  together 
by  strings  made  of  tlbrous  roots,  the  rind  of  trees  or  of  the 
green  wood  of  the  white  oak,  which  will  rive  into  thongs. 
Beverley,  Virginiii,  iii.  T]  10. 

2.  A  large  Iniilding;  especially,  a  large  struc- 
ture in  which  a  nominating  convention  or  other 
political  gathering  is  held.     [Slang,  U.  S.] 
■wig-weaver  (wig '  w6  "  ver),    «.     A  wig-maker. 
[Hare.] 

Her  head  .  .  . 

Indebted  to  some  smart  wig-weaver's  hand 

For  more  than  half  the  tresses  it  sustains. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  543. 

■wike't,  "•  A  Middle  English  form  of  weeki^, 
wick'^,  wiek*. 

■wike^t,  n.  [<  ME.  wike,  oiiiee,  service ;  appar. 
a  use  of  wike,  etc.,  week;  cf.  Goth,  wiko, 
course,  <  L.  *vix  (vie-),  change,  regular  succes- 
sion, office,  service:  see  ?;ice*,  week.'}  Office; 
service. 
Ich  can  do  wel  gode  wike.     Owl  and  Nightingale,  I.  603. 

■wike^  (wik),  n.  [Cf.  «ci(!A-n'l.]  A  temporary 
mark,  as  a  twig  or  brauchlet,  used  to  divide 
swaths  to  be  mown  in  commons,  etc.  Also 
called  wicker.     [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

■wiking  (wi'king),  n.  [An  adaptation  of  AS. 
wleing:  seo  viking.'}     A  viking.     [Rare.] 

From  the  "  wik,"  or  creek  where  their  long-ship  lurked, 
the  Wilcings,  or  "creek-men, '  as  the  adventurers  were 
called,  pounced  upon  their  prey. 

J.  It.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  66. 

'Wikket,  a.    A  Middle  English  spelling  of  icick'^. 

■wildl  (wild),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  wildr.  wielde, 
also  wille,  ivill,  wil,  <  AS.  wild,  tmtamed,  wild, 
=  OS.  wildi  =  OFries.  v^ilde  =  D.  wilil,  savage, 
proud,  =  OHG.  wildi,  MHG.  wilde,  G.  wild, 
wild,  savage  (as  a  noun,  wild  beasts,  game), 
=  Icel.  )'(■//)•  (for  "rililr).  wild,  also  bewilder- 
ed, astray,  confused,  =  Sw.  Dan.  vild  =  Goth. 
wiltheix,  wild,  uncultivated;  prob.  orig.  'self- 
willed,'  'wilfnl,'  with  orig.  pp.  suffix  -d  (as  in 
old,  cold,  etc.),  from  the  root  of  wiWi;  cf.  W. 
gwyllt,  wild,  savage,  gwyllys,  the  will.  Henee 
wild.  «.,  wildernesx,  wilder,  bewilder,  etc.]  I. 
a.    1.  Self-willed;  wayward;   wanton;   impa- 


vUd 

tient  of  restraint  or  control;  stirring;  lively; 
boisterous;  full  of  life  and  spirits;  hence,  frol- 
icsome ;  giddy ;  light-hearted. 

Pardon  me  if  I  suspect  you  still ;  you  are  too  wild  and 
airy  to  be  constant  to  that  affection. 

Shirley,  Witty  Fair  One,  ii.  2. 

That  the  jrtid  little  thing  should  take  wing;  and  flyaway 
the  Lord  knows  whither  '.  Cnlman,  Jealous  Wife,  iii. 

A  trild,  unworldly-minded  youth,  given  up 
To  his  own  eager  thoughts. 

Wordtworth,  I'relude,  iv. 

Philip  was  a  dear,  good,  Irank,  amiable,  vild  fellow,  and 
they  all  loved  him.  Thackeraij,  Philip,  v. 

2.  Boisterous;  tempestuous;  stormy;  \-iolent; 
turbulent;  furious;  uncontrolled:  used  iu  both 
a  physical  and  a  moral  sense. 

But  that  still  use  of  grief  makes  wad  grief  tame. 
My  tongue  should  to  thy  ears  not  name  my  boys 
'1111  that  my  nails  were  anchor'd  in  thine  eyes. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4.  229. 

His  passions  and  his  virtues  lie  confused, 

And  mixt  together  in  so  wild  a  tumult 

That  the  whole  man  is  quite  disfigured  in  him. 

Addvfon,  Cato,  iii.  2. 

Long  after  night  had  overclouded  the  prospect  I  heard 
a  wUd  wind  rushing  among  trees. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  v. 


3t.  Bold;  brave;  daring;  wight. 

Of  the  gretist  of  Grece  &  of  gret  Troy, 

That  he  hade  comyng  with  in  company,  &  knew  well  the 

persons, 
As  the  worthiest  to  wale  &  wildeitt  in  Armys. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4023. 

4.  Loose  and  disorderly  in  conduct ;  given  to 
going  beyond  bounds  in  pleasurable  indul- 
gence; ungoverned;  more  or  less  dissolute, 
wayward,  or  unrestrained  in  conduct;  prodi- 
gal. 

He  kept  company  with  the  wild  prince  and  Poins. 

Shak.,  M.  \V.  of  W.,  iii.  2.  74. 
Suppose  he  has  beene  wild,  let  me  assure  you 
He's  now  reclaim'd,  and  has  my  good  opinion. 

Brome,  .Sparagus  Garden,  iv.  7. 

5.  Reckless;  rash;  ill-considered;  extravagant; 
out  of  accord  with  reason  or  prudence ;  hap- 
hazard: as,  a  !f/W  venture ;  ip/W  trading. 

If  I  chance  to  talk  a  little  wild,  forgive  me; 
I  had  it  from  my  father.     Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  4.  -M. 
Are  not  our  streets  daily  filled  with  trUd  pieces  of  jus- 
tice and  random  penalties?  Addition,  Tatler,  No.  2.53. 
The  wildegt  opinions  of  every  kind  were  abroad,  "divers 
and  strange  doctrines,"  witli  every  wind  of  which  men, 
having  no  longer  an  anchor  whereby  to  hold,  were  car- 
ried about  and  tossed  to  and  fro.     Smdhey,  liunyan,  p.  Ki. 

Johnson,  the  young  bowler,  is  getting  mild,  and  bowls  a 
ball  almost  wide  to  the  off. 

T.  IlmjheK,  Tom  Brown's  School- Days,  ii.  8. 

6.  Extravagant;  fantastic;  irregular;  disor- 
dered; weird;  queer. 

Wild  in  their  attire.  Sluik.,  Macbeth,  1.  :i.  40. 

Oft  in  her  [Eeason's]  absence  mimic  fancy  wakes 
To  imitate  her  :  but,  misjoining  shapes. 
Wild  work  produces  oft.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  112. 

When  man  to  man  gave  willing  faith,  and  loved 
A  tale  the  better  that  'twas  wild  and  strange. 

Bryant,  .Stella. 

7.  Enthusiastic;  eager;  keen;  especially,  very 
eager  with  delight,  excitement,  or  the  like. 
[Chiefly  colloq.] 

And  there. 
All  wild  to  found  an  Ilniversity 
For  maidens,  on  the  spur  she  fled. 

Tennyson,  Piincess,  i. 

As  for  Dolly,  he  was  wild  about  .  .  .  the  town,  and  the 
castle,  and  the  Black  Forest. 

Whyte  Melville,  White  Rose,  I.  xxviii. 

8.  Excited;  roused;  distracted;  crazy;  be- 
tokening or  indicating  excitement  or  strong 
emotion. 

Your  looks  are  pale  and  wild.     Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  v.  1.  28. 
I  grow  wild. 
And  would  not  willingly  believe  the  truth 
Of  my  dishonour.     Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  1. 

The  fictions  of  Oates  bad  driven  the  nation  wild. 

Macaulay,  Hist.  Eng.,  vi. 

9.  Wide  of  the  mark  or  direct  line,  standard, 
or  bounds. 

The  catcher  .  .  .  must  begin  by  a  resolution  to  try  for 
everything,  and  to  consider  no  ball  beyond  his  reach,  no 
matter  how  wUd.  W.  Cainp,  St.  Nicholas,  XVII.  8:il. 

10.  Living  in  a  state  of  nature  ;  inhabiting  the 
forest  or  open  field;  roving:  wandering;  not 
tame;  not  domesticated;  feral  or  ferine:  as, 
a  wild  boar;  a  KiUl  ox  :  a  ifUd  cat  ;  a  KiUl  bee. 
More  particularly  —  (a)  Xnting  those  animals  which  in 
their  relation  to  man  are  legally  styleil  .ferte  natune  (which 
see,  under  ferse):  opposed  to  tame^ ,  1  (6)  (1). 

There  aboute  ben  many  goude  liylles  and  fayre,  and 
many  fayre  Wo<jde8,  and  eke  wylde  Hecstes. 

StatulevUle.  Travels,  p.  127. 

In  the  same  forrest  are  many  nnld  Bores  and  mild 
Stagges.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  35. 


6924 

(6)  Noting  beasts  of  the  chase,  game-birds,  and  the  like, 
which  are  noticeably  shy,  wary,  or  hard  to  take  under  cer- 
tain circumstances:  opposed  to  taine^,  1  (&)  (2):  as,  the 
birds  are  wUd  this  morning. 

11.  Savage;  uncivilized;  ungoverned;  unre- 
fined; ferocious;  sanguinary:  noting  persons 
or  practices. 

The  icUdesl  savagery.  .SAo*.,  K.  John,  iv.  3.  48. 

Nations  yet  ^Hld  by  Precept  to  reclaim. 
And  teach  em  Arms,  and  Arts,  in  William's  Name. 

Prior,  Carmen  Seculare  (1700),  st.  37. 

12.  Growing  or  produced  without  culture ;  pro- 
duced by  unassisted  nature,  or  by  wild  ani- 
mals; native;  not  cultivated:  as,  wiW parsnip; 
WJW  cherry;  ic/M  honey. 

With  wild  wood-leaves  and  weeds  I  ha'  strcw'd  his  grave. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2.  390. 

It  were  good  to  try  what  would  l>e  the  effect,  if  all  the 

blossoms  were  pulled  from  a  fruit-tree,  or  the  acorns  and 

chestnut  buds,  etc.,  from  a  mild  tree. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  4.'i(]. 

13.  Desert;  not  inhabited ;  uncultivated. 
And  that  contre  is  full  of  grete  foreste,  and  full  wylde 

to  them  of  the  selue  contre.         Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  32. 
These  high  wUd  hills  and  rough  uneven  ways 
Draws  out  our  miles,  and  makes  them  wearisome. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  ;!.  4. 

The  plain  was  grassy,  wild,  and  bare. 

Tennyson,  Dying  Swan. 

A  Wild  shot,  arandom  or  chance  shot. — Ethiopian  wild 

boar.  Same  as  AaHi^^.  See  cut  under  PAamcte™*.- 
Indian  wild  lime.  See  Limonia.—'Io  ride  the  wild 
maret.  See  ride.— To  run  ■wild,  (a)  To  grow  wild  IU' 
savage ;  take  to  vicious  courses  or  a  hwse  way  of  living,  (ii) 
To  escape  from  domestication  and  revert  to  the  feral  state. 
(c)  To  escape  from  cultivation  and  grow  in  a  wild  state.— 
To  SOW  one's  Wild  oats.  Seeortf.— Wild  allspice.  Same 
as  spice-hush. -yrm  ananas,  angelica.  See  the  nouns. 
—  'Wild  animals,  those  animals,  and  especially  those 
beasts,  which  have  not  been  reclaimed  from  the  feral 
state,  or  ilomesticated  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  man : 
technically  called  /erse  natune. —Wild  anise-tree.  .See 
nnisc— 'Wild  apriOOt.  See  apricot.  — VfUd.  ash.  See 
as/il, — "Wild  ass,  any  member  of  that  section  of  the 
genus  Equus  to  which  the  domestic  ass  belongs,  except 
this  species.  There  are  several  species  or  varieties,  not 
all  of  which  are  well  determined,  native  of  northern 
Africa,  and  especially  of  western  and  central  Asia  Some 
are  very  large,  strong,  and  swift  animals,  which  have  been 
distinguished  from  remote  antiquity,  and  were  formerly 
hunted  for  sport  or  for  their  flesh.  Representations  of 
the  chase  of  wild  asses  are  found  on  Assyrian  monuments, 
and  the  Hebrew  words  translated  'wild  ass'  in  the  Bible 
indicate  their  swift-footedness.  .See  dziggetai  and  onager 
(with  cuts)  and  femio)i«.— 'Wild  balsam-apple,  barley, 
basil.  See  the  nouns.— Wild  bean.  HKvApiusmvXStro- 
phostyles.—'Wm  bee,  any  bee  excepting  the  hive-bee  as 
domiciled  by  man.  Both  social  and  solitary  wild  bees  are 
of  very  numerous  species  and  many  genera  of  the  two 
families  Apidss  and  Andrenidee.  See  these  words,  and 
also  such  distinctive  names  as  bumblebee,  carj)enter-bee, 
upholsterev-hee,  etc.,  with  various  cuts ;  also  imtson-bee,  and 
cuts  under  Anthophora  and  A'l/iocopa.- Wild  beet,  Beta 
maritima  of  Europe,  the  supposed  original  of  the  cultivated 
beet;  also,  sometimes,  the  marsh-rosemary,  Statice  Limo- 
«iuj«.— Wild  bergamot,  a  strongly  aromatic  labiate 
plant,  Monarda  fisttilosa,  connnon  in  dry  ground  in  North 
America.     The  corolla  is  eonnnonly  purplish,  an  inch  long. 

—  Wild  birds,  those  birds  which  are  not  domesticated  ; 
specifically,  in  Eng.  law,  those  birds  that  come  within  the 
provisions  of  an  act  passed  in  18S0,  entitled  the  Wild  Birds 
Protection  .\ct,  which  prohibited  the  taking  or  killing  of 
any  wild  bird  between  certain  dates  of  each  year,  with  some 
exceptions.  But  the  species  designated  in  the  schedule  an- 
nexed to  the  act  were  but  about  eighty  in  immber,  thus  in- 
cluding but  a  small  fraction  of  the  actual  avifauna  of  Eng- 
land; and  some  of  the  commonest  song-birds  it  was  de- 
sired to  protect  by  this  act  were  left  unspecified.- Wild 
boar,  buckwheat.    See  the  nouns.— wild  brier,  the 

dogrose,  Rosa  canina ;  also,  the  sweet-brier,  liosa  riibi- 
(/inosa.  — Wild  camomile.  Same  as /eoer/cw,  1.  — Wild 
canary,  the  American  goldfinch,  Spinus  or  Chrysmnitris 
tristis.  See  cut  under  jroWrfiicA.  [Local,U.S.l—Wlld  ca- 
per. Same  as  caper-spurge  (which  see,  under  spurge).— 
Wildcat.    See  iriirfcn!.— Wild  celery.    See  I'diiisiwrwi. 

—  WUd  cherry,  chestnut,  china-tree,  cicely.  See  the 
nouns.— Wild  clnnaimon  of  the  West  Indies.  See  Ca- 
tulla'.—yfild  clary,  clove,  cucumber,  cumin.  See 
the  nouns.— Wild  coffee.  See  cofee  and  Triosteum.— 
Wild  columbine.  See  honeysuckle,  2.— Wild  cotton. 
(a)  Same  as  cotton-grass,  (b)  See  /po?n«?a.— Wild  dOg,  any 
feral  dog,  or  dog  in  the  state  of  nature  ;  also,  a  ferine  dog,  or 
one  run  wild  after  domestication  ;  a  pariah  dog  ;  specifi- 
cally, the  native  wild  dog  of  Australia,  Cnnis  dingo.  See 
Canis,  CyoyV^,  and  cuts  under  buatmiah,  dhole,  and  dingo. 

—  Wild  dove,  in  the  United  States,  the  common  Carolina 
dove,  or  mourning-dove,  Zenaidura  carolinensis.  The  im- 
plied antithesis  is  wild  pigeon,  namely,  the  passenger-pi- 
geon. See  cut  under  done.- Wild  duck,  any  duck  except- 
ing the  domesticated  duck ;  specifically,  the  wild  original 
of  the  domestic  duck.  Anas  boscas  (or  boschas,  or  boskas). 
Seecutundermoiiord.- Wild  elder.  See fMcra.  — Wild 
engine.  («)  A  locomotive  running  over  a  railway  without 
regard  to  schedule  time,  (b)  A  locomotive  which  by  some 
accident  or  derangement  has  escaped  from  the  c(jntrol  of 
its  driver.— Wild  fig.  See  /iff'-'.— WUd  flag.  See  Pater- 
«)Hia.— WUd  fowl  See  M'iid-/OTri.  — WUd  ginger.  See 
i/JHr/erl.- WUd  goat,  any  species  of  the  genus  Capra,  in 
a  broad  sense,  which  has  not  been  domesticated,  as  the 
ibex,  etc. ;  specifically,  the  wild  original  of  the  domestic 
goat,  C.  irgagrus  (sec  mgagrui,  with  cut).  Several  differ- 
ent Hebrew  words  rendered  alike  *wild  goat'  in  the  Bible 
in  different  places  are  believed  with  good  reason  to  mean 
any  one  of  the  ibexes,  steinbocks.  or  bouquetins  of  Syria, 
Palestine,  Arabia,  and  parts  of  Egypt— as,  for  example, 
the  beden  or  jaal-goat.  technically  C.  )aala  or  )aela,  and 
as  inhabiting  .Mount  Sinai  named  C.  sinaitim  by  Hemp- 


wildcat 

rich  and  Ehrenberg.  These  wild  goats  differ  little  from 
the  common  ibex  of  the  Alps  —  WUd  goOSe,  a  bird  of  the 
goose  kind.  orgemisAnser  in  a  broad  sense,  which  is  wild 
or  feral.  In  Great  Britain  the  common  wild  goose  is  the 
graylag,  Anser  cinereus  or  ferus,  and  the  term  is  applied 
to  all  the  other  species  which  visit  that  country.  (.See  cut 
under  graylag.)  In  North  America  wild  goose  unquali- 
fied commonly  means  the  Canada  goose,  Bernicla  cana- 
dengis.  See  cut  under  Bcr?iic/a.— WUd-goose  chase. 
See  cAa»el.— WUd-gOOSe   plum.      See  p?«ml.  — WUd 

gourd.    See  vine  of  Sodom,  under  cine.  —WUd  hay,  hide, 
Oney,  hyssop.  See  the  nouns.—  WUd  hop,  the  common 
bryony,  Bryonia  dioica.—  WUd  horse,  any  specimen  of  the 
horse,  Equwi  caballus,  now  living  in  a  state  of  nature. 
The  wild  original  of  the  horse  is  unknown.     All  the  wild 
horses  of  America  and  Australia,  and  probably  all  those 
of  Asia,  are  the  ferine  (not  truly  feral)  descendants  of  the 
domestic  hoi-se,  which  have  reverted  to  the  wild  state. 
—WUd  huntsman,  a  legendary  huntsman,  especially  in 
Germany,  who  with  a  phantom  host  goes  careering  over 
woods,  fields,  and  villages  during  the  night,  accompanied 
with  the  shouts  of  huntsmen  and  the  baying  of  hounds.— 
Wild  hyacinth,  in  the  United  States,  the  eastern  camass, 
Cantansia  (ScUla)  Fraseri;  in  England,  the  bluebell,  Scilla 
nutans.  — 'WilA  indigo.     See  Amorpha  and  Baptima.- 
Wild  ipecac,  ipecacuanha  growing  wild  ;  also,  Tri/Meum 
per/oliaturn.—WUd  Irishman,  a  rhamnaceons  shrub,  Dis- 
caria  auslralis,  of  New  Zealand  and  Australia,  having  a 
tortuous  stem  and  opposite  branches  of  which  the  outer- 
most form  sharp  spines,  the  leaves  small,  in  fascicles,  ab- 
sent in  old  plants.- WUd  Jalap.     Same  as  man-o/the- 
earth.  — Vfili  Jasmine.    Hee  Jatnnine  and  Izora.—Wili 
kale,  land,  lettuce,  Ucorice,  mangosteen,  etc.    See 
the  nouns.  — WUd  lemon,  the  May-apple  Podophyllum 
peltatum :  so  named  from  the  form  and  color  of  the  fruit 
— 'WUd  lime.    See  limeM,  Limonia,  and  tallow-nut.— "WilA 
mallogany,  the  white  mahogany  of  Jamaica,  Aniirrhcea 
bilurcata.—  WilA  mammee-apple,  the  West  Indian  tree 
liheedia  tuterifolia,  of  the  G««i/er«>.— WUd  mandrake, 
the   May-apple  Podophyllum  peltatum.— WUd  mango. 
See  Spondias.—'WilA  mare,    (a)  The  nightmare.    Halii- 
well.    IProv.  Eng.)  (6)  A  seesaw.    SAat.,  2  Hen.  IV..  ii.  4. 
2fi8.— WUd  marjoram.     See  marjoram,  and  cut  under 
Origatnnn.-'Wila.  masterwort.    Same  as  herb-gerard.- 
WUd  mustard,  nep,  oat.   See  the  nouns.— WUd  okra. 
See  J/aiacAra.- WUd  oUve,  onion,  oyster.     See  the 
nouns.— WUd  orange,  (a)  See  orange.  (6)  The  West  Indi- 
an euphorbiaceous  tree  Drypetes  glauca.   (c)  Gsertnera  ra- 
ginata,  of  Reunion,  without  ground  reported  as  a  fit  substi- 
tute for  coffee :  often  misnamed  viussa-nda.-WiiA  peach. 
See  uild orange.— WMveaX,  pigeon,  plum,  potato,  etc. 
See  the  nouns.-  WUd  pine,    (a)  The  Scotch  pine,  Pinus 
sylcestris.    (6)  In  the  West  Indies,  a  plant  of  the  genus 
TillanAsia,  especially  T.  utriculata.—  'Wili  pineapple. 
See  pineapple,  3,  penguin'^,  and  igtle. —  Wild  pink.     See 
.S»(en«.— WUd  prune.    See  Pofjwo.— WUd  purslane, 
rice,  sarsaparilla,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— Wild  rye.  See 

r.i/e  and  Terrell  grass.—  WUd  sheep,  the  wild  original  of 
tile  domestic  sheep,  or  any  feral  species  of  the  genus  0cm 
in  a  broad  sense.  (See  0(*i«  and  «Aecpl.)  Various  species 
inhabit  mountains  and  high  plateaus  of  Europe,  Asia,  Af- 
rica, and  North  America,  as  the  aoudad,  the  argali,  the 
bighorn,  the  burrhel,  the  mouflon,  etc.  See  the  distinctive 
names,  including  cuts  under  aoudad.  argali,  bighorn,  and 
thian-shan.—Wiid  silkworm,  any  silkworm  other  than 
the  ordinary  domesticated  Sericaria  niori.  See  silkirnrm. 
—WUd  snowball  same  as  rcdroot,  1.—  WUd  Spaniard. 
Same  as  spear-grass,  3.— WUd  spinach,  BQuUl,  straw- 
berry, succory,  swan.  See  the  nouns.— WUd  sweet- 
pea.  see7V;)/i;o«a— WUd  sweet-william.  Bee  Phlox. 
—WUd  tamarind,  tea,  tobacco.  See  the  nouns.— WUd 
tuberose.  See Spiranthes.—Vil& ttUip,  turkey, vanU- 
la,  vine,  woad,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— WUd  woodbine, 
the  Virgmia  creeper.  The  yellow  jasmine,  (,'elseniium  sem- 
perrirens,  has  been  called  Carolina  it-Ud  iroodbine. —WQi 
wormwood.  SeeParWieniiim.- WUd  yam.  See  yam. 
=  Syn.  1  and  6.  Rude,  impetuous,  irregular,  unrestrained, 
harebrained,  frantic,  frenzied,  crazed,  fanciful,  visionary, 
strange,  grotesque. 

II.  H.  1.  A  desert;  an  uninhabited  and  un- 
c-iUtivated  tract  or  region;  a  waste. 

The  vasty  unlds 
Of  wide  Arabia.         Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  7.  41. 
One  Destiny  our  Life  shall  guide  ; 
Nor  Wild  nor  Deep  our  common  Way  divide. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma. 

We  can  now  tread  the  regions  of  fancy  without  interrup- 
tion, and  expatiate  in  fairy  wilds.     Goldsmith,  Criticisms. 
He  would  linger  long 
In  lonesome  vales,  making  the  u-ild  his  home. 

Shellfy,  Alastor. 
2.  i>l.  Wild  animals;  game. 
In  mareis  and  in  mores,  in  myres  and  in  wateres, 
Dompynges  dyueden  [dived] ;  "deere  God,"  ich  sayde, 
'■  Wher  hadden  these  milde  suche  witt  and  at  what  scole  t " 
Piers  Plowman  (C),  xiv.  169. 
At  wlldt,  crazy ;  distracted. 

Trust  hym  never  the  more  for  the  bylle  that  I  sentyow 
by  hym,  but  as  a  man  at  wylde,  for  every  thyng  that  he 
told  me  is  not  trewe.  Paslon  Letters,  III.  179. 

wild-t,  "■  An  obsolete  variant  of  Weald,  per- 
haps due  to  confusion  with  iiild^. 

A  franklin  in  the  wild  of  Kent. 

Shak.,  IHen.  IV.,  ii.  1.  «0. 

'wild-brain  (wild'bran),  }i.  A  giddy,  volatile, 
lieedless  person  ;  a  harebrain. 

I  nuist  let  fly  my  civil  fortunes,  turn  wHd-brain,  lay  my 
wits  upo'  th'  tenters,  you  rascals. 

Middleton,  Mad  World,  i.  1. 

'Wildcat  (wild'kat),  «.  and  o.  I.  «.  1.  A  cat  of 
the  original  feral  stock  from  which  have  de- 
scended some  varieties  of  the  domestic  cat ;  the 
European  Fclis  cntiis.  living  in  a  state  of  nature, 
not  artificially  modified  iu  any  way.  Hence  — 
2.  One  of  various  species  of  either  of  the  genera 


wildcat 

Fclisand  Lynx;  especially,  in  North  America, 
the  bay  lynx  (L.  ntfu,s)  and  Canada  lynx  (L.  ca- 
nadensis), and  sometimes  the  cougar  (F  eon- 
color).  Seecafl,  and  cuts  under  couoar  and  lynx. 
11.  a.  Wild ;  reckless ;  haphazard :  applied 
especially  to  unsound  business  enterprises :  as 
mldcdt  banking  (see  below);  u-ildcat  currency 
(currency issued  by  a  wildcat  bank);  a  loildcat 
scheme  (a  reckless,  unstable  venture);  wildcat 
stock  (stock  of  some  wildcat  or  unsound  com- 
pany or  organization).     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

The  first  night  of  our  journey  was  spent  at  Ashford  in 
h^;i.TH"H"k"""^r  *'=  '"■rived  late  in  the  evening  arS 
here  the  bother  of  vrild^at  currency,  as  it  was  afterward 
called,  was  forced  upon  our  attention.  a"erwara 

JoHah  Quincy,  Figures  of  the  Past,  p.  196. 


6925 

These  paths  and  bowers  doubt  not  but  our  joint  hands 
W  lU  lieep  from  uiMemess  with  ease. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ix.  246. 
=  Syn.  1.  WiXderwM,  Desert.    .See  desert^ 
Wilde's  incision.     In  otology,  a  free  incision 


_  The  present  system,  though  an  immense  imnrovement 

S■d^a'■.T^'£"fl;^'"='<'■■°8™'^°"^  o'^l  b"eTotTtate 
^v„S^^;f  ''?'J^'  ""•'  «™°Bht  ruin  in  1836  and  1857,  is 
neyertheless  of  the  same  dangerous  character. 

-V.  A.  Rev.,  CXLI.  199. 
""?.'^?'*  banking,  a  name  given,  especially  in  the  west 

d^L"'^'* ^^*-^]?  "■?  »P«™«o"s  "f  organizations Zvt 
diTiduals  who,  under  the  loose  .State  banking-laws  which 

fST^I^,'^  'f  "'■''  "'•'  P'''^'««  "'  ""=  -^■«tionTBankIct  of 

?nTii«?e  or  no'IlpTa?.""'^  "'  "'^"""'"^^  "-«••  ^^ ' 

l^^nC^A  f^'^M'""''^'"  irredeemable  governn^,entissnls 
SpintTaVl?ee''„''ir"'"'^^"™"'"''^'''^^'^'^'l"«'<''^'« 
W.  G.  .Sumner,  Andrew  Jackson,  p.  363. 
Wildcat  engine.    .See  engine 

Wildebeest  (wii'de-bast),  ».  m.,  =  e  tciid 
_befist.2  The  gnu.  [South  Africa.] 
Wilder  (wil'der),  r.  t.  [A  freq.  form,  <  uild,  a 
prob.  suggested  by  wilderne.'i.s,  and  as  to  form 
by  wander.  Hence  bncilder.]  To  cause  to  lose 
the  way  or  track  ;  puzzle  with  mazes  or  diffi- 
culties; bewilder. 

So  that  it  mlderd  and  lost  it  selfe  in  those  many  by- 
*       •  Purcftag,  Pilgrimage,  p.  364. 

We  are  a  widow's  three  poor  sons, 
Lang  wilder  d  on  the  sea. 

Jiimner  Uafmand  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  254). 
„   .       ,       ,^  When  red  mom 

Made  paler  the  p,ale  moon,  to  her  cold  home, 
WUdered  and  wan  and  panting,  she  returned. 

Shelley,  Alastor. 
Wllderedly  (wil'd6rd-li),  ade.     [<  wihUred,  pp., 
•■';•?-'•  i"  a  wildered  manner;  bewilderedly; 
wildly;  incoherently. 

It  is  but  in  thy  passion  and  thy  heat 
Thou  speak'st  so  unlderedly. 

Sir  II.  Taylor,  Isaac  Comnenns,  ii.  2. 
Wildering  («il'der-ing),  H.     Same  as  wildino. 
Wllderment  (wll'der-ment),   n.      [<   wilder  + 
-mciit.    Ct.  bewilderment:]    Bewilderment;  con- 
fusion.    [Poetical.] 

This  tmlderment  of  wreck  and  death. 

Moore,  Ulla  Rookh,  Tlic  Fire  Worshippers. 

.So  in  wildermmt  of  gazing  I  looked  up,  ami  I  looked  down. 

Mr».  Bromini/,  I«st  Bower,  st.  .')7. 

Wildemt,  «■     [ME.,  also  wHdenw;  prob.  <  AS 

"tcildern,  <  wilder,  a  reduced  form  of  wildeor. 

Wild  dfor,  a  wild  beast :  see  wiUn  and  deer.   Of 

icildernes.s.'i     A  wilderness. 

Alse  wuremes  breden  on  wfldeme. 

Rcliquisp  Antiqn/F,  I.  130. 
wilderness  (wil'der-nes),  «.  [<  ME.  wildrr- 
n<:t.fc,  wyldernys  (=  MD.  wilflerni.t.ie);  <  wildern 
(or  the  orig.  AS.  wilder)  +  .»?,,«.]  l.  a  tract 
of  land  inhabited  only  l)y  wild  beasts;  a  desert 
whether  forest  or  plain.'  ' 

And  after  that  Men  comen  out  of  Surreye,  and  cntren 
In  to  Wyldemesse,  and  there  the  Weyc  is  sondy. 

Mandedlle,  Travels,  p.  34. 
Ich  wentc  forth  wyde  where  walkyngc  myn  one 
In  a  wylde  uytdrrnfuHe  by  a  wode-syde. 

Pier»  I'lmnnan  (C),  xi.  61. 
O  for  a  lodge  in  some  vast  trildernem, 
Some  boundless  contiguity  of  shade! 
.  Caliper,  Task,  ii.  1. 

2.  A  wild;  a  waste  of  any  kind. 

Environ'd  with  a  tcUdernmx  n(  sea. 

Shak.,  'I'lt.  And.,  iii.  1.  94. 


down  to  the  bone  over  the  mastoid  process, 
made  m  certain  cases  of  disease  of  the  ear. 
Wlld-flre  (wild'fir),   «.     [Early  mod.  E.  wylde 
Jyer,  wylde  fyre ;  <  ME.  wilde  fir,  toylde  /««)•, 
wylde  fyr,  wilde  fur,  wylde  fur ;  <  loihn  +  lire.-] 
1.   A  composition  of  inflammable  materials 
readily  catching  fire  and  hard  to  be   extin- 
guished; Greek  lire:  often  used  figuratively. 
Faith  his  sheild  must  be 
10  quench  the  balles  of  irilde-.fyer  presentlie. 

Tiynes'  WhisUe  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  145. 
Balls  of  toUdfire  may  be  safely  touch'd, 
-Not  violently  sunder'd  and  thrown  up. 

Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  2. 
I  was  at  that  time  rich  in  fame  —  for  my  book  ran  like 
mld-Jire.  Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxx. 

2.  Sheet-lightning;  a  kind  of  lightning  unac- 
companied by  thunder. 

What  is  called  "summer  lightning"  or  "mid-tire"  is 
sometimes  a  rather  puzzling  phenomenon. 

P.  G.  Tait,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIII.  330. 
St.  The  blue  flames  of  alcohol  burnt  in  some 
dishes  when  brought  on  table,  as  with  plum- 
puddmg. 

Swiche  maHcre  bake-metes  and  dissh-metes  brennynge 
of  mldejir,  and  peynted  and  castelled  with  papir. 

Chancer,  Parson's  Tale. 
4.  In  coal-mining,  the  name  formerly  some- 
times given  by  miners  to  flre-danp.— 5.  Ery- 
sipelas; also,  lichen  eircumscriptus,  an  erup- 
tive disease,  consisting  of  clusters  or  patches 
of  papula?. 

A  wylde  fyr  upon  thair  bodyes  falle. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  252. 
6.  A  disease  of  sheep,  attended  with  inflam- 

Zf}]?""^  f-  «ie  skin.-'v^ud-flre  rash,  a  skin  eruption, 
usually  of  infants  only,  consisting  of  papules  arranged  in 
circumscribed  patches  appearing  in  succession  on  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  Ixxiy  ;  strophulus  volaticus 
Wild-flying  (wild'fli"ing),  a.     Flighty. 
If  any  thing  redeem  the  emperor 
From  his  n-ild-flyiuy  courses,  this  is  she. 

Bean,  and  Fl.,  Valentinian,  i.  2. 
Wild-fowl  (wild'foul),  n.  [<  ME.  wi/lde  fowie, 
wyyldefowle,  <  AS.  wild-fuqel,  wild  fowl':  see 
wd<n  and/ow/l.]  The  birds  of  the  duck  tribe 
collectively  considered;  the  Auatidse ;  water- 
fowl: sometimes  extended  to  other  birds  ordi- 
narily pursued  as  game. 
Wildgrave  (wild'grav),  n.  [=  G.  wildgraf;  < 
wild,  game,  -I-  graf,  count :  see  wild^  and  greive^.-] 
The  title  of  various  German  counts  or  nobles 
whose  office  originally  was  connected  with  the 
forests  or  with  hunting. 

The  Wildrprave  winds  his  bugle-horn, 
To  horse,  to  horse !  halloo,  halloo ! 

Scott,  Wild  Huntsman. 
Wilding  (wil'ding),  n.  and  a.    [<  wiUn  +  -ingS.} 
I.  «.  A  plant  that  is  wild  or  that  grows  with- 
out cultivation;  specifically,  a  wild  crab-apple 
tree  ;  also,  the  fruit  of  such  a  plant. 
And  uildinijg  or  the  seasons  fruite 
He  did  in  scrip  bestow. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  iv.  29. 
A  choice  dish  of  loildings  here,  to  scald 
And  mingle  with  your  cream. 

B.  Jomon,  .Sad  .Shepherd,  ii.  2. 
Matthew  is  in  his  grave,  yet  now 
Me  thinks  I  see  him  stand 
As  at  that  moment,  with  a  bough 
Of  wildimj  in  his  hand. 

Wordsworth,  Two  April  Mornings  (1799). 


A  leafless  wilding  shivering  by  the  wall. 

Lowell,  Under  the  Willows. 


The  watery  n-ildemem  yields  no  supply. 

Waller,  Instruction  to  a  Painter. 
3.  A  part  of  a  garden  set  apart  for  plants  to 
grow  in  with  unchecked  luxuriance.  //«/*.  nirt. 
—  4.  A  confuse<l  or  bewildering  mass,  heap,  or 
collection. 
Rome  is  but  a  mtderness  of  tigers. 

.Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iii.  1.  54. 
The  land  thou  hast  left  a  irildemcm  of  wretches. 

Fletcher,  Hoiuiuca,  v.  1. 
Flowering  wiours,  cassia,  nard,  and  balm  ; 
A  wUdemess  of  sweets.  Milton,  P.  L.,  v.  294. 

6t.  Wildness. 

Such  a  warjied  slip  of  vnlderness 
N'e'er  issued  from  his  bl<Mid. 

Shak.,  .M.  for  M.,  iii.  1.  14'2. 
4.35 


II.  a.  Wild;  not  cultivated  or  domesticated. 
[Poetical.] 

O  unlding  rose,  whom  fancy  thus  endears, 
•       I  bid  your  blossoms  in  my  bonnet  wave. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iv.  1. 
Whose  fleld  of  life,  by  angels  sown. 
The  icUding  vines  o'erran. 

Whittier,  William  Forster. 
wildisll(wil'dish),  «.    [<jc(Ml -f -!.«/(!.]    Some- 
what wild. 
He  is  a  little  icildish,  they  siiy. 

Richardson,  Pamela,  I.  xxxii. 
'Twonid  be  a  wildish  destiny 
If  we,  who  thus  together  roam 
In  a  strange  Land  and  far  from  home. 
Were  in  this  place  the  guests  of  Chance. 

Wordsworth,  Stepping  Westward. 
wildly  (wild'li),  adv.     In  a  wild  state  or  man- 
ner, in  aiiv  sense. 

Wildlyt  (wild'li),  «.     [(.wiUn  +  -Iji^.-]     Wild. 
Lest  red-eyed  Ferrets,  wildly  Foxes  should 
Them  undermine,  if  ranipir'd  but  with  mould. 
S.  Clarke,  Four  Plantations  in  ATuerica  (1670),  p.  32 


•wilful 

wildness  (wild'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  wyldenesse,  wild- 
iiesse {(it  G.  wildniss,  desert,  wilderness);  <  wJWl 
+  -ness.;\  1.  The  state  or  character  of  being 
wild,  in  any  sense. 

The  perelle  of  youth  for  to  pace 
Withoute  ony  deth  or  distresse. 
It  is  so  fulle  of  wyldenesse. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  4894. 
Wilder  to  him  than  tigers  in  their  wildness. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  980. 
Take  heed,  sir;  be  not  madder  than  you  would  makehinr 
Though  he  be  rash  and  sudden  (which  is  alibis  unldness) 
rake  heed  you  wrong  him  not.        Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  v.  6. 
2t.  A  wild  place  or  country;  a  wilderness. 
Thise  tyraunts  put  hem  gladly  not  in  pres, 
No  wUdnesse  ne  no  busshes  for  to  winne. 
TTT-iji.  o,  ,  CAaw«r,  Former  Age,  L  34. 

Wild  s  case.    See  easel. 

Wild-'williams   (wild-wil'yamz),   n.      An   old 
name  of  the  ragged-robin," Z^oA«is'  Flos-cticuli. 
■Wlld-Windt  (wild'wind),  «.     A  hurricane. 

In  the  year  of  our  Lord  1639,  in  November,  here  hap- 
pened an  hirecano  or  wUd-wind.    ftitter.  Worthies,  1. 495. 
wild-wood  (wild'wiid),  n.  and  a.     I.  n.  The 
wild,  unfrequented  woods ;  a  forest. 
The  orchard,  the  meadow,  the  deep  tangled  wad-wood 

S.  Woodworth,  The  Old  Oaken  Bucket. 
II.  a.  Belonging  to  wild,  uncultivated,  or  un- 
frequented woods.     [Poetical.] 

Aye  the  wild-wood  echoes  rang  — 
Oh,  dearly  do  I  love  thee,  Annie ! 

Bttrm,  By  Allan  Stream. 
wilel  (wil),  n.  [<  ME.  wile,  wi/le.  <  AS.  wil,  wile 
(also  m  comp.  flyge-wil,  'a  flying  wile,'  an  ar- 
row); cf.  Icel.  vel,  vail,  an  artifice,  wile,  craft 
device,  fraud,  trick  ( >  OF.  guile,  >  E.  guile :  see 
ffHjfel).]  A  trick  or  stratagem ;  anything  prac- 
tised for  msnaring  or  deception ;  a  sly,  insidi- 
ous artifice. 

Bot  hit  is  no  ferly,  thaj  a  fole  madde. 
And  thurg  -wyles  of  wymmen  be  wonen  to  sor,-;e 
Atr  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2415. 
Put  on  the  whole  armour  of  God,  that  ye  may  be  able  to 
stand  against  the  unles  of  the  devil.  Eph.  vi.  11. 

Quips,  and  cranks,  and  wanton  wiles, 
Nods,  and  becks,  and  wreathed  smiles, 
Such  as  llang  on  Hebe's  cheek. 

MUton,  L' Allegro,  I.  27. 
=  Syn.  Manoeuver,  Stratagem,  etc.    See  artifice 
Wllei  (wil),  i\  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wiled,  ppr.  wil- 
ing.   l<wdei,  H.]    It.  To  deceive ;  beguile ;  im- 
pose on. 

So  perfect  in  that  art  was  Paridell 
That  he  Malbeccoes  halfen  eye  did  wyle; 
His  halfen  eye  he  wiled  wondrous  well.  ' 

Spenser,  ¥.  (j.,  III.  x.  .">. 

2.  To  lure;  entice;  inveigle;  coax;  ca.jole. 
Say,  whence  is  yond  warlow  with  his  wand 
That  thus  wold  wyle  oure  folk  away? 

Toioneley  Mysteries,  p.  60. 
She  wUed  him  into  ae  chamber, 
She  uiled  him  into  twa. 
Sir  Hugh,  or  the  Jew's  Daughter  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  332). 
But  court  na  anither,  tho'  jokin'  ye  be. 
For  fear  that  she  wile  your  fancy  frae  me. 

Burns,  Oh  Whistle  and  I'll  Come  to  you. 

3.  To  shorten  or  cause  to  pass  easily  or  pleas- 
antly, as  by  some  diverting  wile :  in  this  sense 
probably  confused  with  while. 

Seated  in  two  black  horsehair  porter's  chairs,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  fireplace,  the  superannuated  Mr.  and  Mrs 
hmallweed  wde  away  the  rosy  hours. 

Dickens,  Bleak  House,  xxi. 
■wile^t,  II.     A  Middle  English  form  of  whilei. 
WlleSf,  n.     Same  as  iciUr^,  IVeald  (f). 

The  earth  is  the  Ix)rds,  and  all  the  corners  thereof-  he 
created  the  mountaines  of  Wales  as  well  as  the  wiles  of 
Kent.  Howell,  Forreine  Travcll  (ed.  Arber),  p.  29. 

wilful,  Willful  (wil'ful),  a.     [<  ME.  leilful,  wil- 
.lull,  wylfulle,  willfulle;  <  wiin,  v.,  -h  -ful,-]    If 
Willing;  ready;  eager;  keen. 

With  his  ferefull  foike  to  Phocus  hee  rides, 
And  is  n-afull  in  werk  to  wirchen  hem  care, 

Alisaunder  of  Macedoine  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  412. 
As  thai  past  on  the  payment  the  pepull  beheld, 
Haden  wonder  of  the  weghes,  *  unlftdde  desyre 
lo  know  of  there  comyng  and  the  cause  wete, 
Ihat  were  so  rially  arait  *  a  rowte  gay. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3,S3. 
When  walls  are  so  wUful  to  hear  without  warning 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  v.  1.  211. 

2.  Due  to  one's  own  will;  spontaneous;  vol- 
untary; deliberate;  intentional:  as,  h'(7/«/ mur- 
der; teilful  waste. 

Alle  the  sones  of  Israel  halewiden  wU.ful  thingis  [brought 
a  willing  oflermg,  A.  V.  ]  to  the  Lord.     Wyclif  Ex.  xxxv.  29. 
■I'he  bye  God  on  whom  that  we  bileeve 
In  iciljul  poverte  chees  to  lyve  his  lyf. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  323. 

3.  Obstinate  and  unreasonable;  not  to  be 
moved  from  one's  notions,  inclinations,  pur- 
poses, or  the  like,  by  counsel,  advice,   com- 


wilful 

mands,  or  instructions  ;  obstinate  ;  stubborn ; 
refractory;  wayward;  inflexible:  as,  a  wilful 
man;  a  irilful  horse. 

Like  a  icU/tU  youth, 
That  which  I  owe  is  lost. 

Shak.,  SI.  of  v.,  i.  1.  146. 
A  ipHfu'  man  never  wanted  woe. 
Battle  0/  Penlland  Hilh  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  242). 

Wilful flre-ralslng.  Sanieasar»o»i.  [Scotch. l=S3fn.  3. 
Untoward,  Contrary,  etc.  (see  wayward),  self-willed,  mul- 
ish, intractable,  headstrong,  unruly,  heady. 
wilifulheadt  (wil'tul-lied),  n.  [ME.  wilfulhed; 
<  wilful  +  -head.'\  Wilfulness ;  perverse  obsti- 
nacy. 

And  nat  be  Ij-k  tiraunts  of  Lumbardye, 
That  usen  imlfxdhed  and  tirannye. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women  (Ist  version),  1.  355. 

wilfuUingt,  ".  [_<  iiilfiil  +  -iiig^.']  A  wilful  act. 
[Rare.] 

Great  King,  no  more  bay  with  thy  vrU/ullingg 
His  wrath's  dread  Torrent. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii..  The  Lawe. 

wilfully,  willfully  (wil'ful-i),  adv.  [<  ME. 
wilfullij,  u-ilfiilli,  icijlfullji,  wilfulliche;  <  wilful  + 
-ly-.'\  If.  Of  free  will  or  choice;  willingly; 
voluntarily;  gladly;  readily. 

Fede  ye  the  flok  of  God  that  is  among  you,  and  purvey 
ye,  not  as  constreyned,  but  wU^fulli.      Wycliif,  1  Pet.  v.  2. 

Be  noujte  abasshed  to  bydde  and  to  be  nedy ; 
Syth  he  that  wroiigte  al  the  worlde  was  wUf-ulllch  nedy. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  xx.  48. 
Trowe  ye  that  whyles  I  may  preche. 
And  winne  gold  and  silver  for  I  teche. 
That  I  wol  lyve  in  povert  wilfxdly. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Pardoner's  Tale,  I.  155. 
They  wilfully  themselves  exile  from  light. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  D.,  iii.  2.  386. 

2.  By  design;  with  set  purpose ;  intentionally; 
especially,  in  a  wilful  manner;  as  following 
one's  own  will;  selfishly;  perversely;  obsti- 
nately; stubbornly. 

For  he  that  winketh  whan  he  sholde  see, 
Al  tvilfuUy,  God  lat  him  never  tliee. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  I.  612. 

The  mother,  .  .  .  being  determinately,  lest  I  should  say 
of  a  great  lady  wil/ully,  bent  to  marry  her  to  Demagoras, 
tried  all  ways.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

Surely  of  such  desperat  persons  as  will  mtt/ully  followe 
the  course  of  theyr  owne  follye  there  is  noe  compassion 
to  be  had.  Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

If  we  sin  wil/ully  after  that  we  have  received  the  know- 
ledge of  the  truth,  there  remaineth  no  more  sacrifice  for 
sins.  Heb.  x.  26. 

Religion  is  a  matter  of  our  freest  choice;  and  if  men 
will  obstinately  and  wilfully  set  themselves  again.st  it, 
there  is  no  remedy.  Tillotson. 

3.  In  law,  wilfulbj  is  sometimes  interpreted  to 
mean  —  (a)  by  an  act  or  an  omission  done  of 
purpose,  with  intent  to  bring  about  a  certain 
result;  or  (b)  with  implication  of  evil  intent 
or  legal  malice,  or  with  absence  of  reasonable 
ground  for  believing  the  act  in  question  to  be 
lawful. 

wilfulness, willfulness  (wil'fiil-nes),  n.  [<ME. 
wilfulnesse;  <  ivilful  +  -ne.'is.']  1.  The  charac- 
ter of  being  wilful ;  determination  to  have  one's 
own  way;  self-will;  obstinacy;  stubbornness; 
perverseness. 

Falshede  is  soo  ful  of  cursidnesse 
that  her  worship  shalle  neuere  haue  enterprise 
where  it  Reigneth  and  bathe  the  wilfulnesse. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  71. 

Men  of  business,  absorbed  in  their  object,  which  calls 

out  darins,  energy  ^resolution,  and  force,  acquire  often  a 

wilfulness  of  temper.      J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  292. 

2.  Intention;  the  character  of  being  done  by 
design. 

The  deliberateness  and  wilfulness,  or  as  we  prefer  to  call 
it  the  intention,  which  constitutes  the  crime  of  nuirder. 

Mozley  and  Whitely. 

Wilily  (wi'li-li),  adv.    [<  tcily  +  -ly'^.']    In  a  wily 
manner;  by  stratagem;  insidiously;  craftily. 
They  did  work  wilily.  Josh.  ix.  4. 

wiliness  (vn'li-nes),  H.  The  state  or  character 
of  V)eing  wily ;  cunning;  guile. 

wilk  (wilk),  II.     A  dialectal  form  of  whelk. 

Willi  (wil),  r.  Pres.  1  leill,  2  wilt,  3  will,  pi.  tmll; 
imperf.  ]  u-ouhl,  2  wouldest  or  wouldst,  3  would, 
pi.  would  (obs.  i)p.  would,  wold).  M'iin  has  no 
imperatives  and  no  infinitive.  [<ME.jcj»e)(  (pres. 
ind.  1st  and  :kl  jters.  wiUc,  wile,  ictille,  icule, 
icolle,  icolc,  wol,woll  (also  eontr.  nlle);  2d  pers. 
wilt,wult,  wolt;  pl.tnlletli,  wuUcth,wollHh;  pret. 
Ist  and  3d  pers.  wolde  ( >  E.  tvould),  widdc,  witldc. 
wald  (>  Sc.  wad),  2d  pers.  woldest,  woldcs,  pi. 
woldcn,  woldc,  wiilde,  woldc,  pp.  wold;  <  AS.  wil- 
lan.  wi/llan  (pres.  ind.  1st  and  :id  jiers.  tvilr;  wi/lr, 
wilte,  wylle,  2d  pers.  wilt,  pi.  willoth,  wi/ltath. 
pret.  1st  and  3d  pers.  wolde,  2d  pers.  wolde.st,  pi. 
woldoii,  ppr.  willcnde)  =  OS.  williau,  wellian  = 
OFries.  willa,  leella  =  D.  willen  =  MLG.  LG. 


6926 

willen  =  OHG.  wellan,  wollnn,  MHG.  u-ellen, 
wollen,  G.  wollen  =  Icel.  viljn  =  Svv.  vilj/i  =Dan. 
ville  =  Goth,  tciljan  (pret.  wilda)  =  OBulg.  voliti, 
will,  relieti,  command,  =  Russ.  velietl,  command, 
etc.,  =  Lith.  woliti,  will,  =  L.  velle  (pres.  ind. 
volo),  wish.  Prob.  not  connected,  as  usually 
asserted,  with  Gr.  jSoi'/eafiai,  will,  wish,  or  with 
Skt.  rar,  choose,  select,  prefer.  From  the  same 
source  are  ult.  E.  wilP,  wale^,  wibi,  weW^,  weal^, 
wild^,  wilful,  etc.  From  the  L.  verb  are  ult.  E. 
volition, voluntary,  volunteer,  volunty,  voluptuary, 
etc.,  nolens  volens,  etc.]  A.  As  an  independent 
verb.  I.  trans.  To  wish;  desire;  want;  be  will- 
ing to  have  (a  certain  thing  done) :  now  chiefly 
used  in  the  subjunctive  (optative)  preterit  form 
would  governing  a  clause :  as,  I  would  that  the 
day  were  at  hand.  When  in  tlie  first  person  the 
subject  is  frequently  omitted :  as,  toould  that  ye 
had  listened  to  us! 

Wot  sche  3it  my  sone  hire  wedde  &  to  wife  haue  ? 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4203. 
"The  toure  vp  the  toft,"  quod  she,  "treuthe  is  there-inne, 
And  wolde  that  ge  wrougte  as  his  worde  techeth." 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  i.  13. 

I  wol  him  noght  thogh  thou  were  deed  tomorwe. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  307. 

And  when  thei  were  come  to  Meilyn,  he  thanked  hem 

of  that  thei  hadde  seide,  and  that  wolde  hym  so  nioche 

gode.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  ».\  i.  84. 

Here  I  wo\Ud  not  More  to  flit  from  his  literal  plain  sense. 
Tyndale,  Ans.  to  Sir  T.  More  (Parker  Soc),  p.  252. 

She  moved  him  to  ask  of  her  father  a  field ;  and  she  light- 
ed from  off  her  ass  ;  and  i'aleb  said  unto  her:  What  wUt 
thou?  Judges!.  14. 

Is  this  thy  vengeance,  holy  Venus,  thine, 
Because  I  woidd  not  one  of  thine  own  doves. 
Not  ev'n  a  rose,  were  offer'd  to  thee'^ 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 
Would  in  optative  expressions  is  often  followed  by  a 
dative,  with  or  without  to,  noting  the  person  or  power  by 
whom  the  wish  may  be  fulfilled:  hence  the  phrases  wouW 
(to)  God,  would  ifo)  heaven,  etc. 

Would  God  I  had  died  for  thee,  O  Absalom,  my  son,  my 
son  !  2  Sam.  iviii.  33. 

I  am  not  mad  :  I  woidd  to  heaven  I  were  ! 
For  then  'tis  like  I  should  forget  myself. 

Shak.,  K.  .lohn,  iii.  4.  48. 

II.  intrans.  To  have  a  wish  or  desire;  be 
willing. 

In  a  simile,  as  Eue 
Was,  whanne  god  wolde  out  of  the  wye  y-drawe. 

Piers  Ploivnian  (C),  xix.  230. 
The  fomy  brydel  with  the  bit  of  gold 
Governeth  he,  right  as  himself  hath  wold. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1209. 
All  that  falsen  the  kinges  money  or  clippen  it.  also  all 
that  falsen  or  vse  false  measures,  .  .  .  wetyngly  other 
than  the  lawe  of  the  lord  ivoll,  etc. 
J.  Myrc,  Instructions  for  Parish  Priests  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  714. 
They  cryed  to  us  to  doe  no  more  :  all  should  be  as  we 
woidd.  Quoted  in  Capl.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  191. 

B.  As  an  auxiliary,  followed  by  an  infinitive 
without  to.  1.  To  wish,  want,  like,  or  agree 
(to  do,  etc.);  to  be  (am,  is,  are,  was,  etc.)  will- 
ing (to  do,  etc.):  noting  desire,  preference, 
consent,  or,  negatively,  refusal. 

But  neuer  man  that  place  ne  stede  went 
That  sogerne  ivold  ther  for  thyng  any. 

Horn,  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  5804. 
(Juod  Conscience,  "thou  tlemed  us  from  thee ; 
Thou  woldisl  not  oure  loore  leere." 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  76. 
That  day  that  a  man  would  have  another's  landes  or  his 
goodes,  that  day  he  would  have  his  life  also  if  he  could. 
Darrell  Papers,  1583  (II.  Hall,  Society  in  Elizabethan  Age, 

(App.  ii.). 
And  ye  will  not  come  to  me,  that  ye  might  have  life. 

John  V.  40. 
Oh,  sir,  the  multitude,  that  seldom  know  any  thing  but 
their  own  opinions,  speak  that  they  tvould  have. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  i.  1. 
Will  you  permit  the  orphan  —  nephew  to  whom  you 
have  been  a  father--  to  offer  you  a  trifle  |a  ring]'; 

Scott,  Antiquary,  xxx. 

2.  To  be  (am,  is,  are,  etc.)  determined  (to  do, 
etc.):  said  when  one  insists  on  or  persists  in 
being  or  doing  something;  hence,  must,  as  a 
matter  of  will  or  pertinacity;  do  (emphatic 
auxiliary)  from  choice,  wilfulness,  determina- 
tion, or  persistence. 

Alas,  the  general  might  have  pardon'd  follies  I 
Soldiei's  will  talk  sometimes. 

Fletcher,  Valentinian,  iv.  ]. 
Fate's  such  a  shrewish  thing. 
She  will  be  mistris.  Chapman,  Iliad,  vi.  498. 

Some,  not  contented  to  haue  them  [Saxons]  a  people  of 
German  race,  toil  needs  bring  them  from  elsewhere. 
Verstega7i,  Rest,  of  Decayed  Intelligence  (ed.  1628),  p.  2.'.. 

There  stand,  if  thou  xrilt  stand.      Milton,  P.  E.,  iv.  551. 

If  you  will  fling  yourself  under  the  wheels.  Juggernaut 
will  go  over  you,  depend  upon  it. 

Thackeray,  Book  of  Snr)bs,  iii. 

Cholera,  scurvy,  and  fever,  the  wound  that  ivould  not  be 

heal'd.  Tennyson,  Defence  of  Lucknow. 


wiU 

3.  To  make  (it)  a  habit  or  practice  (to  do, 
etc.);  be  (am,  is,  are,  etc.)  accustomed  (to  do, 
etc);  do  usually:  noting  frequent  or  custom- 
ary action. 

Joves  halt  it  greet  humblesse 

And  vertu  eek,  that  thou  wolt  make 

A  nyght  ful  ofte  thyn  lieed  to  ake. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  631. 

Whan  he  had  souped  at  home  in  his  house,  he  wolde  call 
before  hym  all  his  seruauntes. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Govemour,  iiL  29. 

I  remember  the  hot  summer  Sunday  afternoons,  when 
the  pavemetit  would  be  red-hot,  and  the  dust,  and  bits  of 
straw,  and  scraps  of  paper,  would  blow  fitfully  about  with 
every  little  putt  of  air. 

E.  H.  Yates,  KecoUections  and  Experiences,  I.  vii. 

4.  To  be  (am,  is,  are,  etc.)  sure  (to  do,  etc.); 
do  undoubtedly,  inevitably,  or  of  necessity; 
ought  or  have  (to  do,  etc.);  must:  used  in  in- 
controvertible or  general  statements,  and  often, 
especially  in  provincial  use,  forming  a  verb- 
phrase  signifying  no  more  than  the  simple  verb : 
as,  I'm  thinking  this  will  be  (that  is,  this  is)  your 
daughter. 

I  am  aferd  there  uylle  be  sumthyng  amys. 

Coventry  Myitteries  (ed.  Ualliwell),  p.  395. 
Sixe  comoun  cubites,  that  wU  be  nyne  foot  long. 
Trevim,  tr.  of  Higden's  Polychronicon  (ed.  BabingtonX 

[II.  235. 

That  wHl  be  unjust  to  man,  taiil  be  saciilegious  to  God. 

Milton,  Elkonoklastes,  zL 

He  was  a  considerate  man,  the  deacon  ;  .  .  .  ye'W  no 

hae  forgotten  him,  Robin?  Scott,  Rob  Roy.xxiii. 

A  little  difference,  my  dear.  .  .  .  There  u?iU  be  such  in 

the  best-regulated  families.  Thackeray,  Philip,  iivi. 

"Areyouseeingany angels, Rob?"  .  .  .  "I'mnotaore; 
...  it  is  not  easy  to  tell  what  tcill  be  an  angel,  and  what 
will  not.    There 's  so  much  all  blue  up  there.' 

Geo.  MacDonald,  What's  Mine's  Mine,  xix. 

5.  To  be  (am,  is,  are,  etc.)  ready  or  about  (to 
do,  etc.):  said  of  one  on  the  point  of  doing 
something  not  necessarily  accomplished. 

As  the  queene  hem  saugh,  she  wiste  well  she  was  be- 
traied,  and  wolde  crye  as  she  that  was  sore  affraied,  and 
thei  seide  that  jef  she  spake  eny  worde  she  sholde  a-non 
be  sla J  ne.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iiL  46a 

6.  lu  future  and  conditional  constructions,  to  be 
(am,  is,  are,  etc, )  (to  do,  etc. ) :  in  general  noting 
in  the  first  person  a  promise  or  determination, 
and  in  the  second  and  third  mere  assertion  of 
a  future  occurrence  without  reference  to  the 
will  of  the  subject,  other  verb-phrases  being 
compounded  with  the  auxiliary  shall.  For  a 
more  detailed  discrimination  between  will  and 
shall,  see  shain,  B.,  2. 

And  al  the  bettre  sule  ge  speden, 
If  ge  vrUen  gee  with  treweithe  leden. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1,  2304. 

Yef  we  M'lttefA  don  his  seruise  .  .  .  we  sollen  habbetho 
mede  wel  griat  ine  heuene. 

Old  Eng.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris^  p.  3S. 
At  a  '-inight  than  icol  I  first  b^nne. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,1.  42. 
Wife.  0,  we  shall  have  murder  !  you  kill  my  heart. 
May.  No,  I  tvill  shed  no  blood. 

Dekker  and  Wehmter,  Northward  Ho,  L  3. 
Without  their  teaming,  how  xcUt  thou  with  them. 
Or  they  with  thee,  hold  conversation  meet? 

MUUm,  P.  R,,  iv.  231. 
Thou  icould^gt  have  thought,  so  furious  was  their  fire. 
No  force  could  tame  them,  and  no  toil  could  tire. 

Po;w,  Iliad,  xv.  844. 
It  was  all  to  be  done  in  the  most  delicate  manner,  and 
all  would  assist.    Thackeray  xvould  lecture,  so  icould  W.  H. 
RuBsell ;  Dickens  would  give  a  reading. 

E.  H.  Yates,  Recollections  and  Experiences,  I.  vii. 

In  such  constructions  uHll  is  sometimes  found  where  pre- 
cision would  require  shall.     See  shall^,  B.,  final  note. 

I  woxdd  have  thought  her  spirit  had  been  invincible 
against  all  assaults  of  affection. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado.  ii.  3.  119. 
If  we  contrast  the  present  with  so  late  a  period  as  thirty 
years  ago,  we  will  perceive  that  there  has  been  nothing 
short  of  a  national  awakening. 

W.  Sharp,  D.  0.  Rossetti,  p.  40. 

[Would  is  often  used  for  icill  in  order  to  avoid  a  dogmatic 
style  or  to  soften  blunt  or  harsh  assertions,  questions,  etc. 

A  pretty  idle  toy  ;  would  you  take  money  for  it? 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  L  1. 

Woidd  you  say  the  Lord's  Prayer  for  me.  old  fellow? 

J.  H.  Ewi)ig,  Six  to  Sixteen,  ii. 
In  all  its  senses  the  auxiliary  trill  may  be  used  with  an 
ellipsis  of  the  following  infinitive. 
Bot  I  (n/i  to  the  chapel,  for  chaunce  that  may  falle. 
Sir  Gaivayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2132. 
And  Pandare  wep  as  he  to  water  u-olde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  115. 

Pa7i.  I  heartily  beseech  you  what  must  I  do? 
Tronil.  Even  what  thou  uUt. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  iii.  36. 
First,  then  — A  woman  trill,  or  tfou'f— depend  on't; 
If  she  will  do't,  she  irill;  and  there 's  an  end  on  *t. 

A.  HiU.  Zara,  Epil.) 
Will  (you,  he,  etc.),  nlll  (you,  he,  etc.).    See  niWi. 


will 

Willi  (wil),  /(.     [<  ME.  wille,  wi/Ue,  <  AS.  wilki  = 
OS.  tcilleo,  wiUio.  trillo  =  OFries.  iciUa  =  UD. 
wilU,  D,  wif  =  OHG.  irilh,  MHG.  G.  wille  = 
Icel.  ri/»  =  Sw.  rHjo  =  Dan.  villie  =  Goth,  wi/ja, 
will ;  from  the  verb :  see  ^77/^  r.]   1.  Wish ;  de- 
sire; pleasure;  ineUiiation ;  choice. 
Man,  y  ara  more  redy  alway 
To  forjeue  thee  thi  niys  gouernaunce 
than  thou  art  mercy  for  to  pray, 
For  my  wille  were  thee  to  enhaunce. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  201. 
I  thanke  God,  I  had  no  n-Ule  to  don  it,  for  no  thing  that 
he  behighten  me.  MandevUle,  Travels,  p.  35. 

I  wol  axe  if  it  hir  jcille  be 
To  be  my  wyf,  and  reule  liir  after  me. 

Chaucer,  (ierk's  Tale,  1.  270. 
They  who  were  hottest  in  his  Cause,  the  most  of  them 
were  men  oftner  diunk  then  by  thir  good  will  sober. 

Milton,  Eikonoklastes,  xix. 

2.  That  which  is  wished  for  or  desired;   ex- 
press wish;  purpose;  determination. 

When  Castor  hade  clauly  consayuit  his  icUle, 
He  onswarcd  hym  lionestly  with  ori^ng  a  litill. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1918. 
Thy  wUl  be  done.  Mat.  vi.  10. 

There  is  no  greater  Hindrance  to  Men  for  accomplishing 
their  WiU  than  their  own  Wilfulness. 

Baker,  Clironiclea,  p.  72. 
That  eternal  immutable  law  in  which  icUl  and  reason 
are  the  same.  Burke,  Kev.  in  France. 

He  holds  him  with  his  glittering  eye  — 
The  wedding-guest  stood  still, 
And  listens  like  a  three-years'  child: 
The  Mariner  hath  his  u-%11. 

Colerid'je,  Ancient  Mariner,  i. 
Here  was  the  wiU,  and  plenty  of  it ;  now  for  the  way. 
L.  M.  Alcott,  Hospital  SketclieB,  p.  4. 

3.  Wish;  request;  command. 

Tell  me  now,  Mr.  Acres,  in  case  of  an  accident,  is  there 
any  little  vnU  or  commission  I  could  execute  for  you? 

Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  v.  3. 

4.  Expressed  wish  with  regard  to  the  disposal 
of  one's  property,  or  the  like,  after  death;  the 
document  coutainiuK  such  expression  of  one's 
wishes;  especially,  in  law,  the  legal  declara- 
tion of  a  person's  intentions,  to  take  effect  af- 
ter his  death.  The  essential  distinction  between  a 
will  and  any  other  instrument  or  provision  contingent 
open  death  is  that  a  will  has  no  effect  whatever  until 
death,  and  may  be  freely  revoked  meanwhile ;  but  a  deed 
which  may  create  or  convey  an  estate  in  the  event  of 
death  must  take  effect  as  binding  tlie  gi-antor  in  his 
lUe-time.  In  English  law  the  word  icill  was  originally 
used  only  of  a  disposition  of  real  property  to  take  effect 
at  death,  the  word  testament  being  then  used,  as  in  the 
Roman  and  civil  law,  of  a  disposition  of  ptrsonal  property ; 
hence  the  phrase,  now  redundant,  laxt  icilland  testament. 
In  modern  usage  the  term  tt*i/Zdoe8  nut  necessarily  imply 
an  actual  disposition  of  property  ;  for  an  instrument,  exe- 
cuted with  the  formalities  required  l)y  law,  in  which  the 
testator  merely  appoints  a  guardian  for  his  child,  or  mere- 
ly nomfiiate«  an  executor,  leaving  the  assets  to  be  dis- 
tributed by  the  executor  among  those  who  would  take  by 
law,  is  a  will.  In  respect  of  form,  that  wliich  distinguishes 
a  written  wilt  from  other  instruments  consists  in  the  cere- 
monies which  the  law  requires  for  a  valid  execution,  for 
the  sake  of  guarding  against  mistake,  fraud,  and  undue 
Influence.  Nuncupative  wills,  however,  are  not  subject 
to  these  rules.  These  formalities  are  generally  four: 
(1)  The  testator  must  subscribe  at  the  end  or  foot  of  the 
writing.  (2)  He  must  do  so  in  the  presence  of  witnesses. 
In  some  jurisdictions  three  are  required.  In  some  juris- 
dictions it  Is  enough  that  he  acknowledge  to  the  wit- 
nesses that  the  subscription  he  has  previously  made  is  his. 
'3)  He  must  at  the  same  time  publish  the  will  —  that  is, 
leclare  *x>  the  witnesses  that  it  is  his  will.  (4)  They  must 
thereafter  in  his  presence  and  at  his  request,  and  in  the 

firesenceofone  another,  subscribe  their  names  as  witnesses. 
n  some  jurisdictions  a  seal  is  necessary  with  the  testator's 
signature.  One  whose  testimony  as  a  subscrihing  witness 
becomes  necessary  to  prove  it  can  take  no  gift  by  the  will. 
After  Christ  had  made  his  icUl  at  this  supper,  and  given 
strength  to  his  trill  by  his  death,  and  proved  Iiis  will  by 
his  resurrection,  and  left  the  church  possessed  of  his  es- 
tate by  his  ascension.  ...  he  poureil  out  his  legacy  of 
knowledge.  Donne,  Sermons,  xxviii. 

Her  last  will 
Shall  never  be  digress'd  from. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  v.  3. 
O  lead  me  gently  up  yon  hill,  .  .  , 
And  111  there  sit  down,  and  make  my  will. 

The  Cruel  Brother  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  255). 
6.  Discretion;  free  or  arbitrary  disposal ;  suf- 
ferance; mercy. 

ge  ar  welcum  to  welde  as  yow  lykez, 
That  here  is,  al  is  yowre  awen,  to  haue  at  yowre  wt/lle  & 
welde. 

.Sir  Oawayne  awi  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  8.36. 
He  had  noe  flrme  estate  in  his  tenement,  but  was  onely 
a  tenaunt  at  iriW  or  little  more,  and  me  at  will  may  leave 
it.  Spenxer,  State  of  Ireland. 

But  by  constreynt  and  force  of  the  sayde  foule  chaunge- 
able  wether  we  strake  all  oure  sayles  and  lay  dryuynge  in 
the  large  see  at  Godes  tmjll  vnto  the  nexte  mornyuKe. 

Sir  It.  Guyl/orde,  I'ylgrymage,  p.  68. 
Deliver  me  not  over  unto  the  will  of  mine  enemies. 

Ps.  xxvii.  12. 

The  F'rince  was  so  devout  and  humble  that  he  submitted 

his  Body  to  be  chastised  at  the  Will  of  I>uiistan  Abbot  of 

Olaatenbury.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  II. 


t 


6927 

6.  The  faculty  of  conscious,  and  especially  of 
deliberate,  action.  The  will  should  not  be  confused 
(aa  it  is,  however,  by  ditferent  writers)  with  self-control, 
desire,  choice,  or  attention,  although  the  first  and  lust  of 
these  are  special  modes  of  volition.  Nor  is  "willing"  a 
table  to  move  automatically  across  a  room  an  act  of  will; 
for  experiment  shows  that  effort  of  this  kind,  however 
streimous,  fails  to  cause  even  the  willer's  own  hand  or  foot 
to  move.  Normally,  the  consciousness  of  action  is  merged 
in  sensations  coming  from  the  member  moved  ;  but  in 
cases  of  aiiEesthesia  the  agent  is  still  aware  of  being  in  ac- 
tion, and  even  more  or  less  of  what  he  is  doing.  This  con- 
sciousness always  involves  a  sense  of  opposition,  whether 
in  the  form  of  a  struggle  or  of  a  triumph,  or  in  the  nega- 
tive aspect  of  a  sense  of  freedom.  (See  freedom  of  the 
will,  below.)  We  are  always  aware  of  some  resistance,  be 
it  only  the  inertia  of  our  limbs.  Willing  thus  essential- 
ly involves  perceptive  sensation,  the  refiexio  of  Thomas 
Aquinas.  (See  rejiection,  7.)  When  the  real  object  with 
which  we  are  in  relation  is  studied  with  reference  to  the 
predicates  attributed  to  it  by  the  senses,  the  result  is  ex- 
perience; but  when  the  predicates  we  are  inwardly  in- 
clined to  attach  to  it  are  studied  out,  the  operation  is  de- 
liberation, terminating  in  choice,  and  commonly  followed 
by  acts  of  will.  This  cogiutive  process  is  the  necessary 
condition  of  self-control.  By  a  "  strong  will "  is  sometimes, 
and  perhaps  most  correctly,  meant  great  self-control ;  but 
more  usually  a  power  of  bearing  down  the  wills  of  others 
by  tiring  them  out  and  by  a  domination  like  hypnotism 
is  intended. 

Appetite  is  the  Wilt's  solicitor,  and  the  Will  is  Appe- 
tite's controller;  what  we  covet  according  to  the  one  by 
the  other  we  often  reject. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  I.  viii.  §  3. 

Everyman  isconsciousof  a  power  to  determine  in  things 
which  he  conceives  to  depend  upon  his  determination.  To 
this  power  we  give  the  name  of  teUl. 

Held,  Intellectual  Powers,  ii.  1. 

7.  The  act  of  willing;  the  act  of  determining 
a  choice  or  forming  a  purpose  ;  volition. 

Even  actual  sins,  committed  without  will, 

Are  neither  sins  nor  shame  — much  more  compell'd. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Queen  of  Corinth,  iii.  2. 
It  is  necessary  to  form  a  distinct  notion  of  what  is  meant 
by  the  word  Volition  in  order  to  understand  the  import  of 
the  word  Will,  for  this  last  word  properly  expresses  that 
power  of  the  mind  of  which  volition  is  the  act.  .  .  .  The 
wr)rd  will,  however,  is  not  always  used  in  this  its  proper 
acceptation,  but  is  frequently  substituted  for  volition,  as 
when  I  say  that  my  liand  moves  in  obedience  to  my  will. 
I).  Stewart,  Works  (ed.  Hamilton),  \I.  345. 

Antecedent  WilL  See  antecedent.— At  Will,  (at)  At 
command;  in  thorough  mastery. 

He  that  can  find  two  words  of  concord  cannot  find  foure 

or  flue  or  sixe,  vnlesse  be  haue  bis  owne  language  a(  will. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  73. 

(&)  At  pleasure ;  at  discretion.  To  hold  an  estate  at  the 
will  of  another  is  to  enjoy  the  possession  at  his  pleasure, 
and  be  liable  to  be  ousted  at  any  time  by  the  lessor  or  pro- 
prietor.    See  estate  at  irill,  under  estate. 

je  schul  wite  of  joure  sone 
That  ge  long  haue  for-lore  leue  me  for  sothe, 
<t  him  winne  a-gen  at  wille. 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2955. 
We  know  more  from  nature  then  we  can  at  will  commu- 
nicate. Emerson,  Nature,  iv. 

And  if  we  think  of  various  sensations  in  parts  of  our 
bodies  we  can  prodncethem  at  uHl,  andean  induce  at  our 
pleasure  other  bodily  alterations  through  emotional  ex- 
citement. F.  II.  Bradley,  Mind,  XIII.  27. 

Conjoint  will,  Joint  will,  mutual  wills,  legal  phrases 
often  used  without  much  discrimination.  Especially  —  (a) 
A  testamentary  act  by  two  persons  jointly  uniting  in  the 
same  instrument,  as  their  will,  to  take  effect  after  the  death 
of  both,  (b)  A  similar  instrument  to  take  effect  as  to  each 
on  liis  or  her  death.  These  two  classes  are  more  properly 
termed  joint  or  conjoint,  (c)  Wills  made  in  connection  by 
two  persons  pursuant  to  a  compact,  binding  each  to  the 
other  ti>  make  the  dispositions  of  property  thus  declared. 
(d)  Wills  made  to  bequeath  the  effects  of  the  one  first 
dying  to  the  survivor.  These  two  classes,  and  particular- 
ly the  last,  are  more  appropriately  termed  mutual.  The 
legal  effect  of  such  wills  is  often  a  matter  of  doubt.— Fac- 
tum Of  a  wilL  See/ffcfMJrt.-  Freedom  of  the  will,  a 
mental  attril)ute  the  existence  of  which  is  disputed.  Tlie 
phrase  is  taken  in  different  senses  by  different  thinkers, 
(a)  The  power  of  doing  right  on  all  occasions,  (b)  That 
freedom  of  which  we  have  an  immediate  consciousness  in 
action.  This  is,  however,  otdy  the  consciousness  of  being 
able  to  overcome  some  unspecified  resistance  to  some  un- 
specified extent,  which  implies  and  is  implied  in  the  fact 
of  resistance,  and  is  in  fact  but  an  aspect  of  the  sense  of 
action  and  reaction,  (c)  The  power  of  acting  from  an  in- 
ward spontaneity,  not  altogetlier  dominated  by  motives. 
This  is  what  most  of  the  metaphysical  advocates  of  tlie 
freedom  of  the  will  specifically  contend  for.  It  is  a  limita- 
tion of  the  action  of  causality,  even  in  the  material  world. 
Some  would  restrict  the  spontaneous  powerof  theniind  to 
making  particles  swerve  without  variation  of  their  vis  viva ; 
but  this  is  untenable,  since  the  law  of  action  and  reaction, 
which  would  thus  be  vitiated,  is  far  more  securely  proved 
than  that  of  the  conservation  of  energy,  the  evidence  for 
which  is  imperfect,  while  the  objections  to  it  are  weighty. 
It  Is  contended  on  the  one  hand  that  such  spontaneity  is 
an  indispensable  condition  of  moral  action;  and  on  the 
otiier  that,  if  it  exists,  it  has  no  direct  reference  to  moral- 
ity except  this  that,  so  far  as  a  being  is  spontaneous  in  this 
sense,  he  is  free  from  the  moral  law  as  well  as  from  that  of 
causation,  and  that  there  is  neither  sense  nor  justice  in 
holding  him  responsible  for  mere  sporadic  effects  of  pure 
non-cause.  Responsibility,  it  isargued,  ought  to  imply  that 
a  man's  conduct  can  hereRUlated  by  principles  as  efficient 
causes,  and  is  not  free  from  the  influence  of  causation.  - 
Free  will,  liberty  ;  freedom  ;  liberty  as  to  choice  in  faith 
or  conduct ;  also,  the  faculty  of  will  as  l)eing  free,  or  not 
absolutely  snl)ject  to  causation. 


will 

Certainly  there  be  that  delight  in  giddiness,  and  count 
it  a  bondage  to  fix  a  belief  —  alTecting/rfc  u-ill  in  thinking, 
as  well  as  in  acting.  Bacon,  Truth  (ed.  1887). 

We  thus,  in  thought,  never  escape  determination  and 
necessity.  It  will  be  observed  that  I  do  not  consider  this 
inability  to  the  notion  any  disproof  of  the  tact  otfrec-u-iU. 
Sir  W.  Hamilton,  Works,  p.  (ill. 
Goodwill,  (n)  Favor;  kindness.  (())  Sincerity  ;  right  in- 
tention. 

Some  indeed  preach  Christ  even  of  envy  and  strife  ;  and 
some  also  of  f/oorf  «t7i.  Phil.  i.  15. 

His  wiliest,  of  his  own  will  ;  voluntarily. 

A  thyng  that  no  man  wol,  his  iriltes,  lielde. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  272  (Harl.  .MS.). 
Ill  will,  enmity  ;  unfriendliness.  It  e.\presses  less  than 
malice.  Compare  oood-uilt  andiH-jtt'ZZ.  — InOfBcious  Will. 
See  inofficious.  —  Joint  Will,  mutual  wills.  See  conjoint 
«i«.— Offlolouswlll.  Sec  ojScioits.— Register  of  wills. 
See  re£;is(er2.— Koman  will,  a  form  of  ancient  Koman 
will  which  in  later  times  was  allowed  in  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire, and  generally  known  as  the  Roman  u-ill,  combining 
something  of  the  form  of  the  mancipat(jry  with  the  efti- 
cacy  of  the  Pretorian  testament,  Seitestament.  Maine.— 
Simple  wUl.  See  simple.—  Statute  of  Wills,  the  name 
commonly  designating  a  British  or  an  American  statute 
regulating  the  power  to  make  wills;  more  specifically, 
an  English  statute  of  1640  (superseded  by  the  Wills  Act), 
by  which  persons  seized  in  socage  were  allowed  to  devise 
all  their  lands  except  to  bodies  corporate,  and  persons 
seized  in  chivalry  were  allowed  to  devise  two  thirds: 
sometimes  also  called  the  Wills  ^rf.— Tenant  at  will 
See  tenaiid.— To  have  one's  wUl,  to  obtain  what  is  de- 
sired.—To  work  one's  will,  to  act  absolutely  according 
to  one's  own  will,  wish,  pleasure,  or  fancy ;  do  entirely 
what  one  pleases  (with  something). 

For  tho'  the  Giant  Ages  heave  the  bill 
And  break  the  shore,  and  evermore 
Make  and  break,  and  wink  their  inll,  .  .  . 
What  know  we  greater  than  the  soul? 

Tennyson,  Death  of  Wellington. 
Wills  Act,  an  English  statute  of  16:!7  (7  Wm.  IV.  and  1 
Vict.,  c.  26)  which  repealed  the  Statute  of  Wills,  and  en- 
acted that  all  property  may  be  disposed  of  by  will.  It 
required  wills  to  be  in  writing,  signed  at  the  foot,  and 
attested  by  two  witnesses,  and  declared  the  effect  of 
certain  words  and  phrases  in  them.  The  amendment  of 
18.'i2  (l.S  and  16  Vict.,  c.  24)  relates  to  the  position  of  the 
signature.— With  a  Will,  with  willingness  and  earnest- 
ness ;  with  all  one's  heart ;  heartily. 

Mr.  Herbert  threw  himself  into  the  business  u-ith  a  uiU. 
Dickens,  Great  Expectations,  xlv. 
■W1112  (wil),  v.;  pret.  ami  pp.  R-iUed,  ppr.  u-iUhiq 
(pres.  iud.  3(1  pers.  Kills).     [<  MK.  wincn,  wi'l- 
lini  (pret.  willcde),  <  AS.  williaii  (pret,  u-illode), 
will,  demand,  desire;  of.  AS.  wihiimi,  >  ME. 
wiliien,  desire,  wish  (see  wiln);  secondary  verbs, 
from  the  primitive  verb  represented  by  wiU^. 
The  two  verbs  (wiW^  and  iciU^)  early  became 
e()nfused,  more  esp.  in  eases  in  which  the  aux- 
iliary verb  was  used  as  a  principal  verb.]     I. 
traii.'i.  1.  To  wish;  desire.     [Archaic] 
There,  there,  Hortensio,  in/?  you  any  wife? 

Shak..  T.  of  the  S.,i.  1.  66. 
A  great  party  in  the  state 
Wills  me  wed  to  her.     Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  i.  4. 

2t.  To  communicate  or  express  a  wish  to;  de- 
sire; request;  direct;  tell;  bid;  order;  com- 
mand. 

Within  half  an  houre  after,  M".  Essex  uilled  the  said 
Hugh  to  go  to  .\1'".  Ralegh  and  uill  her  to  send  the  said 
lady  a  couple  of  the  best  chickens. 

DarreU  Papers,  1668  (H.  Hall's  Society  in  Elizabethan 
[Age,  App.  ii.). 
Sir  I.adron,  your  Sonne  and  my  cousin  uilled  me  ,  .  . 
that  I  should  write  vnto  you  the  soitow  which  I  conceiue<i 
of  the  sicknesse  your  Ixjrdship  hath  had. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1677),  p.  189. 
Now  here  she  writes,  and  nills  me  to  repent. 

Marlowe,  Jew  of  Malta,  iii.  4. 
Gorton  and  his  company  .  .  .  wrote  a  letter  to  Onkus, 
uilliny  him  to  deliver  their  friend  Miantunnomoh. 

Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  II.  168. 

3.  To  determine  by  act  of  choice;  (leci(le;  de- 
cree; ordain;  hence,  to  intend;  purpose. 

All  such  Buttcs  and  Hoggesheads  as  may  be  found  to 
serue  we  tmll  shalbe  filled  with  Traine  Oyle. 

Ilakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  ,'iOO. 

Two  things  he  wiUeth,  that  we  should  be  good,  and  that 
we  should  be  happy.  Barrow.  Sermons,  III.  iv. 

Man  in  his  state  of  innocency  had  freedom  and  imwer 
to  tcill  and  to  do  that  which  was  well  pleasing  to  God  ; 
but  yet  mutably,  so  that  he  might  fall  from  it. 

C  Mather,  Mag.  Chris.,  v.  1. 

Man  always  wills  to  do  that  which  he  desires  most,  and 
when  he  does  not  feel  himself  oldiged  by  the  sentiment 
of  duty  to  do  that  which  he  desires  less. 

Maudsley,  Body  ami  Will,  p.  92. 

We  shall  have  success  if  we  truly  nill  success  — not 
otherwise.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Essays,  p.  118. 

4.  To  dispose  of  by  will  or  testament ;  Rive  as 
a  legacy;  bequcp.th:  as,  he  u-illed  the  fartn  to 
his  nei)hew. 

Servants  and  their  families  descended  from  father  to 
son,  or  were  sometimes  willed  away,  the  servant  being 
given,  within  limits,  his  choice  of  a  master. 

The  Century.  ,\X.\VI.  277. 

5.  To  bring  utider  the  influence  or  control  of 
the  will  of  another;  subject  to  tho  power  of 
another's  will.     [Recent.] 


vrUl 

The  one  to  be  tnlled  would  go  to  the  other  end  of  the 
house,  if  desired,  whilst  we  agreed  upon  the  thing  to  he 
done.  Proc.  Soe.  Psych.  Jiesearch,  I.  67,  note. 

n.  intrant.  1.  To  wish;  desire;  prefer;  re- 
solve; determine;  decree. 

As  irill  the  rest,  so  trilleth  Wincliester. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1.  162. 

You,  likewise,  our  late  guests,  if  so  you  7vUl, 
Follow  us.  Tennyson,  I'rincess,  v. 

2.  To  exercise  the  will. 

See  how  my  sin-beniangled  body  lies. 
Not  having  pow'r  to  will,  nor  will  to  rise  ! 

Quarlcs,  Emblems,  iv.  8. 

He  that  shall  tuni  his  thoughts  inwards  upon  what 
passes  in  his  own  mind  when  he  u-Uls,  shall  see  that  the 
will  or  power  of  volition  is  conversant  atxjut  nothing  but 
that  particular  determination  of  the  mind,  whereby  barely, 
by  a  thought,  the  mind  endeavours  to  give  rise,  continua- 
tion, or  stop  to  any  action  which  it  takes  to  be  within  its 
power.  Lxke,  Human  IJnderstanding,  II.  xxi.  §  30. 

wilFt,  a.  [Sc.  also  !0«K;  <  ME.  will,  wille,  < 
leel.  villr  (for  *vilrlr),  wild:  see  toild.']  Astray; 
wrong;  at  a  loss;  bewildered. 

Adam  went  out  ful  wille  o  wan. 
Quoted  in  AlliUraliee  Poeinx  (ed.  Morris),  Gloss. ,  p.  213. 

All  wery  I  wex  and  wyll  of  my  gate. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2309. 

And  mdl  and  waif  for  eight  lang  years 
They  sail'd  upon  the  sea. 

Romner  Ha/mand  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  253). 

wilFt, «'. '.    l<will^,ti.^    To  wander;  go  astray; 

be  lost,  at  a  loss,  or  bewildered.     Destruction 

ofTro!i(Y,.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2359. 
■willcock  (wirkok),  II.     Same  as  willock. 
■willed  (wild),  a.     [<  ME.  iciHed;  <  wHn,  ti.,  + 

-cd^.']    1.  Havinga  will;  determined  as  to  will: 

usually  in  composition,  as  in  self-roiHerf,  weak- 

willed. 
He  is  wylled  that  comynycasyon  and  trete  schold  be  had. 
Panton  Letters,  I.  7.^). 

2.  Brought  under  the  influence  or  control  of 
the  will  of  another. 

■willemite  (wil'em-it),  v.  [Named  after  Willcni 
I.,  king  of  the  Netherlands.]  A  mineral  of  res- 
inous luster  and  yellowish-green  or  flesh-red 
color,  a  native  silicate  of  zinc.  It  is  of  rare  oc- 
currence in  Europe,  but  is  found  abundantly  in  New  Jer- 
sey, and  there  constitutes  a  very  valuable  zinc  ore.  Troos- 
tite  is  a  ciystallized  variety  containing  some  manga- 
nese. 

wilier  (wil'er),  n.  [<  will^  +  -o-l.]  1.  One 
who  wishes ;  a  wisher :  used  in  some  rare 
compounds:  as,  an  \\\-willer. —  2.  One  who 
wills. 

Be  pleased  to  cast  a  glance  on  two  considerations — 1. 

What  the  will  is  to  which,  2.  Who  the  wilier  is  to  whom, 

we  must  submit.  Barrmo,  Sermons,  II.  xxxvi. 

The  problem  can  never  be  solved  as  long  as  contact  of 

any  sort  is  allowed  between  the  wilier  and  the  willed. 

Proc.  Soc.  Psych.  Jiesearch,  II.  10. 

willet  (wil'et),  «.  [So  called  from  its  cry; 
cf.  pilf-n-Ul-irillet.']  A  North  American  bird 
of  the  snipe  family,  the  semipalmated  tattler 
or  stone-curlew,  Sijmphemia  scniipalmnta .  it 
is  a  large,  stout  tattler  with  semipalmated  toes  (see 
cut  Mi^Aev  semipalmate),  stout  bill,  bluish  feet,  and  much- 


Willet  {Sympheinia  sfinipalmata),  in  winter  plumafjc. 

variegated  plumage,  especially  in  summer,  the  wings 
being  mii-rored  with  white  and  lined  with  black;  the 
length  is  about  l(i  inches.  It  abounds  in  temperate  North 
America,  and  especially  in  the  I'nited  States;  it  extends 
north  to  56^  at  least,  breeds  throughout  its  range,  and 
winters  in  the  Southern  States.  Some  related  tattlers 
are  occasionally  nustaken  for  the  species,  and  called  wil- 
let by  sportsmen.     See  Syinphemia. 

Across  the  dune,  curlews,  gulls,  pelicans,  water-turkeys, 
and  willetji  were  feeding.  llaritrr's  Maff.,  LXX.  Si'J. 

willful,  willfully,  etc.     See  icilfid,  etc. 
willick,  ".     A  Scotch  variant  of  villock. 
Willie,  «.     Same  as  ivilli/^. 
willie-fisher  (wiri-fish"er),  «.      The   common 

Icrii  or  sea-swallow.      See  cut  under  Sterna. 

[Foi-fiir,  Scotland.] 


6928 

willie-hawkie  (wU'i-ha'ki),  ».  The  little  grebe, 

or  dabchick.    ('.  Swai>ison.    [Antrim,  Ireland.] 
willie-man-beaxd  (wiri-man-berd'),  ».    The 

sea-stickleback,  Spinachia  vulgaris.     Compare 

cut  under  stickleback.     [Local,  Eng.] 
willie-muftie,  n.    See  ivillij-mufty. 
Williewaught  (wil'i-wacht),  n.     [<  Willie  (here 

used  with  dim.  effect)  +  toanglit.']     A  hearty 

draught  of  liquor.     [Scotch.] 

An'  we'll  tak'  a  right  guid  ivillie-waui/ht 
For  auld  lang  syne.       Burns,  Auld  Lang  Syne. 

■willing  (wiring),  n.  [<  ME.  willing;  verbal  n. 
of  ii'sHi,  t'.]     Inclination;  desire;  intention. 

The  evil  natures,  and  the  evil  principles,  and  the  evil 
manners  of  the  world,  these  are  the  causes  of  our  imper- 
fect wUtinffs  and  weaker  actings  in  the  things  of  God. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  II.  13. 

■willing  (wiring),  a.  [<  ME.  wiWiH*/,  for  earlier 
willendc,  <  AS.  willende,  tcellende,  ppr.  of  willan, 
will :  see  toiW^.  Willing  in  mod.  use  also  repre- 
sents the  ppr.  of  icill^.']  1 .  Favorably  disposed ; 
ready;  inclined;  desirous:  as,  willing  towork; 
willing  to  depart. 

I  shall  be  willing,  if  not  apt,  to  learn. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  I'hilaster,  ii.  1. 

King  Henry,  having  entred  a  Throne  in  a  Storm,  was 
willing  now  to  have  a  Calm.        Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  157. 

If  others  make  easier  conditions  of  blessedness,  no 
wonder  if  their  doctrine  be  entertained  by  those  who  are 
willing  to  be  happy  but  unwilling  to  leave  their  sins. 

Stillingficet,  Sermons,  II.  ii. 

I  never  hear  any  thing  of  the  Countess  [of  Oxford]  ex- 
cept just  now,  that  she  is  grown  tired  of  sublunary  affairs, 
and  willing  to  come  to  a  composition  with  her  lord. 

Walpole,  Letters,  II.  2. 

The  21st  day  Captain  Eaton  came  to  an  Anchor  by  us; 
he  was  very  willing  to  have  consorted  with  us  again. 

Dampier,  "Voyages,  I.  133. 

2.  Voluntary;  cheerfully  given,  granted,  done, 
or  borne :  as,  willing  service ;  willing  poverty. 

I  raise  him  thus,  and  with  this  tviUing  kiss  I  seal  his  par- 
don. Fletcher  (and  another  ?),  Prophetess,  iv.  1. 
Sad  Ulysses'  soul,  and  all  the  rest, 
.*re  held  with  his  melodious  harmony 
In  willing  chains  and  sweet  captivity. 

Milton,  Vacation  Exercise,  1.  52. 

The  chief  is  apt  to  get  an  extra  share  [of  the  spoils], 

either  by  actual  capture,  or  by  the  vMling  award  of  his 

comrades.  H.  Spencer,  Prin.  of  Sociol.,  §  542. 

3.  Characterized  by  promptness  or  readiness 
in  action ;  free  from  relactanee,  laziness,  or 
slowness:  as,  a  willing  horse;  a  willing  hand. 

Mount  the  decks,  and  call  the  unlling  wind. 

Pope,  Odyssey,  ix.  655. 

4t.  In  harmony  or  accord  ;  like-minded. 

I  am  perswaded  the  Devill  himselfe  was  never  willing 
with  their  proceedings.  N.  Ward,  Simple  Cobler,  p.  22. 
=  Syn.  1.  Minded.— 2.  Spontaneous,  etc.  See  voluntary. 
willing-hearted  (wil'ing-har"ted),  a.  Well-in- 
clined ;  heartily  consenting.  Ex.  xxxv.  22. 
■willingly  (wil'ing-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  willingly;  < 
willing  +  -lif-.']  In  a  -willing  manner.  Speciil- 
cally— (rt)  Of 'one's  own  will,  choice,  or  consent;  volun- 
tarily; knowingly. 

Heer  I  swere  that  never  willingly 
In  werk  ne  thought  I  nil  yow  disobeye. 

Chaucer,  Clerk's  Tale,  1.  306. 

By  labour  and  intense  study, .  .  .  joined  with  the  strong 
propensity  of  nature,  I  might  perhaps  leave  something  so 
written  to  after-times  as  they  should  not  willingly  let  it 
die.  Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.,  Int. 

(6)  Readily ;  cheerfully. 
Not  ...  as  it  were  of  necessity,  but  willingly. 

Phile.  14. 
Proud  of  employment,  tviUingly  I  go. 

Shak.,  h.  L.  L.,  ii.  1.  3R. 

They  would  willingly  haue  beene  friends,  or  bane  giuen 
any  composition  they  could. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  90. 

■willingness  (wil'lng-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or 
character  of  being  willing;  free  choice  or  con- 
sent of  the  will;  readiness. 

I  would  expend  it  with  all  willingness. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1.  160. 

Satan  o'ercomes  none  but  by  Willingnesse. 

Uerrick,  Temptations. 

Many  brauado's  they  made,  but,  to  appease  their  fury, 
our  Captaine  prepared  with  as  seeming  a  unilingnesse  (as 
they)  to  incounter  them. 

Quoted  in  Caiit.  John  Smith's  "Works,  I.  177. 

Sweet  is  the  love  which  comes  with  willingness. 

Dryden,  Aurengzebe.  ii.  1. 

They  one  after  another  declared  their  conviction  of  their 
errors,  and  their  willingness  to  receive  baptism. 

Preacott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  6. 

2t.  Good  will;  readiness. 

We,  having  now  the  best  at  Bai'net  field, 
Will  thither  straight,  for  willingness  rids  wav. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3.  21. 

=  Syn.  1.  Forwardness,  Willingness.     See  forwardness. 
will-in-the-wisp  (wil'in-the-wisp),    «.      Same 
as  iciU-o'-tlic-wisj). 


willow 

Willisian  (wil'is-i-an),  a.  [<  TTiUis  (see  def.) 
-1-  -(««.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  Thomas  Willis,  an 
English  anatomist,  famous  for  his  researches 
on  the  brain  and  nerves.  Specifically,  in  anat.:  (a) 
Noting  a  remarkable  anastomosis  of  arteries  at  the  base 
of  the  brain.  See  circle  of  Willis,  under  circle.  (6)  Not- 
ing the  old  enumeration  of  nine  pairs  of  cranial  nerves 
(now  counted  as  twelve  pairs). 

Willis's  disease.   Diabetes. 

■williwaw  (wil'i-wa),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
sudden,  violent  squall  of  wind.  Also  spelled 
willywaw. 

Those  whirlwind  squalls,  formerly  called,  by  the  sealers 
in  Tierra  del  Fuego,  irilliwaws.  They  may  be  truly  termed 
hurricane  squalls  — like  those  at  Gibraltar,  in  a  violent 
Levanter.  Fit2  Roy,  Weather  Book,  p.  126. 

■will-less  (wil'les),  a.  [<  wilt^  +  -less.^  1. 
Lacking  will-power ;  having  no  will  or  volition ; 
not  volitional. 

A  merely  knowing,  quite  will-less  being. 

Du  Prel,  Philos.  of  Mysticism  (trans.  1889X  II.  8. 

2.  Involuntary. 

Your  blind  duty  and  will-less  resignation. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  I.  xv. 

■willock  (wil'ok),  11.  [Cf.  Se.  willick,  a  young 
lieron,  also  the  puffin.]  The  common  murre  or 
guillemot,  Vria  troile  or  Lomvia  troilf,  a  bird 
of  the  auk  family,  abundant  on  both  coasts 
of  the  North  Atlantic.  Also  toillcock.  See  cut 
under  niurrc^.     [Local,  British.] 

will-o'-the-^wisp  (wil'g-the-wisp),  n.  1.  The 
ignis  fatuus;  hence,  any  person  or  thing  that 
deludes  or  misleads  by  dazzling,  -visionary,  or 
evanescent  appearances.  Also  wiH-in-the-tpisp, 
will-tvitli-a-wisp,  and  Jack  o'  lantern. 

All  this  hide  and  seek,  this  irill-in-the-wisp,  has  no  other 

meaning  than  a  Christian  marriage  for  sweet  Mrs.  Belinda. 

Vanbriigh,  Provoked  Wife,  v.  3. 

Wicked  sea-wiU-o'-the-icim ! 
Wolf  of  the  shore !  dog,  with  thy  lying  lights 
Thou  hast  betray'd  us  on  these  rocks  of  thine ! 

Tennyson,  Harold,  it  1. 

2.  A  common  fresh-water  alga,  Nostoc  com- 
ninne:  so  named  from  its  sudden  and  seem- 
ingly mysterious  appearance.     See  Xostoc. 


mgl 
rilli 


willowl  (wil'o),  II.  and  a.  [Also  dial,  willy;  < 
ME.  wilowc,  wylow,  weloglie,  wilwe,  wilge,  <  AS. 
welig  =  MD.  welighe,  wilghe,  later  wilge,  D.  wilg 
=  MLG.  LG.  wilge,  willow ;  root  uncertain.  For 
other  names,  cf.  sallow^  and  witJiy.l  I.  n.  1.  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Salix,  consisting  of  trees, 
shrubs,  and  rarely  almost  herbaceous  plants. 
Of  the  many  species  a  few  are  of  decided  economic  worth 
as  furnishing  osiers  {osier  willow,  crack  willow,  purple  wil- 


Black  Willow  (Salix  ni^a). 

I.  lir.inch  with  female  ainent ;  a.  male  ament ;  a.  capsule, 

opening :  b,  seed  ;  c,  leaf. 

low,  white  trillow),  or  for  their  wood  {crack  iciUow,  white 
rriUmc),  or  for  their  bark,  which  in  northern  Europe  is 
esteemed  equal  to  oak-bark  for  tanning.  Many  are  excel- 
lent for  fixing  loose  sands,  some  serve  for  hedges,  while 
several  are  highly  ornamental.  A  few  plants  with  some 
similarity  to  the  willow  have  borrowed  its  name.  See 
osier,  sallow,  and  the  phrases  below. 

Now  trylous,  busshes,  bromes,  thing  that  eseth 
Let  plannte. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  .S.X  p.  81. 

2.  The  wood  of  the  willow;  hence,  in  ba.se-ball 

and  cricket,  the  bat Almond  or  almond-leafed 

-\rill0W,  a  moderate-sized  tree,  Salix  amygdolina,  found 
in  wet  grounds  in  the  northern  Old  World,  having  the 
loaves  white,  l>ut  not  silky  beneath.  It  is  much  culti- 
vated for  basket-making.  ,\lso  FrcncA  tnJfoir.- Baby- 
lonian willow  (of  Psalm  cxxxvii),  probably  a  species  of 
poplar,  Populus  Fuphratiea.     I'he  weeping  willow  was 


willow 

once  Bupposed  to  be  the  tree,  fancy  associating  its  pen- 
dulous branclies  with  the  hanging  of  the  harps.  The 
oleander  is  sometimes  selected  as  the  tree.  Compare 
weeping  iriUow.  —  'Ra.j  willow,  (a)  Saiix  petUaiidra,  a 
shrub  or  small  tree  of  Europe  aiul  temperate  Asia,  hav- 
ing broadly  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  which  are  thiclc, 
smooth,  and  shining,  rendering  it  highly  ornamental 
(6)  See  iCTaow-Aer*.— Bedford  wlllOW.  See  crac*  wU- 
Zoic  — Bitter  willow.  See  purple  uillow.—  BlaciL  wil- 
low, (a)  A  tree  of  modei-ate  size,  Satix  nigra,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  North  America,  commonly  found  bending  over 
watercourses.  The  wood  is  of  little  value;  the  bark  con- 
tains salicylic  acid,  and  is  a  popular  domestic  febrifuge. 
See  cut  on  preceding  page,  (d)  The  variety  Scuuleriaiia 
of  Salix  jiavetcenn.  found  on  the  western  coast  of  North 
America,  a  small  tree  with  the  woml  light,  hard,  strong, 
and  tough,     (c)  Hsune  lis  bay  unllaw  (a).     [Local,  Eng.J — 

Brittle  willow.   S:ime  as  crack  uitloic Crack  willow, 

a  tall  handsome  tree,  Satix  /raffilvt,  so  called  because  the 
twigs  break  easily  from  the  branches.  It  is  native  in  Eu- 
rope and  Asia,  and  is  often  cultivated,  affording,  with  the 
closely  related  white  willow,  the  best  willow-timber.  A 
hybrid.  S.  Kximeliana,  of  this  and  the  white  willow  is  the 
Bedford  or  Leicester  willow,  whose  bark  is  said  to  contain 
more  tannin  than  oak-bark,  and  more  salicin  than  most  of 
the  genus.  — Desert  willow,  a  small  tree  of  willow  like 
habit.  Chiloptui  mliffiia,  of  the  Bigiioalaceei,  found  in  arid 
regions  in  the  southwestern  United  States  and  northern 
Mexico.  The  flowers,  borne  in  tenuinal  racemes,  have  a 
funnel-form  corolla  swollen  out  alwve,  an  inch  or  two  long, 
colored  white  and  purplish  ;  the  pods  resemble  those  of 
Cato/pa.— Diamond  willow,  a  fonn  of  the  heart-leafed 
willow  (see  below)  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  .Missouri 
and  Vellowstone  rivers,  having  remarkable  diamond- 
shaped  scars  due  U>  the  arrest  of  wood-growth  at  the 
base  of  atrophied  twigs.  It  is  made  into  unique  canes.— 
Dwarf  gray  willow.  Same  as  «ay*'-iw^fo«'.— French 
willow,  (a)  Same  as  almond  u-itlnw.  (b)  See  ivUlow-herb. 
— Glaucous  Willow,  the  pussy-willow.— Glossy  Willow. 
Same  as  Khiniwj  ici'«<.ic.  — Goat  Willow,  the  great  sallow, 
Saliz  caprea.  .See  KaUoicl.  — Golden  Willow  or  osier. 
See  wluU  uillow.  —Ground  willow, Salix  arctica, nm\  per- 
haps other  dwarf  northern  species.  See  .Saiu;.  — Heart- 
leafed  Willow,  Salix  cordata,  the  most  widely  distributed 
and  variable  American  willow,  a  tall  shrub  with  the  leaves 
narrow  but  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  A  variety,  S.  msiUa, 
is  the  diain/>ml  vnlhm  (see  above).  ■  Hedge  Willow,  the 
sallow,  Salix  caprea. ^Soop  Willow.  Same  as  ring  ml- 
tow.  —  Huntington  willow,  the  white  willow.— Leices- 
ter willow,  tlie  crack  willow.  —  i^ng- leafed  willow. 
Same  as  sandbar  triitoic.  —  Osier  willow.  See  outer;  al.so 
almond  willow,  pur/jle  willow,  white  uriUmc— Persian 
willow.  See  irHl<iwherb.  —  ¥Tail\o  Wlllow,  a  grayish 
shrub,  Salix  humilig,  related  to  the  sage-willow,  growing 
3  to  8  feet  high,  common  on  dry  plains,  etc.,  in  the  United 
States.- Primrose  Willow.  Seeyi««i/ra.— Purple  wil- 
low, a  shrub  or  small  tree,  Salix  purpurea,  found  through 
Europe  and  temperate  Asia.  Als<j  called  bitter,  roue,  and 
whipcord  willow.  Its  bark  is  rich  in  salicin,  and  S(j  bitter 
that  it  is  not  gnawed  by  animals;  hence  this  willow  is 
specially  recommended  for  game-proof  hedges.  It  is  at 
the  same  time  one  of  the  best  osier  willows.— Pussy 
Willow.  See  puMgy-willow. — Ring  or  ring-leafed  wil- 
low, a  variety  of  the  weeping  willow  with  the  leaves 
curle<l  into  rings.  — Rose  Willow.  See  purple  wiUou.— 
ROSebay  willow.  -See  wiUmr-lwrb.  Sage  willow.  See 
•ojfe-iciWiMo.— Sallow  willow,  the  common  sallow,  Salix 
caprea.  —  Sandbar  willow,  Salix  longiMia,  a  small  tree 
often  forming  dense  clumps  of  great  beauty  on  river  sand- 
bars and  banks.  It  is  very  common  throughout  the  Missis- 
sippi basin,  and  reaches  its  greatest  development  in  north- 
ern California  and  Oregon. —  Shining  wtUow,  a  river- 
bank  shrub  or  small  tree,  .S'a^tj:  lucula,  of  North  America, 
closely  allied  to  the  bay  wilhiw  of  Europe,  the  leaves  with 
a  long  tapering  point,  smm)th  and  shining  on  both  sides. 
It  is  among  the  most  beautiful  of  willows,  and  is  becoming 
popular  in  cultivation.— SiUty  Willow,  (a)  The  white 
willow,  (b)  Salix  .S'(VcAe/wi>7aTow  nuich-branched  tree  of 
the  Pacific  coast  from  California  northward.  -Swamp 
Willow,  the  pussy-willow.— Sweet  willow,  the  sweet- 
gale.  MyricaGale ;  also,  the  bay  willuu'.  Drittenand  Ilol- 
land.  llTov.  Eng.]  —To  Wear  the  willow,  to  put  on  the 
trappings  of  woe  for  a  lost  lover. 

Te'l  him,  in  hope  he'll  prove  a  widower  shortly, 
I  '11  wear  the  willow  garlantl  for  his  sake. 

Sliak.,  i  Hen.  VI.,  ill.  .X  228. 

Virginia  or  Virginian  wiUow.  .See  /(en.— Water  wil- 
low. See  ira//T-ira(oH.— Weeping  Willow,  a  large  tree, 
Salix  Babidonica,  distinguished  by  its  very  long  and  slen- 
der pendulous  branches,  a  native,  not  of  Babylon,  but  of 
eastern  -Vsia,  now  common  in  cultivation  in  Europe  and 
America.  Only  the  female  plant  is  known  in  western  coun- 
tries, but  it  spreads  to  some  extent  by  the  drifting  and  root- 
ing of  its  broken  branches.  It  is  considered  an  emblem  of 
mourning,  and  is  often  planted  in  graveyards.  The  Kil- 
marnock weeping  willow  is  a  remarkable  variety  of  the 
common  sallow.  There  is  an  American  weeping  willow 
sold  in  nurseries,  which  is  a  ji.iitly  j)eiuinlon3  form  of  the 
European  purple  willow.—  Whipcord  WiUow.  See  jmr- 
pie  iH((«K'.— White  Willow,  S(Uix  alba,  otherwise  called 
HmUiwjton  and  xUhj  willow,  perhaps  the  most  common 
cultivated  species,  a  fine  tree  becoming  from  .'iO  to  8<J  feet 
high,  the  leaves  ashy-gray  or  silky-white  on  l)oth  sides. 
Its  wo<jd  is  smofjth,  light,  soft,  tough,  and  not  subject  Ut 
splintering,  and  is  useil  for  a  great  variety  of  puriwses.  It 
makes  a  good  gunpow<ler  charcoal,  for  which  purpise  it  is 
grown  in  .Vew  Jersey  and  Delaware.  Tlie  typical  form  is 
the  variety  S.  cxrtdea,  or  blue  willow.  The  variety  S.  oitel- 
lina,  the  goldeit  willow  or  osier,  with  yellow  twigs,  is  liU'ge- 
ly  grown  for  basket-making.- 'Whortle  Willow,  Salix 
Myrrinitex.  a  low,  sometimes  closely  proruuibent  shrui), 
under  a  foot  high,  with  small  round,  ovate,  or  lanceolate 
leaves,  found  in  the  mountains  of  the  northern  old  World. 
—  Willow  scale.  Sec  iicni«i.  — Willow  span-worm, 
one  of  a  number  of  geometrid  larva"  which  feed  upon  wil- 
low, as  the  pink-striped,  the  hu-va  of  Iteilinia  imriolariu 
of  the  United  States  —  Willow  tUBSOCk-moth,  a  North 
American  tussock-moth, Orf/i/ia  definila,  whose  larva  seems 
to  feed  only  on  willow  — a  peculiar  fact,  since  othei-  tus- 
sock-moth hirva;  are  rather  geniral  te<Mlers.  —Yellow  Wil- 
low, the  variety  mtellina  of  ."ializ  alba.  See  white  uillow, 
above. 


Willow  Pattern. 


6929 

II.  a.  1.  Made  of  the  wood  of  the  willow; 
consisting  of  willow. — 2.  Of  the  color  of  the 
bark  of  young  willow- 
wood  ;  of  a  dull  yellow- 
ish-green color Wil- 
low pattern,  a  design  in 
ceramic  decoration,  intro- 
duced by  J.  Turner  in  his 
Caughley  porcelain  in  1780. 
'The  design  is  Chinese  in 
character,  but  is  not  exact- 
ly copied  from  any  Chinese 
original.  It  is  alwjiys  in  blue 
ou  white  or  bluish-white 
ground.-WUlow  tea.  See 
teal. 

■Willowl    (wil'o),   V.  t.; 
pret.  and  pp.  willowed, 

ppr.  wUlowhHj.  [<  willow'^,  «.]  To  beat,  as  cot- 
ton, etc.,  with  willow  rods,  in  order  to  loosen  it 
and  eject  the  impurities:  hence,  to  pick  and 
clean,  as  any  fibrous  material;  treat  with  the 
willow  or  >villowing-machiiie. 
Fine  stuff,  such  as  willmced  rope. 

Workshop  Receipts,  2d  ser.,  p.  36. 

■willow^  ( wil'o),  n.  [Also  wiUy,  tciltei/  ;  short  for 
willow-mnchiiie  OT  willoicing-macliiiie.]  A  power- 
machine  for  extracting  dirt  and  foreign  matter 
from  hemp  and  fla.x,  for  cleaning  cotton,  and  for 
tearing  open  and  cleaning  wool  preparatory  to 
spinning.  The  machines  used  for  these  different  ma- 
terials vary  hi  size,  but  are  essentially  lUike,  and  consist 
of  a  revolving  cylinder  armed  with  spikes  in  a  cylindrical 
casing  also  armed  with  spikes.  A  part  of  the  casing 
forms  a  grid  or  sieve,  through  which  the  waste  falls  by 
gravity  or  is  drawn  by  a  suction  blast.  In  certain  cotton 
inanufactures  it  follows  the  opener,  or  is  used  in  place  of 
it,  and  is  followed  by  the  scutcher.  Also  called  cotton- 
cleaning  machine,  decil,  opening-machine,  willower,  wil- 
lotcing-mnchine,  wiUow-machine,  and  willying-maehine. 

■willow-beauty  (wir6-bii"ti),  n.  A  British  ge- 
omotfid  motli,  Boitrmia  rhomhoiduria . 

■willow-bee  (wil'6-be),  n.  A  kind  of  leaf-cut- 
ting bee,  Me<jachih  willitt/libidltt  (wrongly  icil- 
Inuylibi/cUa),  which  builds  its  cells  in  willows, 
as  originally  described  by  Francis  Willugbby 
(1671). 

■willow-beetle  (wil'o-be'''tl),  h.  Any  one  of 
more  tlian  a  hundred  species  of  beetles  which 
live  upon  the  willow ;  specilically,  a  leaf -beetle, 
Phi/llodcctu  fitelUnee,  which  damages  willows 
in  England  and  on  the  continent  of  Europe, 
its  larva>  feeding  on  the  leaves  and  pupating 
underground. 

■willow-cactus  (wiro-kak-'^'tus),  «.     See  Bhip- 

■willow-caterpillar  (wir6-kat"tr-pil-ar),  «. 
Any  one  of  the  many  different  lepidopterous 
larvse  which  feed  upon  the  willow ;  specifically, 
the  larva  of  the  viceroy  (wliere  see  cut). 

willow-cimbex  (wil'o-sim'beks),  II.  A  very 
large   American    saw-fly,    Cimbex    iimericaiia, 


■willow-oak 

stone-iiy;  especially,  one  whose  larva  is  used 
for  bait,  as  the  yellow  sally,  Cliloropirla  viridis 
of  England,  or  Nematura  variegata  of  the  same 
country.  See  cut  un- 
der Perla. 

willow-gall  (wii'6- 
gal),  n.  Any  one  of 
numerous  galls  upon 
willow-shoots  and 
-leaves,  made  mainly 
by  gall-midges  (Ceci- 
domi/iida'),  but  often 
by  gall-making  saw- 
iiies  of  the  genera 
Kvura  and  Ncinatus. 
Examples  of  the  former 
are  the  pine-cone  willow- 
gall  of  Cecidoviyia  strobi- 
loides  and  the  cabbage- 
sprout  willow-gall  of  Ce- 
cidotnyia  salicis-brassi- 
coides.  Examplesof those 
made  by  saw-flies  are  the 
willow  apple-gall  of  Ne- 
matus  salicis-pomum,  the 
willow  egg-gall  of  Evura 
salicis  omnn.  and  the  wil- 
low bud-gall  of  Eciira  sa- 
licig-geriniia. 

willow-garden 

(wir6-giir"dn),  ii.    A 

sportsmen's  name  for  a  swale  grown  with  wil- 
lows. 

Snipe  in  the  spring  not  unfrequently  take  to  swampy 
thickets  of  black  alder,  and  what  are  known  as  "  uillow 
gardens,"  with  springy  bottoms,  for  shelter  and  food. 

Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  161. 

■willow-ground  (wil'o-ground),  H.  A  piece  of 
swampy  land  where  osiers  are  grown  for  basket- 
making. 

■willow-grouse  (wil'6-grous),  «.  The  willow- 
ptarmigan. 

■willow-herb  (wil'o-erb),  n. 
genus  EjiHobium,  so  named 
like  leaves  of  K.  iin- 


Cabbage-sprout  Willow-^; 


1.  A  plant  of  the 
from  the   willow- 


Tlie  Inflorescence  of  Willow 
{l-.pilobium  a>ii:itsti/ohu}n\. 
it,  capsule,  opening  :   b,  seed. 


herb 


The 


Willow-cimbex  <,Cimbtx  americana),  natural  size. 

whose  large  whitish  larva;  feed  on  tlie  foliage 
of  tlie  willow,  elm,  bircli,  and  linden,  frequently 
entirely  defoliating  large  trees.     See  Cimbex. 

■willow-curtain  (wil'o-ker"tan),  n.  In  bi/draiil. 
eiiffiii.,  a  form  of  floating  dilse  made  of  willow 
wands,  used  in  western  rivers  in  the  United 
States  as  a  sliield  against  the  current,  and  to 
prevent  the  wearing  of  tlie  banks. 

■Willow-dolerus  (wil'6-dol"e-rus).  II.  A  small 
saw-fly.  Dolcntx  (irrcii.ii.^,  blue-black  in  color, 
found  fi'e({iiently  on  willows  in  the  United 
States  ill  May  and  June. 

■willowed  (w'il'od),  (I.  [<  iriUiiwl  +  -erf'-i.] 
Abounding  with  willows.     [Rare.] 

No  longer  steel-clad  waiTifn-s  ride 
Along  thy  wild  and  uiltow'd  sliore. 

Scott,  L.  of  1,.  M.,  iv.  1. 


■willower  (wil'o-er),    II. 
Same  as  icillnw'^. 


[<    wilhii-i    +   -e/-l.] 


■willow-fly  (wil'o-fli),  II.    Apseudoneuropterous 
insect  ot  the  family  I'erlidie;    any  perlid  or 


(juKtifoUiim,  the  great 
willow-herb.  This  is 
the  most  conspicuous  spe- 
cies, a  native  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America, 
abounding  especially  in 
recent  forest-clearings, 
hence  in  America  also 
cnXXtid  fire-weed.  It  grows 
from  4  to  7  feet  high,  and 
bears  a  long  raceme  of 
showy  pink-purple  flow- 
ers. Other(British)names 
are  rose-bay,  bay  wiltmv, 
Persian,  and  especially 
French,  willow.  E.  lati- 
.folium  of  arctic  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America, 
reaching  Colorado  in  the 
mountains,  is  a  much 
lower  plant  with  similar 
showy  flowers.  E.  obcor- 
datum  isabeautifuldwai-f 
species  of  the  mountains 
of  California.  E.  luteum, 
found  from  Oregon  north- 

■  ward,  is  peculiar  in  its 
yellow  flowers.  Many 
species  are  not  at  all 
sliowy.  The  great  willow- 
herb  and  others  have  an  unofhcinal  medicinal  use. 
Indian  name  wievp  or  wicopg  survives  in  some  hooks.  See 
also  cut  under  coma. 

2.  See  /.//Mr ((«(.- French  willow-herb,  the  French 
willow.  See  def.  1.— Hooded  willow-herb,  tln'  skull- 
cap, .Sc«(€HtrWa.  —  Nightwlllow-herb,  the  cviiiiiig  prim- 
rose, (Enothera  &u'/jnw.— Spiked  Willow-herb,  Ejulobi- 
urn.  anguj.ti/olhftiK  fcn-merly  E,  spicatum. —  Swamp  wll- 
lOW-herb,  Eju'lnlmnn  palustre, 

■willo^wing-maclline  (wil'o-ing-ina-slien'),  II. 
Same  as  willotr'^. 

■willo^wish  (wil'o-ish),  a.  [<  icillou'i^  +  -i.vAi.] 
Kesembling  tlie  willow;  like  the  color  of  the 
willow.     /.  Il'iiltoii.  Complete  Angler,  i.  5. 

■willow-lark  (wil'o-liirk),  n.  The  sedge-war- 
bler.    J'ciinaiit,  1768.     {Iiiij).  Diet.) 

■willow-leaf  (wil'o-lef),  n.  One  of  the  elongated 
filaments  of  which  the  solar  photosphere  ap- 
pears to  be  composed,  especially  in  tlie  neigh- 
liorhood  of  sun-spots.  The  name  was  proposed  hy 
Nasmyth,  but  is  no  longer  in  general  use,  since  as  a  rule 
the  photosphcrie  grannies  arc  not  of  a  form  to  justify  it. 

■willow-machine  (wiro-nia-shen'''),  "■  Same 
as  ir(//oic'". 

■willow-moth  (wiro-moth),  H.  A  common  lirit- 
isli  iioctuiil  moth,  CiirtidriiKi  tjiiiidripiiiii-ldtii,  a 
|iale  mottled  species  whose  caterjiillnr  does 
much  damage  to  stored  grain. 

willow-myrtle  (■wir6-nier"tl), )(.  A  niyrtaceous 
tree  with  willow-like  leaves,  .■liiiiiiis  flixno.sd,  of 
western  Australia,  growing  40  feet  high. 

■willow-oak  (wil'o-ok),  n.  An  American  oak, 
<,h(('rci(s  riiillii.s,  found  from  New  York  near  the 


willow-oak 

coast  to  Texas  and  north  to  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri. Its  leaves  are  narrow  and  entire,  strongly  suggest- 
ing those  of  a  willow.  It  grows  some  70  feet  high,  and  af- 
fords a  heavy  and  strong,  rather  soft,  wood,  somewhat  used 
for  fellies  of  wheels  and  In  building.  Also  peach-oak^  sand- 
jack,  .-iee  cut  under  oaA.— Upland  wlllow-oalt,  Quercws 
cinerea,  a  tree  reaching  i^  feet  high,  found  from  Fortress 
Slonroe  to  'I'exas  on  sandy  barrens  and  dry  upland  ridges. 
The  leaves  are  somewhat  broader  than  those  of  the  willow- 
oak,  leathery,  and  white-downy  beneath.  Also  blue-jack 
and  sand-jack. 

willow-peeler  (wil'o-pe'ler),  «.  A  machine 
or  device  for  stripping  the  bark  from  willow- 
wands,  as  a  crotch  with  sliarp  edges,  through 
which  the  waud  is  drawn.  Also  called  willow- 
.'itripper. 

willow-ptarmigan  (wil'o-tUr"mi-gan),  9).  The 
common  ptarmigan  of  North  America,  Lago- 
jiiis  albu.9.  having  in  winter  white  plumage 
with  a  black  tail,  but  no  black  stripe  through 
the  eye:  distinguished  from  rocl-pt(irinigan. 
Also  icilhw-groKse.  The  name  originally  ap- 
plied to  the"  European  bird  named  L.  saliceti. 
See  dabipa  and  ri/pe^. 

Willow-sawfly  (wil'o-sa"fli),  n.  Any  one  of 
the  different  saw-flies  which  breed  upon  wil- 
low, as  Ciinbex  americana.  Dolents  arvensis, 
XcnidtD.t  vcntrali.i,  and  a  number  of  others. 
Phyllcecus  ittteger  is  a  North  American  species  whose 
larvre  bore  into  the  young  shoots  of  willow,  whence  it  is 
speeitied  as  the  willow-shoot  saw-fiy.  See  wUlow-cimhex 
and  u'Ulatr-dolerus. 

willow-slug  (wil'o-slug),  )i.  The  larva  of  any 
saw-tly.  as  yemaius  ventialis,  which  infests  wil- 
lows. That  of  the  species  named,  more  fully  called  yel- 
loic-spotted  u-Ulmv-slug,  has  some  economic  consequence 
in  connection  with  the  osier  industry. 

willow-sparrow  (wil'o-sparo),  n.  Same  as 
unUow-ti'iirbler.     [Local,  Eng.J 

willow-thorn  (wil'o-thorn),  ».  Same  as  sal- 
low-tliorit.     See  Uippophnii. 

willow-warbler  (wir6-war"bler),  n.  A  small 
sylviine  bird  of  Etirope,  Sylvia  or  I'liylloscopu.i 
t'rochHiis;  the  willow-wren.  It  is  about  5  inches  long, 
greenish  above,  whitish  below,  and  very  abundant  in  sum- 
mer  in  the  British  Islands  in  woods  and  copses.  See  chiff- 
chaff.  -Yellow-browed  barred  willow-warbler.  See 
yellou'-hrowed  warbler,  under  warbler. 

willow-weed  (wil'o-wed),  H.  l.  One  of  various 
species  of  ruli/goiium,  or  knotweed,  as  P.  amphi- 
hiutii,  r.  Pcr.-iicaria,  or  P.  lapathifolium.  Britten 
and  Holland.  [Prov.  Eng.] — 2.  The  purple 
loosestrife,  Lythrum  Salicaria. 

willow-wort  (wil'6-wert),  m.  1.  The  common 
loosestrife,  Lysimarhiu  vulgaris,  or  the  purple 
loosestrife,  Lythrum  Salicaria. —  2.  A  plant  of 
the  order  Salicineee,  the  willow  family.  Lindley. 

willow-wren  (wil'o-ren),  n.  The  willow-war- 
bler: a  common  British  name  and  also  book- 
name. 

willowy  (wil'o-i),  a.  [<  willow^  +  -yl.]  1. 
Abounding  with  willows. 

Where  willowy  Camus  lingers  with  delight ! 

Gray,  Ode  for  Music. 

Steadily  the  millstone  hums 
Down  in  the  willowy  vale. 

Bryant,  Song  of  the  Sower. 

2.  Resembling  a  willow;  flexible;  drooping; 
pensile;  graceful. 

Willsia  (wil'si-a),  n.  [NL.,  named  after  one 
jyills.~[  A  generic  name  based  on  medusoids  of 
certain  gymnoblastic  hydroid  polj^ps,  apparent- 
ly coryniform,  which  produce  other  medusoids 


j4,  the  medusa,  with  buddint;  stolons.  11,  a  bud  developed  on  a 
stolon;  A,  its  radial  canal;  e,  m.anubriuiii.  C,  a  stolon  ;  fr,  its  free  end 
beset  with  neuiatocysts :  b,  c,  d,  d,  four  buddinji  medusoids,  the  last 
nearly  ready  to  Ije  detached  ;  e  and  h,  as  in  fig.  B. 

like  themselves  by  means  of  proliferating  sto- 
lons; also,  a  designation  of  such  medusoids. 
In  the  example  figured  the  stolons  are  developed  at  the 
bifurcation  of  each  of  the  four  principal  radiating  canals 
of  the  swimming-bell,  each  stolon  endhig  in  a  knob  with 
a  bunch  of  thread-cells,  and  giving  rise  along  one  side 
to  a  series  of  buds  which  successively,  from  the  free  end 


6930 

toward  the  other  end,  acquire  the  character  of  complete 
medusoids.    Huxley,  Anat.  Invert.,  p.  132. 

Willughbeia  (wil-o-be'iii),  n.  [NL.  (Rox- 
burgh, 1819),  named  for  Francis  U'illughby, 
lC3,T-7ii,  an  Englisli  naturalist,  who  wrote  on 
the  use  of  sap  in  plants.]  A  genus  of  gamo- 
petalous  plants,  of  the  order  Apocynaccx  and 
tribe  Carisi^ae.  it  is  characterized  by  climbing  stems, 
flowers  in  dense  cymes  with  a  five-parted  salver-shaped 
corolla  bearing  its  stamens  near  the  base  of  its  tube,  and 
followed  by  a  large  globose  berry  with  hard  pericarp 
and  abundant  pulp,  in  appearance  resembling  an  orange. 
By  its  axillary  (not  terminal)  cymes  it  is  further  distin- 
guished from  the  related  climbing  genus  of  india-rubber 
plants,  Landolphia,  for  which  the  name  Willuffhbeia  has 
also  been  used.  The  genus  includes  8  or  10  species,  na- 
tives of  India,  Malacca,  and  Ceylon.  They  are  sarmen- 
tose  shrubs,  generally  tendril-bearing  and  climbing  to 
great  heights.  The  leaves  are  opposite,  short-petioled, 
and  feather-veined.  The  W.  elastica  of  many  writers,  an 
india-rubber  plant  of  Borneo,  is  now  classed  as  Urceola. 

will-willet  (wii'wil'et),  n.  [Cf.  icillet,  pill- 
roillet.']  1.  S&me  a,s pilUwillet. — 2t.  The  Amer- 
ican oyster-eatcher:  as,  "the  will-willet  or  oys- 
ter-catcher," Bartram,  Travels (od.  1791).  Lau- 
son,  1709. 

will-with-a-wisp, «.  Same  as  will-o'-the-wisp,  1. 

will- worship  ( wU'wer'ship),  n.  [A  lit.  render- 
ing of  Gr.  iOi'/oftprjOKcia;  <  wiW  +  worship.'] 
Worship  according  to  one's  own  fancy;  wor- 
ship imposed  merely  by  human  will,  not  by  di- 
vine authority;  supererogatory  worship. 

Which  things  have  indeed  a  shew  of  wisdom  in  icill 
worship.  Col.  ii.  23. 

Let  not  the  obstinacy  of  our  halfe  Obedience  and  iinll 
Worship  bring  forth  that  Viper  of  Sedition  that  for  these 
Foure-score  Years  hath  been  breeding  to  eat  through  the 
entrals  of  our  Peace.         Milton,  Keformation  in  Eng.,  ii. 

will-worshiper  (wirwer"ship-er),  )(.  One  who 
practises  wUl-worship. 

He  that  says  "God  is  rightly  worshipped  by  an  act  or  cere- 
mony concerning  which  himself  hath  no  way  expressed  his 
pleasure" — is  superstitions  or  ^will-worshipper. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Rule  of  Conscience,  II.  iii.  13. 

willyl  (wil'i),  a.  [<  ME.  winy,  Willi  (=  G.  willig, 
willing);  <  roiWl  +  -(/!.]  If.  Willing;  ready; 
eager. 

All  wight  men  in  wer,  willy  to  fight, 
And  boldly  the  bekirt,  britnet  there  fos. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7713. 

Be  the  whilke  ilke  man  that  is  willy 
May  Wynne  the  liffe  that  laste  schall  ay. 

York  Plays,  p.  458. 

I  have  assayde  zowr  suster,  and  I  fonde  her  never  so 
^(•yUy  to  noon  as  sche  is  to  hym,  zyf  it  be  so  that  his  londe 
stande  cleer.  Paston  Letters,  I.  SB. 

2.  Self-willed;  wilful.  Jainieson.  [Scotch.] 
willy^  (wil'i),  n.  A  dialectal  variant  of  willow'^. 
willy^  (wil'i),  )(.     [<  ME.  u-ilic,  <  AS.  wilige,  a 

basket  made  of  willow  twigs,  <  wclig,  a  willow: 

see  willow"^.     Cf.  wccP.~\     A  willow  basket;  a 

fisli-basket.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
willy*  (wil'i),  II.     Same  as  willow'^. 
willyard  (wil'yiird),  «.     1.  Wilful;  obstinate; 

unmanageable. 
"He's  a  gnde  creature, " saitl  she,  "and  a  kind;  it's  a 

pity  he  has  sae  willyard  a  powny." 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xxvi. 

Eh,  sirs,  but  human  nature 's  a  willful  and  wityard  thing. 
Scott,  Antiquary,  xxv. 

2.  Shy;  awkward;  confused;  bewildered. 

But.  oh  !  for  Hogarth's  magic  pow'r  ! 

To  show  Sir  Bardie's  uillyart  glow'i-. 

And  how  he  star'd  and  stannner'd. 

Burns,  On  Meeting  with  Lord  Daer. 

[Scotch  in  both  senses.] 
willying-machine   (wil'i-ing-ma-shen"),  n. 

Same  as  milloioiiig-inai'hinc. 
■willy-mufty,  -willie-muftie  (wiri-muf'ti),  «. 

The  willow-warbler.     [Local,  Eng.] 
■willy-nilly  (wil'i-nil'i),  r(.  or  «(/i'.    1.  Will  he  or 

will  he  not;  will  ye  or  will  ye  not;  willing  or 

unwilling.      See   iiill^,   irill~. —  2.  Vacillating; 

shilly-.shallyjng. 

Someone  saw  thy  willy-nilly  nun 
Vying  a  tress  against  our  golden  fern. 

Tennyson,  Harold,  v.  1. 
Also  nilly-willy. 
willy-wagtail  (wil'i-wag'tal),  u.     The  white 

or  pied  wagtail.     [Local,  Eng.] 
willywaw,  n.    See  williwaw. 
Wilmot  proviso.     See  proviso. 
wilnt,  V.    [<  ME.  wiliien.  wiliiieii,  <  AS.  wihiian,  < 
if(7/«((,  wish,  desire:  see  ii'(7/l,  ic/W2.]     I.  trans. 

1.  To  wish;  desire. 

If  she  wUneth  fro  the  for  to  passe, 
Thanne  is  she  fals,  so  love  here  wel  the  lasse. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  61."). 

And  wyliiest  to  have  alle  the  M'orld  at  thi  commande- 

ment,  that  schalle  leve  the  with  outen  fayle.  or  thou  leve 

it.  Mandevilte,  Travels,  p.  29;'.. 

2.  To  receive  willingly ;  consent  or  submit  to. 


wily 

To  penaunce  and  to  pouerte  he  mot  putte  hym-selue, 
And  muche  wo  in  this  worlde  witn^n  and  stiffren. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxiL  «8. 

3.  To  resolve;  determine. 

If  a  man  haue  synned  longe  bifore. 
And  axe  mercy  And  a-mende  his  mys, 

Repeiite,  and  wilne  to  synne  no  more, 
Of  that  man  god  gladder  is 

Than  of  a  child  synlees  y-bore. 

Hymns  to  Vircfin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  p.  75. 

II.  intraiis.  To  have  a  desire;  long  (for); 
yearn  or  seek  (after). 

The  cherl  .  .  .  higtithastely  tohaue  what  itwoldgerne, 
Appeles  <k  alle  thinges  that  childern  after  wilnen. 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  59. 

■wilningt,  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  wiln,  v.]  Desire; 
inclination ;  will. 

In  the  beestys  the  love  of  hyr  lyvynges  ne  of  hyr  bee- 
inges  ne  comth  nat  of  the  wilnynyes  of  the  sowle,  but  of 
the  bygynnyngis  of  nature. 

Chaucer,  Boethiua,  iiL  prose  11. 

wilsome^  (wil'sum),  a.  [<  ME.  wilsom ;  <  will^ 
+ -sonic.  Ct.  wilsome^.']  1 .  Wilful ;  obstinate ; 
stubborn.  [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.]  —  2t. 
Loved;  desirable;  amiable. 

Thus  was  the  kowherd  out  of  kare  kindeli  holpen. 
He  &  his  wilsum  wif  wel  to  liuen  for  euer. 

William  o/Palerne(E.  E.  T.  8.),  I.  .'1394. 

3.  Fat;  indolent.     [I-Vov.  Eng.] 
'Wilsome'''  (wil'sum),  a.     [<  ME.  wilsum,  wilsom, 
wildsom  (prob.  after  Icel.  villusamr,  erroneous, 
false);  <  wild^  (cf.  will^)  +  -some.    Prob.  con- 
fused with  ici7«oi«el.]    1.  Wandering;  devious. 

Mony  wylsum  way  he  rode, 
The  bok  as  I  herde  say. 
Sir  (Jawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  689. 
Alias !  what  ayles  that  feende 
Thus  wilsom  wayes  make  vs  to  wende. 

York  Plays,  p.  144. 
2.  Doubtful;  uncertain. 

In  erthe  he  was  ordand  ay. 
To  w.arne  the  folke  that  ztilsoin  wore 
Of  Cristis  comyng.  York  Play;  p.  97. 

[Provincial  in  both  senses.] 
wilsomeness  (wil'sum-nes),  «.     [ME.;  <  wil- 

some'^  + -Hcss,]  Wilfulness;  obstinacy.   Wi/clif, 

Eechis.  xxxi.  40. 
Wilson's  blackcap.   See  blackcap,  2  (c),  and  cut 

under  Myiodioetcs. 
Wilson's  bluebird.   The  common  eastern  blue- 
bird of  the  United  States,  Sialia  sialis  (formerly 

<S'.  wilsoni).     See  cut  under  Sialia. 
Wilson's  fly-catching  warbler.    See  warbler, 

and  cut  under  Myiodioctcs. 
Wilson's  phalarope.     See   Steganopus   (with 

cut). 
Wilson's  sandpiper.     See  sandpijter,  and  cut 

under  f:tiiif,  3. 
Wilson's  snipe.      See  snipe'^,  and  cut  under 

Galliiiago. 
Wilson's  stint.    See  stint,  3. 
Wilson's  stormy  petrel.     See  Oceanites. 
Wilson's  tern.    See  tern^  and  Sterna  (with  out). 
Wilson's  theorem.    See  theorem. 
Wilson's  thrush.     See  reery  (with  cut). 
■wiltl   (wilt),  r.     [Also  welt,  dial,  variants  of 

irilk,  wclk  (=  G.  welk,  withered,  verwclken,  fade, 

wither):  see  wcWl.]    1.  intrans.  1.  To  droop  or 

fade,  as  plants  or  flowers  when  cut  or  plucked; 

wither. 
To  wilt,  for  wither,  spoken  of  green  herbs  or  flowers,  is 

a  general  word.  Ray. 

The  frosts  have  fallen  and  the  flowers  are  drooping, 
summer  u~ilts  into  autumn.  .S.  Judd,  Margaret,  ii.  5. 

2.  To  become   soft  or  languid;   lose  energy, 
pith,  or  strength.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

II.  trans.  To  cause  to  droop  or  become  lan- 
guid, as  a  plant;  take  the  stiffness,  strength, 
or  vigor  out  of ;  hence,  to  render  limp  and  pith- 
less ;  depress. 

Despots  have  wilted  the  human  race  into  sloth  and  im- 
becility. DuiyhL 

She  wanted  a  pink  that  Miss  Amy  had  pinned  on  her 

breast  .  .  .  and  died,  holding  the  wilted  stem  in  her  hand. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  ii.  1. 

wilt'"'  (wilt).  The  second  person  singular  pres- 
ent indicative  of  will^. 

Wilton  carpet.     See  carpet. 

■wiluite  (wil  iVit), «.    [<  Wiliii  (see def .)  -I-  -iff2.] 
1.  A  variety  of  grossular  garnet  from  the  Wilui 
(Vilui)  river  in  eastern  Siberia. —  2.  A  variety 
of  vesuvianite  from  the  same  locality. 
Also  riluite. 

wily  (wi'li),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  wilie,  icylie; 
<  ME.  wily,  wyly ;  <  wilc^  +  -.i/l.]  Full  of  wiles; 
subtle;  cunning;  crafty;  sly. 

But  abone  all  (for  Gods  sakeX  Son,  beware, 
Be  not  intrapt  in  Womens  wylic  snare. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Magnificence. 


wily 

Just  where  the  breath  of  life  his  nostrils  drew, 
A  charge  of  snuff  the  v^ily  virgin  tlirew. 

Pijpe,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  82. 
=Syn.  Cunning,  Artful,  Sly,  etc.  (see  cuiminffi),  design- 
ing, deceitful,  foxy,  diplomatic,  delusive,  insidious. 
Wily-beguilet,  "•  The  lieeciviiif;  of  one's  self 
in  attempting  to  deceive  another:  used  only 
in  the  phrase  to  plaij  xciUj-bcguile  (or  wily-be- 
guilij). 

ITiey,  playing  wily  beguile  themselves,  think  it  enough 
inwardly  to  favour  the  truth,  though  outwardly  they  cur- 
ry favour. 

J.  Brad/urd,  Writings  (Parker  Soc,  1848),  I.  375. 
"Playing  uily-beguUe" :  deceiving.    A  proverbial  ex- 
pression.    Vide  Hay,  I'roverbs  (ed.  1817),  p.  4«. 

(Note  to  the  above  passage.) 
Ch.  I  am  fully  resolved. 

P.  Well,  yet  Cherea  looke  to  it,  that  you  play  not  now 
wily  beguUy  your  selfe. 

Terence  in  English  (1614).    (Xares.) 

Wim  (wim),  V.  [Cf.  wimble-.]  To  winnow 
grain.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wimberry,  ".     See  iriiihcrri/. 

wimble^  (wim'bl),  «.  [Also  So.  wimmle,  wumil, 
icuiiimle,  wunntul ;  <  ME.  "wimbel,  tcynible,  Kijm- 
byl,  'wimmel;  ef.  MD.  wimpel,  a  wimble,  =  Dan. 
vimmel,  an  auger,  =  OSw.  wimla  (Molbeeh), 
an  auger  (not  to  be  identified  with  leel.  'veimil, 
which  occurs  but  once,  in  coinp.  reimiltjjta,  ap- 
plied to  a  crooked  person,  but  said  by  Cleasby 
to  mean  '  wimble-stiok'  (tjjta,  a  pin  ?));  appar. 
connected  with  MD.  iceme,  a  wimble,  wemelcii, 
bore,  this  verb  being  appar.  connected  with 
icemeleii,  turn  about,  whirl,  vibrate.  The  re- 
lations of  these  forms  are  uneertain.  The 
word  is  certainly  not  allied,  as  Skeat  makes  it, 
to  Dan.  rindel-trappc  =  Sw.  viiideltrajipa  =  G. 
icendeltreppc,  a  spiral  staircase,  G.  xceiidclhohrer, 
an  auger,  etc.,  words  connected  with  the  E. 
verb  wind:  see  winil^.  From  the  MD.  form  is 
derived  OF.  guimbelet,  gimbelet,  guibelet,  >  ME. 
gymlet.  >  E.  gimlet,  gimblet :  see  gimlet.]  If. 
A  gimlet. 

Unto  the  pith  a  Ifrenssh  wytnb'e  in  bore, 
Threste  in  a  l)raunche  of  roggy  wilde  olyve, 
Threste  ynne  it  faste. 

Palladiiu),  llusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  19<). 

"Tis  but  like  the  little  Witnble.  to  let  in  the  greater 

Auger.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  2(;. 

2.  In  mining,  an  instrument  by  which  tlie  rub- 
bish is  extracted  from  a  bore-hole :  a  kind  of 
shell-auger.  Some  varieties  of  wimble,  suit- 
able for  boring  into  soft  clay,  are  called  wim- 
ble-scoops.—  3.  A  marble-workers'  brace  for 
drilling  holes  in  marble. 
wimble^t  (wim'bl),  r.  /.  [<  M?].  teijmbelcn, 
wymmelen  (=  MI),  iremelen),  bore,  pierce  with  a 
wimble;  from  the  noun.]  To  bore  or  perforate 
with  or  as  with  a  wimble. 

Thus  we  se  Mars  furiouse,  thus  Greeks  euery  harbory  scal- 
ing, 
Vp  fretting  the  pliers,  warding  long  wymheled  entryes. 
Staniht(rnt,  Mueid,  ii. 
And  vnmhled  also  a  hole  thro'  the  said  coffin.         Wood. 

wimble'-'  (wim'bl),  c  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wimbled, 
ppr.  wimblinti.  [Perhaps  a  corruption  of  win- 
now.'] To  winnow.  WithaCs  Diet.  (ed.  1608), 
p_.  83. 
wimble^t  (wim'bl),  a.  [With  excrescent  h  (as 
in  wimble^),  <  Sw.  vimmel  (in  comp.  rimmel- 
kantig),  whimsical,  giddy,  Sw.  dial,  rimmht,  be 
giddy  or  skittish  (cf.  MD.  wemelen,  turn  around, 
move  about,  vibrate,  etc.),  equiv.  to  vimmrii 
(>  vimmrig,  skittish,  said  of  horses),  freq.  of 
iinui,  be  giddy,  allied  to  Icel.  rim,  giddiness 
(>  E.  whim,  with  intrusive  /( ;  see  icliim);  cf. 
Dan.  vimsc,  skip  about,  vims,  brisk,  quick:  see 
whim.]     Active;  nimble. 

He  was  so  wimble  and  so  wight, 
From  bough  to  bough  he  lepped  light. 

Spenser,  Shep.  t'al  ,  March. 
Buckle  thy  spirits  up,  put  all  thy  wits 
In  tcimble  action,  or  thou  art  surprised. 

Manton,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  iii.  i. 

wimbrel  (wim'brel),  K.     Same  as  whimbrel. 

wimniing-dust(wim'ing-dust),M.  Chaff.  Hal- 
liwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

wimple  (wim'pl),  n.  [<  ME.  wimpel,  wympel, 
wymple,  wimpil,  wimpul,  <  AS.  'wimpel,  found 
twice  in  glosses,  in  the  spelling  winjiel,  wimple, 
covering  for  the  neck,  =  D.  wimpel,  streamer, 
pendant,  =  JILG.  wimpel.  wumpel  =  OHG.  wim- 
pal,  a  head-cloth,  veil,  MHG.  G.  wimpel.  head- 
cloth,  banner,  pennon  (>  OF.  guimple.  F. 
guimpe,  nun's  veil,  >  E.  gimp:  see  gimp^),  = 
leel.  vimpill  —  Sw.  Dan.  vimpel,  pennon,  pen- 
dant, streamer.]  1.  A  covering  of  silk,  linen, 
or  other  material  laid  in  folds  over  the  liead 
and  round  the  chin ,  the  sides  of  the  face,  and  the 
neck,  formerly  worn  by  women  out  of  doors, 


6931 


Wimple,  from  a  statue  of  Jeanne  d'Evretix,  Queen  of  }->ance,  con- 
sort of  Charles  IV'.  The  statue  probably  dates  from  about  1327.  (Froni 
VioUet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobil ier  frantjais.") 

and  still  retained  as  a  conventual  dress  for 
nuns.     Isa.  iii.  22. 

Ful  semely  hir  wimpel  pinched  was. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Piol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  151. 
Whan  she  siiugh  hem  com,  she  roos  a-geins  hem  as  she 
that  was  curteys  and  well  lerned,  and  voyded  hir  wifmple. 
Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  361. 
White  was  her  leimple,  and  her  veil, 
And  her  loose  locks  a  chaple.  pale 
Of  whitest  roses  bound. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  V.  17. 

2.  A  plait  or  fold.     [Scotch.]  —  3t.  A  loose  or 

fluttering  l)iece  of  cloth  of  any  sort ;  a  pennon 

or  flag,      flcalc. 

wimple  (wim'pl),  V.  ;   pret.  and  pp,  wimpled, 

iipr.  iviinpJhHj.     [<  ME,  wimplen  ;  <  iviniple,  w.] 
'„  tnins.  X,  Tocover  with  or  as  with  a  wimple  or 
veil;  deck  with  a  wimple;  hide  with  a  wimple. 
Tpon  an  amblere  esily  she  sat, 
Ywimiied  wel,  and  on  hir  heed  an  hat 
As  brood  as  is  a  bolveler  or  a  tarpe. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I,  470. 

Fleming.  .  .  fell  asleep  that  night  thinking  of  the  nuns 
who  once  had  slept  in  the  same  quiet  cells;  but  neither 
unmpled  nun  nor  cowled  monk  appeared  to  him  in  his 
dreams.  Longfellow,  Hyperion,  iii.  3. 

2.  To  hoodwink.     [Rare.] 

This  icimjjUd,  whining,  purblind,  wayward  boy. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L,  iii.  1.  181. 

3.  To  lay  in   plaits   or  folds;   draw  down   in 
folds. 

The  same  did  hide 
Under  a  vele  that  wimpled  was  full  low, 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I,  1,  4. 

II,  infraus.  1.  To  resemble  or  suggest  wim- 
ples; undulate;  ripple:  as,  a  brook  that  wim- 
pies  onward. 

Amang  the  bonnie,  winding  banks, 
Where  Doon  rins,  wimplin'  clear. 

Burnn,  Halloween. 
She  wiuiplfd  about  to  tlie  pale  moonbeam. 
Like  a  feather  that  lloats  on  a  wind-tossed  stream. 

J.  R.  Drake,  Culprit  Fay. 

2f.  To  lie  in  folds;   make  folds  or  irregular 

plaits. 

F'or  with  a  veile,  that  uimpled  every  where, 
Her  head  and  face  was  hid,  that  mote  to  none  appeare. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vii.  5. 

wim-sheet  (wim'shet),  n,  A  provincial  Eng- 
lish form  of  u'innoW'Sheet. 

win^  (win),  r. ;  pret.  v'on  (formerly  also  wan^ 
still  provincial),  pp.  won,  ppr.  winning.  [<  ME. 
icinnen,  wt/nnen  (■piot.  wan,  won,  pi,  witnncn,  won- 
nen,  pp.  wutincn,  wonncn,  wunne),  <  AS.  winnan 
(pret.  wan,  won,  p]>.  wunnen),  fight,  labor,  eon- 
tend,  endure,  sutTer,  =  OS.  winnan  =  OFries. 
winna  =  D.  LG.  winnen  =OHG.  f/iwinnan,  MHG. 
G.  fp  winnen,  attain  by  labor,  win.  conquer,  get, 
=  Icel.  vinna  =  Sw.  vinna  =  Dan,  rinde  (for 
^vinne),  work,  toil,  win,  =  Goth,  winnan  (pret. 
wann,  pp.  wnnnans),  suffer,  endure  pain;  cf. 
Skt.  ■/  ran,  get.  win,  also  hold  dear.  From  the 
same  root  are  ult.  E.  trin.iome,  wean,  ween, 
wane,  wont.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  acquire  by  labor, 
effort,  or  struggle;  secure;  gain. 

To  flee  I  wolde  full  fayne. 
For  all  tliis  world  to  wynne 
Wolde  I  not  se  hym  slayne. 

York  Plays,  p.  141. 
All  you  affirm,  I  know. 
Is  but  to  win  time  ;  therefore  prepare  your  throats. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Sea  Voyage,  v,  4. 
We  hope  our  cheer  will  win 
Your  acceptation.  Ii.  Jonson,  New  Inn,  Vrol. 

Man  praises  man.     Desert  in  arts  or  arms 
Winn  public  honor.  Cowper,  Task,  vi.  033. 


Win 

specifically  — (a)  To  gain  by  competition  or  conquest; 
take,  as  from  an  opponent  or  enemy ;  obtain  as  victor. 
The  F.mperour  Alexaunder  Aunterid  to  come  ; 
He  wan  all  the  world  .t  at  his  wille  aght. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  £.  T.  S.),  1.  315. 
Those  proud  titles  thou  hast  won  of  me. 

Shak.,  I  Hen.  IV.,  V.  4.  79. 
King  Kichard  wan  another  strong  hoM,    .    .    .    from 
whence  y«  Monks  being  expulsed,  he  reposed  there  all  his 
store.  UaklnyVs  Voyages,  II.  22. 

It  had  been  an  ancient  maxim  of  the  Greeks  that  no 
more  acceptable  gifts  can  be  offered  in  the  temples  of  the 
gods  than  the  trophies  won  from  an  enemy  in  battle. 

Leclcy,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  262. 
(6)  To  earn  :  as,  to  wiri  one's  breail. 

He  syneweth  nat  that  so  wynneth  his  fode. 

Piers  Plowman  (V),  xxiii.  15. 

2.  To  obtain;  derive;  get:  as,  to  win  ore  from 
a  mine. 

But  alle  thing  hath  tyme  ; 
The  day  is  short,  and  it  is  passed  prynie; 
And  yet  ne  wan  I  nothing  in  this  day. 

Chaucer.  Friar's  Tale,  1.  179. 
In  these  two  places  the  prisoners  are  engaged  in  quar- 
rying and  cutting  stone:  at  Borghanin,  they  win  stone 
on  account  of  the  Government;  at  Tjurkb,  granite  for 
private  contractors. 

Ribton-Turner,  Vagrants  and  Vagrancy,  p.  508. 

3.  To  be  successful  or  victorious  in;  as,  to  tcin 
a  game  or  a  battle. 

Th'  report  of  his  great  acts  that  over  Europe  ran. 

In  that  most  famous  Field  he  with  the  Emperor  wan. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  314. 
He  that  would  win  the  race  must  guide  his  horse 
Obedient  to  the  customs  of  the  course. 

Cowj  er,  Truth,  1.  13. 

4.  To  accomplish  by  effort;  achieve,  effect,  oi' 
execute;  succeed  in  making  or  doing. 

He  coulde  neuer  in  one  hole  daye  with  a  meately  good 
wynde  wynne  one  myle  of  the  course  of  the  water* 

Peter  Martyr  (tr.  in  Eden's  First  Books  on  America, 
led.  Arber,  p.  103). 
Thickening  their  ranks,  and  wedged  in  tlrni  array. 
The  close-compacted  Britons  imi  their  way. 

Addison,  The  Campaign. 

5.  To  reach;  attain  to;  arrive  at,  as  a  goal  or 
destination;  gain;  get  to. 

Ye  wynde  inforced  so  moche  and  so  streyght  ayenst  vs 
that  our  gouernoures  sawe  it  was  not  possyble  for  vs  to 
wynne  nor  passe  Capo  Maleo. 

Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  63. 
Before  they  could  vdn  the  lodge  by  twenty  paces,  they 
were  overtaken.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 

Soon  they  won 
The  top  of  all  the  topful  heavns. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v.  761. 
And  when  the  stony  path  began 
By  whicli  the  naked  peak  they  wan, 
Up  fiew  the  snowy  ptarmigan. 

Scott,  Marmion,  iii.  1. 

6f.  To  cause  to  attain  to  or  arrive  at;  hence, 
to  bring;  convey. 

Toax  in  the  toile  out  of  tene  broght. 
Wan  hym  wightly  away  wondit  full  sore. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6980. 
He  sail  fordo  thi  fader  syn, 
And  vnto  welth  ogayne  liim  win. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  70. 
Do  that  I  my  ship  to  haven  un,n7ie. 

Chaucer,  Anelida  and  Arcite,  1.  20. 

'■Sir,"  quod  she,  "I  knowe  well  youre  will  is  not  for  to 

haue  me  I-Ioste."     "I-!oste,"  seide  he,  "nay,  l)nt  l-wonne 

to  grete  honoui."  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  iii.  671. 

7.  To  gain  the  afl'eetion,  regard,  esteem,  com- 
pliance, favor,  etc.,  of;  move  to  sympathy, 
agreement,  or  consent;  gain  the  good  will  of; 
gain  over  or  attract,  as  to  one's  self,  one's  side, 
or  one's  cause;  in  general,  to  attract. 

Thy  virtue  wan  me ;  with  virtue  preserve  me. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 
She's  beautiful,  and  therefore  to  be  woo'd  ; 
She  is  a  woman,  tlierefore  to  be  won. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3.  79. 
His  face  was  of  that  doubtful  kind 
That  wins  the  eye,  but  not  the  mind. 

Scott,  liokeby,  v.  16. 

8.  To  prevail  on;  induce. 

Cannot  your  Grace  win  her  to  fancy  him? 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1.  67. 
Who  eas'ly  being  won  along  with  them  to  go. 
They  altogether  put  into  the  wat'ry  plain. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  i.  430. 

9.  In  mininff,  to  sink  down  to  (a  bed  of  coal) 
by  means  of  a  shaft ;  prepare  (a  bed  of  coal)  for 
working  by  doing  the  necessary  prelimiiiiiry 
dead-work:  also  apj)lied  to  beds  of  ironstone 
and  other  ores.  [Eng.]  in  the  United  states  the 
word  win,  as  used  in  mining,  has  frequently  a  more  gen- 
eral meaning;  it  is  thus  defined  in  the  dossary  of  the 
Pennsylvania  .Survey:  "To  mine,  to  develop,  to  prepare 
for  mining."    See  winning. 

I'he  shaft  [at  Monkwearmonth]  was  conuncnced  in  May, 
1826;  it  was  continued  for  eight  and  a  half  years  before 
the  first  workable  coal  was  reached  ;  and  it  was  only  in 
April,  1846,  twenty  years  afterwards,  that  the  enterprise 
was  proved  successful  by  the  wiiuu'nff  of  the  "  Huttou 
Seam."  Jevons,  The  Coal  Question  (2d  cd.),  p.  68. 


win 

To  win  one's  blue,  one's  shoes,  one's  spurs,  the 

broose,  the  kern,  the  toss,  the  whetstone.    See  the 

nouns.— To  win  the  go,  to  win  the  prize;   be  victor; 

come  oflf  tirst;  excel  all  corapetitors.     [Scotch.] 

II.  intraiis.  If-  To  strive ;  vie;  eouteud. 

Storm  stireth  al  the  se, 

Thanue  sumer  and  winter  winiien. 

Old  Ej^.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  17. 

2.  To  struggle;  labor;  work.  [Obsolete  or 
prov.  Eng.] 

Thauh  ge  be  trewe  of  goure  tonge  and  trewelich  loymic. 
And  be  as  chast  as  a  chyld  that  nother  chit  ne  fyghteth. 
Piers  Plowman  (C),  ii.  176. 

3.  To  succeed;  gaiu  one's  end;  especially,  to 
be  superior  in  a  contest  or  competition ;  gain 
the  victory;  prove  successful:  as,  let  those 
laugh  who  win. 

So  rewe  on  me,  Robert,  that  no  red  haue, 

Ne  neuere  weene  to  wynne  for  craft  that  I  knowe. 

Piers  Plowiiuxii  (A),  v.  251. 
Nor  is  it  aught  but  just 
That  he  who  in  debate  of  truth  hath  won 
Should  win  in  ai-nis.  MUton,  P.  L.,  vi.  122. 

Charles  Fox  used  to  say  that  the  most  delightful  thing 
in  the  world  was  to  %mn  at  cards. 

Mortimer  Collins,  Thoughts  in  my  Garden,  II.  31. 

4.  To  reach;  attain;  make  one's  way;  succeed 
in  making  one's  way:  with  to.  [Obsolete  or 
provincial.] 

Bes  wakond  and  warly ;  wyn  to  my  chamber, 
There  swiftly  to  sweire  vpon  swete  (haloghes), 
All  this  forward  to  fulfill  ye  fest  with  your  bond. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  649. 
I  Wynne  to  a  thing.     I  retche  to  it.     Je  attayns.  .  .  . 
This  terme  is  farre  northren.  Palsgrave,  p.  782. 

And  arme  you  well,  and  make  you  redy, 
And  to  the  walle  ye  wynne. 
Lytell  Geste  of  Robyn  Mode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  99). 
Eh,  my  rheumatizy  be  that  bad  howiver  be  I  to  win  to 
the  burnin'?  Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  3. 

I  will  not  be  her  judge.  Perhaps  when  we  win  to  the 
greater  light  we  may  see  with  ditferent  eyes. 

W.  Black,  In  Far  Lochaber,  xxiv. 

5.  To  get;  succeed  in  getting:  as.  to  if?i«  in  (to 
get  in);  to  icin  through;  to  win  loose;  to  win 
up,  down,  or  away;  to  win  on  (to  get  on,  either 
literally  or  figuratively).  [Obsolete  or  provin- 
cial.] 

"Say  me,  frende,"  quoth  the  freke  with  a  felle  chere, 
"Hov  wan  thou  in-to  this  won  in  wedez  S(»  fowleV" 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  140. 

She  hath  ynough  to  doen,  hiu-dily, 
To  vnnnen  from  hire  fader,  so  trow  I. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  1125. 
Ye  canna  win  in  this  nicht,  Willie, 

Nor  here  ye  canna  be  ; 
For  I've  nae  chambers  out  nor  in, 
Nae  ane  but  barely  three. 
Wiilie  and  May  Margaret  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  173). 
We'll  come  nae  mair  unto  this  place, 
Cou'd  we  win  safe  awa'. 
King  Malcolm  and  Sir  Colvin  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  381). 
Win  thro'  this  day  with  honour  to  yourself, 
And  I'll  say  something  for  you. 

Tennyson,  Queen  Mary,  iv.  2. 

To  win  by  a  head.  See  head.  — To  win  In  a  canter. 
See  caiUer'.— To  win  on  or  upon,  (a)  To  gain  favor  or 
influence  :  as,  to  wiyi  upon  the  heart  or  affections. 

I  at  last,  unwilling,  .  .  . 
Thought  I  would  try  if  shame  could  win  upon  'em. 

B.  Jonson,  Apol.  to  Poetaster. 
You  have  a  softness  and  beneficence  winning  on  the 
hearts  of  others.  Dryden. 

{b)  To  gain  ground  on  ;  gain  upon. 

The  rabble  .  .  .  will  in  time 
Win  upon  power.  Shak.,  Cor.,  i.  1.  224. 

Thus,  at  half  ebb,  a  rolling  sea 
Returns  and  wins  upon  tlie  shore. 

Dryden,  Threnodia  Augustalis,  1.  140. 

win^t  (win),  n.     Strife;  contention. 
With  al  mankin 
He  haueth  nith  [envy]  and  win. 

Old  Eng.  Misc.  (ed.  Morris),  p.  8. 

win'-^  (win),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  winned,  ppr.  icin- 
nin<j.  [Abbr.  of  wlnd''^,  t'.]  To  dry  or  season 
by  exposure  to  the  wind  or  air :  as,  to  win  hay ; 
to  ivin  peats.     [Scotch  and  Irish.] 

winberry,  wimberry  (win'-,  wim'ber*i),  v.; 
\A.  winberries,  wimherries  (-iz).  [Also  sometimes 
wliinberry ;  a  dial,  form,  with  shortened  vowel, 
of  ivineberry.']     A  whortleberry. 

Here  also  was  a  profusion  of  raspberries,  and  a  blue 
beri-y  not  unlike  a  larf^c  wi^nberry,  but  growing  on  a  bush 
often  several  feet  in  height. 

J.  A.  Lees  and  W.  -J.  CluUerbuck,  B.[ritish]  C.[olumbiaj, 

[1887,  xii. 

win-bread  (win'bred),  n.  [<  «'/;/!,  v.y  +  obj. 
bread']  That  which  earns  one's  living  or  one's 
wealth  and  advancement,  as  a  mechanical  trade, 
the  sword  of  a  soldier  of  fortune,  etc.  [Rare.] 
The  sword  of  the  military  adventurer,  even  of  knightly 
dignity,  is  sometimes  called  the  gaciie-pain  or  u-in-bread 
(wffu-brod),  signifying  that  it  is  U)  his  brand  the  soldier 
nuist  look  for  the  advancement  of  liis  frutuiiL'. 

Uewitt,  Anc.  Armovir,  II.  2j3. 


6932 

wince^  (wins),  v. ;  pret.  and  pp.  tvinced,  ppr.  win- 
cing. [^FoimerlyaXso winch,  wench;  <ME. !«i«ccH, 
winsen,  toyiisen,  winchen,  wynchen,  wenchen,  <  OF. 
*wiHchir,  guinchir,  guincher,  guencher,  guenehir, 
guencir,  ganchir,  wince,  =  R-.  guenehir,  evade, 
<  OHG.  wenkan,  MHG.  wenlcen,  G.  wanken,  wince, 
totter,  start  aside;  cf.  OHG.  wankon,  wunchiin, 
waver,  <  winchan,  MHG.  winken  (pret.  wank), 
move  aside,  nod,  G.  winken,  nod,  =  E.  wink:  see 
wink^,  I'.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  shrink,  as  in  pain 
or  from  a  blow ;  start  back:  literally  or  figura- 
tively. 

Qwarelles  qwayntly  swappez  thorowe  knyghtez 
With  iryne  so  wekyrly.  that  wynche  they  never. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1,  2104. 

Rubbe  there  no  more,  least  I  winch,  for  deny  I  wil  not 
that  I  am  wrong  on  the  withers. 

Lyly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  887. 

I  will  not  stir,  nor  wince,  nor  spealc  a  word, 
Nor  look  upon  the  iron  angerly. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  1.  81. 

Some  fretful  tempers  wince  at  ev'ry  touch ; 
You  always  do  too  little  or  too  much. 

Cowper,  Conversation,  1.  325. 

Philip  winced  under  this  allusion  to  his  unfitness  for 
active  sports.  Qeorge  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  ii.  3. 

2t.   To  kick. 

Poul,  .  .  .  whom  the  Lord  liaddechosun,  tliat  long  tyrae 
wynside  agen  the  pricke. 

Wyclif,  Prologue  on  Acta  of  Apostles. 

3t.  To  wriggle  ;  twist  and  turn. 

Long  before  the  Child  can  crawl. 
He  learns  to  kick,  and  wince,  and  sprawl. 

Prior,  Alma,  i. 

Il.t  trans.  To  fling  by  starting  or  kicking. 

A  galled  jennet  that  will  winch  him  out  o'  the  saddle. 
Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  ii.  1. 

wincel  (wins),  n.  [<  wince'^,  r.]  The  act  of  one 
who  winces;  an  involuntary  shrinking  move- 
ment or  tendency  ;  a  slight  start  back  or  aside, 
as  from  pain  or  to  avoid  pain. 

It  is  the  pitcher  who  will  notice  the  unavoidable  wince 
that  is  the  proof  of  a  catcher's  sore  hand. 

W.  Camp,  St.  Nicholas,  XVII.  829. 

wince^  (wins),  «.  [A  corrupt  form  of  winch'^.'] 
In  dyeing,  a  simple  hand-machine  for  changing 
a  fabric  from  one  dye-vat  to  another.  It  consists 
of  a  reel  placed  over  the  division  between  the  vats.  The 
fabric,  placed  over  it  and  turned  either  way,  is  transferred 
from  one  dye  to  another.  When  several  vats  are  placed  in 
line,  and  contain  dyes,  mordants,  soap-suds,  water,  etc., 
a  wince  or  reel  is  placed  between  each  two,  and  the  com- 
bined apparatus  becomes  a  wincing-machine.  In  such 
a  machine  the  vats  are  called  wince-pot^  or  wince-pit^. 
Also  winch. 

wince^  (wins),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  winced,  ppr. 
wincing.  \_<.  wince^,  n.']  Indyeing,  to  immerse 
in  the  bath  by  turning  the  wince  or  winch. 

For  dark  grounds  the  pieces  were  finally  winced  in  weak 
solution  of  bleaching  powder,  to  rinse  the  full  shade  of 
color.  O'Neill,  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,  p.  110. 

wince-pit,  wince-pot  (wins'pit,  -pot),  w.  One 
of  the  vats  of  a  wincing-machine.     See  wince^. 

wincer  (win'ser), )(.  [<  wince^  +  -eel.]  One  who 
winces,  shrinks,  or  kicks.  Hilton,  Apol.  for 
Smectymnuus,  Pref.     (Latham.) 

wincey  (win'si),  M.  [Also  «,•(«.«'(/ ,-  supposed  to 
be  an  abbr.  of  *li)i,icy-icinscy,  which  is  supposed 
to  be  a  riming  variation  of  linsey-woolgey,  a  word 
subject  to  much  manipulation.]  A  strong  and 
durable  cloth,  plain  or  twilled,  composed  of  a 
cotton  warj)  and  a  woolen  weft.  Heavy  winceys 
have  been  much  worn  as  skirtings,  and  a  lighter  kind  is 
used  for  men's  shirts.  They  are  sometimes  made  entirely 
of  wool. 

winchl (winch), «.  [Also, corruptly, wince,win::e, 
and  dial,  wink ;  <  ME.  winche,  ivynche,  the  crank 
of  a  wheel  or  axle,  <  AS.  wince,  a  winch;  jirob. 
orig.  'a  bent'  or  'a  bent  handle,' akin  to  tcink'^ 
and  winkle,  and  so  ult.  to  M.'inw'l.]  1.  The  crank, 
projecting  handle,  or  lever  by  which  the  axis 
of  a  revolving  machine  is  turned,  as  in  the  com- 
mon windlass,  the  grindstone,  etc.  See  cut  un- 
der Prony's  dynamometer. 

One  of  them  [musicians]  turned  the  winch  of  an  organ 
which  he  carried  at  his  back. 

Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  320. 

2.  A  kind  of  hoisting-machine  or  windlass,  in 
which  an  axis  is  turned 
by  means  of  a  crank-han- 
dle, and  a  rope  or  chain 
is  thus  wound  round  it 
so  as  to  raise  a  weiglit. 
There  are  various  forms  of 
winches.  Either  the  crank 
may  be  attached  to  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  winding-roller  or 
-axis,  or  a  lai'ge  spur-wheel  may 
be  attached  to  the  roller,  and  ^\'illch. 

turned  by  a  pinion  on  a  sepa- 
rate crank-shaft  (as  shown  in  the  cut),  this  arrangement 
giving  greater  power. 


wind 

There  was  a  coal-mine  .  .  .  which  he  used  frequently 
to  visit,  going  down  to  the  workings  in  a  basket  lowered 
by  a  winch.  Nineteenth  Certiury,  XXVI.  770. 

3.  Tliereeldfafishing-rod. — 4.  Same  as  icjiicc'^. 
—Gipsy  wlncli.  See  ifi>«)/-w»ji«A.— Spun-yam  wincli, 
a  small  winch  with  a  fly-wheel,  used  on  board  ship  for 
making  spun  yarn.  — Steam-winch,  a  winch  driven  by 
steam,  in  common  use  on  steam-vessels  for  loading  and 
dischai'ging  cargo. 
winch^  (winch),  t'.  t.  [<  winch'^,  n.]  To  hoist  or 
haul  by  means  of  a  winch. 

He,  being  placed  in  a  chaire.  .  .  .  was  -winched  vp  in 
that  chaire,  and  fastened  vnto  the  maineyard  of  a  galley, 
and  hoisted  vp  with  a  crane,  to  shew  him  t<j  all. 

UakluyVg  Voyagee,  II.  128. 

winch''^  (winch),  V.  and  n.  An  obsolete  or  dia- 
lectal form  of  wince^. 

Winchester  bushel.    See  bushel^,  1. 

Winchester  gooset.  [.Also  called  Winchester 
pigeon :  said  to  allude  to  the  fact  that  the  stews 
in  Southwark  were  in  the  16th  century  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Winchester.] 
A  bubo;  hence,  a  person  affected  with  bubo. 
Shakspere  has  the  phrase  "goose  of  Win- 
chester," T.  and  C,  v.  10.  55.     [Old  slang.] 

Winchester  gun  or  rifle.    See  rifle^. 

Winchester  pint.  A  measure  a  little  more 
than  a  wine-pint  and  less  than  a  beer-pint. 

wincingt.  a.  [<  ME.  wynsynge;  ppr.  of  wince'^, 
i'.]     Kicking;  hence,  skittish;  lively. 

Wynsynge  she  was  as  is  a  joly  colt. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  77. 

wincing-machine  (win'sing-ma-shen'''),  «.  In 
dyeing,  an  apparatus  consisting  of  a  series  of 
vats  containing  dyes,  mordants,  soap-suds,  etc., 
with  a  wince  or  reel  between  each  two.  See 
tcince^. 

Winckel's  disease.  A  disease  occui-ring  in  in- 
fants, tlie  chief  symptoms  of  which  are  jaun- 
dice, bloody  urine,  and  cyanosis.  It  common- 
ly terminates  fatally  in  a  few  days. 

wincopipet  (wing'ko-jnp),  n.  The  scarlet  pim- 
pernel, Anagallis  arvensis.     See  wink-a-peep. 

There  is  a  smiUl  red  flower  in  the  stubble-fields,  which 
country  people  call  the  wincopipe;  which  if  it  oi>en8  in 
the  morning,  you  may  be  sure  a  fair  day  will  follow. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  827. 

windl  (wind),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  wound  (occasion- 
ally but  less  correctly  winded),  ppr.  winding. 
[<  ME.  winden,  wynden  (pret.  wand,  wond,  pi. 
wunden,  wonden,  wounden,  wonde,  pp.  wunden, 
wonden),  <  AS.  windan  (jjret.  wand,  wond,  pp. 
wunden)  =  OS.  windan  =  OFries.  winda  =  D. 
LG.  winden  =  OHG.  wintan,  windan,  MHG. 
winden,  6.  winden  =  Icel.  vinda,  turn,  wind,  = 
Sw.  rinda  =  Dan.  vinde,  turn  the  eyes,  squint, 
=  Goth,  windan  (in  comp.  bi-windan,  du-ga-win- 
dan),  wind;  cf.  F.  yuinder,  It.  ghindare,  vrind 
up,  <  MHG.;  root  unknown.  From  the  verb 
xcind^  are  ult.  E.  wend^,  wand,  wander,  windas, 
windla.ss^,  windlass^,  windle,eto.'\  1.  intrans.  1. 
To  move  in  this  direction  and  in  that ;  change 
direction ;  vary  from  the  direct  line  or  course ; 
bend ;  turn ;  double. 

But  evere  the  heed  was  left  bihynde. 
For  ought  I  couthe  pulle  or  wynde. 

Horn,  of  the  Roge,  L  1810. 

The  yerde  is  bet  that  bowen  wol  and  icynde 
Than  that  that  brest.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  267. 

So  swift  your  judgments  turn  and  wind.  Dryden. 

2.  To  go  in  a  crooked  or  devious  course; 
meander :  as,  the  stream  winds  through  the  val- 
ley ;  the  road  winds  round  the  hill. 

Whan  that  this  leonesse  hath  dronke  her  fille, 
Aboute  the  welle  gaii  she  for  to  wynde. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  L  818. 

It  was  difficult  to  descend  into  the  valley  to  the  north 
east,  in  which  we  returned,  and,  winding  round  the  vale 
to  the  west,  came  to  Beer- Emir. 

PocQcke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  63. 

The  lowing  herd  winds  slowly  o'er  the  lea. 

Oray,  Elegy. 

White  with  its  sun-bleached  dust,  the  pathway  winds 
Before  me.  Whittier,  Pictures,  ii. 

3.  To  make  an  indirect  advance;  "fetch  a 
compass'';  "beat  about  the  bush." 

You  know  me  well,  and  herein  spend  but  time 
To  trind  about  my  love  with  circumstance. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  1.  154. 

You  must  not  talk  to  him. 
As  you  do  tt)  an  ordinary  man. 
Honest  plain  sense,  but  you  must  irind  about  him. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Woman-Hater,  ii.  1. 

4.  To  twine ;  entwine  one's  self  or  itself  rotmd 
something:  as,  vines  wind  round  the  pole. — 5t. 
To  twist  one's  self  or  worm  one's  way  into  or 
out  of  something. 

O  thou  that  would'st  icinde  into  any  figment  or  phan- 
tasime  to  save  thy  Miter. 

Milton,  Church-Governmeut,  L  5. 


wind 
6t.  To  turn  or  toss  about ;  twist ;  squirm. 

Thou  art  so  lothly  and  so  old  also, 

And  therto  conien  of  so  lough  a  kynde, 

That  litel  wonder  is  though  I  walwe  and  wynde. 

Chaucer,  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,  1.  246. 

7.  To  have  a  twist  oi*  au  uneven  surface,  or  a 
surface  whose  parts  do  not  lie  in  the  same  plane, 
as  a  piece  of  wood. — Sf.  To  return. 

Thus  sirnes  the  jere  in  gisterdayes  mony, 
&  wynter  wyndes  agayn. 
Sir  CUiicayne  aiui  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1-  531. 

To  wind  on  witht,  to  follow  the  same  course  as ;  keep 
pace  with. 

To  such  as  walk  in  their  wickedness,  and  wind  on  vnth 
the  world,  this  time  is  a  time  of  wrath  and  vengeance. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc,  1S53X  H-  2-21. 

To  wind  up,  to  come  to  a  conclusion,  halt,  or  end  ;  con- 
clude; tlnish. 

Mrs.  Parsons  .  .  .  expatiated  on  the  impatienceof  men 
generally ;  .  .  .  and  ivound  up  by  insinuating  that  slie  must 
be  one  of  the  best  tempers  that  ever  existed. 

Dickens,  Sketches,  Tales,  x.  2. 

He  was  trading  up  to  Parsonsfield,  and  business  run 
down,  so  he  wound  up  there,  and  thought  he'd  make  a 
new  start.  S.  0.  Jewett,  Deephaven,  p.  175. 

Winding  shaft,  the  shaft  in  any  mine  which  is  used  for 
winding,  or  in  which  the  ore,  coal,  etc.,  are  raised  or 
wound  (see  II.,  7)  to  the  surface. 

H.  trans.  1.  To  cause  to  move  in  this  direc- 
tion and  in  that;  turn. 

Eveiy  word  gan  up  and  down  to  wynde. 
That  he  had  seyd,  as  it  come  hire  to  raj-nde. 

Chaucer,  l"roilu8,  ii.  601. 

He  endeavours  to  turn  and  wi)id  himself  every  way  to 
evade  the  force  of  this  famous  challenge.         Waterland, 

2.  To  bend  or  turn  at  will:  direct  according  to 
one's  pleasure ;  vary  the  course  or  direction  of ; 
hence,  to  exercise  complete  control  over. 

She  Is  the  clernesse  and  the  ven'ay  light 
That  in  this  derke  world  me  wynt  and  ledeth. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  85. 

To  turn  and  irind  a  ttery  I'egasus, 

And  witch  the  world  with  noble  horsemanship. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  1.  109. 

3.  To  turn  or  twist  round  and  round  on  some- 
thing; place  or  arrange  in  more  or  less  regu- 
lar coils  or  convolutions  on  something  (such 
as  a  reel,  spool,  or  bobbin)  which  is  turned 
round  and.  round;  form  into  a  ball,  iiank.  or 
the  like  by  turning  that  on  which  successive 
coils  are  placed,  or  by  carrying  the  coils  romid 
it:  as,  to  wind  yarn  or  thread. 

You  have  ufound  a  goodly  clew. 

Sftak.,  All's  Well,  i.  3.  188. 

4f.  To  form  by  twisting  or  twining;  weave; 

fabricate. 

For  that  same  net  so  cunningly  was  leound 
That  neither  guile  nor  force  might  it  distraine. 

Spen»er,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  82. 

5.  To  place  in  folds,  or  otherwise  dispose  on 
or  around  something;  bind;  twist;  wrap. 

lliis  hand,  just  wound  alxjut  thy  coal-black  hair. 

Shak.,  :(  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1.  54. 

Wind  the  i)enance-Hheet 
About  her  I  Browning,  Count  Oismond. 

6.  To  entwist;  infold;  encircle:  literally  or 
figuratively. 

Eche  gan  other  in  his  winges  take. 

And  with  her  nekkes  eche  gan  other  wynde. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  671. 

Sleep  thou,  and  I  will  wind  thee  in  my  arms. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  iv.  1.  45. 

You  talk  as  if  you  meaitt  to  wind  me  in. 
And  make  me  of  the  number. 

B-au.  and  FL,  Laws  of  Candy,  ii.  1. 

M"".  Allerton  being  wound  into  his  dtbte  also  ujKtn  par- 
ticuler  dealings,    liradfi/rd,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  302. 

And  vri.nd  the  front  of  youth  with  flowers. 

Tennymn,  Ancient  Hage. 

7.  To  haul  or  hoist  by  or  as  by  a  winch,  whim, 
capstan,  or  the  like  :  as,  to  wind  or  warj)  a  ship 
out  of  harbor;  specifically,  in  mining,  to  raise 
(the  produce  of  the  mine)  to  the  surface  by 
means  of  a  winding-engine ;  lioist.  The  term 
wi»Mf,  as  well  as  draw,  is  often  employed  in  Great  liritain, 
while  houd  is  generally  used  in  the  Tnited  States.  In  the 
early  days  of  mining,  ore  and  coal  were  almost  exclusively 
raised  by  hand-,  horse-,  or  steam-power,  in  l>ucket8  or  kili- 
bles  ;  at  the  present  time,  in  both  England  and  the  United 
States,  this  is  done  by  means  of  a  whiding-engine  which 
turns  a  drum  on  which  a  rope  (generally  of  steel  wire)  is 
wound  and  unwound,  and  by  means  of  wnich  a  cage  (see 
cage,  3  (d))  is  raised  or  lowered,  on  which  the  loaded  cars 
are  lifted  to  tlie  surface,  and  the  empties  returned  to  the 

fdt-bottom.  The  dimensions  of  engines,  drums,  and  cages 
n  lan?e  mines  are  siiruetimes  vei-y  great,  as  is  also  tlie 
velocity  with  which  the  machinery  is  moved.  Thus,  in 
the  Monkwearmouth  colliery,  Durham,  England,  the  wind- 
ing-drums are  25  feet  in  diameter,  the  rope  weighs  4^  tons, 
the  cage  and  load  1\  tons;  the  vertical  distance  through 
wlrtch  the  cage  is  raised  is  5^  yards,  and  the  time  occu- 
pied in  lifting  it  and  discharging  the  cars  is  two  minutes 
and  four  seconds. 


6933 

The  Hollanders  .  .  .  layd  out  haulsers,  and  wound  them- 
selues  out  of  the  way  of  vs.        Hakluyt's  Voyages,  iii.  710. 

8.  To  insinuate;  work  or  introduce  insidiously 
or  stealthily ;  worm. 

As  he  by  his  bould  confidence  «fc  large  promises  deceived 
them  in  England  that  sente  him,  so  he  had  wound  him 
selfe  in  to  these  mens  high  esteeme  hear. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  171. 

They  have  little  arts  and  dexterities  to  wind  in  such 
things  into  discourse.  Dr.  U.  More. 

9+.  To  contrive  by  resort  to  shifts  and  expe- 
dients (to  effect  something) ;  bring;  procure  or 
get  by  devious  ways. 

Wee'U  haue  some  trick  and  wile 
To  icinde  our  yonger  brother  out  of  prison 
That  lies  in  for  tlie  Rape. 

Tourneur,  Revenger's  Tragedy,  iii.  1. 

He  with  his  former  dealings  had  wound  in  what  money 
he  had  in  y«  partnership  into  his  owne  hands. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  301. 

lOt.  To  circulate;  put  or  keep  in  circulation. 

Amongst  the  rest  of  the  Plantations  all  this  Summer 
little  was  done  but  securing  themselues  and  planting 
Tobacco,  which  passes  there  as  current  Siluer,  and  by  the 
oft  turning  and  wiwiing  it  some  grow  rich,  but  many 
poore.  Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  89. 

There  is  no  State  that  winds  the  Penny  more  nimbly, 
and  makes  quicker  Returns  [than  Lucca]. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  i.  41. 

11.  To  adjust  or  dispose  for  work  or  motion 
by  coiling  a  spring  more  tightly  or  otherwise 
turning  some  mechanical  device:  as,  to  wind  a 
clock  or  a  watch.    See  to  icind  up  (/),  below. 

When  he  wound  his  clock  on  Sunday  nights  the  whirr 
of  that  monitor  reminded  the  widow  to  wind  hers. 

T.  Hardy,  Trumpet-Major,  iii. 

To  wind  a  ship,  to  bring  it  round  until  the  head  occu- 
pies the  place  where  the  stern  was.— To  wind  Ofif,  to  un- 
wind; uncoil.—  To  wind  up.  (a)  To  coil  up  into  a  small 
compa8S,a8askein  of  thread;  form  into  a  ball  or  coil  round 
a  bobbin,  reel,  or  tlie  like.  Hence  —  (6)  To  bring  to  a  final 
disposition  or  conclusion ;  finish ;  arrange  and  adjust  for 
final  settlement,  as  the  atfairs  of  a  company  or  partner- 
ship on  its  dissolution. 
I  could  not  wiiui  it  [the  discourse]  up  closer. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  3. 

The  Author,  upon  the  winding  up  of  his  Action,  intro- 
duces all  those  who  had  any  i'oncerri  in  it. 

Addison,  Spectator,  No.  357. 

Signur  Jupe  was  to  "enliven  the  varied  performances  at 
frequent  intervals  with  his  chaste  Sbakspearian  quips  and 
retorts."  Lastly  he  was  to  wind  them  up  by  appealing  in 
his  favourite  character  of  Mr.  William  Button. 

Dickens,  llai-d  Times,  i.  3. 
(c)  To  tighten,  as  the  strings  of  certain  musical  instru- 
ments, so  as  t*>  bring  them  to  the  proper  pitch;  put  in 
tune  by  stretching  the  strings  over  the  pegs. 

Wind  up  the  slacken'd  strings  of  thy  lute. 

Waller,  Chloris  and  Hylas. 

Hence,  figuratively —  (rf)  To  restore  to  harmony  or  con- 
cord ;  bring  to  a  natural  or  healthy  condition. 

The  untuned  and  jarring  senses.  <),  wiiui  up. 
Of  this  child-changed  father !    Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  7. 16. 
(e)  To  bring  to  a  state  of  great  tension  ;  subject  to  a  severe 
strain  or  excitement ;  put  U[)on  the  stretch. 

They  wound  up  his  temper  to  a  pitch,  and  treacherously 
made  use  of  that  infirmity.  Bp.  Atterbury. 

Our  poet  was  at  last  wound  up  to  the  height  of  expecta- 
tion. Goldtnnith,  Voltaire. 
if)  To  bring  into  a  state  of  renewed  or  continued  motion, 
as  a  watch  or  clock,  by  coiling  anew  the  spring  or  drawing 
up  the  weights. 

When  an  authentic  watch  is  shown. 
Each  man  -winds  up  and  rectifies  his  own. 

Suckling,  Aghmra,  Epil. 
Hence,  figuratively  — (y)  To  prepare  for  continued  move- 
ment, action,  or  activity  ;  airange  or  adapt  for  continued 
operation  ;  give  fresli  or  continued  activity  or  energy  to  ; 
restore  to  original  vigor  or  order. 

Fate  seemed  to  wind  him  up  for  fourscore  years 
Yet  freshly  ran  he  on  ten  winters  more.  Dryden. 

Is  there  a  tongue  like  Delia's  o'er  her  cup. 
That  runs  for  ages  without  M'tn(/ui.7-Mj>? 

Young,  Love  of  B'anie,  i.  282. 

(h)  To  hoist ;  draw  ;  raise  by  or  as  by  a  winch. 

Let  me  see  thy  hand :  this  was  ne'er  made  to  wash, 
Or  uiiul  up  water,  beat  clothes,  or  rub  floor. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Coxcomb,  ii.  2. 

Winding-up  Act,  in  Eng.  law,  an  act  providing  for  the 
dissolution  of  joint-stock  companies,  and  the  winding  up 
of  their  affairs;  more  specifically,  7  and  8  Vict.,  c.  Ill  (1844); 
followed  and  amended  by  0  and  10  Vict.,  c.  28(1846);  Hand 
12  Vict.,  c.  45(1848);  12  and  13  Vict.,  c.  108(1849);  13  and  14 
Vict.,  c.  as  (1850);  19  and  20  Vict.,  c.  47  (iH.'iG);  20  and  21 
Vict.,c.  49,  c.  78(18.57);  and  superseded  by  The  Companies' 
Act  (1862).  25  and  26  Vict.,  c.  89. 

Windi  (wind),  n,  [<  ME.  ivinde  (=  MD.  MHG. 
winde,  OHG.  wintd) ;  from  the  verb.]  A  wind- 
ing; a  turn;  a  bend:  as,  the  road  there  takes 

a  wind  to  the  south Out  of  wind,  free  from  bends 

or  crooks;  perfectly  straight.     [Colloq.] 

wind2(wind;  formerly  and  still  poetically  also 
wind),  n.  [<  MK.  wind,  wt/nd.  <  AS.  wind  =  OS. 
OFries.  I).  LG.  wind  =  OHtJ.  MHG.  wint,  G. 
wind  =  Toel.  vindr  =  S\v.  Dan.  vind  =  Goth. 
winds,  winthff,  wind,  air  in  motion,  =  W.  yxcyni 


wind 

=  L.  ventus,  wind,  =  Gr.  arirtig,  a  blast,  gale, 
wind,  =  Skt.  vdta,  wind ;  lit. '  that  which  blows,' 
being  orig.  from  the  ppr.  (ef.  Gr.  daV  {aFevr-), 
blowing,  ppr. )  of  a  verb  (Skt.  ^Z  vd)  seen  in  Goth. 
waian,  etc.,  G.  wehen,  blow,  Kuss,  vieiate,  blow 
(>  vieteru,  wind),  etc.,  Lith,  wejas,  wind,  from 
which  is  also  ult.  derived  weather:  seeiveather. 
From  the  E.  wind,  besides  the  verb  and  the 
obvious  derivatives  or  compoimds,  are  derived 
window,  winnow  J  etc;  from  the  L.  are  ult.  E. 
vent'^j  ventilate,  ventose,  etc.  (see  also  renf^).^ 

1.  Air  naturally  in  motion  at  the  earth's  sur- 
face with  any  degree  of  velocity;  a  current  of 
air  as  coming  from  a  particular  direction .  When 
the  air  has  only  a  slight  motion,  it  is  called  a  breeze ;  when 
its  velocity  is  greater,  afresh  breeze;  and  when  it  is  vio- 
lent, a  gale,  storm,  or  hurricane.  The  ultimate  cause  of 
winds  is  to  be  found  in  differences  of  atmospheric  density 
produced  by  the  sun  in  its  unequal  heating  of  different 
parts  of  the  earth.  These  original  differences  of  density 
give  rise  to  vertical  and  horizontal  currents  of  air  which 
constitute  and  establish  the  general  atmospheric  circula- 
tion, and  determine  permanent  belts  of  relatively  high  and 
low  pressure  over  the  earth's  surface.  Differences  of  pres- 
sure, in  turn,  produce  their  own  differences  of  density  at 
the  earth's  surface,  and  thereby  become  a  secondary  cause 
of  winds.  'J'he  general  system  of  atmospheric  circulation, 
with  respect  both  to  surface-winds  and  to  their  correlative 
upper  currents,  is  described  under  trade-wind.  In  accor- 
dance with  the  character  of  their  exciting  cause,  winds  may 
be  divided  into  —  (l)  conMant,  the  trade-winds  and  anti- 
trade ui,nds,  which  depend  upon  the  permanent  difference 
of  temperature  between  the  equatorial  regions  and  higher 
latitudes ;  (2)  periodic,  the  monsoons,  and  land-  and  sea- 
breezes  which  arise  respectively  from  a  seasonal  and  di- 
urnal difference  of  temperature  between  land  and  sea ;  (3) 
cyclonic  and  anticyclonic,  winds  associated  with  or  con- 
stituting progressive  areas  of  high  and  low  pressure,  the 
ultimate  origin  of  which,  especially  of  those  in  high  lati- 
tudes, is  not  satisfactorily  determined ;  (4)  ichirlu-inds  and 
(certain)  squalls,  which  arise  when  the  air  is  in  a  condi- 
tion of  unstable  wiuilibrium,  and  are  developed  as  a  part 
of  the  process  by  which  stability  is  regained  (this  class 
includes  the  most  violent  winds,  such  as  the  tornado),  and 
these  occur  when  the  instability  is  the  combined  effect  of 
a  high  temperature  and  a  high  humidity,  a  condition  favor- 
able to  the  development  of  the  greatest  possible  gradients 
of  density,  and  hence  of  the  most  terrific  manifestations  of 
wind  ;  (fi)  special,  winds  which  logically  l)elong  to  the  pre- 
ceding classes,  but  which  by  reason  of  special  character- 
istics, arising  frequently  from  local  tt)pography,  have  re- 
ceived special  appellations,  as  the  sirocco,  the  hannattan, 
the  mistral,  the  forhn,  the  chinook,  etc.  Winds  are  also 
commonly  named  from  the  point  of  compass  from  which 
they  blow,  as  a  north  wirid,  an  eaM  u-iiui,  a  southurd  nind. 
The  winds  were  personified  and  worshiped  as  divinities 
by  the  ancients,  and  representations  of  them  are  frequent 
in  ancient  art,  particularly  in  Greek  sculpture  and  vase- 
painting. 

And  erly  on  the  Tewysday,  whiche  was  seynt  Thomas 
daye,  we  made  sayle,  and  passed  by  the  costes  of  Slauony 
and  Hystria  with  easy  wynde. 

Sir  Ii.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  9. 

By  reason  of  contrary  wiiuies  we  put  backe  againe  to 
Pro>deno,  because  we  could  not  fetch  Sapientia. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  II.  1G8. 

2.  A  direction  from  which  the  wind  may  blow; 
a  point  of  the  compass,  especially  one  of  the 
cardinal  points.     [Rare.] 

Come  from  the  four  winds,  O  breath,  and  breathe  upon 
these  slain.  Ezek.  xxxvii,  9. 

3.  Air  artificially  put  in  motion  by  any  force  or 
action:  as,  the  inwrf of  a  bellows;  the  wind  oi  ii 
bullet  or  a  cannon-ball  (see  windage). 

Which  he  disdaining  whisked  his  sword  about, 
And  with  the  u'i}ul  thereof  the  king  fell  down. 

Marlowe  and  Xashe,  'J'ragedy  of  Dido,  ii.  1. 

The  whiff  and  wind  of  his  fell  sword. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  2.  495. 

4.  Air  impregnated  with  animal  odor  or  scent. 

Else  counsellors  will  but  take  the  wind  of  him. 

Bacon,  Of  Counsel. 

5.  In  musical  instruments  the  sound  of  wliich 
is  produced  by  a  stream  of  compressed  air  or 
breath,  either  the  supply  of  air  under  compres- 
sion,as  in  the  bellows  of  an  organ  oriu  a  singer's 
lungs,  or  the  stream  of  air  used  in  sound-pro- 
duction, as  in  the  mouth  of  an  organ-pipe,  in 
the  tube  of  a  flageolet,  or  in  the  voice. 

Their  instruments  were  various  in  their  kind, 
Some  for  the  bow,  and  some  for  breathing  wind. 

Dryden,  Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  357. 

6.  Breath;  also,  power  of  respiration;  lung- 
power.     See  second  wind,  below. 

Ye  noye  me  soore  in  wastyng  al  this  xvynde, 
For  1  haue  seide  y-noghe,  as  semethe  me.' 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  79. 
My  wynde  is  stoppyd,  gon  is  my  brethe. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  2'20. 
Woman,  thy  wordis  and  thy  wynde  thou  not  waste. 

York  Plays,  p.  2ri8. 

If  my  un.nd  were  but  long  enough  to  say  my  prayers,  I 

would  repent.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W,,  iv.  5.  104. 

How  they  spar  for  wind,  instead  of  bitting  from  the 
shoulder.  0.  W.  Uolnies,  Professor,  ii. 

7.  Tlie  part  of  the  boily  in  the  region  of  the 
stomach,  a  blow  upon  which  causes  a  tempo- 


wind 

rary  loss  of  respiratory  power  by  paralyzing 
the  diaphragm  for  a  time.  It  forms  a  for- 
bidden point  of  attack  in  scientific  boxing. 
[Slang.] 

He  pats  him  and  pokes  him  in  divers  parts  of  the  body, 
but  particularly  in  that  part  which  tlie  science  of  self-de- 
fence would  call  his  tcijid.  IHcketis. 

8.  The  wind-instruments  of  an  orchestra  taken 
collectively,  including  both  tlie  wood  wind 
(flutes,  oboes,  etc.)  and  the  brass  wind  (trum- 
pets, horns,  etc.). —  9.  Anything  light  as  wind, 
and  hence  ineffectual  or  empty;  especially, 
idle  words,  threats,  bombast,  etc. 

Nor  think  thou  with  wind 
Of  aery  threats  to  awe.     Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  282. 

10.  Air  or  gas  generated  in  the  stomach  and 
bowels;  flatulence. 

Knowledge  .  .  . 
Oppresses  else  with  surfeit,  and  soon  turns 
Wisdom  to  folly,  as  nourishment  to  wind. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  130. 

11.  A  disease  of  sheep,  in  which  the  intestines 
are  distended  with  air,  or  rather  afi;'ected  with 
a  \'iolent  inflammation.  It  occurs  immediately 
after  shearing — A  capful  of  wind.  See  capful.— A 
fair  wind,  a  wind  that  enables  a  sailing  ship  to  head  her 
course  with  the  sails  full.  -All  in  the  wind.  See  all.— 
A  sheet  in  the  wind.  See  sheeO.—  Baire  windt.  See 
6orei,— Before  thewind.  See  fte/are.— Between  wind 
and  water,  (a)  In  that  part  of  a  ship's  side  or  bottom 
which  is  frequently  brought  above  the  water  i»y  the  roll- 
ing of  the  vessel  or  by  fluctuation  of  the  water's  surface. 
Any  breach  effected  by  shot  in  this  part  is  peculiai-ly 
dangerous. 

They  had  a  tall  man-of-war  to  convoy  them  ;  but,  at 
the  first  bout,  it  was  shot  between  u%nd  and  water,  and 
forced  to  make  towards  land. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.,  II.  42. 

Hence,  figuratively  —  (6)  A  ny  part  or  point  generally  where 
a  blow  or  attack  will  most  effectually  injure. 
Shot  him  between  wind  and  water. 

Beau,  ami  Fl.,  Philaster,  iv.  1. 

He  had  hit  his  desires  in  the  Master-vein,  and  struck  his 
former  Jealousie  between  wind  and  water,  so  that  it  sunk 
in  the  instant. 

Fannant,  Hist,  of  Edward  II.  (ed.  1680),  p.  11. 

Broken  wind,  a  veterinai-y  term  for  a  form  of  paroxys- 
mal dyspnoea,  which  seems  to  depend  on  asthma  com- 
bined with  a  varying  amount  of  en»physenia:  also  loosely 
used  for  other  dyspnoeic  conditions.  See  broken-winded 
and  wind-broken.— "By  the  Wind.  See  &j/1.  — Cardinal 
winds.  See  cardinal.— Close  to  the  wind.  See  dose'-i, 
ady.  — Down  the  wind,  (a)  In  the  direction  of  and  mov- 
ing with  the  wind :  as,  birds  fly  quickly  doivn  the  wind,  {b) 
Toward  ruin,  decay,  or  adversity.  Compare  to  whistle  off, 
under  whistle,  v.  t. 

The  more  he  prayed  to  it  [the  image]  to  prosper  him  in 
the  world,  the  more  he  went  down  tfte  icind  still. 

Sir  Jl.  L'Estranoe. 

Head  to  wind.    See  head.— "Eat  winds  of  the  plains, 

southwesterly  winds  in  Texas,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  the 
Djikotas,  which  occur  during  the  summer  season,  and  by 
their  extreme  heat  and  dryness  prove  exceedingly  destruc- 
tive to  vegetation.— How  the  wind  blows  or  lies,  (a) 
The  direction  or  velocity  of  the  wind,  {b)  I'iguratively, 
the  position  or  state  of  affairs;  huw  matters  stand  at  a 
particular  juncture:  as,  trifles  show  how  the  wind  blows. 

Miss  Sprong,  her  confidante,  who,  seeing  how  the  wind 
lay,  had  tried  to  drop  little  malicious  liints  .  .  .  until  the 
old  lady  had  cut  them  short.       Farrar,  Julian  Home,  iv. 

In  the  wind,  astir ;  afoot. 

Go  to,  there's  somewhat  in  the  wind,  I  see. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  iii.  3. 

What  the  blazes  is  in  the  wind  now? 

Dickens,  Oliver  Twist. 

In  the  wind's  eye,  in  the  teeth  of  the  wind,  directly 
toward  the  point  from  which  the  wind  blows;  in  a  direc- 
tion exactly  contrary  to  that  of  the  wind.  — Is  the  wind 
in  that  door?t  is  that  how  the  case  stands?  is  that  tlie 
state  of  atfairs? 

Thras.  I  am  come  to  intreat  you  to  stand  my  friend, 
and  to  favour  me  with  a  longer  time,  and  I  wil  make  you 
sutficient  consideration. 

Usurer.  Is  the  winde  in  that  doore  ?    If  thou  hast  my 

mony.  so  it  is;  I  will  not  defer  a  day,  an  houre,  a  miimte. 

Greene  and  Lod'je,  Looking-Glass  for  London  and  Eng. 

Leading  wind.  See  /effrfmi;ri.— Mountain  and  valley 
winds,  in  ineteor.,  diurnal  winds  blowing  up  the  sides  of 
mountains  and  the  trough  of  valleys  during  the  day,  and 
down  during  the  night.  They  are  due  tcj  differences  of 
temperature  arising  from  unequal  heating  and  radiation, 
whereby  the  air  at  the  summits  of  hills  and  mountains  is 
heated  during  the  day  to  a  higher  temperature  than  the 
air  at  the  same  level  over  the  valleys  or  lowlands,  causing 
a  current  up  the  valleys  and  mountain-sides;  conversely, 
during  the  night  the  air  at  the  summit  is  cooled  by  radia- 
tion to  a  lower  temperature  than  the  air  at  the  same  level 
over  the  lowlands,  causing  a  downward  surface  flow  of 
cold  air.  In  narrow  valley.s  this  current  sometimes  at- 
tains great  strength,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Wisper  wind  of 
the  Rhine.-  North  Wind  of  CallfOmia,a  dry,  desiccat- 
ing north  wind  experienced  on  the  PaciJic  slope  of  the 
I'nited  States,  but  especially  in  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys  of  California.  When  occurring  during  the 
growing  season,  it  is  exceedingly  injurious  to  vegetation. 
—  On  extra  or  heavv  wind,  see  or<jan^,  o. -On  the 
wind,  as  near  as  possible  to  the  dii  ection  fiom  wliich  the 
wind  blows;  in  the  position  or  trimmed  in  the  maniu-r  of 
a  vessel  that  is  sailing  •'  by  the  wind,"  Periodic  Winds. 
See  def.  1.  Plate  of  Wind,  ^ee  ;>;«^<.'.— Red  Wind,  a 
wind  which  blasts  fruit  or  corn  ;  a  hlight,     JJalliirell. 


6934 

The  goodliest  trees  in  the  garden  are  soonest  blasted 
with  red  winds.  Abp.  Sandys,  Sermons,  p.  loa.  (Davies.) 
Robin  Hood  wind,  a  wind  in  which  the  air  is  saturated 
with  moisture  at  a  temperature  near  the  freezing-point, 
the  moisture  rendering  it  especially  raw  and  penetrating  ; 
a  thaw- wind.  — Running  Of  the  wind.  See  running.— 
Second  wind,  a  regular  state  of  respiration  attained 
during  continued  exertion  after  thebreathlessness  which 
!iad  arisen  at  an  earlier  stage.— Slant  Of  Wind.  See 
s/rt7i^— Soldier's  wind.  See  soZt/ier.- Thaw- wind,  a 
wind  prevailing  during  a  thaw:  in  general,  since  it  ne- 
comes  saturated  with  moisture  at  a  temperature  only  a 
little  above  freezing,  it  is  peculiarly  raw  and  penetrating. 
—  To  heat  the  wind.  See  beat^.—To  break  wind, 
carry  the  wind,  eat  up  into  the  wind,  gain  the  wind. 
See  the  verbs.- To  get  one's  Wind,  to  recover  one's 
breath :  as,  they  will  up  and  at  it  again  when  they  get 
their  wind.  [Colloq.]— To  get  the  Wind  Of,  to  get  on 
the  windward  side  of. 

All  the  three  liiskainers  made  toward  our  ship,  which 
was  not  curelesse  to  get  the  winde  of  them  all. 

Hakluyt's  Voyages,  III.  198. 

To  get  (take)  wind,  to  get  wind  of.  See  get\.—  rCQ 
haul  the  wind.    See  haul.— 'So  have  a  free  wind.   See 

free.—  To  have  in  the  wind,  to  be  on  the  scent  or  trail 
of;  perceive  and  follow. 

A  hare  had  long  escap'd  pursuing  hounds.  .  .  . 
To  save  his  life,  heleap'd  into  the  main, 
But  there,  alas !  he  could  no  safety  find, 
A  pack  of  dog-fish  had  him  in  the  wind.  Swift. 

To  have  the  wind  of.     Same  as  to  have  in  the  wind. 
My  son  and  I  will  have  the  wind  of  you. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  2.  133. 

To  keep  the  wind.    See  keep.  —  Too  near  the  wind, 

mean  ;  stingy;  cheese-paring.  L^aut.  slang.]  — To  raise 
the  wind.  See  rais«i.— To  recover  the  wind  of.  See 
recover2,—'So  sail  Close  to  the  wind.  («)  To  sail  with 
the  ship's  head  just  so  near  to  the  wind  as  to  fill  the  sails 
without  shaking  them ;  sail  as  closely  against  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind  as  possible.  (6)  To  border  closely  upon 
dishonesty  or  indecency:  as,  beware  in  dealing  with  him, 
he  sails  rather  close  to  the  wind,  (c)  See  «a(7i. —  To 
shake  a  vessel  in  the  wind.  See  shake.— To  slip 
one's  wind.  See  slip'^.—  To  sow  the  wind  and  reap 
the  whirlwind,  to  act  wrongly  or  recklessly  and  in  time 
be  visited  with  the  evil  effects  of  such  conduct.  Hos. 
viii.  7.— To  take  the  wind  out  of  one's  sails,  see 
srtai.— To  take  wind, to  leak  out.— To  touch  the  wind. 
See  touch.—  To  Whistle  down  the  wind,  to  whistle  for 
a  wind.    See  wAwrfZe. — Wlnd-scale.     See  ^raie:'.  =Syn. 

1.  Wind,  Breeze,  Gust,  Flaw,  Blast,  Stm-in,  Squall,  Gale, 
Tempest,  Hurricane,  Tornado,  Cyclone,  etc.  Wiiul  is  the 
general  name  for  air  in  motion,  at  any  rate  of  speed.  A 
breeze  is  gentle  and  may  be  fitful ;  a  git^t  is  pretty  strong, 
but  especially  sudden  and  brief;  &_^w  is  essentially  the 
same  as  gust,  but  may  rise  to  the  force  of  a  squall ;  a  blast 
is  stronger  and  longer  than  ttgust;  a  stonn  is  a  violent  dis- 
turbance of  the  atmosphere,  generally  attended  by  rain, 
hail,  or  snow;  a  squall  is,  a. storm  that  begins  suddenly  and 
is  soon  over,  perhaps  consisting  of  a  series  of  strong  gitsis; 
a  gale  is  a  violent  and  continued  wind,  lasting  for  hours 
or  days,  its  strength  being  marked  by  such  adjectives  as 
.s(//and  hard;  a  tempest  is  the  stage  between  a  gale  and  a 
hurricane — hurricane  being  the  name  for  the  wind  at  its 
greatest  height,  which  is  such  as  to  destroy  buildings, 
uproot  trees,  etc.  A  tornado  and  a  cyclone  are  by  deriva- 
tion storms  in  which  the  wind  has  a  circular  or  rotatory 
movement  (see  defs.). 

wind'*^  (wind),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  winded  (in 
some  uses,  erroneoiisly,  woiouJ),  ppr.  winding. 
[<  ME.  winden,  wynden  (=  MD.  winden  =  OHG. 
winton)^  expose  to  the  wind,  air;  <  wind'^,  n. 
With  reference  to  blowing  a  horn,  the  verb 
wind^,  owing  to  the  alternative  (poetical)  pron. 
wind,  and  prob.  to  some  vague  association  of  a 
horn  as  being  usually  curved,  with  the  verb 
wind^y  has  been  confused  with  the  verb  wind'^, 
whence  tlie  irreg.  pret,  and  pp.  wound.  It  is 
possible,  however,  that  the  irreg.  pret.  and  pp. 
wound  arose  out  of  mere  conformity  with  the 
other  verb,  as  the  pret.  rang,  pp.  rung  (instead 
of  ringed),  of  the  verb  ring^,  and  the  pret.  wore, 
pp.  irorn,  of  the  verb  wea?-'^,  arose  out  of  cou- 
t'orinity  to  similar  forms  of  the  similar  verbs 
aing,  stcear,  etc.]  1.  To  force  wind  through 
with  the  breath ;  blow;  sound  by  blowing:  as, 
to  wind  a  Lorn:  in  this  sense  and  the  three  fol- 
lowing pronounced  wind. 

The  last  Miracle  is  the  third  time  of  ilichaels  winding 
his  borne,  when  God  shall  bring  forth  all  the  lewes. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  221. 

Gawain  .  .  .  raised  a  bugle  hanging  from  his  neck. 
And  winded  it,  and  that  so  musically 
That  all  the  old  echoes  hidden  in  the  wall 
Kang  out  like  hollow  woods  at  hunting-tide. 

Tennyson,  I'elleas  and  Ettarre. 

2.  To  produce  (sound)  by  blowing  through  or 
as  through  a  wind-instrument. 

But  gin  ye  take  that  bugle-honi, 
And  xvind  a  blast  sae  shrill. 
Hose  the  Red,  and  White  LUly  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  178). 

3.  To  announce,  signal,  or  direct  by  the  blast 
of  a  horn,  etc.     [Rare.] 

'Twas  pleasure,  as  we  look'd  behind, 
To  see  how  thou  the  cliase  could  st  wind. 
Cheer  the  dark  blood-hound  on  his  way. 
And  with  the  bugle  rouse  the  fray  ! 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  V.  29. 

4.  To  perceive  or  follow  by  the  wind  or  scent; 
nose. 


wind-break 

As  when  two  skilful  hounds  the  lev'ret  vrind. 
Or  chase  thro'  woods  obscure  the  trembling  hind. 

Pope,  Iliad,  X.  427. 

We  winded  thera  by  our  noses- their  perfumes  be- 
trayed them.  Johnson,  Dryden. 

5.  To  expose  to  the  wind;  winnow;  ventilate. 
—  6.  To  drive  or  ride  hard,  as  a  horse,  so  as  tc 
render  scant  of  wind. — 7.  To  rest,  as  a  horse, 
in  order  to  let  him  recover  wind. 
windage  (win'daj),  «.  [<  wlnd'^  +  -a^c]  1. 
Ingun.*.  («)  The  difference  allowed  between  the 
diameter  of  a  projectile  and  that  of  the  bore  of 
the  gun  from  which  it  is  to  be  fired,  in  order  to 
allow  the  escape  of  some  pai*t  of  the  explosive 
gas,  and  to  prevent  too  great  friction,  (6)  The 
rush  or  concussion  of  the  air  produced  by  the 
rapid  passage  of  a  shot. 

The  last  shot  flying  so  close  to  Captain  Portar  that  with 
the  windage  of  the  bullet  his  very  hands  had  almost  lost 
the  sense  of  feeling. 

E.  Peeke  (Arber's  Eng.  Gamer,  L  626). 

(c)  The  influence  of  the  wind  in  deflecting  a 
missile,  as  a  ball  or  an  arrow,  from  its  direct 
path,  or  aside  from  the  point  or  object  at  which 
it  is  aimed;  also,  the  amount  or  extent  of  such 
deflection,  (d)  The  play  between  the  spindle 
of  the  De  Bange  gas-check  and  its  cavity  in  the 
breech-screw:  it  is  expressed  in  decimal  parts 
of  an  inch,  and  is  measured  by  the  difference 
between  the  diameters  of  the  spindle  and  its 
cavity. —  2.  In  surg.,  ssivae  SiS  wind-contusion. 
windas,  windass  (win'das),  n.  [Early  mod.  E. 
also  windace,  wyndaee;  <  ME.  windas,  wyndas, 
icindassej  a  windlass,  <  MD.  windaes,  I),  windas 
(>  OF.  guindas,  guyndas,  F.  guindas),  windlass, 
lit.  a  '  winding-beam,' =:Icel.t'iHrfa6'5^,  a  rounded 
pole  which  can  be  wound  round,  windlass,  <  D. 
winden  =  Icel.  vinda,  wind  (=  E.  wind),  +  aes 
=  Icel.  dss,  pole,  main  rafter,  sail-yard,  =  Goth. 
ans,  a  beam.  Hence,  by  confusion  with  wind- 
Zfl.ssl,  the  modem  form  windlas8^.'\  If.  Same  as 
windlass^. 

Ther  may  no  man  out  of  the  place  it  dry  ve 
For  noon  engyn  of  wyndas  or  polyve. 

Chaucer,  Squu-e's  Tale,  1.  176. 

Gete  som  crosse  bowia,  and  leyndaes  to  bynd  them  with, 
and  quairels.  Paston  Letters,  I.  82. 

2.  A  fanner  for  winnowing  grain.     Jamieson. 

[Scotch.] 
windbag  (wind'bag),  H.    A  bag  filled  with  wind; 

hence,  a  person  of  mere  words ;  a  noisy,  empty 

pretender.     [Slang.] 
Windball(wind'bal),  «.    1.  A  ball  inflated  with 

air;  a  balloon. 

Generally  the  high  stile  is  disgraced  and  made  foolish 
and  riiliculous  by  all  wordes  affected,  counterfait,  and 
puffed  vp,  as  it  were  a  teindball  carrying  more  countenance 
then  matter.  Puttenhani,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  165. 

2.  In  surg.,  a  cause  of  death  or  injury  formerly 
supposed  to  lie  in  the  passage  of  a  projectile 
in  close  proximity  to  the  person  injured.     See 

wind-contusion. 

Where  life  is  destroyed  by  the  influence  of  the  teind- 
ball. J.  M.  Carnochan,  Operative  Surgery,  p.  279. 

wind-band  (wind'band),  n.  1.  A  company  of 
musicians  who  nse  only  or  principally  wind-in- 
struments; a  brass  or  military  band. —  2.  The 
wind-instruments  of  an  orchestra  or  band  taken 
collectively.  See  wind^,  8. —  3.  A  long  cloud 
supposed  to  indicate  stormy  weather.  HalU- 
welh     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wind-beam  (wind'bem),  n.  A  beam  tying  to- 
gether the  rafters  of  a  pitched  roof:  same  as 
coUar-heam. 

windberry  (wind'ber'i),  n. ;  pi.  triwdfcem^*  (-iz). 
The  cowberry,  Vaccinium  Fitis-Idsea.  Britten 
and  Holland.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wind-bill  (wind'bil),  n.  In  Scots  law,  an  ac- 
commodation bill.     See  accommodation. 

wind-bore  (wiud'bor),  n.  1.  The  extremity  of 
the  suction-pipe  of  a  pump,  usually  covered 
with  a  perforated  plate  to  prevent  the  intru- 
sion of  foreign  substances. — 2.  In?«*«»H^,  same 
as  snore-piece. 

windbound  (wind 'bound),  o.  Prevented  from 
sailing  by  contrary  winds;  detained  by  con- 
trary winds :  as,  windbound  ships. 

The  next  day  we  fasted,  being  tcindbound,  and  could  not 
passe  the  sound. 

(.Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  90. 

wind-brace  (wind'bras),  n.     See  hrace^. 

wind-break  (wind'brak),  n.  Something  to 
break  tlie  force  of  the  wind,  as  a  hedge,  a  board 
fence,  or  a  row  of  evergreen  trees;  any  shelter 
from  the  wind. 

Inder  the  lee  of  some  shelving  bank  or  other  tcind- 
break.  T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips,  p.  176. 


wind-break 

wind-break  (wind'brak),  t:  t.      To  break  the 
wind  of.     See  irind-brokcii. 
'Twould  wind-break  a  mule  to  vie  burdens  with  her. 

Ford. 
Windbroaellf  (wind'broch),  H.  Tlie  liurdy-gurdjr 
or  vielle. 

Xero,  a  base  Mind  fiddler,  or  player  on  that  instniment 
which  is  called  a  wiiuibroach. 

Urquhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  ii.  30. 
For  an  old  man  to  pretend  to  talk  wisely  is  like  a  mu- 
sician's endeavouring  to  fumble  out  a  tine  sonata  upon 
a  witid-hroach.         Tom  Brown,  Works,  II.  234.    {Davies.) 

wind-broken  (wiiid'br6''kn),p.  a.  Diseased  in 
tlie  respiratory  orgaus;  having  the  power  of 
breathing  impaired  by  chest-disease:  as,  a 
iciit't-hroken  horse.  Also  broken-winded. 
wind-changing  (wind'chan'juig),  (I.  Change- 
ful as  the  wind ;  fickle.     [Rare.] 

Wuid-chau'jing  Warwick  now  can  change  no  more. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  1.  67. 

wind-chart  (wind'chart),  n.  A  chart  showing 
the  wind-tlirections  at  a  given  time,  or  the  lii- 
rections  prevailing  during  any  period  of  the 
year  over  any  region  of  the  earth.  Wind  charts 
for  the  ocean,  of  which  the  "Wind  and  Current  Charts" 
of  the  British  Admiralty  and  the  "Hlot  I'harts"  of  the 
I'nited  .States  Hydrographic  Oilice  are  exaniiiles,  consti- 
tute an  important  aid  to  navigators. 

wind-chest  (wind'chest),  «.  In  ornan-buUdinij, 
a  chest  or  box  immediately  below  the  pipes  or 
reeds,  from  which  the  compressed  air  is  ad- 
mitted to  them  by  means  of  valves  or  pallets. 
See  orgaii^  and  reed-organ. 

wind-colic  (wind'kol  ik),  «.  Intestinal  pain 
caused  by  flatulence. 

Wind-COntUaion(wind'kon-tii"zhou), M.  In  surij., 
a  contusion,  such  as  rupture  of  the  liver  or  con- 
cussion of  the  brain,  unaccompanied  by  any  ex- 
ternal mark  of  violence,  supposed  to  bi'  pro- 
duced by  the  air  when  rapidly  displaced  by  the 
velocity  of  a  projectile,  as  a  cannon-ball,  it  is 
now.  however,  considered  to  be  occasioned  by  the  projec. 
tile  itself  striking  the  body  in  an  oblique  direction,  the 
comparative  escape  of  the  external  soft  tissues  being  ac- 
counted for  by  the  degree  of  oldiquity  with  which  the  mis- 
sile impinges  on  the  elastic  skin,  togetlier  witli  the  posi- 
tion of  the  internal  structures  injured  relatively  to  the 
impingement  of  the  ball  on  one  side  and  liard  resisting 
substances  on  another.    Also  called  uindafje. 

wind-cutter  (wind'kut"6r),  n.  In  organ-budd- 
ing, the  upper  lip  of  the  mouth  of  a  flue-pipe, 
against  which  the  stream  of  air  impinges  when 
the  pipe  is  sounded. 

wind-Qial  (wind'di'al),  n.  A  dial  showing  the 
changes  in  the  direction  of  the  wind  by  means 
of  an  index  or  pointer  connected  with  a  wind- 
vane. 

The  Wirxd  Dial  lately  set  up  at  (irigsby's  Coffee  and 
Chocolate  House,  behind  the  Royal  Exchange,  being  the 
first  and  only  one  in  any  publick  House  in  Kngland,  and 
liaving  given  great  Satisfaction  to  all  that  have  seen  it, 
and  being  of  Constant  use  to  those  that  are  in  any  wise 
Concerned  in  Navigation. 
Quoted  in  Athton'i  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 

III.  5«. 

wind-dog  (wind'dog),  n.  A  name  popularly  ap- 
plied to  fragments  of  rainbows  seen  on  de- 
taclied  clouds.     Also  Kind-gall. 

wind-dropsy  (wind'drop'si).  «.  Emphysema; 
tympanites. 

Wind-egg  (wind'eg),  «.  An  infecund  or  other- 
wise imperfect  egg,  as  one  which  will  produce 
nothing  but  wind  (gas);  a  soft-sliclled  egg,  such 
as  may  be  laid  by  a  hen  that  is  comparatively 
old  or  has  been  injured. 

winder!  (win'dfer),  «.  [<  ifi«rfi  +  -o'."!  i. 
One  who  winds,  rolls,  or  coils:  as,  a  bobbin- 
winder. 

They  consist  of  sewing  b^)y8,  shoe-binders,  winiierg  for 
weavers,  and  girls  for  all  kinds  of  slop  needlework. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  353. 

2.  An  instrument  or  a  machine  for  winding 
thread,  etc.  (a)  A  contrivance  like  a  small  windlass  re- 
volving a  spool  or  reel  upon  wliicli  the  thread  i.s  wonnd. 
(b)  A  large  adjustable  frame  which  call  be  passed  through 
the  opening  of  a  skein  and  then  increased  in  diameter  so  as 
to  hold  it  firmly  for  winding  o(f.  (c)  A  small  stick,  strip, 
or  notched  slate  upon  which  thread  can  be  wound :  a 
substitute  for  a  spool  or  reel. 

3.  The  key  or  utensil  used  to  wind  up  the  si)ring- 
work  of  a  roasting-jack. 

To  keep  troublesome  servants  out  of  the  kitchen,  al- 
ways leave  the  mnder  sticking  on  the  jack  to  fall  on  their 
heads.  Sui/t,  Advice  to  .Servants  (Cook). 

4.  A  plant  that  twists  itself  round  others. 
Winders  and  creepers;  as  ivy.  briony,  hops. 

Bacon,  .Nat.  Hist.,  §  536. 

B.  A  winding-step  of  a  staircase. 
winder'''  (win'der),  w.     [<  )n«rf2  -(-  .(/i.]     l. 
One  who  winds  or  sounds  a  horn. 

Winder  of  the  horn, 
When  snouted  wild-boars  routing  tender  corn 
Anger  our  huntsman.  KeatH,  p^iidymion,  i. 


6935 

2  (win'der).  A  blow  which  takes  away  the 
breath.— 3.  A  fan.     HalliweU.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

winder^  (win'der),  v.  t.  [<  winder",  n. ;  prob. 
in  part  a  dial,  corruption  of  "winner  for  win- 
«o(c.]  Tofan;  clean  or  winnow  with  a  fan :  as, 
to  H(«rfec  grain.     Brockett.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

windfall   (wind'fal),  n.     [<  H-»»rfi  +  fain,  c] 

1 .  Something  blown  down  by  the  wind,  as  fruit 
from  a  tree,  or  a  number  of  trees  in  a  forest. 

When  they  did  spread,  and  their  boughs  were  become 
too  great  for  their  stem,  they  became  a  wind/all  upon  the 
sudden. 
Bacon,  True  Greatness  of  Kingdoms  and  Estates  (ed.  1887). 

she's  nobbut  gone  inf  t'  orchard,  to  see  if  she  can  find 
wiiid-faUs  enough  for  t'  make  a  pie  or  two  for  f  lads. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  vi. 

2.  An  unexpected  piece  of  good  fortune,  as  an 
unexpected  legacy. 

This  man,  who  otherwise  beforetirae  was  but  poor  and 
needy,  by  these  windfalls  and  unexpected  cheats  became 
very  wealthy.    Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch's  Morals,  p.  1237. 

3.  The  tract  of  fallen  trees,  etc.,  which  shows 
the  path  of  a  tornado. — 4.  A  violent  gust  of  wind 
rushing  from  coast-ranges  and  mountains  to  the 
sea. — 5.  The  down-rush  of  air  occurring  on  the 
leeward  side  of  a  hill  or  mountain  at  a  distance 
from  its  base. 

windfallt  (wind'fal),  a.    Windfallen.     [Rare.] 
You  shall  have  leaves  and  tcindJaU  boughs  enow, 
Near  to  these  woods,  to  roast  your  meat  withal. 
Marlowe  and  Nashe,  Dido,  Queen  of  Carthage,  i.  1.  172. 

'windfallen  (wind'fa''ln),  a.     Blown  down  by 
the  wind. 
To  gather  ifind/all'n  sticks. 

I>rayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  182. 

windfanner  (wind'fan"er),  n.  Same  as  wind- 
hover. 

■wind-fertilized  (wind'fer^ti-lizd),  a.  In  bot., 
fertilized  with  pollen  borne  by  the  wind,  as 
flowers ;  anemophilous,  as  conifers,  grasses, 
sedges,  etc. 

■windfish  (wind'fish),  H.  The  fall-fish,  or  silver 
chub,  Scmotilus  bullaris,  the  largest  cyprinoid 
of  eastern  North  America.     See  Semotilus. 

'Wind-flower  (wind'flou"er),H.  1.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Anemone,  chiefly  the  wood-anemone,  A. 
nemoro.sd :  so  called  by  translation  of  the  classic 
name  of  an  anemone  or  other  plant  anciently 
associated  with  the  wind.  The  wind-loving  reputa- 
tion of  this  plant  appears  to  have  been  conferred  chiefly 
by  the  name.  The  wind-Hower  is  a  small  herb,  found  in 
Europe,  northwestern  Asia,  and  North  America,  bearing  a 
whorl  of  three  trifoliate  leaves  and  a  single  delicate  white 
or  outwardly  pinkish  vernal  flower.  The  American  pasque- 
flower, A.  patens,  var.  Xuttalliana,  bears  the  name  specifi- 
cally in  the  western  United  .States. 

Bide  thou  where  the  poppy  blows. 
With  wind-Jiowers  frail  and  fair. 

Bryant,  Arctic  Lover. 
2.  The  marsh-gentian,  Gentiana  Pneumonanthe. 
Trcii.s:  of  Bot. 

■wind-furnace  (wiud'fer'nas),  )(.  Any  form  of 
furnace  using  the  natural  draft  of  a  chimney 
without  the  aid  of  a  bellows  or  blower;  a  nat- 
ural-draft furnace;  a  laboratory-furnace  pro- 
vided with  a  tall  chimney. 

The  crucible  is  then  placed  in  a  miid-/urnace,&ni\  slowly 
heated  as  long  as  fumes  escape.  Ure,  Diet,  IV.  553. 

■wind-gage  (wind'gaj),  n.  1.  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  velocity  and  force  of  wind ; 
an  anemometer.  See  anemometer. — 2.  An  ap- 
paratus or  contrivance  for  measuring  or  indi- 
cating the  amount  of  the  pressure  of  the  wind 
in  the  wind-chest  of  an  organ. — 3.  Milit.,  a 
graduated  attachment  to  the  sights  of  a  fire- 
arm or  cannon  by  which  allowance  can  be  made, 
in  aiming,  for  tlie  effect  of  the  wind  upon  the 
projectile. 
wind-gall'  (wind'gal),  n.  [<  icind^  +  gall^-'i 
Distension  of  the  synovial  bursa  at  the  fetlock- 
joint  of  the  horse,  such  as  may  be  felt  on  each 
side  of  the  tendons  behind  the  joint.  Also 
called  pnf. 
His  horse,  .  .  .  full  of  windgalls,  sped  with  spavins. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2.  63. 
Neither  Spavin,  Splinter,  nor  Wind-gall. 

Etherege,  She  Would  if  .She  Could,  ii.  2. 

wind-galP  (wind'gal),  n.    [<  xcind'^  +  gain-,  as 

in  water-gall,  weather-gall.]     Same  as  wind-dog. 

"  Wind-dogs,"  .  .  .  fragments  or  pieces  (as  it  were)  of 

rainbows  (sometimes  called  wind-galls)  seen  on  detached 

clouds.  Fitz  Roy,  Weather  Book,  p.  23. 

'Wind-galled(wind'gald).«.  Having  wind-galls. 

Did  you  think  1  was  Wind-gall'd?    I  can  sing  too,  if  I 

plea.se.  Steele,  Tender  Husband,  iii.  1. 

wind-gap  (wind'gap),  H.     See  gap,  2. 
■wind-gun  (wind'gun),  n.     Same  as  air-gnn. 
I'orc'd  from  wind-guns,  lead  itself  can  fly. 
And  pond'rous  slugs  cut  swiftly  through  the  sky. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  l.  181 


'winding-rope 

■wind-hatch  (wind'hach),  n.  In  mining,  the 
opening  or  place  where  ore  is  taken  out  of  the 
earth. 

Windhawk  (wind'hak),  II.  The  windhover  or 
kestrel. 

■wind-herb  (wind'erb),  n.     See  Phlomis. 

■wind-house  (wind'hous),  «.  A  house  built 
partly  underground  to  serve  as  a  shelter  or 
place  of  refuge  in  hurricanes. 

■windhover  (wind'huv''''er), )(.  A  kind  of  hawk, 
the  kestrel,  Falco  tinnunculus  or  Tinnnnculus 
alaudarins :  so  called  from  its  hovering  in  the 
face  of  the  wind.  See  kestrel.  Also  called 
windbibber,  icindcuffer,  windfanner,  windhawk, 
unndsucker,  vanner-hawk,  staniel,  etc. 

About  as  long 
As  the  wind-hover  hangs  in  balance. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

windily  (win'di-li),  adv.  With  high  wind ;  in  a 
way  that  betokens  wind. 

The  stars  were  glittering  windily  even  before  this  crim- 
son melted  out  of  the  east. 

W.  C.  Bussell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  iv. 

windiness  (win'di-ues).  n.  1.  The  state  of  be- 
ing windy  or  tempestuous:  as,  the  leindiness 
of  the  weather  or  season. —  2.  Flatulence. — 
3.  Tendency  to  generate  wind  (gas) ;  as,  the 
tt'i'»rfi«('»s' of  vegetables. — 4.  Tumor;  puffiness  : 
vanity;  boastfulness. 

The  swelling  untidiness  of  much  knowledge. 

Brerewood's  Languages,  Pref. 

windingl  (win'diug),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  wind^,  c] 

1.  Curving;  spiral:  as,  a  triHrf(«(/ stair. 

The  staires  are  winding,  having  a  stately  roofe. 

Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  35. 

2.  Full  of  bends  or  turns:  as,  a  roinrfj«(; path. 

The  ascent  [of  mount  Tabor]  is  so  easy  that  we  rode 
up  the  north  side  by  a  winding  road. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  61. 
Across  the  court-yard,  into  the  dark 
Of  the  icindiiig  pathway  in  the  park. 
Curate  and  lantern  disappear. 

Longfellow,  Baron  of  St.  Caatine. 

3.  Warped;  twisted;  bent;  crooked:  as, awi«rf- 
ing  surface. 

■winding!  (win'ding),  n.  [<  ME.  wijndijnge ;  ver- 
bal n.  of  tc/drfl,  I'.]  1.  A  turn  or  turning;  abend; 
flexure ;  meander :  as,  the  windings  of  a  road  or 
stream. 

The  degise,  endentyng,  barrynge,  owndynge,  palynge, 
wijndyngc  or  bendynge,  and  semblable  wast  of  clooth  in 
vanitee.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

They  |the  ways]  were  wonderfull  hard,  all  stony  and 
full  of  windings.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  92. 

To  follow  the  windings  of  this  river. 

Addison,  Remarks  on  Italy  (Works,  ed.  Bohn,  I.  537). 
The  windings  of  the  marge.  Tennyson,  Edwin  Morris. 
2.  A  twist  in  any  surface,  so  that  all  its  parts 
do  not  lie  in  the  same  ])lane ;  a  casting  or  warp- 
ing, a  wilt — Compound  winding.  When  the  field- 
magnets  of  a  dynamo  are  fitted  with  two  coils,  one  of 
which  is  j)laced  in  circuit  with  the  armature  and  external 
leads,  while  the  other  is  connected  across  the  terminals 
as  a  shunt,  the  dynamo  is  said  to  be  compound  wound,  and 
the  winding  ci.mpound  winding.  —  Differential  ■Winding. 
See  differential.— la  'Winding,  warped  :  out  of  the  straight : 
applied  by  joiners  to  a  piece  of  wood  wlien  two  of  its  oppo- 
site corners  stixiid  hi^^her  than  the  other  two.— Out  Of 
Winding,  lirouglit  to  a  plane;  said  of  a  surface:  a  work- 
men's phrase.  -  Series  winding.  A  dynamo  is  said  to  be 
series  wound,  or  to  have  a  series  winding,  when  its  field- 
magnet  coil  is  joined  in  series  with  the  armature  coil- — 
Shunt  ■winding.  When  the  field-magnet  coils  of  a  dy- 
namo are  designed  for,  and  connected  as,  a  shunt  on  the 
armature  coil,  the  dynamo  is  said  to  be  shunt  wound,  and 
the  method  of  winding  shunt  unnding. 

■winding'-'  (win'ding),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  wind'^,  v.] 
A  call  by  the  boatswain's  whistle. 

■winding-engine  (win'diug-en"jin),  «.  Any 
steani-tnolor  employed  to  turn  a  drtim  around 
which  a  hoisting-roi)e  is  drawn;  in  a  mine,  an 
engine  by  which  the  ropes  are  wound  on  and 
unwound  from  the  drums,  for  raising  or  lower- 
ing tlie  bucket,  kibble,  or  cage  on  which  the 
mined  material  is  brought  to  the  surface. 
Also  called  drawing-engine  and  hoisting-engine. 

windingly  (win'ding-li),  adv.  In  a  winding  man- 
ner; with  curves,  bends,  or  turns. 

Ttie  stream  that  creeps 
Windinyly  Ijy  it.  Keats,  Endymion,  i. 

■winding-pendant  (win 'ding- pen  "dant),  n. 
.\aiit.,  a  pendant  liooked  at  the  fore-  or  main- 
masthead  with  its  biglit  secured  as  far  out  as 
necessary  on  the  foreyard  or  main-yard,  and 
having  a  heavy  tackle," called  a  winding-faekle, 
depending  from  its  lower  end.  used  for  lifting 
heavy  weights. 

■winding-rope  (win'diug-rop),  n.  In  milling,  the 
ro])e  wliieh  connects  the  cage  with  the  drum 
of  the  winding-engine.    Forineily  the  winding-ropes 


winding-rope 

were  of  hemp  or  manila  ;  at  tiie  present  time  steel  wire 
is  chiefly  used,  and  both  flat  and  round  ropes  are  em- 
ployed. In  one  of  the  largest  Belgian  coal-mines,  in  which 
the  lift  is  7t>5  yards,  the  rope  (which  tapers  toward  the 
bottom)  weighs  (3  tons. 

winding-sheet  (wiu'ding-shet),  ».  1.  A  sheet 
in  which  a  corpse  is  wrapped. 

These  arms  of  mine  shall  be  thy  tcindiixg -sheet; 
My  heart,  sweet  boy,  shall  be  thy  sepulchre. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5.  114. 

2.  Solidified  dripi)iiigs  of  grease  from  a  caudle 
which  cling  to  the  side  of  it  and  present  some 
resemblance  to  drapery  in  its  folds  and  creases. 
The  appearance  of  this  has  been  fancied  to  be 
an  omen  of  death  or  other  misfortune. 

He  .  .  .  fell  asleep  on  his  arms,  ...  a  long  winding- 
sheet  iu  the  candle  dripping  down  upon  hini. 

Dickens,  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  ii.  4. 

winding-stairs  (^vin'ding-starz),  n.  A  ladder- 
shell;  a  scalaria;  a  wentletrap.  See  cut  un- 
der ScaJaria. 

The  Dutch  call  these  shells  winding-staira. 

P.  P.  Carpenter,  Lect.  Mollusca,  1861. 

winding-sticks  (wm'ding-stiks),  n.pl.  In  join- 
cry,  two  short  sticks  or  strips  of  wood  with 
parallel  edges,  placed  across  the  two  ends  of 
a  board  to  test  its  freedom  from  warps  or 
winds. 

winding-tackle  (wiu'ding-tak^'l),  n.  A  heavy- 
tackle  for  use  with  a  winding-pendant. 

winding-up  (win'ding-np'),  11.  The  act  of  one 
who  "winds  up,  in  any  sense. 

It  is  curious  that  in  the  unnding-up  of  each  of  these 
pieces  the  same  expedient  is  employed. 

Gifford,  Int.  to  Ford's  Plays,  p.  xli. 

wind-instrument  (wind'in^^stro-ment),  n.  A 
musical  instrument  the  sound  of  which  is  pro- 
duced by  a  stream  of  compressed  air,  usually 
by  the  breath.  Chief  of  such  instruments  is  the  human 
voice.  Wind-instruments  blown  by  the  breath  are  divided 
into  two  classes :  xoood  ivind-instrtiments,  including  the 
flute,  flageolet,  oboe,  clarinet,  bassoon,  English  horn,  etc.; 
and  brass  or  7>ie(aiM7inrf-iJw(nnn«7ite,including  the  trumpet, 
horn,  tromlwne,  tuba,  ophicleide,  etc.  \Vind-instruments 
sounded  by  air  mechanically  compressed  include  the  pipe- 
organ  and  the  reed-organ,  together  with  the  bagpipe,  and, 
in  a  certain  sense,  the  .tlolian  harp.  The  method  of  tone- 
production  in  all  these  instruments,  except  the  last,  is 
either  the  vibration  induced  in  a  stream  of  air  by  direct- 
ing it  against  a  sharp  edge,  as  in  the  flute  and  in  flue- 
pipes  in  the  organ,  or  the  vibration  induced  in  an  elastic 
tongue  or  reed  in  or  over  an  oriflce  through  which  a  stream 
of  air  is  driven,  as  in  the  voice,  the  clarinet,  and  the  reed- 
organ.  Sometimes  both  methods  are  used  in  the  same  in- 
strument, as  in  the  pipe-organ. 

With  a  ivind  instrument  my  master  made, 
In  five  days  you  may  breathe  ten  languages, 
As  perfect  as  the  devil  or  himself. 

T.  Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar,  i.  3. 

windlacef,  n.     Same  as  tvindla^s^. 

windlass^f  (wind'las),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
windlacc.  windlasses  windlessey  wyndelcsse ;  per- 
haps <  ME.  *windels  (=  MLG.  windelse,  a  wind- 
ing, hurdle-work,  LG.  tvindels,  a  winding,  as 
the  winding  of  a  screw,  or  the  ornamental 
work  on  a  sword-hilt),  <  AS.  windan,  etc.,  turn, 
wind:  see  «•//<</!,  and  cf.  w/iif/Zc]  1.  A  wind- 
ing or  turning;  a  circuitous  course;  a  circuit. 

Hewar  that  fetteth  the  wyiidelesse  in  huntyng  — hveur. 

Palsgrave,  p.  '231. 

Amonge  theis  be  appoynted  a  fewe  horsemen  to  rannge 
som  what  abrode  for  the  greater  appearance,  bitlding  them 
fetche  a  windlasse  a  great  waye  about,  and  to  make  al 
toward  one  place.  Golding,  tr.  of  Cicsar,  fol.  20C. 

I  now  fetching  a  windlesse,  that  I  myght  better  haue  a 
shoote.  Lyiy,  Euphues  and  liis  England,  p.  270. 

Hence  —  2.  Any  indirect,  artful  course;  cir- 
cumvention; art  and  contrivance ;  subtleties. 

Tims  do  we  of  wisdom  and  of  reach. 
With  windlasses  and  with  assays  of  bias, 
Uy  indirections  find  directions  out. 

Sfuik.,  Hamlet,  ii.  1.  65. 

windlass^t  (wind'las),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
uindldce;  <  icindUiss^j  «.]  I,  intrans.  1.  To 
take  a  circuitous  path;  fetch  a  compass. 

A  skilful  woodsman  by  wtndia«8trt^  presentlygcts  ashoot 
which  without  taking  a  compass  ...  he  could  nevei-  have 
obtained.  Hammond,  Works,  IV.  615.     {Latham.) 

2.    To  adopt  a  circuitous,   artful,   or  cunning 

course;  use  stratagem;  act  indirectly  or  warily. 

She  is  not  so  much  at  leasurc  as  to  windlace,  ov  use  craft, 

to  satisfy  them.     Hammond,  Works,  IV.  666.    (Latham.) 

II.  trayts.  To  bend;  turn  about;  bewilder. 
Your  words,  my  friend!  (right  healthful  caustics!)  blame 
My  young  mind  marred,  whom  love  doth  windlass  so. 

Sir  P.  Sidney  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  r.13). 

windlass'-^  (wind'las),  //.  [Early  mod.  E,  also 
windles;  a  corruption  of  icindtis,  nindass,  Ijy  con- 
fusion \v\th  windlasn'^.]  1.  A  modification  of 
t lie  wheel  and  axle,  used  for  raising  weights,  etc. 
One  kind  ijf  windlass  is  the  winch  used  fur  raising  water 
fruni  wells,  etc.,  whicli  has  an  axle  turned  by  a  crank,  and 


6936 

a  rope  or  chain  for  raising  the  weight  by  being  wound 
round  the  axle.  A  simple  form  of  windlass,  much  used 
in  ships  for  ris- 
ing the  anchors  f^d  _e_  _j?_  df 
or  obtaining  a  pur- 
chase on  otiier  oc- 
casions, consists  of 
a  strong  beam  of 
wood  placed  hori- 
zontally, and  sup- 
ported at  its  ends 
by  iron  spindles 
which  turn  in  col- 
lars or  bushes  in- 


Windla&s. 
ratchet-heads;    *,   d,  dniniheads; 
laia  vji    ijuaiicD  lu-     ^^^^  whelus  built  nround  a  spindle  which  is 
Serted  m  Wliat  are     joumaled  in  the  cheeks  d,  d.     The  pawls  are 

*"'        -^  *»--    ->       pivoted  in  the  pawl-bitts  e,  e,  and  sustain  the 

strain  while  the  handspikes,  which  rotate  the 
windlass  by  being  placed  like  spokes  in  the 
holes  of  the  drumheads,  are    being  shifted 
/  purchase. 


for  a 


termed  the  vmid- 
lasS'bitts.  This 

large  axle  is 
pierced  with  holes 
directed  toward 
its  center,  in  which  long  levei-s  or  handspikes  are  inserted 
for  turning  it  round  when  the  anchor  is  to  be  weighed  or 
any  purchase  is  required.  It  is  furnished  with  pawls  to 
prevent  it  from  turning  backward  when  the  pressure  on 
the  handspikes  is  intermitted.  Different  arrangements 
of  gearing  are  applied  to  a  windlass  to  exert  increased 
power,  and  steam-windl asses,  in  which  a  small  steam- 
engine  Is  made  to  heave  the  windlass  round,  have  come 
largely  into  use.  Compare  capstan  (with  cut),  and  cut 
under  winch. 

2+.  A  handle  by  whicli  anything  is  turned; 
specifically,  a  winch-like  contrivance  for  bend- 
ing the  arbalist  or  crossbow.     See  crossbow. 

The  arblast  was  a  cross-bow,  the  windlace  the  machine 
used  in  bending  that  weapon.     Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xxviii. ,  note. 

Differential  or  Chinese  windlass,  a  windlass  with  a 
barrel  differing  in  diameter  in  different  paits,  the  rope 
winding  upon  the  larger  and  unwinding  from  the  smaller 
portion.  The  amount  of  absolute  lift  and  of  the  power 
exerted  is  determined  by  the  difference  in  the  two  diam- 
eters of  the  barrel. — Spanish  windlass  {naut.),  an  ex- 
temporized purchase  made  by  winding  a  rope  round  a 
roller  and  inserting  a  lever  in  a  hitch  or  bight  of  the 
rope.  By  heaving  round  the  lever  a  considerable  strain 
is  produced. 
windlass-  (wind'las),  v.  [<  windlass^,  n.~\  ^  I. 
intrans.  To  use  a  windlass;  raise  something 
as  by  a  windlass. 

Let  her  [Truth]  rest,  my  dear  sir,  at  the  bottom  of  her 
well;  .  .  .  none  of  our  ivindlassing  wiW  ever  bring  her 
up.  Miss  Edgeworth,  Helen,  xiv. 

II.  trans.  To  hoist  or  haul  by  means  of  a 
windlass. 

The  stern  line  began  to  draw,  and  the  sloop  was  icind- 
lassed  clear  of  the  stone  pile  and  saved. 

The  Centurg,  XXXIX.  226. 

windle  (win'dl),  n.     [<  ME.  windel,  as  in  comp. 
^arn-windely  a  wheel  on  which  yarn  is  wound, 

<  AS.  windel  (=  MD.  windel,  a  wheel,  pulley, 
roll,  cradle,  =  MLG.  windle,  a  roll,  etc.),  <  win- 
dan,  etc.,  turn,  wind:  see  wind^,  and  cf.  wind- 
lass^.'] 1.  An  implement  or  engine  for  turning 
or  winding:  used  iu  different  senses  locally. 

To  force  the  water  .  .  .  with  devise  of  engines  and 
windles  up  to  the  top  of  the  hill. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxxvi.  15. 
Speak  her  fair  and  canny,  or  we  will  have  a  ravelled 
hasp  on  the  yarn-windles.  Scott,  I'irate,  v. 

From  a  windle  the  thread  is  conducted  to  the  quills. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  1.  2. 

2.  The  windthrush  or  redwing,  Turdiis  iliacus. 
Sec  cut  2  under  thrush'^.  [Devonshire,  Eng.] 
—  3.  A  dry  measure,  equal  to  about  3|  Win- 
chester bushels.  The  official  returns  for  1879  showed 
that  it  was  not  then  entirely  obsolete.  It  is  there  stated 
as  220/58?  imperial  bushels  of  wheat,  180/50  bushels  of 
barley,  or  220/62.857  bushels  of  beans. 
80  wgndels  of  barley  .  .  .  £40. 

//.  Hall,  Society  in  Elizabethan  Age,  App.,  i. 

windiest,  n.     An  obsolete  foi'm  of  windkiss'^. 

(Uttfjravc. 
windless  (wind'les),  a.     [<  wind'^  +  -less.]     1. 
Free  from  or  unaffected  by  wind ;  calm ;  un- 
rnffied. 
A  windless  sea  under  the  moon  of  midnight.        liuskin. 
A  ivindless,  cloudless  even.    Williatn  Morris,  Sigurd,  iii. 
2.  "Wanting  wind;  out  of  breath. 

Binding  his  hands  and  knitting  a  handkercher  about 
his  eyes,  that  he  should  not  see,  and  when  they  had  made 
liim  sure  and  fast,  then  they  laid  him  on  until  they  were 
windless.  Hannan,  Caveat  for  Cui-setors,  p.  96. 

windlessef,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  icindlass^. 

windlestraw  (win'dl-stra),   n.     [Also  Sc.  ivin- 

dlestrse;  <  AS.  windelstreow,  straw  for  plaiting, 

<  windel,  a  woven  basket,  etc.,  +  sfreow,  etc., 
straw:  seetvindle  andsirmc'^.]  1.  Theold  stalk 
of  various  grasses,  as  the  tufted  hair-grass,  Des- 
ehampsia  (Aira)  csespitosa,  the  dog's-tail,  Cyno- 
surus  cristatus,  or  Apera  {Agrosils)  Spica-venti. 

Tall  spires  of  wtmllestrae 
Threw  their  thin  shadows  down  the  rugged  slope. 

Shelley,  Alastor. 

2.   The  whitethroat,  Sylvia  cinerea:   same  as 
jackstraiv,  5.     [Local,  Eng.] 
windliftt  (wind'lift),  n.    [A  perversion  of  wind- 
lass, windlfssc,  the  second  element  being  made 
to  simulate  lift-.]     A  windlass. 


windmilly 

A  Wind-li/t  to  heave  up  a  gross  Scandal. 

Roger  North,  Examen,  p.  354. 

windling  (wind'ling),  7i.  [<  wind^  +  -ling^,']  A 
branch  blown  down  Vjy  the  wind.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

wind-marker  (wind'mar'-'ker),  n.  A  movable 
aiTow  or  other  device  for  showing  on  a  chart 
the  direction  of  the  wind  at  any  point. 

windmill  (wind'mil),  n.  [<  ME.  windmille,  wind- 
meUe,  windmxdle,  windmilne,  wyndemylne  =  D. 
windmolen  =  MHG.  wint- 
miil,  G.  windmiihle ;  < 
w?u(d2  +  miW^t  «.]  1. 
A  mill  or  machine  for 
grinding,  pumping,  or 
other  purposes,  moved 
by  the  wind ;  a  wind- 
motor;  any  form  of  mo- 
tor for  utilizing  the  pres- 
sure of  the  wind  as  a  mo- 
tive power.  Two  types  of 
machines  are  used,  the  hori- 
zontal and  the  vertical.  The 
vertical  motor  consists  essen- 
tially of  a  horizontal  shaft 
called  the  wind-sfia/t,  with  a 
combination  of  sails  or  vanes 
fixed  at  the  end  of  the  shaft, 
and  suitable  gearing  for  con- 
veying the  motion  of  the 
wind-shaft  to  the  pump  or 
other  machinery.  The  older 
types  of  windmill  used  four 
vanes  or  sail -frames  called 
whips,  covered  with  canvas, 
an-angements  being  provided 
for  reefing  the  sails  in  high 
winds.  To  present  the  vanes 
to  the  wind,  the  whole  struc- 
ture or  tower  cairying  the 
windmill  was  at  first  turned 
round  by  means  of  a  long 
lever.  I^terthetopof  the  tow- 
er, called  the  cap,  was  made 
movable.  Windmills  are  now 
made  with  niauy  wooden 
vanes  forming  a  disk  exposed 
to  the  winds,  and  fitted  with 
automatic  feathering  and  steering  machinery,  governors 
for  regulating  the  speed,  apparatus  for  closing  the  vanes 
in  storms,  etc.  These  improved  windmills  are  chiefly  of 
American  invention,  and  are  largely  used  in  all  parta  of 


Windmill. 

,  frame  ;  *,  sails ;  c, 

pump-rod. 


:.iiiipton.  New  York. 


the  United  States  for  pumping  water.  Horizontal  wind- 
mills employ  an  upright  wind-shaft,  and  movable  vanes 
placed  in  a  circle  round  it,  the  vanes  feathering  when 
moving  against  the  wind. 

I  saugh  him  carien  a  wind-melle 

Under  a  walshe-note  shale. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  1280. 

2.  A  visionary  scheme ;  a  vain  project;  a  fancy; 
a  chimera. 

He  lived  and  d  ied  with  general  councils  in  his  pate,  with 
windmills  of  union  to  concord  Rome  and  England,  Eng- 
land and  Rome,  Oenuany  with  them  both. 

Bp.  Hacket,  Abp.  Williams,  i.  102.  (Davies.) 
To  fight  windmills,  to  combat  chimeras  or  imaginary 
opponents:  in  allusion  to  Don  Quixote's  adventure  with 
the  win<lmills. 

windmill-cap  (wind'mil-kap),  n.  The  movable 
upper  part  of  a  windmill,  which  tui-ns  to  present 
the  sails  in  the  direction  of  the  wind.  See  icind- 
mill. 

windmill-grass  (wiud'mil-gras),  w.  A  showy 
grass,  Chloris  Inwcata,  of  southeastern  Aus- 
tralia: so  named  apparently  from  its  six  to  ten 
long  spreading  flower-spikes. 

windmill-plant  (wind'mil-plaut),  «.  Same  as 
trhf/rajfh-plant. 

windmilly  (wind'mil-i),  a.  [<  windmill  +  -y^.] 
Abounding  with  windmills.     [Rare.] 


windmilly 

A  windmULy  country  this,  though  the  wjndmina  are  so 
damp  and  rickety.    Dickciis,  Uncommercial  Traveller,  xxv. 

windockt.winnockCwin'dok,  win'ok),  n.  Same 
as  wiitdoic.     [ISeotch.] 

Thefoirsaidis  — wer  diuerss  and  syndrie  tymes  callit  at 
the  tolbuith  wiiidok. 

Act«  James  VI.  (1581),  p.  289.    (Jamieson.) 
Listening  the  doors  and  winnocks  rattle. 

Bunts,  A  Winter  Night. 

windolett,  «•     A  false  spelling  of  tcindowkt. 
windoret  (win'dor),  «.     [A  perversion  of  win- 
dote,  simulating  door.'\     A  window. 

Nature  has  made  man's  breast  no  windores, 
To  publish  what  he  does  within  doors. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  ii.  369, 

window  (win'do),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  windowe; 
<  ME.  windowe,  wyndowe,  windof/e,  icindohe  (the 
orig.  guttural  showing  in  the  Sc.  windak,  win- 
dock,  winnock),  <  leel.  vindauya  (=  Norw.  vin- 
dauga  =  Dan.  vinduc  for  "vindtije,  the  form 
vindiic  being  prob.  <  Icel.),  window,  lit.  '  wind- 
eye,' <  vindr,  wind,  +  aiKja,  eye:  see  wind^  and 
eye^,  n.  The  AS.  words  were  «a(7rfi/ra,'eyedoor,' 
and  edgthyrl,  'eyethirl,'  i.  e.  'eyehole.'  The  G. 
word  for  window  is  fcnsUr  =  Sw.  fonfitcr,  from 
the  L.]  1.  An  ojjeniiig  in  the  wall  of  a  building 
forthe  admission  of  light  and  air.  In  modern  build- 
ings this  opening  is  usually  fitted  with  a  frame  in  which 
are  set  movable  sashes  containing  panes  of  glass  or  other 
transparent  material,  the  whole  frame  with  the  sashes,  etc.. 
also  being  known  as  the  window.  Many  windows  are  not 
designed  to  be  opened.  Glass  was  employed  in  windows 
among  the  ancient  Romans,  and  came  into  extensive  use 
among  other  nations  in  the  course  of  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury. See  cut*  under  bat^meiU-litfht,  muIti/oU,  rose-win- 
dow, and  wheel-window. 

Fowerti  dais  after  this, 
Arches  wiiultuje  undon  it  is ; 
The  Rauen  ut^fleg,  hu  so  it  gan  ben, 
Ne  cam  he  nogt  to  the  arche  a-gen. 

Qenenis  and  Exodut  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  602. 
My  chanibre  was 
Ful  wel  depeynted,  and  with  glas 
Were  al  the  wiiidowes  wel  y-glased, 
Ful  clere,  and  nat  an  hole  y-crased. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  323. 

The  prentices  made  a  riot  upon  my  glass  windows  the 
Shrove-Tuesday  following. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  iv.  4. 

2.  An  aperture  or  opening  resembling  a  win- 
dow or  suggestive  of  a  window. 

The  tin'ndow*  of  heaven.  Gen.  vii.  U. 

The  window  of  my  heart,  mine  eye. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  848. 

Hence — 3.  In  anat.,  one  of  two  holes  in  the 
inner  wall  of  the  tympanum,  called  respectively 
the  oval  window  and  the  round  window,  fenestra 
ovalis  and  fenestra  rotunda.  See  fenestra. — 
4.  A  cover;  a  lid. 

Ere  I  let  fall  the  un.ndows  of  mine  eyes. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  3. 110. 

6.  A  figure  formed  by  lines  crossing  one  an- 
other. 

The  Fav*rite  child,  that  just  begins  to  prattle,  .  .  . 
Is  very  humorsome,  and  makes  great  clutter. 
He  has  Windows  on  his  Bread  and  Butter. 

W.  Kinij,  Art  of  Cookery. 
6t.  A  blank  space. 

I  will,  therefore,  that  you  send  unto  me  a  collation 
thereof;  and  that  your  said  collation  have  a  window  ex- 
pedient to  set  what  name  I  will  therein. 

Cranmer,  Works  (Parker  Soc.),  II.  249. 

Back  of  a  window.    .See  6ac*i.— Blind  window.    See 

Ntndi.— Clnatered  window,  a  window  conssisting  of 
three  or  more  lights  grouped  together.  Examples  are 
especially  frequt'iit  in  medieval  architecture. —Coupled 
Windows,  dormant  wlndowt,  false  window,  fan- 
shaped  window.  Hee  the  adjectives,  and  cuts  under 
coupled  windows  and  dormer-irindou:  —  French  Window. 
a  window  having  two  sa-shes  hinged  at  the  sides,  and 
opening  in  the  middle. —  Goldsmiths'  window,  a  very 
nch  claim  in  which  the  gold  shows  f  ret-Iy.  [M  ining  slang, 
Australia.]— House  Out  of  Windowst.  See  housed.— 
Jesse  Window.  Sec  J«««ei.  — Lattice-window.  Seei«( 
Uce,  2  (with  cut).— Low  side  window.  Same  as  bjchno- 
«cope.  — Oriel- Window.    ■'*ee  <inel  (with  cut).      StOOl  Of 

a  window.  See  rfooi— Venetian  window,  a  window 
which  has  three  separate  lights. — Window  tax.  Window 
duty,  a  tax  formerly  levied  in  Great  Ilritain  on  windows 
of  houses,  latt^-Tly  on  all  in  excess  of  six  in  number.  It 
was  abolished  in  1851,  a  tax  on  houses  above  a  certain 
rental  being  substituted.  (See  also  rfor;/jer-jci;(rfo(r,  ;a;M;^(- 
windou;  rose-window,  wheel-windmr.) 
window  (win'do),  r.  t.  [<  window,  h.]  1.  To 
furnish  with  a  window  or  with  windows. 

Within  a  window'd  niche  of  that  high  hall 
.Sate  Brunswick's  fated  chieftain 

Bt/ron,  fhilde  Harold,  iii  23 

2.  To  make  openings  or  rents  in. 

Your  loop'd  and  window'd  raggcdness. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iii.  4.  31. 

3.  To  place  in  a  window. 

Wouldst  thou  be  window'd  in  great  Rome  and  see 
Thy  master  thus';  Shak. ,  A.  and  C,  iv.  14.  72. 

window-bar  (win'do-biir),  H.  1.  One  of  the 
parts  of  the  frame  of  a  window  or  window-sash. 


6937 

—  2.  A  bar  of  wood  or  iron  for  securing  a  win- 
dow or  the  shutters  of  it  when  closed. — 3.  A 
horizontal  bar  fitted  in  a  window  or  doorway, 
to  prevent  a  child  from  falling  through. — 4. 
pi.  Latticework,  as  on  a  woman's  stomacher. 
Shak.,  T.  of  A.,iv.  3.  116. 

window-blind  (win 'do-blind),  n.  A  'blind, 
screen,  or  shade  for  a  window.     See  J/iiirfl. 

■window-bole  (win'do-bol),  «.    Same  as  bole*,  1. 
I  was  out  on  the  window-bole  when  your  auld  back  was 
turned,  and  awa'  down  by  to  hae  a  batf  at  the  popinjay. 
Scott,  Old  Mortolity,  vii. 

'WindoW-CUrtain  (win'd6-ker'''tan),  n.    Same  as 

curtain,  1  (/)). 
■window-frame  (win'do-fram),  n.     The  frame 

of  a  window,  which  receives   and  holds  the 

sashes. 
'Window-gardening  ( win'd6-gard'''ning),  n.  The 

cultivation  of  plants  indoors  before  a  window. 
The  boxes  used  in  windoic-gardenin(f  are  made  of  a  great 

variety  of  materials,  etc.     Henderson,  Handbook  of  Plants. 

'Window-gazer  (win'd6-ga''''zer),  )(.     An  idler  ; 
one  who  gazes  idly  from  a  window. 
Her  sonnes  gluttonous,  her  daughters  window-gazers, 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  304. 

■window-glass  (win'do-glas),  «.  Glass  suitable 
for  windows,  or  such  as  is  commonly  used  for 
windows,  especially  the  commoner  kinds,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  plate-glass  or  other  more  cost- 
ly varieties — Spread  window-glass.  Same  as  broad 
glass  (which  see,  under  broad). 

window-jack  (wiu'd6-jak),  n.  Same  as  builders' 
jack:  (which  see,  under  jack). 

window-latch  (win'do-lach),  ,>.  A  catch  or 
locking-device  for  holding  a  window-sash  open 
or  shut. 

'window-lead  ( win'do-led), ».  Same  as  earned,  2. 

Windowless  (win'do-les),  a.  [<  window  +  -less.'] 
Destitute  of  windows. 

It  is  usual  ...  to  huddle  them  together  into  naked 
walls  and  windoivtess  rooms. 

//.  Brooke,  Fool  of  Quality,  I.  377.    (Davies.) 

I  stood  still  at  this  end,  which,  being  wittdotdess,  was 

dark.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  EjTC,  xvii. 

windowlet  (win'do-let),  «.  [<  window  -I-  -let.} 
A  little  window. 

If  wak'd  they  cannot  see,  their  eyes  are  blind. 
Shut  up  like  windolets. 

Middleton,  Solomon  Paraphrased,  xvii. 

'Window-lift  (win'do-litt),  H.  A  strap  or  a  han- 
dle by  which  to  raise  a  window-sash,  especially 
in  a  carriage  or  a  raihvay-car. 

'Window-lock  (win'do-lok),  n.  A  device  for 
fastening  the  sash  of  a  window  so  that  it  can- 
not be  opened  from  the  outside. 

■window-martin  ( win'd6-miir''tin),  H.  The  com- 
mon martin  of  Europe,  Chelidon  urbica;  the 
house-martin  or  window-swallow.  See  cut  un- 
der martin. 

■window-mirror  (win'do-mir'or),  11.  A  mirror 
fastened  outside  of  a  window  and  adjustable  at 
any  angle,  to  reflect  the  image  of  objects  in  the 
street  to  the  view  of  persons  in  the  room,  who 
may  thus  see  without  being  seen. 

■window-opener  (win'd6-6p'''ner),  n.  A  lever 
or  rod  by  vvliicli  a  window,  ventilator,  sash,  a 
panel  in  the  raised  roof  of  a  railway-car,  etc., 
may  be  opened  and  held  in  any  desired  posi- 
tion. 

■window-oyster  (wiii'do-ois'tfer),  ».  A  bivalve 
mollusk  of  the  family  I'lacunidse,  rUirnna  pla- 
centa.   Also  window-shell. 

■window-pane  (win'do-pan).  «.  l.  One  of  the 
oblong  or  square  plates  of  glass  set  in  a  win- 
dow-frame.—  2.  The  sand-flounder.  [New  Jer- 
sey.] 

window-sash  (win'do-sash),  H.  The  sash  or 
light  frame  in  which  panes  of  glass  are  set  for 
windows.     See  sa.'ih^. 

window-screen  (win'do-skren),  n.  Any  device 
for  filling  all  or  part  of  the  opening  of  a  win- 
dow, particularly  if  it  is  ornamental,  as  the 
pierced  lattices  of  the  Arabs ;  also,  the  glass 
filling  of  a  stained  or  painted  window. 

Chartres  [cathedral],   .    .   .    singularly  fortunate  in  re- 
taining its  magnificent  jewel-like  window-screens. 

C.  II.  Moore,  (Jothtc  Architecture,  p.  304. 

window-seat  (win'do-set),  n.  A  seat  in  the  re- 
cess of  ;i  window. 

window-sector  (win'd6-sek"tor),  H.  A  bar  or 
plate  of  metal  in  the  form  of  a  sector  of  a  circle, 
u.sed  to  control  the  movement  and  position  of 
a  window  or  ventilator  in  the  raised  roof  of  a 
railway-car.     E.  If.  liniyht. 

window-shade  (win'dcj-shad).  n.  A  contrivance 
for  shutting  out  or  tempering  light  at  a  window; 
a  variety  of  window-blind,  usually  a  piece  of 
holland  or  similar  material,  arranged  to  roll  up 


■wind-sail 

on  a  roller,  and  to  cover  the  window  when  pulled 
out. 
■window-shell  (win'do-shel),  «.     Same  as  win- 
dow-oyster. 
window-shutt   (win'do-shut),  n.    A  window- 
shutter. 

"When  you  bar  the  window-shuts  of  your  lady's  bed-cham- 
ber at  nights,  leave  open  the  sashes. 

Swift,  Advice  to  Servants  (Chamber-maid). 

window-shutter  (win'd6-shut'''er),  H.  A  shutter 
used  to  darken  or  secure  a  window. 
■window-sill  (win'do-sil),  n.     The  sill  of  a  win- 
dow.    See  S///1,  1. 
■window-stile  (win'do-stil),  n.     One  of  the  ver- 
tical bars  in  a  window-sash. 
■window-stool  (win'do-stol),  n.     See  stool. 
'WindO'Wyt  (win'do-i),  a.  [<  window  -I-  -i/1.]  Ex- 
hibiting intersecting  lines  or  little  crossings  like 
those  of  the  sashes  of  a  window. 

Poor  fish,  beset 
With  strangling  snare,  or  windowy  net. 

Donne,  The  Bait. 

'windpipe  (wind'pip),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  wijnd- 
pypc;  <  wind'i  -\-  pipe'^,  it.]  The  tube  passing 
from  the  larynx  to  the  division  of  the  bronchi 
which  conveys  the  air  in  respiration  to  and  from 
the  lungs.     See  trachea,  and  cut  under  mouth. 

■wind-plant  (wind'plant),  n.  The  wind-flower. 
Anemone  ncmorosa.     See  cut  under  anemone. 

wind-pole  (wind'pol),  n.     See  the  quotation. 
Taking,  with  Dov^,  north-east  and  south-west  (true)  as 
the  wind-poles,  all  intermediate  directions  are  found  to  be 
more  or  less  assimilated  to  the  characteristics  of  those 
extremes,  as  they  are  nearer  one  or  other. 

Fitz  Roy,  Weather  Book,  p.  173. 

■wind-pox  (wind'poks),  ».  Varicella  or  chicken- 
pox. 

■wind-pressure (wind'presh"ur),ji.  1.  Thepres- 
sure  of  the  wind  on  any  object  in  its  path.  The 
pressure  of  the  wind  blowing  perpendicularly  on  a  flat 
surface  is  usually  deduced  from  its  velocity  by  means 
of  the  equation  P  =  kAV'-,  where  P  is  the  pressure  in 
pounds,  V  the  velocity  in  feet  per  second,  A  the  area  of 
the  surface  in  scpiare  feet,  and  k  a  nunierical  constant 
whose  value  for  ordinary  temperatures  and  barometric 
pressures  is  variously  given  from  0.0015  to  0.0022. 
2.  In  organ-building,  the  degree  of  compression 
in  the  compressed  air  in  the  storage-bellows  and 
the  wind-chests. 

■wind-pump  (wind'pump),  n.  A  pump  moved 
by  wind. 

Wind-record  (wind't'ek^ord),  w.  A  record  of 
wind  velocities  or  directions :  especially,  a  con- 
tinuous registration  made  by  an  anemograph 
or  self-recording  anemometer;  an  anemogi'am. 

'Windringt  (win'dring),  a.  [Possibly  a  misread- 
ing for  winding  or  wandering.]     Winding. 

You  nymphs,  ciill'd  Naiads,  of  the  ivindring  brotiks. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  128. 

'wind-rode  (wind'rod),  a.  Xaut.,  riding  with 
head  to  wind  instead  of  to  current.  Compare 
tide-rode. 

'Wind-root  (wind'rot),  H.  The  pleurisy-root, 
Asclepias  tubcrosa. 

'Wind-rose  (wind'roz),  Ji.  1.  A  table  or  diagram 
showing  the  relative  frequency  of  winds  blow- 
ing from  the  difl'erent  ]>oints  of  the  compass, 
or  the  relative  amount  of  total  wind-movement 
for  each  direction ;  also,  a  table  or  diagram 
showing  the  connection  between  the  wind-di- 
rection and  any  other  meteorological  element : 
thus,  a  thermal  wind-ro.-ie  shows  the  average 
temperature  prevailing  with  winds  from  difl'er- 
ent  directions. —  2.   See  ro.^e^  and  llwnieria. 

'windrow  (wind'ro),  n.  [Also,  corrujitly,  win- 
row ;  <  uinfP  -h  row'^,  «.]  1.  A  row  or  line  of 
hay  raked  together  for  the  purpose  of  being 
rolled  into  cocks  or  heaps;  also,  sheaves  of  corn 
set  u]j  in  a  row  one  against  another  in  order 
that  the  wind  may  blow  between  them. —  2.  A 
row  of  peats  set  up  for  drying;  a  row  of  pieces 
of  turf,  sod,  or  sward  cut  in  paring  an<l  burn- 
ing.—  3.  Any  similar  row  or  formation;  an  ex- 
tended heap,  as  of  dust  thrown  up  by  the  wind. 
Each  day's  dust,  before  the  next  day  canu;,  was  swejjt 
into  inndrows  ov  whirled  away  altctgether  by  intermittent 
gusts  charging  up  the  slope  from  the  valley. 

The  Century,  XXXI.  Ki. 

4.  The  green  border  of  a  field,  dug  up  in  or<l('r 
to  carry  the  earth  to  other  land  to  mend  it:  so 
called  because  laid  in  rows  and  exposed  to  the 
wind.     Hay,  Eng.  Words  (1691),  p.  120. 

windrow  (wind'ro),  r.  t.  [<  windrow,  ».]  To 
rake  or  put  into  the  foi'in  of  a  windrow. 

wind-sail  (wind'sal),  H.  1.  A  wide  tube  or 
funnel  of  canvas  serving  to  convey  a  current 
of  fresh  air  into  the  lower  jinrts  of  n.  siii]). — 2. 

One  of  the  vanes  or  sails  of  a   windniill To 

trim  a  wind-sail,  to  turn  the  opening  of  the  wind-sail 
toward  the  wind. 


wind-scale 

wind-scale  (wind'skal),  V.     See  sealC'^, 

wind-seed  (wind'sed),  «.  A  plant  of  the  com- 
posite genus  Arctotis. 

wind-shaft  (wind'shaft),  n.     See  irindmiU,  1. 

wind-shake  (wiud'shak),  «,  A  flaw  in  the  tim- 
ber of  exogenous  trees.  See  shake,  ?(.,  7,  and 
aticiiiosis. 

If  you  come  into  a  shop,  and  find  a  bow  that  is  small 
long.heavy,  and  strong,  lying  straight,  not  winding,  not 
marred  with  knot  gall,  uind-shake,  wem,  fret,  or  pinch, 
buy  that  bow  of  my  warrant. 

Ascham,  Toxophilus  (ed.  1864),  p.  107. 

wind-shaked+(Avind'shakt),ff.  Same  as  iviud- 
shaken.     [Rare.] 

The  wind-shaked  surge,  with  high  and  monstrous  mane, 
Seems  to  cast  water  on  the  burning  bear. 

Shak.,  Othello,  ii.  1.  13. 

wind-shaken  (wind'sha''''kn),  a.     1.  Driven  or 
agitated  by  the  wind;  tottering  or  trembling 
in  the  wind. 
He  'b  the  rock,  the  oak  not  to  be  wind-shaken. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  v.  2.  117. 

2.  Impaired  by  the   action  of  the   wind:  as, 

wind-shaken  timber. 
wind-shock  (wind'shok),  n.  Same  as  wind-shake. 
wind-side  (wind'sid),  n.     The  windward  side. 

Mrs.  Broicning. 

Windsor  bean,  chair,  Knight,  soap.  See 
bean'^,  2,  chair,  etc. 

wind-spout  (wind 'spout),  n.  A  waterspout, 
tornado-funnel,  or  other  form  of  whirlwind. 

wind-storm  (wind'storm),  M.     See  storm. 

windstroke  (wind'strok),  n.  A  paralysis  of 
spinal  origin  in  the  horse. 

Windsucker  (wind'suk^er),  ?i.  1.  The  wind- 
hover or  kestrel.     [Kent,  Eng.] 

Kistrilles  or  zvindsuckers,  that  filling  themselves  with 
winde,  fly  against  the  wind  evennore. 

Kashe,  Lenten  Stutfe  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  170). 

2.  A  person  ready  to  pounce  on  any  one,  or  on 
any  blemish  or  weak  point. 

There  is  a  certain  envious  windsticker,  that  hovei-s  up 
and  down,  labouriously  engrossing  all  the  air  with  his  luxu- 
rious ambition,  and  buzzing  into  every  ear  my  detraction. 
Chapm<tn,  Iliad,  Pref.  to  the  Reader. 
But  it  would  be  something  too  extravagant  for  the  veri- 
est wind-sucker  among  commentators  to  start  a  theory 
that  a  revision  was  made  of  his  original  work  by  Marlowe 
^ter  additions  had  been  made  to  it  by  Shakespeare. 

Svnnbtirne,  Shakespeare,  p.  55. 

3.  A  crib-biter. 

wind-sucking   (wind'suk''''ing),  n.     The  noise 
made  by  a  horse  in  crib-biting. 
wind-swift  (wind'swift),  a.     Swift  as  the  wind. 
Therefore  hath  the  wind-swift  Cupid  wings. 

Shak.y  R.  and  J.,  ii.  5,  8. 

windthrush  (wind 'thrush),  n.  The  redwing, 
Turdiis  iliacus.  Also  called  winnord  and  windle. 
See  cut  2  under  thrush'^.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wind-tight  (wind'tit),  a.  So  tight  as  to  pre- 
vent the  passage  of  wind  or  air. 

Cottages  .  .  .  loind-tight  and  water-tight. 

Bp.  Hall,  Remains,  p.  46.    {Latham.) 

wind-trunk  (wind'tmngk),  n.  In  orr/an-build- 
ing,  a  duet  wliich  conducts  the  compressed  air 
from  the  bellows  to  a  wind-chest.  See  cut  un- 
der organ. 

wind-up  (wind'up).  ??,  [<  wind  up :  see  wind^.'] 
The  conclusion  or  final  adjustment  and  settle- 
ment of  any  matter,  as  a  speech,  business,  en- 
tertainment, etc.;  the  closing  act;  the  close. 

Very  well  married,  to  a  gentleman  in  a  great  way,  near 
Bristol,  who  kept  two  carriages !  That  was  the  wind-up  of 
the  historj'.  Jane  Austen,  Emma,  xxii. 

I  must  be  .  .  .  careful  .  .  .  to  .  .  .  have  a  regular  wind- 
up  of  this  business.  Dickens,  Bleak  House,  xviii. 

windward  (wind'ward),  a.  and  n.     [<  wind'^  + 

-ward.'}    I,  a.  On  the  side  toward  the  point  from 

which  the  wind  blows:  as,  windward  shrouds. 

II.  n.    The  point  from  which  the  wind  blows : 

as,  to  ply  or  sail  to  windward. 

To  windward,  the  pale-green  water  ran  into  a  whitish 
sky.  W.  C.  Russell,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxii. 

To  get  to  the  windward  of  one,  to  get  the  advantage  of 
one  ;  get  the  better  of  one ;  take  the  wind  out  of  one's  sails. 
—To  lay  or  cast  an  aaichor  to  windward,  to  adopt 
measures  for  success  or  security. 

windward  (wind'wiird),  adr.  [<  irind'^  +  -ward.} 
Toward  the  wind:  opposed  to  leeward. 

wind-way  (wind'wa),  n.  1.  In  ynining,  a  pas- 
sage for  air. —  2.  In  ortfan-buildinf/.  See  mpcl, 
2  {a). 

wind-wheel  (wind'hwel),  V.  A  wlieel  moved  by 
the  wind  and  used  as  a  source  of  power,  as  in 
the  windmill,  wind-j>unip,  etc*. 

windy  (win'di),  a.  [<  MP],  windy,  windi,  <  AS. 
windig,  full  of  wind,  <  wind,  wind  (see  wi}id^),  + 
-y^-}     1.  Consisting  of  wind  ;  formed  by  gaU's. 

The  windy  tempest  of  my  heart. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5.  86. 


6938 

2.  Next  the  wind;  windward. 

Still  you  keep  o'  the  windy  side  of  the  law. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iil.  4.  181. 

3.  Tempestuous;  boisterous:  as,  »*/«r/y  weather. 
The  windy  Seas.      Heywood,  Hierarchy  of  Angels,  p.  5. 

4.  Exposed  to  or  affected  by  the  wind. 

The  building  rook  'ill  caw  from  the  windy  tall  elm-tree. 
Tennyson,  May  Queen,  New-Year's  Eve. 

5.  Wind-like;  resembling  the  wind. 

Her  windy  sighs.  Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  51. 

The  windy  breath 
Of  soft  petitions.         Shak.,  K.  John,  ii.  1.  477. 

6.  Tending  to  generate  wind  or  gas  in  the 
stomach;  flatulent:  as,  windy  food. 

This  drink  is  windy,  and  so  is  the  Fruit  [plantain]  eaten 
raw  ;  but  boil'd  or  roasted  it  is  not  so. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  314. 

7.  Caused  or  attended  by  gas  in  the  stomach  or 
intestines. 

A  witidy  colic.  Arbuthnot,  Aliments. 

8.  Affected  with  flatulence ;  troubled  with  wind 
in  the  stomach  or  bowels.  Dunglison. —  9,  Airy ; 
unsubstantial;  empty;  vain. 

What  windy  joy  this  day  had  I  conceived. 

Milton,  S.  A.,  1.  1574. 
Here 's  that  windy  applause,  that  poor  transitory  plea- 
sure, for  which  I  was  dishonoured.  South. 

10.  Talkative;  boastful;  vain.     [Colloq.] 

Yet  after  these  blustering  insolences  and  windy  ostenta- 
tions all  this  thing  is  but  a  man,  and  tliat,  God  knows,  a 
very  foolish  one.  Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  52. 

windy-footed  (win'di-fut''''ed),  a.     Wind-swift ; 
swift-footed.     [Rare.] 
The  windy-footed  dame.  Chapman. 

wine  (win),  n.  [<  ME.  win,  wyn,  <  AS.  win  = 
OS.  OFries.  win  =  D.  tcijn  —  MLG.  icin  =  LG. 
wien  =  OHG.  MHG.  ici7i,  G.  wein,  winey  =Icel. 
vin  =  Sw.  Dan,  vin  =  Goth,  wein  =  It.  Sp. 
vino  =  Pg.  vinho  =  F,  vin  =  Slav.  OBnlg.  Serv. 
rino  =  Bohem.  vino  =  Pol.  W'ino  =  Russ.  vino 
=  Olr.  fin,  Ir.  Gael.  Jion,  <  L.  vinuni,  wine, 
collectively  grapes,  =:  Gr.  olvo^,  wine,  allied 
to  o'lPT/j  the  vine ;  cf*  L.  vitis,  the  vine,  vinca, 
vine,  etc.  From  the  L.  vinnni  are  also  ult.  E. 
vine,  vignette,  vinous,  vinegar,  vintage,  vintner, 
etc.]  1.  The  fermented  juice  of  the  grape  or 
fruit  of  the  vine,  Vitis.  See  Vitis.  Wines  are  dis- 
tinguished practically  by  their  color,  their  hardness  or 
softness  on  the  palate,  their  flavor,  and  their  being  still  or 
effervescing.  The  differences  in  the  quality  of  wines  de- 
pend upon  differences  in  the  varieties  of  vine,  and  quite 
as  much  on  the  differences  of  the  soils  in  which  the  vines 
are  planted,  in  the  exposure  of  the  vineyards,  in  the  treat- 
ment of  the  grapes,  and  in  the  mode  of  manufactur- 
ing the  wines.  W  hen  the  grapes  are  just  fully  ripe,  the 
wine  is  generally  most  perfect  as  regards  strength  and 
flavor.  The  leading  character  of  wine,  however,  must  be 
referred  to  the  alcohol  which  it  contains,  and  upon  which 
its  intoxicating  powers  principally  depend.  The  amount 
of  alcohol  in  the  stronger  ports  and  sherries  as  found  in  the 
market  is  from  16  to  25  per  cent, ;  in  hock,  claret,  and  other 
light  wines,  from  7  per  cent.  Wine  containing  more  than 
13  per  cent,  of  alcohol  may  be  assumed  to  be  fortified  with 
brandy  or  other  spirit.  Among  the  most  celebrated  ancient 
wines  were  those  of  Lesbos  and  Chios  of  the  Greeks,  and  the 
Falernian  and  Cecuban  of  the  Romans.  Among  the  prin- 
cipal modern  wines  are  port,  sheny,  Bordeaux,  Burgundy, 
champagne.  Madeira,  Rhine,  Moselle,  Tokay,  and  Marsala. 
The  principal  wine-producing  countries  are  France,  Ger- 
many, Spain,  Portugal,  Italy,  Austria-Hungary,  Greece, 
Cape  Colony,  Australia,  and  the  United  States. 
That  mon  much  merthe  con  make, 
For  wyn  in  his  bed  that  wende. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  900. 
He  (God]  causeth  the  grass  to  grow  for  the  cattle,  and 
herb  for  the  service  of  man;  that  he  may  bring  forth  food 
out  of  the  earth,  and  wine  that  maketh  glad  the  heart  of 
man.  Ps.  civ.  14,  15. 

Bacchus,  that  first  from  out  the  purple  grape 
Crusird  the  sweet  poison  of  misused  ivine. 

MiltoHy  Comus,  1.  47. 

2.  The  juice,  fermented  or  unfermented,  of 
certain  fruits  or  plants,  prepared  in  imitation 
of  wine  obtained  from  grapes:  as,  gooseberry 
wine;  raspberry  «6*iHe. 

Perhaps  you'd  like  to  spend  a  couple  of  shillings,  or  so, 
in  a  bottlu  of  currant  ivine  by  and  by? 

Dickens,  David  Copperfield,  vi. 

3.  Figuratively,  intoxication  produced  by  the 
use  of  wine. 

Xoah  awoke  from  his  wine.  Gen.  ix.  24. 

Fled  all  the  boon  companions  of  the  Earl, 
And  left  him  lying  in  the  public  way ; 
So  vanish  friendships  only  made  in  ivinc. 

Tennyson,  Geraint. 

4.  A  wine-drinking;  a  meal  or  feast  of  which 
wine  is  an  important  feature;  specifically,  a 
wine-party  at  one  of  the  English  xmiversities. 

A  death's-head  at  the  ivine.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

Wines  are  an  expiring  institution  at  Oxford.  Except  in 
the  form  i>f  semi-public  festivities,  such  as  Freshmen's 
Win^s  or  Mods.  Wines,  they  hardly  survive. 

Dickens's  Diet.  Oxford,  p.  128. 


winebibbing 

5.  Inphar.,  a  solution  of  a  medicinal  substance 
in  wine:  as,  wine  of  coca;  wine  of  colchicum. — 

6.  Same  as  icine-</lasfi :  a  trade-term Adam*B 

wine.  Same  as  Adarn's  ale  (which  see,  under  Adam). — 
Antimonial,bastardt,  burnt  wine.  See  the  adjectives. 
—Bitter  wine  of  iron,  citrate  of  iron  and  quinine  with 
tincture  of  sweet  orange  peel  and  syrup  in  sherry.— China 
wine,  a  name  erroneously  applied  to  Chinese  samshoo. 
-Comet  wine.  See  com^f.- Concrete  oil  of  wine. 
Same  as  efAen'n.  — Cowslip  Wine.  See  cowslip.  — ViXk- 
retic  wine,  a  solution  of  squills,  digitalis,  juniper,  and 
potassium  acetate  in  white  wine. — Flowers  Of  Wine. 
See  ^ower.— Gascon  wine.  See  Gascon.— Gooseberry 
wine.  See  yooseberry.— Green  wine,  a  technical  name 
for  wines  dui  ing  the  first  year  after  making.—  Heavy  Oil 
of  wine.  Same  as  ethereal  oil  (a)  (which  see,  under  etfie- 
reflO— High  Wines.  See  hiyh.—'L^  Rose  wines,  good 
claret  of  the  second  quality,  resembling  in  flavor  Chateau 
La  Rose,  which  is  produced  in  the  same  district.—  Li- 
queur wine.  See  liqueur,  1  (a).- LOW  Wine,  in  distilla- 
tion, the  result  of  the  first  i-un  of  the  still  from  the  fer- 
mented liquor  or  wash.    It  is  about  as  alcoholic  as  sherry. 

—  Oil  of  wine,  ethereal  oil,  a  reputed  anodyne,  but  used 
only  in  the  preparation  of  other  compounds.— Palm 
wine.    Same  as  (orfd^/.l.-PelUSian  wine.   ^e&Pelugian. 

—  Quinine  wine,  sheiTy  with  sulphate  of  quinine  in  solu- 
tion.-—Rhenish  wine,  hock,  or  wine  of  the  Khine:  the 
old  name,  now  somewhat  uncommon  except  in  poetry  and 
fiction.  Compare  Rhine  icine. —  Rhine  Wine,  wine  pro- 
duced on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  especially  the  still  white 
wines  of  that  region:  formerly  known  as  hock. —  Sops 
in  winet.  See  «op.— Sparkling  wine.  See  sparkle.— 
Spirit  of  wine,  alcohol.— steel  wine.  Same  as  u-iw. 
of  iron.— Stroller  white  wine,  a  name  used  in  the 
formulas  of  the  Tjnited  States  Pharmacopteia  to  designate 
sherry.— Tears  Of  strongwine.  See?car2.— To  drink 
wine  apet,  to  drink  so  as  to  act  foolishly. 

I  trowe  that  ye  dronken  han  wyn  ape, 
And  that  is  whan  men  pleyen  with  a  straw. 

Cluiucer,  Prol.  to  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  44. 

White  wine,  wine  light  in  color  and  transparent.  Es- 
pecially—(a)  In  the  British  islands,  during  the  eigh- 
teenth century  and  until  about  1&50,  almost  exclusively 
Madeira  and  sherry.  (6)  More  recently  in  the  British 
islands,  and  geneially  in  the  Inited  States,  the  much 
lighter-colored  wines  of  France,  as  Chablis  and  Sauterne, 
and  the  wines  of  Gennany.— Wine  Of  citrate  Of  iron, 
a  solution  of  ammonioferric  citrate  with  tincture  of  sweet 
orange  peel  and  simple  syrup  in  sherrj'.-^Wine  Of  COl- 
Chicum-root,  a  vinous  extract  of  colchicum -root  con- 
taining 40  per  cent,  of  tlie  active  ingredient  of  the  drug. 
—Wine  Of  colchicum-seed,  a  vinous  extract  of  colchi- 
cum-seeds,  containing  15  per  cent,  of  the  active  ingre- 
dient of  the  drug.— Wine  Of  iron  (vinutn  ferri  of  the 
Hritish  Pharmacopeia),  sherry  with  iron  tartrate  in  so- 
lution.—Wine  of  one  eaxt.  Seeeari.— Wine  Of  Opium, 
a  solution  of  two  ounces  of  opium  in  a  pint  of  sherrj-, 
flavored  with  cinnamon  and  cloves.  Also  called  Syden- 
ham,'s  laudanum. — Wine  Of  Wales,  metheglin  ;  mead. 
S.  Dmvell,  Taxes  in  England,  IV.  63.— Wine  whey,  a  drink 
made  by  mixing  wine  with  sweetened  milk.  The  milk  be- 
ing curdled  and  separated,  either  by  the  wine  or  in  some 
other  manner,  the  flavored  whey  fonns  the  beverage.- 
Wormwood  wine.  SeewormM-oorf.— Yard  of  wine.  See 
yard  of  ale,  under  yard^.  (See  also  ginger-wine,  rice-wine.) 
wine  (win),  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wined,  ppr.  wining. 
[<  wine,  n.}  I,  trans.  To  fill,  supply,  or  enter- 
tain with  wine. 
To  u-ine  the  King's  Cellar.  Howell,  Letters,  ii.  54. 

A  Philadelphia  political  club  would  dine  and  wine  two 
Free  Trade  members  of  Congress.  The  Am€ricany\ II.  230. 

II,  intrans.  To  drink  wine.     [Colloq.] 

Hither  they  repair  each  day  after  dinner  "to  wine." 
Alma  Mater,  I.  95  (B.  H.  Hall,  ODllege  Words  and  Cus- 

[toms,  p.  491). 

wine-bag  (win'bag),  n.     1.  A  wine-skin. —  2. 

A  person  who  indulges  frequently  and  largely 

in  wine.     [Colloq.] 
wineballt  (win'bal),  n.     [<  ME.  wynebaJU;  < 

irinc  +  tiaW^.}     Same  as  wine-stone. 

Wyyne  ballys  (icyiie  balle).  .  .  .  Pilaterie,  vel  pile  tar- 
taree  (vel  pilens  tartaricus).  Prompt.  Part.,  p.  529. 

wineberry  (win'ber'''i),  n.  [<  ME.  wineberie, 
wynebcrye,  <  AS.  wlnberge,  grape,  <  win,  wine, 
+  berie,  berge,  berry:  see  wine  and  berry^. 
Hence  in  variant  form  winberry.}  If.  The 
grape. 

Aftur  mete,  peeres,  nottys,  strawl>erries,  wilneberies,  and 
hardchese.  Babees  Book  (E.  £.  T.  S.),  p.  122. 

The  fygge,  and  als  so  the  wyne-berye. 
Thmnas  of  Ersseldoune  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  103). 

2.  The  red  or  black  currant,  or  the  gooseber- 
ry. [Prov.  Eng.] — 3.  A  Japanese  species  of 
raspberry  recently  introduced  into  the  United 
States. — 4.  The  whortleberry.     See  winherry. 

—  5.  Same  as  toot-plant — New  Zealand  wine- 
berry,  wineberry  Bhmb.    Same  as  toot-plant. 

winebibber  (win'bib'er),  n.  One  who  drinks 
much  wine;  a  tippler;  a  drunkard. 

The  Son  of  man  is  come  eating  and  drinking ;  and  ye 
say,  Behold  a  gluttonous  man,  and  a  icinebibber,  a  friend 
of  publicans  and  sinners  I  Luke  vii.  34. 

winebibbery  (win'bib'er-i),  n.  The  habits  or 
practices  of  winebibbors. 

The  secret  antiquities  and  private  history  of  the  royal 
icine-lribbiTy.  Xoctes  Ambrosiatisp,  Sept,,  1632. 

winebibbing  (win'bib'ing),  /(.and  ft.  I.  w.  The 
liabit  of  drinking  wine  to  excess;  tippling; 
drunkenness. 


winebibbing 
n.  a.  Drinking  much  wine ;  toping. 
Brussels  suited  Temple  far  better  than  the  palaces  of 
the  boar-hunting  and  iciiie-hibbing  princes  of  (Germany. 
Macaulay,  Sir  William  Temple. 

wine-biscuit  (win'bis"ljit),  n.  A  light  biscuit 
served  with  wine. 

wine-blne  (win'blo),  n.     See  blue. 

wine-bottle  (win'bot'l).  n.  A  bottle  for  hold- 
ing wine. 

Witu-botties  old,  and  rent,  and  bound  up.       Josh.  ix.  4. 

wine-bowl  (win'bol),  ».  An  elaborate  drink- 
ing-eup,  large,  and  without  a  stand  or  stem ;  a 
bowl  intended  for  use  in  drinking  wine. 

Mazers,  or  maple  unne-botels,  were  for  centuries  in  com- 
mon  use  in  Englajid. 

A.  P.  Humphrey,  Art  Journal,  1883,  p.  182. 

Winebrennerian  (win-bre-ne'ri-an),  a.  and  H. 
[<  Wincbrcnner  (see  def.)  +  -iaii.]  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  Wiuebrenner  or  to  the  Winebren- 
nerians:  as,  Winebrennerimi  doctrines. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  a  Baptist  denomina- 
tion called  officially  the  Cliurcli  of  (lod.  it  was 
founded  in  Pennsylvania  by  John  Winebrenner,  a  cler- 
gyman of  the  German  Reformed  Church,  and  was  organ- 
ized in  1829-30.  Its  distinctive  tenet  is  that  feet-washing 
is  "obligatory  upon  all  Christians." 

wine-bush  (win'bush),  «.  a  bush  or  sign  mark- 
ing the  presence  of  a  wine-shop  or  tavern. 

There  stood  near  to  the  tomb  a  very  small  hut,  also 
thatched,  and  declared  to  he  a  tavern  by  its  wine-bmh. 

J.  U.  Shorthowfe,  John  Inglesant,  xxxvi. 

wine-carriage  (win'kar"aj).  ».  A  utensil  for 
holding  a  single  bottle  of  wine,  of  basket  form, 
but  having  wheels  allowing  it  to  be  rolled 
smoothly  along  the  table. 

wine-cask  (win'kask),  h.  A  strong  tight  cask, 
made  for  holding  wine  for  ripening  or  trans- 
portation. 

wine-cellar  (vnn'sel'ar),  «.  [<  ME.  iri/ne-celdr; 
<  icine  +  cefhir.}  A  cellar,  or  an  inclosed  part 
of  a  cellar,  reserved  for  the  storage  of  wine. 
Such  a  place,  when  used  for  claret  and  other  light  wines, 
should  have  an  equable  temperature,  not  too  warm.  On 
the  other  hand,  Madeira,  port,  and  similar  strong  wines, 
as  well  as  spirits,  are  supposed  to  improve  by  exp<tsure  to 
warmer  air.  They  are  often  kept  in  a  ditlerent  cellar,  or 
In  an  upper  story  of  the  house. 

Thi  icyne  cdar  in  colde  Septemtrion 
Wei  derk  and  ferre  from  bathes,  oste,  and  stable, 
Myddyng,  cisterne,  and  thynges  everichoon 
That  evel  snielle. 

falladitu,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  ».).  p.  17. 

wine-colored  (win'kul'ord),  a.   Of  the  color  of 

red  wine ;  vinaceous. 
wine-COnner  (win'kon'er),  n.     A  wine-taster: 

an  inspector  of  wines.     Compare  ak-coniier. 
Tasterin  ...  A  Broker  for  Winemarchants,  a  Witie- 

cunn^r,  Cotffrave. 

wine-cooler  (win'ko'ler),  II.  A  vessel  in  which 
bottled  wine  is  immersed  in  a  cool  li(iuid,  as 
in  water  containing  ice,  to  cool  it  before  it  is 
drunk.  Wine-coolers  for  use  at  table  are  generally  of  a 
reversed  conical  form,  and  of  silver,  silver-plated  ware,  or 
the  like. 

Wine-dninkt  (win'drungk),  a.      [<  ME.   iryii- 
driinke ;  <  iriiic  +  dniiik:]     Drunken  with  wine; 
intoxicated. 
Ne  wurth  thu  never  so  wod,  ne  so  icyn  dninke. 

Kel.  Antiq.,  I.  178. 

wine-fat  (win'fat),  w.  [<  irhw  +  f'll'^.]  The 
vat  or  vessel  into  which  the  liquor  flows  from 
a  wine-press.     Isa.  Ixiii.  2. 

Winefly  (win'fU),  n.  l.  a  small  fly,  of  the  ge- 
nus I'iopliila,  which  lives  in  its  earlier  stages 
in  wine,  cider,  and  other  fermented  liquors, 
and  even  in  strong  alcohol. —  2.  Any  one  of 
several  small  flies  of  the  genus  Dionophilii, 
which  breed  in  decaying  fruit,  pomace,  and 
marc. 

wine-fountain  (win'foun"tan),  ».  An  urn- 
shaped  vessel  with  cover  and  faucet :  usually 
a  piece  of  plate,  as  of  silver  or  of  silver-gilt, 
and  characteristic  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

wine-glass  (win'glas),  «.  A  small  drinking- 
glass  for  wine.  The  name  is  usuallygivento  thatsize 
and  shape  of  glass  which  is  especially  appropriatetl  to  the 
wine  most  in  use  :  thus,  in  some  places,  the  small  glass 
for  sherry  will  bear  this  name,  and  the  others  be  called  by 
special  names,  as  daret-fjlans  or  champaniie-ijlann. 

Wineglassful  (win'gla»-ful),  II.  As  much  as  a 
wine-glass  can  hold;  as  a  conventional  mea- 
sure, two  fluidounces. 

wine-grower  (win'gr6"ir),  «.  One  who  owns  or 
cultivates  a  vineyard  where  wine  is  produced. 

wine-growing  (win'gr6"ing),  n.  The  cultiva- 
tion of  the  grape  with  a  view  to  the  making  of 
wine. 

Winele8S(win'les),  «.  [<  «•(»(•  +  -li-.iH.']  Lack- 
ing wine;  not  tising,  producing,  or  containing 
wine;  unaccompanied  by  wine:  as,  a  iriiiclc.'i.i 
meal. 


6939 

A  uiiieless  weak  wine  as  one  m.iy  say,  that  either  drink- 
eth  flat  and  hath  lost  the  colour,  or  else  is  much  delayed 
with  water.  Holland,  tr.  of  I'lutarch,  p.  .SCO. 

You  will  be  able  to  pass  the  rest  of  your  tvineless  life  in 
ease  and  plenty.  .SuiJ't,  To  IJay,  Nov.  10, 173U. 

The  well-known  fact  that  uineles.^  otferings  were  made 
to  the  Muses.  Amer.  Jour.  I'hitol.,  VIII.  3. 

wine-marc  (win 'mark).  It.  In  wiiic-maiuif., 
the  refuse  matter  which  remains  after  the 
juice  has  been  pressed  from  the  fruit.     See 

As  many  [grapes]  as  have  lien  among  wme-mnrc,  or  the 
refuse  of  kernels  and  skins  remaining  after  the  presse,  are 
hurtfull  to  the  head.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxiii.  1. 

wine-measure  (w5ii'mezh''ur),  >i.  An  old  Eng- 
lish system  of  measures  of  capacity  differing 
from  beer-measure,  the  gallon  being  about  five 
sixths  of  the  gallon  of  the  latter,  and  contain- 
ing only  231  cubic  inches,  it  remained  in  use  until 
the  establishment  of  the  imperial  gallon  in  1825,  and  its 
gallon  is  the  standard  of  the  tnited  .States.  Iji  wine- 
measure,  1  tuii  =  2  pipes  =  3  puncheons  =  4  hogsheads 
=  (i  tierces;  one  tierce  =  42  gallons;  one  gallon  =  2  pot- 
tles =  4  quarts  =  8  pints.     See  also  gill  and  (jallon. 

wine-merchant  (win'mer  "chant),  II.  One  who 
deals  in  wines  and  other  alcoholic  beverages, 
especially  at  wholesale,  or  in  large  quantities. 

wine-oil  (win'oil),  ».  The  commercial  name 
for  an  oil  found  in  a  peculiarly  rich  brandy 
made  from  the  ferment  and  stalks  left  froiii 
wine-making.  It  has  a  strong  flavor  of  cognac. 
Also  called  cor/nac-oil  and  liuilc  de  iiitiic. 

wine-palm  (win'pam),  u.  A  palm  from  which 
palm-wine  is  obtained;  a  toddy-palm.  See 
tiiddi/  and  toddij-pabii.     Cnmpar'i'biiriti. 

wine-party  (win'par'ti),  «.  A  party  at  which 
wine  is  a  chief  feature;  a  drinking-party. 

There  were  young  men  who  despised  the  lads  who  in- 
dulged in  the  coarse  hospitalities  of  vine-jHirtieii.  who 
prided  themselves  in  giving  recherche  little  French  din- 
ners. Thackeray,  Book  of  .Snobs,  xv. 

wine-piercer  (win'per'ser),  n.  In  licr.,  a  bear- 
ing representing  an  instrument  for  tapping 
casks.  It  somewhat  resembles  a  gimlet  with 
a  heavy  handle  set  crosswise  to  the  shaft. 

wine-press  (win'pres),  ».  A  press  in  which  the 
juice  is  squeezed  from  grapes. 

I  have  caused  wine  to  fail  from  the  wine-preasen :  none 
shall  tread  with  shouting.  Jer.  xlviii.  :«. 

wine-room  (win'riini),  M.  1.  A  room  in  which 
wine  is  kept  or  stored. —  2.  A  room  where 
wine  is  served  to  customers;  a  bar-room. 

winery  (wi'ner-i).  H. ;  pi.  (Cifftric.?  (-iz).  [iiriiic 
+  -cri/.)     An  establishment  for  making  wine. 

Several  large  canneries  have  been  established  within 
ten  years,  as  well  as  packing  establishments  for  raisins, 
and  mni'riet.  Appteton's  Ann.  Cyc,  18S6,  p.  ISO. 

wine-sap  (win'sap),  ».  A  highly  esteemed 
American  apple. 

wine-skin  (wiu'skin),  h.  a  vessel  for  holding 
wine,  made  of  the  nearly  complete  skin  of  a 
goat,  hog,  or  other  quadruped,  with  the  open- 
ings of  the  legs,  neck,  etc.,  secured.  Compare 
boi'iti'liifi,  askos. 

No  man  putteth  new  wine  into  old  uine-skins:  .  .  . 
but  they  put  new  wine  into  fresh  iHne-skinjt. 

Mark  ii.  22  [R.  V.]. 

wine-SOpst  (win'sops),  «.  pi.  Same  as  sups  in 
If  inc.     See  sop. 

Bring  the  Pinckes  therewith  many  Gelliflowres  sweete. 
And  the  Cnllambynes  ;  let  us  haue  the  Wynesops. 

E.  Webbe,  Eng.  Foetrie  (ed.  Arber),  p.  84. 

wine-sour   (win'sour),   n.      A  kind    of  iilum. 

lluUiwell. 
wine-stone  (win'stou),  «.     A  deposit  of  crude 

tartar  or  argol  which  settles  on  the  sides  and 

bottoms  of  wine-casks. 
wine-taster  (win'ta,s"ter),   n.     1.    One  whose 

liusiness  it  is  to  taste  or  sample  wines. — 2. 

HiimQ  iUi  siimplinn-tnbc.     V.om\iave  pipette.  L'. 
wine-treet  (win'tre),  n.     [<  ME.  icintrc.  <  AS. 

ifintrcdii;  a  grape-vine,  <  mii,  wine,   +  tiroic, 

tree:  see  iriita  and  trie.]    A  grape-vine. 

Me  drempte,  ic  stod  at  a  vin-tre. 
That  adde  waxen  buges  thre, 
Orest  it  blomede,  and  sithen  bar 
The  beries  ripe,  wnrth  ic  war. 

Genenis  and  Ezoiius  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  20S!). 

wine-vault  (win'viilt),  i(.  l.  A  vaulted  wine- 
cellar;  hence,  any  wine-cellar,  or  place  for  tlie 
storage  of  wines. — 2.  Generally  in  the  plural, 
a  place  where  wine  is  tasted  or  drunk:  often 
used  as  equivalent  to  tiirerii  or  "snlooii." 

wine-warrant  (win'wor'ant),  n.  A  wan-ant 
to  the  keeper  of  a  bonded  warehouse  for  the 
(lelivei'v  f)f  wine. 

winey,  "•    See  »-//iy. 

Wineyardt,  «.  [<  MF;.  iri/niiard,  wim/ord,  iriii- 
geard,  <  AS.  vimjenrd.  a  wiiieyard.  <  \i:in,  wine, 


Wing 

+  geard,  yard  :  see  wine  and  ijard^.     Cf.  rine- 
ijard.]     Same  as  vineyard. 

Nimeth  &  keccheth  us,  leofman,  anon  the  junge  uoxes. 
Thet  beoth  the  erest  prokunges  thet  sturieth  the  win- 
geardee.  Aneren  Mule,  p.  294. 

wing  (wing),  H.  [Formerly  also  tceHf/ ;  <  ME. 
winije,  tvcnpe,  also  (with  intrusive  h)  liiringe, 
irhengc,  <  Icel.  nenijr  =  Sw.  Dan.  vinye,  a  wing. 
The  AS.  word  for  '  wing'  w&i  fether ;  cf.  L.  pen- 
iia,  Gr.  irTepov,  wing,  from  the  same  uU.  source : 
see  feather  and  peii^.]  1.  In  vertebrate  zoiil., 
the  fore  limb,  anterior  extremity,  or  appendage 
of  the  scapular  arch  or  shoulder-girdle,  corre- 
sponding to  the  human  arm,  fitted  in  any  way 
for  flight  or  aerial  locomotion ;  or  the  same 
limb,  however  rudimentary  or  fnnctionless,  of 
a  member  of  a  class  of  animals  which  ordinari- 
ly have  this  limb  fitted  for  Uight.  That  modifica- 
tion of  a  limb  which  makes  it  a  wing  occurs  in  several 
ways  :  (a)  In  ornith.,  by  the  reduction  and  consolidation 
of  terminal  bones  ^ 

of  the  fore  limb, 
the  reduction  of 
the  free  carpal 
hones  to  two,  a 
peculiar  construc- 
tion and  mecha- 
nism of  the  joints, 
a  compaction  of 
the  fleshy  parts, 
and  an  extension 
of  surface  by  the 
peculiar  tegumen- 
tary  outgrowths 
called  featfierfi. 
(See  cuts  under 
Iclithifornis  and 
pinioiO.)  Such  a 
limb,  in  nearly  all 
birds,  is  service- 
able for  aerial 
flight;  in  a  few 
birds,  as  dippers, 
which  fly  through 
the  air,  also  for 
swimming  under  water;  in  some,  as  penguins,  only  for 
swimming,  in  which  case  the  wing  is  flipper-like  or  tin- 
like  ;  in  some,  as  the  ostrich,  it  serves  only  as  an  aid  in 
running ;  in  some,  as  the  emu,  cassowary,  and  apteryx, 
it  is  practically  functionless ;  it  appears  to  have  been 
wanting  in  the  moas  ;  it  is  a  weapon  of  offense  and  defense 
in  some  l)irds,  as  the  swan,  and  others  in  which  it  is  pro- 
vided with  a  horny  spur  ;  it  is  terminated  with  a  claw  or 
claws  in  some  birds.  The  principal  feathers  of  the  wing 
are  the  remiges,  rowers,  or  flight-feathers,  those  which  are 
seated  upon  the  hand  being  the  primaries,  those  of  the 
forearm  secondaiies,  those  of  the  upper  arm  tertiaries  and 
scapularies,  those  of  the  thumb  bastard  quills ;  the  smaller 
feathers,  overlying  the  bases  of  the  remiges,  are  collec- 
tively known  as  coverts.  (See  cut  under  cm:ert,  6.)  The 
various  shapes  of  birds'  wings  depend  to  some  extent  upon 
the  proportions  of  the  bones,  especially  those  of  the  pinion 
(see  ilacrocldres),  but  mainly  upon  the  development  of  the 
flight-feathers,  and  the  lengths  of  these  relatively  to  one 
another.  Among  birds  which  can  fly  probably  no  one 
shiipe  is  sharply  distinguished  from  all  others  ;  so  that  the 
terms  in  technical  use  are  simply  descriptive  of  size,  con- 
tour, and  the  like,  as  long,  short,  narrow,  bload(or ample), 
pointed,  rotuuled,  vaulted,  etc.,  requiring  no  further  ex- 
planation. See  names  of  the  sets  of  feathers  used  above, 
and  phrases  below,  {b)  In  mavimal.,  by  the  enormous  ex- 
tension of  boTies  of  the  hand  and  fingers,  upon  which,  and 
between  which  and  the  body  and  leg,  is  stretched  an  ex- 
tension of  integument,  the  whole  limb  being  lengthened, 
as  well  as  its  terminal  segment,  and  there  being  other 
peculiarities  of  osseous  structure  and  mechanism,  as  the 
apparent  absence  of  one  of  the  two  bones  of  the  forearm 
by  extreme  reduction  of 
tile  ulna.  Such  is  the 
condition  of  thefore  limb 
of  bats,  or  Ctiiroptera, 
which  alone  are  provided 
with  true  wings  and  ca- 
pable of  true  flight ;  for 
the  so-called  wings  of 
various  other  mammals 
described  as  "flying,"  as 
the  flying-squirrel,  fly- 
ing-phalanger,  etc.,  are 
more  properly  para- 
chutes or  patagia,  and 
their  flight  is  oidy  a  pro- 
longed leap.  See  cuts 
UTider  bat,Jtyiny-/ox,  and 
modification  of  the  fore 


Wmg  of  Bird  :  feathers  of  the  wing-tract 
(pleryla  alarisi.  i.  bend  of  the  wing,  or  car- 
pal anyle  :  1-2,  edge  of  the  wing ;  ?,  wing-tip, 
at  end  of  longest  primary ;  r-2-3,  tile  pinion, 
Ixirne  upon  the  nianus,  consisting  of  ten  pri- 
maries and  the  primary  coverts,  together  with 
the  alula,  or  bastard  wing  ;  3,  reentrance  of 
the  wing  in  the  middle  of  the  posterior  border 
of  wing  2-4 ;  r-3-4,  seven  secondaries,  over- 
laid by  greater,  median,  and  lesser  rows  of 
secondary  coverts,  the  unshaded  area  forming 
a  speculum  :  4-5,  three  tertiaries  (specialized 
inner  secondaries) :  6,  root  of  the  wing,  tow-ard 
the  anatomical  shoulder:  6-1,  anterior  tx)rder 
of  the  wing. 


Wing  of  Bat ;  expansion  of  skin  from 
the  W<ly  on  to  elongated  digits. 
n,  shoulder ;  f>,  elltow  ;  c,  wrist ;  ii. 
hind  fo<.t :  r,  small  free  hooketi 
thumb  :  -2,  3.  second  and  third  fingers, 
lying  clo^e  together :  4,  fourth  finger; 
5,  fifth  finger. 


Pteropodid/e.     (c)  In  lierpet.,  by 

limb  comparable  to  that  of  a  bat's,  but  peculiar  in  the 
enormous  extension  of  an  ulnar  digit,  and  its  connec- 
tion with  other  digits  and  with  the  body  by  an  expansion 
of  the  integument,  as  in  the  extinct  flying  reptiles,  the 
pteroilactyls.  (,See  cut  under  pterodactyl.)  The  flying 
apparatus  of  certain  recent  reptiles,  as  tlie  Draco  volang, 
is  a  parachute,  not  a  true  wing,  (rf)  In  ielith.,  a  mere 
enlargement  of  the  pectoral  tins  enables  some  fishes  to 
sustain  a  kind  of  flight;  and,  as  the  pectoral  rtns  answer 
to  the  fore  limbs  of  higher  vertebrates,  this  case  comes 
under  the  definition  of  a  wing.  See  cut  mu\er  Jlyiny-Jiffi. 
2.  In  cntrim.,  an  expansion  of  the  crust  of  an 
insect,  sufficing  for  flight,  or  a  homologous 
expansion,  however  modified  in  form  or  func- 
tion, fir  even  functionless  so  far  as  aerial  loco- 
motion is  conccrneil.  sm-b  a  formation,  though  a 
wing  by  analogy  of  function  with  the  wing  of  a  verte- 
Itrate,  is  an  entirely  dilferent  structure,  having  no  homol- 
ogy with  the  fore  liinli  of  a  vertebrate.  It  consists  of  a 
fold  of  integument,  suppoited  on  a  tulmlar  framework  of 
so-called  nerves  <ir  veins,  which  may  be  in  comninnica- 


Win^  of  Butterfly:  expanse 
of  scaly  integument.  1-2, 
front,  costal,  or  cephalic  mar- 
gin;  2,  apex  or  tip;  2-3,  outer, 
distal, or  apical  margin;  3, in- 
ner or  anal  angle;  3-4,  inner, 
posterior,  or  anal  margin  ;  4-1, 
Dase.  Several  nerves  or  veins 
appear,  separating  wing-cells. 


wing 

tion  with  the  tracheae  or  breathing-organs,  and  is  conse- 
quently a  respiratory  as  well  as  a  locomotory  organ.  Most 
insects  are  provided  with  func- 
tionally developed  (thoracic) 
wings,  of  which  there  are  usu- 
ally two  pairs  (mesothoracic 
and  metathoracic) ;  but  both 
may  be  entirely  suppressed,  or 
either  pair  may  be  mere  rudi- 
ments (see  cuts  under  ?ialter'-i 
and  Stylops),  or  the  anterior 
pair  may  be  converted  into  a 
homy  case  covering  the  other 
pair,  as  in  the  great  order 
Coleoptera,  where  the  anterior 
pair  are  converted  into  elytra, 
and  in  Orthoptera,  in  which 
they  become  Ugmina,  (See 
wing-case.)  The  form,  struc- 
ture, and  disposition  of  insects'  wings  are  very  variable, 
but  quite  constant  in  large  groups,  and  therefore  a  basis 
of  the  division  of  insects  into  orders,  and  of  their  classi- 
fication ;  whence  the  terms  Coleoptera,  Neuroptera,  Lepi- 
doptera,  Orthoptera,  IHptera,  Aptera,  etc.  See  phrases  be- 
low, and  cuts  under  i\ervure  and  venation. 
3.  In  other  invertebrates,  some  part  resembling 
or  likened  to  a  wing  in  fonn  or  function ;  an 
alate  formation,  as  the  expanded  lip  of  a  strom- 
bus. — 4.  An  organ  resembling  the  wing  of  a 
bird,  bat,  or  insect,  with  which  gods,  angels, 
demons,  dragons,  and  a  great  variety  of  fabu- 
lous beings,  as  well  as  some  inanimate  objects, 
are  conceived  to  be  provided  for  the  purpose  of 
aerial  locomotion  or  as  symbolical  of  the  power 
of  omnipresence. 

As  far  as  Boreas  claps  his  brazen  wings. 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  i.  2. 

O,  welcome,  pure-eyed  Faith  ;  white-handed  Hope, 
Thou  hovering  angel,  girt  with  golden  vrings. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  214. 

5.  Loosely  or  humorously,  the  fore  leg  of  a 
quadruped ;  also,  the  arm  of  a  human  being. 

If  Scottish  men  tax  our  language  as  improper,  and  smile 
at  our  wing  of  a  rabbit,  let  us  laugh  at  their  shoulder  of 
a  capon.  F^dler,  M'orthies,  Norfolk,  II.  445. 

6.  Figuratively,  a  means  of  travel,  progress,  or 
passage :  usually  emblematic  of  speed  or  ele- 
vation, but  also  used  as  a  symbol  of  protecting 
care.     See  under  one's  wing,  below. 

Kiches  .  .  .  make  themselves  vrings.         Prov.  xxiii.  5. 
Unto  you  that  fear  my  name  shall  the  Sun  of  righteous- 
ness arise  with  healing  in  his  wings.  Mai.  iv.  2. 
Thou  art  so  far  before 
That  swiftest  wing  of  recompense  is  slow 
To  overtake  thee.               Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  4.  17. 
This  quiet  sail  is  as  a  noiseless  wing 
To  waft  me  from  distraction. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  85. 

7.  The  act  or  the  manner  of  flying ;  flight,  lit- 
erally or  figuratively. 

From  this  session  interdict 
Every  fowl  of  tyrant  wing. 
Save  the  eagle,  feather'd  Iting. 

Shak.,  Phoenix  and  Turtle,  1.  10. 
He  [Plato]  penetrated  into  the  prof oundest  mysteries  of 
thought,  and  was  not  deterred  from  speculations  of  bold- 
est flight  and  longest  vring.      Jour.  Spec.  Phil.,  XIX.  52. 

8t.  Kind ;  species.  Compare /eaWfcr,  4.  [Rare.] 
Of  all  the  mad  rascalls  (that  are  of  this  wing)  the  Abra- 
ham-man is  the  most  phantastick. 

Vekker,  Belman  of  London  (ed.  1608),  sig.  C  3. 

9.  Something  resembling  or  likened  to  a  wing. 
(a)  In  aTutt.j  a  part  likened  to  a  wing ;  an  ala,  or  alate 
part :  as,  the  wings  of  the  sphenoid  bone.  See  ala,  2,  and 
cut  under  sphetwid.  (b)  That  which  moves  with  or  re- 
ceives a  wing-like  motion  from  the  action  of  the  air,  as  a 
fan  used  to  winnow  grain,  the  vane  or  sail  of  a  windmill, 
the  feather  of  an  arrow,  or 
the  sail  of  a  ship,  (c)  In  bot, 
a  membranous  expansion  or 
thin  extension  of  any  kind, 
such  as  that  of  certain  cap- 
sules, of  samaras,  etc. ;  also, 
one  of  the  two  lateral  petals  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower.  Heeala, 
1,  tetrapterous,  and  cut  under 
papilionaceous,  (d)  In  ship- 
building, that  pai't  of  tile  hold 
or  space  between  decks  which 
is  next  the  ship's  side,  more 
particularly  at  the  quarter; 
al.so,  the  overhang-deck  of  a 
steamer  before  and  abaft  the 
paddle-boxes,  bounded  by  a 
thick  plank  called  the  win/f- 
wale,  which  extends  from  the 
extremity  of  the  paddle-beam 
to  the  ship's  side,  (e)  In  arch., 
a  part  of  a  building  projecting 
on  one  side  of  the  central  or 
main  part.  {/)  In  fort.,  the 
longer  side  of  a  crown-  or  horn- 
work,  uniting  it  to  the  main 
work,  ig)  A  leaf  of  a  gate, 
double  door,  screen,  or  the 
like,  which  may  be  folded  or 
otherwise  moved  back.  (/t)The 
laterally  extending  part  of  a 

plowshare,    which     cuts     the  

liottom  of  the  furrow,     (i)  In  ^'''i-'s  ■"  I-lants. 

e,vjin.-  (1)  An  extension  end-  ,.,';„,*=  ,:;",??„^„,f  r  the 
wise  of  a  dam,  sometimes  at  ^niged  seed  of  Ttcoma  radi- 
an  angle  with  the  main  part.    ^««r. 


6940 

(2)  A  side  dam  on  a  river-shore  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
tracting the  channel.  (3)  A  lateral  extension  of  an  abut- 
ment. See  wing-wall.  E.  H.  Knight,  (j)  One  of  the  sides 
of  the  stage  of  a  theater;  also,  one  of  the  long  narrow 
scenes  which  fill  up  the  picture  on  the  side  of  the 
stage.  See  cuts  under  stage,  (k)  One  of  the  two  out. 
side  divisions  of  an  army  or  fleet  in  battle-array:  usually 
called  the  right  wing  and  le/t  wing,  and  distinguished 
from  the  center. 

And  this  nombre  of  folk  is  with  outen  the  pryncipalle 
Boost,  and  with  outen  Wenges  ordeynd  for  the  Bataylle. 
MandevUle,  Travels,  p.  276. 

The  Earl  of  Mar  the  right  wing  guided. 

Battle  of  Alfm-d  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  239). 

The  defence  of  the  artillery  was  committed  to  the  le,ft 
wing.  Prescott,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  12. 

il)  A  shoulder-knot,  or  small  epaulet ;  specifically,  a  pro- 
jecting piece  of  stuff,  perhaps  only  a  raised  seam  or  welt, 
worn  in  the  sixteenth  century  on  the  shoulder,  at  or  near 
the  insertion  of  the  sleeve. 

I  would  have  mine  such  a  suit  without  difference,  such 
stuff,  such  a  wing,  such  a  sleeve. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iii.  1. 

(m)  A  strip  of  leather  or  the  like  attached  to  the  skirt  of 
the  runner  in  a  grain-mill  to  sweep  the  meal  into  the 
spout,  (/i)  The  side  or  displayed  part  of  a  dash-board,  (o) 
A  projecting  part  of  a  hand-seine  on  each  side  of  the  cen- 
tral part,  or  bag,  serving  to  collect  the  flsh,  and  lead  them 
into  the  bag.  (p)  A  thin,  broad,  projecting  piece  on  a 
gudgeon,  to  prevent  it  from  turning  in  its  socket. 
10.  A  flock  or  company  (of  plover).  fV.  TV. 
Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  533 — Angle  of  the  wing,  in 
amith.,  the  carpal  angle ;  the  bend  or  flexure  of  the  wing. 
See  shoulder,  n.,  6.— Anterior  wingS,  in  entom.,  the  up- 
per, front,  or  fore  wings,  when  there  are  two  pairs;  the 
mesothoracic  wings,  in  any  case. — Bastard  Wing,  in  or- 
nith.,  same  as  alula.  See  cuts  there  and  under  covert. — 
Bend  Of  the  wing.  Sameasanf/ieo/fftewini;.— Convo- 
lu-ted,  deflexed,  dentate,  digitate,  divergent,  erect, 
falcate  wings.  See  tlie  adjectives.— Dragon's  wings. 
See  dmjrori.— Expanse  or  extent  of 'Wing,  in  zoiil.,  wing- 
spread.  See  expanse,  n.,  2,  and  spread,  n.,  12.— False 
Wing,  in  ornith.,  the  bastard  wing,  alula,  or  ala  spuria. 
See  altda  (with  cut),  and  cut  under  coiicrt.— Flexure  of 
tbe  wing.  Seeyfercure.— Folded  ■wings.  Seefold^.v., 
Diploptera,  Vespidx,  and  wasp,  1.  —  Gray-gOOSe  'Wlngt, 
a  feather  of  a  goose  as  used  on  an  arrow. 

Our  Englishmen  in  fight  did  chuse 
The  gallant  gray-goose  mng. 
Trtu!  Tale  of  Robin  Hood  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  370). 

Inferior  taargin  of  a  ■wing.  Inferior  surface  of  a 
wing,  inferior  wings.  See  4?i/«rior.— Inner  margin 
of  the  ■wing.  See  Min«r.— Length  of  ■wing,  in  ornith., 
the  shortest  distance  from  the  flexure  or  carpal  angle  to 
the  point  of  the  wing  or  wing-tip.— Metathoracic  ■Wings. 
See  metathoracic.— On  or  upon  the  Wing,  (a)  Flying: 
as,  to  shoot  birds  on  the  wing. 

The  bird 
That  flutters  least  is  longest  on  the  wing. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  931. 

(b)  Figuratively,  in  motion  ;  traveling  ;  active ;  busy. 

I  have  been,  since  I  saw  you  in  town,  pretty  much  on 
the  wing,  at  Hampton,  Twickenham,  and  elsewhere. 

Gray,  Letters,  I.  369. 

(c)  Taking  flight ;  departing  ;  vanishing. 

Your  wits  are  all  upon  the  wing,  just  a-going. 

Vanbrugh,  Confederacy,  iv.  1. 

Petlolate  ■wing.  See  pc(Mate.— Plane  ■wings.  See 
j)ia)i<;i.— Plicate  ■wings.  S^me  us  folded  wings.— Foiat 
of  the  ■wing,  in  ornith.,  the  end  of  the  longest  primary. 
See  wing-tip. — Posterior  margin  of  the  wing.  See  pos- 
terior.— Posterior  ■wings,  in  eivtmn. ,  the  under  or  hinder 
wings,  when  there  are  two  pairs ;  the  metathoracic  wings, 
in  any  case.—  Reversed,  spurious,  superior  wings. 
See  the  adjectives.—  Tail  Of  the  ■Wing.  See  taifi.- Tec- 
tlform  ■wings,  in  entom.,  roof-shaped  wings;  wings  held 
sloping  likethe  root  of  a  house  when  the  insect  rests.— To 
clip  the  ■wings.  See  ciips.— To  drop  to  ■wing.  See  drop. 
—  To  maie  or  take  ■wing,  to  fly ;  take  flight ;  depart. 
Light  thickens  ;  and  the  crow 
Makes  iHng  to  the  rooky  wood. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2.  51. 

It  is  a  fearful  thing 
To  see  the  human  soul  take  wing 
In  any  shape,  in  any  mood. 

Byron,  Prisoner  of  Chillon,  viii. 

Tumid  ■wing.  See  (Kinsd— Under  one's  ■wing,  under 
one's  protection,  care,  or  patronage:  with  reference  to 
the  sheltering  of  chickens  under  the  wings  of  the  hen,  as 
in  the  New  Testament  use. 

Jerusalem,  .Terusalem,  that  sleestprophetisand  stonyst 
hem  that  ben  sent  to  thee,  hou  oft  wold  I  gedre  togidre 
thi  sonys,  as  an  henne  gedreth  togidre  hir  ehikenys  rndir 
Mr  wengis,  and  thou  woldist  nat  ?      Wycl%f,  Mat.  xxiii.  37. 

Under  wings,  in  entom.,  the  posterior  wings,  when  there 
are  two  pairs,  more  or  less  overlaid  by  the  upper  wings. — 
Unequal  wings.  See  unequal.  —  Upper  ■wings,  in  entom., 
the  anterior  wings,  when  there  are  two  pairs,  or  their 
equivalents,  as  elytra  and  tegmina,  which  overlie  the  pos- 
terior wings  wholly  or  partly. — Vertical  wings,  in  en- 
tom.,  wings  held  upright  when  the  insect  rests,  as  those 
of  a  butterfly;  erect  wings,  — ■Wlng-and-^wing,  the  con- 
dition of  a  ship  sailing  before  the  wind  with  studding- 
sails  on  both  sides :  said  also  of  fore-and-aft  vessels 
(schooners)  when  they  are  sailing  with  the  wind  right  aft, 
the  foresail  boomed  ont  on  one  side,  and  the  mainsail  on 
the  other.  Also  goose-winged. —  Wings  conjoined,  in  her. 
See  Doi.- ■Wings  displayed,  in  her.,  having  the  wings 
expanded  :  said  of  a  bird  used  as  a  bearing. 
wing  (wing),  r.  [<  nine/,  h.]  I.  tran.t.  1.  To 
equip  with  wings  for  flying;  specifically,  to 
feather  (an  arrow). 


Wing-case 

Marriage  Love's  object  is  ;  at  whose  bright  eyes 
He  lights  his  torches,  and  calls  them  his  skies. 
For  her  he  wings  his  shoulders. 

B.  Jonson,  The  Barriers. 

So  the  struck  eagle,  stretch'd  upon  the  plain,  .  .  . 

View'd  his  own  feather  on  the  fatal  dart. 

And  wittg'd  the  shaft  that  quiver'd  in  his  heart. 

Byron,  Eng.  Bards  and  .Scotch  Reviewers,  L  829. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  qualify  for  flight,  elevation, 
rapid  motion,  etc. ;  especially,  to  lend  speed  or 
celerity  to. 

'Foot,  all  this  is  wrong  ! 

This  u-ings  his  pursuit,  and  will  be  before  me. 

I  am  lost  for  ever ! 

Beau,  and  Ft,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  v,  1. 

Ambition  wings  his  spirit.  Lust's  Dominion,  i.  2. 

3.  To  supply  with  wings  or  side  parts,  divisions, 
or  projections,  as  an  army,  a  house,  etc. ;  flank. 

They  thus  directed,  we  will  follow 

In  the  main  battle,  whose  puissance  on  either  side 

Shall  be  well  winged  with  our  chiefest  horse. 

Shjak.,  Kich.  III.,  v.  3.  300. 

(Hose  to  the  limb  of  the  sun,  where  the  temperature  and 
pressure  are  highest,  the  hydrogen  is  in  such  a  state  that 
the  lines  of  its  spectrum  are  widened  and  winged. 

C.  A.  Youmj,  The  Sun,  p.  197. 

4.  To  brush  or  clean  with  a  wing,  usually  that 
of  a  turkey. 

Shut  in  from  all  the  world  without, 
We  sat  the  c\e&n-winged  hearth  about. 

Whitiier,  Snow-Bound. 

5.  To  bear  in  flight;  transport  on  or  as  on 
wings. 

I,  an  old  turtle. 
Will  uing  me  to  some  wither'd  bough. 

Shale.,  W.  T.,  v.  3.  133. 

His  arms  and  eager  eyes  ejecting  flame. 
Far  wing'd  before  his  squadron  "Tancred  came. 
Brooke,  tr.  of  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered,  iii. 

6.  To  perform  or  accomplish  by  means  of 
wings. 

This  last  and  Godlike  Act  atchiev'd, 
To  Heav'n  she  icing'd  her  Flight. 

Prior,  The  Viceroy,  st.  44. 

From  Samos  have  I  icing'd  my  Way. 

Congreve,  Semele,  ii.  1. 

He  [Rip  Van  Winkle]  looked  round,  but  could  see  noth- 
ing but  a  crow  icinging  its  solitary  flight  across  the  moun- 
tain. Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  52. 

7.  To  traverse  in  flight. 

The  crows  and  choughs  that  tcing  the  midway  air 
Show  scarce  so  gross  as  beetles.   Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6.  13. 
Not  man  alone,  but  all  that  roam  the  wood. 
Or  u*ing  the  sky,  or  roll  along  the  flood. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  120. 

8t.  To  carve,  as  a  quail  or  other  small  bird. 
Wynge  that  partryche.     Babees  Boo*(E.  E.  T.  8.X  p.  265. 
Good  man!  him  list  not  spend  his  idle  meals 
In  quinsing  plovers,  or  in  winging  quails. 

Bp.  HaU,  Satires,  IV.  ii.  44. 

9.  To  wound  or  disable  in  the  wing,  as  a  bird ; 
colloquially,  to  wound  (a  person)  in  the  arm  or 
shoulder,  or  some  other  not  vital  part. 

What  are  the  odds  now  that  he  doesn't  iHng  me?  These 
green-horns  generally  hit  everything  but  the  man  they 
aim  at.  Cdlman  the  Younger,  Poor  Gentleman,  v.  3. 

II.  inlrans.  To  fly;  soar;  travel  on  the  wing. 

We,  poor  unfledged. 
Have  never  ^oing'd  from  view  o'  the  nest. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  3.  28. 

As  the  bird  u<ngs  and  sings. 
Let  us  cry,  "  All  good  things 
Are  ours ! "  Brouming,  Rabbi  Ben  Ezra. 

■wing-band  (■wing'band),  «.    Same  as  King-bar. 

■wing-bar  ( wing'bar),  11.  A  colored  bar  or  band 
across  a  bird's  wing;  technically,  such  a  band 
formed  by  the  tips  of  the  greater  or  median 
wing-coverts,  or  both  of  these,  and  placed  be- 
tween the  wing-bow  and  the  wing-bay.  Such 
are  found  in  uncounted  different  birds.  See 
cut  under  solitary. 

■wing-bay  (wing'ba),  «.  The  phimage-marking 
of  a  bird  formed  by  the  secondary  feathers  of 
the  wing,  when  the  ■wing  is  closed  and  these 
feathers  differ  in  color  from  the  rest  of  the 
plumage:  so  called beeauseintheblack-breasted 
red  game  type  of  coloring  this  marking  is  of  a 
bay  color.  See  speculum,  3  (6),  and  first  cut 
under  wing. 

■wing-beat  (wing'bet),  Ji.  A  wing-stroke;  one 
completed  motion  of  the  vdng  in  the  act  of 
flying. 

■wing-bow  (wing'bo),  n.  In  poultry,  and  hence 
in  other  birds,  the  plumage-marking  on  the 
shoulder  or  bend  of  the  wing ;  distinctive  color- 
ation of  the  lesser  coverts  collectively:  thus,  in 
the  black-breasted  red  gamecock  the  iring-bows 
are  crimson.  See  cuts  under  Agelieus  and  sea- 
eagle. 

wing-case  (wing'kas).  w.  The  hard,  homy  case 
or  cover  which  overlies  the  functional  wing  of 


wing-case 

many  insects,  especially  of  Coleoptera;  the  ely- 
trum.  In  hemipterous  insects  the  wing-cases  are  tecli- 
nically  called  hemielytra.  Wing-cases  are  always  the  modi- 
fied fore  wings ;  when  these  wings  are  but  little  modified, 
as  In  orthopterous  insects,  they  are  called  tegmina.  See 
cuts  under  beetle,  chrymlu,  clavus,  Coleoptera,  and  katydid. 
Also  vnng-eover. 

wing-cell  (wing'sel),  «.     In  eiitom.,  any  one  of 


6941 

—  Winged  petiole,  a  petiole  with  a  thin  wing-like  ex- 
pansion.   See  cuts  under  asci'dium  and  Quagria.—Wmgei 
pigweed,  screw,  etc.    see  the  nouns. 
wingedly  (wing'ed-li),  adr.    In  a  winged  man- 
ner; on,  with,  or  by  wings. 

Nor  with  aught  else  can  our  souls  interknlt 

So  wingedly.  Keats,  Endymion,  i. 


the  spaces  between  the  nerves  or  veins  of  the  ^iJlger  (wing'er),  n.     [<  wing  +  -rri.]     1.  One 
See  cuts  under  nerntrc,  venation,  and     who  or  that  which  wings,  in  any  sense.— 2.  A 


wing, 

wing — Dldjrmous,  petlolate,  radiated  wing-cells. 
See  the  adjectives. 

wing-compass  (wing'kum'pas),  H.  A  compass 
with  an  are-shaped  piece  which  passes  through 
the  opposite  leg,  and  is  clamped  by  a  set-screw. 

wing-conch  (wing'kongk),  n.     A  wing-shell. 

wing-cover  (wing'kuv'er),  H.    In  cntom.,  same 

as  «)in.(/-cn«e.-MutUated  wing-covers.  See  mvii- 
laUd. 

wing-covert  (wing'kuv'ert),  n.  In  nrnith.,  any 
one  of  the  small  feathers  which  overlie  or  un- 
derlie the  flight-feathers  of  the  wing;  a  covert 
of  the  wing.  See  covert,  n.,  6  (with  out),  tec- 
trices,  and  first  cut  under  icing Under  wing- 
coverts.    See  under. 

winged  (wingd  or  wing'ed),  o.  [<  ME.  winged, 
wcnged;  <  wing  +  -crf'-i.]  1.  Having  or  wear- 
ing wings,  in  any  sense :  as,  the  winged  horse 
(Pegasus) ;  the  winged  god  (Mercury) ;  a  winged 
(feathered)  arrow ;  a  tcinged  ship. 

steer  hither,  steer  your  winged  pines. 
All  beaten  mariners.    W.  Brmtme,  Syrens'  Song. 
There  is  also  a  little  contemptible  winged  creature,  an 
inhabitant  of  my  aerial  element. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  28. 

2.  In  her.,  having  wings.  Specifically— (o)  Noting 
a  binl  when  the  wings  are  of  a  different  tincture  from  the 
body.  (Rare.)  (6)  Noting  an  object  not  usually  having 
wings ;  as,  a  winged  column. 

3.  In  hot.,  anat.,  aud  conch.,  alate;  alated ; 
having  a  part  resembling  or  likened  to  a  wing : 
as,  a  winged  shell  or  bone ;  a  winged  seed.  See 
outs  under  sphenoid,  wing-shell,  and  wing,  ».,  9 
(c). — 4.  Abounding  with  wings,  and  hence  with 
birds;  swarming  with  birds.     [Bare.] 

The  wing'd  air  dark'd  with  plumes. 

Milton,  Conius,  1.  730. 

6.  Moving  or  passing  on  or  as  on  wings ;  swift; 
rapid. 

Ther  mighte  I  seen 
Wenged  wondres  faste  fleen. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  2118. 
Come,  Tamburlaine  !  now  whet  thy  winged  sword. 

Marlowe,  Tamburlaine,  I.,  ii,  3. 

With  Fear  oppresa'd, 
In  winged  Words  he  thus  the  Queen  address'd. 

Congreoe,  Hymn  to  Venus. 

6.  Soaring;  lofty;  elevated;  sublime. 

How  winged  the  sentiment  that  virtue  is  to  be  followed 
for  its  own  sake,  because  its  essence  is  divine ! 

J.  S.  Har/ord,  Michael  Angelo,  v. 

He  [Emerson]  looked  far  away  over  the  heads  of  his  hear- 
ers, with  a  vague  kind  of  exi>ectation,  as  into  some  private 
he&ren  of  invention,  and  the  winged  period  came  at  last 
obedient  to  his  spell.  Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  383. 

7.  Disabled  in  the 
broken. 


small  cask  or  ^^u^loT^Z^ :Vi:r:7t:;.e,  Te^ti^iy^e^'^ 

Md!e :  so  called  from 


wink 

wing-rail  (wing'ral),  n.     On  railways,  a  guard- 
rail at  a  switch.     E.  H.  Knight. 

wing-scale  (wing'skal),  n.     In  cntom.,  same  as 
sqnamnla,  1  {!>). 

wingseed  (wing'sed),  n.     See  Ptclea  and  Ptero- 
spermuin. 

wing-sheath  (wing'sheth),  «.     In  cntom.,  same 
as  ehjtrum,  1.     Also  wing-case,  loing-cover. 

H.     1.  A  gastropod  of 


wing;   having   the  wing 


You  will  often  recover wtfi^C(/ birds  as  full  of  life  as  be- 
fore the  bone  was  broken.    Coueg,  Key  to  N.  A.  Birds,  p.  16. 

Wingeo  bull,  au  Assyrian  symbol  of  force  and  domination, 
of  frequent  occurrence  in  ancient  Assyrian  architectural 
sculpture,  in  which  pairs  of  winged  human-headed  bulls 
and  lions  of  colossal  size  usually  guarded  the  portals  of 


in  the  wing  of  a  ship,  where  the  space  is  much 
reduced  by  the  approaching  lines  of  the  hull. 
(See  wing,  n.,  9  {d).)  Tanks  are  accurately  fit- 
ted to  the  sloping  sides  of  the  ship. 

wing-feather  (wing'feTH'er),  n.  Any  feather 
of  the  wing;  especially,  a  wing-quiil,  flight- 
feather,  or  remex. 

wing-flsh  (wing'fish),  n.  A  flying-fish;  espe- 
cially, a  flying-gurnard ;  in  the  United  States, 
any  species  of  Prionotus.  See  cut  under  sea-- 
robin . 

wing-footed  (wing'fut''ed),fl.  1.  Aliped;  hav- 
ing winged  feet ;  hence,  rapid ;  swift. 

Next  Venus  in  his  sphear  is  Maiaes  sonne, 
loves  messenger,  wing-footed  Mercuric. 

Tiines'  Whistle  (K  E.  T,  S.),  p.  116. 
Wing-footed  Time  them  farther  off  doth  bjar. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  x.  322. 
2.  In  conch.,  pteropod.     P.  P.  Carpenter. 
wing-formed  (wing'fdrmd),  a.     Shaped  like  a 
wing,  in  any  sense ;  aliform ;  alate. 
wing-gudgeon    (wing'guj'on),    n.      A    short 
winged  shaft  of  metal  "_  _      ___ 

used  as  a  journal  for 
wheels  having  wood- 
en a.xles.  The  wing  is 
inserted  Into  the  end  of 
the  wood,  and  is  secured 
firmly  by  shrinking  on 
heated  bands  of  wrought- 
iron.     E.  U.  Knight. 

wing-handed  (wing'- 
han'ded),  a.    Having 

the  hands  or  fore  limbs  modified  as  wings  ;  chi- 
ropterous,  as  a  bat. 

wing-leafed  (wing'left),  a.  Having  pinnate  or 
pinnately  divided  leaves:  as,  a)C(n(7-'<;o/'(?rfpalm: 
contrasted  with  fan-leafed. 

wingless  (wing'les),o.  [<»»{«(/ -I- -few.]  1.  Hav- 
ing no  wings;  hence,  unable  to  fly;  techni- 
cally, in  rooV.,  apterous;  not  alate;  not  winged, 
in  any  sense. 

Our  freedom  chain'd,  quite  winglexs  our  desire. 
In  sense  dark-prison'd  all  that  ought  to  soar. 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  ii.  343. 

2.  In  ornith.,  specifically,  having  rudimentary 
wings,  unfit  for  flight ;  irapennate  or  squami- 
pennate,  as  any  ratite  bird  or  penguin :  as,  the 
wingless  kiwis  (Aptcrygidse). 
winglessness  (wing'les-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
character  of  being  wingless. 

irino(«««i««  occurs  in  other  insects  through  other  causes 
than  those  which  obtain  in  Madeira.    Nature,  XLIII.  410. 

winglet  (wing'let),  «.  [<  wing -i-  -let.']  A  little 
wing.  SpeciHcally  — (a)  In  ornith.,  the  bastard  wing,  or 
alula,  (b)  In  entmn.:  (1)  The  alula,  a  membrane  under 
the  base  of  the  elytra  of  many  Coleoptera. 

When  he  took  off  the  wingleta,  either  wholly  or  partially, 
the  buzzing  ceased. 

Kirby  and  Spenee,  Entomology,  II.  306. 


*"J  jC^X'^s),  one 
tural  size. 


Wing -gudgeon. 
,  gudgeon  ;  i,  b,  wings. 


the  alate  lip  of  the 
aperture.  See  also 
cut  under  Stromhus. 

—  2.  A  bivalve  of 
the  family  AvicuH- 
dse;  a  hammer-oys- 
ter.—  3.  A  pteropod 
or  wing-snail. —  4t. 
A  wing-ease  or  wing- 
cover.  N.  Grew. — 
False  wing-shells,  the 
spout-shells  or  Aporrha- 
idif.  See  cuts  under /i^«-- 
rhuis  and  spout-shett. 

wing-shooting 

(wing'sho"ting),    n. 

The  act  or  practice  of  shooting  flying  birds. 

They  [fowling-pieces]  were  probably  intended  for  uing- 
shooting,  but  could  not  have  been  made  until  several  years 
after  the  invention  of  the  flint  lock. 

W.  W.  Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  58. 

wing-shot  (wing'shot),  a.  and  ».     I.  a.  1.  Shot 

in  the  wing. —  2.  Shot  while  on  the  wing.    See 

winq-shooting. 

II.  n.  1.  A  shot  made  at  a  bird  on  the  wing. 

—  2.  One  who  shoots  flying  birds. 
wing-snail  (wing'snal),  H.     A  pteropod  or  sea- 
butterfly.    See  cuts  under  Cavolinia  and  Pnen- 
m  Oder  ma. 

wing-spread  (wing'spred),  «.  The  distance 
from  tip  to  tip  of  the  extended  wings,  as  of  a 
bat,  bird,  or  insect;  extent  of  wing;  alar  ex- 
panse. 

wing-stopper  (wing'stop"er),  n.  If.  A  rope 
having  one  end  clenched  to  a  cable,  and  the 
other  to  the  ship's  beam. —  2.  A  cable-stopper 
used  in  the  wings  or  sides  of  the  hold  in  old  days 
when  rope  cables  were  used. 

wing-stroke  (wing'strok),  n.  The  stroke  or 
sweep  of  the  wings ;  a  wing-beat. 

wing-swift  (wing'swift),  rt.  Swift  of  wing;  of 
rapid  flight. 

wing-tip  (wing'tip),  V.  The  point  of  the  wing; 
the  apex  of  the  longest  primary  of  abird's  wing. 
This  IS  often  the  end  of  the  first  primary,  which  may 
exceed  in  length  the  next  one  by  as  much  as  or  by  more 
than  the  second  surpasses  the  third.  The  most  pointed 
wings  result  from  this  conformation,  and  the  wing  is  gen- 
erally the  more  rounded  the  further  removed  the  longest 
primary  is  from  the  first  one.  A  sharp  yet  strong  wing 
results  from  the  greatest  length  of  the  second  or  third 
primary,  supported  nearly  to  its  end  by  those  next  to  it 
on  each  side;  and,  in  general,  two  or  three  feathers,  of 
nearly  or  quite  equal  lengths,  compose  the  wing-tip. 

wing-tract    (wing'trakt),   n.     In    ornith.,    the 
pteryla  alaris ;   that  special   tract  or  pteryla 
upon  which  grow  the  feathers  of  the  wing,  ex- 
cepting the  scapulars  (which  are  situated  upon 
the  humeral  tract).     See  pteryla,  and  first  cut 
under  )(•(■»(/. 
(2)  The  pterygium,  a  lateral  expansion  on  each  side  of  the  Wing-tranSOm  (wing'tran"sum).  n.      Naitt.,  the 
end  of  the  rostrum,  found  in  many  weevils.                          ui>permo8t  or  longest  transom  in  a  ship.    Also 
wlng-memhrane  (wing'mem'bran),  H.     The     (inUed  main  transom.     See  cut  under  fmHsyjH. 
skin  of  the  wing  of  a  bat;  the  alar  membrane,  wing-wale  (wing'wal),  «.     See  wing,  ».,  9  ((/). 
j-nervure  (wing'ni'r'vur),  «.    Inentom.,  n  wing-wall  ( 


-Uncinate  wing- 


Assyrian  Winged  Human-headed  Bull. 

palaces.  These  figures  were  evidently  typical  of  the  union 
of  the  greatest  intellectual  and  physical  powers.  Layard. 
— Winired  catheter,  a  soft-rubber  catheter  from  the  fe- 
nestrated end  of  which  project  two  processes  which  serve 
to  retain  the  instrument  after  it  has  entered  the  bladder. 
—  Winged  elm.  .See  leahoo.  3.  -Winged  fly,  an  artificial 
fly  with  wings,  used  by  anglers;  distinguished  from  the 
palmer,  which  has  the  form  of  a  caterpillar.  — Winged 
norse.  See  Pe^ojiM.  — winged  leaf,  a  pinnate  or  pin- 
nately  divided  leaf.— Winged  Uon.  (a)  See  Lion  of  St. 
Mark,  under  lion.  ((/)  [I.  c]  Sec  winged  hull.  above- 
Winged  pea,  a  plant  of  the  former  genus  Tetragowilobwi, 
now  forming  a  section  in  Lotiu.  The  pod  is  four  winged. 
436 


Wing-] 

nervure  (which  see,  with  ciit 
nervures.    See  uncinate. 

wing-net  (wing 'net),  n.  A  winged  kind  of 
stake-net,  used  iu  the  St.  Lawrence  salmon- 
fishery. 

wing-pad  (wing'pad),  «.  One  of  the  undevel- 
oped, pad-like  wings  of  an  active  pupa,  as  of 
a  young  grasshopper.  See  cut  under  Caloptc- 
n  us. 

wing-passage  (wing'pas"aj),  «.  Xaut.,  a  pas- 
sage along  the  sides  of  a  ship  in  the  hold. 
Thcaric,  Naval  Arch.,  51  154. 

wing-pen  (wing'pen),  «.  An  inclosure  for  salt 
or  ice  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel. 

wing-post  (wing'post),  «.     A  post  or  messen- 
ger which  •  ■        ■ 
[Rare.] 

Probably  our  English  would  be  found  as  doclblc  and  in- 
genious as  the  Turkish  pigeons,  which  carry  letters  from 
Aleppo  to  Babylon,  if  traine<l  up  accordingly.  But  such 
practices  by  these  vnng-postn  would  spoil  many  a  foot- 
IMist.  Fuller,  Worthies,  Northamptonshire,  II.  498. 

wing-quill  (wing'kwil),  n.  In  ornith.,  one  of 
the  remiges  or  flight-feathers.  See  remex,  aud 
cuts  under  covert,  n.,  6,  and  loing,  «.,  1  (a). 


I  travels  on  the  wing;  a  carrier-pigeon. 


(wing'wal),  n.     One  of  the  lateral 
walls  of  au  abutment,  forming  a  support  and 
protection  to  it.     E.  H.  Knight. 
Wingy  (wing'i),  n.     [<  wing  +  -i/'i.]    ] .  Having 
wings. 

The  cranes. 
In  feathcr'd  legions,  cut  th'  a?theiial  plains;  .  .  . 
But,  if  some  rushing  storm  the  journey  cross. 
The  wingy  leaders  all  are  at  a  loss. 

Rowe,  tr.  of  Lucan,  v.  10?9. 

2.  Soaring  as  on  wings;  aspiring;  lofty. 

As  for  those  mngij  mysteries  in  divinity,  and  airy  sub- 
tleties in  religion,  which  have  unhinged  the  brains  of 
better  heads,  they  never  stretched  the  pia  mater  of  mine. 
Sir  T.  Browne,  Eeligio  Medici,  i.  §  9. 
Youth's  gallant  trophies,  bi-igbt 
In  Fancy's  rainbow  ray,  invite 
His  wingy  nerves  to  climb. 

Beattie,  Ode  to  Hope,  ii.  1. 

3.  Kapid;  swift. 

With  iiingy  speed  outstrip  the  eastern  wind. 

AddiAon,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Metamorph.,  ii. 

wink'  (wingk),  r.  [<  ME.  winkcv,  wink,  move 
the  eyelids  quickly  (pret.  wane,  wank,  wonk). 
<  AS.  'wincan  (pret.  *wanc,  pp.  "wiincen);  also 
MK.  wink-en  (pret.  winkede),  <  AS.  wincian, 
wink;  =  MD.  icincken,  wenckcn  =  OHG.  win- 


wink 

chan,  move  aside,  reel,  nod,  MHG.  tcinken  (pret. 
loanl-),  nod,  also  totter,  reel,  wince,  G.  winken 
(pret.  icinkte),  nod,  make  a  sign,  =  Sw.  vinka, 
beckon,  wink,  =  Dan.  rinke,  beckon;  cf.  loel. 
vaiika,  wink,  rove,  =  Sw.  vanka  =  Dan.  vanke, 
rove,  stroll;  akin  to  AS.  toancol,  wavering,  E. 
waiikle,  etc. :  see  Kankle,  wench'^,  wince^,  winclfl, 
etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  close  and  open  the  eye- 
lids quickly ;  of  the  eyes,  to  be  opened  and  shut 
quickly;  blink;  nictitate. 

Here  is  three  studied,  ere  ye'll  thrice  irink. 

Skak.,  L.  L.  L.,  i.  2.  54. 

2.  To  shut  the  eyes;  close  the  eyelids  so  as 
not  to  see. 

Unnethes  wiste  he  how  to  loke  or  loynke. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  301. 
A  sltilfuU  Gunner,  witli  Ills  left  eye  uinUng, 
Levels  directly  at  an  Oak  hard  by, 
Whereon  a  hundred  groaning  Culuers  ci-y. 

Sylvetler,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  7. 

3.  To  be  wilfully  blind  or  ignorant;  avoid 
notice  or  recognition,  as  of  an  annoying  or 
troublesome  fact ;  ignore ;  connive :  often  fol- 
lowed by  at. 

If  golde  speake  for  her  in  the  present  tense, 

The  offlcer  deputed  for  th'  offence 

Will  winck  at  smale  faultes  &  remit  correction. 

TivKs'  Whistle  (E,  E.  T.  S.),  p.  46. 
You  are  forc'd  to  u%nk  and  seem  contents 

Coiigreve,  tr.  of  Juvenal's  Eleventh  Satire. 
We  may  surely  uink  at  a  few  things  for  the  sake  of  the 
public  interest,  if  God  Almighty  does ;  and  if  He  didn't,  I 
don't  know  what  would  have  become  of  the  country. 

George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  vii. 

4t.  To  close  the  eyes  in  sleep ;  sleep. 

For  wel  I  woot,  although  I  wake  or  witike. 
Ye  rekke  not  whether  I  flete  or  sinke. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  to  Pity,  1.  109. 

Go  to  bedde  bi  tyrae,  &  wynke. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  60. 

5.  To  convey  a  hint,  wish,  insinuation,  etc.,  by 
a  quick  shutting  and  opening  usually  of  one 
eye. 

Waryn  Wlsdome  wynked  vppon  Mede, 

And  seide,  "Madame,  I  am  gowre  man,  what  so  my  mouth 

langleth. "  Piers  Plowman  (B),  iv.  164. 

Pacience  perceyued  what  I  thoujt,  and  wynked  on  me  to 

be  stille.  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  85. 

Wink  at  the  footman  to  leave  him  without  a  plate. 

Swift. 

"Very  well,  sir,"  cried  the  squire,  who  immediately 

smoked  him,  and  winked  on  the  rest  of  the  company,  to 

prepare  us  for  the  sport.  Goldsmith,  Vicar,  vii. 

I  blush  to  say  I've  winked  at  him,  and  he  has  ivinjced  at 

me  I  W.  S.  Gilbert,  Gentle  Alice  Brown. 

6.  To  twinkle ;  shine  with  quick,  irregular 
gleams;  flash;  sparkle. 

Whether  the  Heav'ns  incessant  agitation. 
Into  a  Star  transforming  th'  Exhalation, 
Kindle  the  same,  like  as  a  coal  that  winkt 
On  a  sticks  end  (and  seemed  quite  extinct). 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  21. 
And  every  Lamp,  and  every  Fire, 
Did  at  the  dreadful  Sight  wink  and  expire. 

Cowley,  Pindaric  Odes,  xiv.  13. 
O  for  a  beaker  full  of  the  warm  South, 
Full  of  the  true,  the  blushful  Hippocrene, 
With  beaded  bubbles  uHnking  at  the  brim. 

Keats,  Ode  to  a  Nightingale. 

Winking  muscle,  the  sphincter  or  orbicular  muscle  of 
the  eyelids,  the  action  of  which  closes  the  eye ;  the  winker: 
technically  called  palpebralis  and  orbicularis  palpebrarum. 
See  cut  under  muscle^. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  close  and  open  quickly :  as, 
to  wink  the  eyelids  or  the  eyes. 

Lady  Clavering,  giving  the  young  gentleman  a  delighted 
tap  with  her  fan,  uinked  her  black  eyes  at  him. 

Thackeray,  Pendennis,  xxt. 

2.  To  move,  force,  or  remove  by  winking:  as, 
to  wink  back  one's  tears. 

■winkl  (wingk),  n.  [<  ME.  loink,  sleep,  =  OHG. 
winch,  sideward  movement,  nod,  MHG.  wine, 
witik,  G.  wink,  nod;  from  the  verb.]  1.  A 
quick  shutting  and  opening  of  the  eyelids; 
especially,  such  a  movement  of  one  eye  made 
as  a  signal;  hence,  a  hint,  insinuation,  com- 
mand, etc.,  conveyed  by  or  as  by  winking. 

Eternall  Father,  at  whose  urink 
The  wrathfuU  Ocean's  swelling  pride  doth  sink. 

Syltester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  5. 
But  why  wou'd  you  ne'er  give  a  Friend  a  Wink  then? 

Wycherley,  Country  Wife,  v.  4. 
In  an  instant  my  coachman  took  the  itnnk  to  pursue. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  464. 
2t.  A  nap;  sleep. 

Thenne  wakede  I  of  my  wink,  me  was  wo  with  alle 
That  I  nedde  [had  not]  sadloker  i-slept. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  v.  3. 

3.  The  time  required  for  winking  once;  a  very 
short  space  of  time  ;  a  moment :  referring  usu- 
ally to  sleep. 

We  never 
Slept  wink  ashore  all  night,  but  made  sail  ever. 

Chapinan,  Odyssey,  xvi.  491. 


6942 

He 's  harped  them  all  asleep ; 
Except  It  was  the  king's  daughter 
Who  ae  urink  cou'dna  get. 
The  Water  o'  Wearie's  Well  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  198). 

In  a  wink  the  false  love  turns  to  hate. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

4.  A  twinkle;  a  sparkle;  a  flash. 
A  wink  from  Hesper  falling 
Fast  in  the  wintry  sky 
Comes  through  the  even  blue. 
Dear,  like  a  word  from  you. 

W.  E.  Henley,  Echoes,  il. 

Forty  winks,  a  short  nap.    [CoUoq.) 

Old  Mr.  Transome,  .  .  .  since  his  walk,  had  been  hav- 
ing  forty  winks  on  the  sofa  in  the  library. 

George  £(io(,  Felix  Holt,  xliii. 

To  tip  one  the  -Hrink.    See  tipz. 
■wink'-*  (wingk),  «.    [Short  for  wJwWt'l.]   A  peri- 
winkle.    See  periwinkle"^,  and  first  quotation 
under  wash,  n.,  13.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

The  witik  men,  as  these  periwinkle  sellers  are  called, 
generally  live  in  the  lowest  parts,  and  many  in  lodging- 
houses.    Mayhew,  London  Laboiu'  and  London  Poor,  I.  78. 

■wink-a-peep  (wingk'a-pep),  n.  [As  wink-and- 
peep.']  The  scarlet  pimpernel,  or  shepherd's 
weather-glass,  AnagalUs  arvensis:  so  named 
from  its  closing  or  winking  in  damp  weather 
and  opening  or  peeping  in  fair  weather.  By 
Bacon  called  wincopipe  (which  see).  Britten 
and  Holland.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

■winker  (wing'kfer),  M.  [<mnfcl -(--e»'l.]  l.One 
who  winks. 

Nodders,  winkers,  and  whisperers.  Pope. 

2.  One  of  the  blinders  of  a  horse ;  a  blinker. 
—  3.  An  eyelash;  also,  the  eye.  [Colloq.]-;-4. 
The  nictitating  or  winking  membrane  of  a  bird's 
eye;  the  third  eyelid. —  5.  The  winking  muscle 
(which  see,  under  wink'^,  v.). — 6.  In  an  organ, 
a  small  bellows,  compressed  by  a  spring,  at- 
tached to  the  side  of  a  wind-trunk  so  as  to  regu- 
late slight  variations  in  the  tension  of  the  air 
within.     Also  called  concussion-bellows. 

■winker-leather  (wing'k6r-leTH"6r),  n.  In  sad- 
dlery, a  glazed  piece  of  heavy  leather  which 
forrns  the  outside  of  a  winker  or  blind. 

winker-muscle  (wing'ker-mus'''l),  n.  Same  as 
winker,  5. 

■winker-plate  (wing'kfer-plat),  n.  In  saddlery, 
a  metallic  plate  which  gives  shape  and  strength 
to  a  winker  or  blinder. 

winker-strap  (wing'kfer-strap),  re.  In  saddlery, 
a  strap  which  holds  the  winkers  in  position. 
It  extends  downward  from  the  crown-piece  of  the  bridle, 
and  then  branches  off  on  either  side,  and  is  fastened  to 
the  winkers.    See  cut  under  harness. 

winking  (wing'king),  M.  [<  ME.  ivynkkynge, 
wynkynge;  verbal  n.  of  wink'^,  ».]  The  act  of 
one  who  winks:  often  used  in  the  colloquial 
phrase  like  winking  —  that  is,  very  rapidly;  very 
quickly ;  with  great  vigor. 

Nod  away  at  him,  if  you  please,  like  winking ! 

Dickens,  Great  Expectations,  xxv. 

■winkingly  (wing'king-li),  adv.     With  winking. 

If  one  beholdeth  the  light,  he  vieweth  it  winkingly,  as 

those  do  that  are  purblind.  Peacham,  On  Drawing. 

■winking-owl  (wing'king-oul),  ».  An  Austra- 
lian owl,  Xinox  connivens. 

■winkle^  (wing'kl),  «.  [<  AS.  *MJ!Hde,  in  comp. 
j>w(c-mncfaH,  periwinkles;  allied  to  wtwAl:  see 
icink^  anA  periwinkle'^.]     Same  as  periwinkle"^. 

winkle^  (wing'kl),  a.  A  dialectal  variant  of 
tcankle.     Halliicell. 

■winkle-hawk  (wing'kl-hak),  n.  [D.  winkel- 
haak,  a  rent,  tear.]  An  angular  rent  made  in 
cloth,  etc.  Bartlett.  Also  winkle-hole.  [New 
York.] 

■winkless(wingk'les),o.  [<  jcjhA'I -I- -/e««.]  Un- 
winking.    [Rare.] 

He  advanced  to  that  part  of  the  area  which  was  imme- 
diately below  where  I  was  standing,  fixed  on  me  a  wide, 
dilated,  winkless  sort  of  stare,  and  halted. 

Proc.  Soc.  Psych.  Research,  III.  94. 

winlyt  (win'li),  a.  [ME.,  also  icynnelich,  <  AS. 
wynlic,  joyous,  <  loyn,  .ioy  (see  winne),  +  -lie,  E. 
-ly^.  Ct.'winsome.']  joyous;  winsome;  pleas- 
ant; gracious;  goodly. 

Chefly  thay  asken 
Spycez,  that  vn-sparely  men  speded  hom  to  bryng, 
A  the  wynnc-lych  wyne  ther-with. 
Sir  Oawaiine  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  980. 
That  wynnclych  lorde  that  wonyes  in  heuen. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  1807. 

Winly  (win'li),  adv.     [<  ME.  wynly,  wynli ;  < 
winly,  fl.]     It.  Delightfully;  pleasantly. 
That  was  a  peiies  place  for  ani  prince  of  erthe, 
&  wynli  with  heie  wal  was  closed  al  a-boute. 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  749. 
Thane  I  went  to  that  wlonke.  and  wynly  hire  gretls. 

Jdorte  Arthure  (E.  K  T.  S.),  L  3339. 

2.  Quietly.     Halliwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


winnow 

winna  (win'a).     An  assimilated  form  of  wilna, 

Scotch  for  will  no — that  is,  will  not. 
■winnable(win'a-bl),a.   [<win^  +  -able.'\  Capa- 
ble of  being  won. 
All  the  rest  are  winnable. 

Pall  Mall  GazetU,  Feb.  18, 1888.    (Encye.  Did.) 

winnet,  «•  and  a.    I.  n.  Joy;  delight;  pleasure. 
Hit  is  min  hijte  [joy],  hit  is  mi  wiine. 
That  ich  me  draje  to  mine  cunde  [kind]. 

Owl  and  Nightingale,  1.  272. 

When  I  was  borne  Noye  named  he  me, 
And  saide  thees  wordes  with  mekill  Wynne. 

York  Plays,  p.  46. 

II.  a.  Enjoyable;  delightful. 

Ho  wayned  me  vpon  this  wyse  to  your  Wynne  halle. 

Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  2456. 

■Winnel,  Winnel-Straw  (win'el,  -stra),  n.   Same 
as  jackstraw,  5.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
■winner  (win'fer),  n.      [<  ME.  wynner;  <  win>- 
-f-  -eri.]    One  who  or  that  which  wins;  a  suc- 
cessful contestant  or  competitor. 

The  event 
Is  yet  to  name  the  winner. 

Sliak.,  Cymbeline,  iiL  5.  16. 

■winning  (win'ing),  n.  [<  ME.  wynnynge,  wyn- 
ynge;  verbal  n.  of  win^,  r.]  1.  The  act  of  one 
who  wins,  in  any  sense. 

At  the  Winning  of  Tonque  [Towqnes],  the  King  made 

eight  and  twenty  Knights,  and  from  thence  marched  with 

his  Army  to  Caen.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  172. 

If  I  am  not  worth  the  wooing,  I  surely  am  not  worth  the 

winning!  Longfellow,  Miles  Standish,  iiL 

2.  That  which  is  won;  that  which  is  gained 
by  effort,  conquest,  or  successful  competition; 
earnings;  profit;  gain  :  generally  in  the  plural. 

The  kynge  Arthur  made  be  leide  on  an  hepe  all  the  wyn- 
ynge  and  the  richesse  that  ther  was  geten. 

Merlin  (t..  E.  T.  8.),  U.  167. 

A.  .  .  gamester,  that  stakes  all  his  WTt'nmnj*  upon  every 
cast  Addison,  Freeholder,  No.  40. 

3.  In  coal-mining,  a  shaft  or  pit  which  is  being 
sunk  to  win  or  open  a  bed  of  coal ;  an  opening 
of  any  kind  by  which  coal  has  been  won ;  a  bed 
of  coal  ready  for  mining  (see  win^,  v.  t.,  9); 
sometimes,  also,  a  part  of  a  coal-mine,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  another  portion  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  a  barrier. 

The  South  Hetton  and  Great  Hetton  pits  were  also  very 
costly  difficult  winnings,  on  account  of  the  quicksand  and 
irruptions  of  water. 

Jemms,  The  Coal  Question  (2d  ed-X  p.  a& 

■winning  (win'ing),  j;).  a.  Successful  in  eon- 
tending,  competing,  attaining,  influencing,  or 
gaining  over;  hence,  especially,  taking ;  attrac- 
tive; charming. 

I  do  find 
A  winning  language  in  your  tongue  and  looks. 

Beau,  arid  Fl.,  Custom  of  the  Country,  ii.  2. 
Her  smile,  her  speech,  with  winning  sway. 
Wiled  the  old  harper's  mood  away. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  la 

■winning-headway  (■svin'ing-hed''wa),  «.  In 
coal-mining,  a  cross-heading,  or  one  driven  at 
right  angles  to  the  main  gangwavs.  [North. 
Eng.] 
winningly  (■win'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  ■winning  man- 
ner. 

Winni7igly  meek  or  venerably  calm. 

Wordsworth,  Excursion,  ii. 

■winningness  (win'ing-nes),  n.  The  property  or 
character  of  being  winning. 

Those  who  insist  on  charm,  on  winningness  in  style, 
on  subtle  harmonies  and  exquisite  suggestion,  are  disap- 
pointed in  Burke.  J.  Morley,  Burke,  p.  209. 

■winning-post  ( win ' in g-p6st ),n.    A  post  or  goal 
in  a  race-course,  the  order  of  passing  which  de- 
termines the  issue  of  the  race, 
winninish  (win'in-ish),  n.     [Amer.  Ind.]     The 
sehoodic  trout  (which  see,  under  tront^). 

Found  in  Eastern  waters  under  the  name  of  "winninish," 
"grayling,"  "sehoodic  trout." 

Tribune  Book  of  Sports,  p.  160. 

■winnock,  n.    See  windock. 

■winnow  (win'6),  v.  [<  ME.  winetcen,  tcynetcen, 
winwen,  tcindetcen,  windicen,  wyndice,<A8.  tcind- 
wian,  wyndwian,  winnow,  fan,  ventilate  (tr.  L. 
ventilare),  with  formative  -w,  <  wind,  -wind,  air: 
see  wind"^,  n.,  and  cf.  wind^,  v.  Cf.  Icel.  vinfa, 
winnow,  with  formative  -z  (s),  <  rindr,  wind 
(see  ici/irel),  and L.  ventilare,  ventilate,  <  ventits, 
vrind  (see  ventilate).]  I.  tratis.  1.  To  fan;  set 
in  motion  by  means  of  -svind ;  specifically,  to  ex- 
pose (grain)  to  a  current  of  air  in  order  to  sepa- 
rate and  drive  off  chaff,  refuse  particles,  ete. 
Ane  wuramon  .  .  .  thet  windwede  hweate. 

Ancren  Riwle,  p.  270i 

Let  wyndwe  the  Askes  in  the  Wynd. 

MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  107. 
Behold,  he  winnoweth  barley  to  night  in  the  threshing- 
floor.  Rutb  iii-  S- 


I 


winnow 

2.  To  blow  upon ;  toss  about  by  blowing. 

Sometimes  whoever  seeks  abroad  may  find 
Thee  sittinn:  careless  on  a  granary  floor, 
Thy  hair  soft-lifted  by  the  icinnmuing  wind. 

Keats,  To  Autumn. 
They  set  the  wind  to  xcinnow  pulse  and  grain. 

Emerson,  Musketaquid. 

3.  To  separate,  expel,  or  disperse  by  or  as  by 
fanning  or  blowing ;  sift  or  weed  out ;  separate 
or  distinguish,  as  one  thing  from  another. 

Bitter  torture  shall 
Winnow  the  truth  from  falsehood. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5.  134. 
Your  office  is  to  winnow  false  from  true. 

Covyper,  Hope,  1.  417. 
And  lets  the  kind  breeze,  with  its  delicate  fan, 
Winrww  the  heat  from  out  his  dank  gray  hair. 

LoweU,  Under  the  Willows. 

4.  To  set  in  motion  or  vibration;  beat  as  with 
a  fan  or  wings.     [Rare.] 

He  speeds,  and  through  the  vast  ethereal  sky 
Sails  between  worlds  and  worlds,  with  steady  wing ; 
Now  on  the  polar  winds,  then  with  quick  fan 
Winnows  the  buxom  air.  MUton,  P.  L.,  v.  270. 

5.  To  wave  to  and  fro;  flutter;  flap.     [Rare.] 

The  waken'd  lav'rock  warbling  springs. 

An'  climbs  the  early  sky, 
Winnowing  blythe  her  dewy  wings 
In  morning's  rosy  eye. 
Bums,  Now  Spring  has  Clad  the  Grove  in  Green. 

6.  To  pursue  or  accomplish  with  a  waving  or 
flapping  motion,  as  of  wings.     [Rare.] 

Aft«r  wildly  circling  about,  and  reaching  a  height  at 
which  it  (the  snipe]  appears  a  mere  speck,  where  it  winnmcs 
a  random  zigzag  course,  it  abruptly  shoots  downwards  and 
aslant,  and  then  as  abruptly  stops  to  regain  its  former  ele- 
vation, and  this  process  it  repeats  many  times. 

A.  Newton,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  200. 

7.  Figuratively,  to  subject  to  a  process  analo- 
gous to  the  winnowing  of  ^rain;  separate  into 
parts  according  to  kind;  sift;  analyze  or  scru- 
tinize carefully ;  examine;  test. 

It  being  a  matter  very  strange  and  incredible  that  one 
which  with  bo  great  diligence  had  tcinnmced  his  adver- 
saries' writings  should  be  ignorant  of  their  minds. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  vi.  6. 

Emp.  All  may  be  foes ;  or  how  to  be  distinguished. 
If  some  be  friends? 

Bend.  They  may  with  ease  be  teinnow'd. 

I>ryden,  Don  Sebastian,  IL  1. 

H,  intrans.  1.  To  free  grain  or  the  like  from 
chaff  or  refuse  matter  by  means  of  wind. 

Winnow  not  with  every  wind.  Ecclus.  v.  9. 

Some  innnow,  some  fan, 
Some  cast  that  can 
In  casting  provide, 
For  seed  lay  aside. 
Tusser,  Husbandry,  November's  Abstract. 

2.  To  move  about  with  a  flapping  motion,  as 
of  wings ;  flutter. 

Their  (owls']  ghostly  shapes  xeinnowing  silently  around 
in  the  twilight. 

Mrs.  C.  Meredith,  My  Uouse  in  Tasmania,  p.  356. 

winnow  (win'6),  n.  [<  irinnow^  r.]  That  which 
winnows  or  which  is  used  in  win  no  wing ;  a  con- 
trivance for  fanning  or  winnowing  grain. 

How  solemnly  the  pendent  ivy-mass 

Swings  in  its  winnow!     Coleridge,  The  Picture. 

They  (leaves  of  the  Palmyra  palm]  are  largely  employed 

for  making  pans,  bags,  winnows,  hats,  umbrellas,  and  for 

thatching,  etc.  Sci.  Amer.,  N.  a,  LXII.  374. 

winnower  (win'o-6r),  «.  [<  ME.  winewei-ey 
windwcrcy  windewere ;  <  winnow  +  -cri.]  One 
who  winnows;  also,  an  apparatus  for  winnow- 
ing. 

As,  in  sacred  floors  of  bams,  upon  com-tnnnow'rs  flies 
The  chaff,  driv'n  with  an  opposite  wind. 

Chapman,  Iliad,  v.  497. 

Threshing  machines  are  popular  here,  because  the  grain 
does  not  have  to  run  through  a  winnower. 

The  Engineer,  LXX.  472. 

winno wing-basket  (win'o-ing-bas'ket),  n.  In 
her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  large  flat  basket 
of  peculiar  form  with  two  handles. 

winnowing-fan  (win'o-ing-fan),  w.  In  her., 
same  as  winnowing-basket. 

winnowing-macbine  (win'o-ing-ma-shen*),  n. 
A  machine  for  cleaning  grain  by  tlie  action  of 
riddles  and  sieves  and  an  air-blast;  a  fanning- 
raachine  or  fanning-mill.  See  cut  under  fan- 
ninff'tnill. 

winnow-sheet  (win'6-shet),  n.  [Also  dial. 
wim-sheet;  <  ME.  icynwe-schete ;  <  winnow  + 
sheeLl  A  sheet  used  or  intended  for  use  in 
winnowing.     [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.] 

His  wljf  walked  him  with  alongegode. 

In  a  cutted  cote  cutted  full  heyge, 

Wrapped  in  a  wvnwe  schete  to  weren  hire  fro  weders. 

Piers  Plowman's  Crede  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  43.5. 

Winrow,  w.     See  windrow. 
winsey,  n.    Same  as  wincey. 


6943 

Winslow's  foramen.  See  foramen  of  Winslmvj 
under  foramen, 

Winslow's  ligament.  See  ligament  of  Wins- 
low,  under  ligament. 

winsome  (win'sum),  a.  [<  ME.  winsome,  win- 
som,  wynsum,  wunsmn,  <  AS.  xcynsum  (=  OS. 
wunsam  =  OHG.  wunnisam,  wunnosam,  MHG. 
xcunnesam),  joyful,  delightful,  <  wyn^  joy  (see 
winne),  +  -smn  =  E.  -some.']  1.  That  gives  or 
is  fitted  to  give  joy,  delight,  or  satisfaction; 
delightful;  pleasing,  agreeable,  or  attractive; 
charming;  winning;  sweet. 

Busk  ye,  busk  ye,  my  bonny  bonny  bride. 
Busk  ye,  busk  ye,  my  winsome  marrow. 
The  Braes  of  Yarrow  (Percy's  Reliques,  11.  iii.  24). 
We  almost  see  his  leonine  face  and  lifted  brow,  .  .  . 
the  clear  gray  eye,  and  ineffably  sweet  and  winsome  smile. 
Stedman,  Vict.  Poets,  p.  58. 
2t.  Kindly;  gracious. 

And  nil  forgete  alle  his  foryheldinges, 
That  tcinsnm  es  to  alle  thine  wickenesses. 
Early  Eng.  Psalter  (ed.  Stevenson),  cii.  [A.  V.  ciii.  3]. 

3.  Joyful;  cheerful;  merry;  lively;  gay. 

I  gat  your  letter,  toinsome  Willie. 

Bums,  To  W.  Simpson. 

winsomely  (win'sum-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  *winsom- 
ly,  <  AS.  wynsumlice ;  as  winsome  +  -ly^.}  In  a 
winsome  manner. 

O  Jock,  sae  winsomely  's  ye  ride, 
Wi'  baith  your  feet  upo'  ae  side ! 

Jock  o'  the  Side  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  86). 

winsomeness  (win'sum-nes),  n.  The  property 
or  character  of  being  winsome;  attractiveness ; 
loveliness.     J.  li.  Green.     {Imp,  Diet.) 

winter^  ( win't^r),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  winter,  tcyn- 
ter,  <  AS.  winter  (pi.  winter  or  wintru),  winter, 
also  a  year,  =  OS.  wintar  =  OFries.  D.  LG.  win- 
ter =  OHG.  icintar,  MHG.  G.  winter  =  Icel.  vettVj 
vittr  (for  *vintr),  mod.  vetr  =  Sw.  Dan.  vinter 
=  Goth,  wintrus,  winter,  year;  ulterior  origin 
doubtful.  The  supposed  connection  with  wind 
(as  if  winter  were  the  *  windy  se%son')  is  pho- 
netically improbable.  Some  suggest  a  connec- 
tion with  Olr.  Jind,  white,  Old  Gaulish  Vindo- 
in  several  proper  names.]  I,  »•  1.  The  cold 
season  of  the  year.  Astronomically  winter  is  reckoned 
to  b^in  in  northern  latitudes  when  the  sun  enters  Capri- 
corn, or  at  the  solstice  (about  December  21st),  and  to  end 
at  the  equinox  in  March ;  but  in  ordinary  speech  winter 
comprises  the  three  coldest  months— December,  January, 
and  February  being  reckoned  the  winter  months  in  the 
United  States,  and  November,  I>ecember,  and  January  in 
Great  Britain.  In  southern  latitudes  winter  corresponds 
to  the  northern  summer.     See  season. 

As  an  hosebonde  hopeth  after  an  hard  w^ter, 
¥f  god  gyueth  hym  the  lif,  to  haue  a  good  heruest. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xiii.  196. 

Lo,  the  winter  is  past,  the  rain  is  over  and  gone;  the 
flowers  appear  on  the  earth  ;  the  time  of  the  singing  of 
birds  is  come.  Cant.  ii.  11. 

2.  A  year:  now  chiefly  poetical,  with  implica- 
tion of  a  hard  year  or  of  frosty  age. 

I  trowe  of  thritty  wynter  he  was  oold. 

Chaucer,  Shipraan's  Tale,  1.  26. 
And  there  I  saw  mage  Merlin,  whose  vast  wit 
And  hundred  vjinters  are  but  as  the  hands 
Of  loytd  vassals  toiling  for  their  liege. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

3.  Figuratively,  a  period  analogous  to  the  win- 
ter of  the  year;  a  season  of  inertia  or  suspend- 
ed activity,  or  of  cheerlessness,  dreariness,  or 
adversity. 

Now  is  the  winter  of  our  discontent 

Made  glorious  summer  by  this  sun  of  York. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  1.  1. 

The  winter  of  sorrow  best  shows 
The  truth  of  a  friend  such  as  you. 

Cowper,  Winter  Nosegay. 

4.  The  last  portion  of  corn  brought  home  at 
the  end  of  harvest;  or,  the  state  of  affairs  when 
all  the  grain  on  a  farm  is  reaped  and  brought  un- 
der cover;  also,  the  rural  feast  held  in  celebra- 
tion of  the  ingathering  of  the  crops.    [Scotch.] 

For  now  the  maiden  has  been  win, 
And  Winter  is  at  last  brought  In  ; 
And  syne  they  dance  and  had  the  kirn. 

The  Ilar'st  Big,  st.  136.     (Jamieson.) 

H,  a.  Occurring  in,  characteristic  of,  or  per- 
taining to  winter;  wintry. 

Youth  like  summer  mom,  age  like  winter  weather. 

Shak.,  Passionate  Pilgrim,  1.  159. 
On  a  sudden,  lo  !  the  level  lake. 
And  the  long  glories  of  the  winter  moon. 

Tennyson,  Passing  of  Arthur. 

Lime-tree  winter  moth,  an  American  geometrid  moth, 
Hybemia  tiliaria,  which  greatly  resembles  in  habit  the 
European  winter  moth,  and  is  an  occasional  enemy  to  or- 
chards in  the  United  States,  although  more  commonly 
found  on  Iniden  and  elm.  T  W.  //a rrw.— Winter  aconite. 
Seeacom7«,and  cut  under /,'m(((Ai«.— winter  apple,  bar- 
ley. See  the  nouns. — Winter  assizes,  in  B?ig.  law,  any 
court  of  assize,  sessions  of  oyer  and  terminer,  or  jail-deliv- 
ery held  in  November,  December,  or  January.     The  Win- 


winterberry 

ter  Assizes  Act,  187C  (39  and  40  Vict.,  c.  57),  allows  orders 
In  council  combining  several  counties  for  speedy  trial  of 
prisoners  at  winter  assizes.— Winter  beer.  See  Schenk 
beer,  under  6eeri.— Winter  bud.  Same  as  statohlast.— 
Winter  chip-bird,  the  tree-sparrow,  Spizella  monticola, 
which  comes  into  the  Fnited  States  in  the  fall,  about  the 
time  the  common  chip-bird  leaves.  See  tree-sparrow,  2. 
—Winter  cholera,  a  form  of  diarrhea  occurring  during 
the  winter  months  as  an  epidemic,  due  probably  to  im- 
purities in  the  drinking-water:  an  occasional  name. — 
Winter  cough,  chronic  bronchitis  in  which  the  cough  ap- 
pears with  the  first  frosty  weather  in  the  autumn  and  con- 
tinues as  long  as  tlie  cold  weather  lasts. —Winter  cress. 
See  wijiter-cress.—'WiiiteT  crop.  See  crop.— Winter 
daffodil.  See  ^ni6«r(7ia.— Winter  duck,  (a)  The  pin- 
tail or  sprigtail  duck,  Dafila  acuta.  Montagu.  [British.] 
(6)  Specifically,  Harelda  glacialis,  in  various  parts  of  the 
United  States.  See  cut  under  //areWa.— Winter  falcon. 
See  /alco7i.— Winter  fallow,  ground  that  is  fallowed  in 
winter.—  Winter  fat.  Same  as  white  sage  (a)  (which  see, 
under  sage^).— Winter  fever,  a  fever,  probably  typhoid 
(though  there  was  dispute  as  to  its  nature),  which  was  prev- 
alent in  some  of  the  then  western  States  of  the  Union  in  the 
winter  of  1842-  3.— Winter  goose.  See  goose.— Winter 
gull,  a  gull  which  appears  in  winter  in  a  given  locality,  as 
the  common  gull,  Larus  canus,  in  England,  or  the  herring- 
gull  in  the  United  States.  See  cuts  under  (7«W  and  herring- 
gull.  Also  tointer-bomiet,  tcinter  meiv.  See  kiUiwake  (with 
cut).— Winter  hawk,  the  red-shouldered  buzzard,  Buteo 
lineatus,  common  all  the  year  in  many  parts  of  the  United 
States  :  a  name  due  to  the  fact  that  the  young  of  this  bird 
was  formerly  taken  as  a  different  species,  known  as  the 
winter  falcon,  Falco  (or  Buteo)  hiemalis. —  Winter  helio- 
trope. See  lieliotrope.— Winter  hellebore.  See  helle- 
bore, 2.— Winter  hematuria,  the  passage  of  bloody  urine 
occurring  in  the  winter  months,  and  apparently  as  tlie 
result  of  cold.— Winter  itch,  a  very  annoying  pruritus, 
chiefly  of  the  lower  extremities,  occurring  during  the  win- 
ter months.- Winter  mew.  Same  as  vxinter  guU.  See 
cut  under  gull.  [British.]  — Winter  moth.  (a)  A  Euro- 
pean geometrid  moth,  Cheimatobia  brumata,  whose  larva 
feeds  on  the  buds  and  foliage  of  plum-,  cherry-,  apple-, 
and  other  fruit-trees.  The  female  is  wingless,  and  lays 
her  eggs  on  the  twigs  in  autumn.  The  larvre  hatch  in 
early  spring,  and  often  do  great  damage  in  England  and 
the  more  northern  European  countries.  The  species  also 
occurs  in  Greenland.  (6)  See  lime-tree  winter  moth,  above, 
—Winter  near.  See  peari.— Winter  pond,  a  protected 
pond  used  to  keep  fish,  as  carp,  from  perishing  in  severe 
weather.— Winter  quarters,  queening,  rape.  See 
quarter'^,  etc.— Winter  redbird,  the  cardinal  grosbeak, 
which  winters  in  the  United  States  where  other  redl>ird8 
(tanagers)  do  not.  (See  cut  under  Cardinalis.)  The  an- 
tithesis is  summer  redbird  {Piranga  fls^ira).— Winter 
rocket.  See  t/eWow-rocA-e(.— winter  savory,  ^gq  savory. 
— Winter  shad.  Same  as  mud-shad. —Winter  sleep,  the 
hibernation  or  torpidity  of  an  animal  during  cold  weather. 

—  Winter  snipe.  See  mipeK-- Winter  solstice.  See 
solstice,  1.  — Winter  teal,  the  American  teal.     See  (caH. 

—  Winter  wagtail,  the  gray  wagtail,  Motacilla  boariUa. 
Montagu^  [British.]— Winter  Wheat.  See  M'A<7a(.— Win- 
ter wren.  Troglodytes  hiemali".  See  iiren,  and  cut  un- 
der TrofHodytes. 

winter^  (uin'ter),  V.  [<  ME.  wynteren,  icyntren 
=  D.  winteren,  be  or  become  winter;  from  the 
noun.]  1.  intrans.  To  spend  or  pass  the  win- 
ter; take  winter  quarters;  hiemate;  hibernate. 

And  whan  the  hauene  was  not  able  for  to  dwelle  in  wyn- 
ter, ful  manye  ordeyneden  counseil  for  to  .  .  .  wynteme 
in  the  hauene  of  Crete.  Wyclif,  Acts  xxvii.  12. 

After  many  dreadfull  combates  with  the  ice,  and  one  of 
the  shippes  departing  from  the  other,  they  were  forced  to 
winter  in  Nona  Zemla.  Purcha^,  Pilgrimage,  p.  434. 

I  went  to  London  with  my  family  to  winter  at  Soho,  in 
the  great  square.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Nov.  27,  1689. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  overtake  with  winter;  de- 
tain during  winter.     [R.are.] 

They  sayled  to  the  49.  degree  and  a  halfe  vnderthe  pole 
Antartyke  ;  where  beinge  unentered,  they  were  inforced  to 
remayne  there  for  the  space  of  two  monethes. 
B.  Eden,  tr.  of  Antonio  Pigafetta  (First  Books  on  Amer- 
[ica,  ed.  Arber,  p.  251). 

2.  To  keep,  feed,  or  manage  during  the  win- 
ter: as,  delicate  plants  must  be  wintered  under 
cover. 

Is  there  no  keeping 
A  wife  to  one  man's  use?  no  wintering 
These  cattel  without  straying? 

Fletcher,  Woman's  Prize,  iii.  3. 

3.  To  retain  during  a  winter.     [Rare.] 
To  winter  an  opinion  is  too  tedious. 

Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  III.  5. 

winter^  (win'ter),  n.  [Origin  obscure;  prob. 
ult.  connected  with  icindle  and  wind'^.']  1+.  The 
part  of  the  old-style  hand  printing-press  which 
sustained  the  carriage. — 2.  An  implement  made 
to  hang  on  the  front  of  a  grate,  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  warm  a  tea-kettle  or  the  like.  Imp.  Diet. 

winter-Deaten  (win't^r-be^'^tn),  a.  Oppressed 
or  exhausted  by  the  severity  of  winter. 

He  compareth  his  carefuU  case  to  the  sadde  season  of 
the  yeare,  to  the  frostie  ground,  to  the  fiosen  trees,  and 
to  his  owne  winter-beaten  flocke. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  Januaiy,  Arg. 

winterberry  (win'ter-ber^''i),  «.;  \A.  winterber- 
ries  (-iz).  A  name  of  several  shrubs  of  the  ge- 
nus//ex,  belonging  to  the  section  (once  genus) 
Prinos,  growing  in  eastern  North  America.  The 
winterberry  especially  so  named  is  /.  verticillata,  other- 
wise called  black  alder,  aonietimcs  distinguisheil  as  Uir- 
ginia  winterberry.  It  bears  deciduous  leaves,  and  small 
white  flowers  in  sessile  clusters,  followed  by  abundant 
shining  scarlet  berries  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  which  remain 


winterberry 

after  the  fall  of  the  leaves,  rendering  the  bush  very  at- 
tractive. The  bark  is  regarded  as  tonic  and  astringent, 
has  been  recommended  for  fevers,  etc.,  and  is  a  popular 
remedy  for  gangrene  and  ulcers.  /.  Ixvigata,  the  smooth 
winterbeiTy,  has  larger,  mostly  solitary,  earlier  ripening 
berries.    /.  glabra,  the  inkberry,  belongs  to  this  group. 

winter-bloom  (win'ter-blom),  n.  The  witch- 
hazel,  HamameUs  Virginiana.  It  blossoms  late 
in  the  fall  and  matures  its  fruit  the  next  season. 

winter-bonnet  (win't^r-bon"et),  «.  Same  as 
u-inter  gidl  (which  see,  under  winter^).  [Local, 
British.] 

winter-bound  (win  'ter-bound),  a.    Imprisoned, 
confined,  detained,  or  hindered  by  winter. 
As  the  wretch  looks  o'er  Siberia's  shore,  ■ 
When  winUr-bound  the  wave  is. 

Burns,  Lovely  Davies. 

winterbourn,  winterboume  (win't^-r-born), «. 
See  nailbonrne. 

The  springs  and  intermittent  winter-bournes  which  rise 
suddenly  at  certain  seasons  in  the  chalk-districts  were 
thought  to  be  harbingers  of  pestilence  and  famine. 

C.  Elton,  Origins  of  Eng.  Hist,  x. 

■winter-cherry  (win'ter-cher'^i),  n.  1.  See  al- 
l-ekeiigi  and  strawberry-tomato. —  2.  See  Sola- 
tium.—  3.  Same  as  heartseed. 

winter-clad  (win'ter-klad),  a.  Clothed  for  win- 
ter; warmly  clad. 

Tattoo'd  or  woaded,  winter-clad  in  skins, 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

winter-clover  (win'ter-kl6"v6r),  n.  The  par- 
tridge-berry, MitcJiella  repens. 

■winter-crack  (win't6r-krak),  n.  A  small  green 
plum  with  late-ripening  fruit. 

■winter-cress  (win'tfer-kres),  n.  A  cruciferous 
plant,  either  Barharea  vulgaris  or  B.  prsecox, 
both  formerly  (and  the  latter  still  sparingly) 
cultivated  for  winter  salad.  Both  are  Old  'World 
plants,  and  the  former  is  very  common  in  North  America, 
though  indigenous  only  in  the  north  and  west.  This  is 
a  stoutish  weed  with  bright-green  lyrate  leaves  and  con- 
spicuous yellow  racemes,  also  called  yellmv  rocket,  and 
sometimes  (to  distinguish  it  from  the  water-cress)  land- 
cress.  The  latter,  the  early  winter-cress  (which  may  be  a 
variety  of  the  former),  is  cultivated  and  sometimes  spon- 
taneous in  southern  parts  of  the  United  States,  there 
called  scurvy-grass. 

■wintered  (-mn'terd),  a.  [<  ME.  'wintered,  witi- 
fred,  <  AS.  gewintrad  (?);  as  winter'^  +  -ed^.'] 

1.  Having  seen  or  endured  (many)  winters. 

&  jho  wass  tha  swa  urinntredd  wif 

<fe  off  swa  mikell  elde.    Ormulum,  1.  453. 
The  hoary  fell 
And  mAvty-winter'd  fleece  of  throat  and  chin. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

2.  Exposed  to  winter,  especially  in  a  figurative 
sense ;  tried  by  adversity  or  sorrow. 

Their  moral  nature  especially  wants  the  true  frigoriflc 
tension  of  a  well  wintered  life  and  experience. 

H.  Bushnell,  Moral  Uses  of  Dark  Things,  ix. 

3f.  Pertaining  to  or  suitable  for  winter;  worn 
in  winter. 

Wirdred  garments  must  be  linde. 
Shah.,  As  you  Like  it  (fol,  1623),  iii.  2.  HI  (song). 

winterer  (win'ter-er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
passes  the  winter  in  a  specified  place  or  man- 
ner ;  specifically,  an  ox  or  cow  kept  to  feed  in 
a  particular  place  during  winter.     Jamieson. 

Luxuries  denied  to  the  uint^er  on  board  ship. 

Athensmn,  >'o.  3045,  p.  319. 

■winter-flower  (win'ter-flou''''er),  «.    See  Chimo- 

nitnthus. 
■wintergreen  (ivin'ter-gren),  «.     [=  D.  winter- 

groen  :  so  called  as  keeping  green  through  the 

winter;  s,s  winter'^  +  green.'^    1.  A  plant  of  the 

genus  Pyrola, 

especially    P. 

minor,         the 

common  spe- 
cies in  Eng- 
land,     where 

the    name    is 

chiefly      thus 

applied.        P. 

rotundifoUa  is 

sometimes 

distinguished 

as     false      or 

pear-leafed 

wintergreen. — 

2.     A     plant 

of   the   genus 

Gaultheria, 

chiefly  G.  pro- 

cmnheiis,     the 

aromatic  ■win- 
tergreen      of 

eastern  North 

America.     This     Flr,wering  Plai>t  of  wintergreen  (fiau^/A^n. 
is  a  little  under-  procumdens).    a,  the  fruit. 


6944 


Winze 


shrub  with  extensively  creeping,  usually  hidden,  stems,  winter-proudt  (win'ter-proud),  a.  Too  green 
and  ascending  branches  which  bear  eveijtreen  leaves,  jj,j,i  luxuriant  or  too  forward  in  growth  in  win- 
small  white  nodding  flowers,  and  scarlet  berries  which  .  „„,^i:„/i  t„  „,i,„„f  „„  t\,a  liVo 
consist  of  an  enlai^ed  fleshy  calyx  surrounding  the  cap-  ter :  applied  to  wheat  or  the  like, 
sule.  The  leaves  afford  wintergreen-oil  (which  see),  and  "When  either  corne  is  wint£r-prowd,  or  other  plants  put 
have  also  been  used  as  a  tea,  whence  the  name  tea-berry  forth  and  bud  too  earely,  by  reason  of  the  milde  and  warme 
and  mountain-tea.  The  berries  are  mildly  aromatic.   New  aire.                                         ffottaTwf,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xviL  2. 

England  names  are  <;A«*er!«rr!/ and  par(rid</<'-6frn/(both,   :„*.„_  _i„ /,„;„»(.a,  ,;„n  .,   t     r/ „.,„(«^1  4- w„l 

especially  the  latter,  shaied  with  .WtcheUa  repem\  and  Wintcr-rig  (win  ter-r  g),  V.  t.    l<wtnterl  +  rtg], 

boxberry.    Other  names  are  deerberry,  groundberry,  hill-  a  ridge.]     To  plow  (land)  in  ridges  and  let  It 

berry,  spieeberry,  creeping  mnteryreen,  and  spring  winter-  \\g  fallow  in  ■winter.     [Local,  Great  Britain.] 

green.  'Winter's  bark     See  bark^ 

3.  A  plant  of  the  genus  CT»wai)Wta,  especially  winter-settle  (win'ter-sef'l),  n.     [A  modem- 

ized  form  of  AS.  wmtersetl,  winter  seat,  win- 


C.  viaculata.  See  Spotted  wintergreen,  below.— 
American,  aromatic  ■wintergreen.  Seedef.  2.— C!hlck- 
weed  wintergreen.  See  Trientolis. — Creeping  ■win- 
tergreen. Seedef.  2.— False  wintergreen.  Seedef.  1.— 
Flowering  ■vrintergreen.  See  I'olygala.—'Peax-lea.tei 
•wintergreen.  See  def.  l.— Spotted  wintergreen,  a 
congener  of  the  pipsissewa,  Chimaphila  mGcviata,  having 
spotted  leaves.— Spring  wintergreen.  See  def.  2. 
'Win'tergreen-oil  (win'ter-gren-oil),  n.  A  heavy 
volatile  oil  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  aro- 
matic wintergreen  (see  wintergreen,  2).  It  is  _ 
medicinally  an  aromatic  stimulant  with  an  astringent  'winter-tide   (win'tfer-tid),  n 


property;  its  chief  use,  however,  is  in  flavoring  confec- 
tionery, medicated  syrups,  etc.  Ofllcinally  oil  of  gaul- 
theria. 
'Winter-ground  (win'ter-ground),  V.  t.  To  cover 
over  so  as  to  preserve  from  the  eflfeots  of  frost 
during  winter:  as,  to  winter-ground  the  roots  of 
a  plant. 

The  ruddock  would 
With  charitable  bill  .  .  .  bring  thee  all  this ; 
Yea,  and  furr'd  moss  besides,  when  flowers  are  none, 
To  winter-ground  thy  corse. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2.  229. 

'Winter-hallt,  «.  [<  ME.  wyntyr-halle,  wyntir- 
haide;  <  winter^  +  hall.']  A  hall  used  especially 
in  winter. 

The  utmost  Chambur  nexte  Winter  Halle. 

Fasten  Letters,  I.  486. 


ter  quarters,  <  winter,  winter,  -1-  sell,  seat:  see 
settk^.l  A  winter  seat  or  dwelling;  winter 
quarters:  a  term  belonging  to  the  early  history 
of  England. 

In  874  the  heathen  men  took  their  vdnter-settle  in  Linde- 
sey  at  Torkesey.  The  next  year  we  read  how  they  passed 
from  Lindesey  to  Eepton,  and  took  winter-settle  there. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Eng.  Towns  and  Districts,  p.  204. 

[<  ME.  winter- 


tid,  wyntertyde  (=  D.  wintertijd  =  MHG.  winter- 
zit,  G.  winterzeit  =  Icel.  vetrartith  =  Dan.  vinter- 
tid),  winter-tide ;  <  winter^  +  tide^, ».]  The  win- 
ter season ;  winter.     [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

In  "Wales  it  is  fulle  strong  to  werre  in  wynter  tyde. 
For  wynter  is  ther  long,  whan  Somer  is  here  in  pride. 
Rob.  of  Brunne,  p.  240. 
Fruits 
Which  in  vrintertide  shall  star 
The  black  earth  with  brilliance  rare. 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory. 

'Win'terweed  (win't6r-wed),  n.  A  name  of  va- 
rious weeds  that  survive  and  flourish  through 
the  winter,  especially  the  ivy-leafed  speedwell, 
Veronica  hederxfolia. 

■wintery  (win'ter-i),  a.     See  wintry. 


■yntir  haule,  hibernium,  hibemaculum,  hiemacu-  ■wintle  (win'tl),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wJntted,  ppr. 
Cath.  Ang.,p.  i20.     wintling.     [Var.  of  icent/e.]     To  twist ;  writhe ; 
roll;  reel;  stagger.     [Scotch.] 

Tho'  now  ye  dow  but  hoyt  an'  hobble. 
An'  unntle  like  a  saumont-coble. 

Burns,  Farmer's  Salutation  to  his  Aold  Mare. 

wintle  (win'tl),  «.  [<  wintle,  r.]  A  rolling  or 
reeling  motion ;  a  stagger.  Also,  erroneously, 
ivhintle.     [Scotch.] 

He  by  his  shouther  gae  a  keek, 
And  tumbl'd  wi'  a  whintle 

Out-owre  that  night. 

Bums,  Halloween. 


A  1 
lum. 
winter-houset,  "•  [<  ME.  wyntyr-howsc ;  <  winter'^ 
-\-  house^.']     A  house  used  especially  in  winter. 

Wyntyr  houm  or  halle  .  .  .  Hibemaculum. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  630. 

■winteridge  (win'ter-ij),  n.  [For  *tvinterage,  < 
winter'^  +  -age.]  Winter  food  for  cattle.  Ual- 
liwell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

'Wintering  (win'ter-ing),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  win- 
ter^, v.]  1.  The  act  of  one  who  or  that  which 
winters  in  a  specified  place  or  manner. 

If  God  so  prosper  your  voyage  that  you  may  ...  obtaine  __.    .    .  m,      m  ».  t  ia 

from  him  [the  Prince  of  Cathly]  his  letters  of  priuiledge  Wintncll's  Change  Of  tone.    In  music,  an  alter 


against  the  next  yeeres  spring,  you  may  then  .  .  .  search 
and  discouer  somewhat  further  then  you  had  discouered 
before  your  wintering.  Hakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  434. 

2.  Provision  of  fodder,  shelter,  etc.,  for  cattle 
during  winter. 

Young  lean  cattle  may  by  their  growth  pay  for  their 
wintering,  and  so  be  ready  to  fat  next  summer. 

Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

'Win'terisb  (win'tfer-ish),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
wyntcrysshc ;  <  winter'^-  +  -ishK]  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  winter;  wintry. 

WyrUerysshe,  belonging  to  the  wynter. 

Palsgrave,  p.  329. 

winter-kill  (win'ter-kil),  r.  t.  [A  back-forma- 
tion, <  icinter-killed.']  To  kill  by  cold  in  winter: 
as,  to  winter-kill  wheat  or  clover.     [U.  S.] 

'Winter-killed  (-win'ter-kild),  p.  a.  Killed  by  the 
cold  of  winter,  as  wheat ;  impaired  in  flavor  or 
condition  by  cold  or  ice,  as  oysters ;  blasted  by 
cold  weather,  as  a  plant.     [U.  S.] 

'winterless  (win'ter-les),  a.    [<  winter'^  +  -less.) 
Free  from  or  unaffected  by  winter;  not  experi- 
encing •winter. 
The  sunny,  delicious,  winterless  Califontia  sky. 

The  Century,  XXVI.  200. 

■winter-lodge  (win'ter-lo.i),  «.  In  bot.,  the  hi- 
bernaele  of  a  plant,  which  protects  the  embryo 
or  future  shoot  from  injury  during  the  winter. 
It  is  either  a  bud  or  a  bulb.  Also  trintcr-lodg- 
ment. 

•winter-lovet  (•win'tfer-luv),  n.  Cold,  insincere, 
or  conventional  love  or  love-making.  [Rare.] 
What  a  deal  of  cold  business  doth  a  man  misspend  the 
better  pai't  of  life  in !  in  scattering  compliments,  tender- 
ing visits, .  . .  making  a  little  winter-love  in  a  dark  corner. 
B.  Jonson,  Discoveries. 

winterly  (win'ter-li),  a.  [=  G.  winterlich  =  Icel. 
refrligr  =  Sw.  Dan.  vinterlig ;  <  winter'^  +  -1;/'^.] 
Resembling  winter;  characteristic  of  or  appro- 
priate to  winter ;  wintry ;  cold  and  bleak ;  cheer- 
less. 

If 't  be  summer  news. 
Smile  to  't  before  ;  if  winterly,  thou  need'st 
But  keep  that  countenance  still. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  iii.  4.  13. 
Francis  the  First  of  France  was  one  winterly  night 
warming  himself  over  the  embers  of  a  wood  Are. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iv.  21. 


ation  in  pitch  of  the  percussion-note  obtained 
from  a  cavity  upon  the  opening  of  the  mouth: 
the  note  becomes  louder,  higher,  and  more  tym- 
panitic in  character. 

'Wintriness  (win'tri-nes),  «.  The  character  of 
being  wintry:  as,  the  wintriness  of  the  climate 
or  the  season. 

wintroust  (win'trus),  a.  [<  xcinter^  -t-  -oug.'] 
Wintry;  stormy. 

The  more  wintrous  the  season  of  the  life  hath  been,  look 
for  the  fairer  summer  of  pleasures  for  evermore.     Z.  Boyd. 

•wintry  (win'tri),  a.  [Also  wintery  ;  <  ME.  *»ct«- 
try,  <  AS.  wiutrig,  wintreg  (cf.  G.  wintericht) ;  as 
ivinter^  +  -yi.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  winter; 
occurring  in  winter ;  peculiar  or  appropriate  to 
the  cold  season  of  the  year;  cold  and  stormy. 

Ere  the  clouds  gather,  and  the  wint'ry  sky 
Descends  in  storms  to  intercept  our  passage. 

Bowe,  ,Tane  Shore,  ii. 

Great  ice-crystals  .  .  .  gave  the  vessel  a  wintery  ap- 
pearance. C.  F.  Hall,  Polar  Expedition,  1876,  p.  415. 

2.  Figuratively,  cool ;  chilly ;  frosty. 

She  could  even  smile  — a  faint,  sweet,  wintery  smile. 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  Cranford,  ii. 

'winy  (wi'ni),  «.  [<«•!«<; -t-  -yl.]  Characteris- 
tic of  or  peculiar  to  wine;  resembling  wine; 
pertaining  to  or  influenced  by  wine;  'vinous. 
Also  wincy. 

But,  being  once  well  chafed  with  wine,  .  .  .  there  was 
no  matter  their  ears  had  ever  heard  of  that  grew  not  to 
be  a  subject  of  their  winie  conference. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  iL 

They  are  much  like  such  Grapes  as  grow  on  our  'Vines, 
both  ill  shape  and  colour ;  and  they  are  of  a  very  pleasant 
n'iny  taste.  Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  392. 

winzel  (winz),  n.  [Prob.  <  'winze,  v.,  winnow, 
Icel.  rinza,  winnow,  <  rindr,  wind :  see  win<p, 
and  cf.  winnow.]  In  mining,  a  vertical  or  in- 
clined excavation  which  is  like  a  shaft  except 
that  it  does  not  rise  to  the  surface.  The  winze 
usually  connects  one  level  with  another,  for  the  purpose 
of  promoting  the  ventilation  of  that  part  of  the  workings 
near  to  which  it  is.  Winzes  also,  to  a  certain  extent,  serve 
the  purpose  of  mills  or  passes,  since  the  stoping  is  often 
begun  from  them,  and  some  time  must  necessarily  elapse 
before  a  regular  mill  can  be  formed  in  the  deads. 

'Winze'-^  (winz).  «.  [Ult.  identical  with  wish, 
prob.  through   D.  rencenschen,  curse,  G.  ver- 


vdnze 

wunseht,  accursed :  see  xHsh,  ».]  A  curse  or 
imprecation.     [Scotch.] 

He  .  .  .  loot  a  winze,  an"  drew  a  stroke, 
Till  skin  in  blypes  cam  haurlin' 

Atf  's  nieves  that  night.    Burm,  Halloween. 

winze*  (winz),  «.     A  corrupt  form  of  winch'^. 

E.  H.  Knight. 
wipel  (wip),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wiped,  ppr.  wip- 
ing. [<  ME.  wipen,  wypen,  <  AS.  wipiaii,  wipe, 
rub,  <  'wip,  a  wisp  of  straw  (=  LG.  wiep,  a  wisp 
of  straw,  a  rag  to  wipe  anything  with) ;  ef.  wisj) 
(a  prob.  extension  of  *«;i;)).]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
rub  or  stroke  with  or  on  something,  especially 
a  soft  cloth,  for  cleaning;  clean  or  dry  by  gen- 
tly rubbing,  as  with  a  towel. 

Horn  gan  his  swerd  gripe, 
And  on  his  arme  tvype. 

Kiwj  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  18. 
Sche  whypyth  his  face  with  her  kerchy. 

Coventry  Mygteries,  p.  318. 

The  large  Fra  Angelico  in  the  Academy  is  as  clear  and 

keen  as  if  the  good  old  monk  were  standing  there  wiping 

his  brushes.  H.  Jatnes,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  274. 

2.  To  remove  by  or  as  bj'  gently  rubbing  with 
or  on  something,  especially  a  cloth;  hence, 
with  away,  off,  or  out,  to  remove,  efface,  or 
obliterate. 

God  shall  wipe  away  all  tears  from  their  eyes. 

Rev.  Mi.  4. 
Sword,  I  will  Iiallow  thee  for  this  thy  deed,  .  .  . 
Ne'er  shall  this  blood  be  wiped  from  thy  point. 

Shai.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  10.  74. 
Why,  then,  should  I  now,  now  when  glorious  peace 
Triumphs  in  change  of  pleasures,  be  vnp'd  of. 
Like  a  useless  moth,  from  courtly  ease? 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  i.  1. 
Oh,  thou  has  nam'd  a  word  that  wipes  away 
All  thoughts  revengeful. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  ii.  1. 

Yet  here  hee  smoothly  seeks  to  wipe  off  all  the  envy 

of  his  evill  Government  upon  his  Substitutes  and  under 

Officers.  MUton,  Eikonoklastes,  i. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  cleanse,  as  from  evil  prac- 
tices or  abuses;  clear,  as  of  disadvantage  or 
superfluity. 

1  will  wipe  Jerusalem  as  a  man  wipeth  a  dish. 

2  Ki.  ixi.  13. 
4t.  To  cheat;  defraud;  trick. 

If  they  by  covin  or  guile  be  wiped  beside  their  goods,  so 
that  no  violence  be  done  to  their  bodies,  they  ease  their 
anger  by  abstaining  from  occupying  with  that  nation  un- 
til  they  have  made  satisfaction. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  ii.  10. 
We  are  but  quit ;  you  fool  us  of  our  moneys 
In  every  cause,  in  every  quiddit  wipe  us. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iv.  5. 

5t.  To  stroke  or  strike  gently;  tap. 

Thenne  he  toke  me  by  the  hande  frome  the  grounde  and 
wyped  my  face  with  a  rose  and  kyssed  me. 

Josepli  of  Ariinathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  30. 

6.  To  beat;  chastise.  [Slang.]  —  7.  In  2>lumh- 
ing,  to  apply  (solder)  without  the  use  of  a  sol- 
dering-iron, by  allowing  the  solder  to  cool  into 
a  semi-fluid  condition,  and  then  applying  it  by 
wiping  it  over  the  part  to  be  soldered  by  the  use 
of  a  pad  of  leather  or  cloth.  See  wiping,  2. — 
To  wipe  another's  noset.  See  no»ei . — To  wipe  the  (or 
one'8)eye.   .Seeei/«i. 

H.  intrans.  To  make  strokes  with  a  rubbing 
or  sweeping  motion. 

He  comes  full  ui)on  it,  seated  upright,  with  its  l>ack 
against  a  tree,  wiping  at  the  dogs  swarming  upon  it,  right 
and  left,  with  its  huge  paws. 

W.  M.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  20.i. 

wipe^  (wip),  H.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  rcype;  < 
wipe^,  r.]  1.  The  act  orproeess  of  wiping  clean 
or  dry  ;  a  sweeping  stroke  of  one  thing  over  an- 
other; a  rub;  a  brush. 

He  often  said  of  himself,  with  a  melancholy  wipe  of  his 
sleeve  across  his  brow,  that  he  "didn't  know  which-a-way 
to  turn. "  George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  viii. 

2.  A  quick  or  hard  stroke ;  a  blow,  literally  or 
figuratively ;  a  cut :  now  regarded  as  slang. 

since  you  were  the  first  that  layde  hand  to  weapon,  the 

fault  is  not  mine  if  I  haue  happened  to  glue  you  a  wype. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  235, 

To  statesmen  would  you  give  a  icipe. 

You  print  it  in  Italic  type.       Surtfl,  On  Poetry. 

3.  The  mark  of  a  blow  or  wound ;  a  scar ;  a 
brand.     [Rare.] 

The  blemish  that  will  never  be  forgot ; 

Worse  than  a  slavish  unpe,  or  birth-hour's  blot, 

Stiak.,  Lucrece,  1.  fi37. 

4.  Something  used  in  wiping;  specifieally,  a 
handkerchief.     [Slang.] 

I'm  Inspector  Field  I 
And  this  here  wannent  "s  prigged  your  wipe. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legentis,  II.  35.5. 
"  And  what  have  you  got,  my  dear  ?  "  saiii  Fagin  to  Char- 
ley Bates.     "  ITipe*,"  replied   Master  Bates,  at  the  same 
time  producing  lour  pocket-handkerchiefs. 

Dickene,  Oliver  Twist,  ix. 


wiper ;  i,  toe. 


6945 

5.  pi.  A  fence  of  brushwood.  HalUwdl.  [Prov. 
Eng.]  —  6.  Same  as  wiper,  3. 

As  the  cam,  which  is  a  revolving  wheel  with  twelve  or 
fourteen  projecting  teeth  or  vHpes,  revolves. 

W.  H.  Greenwood,  Stsel  and  Iron,  p.  308. 

wipe^  (wip),  n.     Same  as  weep-. 

wiper  (wi'p^r),  «.  [<  wipe^  +  -eri.]  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  wipes. 

Another  movement  [of  a  soldering-machine]  carries  the 
can  body  across  the  iciper,  which  removes  tlie  superfluous 
solder.  Sci.  Amer.,  N.  S.,  LXIII.  297. 

2,  That  on  which  anything  is  wiped,  as  a  hand- 
towel  or  a  handkerchief. 

The  wipers  for  their  noses.    B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Owls. 

3,  In  mach.,  a  piece  projecting  generally  from  a 
horizontal  axle,  for  the  purpose 
of  raising  stampers,  pounders, 
or  pistons  in  a  vertical  direction 
and  letting  them  fall  by  their 
own  weight.  Wipers  are  em- 
ployed in  fulling-mills,  stamp- 
ing-mills, oil-mills,  powder-mills, 
etc.  Also  wipe. —  4.  A  steel  im- 
plement for  cleaning  the  bore 
of  a  musket,  etc .  it  has  two  twisted 
arms,  screws  on  the  end  of  a  ramrod,  and  carries  a  piece  of 
cloth  or  a  bunch  of  tow.  The  larger  wipers  for  cleaning 
cannon  are  attached  to  a  wooden  stick,  and  are  tenned 
wonim  or  iponges.     See  cut  under  g^n. 

wiper-wheel  (wi'per-hwel),  n.  A  cam-wheel 
serving  to  lift  a  trip-hammer,  a  stamp,  or  the 
like,  allowing  it  to  fall  again  by  its  own  weight. 
See  cam^. 

wiping  (wi'ping),  11.  1,  The  act  of  one  who 
wipes;  specifically,  a  beating;  a  thrashing;  a 
trimming,     [Slang.] 

Even  in  the  domestic  circle  one  can  have  a  choice  of 
"a  towelling,"  "a  basting,"  "a  clouting,"  ...  "a  trim- 
ming/' or  "a  wiping,"  when  occasion  requires. 

.V.  aridQ.,  7th  ser.,  VII.  153. 

2.  In  plumbing:  («)  The  removal,  witha  greased 
cloth,  of  solder  which  has  been  poured  upon  a 
joint  to  heat  it  before  soldering,  (b)  The  oper- 
ation of  shaping  with  a  wooden  pad  a  mass  of 
solder  applied  to  foi-m  a  wiped  joint. 

wiping-rod  (wi' ping-rod),  H.     See  wiper,  4. 

Wirdt,  wirdet,  «.     obsolete  variants  of  weird. 

Wire^  (wir),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  wir,  wyr,  <  AS. 
wir,  a  wire,  a  spiral  ornament  of  wire,  =  MLG. 
wire,  LG.  wir,  wire ;  cf.  OHG.  iciara,  MHG.  wierCy 
fine-drawn  gold,  gold  ornament,  =  Icel.  virr, 
wire  (ef.  Sw.  vire^  wind,  twist);  cf.  Lith.  wela, 
iron  wire,  L.  viriae,  armlets  (see  virole,  ferrule).'] 
I.  11.  1.  An  extremely  elongated  body  of  elas- 
tiematerial;  specifically,  aslenderbarof  metal, 
commonly  circular  in  section,  from  the  size 
which  can  be  bent  by  the  hand  with  some  diffi- 
culty down  to  a  fine  tliread.  Wire  was  originally 
made  by  hammering,  a  sort  of  groove  in  the  anvil  serving 
to  determine  the  size.  It  is  now  drawn  by  powerful  ma- 
chinery, and  passed  through  a  series  of  holes  constantly 
diminishing  in  size.  Wire  of  square  section,  flat  like  a 
tape,  etc.,  is  also  made. 

Fetialicli  hir  fyngres  were  fretted  with  golde  wyre. 

Piers  Ploxcnuxn  (BX  ii.  11. 
Wyre.     Filum,  vel  ferrifllum  .  .  .  (fllum  ereum  vel  fer- 
reuni,  P.).  Prompt.  Parv.,  p,  530. 

At  what  period  and  among  what  people  the  art  of  work- 
ing up  pure  gold,  or  gilded  silver,  into  a  long,  round  hair- 
like  threacl  —  Into  what  may  be  correctly  called  wire  —  be- 
gan, is  quite  unknown. 

S.  K.  Handbook  Textile  Fabrics,  p.  22. 

2t.  A  twisted  thread ;  a  filament. 

Upon  a  courser,  startling  as  the  fyr. 
Men  mighte  turne  him  with  a  litel  wi/r, 
Sit  Eneas,  lyk  Phebus  to  devyse. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1205. 

3.  A  quantity  of  wire  used  for  various  pur- 
poses, especially  in  electric  transmission,  as  in 
case  of  the  telephone,  the  telegraph,  electric 
lighting,  etc.;  specifically,  a  telegraph-wire, 
and  hence  (colloquially)  the  telegraph  system 
itself:  as,  to  send  orders  by  wire. 

It  is  ridiculous  to  make  love  by  wire. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Their  Pilgrimage,  p.  301. 
Faraday's  term  "electrode,"  literally  a  way  for  electri- 
city to  travel  along,  might  be  well  applied  to  designate  the 
insulated  conductor  along  which  the  electric  messenger 
is  despatched.  It  is,  however,  more  conmionly  and  fa- 
miliarly called  "  the  ivire  "  or  "  the  line." 

Encyc.  lirit.,  XXIII.  113. 

4.  A  metallic  string  of  a  musical  instrument: 
hence,  poetically,  the  instrument  itself. 

Sound  Lydian  wires,  once  make  a  pleasing  note 
On  nectar  streams  of  your  sweet  airs  to  float. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  v.  1. 
IJstening  to  what  unshorn  Apollo  sings 
To  the  touch  of  golden  wires. 

Milton,  V'acation  Exercise,  I.  38. 
With  wire  and  catgut  he  concludes  the  day, 
Quav'iing  and  semiquav'ring  care  away. 

Couper,  Progress  of  Error,  I.  120. 


Wire 

5t,  The  lash ;  the  scourge :  alluding  to  the  use 
of  metallic  whips. 
Thou  shalt  be  whipp'd  with  wire. 

ShaJc.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  5.  65. 
Lol.  You  may  hear  what  time  of  day  it  is,  the  chimes  of 
Bedlam  goes. 
Alib.  Peace,  peace,  or  the  vnre  comes  I 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Changeling,  i.  2. 

6.  In  ornith.,  one  of  the  extremely  long,  slender, 
wire-like  filaments  or  shafts  of  the  pluTuage  of 
various  birds.  See  wired,  wire-tailed^  and  cut 
under  Videstrelda. — 7,  pi.  Figuratively,  that 
by  which  any  organization  or  body  of  persons 
is  controlled  and  directed:  now  iised  chiefly  in 
political  slang.     See  wire-pulUmj. 

Now,  however,  there  was  a  vacancy,  and  they  |the  poli- 
ticians] scented  their  prey  afar  otf.  The  usual  manipula- 
tion of  the  wires  began,  and  they  were  managed  with  the 
usual  skill.  The.  Nation,  XVI.  330. 

8.  A  pickpocket  with  long  fingers,  expert  at  pick- 
ing women's  pockets.  Hotten.  [Thieves' slang.] 

He  was  worth  201.  a  week,  he  said,  as  a  mre—  that  is,  a 
picker  of  ladies'  pockets. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  410. 

9.  A  fiber  of  cobweb,  a  fine  platinum  wire,  or 
a  line  upon  glass,  fixed  in  the  focus  of  a  tele- 
scope, to  aid  in  comparing  the  positions  of  ob- 
jects—  Barbed,  beaded,  dead  wire.  See  the  adjec- 
tives.—Binding-wire.  See  fci/idtn(/.— Compound  tele- 
graph-Wire,  a  wire  composed  of  a  steel  center  surrounded 
by  a  copper  tube,  the  object  being  to  obtain  the  necessary 
conductivity  and  strength  with  less  material  than  is  re- 
quired when  iron  wire  is  used. — Dovetail  Wire,  a  wire 
havinga  wedge-shaped  section.— Earth  wire.  Seeear(A- 
i«re.— Filling  the  wire,  in  teleg.,  putting  such  a  num- 
ber of  stations  on  one  wire  that  It  is  occupied  during  the 
whole  day.— Gold  wire,  a  wire  formed  of  a  core  of  silver 
covered  with  gold.  It  may  be  drawn  out  to  the  fineness  of 
thread.— Ground-wire.  Same  as  earth-wire.— "RoWow 
wire,  in  goldsmithing,  small  tubes  used  for  making  joints. 
as  in  the  cases  of  watches,  etc.—  I^atten,  live,  phantom 
wire.  See  the  qualifying  words.— Leadlng-in  Wire,  the 
wire  which  makes  connection  between  a  telegraph-line 
and  a  t«Iegraph-oftice.— Open  Wires,  in  teleg.,  exposed 
or  overhead  bare  wires.  Also  sometimes  used  for  open 
circuit, — Saddle  wire,  a  telegraph-wire  carried  on  in- 
sulators fixed  directly  to  the  tops  of  the  poles.— Taped 
wires,  wires  covered  with  tape  for  insulation  or  weather- 
protection.— Telodynamic  wire,  a  wire  used  to  transmit 
force  or  power,  as  in  giving  motion  to  a  machine  from  a 
countershaft  or  from  the  driving-pulley  of  an  engine.— To 
puU  or  work  (the)  wires.  See  wire-pulling.— JJndeT' 
takers'  wire,  a  kind  of  insulated  wire  the  use  of  which 
was  at  one  time  authorized  by  the  fire-insurance  under- 
writers for  electric-lighting  purposes.  The  name  was  given 
because  of  the  defective  quality  or  insulation  of  this  wire 
and  the  consequent  danger  in  its  use.  [CoUoq.]  — Wire- 
covering  machine,  a  machine  for  covering  wire  with  a 
finer  wire  or  with  thread. — Wire  of  Lapland,  a  shining 
Blender  material  made  from  the  sinews  of  the  reindeer, 
soaked  in  water,  beaten,  and  spun  Into  a  sort  of  thread  of 
great  strength.  These  threads  are  dipped  in  melted  tin, 
and  di-awn  through  a  horn  with  a  hole  in  it.  The  Lapland- 
ers use  this  wire  for  embroidering  their  clothes.  — Wire- 
twisting  machine,  a  machine  or  tool  for  joining  ends 
of  wire,  as  sections  of  fencing-  or  telegraph-wires,  etc.,  by 
twisting  them  on  each  other.— Woven-Wlre  lathing. 
See  lathing^, 

IL  «•  Made  of  wire;  consisting  of  or  fitted 
with  wires:  as,  &wire  sieve;  a  wire  bird-cage. 
He  did  him  to  the  tnVe-window, 

As  fast  as  he  could  gang. 
Fire  of  Frendraught  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  180). 

Wire  armor.  Same  as  c/iain-THwii.  See  viail^,  3.— Wire 
belting,  belts  or  straps  for  machinery,  made  of  wire  in- 
stead of  leather.— Wire  bent.  See  6cn(2.— Wire  bridge. 
(a)  Same  as  su»pension-bndge.  See  bridge'^  (with  cut),  {h) 
In  elect.,  a  kind  of  Wheatstone  bridge  in  which  two  adja- 
cent resistances  are  formed  by  a  wire  which  can  be  divided 
In  any  ratio  by  means  of  a  sliding  contact  and  a  gradu- 
ated scale.— Wire  cables.  See  caW^.- Wire  cartridge, 
a  cartridge  for  a  shotgun,  having  the  charge  of  siiot  in- 
closed in  a  network  of  wire  to  concentrate  the  discliarge. 
Wire  cartridges  axe  woven  wire  receptacles  in  which  shot 
are  mixed  with  bone  dust.  Sportsuian's  Gazetteer,  p.  568. 
Wire  cloth.  See  doth.—Wire  entanglements,  in /ort. 
See  entanglement.  — Wire  fence,  gauze,  guard,  gtm. 
See  the  nouns.— Wire  mattress.  See  mattress.— wire 
rope.  See  ropei.— Wire-spring  coillng-machlne,  a 
machine  for  making  spiral  metal  springs.- Wire  stltch. 
See  stitch,  9.  — Wire  Wheel.  See  wheels. 
Wire^  (wir),  v.:  pret.  and  pp.  wired,  ppr.  wirimj. 
{iwire'^,n.\  I,  trans.  1.  To  bind,  fit,  or  other- 
wise provide  with  wire ;  put  wire  in,  on,  around, 
through,  etc.:  as,  to  wire  corks  in  bottling  li- 
quors; to  wire  beads;  to  wire  o,  fence;  to  wint 
a  bird-skin,  as  in  taxidermy;  to  wire  a  house 
for  electric  lighting. 

As  bats  at  the  wired  window  of  a  dairy, 
They  beat  their  vans. 

Shelley,  Witch  of  Atlas,  xvi. 

In  1711  the  coats  used  to  be  imred  to  niiilie  thuni  stick 

out    J.  Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  1.  151. 

Many  of  the  houses  built  during  the  past  two  years 

were  wired  when  constructed. 

Electric  Rev.  (Amer.),  XV.  4. 

2.  To  snare  by  means  of  a  wire :  as,  to  wire  a 

bilHl. 

Donald  Caird  can  wire  a  maukin, 
Kens  the  wiles  o'  dun  deer  staukin*. 

Scott,  Donald  Caird's  Conic  Again. 


wire 


6946 


3.  To  send  through  a  telegraphic  wire ;  send  by 
telegraph,  as  a  message;  telegraph:  as,  wire  a 
reply.     [CoUoq.] 

The  coronation  of  the  Emperor  of  Austria  as  King  of 
Hungary,  the  canonization  of  saints  of  Rome,  were  .  .  . 
cabled  to  New  Yorlt,  just  as  the  Washington  news  is  wired 
to  the  same  place.  Alhetixum,  No.  2154,  p.  207. 

4.  To  be  wound  or  bound  about  like  wire ;  en- 
circle.    [Rare.] 

But,  as  the  Vine  her  lovely  Elm  doth  iinre, 

Grasp  both  our  Hearts,  and  flame  with  fresh  Desire. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  i.  14. 

5.  In  surg.,  to  maintain  the  ends  of  (a  fractured 
bone)  in  close  apposition  by  means  of  wire 
passed  through  holes  drilled  in  the  bone 

H.  intrans.  \    "    " 
wire.     [Rare.] 

Then  in  small  streams  (through  all  the  isle  wiring) 
Sends  it  to  every  part,  both  heat  and  life  inspiring. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  iv. 

2.  To  communicate  by  means  of  a  telegi'aphic 
wire ;  telegraph. 

I  told  her  in  what  way  I  had  learned  of  her  accident 
and  her  whereabouts,  and  I  added  that  I  had  wired  to 
her  husband.  D.  Christie  Murray,  Wealier  Vessel,  xjLxiil. 
To  wire  away.    Same  as  to  wire  in.    [Slang.] 

Nevertheless,  in  one  fashion  or  another  he  "keeps  wir- 
ing away,"  stopping  now  and  then  to  listen  as  well  as  his 
throbbing  pulses  will  allow. 

FortnighUy  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.93. 
To  Wire  In,  to  apply  one's  self  closely  and  perseveringly 
to  anything  ;  press  forward  ;  go  ahead.    [Slang.] 
wire'-^  (wir),  n.     A  corruption  of  weir. 
wire-bent  (wir'bent),  «.    Same  as  mat-grass,  2. 
wire-bird  (wir'b^rd),  n.     A  species  of  plover. 
[At  St.  Helena]  are  a  few  Wild  Goata,  a  kind  of  Rock 
Pigeon,  and  a  species  of  Plover  called  the  "  Wire  Bird." 
W.  W.  Greener,  The  Gun,  p.  657. 

wire-cutter  (wir'kut'er),  n.  A  form  of  nippers 
with  sharp  edges  or  blades,  for  cutting  wire. 

wired  (wird),  «.  [<.%oire  + -e(P.']  X.lnormth., 
having  wires  or  wiry  feathers  :  chiefly  in  com- 
position :  as,  the  twelve-it'irerf  bird  of  paradise. 
Compare  wire-tailed,  and  see  wirt'l,  «.,  6,  and 
cuts  under  Seleticides,  thread-tailed,  TrocMKdse, 
and  Videstrdda. —  2.  In  croquet,  protected  or 
obstructed  by  an  intervening  wire. 

wire-dancer  (wir'dan"ser),  n.  One  who  dances 
or  performs  other  feats  upon  a  wire  stretched 
at  some  distance  above  the  ground.  Compare 
rope-dancer. 

Mr.  Maddox,  the  celebrated  wire-dancer,  .  .  .  had  also 
been  engaged  as  an  auxiliary  to  the  same  theatre. 

Baker,  Blographia  Dramatica  (ed.  1811),  I.  127. 

wire-dancing  (wir'dan"siug),  «.  The  perform- 
ance or  the  profession  of  a  wire-dancer. 

Wire-dancing,  at  least  so  much  of  it  as  I  have  seen  ex- 
hibited, appears  to  me  to  be  misnamed ;  it  consists  rather 
of  various  feats  of  balancing,  the  actor  sitting,  standing, 
lying,  or  walking  upon  the  wire,  which  at  the  same  time 
is  usually  swung  backwards  and  forwards. 

Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  316. 

wiredraw  (wir'dra),  v. ;  pret.  wiredrew,  pp.  icire- 
drawn,  ppr.  wiredrawing.  I.  trans.  1.  To  draw 
(metal)  out  into  wire ;  especially,  to  form  into 
wire,  as  a  metal,  by  forcibly  pulling  through 
a  series  of  holes  gradually  decreasing  in  diame- 
ter.—  2.  To  draw  out  to  greater  length ;  extend 
in  quantity  or  time  ;  stretch,  especially  to  ex- 
cess; prolong;  protract. 

A  hungry  chirurgeon  often  produces  and  wire-draws 
his  cure.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  276. 


and  my  sense  been 
Dryden. 


I  have  been  wrongfully  accused 
wiredrawn  into  blasphemy. 

5.  To  beguile;  cheat. 
To  Wire  draw,  ...  to  decoy  a  Man,  or  get  somewhat 

out  of  him.  Bailey,  1731. 

6.  In  the  steam-engine,  to  draw  ofif  (steam)  by 
one  or  more  small  apertures,  materially  redu- 
cing its  pressure  after  the  passage. 

n.  intrans.  To  follow  the  profession,  prac- 
tice, or  methods  of  a  wiredrawer;  especially, 
to  use  unwarrantable  methods ;  pervert ;  cheat. 
Thou  hadst  land  and  thousands,  which  thou  spend'st. 
And  flung'st  away,  and  yet  it  flows  in  double. 
I  purchas'd,  wrung,  and  wire-draw'd  for  my  wealth, 
Lost,  and  was  cozen'd.    Beau,  and  Fl.,  Scornful  Lady,  v. 

To  ilow  in  currents  as  thin  as  wiredrawer  {ytlv'Avk'kr),  n.     [<  xoiredraw  + 

-eel.]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  draws  metal 
into  wire. 

Yet  they  will  take  upon  them  to  displace  a  bishop  and 

learned  divines,  and  place  in  their  room  weavers  and 

wire-drawers.  Tom  Hash  his  Ghost,  p.  9. 

Then  again  they  [wires]  are  nealed  the  third  time,  .  .  . 

and  delivered  to  the  small  Wire  Drawers. 

Ray,  Eng.  Words  (ed.  1691),  p.  195. 

2.  Figuratively,  one  who  spins  out  unduly; 
one  who  carries  a  matter  into  useless  subtle- 
ties, with  or  without  perversion  of  meaning. 

Either  shut  me  out  for  a  Wrangler,  or  cast  me  off  for  a 
Wiredrawer.  Lyly,  Euphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  106. 

3.  A  stingy,  grasping  person.     Salliicell. 
wiredrawing  (wir'dra"ing),  u.     [Verbal  n.  of 

wiredraw,  r.]  1.  The  act  or  art  of  extending 
ductile  metals  into  wire.  The  metal  is  first  ham- 
mered into  a  bar,  and  then  passed  successively  through 
a  series  of  holes  in  a  hardened  steel  plate,  gradually  di- 
minishing in  dianjeter  until  the  requisite  degree  of  flne- 


wirework 

wire-micrometer  (wlr'mi-krom'e-tfer),  n.  A 
micrometer  with  fine  wires  arranged  in  paral- 
lel and  intersecting  series  across  the  field  of 
the  instrument. 

wire-pan  (wir'pan),  «.  A  pan  with  a  bottom 
made  of  wire  cloth,  used  tor  baking  cake,  etc. 

wire-pegger  (wir'peg'er),  n.  In  sfioe-manuf., 
a  nailing-  or  peggmg-machine  for  cutting  wire 
pegs  from  a  continuous  wire  and  driving  them 
into  shoe-soles ;  a  wire-nailing  machine.  Com- 
pare pegger  and  nailing-machine. 

wire-puller  (wir'pul"er),  n.  1.  One  who  pulls 
the  wires,  as  of  a  puppet.  Hence  —  2.  Onewho 
operates  by  secret  means ;  one  who  exercises  a 
powerful  but  secret  influence ;  an  intriguer. 

It  was  useless  now  to  bribe  the  Comitia,  to  work  with 
clubs  and  wire-pullers.  Fraude,  Ctesar,  p.  369. 

One  of  the  great  English  political  parties,  and  naturally 
the  party  supporting  the  Government  in  power,  holds  a 
Conference  of  gentlemen  to  whom  I  hope  I  may  without 
offense  apply  the  American  name  wire-pullers. 

Maine,  Pop.  Government^  iv. 

wire-pulling  (wir'pul"ing),  «.  1.  The  act  of 
pulling  the  wires,  as  of  a  puppet  or  other  me- 
chanical contrivance.  Hence  —  2.  The  rous- 
ing, guiding,  and  controlling  of  any  organiza- 
tion or  body  of  persons,  especially  a  political 
party,  by  underhand  influence  or  management; 
intrigue,  especially  political  intrigue. 

wirer  (wir'fer),  n.  [<  wire  +  -erl.]  One  who 
wires ;  specifically,  one  who  uses  wires  to  snare 
game. 

The  nightly  wirer  of  their  innocent  hare. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

wire-road  (wir'r6d),«.   Same  as  inreicay.  E.  B. 


Knight. 
ness  is  attained.  Extremely  fine  gold  and  platinum  wires  vrirC-Sewed  (wir'sod),  a.  Sewed  with  wire  in- 
fer the  spider-lines  of  telescope-micrometers  are  formed  gj^ad  of  thread:  noting  books  and  pamphlets. 
by  coating  the  metal  with  silver,  and  then  drawmg^.^t^own  ^rC-ShaftCd  (wir'shaf'ted),  a.  Devoid  of  webs 


to  a  great  tenuity  through  a  draw-plate  the  holes 
are  made  in  a  diamond  or  ruby.  The  silver  is  then  re- 
moved  by  nitric  acid,  leaving  an  almost  invisible  interior 
wire,  which  has  been  attenuated  to  a  diameter  of  only 
nJoo  inch.  „  ,         . 

2.  Figuratively,  the  act  of  drawing  out  an  argu- 
ment or  a  discussion  to  prolixity  and  attenua- 
tion by  useless  refinements,  distinctions,  dis- 
quisitions, etc. 

The  counsel  on  the  other  side  declared  that  such  twist- 
ing, such  wiredrawiwj,  was  never  seen  in  a  court  of  jus- 
tice. Macatdai/. 

Outof  all  that  rubbish  of  Arab  idolatries,  .  .  .  rumours 
and  hypotheses  of  Greek  and  Jews,  with  their  idle  wire- 
drawings,  this  wild  man  of  the  Desert  [Mahomet] .  .  .  had 
seen  into  the  kernel  of  the  matter. 

Carlyle,  Hero- Worship,  ii. 

Wlredrawlng-benoh, an  apparatus  forwiredrawing, con- 
sisting of  a  reel  on  which  the  wire  to  be  drawn  is  wound, 
a  draw-plate  and  stand,  and  a  cone-shaped  drum  actuated 
by  bevel-gearing. 


for  most  or  all  the  length  of  its  shaft,  as  a 
feather;  wired,  as  a  bird.  See  wire-taiTerf,  and 
cut  under  Seleticides. 

wire-silver  (wir'sil"v#r),  «.  Native  silver  in 
slender  wire-like  forms. 

wiresmith  (wir'smith),  n.  One  who  makes 
metal  into  wire,  especially  by  beating  or  ham- 
mering. 

Wire  was  obtained  by  hammering  up  strips  of  metal, 
and  the  artificers  thus  employed  were  termed  in  the  trade 
imresmiths.  The  Engineer,  LXVII.  209. 

wire-stitched  (wir'sticht),  a.  Noting  pam- 
phlets, etc.,  that  are  fastened  with  wire. 

wire-Straightener  (wir'strafner),  «.  An  ap- 
paratus for  removing  bends  from  wire,  as  from 
that  which  has  been  coiled.  The  wire  is  pulled 
forcibly  between  three  or  more  fixed  points  not 
in  line. 


wire-edge  (wir'ej),  «.  A  thin,  wire-like  edge  vrire-stretcher  (wir'strech'er),  «.  A  hand-tool 
formed  on  a  cutting-tool  by  over-sharpening  it  for  clasping  the  loose  ends  of  wires  in  fences 
on  one  side,  which  causes  the  edge  to  turn  over  and  telegraph-wires,  for  the  purpose  of  holding 
slightly  toward  the  other  side.  and  drawing  them  together  to  make  a  joint. 

wire-edged  (wir'ejd),  (I.  Having  a  wire-edge,  wire-tailed  (wir'tald),  a.  Having  wiry  or  wire- 
The  tool  to  be  ground  .  .  .  will  .  .  .become  wire-edged,     shafted  tail-feathers,  as  the  thread-tailed  swal 


Cmnpin,  Hand-turning,  p.  41 
wire-flnder  (wir'fin"der),  n.    A  kind  of  tele- 
phonic detector  employed  to  find  the  wires  be- 
longing to  different  circuits,  etc.    It  has  a  mag- 
net between  the  poles  of  which  the  wire  is  held  ;  near  the 
magnet  is  a  short  ear-tnbe  with  ferrotype  diaphragm; 
and  a  pulsating  or  interrupted  current  sent  through  the 
wire  causes  the  diaphragm  to  sound. 
wire-gage  (wir'gaj),  n.     See  gage'^. 
He  never  desisted  from  pulling  his  Beard  till  he  had  -ynre-graSS  (wir'gras),  ».     1.  A  species  of  mea- 
jorecfra™  it  down  to  his  Keet  dow-grass,  Poa  compressa,  native  in  the  Old 


MaundreU,  Aleppo  to  .lerusalem,  p.  42. 

3.  To  draw  out  into  excessive  tenuity  or  sub- 
tlety, as  a  thought,  argument,  or  discourse ; 
spin  out,  especially  by  useless  refinements, 
hair-splitting,  or  the  like ;  render  prolix  at  the 
expense  of  force  and  clearness. 

The  devil  perhaps  may  want  his  due  if  authority  be  not 
reviled  against,  and  a  long  schismatical  oration  hypocriti- 
cally stretched  out  to  the  rabble  of  their  disobedient  and 
unlicked  auditors,  who  ...  do  extol  the  vapourous  mat- 
ter with  a  wire-drawn  speech  and  louting  courtesy. 

Tmn  Nash  his  Ghost,  p.  8. 

What  they  call  improvement  is  generally  .  .  .  spinning 
out  their  Author's  sense  till  'tis  uiredrawjl ;  that  is,  weak 
and  slender.       Felton,  On  the  Classicks  (ed.  1715),  p.  163. 

The  development  of  those  principles  [special  pleading] 
produced  such  a  .  .  .  crop  of  .  .  .  wiredrawn  distinctions 
that  the  most  subtle  intellect  found  it  difficult  to  under- 
stand them.  Forsyth,  Hortensius,  p.  341. 

4.  To  stretch  or  strain  unwarrantably;  wre.st; 
pervert;  distort. 

You  injuriously  Wire-draw  him  to  Presl)yter8.  and  foist 
in  (Seniores  and  prajpositos)  which  are  farre  from  the 
clause  and  matter.    Bp.  Hall,  I>ef.  of  llumb.  Remunst.,  §  8. 

Nor  am  I  for  forcing,  or  wiredrawing  the  sense  of  the 

text  so  as  to  make  it  designedly  foretell  the  King's  death. 

.So?((A,  Sermons,  V.  ii. 


World,  naturalized  in  North  Amenca.  It  is  some- 
times mistaken  for  the  Kentucky  blue-grass,  Poa  pratcn- 
sis,  but  is  well  distinguished  by  its  shorter  leaves  and 
smaller  dense  panicle,  and  its  flattened  wiry  culms  which 
are  decumbent  and  less  tall.  Also  called  English  blue- 
grass. 

2.  A  valued  forage  gi-ass,  Eleusine  Indica,  per- 
haps native  in  India,  now  widely  distributed  in 
warm  and  temperate  regions:  it  is  common 
southward  in  the  United  States.  It  has  thick 
succulent  stems  with  radiating  spikes  at  the  summit. 
Also  crab-grass,  yard-grass,  and  dogs-tail. 

3.  One  of  various  other  grasses,  as  the  Bermuda 
grass,  Cynodon  Dactylon  (see  grass),  Sporoholus 
junccus,  and  species  of  Aristida  in  the  southern 
United  States,  and  Paspahtm  filiformi-  in  the 
West  Indies. 

■wiregrub  (wir'grub),  «.     A  wireworm. 


low,  Uromitus  filiferus.  See  cuts  under  thread- 
tailed,  Trochilidse,  Videstrelda,  and  Vidtui. 

'Wire-tramway  ( wir'tram'wa),  ».  Same  as  irirf- 
iray.     E.  H.  Knight. 

'wire-t'Wist  (wir'twisf),  «.  A  kind  of  gun-bar- 
rel made  of  a  ribbon  of  iron  and  steel  coiled 
around  a  mandrel  and  welded.  The  ribbon  is  made 
by  welding  together  lamina  of  iron  and  steel,  or  two  qual- 
ities of  iron,  and  drawing  the  resulting  bar  between  roll- 
ers.    E.  H.  Knight. 

wireway  (wir'wa),  ».  A  system  of  transpor- 
tation by  the  agency  of  traveling  or  stationary 
wires.  Wireways  are  used  for  carrying  stone,  ores,  clay, 
coal,  etc. ,  from  mines  to  docks  or  railroad  stations,  or  from 
docks  to  coal-yards,  or  from  sewage  construction-works  to 
docks  or  dumping-grounds,  etc.  The  most  common  form 
is  an  endless  traveling  wire  rope,  supported  on  posts  placed 
at  intervals  along  the  way,  or,  in  some  instances,  supported 
only  at  each  end,  as  in  the  crossing  of  rivers  or  ravines,  or 
the  descentof  mountain-sides.  Smallerways  employ  fixed 
wires  on  which  travel  light  baskets  for  conveying  money 
and  packages  in  shops.  In  the  traveling-wire  systems  the 
freight  is  placed  in  buckets  or  skips  hung  on  the  wire  and 
traveling  along  with  it  Arrangements  are  made  for  auto- 
matic loading,  starting,  stopping,  unloading,  and  switch- 
ing to  branch  wires.  Some  of  the  traveling-wire  lines 
used  in  mines  are  several  miles  long.  In  short  lines,  as 
in  cash-carrier  systems,  the  traveling  basket,  ball,  or  car  is 
sometimes  moved  by  raising  one  end  of  the  wire,  when  the 
car  rolls  down  to  the  cashier's  desk.  See  cash-carrier  and 
telpherage.     Also  called  uire-road,  wire-tramuxiy._ 


Wireleel  («-ir'hel),  «.     A  certain  defect  and  Wire-weed  (mr-wed,n.  The kno  -grass P^yfiro- 


disease  in  the  feet  of  a  horse  or  other  beast 
'Wireman  (wir'man),  «.;  pi.  wiremen  (-men). 
A  man  who  puts  up  and  looks  after  wires,  as 
for  the  telegraph,  telephone,  or  electric  light- 
ing. 

Linemen  and  wiremen  were  in  great  demand  in  New 
York  last  week.  Elect.  Rev.  (Amer.).  XVII.  286. 


««)H  aviculare.  Britten  and  Holland.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 
'Wirework  (-nir'werk),  n.  [=  Icel.  rira-rirki, 
wirework,  filigree-work;  as  inrel  +  worl;  «.] 
Fabrics  made  of  wire,  such  as  wire  gauze  and 
wire  cloth,  or  objects  made  of  wire,  such  as 
bird-cages  and  sponge-racks. 


wirework 

Penned  off  with  netted  wirework,  in  the  clear,  bright 
Bhone  flood,  are  places  for  the  swans  and  ducks. 

Richardson,  A  Girdle  Hound  the  Earth,  xxv. 

wire-worker  (^wir'w6r"ker^,  n.  1.  One  who 
manufactures  articles  from  wire. —  2.  Same  as 
wire-puller. 

wire-working  (wir'w^r'king),  H.  1.  The  man- 
ufacture of  wire,  or  of  articles  requiring  wire. 
—  2.  Same  as  icire-pidliny. 

wireworks  (wir'werks),  «.  pi.  and  sing.  An 
establishment  where  wire  is  made  or  fitted  to 
some  specific  use. 

wirewonn  (wir'w6rm),  n.    1.  The  slender  hard- 
bodied  larva  of  any  one  of  the  click-beetles  or 
snapping-beetles  of  the  family  Elateridse.  Some 
of    these    larvae 
live    under    the 
loose     bark    of 
dying  trees  and 

in   old   logs   and  Wheat-wireworm 

Stumps,        while  {l^iv^oi  A^iotes  mancus). 

many  live  under- 
ground, and  feed  on  the  roots  of  cereals  and  on  other  crops. 
They  remain  in  the  larval  state  two  or  more  years,  and  are 
among  the  worst  enemies  of  the  crops  in  North  America 
and  Europe.    Also  wiregrub. 

2.  A  myriapod  of  the  genus  Juliis  or  of  an  allied 
genus;  a  galley-worm.  [U.  S.]  —  3.  A  para- 
sitic worm  of  sheep,  Strongylus  contortulus. — 
Hoi>-wlreworm,  Aijriotes  Unedtus.  [Eng.]  — wheat- 
wlreworm,  Affnoteg  mancus.    See  cut  above.    [U.  S.] 

wire- wove  (wir'wov),  a.  Noting  a  glazed  pa- 
per of  line  quality,  used  chiefly  for  letter-paper. 

wirily  (wir  i-li),  adv.     In  a  wiry  manner;  like 
wire. 
My  grandfather,  albeit  spare,  was  wirily  elastic. 

Landor,  Imag.  Conv.,  Queen  Elizabeth,  Cecil,  Anjou, 

[and  F^n^lon. 

wiriness  (wir'i-nes),  n.    The  state  or  character 

of  being  wiry. 
wiring  (wir'iug),  ».  [Verbal  n.  of  wire,  v.']  1. 
In  surg.,  the  holding  in  apposition  of  the  ends 
of  a  fractured  bone  by  means  of  wire  passed 
through  holes  drilled  in  the  bony  substance :  a 
method  employed  most  frequently  in  cases  of 
fractured  patella,  in  which  bony  union  is  es- 
pecially difficult  to  obtain. —  2.  In  taxidermy, 
the  setting  or  fixing  of  the  skin  on  a  wire  frame- 
work or  the  insertion  of  a  wire  in  any  member: 
as,  the  wiring  of  the  legs  was  faulty. 
Wiring-macMne  (wir'ing-ma-shen*),  n.  1.  A 
hand-tool  for  fastening  the  wire  staples  of  a 
Venetian  blind  to  the  slats. —  2.  A  bench  and 
tool  for  securing  wire  fastenings  to  soda-water 
bottles.  It  holds  the  cork  in  position  while  the 
fastening  is  put  in  place. — 3.  A  tinmen's  tool 
for  bending  the  edges  of  tin  plate  over  a  wire. 
wiring-press  (wir'ing-pres),  n.      A  press  for 

wiring  pieced  tinware.     E.  H.  Knight. 
wiriwa,   «.     [African.]     One  of  the  African 
•  colies  or  mouse-birds,  Colitis  senegalensis. 
wirkt,  wirket,  v.  and  «.    Obsolete  spellings  of 
work. 
wirryt,  c  t.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  worry. 
Wirsung's  canal  or  duct.  The  pancreatic  duct. 
wiry  (wir'i),  a.     [<  wire^  +  -jl.]     1.  Made  of 
wire ;  in  the  form  of  wire. 

Come  down,  come  down,  my  bonny  bird,  .  .  . 
Your  cage  shall  be  of  wiry  goud, 
Whar  now  it 's  but  the  wand. 

Lord  William  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  20). 
For  caught,  and  cag'd,  and  atarv'd  to  death, 
In  dying  sighs  my  little  breath 

Soon  pass  d  the  wiry  grate. 
Cowper,  On  a  Uoldflnch  Starved  to  Death  in  BlS  CSge. 

2.  Resembling  wire ;  especially,  tough  and  flex- 
ible; of  persons,  leairand  sinewy. 

Here  un  Its  wiry  stem,  in  rigid  bloom. 
Grows  the  ult  Ureoder  that  lacks  perfume. 

CnM>e,  Works,  IV.  218. 
A  little  wiry  sergeant  of  meek  demeanour  and  strong 
sense.  Dickens,  Detective  Police, 

she  was  vyiry,  and  strong,  and  nimble. 

TroUnpc,  Last  Chronicle  of  Barset,  ixxvil. 
She  had  a  light,  trim,  mry  figure,  especially  adapted  to 
those  feats  of  skill  which  depend  on  balance. 

WhyU  Melmlle,  White  Rose,  II.  viiL 
wiry  pulse.  See  pulse  1 . 
wislf,  a.  [<  ME.  wis,  certain,  sure,  for  certain, 
to  wisse,  certainly,  tnid  wisse,  with  certainty; 
=  Icel.  riss.  certain,  =  Sw.  viss,  certain  {visst, 
certainly),  =  Dan.  vis,  certain  (vist,  certainly); 
in  AS.  D.  and  G.  the  word  appears  with  a  pre- 
fix, AS.  gewis  =  I),  gewis  =  G.  gewiss,  certain, 
certainly:  see  wis^,  icis^,  iwis.l  Certain;  sure: 
especially  in  the  phrases  to  wisse,  for  certain, 
certainly ;  mid  wisse,  with  certainty. 

That  wite  Ihu  to  msse. 
Legend  of  St.  Catherine  (ed.  Morton),  1. 1643. 

Wis^t,  adv.  [Early  mod.  E.  (dial.)  wussc ;  <  ME. 
wis,  by  apheresis  from  iwis:  see  iwis.'}  Cer- 
tainly; truly;  indeed:  same  as  iwis. 


6947 

"  No,  wis,"  quod  he,  "  myn  owen  nece  dere." 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  474. 
Knowdl.  Why,  I  hope  you  will  not  a-hawking  now,  will 

you? 
Stephen,  No,  lousse;  but  I'll  practise  against  next  year, 
uncle.        B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  i.  1. 

wis^t,  f.  A  spurious  word,  arising  from  a  mis- 
understanding of  the  Middle  English  adverb 
iwis,  often  written  i-wis,  and  in  Middle  English 
manuscripts  i  wis,  I  wis,  whence  it  has  been 
taken  as  the  pronoun  /with  a  verb  wis,  vaguely 
regarded  as  connected  with  icit  (which  has  a 
preterit  li'i'i'O.  See  iwis,  and,  for  the  real  verb, 
see  w«(l. 

Which  book,  advisedly  read,  and  diligently  followed  but 
one  year  at  home  in  England,  would  do  a  young  gentle- 
man more  good,  I  iiriM,  than  three  years'  travell  abroad. 
Ascham,  The  Scholeraaster,  p.  65. 
Where  my  moraing  haunts  are  he  wisses  not. 

Miltoji,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

wisardt,  «.  and  a.  An  obsolete  spelling  of  wiz- 
ard. 
wisdom  (wiz'dum),  H.  [<  ME.  loisdom,  wysdom, 
wisedom,  <  AS.  wisdom,  wisdom  (=  OS.  wisdom 
=  OFries.  wisdom  =  MD.  wijsdom  =  OHG. 
MHG.  wistuom,  wisdom,  knowledge,  judgment, 
G.  weissthum,  knowledge,  =  Icel.  visdomr  =  Sw. 
Dan.  visdoni,  vrisdom),  <  wis,  wise,  -I-  dom,  con- 
dition:  see  wisel  and -dow.]  1.  The  property 
of  being  wise ;  the  power  or  faculty  of  forming 
the  fittest  and  truest  judgment  in  any  matter 
presented  for  consideration ;  a  combination  of 
discernment,  discretion,  and  sagacity,  or  similar 
qualities  and  faculties,  involving  also  a  certain 
amount  of  knowledge,  especially  the  knowledge 
of  men  and  things  gained  by  experience,  it  is 
often  used  in  a  sense  nearly  synonymous  with  discretion, 
or  with  prudence,  but  both  of  these  are  strictly  only  par- 
ticular phases  of  wisdom.  Frequently  uisdom  implies 
little  more  than  sound  and  sober  common-sense :  hence 
it  is  often  opposed  to  folly. 

Than  seide  thei,  be  comen  assent,  thei  wolde  counseile 
with  Merlyn,  that  hodde  grete  -wisedom. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  95. 
The  beste  wysdom  that  I  Can 
ys  to  doe  well  &  drede  no  man. 
Booke  0/  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  extra  ser.,  I.  68. 
That  which  moveth  God  to  work  is  goodness,  and  that 
which  ordereth  his  work  is  wisdom,  and  that  which  per- 
fecteth  his  work  is  power.  Hooker. 

If  you  go  on  thus,  you  will  kill  yourself ; 
And  'tis  not  wisdom  thus  to  second  grief 
Against  yourself.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  1.  2. 

When  I  arraigned  the  wisdom  of  Providence,  I  only 
showed  my  own  ignorance.  Goldsmith,  Asem. 

If  old  age  is  even  a  state  of  suffering,  it  is  a  state  of 
superior  wisdom,  in  which  man  avoids  all  the  rash  and 
foolish  things  he  does  in  bis  youth. 

Sydney  Smith,  in  Lady  Holland,  vi. 

2.  Human  learning;  knowledge  of  arts  and 
sciences;  erudition. 

Moses  was  learned  in  all  the  wisdom  of  the  Egyptians. 

Acta  vii,..'V2. 

The  Doctors  ladeu  with  so  many  badges  or  c^^^.t',g^nceB 

of  wisdom.  Foxe  (Arber'a  EDg.  G»,\ner,  I.  105). 

3.  With  possessive  pronoims  us^j  as  a  personi- 
fication (like  "your  highnegg,''  etc.). 

Viola.  I  saw  thee  late  at  tjje  count  Orslno's. 
Ciown.  ...  I  think  I  '^„  your  wisdom  there. 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  iil.  1.  47. 
Do.  my  gootViooIs,  my  honest  pious  coxcombs. 
My  warjf  lools  too  I  have  I  caught  your  wisdoms ? 
.,■'  Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Month,  iv.  1. 

4.  A  wise  saying  or  act ;  a  wise  thing. 

They  which  do  eate  or  drinke,  hauyng  those  wisdomes 
euer  in  sighte,  .  .  .  may  sussitate  some  disputation  or 
rmfonynge  wherby  some  part  of  tyme  shall  be  saued 
whlche  els  .  .  .  wolde  be  idely  consumed. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  ii.  :i. 

One  of  her  many  wisdoms.    Mrs.  U.  Jackson,  Ramona,  i. 

5.  Skill;  skilfulness. 

And  I  have  filled  him  with  the  spirit  of  God,  in  u%sdom, 
and  in  understanding,  and  in  knowledge,  and  in  all  man- 
ner of  workmanship.  Ex.  xxxi.  3. 
[In  Scripture  the  word  is  sometimes  specifically  used,  espe- 
cially in  Paul's  Epistles,  in  an  opprobrious  sense  to  desig- 
nate the  theosophical  speculations  (1  Cor.  i.  19, 20)  or  rhe- 
torical arts  (1  Cor.  ii.  5)  current  among  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  in  the  first  century ;  sometimes  in  a  good  sense  to 
designate  spiritual  perception  of,  accompanied  with  obe- 
dience to,  the  divine  law  (Prov.  iii.  13 ;  Acts  vi.  3).  Some- 
times (as  In  Prov.  viii.)  it  has  personal  attributes  assigned 
to  It.] 

Book  of  wisdom  of  Jeaus.  See  Ecclesiastims.—'Soo^ 
of  Wisdom  of  Solomon,  one  of  the  deuterocanonical 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  (See  deuterocanonical  and 
Apocrypha.)  Tradition  ascribes  its  authorship  to  Solo- 
mon ;  but  by  most  modern  Protestant  theologians  it  is 
attributed  to  an  Alexandrian  Jew  of  the  first  or  second 
century  B.  c.  The  shorter  title  Wisdom,  or  Book  of  Wis- 
dom, is  commonly  applied  to  this  book,  but  not  to  Eccle- 
siosticnn.  Abbreviated  Wwrf.— Salt  of  wisdom.  Same 
as  sal  alembroth  (which  see,  under  sal^).  =Syn.  1.  Know- 
ledge, I'rudence.  Wisdmn,  Discretion,  Providence.  Forecast, 
Provision.  Knowledge  has  several  steps,  as  the  percep- 
tion of  facts,  the  accumulation  of  facts,  and  familiarity 
by  experience,  but  it  does  not  include  action,  nor  the 


wise 

power  of  judging  what  is  best  In  ends  to  be  pursued  or  in 
means  for  attaining  those  ends.  Prudence  is  sometimes 
the  power  of  judging  what  are  the  best  means  for  attain- 
ing desired  ends ;  it  may  be  a  word  or  action,  or  it  may 
be  simply  the  power  to  avoid  danger.  It  implies  delib- 
eration and  care,  whether  in  acting  or  refraining  from  ac- 
tion. Wisdom,  chooses  not  only  the  best  means  but  also 
the  best  ends  _;  it  is  thus  far  higher  than  prudence,  which 
may  by  choosing  wrong  ends  go  altogether  astray ;  hence 
also  it  is  often  used  in  the  Bible  for  piety.  As  compared 
with  knowledge,  it  sees  more  deeply  into  the  heart  of  things 
and  more  broadly  and  comprehensively  sums  up  relations, 
draws  conclusions,  and  acts  upon  them  ;  hence  a  man  may 
abound  in  knowledge  and  be  very  deficient  in  uisdom,  or 
he  may  have  a  practical  uisdom  with  a  comparatively 
small  stock  of  knowledge.  Discretion  is  the  power  to  judge 
critically  what  is  correct  and  proper,  sometimes  without 
suggesting  action,  but  more  often  in  view  of  action  pro- 
posed or  possible.  Like  prudence  the  word  implies  great 
caution,  and  takes  for  granted  that  a  man  will  not  act  con- 
trary to  what  he  knows.  Providence  looks  much  further 
ahead  than  prudence  or  discretion,  and  plans  and  acts  ac- 
cording to  what  it  sees.  It  may  be  remarked  that  provi- 
sion, which  is  from  the  same  root  as  providence  and  pru- 
dence, is  primarily  a  word  of  action,  while  they  are  only 
secondai'ily  so.  Forecast  is  a  grave  word  for  looking  care- 
fully forward  to  the  consequences  of  present  situations 
and  decisions;  it  implies,  like  all  these  words  except 
knowledge,  that  one  will  act  according  to  what  he  can 
make  out  of  the  future.  See  cautious,  astute,  and  genius. 
I  uisdom  dwell  with  prudence,  and  find  out  knowledge  of 
witty  inventions.  Prov.  viii.  12. 

Knowledge  and  wisdom,  far  from  being  one. 
Have  ofttimes  no  connexion.     Knotdedge  dwells 
In  heads  replete  with  thoughts  of  otlier  men ; 
Wisdom,  in  minds  attentive  to  their  own. 
Knowledge,  a  rude,  unprofitable  mass. 
The  mere  materials  with  which  Wisdom  builds, 
Till  smooth'd,  and  squar'd,  and  fitteil  to  its  place, 
Does  but  encumber  whom  it  seems  t'  enrich. 
Knowledge  is  proud  that  he  has  learn'd  so  much  ; 
Wisdom  is  humble  that  he  knows  no  more. 

Cowper,  Task,  vi.  88. 
Men  of  gnd  dyscretyotvne 
Suld  excuse  and  loue  Huchowne, 
That  cunnand  wes  in  literature. 
Wyntown,  quoted  in  Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.), 

[Pref.,  p.  XXV. 
This  was  your  providence. 
Your  uisdom,  to  elect  this  gentleman, 
Your  excellent  forecast  in  the  man,  your  knowledge  ! 

Fletcher,  Kule  a  Wife,  iii.  1. 

■wisdom-tooth  (wiz'dom-toth),  n.  The  last 
molar  tooth  on  either  side  of  each  jaw.  it  ap- 
pears ordinarily  between  the  ages  of  20  and  25,  presuma- 
bly years  of  discretion  (whence  the  name).  Also  techni- 
cally called  dens  sapientise.    Also  uit-iooth. 

It  seems  to  me  in  these  days  they're  all  l)orn  with  their 
uisdom-teeth  cut  and  their  whiskers  gtowed. 

Whyle  Melville,  Wliite  Rose,  II.  xxvi. 

wisel  (wiz),  a.  [<  ilE.  wis,  wys,  <  AS.  wis  = 
OS.  OFries.  wis  =  D.  wys  =  MLG.  wis.  LG.  iri.i 
=  OHG.  !ri',  wist,  MHG.  wis,  wise,  G.  weise  = 
Icel. piss  =  Sw.  Ti.'iSinks  ^ijitth."''^^  ''°  comp. 
unweis,  unw^isp), ^ae ;  prob.  orig'!  n.'*'*"'  *«»«'"• 
with  P^j.  formative,  from  the  root  of  a^-  ""'«". 
eie_,  fit  M!,7l,  know:  see  «i7l.]  1.  Havingi^^^ 
power  of  discerning  and  judging  rightly,  or 
of  lUscriminatiug  between  what  is  true  and 
■what  is  false,  between  that  which  is  right,  fit, 
and  proper  and  that  which  is  unsuitable,  inju- 
dicious, and  wrong;  possessed  of  discernment, 
discretion,  and  judgment:  as,  a  if/ie  prince ;  a 
wise  magistrate. 
Five  of  them  were  unse,  and  five  were  foolish. 

Slat.  XXV.  2. 
We,  ignorant  of  ourselves, 
Beg  often  our  own  harms,  which  the  uise  powers 
Deny  us  for  our  good.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  Ii,  1.  6. 

A  ivise  man 
Accepts  all  fair  occasions  of  advancement ; 
Flies  no  commodity  for  fear  of  danger. 
Ventures  and  gains,  lives  easily,  drinks  good  wine, 
Fares  neatly.  Is  richly  cloath'd,  in  worthiest  company. 
T.  Tomkis  (?),  Albumazar,  ii.  2. 

I  am  foolish  old  Mayberry,  and  yet  I  can  be  uise  May- 
berry,  too.  Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ilo,  I.  1. 

You  read  of  but  one  wise  Man,  and  all  that  he  knew  was, 
that  he  knew  nothing.  Congreve,  Old  Bachelor,  I.  1. 

2.  Proper  to  a  wise  man;  sage;  grave;  seri- 
ous. 

One  rising,  eminent. 
In  wise  deport,  spake  much  of  right  and  wrong. 

Milton,  V.  L.,  xi.  666. 

3.  Having  knowledge;  knowing;  intelligent; 
enlightened;  learned;  erudite. 

Bote  ther  were  fewe  men  so  wys  that  couthe  the  wei 

thider. 
Bote  bustelyng  forth  as  bestes  oner  valeyes  and  hulks, 
For  while  thei  wente  here  owen  wille  thei  wentc  alle 
amys.  Piers  Plowman  (A),  vi.  4. 

Thou  shalbe  wisest  of  wit,— this  wete  thou  for  sothe, — 
And  know  all  the  conyng  that  kyndly  is  for  men. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2411. 

Where  ignorance  Is  bliss, 
'TIs  folly  to  be  uise. 
Qray,  On  a  Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College. 

4.  Practically  or  experimentally  knowing  ;  ex- 
perienced; versed  or  skilled:  dexterous;  cun- 
ning; subtle;  specifically,  skilled  in  some  hid- 


wise 

den  art,  as  magic  or  divination :  as,  the  sooth- 
sayers and  the  wise  men. 
I  pray  you  tell  where  the  wige  man  the  conjuror  dwells. 
Peelf,  Old  Wives'  Tale. 

They  are  ime  to  do  evil,  but  to  do  good  they  have  no 
knowledge.  Jer.  Iv.  22. 

In  these  nice  sharp  quillets  of  the  law, 
Good  faith,  I  am  no  uiser  tlian  a  daw. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  4. 18. 

5.  Religious;  pious;  godly. 

From  a  child  thou  hast  known  the  holy  Scriptures, 
which  are  able  to  make  thee  icue  unto  salvation. 

2  Tim,  iii.  15. 

6.  Dictated,  directed,  or  guided  by  wisdom; 
containing  wisdom;  judicious:  as,  a  wise  say- 
ing ;  a  wise  scheme  or  plan  ;  wise  conduct  or 
direction ;  a  wise  determination. 

The  justice  .  .  . 
Full  of  wise  saws  and  modern  instances. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7. 156. 

May,  .  .  .  spite  of  praise  and  scorn,  .  .  . 
Attain  the  u-ise  indifference  of  the  wise. 

Tennyson,  Dedication. 

Never  the  wiser,  without  information  or  advice ;  still  in 
utter  ignorance. 

The  Pretender,  or  Duke  of  Cambridge,  may  Loth  be  land- 
ed, and  I  never  the  vnser. 

Swi/l,  To  Miss  Vanhomrigh,  June  8, 1714. 

The  seven  wise  men  of  Greece,  the  seven  sages.    See 

sage^,  ?i.  — TO  make  it  Wiset,  to  make  it  a  matter  of  de- 
liberation. 

Us  thoughte  it  was  noght  worth  to  make  it  wys. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Pi-ol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  786. 

Wise  woman,    (a)  a  woman  skilled  in  hidden  arts ;  a 
■    witch ;  a  fortune-teller. 

They  call  her  a  ivise-wmnan,  but  I  think  her 

An  arrant  witch.         B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

Supposing,  according  to  populai-  fame. 
Wise  woman  and  Witcli  to  he  the  same. 

Hood,  Tale  of  a  Trumpet. 

(6)  A  midwife.  Scott.  =  Syu.  1.  Sagacious,  discerning,  orac- 
ular, long-headed.  .See  wisdom. — 6.  Sound,  solid,  philo- 
sophical. 
wise^  (wiz),  H.  [<  ME.  wise,  wysc,  <  AS.  wise  = 
OS.  iDisa  =  OFries.  wis  =  1).  wijs  =  LG.  «'i«e  = 
OHG.  wisu,  MHG.  wise,  G.  ireise  =  Icel.  *vis  (in 
comp.  othruHs,  otherwise)  =  Sw.  Dan.  vis,  way, 
manner,  wise ;  from  the  same  source  as  icisel : 
see  wisc'^,  and  cf.  -wi.^c.  Doublet  of  guise.~\ 
Way ;  manner ;  mode ;  guise ;  style :  now  seldom 
used  as  an  independent  word,  except  in  such 
plirases  as  in  any  wise,  in  no  wise,  on  this  wise. 

This  Troilus,  in  wyse  of  curteysie. 

With  hauk  on  hond  and  wtt-h  an  huge  route 

Of  Imyghteii,  rood  and  dide  hire  compaynye. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  64. 

Ther-ypo»  ^  „iife-f Ste(f«i!"yn«. 
and  in  ray  g^j,  g^^uj,  ymagynyng-  -, 
H  hat !/-  J  g^Qlflg  pu^o„„„g  j^,,  ,ei^  jwocesse. 

PotUiatl  Poeim,  etc.  (ed.  FurnivSJ.l'i  P-  "'• 

Whan  Dodynell  herde  these  tithinges,  he  seide  to  tiyV}", 
self  that  he  wolde  do  the  same  wise,  and  toldo  to  his 
prevy  eounseile  that  he  wolde  go  to  court. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  ii.  Kil. 

So  turne  they  still  about,  and  change  in  restlesae  wi^e, 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  viL  it 
I  considered  myself  as  in  some  wise  of  ecclesiastical 
dignity.  Suift,  Mem.  of  P.  P. 

In  any  wise,  in  any  way  ;  by  any  means. 

"Now,  for  my  loue,  helpe  that  I  may  hir  see 
In  eny  wise,"  quod  Auferius  the  kyng; 
"ffor  I  canne  think  right  wele  that  it  is  she." 

Oenerydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1241. 

In  no  wise,  in  no  way;  on  no  account;  by  no  means. 

Merlin  hem  comaunded  that,  as  soone  as  thei  were 
arived  at  the  porte,  in  no  wise  that  thei  tarye  not  but  two 
dayes.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  420. 

Ower  patrone  of  the  shippe  had  sent  to  hym  letters  at 
Candy  that  he  shuld  toclle  at  the  rodes  in  no  wysse. 

Torkinrjton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travel!,  p.  22. 
He  is  promised  to  be  wived 
To  fair  Marina  ;  but  in  no  wise 
Till  he  had  done  his  sacritlce. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  v.  2.  11. 
A  simple,  ill-bred  zealot,  exceedingly  vain,  but  in  no- 
wise coveting  riches  or  gain  of  any  sort. 

Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  II.  205. 

On  this  wise,  in  this  way  or  manner. 

Than  was  it  schorter  than  the  assise, 
Thrise  wrogiit  thai  with  it  on  this  wise  ; 
Accorde  to  that  werk  wald  it  noght. 

Holy  Hood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  80. 
On  this  u^e  ye  sliall  bless  the  children  of  Israel. 

Num.  vi.  23. 
To  make  wiset,  to  make  pretense ;  pretend ;  feign ;  sham. 
(Jr  as  others  do  to  make  wise  tliey  be  poore  when  they 
t>e  riche,  to  shunne  thereby  the  publicke  charges. 

Futtenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesic,  p.  252. 

wise^  (wiz),  r.  t.  [<  mi;,  irisen,  wyseii,  <  AS. 
wisian  =  OS.  tcisean  =  D.  iiij:e)t  =  (jlIG.  wi.van. 
MHG.  wisen,  G.  weiseii  =  Icel.  ri.ia  =  Sw.  ri'.sv)  = 
Dan.  vi.ie,  show,  point  out,  exhibit:  ori^'.  "make 
wise  or  knowing,'  'inform,' from  the  adj.,  AS. 
wis,  eti-.,  wise:   see  icisc'l.      Cf.  ipjss.]      1.  To 


6948 

guide ;  direct ;  lead  or  send  in  a  particular  di- 
rection. 

Ye  ken  weel  eneugh  there 's  mony  o'  them  wadna  mind 
a  baubee  the  weising  a  ball  through  tlie  Prince  himsell. 

Scott,  Waverley,  Iviii. 
2.  To  turn;  incline;  twist. 

Weize  yoursell  a  wee  easel- ward  — a  wee  mair  yet  to 
that  ither  stane.  ScoU,  Antiquary,  vii. 

[Now  Scotch  in  both  uses.] 

-wise.  An  apparent  suffix,  really  the  noun  wise^ 
used  in  adverbial  phrases  originally  with  a 
preposition,  as  in  anywise,  nowise,  likewise,other- 
wise,  etc.,  originally  in  any  wise,  in  no  wise,  in 
like  wise,  in  other  wise,  etc. ;  so  sidewise,  length- 
wise, etc.,  in  which,  in  colloquial  use,  -ways  also 
appears,  by  confusion  with  wayl. 

wiseacre  (wi'za-kfer),  n.  [=  MD.  wijssegger,  < 
G.  weissager,  soothsayer,  <  loeissagen,  MHG. 
wissagen,  OHG.  wizagon,  wizzagon,  foretell,  pre- 
dict, <  icizago,  wizzago,  a  prophet,  diviner  (AS. 
witcga,  witiga,  prophet) :  see  witch.  The  MHG. 
verb  and  noun  became  confused  with  wis,  wise, 
and  sagen,  say,  and  the  E.  noun  is  likewise 
vaguely  associated  with  M'isel.]  If.  A  sayer 
of  wise  things ;  a  learned  or  wise  man. 

Pythagoras  learned  much,  .  .  .  becoming  a  mighty  wise- 
acre. Leland. 

2.  One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great  wis- 
dom; hence,  in  contempt  or  irony,  a  would-be 
wise  person ;  a  serious  simpleton  or  dunce. 

There  were  at  that  time  on  the  bench  of  justices  many 
Sir  Paul  Eithersides,  hard,  unfeeling,  superstitious  unse- 
acres.       Oiford,  note  to  B.  Jonson's  Devil  is  an  Ass,  v.  5. 

wise-hearted  (wiz'har"ted),  a.  Wise;  know- 
ing; skilful.     Ex.  xxviii.  3. 

wise-like  (wiz'lik),  «.  Resembling  that  which  is 

wise  or  sensible;  judicious;  sensible.  [Scotch.] 

The  only  wise-like  thing  I  heard  anybody  say.         Scott. 

wiseling+(wiz'ling),  n.  [<  (tjsel  + -ZJHi;!.]  One 
wlio  pretends  to  be  wise ;  a  wiseacre. 

This  may  well  put  to  the  bluah  those  wisdirujs  that 
show  themselves  fools  in  so  speaking. 

Donne,  Hist.  Septuagint,  p.  214. 

wisely  (wiz'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  wisUche,  wislike, 
wisely,  <  AS.  wisUce,  wisely;  as  wisc'^  +  -ly^.'] 
In  a  wise  manner;  with  wisdom,  cunning,  or 
skill;  judiciously;  prudently;  discreetly.  Prov. 
xvi.  20. 

The  heorte  is  wel  iloked  gif  muth  and  eien  and  earen 
wisliche  beoth  ilokene.  Ancren  liiwle,  p.  104. 

Let  us  deal  wisely  with  them ;  lest  they  multiply,  .  .  . 
and  Ught  against  us.  Ex.  i.  10. 

Then  must  you  speak 
Of  one  that  loved  not  wisely  but  too  well. 

Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2.  344. 


wisent,  "•  and  V.    An  obsolete  spelling  of  icizcn'>: 
wiseness  (wiz'nes),  n.     [<  ME.  wisnesse,  <  AS. 
wisness;  as  tfwi  + -Hess.]     Wisdom. 

^  „       Yet  have  I  something  in  me  dangerous, 
^-v  Which  let  thy  wiseness  fear. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  1.  286. 

wiserine  (wi2'#-in),  n.  [Named  after  D.  F. 
i)'i^-r  (born  ISO^yV''  ^^s**  mineralogist.]  A 
rare  ii,ineral  found  in^.S'witzerltuid  in  minute 
yellow  oct  ..Hfdral  ervstals.^It  was  long  referred 
to  xenotime,  u  it  has  since  beCTi  shown  to  be  a 
variety  of  octaheuil'e  (anatase). 

wish  (wish),  n.  [<  Mi:  iciseh,  wysstkf,  a  var., 
after  the  verb,  of  ictisch,  '  AS.  wiisc  =  MD. 
wunsch,  wensch,  D.  wensch  —  OHQ.  wiinsc, 
MHG.  G.  wun.sch  =  Icel.  osk  (cf.  Sw.  onshan  = 
Dan.  linskc),  wish,  desire ;  see  the  verb,  and  cf. 
Skt .  V  valtchh ,  wish ;  perhaps  a  desiderative  form 
(with  formative  -sk,  as  in  E.  osk),  from  the  root 
of  E.  win,  etc.,  strive  after:  see  «'««!.]  1.  De- 
sire ;  sometimes,  eager  desire  or  longing. 

Behold,  I  am  according  to  thy  wish  in  God's  stead. 

Job  xxxiii.  6. 


Thy  wish  was  father,  Harry,  to  that  thought. 
Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV., 


iv.  5. 


The  whole  essence  of  true  gentle-breeding  (one  does  not 
like  to  say  gentility)  lies  in  the  ivish  and  the  art  to  be 
agreeable.  0.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  vi. 

2.  An  expression  of  desire ;  a  request ;  a  pe- 
tition; sometimes,  an  expression  of  either  a 
benevolent  or  a  malevolent  disposition  toward 
others. 

I  thank  you  for  your  wish,  and  am  well  pleased 
To  wish  it  back  on  you.        Shale.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  4.  43. 
Delay  no  longer,  speak  your  wish. 
Seeing  I  must  go  to-day. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

3.  The  thing  desired;  the  object  of  desire. 

Tliut  faire  Lady  schal  zeven  him,  whan  lie  hathe  don, 
the  first  Wyssche  that  he  wil  wyssche  of  erthely  thinges. 
Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  14.'>. 


You  have  your  wish; 


my  will  is  even  this. 
ShaJc.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  ii 


wishful 

And  yet  this  Libertine  is  crown'd  for  the  Man  of  Merit, 
has  his  Wishes  thrown  into  his  Lap,  and  makes  the  Happy 
Exit.  Jeremy  Collier,  Short  View  (ed.  ie»8),  p.  143. 

wish  (wish),  r.  [<  ME.  wisshen,  wysshen,  wischen, 
unischen,  <  AS.  wyscan,  less  correctly  wiscan  = 
MD.  wunschen,  wenschen,  D.  wenschen  =  MLG. 
wunschen  =  OHG.  wunsken,  MHG.  G.  wiinsclien, 
wish,  desire,  =  Icel.  seskja  (for  ceskja)  =  Sw. 
onska  =  Dan.  dnske,  wish;  all  orig.  from  the 
noun,  though  the  mod.  E.  word  has  the  vowel 
of  the  verb:  see  wish,  n.'\  I,  ititrans.  To  have 
a  wish  or  desire ;  cherish  some  desire,  either  for 
what  is  or  for  what  is  not  supposed  to  be  ob- 
tainable ;  long:  often  with /or  before  an  object. 
They  cast  four  anchors  out  of  the  stem,  and  wished /or 
the  day.  Acts  xxvii.  29. 

But  if  yourself  .  .  . 
Did  ever  .  .  . 
Wish  chastely  and  love  dearly. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  i.  8.  218. 

This  is  as  good  an  argument  as  an  antiquary  could  imsh 

for.  Arbuthnot,  Ancient  Coins,  p.  2. 

Those  potentates  who  do  not  wish  well  to  his  affairs 
have  shewn  respect  to  his  personal  character.      Addison. 

II.  trans.  1 .  To  desire ;  crave ;  covet ;  want ; 
long  for :  as,  what  do  you  wish  f  my  master 
wishes  to  speak  with  you. 

I  goe  with  gladnesse  to  my  wished  rest. 

Spenser,  Daphnaida,  L  282. 
The  dredfull  beast,  yclcped  crocodile,  .  .  . 
Before  he  doth  devoure  his  tcished  prey, 
Pitty  in  outward  semblance  doth  display. 

Times^  Whistle  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  22. 
I  would  not  wish  them  to  a  fairer  death. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  v.  8.  49. 
They  may  he  Patrons,  but  there  are  but  few  Examples 
of  Erudition  among  them.     "Tis  to  be  wisht  that  they  ex- 
ceeded others  in  Merit,  aa  they  do  in  Birth. 

Lister,  Journey  to  Paris,  p.  15. 
The  Spartan  wish'd  the  second  place  to  gain, 
And  great  Ulysses  wish'd,  nor  wish'd  in  vain. 

Pope,  Iliad,  x.  274. 
Mortals  whose  pleasures  are  their  only  care 
First  tvish  to  be  impos'd  on,  and  then  are. 

Cowper,  Progress  of  Error,  1.  290. 
Here 's  news  from  Paternoster  Row ; 

How  mad  I  was  when  first  I  learnt  it ! 
They  would  not  take  my  Book,  and  now 
I  wish  to  goodness  I  had  burnt  it. 

F.  Locker,  Old  Letters. 

2.  To  desire  (something)  to  be :  with  objective 
predicate. 

For  the  wynde  was  thanne  better  in  our  waye  thanne  it 
was  at  any  tyme  syns  we  come  frome  Jaffe,  and  was  so 
good  that  we  coude  not  wysshe  it  better. 

Sir  R.  Guyl/orde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  76. 

I  believe,  as  cold  a  night  as  'tis,  he  could  ivish  himself 
in  Thames  up  to  the  neck.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1.  120. 

Is  it  well  to  wish  thee  happy?    Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

3.  To  desire  in  behalf  of  some  one  or  something 
(expressed  by  dative);  invoke,  or  call  down 
(upon):  as,  to  tcish  one  joy  or  luck. 

Let  them  be  driven  backward  and  put  to  shame  that 
wish  me  evil.  Ps.  xl.  14. 

If  heaven  have  any  grievous  plague  in  store 
Exceeding  those  that  I  can  wish  upon  thee. 

Shak.,  Kich.  lU.,  i.  3.  218. 
All  joys  and  hopes  forsake  me !  all  men's  malice, 
And  all  the  plagues  they  can  inflict,  I  wish  it. 
Fall  thick  upon  me  I 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iiL  2. 

4t.  To  recommend ;  commend  to  another's  con- 
fidence, approval,  kindness,  or  care. 

It  I  can  by  any  means  light  on  a  fit  man  to  teach  her 
ifaat  wherein  she  delights,  I  will  wish  him  to  her  father. 
Shot.,  T.  of  the  S.,  i.  1.  113. 
Sir,  I  have  a  kinsmSD  I  could  willingly  wish  to  your  ser- 
vice, 11  you  will  deign  to  a(!cept  of  him. 

B.  Jonson,  Cj'nthia's  Revds,  iv.  1. 
To  wish  one  further,    See/urther. 
wishable   (wish'a-bl),   a.     [<   wish   +   -able.] 
Worthy  or  capable  of  being  wished  f<»;  de- 
sirable.    [Rare.] 
The  glad  wishable  tidinges  of  saluacion. 

J.  UdaU,  On  Luke  iv. 

wishbone  ( wish'bon),  «.  The  furcula,  or  merry- 
thought of  a  fowl.     Also  wishing-bone. 

wishedlyt  (wish'ed-li),  adv.  [<  wished,  pp.  of 
wish,  -\-  -lii'^.'\  According  to  one's  wish.  Knolles. 

■wisher  (wish'er),  «.  [<  wish  +  -eri.]  One  who 
wishes. 

Wishers  were  ever  fools.        Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  15.  37. 

wishful  (wish'ful),  a.  [<  wish  +  -fid.  Cf .  wist- 
/«/.]  1.  Having  or  expressing  a  wish ;  desir- 
ous; longing;  covetous;  wistful. 

From  Scotland  am  I  stol'n  even  of  pure  love. 
To  greet  mine  own  land  with  my  wishful  sight. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  1.  14. 

On  Jordan's  stormy  banks  I  stand, 

And  cast  a  wishful  eye 
To  Canaan's  fair  and  happy  land, 
Where  my  possessions  lie. 
S.  Stennett,  The  Promised  Land  (Lyra  Britannica,  ed.  1867, 

tp.  527). 


wishful 

2.  Desirable;  inviting.     [Poetical.] 

Jfany  a  shady  hill, 
And  many  an  echoing  valley,  many  a  field 
Pleaaant  and  wvfhfid,  did  his  passage  yield 
Their  safe  traascension. 
Chapman,  tr.  of  Homer's  Hymn  to  Hermes,  1.  185. 
Having  so  wisfi/ul  an  Opportunity,  ...  I  could  not  but 
send  you  this  Friendly  Salute.       Howell,  Letters,  I.  vt  4. 

wishfully  (wish'ful-i),  (uJv,  1.  With  desire; 
longingly;  wistfully. 

And  all  did  vnsh/nlly  expect  the  silver- throned  mom. 
Chapman,  Iliad,  viii.  497, 

He  looked  up  tci)ihfully  in  my  uncle  Toby's  face,  then 
cast  a  look  upon  his  boy  —  and  that  ligament,  fine  as  it  was, 
was  never  broken.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  vi.  10. 

2.  Desirably;  according  to  one's  wishes. 
Phce.  I  doubt  now 

We  shall  not  gain  access  unto  your  love, 
Or  she  to  us. 
Fid,  Most  wishfully  here  she  comes. 

Middleton,  I'huenix,  iii.  1. 

wishfCllliess  (wish'ful-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  wishful;  longing. 

The  natural  infirmities  of  youth, 

Sadness  and  softness,  hopefulness,  wishfidness. 

Sir  H.  Taylor,  Isaac  Coninenus,  iii.  1. 

wishing-bone  (wish'ing-bon),  n.    Same  as  wish- 

hOHC. 

wishing-cap  (wish'ing-kap),  w.  A  cap  by  wear- 
ing which  one  obtains  whatever  one  wishes. 
wi8hing-rod(wish'ing-rod),  H.  A  rod  the  wield- 
ing of  which  obtains  one's  wishes,  or  confers 
unlimited  power. 
wishlyt  (wish'li),  adv.  [<  wish  +  -ly'^.  Cf.  wist- 
ly.]     Wistly.     [Rare.] 

.lEacides  .  .  .  wi*hly  did  intend 
(Standing  asterne  his  tall  neckt  ship)  how  deepe  the  skir- 
mish drew.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xi. 
Devereux,  that  undaunted  knight. 
Who  stood  astern  his  ship,  and  trishly  eyed 
How  deep  the  skirmish  drew  on  either  side. 

Mir.  far  Mags.,  p.  863. 

wishness  (wish'ues),  n.  Melancholy  yearning. 
[Rare.] 

sighing  (I  heard  the  love-lorn  swain) 
Wishness  !  oh,  vnshness  walketh  here. 

Polwhele,  Wishful  Swain  of  Devon. 

wishtonwish  (wish'ton-wish),  V.  [Said  to  be 
Araer.  Ind.,  and  imitative.]  The  prairie-dog 
of  North  America,  Cynomys  ludoHcianus.  See 
cut  under  prairie-dog^  and  compare  second  cut 
under  owl. 

Tlie  Wishtonwish  of  the  Indians,  prairie  dogs  of  some 
travellers,  .  .  .  reside  on  the  prairies  of  Louisiana  in 
towns  or  villages,  having  an  evident  police  established 
in  their  comnmnities.  ...  As  you  approach  their  towns, 
you  are  saluted  on  all  sides  V)y  the  cry  of  Wishtonwish, 
from  which  they  derive  their  name  with  the  Indians, 
uttered  in  a  shrill  and  piercing  manner. 

Z.  M.  Pike,  Voyage  to  Sources  of  the  Arkansaw,  etc. 
[(1811)),  p.  156. 
[Misunderstood  by  Cooper  as  a  name  for  the  whippoor- 
wlll,  it  was  BO  used  by  him  in  hia  novel  "The  Wept  of 
Wish-ton- Wish,"  and  elsewhere. 

"He    speaks    of    the    icish-ton-irish,"  said  the  scout. 

"  Well,  since  you  like  his  whistle,  it  shall  be  your  signal. 

Remember,  then,  when  you  hear  the  whip-poor-will's  call 

tliree  times  repeated,  you  are  to  come  into  the  bushes." 

J.  F.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxii.) 

wish-wash  (wish'wosh),  ».  [A  varied  redupl. 
of  wash.']  Anything  wi.shy-washy ;  especially, 
a  thii.,  sloppy  drink.  [Colloq.] 
wishy-washy  (wish'i-wosh^i),  a.  and  n.  [A 
varied  redupl.  of  washy.  Cf.  w-ish-wash.'\  I,  a. 
Very  thin  an<l  weak ;  diluted ;  sloppy :  original- 
ly use*l  to  note  liquid  substances;  hence,  fee- 
ble; lacking  insubstantial  or  desirable  quali- 
ties; insignificant:  as,  a  wishy-washy  speech. 
[Colloq.] 

A  good  seaman,  .  .  .  noneof  your  Guinea-pigs,  nor  your 
fresh-water,  wishy-washy,  fair-weather  fowls. 

Stnollett.    (Imp.  Diet.) 
The  wishy-washy,  bread-and-butter  period  of  life. 

Trollope,  Barchester  Towers,  xli. 

H.  n.  Any  sort  of  thin,  weak  liquor.     [Col- 

loq.] 

wisket  fwis'ket),  n.     Same  as  whisket. 
■wisliciet,  wislokert,  adv.  Middle  English  forms 

of  wiKi'li/.  iri.li  Her  (more  wisely). 
wislyt,  <"lv.     [ME.,  also  icysbj,  wisUkc;  <  AS. 

f/i.winlicc,  gewmlicc,  <  gcwis,  certain :   see  icis^, 

iwis.]    Certainly;  surely. 

1  not  myself  iioght  wtjdy  what  it  is. 

Chaucer,  Trollus,  iii.  1653. 

wisp  (wisp),  H.  [<  ME.  wixp,  wijsp,  weni),  wispe, 
also  wipa,  an  older  form  (the  x  being  prob.  for- 
mative) ;  not  found  in  AS. ;  cf .  LG.  wiep,  a  wisp ; 
cf.  Norw.  vippa,  something  that  skips  about,  a 
wisp  to  sprinkle  or  daub  with,  a  swape,  or  ma- 
chine for  raising  water,  etc.,  =  Sw.  dial,  ripp, 
an  ear  of  rye,  a  Tittle  sheaf  or  bundle ;  cf .  Goth. 
waips,  also  mij>ja,  a  crown.     Il'isp  has  nothing 


6949 

to  do  with  M)Ai«il :  see  wftisil.]  1.  A  handful 
or  small  bundle,  as  of  straw  or  hay ;  a  twisted 
handful. 

A  uisp  of  straw  were  worth  a  thousand  crowns 
To  make  this  shameless  callet  know  herself. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2.  144. 

When  indeed  his  admired  mouth  better  deserved  the 
help  of  Doctor  Executioner,  tliat  he  might  wipe  it  with  a 
hempen  wisp.  Tom  Noah  his  Ghost,  p.  8. 

Of  this  commission  the  bare-armed  Bob,  leading  the 
way  with  a  flaming  wisp  of  paper,  .  .  .  speedily  acquitted 
himself.  Dickeiu,  Our  Mutual  IMend,  i.  13. 

2.  A  whisk,  or  small  broom.— 3.  An  ignis  fat- 
uus,  or  will-o'-the-wisp. 

Or  like  a  icurp  along  the  marsh  so  damp. 

Which  leads  beholders  on  a  boggy  walk, 
He  flitted  to  and  fro  a  dancing  light, 
Which  all  who  saw  it  follow'd,  wrong  or  right. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  46. 

We  did  not  know  the  real  light,  but  chased 
The  wisp  that  flickers  where  no  foot  can  tread. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

4.  A  disease  in  cattle,  consisting  in  inflamma- 
tion and  suppuration  of  the  interdigital  tissues, 
most  commonly  of  the  hind  feet,  it  may  be  due 
to  the  irritation  of  dirt,  to  overgrowth  of  the  hoof,  or 
other  causes.    Also  called/ouZ  in  (Ae/oo(.     X\sq  whisp. 

To  cure  a  Bullock  that  hath  the  Whisp  (that  is  lame  be- 
tween the  Clees).  Aubrey,  Misc.,  p.  138. 

5.  In  falconry,  a  flight  or  walk  of  snipe.  =Syix. 

6.  Covey,  etc.     See_rfocfrl. 

wisp  (wisp),  V.  t.  [<  tcisp,  H.]  1.  To  brush, 
dress,  or  rub  down  with  or  as  with  a  wisp. — 2. 
To  rumple.     HaUiuell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wispent  (wis'pn),  a.  [<  icisp  +  -■jh2.]  Formed 
of  a  wisp  or  wisps. 

she  hath  already  put  on  her  wispen  garland. 
G.  Harvey,  Pierce's  Supererogation  (Brydge's  Archaica, 

[H.  149). 

wispy  (wis'pi),  (I.    [<  wisp  +  -i/1.]    Like  a  wisp. 

A  pinched,  wispy  little  man. 

Z>.  C.  Murray,  Weaker  Vessel,  xi. 

wisst,  ''.  '■  [ME.  wissen,  <  AS.  wissian,  a  var. 
of  icman,  show:  see  wwe^.]     Same  as  wise^. 

IJyfle  I  wirke  wronge,  whom  should  me  icys  be  any  waye? 

York  Plays,  p.  32. 
Thow  coudest  nevere  in  love  thiselven  wysse, 
How  devel  maystow  brynge  me  to  blysse  ? 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  622. 

Knowest  thon  ouht  a  corseynt  men  calleth  seynt  Treuthe  ? 
Const  thou  wissen  vs  the  wey  wher  that  he  dwelleth? 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  vi.  24. 

wissent,  v.  t.    See  wiss. 

Wissondayt,  «•     A  Middle  English  variant  of 

ft  hitsioula;/. 
wistl.     Preterit  of  wit^. 
Wist^  (wist),  r.     A  spurious  word,  improperly 

used   as   present    indicative    (wisi.i)    of    wifl. 

[Rare.] 
But  though  he  wists  not  of  this,  he  is  moved  like  the  great 

Oennan  poet. 

Buckle,  Essays  (Progi-ess  of  Knowledge),  p.  195. 

Wistaria  (wis-ta'ri-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Nuttall,  1818), 
named  in  honor  of  Caspar  Wistur,  an  American 
anatomist  (1761-1818).]  1.  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants,  of  the  tribe  Galer/ca:  and  subtribe 
Tephro.siese.  it  is  characterized  by  having  papiliona- 
ceous flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  witli  a  smooth  style  and 
stamens  usually  completely  diadelphous,  and  by  a  coria- 
ceous readily  dehiscent  legume,  the  last  character  sepa- 
rating it  from  the  large  tropical  Old  World  genus  MUlcttia. 
There  are  2  or  3  species,  natives  of  North  .America,  China, 
and  Japan.  They  are  lofty  climbing  shrnbs  with  odd-pin- 
nate leaves,  entire  feather-veined  and  reticulated  leaflets, 
and  small  stipules.  The  handsome  purplish  flowers  fonn 
terminal  pendent  racemes.  They  are  much  cultivated  in 
America,  commonly  under  the  generic  name  (sometimes 
erroneously  Wisteria)',  in  England  they  are  often  known 
as  kidney-bean  tree,  in  Australia  as  grape-fiower  vine.  W. 
Chinenxis,  the  Chinese,  and  W.  frutescens,  the  American 
wistaria,  are  much  used  in  the  United  States  to  cover  ve- 
randas and  walls.  Tlie  latter  is  a  native  of  swamp-margins 
from  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  southward,  anil  (ievelops  its 
flowers  at  the  same  time  with  the  leaves,  instead  of  before 
them,  as  in  H*.  Chinensis.  W.  Japonica,  by  some  thought 
not  a  distinct  species,  is  commonly  trained  in  Japan  hori- 
zontally (m  trellises  over  pleasure-seats  as  an  ornamental 
shade  ;  it  sometimes  lives  more  than  a  century. 
2.   U.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 

wistful (wist'f ill),  o.  [Prob.  for  *m'7((.s(/h/,  based 
on  the  older  adverb  icistli/,  which  is  prob.  for 
whistlij.  The  assumption  that  wistful  stands  for 
wishful  is  untenable;  for  the  required  change 
wishful  >  *wi.-!fitl  >  wistful  eonld  not  occur  in  the 
mod.  E.  period,  particularly  with  wishful  itself 
remaining  in  use;  but  the  sense  'longing'  ap- 
pears to  have  arisen  in  part  from  association 
with  wi.ihful.  It  is  to  be  note<l  that  wistful  in 
the  earliest  instance  quoted  (Browne)  does  not 
mean,  as  some  dictionaries  give  it,  merely  'ob- 
servant' or  'attentive,'  and  that  its  later  uses 
are  more  or  less  indefinite,  indicating  that  it 
was  orig.  a  poetical  word,  based  on  some  other, 
which  otlier  is  prob.  wistly  for  whistly  as  here 


wit 

assumed.]    1.  Silent;  hushed;  standing  in  mute 

attention. 

In  sullen  mutt'rings  chid 
The  artlesse  songsters,  that  their  musicke  still 
Should  charme  the  sweet  dale  and  the  wistfull  hill. 

W.  Browtie,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  ii.  2. 
This  commanding  creature  .  .  .  put  on  such  a  resig- 
nation in  her  countenance,  and  bore  the  whispers  of  all 
around  the  court  with  such  a  pretty  uneasiness, .  .  .  until 
she  was  perfectly  confused  by  meeting  something  so  tvist- 
ful  in  all  she  encountered.         Steele,  Spectator,  No.  113. 

2.  Full  of  thoughts  ;  contemplative ;  musing ; 
pensive. 

Why,  Grubbinol,  dost  thou  so  wistful  seem  ? 
There 's  sorrow  in  thy  look. 

Gay,  Shepherd's  Week,  Friday. 

3.  Wishful;  longing. 

Lifting  up  one  of  my  sashes,  [I]  cast  many  a  wistful,  mel- 
ancholy look  towards  the  sea. 

Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  ii.  8. 

No  poet  has  expressed  more  vividly  than  Shelley  the 
icistful  eagerness  of  the  human  spirit  to  interpret  the 
riddle  of  the  universe.  E.  Vowden,  Shelley,  I.  75. 

■wistfully  (wist'fiil-i),  adv.  In  a  wistful  man- 
ner; pensivelv;  earnestly;  longingly;  vrish- 
fully. 

With  that,  he  fell  again  to  pry 
Through  perspective  more  wistftdly. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibras,  II.  iii.  468. 

The  captive's  miserable  solace  of  gazing  wistfidly  upon 
the  world  from  which  he  is  excluded. 

Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  112. 

Doubtless  there  is  nothing  sinful  in  gazing  ipistfully  at 
the  marvellous  providences  of  God's  moral  governance, 
and  wishing  to  understand  them. 

J.  H.  Newinmi,  Parochial  Sermons,  i.  204. 

wistfulness  (wist' fill -nes),  h.     The  state  or 

property  of  being  wistful. 
WistleSS  (wist'les),  «.     [Irreg.  <  wist,  known : 

see  wit^.    Cf.  wistful  and  -lcss.'\     Not  knowing; 

ignorant  (of);  unwitting  (of).     [Rare.] 

Wistless  what  I  did,  half  from  the  sheath 
Drew  its  glittering  blade.        Southey,  Joan  of  Arc,  1. 

wistlyt  (wist'li),  adv.  [Prob.  for  whistly,  i.  e. 
'silently,'  which  sense  suits  the  earliest  quota- 
tions (cf.  "And  her  eyes  on  all  my  motions  with 
a  mute  observance  hung,"  Tennyson,  Loeksley 
Hall) ;  the  change  of  hw  to  w  is  very  common 
in  England,  and  may  well  have  been  assisted  in 
this  instance  by  association  with  wist,  pret.  of 
wit,  and  with  wish;  but  to  derive  wistly  from 
either  wist  or  tvish  (as  if  for  wishedly)  is  con- 
trary to  sound  theory  and  to  the  actual  use  of 
the  word.  U'ishly  in  the  "Mir.  for  Mags.," given 
as  the  "same  as  wistly,"  may  be  truly  icishly,  < 
wish  +  -ly'^.  The  same  considerations  apply  to 
wistful,  which  appears  to  stand  for  "whistful.J 
1.  Silently;  with  mute  attention ;  earnestly. 

Robyn  behelde  our  comly  kynge 
Wystly  in  the  face. 
Lytell  Geste  of  Robyn  llode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  115). 

Speaking  it,  he  wistly  look'd  on  me ; 
As  who  should  say,  "I  would  thou  wert  the  man 
That  would  divorce  this  terror  from  my  heart. " 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  v.  4.  7. 
For  I'll  go  turn  my  tub  against  the  sun. 
And  u<stly  mark  how  higher  planets  run. 
Contemplating  their  hidden  motion. 

Marston,  Satires,  v.  171. 

wiston'wisll  (wis'tgn-wish),  «.  Same  as  wish- 
tonici.ih.     Oodman;  Cones  and  Allen. 

wit^  (wit), )'.  Pres.  ind.  1st  pers.  wot,  2d  pers. 
wost  (erroneously  wotfest,  wotst),  3(1  pers.  wot 
(erroneously  wottcth),  pi.  wit,  pret.  wist,  pp. 
wist  (or  witen).  [A  preterit-present  verb  whose 
forms  have  been  much  confused  and  misused 
in  mod.  E.,  in  whi^i,  except  in  the  set  phrase 
to  wit,  it  is  now  used  only  arcliaically;  early 
mod.  E.  also  wcet,  wctc.  <  ME.  weten,  witen  (pres. 
1st  pers.  wot,  wat,  L'd  pers.  wost,  wast,  3d  pers. 
wot,  wool,  wat  (also  1st  pers.  wile,  2d  pers.  witest, 
3d  pers.  witcth,  witcs,  wite:,  eontr.  wit),  pi.  witeth, 
weteth  (subj.  wite,  witen),  pret.  wist,  wiste,  wuste, 
sometimes  by  assimilation  wi.s,se,  jipr.  witand, 
wittand),  <  AS.  witan  (pres.  ind.  1st  pers.  wat, 
'Jd  pers.  ivdst,  3d  pers.  wat,  pi.  witon  —  an  old 
pret.  used  as  present;  pret.  wiste,  r)\.  wiston), 
=  OS.  witan  (pres.  ind.  wet)  =  OFries.  wiia, 
weta  (pres.  wet)  =  D.  ivctcn  (pres.  weet,  pi'et. 
wi.st,  pp.  (jewcten)  =  LG.  weten  =  OWi.  wi::an, 
MHG.  u'i:cen,  G.  wissen,  know  (pres.  1  wciss,  '2 
weisst,  3  icci.is,  pi.  wissen,  pret.  wusste,  pp.  tje- 
wusst),  =  Icel.  vita  (pi-es.  reit,  pret.  vissa,  pp. 
vitathr)  =  Sw.  reta  (pres.  vet,  pret.  vi.isle,  pp. 
vetat)  =  Dan.  vide  (pres.  vecd,  pret.  vidste,  pp. 
vidst)  =  Goth,  wiliin  (pres.  wait,  pret.  wis.sa, 
pp.  not  found),  know:  the  inf.  witan,  with  short 
vow(d,  and  sense  'know,'  being  a  later  form 
and  sense,  developed  from  the  jiret.  and  subj. 
of  witan,  pret.  *wdt,  see,  the  present  wat,  know, 
being  orig.  this  pret.  *wdt,  saw,  'I  have  seen' 


wit 

(see  wite^'j  Teut.  ■/  witj  see,  =  OBulg.  vidieti 
=  Serv.  vidjeti  =  Bohem.  icideti  =  Russ.  i^idieti, 
see,  =  L.  videre,  see,  =  Gr.  'tSeiv^  see  (perf .  ol6a, 
I  know,  =  E.  tcot),  =  Skt.  -)/ vid,  see,  perceive. 
From  the  verb  wiO-  are  ult.  E.  icit^,  n.,  wiPj 
wisely  wise^  (guise,  disguise),  wise^,  wiss,  wisdom, 
etc.,  witch,  wick^j  wicked,  wiseacre,  iwis,  wis^, 
wis^,  witness,  witter,  witterly,  wizard,  etc.  (see 
also  wite'^,  wite^) ;  from  the  L.  videre  are  ult. 
E.  msage,  vision,  visit,  visual,  etc,  (see  under 
vision);  from  the  Gr.,  idea,  idol,  idolon,  eidolon, 
etc.,  and  the  element  -eid-  in  kaleidoscope,  -id 
in  the  termination  -oid,  etc.]  To  know;  be  or 
become  aware:  used  with  or  without  an  ob- 
ject, the  object  when  present  often  being  a 
clause  or  statement,  (a)  Present  tense :  I  wot  (wote), 
thou  wost  (erroneously  wottest,  wotst),  he  wot  (erroneously 
tootteth);  plural  we,  ye  (you),  they  tvit.    [Archaic.} 

But  natheles,  ylt  wot  I  wel  also 

That  ther  nis  noon  dwelling  in  this  contree, 

That  either  hath  in  heven  or  helle  ybe, 

Ne  may  of  it  non  other  weyes  witen. 

But  as  he  hath  herd  seyd  or  founde  it  writen. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  7. 

Thai  seyn  to  hir  Womman,  what  wepist  thou?  She 
seid  to  hem,  For  thei  han  takun  a  wey  my  lord,  and  I  woot 
not  where  thei  have  putt  hira.  Wyclif,  John  xx.  13. 

Dead  long  ygoe,  I  wote,  thou  haddest  bin. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  ii.  18. 

Wottest  thou  what  I  say,  man? 

The  World  and  the  Child  (O.  E.  Plays,  I.  264). 

But  he  refused,  and  said  unto  his  master's  wife,  Behold, 
my  master  xvotteth  not  what  is  with  me  in  the  house. 

Gen.  XXX ix.  8. 

I  wot  well  where  he  is.  Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  2.  139. 

Nay,  nay,  God  wot,  so  thou  wert  nobly  born, 
Thou  hast  a  pleasant  presence. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

(ft)  Preterit  tense :  I,  etc.,  wist  (erroneously  wotted),  [Ar- 
chaic] 

Whanne  she  hadde  seid  thes  thingis,  she  was  turnyd  a 

bale,  and  syg  Jhesu  stondinge,  and  wiste  not  for  it  was 

Jhesu.  Wydif,  John  xx.  14. 

I  whych  woted  best 

His  wretched  dryftes. 

SackvUle,  Complaint  of  Henry,  Duke  of  Buckingham. 

He  stood  still,  and  wotted  not  what  to  do. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

(c)  Infinitive:  wit  (to  wit);  hence,  to  do  to  wit,  to  cause 
(one)  to  know. 

For  thoughethou  see  me  hidouse  and  horrible  to  loken 
oime,  I  do  the  to  wytene  that  it  is  made  be  Enchaunte- 
ment.  MandevUte,  Travels,  p.  25. 

And  first  it  is  to  wyt  that  the  Holy  Londe,  which  was 
delyuered  to  the  .xij.  tribes  of  Israeli,  in  parte  it  was  called 
ye  kyngdome  of  Jude. 

Sir  R.  Guylforde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  47. 

What  wit  haue  we  (poore  fooles)  to  wit  what  wil  serue 
vs? 
Sir  T.  More,  Cumfort  against  Tribulation  (1673),  fol.  14. 

And  his  sister  stood  afar  off  to  imt  what  would  be  done 
to  him.  Ex.  ii.  4. 

Moreover,  brethren,  we  do  you  to  tvit  of  the  grace  of 
God  bestowed  on  the  churches  of  Macedonia. 

2  Cor.  viii.  1. 
Now  please  you  xvit 
The  epitaph  is  for  Marina  writ. 

Shak.,  Pericles,  iv.  4.  31. 

[The  phrase  to  wit  is  now  used  chiefly  to  call  attention  to 
some  particular,  or  as  introductory  to  a  detailed  state- 
ment of  what  has  been  just  before  mentioned  generally, 
and  is  equivalent  to  'namely,'  'that  is  to  say';  as,  there 
were  three  present— io  wit,  Mr.  Brown,  Mr.  Green,  and 
Mr.  Black. 

lus  Ciuile  was  the  order  and  manner  in  old  dayes  to 
forme  their  plees  in  lawe,  that  is  to  vritt  to  cite,  aunawere, 
accuse,  proue,  denie,  alledge,  relate,  to  giue  sentence,  and 
to  execute.    Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577X  V- 16. 

That  which  Moses  saith,  God  built  a  woman,  The  Tal- 
mud interpreteth.  He  made  curies,  and  he  brought  her  to 
Adam,  to  vxit  with  leaping  and  dancing. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  214.] 

(d)  Present  participle :  witting,  sometimes  weeting  (er- 
roneously wotting).     Compare  univitting. 

Yet  are  these  feet  .  .  . 

Swift-winged  with  desire  to  get  a  grave. 

As  wittiyig  I  no  other  comfort  have. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,ii.  5.  16. 

(e)  Past  participle :  wist.     (Obsolete  or  archaic] 

For  harmes  myghten  folwen  mo  than  two 

If  it  were  wist.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  615. 

The  grey  border-stone  that  is  wist 

To  dilate  and  assume  a  wild  shape  in  the  mist. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Lay  of  the  Brown  Rosary. 

witl  (wit),  n.  [<  ME.  toit,  wyt  (pi.  wittes),  < 
AS.  wit,  knowledge,  =  OS,  ^wit  in  comp.  fire- 
wit,  curiosity,  =  OFries.  wit  =.  MLG.  wite,  wete 
=  OHG.  wizzt,  MHG.  witze,  G.  witz,  knowledge, 
understanding,  wisdom,  =  Icel.  vit  =  Sw.  vett 
=  Dan.  vid,  wit,  knowledge;  cf.  Goth,  un-wits, 
without  understanding,  foolish,  un-witi,  igno- 
rance, foolishness;  from  the  verb.]  1.  Know- 
ledge; wisdom;  intelligence;  sagacity;  judg- 
ment; sense. 


6950 

'*It  is  but  a  Dido,"  quod  this  doctour,  "a  dysoures  tale. 
Al  the  u*itt  of  this  worlde  and  wiste  mennes  strengthe 
Can  nougt  confourmen  a  pees  bytwene  the  pope  and  his 
enemys."  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  172. 

Many  things  here  among  us  have  been  found  by  chance, 
which  no  wit  could  ever  have  devised. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  i. 
Had  I  but  had  the  wit  yestreen 

That  I  hae  coft  the  day  — 
I'd  paid  my  kane  seven  times  to  hell 
Ere  you'd  been  won  away ! 
The  Young  Tamlane  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  125). 
I  have  the  wU  to  think  my  master  is  a  kind  of  a  knave. 
Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  iii.  1.262. 

If  a  man  is  honest,  it  detracts  nothing  from  his  merits 

to  say  he  had  the  wit  to  see  that  honesty  is  the  best  policy. 

E.  Dicey,  Victor  Emmanuel,  p.  112. 

2.  Mind ;  understanding ;  intellect ;  reason ;  in 
the  plural,  the  faculties  or  powers  of  the  mind 
or  intellect ;  senses :  as,  to  "be  out  of  one's  wits; 
he  has  all  his  wits  about  him. 

So  my  witte  wex  and  wanyed  til  I  a  fole  were. 
And  somme  lakked  my  lyf  allowed  it  fewe. 
And  leten  me  for  a  lorel.      Piers  Plovmiayi  (B),  xv.  3. 
Who  knew  the  wit  of  the  Lord,  or  who  was  his  coun- 
ceilour  ?  Wyclif,  Rom.  xi.  34. 

Many  yong  wittes  be driuen  to  hate  leaminge  before  they 
know  what  learninge  is. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  19. 
His  unts  are  not  so  blunt.      Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iiL  5.  11. 
I  am  in  my  ivits ;  I  am  a  labouring  man. 
And  we  have  seldom  leisure  to  run  mad. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  iii.  2. 
Sir  John  Russel  also  was  taken  there,  but  he,  feigning 
himself  to  be  out  of  his  Wits,  escaped  for  that  Time. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  150. 

Sf.  Knowledge;  information. 

The  Child  of  Wynd  got  wit  of  it. 
Which  filled  his  heart  with  woe. 
The  Laidley  Worm  of  Spindleston-heugh  (Child's  Ballads, 

[I.  283). 
Let  neither  my  father  nor  mother  get  ujit, 
But  that  I'm  coming  hame. 

The  Queen's  Marie  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  119). 

4.  Ingenuity;  skill. 

Your  knyf  withe  alle  your  vrytte 
Vnto  youre  sylf  bothe  clene  and  sharpe  conserve. 
That  honestly  yee  raowe  your  own  mete  kerve. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  6. 
What  strength  cannot  do,  man's  m<  — being  the  most 
forcible  engine  —  hath  often  effected. 

Raleigh  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  16). 

5.  Imagination ;  the  imaginative  faculty. 
[Kare.] 

Wit  in  the  poet ...  is  no  other  than  the  faculty  of  imagi- 
nation in  the  writer,  which  .  .  .  searches  over  all  the 
memory  for  the  species  or  ideas  of  those  things  which  it 
designs  to  represent. 

Dryden,  Annus  Mirabilis,  Td  Sir  R.  Howard. 

6.  The  keen  perception  and  apt  expression  of 
those  connections  between  ideas  which  awaken 
pleasure  and  especially  amusement.  See  the 
quotations  and  the  synonyms. 

True  wit  consists  in  the  resemblance  of  ideas.  .  .  .  But 
every  resemblance  of  ideas  is  not  what  we  call  wit,  and  it 
must  be  such  an  one  that  gives  delight  and  surprise  to  the 
reader.  Where  the  likeness  is  obvious,  it  creates  no  sur- 
prise, and  is  not  imt.  Thus,  when  a  poet  tells  us  that  the 
bosom  of  his  mistress  is  as  white  as  snow,  there  is  no  tcit 
in  the  comparison ;  but  when  he  adds,  with  a  sigh,  it  is  as 
cold  too,  it  then  grows  into  tvit.  Dryden. 

Wit  lying  most  in  the  assemblage  of  ideas,  and  putting 
those  together  with  quickness  and  variety  wherein  can  be 
found  any  resemblance  or  congruity,  thereby  to  make  up 
pleasant  pictures  and  agreeable  visions  in  the  fancy. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  II.  xi.  2. 

In  wit,  if  by  tvit  be  meant  the  power  of  perceiving  anal- 
ogies between  things  which  appear  to  have  nothing  in 
common,  he  never  had  an  equal.  Macaulay,  Bacon. 

7t.  Conceit;  idea;  thought;  design;  scheme; 

plan. 

To  senden  him  into  som  fer  contree 
Ther  as  this  Jasoun  may  destroyed  be ; 
This  was  his  w%t.     Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1. 1420. 
Was 't  not  a  pretty  wit  of  mine,  master  poet,  to  have  had 
him  rode  into  Puckeridge  with  a  horn  before  him? 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  v.  1. 

At  one's  Wit's  end.   See  emf.— Kind  witt.   Seekijidi.— 

The  five  wits,  the  five  senses ;  in  general,  the  faculties  of 

the  mind.    The  five  wits  have  been  fancifully  enumerated 

as  common  wit,  imagination,  fantasy,  estimation,  memory. 

The  deedly  synnes  that  been  entred  into  thyn  herte  by 

thy  five  wittes.  Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 

If  thy  wits  run  the  wild-goose  chase,  I  have  done,  for  thou 

hast  more  of  the  wild-goose  in  one  of  thy  wits  than  .  .  . 

I  have  in  my  whole^ce.        Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  4.  77,  78. 

Alone  and  warming  his^ye  mts, 

The  white  owl  in  the  belfry  sits. 

Tennyson,  The  Owl. 

To  drive  to  one's  wit's  end.  See  drive.— ^o  have 
one's  wits  In  a  creel.  See  creel.— ^o  live  by  one's 
wits,  to  live  by  temporary  shifts  or  expedients,  as  one 
without  regular  means  of  living. 

Addison  sent  to  beg  Gay,  who  was  then  living  by  his 
wits  about  town,  to  come  to  Holland  House. 

Macaulay,  Addison. 

=  SyTl.  6.  Wit,  Humor.  In  writers  down  to  the  time  of 
Pope  wit  generally  meant  the  serious  kind  of  wU. 


wit 

Serious  wil  is  .  .  .  neither  more  nor  less  than  quick 
wisdom.  Burnet. 

Look,  he 's  winding  up  the  watch  of  his  wit ;  by  and  by 
it  will  strike.  Sfiok.,  Tempest,  it  1.  13. 

In  more  recent  use  wU  in  the  singular  generally  implies 
comic  M-it ;  in  that  sense  it  is  different  from  Awmor.  One 
principal  difference  is  that  vnt  always  lies  in  some  form 
of  words,  while  hum&r  may  be  expressed  by  manner,  as 
a  smile,  a  grimace,  an  attitude.  Underlying  this  is  the 
fact,  consistent  with  the  original  meaning  of  the  words, 
that  humor  goes  more  deeply  into  the  nature  of  the 
thought,  while  wit  catches  pleasing  but  occult  or  far- 
fetched resemblances  between  things  really  unlike :  a 
good  pun  shows  wU;  Irving's  ''History  of  New  York" 
is  a  piece  of  sustained  humor,  the  kmnor  lying  in  the 
portrayal  of  character,  the  nature  of  the  incidents,  etc. 
Again,  "iri(  may,  I  think,  be  regarded  as  a  purely  in- 
tellectual process,  while  humor  is  a  sense  of  the  ridicu- 
lous controlled  by  feeling,  and  coexistent  often  with  the 
gentlest  and  deepest  pathos"  (H.  Reed,  Lects.  on  Eng. 
Lit.,  II.  357).  Hence  humor  is  always  kind,  while  uU  may 
be  unkind  in  the  extreme:  Swift's  "Travels  of  Gulliver"  is 
much  too  severe  a  satire  to  be  called  a  work  of  humor.  It 
is  essential  to  the  effect  of  wit  that  the  form  in  which  it  is 
expressed  should  be  brief ;  humor  may  be  heightened  in 
its  effect  by  expansion  into  full  forms  of  statement,  de- 
scription, etc.  Wit  more  often  than  humor  depends  upon 
passing  circumstances  for  its  effect. 

The  best  and  most  agreeable  specimen  of  English  humor 
(it  is  humor  in  contrast  to  ivit)  which  belongs  to  that 
period  is  Steele's  invention,  and  Addison's  use,  of  the 
character  of  Sir  Roger  deCoverley.  .  .  .  The  same  species 
of  pure,  genial,  wise,  and  healthful  humor  has  been  sus- 
tained in  the  incomparable  "Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  and  in 
the  writings  of  our  countryman  Washington  Irving. 

H.  Reed,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lit.,  II.  369. 

While  ivit  is  a  purely  intellectual  thing,  into  every  act 
of  the  humorous  mind  there  is  an  influx  of  the  moral 
nature ;  rays,  direct  or  refracted,  from  the  will  and  the 
affections,  from  the  disposition  and  the  temperament^  en- 
ter into  all  humor;  and  thence  it  is  that  humor  is  of  a 
diffusive  quality,  pervading  an  entire  course  of  thought ; 
while  wit  —  because  it  has  no  existence  apart  from  certain 
logical  relations  of  thought  which  are  definitely  assign- 
able, and  can  be  counted  even  —  is  always  punctually  con- 
centrated within  the  circle  of  a  few  words.     De  Quincey. 

Dr.  Trusler  says  that  wit  relates  to  the  matter,  humour 
to  the  manner ;  that  our  old  comedies  abounded  with  urit, 
and  our  old  actors  with  humour ;  that  humour  always  ex- 
cites laughter  but  wit  does  not;  that  a  fellow  of  humour 
will  set  a  whole  company  in  a  roar,  but  that  there  is  a 
smartness  in  uit  which  cuts  while  it  pleases.  Wit,  he 
adds,  always  implies  sense  and  abilities,  while  hummir 
does  not ;  humour  is  chiefly  relished  by  the  vulgar,  but 
education  is  requisite  to  comprehend  wit. 

Fleming,  Vocab.  FhiloB. 

It  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  hear  "He  has  Aujnour  rather 
than  wit."  Here  the  expression  commonly  means  pleasan- 
try;  for  whoever  has  humour  h^s  wit.  although  it  does  not 
follow  that  whoever  has  unt  has  humour.  Humour  is  ivU 
appertaining  to  character,  and  indulges  in  breadth  of 
drollery  rather  than  in  play  and  brilliancy  of  point  Wit 
vibrates  and  spirts ;  humour  springs  up  exuberantly  as 
from  a  fountain  and  runs  on.  In  Congreve  you  wonder 
what  he  will  say  next ;  in  Addison  you  repose  on  what  is 
said,  listening  with  assured  expectation  of  something  con- 
genial and  pertinent.  Landor. 
Small  room  for  Fancy's  many  chorded  lyre, 
i'or  Wit's  bright  rockets  with  their  trains  of  fire. 

0.  W.  Hdmes,  An  After-Dinner  Poem. 

I  am  not  speaking  of  the  fun  of  the  book  [Don  Quixote], 
of  which  there  is  plenty,  and  sometimes  boisterous  enough, 
but  of  that  deeper  and  more  delicate  quality,  suggestive 
of  remote  analogies  and  essential  incongruities,  which 
alone  deserves  the  name  of  humor.    Loivm,  Don  Quixote. 

wit**^  (wit),  n.  [Prob.  another  use,  and  certain- 
ly now  regarded  as  another  use,  of  wit^y  n. ;  cf . 
spirit,  a  person  of  lively  mind  or  energy,  from 
spirit,  liveliness,  energy ;  witness,  a  person  who 
has  knowledge,  from  witness,  knowledge.  But 
wit  as  applied  to  a  person  may  in  part  repre- 
sent, as  it  may  phonetically  descend  from,  the 
ME.  *wit,  wet,  witey  weote,  <  AS.  wita,  weota, 
also  gewita,  a  man  of  knowledge,  an  adviser, 
counselor,  =  OF.  wita,  a  witness,  =  OHG.  wizo, 
a  witness;  lit,  *  one  who  knows,'  with  formative 
a-  (-an)  of  agent,  <  witaii,  know:  see  wit^,  v. 
This  AS.  wita  appears  in  the  historical  term 
witenagemot,  AS.  witcyia  gemdt,^wits^  moot,  moot 
of  counselors,'  a  council,  parliament.]  One  who 
has  discernment,  reason,  or  judgment;  a  per- 
son of  acute  perception;  especially,  one  who 
detects  between  associated  ideas  the  finer  re- 
semblances or  contrasts  which  give  pleasure 
or  enjoyment  to  the  mind,  and  who  gives 
expression  to  these  for  the  entertainment  of 
others;  often,  a  person  who  has  a  keen  percep- 
tion of  the  incongruous  or  ludicrous,  and  uses 
it  for  the  amusement  and  frequently  at  the  ex- 
pense of  others. 

By  providing  that  choice  wits  after  reasonable  time 
spent  in  contemplation  may  at  the  length  either  enter 
into  that  holy  vocation  ...  or  else  give  place  and  suffer 
others  to  succeed  in  their  rooms. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  v.  80. 

O,  sure  I  am,  the  wits  of  former  days 

To  subjects  worse  have  given  admiring  praise. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  lix. 
When  I  die, 
I'll  build  an  almshouse  for  decayed  mi^. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  t.  2. 


wit 

If  you  examine  the  sayings  of  Charles  Lamb,  Sydney 
Smith,  and  other  great  wits,  you  will  perceive  that  what 
amuses  you  is  the  sudden  perception  of  some  fine  resem- 
blance. J.  F.  Clarke,  Self-Culture,  p.  145. 

•Wit^  (wit),  V.  i.  [<  wU~,  «.]  To  play  the  wit; 
be  witty:  with  an  indefinite  it. 

Burton  doth  pretend  to  wit  it  in  his  pulpit-libeU. 

Heytin,  Life  of  Laud,  p.  260.    (Davia.) 

■wit*t.    See  wite^. 

Witan  (wit'an),  n.  pi.  [AS.,  pi.  of  wita  (ME. 
utile,  weote,  wete),  a  man  of  knowledge,  member 
of  a  council  or  parliament :  see  M)i<2.]  In  Anglo- 
Saxon  hist,  members  of  the  witenagemot. 

As  witan  from  every  quarter  of  the  land  stood  about  his 
throne,  men  realized  how  the  King  of  Wessex  had  risen 
into  the  King  of  England. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng. ,  p.  215. 

Thou  art  the  mightiest  voice  in  England,  man ; 
Thy  voice  will  lead  the  Witan. 

Tennyton,  Harold,  ii.  2. 

wltch^  (wich),  n.  [<  ME.  witche,  wicche,  loichche, 
iciche,  a  witch  (man  or  woman),  <  AS.  wicca,  m., 
wicce,  f.  (pi.  wiccan  in  both  genders),  a  sorcerer 
or  sorceress,  a  wizard  or  witch,  =  Fries,  wikke 
=  L6.  icikke,  a  witch ;  cf .  Icel.  vilH,  m. ,  a  witch, 
wizard,  prob.  after  AS.;  prob.  a  reduction,  witli 
shortened  vowel  and  assimilation  of  conso- 
nants (i^  >  tk  >  kk,  in  AS.  written  cc),  of  AS.  wit- 
ga,  a  syncopated  form  of  witiga,  witega,  a  seer, 
prophet,  soothsayer,  magician  (cf.  dedful-witga, 
'devil  prophet,'  wizard)  (=  OHG.  wizago,  wiz- 
zago,  a  prophet,  soothsayer),  <  *wilig,  seeing,  a 
form  parallel  to  mtig  (with  short  vowel),  know- 
ing, tcitan,  know,  'witan,  see:  see  wifl,  and  cf. 
tcitly.  The  notion  that  witch  is  a  fem.  form  is 
usually  accompanied  by  the  notion  that  the  cor- 
responding masc.  is  wizard  (the  two  words 
forming  one  of  the  pairs  of  masc.  and  fem.  cor- 
relatives given  in  the  grammars);  but  witch  is 
historically  masc.  as  well  as  fem.  (being  indeed 
orig.,  in  the  AS.  form  wilga,  only  masc),  and 
wizard  has  no  immediate  relation  to  witch.  Cf. 
toiseacre,  ult.  <  OHG.  wizago,  and  so  a  doublet 
of  voileh.  Hence  ult.  (<  AS.  wicca)  ME.  wikkc, 
Kicke,  evil,  wicked,  and  wikked,  wicked,  wicked : 
gee  wick''  and  wicked^.  The  change  of  form 
(AS.  wicca  <  wilga)  is  paralleled  by  a  similar 
change  in  orchard  (AS.  orceard  <  orcgeard  <  ort- 
geard),  and  the  development  of  sense  ( '  wicked,' 
'witched')  is  in  keeping  with  the  history  of 
other  words  which  have  become  ultimately  as- 
sociated with  popular  superstitions — supersti- 
tion, whether  religious  or  etymological,  tending 
to  pervert  or  distort  the  forms  and  meanings  of 
words.]  1.  A  person  (of  either  sex)  given  to 
the  black  art ;  a  sorcerer ;  a  conjurer ;  a  wizard ; 
later  and  more  particularly,  a  woman  supposed 
to  have  formed  a  compact  with  the  devil  or 
with  evil  spirits,  and  to  be  able  by  their  aid  to 
operate  supematurally ;  one  who  practises  sor- 
cery or  enchantment ;  a  sorceress. 
"Cniciflge,"  quod  &  cacchepolle.  "I  warante  hym  a 
witehe!"  Piers  Plowman  (B),  xviiL  46. 

There  was  a  man  in  that  citee,  whi>8  name  was  Symount, 
a  wiccht.  Wyclif,  Act»  viiL  9. 

Devil  or  devil's  dam,  I'll  conjure  thee : 
Blood  will  I  draw  on  thee ;  thou  art  a  witch. 

Shai.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  6.  H. 

When  a  Country-wench  cannot  get  her  Butter  to  come, 
ihe  says,  The  Witch  is  in  her  Chum, 

Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  82. 

2.  .An  old,  ugly,  and  crabbed  or  malignant 
woman;  a  hag;  a  crone:  a  term  of  abuse. 

Fool  wrinkled  vntch,  what  makest  thou  in  my  sight? 

Skak.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  3.  IW. 

3.  A  fascinating  woman ;  a  woman,  especially 
a  young  woman  or  a  girl,  possessed  of  peculiar 
attractions,  whether  of  beauty  or  of  manners ; 
a  bewitching  or  charming  young  woman  or  girl. 
[CoUoq.] — 4.  A  charm  or  spell.     [Rare.] 

If  a  man  but  dally  by  her  feet, 
He  thinks  it  straight  a  teitch  to  charm  his  daughter. 

Greene,  George-a-Greene,  p.  262.    (Davies.) 

6.  A  petrel :  doubtless  so  called  from  its  inces- 
sant flight,  often  kept  up  in  the  dark. — 6.  A 
water-witch.  —  7.  The  pole,  pole-dab,  or  craig- 

fluke,  a  kind  of  flatfish Black  witch.    Same  as 

ani(which  see,  with  cut).  P.  ff.GoKse.  {Jamaica.] — The 
riding  of  the  witch.  See  ridtm/i.  — White  witch  or 
wizard,  a  witch  or  wizard  of  a  beneficent  or  good-natured 
disposition. 

Sorcerers  are  too  common  ;  cunning  men,  wizards,  and 
Vfhite-witcheg,  as  they  call  them,  in  every  village. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  271. 

And,  like  white  witches,  mischievously  good, 

Dryden,  The  .Medal,  1,  B2, 

Witches'  Sabbath.  See  .SaftfcotA,  6. — Witch  of  Agnesl, 
in  math,  a  plane  curve  discussed  by  Donna  .Maria  Gaetana 
Agnesi,  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Tniversity  of  B<j- 
Itjgna,  who  die<l  a  nun  in  17rH>.     It  consists  of  a  straight 


6951 

line  together  with  a  cubic  to  which  that  line  is  the  in- 
flectional asymptote,  this  cubic  having  an  acnode  at  in- 
finity in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  the  line.  If  a:  =  0  is 
the  equation  of  the  line,  iy:cy^  -f  1  =  (cjx)  is  that  of  the 
cubic.  The  area  of  the  curve  is  four  times  that  of  the 
circle  having  four-pointic  contact  with  the  cubic  and 
two-pointic  contact  with  the  line.  Also  called  versiera. 
witcn.!  (wich),  !!.  t.  [<  ME.  witchen,  wicclien, 
wichen,  <  AS.  wiccian,  bewitch;  cf.  D.  LG.  wik- 
ken  =  Icel.  vitka,  soothsay,  divine ;  from  the 
noun.  Cf.  iewilch.'i  1 .  To  bewitch ;  fascinate ; 
enchant. 

Ne  schuld  he  with  wicchecraft  be  wicched  neuer-more. 
Watiam  o/Palente(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  442". 
For  she  has  given  me  poison  in  a  kiss  — 
She  had  it  'twixt  her  lips  —  and  with  her  eyes 
She  witches  people. 

Beatu  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iii,  1. 

I'hou  hast  witched  me,  rogue. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iL  1. 

2.  To  work  by  charms  or  witchcraft;  effect, 
cause,  or  bring  by  or  as  by  witchcraft. 

Did  not  she  vjitch  the  devil  into  my  son-in-law,  when  he 
killed  my  poor  daughter? 

Ford  and  Dekker,  Witch  of  Edmonton,  v.  2. 

And  so  in  one  evening  EUery  witched  himself  into  the 
good  graces  of  everyone  in  the  simple  parsonage;  and 
when  Tina  at  last  appeared  she  found  him  reigning  king 
of  the  circle.  H.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  492, 

All  round,  upon  the  river's  slippery  edge, 
Witching  to  deeper  calm  the  drowsy  tide, 
Whispers  and  leans  the  breeze-entangling  sedge. 

Lowell,  Indian-Summer  Reverie, 

witch^  (wich),  n.  [Also,  in  comp.,  wich,  wych, 
weech  ;  <  ME.  wiche,  <  AS.  wice,  the  sorb  or  ser- 
vice-tree ;  appar.  applied  to  several  trees  vrith 
pendulous  branches,  <  wican  (pp.  wicen),  bend, 
yield:  see  ireak.  Hence  witchen,  and  in  comp. 
wilch-elm,  witch-hazel,  q.  v.]  The  witch-elm,  Ul- 
mus  montana. 

witch-alder  (wich'al''der),  n.  A  low  shrub  with 
alder-like  leaves,  Fothergilla  Gardeni  (F.  alnifo- 
lia),  of  the  witch-hazel  family,  found  in  Vir- 
ginia and  North  Carolina. 

witch-ball  (wich'bal),  n.  A  name  given  to  in- 
terwoven masses  of  the  stems  of  herbaceous 
plants,  often  met  with  in  the  steppes  of  Tatary. 

witch-bells,  witches'-bells  (wich'belz,  wich'- 
ez-belz),  n.  pi.  The  harebell.  Campanula  ro- 
lundifolia;  also,  the  bluebottle,  Centaurea  Cya- 
nus.  Britten  and  Holland.  [Provincial,  chiefly 
Scotch.] 

witch-chick  (wich'chik),  n.  A  swallow:  from 
an  old  superstition.  See  swallow-struck.  Also 
witchuck  and  witch-hag. 

'Witchcraft  (wich'kr&ft),  n.  [<  ME.  wicchecraft, 
<  AS.  wiccecreeft,  wiccrmft,  witchcraft,  <  wicca, 
m.,  wicce,  t.,  witch,  -I-  craft,  craft:  see  witch^ 
and  cra/<l.]  1.  The  practices  of  witches;  sor- 
cery ;  a  supernatural  power  which  persons  were 
formerly  supposed  to  obtain  by  entering  into 
compact  with  the  devil.  The  belief  m  witchcraft 
was  common  in  Europe  till  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
maintained  its  ground  with  tolerable  firmness  till  themid- 
dle  of  the  seventeenth  century ;  indeed  it  is  not  altogether 
extinct  even  at  the  present  day.  Numbers  of  reputed 
witches  were  formerly  condemned  to  be  burned.  One  con- 
spicuous outbreak  of  popular  excitement  over  supposed 
demoniacal  manifestations  took  place  about  1692  in  New 
England,  especially  in  and  near  Salem. 

There  was  thane  an  Enchantour  in  the  Contree,  that 
deled  with  Wycche  craft,  that  men  clepten  Taknia. 

Mandevdle,  Travels,  p.  13'2, 

Now  the  anival  of  Sir  William  Phips  to  the  government 
of  New-England  was  at  a  time  when  .  ,  ,  scores  of  poor 
people  had  newly  fallen  under  a  prodigious  possession  of 
devils,  which  it  was  then  generally  thought  had  been  by 
witchcrafts  introduced.        C,  Mather,  Mag.  Christ,,  ii.  13. 

2.  E.xtraordinary  power;  irresistible  influence ; 
fascination;  witchery. 

You  have  witchcraft  in  your  lips,  Kate. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2.  301. 
There 's  witchcraft  in  thy  language,  in  thy  face. 
In  thy  demeanours.    Ford,  Lover's  Melancholy,  iv.  3. 

The  subtle  witchcraft  of  his  tongue 
Unlocked  the  hearts  of  those  who  keep 
Gold,  the  world's  bond  of  slavery. 

Shelley,  Rosalind  and  Helen. 

■witch-doctor  (wich'dok'tor),  n.  Same  as  medi- 
cinc-man.     Eneyc.  Brit.,  Xin.  820. 

witch-elm  (wich'elm),  n.  [Also  wich-elni,  and 
archaically  wych-elm ;  also  weech-elm  ;  <  witch'^ 
-\-  elm.  In  this  word  and  witch-hazel,  the  archaic 
spelling  is  much  affected  in  modem  use.]  An 
elm,  Vlmus  montnna,  of  hilly  districts  in  west- 
ern and  northern  Europe  and  northern  Asia: 
the  common  wild  elm  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and 
the  northern  and  western  parts  of  England. 
It  is  less  tall  than  the  common  English  elm  {U.  campcs- 
tris),  hut  is  a  considerable  tree,  of  picturesque  habit,  the 
trunk  branch  I  ng  naturally  near  the  base,  the  leaves  broad- 
ly ovate.  The  wood  has  the  fine-grained,  tough,  and  elns- 
tic  quality  i>f  U.  campestn'K,  and  is  preferred  for  bent  work. 


witching 

as  in  hoat-building.    In  southeastern  England  a  variety 
of  the  common  elm  is  also  called  by  this  name. 

The  witch-elm  that  shades  Saint  Fillan's  Spring, 

Scott,  L,  of  the  L.,  i..  Int. 
Witch-elins  that  counterchange  the  floor 
Of  this  flat  lawn  with  dusk  and  bright. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ixxxix. 

■witchen  (wich'n),  «.  [Also  witchin;  a  var.  of 
witch^  (with  suffix  conformed  to  -e«2),  <  ME. 
wiche,  <  AS.  wice,  the  service-tree :  see  witch^.'] 
The  mountain-ash  or  rowan,  Pyrus  aucuparia. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

witchery  (wich'6r-i),  n. ;  pi.  witcheries  (-iz). 
[<  wJteAl  + -ery."]  1.  Sorcery;  enchantment; 
witchcraft. —  3.  Fascination;  charm. 

He  never  felt 
The  witchery  of  the  soft  blue  sky. 

Wordsicorth,  Peter  Bell. 

witches'-besom  (wich'ez-be''''zum),  ».  Same  as 
witches'-broom. 

■witches'-broom  (wich'ez-brom),  n.  A  popular 
name  for  the  broom-like  tufts  of  branches  de- 
veloped on  the  silver-fir,  birch,  cherry,  and 
other  trees  in  consequence  of  the  attack  of  a 
uredineous  fungus,  Peridermium  elatinum. 

witches'-butter  (wich'ez-bufer),  «.  An  alga. 
See  Xostoc,  2. 

■witches'-thimble  (wich'ez-thim''''bl),  n.  See 
thimble  and  Silene. 

■witchet  (wich'et),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
rounding-plaue. 

■witch-findert  (wich'fin"d^r),  n.  A  professional 
discoverer  of  witches,  whose  services  were 
sometimes  employed  when  the  persecution  of 
so-called  witches  was  in  vogue. 

He  [Matthew  Hopkins]  then  set  up  as  "Witch  Finder 
General!,"  and,  on  the  invitation  of  several  towns,  made 
journeys  for  the  discovery  of  witches  through  Essex, 
Suffolk,  Norfolk,  and  Huntingdonshire,  ,  ,  ,  Supposed 
witches  were  urged  to  confess,  and  on  the  strength  of 
their  own  confession  were  hanged. 

Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  XXVII.  336. 

■witch-grass  (wich'gras),  n.  1.  Same  as  old- 
witch  grass. —  2.  The  quitch-grass  or  couch- 
grass,  Agropyrnm  repens. 

■witch-hag  (wieh'hag),  n.     Same  as  witch-chick. 

■witch-hazel  (wich'ha''''zl),  «.  [Also  wich-hazel, 
wych-hazel ;  <  witch^  +  hazel.  Cf.  witch-elm.] 
1.  The  witch-  or  wych-elm,  Vlmus  montana,  its 
broad  leaves  resembling  those  of  hazel.  [Prov. 
Eng.] — 2.  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  Bamamelis 
Virginiana,  of  eastern  North  America.  It  is  no- 
ticeable for  its  flowers  with  four  yellow  strap-shaped  pet- 
als, appearing  when  the  leaves  are  falling,  the  fruit,  which 
is  a  woody  capsule,  ripening  the  next  season.    The  leaves 


Branch  with  Fruits  of  Witch-hazel  (//a»»aw*tf/ij   yiri^niana). 
a,  male  flower  ;  b,  fruit, 

are  broad  and  straight-veined,  wavy-margined.  The  leaves 
and  bark  of  witch-liazel  alxiuud  in  tanniti,  and  the  bark  af- 
fords also  a  reputed  sedative  application  for  various  cases 
of  external  Influmination,  The  leaves  are  said  to  possess 
similar  properties,  and  an  Infusion  of  them  is  given  in- 
ternally for  bowel-complaints  and  hemorrhages.  While 
witch-hazel  is  now  much  in  vogue  as  a  cure  for  bruises 
and  sprains,  as  also  for  various  internal  difficulties,  and  is 
even  officiiially  recognized,  its  real  virtue,  if  any,  is  still 
quite  in  doubt, 

witching  (wich'ing),  )i.  [<  ME.  wicehiitg,  wicch- 
ingc ;  verbal  n.  of  witch^,  r.]  The  practices 
of  witches;  enchantment. 

witching  (wieh'ing),  p.  a.  1.  Bewitching: 
■suited  to  enchantment  or  witchcraft;  weird. 

'TIs  now  the  very  unlchinj  time  of  nipbt. 

When  churchyards  yawn,    Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii,  2,  406, 

2.   Fascinating;  enchanting. 

Let  neither  flatteix  nor  the  witching  sound 

Of  high  and  soft  preferment,  touch  your  goodness, 

Fletcher  {and  another),  False  One,  iv,  3, 


witchingly 

witchingly  (wieh'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  bewitch- 
ing, fascinating,  or  enelianting  manner.  Thom- 
son, Castle  of  Indolence,  i.  6. 

witch-knot  (wich'not),  H.  A  knot  or  snarl, 
especially  in  the  hair,  supposed  to  be  caused 
by  witchcraft.     Compare  e}f,  r.,  and  elf-lock. 

0,  that  I  were  a  witch  but  for  her  sake ! 
Yfaith  her  Queenship  little  rest  should  take ; 
I'll  scratch  that  face,  that  may  not  feele  the  aire, 
And  knit  whole  ropes  of  witch-kiioU  in  her  haire. 

Draytoii,  Poems  (ed.  16S7X  p.  253.     (HalHwell.) 
O  whahas  loosed  the  nine  tntch-knots 
That  were  amang  that  ladye's  locks? 

Waiie's  Ladye  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  166). 

witch-meal  (wieh'mel),  n.  The  powdery  pol- 
len of  the  club-moss,  Lycopodhim  clavatum;  ly- 
copode.  It  is  so  rapidly  inflammable  as  to 
have  been  used  in  theaters  to  represent  light- 
ning. 

witch-ridden  (wich'rid^''n),  a.  Ridden  by 
witches;  having  a  nightmare. 

witch-seeker  (wich'se^ker),  n.  Same  as  witch- 
Jin  der. 

witch-stitch  (wich'stich),  ».  In  embroidery, 
same  as  herring-bone  stitch  (which  see,  imder 
herring-bone). 

wltchuck  (wich'uk),  n.     Same  as  witch-chick. 

witch- wife  (^sdch'wif ),  n.  A  woman  who  prac- 
tises witchcraft. 

In  the  tenth  century  we  heai-  of  the  first  instance  of  a 
death  in  England  for  heresy,  in  the  actual  drowning  of  a 
icitch-tcife  at  London  Bridge. 

J.  li.  Green,  C'onq.  of  Eng.,  p.  11. 

witch-wolft  (wieh'wulf),  n.     A  werwolf .     liev. 

T.  Adams,  Works,  II.  119. 
witch-WOOd(wich'wud),«.   1.  Sajne  KB  witchen. 

— 2.  Ssivae  as  witch-elm. —  3.  The  spindle-tree, 

Euonymus  Europsens. 
wit-crackert  (wit'krak^er),  n.    One  who  makes 

jests;  a  joker. 

A  college  of  unt-crackers  cannot  flout  me  out  of  my  hu- 
mour: Dost  thou  think  I  care  for  a  satire,  or  an  epigram? 
Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  4.  102. 

wit-craftt  (wit'kraft),  n.  1.  Mental  skill;  con- 
trivance; invention.  Camden,  Remains,  p.  144, 
(Nares.)  —  2.  The  art  of  reasoning;  logic. 

Master  Secretary  Wilson,  geuing  an  English  name  to  his 
arte  of  Logicke,  called  it  Witcra/t. 

Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  191. 

wite^t,  V.  t.  [ME.  witen,  <  AS.  tvitan,  see:  see 
wit^.  Cf.  wite^.']  To  observe;  keep;  guard; 
preserve;  protect. 

"Pieres,"  quod  I,  "I  preye  the  whi  stonde  thiae  piles 

here?" 
"For  wyndes,  wiltow  wyte,"  quod  he,  "to  uriten  it  fram 

fallynge."  Piers  Plowman  (BX  xvi.  25. 

wite-  (wit),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  witen,  tvyten,  <  AS.  wi- 
tan,  witian,  impute,  blame,  censure,  punish, 
fine  (ef.  witnian,  punish,  edicltan,  reproach, 
ietwitan,  reproach:  see  twit),  =  Icel.  vita,  fine, 
=  Goth,  weitjan  (in  idweitjan,  reproach  (=  AS. 
edwttan),  and  in  fair-iceitjan,  obsei've  intently) ; 
ult.  connected  with  tcitan,  see,  witan,  know :  see 
wite'^,  wif^,  and  ef.  twit.']  If.  To  impute  (to 
one)  as  a  fault;  blame  for;  blame  (that):  gov- 
erning directly  a  noun  or  clause,  and  taking 
an  indirect  object  in  the  dative. 

And  thei-fore,  if  that  I  mysspeke  or  seye, 
Wyte  it  the  ale  of  Southwerk,  I  yow  preye. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Miller's  Tale,  1.  33. 

Y  pray  yow  .  .  .  not  to  i(f?/(e  it  me  that  y  am  the  causer 
of  it  that  my  seyd  maister  noyeth  yow  with  so  manye 
materes.  Paston  Letters,  I.  374. 

2.  To  impute  wrong  to ;  find  fault  with ;  blame ; 
censure.     [Now  Scotch.] 

He  gan  fowly  u;yte 
His  wicked  fortune.        Spenser,  V.  Q.,  III.  iv.  52. 
O  wyte  na  me,  now,  my  master  dear, 
I  gart'd  a'  my  young  hawks  sing. 

Lord  John  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  136> 

Wite^  (wit),  ri.  [Formerly  also  wight;  <  ME.  wite, 
wyte,  <  AS.  wite,  punishment,  fine,  torment,  tor- 
ture, =  OS.  witi  =  OHG.  wiziy  MHG.  wize^  punish- 
ment, =  Icel.  r«??',  fine:  see ?dfc2,  r.]  1.  Blame; 
censure;  reproach;  fault.  [Now  Scotch.] 
For  worche  he  wel  other  wrong,  the  n-it  is  his  oune. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  x.  75. 
And  but  I  do,  sirs,  lat  me  han  the  iryte. 
Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's* Tale,  1.  400. 
"  Put  na  the  ivitp-  on  nie,"  she  said, 
"It  was  my  may  Catherine.  " 

Earl  Richard  (Child's  Ballads.  III.  8). 
They  hae  kill'd  Sir  Charlie  Hay, 
And  they  laid  the  wyte  on  Geordie. 

Geordie  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  93). 

2.  Punishment;  i)enalty;  mulct;  fine;  in  old 
Eng.  criminal  l(tw,  a  fine  paid  to  the  kin^  oi- 
other  lord  in  respect  of  an  offense.  J.  F.  Ste- 
phen. 


6952 

wite^t,  r.  i.  [ME.  witen;  <  AS.  witan  (pret.  teat), 
gewitan  (pret.  gewdt),  go.]     To  go. 

Ne  tmte  thow  noght  fra  me. 
Early  Eng.  Psalter  (ed.  Stevenson),  xxi.  12. 

wite^t,  V.  and  w.     An  obsolete  form  of  wit^. 
witelessf  (wit'les),  a.   l<  wite^  + -less.']    Blame- 
less. 

Ne  can  Willye  wite  the  ivitelesse  herdgroome. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  August. 

witenagemot  (wit'e-na-ge-mof),  n.  [AS.  %ci- 
tena  gemot,  'counselors'  moot':  witena,  gen. 
pi.  of  wita,  weota,  gewita,  a  man  of  knowledge, 
a  counselor;  gemot,  moot  or  meet,  assembly, 
council,  parliament:  see  wit^  and  Pioot^.]  In 
Anglo-Saxon  hist,,  the  great  national  council  or 
parliament,  consisting  of  the  king  with  his  de- 
pendents and  friends  and  sometimes  the  mem- 
bers of  his  family,  the  ealdormen,  the  bishops, 
and  other  ecclesiastics.  This  council,  which  met 
frequently,  constituted  the  highest  court  of  judicature 
in  the  kingdom.  It  was  summoned  by  the  king  in  any 
political  emergency,  and  its  concurrence  was  necessary 
in  many  important  measures,  such  as  the  deciding  of 
war,  the  levying  of  extraordinary  taxes,  grants  of  land  in 
certain  cases,  election  and  (in  many  instances)  deposition 
of  kings. 

The  old  Germanic  tradition,  which  associated  "  the  wise 
men  "  in  all  royal  action,  gave  a  constitutional  ground  to 
the  powers  which  the  Witenageinot  exercised  more  and 
more  as  English  society  took  a  more  and  more  aristocratic 
form  ;  and  it  thus  came  to  share  with  the  crown  in  the 
higher  justice,  in  the  imposition  of  taxes,  the  making  of 
laws,  the  conclusion  of  treaties,  the  control  of  war,  the 
disposal  of  public  lands,  the  apjwintment  of  bishops  and 
great  officers  of  state.  There  were  times  when  it  claimed 
even  to  elect  or  depose  a  king. 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  216. 

witerlichet,  witerlit,  adv.    See  xcitterly. 

witfish  (wit'fish),  n.     Same  as  whitefish. 

witfult  (wit'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  witfnl,  witfol,  wit- 
vol;  <  wit^  +  -ful.]  Full  of  wit,  knowledge,  or 
wisdom;  wise;  knowing;  sensible. 

Tis  passing  miraculous  that  your  dul  and  blind  worship 
should  80  sodainly  turne  both  sightfull  and  wit/ull. 
ChapTnan,  Masque  of  Middle  Temple  and  Lincoln's  Inn. 

with^  (wiTH),  jf^^P'  [<  ME.  with,  rarely  wit, 
rcid,  with,  near,  among,  in  company  with,  also 
against,  along,  on,  to,  from,  by,  <  AS.  with, 
against,  opposite,  =  OS.  widh  =  OFries.  ivith 
=  Icel.  vith,  against,  by,  at,  with,  =  Sw.  vid, 
near,  at,  by,  =  Dan.  ved,  by,  at;  otherwise  in 
the  compar.  form  wither-,  AS.  wither-  =  OHG. 
widar,  MHG.  G.  wider,  against,  wieder,  again, 
=  Goth,  withra,  against,  toward,  in  front  of; 
cf.  Skt.  vitaram,  further,  vi-,  asunder,  L.  ve-, 
apart.  Cf.  with-,  wither'^,  wither-,  withers.  With 
has  largely  taken  the  place  of  AS.  and  ME. 
mid,  with.]  1.  Against:  noting  competition, 
opposition,  or  antagonism:  as,  to  fi^ht  with  the 
Romans  (that  is, against  them);  to  vie  icith  each 
other. 

For  the  most  part  wise  and  graue  men  doe  naturally 
mislike  u<th  all  sodaine  innouations,  specially  of  lawes. 
Puttenham.,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  86. 

The  Sasquesahanocks.  a  mightte  people,  and  mortall 
enemies  uHh  the  Massawomeks. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  182. 
The  rival  Moorish  kings  were  waging  civil  war  tcith 
each  other  in  the  vicinity  of  Granada. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  83. 

2.  Noting  association  or  connection.  Particu- 
larly, expressing — (a)  Proximity,  accompaniment,  com- 
panionship, or  fellowship. 

They  met  at  Ispahan  (a  Citie  of  Persia),  and  there  Ma- 
homet, falling  ivith  his  horse,  brake  his  neck. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  279. 

The  Earl  of  Northumberland,  being  advertised  thereof, 
came  with  a  Power,  assaulted  the  Castle,  and  after  two 
Days  Defence  recovered  it.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  137. 

The  greatest  News  from  Abroad  is  that  the  French  King 
with  his  Cai'dinal  are  come  again  on  this  Side  the  Hills. 
Howell,  Letters,  I.  v.  29. 
The  globe  goes  round  from  west  to  east;  and  he  must 
go  round  with  it. 

Macaulay,  Gladstone  on  Church  and  State. 
Come  and  spend  an  evening  with  us. 

Dickens,  Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  i. 

There  with  her  knights  and  dames  was  Guinevere. 

Tennyson,  Pelleas  and  Ettarre. 
(6)  Harmony,  agreement,  or  alliance :  as,  one  color  may  or 
may  not  go  with  another ;  to  fight  with  the  national  troops ; 
to  side  or  vote  with  the  reformers. 

He  that  is  not  with  me  is  against  me.  Mat.  xii.  SO. 

(c)  Combination  or  composition :  as,  wine  mixed  with  wa- 
ter, (rf)  Addition  or  conjunction:  as,  England  (witA  Wales), 
Scotland,  and  Ireland  make  the  United  Kingdom. 

Very  wise,  and  with  his  wisdom  very  valiant. 
North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  664,  quoted  in  Abbot's  Sliakes- 

[perian  Grammar. 
Here  were  seen  in  profusion  the  orange,  the  citron,  the 
fig.  and  pomegranate,  with  great  plantations  of  mulberrj' 
trees,  from  which  was  produced  the  finest  silk. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  4. 
(e)  Communication,  intercourse,  or  interaction. 


with 

With  thee  she  talks,  icith  thee  she  moans. 
With  thee  she  sighs,  unth  thee  she  groans, 
With  thee  she  says,  "  Farewell,  mine  own." 

Surrey,  State  of  a  Lover. 

I  will  buy  vnth  you,  sell  ivith  you,  talk  with  you,  walk 

witk  you,  and  so  following,  but  I  will  not  eat  unth  you, 

drink  unth  you,  nor  pray  vnth  you.   Shak.,'Sl.  of  V. ,  i.  3. 36. 

You  have  to  do  unth  other- guess-people  now. 

Smollett,  Roderick  Kandom,  xlvii. 
(/)  Simultaneousneas. 

With  every  minut«  you  do  change  a  mind. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  L  1.  186. 

3.  As  a  property,  attribute,  or  belonging  of; 
in  the  possession,  care,  keeping,  service,  or  em- 
ployment of:  as,  to  leave  a  package  with  one; 
to  be  with  the  A.  B.  Manufacturing  Co. 

We  may  find  Truth  unth  one  man  as  soon  as  in  a  Coun- 
sell.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

4.  Having,  possessing,  bearing,  or  character- 
ized by:  as,  the  boy  has  come  with  the  letter; 
Thebes,  with  its  grand  old  walls;  Rome,  with 
her  seven  hills. 

A  stately  ship,  .  .  . 
With  all  her  bravery  on. 

Maton,  S.  A.,  1.  717. 
His  ministry  was  unth  much  conviction  and  demonstra- 
tion. N.  Mortxm,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  302. 
There  came  into  the  shop  a  very  learned  man  with  an 
erect  solemn  air.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  438. 

5.  In  the  region,  sphere,  or  experience  of;  fol- 
lowed by  a  plural,  among;  also,  in  the  sight, 
estimation,  or  opinion  of:  as,  a  holy  prophet 
with  God, 

The  first  of  tho  fre  faitbly  was  cald 

Emynent  the  mighty,  unth  men  that  bym  knew. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  12442. 

With  men  it  is  impossible,  but  not  with  God;  tor  with 

God  all  things  are  possible.  Mat.  x.  27. 

I  had  thought  my  life  had  borne  more  value  with  you. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iiL  2. 

Those  Antichthones,  which  are  on  the  other  side  of  the 

globe  of  the  earth,  are  now  out  of  the  comfortable  reach 

of  the  sunbeams,  while  it  is  day  with  us. 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermons,  xixv. 

Such  arguments  had  Invincible  force  unth  those  Pagan 

philosophers.  Addison. 

His  integrity  was  perfect;  it  was  a  law  of  nature  tcith 

him,  rather  than  a  choice  or  a  principle. 

Haunthome,  Scarlet  Letter,  Int.,  p.  27. 

6.  In  respect  of;  in  relation  to;  as  regards; 
as  to :  as,  have  patience  with  me ;  what  is  your 
will  ivith  me  ? 

How  far  am  I  grown 
Behind-hand  with  fortune ! 
Fletcher  (and  another).  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  iv.  2. 
If  we  tiuely  consider  our  Proceedings  with  the  Span- 
yards  and  the  rest,  we  haue  no  reason  to  despayre. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  242, 

Thus  will  it  ever  be  with  him  who  trusts  too  much  to 
woman.  Steele,  Tatler,  No.  217. 

7.  Like;  analogously  to;  hence,  specifically, 
at  the  same  time  or  rate  as ;  according  to ;  in 
proportion  to. 

As  if  with  Circe  she  would  change  my  shape. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  v.  3.  33. 
Their  insolence  and  power  increased  with  their  number, 
and  the  seditions  were  also  doubled  icith  it. 

Swijf,  Nobles  and  Commons,  iii. 

8.  By.  Indicating  — (at)  An  agent:  as,  slain  with  rob- 
bers. 

Al  thus  irith  iewya  I  [Christ]  am  dyth. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  FurnivallX  p.  247. 
Ysiphile,  betraysed  tcith  Jasoun. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  L  266. 

And  so  it  was  comaunded  to  be  kept  icitJi  x  noble  men  ; 

and  thei  were  charged  to  take  goode  hede  who  com  to  as- 

saien,  and  yef  euy  ther  were  that  myght  drawen  out  of 

the  ston.  Merlin  (E.  R  T.  S.),  i.  100. 

He  was  torn  to  pieces  with  a  bear.   Shak.,yy.  T.,  v.  2.  68. 

At  I<1ower8  we  were  againe  chased  u-ith  foure  French 

men  of  warre.  Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  II.  200. 

He  was  sick  and  lame  of  the  scurvy,  so  as  he  could  but 

lie  in  the  cabin-door,  and  give  direction,  and,  it  should 

seem,  was  badly  assisted  either  u-ith  mate  or  mariners. 

N.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  131. 
(6)  An  instrument  or  means:  as,  to  write  with  a  pen;  to 
cut  icith  a  knife ;  to  heal  with  herbs. 

Thirle  my  soule  irith  thi  spere  anoon. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (R  E.  T.  S.),  p.  26. 
You  have  paid  me,  equal  heavens. 
And  sent  my  own  rod  to  correct  me  trith. 

Bean,  and  Fl.,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  2. 
They  had  cut  of  his  head  upon  ye  cudy  of  his  boat,  had 
not  y*'  man  reskued  him  icith  a  sword. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  98. 
And  icith  faint  Praises  one  another  damn. 

Wycherley,  Plain  Dealer,  Prol. 

(c)  An  accessory,  as  of  material,  contents,  etc.:  as.  a  ring 
set  tnVA  diamonds;  a  ship  laden  iriiA cotton ;  a  bottle  filled 
icith  water. 
Threescore  carts  laden  with  baggage. 

Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  23. 
The  chiefe  Citie,  called  St.  Savadore,  seated  ui>on  an 
exceeding  high  mountaine.  150.  miles  from  the  Sea,  verie 
fertile,  and  inhabited  icith  more  than  100000.  persons. 

CapU  John  Smith,  Works,  I.  49. 


with 

Valentia.  .  .  Is  the  greatest  part  of  Spaine;  which,  if  the 
Histories  be  true,  in  the  Romans  time  abounded  no  lesse 
mth  gold  and  siluer  Mines  then  now  the  West-Indies, 

Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  II.  186. 

Their  armor  was  inlaid  and  chased  iriUi  gold  and  silver. 

Irving,  Granada,  p.  5. 

With  was  formerly  used  in  this  sense  before  materials  of 

nourishment,  and  so  was  equivalent  to  the  modern  on. 

To  dine  and  sup  wttA  water  and  bran. 

Shai.,  M.  forM.,  Iv.  3.  159. 

9.  Through ;  on  account  or  in  consequence  of ; 
by  reason  of :  expressing  cause :  as,  he  trembled 
ivith  fear;  to  perish  witli  hunger. 

Therefore  let  Benedick  .  .  . 

Consume  away  in  sighs ;  .  .  . 

It  were  a  better  death  than  die  with  mocks. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  lii.  1.  79. 
A  cow  died  at  Plimouth,  and  a  goat  at  Boston,  with  eat- 
ing Indian  corn.         Winthrop,  Hist.  New  England,  I.  44. 
They  are  scarce  able  to  budge,  being  stiff  milh  cold. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  II.  iii.  42. 

10.  Using;  showing:  in  phrases  of  manner :  as, 
to  win  with  ease ;  to  pull  !Ci77i  a  will. 

Marie  ansuerde  with  .Milde  steuene : 

"A  sonde  Me  cam  while  er  fram  heuene." 

Kii\g  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  60. 
He  will  not  creepe,  nor  crouche  with  fained  face. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  727. 
They  were  directed  onely  by  Powhatan  to  obtaine  him 
our  weapons,  to  cut  our  owne  throats,  with  the  manner 
where,  how,  and  when,  which  we  plainly  found  most  true 
and  apparant  Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith'tVforks,  1. 171. 
They  contended  with  all  the  animosity  of  personal  feel- 
ing. Pre»cot«,  Ferd.  and  Isa.,  ii.  1. 

11.  From:  noting  separation,  difference,  dis- 
agreement, etc.:  as,  he  will  not  part  tcith  it  on 
any  account ;  to  differ  with  a  person ;  to  break 
with  old  ties. 

Madam, 
The  Qneene  must  heare  you  sing  another  song 
Before  you  part  with  vs. 
Heywood,  If  you  Know  not  me  (Works,  ed.  1874, 1.  207). 
With  was  formerly  used  In  many  idioms  to  denote  rela- 
tions now  expressed  rather  by  o/,  to,  etc. 

Nobill  talker  with  tales,  tretable,  alse, 
Curtas  A  kynde,  curious  of  honde. 

Uegtruction  o/  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  383,5. 

He  still  retains  some  resemblance  with  the  ancient 

Cupid.  Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  viii.,  Expl. 

This  pains  I  took  with  willingness,  though  it  were  much 

offensive  to  me,  not  being  accustomed  with  such  poisonous 

e&vours. 

Oood  Xews.from  New  England,  quoted  in  N.  Morton's 
[New  England's  Memorial,  App.,  p.  370. 
Collections  were  early  and  liberally  made  for  .  .  .  ser- 
vices in  the  church,  and  intrusted  with  faithful  men  fear- 
ing God.  Penn,  Rise  and  lYogresa  of  Quakers,  iv. 
What  frippery  a  woman  is  made  up  icith ! 

Cuinbertand.  Natural  Son,  i.  1. 
Away  with.  See  a  way.  —  Have  with  you.  See  have.— 
One  With.  Seeon*.— To  bear,  begin,  break,  dlBpenae, 

do,  go,  etc.,  with.  See  the  verbs.— Together  With. 
8ee(o</«(A*r.  — Toputupwlth.  See  jnrfl.— Warm  with. 
See  i«inn.— 'With  child  (OE.  mid  childe).  See  child.— 
'With  God,  in  heaven. 

I  have  been  a-tlshfng  with  old  Oliver  Henly,  now  with 
God,  a  noted  flsher  both  for  Trout  and  Salmon. 

/.  Walton,  Complete  Angler,  p.  127. 
With  that,    (ot)  Provided  that. 
To  worche  30ure  wil  the  while  my  lyf  dureth. 
With  that  3e  keime  me  kyndeliche  to  knowe  what  is 
Dowel.  Pierg  Plowman  (C),xii.  92. 

(6t)  Moreover. 

Beton  .  .  .  bad  him  good  morwe. 
And  axed  of  hyni  leith  that  whiderward  he  wolde. 

Piers  Plomnan  (B),  v.  307. 
(c)  Thereupon. 

With  that  Merlin  departed,  and  the  kynge  be  lefte  in 
grete  myssese,  and  sore  a-baisshed  of  this  thinge. 

J#erit'n(E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  631. 
With  the  sun.  see  imni.  -With  young.  See  younr/. 
=  S3TL  With  and  by  are  so  closely  allied  in  many  of  their 
uses  that  it  is  impossible  to  lay  down  a  rule  by  which 
these  uses  may  at  all  times  be  distinguished.  The  same 
may  be  said,  but  to  a  less  extent,  of  with  and  through. 
witll^,  «.     See  withe. 

with-.  [ME.  with-,  <  AS.  with-,  prefix,  with, prep., 
against:  see  iFiWi'.]     A  prefix  of  Anglo-Saxon 
origin,  meaning  'against.'     It  was  formerly  com- 
mon, but  of  the  Middle  English  words  containing  it  only 
two  remain  in  common  use  —  withdraw  and  withhold. 
'withal  (wi-THal'),  adv.  and  preji.     [Early  mod. 
E.  also  icithall,  withalle;  <  ME.  withal,  withalle, 
prop,  two  words,  tvith  alle;  used  in  place  of  AS. 
mid  ealle,  with  all,  altogether,  entirely:   see 
with^  and  all.    Cf.  at  all,  under  all.]     I,  adr. 
With  all;  moreover;  likewise;  in  addition;  at 
the  same  time;  besides;  also;  as  well. 
Fy  on  possessioun, 
But-if  a  man  be  vertuous  withd. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Franklin's  Tale,  1.  1.0. 
It  seemeth  to  me  unreasonable  to  send  a  prisoner,  and 
not  withal  to  signify  the  crimes  laid  against  him. 

Acts  XXV.  27. 
H.  pre/).  An  emphatic  form  of  with,  u.sed  af- 
ter the  object  (usually  a  relative)  at  the  end  of  a 
sentence  or  clause. 


6953 

When  poor  suitors  come  to  your  houses,  ye  cannot  be 
spoken  withal.  Latimer,  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  \fibO. 

These  banish'd  men  that  I  have  kept  tcithal. 

Shak.,  T.  G.  of  v.,  v.  4.  152. 
Stre.  My  fine  fool  I 

Pic.  Fellow  crack  !  why,  what  a  consort 
Are  we  now  bless'd  withal ! 

Fletcher,  Mad  Lover,  ii.  2. 
We  made  a  shift,  however,  to  save  23  barrels  of  Bain- 
water,  besides  what  we  drest  our  Victuals  withal. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  83. 

withamite  (with'am-it),  ».  [Named  by  Sir 
David  Brewster,  after  Dr.  Henry  JVitham,  of 
Glencoe.]  A  variety  of  epidote  found  at  Glen- 
coe  in  Scotland.  It  occurs  crystallized,  and  is 
of  vitreous  luster  and  red  or  yellow  color. 

Withania  (wi-tha'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (Pauquy, 
1824).]  A  genus  of  ga'inopetalous  shrubs,  of 
the  order  Solanaceee  and  tribe  Solanese.  They  are 
characterized  by  having  a  narrowly  bell-shaped  corolla 
with  five  valvate  lobes,  and  an  inflated  fruiting  calyx 
more  or  less  closed  above  the  included  berry.  The  4  spe- 
cies are  natives  of  southern  Europe,  western  and  south- 
eni  Asia,  North  Africa,  and  the  Canary  Islands.  They  are 
hoary  or  woolly  shrubs,  bearing  entire  leaves  and  clus- 
tered, almost  sessile  flowere.  For  W.  coagulant,  used  for 
rennet,  see  cheese-ntctker. 

■withdraughtt  (wiTH-draff),  n.  [<  withdraw. 
after  draught.']     Withdrawal. 

May  not  a  withdraught  of  all  God's  favours  ...  be  as 
certainly  foreseen  and  foretold? 

Rev.  S.  Ward,  Sermons,  p.  145.    {Danes.) 

'withdraw  (wiTH-dra'),  v.;  pret.  withdrew,  pp. 
withdrawn,  ppr.  withdrawing.  [<  ME.  with- 
draweu,  withdragen,  wythdragen  (pret.  withdraw, 
withdrog),  draw,  recall,  take  away ;  <  with-, 
against,  opposite,  +draw.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  draw 
back,  aside,  or  away;  take  back;  remove. 

He  doth  best  that  with^draweth  hym  by  day  and  bi  nygte 
To  spille  any  speche  or  any  space  of  tyme. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  ix.  96. 

From  her  husband's  hand  her  hand 

.Soft  she  withdrew.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  386. 

I  grieve  for  life's  bright  promise.  Just  shown  and  then 

withdrawn.  Bryant,  Waiting  by  the  Gate. 

I  say  that  this  — 
Else  I  withdraw  favour  and  countenance 
From  you  and  yours  for  ever  —  shall  you  do. 

Tennyson,  Aylnjer's  Field. 

2.  To  recall;  retract:  as,to«)jW(rfrMK)  acharge, 
a  threat,  or  a  vow. 

Itiim.   Wouldst  thou  withdraw  it  [thy  vow]?  for  what 

purpose,  love? 
Jul.  But  to  be  frank,  and  give  It  thee  again. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  ii.  2.  130. 

3.  To  divert,  as  from  use  or  from  some  accus- 
tomed channel. 

His  mynd  was  alienate  and  withdrawal,  not  onely  from 
him  who  moste  loved  him,  but  also  from  all  former  de- 
lightes  and  studies.  Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  April,  Arg. 

Roads  occupy  lands  more  or  less  capable  of  production, 
and  also  .  .  .  they  absorb  (or  withdraw  from  other  uses) 
in  their  construction  a  large  amount  of  labour. 

Edinlmrgh  Rev.,  CLXIV.  27. 

4t.  To  take  out ;  subtract. 

Than  wythdrawe  the  yeris  oute  of  the  yeris  that  ben 
passid  that  rote.  Chaucer,  Astrolabe,  ii.  |  45. 

The  word  is  often  used  reflexively. 

Perversedisputingsof  men  of  corrupt  minds;  .  .  .  from 
such  writ/tdraw  thyself.  1  Tim.  vi.  5. 

To  withdraw  a  Juror,  to  discharge  one  from  a  Jury, 
which  is  thus  left  one  short  of  the  legal  number :  a  formal- 
ity resorted  to,  by  consent  of  the  parties  or  permission  of 
the  court,  in  order  to  terminate  a  trial  by  preventing  a  ver- 
dict, and  thus  leave  the  action  to  proceed  to  a  new  trial. 
II.  inlrans.  To  retire;  go  away;  step  back- 
ward or  aside ;  retreat. 

The  day  for  drede  ther-of  with-drow  and  deork  by-cam  the 

Sonne ; 
The  wal  of  the  temple  to-cleef  euene  a  two  peces  ; 
The  hard  roche  al  to-rof  and  ryght  derk  nyght  hit  semede. 
Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxi.  02, 
We  will  withdraw 
Into  the  gallery,        Shak.,  Pericles,  ii,  2.  IW. 

There  have  been  little  disputes  between  the  two  houses 
about  coming  into  each  other's  house  ;  when  a  lord  comes 
into  the  Commons  they  call  out  withdraw ;  that  d.iy  the 
moment  my  uncle  came  in  they  all  roared  o\ii,M'iihdraw! 
icithdraic!  H.  Waipole,  To  Mann,  May  20,  1742. 

And  what  if  thou  withdraw 
In  silence  from  the  living,  and  no  friend 
Take  note  of  thy  departure  1    Bryant,  Thanatopsis, 

'withdrawal  (wiTH-dra'al),  «.  [<  withdraw  + 
-al.]  The  act  of  withdrawing  or  taking  back  ; 
a  recalling. 

The  withdrawal  of  the  allowance  .  .  .  Interfered  with 
my  plans.  Fielding,  Tom  Jones.    {Latham.) 

Sill  comes  by  withdrawal  of  the  heart  from  God. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra,  XT.III.  492. 

■withdrawer  (wiTH-dra'er),  H.  [<  withdraw  + 
-erl.]     One  who  withdraws. 

He  was  not  a  unthdraicer  of  the  com,  but  a  seller, 

Outred,  tr.  of  Cope  on  Proverbs  (1583),  fol,  192  b, 
[{Latham.) 


wither 

withdrawing  (wiTH-di-a'ing),  /;.  a.  Retreat- 
ing; receding. 

Your  hills,  and  long  vnthdraicing  vales. 

Thouison,  Spring,  1.  6S. 

■Withdrawing-room  (wiTH-dra'iug-rom), }(.  [< 
withdrawing,  verbal  n.  of  withdraw,  v.,  +  room^.] 
A  room  used  to  withdraw  or  retire  into,  former- 
ly generally  behind  the  room  in  which  the  fam- 
ily took  their  meals;  later,  a  parlor  or  recep- 
tion-room: now  abbreviated  to  drawing-room. 

Being  in  ye  ivithdrawing  roome  adjoining  the  bedcham- 
ber, his  Maty  espying  me  came  to  me  from  a  greate  crowde 
of  noblemen.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  3,  1661. 

My  withdravring  room,  always  ready  for  company,  .  .  . 
was  the  pine  wood  behind  my  house. 

Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  1£4. 

withdra'Wment  (wiTH-dra'ment),  n.  [<  with- 
draw +  -mcnt.]  The  act  of  withdrawing  or  tak- 
ing back;  recall. 

The  unthdravrment  of  those  [papers]  deemed  most  ob- 
noxious. W.  Bclshatn,  Hist.  Eng.,  I,  ii, 

■withe  (with  or  WITH),  n.  [Also  wythe,  and  prop. 
with;  <  ME.  wnthe,  wythe,  wi/thth,  witthe,  withlhr, 
<  AS.  withthc,  a  var.  of  withig,  a  twig,  withy: 
see  withi/l.]  1.  A  tough  flexible  twig,  espe- 
cially of  willow,  used  for  binding  things  toge- 
ther; a  willow- or  osier-twig.     Judges  xvi.  ■/. 

I  remember  in  the  beginning  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  time 
of  England,  an  Irish  rebel,  condemned,  put  up  a  petition 
to  the  deputy  that  he  might  be  hanged  in  a  withe,  and  not 
in  a  halter.  Bacon,  Custom  and  Education. 

I  tied  several  logs  together  with  a  birch  withe. 

Thnreau,  Walden,  p.  268. 

2.  An  elastic  handle  for  a  cold-chisel,  fuller,  or 
the  like,  which  deadens  the  shock  to  the  work- 
man's hand. —  3.  An  iron  fitted  to  the  end  of  a 
boom  or  mast,  and  having  a  ring  through  which 
another  boom  or  mast  is  rigged  or  .secured;  a 
boom-iron . 

Lastly  comes  the  wytfie,  a  species  of  iron  cap  to  support 
the  flying  jib-boom.  Luce,  Seamanship,  p.  81. 

4.  A  wall  dividing  two  flues  in   a   stack  of 

chimneys.— Basket-wlthe.  See  Timme/ortia.—Roov- 
Wlthe.  See  fit'i'iiw.— Serpent  withe.  See  serpent- 
withe.— VTbite  hoop-wlthe.  See  Touruefurtia. 
■withe  (with  or  -with),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  leithed, 
ppr.  withing.  [<  withe,  v.]  To  bind  with  withes 
or  twigs. 

Two  bowes,  ooii  blaak  and  oon  white,  thai  take 
And  bynde  and  wethe  hem  so  that  germynyng 
Comyxt  upp  goo. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  128. 
Stay  but  a  while,  and  ye  shall  see  him  witked,  and 
haltered,  and  staked,  and  baited  to  death. 

Bp.  Hall,  Sermon  on  Pa.  Ixviii.  30. 

'WitherH  (wiTH'er),  adr.  [<  ME.  wither,  <  AS. 
wither  (in  comp.),  again,  against,  =  OS.  withar, 
wither,  wiiherc  =  OFries.  wither,  withir,  wether, 
wedcr,  weer  =  LG.  wedder  =  D.  weder,  weer  = 
OHG.  widar,  MHG.  wider,  G.  wider,  against,  wic- 
der,  again,  =  lcel.vithr=Sv/.  Dan.  )•«/(■)•  =  Goth. 
withru,  against,  toward ;  eonipar.  of  with  :  see 
with^.  This  adverb  was  once  of  considerable 
importance  in  ME.  as  a  prefix,  but  it  is  obsolete 
in  mod.  E.,  withernam  being  merely  archaic,  and 
ici</iera7(('H.',"  dialectal.  The  instances  ot  wither 
as  prep.,  adj.,  and  noun,  given  as  occurring  in 
ME.,  are  rare,  and  in  all  of  them  wither  is  rather 
to  be  taken  as  a  prefix.  Ct.  wither.t.]  Against; 
in  opposition  (to) :  chiefly  in  composition,  as 
a  prefix  wither-,  against,  (lene.fi.s  and  Erodus 
(E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3386. 

■wither't,  »'•  [ME.  witheren,  <  AS.  wifheridn  (= 
MD.  wcderen  =  OHG.  widaron),  go  against,  re- 
sist, <  wither,  against:  see  wither^,  adr.]  To  go 
against;  resist;  oppose.     Ormulnm,  1.  1181. 

wither^  (wiTH'er),  r.  [With  change  of  d  to  ///, 
as  in  the  orig.  noun  weather ;  <  ME.  widdcr,  wi/d- 
dcren,  widren,  leidcren,  <  AS.  wedrian,  expose  to 
the  weather,  =  MHG.  witern,  be  such  and  such 
weather;  cf .  G.  rerwiitern,he  spoiled  by  the  wea- 
ther, decay,  etc.,  wittern,  be  such  and  such  wea- 
ther, breathe,  blow,  stonn ;  cf.  weather,  r.,  a 
doublet  of  «•('(/)«•.]  I.  Iran.'i.  1.  To  cause  to  be- 
come dry  and  fade;  make  sapless  and  shrunken. 
The  sun  is  no  sooner  risen  with  a  burning  beat  Imt  it 
mthereth  the  grass.  Jas.  i.  11. 

Like  a  blasted  sapling,  wither'd  up. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  4.  71. 

2.  To  cause  to  shrink,  wrinkle,  and  decay  for 
want  of  animal  moisture  ;  cause  to  lose  bloom; 
shrivel;  cause  to  have  a  wrinkled  skin  or 
shrunken  muscles:  as,time  will  icither  the  fair- 
est face. 

Age  cannot  wittier  her,  nor  custom  stale 

Her  inflnite  variety.       Sliak..  A,  and  ('.,  ii.  2.  240. 

3.  To  blight,  injure,  or  destroy,  as  l>y  some 
malign  or  baleful  influence;  affect  fatally  by 
malevolence ;  cause  to  perish  or  languish  gen- 


wltber 

erally:  as,  to  wither  a  person  by  a  look  or 
glance;  reputations  withered  by  scandal. 
The  treacherous  air 
Of  absence  withers  what  was  once  so  fair. 

Wordmcorth,  Sonnets,  iii.  25. 

He  withert  marrow  and  mind.    Tennyton,  Ancient  Sage. 

n.  iiitrayis.  1.  To  lose  the  sap  or  juice;  dry 

and  shrivel  up ;  lose  freshness  and  bloom ;  fade. 

Shall  he  not  pull  up  the  roots  thereof,  and  cut  off  the 

fruit  thereof,  that  it  mther'  it  shall  wither  in  all  the 

leaves  of  her  spring.  Ezek.  xvii.  9. 

Leaves  have  their  time  to  fall. 

And  flowers  to  wither  at  the  north  wind's  breath. 

Mrs.  Hemans,  The  Hour  of  Death. 

2.  To  become  dry  and  wrinkled,  as  from  the 
loss  or  lack  of  animal  moisture ;  lose  pristine 
freshness,  bloom,  softness,  smoothness,  vigor, 
or  the  like,  as  from  age  or  disease ;  decay. 

A  fair  face  will  wither.  Shuk.,  Hen.  V.,  v.  2.  170. 

There,  left  a  subject  to  the  wind  and  rain, 
And  scorch'd  by  suns,  it  withers  on  the  plain. 

Pope,  Iliad,  iT.  669. 

3.  To  decay  generally;  decline;  languish;  pass 
away. 

When  few  dayes  faren  were,  the  fre  kyng  Teutra 
Wex  weilce  of  his  wound,  &  mdrit  to  dethe. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  B301. 
And  now  I  wax  old, 
Seke,  sory,  and  cold, 
As  muk  apon  mold 
I  widder  away. 

Towneley  JUysteries,  p.  21. 

That  which  is  of  God  we  defend ;  .  .  .  that  which  is 
otherwise,  let  it  wither  even  in  the  root  from  whence  it 
hath  sprung.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  ii.  1. 

The  individual  withers,  and  the  world  is  more  and  more. 
Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 
wither-.     See  wither^,  adv. 
wither-band  (wiTH'fer-band),  n.     A  piece  of 
iron  fixed  under  a  saddle  nearly  over  the  with- 
ers of  the  horse,  to  strengthen  the  bow. 
witheredi  (wiTH'erd),  jj.  a.    Shriveled;  faded, 
withered^  (wiTH'erd),  a.     [<  withers  +  -ed^.] 
Ha%'ing  withers  (of  this  or  that  specified  kind). 
Some  with  their  Manes  Frizzled  up,  to  make  'em  appear 
high  Wither'd,  that  they  look'd  as  Fierce  as  one  of  Hun- 
gess's  Wild  Boars. 
Quoted  in  Aehlon's  Social  Life  in  Keign  of  Queen  Anne, 

[II.  165. 

'WitheredneBS  (wiTH'6rd-nes),  n.  A  withered 
state  or  condition.     [Rare.] 

Do  ye  complain  of  the  dead  witheredness  of  good  affec- 
tions? Bp.  Uali,  Contemplations,  v.  11. 

Water  them  as  soon  as  set,  till  they  have  recovered  their 
witheredness.  Mortimer,  Husbandry. 

■withering  (wiTH'er-ing),7>.  a.  Blasting;  blight- 
ing; scorching:  aa,  a,  withering  glance;  a,  wither- 
ing wind. 

How  many  a  spirit  bom  to  bless 

Has  sunk  beneath  that  withering  name ! 

Moore,  Lalla  Kookh,  The  i'ire-Worshippers. 
The  attacking  column  was  under  a  withering  flre. 

The  Century,  XXXVI.  250. 
Withering  cancer,  scirrhous  cancer  in  which  there  is  a 
tendency  to  shrinkage  and  atrophy. 
withering-floor  (wiTH'er-ing-flor),  n.  The  dry- 
ing-floor of  a  malt-house:  according  to  the 
established  arrangement,  the  second  floor. 

All  such  [imperfect]  grains  are  apt  to  hecome  very  dam- 
aging upon  the  witttering  Jloor.  Ure,  Dict^,  III.  187. 

witheringly  (wiTH'er-ing-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
tending  to  wither  or  cause  to  shrink. 
But  we  must  wander  witheringly. 
In  other  lands  to  die. 
Byron,  Hebrew  Melodies,  The  Wild  Gazelle. 

■witherite  (wiTH'er-it),  n.  [Named  by  Werner 
after  W.  Withering,  an  English  medical  practi- 
tioner and  scientist  (1741-99),  who,  in  1784, 
published  an  analysis  and  description  of  a  spe- 
cimen of  this  mineral  obtained  from  a  lead-mine 
at  Alston  Moor  in  Cumberland,  England.]  Na- 
tive barium  carbonate.  It  occurs  crystallized,  also 
columnar  or  granular  massive,  and  has  a  white,  gray,  or 
yellow  color.  Also  called  barolite. 
witherlinglf  (wilH'er-ling),  n.  [<  ME.  wither- 
ling;  <  tcither'^  +  -?i»gi.l  An  opponent,  enemy, 
or  adversary. 

Grete  wel  the  gode 

Quen  Godild  my  moder. 

And  sey  that  hethene  king, 

Ihii  cristes  uitherling, 

that  ichc  lef  and  dere 

On  londe  am  riued  here.    King  Horn,  1. 156. 

witherling^t  (wiTH'er-ling),  n.  [<  wither^  + 
-ling'^.']  One  who  or  that  which  is  withered  or 
decrepit. 

All  these  braunches  of  heretikes  fallen  from  the  church, 
the  vine  of  Christes  misticall  body,  seme  tliei  neuer  so 
freshe  tfe  grene,  bee  yet  in  dede  but  ufUherlinges. 

Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  186. 

withernam  (wiwn'fer-nara),  n.  [<  ME.  "wither- 
nam, <  AS.  icithsmdni  (=  G.  wiedemahme),  re- 


6954 

taking,  reception,  <  wither,  again,  -I-  'nam,  a 
taking,  seizure:  see  wither'^  and  nam^,  name^.2 
In  law  :  (a)  An  unlawful  distress,  or  forbidden 
taking,  as  of  a  thing  distrained,  out  of  the  coun- 
ty, so  that  the  sheriff  cannot  upon  the  replevin 
make  deliverance  thereof  to  the  party  dis- 
trained. (6)  The  reprisal  of  other  cattle  or 
goods,  in  lieu  of  those  unjustly  taken,  eloigned, 
or  otherwise  withholden.  The  cattle  or  goods 
thus  taken  are  said  to  be  taken  in  withernam. 
[Now  obsolete.] 

withe-rod  (with'rod),  «.  A  North  American 
shrub,  Viburnum  cassinoides,  a  species  formerly 
included  in  V.  nudum. 

withers  (wiTn'ferz),  n.  pi.  [Also  witters;  lit.  the 
parts  that  are  'against,'  the  resisting  part;  < 
wither^,  adv.  Cf .  Or.  wider-rist,  a  horse's  withers, 
<  wider,  against,  +  rist,  wrist,  instep,  also  ele- 
vated part,  withers.]  1.  The  highest  part  of 
the  back  of  a  horse,  between  the  shoulder- 
blades  and  behind  the  root  of  the  neck,  where 
the  mane  ceases  to  grow:  as,  a  horse  15  hands 
high  at  the  withers.  The  name  is  extended  to  the 
same  part  of  some  other  animals :  as,  an  antelope  with  high 
withers;  the  sacred  ox,  with  a  hump  on  the  withers.  See 
cut  under  horse. 

Let  the  galled  jade  wince ;  our  withers  are  unwrung. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  2.  253. 

Contrive  that  the  saddle  may  pinch  the  beast  in  his 
withert.  Swift,  Advice  to  Servants  (Groom). 

2.  The  barbs  or  flukes  of  a  harpoon;  the 
witters :  so  called  by  British  whalemen. 
withershins  (wiTH'6r-shinz),  adv.  [Also  wid- 
dershins,  widdersinnis,  widishins,  widdersins, 
wodershins,  etc. ;  according  to  a  common  view, 
lit.  'against  the  sun,'  <  wither^,  against,  con- 
trary to,  -I-  -shins,  -sins,  etc.,  a  form  of  sun, 
with  adverbial  gen.  -s.  More  prob.  withershins 
is  a  corruption  of  *witherlins,  *tvitherling,  < 
wither^  +  -ling^.']  In  the  opposite  direction; 
hence,  in  the  wrong  way.     [Scotch.] 

Go  round  it  three  times  widershins,  and  every  time  say, 
"Open,  door  !"      Child  Rowland  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  248). 
And  my  love  and  his  bonnie  ship 
Turn'd  widdershins  about, 
rv  Lowlands  of  Holland  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  216). 

'Wither-'Wrung  (wiTH'er-rung),  a.  [<  with- 
er(s)  -I-  wrung.']  Injured  in  the  withers,  as  a 
horse. 

The  hurt  expressed  by  witherwmng  sometimes  is  caused 
by  the  bite  of  a  horse,  or  by  a  saddle  being  unfit. 

Farrier's  IHct.    {Johnson.) 

with-got  (wiTH-go'),  V.  t.  [<  with-  +  go.]  To 
forgo ;  give  up. 

Esau,  .  .  .  who  .  .  .  did  withgo  his  birthright. 

Barrow,  Sermons,  III.  xv. 

■withhaultt  (wiTH-half).  A  spurious  preterit 
of  withhold.     Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  9. 

■vnthhold  (wiTH-hold'),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  with- 
held, ppr.  withholding.  [<  ME.  withholden,  with- 
halde,  keep  back,  hold  back;  <  with-,  against,  + 
holdi^,v.  Ct.  withdraw.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  hold 
back;  keep  from  action ;  restrain;  check. 

Enforcest  thow  the  to  aresten  or  withholden  the  swyft- 
nesse  and  the  sweygh  of  hir  turnynge  wheel? 

Chaueer,  Boethius,  ii.  prose  2. 

You  all  did  love  him  once,  not  without  cause ; 
What  cause  withholds  you  then  to  mourn  for  him  ? 

Shai.,  J.  C,  iiL  2.  108. 

Life,  anguish,  death,  immortal  love. 
Ceasing  not,  mingled,  unrepress'd. 
Apart  from  place,  vrithhdding  time. 

Tennyson,  Arabian  Nights. 

2.  To  keep  back;  refrain  from  doing,  giving, 
permitting,  etc.:  as,  to  withhold  payment;  to 
withhold  assent  to  something. 

Withhold  revenge,  dear  God !  'tis  not  my  fault. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  2.  7. 

Was  it  ever  denied  that  the  favours  of  the  Crown  were 
constantly  bestowed  and  withheld  purely  on  account  of 
.  .  .  religious  opinions?       Macaulay,  Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

3t.  To  keep;  retain;  hold;  detain. 

It  [the  Lord's  Prayer]  is  short,  for  it  sholde  be  kond  the 
more  lightly,  and  for  to  withholden  it  the  more  esily  in 
herte.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

We  haue  herde  sey  that  ye  with-holde  alle  the  sow- 
dioures  that  to  yow  will  come.    Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  203. 

4t.  To  keep ;  maintain. 

He  .  .  .  ran  to  London  unto  seynt  Ponies, 
To  seken  him  a  chaunterie  for  soules. 
Or  with  a  bretherhed  to  been  withholde. 

Chaticer,  Gen.  Pi-ol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  511. 

5t.  To  engage  ;  retain. 

To  us  surgiens  aperteneth  that  we  do  to  every  wight 
the  best  that  we  kan  whereas  we  been  tvithholde. 

Chaucer,  Tale  of  Melibeus. 

II.  intrans.  To  refrain ;  stay  back ;  hold  one's 
self  in  check. 


within 

They  withhdd  and  did  no  more  hurte,  &  ye  people  came 

trembling,  &  brought  them  the  best  provissions  they  had. 

Bradford,  Plymouth  Plantation,  p.  104. 

He  was  fled,  and  so  they  missed  of  him ;  but  understood 

that  Squauto  was  alive ;  so  they  withheld,  and  did  no  hurt. 

N.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  71. 

withholder  (wiTH-hol'dfer),  n.  [<  withhold  + 
-«l.]     One  who  withholds. 

The  words  are  spoken  against  them  that  invade  tithes 
and  church  rights ;  and  that  which  is  there  threatened 
happened  to  this  withholder. 

Stephens,  Addition  to  Spelman  on  Sacrilege,  p.  138. 

withholdment  (wiTH-hold'ment),  n.  [<  with- 
hold +  -ment.]  The  act  of  withholding.  Imp. 
Diet. 

within  (wi-THin'),  adv.  and  prep.  [<  ME.  within., 
withinne,  withynne,  withinnen,  <  AS.  withinnan, 
on  the  inside,  <  with,  against,  with,  -I-  innan, 
adv.,  in:  see  in^.]  I.  adv.  1.  In  or  into  the 
interior ;  inside ;  as  regards  the  Inside ;  on  the 
inside;  internally. 

Thai  thurle  a  nutte,  and  stufle  it  so  withinne 
With  brymatoon,  chaf,  and  cedria,  thees  three. 

PaUadius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  34. 

Damascus  does  not  answer  leithin  to  its  outward  appear- 
ance. Poeocke,  Description  of  the  East,  IL  i.  118. 

It  is  designed,  within  and  without,  of  two  stories. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  50. 

2.  In  the  mind,  heart,  or  soul ;  inwardly. 

You  frame  my  thongbts,  and  fashion  me  wUhin. 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  viiL 

I  am,  within,  thy  love ;  without,  thy  master. 

T.  TomJcis  (?),  Albumazar,  iv.  11. 

Think  not  the  worse,  my  friends,  I  shed  not  tears ; 
Great  griefs  lament  within. 

Fletcher,  Valentlnian,  iv.  4. 

3.  In  the  house  or  dwelling ;  indoors ;  at  home : 
as,  the  master  is  within. 

But  at  this  hour  the  house  doth  keep  itself ; 
There  'a  none  within.    Shak. ,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  3. 83. 

Serv.  Your  brother,  sir,  is  spealdng  to  a  gentleman  in 
the  street,  and  says  he  knows  you  are  within. 

Joseph  S.  'Sdeatti,  blockhead,  I'm  not  within— I'm  out 
for  the  day.  Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iv.  3. 

From  witllln,  from  the  inalde ;  from  the  inner  place  or 
point  of  view. 

We  look  from  within,  and  see  nothing  but  the  mould 

formed  by  the  elements  in  which  we  are  incased ;  other 

observers  look  from  without,  and  see  us  as  living  statues. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  vilL 

II.  prep.  1.  In  or  into  the  inner  or  interior 
part  or  parts  of ;  inside  of ;  in  the  space  inclosed 
or  bounded  by :  as,  within  the  city :  opposed  to 
without. 

Mount  Syon  ia  with  inne  the  Cytee. 

MandeniUe,  Tntvelg,  p.  92. 

Come  not  within  these  doors ;  within  this  roof 
The  enemy  of  all  your  graces  lives. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  8.  17. 

Accominticus  and  Passataquack  are  two  connenient 
Harbours  for  small  Barkes  :  and  a  good  Country  wWiin 
their  craggy  clifts.        Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  IL  193. 

And  now  the  Kingdom  is  come  to  Unity  urithin  it  sell, 
one  King  and  one  People.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  78. 

Without  and  eke  within 

The  Walls  of  London  there  is  Sin. 

HowM,  Letters,  L  vL  51. 

The  perilous  situation  of  the  Christian  cavaliers  pent  up 
and  beleaguered  icithin  the  walls  of  Alhama  spread  terror 
among  their  friends,  Irving,  Granada,  p.  47. 

2.  Included  or  comprehended  in. 
Extension  apprehended  is  said  to  be  within  conscious- 
ness. VeUeh,  Introd.  to  Descartes's  Method,  p.  Ixx. 

3.  Among. 
To  save  our  selves  therefore,  and  resist  the  common 

enemy,  it  concerns  us  mainly  to  agree  within  ourselves. 
Milton,  True  Beligion. 

When  we  were  come  within  the  sandy  hills,  we  were 
surprised  at  the  sight  of  a  magnificent  tent,  where  a  hand^ 
some  collation  was  prepared. 

Poeocke,  Description  of  the  East,  L  IS. 

4.  In  the  course,  range,  reach,  compass,  or  lim- 
its of ;  not  beyond  or  more  than :  of  distance, 
time,  length,  quantity,  (o)  Of  distance:  At  or  to  a 
point  distant  less  than  ;  nearer  than :  as,  within  a  mile  of 
Edinburgh. 

As  sone  as  Ermones  the  kyng 

Sawe  that  he  was  withynne  his  wepons  length. 

Anon  he  smote  Att  hym  with  all  his  strength. 

Oenerydes(E.  K  T.  S.),  L  3044. 

The  place  shewn  us  for  this  City  consisted  of  only  a  few 
Houses,  on  the  tops  of  the  Mountains,  within  about  half 
a  Mile  of  the  Sea.    Maundrell,  Aleppo  to  Jerusalem,  p.  48. 

Not  the  sage  Alquife,  the  magician  in  Don  Belianis  of 
Greece,  nor  the  no  less  famous  Urganda  the  sorceress,  his 
wife,  .  .  ,  could  pretend  to  come  trithin  a  league  of  the 
truth.  Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  ii.  19. 

(i)  Of  time :  In  the  limits  or  course  of ;  before  the  expin- 
tion  of ;  in  :  as,  he  will  be  here  trithin  two  hours. 
Thow  getis  tydandis  I  trowe,  within  tene  dayes. 
That  some  trofere  es  tydde  sene  thow  fro  home  tumede. 
Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  S452. 


within 

The  grete  and  olde  cytie  of  Anthyoche,  where  seynt 
Petre  preched  and  dyd  many  myraclea,  and  there  he  bap- 
tysed  abone  .x-M.  men  within  .vij.  dayes. 

Sir  R.  Ouyl/urde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  48. 
We  arrived  mthin  this  hour.    Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  1. 2. 
(ct)  Not  exceeding  the  space  of ;  during ;  throughout. 

He  should  maintaine  possession  in  some  of  those  vast 
Countries  icUhin  the  tearme  of  siie  years. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  I.  80. 
(<l)  So  as  not  to  exceed  or  overpass ;  under ;  below ;  as,  to 
live  tcithin  one's  income. 

AUe  the  children  that  weren  in  Bethlem,  and  in  all e  the 
eendis  of  it,  fro  two  3eer  age  and  with  ynne. 

Wydi/,  Mat  ii.  16. 

'Tis  a  good  rule,  eat  within  your  Stomack,  act  within 

your  Commission.  Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  88. 

I  therefore  bid  them  look  upon  themselves  as  no  better 

than  a  kind  of  assassins  and  murderers  within  the  law. 

Addison,  Tatler,  No.  131. 
5.  In ;  in  the  purview,  scope,  or  sphere  of  ac- 
tion of. 

Againe  I  see,  within  my  glass  of  Steele, 

But  foure  estates,  to  serue  eche  country  Soyle. 

Qascoigne,  .Steele  Glas  (ed.  Arber),  p.  57. 
Both  he  and  she  are  still  wUhin  my  pow'r. 

Dryden,  Aurengzebe,  L  1. 
After  living  for  three  years  within  the  subtile  Influence 
of  an  intellect  like  Emerson's. 

Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  Int,  p.  27. 
6f.  In  advance  of;  before. 

The  fifth  [time  of  prayerL  two  houres  trithin  night,  be- 
fore they  goe  to  sleepe.  Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  29*2. 

It  was  seen,  several  nights  together,  in  the  west,  about 
an  hour  within  the  night 

N.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  328. 
7t.  All  but ;  lacking. 

I  served  three  years,  within  a  bit,  under  his  honour,  in 
the  Eoyal  Inniskillions.    Sheridan,  St.  Patrick's  Day,  i.  1. 

TogetwitMnonet.  Seer^^i.— Wheels  within  wheels. 
See  wheeli.— Within  call,  compass,  hall,  etc.  See  the 
nouns.— within  landt,  inland. 

The  Pories  dwell  an  hundred  miles  within  Land,  are  low 
like  the  Wayanasses,  line  on  Piiienuts,  and  small  Cocos  as 
bigge  as  Apples.  Purchai,  Pilgrimage,  p.  840. 

Within  one's  hand.    See  hand. 
Withmfortht  (wi-snin'forth),  adv.  [<  ME.  with- 
inne-forth;  <.  within  +  forth^.'\     Within. 

The  formes  that  resten  withinne-forth. 

Chaucer,  Boethins,  v.  prose  5. 

Beware  of  the  false  prophetes  that  come  to  you  in  the 
clothinge  of  shepe,  and  yet  withir\furth  been  rauenous 
wolnes.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  281. 

Withir\forth,  farther  into  the  flrme  land,  Inhablte  the 
Candei.  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  vl.  29. 

Withinside  (wi-THin'sid),  adv.  [<  within  + 
«tdel.]     In  the  inner  part;  on  the  inside. 

A  small  oval  picture  of  a  young  lady  .  .  .  that  was  fixed 
in  a  pannel  within-sidx  of  the  door. 

Graves,  Spiritual  Quixote,  iv.  12. 

withnayt  (wiTH-na'),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  withnayen; 
<  with-  +  nay.']     To  refuge ;  deny. 

Yit  if  thai  withnay 
Her  fmyt,  the  fattest  roote  away  Uial  tere, 

PaUadiut,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  102. 

without  (wi-THouf),  adv.,  prep.,  and  cotij.  [< 
ME.  withoute,  withouteii,  trithute,  withuten,  wit- 
ute,  wituten,  <  AS.withutan  (=  Icel.  vithutan),  on 
the  outside  of,  <  tvith,  against,  +  Utan,  outside, 
from  without:  see  out.']  I.  adv.  1.  On  or  as 
to  the  outside ;  outwardly;  externally. 

Pitch  It  [the  ark]  within  and  without.  Oen.  vt  14. 

The  Dukes  Palace  seemeth  to  be  faire,  but  I  was  not  in 
it,  onely  I  saw  it  without.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  99. 

Z.  Out  of  doors;  outside,  as  of  a  room  or  a 
house. 

Sir,  there 's  a  gentlewoman  without  would  speak  with 
your  worship. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iv.  3. 
Their  doors  are  barr'd  against  a  bitter  flout : 
Snarl,  if  you  please,  but  you  shall  snarl  without 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Persius's  Satires,  i.  217. 

3.  As  regards  external  acts  or  the  outer  life ; 
externally. 

Without  unspotted,  innocent  within. 

She  feared  no  danger,  for  she  knew  no  sin. 

Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther,  i.  3. 
From  without,  from  the  outside :  opposed  to/rom  with- 
in: as,  sounds yrorn  without  reached  their  ears. 
These  were /rom  icithotU 
The  growing  miseries.       Milton,  P.  L.,  x.  714. 
The  object  of  the  historian's  imitation  is  not  within 
him,  it  is  furnished  from  without. 

Macaulay,  Sir  James  Mackintosh. 

n.  prep.  1.  Outside  of;  at  or  on  the  exterior 
or  outside  of;  external  to;  out  of:  opposed  to 
within:  as,  without  the  walls. 

With  in  the  Cytee  and  with  oute  ben  many  fayre  Gar- 
dynes,  and  of  dyverse  frutes.    MandeciUe,  Travels,  p.  123. 

Then  without  the  doore,  thrice  to  the  South,  every  one 
bowing  his  knee  in  honour  of  the  fire. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  1.  34. 

I  do  nut  feel  it,  I  do  not  think  of  it ;  it  Is  a  thing  with- 
out me.  B.  Jomon,  Bartholomew  Fair,  Iv.  4. 


6955 

Their  boat  was  cast  away  upon  a  strand  without  Tyong 
Island.  Winthrop,  Hist  New  England,  II.  39. 

At  such  a  time  the  mind  of  the  prosperous  man  goes, 
as  it  were,  abroad,  among  things  uithout  him. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  19. 
I  was  received  .  .  .  with  great  civility  by  the  superior, 
who  met  us  without  the  gate. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  i.  225. 

2.  Out  of  the  limits,  compass,  range,  reach,  or 
powers  of;  beyond. 

The  ages  that  succeed,  and  stand  far  off 

To  gaze  at  your  high  prudence,  shall  admire. 

And  reckon  it  an  act  wilhmU  your  sex. 

B.  Jonmn,  Sejanus,  ii.  1. 
As  to  the  Palace  of  Versailles  (which   is  yet   some 
Miles  further,  within  the  Mountainous  Country,  not  un- 
like Black-Heath  or  Tunbridge),  'tis  without  dispute  the 
most  magnificent  of  any  in  Europe. 

Lister,  Journey  to  Paris,  p.  201. 

Eternity,  before  the  world  and  after,  is  without  our 

reach.  T.  Burnet,  Theory  of  the  Earth. 

3.  Lacking ;  destitute  of ;  exempt  or  free  from ; 
unconnected  with ;  independent  of :  noting  loss, 
absence,  negation,  privation,  etc.:  as,  to  be  icith- 
oiit  money;  to  do  without  sleep;  without  possi- 
bility of  error;  without  h&Tai. 

Thei  seyn  that,  whan  he  schalle  come  in  to  another 
World,  he  schalle  not  ben  with  outen  an  Hows,  ne  with 
owten  Hora,  ne  with  outen  Gold  and  Sylver. 

MandeiUle,  Travels,  p.  253. 
Noe  times  have  bene  without  badd  men. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 
Now,  ladies,  to  glad  your  aspects  once  again  with  the 
sight  of  Love,  and  make  a  spring  smile  in  your  faces, 
which  must  have  looked  like  winter  without  me. 

B.  Jonson,  Challenge  at  Tilt 

King  John  lived  to  have  three  Wives.    His  first  was 

Alice,  Daughter  of  Hubert  Earl  of  Morton,  who  left  him  a 

WMdower  without  Issue.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  74. 

Hee  gave  him  wisdome  at  his  request,  and  riches  with- 
out asking.  Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

Having  marked  the  hour  of  relieving  guard,  and  made 
all  necessary  observations,  he  retired  without  being  dis- 
covered. Irving,  Granada,  p.  29. 

The  darkness  was  intense,  we  were  ignorant  of  the  ford 
and  without  guides,  and  were  encumbered  with  nearly  two 
hundred  wounded,  whom  we  were  unwilling  to  abandon. 
The  Century,  XLI.  411. 
In  colloquial  language  the  object  is  frequently  omitted 
after  this  preposition,  especially  in  such  phrases  aato  do 
without,  to  go  without :  as,  they  can  give  me  no  assistance, 
BO  I  must  do  without. 

And  nice  affections  wavering  stood  in  doubt 
If  best  were  as  it  is,  or  best  without. 

Shak.,  Lover's  Complaint,  1.  9S. 

Cold  wltbout.  See  coid.— Indorsement  without  re- 
course. See  indorsement.  — To  go  Without  saying. 
See  (70.— Without  book,  day,  dispute,  distinction, 
dreadt.    See  the  nouns.- Without  falL    See  faili.— 

Without  more  bones.  See  twi«i— without  preju- 
dlce,prlce,  reserve.    See  the  nouns. 

III.  coiij.  U'ithoKt  is  sometimes  used  to  gov- 
ern a  substantive  clause  introduced  by  thai, 
without  that  thus  signifying  unless,  except; 
and  then,  the  that  being  omitted,  it  obtains  the 
value  of  a  conjunction  (like  because,  while,  since, 
etc.)  in  the  same  sense;  but  it  is  now  rarely, 
if  ever,  used  thus  by  careful  and  correct  speak- 
ers and  writers. 

Withoute  that  she  myght  have  his  loue  ageyn. 
She  were  on  don  for  euere  in  certayne. 

Oenerydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  475. 
And  it  is  so  sumptuous  and  so  straunge  a  werke  that  it 
passeth  fer  my  reason  and  vnderstondynge  to  make  any 
reporte  of  it,  without  I  shulde  apayre  the  fame  thereof. 
Sir  R.  Guyl/orde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  79. 
He  may  stay  him ;  marry,  not  unthout  the  prince  be  will- 
ing. Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  3.  86. 
We  should  make  no  mention  of  what  concerns  ourselves, 
unthout  it  be  of  matters  wherein  our  friends  ought  to  re- 
joice. Steele,  Spectator,  No.  100. 
I  needs  must  break 
These  bonds  that  so  defame  me :  not  without 
She  wills  it:  would  I  if  she  will'd  it? 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

without-door  (wi-THout'dor),  «.    Outdoor;  ex- 
terior; outward;  external. 

Praise  her  but  for  this  her  without-door  form. 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  1.  69. 

withoutet,  withoutent,  adv.,  prep.,  and  conj. 

Obsolete  forms  of  without. 
Without-fortht  (wi-THout'forth),  a*).     [<  ME. 

without  forth ,  with-oute  forth,  uithouten-forth;  < 

without  +forthi.]     Without. 

Ymagynaciouns  of  sensible  things  weeren  enpreynted 
into  Bowles  fro  bodies  uithoute-forth. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  iv.  meter  4. 
Also  rarely  used  adjectively. 

The  wythoutforth  [var.  forei/n,  p.  33)  landys  and  tene- 
mentis  of  citezens  which  shalbe  mynesters  of  the  cite 
shalbe  bounde  to  conserue  theym  ageynst  the  Kynge  vn- 
damaged  forthere  offyces  as  there  tenementis  wythin  the 
citee.  Arnold's  Chron.  (1602X  p.  9. 

withoutsidet  (wi-THout'sid),  adv.   [<  without  + 
«frfel.J     Outside;  externally;  on  the  outside. 


withwind 

Not  meeting  with  him,  I  fancy'd  he  had  some  private 
Way  up  the  Chimney.  ...  So,  Sir,  I  tum'd  my  Coat  here, 
to  save  it  clean,  and  up  I  scrambled ;  but  when  I  came 
withoutside,  I  saw  nobody  there. 

Mrs.  Centlivre,  Marplot,  ii.  1. 

Why  does  that  lawyer  wear  black?  does  he  carry  his 
conscience  withoutside?       Congreve,  Love  for  Love,  iv.  6. 

'Withsafet  (wiTH-saf),  «'•  [Early  mod.  E.  %oyth- 
safe,  witsafe,  withsave;  appar.  an  artificial  for- 
mation, <  with-  +  safe,  in  imitation  ot  vouchsafe. 
There  may  have  been  some  confusion  with 
withsay,  withsay  implying  '  oppose '  and  withsafe 
'consent.']     I.  trans.  To  make  safe;  assure. 

Now  must  I  seek  some  other  ways 

Myself  for  to  u-ithsave. 
Wyatt,  He  Eepenteth  that  He  had  Ever  Loved. 

II.  intrans.  To  vouchsafe ;  deign. 

I  un/thsa/e,  I  am  content  to  do  a  thyng.  Je  daigne.  .  .  . 
I  was  wonte  to  crouche  and  knele  to  hym,  and  I  do  nat 
withsafe  to  looke  upon  hym.  Palsgrave,  p.  783. 

withsaint.     Infinitive  of  withsay.    Chaucer. 

withsayt  (wiTH-sa'),  v.  t.  [ME.  withseyen,  with- 
seggen,  withsiggen;  <  with^  +  say^.]  To  speak 
against ;  contradict ;  deny ;  refuse. 

That  i  with-segge, 
Ne  schal  ihc  hit  biginne. 
Til  i  suddene  winne. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1276. 
Finally,  what  wight  that  it  withseyde. 
It  was  for  nought.  Chaux:er,  Troilus,  iv.  215. 

Of  soch  thynge  herde  I  neuer  speke,  but  by  youre  sem- 

blaunte  ye  seme  alle  worthi  men,  and  therfore  I  will  in 

no  wise  with-sey  that  ye  requere,  and  be  ye  right  welcome. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  204. 

Withsayert  (wiTH-sa'^r),  n.  [ME.  withseier;  < 
withsay  +  -frl.]  One  who  withsays;  an  oppo- 
nent. 

That  he  be  mysti  to  much  styre  in  holsum  docti-yne, 
and  the  withseieris  to  with  stonde. 

Wydi/,  Pref.  Ep.,  p.  63. 

withsett  (wiTH-sef),  V.  t.      [<  ME.  withsetten 
(=  G.  widersetzen) ;  <  with'^  +  set^,  v.]     To  set 
against ;  resist ;  oppose ;  withstand. 
More-ouer  thou  hast  holi  writt 
that  cleerli  schewith  thee  goostli  ligt 
How  thou  schuldist  deedli  synne  with-sett. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  185. 
Of  God  the  more  grace  thou  hast  serteyn. 
If  thou  with-sett  the  devyl  in  his  dede. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  212. 

with-sitt,  V.  t.  [ME.  withsitten;  <  with  +  sif^.] 
To  oppose  ;  contradict ;  withstand. 

Was  no  beggere  so  bolde  bote-yf  he  blynde  were. 
That  dorst  with-sitte  that  Peeres  seyde  for  fere  of  syre 
Hunger.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  ix.  202. 

withstand  (wiTH-stand'),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  with- 
stood, ppr.  withstanding.  [<  ME.  ivithstanden , 
withstonden  (pret.  withstod.  pp.  withstonde),  < 
AS.  withstandan  (pret.  withstod,  pp.  withstan- 
den)  (=  Icel.  vilhstanda ;  at.  G.  widerstehen), 
resist,  withstand,  <  with,  against,  +  standan, 
stand:  see  with^  and  stand,  v.]  I.  trans.  To 
stand  against ;  oppose;  resist,  either  with  physi- 
cal or  with  moral  force:  frequently  with  an  im- 
plication of  effectual  resistance;  resist  or  op- 
pose successfully:  as,  to  withstand  the  storm. 
My  goynge  graunted  is  by  parlanient 
So  ferforth  that  it  may  not  be  ^cithstonde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  1298. 
Wythstande  the  seruaunte  that  praysith  the,  for  ellys  he 
thynkyth  the  for  to  deceyve. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  31. 

When  Peter  was  come  to  .Antioch,  I  mthstood  him  to 

the  face.  Gal.  ii.  11. 

Youth  and  health  have  ivithstood  well  the  involuntary 

and  voluntary  hardships  of  her  lot. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  v.  1. 
Poor  beauty  !  Time  and  fortune's  wrong 
No  shape  nor  feature  may  withstand; 
The  wrecks  are  scattereil  all  along. 
Like  emptied  sea-shells  on  the  sand. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Mare  Rubrum. 
=  Syn.  Resist,  etc.  (see  oppose),  confront,  face. 

II.  intrans.  To  make  a  stand;  resist;  show 
resistance. 

All  affermyt  hit  fast  with  a  fyn  wyll, 
Sane  Ector  the  honorable,  that  egerly  withstod, 
Disasent  to  the  dede,  Sc  dernely  he  sayde 
"Hit  is  falshcd  in  faythe  *  of  fer  cast!  " 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  7849. 
But  Fate  withstands,  and  to  oppose  the  attempt 
Medusa  with  Gorgonian  terrour  guards 
The  ford.  Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  610. 

withstander  (wiTH-stan'd^r),  n.  [<  withstand 
+  -«»•!.]  One  who  withstands;  an  opponent; 
a  resisting  power. 

■withwind  (with' wind),  )i.  [Also  withywind ;  < 
ME.  withwinde,  withewynde,  <  AS.  withewinde, 
withwindc  (=  MD.  wcdewindc;  cf.  Icel.  vithvin- 
dill  =  Dan.  vedhende),  <  withthe,  withig,  a  flexi- 
ble twig,  -t-  *winde,  <  windan,  wind:  see  withe, 
withy,  and  wind^.]     The  bindweed,  Convolvulus 


with  wind 

nrvenxii  or  C.  scpium;   occasionally,  oiip  of  a 

few  other  plants. 

He  bare  a  burdoun  ybounde  with  a  brode  Hate, 
In  a  teitheicyndes  wise  ywoundeii  aboute. 

Pierg  Plowman  (B\  v.  525. 

Sea  withwind.    See  sea-wUhmiid. 
withwine  (with'vviu),  «.    A  corruption  of  with- 

witliyl  (with'i),  n.  [<  ME.  withy,  wythy,  wlfld. 
<  AS.  wlthig,  also  withihe  (>  ult.  E.  u-ith^,  withe), 
a  willow,  =  OFries.  withthc  =  MD.  n'cede,  t). 
wede,  weede,  hop-plant,  =  MLG.  wide,  L6.  xviede, 
wied,  wede,  wide  =  OHG.  wida,  MHG.  wide,  G. 
weide,  a  willow,  =  Icel.  rithja,  a  withy,  vith,  a 
withe,  viihir,  a  willow,  =  Sw.  vide,  willow,  vidja, 
willow-twig,  =  Dan.  vidje,  a  willow,  osier  (the 
forms  showing  two  orig.  types,  represented  by 
withy^  and  wiih^,  withe,  and  a  variation  also  in 
the  length  of  the  vowel) ;  cf .  Lith.  zil-wittis,  zil- 
wytin,  gray  willow,  Kuss.  vitsa,  withe,  OBulg.  viti, 
string  for  a  heron,  riti,  twist,  braid;  L.  vitis, 
vine,  Gr.  hia,  a  willow,  a  wicker  shield ;  orig. 
'  that  which  twines  or  bends,'  <  •/  wi,  twine, 
plait,  as  in  L.  vierc,  twine,  >  vimen,  twig,  etc.] 

1.  A  willow  of  any  species.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

See  where  another  hides  himself  as  sly 
As  did  Actseon  or  the  fearful  deer, 
Behind  a  ivithy. 

J.  Dennyg  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  170). 

The  Withy  is  a  reasonable  large  tree  (for  some  have  been 

found  ten  feet  about).  Evelyn,  Sylva,  i.  20. 

2.  A  withe;  a  twig;  an  osier. 

With  grene  wythyes  y-bounden  wonderlye. 

Politicai  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  68. 
A  kind  of  oblong  vessel  made  of  bark,  by  the  simple  con- 
trivance of  tying  up  the  two  ends  with  a  withy. 

Cook,  First  Voyage,  iii.  8. 

3.  A  halter  made  of  withes. — 4.  In  ccram., 
same  as  twip^,  3.— Gray  withy,  the  sallow  or  goat 
willow,  Saitxca^ea.— Hoop  withy.  HsiUie  SlS  hoop-uithe. 
See  Rivina, 

withy^  (with'i  or  wi'THi),  «.  [<  withe,  witifi,  + 
-;/l.]  Made  of  withes;  like  a  withe;  flexible 
and  tough. 

I  learnt  to  fold  my  net,  .  .  . 
And  withy  labyrinths  in  straits  to  set. 

P.  Fletcher,  Piscatory  Eclogues,  i.  5. 

Thirsil  from  withy  prison,  as  he  uses. 
Lets  out  his  flock. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  iii. 

wlthy-pott  (with'i-pot),  )(.  A  vessel  or  nest  of 
osiers  or  twigs. 

There  were  withy-potts  or  nests  for  the  wild  fowle  to  lay 
their  eggs  in,  a  little  above  y«  surface  of  y«  water. 

Evelyn,  Diary,  Feb.  9,  1665. 

withywindt  (with'i-wind),  n.  Same  as  with- 
wind.     Minsheu. 

Whiter  Galet  then  the  white  withie-winde. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  621. 

witjart  (wit'jiir),  11.  [<  wit^  +jar3,  n.]  The 
head  ;  the  brainpan ;  the  skull.     [Old  slang.] 

Dr.  Hale,  who  was  my  good  Astolfo  (you  read  Ariosto, 
Jack),  and  has  brought  me  back  my  wit-jar,  had  much 
ado  ...  to  effect  my  recovery. 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe,  V.  cxxxiii. 

witless  (wit'les),  a.  [Also  formerly  or  dial. 
weetless;  <  ME.  witles,  <  AS.  "witleds  (in  deriv. 
witleast)  (=  Icel.  vitlauss),  witless;  as  wit^  + 
-kss.']  1.  Destitute  of  wit  or  understanding; 
thoughtless;  unreflecting;  stupid. 

But^  man,  as  thou  wittleen  were, 

thou  lokist  euere  dounwarde  as  a  beest. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  FurnivallX  p.  185. 
Raymounde  semede  all  wiHese  to  deuise, 
AH  merueled  that  gan  it  aduertise. 

Ram.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2846. 
And  weetlesse  wandered 
From  shore  to  shore  emongst  the  Lybick  sandos, 
Ere  rest  he  fownd.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  9.  41. 

A  witty  mother  !  ivitless  else  her  son. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1.  266. 

2.  Not  knowing;  unconscious.     [Rare.] 

Smiling,  all  weetless  of  th'  uplifted  stroke. 

Hung  o'er  his  harmless  head.  J.  Baillie. 

3.  Proceeding  from  thoughtlessness  or  folly; 
not  under  the  guidance  of  judgment;  foolish; 
indiscreet;  senseless;  silly. 

Fond  termes,  and  ivitlesse  words. 

Sl>enser,  Shep.  Cal.,  July. 
Youth,  and  cost,  and  witless  bravery. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  i.  3.  10. 

witlessly  (wit'Ies-li),  adv.  In  a  witless  man- 
ner; without  the  exorcise  of  judgment;  without 
understanding.     Beau,  and  Fl. 

witlessness  (wit'les-nes),  n.     The  state  orchar- 
acter  of  being  witless;  want  of  judgment,  un- 
derstanding, or  consideration. 
Wilful  witlessness.        Sir  E.  Sandys,  State  of  Religion. 

witling  (wit'ling),  11.  [<  h;(<2  -f  -Ung'^.']  A  pre- 
tender to  wit ;  a  would-be  wit. 


6956 

A  beau  and  witling  perish'd  in  the  throng. 

Pope,  R.  of  the  L.,  v.  69. 
Newspaper  witlings.  Goldsmith,  Retaliation,  Postscript, 
The  witlings  of  Bath,  constantly  buzzing  about  him  [Mr. 
Quin]  to  catch  each  accent  falling  from  his  tongue  in  order 
to  pass  it  current  for  their  own,  were  not  content  with 
robbing  him  of  his  wit,  but  more  than  once  attacked  his 
reputation.  Life  of  Quin  (reprint  1887),  p.  52. 

witloof  (wit'lof),  ?i.  [D.,  lit.  'white-leaf.']  A 
variety  of  chicory  with  large  roots,  and  forming 
a  close  head  of  leaves  like  that  of  a  Cos  lettuce. 
In  Brussels  these  heads  are  cooked  as  a  dinner-vegetable. 
Witloof  is  less  bitter  than  the  common  chicory,  and  forms 
an  equally  good  winter  salad ;  its  thick  8tu]>by  root  also  is 
as  good  as  the  ordinary  for  mixing  with  coffee.  Also  called 
large-rooted  Brussels  chicory. 

witmonger  (wit'mung"ger),  n.  One  who  deals 
or  indulges  in  wit  of  a  poor  or  low  kind ;  a  wit- 
ling.    Wood,  Athense  Oxon. 

witness  (wit'nes),  n.  [<  ME.  witnesse,  witnisse, 
<  AS.  witiies,  also  ge-witnes  (=  MD.  wetenisse  = 
OHG.  gewiznessi),  testimony,  <  "witen,  orig.  pp. 
of  witan,  know,  or  rather  of  witan,  see,  +  -nes, 
E.  -ness :  see  wit^  and  -ness.  Cf .  forgiveness  for 
*forgivenness.']  1.  Testimony;  attestation  of  a 
fact  or  event;  evidence:  often  with  fteor;  as,  to 
bear  witness. 

If  he  aske  as  for  more  witnesse. 
Who  sent  to  hym  and  how  that  I  hym  knewe, 
Telle  hym  it  is  his  sone  Generydes. 

Oenerydes  (E.  E.  T.  S),  1.  2382. 

If  I  bear  witness  of  myself,  my  witness  is  not  true. 

John  v.  31. 
Heaven  and  thy  thoughts  are  witness. 

SAoi.,M.  of  v.,  ii.  6.  32. 

The  witness  of  the  Wapentake  is  distinctly  against  the 

claimant.         E.  A.  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest^  V.  518. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  bears  testimony  or 
furnishes  evidence  or  proof. 

Laban  said,  This  heap  is  a  witness  between  me  and  thee 
this  day.  Gen.  xxxi.  48. 

Your  mother  lives  a  ivitness  to  that  vow. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7.  180. 

These,  opening  the  prisons  and  dungeons,  cal'd  out  of 
darknesse  and  bonds  the  elect  Martyrs  and  witnesses  of 
their  Redeemer.  Milton,  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

3.  One  who  is  personally  present  and  sees  some 
act  or  occurrence,  or  hears  something  spoken, 
and  can  therefore  bear  witness  to  it;  a  specta- 
tor. 

Neither  can  I  rest 
A  silent  witness  of  the  headlong  rage. 
Or  heedless  folly,  by  which  thousands  die. 

Cttwper,  Task,  111.  218. 

4t.  A  sponsor,  as  at  a  baptism  or  christening. 
He  was  witness  for  Win  here  — they  will  not  be  called 
godfathers —  and  named  her  Win-the-flght. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartholomew  Fair,  i.  1. 

5.  In  Uiw :  (a)  One  who  gives  testimony  on  the 
trial  of  a  cause ;  one  who  appears  before  a  court, 
judge,  or  other  ofBcer.  and  is  examined  under 
oath  or  affirmation,  (b)  One  whose  testimony 
is  offered,  or  desired  and  expected,  (c)  One  in 
whose  presence  or  under  whose  observation  a 
fact  occuiTcd.  (d)  One  who  upon  request  by 
or  on  behalf  of  a  party  subscribes  his  name  to 
an  instrument  to  attest  the  genuineness  of  its 
execution :  more  exactly,  an  attesting  witness  or 
a  subscribing  tcitness. 

He  bad  hym  goo  and  in  no  wise  to  fayle 
To  the  Sowdon,  and  telle  hym  the  processe. 
And  lie  wold  be  on  of  his  chefl  tritnesse. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1509. 
Is  it  not 
A  perfect  act,  and  absolute  in  law, 
Sealed  and  delivered  before  witnesses, 
The  day  and  date  emergent? 

B.  Jonson,  Staple  of  News,  v.  1. 

6.  In  hool'binding,  an  occasional  rough  edge  on 
the  leaf  of  a  bound  book,  which  is  a  testimony 
that  the  leaves  have  not  been  unduly  trimmed. 
[Eng.  ]  — Aurlculax,  credible,  Intermediate  witness. 
See  the  adjectives,— Hostile  Witness,  a  witness  who  man- 
ifests a  disposition  to  injure  the  case  of  the  party  by  whom 
he  is  called.  The  party  is  allowed  in  such  a  case  to  put 
leading  and  searching  questions  such  as  he  could  not 
otherwise  put  to  his  own  witness,  and  to  contradict  his 
testimony  more  freely.— Second-hand  witness.  See  sec- 
ond-hand'i  .—  1o  impeach  a  witness.  See  impeach.— 
Ultroneous  witness.  See  idtronemis.—yfWSi  a  wlt- 
nesst,  with  great  force,  so  as  to  leave  some  mark  as  a  tes- 
timony behind ;  to  a  great  degree ;  with  a  vengeance. 

This,  I  confess,  is  haste,  with  a  witness.  Latimer. 

Here 's  packing,  with  a  witness ! 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  1.  121. 

witness  (wit'nes),  V.  [<  ME.  witnessen,  witnii'- 
sen,  wytnessen  ;  (.witness,  n.']  I,  intrans.  1.  To 
bear  witness  or  testimony:  give  evidence;  tes- 
tify. 

And  the  storye  of  Xoe  icytnesfiethe,  whan  that  the  Cul- 
ver broiighte  the  Braunche  of  Olyve  that  betokend  Pes 
made  betwene  God  and  Man.     MandevUle,  Travels,  p.  11. 

The  men  of  Belial  witnessed  against  him,  even  against 
Naboth,  .  .  .  saying,  Naboth  did  blaspheme  God  and  the 
king.  1  Ki.  xxi.  13. 


wittcd 

The  prisoner  brought  several  persons  of  good  credit  to 
witness  to  her  reputation.  Addison,  Tatler,  No.  259. 

2t.  To  take  witness  or  notice. 

Witnesse  on  him,  that  any  perflt  clerk  is. 
That  in  scole  is  gret  altercacioun 
In  this  matere  and  greet  disputisoun. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  416. 

Witnessing  clause.    Same  as  testatum. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  give  testimony  to;  testify; 
bear  witness  of,  or  serve  as  evidence  of;  attest; 
prove ;  show. 

We  purchace,  thnrgb  oure  Sateryng, 
Of  riche  men  of  gret  pouste, 
Lettres  to  mtnesse  oure  bounte. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  8968. 
For  I  witnesse  you,  and  say  in  thys  place 
That  he  was  a  trew  catholike  person. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1. 1529. 

Behold  how  many  things  they  mtness  against  thee. 

Mark  xt.  4. 
Methought  you  said 
You  saw  one  here  in  court  could  witness  it. 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3.  200. 
For  what  they  did  they  had  custom  for;  and  could  pro- 
duce, if  need  were,  testimony  that  would  witn^s  it  for 
more  than  a  thousand  years. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 
[  Witness  in  this  sense  is  often  used  in  the  subjunctive  im- 
peratively or  optatively,  in  many  cases  with  inversion. 
Heaven  witness, 
1  have  been  to  you  a  true  and  humble  wife. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  4.  22. 

Pilgrims  should  wateh,  .  .  .  but,  for  want  of  doing  so, 

ofttimes  their  rejoicing  ends  in  tears,  and  their  sunshine 

in  a  cloud ;  witness  the  story  of  Christian  at  this  place. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  IL] 

2.  To  show  by  one's  behavior;  betray  as  a 
sentiment. 

Capt.  Dekings,  an  anabaptist  and  one  that  had  vntnessed 
a  great  deal  of  discontent  with  the  present  proceedings. 
Pepys,  Diary,  Apr.  15,  1660. 
Long  mute  he  stood,  and,  leaning  on  his  staff. 
His  wonder  witness'd  with  an  idiot  laugh. 

Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iph.,  1. 112. 

3.  To  see  or  know  by  personal  presence;  be  a 
witness  of;  observe. 

This  is  but  a  faint  sketch  of  the  incalculable  calamities 
and  horrors  we  must  expect,  should  we  ever  vyitness  the 
triumphs  of  modern  infidelity.  ii.  Ball. 

What  various  scenes,  and  0  !  what  scenes  of  woe. 
Are  witnessed  by  that  red  and  struggling  beam ! 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  vi.  1. 

My  share  of  the  gayety  consisted  in  witnessing  the  daily 
appareling  of  Eliza  and  Georgianna,  and  seeing  them  de- 
scend to  the  drawing-room  dressed  out  in  thin  muslin 
frocks  and  scarlet  sashes,  with  hair  elaborately  ringleted. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  iv. 

4.  To  see  the  execution  of  and  affix  one's  name 
to  (a  contract,  wiU,  or  other  document)  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  its  identity:  as,  to  wit- 
ness a  bond  or  a  deed. —  5.  To  foretell;  pre- 
sage; foretoken.     [Rare.] 

Ah,  Richard,  .  .  . 
I  see  thy  glory  like  a  shooting  star 
Fall  to  the  base  earth  from  the  firmament  I 
Thy  sun  sets  weeping  in  the  lowly  west^ 
Witnessing  storms  to  come,  woe,  and  unrest. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  ii.  4.  22. 
=  Syn.  3.  Perceive,  Observe,  etc.  See  see^. 
witness-box  (wit'nes-boks),  n.  The  inclosure 
in  which  a  witness  stands  while  giving  evidence 
in  a  court  of  law. 
witnesser  (wit'nes-er),  V.  [<  witness  +  -erl.] 
One  who  gives  or  bears  testimony. 

A  constant  witnesser  of  the  passion  of  Christ. 

T.  Martin,  Marriage  of  Priests. 

witnessfullyt  (wifnes-fiU-i),  adv.  [ME.  wyt- 
ncssefuUy;  <  witness  +  -ful  +  -ly'^.'\  By  wit- 
nesses; with  proof;  manifestly;  publicly. 

In  this  wyse  more  clerly  and  more  uytnessefuUy  is  the 
office  of  wise  men  i-treted.  Chaucer,  Boethius,  iv.  prose  5. 

witness-stand  (wit'nes-stand),  n.     The  place 
where  a  witness,  while  giving  evidence  in  court, 
is  stationed. 
witsafet, ''.  *•    See  withsafe. 
wit-snappert  (wit'snap'^r),  w.  One  who  affects 
repartee. 

Goodly  Lord,  what  a  wit-snapper  are  you  I 

S/i<i*.,M.  of  V.,iii.  5.  55. 

witstandt  (wit'stand),  n.     [<  icit^  +  stand,  m.] 
The  state  of  being  at  one's  wits'  end  ;  hence,  a 
standstill.     [Rare.] 
They  were  at  a  ipitstand,  and  could  reach  no  further. 

Bp.  Haeket,  Abp.  Williams,  i.  188.    (Ztaries.) 

wit-starved  (wit'stilrvd),  a.  Barren  of  wit; 
destitute  of  genius.     [Rare.]     {Im}).  Diet.) 

wittalif,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  witicall. 

wittal'^t,  n.     See  wittol^. 

wittet.  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  irifl. 

witted  (wit'ed),  a.  [<  iriVl  -1-  -ed".']  Having 
wit  or  understanding :  commonly  used  in  com- 
pounds, as  quie'k-witted,  slow-witted,  etc. 


witted 

The  people  be  gentle,  meny,  quick  and  tine  ufitted,  de- 
lighting in  quietness,  and,  when  need  requireth,  able  to 
abide  and  suffer  much  bodily  labour. 

Sir  T.  More,  rt4>pla  (tr.  by  Robinson),  ii.  7. 
Renowued,  witted  Dulcimel,  appeare. 

Marston,  The  fawne,  v. 

wittert,  a.  [ME.  fitter,  witer,  <  leel.  ritr,  know- 
ing, <  vita,  know:  see  w/fl.]  Knowing;  cer- 
tain; sui-e. 

Tho  wurth  the  child  [Isaac]  witUr  and  war 
That  thor  sal  otfrende  ben  don. 

Gemxig  and  Emdm  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 1308. 

wittert,  !■'■  t.  [ME.  witteren,  iciUren,  <  leel. 
citra,  make  wise,  make  certain,  <  vitr,  knowing: 
see  witter.']  To  make  sure;  inform;  declare 
(that). 

1  witter  the  the  emperour  es  entirde  into  Fraunce. 

Marte  Arthurs  (E.  E.  T.  ».),  1.  1239. 

witteringt,  «•  [ME.,  verbal  n.  of  witter,  v.]  In- 
formation: knowledge. 

Leue  Joseph,  who  toide  yow  this  ? 
How  hadde  3e  wittering  of  this  dede? 

York  Plays,  p.  142. 

Witterlyt  (wit'^r-li),  adv.  [ME.,  also  witter- 
liche,  tvitertichc,  etc. ;  <  tvitter  +  -I//-.]  Certain- 
ly; surely;  truly. 

I  blusshet  honi  on. 
I  waited  horn  witterly,  as  me  wele  thoght, 
All  feturs  in  fere  of  the  fre  ladys, 

Deatruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  2428. 
Ful  acorded  was  hit  witterly. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  260(1. 

witters,  «.  pi.     See  witherx. 

witticaster  (wit'i-kas-tfer;,  »i.     [<  icitty  +  -c-fl,s- 

ter  as  in  criticaster.]     An  inferior  or  pretended 

wit. 
The  mention  of  a  nobleman  seems  quite  sufficient  to 

arouse  the  spleen  of  our  witticaster.  Milton. 

wittichenlte  (wit'i-ken-it),  «.  A  sulphid  of 
bismuth  and  copper,  related  in  form  and  com- 
position to  bournonite.  It  was  first  found  at 
Wittichen,  Baden. 

witticism  (wit'i-sizm),  II.  [<  witty  +  -c-imii  as 
in  Atticism,  Gallicism,  etc.]  A  witty  sentence, 
phrase,  or  remark  ;  an  observation  character- 
ized by  wit. 

You  have  quite  undone  the  young  King  with  your  Wit- 
ticiging,  and  ruin'd  his  Fortunes  utterly. 

Milton,  Ans.  to  Salmasius,  ill. 

The  witty  poets  .  .  .  have  taken  an  advantage  from  the 
doubtful  meaning  of  the  word  (Ire  to  make  an  infinite  num- 
ber of  xcitticitms.  Addimn,  Spectator,  No.  62. 

Every  witticimn  is  an  inexact  thought;  what  is  perfect- 
ly true  is  imperfectly  witty. 

Landur,  Imag.  Conv.,  Diogenes  and  Plato. 

Wittifiedt  (wit'i-fid),  a.  [<  'wittify  (<  tcitty  + 
-fy) '^ -f'l--]     Having  wit;  clever;  witty. 

Diverse  of  these  were  .  .  .  dispersed  to  those  wittijied 
ladles  who  were  willing  to  come  into  the  order. 

Royer  Sorth,  Lord  Guilford,  I.  6».    (Damet.) 

wittily  (wit'i-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  wittily;  <  witty 
+ -(i/2.]  In  a  witty  manner,  (at)  Knowingly;  in- 
telligently; ingeniously;  cunningly;  artfully. 

Time  only  &  custom  haue  authoritie  to  do,  specially  in 
all  cases  of  language,  as  the  Poet  hath  tcittily  renienibred. 
Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  104. 
The  wittily  and  strangely  cruel  Macro. 

D.  Jonson,  Sejanus,  v.  10. 

(b)  With  a  witty  turn  or  phrase,  or  with  an  ingenious  and 

amusing  association  of  ideas ;  clearly;  brilliantly. 

In  conversation  wittUy  pleasant.  Sir  P.  .Sidney. 

It  would  a  little  cool  the  preternatural  heat  of  the 

flingbrand  fraternity,  as  one  imttily  calleth  them. 

Kev.  T.  Adamf,  Works,  I.  125. 

wittiness  (wit'i-nes),  II.  1.  The  character  of 
being  witty;  the  quality  of  being  ingenious  or 
clever. 

WittiiicKse  in  devising,  .  .  .  pithhiesse  in  uttering. 

E.  K.,  To  O.  Harvey  (Prefixed  to  Spenser's  .Shcp.  Cal.). 

2t.  Something  that  is  witty;  an  ingenious  in- 
vention. 

The  third,  In  the  discoloured  mantle  spangled  all  over, 
is  Euphantaate,  a  well-conceited  inttinemie,  and  employed 
in  honouring  the  court  with  the  riches  of  lier  pure  inven- 
tion. B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  v.  3. 

wittinef  (wit'iug),  «.     [Also  icce^iH*/  (and  erro- 
neously wotlinij);  <  ME.  witiiige,  wctyiii/c;  ver- 
bal n.  of  ic(<l,  I'.]     Knowledge;  perception. 
That  were  an  abusyoun 
That  Ood  sholde  han  no  parrtt  clere  wetynge 
.More  than  we  men,  that  nan  douteous  wenynge. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  Iv.  991. 

'Wittingly  (wit'ing-li),  adv.  [Kormerly  also 
icectiiii/ly ;  <  ME.  iritiiigly,  wetyiifily,  witiiideliclic 
(=  MH(j.  irizzcntliche  =  leel.  vitanliijii) ;  <  ivit- 
tiiig.  ppr.  of  will,  v.,  +  -ly^.]  In  a  witting  man- 
ner; knowingly;  consciously;  by  design. 

He  knowingly  and  wittingly  brought  evil  into  the  world. 

Sir  T.  More. 

To  which  she  for  his  sake  had  u-eetinyly  now  brought 
her  selfe,  and  blam'd  her  noble  blood. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  VI.  3.  11. 
437 


6957 

I  would  not  icittingly  dishonor  my  work  by  a  single 
falsehood,  misrepresentation,  or  prejudice,  though  it 
should  gain  our  forefathers  the  whole  country  of  New 
England.  Irciny,  Knickerbocker,  p.  201. 

'Wittol^t  (wit'ol),  II.  [Formerly  also  ivittal,  wit- 
tall  (also  wittold,  with  excrescent  d  as  in  cuck- 
old), orig.  witwal,  a  particular  use  of  witical,  the 
popinjay:  see  witical^.  This  bird  was  the  sub- 
ject of  frequent  ribald  allusions,  similar  to  the 
allusions  to  the  cuckoo  which  are  prominent  in 
the  English  drama  of  Shakspere  and  his  con- 
temporaries and  which  produced  the  word  ciiclc- 
old.  The  addition  of  the  notion  of  'knowing' 
and  submitting  may  be  due  to  the  popular 
association  with  wit.  which  produced  the  ety- 
mology <  iciil  +  all.]  A  man  who  knows  his 
wife's  infidelity  and  submits  to  it;  a  submis- 
sive cuckold. 

.\maimon  sounds  well ;  Lucifer  well ;  .  .  .  yet  they  are 
.  .  .  the  names  of  fiends;  but.  Cuckold,  Wittol,  Cuckold! 
the  devil  himself  hath  not  such  a  name  ! 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2.  313. 

Fond  wit-wal,  that  wouldst  load  thy  witless  head 
With  timely  horns,  before  thy  bridal  bed  1 

Bp.  Hall,  .Satires,  L  vii.  17. 
To  see  ...  a  leittftl  wink  at  his  wife's  honesty,  and  too 
perspicuous  in  all  other  affairs. 

Burton,  Auat.  of  MeL,  p.  44. 

There  was  no  peeping  hole  to  clear 
The  icittal's  eye  from  his  incarnate  fear. 

Qtiarles,  Emblems,  i.  5. 

wittol't  (wit'ol),  V.  t.   [Also  wittal ;  <  wittol'^,  «.] 
To  make  a  wittol,  or  contented  cuckold,  of. 
He  would  wittal  me 
With  a  consent  to  my  own  hoi-ns. 

Davenport,  City  Night  Cap,  i.  1. 

■wittol'-^  (wit'ol),  H.  A  dialectal  reduction  of 
uhitetail.     [Coruwall,  Eng.] 

wittollyt,  a.  [<  wittol^  +  -ly^.]  Like  or  char- 
acteristic of  a  wittol,  or  submissive  cuckold. 
Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2.  283. 

Her  husband  was  hanged  for  his  witt^ldly  permission, 
and  shee  herselle  drowned.     Purchag,  Pilgrinuige,  p.  293. 

'Wit-tooth  (wit'toth),  «.     A  wisdom-tooth. 
'Wi'tts  (wits),  H.  pi.     Same  as  tin-wits. 

When  much  pyrites  [in  tin-bearing  rock]  is  present,  it  is 
necessary  to  make  a  preliminary  concentration,  and  roast 
the  enriched  product  {wittg)  in  a  furnace. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVI.  im. 

'Witty  (wit'i),  a.  [<  ME.  witty,  wily,  witig,  <  AS. 
icitig,  wittir/  (=  OS.  tC!(/,(/  =  OHG.  wi;::ig,  MHG. 
icitzec(g),  G.  witzig  =  Icel.  vitiigr  =  S\v.  vittcr  = 
Dan.  vittig),  knowing,  wise,  <  wit,  knowledge, 
wit:  see  wit^,  and  cf.  witch^.]  It,  Possessed 
of  wisdom  or  learning;  wise;  discreet;  know- 
ing; artful. 
The  uyttiour  that  eny  wight  is  bote  yf  he  worche  ther- 

after. 
The  biterour  he  shal  a-bygge  bote  yf  he  wel  worche. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xvii.  219. 

A  u%tty  man  taketh  preved  thinge,  andchannge 

He  maketh,  that  lande  from  lande  be  not  to  strange. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S),  p.  64. 

Tamb.  Are  you  the  icitty  King  of  Persia? 
Myc.  Ay,  marry  am  I :  have  you  any  suit  to  me  ? 
Tamb.  I  would  entreat  you  speak  but  three  wise  words. 
Marlowe,  Taniburlaine,  I.,  ii.  4. 
The  deep,  revolving,  witty  Buckingham. 

SAuJ-.,  Rich.  IIL,  iv.  2.42. 
Upon  each  shoulder  sits  a  milk-white  dove. 
And  at  her  feet  do  witty  serpents  move. 

B.  Jonson,  The  BaiTiers. 

2t.  E.xhibiting  intelligence  or  ingenuity ;  clev- 
er; skilfully  devised. 

Silence  in  love  betrays  more  wo 

Than  words,  though  ne'er  so  witty; 
A  beggar  that  is  dumb,  you  know, 
May  challenge  double  pity. 
Raleigh,  Silent  Lover  (Ellis's  .Specimens,  II.  224). 
Ingrateful  payer  of  my  industries, 
That  with  a  soft  painted  hypocrisy 
Cozen'st  and  jeer'st  my  perturbation. 
Expect  a  leitty  and  a  fell  revenge  ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  v.  1. 

Amongst  the  elder  Christians,  some  ...  in  witty  tor- 
ments excelled  the  cruelty  of  many  of  their  persecutors, 
whose  rage  determined  quickly  in  deatli. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  ISS.'i),  I.  91. 

3.  Possessed  of  wit;  smartly  or  cleverly  fa- 
cetious; ready  with  strikingly  novel,  clever, 
shrewd,  and  amusing  sayings,  or  with  sharp 
repartee ;  brilliant,  sparkling,  and  original  in 
expressing  amusing  notions  or  ideas;  hence, 
sometimes,  sarcastic  ;  satirical :  of  persons. 

Who  so  in  earnest  vveenes,  he  doth,  in  mine  aduise, 
Shew  himselfe  witless,  or  more  n-ittie  than  wise. 

Pntlenham,  .\rte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  170. 

Sir  Ellis  Layton,  whom  I  find  a  wonderful  ifitty,  ready 

man  for  sudden  answers  and  little  tales,  and  sayings  very 

extraordinary  witty.  Pepys,  Diary,  III.  92. 

In  gentle  Verse  the  Witty  told  their  Flame, 

And  grac'd  their  choicest  Song  with  F.nnna's  Name. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Kinnia. 


wizard 

Honeyeontb,  who  was  so  unniereifuUy  nitty  upon  the 
women,  .  .  .  has  given  the  ladies  ample  satisfaction  by 
marrying  a  farmer's  daughter. 

Addistni,  Spectator,  No.  530. 

4.  Characterized  by  or  pregnant  with  wit :  as, 
a  witty  remark  or  repartee. 

Or  i-hymes  or  sangs  he'd  niak'  liimsel', 
Or  icitty  catches.  Burnn.  To  J.  Lapraik,  i. 

witwall  (wit'wal),  n.  [Also  ivitwall,  and  former- 
ly assimilated  wittal;  also  erroneously  wliit- 
wall ;  a  var.  of  woodwal,  woodwalc :  see  wood  wale, 
undct.  wittol^.]  1.  The  popinjay,or  green  wood- 
pecker, Gcciniis  viridis.  See  wand  wale,  and  cut 
under  popinjay. 

No  sound  was  heard,  excejit,  fi-oni  far  away. 
The  ringing  of  the  Whitwall's  shrilly  laughter. 
Or,  now  and  then,  the  chatter  of  the  jay, 
That  Echo  murmur'd  after. 

Hood,  Haunted  House,  i. 

2.  The  gi-eater  sjiotted  woodpecker,  Piciis  major. 
See  cut  under  Pieiis. 
■witwal'-'t,  n.     See  wittol'^. 

'Witwantont  (wit'won"ton),  n.  [<  (CJ?!  +  wan- 
ton.] One  who  indulges  in  idle,  foolish,  and 
iiTeverent  fancies  or  speculations.  Also  used 
adjectively. 

All  Epicures,  Wit-wantons,  Atheists. 

Syli-estcr,  Lacryniffi  Lacr>niarum. 
How  dangerous  it  is  for  wit-wanton  men  to  dance  with 
their  nice  distinctions  on  such  mystical  precipices. 

Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  X,  iv.  4. 

'witwantont  (wit'won'''ton),  t'.  /.  [<  witwanton, 
n.]  To  indulge  in  vain,  sportive,  or  over-subtle 
fancies;  speculate  idly  or  irreverently:  with  an 
indefinite  it. 

Dangerous  it  is  to  witwanton  it  with  the  majesty  of  God. 
Fuller,  Holy  State. 

'Wit-WOrmt  (wit'wfenn),   n.     [<  wit^   +   ivoiin.] 
One  who  has  developed  into  a  wit.     [Have.] 
Fill.  What  hast  thou  done 
"With  thy  poor  innocent  self? 
Gat.  \Vherefore,,.sweet  madam'? 
Ful.  Thus  to  coi'ne  forth,  so  suddenly,  a  icitworm  ? 
B.  Jonson,  Catiline,  ii.  1. 

wi'Ve  (wiv).  V. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wived,  ppr.  wiving. 
[<  ME.  wiven,  <  AS.  xvifian  (=MD.  K-yceH  =  MLG. 
iviven),  take  a  wife,  <  irlf,  wife.  Cf.  wife,  v.]  I. 
intrans.  To  take  a  wife;  marry. 

Hanging  and  waving  goes  by  destiny. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  ii.  9.  83. 

A  shrewd  wife  brings  thee  bate,  wine  not  and  neuci' 
thriue.  Puttenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  171. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  match  to  a  wife;  provide 
with  a  wife. 

An  I  could  get  me  but  a  wife, .  .  .  I  were  manned,  horsed, 
and  uived.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  2.  61. 

Gregory  VII.  .  .  .  determined  .  .  .  that  no  M-irerf  priest 
should  celebrate  or  even  assist  at  the  Mass. 

Kncyc.  Brit.,  V.  293. 

2.  To  take  for  a  wife ;  marry.     [Rare,] 
Should  I  ivive  an  Empresse, 
And  take  her  dowerlesse,  should  we  love,  or  hate. 
In  that  my  bounty  equalls  her  estate. 
Heywood,  Koyal  King  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  VI.  79). 
I  have  wived  his  sister.  Scott. 

'Wi'Vehoodt  (wiv'hud),  /(,     Same  as  wifehood. 
Tliat  girdle  g.ave  the  veitue  of  cliast  love. 
And  wicehood  true,  to  all  that  did  it  beare. 

Spenser,  F.  (J.,  IV.  v.  3. 

wi'Velesst  (wiv'les),  a.     Same  as  wifeless. 

They,  in  their  wireless  state,  run  into  open  abomina- 
tions. Homilies,  xviii.  Of  Matrimony. 

•wivelyt  (wiv'li),  a.     Same  as  wifely. 

Wyuely  loue.  J.  Udall,  On  1  Cor.  vii. 

wi'vert  (wi'ver),   n.     [<   ME.  wivere,   ivyvere,  < 
OF.  wivre,  givre,  a  ■viper,  <  L.  vipera,  a  viper: 
see  fyjc/-.     Hence  (cicf/'H.]     1.  A  serpent. 
Jidousye,  alias  !  that  wikked  wyvere, 
'i'hus  causeles  is  cropeii  into  yow. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ill.  1010. 
2.   A  wivern. 
Wivern  (wi'vtM'u),  H.     [Also  wy-    S 
vcrn  ;  a  later  form,  with  unorig.      ' 
-n  as  in   bittern,  of   wiver:   see      ;' 
wiver.]  In  her. ,  a  monster  whose 
fore  part  is  that  of  a  dragon  with 
its  fore  legs  and  wings, while  the 
hinder  part  has  the  form  of  a 
serpent  with  a  barbed  tail.  ""'im. 

Lakes  which,  when  morn  breaks  on  their  (luivering  bed. 
Blaze  like  a  u't/rern  flying  round  the  sun. 

Brotcning.  rRrace\si\s. 

'Wi'VeS,  n.     Plural  of  wife. 

'Wizard  (wiz'ard).  II.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  wis- 
ard.  wis.iard;\  ME.  iri.iiird,  irysord,  irysor:  ]irob. 
an  altered  form,  assimilated  initially  to  the  ult. 
related  wi.ic,  for  *wishavd  (preserved  in  the  sur- 
names Wii^hart.  Wi.fhearl,  Jf'i.'i.sel),  <  OF.  *ivi.s- 
eliard,  jirob.  orig.  form  of  OF.  ijiiiscliard,  gnis- 
cavd,  gniscart.  V.  dial.  (Norm.)  gniehard,  saga- 


wizard 

cious,  prudent,  cunning  (whence  the  F.  sur- 
name Giiiscard),  with  suffix  -ard,  <  Icel.  fi::kr, 
clever,  knowing,  sagacious,  for  *ritfiki:  <  lita. 
know:  see  wit^.  Cf.  witch^,  ult.  from  the  same 
root,  but  having  no  immediate  connection  with 
tci:aril.'\     I.  )(.   If.  A  wise  man  ;  a  sage. 

Hee  that  cannot  personate  the  wise-man  well  among 
wizards,  let  liira  learno  to  play  the  foole  well  amongst  Ail- 
zards. 
Chapman,  Masque  of  MidiUe  Temple  and  Lincoln's  Inn. 
See  how  from  far,  npon  the  eastern  road,  ■ 
The  star-led  wisards  haste  with  odours  sweet. 

Milton,  Nativity,  1,  23. 

2.  A  proficient  in  the  occult  sciences;  an 
adept  in  the  black  art ;  one  supposed  to  pos- 
sess supernatural  powers,  generally  from  hav- 
ing leagued  liimself  with  the  Evil  One  ;  a  sor- 
cerer; an  enchanter;  a  magician;  hence,  a 
title  occasionally  applied  to,  or  assumed  by, 
modern  performers  of  legerdemain ;  a  con- 
jurer; a  juggler.     See  witch"^. 

And  the  sonl  ttiat  turneth  after  such  as  have  familiar 
spirits,  and  after  unzards,  ...  I  will  even  set  my  face 
against  that  soul.  Lev.  xx.  (i. 

If  by  any  Accident  they  do  hear  of  the  Tliief,  all  is 
ascrib'd  to  the  wonderful  Cunning  of  their  Wissard. 

Quoted  in  Ashton'x  .Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Amie, 

[I.  121. 

No  wizards  now  ply  their  trade  of  selling  favorable 
winds  to  tlie  Norwegian  coasters. 

B.  Taylor,  Northern  Travel,  p.  130. 

II.  a.  Magic;  having  magical  powers;  en- 
chanting: as,  a  toisard  spell. 

Where  Deva  spreads  her  ^visard  stream. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  55. 

wizardly  (wiz'jird-li),  udr.     [<  wi::ard  +  -/(/!.] 
Resembling  a  wizard;  characteristic  of  a  wiz- 
ard.    [Rare.] 
wizardry  (wiz'ard-ri),».   l<  wizard  +  -ri/.]    The 
art  or  practices  of  wizards ;  sorcery. 
Wizardry  and  dealing  with  evil  spirits. 

Milimtn,  Latin  Christianity,  xi.  9. 

wizet.  An  old  spelling  of  icise'^,  ti:ise'^. 
wizen'^  (wiz'n),  a.  [Also  weazen,  and  formerly 
wi:ze)i,wi.scii;  <  ME.  "ivisen,  <  AS.  *wiseii  =  Icel. 
visiiin  =  Sw.  Dan.  rissen,  withered,  dried  up ;  pp. 
of  a  lost  verb,  AS.  as  if  *wisan,  dry  up.  Hence 
wizen^,  ?'.]  Hard,  dry,  and  shriveled ;  withered. 
A  gay  little  «^'2?»  old  man,  in  appearance,  from  the  East- 
ern climate's  dilapidations  upon  his  youth  and  health. 

Mine.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  Dec,  1791. 
His  shadowy  figure  and  dark  iceazen  face. 

Irmng,  Sketch-Book,  p.  284. 

I  remember  tlie  elder  Mathews,  a  vyizen  dark  man,  with 
one  high  shoulder,  a  distorted  mouth,  a  lame  leg,  and  an 
irritable  manner. 

E.  II.  Yates,  Fifty  Years  of  London  Life,  I.  i. 

■wizenl  (wiz'n),  r.  i.  and  i.  [Also  wca:e»,  and 
formerly  wi:ze)i,  wisen ;  <  ME.  wisenen,  <.  AS. 
wi,<iitian,  also  farwisnian  (=  Icel.  r/.s-wa  =  Sw. 
vissna  =  Dan.  risiic),  become  dry,  wither.  < 
*wuen,  dried  up,  wizen.]  To  become  dry  f>r 
withered;  shrivel;  cause  to  fade;  make  drv. 
[Scotch.] 

O  ill  l)efa'  your  vAzzen'd  snout ! 

(Hijht's  Lady  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  290). 
A  shoemaker's  lad 
"With  wizened  face  in  want  of  soap. 

Broicniny,  Christmas  Eve. 

■wizen^  (wiz'n),  ".  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form 

of  weasand. 
•wizen-faced  (wiz'n-fast),  «.     Having  a  thin, 
shriveled  face. 

The  story  is  connected  with  a  dingy  imzen^/aced  portrait 
in  an  oval  frame.  Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  r)0. 

The  door  .  .  .  was  slowly  opened,  and  a  little  blear- 
eyed,  weazen-faced  ancient  man  came  creeping  out. 

Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xi. 
•wizier,  ».     Same  as  vizir. 
■wizzent,  ".  and  n.     Same  as  wizcii. 
wk.     A  coTitraction  of  iceck. 
wlappet,  ''.  '.     [ME.  uifippen,  var.  oiwrnppen  : 
see  «■)■«//  an<l  hip-.']     To  wrap;  roll  up. 

3e  schnlen  fyTide  a  gong  child  wla^rpid  in  clothis,  and 
put  in  a  eracche.  Wyclif,  Luke  ii.  12. 

wlatet,  ''. '.  and  t.  [ME.  whiten,  <  AS.  wiietian, 
loathe]     To  feel  disgust ;  loathe  ;  abominate. 

So  the  worcher  of  this  worlde  wlates  ther-wyth 
That  in  tlie  poyiit  of  her  play  he  poruayes  a  mynde. 

Alliterative  Poems  (eA.  Morris),  ii.  1501. 

wlatsomet,  wlatsomt,  "•  [<  ME.  wlatiom,  whit- 
,iiim,  loathsome,  nbominable,  <  *ii:hite  (<  AS. 
wlsetk'),  nausea,  disgust,  +  -.sow,  E.  -.sows.] 
Loathsome;  detestaVjle;  hateful. 

For  thou3  the  soule  bane  thi  lijknes, 
Man  is  but  wlatmim  erthe  and  clay. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  17:j. 
Mordre  is  so  viatsmn  and  abhominallle 
To  God,  that  is  so  just  and  resonable, 
That  he  ne  wol  nat  suffre  it  heled  be. 

Chapiter,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  1.  2'i3. 


Woad  {/siitis  iinctorin). 


6958 

wlonct,  wlonkt,  a.  and  H.  [ME.,  <  AS.  wlanc, 
wlonk  (=  OS.  wUinc),  proud,  splendid.]  I.  a. 
Fine;  grand;  fair;  beautiful. 

Whyle  the  wlonkest  wedes  he  warp  on  hym-seluen. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  1.  2025. 

II,  n.  A  fair  woman;  a  fine  lady. 

Thane  I  went  to  that  wlonke,  and  wynly  hire  gretis. 
And  cho  said,  "Welcome  i-wis !  wele  arte  thow  fowndene." 
MorU  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3339. 

W.  N.  W.  An  abbreviation  of  west-northwest. 
WO,  interj.  and  n.  See  woe. 
woad  (wod),  n.  [Also  dial,  wad  (and  ode) ;  <  ME. 
wod,  wodc,  wood,  wad,  <  AS.  lodd,  wand  =  OFries. 
iced  z=  D.  weede,  weed  =  MLG.  icet,  weit,  wede 
=  OHG.  MHG.  weit,  G.  woid,  wait  =  Sw.  vejde 
—  Dan.  raid,  reid  =  Goth.  *waida  (cf.  wiz- 
(///«,  woad;  ML.  guaisdium,  >  OF.  waisde,  waidc, 
(piide,  F.  r/ucdc  =  It.  guado,  woad),  akin  to  L. 
ritrum,  woad:  root  unknown;  no  connection 
with  wehl'^,  which  has  a 
var.  ICO W.]  A  cruciferous 
plant,  Isatis  tinctoria,  for- 
merly much  cultivated 
in  Great  Britain  on  ac- 
count of  the  blue  dye  ex- 
tracted from  its  pulped 
and  fermented  leaves.  It 
is  now,  however,  nearly  super- 
seded by  indigo,  which  gives  a 
stronger  and  finer  blue.  It  is 
still  cultivated  in  some  parts 
of  Europe,  and  the  dye  which 
it  furnishes  is  said  to  improve 
the  quality  and  color  of  indigo 
when  mixed  with  it  in  a  certain 
proportion.  The  ancient  Brit- 
ons are  said  to  have  stained 
their  bodies  with  the  dye  pro- 
cured from  the  woad-plant. 
No  mader,  welde,  or  wood  [var. 

wod]  no  litestere 
Ne  knew. 

Chaucer,  Former  Age,  1.  17. 
Rut  now  our  soile  either  will 
not  or  .    .    .   may   not  beare 
either  wad  or  madder. 
Harrison,  Descrip.  of  Britain, 
[xviii. 
Admit  no  difference  between  oade  and  frankincense. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 
wild  woad.    Same  as  weldi. 
woaded  (wo'ded),  a.      [<  woad  +   -e<l^.~\      1. 
Dyed  or  colored  blue  with  woad. 

Then  the  monster,  then  the  man  ; 
Tattoo'd  or  woaded,  winter-clad  in  skins. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  ii. 

2.  Produced  by  means  of  woad,  or  by  a  mix- 
ture of  woad  with  other  dyes. 

1'hns  I  have  heard  our  merchants  complain  that  the 
set  up  blues  have  made  strangers  loathe  the  rich  woaded 
bines.  S.  Ward,  Sermons,  p.  77. 

woad-mill  (wod'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  bruising 
and  preparing  woad. 

W0adwaxen(w6d'wak'''gn),?i.  The  dyers' green- 
weed,  (ienista  tinctoria.    See  Genista  (^vith  cut). 

Y  cart  y-lade  w*  wodewezen  to  sale. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  358. 

wobble,  V.  and  H.     See  wabhlc''-. 

wobbler,  «.     See  wobbler. 

wobbly,  a.    See  wabbly. 

wobegone,  a.     See  woebegone. 

WOCit,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  weal: 

WOC'-^t,  •"■  An  old  spelling  of  woke,  preterit  of 
n'akeK 

wod,  n.    An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  iroad. 

wode't,  >i.     A  Middle  English  form  of  icoorfl. 

wode'-'t,  "•  An  obsolete  spelling  of  teoad. 
I'ronipt.  Parr. 

wodegeldt,  «•  [ME.,  <  wode,  wood,  +  geld,  pay- 
ment :  see  wood^  and  geld^,  «.]  A  payment  for 
wood. 

wodelyt,  adv.     A  variant  of  woodlij. 

Woden  (wo'den),  ».  [ME.  Woden',<AS.  Woden 
=  OHG.  Wodan.  fl'uotan  =  lce\.  Otiiinn,  a.  Tcut. 
deity,  lit.  the  'furious,'  the  'mighty  warrior'; 
from  a  root  appearing  in  AS.  wod,  mad,  furious 
(see  icoof/2).  The  AS.  Woden,  which  would  reg. 
give  a  mod.  E.  *  Wooden,  is  present  in  Wcdnes- 
duii,  and  in  many  compound  local  names,  such 
as  Woodne.shorough.  Wedne.ihoiigh,  Widneshiirii, 
Win.'iborongh.  M'i.iborow,  Wednesficld,  Wansford, 
Wan.<<tcad,  Wanslei/,  etc.]  The  Anglo-Saxon 
form  of  the  name  of  the  deity  called  by  the 
Xorse  Odin. 

Wodenism  (wo'den-izm),  )i.  [<  Jl'oden  +  -i.ini.] 
The  worsliip  of  Woden. 

Wodenism  was  so  completely  vanquished  that  even  the 
coming  of  the  Danes  failed  t(j  revive  it. 

J.  B.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng. ,  p.  9. 

wodewalet,  «•  A  Middle  English  form  of  wood- 
wale. 


woeful 

wodnesst,  «•     An  obsolete  form  of  woodness. 

woe  (wo),  interj.  [Also  wo;  8c.  wae ;  <  ME.  wo, 
woo,  wa,  we,  waei,  wei,  wai,  wee,  <  AS.  wd, 
interj.,  sometimes  used  with  dat.  cage,  also  in 
combination  wa  Id,  wa  Id  wd,  also  wdld  wd,  alas! 
lit.  woe!  lo!  woe!  {'>nli.E.wellaway,weUaday) 
=  D.  wee  =  LG.  wee  =  G.  iceh  =  leel.  vei  =  Sw. 
ve  =  Dan.  vee  =  Goth,  wai,  interj.,  woe !  (cf.  OF. 
ouais  =  It.  Sp.  guai,  woe!  <  Teut.)  =  L.  vee,  woe! 
(vee  victis,  woe  to  the  vanquished !)  =  Gr.  oi !  oiiai ! 
woe!  ah!  oh!  an  exclamation  of  pain,  etc.,  out 
of  which  the  other  uses  grew.  Hence  ult.  woe, 
n.,  wail^,  and  wellaway,  welluday ;  cf.  also  wai- 
ment.]  Alas!  an  exclamation  of  pain  or  grief. 
See  woe,  n. 
Alas  and  woe.'  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iv.  14.  107. 

woe  (wo),  n.  and  a.  [Also  tco;  Sc.  wae;  <  ME. 
wo,  woo,  wa,  also  ivee,  the  last  from  AS.  wed,  pi. 
>cedn,  a  form  not  immediately  derivable  from 
the  interj.  tvd,  but  standing  for  *!c«  (*wxw-)  = 
OS.  wc(wew-)  =  D.  wee  =  LG.  wee  =  OHG.  MHG. 
we{wew-),  OHG.  also  wewo,  m.,  wewa,  f.,  G.  tcehe 
=  Dan.  vee,  woe,  =  Goth.  *ifai  (>  It. guajo,  pain) ; 
prob.  from  the  interj. :  see  woe,  interj.}    I.  n. 

1.  Grief;  sorrow;  misery;  heavy  calamity. 

Tliey,  outcast  from  God,  are  here  condemn'd 
To  waste  eternal  days  in  woe  and  pain. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  ii.  695. 

2.  A  heavy  calamity;  an  affliction. 

One  tooe  is  past ;  and,  behold,  there  come  two  woes  more 
hereafter.  Rev.  he  12. 

Woe  is  frequently  used  in  denunciations,  either  with  the 
optative  mood  of  the  verb  or  alone,  and  thus  in  an  inter- 
jectional  manner  (see  woe,  interj.). 

Woe  be  unto  the  pastors  that  destroy  and  scatter  the 
sheep  !  Jer.  xxiii.  1. 

Woe  to  the  vanquished,  woe .' 

Vryden,  Albion  and  Albauius,  L  1. 
Woe  to  the  dupe,  and  woe  to  the  deceiver ! 
Woe  to  the  oppressed,  and  icoe  to  the  oppressor! 

Shelley,  Hellas. 

It  is  also  used  in  exclamations  of  sorrow,  in  such  cases 

the  noun  or  pronoun  following  being  really  in  the  dative. 

Woe  is  me  !  for  I  am  undone.  Isa.  vL  5. 

Woe  was  the  knight  at  this  severe  command. 

Dryden,  Wife  of  Bath,  L  108. 
An'  aye  the  o'ercome  o'  his  sang 
Was  "  Wae  's  me  for  Prince  Charlie !" 

W.  Glen,  A  Wee  Bird  cam'  to  our  Ha'  Door. 
In  weal  and  woe,  in  prosperity  and  adversity.  Shak., 
Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  987.— Woe  worth  the  day.  See 
worthi,  3.  =Syn.  Distress,  tribulation,  affliction,  bitter- 
ness, unhappiness,  wretchedness.  Woe  is  an  intense  unhap- 
piness ;  the  word  is  strong  and  elevated,  almost  poeticaL 
II.+  «.  Sad;  sorrowful;  miserable;  woeful; 
wretched. 

Ofte  hadde  Horn  beo  wo 

Ac  neure  wurs  than  him  was  tho. 

Kitvj  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  4. 
In  this  debat  I  was  so  wo. 
Me  thoghte  niyn  herte  braste  atweyn. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1192. 
He  was  full  wo,  and  gan  his  former  griefe  renew. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  38. 
Childe  Waters  was  a  icoe  man,  good  Lord, 
To  see  faire  Ellen  swimme  ! 

Child  Waters  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  208). 

woebegone,  wobegone  (w6'be-g6n'),  a.  [Early 
mod.  E.  woe-begon ;  <  ME.  wo-begon,  wo-bygon; 
<  «'oe,  wo,  n.,  woe,  sorrow,  +  begone'^.]     Over- 
whelmed with  woe ;  immersed  in  grief  or  sor- 
row; also,  sorrowful;  rueful;  indicating  woe 
or  distress:  as,  a  woebegone  look. 
Thow  farest  ek  by  me,  thow  Pandarus  ! 
As  he  that,  whan  a  wight  is  wo-bygon. 
He  Cometh  to  him  apaas,  and  seith  right  thus; 
"  Thynke  nat  on  smerte  and  thow  shalt  fele  none ! " 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  464. 
Coumfort  hem  that  careful  been. 
And  helpe  hem  that  ben  rvoo  bigooru 

Hymm  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  16. 
Even  such  a  man,  so  faint,  so  spiritless, 
So  dull,  so  dead  in  look,  so  woe-begone, 
Drew  Priaiu's  curtain  in  the  dead  of  night. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  i.  1.  71. 
Each  man  looked  ruefully  in  his  neighlxir's  face  in 
search  of  encouragement,  but  oidy  found  in  its  woe-begone 
lineaments  a  confirmation  of  his  own  dismay. 

Irnng,  Knickerbocker,  p.  438. 
In  early  use  the  two  words  are  sometimes  separated. 
Wo  was  this  wrecched  woman  tho  bigoon. 

Chaucer.  Man  of  Law's  Tale,  1.  82a 

woeful,  woful  (wo'ful),  a.  [Sc.  woeful;  <  ME. 
woful,  wofull;  <  woe  +  -fnl.]  1.  Full  of  woe; 
distressed  with  grief  or  calamity;  afflicted;  sor- 
rowful. 

O  verrey  goost,  that  errest  to  and  fro  ! 
Whi  niltow  flen  out  of  the  uo.fuUeste 
Body  that  evere  myght  on  grounde  go? 

Chaucer,  lYoilns,  iy.  SP3. 

What  now  willt  thou  don.  woful  Eglentine? 
To  gret  heuynesse  off-fors  moste  thou  incline. 

Bom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2163. 
Weep  no  more,  woful  shepherds. 

Milton.  Lycidas,  1.  165. 


woeful 

2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  woe ;  expressing 
woe ;  characterized  by  sorrow  or  woe ;  deplor- 
able. 

She  .  .  .  sings  extemporally  a  woe/vl  ditty. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  836. 
A  Trumpet  sliall  sound  from  Heaven  in  wof\U  and  ter- 
rible Manner.  Ilowetl,  Letters,  iv.  43. 
He  llx)rd  Ranelagti]  died  liard,  as  tiieir  term  of  art  is 
here,  to  express  the  wo/ui  state  of  men  who  discover  no 
religion  at  their  death.  Swift. 
O,  woefvl  day  !  O,  day  of  woe  to  me  ! 

A.  Philips,  Pastorals,  iv. 

3.  Wretched;  paltry;  mean;  pitifnl. 

What  wo/ul  stuff  this  madrigal  would  be ! 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  1.  418. 
=Syil.  2.  Mournful,  calamitous,  disastrous,  afflictive,  mis- 
erable, grievous.     See  woe. 
woefully,  wofully  (w6'ful-i),  adv.    In  a  woeful 
manner. 

Which  now  among  you,  who  lament  so  wofidly,  .  .  . 
has  suffered  as  he  suffered?    V.  Kiiox,  Works,  VI.,  serm.  v. 
It  is  a  fact  of  which  many  seem  wo/ully  ignorant. 

//.  Spetuxr,  Social  Statics,  p.  484. 

woefulness,  wofulness  (wo'fiil-nes),  n.    [< 

ME.  vcofuhiesHe ;  <  woeful  +  -ncss.']     The  state 

or  quality  of  being  woeful ;  misery ;  calamity. 

Thys  day  can  noght  be  saad  the  heuincsse  mad, 

Noght  halfe  the  wofulneftse  the  cite  hauing. 

Horn.  0/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.\  1.  64S. 

The  lamenting  Elegiack  .  .  .  surely  is  to  be  praysed, 
either  for  compassionate  accompanying  iust  causes  of 
lamentation,  or  for  rightly  paynting  out  how  weake  be  the 
passions  of  voo/xdnegge. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  ApoL  for  Poetrie,  p.  44. 

woesome  (wo'sum),  «.     [Sc.  tcnc«om<;;  <  woe  + 

-some.]     Woeful;  sad;  mournful. 
woe-wearied  (wo'wer'id),  a.   Wearied  out  with 
woe  or  grief.     [Rare.] 
My  ww-wearied  tongue  is  mute  and  dumb, 

ShaJc.,  Kich.  III.,  iv.  4.  18. 

woe-weary t,  a.  [ME.  ico-u-erie;  <  icoc  +  iccari/.] 
Sad  at  heart. 

Wo-werie  and  wetschod  wente  ich  forth  after, 
As  a  recheles  renke  that  reccheth  nat  of  sorwe. 

Piers  Ptoteman  (C),  xxi.  1. 

woe-wom  (wo'wom),  n.  Worn  or  marked  by 
woe  or  grief. 

In  lively  mood  he  spoke,  to  wile 
From  Wilfrid's  woe-tpom  cheek  a  smile. 

Scott,  Rokeby,  v.  14. 

Woful,  wofully,  etc.     See  woeful,  etc. 
WOiwode,  wojwoda  (woi'wod,  woi-wo'da),  H. 

Same  as  voiroih . 
WOke^t,  ».     A  Middle  English  fonn  of  wreH. 
WOke^  (wok).     Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

WOkenf,  r.     A  Middle  English  form  of  weal-cn. 
WOktlB  (wo'kus).  n.     [N.  Amcr.  Ind.]    A  coarse 

meal  made  by  the  Indians  of  tlie  northwest  from 

the  seeds  of  Xymphiea  {Nuphar)  jMli/xepalum. 

the  yellow  pond-lily  of  that  region.     See  poini- 

lUy,  1. 

Old  ChalfKjiiln  carried  liis  bajj  of  vofnut  for  foo<l.  This 
is  the  roaated  and  irround  seeds  of  the  yellow  water-lily, 
and  looks  something  like  cracked  wheat. 

Ainer.  Xat ,  Nov.,  1889,  p.  971. 

WOl^,  f •    An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  uiU^. 

WOl'^,  fifti:  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  iceW'^. 

WOld^  (wold),  H.  [Formerly  also  tnmld;  also 
dial,  old ;  <  ME.  ?fo/c/,  wnhl,  uwld,  <  AS.  weald, 
icald,  a  wood,  forest,  =  OS.  OFries.  uald  =  D. 
icoud  =  OHG.  tcald,  MHG.  wait,  G.  wald,  a  wood, 
forest  (>  OF,  i/anty  bnishwood  ?),  =  Icel.  rol/r 
(gen.  valhr  for  *vnldar),  a  field,  plain;  jierhaps 
orig.  a  huntinj^-ground,  considered  as  *  a  posses- 
sion,* and  30  connected  with  AS.  ffcweald  (=  G. 
gew(ilt=zJce].  raid),  power,  dominion,  <  wcaldan, 
etc.,  rule,  possess:  see  wield.  Of.  Gr.  a/oog  (for 
^Fa'/.rFw;  ?),  a  grove.  Cf.  w(ald.'\  An  open  tract 
of  country ;  a  down.  Tlie  wolds  of  Vorkshire  and  Lin 
colnshire  are  high,  rolling  districts  bare  of  woiHis.  and  ex- 
actly similar,  both  t4>fK>graphicalIy  and  geologically,  to  the 
downs  of  the  more  sontheni  parta  of  I-ngland.  The  Cots- 
wold  Hills,  in  (Uoucestershire.  closely  resemble  tlie  downs 
of  Kent  and  SiiRsex  and  the  wolds  of  Vorkshire  and  Lin- 
colnshire in  every  respect  except  the  geological  age  of  the 
formations  hy  which  they  are  underlain,  which,  in  the  case 
of  the*'<)t8wolds,  is  a  calcareous  rock  of  Jurassic,  and  not  of 
Cretaceous  age,  as  is  the  case  with  the  other-mentioned 
wolds  and  downs. 

Who  sees  not  agreatdifference  betwixt .  .  .  theWoi^/xln 
Lincolnshire  and  the  Fens?    liurtoii,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  259. 

Each  hill  and  dale,  each  deepening  glen  and  wold. 

lii/ron,  Childe  Harold,  iL  88. 
The  notes  of  the  robin  and  bluebird 
Soundeil  sweet  upon  irold  and  in  wood. 

CoTUf/^Uow,  Evangeline,  li.  4. 
The  voldif  [of  Yorkshire!  constitute  properly  but  one 
region,  sloping  froni  a  curved  summit,  whose  extremities 
touch  the  sea  at  HamlMJmugh  Head,  and  tlie  Humber  at 
Ferrihy ;  but  this  crescent  of  hills  is  cut  through  by  one 
continuous  hollow. —  the  great  Wold  Valley  from  Settring- 
ton  to  Bridlington.  PhUlipn,  Vorkshire,  p.  41. 


G059 

wold",  ".     See  weJd^. 

wold^t,  woldet.    Obsolete  forms  of  would.   See 

wiia. 

WOldestOWt.    A  Middle  English  form  of  would- 

est  thou. 
wolf  (wulf),  /(. ;  pi.  wolves  (wulvz).    [<  ME.  wolJ\ 
wulfj  wlf,  tclfc(p\.  wolveSy  iculves,  ivolwcs,  widfes)j 

<  AS.  WHlf(p\,  tcidfas)  =  OS.  wulf—  OFries.  wolf 
=  D.  wolf  =UhG.  LG.if«//=OHG.  MHG.  G. 
wolf  =  Icel.  ulfr  (for  *vulfr)  =  Sw.  ulf  =  Dan. 
ulv  =  Goth,  iculfs  =  OBulg.  vluku  =  Kuss.  volkil 
=  Lith.  wilJcas  =  L.  lupus  (>  It.  liq)0  =  Sp.  Pg. 
lobo  =  F.  loup)  =  Gr.  '/.iKog  =  Skt.  vrika,  a  wolf ; 
orig.  type  prob.  *walkay  *warkay  altered  various- 
ly into  "wlaka  (Gr.  A/'koi),  *wliipa  (L.  lupus), 
*wulpa  (AS.  wulf  etc.),  orig.   'tearer,  render,' 

<  V  warky  Skt.  ■/  vra^clt,  tear,  Gr,  e/.Kc/Vj  pull. 
L.  vulpes,  fox,  is  prob.  not  connected.  JVolf  as 
a  complimentary  term  for  a  warrior,  is  a  con- 
stituent of  many  E.  and  G.  names,  as  in  Adolph, 
'noble-wolf,'  Rudolph,  'glory-wolf,'  etc.  Cf. 
tccrwolf  lupine'^,  lycanthropy,GiQ-.']  1.  A  digiti- 
grade  carnivorous  canine  qiiadruped,  Canis  lu- 
pus, of  the  lupine  or  thooid  series  of  Canidsp ; 
hence,  some  similar  animal.  The  common  wolf  of 
Europe,  etc.,  is  yellowish  or  fulvous-gray,  with  harsh 
strong  hair,  erect  pointed  ears,  and  the  tail  straight  or 
nearly  so.  The  height  at  the  shoulder  is  from  27  to  29 
inches.  Wolves  are  swift  of  foot,  crafty,  and  rapacious, 
and  destructive  enemies  to  the  sheep-cote  and  fanii-yard; 
they  associate  in  packs  to  hunt  the  larger  quadrupeds,  as 
the  deer,  the  elk,  etc.  When  hard  pressed  with  hunger 
these  packs  not  infrequently  attack  isolated  travelers, 
and  have  been  known  even  to  enter  villages  and  carry  otf 
children.  In  general,  however,  wolves  are  cowardly  and 
stealthy,  approaching  sheepfolds  and  f-irm- bull  dings  only 
at  dead  of  night,  making  a  rapid  retreat  if  in  the  least  dis- 


Coiiimon  Wulf  iC"««?'.f  lupus ). 

turbed  by  a  dog  or  a  man.  and  exhibiting  great  cunning  in 
the  avoidance  of  traps.  Wolves  are  still  numerous  in  some 
parts  of  Europe,  as  France,  Hungarj',  Spain,  Turkey,  and 
Russia ;  they  probably  ceased  to  exist  in  England  al)out  the 
end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  in  .Scotland  in  the  first 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century;  the  latter  date  prol)ably 
marks  also  the  disappeara?ice  of  wolves  in  Ireland.  Tlie 
wolves  of  North  America  are  of  two  very  distinct  species. 
One  of  these  is  scarcely  dilferent  from  the  European,  but 
is  generally  regarded  as  a  variety,  under  the  name  of 
C.  I.  occidentalin.  The  usual  color  is  a  grizzled  gray,  luit 
it  sports  in  many  colors,  as  reddish  and  blackish.  Most 
strains  of  the  American  wolf  are  larger  and  stouter  than 
those  of  Europe.  The  gray  wolf  is  also  called  the  huffaio- 
ipol/,  from  its  former  al)undance  in  the  buffalo-range,  and 
timber-wolf,  as  distinguished  from  the  prairie-wolf  or 
coyote,  Cani'jt  latraris,  a  much  smaller  and  very  different 
animal,  which  lives  chiefly  in  open  country,  in  burrows  in 
the  ground,  and  in  some  respects  resembles  the  jackal. 
(See  coyote,  with  cut.)  Yet  other  wolves,  of  rather  numer- 
ous species,  inhabit  most  parts  of  the  world ;  8<mie  grade 
into  jackals  (see  TAow^t), others  toward  foxes  (sec /oa>ivol/)\ 
and  most  of  them  interbreed  easily  with  some  varieties 
of  the  dog  of  the  countries  they  respectively  inhabit,  the 
dog  itself  being  a  composite  of  a  mixed  wolf  ancestry  (see 
tcolf-dog,  2). 

2.  A  person  noted  for  ravenousness,  cruelty, 
cunning,  or  the  like:  used  in  opprobrium. 

Rescued  is  Orleans  from  the  English  wolves, 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.  (ed.  Knight),  L  6.  2. 

3.  In  (.'vtom,'.  (a)  A  small  naked  cateqnllar,  the 
larva  of  Tiuett  fjraueHa.tho  wolf-moth,  which 
infests  granaries,  (b)  The  larva  of  a  bot-fly; 
a  warble. — 4.  A  tuberculous  excrescence  which 
rapidly  eats  away  the  flesh.     See  lupus^,  3. 

A  tree  that  cureth  the  wtd/e  with  the  shauings  of  the 
woo<l  groweth  in  these  parts.     Ilakluyt's  Voyayes.  I.  304. 

If  fiod  should  send  a  cancer  upon  thy  face,  or  a  woi/ 
into  thy  side,  if  lie  should  spread  a  crust  of  leprosy  upon 
thy  skin,  what  wouldst  thou  give  to  be  but  as  now  thou 
art?  Jer.  Taylor,  Holy  Living,  ii.  0. 

5.  In  music:  (a)  The  harsh  discord  heard  in 
certain  chorils  of  keyboard-instruments,  espe- 
cially the  organ,  when  tuned  on  some  system 
of  unequal  temperament,  in  the  mean-tone  system, 
as  usually  applied,  five  intervals  in  each  octave  were  dis- 
cordant -  namely,  02-F>t,  B-F;?,  FJT-  Ih.  CJ-P',  and  CS-C. 
Under  the  modern  system  of  equal  temperament,  the  wolf 
is  evenly  distributed,  and  so  practically  unnoticed.  (/>) 
A  chord  or  interval  in  which  such  a  discord 
appears,  (r)  In  instruments  of  the  \'iol  class, 
a  discordant  or  false  vibration  in  a  string  when 
stopped  at  a  certain  point,  usually  due  to  a 
defect  in  the  structure  or  adjustment  of  the 


wolf-fish 

instrument.  Sometimes  called  wolf -note. —  6. 
A  wooden  fence  placed  across  a  ditch  in  the 
corner  of  a  field,  to  prevent  cattle  from  stray- 
ing into  another  field  by  means  of  the  ditch. 
Halliwell.  [Local,  Eng.] — 7.  Same  as  willow"^. 
E.  H.  Knight — Barking  wolf,  the  coyote  or  prairie- 
wolf  of  North  America,  Canis  latrans.  See  cut  under 
coyote. —  Black  wolf,  a  melanistic  variety  of  the  common 
wolf,  found  in  southerly  parts  of  the  United  States. — 
Dark  as  a  wolfs  moutli  or  throat,  pitch-dark.  Scott. 
—  Golclen  wolf,  the  Tibetan  wolf,  Canis  laniyer.  Also 
called  cAa7wo.— Gray  WOlf.  See  def.  1.— Indian  wolf,  a 
certain  Asiatic  wolf,  Canis  pallipes,  somewhat  like  a  jack- 
al.—Marine  wolf,  in  her.  See  marine.— "Pi^^  WOlf.  See 
pied.  —  'R.QCL  wolf,  a  reddish  or  erythritic  variety  of  the 
common  wolf,  found  in  the  United  States.— -Strand  WOlf, 
See  sfranrf-woi/.— Tasmanlan  WOlf,  a  marsupial  of  Tas- 
mania, the  thylacine  dasyure,  Thylacimis  cynncephaltis : 
same  as  zebra-wolf.  See  cut  under  thylacine.  —  To  cry 
wolf,  to  raise  a  false  alarm:  in  allusion  to  the  shepherd 
boy  in  a  well  known  fable.— To  have  a  WOlf  hy  the  ears, 
to  have  a  difficult  task. 

He  found  himself  so  intrigued  that  it  was  like  a  wolf  by 
the  ears;  he  could  neitlier  hold  it  nor  let  it  go;  and,  for 
certain,  it  bit  him  at  last. 

Roger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  II.  2.    (Davies.) 

To  have  a  wolf  in  the  stomach,  to  eat  ravenously. 
Halliwell.— To  keep  the  wolf  from  the  door,  to  keep 
out  hunger  or  want.— To  see  a  wolf,  to  lose  one's  voice: 
in  allusion  to  the  belief  of  the  ancients  (see  Virgil,  Eel.  ix.) 
that  if  a  man  saw  a  wolf  before  the  wolf  saw  him  he  lost 
his  voice,  at  least  for  a  time. 

"What!  are  you  mute "^"  I  said  — a  waggish  guest, 
"  Perhaps  she 's  seen  a  wolf,"  rejoin'd  in  jest. 

Fau'kes,  tr.  of  Idylliuins  of  Theocritus,  xiv. 
"Our  young  companion   has  seen  a  wolf,"  said  Lady 
Hameline,  alluding  to  an  ancient  superstition,  "and  has 
lost  Ilia  tongue  in  consequence." 

Scott,  Quentin  Durward,  xviil. 
White  wolf,  a  whitish  variety  of  the  common  wolf  of 
North  America.  — Zebra  wolf.  See  zebra-wolf.  (See  also 
prairie-wolf,  tiinber-wolf.) 
wolf  (wulf),  V.  [<  xcolf,  «.]  I.  intrans.  To  hunt 
for  wolves. 

The  stock  in  trade  of  a  party  engaged  in  wolfing  con- 
sists in  Hour,  bacon,  and  strychnine,  the  first  two  articles 
namedfortheirown  consumption,  tlie  last  for  the  wolves. 
Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  13. 

II.  trans.  To  devotir  ravenously:  as,  to  wolf 
down  food.     [Slang.] 

wolfberry  (wiiU"ber^''i),  n. ;  j)!.  wolfberrics  (-iz). 
A  shrub,  Symphoricarpos  oceidentalis,  of  north- 
em  North  America,  in  the  United  States  rang- 
ing from  Michigan  and  Illinois  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated  for  ornament, 
mainly  on  account  of  its  wliite  berries,  which  are  borne  in 
axillaiy  and  terminal  spikes. 

wolf-dog  (wulf 'dog),  //.  1.  A  large  stout  dog 
of  no  particular  variety,  kept  to  guard  sheep, 
cattle,  etc. ,  and  destroy  wolves. — 2.  A  dog  bred, 
or  supposed  to  be  bred,  between  a  dog  and  a 
wolf.  Such  hybrids  are  of  constant  occurrence  among 
the  dogs  kept  by  North  American  Indians ;  and  instances 
of  the  reversion  of  the  dog  to  the  feral  state  in  western 
North  America  aie  recorded. 

wolf-eel  (wulf  el),  u.     The  wolf-tish. 

Wolfenbiittel  fragments.    See  fragment. 

wolfer  (wul'ter),  n.  [<  wy)?/+ -erl.]  One  who 
hunts  wolves;  a  prof<'Ssional  wolf-killer. 

The  wild  throng  of  buffalo-hunters,  wolfers,  teamsters, 
.  .  .  filled  the  streets.  The  Century,  XXXV.  416. 

Wolfe's  operation  for  ectropium.    See  ojicra- 

tiou. 

■Wolffia(wolf'i-a),?/.  [NL.(Horkel,18:iO), named 
after  N.  M.  von'  Jrolff{\724-S4),  a  Gorman  phy- 
sician.] A  genus  of  monocotyledonous  plants, 
of  the  order  Lrmnace^e,  distinguished  from  Lem~ 
7ta,  the  other  genus,  by  one-celled  anthers  and 
by  the  absence  of  roots.  The  12  species  are  chiefly 
tropical,  occurring  in  Europe,  India,  Africa,  and  America, 
and  extending  north  into  the  United  States ;  tliey  are  com- 
monly globose,  sometimes  conical  or  flatfish,  with  a  pro- 
liferous base,  and  produce  minute  flowers  from  chinks  in 
the  surface,  each  flower  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  or 
ovary  without  any  spafhe  or  other  envelop.  They  are 
known,  like  Lemna,  as  dvckmcat,  and  are  remarkable  for 
tlieir  almost  microscopic  size,  being  esteemed  the  smallest 
of  flowering  plants. 

Wolffian^  (wurfi-an).  (t.     Same  as  Wolfian^. 

WoMan-  (wurfi-an),  a.  [<  K.  F.  /ri>// (see 
def.)  +  -iau.']  Of  or  pertaining  to  K.  F,  Wolff 
(171(3-04),  a  German  anatomist  and  physiolo- 
gist; in  anat.,  ])hysiol.,  and  ^(>/>/.,  noting  certain 
structures  of  vertebrated  animals.^-  Wolffian 
bodies,  the  primordial  kidneys  or  renal  organs  in  all  ver- 
tebrates, excepting  probaidy  the  lancelets;  tJie  so-called 
false  kidneys,  in  all  the  higher  vertebrates  (Mammalia 
and  Satiropsida)  preceiling  and  performing  the  functions 
of  true  kidneys  until  replaced  l^y  the  latter,  but  among 
Ichthyapnila,  as  fishes,  persisting  and  constituting  the 
permJinent  renal  organs.— Wolffian  dUCtS.  See  ductns 
Woljfii,  under  duct'ts. 

wolf-fish  (wulf  tish),  u.  A  tclcostcan  acan- 
thoplcrygious  fish,  Annrrhichas  lupus:  so  called 
from  its  ferocious  aspect  and  habits,  it  isfound 
around  tlie  coasts  of  (Jreiit  Britain,  wliere  it  attains  a 
lengtli  of  0  or  7  feet,  but  in  southern  seas  it  is  said  to 
reach  a  much  greater  size.  1'he  mouth  is  armed  with 
strong  sharp  teeth,  the  inner  series  forming  blunt  grind- 


wolf-fish 

ers  adapted  for  Liusliiii!;  the  mollusks  and  ciustaeiaua 
on  whii-h  it  feeds.  The  ventral  tins  are  absent ;  the  color 
is  brownish-gray,  spotted  and  striped  with  brown  over 
the  upper  parts,  while  the  belly  is  white.  The  tiesh  is 
palatable,  and  is  largely  eaten  in  Iceland,  while  the  skin 
is  durable,  and  is  manufactured  into  a  kind  of  shagreen. 
When  taken  in  a  net  it  attacks  its  captors  ferociously,  anil 
unless  stunned  by  a  blow  on  the  head  is  capable  of  doing 
great  damage  with  its  powerful  teeth.  Also  called  sea-cal. 
catjith,  woif-eel,  and  sea-ico(f.     See  cut  under  Anarrhichas. 

Wolflani  (wul'fi-iui),  «.  [<  C.  (Co?/ (see  def.) 
+  -kiti.'\  PertainingtothepMlosophy  of  Chris- 
tian Wolff  (1679-1754),  which  isLeiVmitziaiiisin 
diluted  with  common  sense  and  dressed  as  a 
modified  scholasticism,  more  systematic  and 
more  Euclidean  than  that  of  the  middle  ages. 
Though  not  profound,  Wollf's  philosopliy  met  the  wants 
of  Uermany,  which  it  dominated  for  about  fifty  years,  be- 
ginning with  1724.    Also  irrfjfia/i. 

Wolflan"''  'wurfi-an),«.  [<  F.  A.  »((>?/ (see  def.) 
+  -ian.l  Pertaining  to  or  promnlgated  liy  F. 
A.  Wolf,  a  German  ]ihilologist  (1759-1824).— 
Wolflan  theory,  a  theory  put  forward  by  Wolf  in  his 
"Prolegomena"  in  17!).">,  to  the  effect  that  the  Iliad  and 
Odyssey  caimot  be  the  works  of  one  man,  Homer,  because 
writing  was  unknown  at  the  time  that  these  poems  are 
said  to  have  been  composed.  He  supposes,  therefore, 
that  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  consist  of  ballads  or  episodes, 
the  work  of  different  men,  collected  and  arranged  in  a 
more  or  less  consistent  and  homogeneous  whole  in  the 
sixth  century  B.  c.  The  ballads  could  have  been  pre- 
served by  the  recitation  of  strolling  minstrels. 

Wolfianism  (wul'fi-an-izm),  n.  [<  Wolfian'^  + 
-ism.']  The  system  of  Woltian  philosophy.  See 
Wolfian'^. 

wolfing  (wiil'fiug).  )i.  [Verbal  n.  of  wulf,  v.] 
The  occupation  or  industry  of  taking  wolves  for 
their  pelts.  Wolfing  is  extensively  practised  in  winter 
in  some  parts  of  the  United  States,  as  Montana  and  the 
Dakotas.  The  wolves  are  destroyed  chiefly  by  poisoning 
with  strychnine. 

wolfish  (wiil'tish),  a.     [Formerly  also  wolcish; 

<  wolf  +  -(,'.7il.]  1.  Like  a  wolf;  having  the 
qualitiesortraitsof  a  wolf ;  savage;  ravening: 
as,  a  woliisli  visage;  iioljisli  designs. 

Thy  desires 
Are  mlvuih,  bloody,  starved,  and  ravenous. 

SAaJ-.,  M.  of  V.,iv.  1.  138. 

Bane  to  thy  leoijigh  nature !      B.  Jomon,  Volpone,  v.  S, 

Good  master,  let  it  warn  you ;  though  we  have  hitherto 

pass'd  by  these  man-Tygers,  these  wolvish  Outlaws  safely, 

early  and  late,  as  not  worth  their  malice. 

Brome,  Queen's  Exchange,  ii. 

2.  Hungry  as  a  wolf  is  supposed  to  be ;  raven- 
ous.    [Colloq.] 

WOlflshly  (wnl'tish-li),  uclv.  In  a  wolfish  manner. 

WOlfkin  (wiilf'kin),  n.  [<  wolf  +  -kin.]  A 
young  or  small  wolf. 

"Was  this  your  instructions,  wolflcin?"  (for  she  called 
me  lambkin).  Iiichard?on,  Pamela,  I.  144, 

Kite  and  kestrel,  wolf  and  u-ol/Hn. 

Tennyson,  Boiidicea. 

wolfling  (wulf'ling).  H.  [<  \iolf  +  -Ung^.']  A 
young  wolf;  a  wolf  kin. 

Young  children  were  thrown  in,  their  mothers  vainly 
pleading:  " H'o(/ft«^«,"  answered  the  Company  of  Marat, 
"who  would  grow  to  be  wolves." 

Carlyle,  French  Kev.,  III.  v.  3, 

wolf-moth  (wiilfmoth),  1\.  A  cosmopolitan 
grain-pest,  Tiuid  f/)'a«e?/«,a  small  creamy-white 
moth  with  brow^l  spots  on  the  wings,  whose 
small  white  larva?  infest  stored  grain.  See  icolf, 
II.,  3  («),  and  cut  under  corn-moth. 

wolf-net  (wiilfnet),  «.  A  kind  of  net  used  in 
fishing,  by  means  of  which  great  numbers  of 
fish  are  taken. 

wolf-note  (wulf'not),  n.     Same  as  xvolf,  5  (c). 

wolfram  (wiilf'ram), ;;.     [G.  trolfram,  given  as 

<  ''tcolf  wolf,  -)-  ram,  rahm,  froth,  cream,  soot."] 

1.  A  native  tiingstate  of  iron  and  manganese. 
Its  color  is  generally  a  Itrownish  or  grayish  black,  and  it 
has  a  reddish-brown  streak.  The  specific  gravity  (7.2  to 
7.5)  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of  metallic  iron.  It  occurs  crj's- 
tallized.  also  massive  with  lamellar  structure ;  it  is  the  ore 
from  which  the  metal  tungsten  is  usually  obtained,  and  is 
often  found  associated  with  tinst(jne.  Also  called  wolf- 
ratnite. 

2.  The  metal  tungsten  or  wolframium:  an 
improjier  and  now  uncommon  use Wolfram- 

OCher.    Same  as  luii;f>ftite. 

wolframate  (wulf'ra-mat),  n.  Same  as  tiiiii/- 
Htdli:. 

WOlframic  (wiilf-ram'ik),  n.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  tungsten. 

wolframium  (wulf-ra'mi-uni),  ".  Same  as  tiiiiij- 
atcii,  the  chemical  symbol  of  which  is  W,  from 
this  word. 

WOlfrobe  (wiilf'rob),  >i.  The  skin  or  pelt  of  a 
wolf  ma<ie  into  a  robe  for  use  in  carriages,  etc. 

wolf's-bane  (wulfs'lian),  n.  [<  irolfs,  poss.  of 
icolf.  +  /<'(/icl.]  A  iilaiit  of  the  genus  Aconitiim  ; 
aconite  or  monk's-hood:  specifically.  .1.  li/coc- 
loiiiim,  the  yellow  or  yellow-tlo\vere<l  wolfs- 
bane, also  called  hiiili/ei's-,  licar's-,  or  lidrc's- 
boiie.     It  is  found  widely  in  Europe,  especially  in  moun- 


69  (iO 

tains.  Its  greeinsh-yellow  flowers  have  tlie  hood  developed 
like  an  extinguisher  ;  its  poison  is  less  virulent  than  that 
of  other  species.  — Mountain  wolf'B-l)ane.  See  Ranun- 
culus. 

wolfsbergite  (wulfs'berg-it),  n.  [Named  from 
n'oll'shrri/,  in  the  Harz.]     Same  as  rlialcostihUe. 

wolf-scalp  (wulf'skalp),  n.  The  skin  of  a  wolf's 
liead,  or  a  piece  of  it  sui^eient  for  identification, 
e.xhiijited  to  claim  the  bounty  paid  for  the  killing 
of  a  wolf  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States. 

wolf's-claws (wiilfs'klaz),)!.  Theeommon  club- 
moss,  Li/copodiiiiii  clavatum  :  so  called  from  the 
claw-like  ends  of  the  prostrate  branches. 

wolf  S-fist  (wulfs'fist),  n.  [<  ME.  n-uh-es  fist,  < 
AS.  inilfexJJtit,  a  puffball:  imilfes,  gen.  of  ivulf, 
wolf;  ./t.v?, 'me.  fifst,  a  breaking  of  wind:  see 
wolf  and  ./(.sf'^.  Cf.  Lijcoperdon.']  A  puffball. 
See  Lijropcnkin.     Gerard.    Also  wool  fist. 

wolf's-foot  (wulfs'fiit),  11.  The  club-moss,  Lij- 
eopodiiim  :  so  named  by  translation  of  the  ge- 
neric jiame. 

wolf's-head  (wiiifs'hed),  n.   [<  ME.  wolreslued ; 

<  wolfs,  poss.  of  wolf,  +  head.]     I.  The  head 
of  a  wolf. —  2t.  An  outlaw. 
Tho  were  his  bondemen  sory  and  nothing  glad. 
When  Gamelyn  her  lord  wolves-heed  was  cryed  and  maad. 

Tale  of  Gamelyn,  1.  700. 

wolfskin  (wulf'skin),  ji.     [<  ME.  woh-e-ikijune ; 

<  wolfs,  poss.  of  n-olf,+  slcin.]  The  skin  or  pelt 
of  a  wolf;  also,  a  rug  or  other  article  made  of 
this  pelt;  a  woUrobe. 

wolf's-milk  (wiilfs'milk),  «.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Euphorbia,  particularly  E.  llelioscopia,  the 
sun-spurge.  The  name  is  supposed  to  refer  to 
the  acrid  milky  .iuiee  of  these  plants. 

wolf-spider  (wulf'spi"der),  n.  Any  spider  of 
the  family  Lycosidse,  the  species  of  which  do 


woltowt.     A  Middle  English  form  of  wolt  {wilt) 

thou. 

wolveboon  (w-ulv'bon),  ».     See  Toxicodendron. 

wolverene,  wolverine  (wiil-ve-ren'),  «.  [For- 
merly also  wolveren,  wolvereiine,  wolvcriii,  tcol- 
reriiig ;  appar.  a  French-Canadian  name  based 
on  E.  tcolf]  The  American  glutton,  or  carcajou, 
(lulo  ?»«CHS  (specifically  identical  with  the  glut- 
ton of  the  Old  World),  a  subplantigrade  carniv- 
orous mammal  of  the  family  Mustelidse,  inhab- 
iting British  America  and  northerly  or  moun- 
tainous regions  of  the  United  States.  It  is  2  or 
3  feet  long,  of  thick  set  form,  with  short,  stout  legs,  low 
ears,  suljplantigrade  feet,  bushy  tail  and  shaggy  pelf^e  of 


Wolf-spider  {Lycosa  fututulata),  natural  size 


not  lie  in  wait,  but  prowl  about  after  their  prey 
and  spring  upon  it;  a  tarantula.  See  Lycosi- 
dic,  and  cuts  under  tarantula,  1. 

wolf 's-thistlet  (wulfs'this"l),  «.     See  thistle. 

wolf-tooth  (wiilf'toth),  «.;  pi.  wolf-teeth  (-teth). 
A  small  supernumerary  premolar  of  the  horse, 
situated  in  advance  of  the  grinders.  There 
are  sometimes  four  of  these  teeth,  one  on  each 
side  of  each  jaw. 

Many  readers  may  not  be  awai'e  that  blind  horses,  even 
in  one  eye  ojdy,  will  not  get  a  proper  summer  coat ;  and 
tile  connexion  lietween  wotf-teelk  and  shying  is  another  of 
many  interesting  facts.       "     Athenteum,  No.  3300,  p.  120. 

wolf-trap  (wi'ilf'trap),  n.  In  her.,  a  bearing 
representing  a  curved  bar  having  a  ring  fixed 
to  the  center  of  it.     Berry. 

woU,  r.    An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  will^. 

Woliaston  doublet.     See  doublet,  2  (b). 

wollastonite  (wol'as-ton-Jt),  n.  [Named  after 
W.  II.  Woliaston  (If06-'l828),  an  English  scien- 
tist, the  discoverer  of  the  method  of  working 
native  platinum.]  A  mineral  occurring  in  tab- 
ular crystals  (hence  called  tabular  spar),  also 
massive,  eleavable,  with  fibrous  structure.  It 
has  a  white  to  yellow  or  gray  color,  and  a  vitreous  to  pearly 
cleavage.  It  is  a  silicate  of  calcium  (CaSiOjj),  and  be- 
longs to  the  pyroxene  group. 

Woliaston  prism.  The  four-sided  glass  prism 
of  tlie  camera  lucida  de^-ised  by  Woliaston  in 
1S04.     See  figure  under  camera  lucida. 

wolle^  r.     See  wiU^. 

Wolle'-'tjWollent.  Obsolete  forms  of  wool,  woolen. 

WoUongongite  (wol'on-gong-it),  n.  A  kind  of 
kcrosene-sluile,  very  rich  in  oil.  found  nearWol- 
longong  in  New  South  Wales:  it  was  originally 
ilcscriljcd  as  a  kind  of  hydrocarbon. 

wolloper,  u.     See  waUopei'^. 


Wolvereue  or  Carcajou  {Oulo  lusctn). 

tilackish  color,  with  a  lighter  band  of  color  on  each  side 
meeting  its  fellow  upon  the  rump.  The  animal  is  noted 
for  its  voracity,  ferocity,  and  sagacity.  In  the  fur  coun- 
tries, where  the  wolverene  is  numerous,  it  is  one  of  the 
most  serious  obstacles  with  which  the  trapper  has  to  con- 
tend, as  it  soon  learns  to  spring  the  traps  set  for  ermine 
and  sable,  and  devour  the  bait  without  getting  caught,  be- 
ing itself  too  wary  to  be  trapped  without  great  difficulty. 
In  these  regions,  also,  caches  of  provisions  must  be  con- 
structed with  special  precautions  against  their  discovery 
and  spoliation  by  wolverenes.  The  pelt  is  valuable,  and 
is  much  used  for  robes  and  mats,  in  which  the  whitish  or 
light-brown  areas  of  the  fur  present  a  set  of  oval  or  horse- 
shoe-shaped figures  when  several  skins  are  sewed  toge- 
ther. From  its  comparatively  large  and  very  stout  form, 
together  with  its  special  coloration,  the  wolverene  is  some- 
times called  gfrwdt-iwar.— The  Wolverene  State,  Michi- 
gan. 

wolves,  n.     Plural  of  wolj. 

wolves'-thistlet  (wuh-z'this'l),  n.    See  thistle. 

wolvisht  (wiil'vish),  «.  An  obsolete  form  of 
wolfish. 

wolwardt,  adr.     See  woolward. 

woman  (wiim'an),  n. ;  pi.  women  (wim'en).  [< 
ME.  woman,  wuman,  wominan,  wumman,  wum- 
mon,  altered  (with  the  common  change  of  tii-  to 
wu-,  often  spelled  «o-)  from  wimman,  uimmon, 
which  stand  (with  assimilation  of  fm  to  mm) 
for  the  earlier  wifman,  uifmon,  wyfman  (pi. 
women,  "uumen,  wommen,  numtiien,  wimmen,  ear- 
lier icifmen,  wyfmen),<  AS.  wifman,  wifmon,  later 
wimman  (pi.  wifmen,  later  tcimmen),  a  woman, 
lit.  'wife-man,'  i.  e.  female  person,  <  wif,  a 
woman,  female,  -I-  man,  man,  person  (masc, 
but  used,  like  L.  homo  and  Gr.  ai-Bparroc,  in 
the  general  sense  'person,  human  being'). 
The  compound  uifman  is  peculiar  to  AS.,  but 
a  similar  formation  appears  in  the  G.  tceibs- 
person.  It  is  notable  that  it  was  thought  ne- 
cessary to  join  wif,  a  neuter  noun,  representing 
a  female  person,  to  man,  a  masc.  noun  repre- 
senting either  a  male  or  female  person,  to  form 
a  woril  denoting  a  female  person  exclusively. 
The  assimilatio7i  of  ./>»  to  mm  occurs  likewise 
in  leman,  formerly  and  more  prop,  spelled  leni- 
man,  and  in  Lammas.  The  change  of  initial  «:»- 
to  wu-  occurs  also  in  AS.  widu  >  wudu  >E.  wood^, 
and  the  spelling  of  wh-  as  ico-  or  woo-  to  avoid 
the  cumulation  of  u's  or  c's  [wu-.  uuu-,  m;-) 
occurs  in  nooell,  wool,  etc.  The  difference  oif 
pronunciation  between  the  singular  woman 
and  the  plural  women,  though  it  has  come  to 
distinguish  the  singular  from  the  plural,  is 
entirely  accidental;  formerly  both  pronuncia- 
tions of  the  first  syllable  were  in  use  in  both 
numbers.  The  proper  modern  spelling  of  the 
plural,  as  now  pronounced,  would  be  wimtnen  ; 
the  spelling  women  is  due  to  irreg.  conformity  to 
the  singular  woman,  which  is  properly  so  spelled 
according  to  the  analogy  of  u-olf,  though  *woo- 
man,  like  *»v)o//'. -would  be  better,  as  being  then 
in  keeping  with  wool,  wood^.]  1.  An  adult  fe- 
male of  the  human  race;  figuratively,  the  fe- 
male sex ;  human  females  collectively.  See 
lady,  5. 

Leode  [men]  nere  thar  nane, 
ne  wapmen  ne  icifmen, 
bute  westise  [waste]  paedes. 

Layanwn,  1.  1119. 

That  is  the  l.ond  of  Femynye,  where  that  no  man  is,  but 

only  alle  Wommen.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  143. 

Whan  the  queene  vndirstode  the  a-vow  that  Gawein 

hadde  made,  she  was  the  gladdest  icoinnn  in  the  worlde. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  483. 

And  the  lib,  which  the  Lord  God  had  taken  from  man, 

made  he  a  woman.  Gen.  ii.  2-2. 

See  the  hell  of  ha^  ing  a  false  woman  '. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2.  305. 


woman 

Pray,  Mr.  Neverout,  hold  your  tongue  for  once,  if  it  be 
possible;  one  would  think  you  were  a  woman  in  man's 
cloaths,  by  your  prating.    Swi/t,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

H'onuin  seems  to  differ  from  man  in  mental  disposition, 
chiefly  in  her  greater  tenderness  and  less  seltlshnesa  ;  and 
this  holds  good  even  with  savages. 

Darwin,  Descent  of  Man,  II.  311. 

2.  The  qualities  which  characterize  woman- 
hood; tenderness;  gentleness;  also,  when  used 
of  a  man,  effeminacy;  weakness. 

But  that  my  eyes 
Have  more  of  woman  in  'em  than  my  heart, 
I  would  not  weep. 

Beau,  and  FL,  King  and  No  King,  iv.  4. 

3.  A  female  attendant  on  a  person  of  rank  (used 
in  such  a  connection  as  to  show  the  special 
sense  intended). 

Take  it  to  ooji  of  youre  moste  secrete  votnan,  and  bid 
hlr  deliuer  it  to  the  flrste  man  that  she  fyndeth  at  the 
issue  of  the  halle.  Merlin  (E.  li.  T.  8.),  1.  00. 

Sir  Thomas  Bollen's  daughter  — 
The  Viscount  Rochford  —  one  of  her  highness'  h'owwh. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  i.  4.  93. 
ChorcMng  of  women.  Si.>  church,  r.  ^  Lawful  woman. 
See  ia  w/ui.  —  Married  'Woman's  Act,  the  name  undtr 
which  are  known  a  numtier  of  statutes,  both  in  (Jrt-at 
Britain  and  in  the  United  States  (dating  about  18,S0  and 
thereafter),  by  which  the  common-law  disabilities  of  m.ar- 
ried  women  as  to  conti-acts,  property,  and  rights  of  action 
have  l)y  successive  stejis  been  nearly  all  removed.  — Old 
woman's  tooth.  Same  as  router-plane  (which  see,  un- 
der router).  —  Old-woman'B  tree.  See  Qiiiinfi.— single 
woman.  See  «;i<//t'.  —  'Ttie  scarlet  woman.  See  scarlel. 
—  To  be  tied  to  a  woman's  apron-strings.  See  apron- 
string. — To  make  an  honest  woman  of.  See  honest.  — 
To  play  the  woman,  to  give  way  to  tenderness  or  pity ; 
weep.  — Wise  woman.  See  irw«i.— Woman  of  the 
town,  a  prostitute.-Woman  of  the  world,  (ot)  a  mar- 
rieil  woman.  See  to  go  to  the  world,  under  vxrld.  (b)  A 
woman  experienced  in  the  ways  of  the  world ;  a  woman 
engrossed  in  society  or  fashionable  life. 
WOmant  (wura'an),  I',  t.  [<  woman,  ti.]  1.  To 
act  the  part  of  a  woman :  with  an  indefinite  it. 
This  day  I  should 
Haue  scene  my  daughter  Siluia  how  she  would 
Haue  u^omand  it.      Daniel,  Hymen's  Triumpli,  iii.  2. 

2.  To  cause  to  act  like  a  woman ;  subdue  to 
weakness  like  a  woman. 

I  have  felt  so  many  quirks  of  joy  and  grief 
That  the  first  face  of  neither,  on  the  start, 
Can  woman  me  unto  't.    Shale.,  .\11  s  Well,  iii.  2.  .13. 
8.  To  unite  to,  or  accompany  by,  a  woman. 
I  do  attend  here  on  the  general : 
And  think  it  no  addition,  nor  my  wish, 
To  have  him  see  me  woman  d. 

Shak.,  Othello,  liL  4.  19.-,. 

4.  To  call  (a  person)  "woman"  in  an  abusive 
way. 

She  called  her  another  time  fat-face,  and  wonian^d  her 
most  violently.       /(icAardson,  Pamela,  II.  2U8.    (.Dai-ies.) 

woman-body  (wmu'an-bo<l'i),  «.  A  woman: 
used  disparaginplv  or  in  self-depreciation. 
[Scotch.] 

It  was  an  awkward  thing  for  a  woman-bo'hi  to  bestani! 
tng  among  bundles  o'  barkened  leather  her  lane. 

Scotl,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  x 

WOman-bom   (wum'an-bom),  «.     Born  of  wo- 
man,    (owjier.  Charity,  1.  181. 
WOman-built(wiun'an-bilt),a.  Built  by  women. 
A  new-world  Babel,  wmnan-btiilt. 

Teniiymn,  Princess,  iv. 
WOmanfulIv  (wiim'an-ful-i).  adr.     [<  iroman  + 
-ful  +  -/.i/'-.J     Like  a  woman :   a  word  humor- 
ously employed  to  correspond  with  mnnftdhj. 

For  near  fourscore  years  she  fought  her  fight  womnn- 
fully.  Thackeray,  Newcomes,  ii. 

Anne  alone  .  .  .  stood  up  by  her  father  iimnanfuUj, 
and  put  her  arm  through  his. 

Mrs,  OUphant,  Poor  Gentleman,  xlvi 

woman-grown  (wum'an-gron),  a.     Grown   to 

wonianhiiod.     Tinnijson,  Aylmer's  Field. 
woman-guard  Cwum'an-giird),  «.     A  guanl  of 
women. 

The  Princess  with  her  monstrous  tccman-gvaril. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  iv, 

woman-ha'ter  (wum'an-ha't^r),  H.  One  Willi 
has  an  aversion  to  women  in  general:  a  mi- 
sogynist. 

This  Coarseness  [toward  women]  does  not  alwaies  come 
from  Clowns  and  Women-haters,  hut  from  Persons  of  Fig- 
ure, neither  singular  nor  ill  Bred. 

Jeremy  CMier,  .Short  View  (ed.  169'-),  p.  171. 

womanheadt  (wiim'an-hed),  n.  [<  ME.  M'om- 
mnnhide ;  <  womnn  -f'-hcad.]  Tlie  state  or  con- 
dition of  a  woman;  womanhood. 

The  nuene  anon,  for  vermy  wommanhede, 
Can  for  to  wepe.       Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  89<). 
I  shall  as  now  do  more  for  you 
Than  longeth  to  Womnnhede. 

The  Sut-Brown  ilaid. 

womanhood  (wftm'an-hud),  «.  [<  ME.  •«•««(- 
■manhod ;  <  woman  +  -hood.  Cf.  iroinaiiliead.] 
1.  Womanly  state,  character,  or  qualities;  the 
state  of  being  a  woman. 


6961 

Setting  thy  womanhood  aside. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3.  139. 
Her  womanhood 
In  its  meridian.         Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  71. 

2.  Women  collectively ;  womankind, 
womanish  (wum'an-ish),  (7.  [<  icdiiian  +  -islA.'] 
Pertaining  to,  characteristic  of,  or  suitable  for 
women;  feminine;  effeminate:  often  used  in  a 
disparaging  or  reproachful  sense  when  said  of 
men:  as,  icomanish  ways;  a  tromanisli  voice; 
womanish  fears. 

Tlio  wordes  and  tho  wommnnnishe  thynges, 
She  herde  hem  right  as  though  she  thennes. 

Chaucer,  Troihis,  iv.  094. 
In  what  a  shadow,  or  deep  pit  of  darliness, 
Doth  womanish  and  fearful  mankind  live  I 

Webster,  Duchess  of  Malfl,  v.  6. 
He  conceals,  under  a  rough  air  aiul  distant  behaviour, 
a  bleeding  compassion  and  womanish  tenderness. 

Steele,  Spectator,  Xo.  34(>. 
=Syn.  Female,  Efemituite,  etc.     ^ee  feminine. 
womanishly  ( wum'an-ish-li),  adv.  In  a  woman- 
ish manner ;  effeminately. 

The  people  weare  long  haire,  in  combing  whereof  they 
are  wmnanishly  curiou.s,  these  hoping  by  their  lockes  to 
be  carried  into  heauen.  Purchas,  Piigriniage,  p.  44.'>. 

womanishness  (wum'an-isli-nes),  H.  The  state 
or  character  of  being  womanish. 

Effeminacy  and  icomanishnesg  of  heart. 

Hamvwinl,  ^\'orks,  IV.  .107. 

womanizet  (wiim'an-iz),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pj). 
womanized,  ppr.  womanizing.  [<  ifomiin  +  -/,-f.] 
To  make  effeminate  ;  make  womanish ;  soften. 
[Rare.] 

This  effeminate  love  of  a  woman  doth  so  u-omanize  a 
man.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

womankind  (wiim'an-kind'),  n.     [Also  wiinii n- 
kind ;  <  iroman  +  -kind ;  contrasted  witli  man- 
hind.]     1.  Women  in  general;  the  female  8C.\; 
the  females  collectively  of  tlie  human  kind. 
O  despiteful  love  I  unconstant  womankind .' 

Shak,  T.  of  the  S.,  iv.  2.  14. 
Teach  Woman-kintl  Inconstancy  and  Pride. 

Cowley,  The  Mistress.  Prophei. 
"Sair  droukit  was  she,  puir  thing,  sae  I  e'en  put  a  glass 
o"  sherry  in  her  water-gruel.  "    "  Right,  Orizel,  right—  let 
tcomanki)id  alone  for  coddling  each  other." 

Scott,  Anticiuary,  ix. 

2.  A  body  of  women,  especially  in  a  houseluild: 
tho  female  members  of  a  family.  [Humorous.] 
At  last  the  S<iuire  gracefully  allowed  the  departure  of 
his  wowenkinil,  who  floated  away  like  a  flock  of  reli-aseil 
birds.  .Mrs.  Craik,  Agatha's  Husband,  xv. 

WOmanless  (wVim'an-les),  a.    [<  woman  +  -/(w.] 

Destitute  of  women. 
womanlike  (wum'an-lik),  a.     I, ike  a  woman  ; 

womanly. 

Womanlike,   taking   revenge    to<i  deep  for    a    transient 
wrong.  Tennyson,  Maud,  iii. 

womanliness  (wum'an-li-nes).  II.  Tlie  charac- 
ter of  being  womanly. 

There  is  nothyng  wherein  theyr  noinanlynesst'  is  more 
h'inestely  garnyshed  than  with  syleiice. 

J.  L'dalt,On  1  Tim.  ii. 

womanly  (wiim'an-li),  a.  [<  ME.  wiiiiimanlicli, 
ininiiniiiitiili;  <  woman  +  -/,'/!.]  C'liaracterislic 
of,  like,  or  befitting  a  woman ;  suiting  a  wo- 
man;  feminine;  not  masculine;  not  girlish: 
IIS,  woinanl;/  beliavior. 

Thus  nniche  as  now,  O  wnmanliche  wyf, 
I  may  out  Ijiingo.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  iii.  liHl. 

See  where  she  conies,  and  brings  yonr  froward  wives 
As  prisoners  to  her  u'mnanly  persuasion. 

Shiik.,  T.  of  the  S.,  v.  2.  120. 
.So  that.  loathed  by  their  husbands  and  burning  with  a 
Homanly  spleen,in  one  night  they  [the  women]  massacred 
them  iill,  together  with  their  concubines. 

Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  V.K 
A  blnsliing  womanly  discovering  grace. 

Donne,  F-legy  on  his  Mistress. 
Will  she  grow  gentler,  sweeter,  more  womaidii  ? 

'  W.  Black 
=  Syn.  Womanish,  Ladylike,  etc.     .See  feminine. 
womanly  (wi'un'an-li),  rtfff.    [<,  womanly,  a.]   In 
the  manner  of  a  woman. 

I-ullaby  can  I  sing  too, 
As  womanly  as  can  the  best. 

Gascmyne,  Lullabic  of  a  Lover. 

woman-postt  (wiim'an-post),  n.  A  female  jiost 
or  messenger.     [Rare.] 

But  who  comes  in  such  haste  in  riding-robes? 
What  mnimn-post,  is  this?    Shak.,  K.  John,  i.  1.  218. 

woman-queller  (wum'an-kwel''''er),  n.  One  who 
kills  women.     See  manqu/ller. 

Thou  art  a  honey-seed,  a  maii-qucller,  and  a  mnnon- 
queller.  Shak..  2  Hen.  IV,,  ii.  1.  ;,t,. 

woman-suffrage  (■wVim'an-suf  "rS.i),  ».  The  ex- 
ercise of  thc>  electoral  franchise  by  women. 
[(Jolloc],] 

Woman-SUffragist  (wi'im'an-suf'ra-jist),  n.  An 
advocate  of  woman-suffrage.     [Colloq.] 


womb-pipe 

WOman-tiredt  (wiim'an-tird),  a.  [<  woman  + 
tired,  pp.  of  tire^.]     Henpecked.     [Rare.] 

Dotard  I  thou  art  woman-tired,  unroosted 

By  thy  dame  Partlet  here.      Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  3.  74. 

woman-vested  (wum'an-ves"ted),  a.     Clothed 
like    a    woman :    wearing   women's    apparel. 
[Rare.] 
Woman-vested  as  I  was.  Tennyson,  Princess,  iv. 

womb  (worn),  11.  [E.  dial,  and  Se.  wanie;  <  ME. 
wambe,  wombe,  <  AS.  wamh,  womb,  the  belly,  = 
OS.  wamba  =  OFries.  wamme  =  D.  warn,  belly 
of  a  fish,  =  OHG.  wamba,  wampti  {womba, 
wnniba),  MHG.  wambe,  wampc.  later  wamme,  G. 
wamme,  n-amjie,  belly,  lap,  =  Icel.  viimb,  belly, 
esp.  of  a  beast,  =  Sw.  rdm  =Dan.  rom  =  Goth. 
«'rt»i7)«,  belly.]  If.  The  belly;  the  stomach. 
Mete  unto  wombe  and  wombe  eek  unto  mete, 
Shal  God  destroyen  botlie,  as  Paultis  seith. 

Chaucer,  Pardoner's  Tale,  1.  60. 
"ilan,  loue  thi  icombe,"  quod  Gloteny. 

Hymns  to  Viryin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  64. 
.\n  I  had  but  a  belly  of  any  indifferency,  I  were  simply 
the  most  active  fellow  in  Europe.     My  womb,  my  womb, 
my  womb  undoes  me.  Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  3.  2.1. 

"Why,  .Andrew,  you  know  all  the  secrets  of  the  family.*' 
"If  I  ken  them,  I  can  keep  them,"  said  Andrew;  "they 
winna  work  in  my  )cn)n«  like  barm  in  a  barrel,  I'se  war- 
rant ye."  ScMtt,  Kob  Roy,  vi. 

2.  The  uterus ;  tho  hollow  dilated  rausculo- 
membranous  part  of  tho  female  pass.iges,  be- 
tween the  vagina  and  the  Fallopian  tubes,  in 
which  the  ovum  is  receiveil.  detained,  and  nour- 
islied  during  gestation,  or  the  period  intervening 
between  fecundation  and  parturition  :  applied 
chietly  to  this  organ  of  the  liumaii  female  and 
some  of  the  higher  or  better-known  inammalian 
quadrupeds,  the  corresponding  part  of  the  pas- 
sages of  other  anitnals  being  commonly  called 
by  the  technical  name  uterus.  See  uterus  (with 
cut),  and  cut  under  peritoneum. 
That  was  Sein  Johan,  in  his  moder  irombe. 

.■Inercn  Biwte,  1.  78. 
Twinn'd  brothers  of  one  icomh.     Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  iv.  3.  3. 
Ere  the  sad  fruit  of  thy  unhappy  womb 
Had  caus'd  such  sorrows  past,  and  woes  to  come. 

Pope,  Iliad,  xviii.  113. 

Hence  —  3.   The  place  where  anything  is  pro- 
duced. 

That  dill  my  ripe  thoughts  in  my  brain  Inhearse, 
Making  their  Unnh  the  wmnb  wherein  they  grew. 

Shak.,  .Sinuiets,  IxxxvL 
The  womb  of  eartli  the  genial  seed  receives. 

Dryden,  (Jc<ugics,  ii.  439. 

4.  Any  large  or  deep  cavity  that  receives  or 
contains  anything. 
The  fatal  cannon's  womb.         Shak.,  R,  ami  J.,  v.  1.  65. 

As,  when  black  tempests  mix  the  seas  and  skies, 
The  roaring  deeps  in  wat'ry  mountains  rise, 
Above  the  sides  of  some  tall  ship  ascend. 
Its  wfmib  they  deluge,  and  its  ribs  they  rend. 

/'"/«■,  Ilhid.  XV.  443. 
Body  of  the  womb.  .Same  as  corpus  uteri  (which  see, 
iiniler  corpus).  -  Falling  Of  the  womb.  Same  as  prolapse 
o.f  the  uterus  (which  see,  under  uterus).—  Fundus  Of  the 
womb,  the  iipjiei  part  of  the  uterus —Male  womb.  Same 
:is  prostatic  reside  (which  see,  under  prostatic).— JHec^  01 
the  womb.  Same  as  cervix  uteri  (which  see,  under  cer- 
rir).—  Prolapse  of  the  womb.  Same  as  priilapse  of  the 
uterus  (which  see,  under  titerus). 
wombt  (wiim),  I',  t.  [<  wonili.  ».]  To  inclose; 
contain  ;  breed  in  secret. 

Not .  .  .  for  all  the  sun  sees  or 

The  close  earth  womhs  or  the  profound  seas  hide 

In  unknown  fathoms,  will  T  breali  my  oath. 

Shak.,  \y.  T.,  iv.  4,  501. 

wombat  (wom'bat),  n.  [A  corruption  of  the 
native  Australian  name  wombaek  or  wombaeh.'] 
.\n  ,\iistra!ian  marsupial  mammal  of  the  genus 
riiasriitoiiii/.':,  as  I',  wombat  or  /'.  iirsiniis.  See 
<*ut  under  Phasrolonii/s. 

WOmb-brothert  (wi>in'bniTH  "or),  ».  A  brother 
uterini'.      [Rare.] 

Edmund  of  Haddani  .  .  .  was  son  to  (Jneen  Katherine 
bytlwcn  Theodor,  her  second  husttand,  Womb-brotlor  to 
King  Henry  the  Sixth,  and  t'ather  to  King  Henry  llie  Sev- 
enth. Fuller,  Worthies.     (Dories.) 

WOmbed(womd),  rt.  [<  womb -^- -id".]  Having 
a  womb,  in  any  sense. 

I'll  muster  forces,  an  unvaiuniish'd  jiower  ; 
Cornets  of  horse  shall  Jiress  th'  ungiatefnl  earth  ; 
This  hollow  wombed  mass  shall  inly  groan. 
And  murmur  to  sustain  the  welght'of  arms. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellhia,  1.,  iii.  I. 

womb-grain  (wiim'gran),  )/.  Ergot,  or  sjnirred 
rye  (technically  called  seeole  roniutuiii):  so 
called  from  the  effect  of  tho  dnig  upon  the 
uterus. 

womb-passage  (wom'pas'^a.i).  «.  The  vagina. 
See  cut  uiii\i'r  jieritmieum. 

WOmb-pipet,  «.  Same  as  woinb-pas.taiji'.  Cut- 
ijrare. 


womb-side 

WOmb-sidet  (wom'sid),  h.  [ME.  womb-side;  < 
icomb  +  side'^.]     The  front  or  protuberant  side, 

as  of  the  astrolabe. 

As  wel  on  the  bak  as  on  the  wombe-side. 

Chaucer,  Aati'olabe,  i.  §  6. 

womb-stone  (wom'ston),  n.  1.  A  concretion 
formed  within  the  uterine  cavity. —  2.  A  eaJci- 
lied  fibroid  tumor  of  the  uterus. 

wombyt  (wo'mi),  a.     [<  womb  +  -^i.]     Hollow; 

capacious.     [Kare.] 

Caves  and  wombu  vaiUtages  of  lYance. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  4.  124. 

women,  «.     Plural  of  ironuDi. 

women's-tree  (wim'enz-tre),  n.     See  Sophora. 

wommant,  «•     An  old  spelling  of  woman. 

won^t,  WOnet  (wun),  v.  i.  [<  ME.  loonen,  wonieuj 
wuuieu,  <  AS.  wiinian,  dwell,  remain,  gewuniau, 
dwell,  be  accustomed,  =  OS.  wunon^  wonon  = 
MD.  wooneti,  D.  wonen  =  OHG.  wonen^  MHG. 
wonen,  G.  icohneUj  dwell,  =  Icel.  una,  dwell,  also 
enjoy,  find  pleasure  in;  from  tlie  root  of  AS. 
winnan,  etc.,  strive  after:  see  whi'^.  Cf.  won'^, 
n.j  wont^,']     1.  To  dwell;  abide. 

To  gete  her  love  no  ner  nas  he 

That  woned  at  home  than  he  in  Inde : 

The  formest  was  alway  behynde. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Bhmche,  1.  889. 

Dere  modir,  iconne  with  vs ;  ther  shal  no-thyng  you  greve. 

York  Plays,  p.  48. 

Thenne  wonede  an  hermite  faste  bi-syde. 

Joseph  of  Arimathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  21. 

He  wonneth  in  the  land  of  Fayeree. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  III.  iii.  26. 
The  wild  beast,  where  he  woiis 
In  forest  wild,  in  thicket,  brake,  or  den. 

Milton,  F.  L.,  vii.  457. 

2.  To  be  accustomed.     See  woiit^. 

Tho  clarisse  com  in  to  the  tur 
The  amiral  askede  blanclieflur, 
&  askede  whi  heo  ne  come, 
Also  heo  was  woned  to  done. 

Kinr/  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  111. 

A  yearly  solemn  feast  she  wont  to  make.  Spenser. 

Her  well-plighted  frock,  which  she  did  loon 
To  tucke  about  her  short  when  she  did  ryde, 
Shee  low  let  fall.  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  ix.  21. 

They  leave  their  crystal  springs,  where  they  wont  frame 
Sweet  bowers  of  myrtle  twigs  and  laurel  fair. 

L.  Bryskett  (Arber's  Eng.  (iarner,  I.  27C). 

WOnH,  WOnet  (wuu),  n.  [ME.,  also  won)t€, 
icoon,  <  AS.  gewuua  =  OS.  giwono  =  MLG, 
wone  =  OHG.  (jeivona  =  Icel.  vatti,  custom, 
usage:  see  won'^j  tcone,  v.]  1.  A  dwelling; 
habitation. 

Tho  gan  I  up  the  hille  to  goon, 
And  fond  upon  the  coppe  a  woon. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  1.  H6C. 
Late  my  lady  here 
With  all  her  light  lemys, 
Wightely  go  wende  till  her  ^vone. 

Yi/rk  Plays,  p.  273. 
Haf  3e  no  wonez  in  castel  walle, 
2S'e  maner  ther  ge  may  mete  tt  won  ? 

Alliterative  P veins  (fid.  Morris),  i.  dW. 

There  the  wise  Merlin  whylome  wont  (they  say) 
To  make  his  iconne,  low  underneath  the  ground, 
In  a  deepe  delve,  farre  from  the  vew  of  day. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  III.  iii.  7. 

2.  A  place  of  resort. 

He  so  long  had  riden  and  goon 
That  he  fond  in  a  prive  woon 
The  coutree  of  fairye. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  !X). 

3.  Custom;  habit. 

Er  it  were  day,  as  was  hir  wone  to  do, 
She  was  arisen,  and  al  redy  dight. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  182. 
His  wonne  was  to  wirke  niekill  woo, 
And  make  many  maystries  emelle  vs. 

York  Plays,  p.  204. 

4.  Manner;  way. 

And  when  he  sey  ther  was  non  other  wone 
He  gau  hire  limmes  dresse. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  1181. 
Ne  fayre  wordes  brake  neuer  bone, 
>'e  neuer  schall  in  no  wone. 
Booke  of  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.),  i.  4;>. 
Here  come  nomaii  in  there  wanes, 
And  that  eucre  witnes.se  will  we, 
Haue  an  Auiigcll  ilke  a  day  anes, 
With  bodily  fuude  hir  fedde  has  lie. 

York  Plays,  p.  Ifxl. 

WOn^  (wuii).      Preterit  and  past  participle  of 

ifin^. 
WOn'^t,  a^     An  old  spelling  of  wan'^. 
WOndt.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  irind^. 
WOndet,  v.  i-     [ME.  uonden,  wondrn^  AS.  ircoi- 

dian^  fear,  reverence,  nojt^lect,  <  tcindan,  wind, 

turn:  see  ivind^,  and  ai,  wcnd^.']     To  refrain; 

desist. 

I  wille  noghte  wonde  tor  no  werre,  to  wende  whare  me 
likes.  Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3495. 


6962 

Love  wol  love ;  for  no  wight  wol  it  wonde. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1187. 

Ses  now  of  sorowe,  sobur  thi  chere, 
Wond  of  thi  weping,  whipe  vp  thi  teris ; 
Mene  the  to  myrthe,  ct  niournyng  for-sake. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3380. 

wonder  (wun'der),  ».  [<  ME.  wonder,  wondir, 
ivonnder,  wnnder,  wundur,  <  AS.  wundor  =  OS. 
wundar  =  D.  wonde)'  =  MLG.  wunder  =  OHG. 
tcuntar^  MHG.  G,  xvunder  =  Icel.  undr  (for 
*vundr)  =  Sw.  Dan.  vuder,  wonder;  perhaps 
akin  to  Gr.  adpeiv  {*Fa6pEiv^},  gaze  at.]  1.  A 
strange  tiling;  a  cause  of  surprise,  astonish- 
ment, or  admiration;  in  a  restricted  sense,  a 
miracle;  a  marvel,  prodigy,  or  portent. 

Whi  thow  wratthest  the  now  wonder  me  thynketh. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  iii.  182. 

The  prophetis  seiden  with  mylde  steuene 
"  A  song  of  wondris  now  synge  we." 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  52. 

The  love  of  boys  unto  their  lords  is  strange  ; 
I  have  read  wonders  of  it. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  ii.  1. 

It  is  no  wonder  that  art  gets  not  the  vicb^ry  over  nature. 
Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  iv.,  Expl. 

Bless  me!  Charles,  you  consume  more  tea  than  all  my 
family,  though  we  are  seven  in  the  parlour,  and  as  much 
sugar  and  butter  ~  well,  it 's  no  wonder  you  are  bilious ! 
Thackeray,  Lovci  the  Widower,  ii. 

2.  That  emotion  which  is  excited  by  novelty, 
or  the  presentation  to  the  sight  or  mind  of 
something  new,  unusual,  strange,  gi'eat,  extra- 
ordinary, not  well  understood,  or  that  arrests 
tlie  attention  by  its  novelty,  grandeur,  or  inex- 
plicableness.  Wonder  expressesless  than  astonishment, 
and  much  less  than  amazement.  It  differs  from  admira- 
tion in  not  being  necessarily  accompanied  with  love,  es- 
teem, or  approbation,  liut  ivonder  sometimes  is  nearly 
allied  to  astonishment,  and  the  exact  extent  of  the  mean- 
ing of  such  words  can  hardly  be  graduated. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  and  amazement. 

Acts  iii.  10. 
O,  how  her  eyes  dart  wonder  on  my  heart ! 
Mount  bloode,  soule  to  my  lips,  taste  Hebe's  cup ; 
Stande  flrme  on  decke,  when  beauties  close-fight's  up. 
Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  I.,  i.  1. 

Wonder  is  the  effect  of  novelty  upon  ignorance. 

Johnson. 

The  faculty  of  wonder  is  not  defunct,  but  is  only  getting 
more  and  more  emancipated  from  the  unnatural  service 
of  terror,  and  restored  to  its  proper  function  as  a  minister 
of  delight.  Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  149. 

3.  A  cruller.     [New  Eng.] 

A  plate  of  crullers  or  wonders,  as  a  sort  of  sweet  fried 
cake  was  commonly  called. 

//.  B.  Stowe,  The  Minister's  Wooing,  iv. 

Bird  of  wonder,  the  phenix.— Nine  days*  wonder,  a 

subject  of  astonishment  and  gossip  for  a  short  time,  gen- 
erally a  petty  scandal. 

For  when  men  han  wel  cryed,  than  wol  they  roune, 
Ek  ivondcr  last  but  nine  nyyht  (var.  days)  nevere  in  tonne. 
Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  588. 

So  ran  the  tale  like  fire  about  the  court, 

Fire  in  dry  stubble  a  nine  days'  wonder  flared. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

Seven  wonders  of  the  world,  the  seven  most  remarka- 
ble structures  of  ancient  times.  These  were  the  Egyptian 
pyramids,  the  mausoleum  erected  by  Artemisia  at  Halicar- 
nassus,  the  temple  of  Artemis  at  Ephesus,  the  walls  and 
hanging  gardens  of  Babylon,  the  colossus  at  Rhodes,  the 
statue  of  Zeus  by  Phidias  in  the  great  temple  at  Olympia, 
and  the  Pharos  or  lighthouse  at  Alexandria— Wondei- 
making  Parliament.  Same  as  Merciless  Parliament 
(which  see,  under  parliament).  =Byii.  1.  Sign,  marvel, 
plienomenon,  spectacle,  rarity.— 2.  Sm-prise,  bewilder- 
ment. See  def.  2. 
wonder  (wun'der).  r.  [<  ME.  wondrenj  won- 
drien,  wundren,  <  AS.  irtindrian  =  D.  wondcren 
=  MLG.  intndcren  =  OHG.  wuntarOn,  MHG.  G. 
wundern  —  Icel.  Sw,  undra  =  Ban,  undrc,  won- 
der; from  the  noun.]  I.  inirans.  1.  To  be  af- 
fected with  wonder  or  surprise ;  marvel ;  be 
amazed:  formerly  with  a  reflexive  dative. 

Ac  me  wondreth  in  my  witt  whi  that  thei  ne  preche 
As  Paul  the  apostel  prechede  to  the  peuple  ofte. 

Piers  Plowman  (€),  xvi.  74. 

I  wonder  to  see  the  contrarieties  among  the  Papists. 

Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  41. 

Who  can  but  wonder  at  the  fautors  of  these  wonders? 
Sandys,  Travailes,  p.  160. 

Here  more  then  two  hundred  of  those  gi-im  Courtiers 
stooil  wonderiny  at  him,  as  he  had  beene  a  monster ;  till 
Powhatan  and  his  trayne  had  put  themselues  in  their 
greatest  braveries. 

(Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works.  I.  10'2. 

We  cease  to  wonder  at  what  we  understand.     Johnson. 

2.  To  look  with  or  feel  admiration. 

Nor  did  I  wonder  at  the  lily's  white. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xcviii. 

3.  To  entertain  some  doubt  or  curiosity  in  ref- 
erence to  some  matter;  speculate  expectantly; 
be  in  a  state  of  expectation  mingled  with  doubt 
ami  sliglit  anxiety  or  wistfulness  :  as,  I  wonder 
whether  we   shall  reach  the   place   in  time: 


wonderfully 

hence,  I  wonder  is  often  equivalent  to  *  I  should 
like  to  know.' 
A  boy  or  a  child,  I  wonder?         Shak.,  W.  T.,  ilL  3.  71. 

To  be  to  be  wonderedt,  to  be  a  cause  for  astonish- 
ment. 

It  M  not  to  be  wondered  if  Ben  Jonson  has  many  such 
lines  as  these.  j/ryden. 

It  is  not  to  be  wondered  that  we  are  shocked.        Defoe. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  be  curious  about;  wish  to 
know;  speculate  in  regard  to:  as,  I  wonder 
where  John  has  gone. 

Like  old  acquaintance  in  a  tranc^ 
Met  far  from  home,  wonderiny  each  other  s  chance. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  L  1596. 
I  have  wondred  these  thirty  yeares  what  Kings  aile. 

iV.  Ward,  Simple  Cobler,  p.  50. 

Wondering  why  that  grief  and  rage  and  sin 
Was  ever  wrought. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  294. 

2.  To  surprise;  amaze.     [Rare.] 

She  has  a  sedateness  that  wonders  me  still  more. 

Mme.  D'Arblay,  Diary,  Oct.  26,  1788. 

wondert  (wun'dfer),  «.  [ME.,  an  elliptical  use 
of  wonder^  n.,  as  in  comp. ;  cf.  ivonders.~\  Won- 
derful. 

Then  sayde  the  pope,  "Alas'.  Alas! 
Modur,  this  ys  to  me  a  wondur  case." 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  86. 
Alias!  what  is  this  wonder  maladye? 
For  hete  of  cold,  for  cold  of  hete,  I  dye. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  L  419. 

wondert  (wun'der),  adv.  [ME.,  <  wonder,  g.] 
Wonderfully;  exceedingly;  very. 

Ye  knowe  eke  that  in  form  of  speche  is  chaunge 
Withinne  a  thousand  yere,  and  wordes  tho 
That  hadden  prys,  now  wonder  nyce  and  strannge 
Us  thynketh  hem.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  24. 

Wonder  pale  he  waxe,  wanting  his  colour, 
For  ende  hade  he  none  of  this  grett  doloure. 

Jt(nn.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  287a 

wonderedt  (wun'derd),  a.  [<  wonder  +  -erf^.] 
Having  performed  wonders;  able  to  produce 
wonders;  w^onderworking.     [Rare.] 

Let  me  live  here  ever ; 
So  rare  a  wonder  d  father,  and  a  wife, 
Makes  this  place  Paradise. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  123. 

WOnderer  (wun'der-er),  n.  [<  wonder  +  -er^.] 
One  who  wonders. 

wonderful  (wun'der-fiil),  a.  [<  ME.  wonderful, 
wonderfol,  wundervol  {=  G.  wundervoU);  <  xconder 
+  -/h/.]  Of  a  nature  or  kind  to  excite  wonder 
or  admiration;  strange;  astonishing;  surpris- 
ing; marvelous. 

Who  is  he  that  hideth  counsel  without  knowledge? 
therefore  have  I  uttered  that  I  understood  not;  things 
too  wonderftd  for  me,  which  I  knew  not.  Job  xliL  3. 

Keep  a  gamester  from  the  dice,  and  a  good  student 
from  his  book,  and  it  is  wonderful. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  1.  Sft. 

They  also  shewed  him  some  of  the  engines  with  which 
some  of  his  servants  had  done  wonderful  things. 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

Wonderful  Parliament.    Same  as  Merciless  Parliament 

(wliich  see,  nt^der  jxirliament).  =  Syn.  Wonderful,  Strange, 
Surpri.^ny.  Curiuus,  Uniqite,  exn-aordinary,  mart'elous, 
amazing,  startling,  wondrous  (poetic).  Wonderjul  ^ewer- 
ally  refers  to  something  above  the  common,  and  so  mar- 
velous, perhaps  almost  incredible.  SfraHyerefersratherto 
something  beside  the  common  — that  is,  simply  very  un- 
usual or  odd,  and  so  exciting  surprise  or  wonder.  Any- 
thing that  excites  awe  or  high  admiration,  or  strikes  one 
as  sublime,  is  wonderftd;  an  unpleasant  object  maybe 
strange,  but  would  not  be  called  wonderftd.  That  which  is 
unexpected  is  surprising,  but  it  is  not  necessarily rfran^: 
as,  a  snriirising  fact ;  a  surprising  dipcovery  in  science. 
Curimis  is  wonderful  on  a  small  scale;  by  its  derivation 
it  often  refers  to  an  object  extremely  nice  and  intricate  or 
elaborate  in  its  details,  but  also  it  often  conveys  the  notion 
of  pleasing  strangeness  and  even  of  rarity:  as,  a  curious 
bit  of  mosaic ;  a  curious  piece  of  mechanism ;  a  curiously 
colored  stone.  Unique  expresses  that  which  is  sole  of  ite 
kind  or  (juality :  as,  a  unique  book ;  a  ujiiqtie  sort  of  per- 
son. See  eccentric  and  surprise. 
wonderful  (wun'der-ful),  adv.  [<  ME.  wonder- 
fuU;  <  wonderful,  w.]  Wonderfully;  exceed- 
ingly ;  very.     [Obsolete  or  vulgar.] 

Alas!  she  comyth  wonderfull  lyghtly; 
Man  seith  not  the  hour  ne  hou  he  shall  dy. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6159. 

Ohymistry,  I  know  by  a  little  Experience,  is  wonderful 
pleasing.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  vi.  41. 

wonderfully  (wim'der-ful-i),  adv.  [<  ME.  iroM- 
dirfullg:  <  wonderful  +  -ly'^.']  1.  In  a  won- 
derful manner:  in  a  manner  to  excite  wonder 
or  surprise;  surprisingly;  strangely:  remark- 
ably: in  colloquial  language  often  nearly  or 
quite  etiuivalent  to  'very':  as,  wonderfuUij  lit- 
tle difference. 

ge  schal  se  him  rise  vp  and  speke,  and  wondirfuUy  be 
conifortid  and  strenkthid  therby. 

Book  of  Quinte  Essence  (ed.  Furnivall).  p.  15. 

I  will  praise  thee  ;  for  I  am  fearfully  and  wonderfully 
made.  Ps.  cxixix.  14. 


wonderfully 
2.  With  wonder  or  admiration. 

Ther  dide  Gawein  soche  merveiles  in  amies  that  won- 
dirfvUy  was  he  be-helden  of  hem  of  logres,  for  he  smote 
down  men  and  horse.  Merlin  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  200. 

wonderfulliess(wun'der-fiil-nes),  II.  Tlie  state 
or  quality  of  being  wonderful. 

wondering  (wun'der-iug),  «.  [<  ME.  wiimh-ing, 
wmidrunge,  <  AS.  icundriiiig,  verbal,  n.  of  «■««- 
drian,  wonder:  see  wonder,  c]  Expressing  ad- 
miration or  amazement ;  marveling. 

Swich  woHdriiii/  was  ther  on  this  liors  of  bi-as 
That,  sin  the  grete  sege  of  Troye  was, 
Ther  as  men  wondreden  on  an  hors  also, 
Ne  waa  ther  swich  a  woiidriiuj  as  was  tho. 

Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale,  I.  297. 

wondeiingly  (^vun'der-ing-li),  adc.     In  a  won- 
dering manner ;  with  wonder :  as,  to  gaze  koh- 
deriiiyly. 
wonderland  (wun'dfer-land),  n,     [<  u-oiidcr  + 
land.~i    A  land  of  wonders  or  marvels. 
Lo!  Bruce  in  wonderland  is  quite  at  home. 
Woleot  (P.  Pindar),  Complim.  Epistle  to  James  Bruce. 

wonderlyt  (wun'd6r-li),  a.  [<  ME.  irondcrlij,  < 
AS.  wnndorlic  (=  OS.  wundarllc  =  OHG.  wiiii- 
tarlich,MKG.Gr.wunderlich);  as  wonder  +  -///!.] 
Wonderful. 

In  his  bed  had  on  ey  and  no  mo, 
Moste  hieste  set,  wunderltj  to  se. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1241. 

wonderlyt  (wun'der-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  vonderhj, 
wondyrbj,  woiiderliche,  wiiuderlich,  wondcrlyehc; 
<  wonderly,  a.]     Wonderfully. 

Wonderly  delivere,  and  greet  of  strengthe. 

Cliaucer,  Gen.  I'rol  to  C.  T.,  1. 84. 

This  towne  of  Modona  is  fayre  and  wonderly  strong,  as 
ferre  as  we  myghte  perceyue. 

Sir  It.  Guyl/orde,  Pylgrjiuage,  p.  70. 

wonder-mazet  (wun'dtr-maz),  c  t.  To  strike 
with  wonder;  astonish;  amaze. 

Hee  taught  and  sought  Right's  mines  to  rcpaire. 
Sometimes  with  words  that  woiuier-mazed  men, 
Sometimes  with  deedes  that  Angels  did  admire. 

Daciegy  Wittes  Pilgrimage,  p.  iil.    (Dacies.) 

wonderment  (wun'der-raent),  )(.  [<  wonder 
+ -mcnt.'i     1.  Surprise;  astonishment. 

All  this  wonderment  doth  grow  from  a  little  oversight, 
In  deeming  that  the  subject  wherein  headship  is  to  reside 
■hould  be  evermore  some  one  person. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  viii.  4. 
"  I  know  nothing  o'  church.    I've  never  been  to  church. " 
**  No !  "  said  Dolly,  in  a  low  tone  of  wonderment. 

Oeorye  Eliot,  Silas  Marner,  x. 

2.  Something  wonderful ;  a  wonderful  appear- 
ance. 

Those  things  which  I  here  set  down  are  such  as  do  nat- 

orally  take  the  sense,  and  not  rc-spect  petty  wonderments. 

Bacon,  Ma»iues  and  Triumphs  (ed.  1S87). 

wonder-net  (wun'der-net),  n.  In  anat.,  a  term 
translating  the  Latin  rete  mirubile,  or  wonder- 
ful net.  a  network  of  minute  vessels.    See  rete. 

WOnder-of-the-WOrld(wun'der-ov-the-wt^rld'), 
H.  The  (;hinese  ginseng:  an  alleged  trausla- 
tioii.     Hee  ginneii;/. 

WOnderoust  (wim'd6r-us),  (I.  An  obsolete  form 
of  wondroug. 

wonderst,  udv.  [<  ME.  iconden;  <  wonder  + 
adv.  gen.  -s  as  in  needs,  etc.]  Wonderfully; 
wondrous. 

Me  mette  suche  a  swevcnyng 
That  liked  me  w<jnderii  wele. 

Rom.  of  the  Roue,  1.  27, 
[This  is  the  reading  of  the  original  edition  and  of  the 
maimscripts.  It  has  been  changed  int^>  wonderoiu  in 
some  modern  editions,  and  perhaps  correctly.] 

wonderslyt,  udc.  [<  wonders  +  -li/-.]  Won- 
derfully. 

Where  suche  a  solempne  yerely  myracle  is  wrought  so 
toonderdy  in  the  face  of  the  world. 

.Sir  r.  More,  Works,  p.  1,'!4. 

wonder-stone  (wun'der-ston),  H.  The  name 
given  to  a  bed  oeeuiTing  in  the  Ked  Marl  (Tri- 
assie)  near  Wells,  England,  which  is  described 
by  Buekland  and  Conybeare  as  being  "a  beau- 
tiful breccia,  consisting  of  yellow  transparent 
crystals  of  carbonate  of  lime  disseminated 
through  a  dark  red  earthy  dolomite." 

wonderstricken,  wonderstrack  (wnu'der- 
strik'n,  wun'der-struk),  it.  Struck  with  won- 
der, admiration,  or  surprise. 

Ascanius,  iconder-gtruek  to  see 
That  Image  of  his  filial  piety. 

Dryden,  ^Eneid,  ix.  391. 
Cast  his  strong  arms  about  his  drmtping  wife. 
And  kiss'd  his  wonder-gtrickrn  little  ones. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

wonder-wonder  (wun'der-wun'dcr),  H.     See 

lilt  fill  .■<iit . 
wonderwork  (wunMer-werk).  H.     [<  ME.  won- 

derworr,  <  AS.  wnndortceorc  (Stratmann)  (=  G. 

wunderwerk);  as  wonder  +  work,  h.]     A  won- 


6963 

derful  work  or  act ;  a  prodigy;  a  miracle;  thau- 
maturgy. 

Such  as  in  strange  land 
lie  found  in  wonder-works  of  God  and  Nature's  hand. 
Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  10. 

wonderworker  (wun'der-wer''ker),  n.  One  who 
perfonns  wonders  or  surprising  things ;  a  thau- 
maturgist.  /.  lyisraeU,  Curios,  of  Lit.,  II.  162. 
wonderworking  (wun'der-wer''king).  It.  Doing 
wonders  or  surprising  things.  G.  Herbert, 
Country  Parson,  xxxii. 
wonder-wounded  (wun'der-w6n'''ded),  a. 
Struck  with  wonder  or  surprise ;  wonder- 
stricken. 

What  is  he  whose  grief  .  .  . 
Conjures  the  wandering  stars,  and  makes  them  stand 
Like  wonder-wounded  hearers'^   Shak.,  Ilamlet,  v.  1.  '280. 

wondrous  (wun'drus),  a.  [Formerly  wouder- 
ons.  wonderoiise,  <  wonder  +  -ous;  prob.  sug- 
gested by  marvelous,  etc.,  but  in  part  a  substi- 
tute for  early  mod.  E.  wonders:  see  wonders.} 
I,  a.  Of  a  kind  or  degree  to  excite  wonder ; 
wonderful;  marvelous;  strange. 

That  I  may  publish  with  the  voice  of  thanksgiving,  and 
tell  of  aU  thy  wondrous  works.  Ps.  xxvi.  7. 

Wherefore  saze  this  goodly  company. 
As  if  they  saw  some  wondrous  monument  ? 

SAa*-.,  T.  of  theS.,  iii.  2.  97. 
And  yet  no  Angel  envy'd  Him  his  place 
Who  ever  look'd  upon  his  wonderous  face. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  ii.  214. 
Wondrous  truths,  and  manifold  as  wondrott^, 
God  hath  written  in  those  stars  above. 

Lony/eUow,  Flowers. 

wondrous  (wun'drus),  adv.  ['  wondrous,  «.] 
In  a  wonderful  or  surprising  degree;  remark- 
ably; exceedingly. 

I  found  you  wondrous  kind.  Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3.  311. 
I  sliiUl  grow  wondrous  melancholy  if  I  stay  long  here 
without  company. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  v.  1. 

wondrously  (wun'dms-li),  adv.    [<  wondrous  + 
-Ii/-.]     In  a  strange  or  wonderful  manner  or 
degree. 
My  lord  leans  wondrously  to  discontent. 

Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  ill.  4.  71. 
Cloe  complains,  and  wond'ronsly  'a  aggriev'd. 

Qlanville,  Cloe. 

wondrousness  (wun'drus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  wondrous. 

wonet,  ''.  and  n.     See  woii'^. 

WOngi  (wong),  n.  [<  ME.  wong,  icang,  <  AS. 
woiig,  wang,  a  plain:  see  ifaw^l.]  A  plain;  a 
field;  a  meadow.     [Old  and  prov.  Eng.] 

WOng'-t,  "•    An  obsolete  spelling  of  waiig^. 

Wonga-WOnga  (wong'ga-woug"gii),  n.  [Aus- 
tralian.] A  largo  Australian  pigeon,  Leueo- 
.wrt'K/  picalii,  having  white  flesh,   and  much 

esteemed    for  the    table Wonga-wonga  ■vine. 

See  Tecoina. 

Wongert,  «.     Same  as  waiigcr. 

Woningt,  It.  [<  ME.  wunuiigc,  wuning,  woning, 
ironinije,<.  AS.  ituiiung,  dwelling,  inner  room  of  a 
dwelling  (=  OHG.  wonuiiga,  G.  irolinung,  dwell- 
ing), verbal  n.  of  wunian,  dwell:  see  icohI.] 
Dwelling;  abode. 

His  woniny  was  ful  fair  upon  an  heeth, 

Ctiaucer,  Gen.  Prul,  to  C,  T,,  1,  60«, 

He  signes  unto  tliem  made 
Willi  him  to  wend  unto  his  wonniny  neare, 

.Spenser,  ¥.  (J.,  VI.  iv.  13. 

woning-placet,  «•  [ME. ;  <  wuning  +  i)lace.'] 
Dwellmg-plaeo ;  habitation. 

I  wol  and  charge  thee 
To  telle  anon  thy  wonyiiy  places. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  0110. 

Woning-S'teadt,  ".  [ME.  woimyug-steed ;  <  won- 
ing +  -stead.]     Dwelling-place. 

God  will  make  in  yowe  haly  than  his  wonnyivj-siecd. 

York  Plays,  p.  173. 

wonne^t,  i'.  and  ».     See  won^. 

wonne-'t,  wonnent.  Obsolete  forms  of  woifi, 
jireti'rit  and  past  participle  of  )fi«l. 

WOnne'H,  adv.  and  conj.  An  obsolete  foi'ni  of 
when. 

wonti  (wunt),  a.  (orig.  pp.).  [<  ME.  wont,  con- 
tracted form  of  woncd  {=  G.  gewohnt),  pp.  of 
wiinrn.  be  accustomed:  see  won^.]  Accus- 
tomed; in  the  habit;  habituated;  using  or  do- 
ing customarily. 

The  KyiiR  of  that  Contree  was  wont  to  ben  so  stronc  and 
so  niyghty  that  he  helde  Werre  azenst  Kyiig  Alisandre. 
MandenUe,  Travels,  p.  1U4. 

Our  love  was  new  and  then  but  in  the  spring. 
When  I  was  wont  to  greet  it  with  my  lays. 

.Shak.,  Sonnets,  cii. 

WOnt^t.     Obsolete  preterit  of  won'^. 
wont'    (wunt),    v.\    pret.    wont   (occasionally 
wonted),  pp.  wont,  wonted.      [<  wont'^,  a.,  oi-ig. 


woo 

pp.  of  i(.'0«l :  see  «'0«i.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  be 
accustomed  or  habituated ;  use ;  be  used. 

When  soon  the  goodly  Wyre,  that  wonted  was  so  high 

Her  stately  top  to  real',  .  .  . 

Of  Erisicthon  s  end  begins  her  to  bethink. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vii.  256. 
The  jessamine  that  round  the  straw  roof  d  cot 
Its  flagrant  branches  wreathed,  beneath  whose  shade 
I  wont  to  sit  and  watch  the  setting  sun 
And  hear  the  thrush's  song.  Soxithey. 

2.  To  dwell;  make  one's  home. 

The  king's  fisher  wonts  commonly  by  the  waterside  and 
nestles  in  hollow  banks.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

II.  trans.  To  accustom;  habituate. 

These,  that  in  youth  have  wonted  themselves  to  the  load 
of  less  sins,  want  not  increase  of  strength  according  to  the 
increase  of  their  burdens.    Rev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  354. 

wontl(wunt),  «.  [<  H-o« <l,  «.  and  f.  Ci.won^, 
wonv,  «.]     Custom;  habit;  practice;  way. 

"lis  not  his  wont  to  be  the  hindmost  man. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI,,  Iii.  1.  2. 
Rather  than  I  wou'd  break  my  old  Wont. 

Etherege,  She  Would  if  She  Could,  v.  1. 
The  heart  grows  hardened  with  perpetual  wont. 

Lowell,  Parting  of  the  Ways. 
Use  and  wont.    .Seewsd. 
wont'-'t,  ''•     An  obsolete  form  of  wanf^. 
Make 
For  hem,  yf  other  water  wonte,  a  lake. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p,  26, 

wonts,  H.     A  variant  of  want^. 

won't  (wunt  or  wont).     A  contraction  of  woll 

not — tliat  is,  will  not. 
wonted  (wun'ted),  J).  ((.    [<  woMfl  -I- -ed2.]    i_ 

Accustomed;  made  or  having  become  familiar 

by  using,  frequenting,  etc. 

The  stately  lord,  which  u-oonted  was  to  kepe 
A  court  at  home,  is  now  come  vp  to  courte. 

Gascoiyne,  Steele  Glas  (ed.  Arber),  p.  62. 

Hepzibali  had  fully  satisfied  herself  of  the  impossibility 
of  ever  becoming  wonted  to  this  peevishly  obstreperous 
little  Lshop.Jbell.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  v. 

2.  Customary  or  familiar  by  being  used,  done, 
frequented,  enjoined,  experienced,  or  the  like; 
usual. 

Slie  did  her  wonted  course  forslowe. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  VII.  vi.  16. 
To  pay  our  wonted  tribute.    Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  5.  462. 

To  this  the  courteous  Prince 
Accorded  with  his  wonted  courtesy. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

wontedness  (wun'ted-nes),   n.     The  state  of 
being  wonted  or  accustomed ;  customariness. 
Wontedness  of  opinion.  Eikon  Basiiike,  p.  163. 

wontless  (wunt'les),  (/.  [<  woiit^  +  -less.]  Un- 
accustomed; unused.     [Kare.] 

What  wontlessc  fui-y  dost  thou  now  inspire 
Into  my  feeble  breast,  too  full  of  tliee'^ 

Spenser,  In  Honour  of  Beautie,  1.  2. 
He,  remembering  the  past  day 
When  from  bis  name  the  atfrightetl  s<ins  of  France 
Fled  trembling,  all  astonished  at  then-  force 
And  wontless  valour,  rages  round  the  field 
Dreadful  in  anger,  Southey. 

woo'  (wo),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  wo,  wow, 
wowe;  <  ME.  uowen,  iro^eii,  <  AS.  wogian,  in 
comp.  divt'igiiin,  woo;  prob.  lit.  'bend,  incline,' 
hence  incline  another  toward  oneself,  <  woh 
(it'og-),  bent,  curved,  crooked;  cf.  Goth,  walis, 
bent,  in  comp.  un-wali.->;  not  crooked,  blame- 
less ;  cf .  Skt.  vaiich,  go  tortuously,  be  crooked ; 
cf.  L.  vaeillare,  vacillate,  varus,  crooked:  see 
vacilliile,rarieose,eU'.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  court; 
seek  the  favor,  affection,  or  love  of,  especially 
with  a  view  to  marriage ;  solicit  or  seek  in  mar- 
riage. 

He  woweth  hire  by  meeiies  and  brocage. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  189. 
She's  beautiful,  and  therefore  to  be  woo'd; 
She  is  a  woman,  therefore  to  be  won. 

Shak.,1  Hen.  VL,  v.  3.  78. 

2.  To  solicit;  sue;  ask  with  importunity;  seek 
to  influence  or  persuade;  invite;  endeavor  to 
prevail  upon  to  do  or  to  grant  something. 

Having  woo'd 
A  villain  to  attempt  It.     Shak.,  Pericles,  v.  1. 174. 
I  wooed  tier  for  to  dine. 
But  could  not  get  lier. 
Phillada  Jlouts  me  (.Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  310). 

Thee,  chauntress,  oft,  tlic  woods  among, 
I  woo,  to  hear  thy  even-i^ong. 

Milfoil,  II  Penseroso,  1,  04, 

3.  To  seek;  seek  to  obtain  or  bring  about;  act 
as  if  seeking  to  obtain  or  bring  aliout. 

Some  ill  their  actions  do  woo  and  affect  honour  ami 
reputation.         tlacon.  Honour  and  Kepiltation  (ed.  1887). 

Whose  gently-looking  beauties  i)nly  do 
Inanmur  Ruin  and  Destruclion  leoo. 

J.  Ikaumont,  Psyclie,  v.  6. 

II.  intraiib:  1.  'I'o  ci>urt;  make  love;  sue  in 
love. 


woo 

Go  nu  Berild  swithe, 
And  make  him  fiil  blithe, 
And  whan  thu  faret  to  woje, 
Tak  him  thine  gloue. 

KiiUj  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  7»-i. 
When  a  woman  woos,  wliat  woman's  son 
Will  sourly  leave  her  till  she  have  prevailed? 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xli. 
2.  To  ask;  seek;  solicit. 

I  pray  thee,  sing,  and  let  me  woo  no  more. 

Shak.,  iluch  Ado,  ii.  3.  50. 

WOO^  (w6),  H.     A  Scotch  form  of  woo!. 

WOO^t,  ".  and  a.     An  old  spelling  of  woe. 

WOOdi  (wud),  )).  [<  ME.  ivode,  wuiie,  wod  (pi. 
wodes,  wudes),  <  AS.  wiidu^  orig.  widu,  a  wood,  a 
tree,  wood,  timber,  =  MD.  MLG.  wede,  a  wood, 
wood.  =  OHG.  witUj  MHG.  wiie,  wood,  =  Icel. 
vitlir  =  Sw.  Dan.  ved,  a  tree,  wood;  akin  to  (ac- 
cording to  some,  derived  from)  the  Celtic  words 
Olr.  fid,  Ir.  Jiodhj  a  wood,  tree  {Jiodais,  shrub- 
beryj  underwood),  =  Gael,  fodh,  a  wilderness, 
wood,  timber  (Jiodhach,  shrubs),  =  W.  gwydd, 
trees  {gwyddeU,  bushes,  brakes).]  1.  A  large 
and  thick  collection  of  growing  trees ;  a  forest : 
often  in  the  plural,  with  the  same  force  as  the 
singular. 

From  Ebron  Men  gon  to  Bethelem  in  half  a  day;  for 
it  is  but  5  Myle;  and  it  is  fuUe  fayre  Weye,  be  Pleynes 
and  W'^des  fulle  deletable.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  69. 

Light  thickens,  and  the  crow 
Makes  wing  to  the  rooky  wood. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iii.  2.  51. 

There  is  a  pleasure  in  tlie  pathless  woods. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  178. 

2.  The  substance  of  trees;  the  hard  fibrous 
substance  which  composes  the  body  of  a  tree 
and  its  branches,  and  which  lies  between  the 
pith  and  the  bark,  in  dicotyledonousplantsthe  wood 
is  composed  externally  of  the  alburnum  or  sap-wood,  and 
internally  of  the  duramen  or  hard  wood.  In  monocotyle- 
donous  plants,  or  endogens,  the  hardest  part  of  the  wood 
is  nearest  the  circumference,  while  the  interior  is  com- 
posed of  cellular  tissue. 

3.  Timber;  the  trunks  or  main  stems  of  trees 
which  attain  such  dimensions  as  to  be  fit  for 
arciiiteotural  and  other  purposes.  In  this  sense 
the  word  implies  not  only  standing  trees  suitable  for 
buildings,  etc.,  but  also  such  trees  cut  into  beams,  rafters, 
boards,  planks,  etc.     See  timber'^. 

4.  Firewood;  cordwood. 

To-morrow  morning  bedding  and  a  gown  shall  be  sent 
in,  and  nnjod  and  coal. 

Dekker  and  Webater,  Northward  Ho,  iv.  4. 

5.  The  cask,  keg,  or  ban-el,  as  distinguished 
from  the  bottle :  as,  wine  drawn  from  the  wood. 

Ordinary  clarets  from  the  wood  As.  to  6*.  per  gallon; 
good  buttled  clai-ets  from  8«.  or  4«.  to  10«.  a  bottle. 

Ashton,  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,  I.  199. 

6.  The  grain  of  wood. 

Rightlie  smo[o]thed  and  wrought  as  it  should,  not  ouer- 
lt]whartlie,  and  against  the  wood. 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  35. 

7.  In  Iter.,  three  or  four  trees  grouped  together, 
usually  represented  as  rooted  in  a  mound,  which 
is  vert,  unless  otherwise  blazoned.  Also  called 
hurst. —  8.  In  printing,  a  wood-block,  or  wood- 
blocks collectively,  as  distinguished  from  a  me- 
tallic type  or  plate  of  any  kind:  as,  cuts  printed 
from  the  ^cood. — 9.  In  tnusic,  the  wooden  wind- 
instruments  of  an  orchestra  taken  collectively. 
See  iciitd'^y  ?;.,  5,  ivind-instrunient,  and  instru- 
ment, 3  (b).  Also  G'dWedwood  wind. — lOf.  Fig- 
uratively, a  crowd,  mass,  or  collection. 

And  though  my  buckler  bare  a  wood  of  darts. 
Yet  left  not  I,  but  with  audacious  face 
I  brauely  fought. 

T.  Hudson,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Judith,  v. 
Names  of  Tribulation,  Persecution, 
Restraint,  Long-patience,  and  such  like,  affected 
By  the  whole  family  or  wood  of  you. 

B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  iii.  2. 
Wood  is  used  to  signify  any  miscellaneous  collection,  or 
stock  of  materials,  hence  some  poets  intitle  their  miscel- 
laneous works  silvarum  libri ;  and  our  poet  [Ben  JonsonJ, 
conforming  to  this  practice,  calls  his  the  Forest. 

Uptfjii,  quoted  in  note  to  "Tlie  Alchemist." 
Agal  or  agila  wood.  See  ar/aliochum.—  Agatlzed  wood. 
See  a<j(fUzp  and  dlidfij.  -  Aloes  wood.  See  a'jallochnm.— 
Amboyna  wood.  ste/.7'('""'crf-»Y)rtfL— Artificial  wood, 
a  compo-iliuii  made  of  pajier,  p;ipcr-pulp,  glue,  sawdust, 
hemp,  albumen,  metallic  oxids,  drying-oils,  sulphur,  caout- 
chouc gutta-percha,  mineral  salts,  etc.  When  warm  or 
wet,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  particular  composi- 
tion, it  is  plastic,  but  in  cooling  or  drying  it  hardens  and 
acquires  properties  similur  to  tliose  of  wood.—  Brauna 
wood.  H;e  ^auna.— Brazil  wood,  braziletto  wood. 
See  in-azil,  brazdetto.  —  Cg^stOT  wood,  a  name  of  Magno- 
lia f/lauca.  -  Caviuna  wood,  a  i»alisander  wood  obtained 
in  Brazil  from  Dalberf/ia  ■m'gra  and  pcrliaps  some  other 
trees  —Champ  wood,  the  wood  of  the  cliamp  and  the 
chaiiiprik.— Cock  Of  the  woods,  flu-  ciip.Tcaillie  (which 
see,  uitii  cut).— Commissioners  of  Woods  and  For- 
ests, a  department  of  the  Ilritisb  (Jovernment,  called 
more  fully  the  lioard  of  fonniiissi'.ners  of  Woods,  For- 
e'ifs,  Land-revenues,  Works,  an<l  Buildings,  established  by 
2  and  li  Wm.  IV.,  c.  1,     By  U  and  15  Vict.,  c.  i'A  it  is  df- 


6964 

vlded  into  a  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Woods,  Forests, 
and  Land  revenues,  and  a  Board  of  Commissioners  of 
Works  and  Tublic  Buildings.  The  former  have  the  man- 
agement of  the  crown  woods  and  forests,  and  land-reve- 
nues; the  latter  have  themanagementof  the  public  works 
and  buildings,  to  which  has  been  added,  by  later  acts,  the 
care  of  the  royal  pai-ks,  etc.  Encyc.  i>ic(.— Coromandel 
wood.  Same  as  calamander-wood.— Cuba.  WOOd.  Same 
as /us^'c— Curana  wood,  the  wood  of  Jcica  altissima. 
See  Jcica.— Tea.8t  Of  wood-carrying,  one  of  the  annual 
festivals  of  the  ancient  Jews,  instituted  after  the  Babylon- 
ish captivity.  It  obtained  its  name  from  the  practice  of 
the  people's  bringing  wood  to  the  temple  on  the  day  of 
its  celel)ration  for  the  burning  of  the  sacrifices.— Fossil 
wood,  (a)  Wood  in  a  fossil  state  ~  that  is,  wood  in  a  state  of 
nature  that  has  undergone  various  preservative  processes 
and  has  become  fossil.  Popularly  the  term  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  silicifled  wood  —  that  is,  wood  in  which  the  sub- 
stance has  been  replaced,  atom  by  atom,  by  silica  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  retain  the  exact  form  and  appearance  of  the 
original  wood.  Wood  preserved  in  this  manner  is  exceed- 
ingly abundant  in  various  parts  of  the  western  United 
States,  especially  in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  Wyo- 
ming, where  it  is  not  rare  to  find  trunks  aO  feet  in  height, 
and  8  or  10  feet  in  diameter,  standing  upright  exactly  in 
the  positions  in  which  they  grew,  and  so  perfectly  pre- 
served that  every  cell,  with  all  its  delicate  markings,  can 
be  as  satisfactorily  examined  as  from  a  living  tree.  In 
central  Arizona  perfectly  silicifled  trunks  of  trees,  8  feet 
in  diameter  and  140  feet  long,  have  been  observed.  These 
latter  belong  to  the  genus  Araucarioxylon,  the  representa- 
tive in  a  fossil  state  of  the  genus  A  raacaria.  Fossil  wood 
may  also  be  due  to  the  molecules  being  displaced  by  lime 
or  iron,  or  by  various  combinations  of  minerals.  Lignite, 
which  represents  one  of  the  stages  in  the  formation  of 
coal,  is  very  frequently  fossil  wood  which  has  lost  more  or 
less  of  its  volatile  constituents,  but  still  retains  its  wood- 
like structure  and  appearance.  The  term  fvsgil  ivood  is 
therefore  properly  applied  to  any  wood  that  is  so  situated 
in  the  earth,  or  has  been  so  acted  upon  by  various  miner- 
als, as  to  be  permanently  preserved.  (6)  See  fossil  cork, 
under  fossil. — Hard  wood,  the  wood  of  various  trees, 
such  as  oak,  cherry,  maple,  ebony,  ironwood,  etc.,  so  called 
from  these  woods  being  relatively  very  hard,  firm,  and 
compact.  The  quality  results  from  the  cells  having  ex- 
ceedingly thick  walls  and  being  very  compactly  arranged, 
with  very  few  or  no  intercellular  spaces  or  ducts.  Trees  fur- 
nishing wood  of  this  character  are  usually  of  slow  growth, 
with  narrow  annual  rings  and  dense,  solid  heart-wood. 
Mahogany,  rosewood,  and  most  woods  susceptible  of  a  fine 
polish  belong  to  this  class.— Hypemic  WOOd.  See  hy- 
pernic.  — Incense  wood-  See  ince}ise-tree.—  Ja.caTaJl- 
da  wood.  See  palisander.— Jaxool,  Jarrah,  kamassl 
wood.  Heejarool,  etc.~Jasperized  wood.  Sameas«(7i- 
cified  wood.  — Kanyin  wood.  Same  as  iinrjuii  wood.  See 
gurjun.  -Karri  wood,  tlie  timber  of  Kucalypius  diversi- 
color^of  southwestern  Australia.  The  tree  is  said  to  attain 
exceptionally  the  height  of  400  feet.  The  timber  is  useful 
for  ship-plaTiking,  masts,  wheel-work,  railway-ties,  etc. — 
Kliow  wood.  See  O^ert.— Lemon  wood,  (a)  The  wood 
of  the  lemon-tree,  which  is  hard,  elastic,  and  fragrant. 
(b)  In  South  Africa,  an  evergreen  shrub,  or  a  tree  20  or  30 
feet  high,  Psychotria  Capensif  {Grumilm  cymosa),  having 
a  hard,  tough  wood,  variously  useful.— Lingoa  WOOd. 
Same  as  linyo'^.-hohlolly  WOOd.  See  loblolly  tree.— 
Metallization  of  wood.  See  rnetallization.— molded. 
wood.  See?HoW4._Molompi,mora,myallwood.  See 
molowpi,  etc.— Myrtle  wood,  the  wood  of  the  Tasmar 
nian  beech.  See  i^rtj/«5.— Nephritic  WOOd.  See  iieph- 
n7j.'c.— Nicaragua  wood,  a  dye-wood  exported  from 
Nicaragua,  similar  to  brazil  wood,  and  derived  from  the 
same  or  another  species  of  desalpinia;  peach-wood. — 
Padoilk  wood,  the  Andaman  redwood.     See  redicood,  2. 

—  Pernambuco  wood,  true  brazil  wood.-Perpignan 
wood,  the  wood  of  the  European  nettle-tree,  Celtis  mis- 
trails.  See  nettle-tree,  1.—  Petrified  wood.  Same  as  sili- 
cified  wood. —  Picrsena  wood,  the  wood  of  Picrxna  ex- 
celsa.  See  quassia,  2.— Quassia,  quebracho,  saj  wood. 
See  quassia,  etc.  —  Samaria  wood.    Same  as  ciirana  wood. 

—  Sand  wood,  a  leguminous  shrub  of  the  Isle  of  Re- 
union, doubtfully  classed  as  Bremodiera  Am nioxylon.^ 
Santa  Martha  wood.  Same  as  ?>eftc/i-«oorf.— Secon- 
dary, speckled,  sterile  wood.  See  the  adjectives.— 
Silicifled  wood.  See  fossil  wood,  above,  and  silicify. — 
Soft  wood,  a  wood,  such  as  basswood,  poplar,  tulip, 
cedar,  and  white  pine,  which  is  relatively  soft  and  easily 
worked.  This  character  is  due  to  the  large  and  thin- 
walled  cells,  including  usually  numerous  ducts.  Soft- 
wooded  trees  are  generally  of  rapid  growth,  making  thick 
annual  layers.— Tonka-bean  wood.  Same  as  scent-wood. 
— Trincomali  wood.  See  hrtlmalillp.-TuTSinirsL  wood, 
the  wood  of  the  bastard  bully-tree,  Bvmelia  retusa,  of  the 
West  Indies. — Wood-bending  machine,  a  machine  or 
an  apparatus  for  bending  wood  into  shape.  Different  ma- 
chines are  used,  according  to  the  purpose  for  which  the 
wood  is  to  be  used,  as  for  ship-timbers,  furniture,  sleigh- 
runners,  hoops,  and  staves.  — Wood  moot  or  mote. 
See  moo(i.  — Wood  reed-grass.  See  refd-grass.—  Wood 
stop,  in  organ-buildinff .  a  stop  the  pipes  of  which  are 
made  of  wood,  as  the  flute,  the  stopped  diapason,  etc.— 
Wood  tea.  See  ^eai.— Wood  wind.  See  def.  9.  above. 
(For  a  multitude  of  other  woods,  see  specific  epithets.) 
=  Syn.  1.  Woods,  Park,  etc.     ^ec  forest. 

WOOd^  (wild),  r.  [<u-ood^,n.']  I.  trans.  To  sup- 
ply or  replenish  with  wood;  jjet  supplies  of 
wood  for:  as,  to  n:ood  a  steamboat  or  a  loco- 
motive.    [Colloq.] 

Many  passengers  would  save  a  little  by  helping  to  "xvood 
the  boat":  i.  e..  by  carrying  wood  down  the  bank  and 
throwhip  it  on  the  boat,  a  special  ticket  being  issued  on 
that  condition.  The  Century,  XLI.  106. 

II.  in  trans.  To  take  in  or  get  supplies  of 
wood. 

In  this  little  [island]  of  Mevis,  more  than  twenty  yeares 
ngoe,  I  have  remained  a  good  time  together,  to  wod  and 
water  and  refresh  my  men. 

(Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  277. 

Thertrfore,  as  soon  as  we  came  to  an  Anchor  at  the  Kast 
end  of  the  Island,  we  sent  our  Boat  ashore  to  the  Cover- 


woodbine 

nour,  to  desire  leare  to  wood,  water,  and  cut  a  new  >!lzen- 
yard.  Dampier,  Voyages,  IL  L  174. 

WOOd^t  (wod),  a.  [Sc.  tcod,  wud ;  <  ME.  wood, 
iroodey  wod,  wode,  <  AS.  wod,  mad,  raging,  furi- 
ous, =  Icel.  odhr,  raging,  frantic,  =  Gotb.  wOds, 
mad;  cf.  MD.  woed^  woede,  D.  woede,  OHG.  icuot, 
MHG.  G.  wnt,  wuth,  madness;  AS.  wod,  voice, 
song,=  Icel.  odhr,  song, poetry,  mind, wit;  prob. 
allied  to  L.  rates,  a  prophet,  bard  (one  filled 
with  "a  fine  frenzy"):  ^^g  vatic.  See  Woden, 
Wednesday. '\  Mad;  frantic;  furions;  angry; 
enraged;  raging.  [Obsolete  or  prov.  Eng.  or 
Scotch.] 

Ffuerse  Ector  was  fayn  of  his  fyn  helpe, 
And  as  loode  as  a  wild  bore  wan  on  his  horse. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  6523. 
Now  a  Monday  next,  at  quarter  nyght, 
3hal  falle  a  reyn,  and  that  so  wilde  and  wood 
That  half  so  gieet  was  nevere  Noees  flood. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  331. 

Howard  was  as  wode  as  a  wilde  bullok ;  God  sende  hym 
seche  wurshipp  as  he  deservith.        Paston  Letters,  1.  341. 

Quyriache  tlscariot]  8ayd,Thou  wood  hounde  [mad  dog, 
margin]  thou  hist  doon  to  me  grete  prouffyte  [profit]. 
Ashtmi's  Legendary  Hist,  of  the  Cross  (reprinted  from  orig. 
{ed.  of  Nov.  20,  1483),  London,  1887,  p.  xxxvi. 

Franticke  companion,  lunatlcke  and  tcood. 

Greene,  Orlando  Furioso,  1.  984. 

For  WOOdt,  like  anything  mad ;  "like  mad." 

Yit  lat  us  to  the  peple  seme  .  .  . 
That  wimmen  loves  us /or  wood. 

Chaucer,  House  of  Fame,  L  1747. 

WOOd^t  (wod),  V.  i.  [<  ME.  wooden,  wodien ; 
fromtheadj.  Ci.xceed^.^  1.  To  act  like  a  mad- 
man; rave. 

He  stareth  and  woodeth  in  his  advertence. 

Chaucer,  Second  Nun's  Tale,  1.  467. 

2.  To  be  fierce  or  furious  ;  rage. 

Thogh  they  ne  anoye  nat  the  body,  yit  vices  teooden  to 
destroyen  men  by  wounde  of  thowht. 

Chattcer,  Boethius,  iv.  meter  3. 

WOOd^t,  n.  An  old  spelling  of  woad.  Prompt. 
Parr. 

WOOd-acid  (wud'as'''id),  ?i.  Same  as  wood-vine- 
gar.    See  vinegar. 

Take  20  pounds  terra  japonica,  5  jmunds  of  wood-add, 
...  to  about  10  barrels  of  water,  or  enough  of  the  latter 
to  cover  the  hides.  C.  T.  Davis,  Leather,  p.  607. 

wood-agate  (wud'ag'^at),  n.  An  agate  which 
shows  more  or  less  perfectly  the  structure  of 
the  wood  from  which  it  has  been  derived  by  a 
process  of  silicification. 

wood-alcohol  (wud'al*k5-hol),  n.    See  alcohol, 

wood-almond  (wud'a''''mond),  n.  A  shrub,  Hip- 
pocratea  comosa.     See  Hippocratea. 

wood-anemone  (wud'a-nem''o-ne),  H.  The 
wind-flower,  Anemone  nemorosa, 

wood-ant  (wiid'ant),  n.  1.  A  large  ant,  as  For- 
mica rufa,  Avhich  lives  in  the  woods, —  2.  A 
white  ant,  or  termite,  as  Termes  Jlaripcs,  which 
lives  in  the  w^ood  of  old  buildings.  See  cut 
under  Termes.     [U.  S.] 

wood-apple  (wud'ap"!),  n.     See  Feronia^  1. 

wood-asnes  (wud'ash'''^ez),  n.  pi.  The  remains 
of  burned  wood  or  plants. 

wood-awl  (wud'al),  n.  The  green  woodpecker, 
or  awl-bird,  (iecinns  riridis:  same  as  woodwale. 
See  cut  uuder  popiiijai/.     [Cornwall,  Eng.] 

wood-baboon (wud'ba-bon''0,  »•  The  drill ;  the 
cinereous  or  yellow  baboon  of  Guinea,  Cynoce- 
phalus  leucophieus.     See  drillK 

wood-barley  (wiid'bar'li),  n.     See  Bordeum. 

wood-beetle  (wud'be'''tl),  n.     See  Paussidse, 

WOOd-betony  (wud'bet"o-ni),  n.  See  hetony. 
Also  called  hcad-betony  and  iousewort. 

wood-bill  (wiid'bil),  n.  In  her.,  a  bearing  rep- 
resenting a  woodmen's  bill  for  lopping  fagots, 
etc. 

woodbine,  woodbind  (wud 'bin,  -bind),  n.  [Ear- 
ly mod.  E.  wodbynde;  <  ME.  woodbynde,  woode- 
bynde,  icodebinde,  wodebynde,  wudehind€,i  AS. 
wudifbind,  wudebinde,  earlier  tiuidnbindc,  iinidii- 
bindac.  nuidubindlae;  so  called  because  it  binds 
or  winds  round  trees,  <  wudu,  widu,  tree,  wood, 
+  bindan,  bind :  see  wood^  and  bind.l  The  com- 
mon European  honeysuckle,  Lonicera  Pciicly- 
meninn,  whence  the  name  is  more  or  less  ex- 
tended to  other  honeysuckles.  L.  grata,  a  species 
very  similar  to  L.  Periclymenum,  is  designated  Ameri- 
can woodbine.  The  name  is  also  given  to  the  Virginia 
creeper,  Ampelopsis  qxtinquefoUa. 

Alioute  a  tre  with  many  a  twiste 
Bytrent  and  writhen  is  the  soote  woodbi/ude 

Chaucer,  Troiius,  iii.  1231. 

So  doth  the  woodbitie  the  sweet  honeysuckle 
Gently  entwist.  Shak.,  il.  N.  D.,  iv.  1.  47. 

Spanish  woodbine,  the  seven-year  vine,  or  Spanish  nr- 
bor-vlne.  Ipomsea  tuoerosa.  See  uin«.  — Wild  woodbine. 
See  lofldi. 


wood-bird 


wood-bird  (wud'berd), 
in  the  woods. 


A  bird  that  lives 


Begin  theae  wood-birds  but  to  couple  now  ? 

Shak.,  M.  .v.  D.,  iv.  1.  146. 

wood-block  (wud'blok),  H.  1.  In  cngr<iviii(j,ii 
die  cut  in  relief  on  wood,  and  in  condition  for 
furnishing  impressions  in  ink  in  a  printing- 
press;  a  woodcut.  See  wnod-cn graving.  The 
wood  commonly  used  fnr  wooii-blocks  is  box,  the  blocks 
being  cut  directly  across  the  grain.  Infei-ior  kinds  of  wood, 
such  as  American  rock-maple,  pear,  plane,  etc.,  are  used 
for  coarser  work. 

2.  A  print  or  impression  from  such  an  engraved 
block;  a  woodeut.  Also  used  attril)utively  in 
both  senses:  as,  ifood-blncl:  illustrations. 

wood-boiler  (wud'boi'ler).  It.  A  vessel  adapted 
for  boiling  wood  in  order  to  soften  it  and  thus 
facilitate  working. 

wood-borer  (wud'b6r"er),  II.  That  which  bores 
wood,  as  an  insect,  a  crustacean,  or  a  moUusk. 
Compare  Cis,  ship-worm,  Superda.  and  teredo. 
and  other  citations  under  wond-boriiig. 

wood-boring  (wM'bor'ing),  a.  Capable  of  or 
characterized  by  boring  wood;  having  the  hab- 
its of  a  wood-borer:  as, the  ifoorf-6«rJ«(/ shrimps; 
wood-boriiuj  beetles.  See  gribble'^,  Limnoriii, 
Clieluridee,  LymexyJnn,  ship-worm,  and  teredo. 

wood-bom  (wud'bom),  a.  Born  in  the  woods. 
[Kare.] 

The  woodb&nie  people  fall  before  her  ilat. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  vi.  16. 

wood-bound  (wild 'bound),  11.  Encumbered  with 

tall  woo(lv-  hedgerows.     Jiiip.  Diet. 
wood-brick  (wiid'brik),  n.    A  block  of  wood,  of 

the  shape  and  size  of  a  brick,  inserted  in  the 

interior  walls  of  a  building  to  afford  a  hold  for 

the  joinery,  etc. 
Woodbridge  giin.    See  gun^. 

WOOd-broney  (wnd'bro  ni),  H.  The  common 
ash,  I-'rtuiiiiis  execltior.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wood-broom  (wiid'brom),  ti.  The  wild  teazel, 
Vipsaeiis  sylvestri.s. 

wood-bug  (wiid'bug),  H.     A  forest-bug. 

Woodburjrtvpe  (wuil'ber-i-tip),  )(.  [Xamed 
after  Sir  Walter  KV)orf6«ry,  the  inventor.]  1. 
A  photomechanical  process  in  which  a  ma- 
trix is  produced  from  a  negative  on  a  plate  of 
bichromated  gelatin,  hai-deneil  in  alum,  and 
transferred  under  very  heavy  presstire  to  a  sur- 
face of  metal.  The  rusuUinp  plate  of  metal  affords 
very  beautiful  prints  in  the  lithographic  press.  The 
printing  is  done  in  a  pigment  compounded  with  gelatin, 
tile  impression  being  hardened  and  fi-xed  by  inuuersion  in 
a  solution  of  alum.  Compjire  hetwtj/pij. 
2.  A  picture  produced  by  this  process. 

wood-calamint(wiid'kar'a-mint),  n.   See  Cahi- 

lllillfhil. 

wood-carpet  (wud'kar'pet).  II.  1.  A  floor- 
covering  made  of  slats  or  more  ornamental 
shapes  of  wood  of  dilTerent  colors,  fastened  to  a 
cloth  backing.  The  dllfercnt  pieces  of  wood  are  ar- 
range<l  so  as  to  produce  the  elfects  of  tessellated  tI(K)rs, 
mosaic-work,  etc.  Also  called  in  the  Tnited  States  wfntd- 
carpetint/, 

2.  A  British  georaetrid  moth,  Mclaiiippe  rirritii, 
common  in  the  south  of  England. 

wood-carver  (wud'kiir'ver),  n.  One  who  carves 
wood. 

The  peasants  are  turners,  lapidaries,   electro-platers, 
wood-carvers,  and  spectacle-makL-rs. 

Edinburgh  P.ev.,  CLXVI.  310. 

wood-carving  (wiid'kiir  ving),  II.  1.  The  art 
or  process  of  carving  wood. —  2.  A  piece  of 
sculpture  in  wood. 

wood-cell  (wtid'sel),  II.  A  cell  normally  enter- 
ing into  the  composition  of  the  wood  of  plants. 
Wood -cells  are  one  of  the  regular  modirtrations  of  prosen- 
chyiua,  consistiir,'  of  cell-structures  greatly  elongated  in 
proportion  t»t  thtiir  In-eadth,  with  very  thick  walls  and 
nsually  pointed  extremities.  When  thoroughly  lignifled, 
wood-cells  take  little  active  part  it?  the  metabolism  of  the 
plant,  their  function  beiTig  mainly  to  give  strength  and 
power  of  resistance  to  it.  Also  calleil  woixty  fiber.  See 
prosen^hyrrut,  timue,  4,  and  cut  under  disk,  4  (/'). 

wood-charcoal  (wud'chiirkol),  ».  See  ehar- 
ciial,  1. 

WOOdchatfwud'clmt),  «.  The  red-backed  shrike 
or  butcher-bird  of  Africa  and  Europe,  Lriiiiiis 
rufus.  Also  called  L.  iiiirinilntns  and  by  other 
names.  It  is  occasionally  seen  in  Great  Britain  in  sum- 
mer. The  name  is  misleading,  as  the  bird  is  not  a  chat  in 
any  proper  sense. 

woodchat-shrike  (witd'chat-sinik),  >i.     The 

woodcliat. 

wood-chopper (wud'chop'er).  II.  Oncwhochops 
wood;  specifically,  one  who  cuts  down  trees,  as 
a  lumlierman. 

WOOdchUCk^  fwiid'chuk),  ii.  [Also  irfiodKhoci; 
applied  to  a  different  quadruped;  a  corruption, 
simulating  E.  n-midl,  of  irrjiirk,  wcejael;  repr.  an 
Araer.  Ind.  name,  of  which  the  Cree  form  is  ren- 
dered otchock  by  Sir  .Tohii  K'icliardson.]     Tlie 


6965 

commonest  North  American  species  of  marmot, 
Aretoiiiys  monax,  a  large  rodent  quadruped  of 
the  family  Seliiriilie.  It  is  from  l.l  to  18  inches  long, 
of  very  stout,  heavy  form,  with  brownish  and  grayish  tints 
above,  and  reddish-brown  1)l'1ow.  It  feeds  on  vegetables 
of  many  kinds,  Ijurrows  in  the  ground,  and  hibernates  in 
winter.  Also  called  fjround-hog  and  chuck.  See  cut  under 
.4rc((Mni/s.— WOOdChuCk  day,  in  popular  myth  and  rural 
tradition,  the  day  on  which  the  woodchuck  rtrst  conies  out 
of  its  hole  after  its  hibernation,  tliis  action  being  regarded 
as  affording  a  weather-prophecy.  The  saying  goes  that  if 
the  woodchuck  sees  its  shadow  on  that  day,  it  retires  to 
its  burrow  for  six  weeks  longer,  which  implies  that  warm, 
sunshiny  weather  very  early  in  the  spring,  or  in  Febrmiry, 
arousing  the  woodchuck  from  its  torpidity,  is  likely  to  be 
followed  by  a  cold  or  late  season.    Also  (fround-hog  day. 

woodchuck-  (wud'ehuk),  n.  [Prob.  <  wooift  + 
eh  iiek^,  var.  of  ehrickS.']  The  green  woodpecker, 
Gceinus  viridis.  See  cut  under  jioj^ayVi^.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

WOOd-chuck  (wud'ehuk),  H.  In  a  lathe,  a  chuck 
adapted  for  holding  a  piece  of  wood  to  be  oper- 
ated on. 

The  stoppers  are  fixed  in  a  hollow  wood-chitck  by  slight 
blows  of  a  mallet.      O'Bryne,  Artisan's  Handbook,  p.  195. 

WOodcoal  (wud'kol),  H.     Charcoal. 

woodcock  (wtid'kok),  H.  [<  ME.  wodekoc,  wode- 
kok,  icoddccoke,  <  AS.  iciidticoc,  a  woodcock;  as 
icoodl  -t-  corf-l.]  1.  One  of  two  distinct  birds 
of  the  family  Heolopacidse,  closely  related  to  the 
true  snipe  (dalliiiago).  (a)  In  Europe,  Scolopax 
rusticula  (wrongly  spelled  rusiicula),  a  verj-  common  bird 
of  the  northerly  parts  of  the  Old  World,  one  of  the  largest 
and  best-known  representatives  of  its  family,  highly  es- 


European  Wondcock  ^Stolt^pitx  riistuiiln). 

teemed  as  a  game-bird,  its  flesh  being  delicious,  while  the 
thick  cover  it  inhabits  and  the  rapidity  of  its  flight  test 
the  nerve  and  skill  of  the  sportsman.  It  is  migratory, 
breeding  chiefly  in  tlie  higher  latitudes,  nesting  upon  the 
ground  in  a  dry  spot  under  cover,  and  laying  four  eggs. 
This  woodcock  is  over  12  inches  in  length,  and  weighs  from 
10  to  I.')  ounces  ■,  the  plumage  is  intimately  variegated  with 
brown,  lilack,  russet,  and  tawny.  It  is  seldom  seen  in 
America,  and  only  as  a  straggler  from  l-^urope.  (6)  In 
the  I'nited  States  and  Canada,  Phitohela  minnr,  a  bird 
of  the  same  general  cliaracteristics  as  the  former,  but 
smaller,  usually  nndeV  12  inches  in  lengtli,  and  weighing 
9  ounces  or  less;  the  under  parts  are  whole-colored,  and 
there  is  a  generic  diflerence  from  Scidopax  rusticula  in  the 


American  Wcrfidcock  ^riiiloiifhi  minor\. 

structure  of  the  outer  primaries,  tliree  of  which  are  at- 
tenuated and  abbreviated  in  Philiihela.  The  sexes  are 
alike  in  color,  but  the  female  is  considerably  larger  than 
the  male,  and  alone  reaches  the  maxinnnn  size  and  weight 
above  given  ;  the  male  is  usually  10  to  IJ  inches  long,  and 
16  to  17  in  spread,  weighing  r-,,  6,  or  7  ounces  according  to 
condition.  The  bill  is  pei-fectly  straight,  2^  to  ;i  inclles 
long,  and  deejiiy  furrowed;  it  is  a  very  sensitive  probe, 
with  wliich  the  bird  feels  for  woi-ins  in  the  muii  by  thrust- 
ing it  in  for  its  full  length.  The  physiognomy  of  the 
woodcock  is  peculiar,  by  reason  of  the  shape  of  the  head, 
and  the  great  size  of  the  <lark  eyes,  as  well  as  their  site 
high  up  and  far  hack.  The  wings  are  short  and  rounded, 
but  ample;  the  tail  is  vei-;  shfirt,  roinided,  and  usually 
lield  up  :  tlie  legs  arc  feathered  t^i  the  heel,  iiakeil  beyond  ; 
the  toes  are  cleft  (juite  to  the  base  ;  there  Is  a  small  hind 
toe,  and  tlie  middle  toe  with  its  claw  is  rather  hniger  than 
tile  tarsus.  The  woodcock  is  to  some  extent  a  Tiocturnal 
bird.  It  abon?i(ls  in  most  of  its  range,  and  is  one  of  the 
leading  game-birds  of  America;  it  is  found  in  bogs  and 
swamps,  wet  woodlan4ls,  alder-brakes  (sometimes  called 
woiidcork-brakes  in  consequence),  and  not  seldom  in  quite 
dry  flckls,  as  corn-fleids;  it  is  migratory,  but  erratic  and 
capricious  in  its  movements,  and  nests  througlnmt  its 


woodcut 

range.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  ground,  generally  in 
April  (eailler  oi-  later  according  to  latitude) ;  they  are  less 
pointed  than  usual  among  waders,  1.}  by  1,',  inches  in  size, 
of  a  l>rownish-gray  color,  witli  very  numerous  and  small 
chocolate-brown  surface-spots  and  neutral-tint  shell-spots ; 
the  full  number  is  four.  The  woodcock  has  a  peculiar 
bleating  cry.  and  sometimes  exhibits  the  curious  habit  of 
removing  the  young  from  danger  by  flying  otf  with  the 
chick,  whicli  is  lield  in  tlie  parent's  feet.  Also  called  snipe, 
with  or  without  qualifying  words  (see  snipe^,\  (c)),  Ameri- 
can woodcock,  little  woodcock,  lesser  woodcock,  red  woodcock, 
wood-hen,  bog-sucker,  boybird,  timberdoodle,  Iiookumpake, 
night-peck,  night-partrid'je,  sfirups,  cock  (stiort  for  wood- 
cock), and  Labrador  twister. 

2.  The  largo  black  pileated  woodpecker,  or  log- 
cock,  Hylotomus  (or  Ceophlccus)  pihatiis.  See 
cut  under  ji«7«(teff.     [Local,  U.S.] 

Woodcock  ...  is  applied  by  backwoodsmen  and  other 
country  folk  to  the  pileated  woodpecker,  .  .  .  wherever 
that  big  red-crested  bird  of  the  tall  timber  is  foumi. 

O-  Trumbull,  Bird  Names  (18S8),  p.  161. 

3.  In  coiieh.,  a  woodcock-shell:  more  fully 
called  thorny  Koodcoek.  Also  called  Vemis's- 
eoiitb. — 4.  A  simpleton:  in  allusion  to  the  fa- 
cility with  which  the  European  woodcock  al- 
lows itself  to  bo  taken  in  springes  or  in  nets  set 
for  it  in  the  glades. 

tJo,  like  a  woodcock. 
And  thrust  your  neck  i'  the  noose. 

Btau.  and  Ft.,  Loyal  Subject,  iv.  5. 
Among  us  in  England  this  l)ird  is  infamous  for  its  sim- 
plicity or  folly,  so  that  a  woodcock  is  proverbially  used  for 
a  foolisli,  simple  person.  Willoughby. 

Little  woodcock.  («)  The  gieat  or  double  snipe,  or  wood- 
cock-snipe, Gaflinago  major.  [British.)  (6)  The  Ameri- 
can woodcock,  Pldlohela  minor:  a  book-name.  [U.  S.]  — 
Springes  to  catch  woodcocks,  arts  to  entrap  simplicity. 
S/ia*THanilet,  i.  3. 116.— Woodcock's  crosst,  penitence 
for  folly. 

Not  controversies  now  arc  in  disputes 
At  Westminster,  where  such  a  coyle  they  keepe; 
Where  man  doth  man  within  the  law  betosse. 
Till  some  go  croslesse  home  by  Woodcocks  cros^e. 

John  Taylor,  Works  (1630).  (Xares.) 
Woodcock's  head.  («)  A  tobacco-pipe:  so  called  from 
the  sliapc. 

Sac.  0  peace,  I  pray  you,  I  love  not  the  breath  of  a 
I'-oodcock's  head. 
Fastid.  Meaning  my  head,  lady? 

Sav.  Not  altogether  so,  sir  ;  but  as  it  were  fatal  to  their 
follies  tliat  think  to  grace  themselves  with  taking  tobacco, 
when  they  want  better  entertainment,  you  see  your  pipe 
bears  the  true  ft>rm  of  a  wood-cock' s  head. 

B.  .tonson.  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ill.  ;i 
(6)  A  woodeock-shell,  an  Murex  haustettuoi. 
woodcock-eye  (wiid'kok-i),   u.     A  snap-hook. 

E.  U.  Knight.     [Eng.] 
woodcock-fish    (winrkok-hsh),    II.     The    sea- 
woodcock  or  trumpet-fish,   Cenlriscus  (or  ildc- 
rorh(iniplioxiis)  scolopax:  so  called  from  the  long 
beak,  like  that  of  the  snipe  or  woodcock.     See 
cut  under  snipe-tish. 
woodcock-owl  (wiid'kok-oul),  II.      The  short- 
eareil  owl,  Asio  iieeipitriniis,  Otns  braehyotns, 
or  llrochyotii.i  palii.ttris:  so  called  from  its  asso- 
ciation with  the  European  woodcock.     [Local, 
Eng.  and  Ireland.] 
woodcock-pilot  (wVul'kok-pilot),  It.     The  Eu- 
ropean gold-crested  kinglet,  Jlcgnliis  eri.'ifatns : 
so  called  as  preceding  the  woodcock  in  migra- 
tion.    See  cut  under  goldcrest.     [Ijoeal,  Eng.] 
woodcock-shell  (wiid'kok-shel).  II.   One  of  sev- 
eral muricine  shells  which  have  a  long  spout 
or  beak,  as  Manx  trilinlns  or  M.  tcntiispiiia ;  a 
woodcock,  woodcock's  head,  or  Vcnus's-comb. 
See  cut  under  J/»rfj'. 
woodcock-snipe  (wud'kok-snip),  n.     Same  as 
little  iroodeoek  (it)  (which  see,  under  iroodcoek). 
wood-copper  (wiid'kop't^r),  n.     See  olircnite. 
wood-corn  (wud'korn),  ti.     A  certain  quantity 
of  grain  paid  by  the  tenants  of  some  manors  in 
Great  Britain  to  the  lord  of  the  manor  for  the 
liberty  to  pick  up  dead  or  broken  wood. 
woodcracker  (wiid'krak''er),  II.     The  common 
Euro])ean  nutcracker  or  nuthatch,  ,Sitt(i  ear.fio 
or  S.  europreii.     See  cutuuder.S'/7/((.     I'lol,  Nat. 
Hist.  Oxford,  ]>.  17;").    (  Yarrcll.)    [Local,  Eng.] 
woodcraft   (wtid'kraft)  n.     [<  ME.    irndecriij'! ; 
<  iniod^  +  cm/yi.]     Skill  in  anything  which 
pertains  to  tlie  woods  or  forest;  skill  in  the 
chase,  especially  in  hunting  deer,  etc. 

what  were  ivoodcra.ft  without  fatigue  anil  without  dan- 
ger'.' Scott,  tiuentin  Durwanl,  x. 

wood-crash  (wiid'krash),  n.  A  iiiacliin(>,  made 
on  the  ])riiicii)le  of  a  siiring-rattle,  used  in  the- 
aters to  imitate  the  souikI  of  breaking  timbers. 

wood-cricket  (vvi'id'krik"et),  H.  A  kind  of 
cricket  that  lives  ii)  the  woods :  specifically,  Xi- 
inobiiis  sylrcstris,  of  Europ(\ 

wood-culver  (\vud'kul"ver),  ii.  The  wood- 
pigeon  or  ring-dove.  I'olniiiba  pahiinhiis.  Also 
icood-epicsl.     I  Prov.  Eng.] 

woodcut  (wild'kut),  «.  An  engraving  on  wood, 
or  a  print  from  such  an  engraving.  See  Hood- 
ciigriiriiig — Woodcut-paper,  a  «oft  paper  of  very  flue 


woodcut 

fiber  and  smooth  face,  half-sized  or  wholly  unsized,  readily 
receptive  of  ink  or  impression.  Sometimes  called  plate- 
paper. 

wood-cutter  (wud'kuf'er),  H.  1.  A  person 
who  cuts  wood. — 2.  A  maker  of  woodeuts ;  au 
eDgraver  ou  wood.     See  wood-oigrarinij. 

wood-cutting  (wud'kut'ing),  H.  1.  The  actor 
employmeut  of  cutting  wood  by  means  of  saws 
or  by  the  application  of  knife-edge  machinery. 
—  2.   Wood-engraving. 

wood-dove  (wiid'duv),  n.  [<  MK.  wodedmr, 
icodfdowve,  wodcdoure ;  iwood^  +  dore'^.}  The 
Btoek-dove,  Coliimba  cenas;  also,  the  common 
wood-pigeon,  C.  palitmbiis. 

The  wode-dowve  upon  the  spray 
She  saujr  ful  loude  and  clere. 

Chaucer,  Sir  Thopas,  1.  59. 

wood-drink  (wud'dringk).  n.  A  decoction  or 
infusion  of  medicinal  woods,  as  of  sassafras. 

wood-duck  (wud'duk),  n.  1.  The  summer  duck, 
Aixsponsa  :  more  fully  called  crested  wood-duck, 


Wood-engraver  i,Xy!eboriis  ceeta- 
tus),  eight  times  natural  size. 


Wood -duck,  or  Summer  Duck  i_Aix  s/>ciisii),  male. 

and  also  bridal  di(ci,  aconi-diirl;  (rrc-ducl;  icood- 
Kidgeon,  and  uidgcon. —  2.  The  hooded  mer- 
ganser, Lophodijtes  cucuUatus.  Also  trcc-duch: 
See  cut  under  merfianser.     [Western  U.  S.] 

wood-eater  (wud'e"ter),  n.  That  which  eats 
wood;  a  wood-borer;  a  wood-fretter;  speeifi- 
eally,  the  gribble,  LimnorUi  lif/nonim.  It  is  very 
injurious  to  submerged  timber,  and  occasionally  useful  in 
hastening  the  decay  and  consequent  removal  of  snags  and 
wrecks. 

wooded  (wud'ed),  a.  [<  waod'^  +  -cf/2.]  1. 
Supplied  or  covered  witli  wood ;  abounding  in 
wood:  as,  land  well  wooded  and  watered. 

The  brook  escaped  from  the  eye  into  a  deep  and  wooded 
dell.  Scott. 

Z\.  Hence,  figuratively,  thickly  or  densely  cov- 
ered; crowded. 

The  hills  are  wooded  with  their  partisans. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Bunduca,  i.  2. 

wood-embossing(wud'em-bos"iug), n.  Ameth- 
od  of  ornamenting  fiat  surfaces  of  wood  in  im- 
itation of  wood-carving.  The  wood,  softened  by 
steam,  is  passed  between  engraved  rolls  in  a  wood-carv- 
ing machine,  and  impressed  with  patterns  in  low  relief. 
Another  process  burns  the  design  into  the  wood,  by  means 
of  heated  dies. 

wooden  (wiid'n),  a.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  %eod- 
den;  (.urjod^  + -cii^.']  1.  Made  of  wood;  con- 
sisting of  wood. 

Bardolph  and  Nym  had  ten  times  more  valour  than  this 
roaring  devil  i  the  old  play,  that  every  one  may  pare  his 
nails  with  a  wooden  dagger.  Shak.,  Uen.  V.,  iv.  4.  77. 

I  saw  the  images  of  many  of  tlie  Trench  King.s,  set  in 
certaine  woden  cupbords.  Coryat,  Crudities,  I.  44, 

2.  Stiff;  ungainly;  clumsy;  awkward;  spirit- 
less; expressionless:  as,  a  icoorfcH  stare. 

It  is  a  sport  to  see  when  a  bold  fellow  is  out  of  counte- 
nance, for  that  puts  his  face  into  almost  shrunken  and 
wooden  posture.  Bacon,  Boldness  (ed.  1SS7). 

3.  Dull:  stupid,  as  if  with  no  more  sensation 
than  wood. 

Who  have  so  leaden  eyes  as  not  to  see  sweet  Beauty's 

show ; 
Or,  seeing,  have  so  wooden  wits  as  not  that  worth  to  know. 
Sir  P.  Sydneif  (Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  I.  570). 

4t.  Of  the  woods;  sylvan. 

And  how  the  wortliy  mystery  befell 
Sylvanus  here,  this  wooden  god,  can  tell, 

Chapoian,  Gentleman  Usher,  i.  1. 

Wooden  brick.  Same  as  wood  brick.  — Wooden  fuse. 
See  /iMB-'-— Wooden  horse,    (at)  A  ship. 

Milford  Haven,  the  chief  stable  for  his  wooden  horges. 
fuller,  General  Worthies,  vi, 

Vpon  a  wodden  horse  he  rides  through  the  wcjrld,  and  in 
a  merry  gale  makes  a  path  througli  the  seas, 

Breton,  Good  and  Bad,  p.  0.  (Davies.) 
(b)  An  instrument  of  military  punishment  consisting  of  a 
beam  or  timber,  sometimes  set  with  sharp  points,  upon 
wliich  the  culprit  was  compelled  to  sit  astride,  having  in 
some  instances  weights  tied  to  his  feet. —  Wooden  leg, 
an  artificial  leg  made  of  wood,  — Wooden  mill,  in  uem- 
cattiwj,  -A  circular  disk  of  wood,  usually  poplar,  about  4 


6966 

inches  thick,  and  cut  across  the  grain,  which,  when  charged 
with  pumice  and  water,  is  used  for  cutting  gems  en  ca- 
bochon- —  Wooden  pavement,  a  pavement  or  causeway 
consisting  of  blocks  of  wood  instead  of  stone  or  the  like, 
—  Wooden  pear.  See  peari.—  Wooden  screw,  a  screw 
of  wood  such  as  is  used  in  the  clamping-jaw  of  a  car- 
penters' bench.— Wooden  shoe.  See  s(/6o(.  — Wooden 
spoon,  (a)  A  large  spoon  made  of  wood,  for  mixing  salad, 
and  for  use  in  cookery.  (6)  Seespoo/ii.  — Wooden  tongue. 
See  ton'jue.—  Wooden  type,  large  type  cut  in  wood,  used 
for  printing  posters,  etc.— WOOden  wedding.  See  werf- 
diiiflr.— Wooden  wedge.  SeeK'e(i4(ei.=Syn.l.  Seeteoden. 

wood-end  (wiid'eud),  n.     Same  as  hood-end. 

wood-engraver  (wiid'en-gra'ver), »!.  1.  An  ar- 
tist wlio  engraves  on  wood. — 2.  In  entom.,  any 
one  of  several  bark- 
beetles  of  the  genus 
Xylchorus  and  allied 
genera ;  specifically, 
X.ceelatus.  This  works 
in  the  cambium  layer  of 
pine-trees  in  the  United 
States  in  such  a  way  that, 
on  removing  the  loosened 
bark,  the  surface  of  the 
wood  is  seen  furrowed  in 

a  regular  and  artistic  manner,  numerous  galleries  passing 
off  at  right  angles  from  a  straight  median  tunnel. 

wood-engraving  (wud'en-gra'''ving),  «.  1.  The 
art  or  process  of  cutting  designs  in  relief  upon 
blocks  of  wood,  usually  bo.x,  so  that  impres- 
sions can  be  made  from  them  with  a  pigment 
in  a  printing-press,  upon  paper  or  other  ma- 
terial. For  cuts  of  more  than  5  or  6  inches  square, 
two  or  more  blocks  are  firmly  secured  together.  The  sur- 
face of  the  smoothed  block,  which  is  cut  directly  across 
tlie  gi"ain,  is  prepared  for  the  engraver  by  rubbing  it  with 
pounded  Bath  brick  mixed  with  a  little  water,  in  order  to 
give  a  hold  to  the  lead-pencil,  and  the  subject  is  drawn  in 
with  pencil  or  India  ink,  or  is  transferred  upon  the  block 
by  photography.  The  engraver  then,  by  means  of  gravers, 
tint-tools,  gouges  or  scrapers,  and  flat  tools  or  chisels  of  dif- 
ferent sizes,  cuts  out  the  design,  leaving  it  in  raised  lines 
or  dots  upon  the  surface  of  the  block,  so  that  these  may 
receive  the  ink  and  yield  the  desired  impression  under 
the  action  of  the  press.  In  such  parts  of  the  design  as 
are  to  be  solid  black,  the  engraver  leaves  the  surface  of 
the  wood  untouched  ;  in  such  parts  as  are  to  be  wholly 
white,  he  cuts  the  surface  entirely  away ;  the  large  num- 
ber of  tones,  technically  called  tints,  between  these  ex- 
tremes are  rendered  by  cutting  out  wider  or  narrower 
spaces,  corresponding  to  white  paper  in  the  print,  between 
the  lines  or  dots  left  in  relief.  An  engraving  is  seldom  a 
mere  reproduction  of  the  copy ;  it  is  a  translation,  into 
which  the  personal  element  of  the  engraver  enters:  thus 
the  engraving  may  be  either  superior  or  inferior  artisti- 
cally to  the  original.  Wood-engraving  is  technically  the 
opposite  of  steel-  or  copperplate-eugi-aving :  in  the  lat- 
ter the  lines  cut  by  the  engraver  form  the  picture ;  in 
the  former  the  parts  of  the  surface  left  uncut  form  the 
picture. 

2.  A  block  of  wood  engraved  by  the  above 
method,  or  an  impression  from  sucli  a  block. 

woodenhead  (wiid'n-hed),  «.  A  blockhead; 
a  thick-headed,  dull,  or  stupid  person  ;  a  num- 
skull.    [Colloq.] 

wooden-headed  (wud'n-hed''''ed),  a.  Thick- 
headed; stupid;  lacking  penetration  or  dis- 
cernment. 

wooden-headednesa  (wud'n-hed'''ed-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  character  of  being  wooden-head- 
ed; stupidity.     [Colloq.] 

I  overlieard  some  rather  strong  language  going  on 
within,  words  such  as  ''wooden-headedness"  and  "libs" 
being  used.  Liyht,  Feb.  23,  1S8». 

woodenly  (wiid'n-li),  adv.  In  a  wooden  man- 
ner; stiffly;  clumsily;  awkwardly;  without 
feeling  or  sympathy. 

Diverse  thought  to  have  some  sport  in  seeing  how  wood- 
enly lie  would  excuse  himself. 

Boger  North,  Lord  Guilford,  II.  22. 

woodenness  (wiid'n-nes),  «.  Wooden  charac- 
ter or  quality ;  stiffness ;  lack  of  spirit  or  ex- 
pression ;  clumsiness;  stupidity. 

woodenware  (wiid'n-war),  «.  A  general  name 
for  bowls,  dishes,  etc.,  turned  from  solid  blocks 
of  wood:  often  used  also  of  coopers' work,  such 
as  jiails  and  tubs. 

wood-evil  (wud'e'^vl),  n.  Same  as  red  water 
(which  see,  under  water). 

WOodfallt  (wiid'fal),  H.  A  fall  or  cutting  of 
timber. 

The  wood/alls  this  year  do  not  amount  to  half  that  sum 
of  twenty-five  thousand  pounds.  Bacon. 

wood-fern  (wvid'fern),  n.     See  Aspidium  and 

])oll/J><)(ll/. 

wood-fiber  (wud'fi'''ber),  «.  Fiber  derived  from 
wood ;  specifically,  the  fiber  obtained  from  va- 
rious species  of  Abies,  Betida,  Popidiis,  Tilia, 
etc.,  employed  as  a  material  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  paper-pulp.  See  teood-paper  and  teood- 
pnlp. 

wood-flour  (wiid'flour),  11.  Very  fine  sawdust, 
especially  that  made  from  pine  wood  for  use  as 
11  surgical  dressing. 

Woodfordia  (wud-for'di-a),  H.  [NL.  (Salisburv, 
1806),  named  after  J,  nWdford,  author  (1824)  of 


wood-horse 

a  catalogue  of  the  plants  of  Edinburgh.]  A  ge- 
nus of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Lyth- 
rurieie  and  tribe  Lythrese.  it  is  characterized  by 
black-dotted  leaves,  a  curved  tubular  calyx,  declined  sta- 
mens, and  pilose  seeds.  The  only  species,  W.  fijorHmn- 
da,  is  a  native  of  India,  China,  eastern  tropical  Africa, 
and  Madagascar.  It  is  a  much-branched  shrub,  hoary 
with  grayish  hairs,  producing  round  branches  and  square 
branchlets,  with  opposite  ovate-lanceolate  entire  whitish 
leaves.  The  fiowei-s  are  scarlet,  and  crowded  into  cymose 
panicles.     See  dhauri. 

WOOd-francolin  ( wiid'frang'ko-lin),  n.  One  of 
the  fraucolins,  Francolinus  gularis. 

wood-fretter  (wud  '  fret  ■'  er),  M.  Something 
which  frets  wood,  as  au  insect ;  a  wood-borer 
or  wood-eater. 

wood-frog  (wud'frog),  n.  A  frog.  Bona  syl- 
riitica,  of  the  United  States. 

wood-gas  (wiid'gas),  n.  Carbureted  hydrogen 
obtained  from  wood. 

wood-geldt  (wiid'geld),  n.  In  old  Eng.  law, 
money  paid  for  the  privilege  of  cutting  wood 
within  the  limits  of  a  forest. 

wood-germander  (wud'jer-man"der),  n.  Same 
as  wood-sage.     See  sage^. 

wood-gnat  (wud'nat),  n.  A  British  gnat,  Culex 
ncmorosus. 

wood-god  (wud'god),  II.    A  sylvan  deity. 

The  myld  wood-gods  arrived  in  the  place.  Spenser. 

wood-grass  (wud'gras),  ».  The  great  wood- 
rush,  Lu~ula  sylvatica.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wood-grinder  (wud'gi1n"der),  n.  In  paper- 
manuf.,  a  machine  for  grating  and  grinding 
wood  to  make  paper-stock. 

wood-grouse  (wud'grous),  n.  A  grouse  that 
lives  in  the  woods.  SpeciflcaUy— (a)  The  cock-of-the- 
woods.  or  capercaillie  (which  see,  with  cut),  (b)  In  the 
United  States,  a  species  of  Canace  (or  Dendragapus),  as 
tlie  Canada  grouse,  or  spruce-partridge,  and  the  dusky 
pine-grouse.  See  cut  under  Canace  and  second  cut  under 
grouse. 

wood-hack  (wiid'hak),  «.  [<  ME.  wodehake;  < 
wood  +  hack^.']  A  woodpecker,  as  the  green 
woodpecker,  Gecinus  liridis.  See  cut  under 
popinjay.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wood-nagger  (wud'hag''6r),  «.     A  wood-cutter. 

Let  no  man  thinke  that  the  President  and  these  Gen- 
tlemen spent  their  times  as  common  Wood-haggers  at 
felling  of  trees. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  1. 197. 

wood-hawk  (wiid'hak),  j(.  An  African  hawk 
of  the  genus  Dryotriorchis :  a  book-name. 

wood-hen  (wiid'hen),  n.  A  ralline  bird  of  the 
genus  Ocydromus,  of  wliich  there  are  several 


Wood-hen  {Ocydromus  aiistralis). 

species,  of  New  Zealand,  New  Caledonia,  and 
other  Pacific  islands,  as  0.  aitstralis,  the  weka 
rail.     See  Ocydromus. 

wood-hewer  (wud'hu'fer),  n.  1.  One  who  hews 
wood. —  2.  Any  bird  of  the  subfamily  Dendro- 
colaptinx,  as  Xiphocolaptes  emigrans :  a  book- 
name.  See  cuts  under  saberbill  and  I'pucer- 
fhia. 

wood-hole  (wud'hol),  n.  A  place  where  wood 
is  stored  for  fuel. 

Leave  trembling,  and  creep  into  the  Wood-hool  here. 

Etherege,  She  Would  if  She  Could,  i.  1. 

wood-honey  (wud'hun'i),  h.  [<  ME.  wudehunig, 
<  AS.  wiidiihunig ;  as  wood^  -f  honey.']  Wild 
honey.     Mat.  iii.  4  (ed.  Hardwick). 

wood-hoopoe  (wud'ho''po),  n.  A  hoopoe  of  the 
family  Irrisoridse ;  a  tree-hoopoe.  See  cut  un- 
der Irrisor. 

wood-horse  (wud'hors),  «.  1.  A  sawhorse  or 
sawbtick. 

Old  Uncle  Venner  was  just  coming  out  of  his  door,  with  a 
trood-horse  and  saw  on  his  shoulder ;  and,  trudging  along 
the  street,  he  scrupled  not  to  keep  company  with  Phcebe, 
so  far  as  their  paths  lay  together 

Haicihome,  Seveu  Gables,  xiv. 

2.  Same  as  stick-biig,  1. 


woodhonse 

woodhoase^  (wud'hous),  «.     A  house  or  shed 

in  which  wood  is  piled  and  sheltered  from  the 

weather. 
WOOdhouse''^t,  «•    An  erroneous  form  of  wood- 

wose. 

Foure  woodhouses  drew  the  mount  'till  it  came  before 

the  queen,  and  then  the  kyng  and  his  compaigne  discended 

and  daunced. 

Bp.  HaU,  quoted  in  Strutt's  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  239. 

wood-ibis  (wud'i'bis ),  n.  A  large  grallatorial 
bird  of  the  stork  kind,  Tantalus  (or  Tantalops) 
loculator,  which  abounds  in  the  wooded  swamps 
and  bayous  of  southerly  regions  of  the  United 
States;  hence,  any  stork  of  the  subfamily 
TantaUnse;  a  wood-stork.  These  birds  are  ibises  in 
no  proper  sense.  The  species  named  is  nearly  4  feet  long, 
and  5^  feet  in  extent  of  wings.  The  adult  of  both  sexes 
is  snow-white  .with  black  primaries,  alula,  and  tail,  with 
the  bald  head  livid-bluish  and  yellowish,  the  veiy  heavy 
bill  dingy-yellowish,  the  bare  legs  blue.  The  weight  is 
10  or  12  pounds.  The  young  are  dark-gray,  with  black- 
ish wings  and  tail.  These  birds  are  gregarious,  nest  in 
large  heronries,  and  lay  two  or  three  white  eggs  of  ellipti- 
cal shape,  incrusted  with  a  tlaky  substance,  and  measuring 
2}  by  IJ  inches.  This  wood-ibis  is  known  on  the  Colorado 
river  as  the  Colorado  water-turkey;  it  occasionally  strays 
to  the  Middle  States,  and  spreads  south  in  the  West  In- 
dies. Central  America,  and  parts  of  South  America.  Simi- 
lar birds  inhabit  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the 
Old  World.    See  cut  under  Taniatug. 

woodie  (wud'i),  «.  A  dialectal  form  of  widdy, 
itself  a  dialectal  variant  of  witlty^,  3:  applied 
humorously  to  the  gallows.     [Scotch.] 

Half  the  country  will  see  how  yell  grace  the  woodie. 

Scottj  Guy  Mannering,  xxviii.    (E)icyc.  Diet.) 

WOOdinesS  (wud'i-nes),  n.    The  state  or  charac- 
ter of  being  woody.     Evelyn. 
wood-inlay  (wud'in'la),   ».     Decoratiou   by 
means  of  the  incrustation  of  one  wood  in  an- 
other.    Compare  tarsia. 
WOOdisht  (wud'ish),  a.    [<  (rowA  +  -(.s7(l.]    Syl- 
van. 
The  many  mirthful  jests,  and  wanton  woodish  sport.s. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  s.  11.    (Eiieyc.  Diet.) 

WOod-jobber  (wud'job'fer),  n.     A  woodpecker. 
Woodkernt  (wud'kem),  «.    1.  A  robber  who  in- 
fests woods;  a  forest-haunting  bandit.     Unt- 
land. — 2.  A  boor;  a  churl. 

The  rich  central  pasture  lands  were  occupied  by  the 
clans ;  the  surrounding  i>oorer  soils  were  almost  desolate 
or  roamed  by  a  few  scattered  wofHi-keriie. 

FurtniijIMy  Itec,  XL.  axi. 

wood-kingfisher  (wud'king"fish-er),  n.  A  king- 
fisher of  the  genus  Dacelo  in  a  broail  sense ;  ii 
kinghunteror  halcyon,  as  the  laugliing-jacka.ss. 
See  Daceloninee,  and  cut  under  iJacelo. 
wood-knacker  (wud'uak"<T),  «.  The  green 
woodpecker,  Gccinns  liridi.t.  See  cut  under 
poi>iii)ai/.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
WOod-knifet  (wud'nif),  n.  A  short  sword  or 
dagger,  used  in  hunting  and  for  various  pur- 
poses for  which  the  long  sword  was  too  cum- 
brous. 

He  pulld  forth  a  woml  kniffe, 

Past  thither  that  he  ran ; 
He  brought  in  the  bores  head. 
And  quitted  him  like  a  man. 
The  liny  and  the  Mantle  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  U). 

woodland  (wud'land),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  icode- 
land,  Koflelond,  (.  AS.  iciidulanil ;  as  wood^  + 
land^.]  I.  H.  Laud  covered  with  wood,  or  land 
on  which  trees  are  suffered  to  grow,  either  for 
fuel  or  for  timber. 

Here  hiUs  and  vales,  the  wtxKllantt  and  the  plain, 
Here  earth  and  water  seem  to  strive  again.  Pojie. 

And  Agamentiens  lifts  its  blue 
Disk  of  a  cloud  the  woodlandit  o'er. 

Whittier,  The  Wrc^ck  of  Rivermoulli. 
=Syn.  Woodjt,  Park,  etc.     See/ore*t. 

fl.  a.  Of,  peculiar  to,  or  inhabiting  the 
woods;  sylvan:  as,  mocwHohc/ echoes;  woodland 
songsters. 

The  woodland  choir.  Fenton. 

I  am  a  wtodland  fellow,  sir,  that  always  loved  a  great 

Are.  fihak.,  All's  Well,  iv.  5.  i'i. 

Woo<lland  caribou,  woodland  reindeer,  the  common 
caribou  of  North  America,  as  foun'i  in  wfx)ded  regions,  and 
as  distinguished  rr'>m  the  barren-;/r'rund  leindeer,  which 
occurs  beyond  tlie  limit  of  trees.  See  cut  under  caribou. 
WOOdlander  (wiid'lau-der),  «.  An  inhabitant 
of  the  woods. 

Every  friend  and  itWovi-icoodlnnder. 

Keatg,  Endymion,  ii. 

Woodlark  (wiid'liirk),  H.  A  European  lark, 
Alauila  arborca,  of  more  decidedly  arboreal 
habits  than  the  skylark,  to  which  it  is  closely 
related,  it  differs  from  the  latter  chiefly  in  being  s^^me- 
what  smaller,  with  shorter  tail  atid  more  marked  variega- 
tion of  the  colors,  but  its  song  is  (luite  different.  I'he  nest 
is  placed  on  the  ground,  and  the  eggs  are  four  or  five  in 
number,  of  a  white  color  8p^»tte<l  with  reddish-brown. 
I'he  woodlark  is  migratory,  and  widely  distrilMitcd  at  dif- 
ferent seasons.  It  is  common  in  some  parts  of  (ireat  Brit- 
ain, but  rare  In  Scotland.     Bee  cut  under  Alauda. 


6967 

wood-layer  (wud'la'''er),  n.  A  young  oak  or 
other  timber-plant  laid  down  among  the  thorn 
or  other  plants  used  in  hedges. 

wood-leopard  (wud'lep'ard),  n.  A  beautiful 
white  black-spotted  moth,  Xcnzera  pyrina,  the 
larva  of  which  lives  in  wood ;  the  wood  leopard- 
moth.  This  insect  has  been  discovered  in  the  United 
States  since  the  definition  of  teopard-moth  was  published 
in  this  dictionary. 

woodless  (wM'les),o.  [<  ifoorfl  4- -te6'.]  With- 
out timber;  untinibered. 

wood-lily  (wiid'liFi),  )(.  1.  The  lily  of  the 
valley,  ConvuUaria  majalis;  locally  (from  a  re- 
semblance in  the  racemes),  the  wintcrgreen, 
Pyrola  minor.  [Eng.] — 2.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Trillium. 

wood-li'verwort  (wiid'liv''6r-wert),  n.  A  lichen, 
Sticta  jmlmonacea,  which  frequently  grows  on 
trees.     See  cut  under  apothecium. 

wood-lock  (wud'lok),  «.  In  ship-huilding .  a 
piece  of  hard  wood,  close  fitted  and  sheathed 
with  copper,  in  the  throating  or  score  of  the 
pintle,  to  keep  the  rudder  from  rising.  Thearle, 
Naval  Arch.,  %  233. 

wood-louse  (wiid'lous),  n.  1.  Any  terrestrial 
isopod  of  the  family  Oniscidae.  The  common 
wood-louse  of  England  is  a  species  of  Oniscux. 
Also  called  liog-lou.ie,  sow-buij,  slater,  etc.  See 
cuts  under  Isopoda  and  Oniscus. — 2.  A  termite, 
or  white  ant,  as  Termcs  flavipcs  ;  any  member  of 
the  Tennitidie.  See  cut  under  Tcrmra.  [Local, 
U.  S.] — 3.  Any  one  of  the  small  whitish  spe- 
cies of  the  pseudoneuropterous  family  I'socidse, 
found  in  the  woodwork  of  he  uses ;  the  death- 
watch  ;  a  book-louse.  See  booi.'-lousc,  Psoddse, 
and  cut  unAer  dcatli-wtitch. — 4.  Same  as  wood- 
Um.ic-inHlcpcd. 

woodlouse-milleped  (wiid'lous-mil'''e-i)ed),  //. 

A  milleped  of  the  family  (llomeridee. 
W00dlyt(w6<l'li), (((?('.  l<'ME.woodly,u-<idly,uo<l- 
liclte;<.u-ood-  + -ly-.'i  Madly;  furiously;  wildly. 
Whan  he  wijtli  a-wok  wodli  he  ferde, 
AI  to-tare  his  a-tir  that  he  to-tere  mist. 

WiUitim  of  Paterne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  SS84. 
Therwith  the  fyr  of  jelousye  npsterte 
Withiinie  his  brest,  and  hetite  him  I>y  the  herte 
So  woodly  that  he  lyk  was  to  l)iliolde 
The  box-tre  or  the  asshen  dede  and  colde. 

Ctiaucer,  Kuiglit's  Tale,  1.  443. 

woodman  (wud'man),  H. ;  pi.  woodmen  (-men). 
[Early  mod.  E.  woilmau :  <  wood^  +  num.']     1. 
An  otiiccr  ajipointed  to  take  care  of  the  king's 
woods;  a  forester.    <'(iwell.—  ^\.  A  woodsman; 
a  hunter. 
Am  I  a  woodman  iia"?    Speak  I  like  Heme  the  hunter'.' 
Shak.,  M.  W.  cf  W.,  v.  5.  30. 
'Tis  dangerous  keeping  the 
Fool  too  long  at  Bay,  lest  8<jme  old  Wood-man  drop  in 
By  ehatice,  and  discover  thou  art  but  a  Rascal  Deer. 

Etherc'je,  Love  in  a  Tub,  v.  4. 

3.  One  who  fells  timber. 

Forth  goes  the  woodman,  leaving  unconcerned 
The  cheerful  haunts  of  man,  to  wield  the  axe 
And  drive  the  wedge  in  yonder  forest  drear. 

Cowper,  The  Task,  V.  41. 
War-woodman  of  old  Woden,  how  he  fells 
'I'he  mortal  copse  of  faces  !    Tennyson,  Harold,  v.  1. 

wood-march  (wiid'miirch),  «.  An  unibellifcr- 
oiis  plant,  a  species  of  sanicle,  iSauieula  Euro- 
inea.     lierard,  Ilerball. 

wood-measurer  (wud'inezh''tir-er),  n.  In  Soot- 
land,  a  timber-merchant. 

wood-meeting  (wud'me'''ting),  H.  A  Mormon 
namo  for  a  camp-meeting. 

wood-mill  (vviid'mil),  n.  A  polishing-wheel 
made  of  a  disk  of  mahogany,  used,  after  the 
roughing-mill,  to  smooth  surfaces  of  alabaster 
and  the  like. 

wood-mite  (wVid'mit),  «.  Any  mite  or  acarine 
of  till'  family  Oributida^ ;  a  beetle-mite. 

WOOdmongert  (wud'mung"ger),  n.  A  wood- 
seller;  a  lumber-  or  timber-merchant. 

The  IlouKe  is  just  now  upon  taking  away  the  charter 
from  the  Company  of  W ood-moniji'r>!,  wliose  frauds,  it 
seems,  liavc  fjeen  mightily  laid  before  tliem. 

Pepyt,  Diary,  III.  29S. 

wood-mouse  (wud'mous),  n.  A  mouse  that 
habitually  lives  in  the  woods.  Specillcally— (n) 
In  Europe,  the  long-tailed  field-mouse,  Mus  itytmticuit.  ib) 
In  the  I'nited  States,  any  one  of  several  species  of  white- 
footed  mice  or  deer-mice  of  tile  genus  Veiqierimutt,  of  which 
V.  amerieanwt  is  the  principal  one.  See  Vet<}i€rimus,  ec«- 
per-moime,  and  cut  under  deer-mouse. 

wood-naphtha  (wiid'naf'''tha),  ((.  The  com- 
mercial name  of  the  mixture  of  light  hydro- 
carbons distille<l  from  wood. 

woodnesst  (wS<rncs),  n.  [<  me.  woodne.sse, 
wiidnr.tsf.  <  AS.  irodties,  madness,  fury,  insan- 
ity (Bosworth),  =  MD.  wocdeni-t-te  =  OHO.  wot- 
nmrt  (Stratmann);  an  wooit'^  +  -ncss.']  Insan- 
ity; madness. 


woodpeck 

Yet  saugh  I  woodnesse  laugliing  in  his  rage. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1153. 

Festus  seide  witli  greet  voice :  Paul,  thou  maddist,  many 

lettris  tin'nen  tliee  to  woodness.  Wyclif,  Acts  xxvi.  24. 

wood-nightshade  (wud'nif'shad),  u.  Bitter- 
sweet, or  woody  nightshade.  See  nightshade, 
1  («)• 
wood-note  (wiid'not),  n.  A  wild  or  natural  mu- 
sical tone,  like  that  of  a  forest-bird,  as  the  wood- 
lark, wood-tlirush,  or  nightingale. 

Or  sweetest  Shakspeare,  Fancy's  child. 
Warble  his  native  wood-notes  wild. 

Milton,  L'Allegro,  1.  134. 

wood-nut  (wiid'nut),  n.     The  European  hazel- 
nut, Corylus  Avellana. 
wood-nyinph  (wud'nimf),  n.     1.  A  goddess  of 
the  woods;  a  dryad. 

By  dimpled  brook  and  fountain-brim 

The  loood-nymph^,  deck'd  with  daisies  trim, 

'Iheir  merry  wakes  and  pastimes  keep. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  120. 

2.  The  humming-bird  Thalurania  glaueojiis. — 

3.  One  of  several  zygainid  moths,  of  the  genus 


I'citrl  Wood-nympli  ^l-.ndyy.is  ititio), 
natural  bize. 


BcTutifuI  Wood-nymph  \J-'miryas  ^r<ita),  natural 

Eudryas,  as  E.  grata,  the  beautiful  wooil-nympli , 
and  E.  unto,  the  pearl  wood-nymph.  The  larvaj  of 
both  of  these  spe- 
cies feed  on  the  vine 
in  the  I'nited  States. 

wood-offeringt 

(wiid'ofer-ing), 
H.  Wood  burnt 
on  the  altar. 

We  cast  the  lots 
among  the  piie.^ts, 
the  Levites,  and  tile 
people  for  the  wooii 
offering.    Neh.  x.  34. 

WOOd-of-the-holy-crosst,  «•  [Trans,  of  L.  lig- 
num sancta'  cruei.-i.]  A  name  once  given  to  the 
mistletoe,  Viseum  album,  from  its  reputed  vir- 
tue in  helping  the  infirmities  of  old  age.  Treas. 
nf  Hot. 

wood-oil (wi'id'oil),  n.  1.  Sec gurjun. —  2.  Same 
as  tung-oil. — 3.  A  jiroduet  of  the  satinwood, 
tjhlnroxylon  Swictcnia. 

wood-opal  (wild '6 '■'pal),  >i.  Silicified  wood; 
opalized  wood.  It  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  many 
parts  of  the  world,  but  especially  in  the  auriferous  gravels 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  wliere  extensive  ftuests 
have  been  exposed  by  hydraulic  mining,  in  which  tile 
trunks  of  the  trees  have  been  converted  into  amorphous 
silica,  or  opal,  wliieli  usually  contains  a  small  percentage 
of  water,  although  this  is  not  considered  as  being  essential 
to  its  ctnnposition.  Also  called  a;j/?opai.  ^ve  fossil  wood 
(under  icoodA),  and  dlicify. 

wood-owl  (wt'id'oul),  n.  The  European  tawny 
or  brown  owl,  Syrnimn  alueo,  or  a  similar  spe- 
cies, as  the  barred  owl  of  tlie  United  States. 
They  are  earless  owls,  of  medium  to  large  size,  the  species 
of  which  are  numerous  ami  live  in  the  woods  of  most  parts 
of  the  wtnid.     See  cut  under  Strix. 

wood-paper  (wVid'pa''''per),  ».  A  trade-name 
for  paper  made  in  part  or  in  whole  of  pulp  pre- 
pared by  chemical  and  mechanical  means  from 
wood.  Tile  wood  eniidoyeti  is  usually  p()plar,  though 
pine,  flr,  basswooti,  and  beech  are  largely  used.  By  the 
meclianical  process  the  wood  is  ground  to  line  powder 
suitable  for  pulp,  and  by  the  chemical  process  the  wood, 
cut  up  inUt  small  pieces,  is  digested  with  various  chemicals 
to  free  it  from  the  sap  and  other  useless  matter,  to  bleach 
it.  and  to  reduce  it  to  tine,  loose  pulp.  ^bG  pulp-digester, 
wooil-^rrinder,  ami  paj)er. 

wood-parenchyma  (wiid'pa-reng"ki-m.a),  H. 

A  combination  of  wood  or  liber  usually  classed 
as  ]iarenchyma,  but  intermediate  between  this 
and  prosencliyma.  Each  fiber  ccmsists  of  three  cells, 
one  of  which  has  flattened  ends,  wliile  the  other  two,  at- 
taclieil  to  these  ends,  are  pointed. 

wood-partridge  (wud'par'''trij),  <;.  The  Canada 
grouse.  See  grouse,  u-<uul-gr<jus< ,  ami  cut  un- 
der CaiKiec.      [Local,  U.  S.j 

wood-pavement  (wud'pav*'ment),  ».  Pave- 
ment comiKiscil  of  blocks  of  wood  :  first  used 
in  London  in  1S3!). 

wood-pea  (wVnl'iie).  n.     See  /uaK 

wood-peat  (wud'pet),  «.  Peat  formed  in  for- 
ests from  decayed  wood,  leaves,  etc.  Also 
called  forest-peat. 

WOOdpeckt  (wiid'pek),  «,     Tlie  woodpecker. 
Nor  wood-i/ecks,  nor  the  swallow,  harbour  near. 

Addi'.vn,  tr.  of  'V'irgii's  Gcorgics,  iv. 


woodpecker 

woodpecker  (wiid'pek'er),  n.  Any  bird  of  the 
large  family  PichJse.  of  which  there  arc  numer- 
ous genera  and  some  250  species,  inhabiting 
nearly  all  parts  of  the  world.  They  are  picariaii 
and  scaiisorial  birds,  having  the  toes  arranged  in  pairs, 
two  before  and  two  behind  (except,  of  course,  in  the  three- 
toed  genera  :  see  Pic&idesl,  and  cut  under  Ti;/a) ;  the  tail- 
feathers  rigid  and  acuminate,  to  assist  in  climbing;  the 
bill  hard  and  chisel-like,  adapted  for  boring  wood  (whence 
the  name);  and  a  remarkable  structure  of  the  palatal  and 
hyoidean  bones  and  salivary  glands.  (See  cuts  under  sali- 
vary And  saurofftiathotcs.)  The  tongue  is  capable,  in  most 
species,  of  being  thrust  far  out  of  the  mouth,  and  is  lum- 
briciform.  (See  cut  under  m<jittili)igual.)  The  plumage 
as  a  rule  is  variegated  in  intricate  patterns  of  coloration, 
andusually  incl udes  bright,  rich,  or  striking  tints.  Insects 
constitute  most  of  their  food;  their  eggs  arc  white,  and 
are  laid  in  holes  they  dig  in  trees ;  their  voice  is  harsh  and 
abrupt.  They  are  of  great  service  to  man  by  destroying 
insects  which  infest  trees.  See  Picidse,  and  numerous 
cuts  there  cited— Arizona  woodpecker,  Picus  (Dendro- 
copwt)  arizoniv,  a  bird  lately  discovered  in  Arizona,  and 
for  some  time  called  Picus  stricklandi,  but  distinct  from 
Strickland's  woodpecker  in  having  the  upper  parts  of  a 
uniform  light-brown  color  and  the  spots  of  tlie  under 
parts  guttiform.  Uarffiii,  Ibis,  18r>0,  p.  115.— Audubon'S 
woodpecker,  the  small  southern  form  of  the  hairy  wood- 
pecker (whiL-h  see),  named  Picus  auduhoni  by  W.  Swaiii- 
son  in  1S31,  and  renamed  Pieiis  audifboni  by  Dr.  .lames 
Trudeau  in  183",  without  reference  to  the  prior  homonym. 

—  Ayres'a  woodpecker,  ColapUs  ayredi  of  Audubon 
(183;)),  C.  hi/bndu:^  of  Baird  (1858),  Picus  hyhridus  aurafo- 
m^nVfljms  of  Sundevall  (1866),  names  covering  the  remark- 
able flickers  of  western  North  America,  especially  of  the 
upper  Missouri  and  adjacent  regions,  which  present  every 
step  of  the  intergradation  between  the  yellow-shafted  and 
the  red-shafted  flickers  (C.  aiiratm  and  C.  mexicamts); 
the  so-called  hybrid  woodpecker.  The  coloration  is  so 
unstable  that  it  often  varies  on  right  and  left  sides  of  the 
same  specimen.  The  case  is  unique,  and  its  interpretation 
continues  in  question  by  ornithologists. —  Balrd'fl  wood- 
pecker, (a)  The  Cnlian  ivorybill,  CampophUus  bairdi, 
named  by  J.  Cassin,  in  1863,  in  compliment  to  Spencer 
Fullerton  Baird  (lb23-1887).  (6)  The  Californian  wood- 
pecker, Melanerpes  formicivoms  bairdi. — Bengal  wood- 
pecker, var.  A,  Brachypternus  erythronotus,  of  (.'eylon. 
Latham,  17S2.— Bengal  woodpecker,  var.  B,  Chrysoco- 
laptes  lucidiis,  of  the  Philippines.  Latham,  178'2.— Black- 
and- White-spot  ted  woodpeckers,  the  numerous  mem- 
bers of  the  restricted  genus  Picus  (=  Dendrncapus:  see 
under  yreat  black  woodpecker,  below),  usually  Oto  H)  inches 
long,  with  four  toes,  the  plumage  variegated  intricately 
with  blackand  white,  with  a  scarlet  occipital  band  or  pair 
of  spots  in  the  adult  male.  The  greater  and  lesser  spotted 
woodpeckers  of  England,  and  the  hairy  and  downy  wood- 
peckers of  the  United  States,  are  characteristic  examples. 

—  Black-backed  three-toed  woodpecker,  Picoides 
arcticus,  marked  by  the  characteis  indicated  in  the  name, 
!)  to  11)  inches  long,  common  in  northerly  parts  of  North 
America.  — Black-breasted  woodpecker,  the  adult  fe- 
male of  the  thyroid  woodpecker.— Black  woodpecker, 
the  great  black  woodpecker.— Bristle-belUed  wood- 
peckers, the  genus  Asytidesmtig.  Cones.—  Brown- 
beaded  woodpecker,  the  adult  female  of  Sphyrojncux 
ihyroides ;  the  thyroid  woodpecker  (see  below).—  Buff- 
crested  woodpecker  (of  Latham,  1782),  the  female  of 
Campophilun  iwlanoleucus  (the  Picus  albirostris  of  Vieil- 
lot),  a  white-billed  crested  woodpecker  of  tiopical  .Amer- 
ica, 13^  inches  long,  congeneric  with  the  ivorybill.— Cac- 
tus woodpecker,  Picus  or  Melanerj^es  cactnrum,  of  Peru, 
Bolivia,  Uruguay,  and  the  Argentine  Kepnblie.--  Califor- 
nian woodpecker,  that  race  of  Melanerpes  formicivorus 
(a  MexiL-an  species)  which  abounds  in  the  United  States 
from  the  Kocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacilic.  It  is  8.1  to  !)i 
inches  long,  of  a  glossy  blue-black  color,  with  the  rump, 
bases  of  all  the  quills,  edge  of  the  wing,  and  under  parts 
from  the  breast  white,  the  siiles  with  sparse  black  streaks, 
the  forehead  white  continuimsly  with  a  stripe  down  in 
front  of  the  eye  and  thence  encircling  the  throat,  the  crown 
in  the  male  crimson  and  white,  in  the  female  crimson, 
black,  and  white,  tlie  eyes  white,  often  with  a  creamy  or 
pinkish,  sometimes  bluish,  tint.  This  is  the  woodpecker 
noted  for  drilling  holes  in  dead  bonghs  in  which  to  insert 
acorns — some  branches  being  found  thus  (hilled  ami 
studded  with  hundreds  (jf  acorns.— Canadian  wood- 
pecker, the  large  northern  form  of  the  hairy  woodpecker 
(which  see),  formerly  Piciis  canadensis  (Omelin,  1788),  and 
before  that  Picas  leucouielas  (Boddaert,  1783),  — Cape 
woodpecker,  the  South  African  Mcsopicus  griseocephalns. 
7^  inches  long,  having  the  crr)wn,  crest,  rump,  upper  tail- 
coverts, afid  middle  of  the  belly  crimson.  This  bird  wasori- 
giuaily  described  in  1770  by  Sonnini  as  pic  verd  de  I  Isle  do 
Lu-on,  whence  Picwt  mnnilletm^  of  Omelin  (i788),  and  Ma- 
nilla  fjreen  woodpecker  of  Latlnim  ;  next  by  Buffon  in  1780 
•A^pic  d  Uie  (/rise  du  Cap  de  lionne  J'Jsp^rance,  whence  /'/■ 
cus  ffrineocephaln.^  oi  BoiM'devt  (17 H:i)  and  Cape  woodpecker ; 
next  by  Scopoli  in  1786  as  Piciis  7nrnst ru us  — thi»  most 
frequent  specific  name  indicating  the  bloody-red  color  of 
certain  parts;  next  as  jy/coiui(?by  Levaill:\nt(18(X>);  also  as 
Picu>i  caaiceps,  P.  obscurxs,  P.  capensis.  It  has  been  placed 
in  6  dirterent  genera ;  its  proper  onym  was  first  given  by 
Ca.'isin  in  1863.— Carolina  woodpecker,  var.  A,  Melaner- 
pes or  Centurus  rad!(>lnfu-%  p(;culiar  to  Jamaica.  Latham, 
i78->.— Carolina  woodpecker,  var.  B,  the  red  bellied 
woodpecker.     Latham,  178:2.  — Collared  Woodpecker, 

Asyndesiatts  torquatus ;  Lewis's  woodpecker.  --  Craw- 
furd'S  woodpecker,  a  bird  so  named  byOray  in  Orittlth's 
Cuvier  (1820).  now  called  Thripon^ax  crawfurdi,  iind  su])- 
posed  to  be  found  near  Ava  in  Burma,  but  known  only 
from  a  drawing  executed  by  a  native  iirtist  for  Mr.  Craw- 
furd.  Jr.— Crimson-breasted  woodpecker,  the  mono- 
typic  (r^ocolaptes  oHvaceus  (;dso  Picas  arnt»r),  of  South 
Africa,  U\  to  10  inches  long,  nuich  varieil  with  olivaceous 
and  reddi.sh  tints.  Latham,  1783.-- Crlmson-rumped 
woodpecker,  MesopicnM  yoerlan.  the  yiu-ftdn  or  ytc  vert 
du  Sn^f/al  of  early  French  writers,  a  West  Afiicaii  species, 
8  inches  long,  of  a  golden-olive  color  above,  with  scarlet 
rump  and  upper  tail-coverts,  and  otherwise  nnich  varie- 
gated.—Cuban  woodpecker,  Nesoceleus  fernandince, 
usually  called  Colapfes  ff^niandinse  and  Cidmn  jUcker,  II.', 
to  1^  inches  long,  above  olive-black  l)an-ed  with  yellow^ 
and   confined  to  Cuba.— Downy  woodpecker,   J'irifs 


6968 

(Dendrocopus)  pubescens,  a  small  black  and  white  species, 
6  or  7  inches  long,  one  of  the  commonest  woodpeckers  of 
eastern  parts  of  North  America,  and  among  those  popularly 
called  sajysucker  (which  see).  It  is  exactly  like  the  hairy 
woodpecker,  except  in  size,  and  in  having  the  lateral  tail- 
feathers  bai-red  with  black  and  white,  instead  of  being 
entirely  white.  Tliere  is  no  such  difference  between  the 
two  as  the  terms  d<'wny  and  hairy  would  seem  to  imply. 
This  species  corresponds  in  the  United  States  to  the  lesser 
spotted  woodpecker  of  England.— Galrdner*s  wood- 
pecker, Picus pubescens  gairdneri,  the  western  subspecies 
of  the  downy  woodpecker,  having  few  if  any  white  spots 
on  the  black  wing-coverts,  and  in  some  localities  the  belly 
smoky-gray:  dedicated  by  Audubon  in  I839tolJr.  Meredith 
(iairdner,  a  Scotch  naturalist. —  Gila  woodpecker,  the 
saguaro  or  pitahaya  woodpecker.  See  cwt  wnAer  pitahaya. 

—  Gilded  woodpecker.  («)  An  American  flicker  of  the 
genus  Colapt4Js,  as  the  golden-winged  woodpecker,  C  au- 
ratus.  See  cut  under /*c^er-.  (6)  Specitlcally,oneof  these, 
C.  chrysoides,  of  Arizona,  Lower  California,  and  southward, 
which  resembles  the  common  flicker  in  the  body,  tail,  and 
wings,  but  has  the  head  as  in  the  Mexican  flicker. — 
Golden-shafted,  golden-winged,  gold-winged  wood- 
pecker, the  common  flicker,  Colaptes  auratus.—GTB.y- 
neaded  woodpecker,  Gedmts  canus,  a  popinjay  of  nearly 
all  Europe  and  much  of  Asia.  Penmmt,  1785,  and  more 
fully  gray-headed  green  woodpecker  (Edwards,  1747).— 
Grayson's  woodpecker,  the  ladder -backed  woodpecker 
of  the  Ties  Marias  Islands  off  the  Pacific  coast  of  Mexico, 
named  after  Col.  A.  J.  Grayson  by  Lawrence,  in  1874,  Pi- 
cus scalaris,  var.  graysoni.  —  Great  black  woodpecker, 
Picus  or  Dryocopus  martius,  the  largest  European  wood- 
pecker, ranging  in  northerly  latitudes  through  the  Pale- 
arctic  region  io  Kamchatka  and  Japan.  It  is  17  inches 
long,  black,  with  pointed  scarlet  crest  in  the  male  (the 
scarlet  restricted  in  the  female),  and  peculiar  in  having 
the  tarsi  extensively  feathered.  It  corresponds  to  the 
pileated  woodpecker  of  North  America.  Many  authors 
assume  this  isolated  woodpecker  to  be  monotypic  of  the 
restricted  genus  Picus,  in  which  case  the  numerous  small- 
er black  and  white  species  like  the  greater  and  lesser 
spotted  of  Europe,  and  the  hairy  and  downy  of  North 
America,  are  generically  called  Dendrocopus;  but  when 
these  are  left  in  Picus,  the  great  black  woodpecker 
is  generically  called  Dryocopus,  and  upon  it  have  also 
been  based  two  other  genera,  Carbonarius  of  Kaup  (1829) 
and  Dryopicos  [sic]  of  Malherbe  (181S-9).  See  cut  un- 
der z>rvocopus.— Greater  spotted  woodpecker,  Pict/^ 
(Dendrocopus)  major,  ranging  tlu-ough  nearly  all  of  Europe 
and  much  of  Asia.  This  is  one  of  the  woodpeckers  com- 
mon in  Great  Britain,  there  corresponding  to  the  haii->- 
woodpecker  of  the  United  States.  It  is  10  inches  long,  of 
black  and  white  color  in  intricate  pattern,  the  male  with 
a  red  hindhead.  See  cut  under  Pictis.— GTeen  wood- 
pecker, Gecimis  viridis,  the  commonest  woodpecker  in 
(jreat  Britain,  with  a  host  of  provincial  English  names, 
dialectal  variants  of  these,  and  various  poetical  epithets, 
but  only  about  twenty  New  Latin  names.  (See  cut  under 
pojnnjay.)  The  genus  GeanHJ*  ranges  through  almost  all 
the  Palearctic  and  Indian  regions,  whei-e  it  is  represented 
by  17  species.  That  mentioned  inhabits  the  greater  part 
of  Europe,  north  to  60°  N.  lat.,  also  Asia  Minor  and  east- 
ward to  Persia.  It  is  about  12.\  inches  long,  of  a  greenish 
c(dor,  variegated  with  crimson,  yellow,  white,  black,  etc.— 
Green  woodpecker  of  Mexicot,  a  bird  descrii)ed  in  1734 
by  Seba  as  Ardea  inexicana,  and  later  in  1760  by  Brisson  as 
pic  verd  du  Mexique,  being  a  popinjay  artificially  fitted 
with  the  legs  of  some  other  bird  and  falslfled  as  to  habitat. 

-Hairy  woodpecker.  Picas  (Dendrocopus)  lillosus,  a 
connnon  woodpecker  of  eastern  North  America,  entirely 
black  and  white,  the  male  with  a  scarlet  occipital  band, 
the  size  usually  9  or  10  inches,  but  varying  from  8  to  11. 
This  very  exceptional  gradation  in  size  has  caused  the 
recognition  of  three  varieties,  major,  medius,  and  minor, 
graded  mainly  according  to  latitude,  the  northernmost 
l»irds  being  the  largest.  These  varieties  have  several 
synonyms,  and  in  western  North  America  the  hairy  wood- 
pe(rker  runs  into  yet  other  geographical  or  climatic  races. 

—  Half-billed  woodpeckert  (Latham.  1782).  a  nominal 
species,  based  on  Picus semirnsti-is  of  Linnjcus  (1766),  which 
was  a  popinjay  with  a  broken  bill.— Harris's  wood- 
pecker, Picun  villosus  harri,si,  the  hairy  woodpecker  of 
the  regions  from  the  Rocky  ilountains  to  the  Pacific,  in 
which  the  white  spots  on  the  wing-coverts  are  few,  if  any, 
and  the  belly  is  smoky-gray  in  some  localities.  This  sub- 
species is  thus  parallel  with  that  of  the  downy  woodpecker 
called  Gairdner's,  and  was  dedicated  by  Audubon  in  1839 
to  Edward  Harris.  — Hybrid  woodpecker,  Ayres's  woud- 
jjccker.- Imperial  woodpecker,  CamjJophUus  imperi- 
ali-s,  an  ivory-billed  and  the  largest  known  woodpecker, 
nearly  2  feet  long,  with  black  nasal  plumules,  no  white 
stripe  on  the  head  or  neck,  a  long  occipital  crest  of  scarlet, 
the  secondaries  tipped  with  white,  the  plumage  otherwise 
black,  and  the  bill  white.  This  magnificent  bird  inhabits 
Mexico,  and  will  probably  be  found  in  the  I'nited  States 
near  the  Mexican  border.— Ivory-billed  woodpecker, 
the  ivoiybill;  any  member  of  the  genus  Campophilu.9 
having  a  white  bill.  See  cut  under  CampophUus.  —  Javan 
three-toed  woodpecker,  the  bird  figured  under  Tiyn 
(which  see).— Ladder-backed  three-toed  woodpeck- 
er, Picoides  atnericamis,  marked  by  the  characters  indi- 
cated in  the  name,  8  to  9  inches  long,  common  in  northerly 
parts  of  North  America. — Ladder-backed  woodpeckers, 
thc)se  small  black-and-white-spotted  woodpeckers  whose 
upper  parts  are  regularly  barred  crosswise  with  black  and 
wliite,  as  the  Texan  woodpecker  and  related  forms.  Coues. 

—  Larger  red-crested  woodpecker,  the  pileated  wood- 
pecker. Catcsby,  1731.— Largest  white-billed  wood- 
pecker, the  ivorybill.  Catesby,  1731.  — Lesser  black 
woodpecker  (Latham,  1782),  the  homonym  of  two  dillei-- 
ent  species  of  South  American  woodpeckers,  Melanerpes 
ruhrifrons  and  M.  cruentattts.-'Le^^QT  spotted  wood- 
pecker, Picas  (Dendrocopus)  minor,  ranging  through  near- 
ly all  Europe,  much  of  Asia,  and  parts  of  .Africa.  It  is 
one  of  the  woodpeckers  common  in  Great  Britain,  where  it 
correpponds  to  the  downy  woodpecker  of  the  l' nitcd  States. 
It  is  6  inches  long,  of  black  and  white  color  in  intricate 
pattern,  the  male  with  a  red  liindhcad.  — Lewis*s  wood- 
pecker, Asyndesniua  torquatus  of  Ctnies.  originally  I^'cus 
torqnafus(}f  Wilson  (1811),  named  by  the  latter  after  its  dis- 
coverer. Captain  Meriwether  Lewis,  United  States  army. 
It  inhabits  western  North  America,  chiefiy  in  mountainous 
jKirts  of  the  Initcd  States,  and  is  generically  distinct  from 


woodpecker 

all  other  woodpeckers  in  having  the  plumage  of  the  under 
parts  hair-like  by  reason  of  disconnection  of  the  barlw  of 
the  feathers.  It  is  10  to  12  inches  long,  greenish-black 
with  bronze  luster,  a  patch  of  velvety  crimson  feathers  on 
the  face,  the  under  parts  and  a  collar  round  the  neck 
hoarj'-gray,  heightened  to  rose-  or  lake-red  on  the  belly. 
Also  called  collared  and  bristle-bellied  woodpecker.— JAjie- 
ated  woodpecker,  Ceophlceus  or  Dryocopus  (formerly  /*i- 
n(S)^in«rt(^«,  of  Central  and  South  America,  of  rather  large 
size  (14  inches  long),  crested  with  crimson,  and  otherwise 
resembling  the  pileated  woodpecker,  to  which  it  is  nearly 
related.— Little  brown  woodpecker,  lyngipicus  gynv- 
nophthalmus,  of  Ceylon  and  the  point  of  the  Indian 
peninsula,  4^  inches  long.  Latham,  1787.— Magellanic 
woodpecker,  Ipocrantor  magellanicua,  a  monotypic  spe- 
cies ofChili  and  Patagonia,  15  inches  long,  mostly  blue- 
black  with  scarlet  crested  head.— Malaccan  wood- 
pecker, Chrysophlegma  malaccensis,  of  the  Malay  coun- 
tries, Sumatra,  and  Borneo.  It  is  one  of  a  group  of  about 
8  Oriental  species  of  this  genus.  Latham,  1787.— Manilla 
green  woodpecker,  the  Cape  woodpecker  (by  a  geo- 
graphical blunder).  Latftam,  1782.— Maria's  Wood- 
pecker, a  young  hairy  woodpecker,  named  Picus  martins 
by  Audubon  in  1830  after  a  Miss  ilaria  Martin. —  Masked 
woodpeckers,  the  genus  Xenopicus.  Coues,  1884.—  Nar- 
row-fronted  woodpecker,  Melanerpes  /omucivorus 
angustifrons,  a  variety  found  in  Lower  California,  having 
not  the  forehead  but  the  white  frontal  stripe  narrower 
than  usual.— Nubian  woodpecker,  the  leading  species 
of  a  group  of  about  12  species  composing  the  Ethiopian 
genus  Campothera;  C.  nubica,  of  Abyssinia  and  south  to 
equatorial  Africa.  Latham,  1782.— Nuchal  woodpecker, 
a  western  variety  of  the  sapsucker,  Sphyropicus  variug 
nuchalis,  showing  more  red  on  the  head,  and  thus  an 
approach  to  S.  rw6<?r.— Nuttall's  woodpecker,  Picux 
(Dendrocopus)  nuttalli,  the  ladder-backed  woodpecker  of 
the  Pacific  slope  of  the  United  States,  very  near  the 
Texan :  named  in  1843  by  Dr.  W.  Gambel  in  compliment 
to  the  botanist  Thomas  Nuttall.— Orange  woodpecker, 
IJrachypternus  aurantius,  of  northern  India,  in  part  of  the 
color  named,  and  11  inches  long,  the  male  of  which  was 
originally  described  in  1760  by  Brisson  as  pic  du  Cap  de 
Bonne  Espi'-rance.  and  the  female  the  same  year  by  the 
same  as  pic  verd  de  Bengal,  whence  the  Linnean  (1766) 
Picus  aurantius  and  Picus  beivjalensis.  The  same  bira 
served  also  as  the  type  of  Malherbe's  genus  Brahmapicos, 
dedicated  to  the  leading  personage  of  the  Hindu  TrimurtL 
—Phillips's  woodpecker,  a  young  haiiy  woodpecker :  so 
named  as  a  distinct  species  in  18li9,  by  Audubon,  after 
Benjamin  Phillips,  F.  R.  s.— Pileated  woodpecker,  the 
black  log-cock  of  North  America,  Hylotomus  or  Dn/otomus 
or  Phlaotomus  or  Ceophlceus  pileatus,  originally  Picus  pi- 
leatus.  See  cut  under  pileated.— "Pole-hSi.cked  three- 
toed  woodpecker,  Picoides  americanus  dorsalis,  having 
a  long  white  stripe  lengthwise  down  the  middle  of  the 
black  back,  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  of  the  United 
States.  —  Raffles'S  woodpecker,  Gauropicoides  rafiesi, 
a  monotype  inhabiting  Tenasserim,  the  Malay  peninsula, 
Sumatra,  and  Borneo,  originally  named  Picus  raffiesii  by 
Vigors,  in  1831,  after  Sir  Stamford  Raffles.  The  upper 
parts  are  mostly  uniform  golden-olive. —  Rayed  wood- 
pecker, one  of  the  zebra-woodpeckers,  Picus  or  Centu- 
rus  or  Zehrapicxis  striatus,  of  Hayti  and  San  Domingo.  La- 
tham, 1782.— Red-bellied  woodpecker,  Centurus  caroli- 
nus,  one  of  the  zebra-woodpeckers,  common  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  See  cut  under  Centurus.  —  Red-breasted 
woodpecker,  Sphyropieus  ruber,  the  sapsucker  of  the 
Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States,  like  S.  rarius,  but  hav- 
ing the  whole  head,  neck,  and  breast  caimine-red  in  both 
sexes.- Red-cheeked  woodpecker  (of  Edwards,  1764X 
Celeus  undatus,  a  crested  Amazonian  species  of  a  genus  of 
14  species  peculiar  to  the  Neotropical  region.— Red-COCk- 
aded  woodpecker.  See  rerf-coc/.-flrferf.— Red-headed 
woodpecker,  Melanerpes  erythrocephalus :  so  named  by 
Catesby  in  17;U.  See  cut  under  J/p^7i«7Je?.— Red-Shaft- 
ed woodpecker,  the  ilexican  flicker,  Colaptes  mexicatius. 
—  Red-throated  woodpecker,  the  adult  male  of  the 
thyroid  woodpecker,  formerly  described  as  Melanerpes 
rnbrigulariit  i^Sclater).- St.  Lucas  WOOdpeckCr,  the  lad- 
der-backed woo<lpecker  of  Ix»wer  California:  a  local  race 
called  Picxts  scalaris  leuca.-»anus.  —  Sap-SUCklng  wood- 
peckers, the  true  sapsuckers  of  the  genus  Sphyropieus 
(whieh  see,  with  cut).— Smallest  Spotted  woodpecker, 
the  downy  woodpecker.  Cat.<'sby,  1731.— Strickland's 
woodpecker,  I'icus  (Dendrocopus)  stricklandi,  of  south- 
eastern Mexico,  dedicated  in  1845  by  Malherbe  to  Hugh 
v..  Strickland,  principal  author  of  the  Stricklandian  code 
of  nomenclature  in  ornithology.  It  is  7k  inches  long,  has 
the  back  and  rump  barred  with  blackish-brown  and  whit- 
ish, the  under  parts  white,  fully  streaked  with  black.— 
Superciliary  woodpecker.  See  ^H^jcrci^mry.- Texan 
woodpecker,  the  ladder-backed  woodpecker  of  Texas  to 
Arizona  and  soutliward  to  Yucatan.  Picvs  {Dendrocopus) 
scalaris,  ,t^  to  6J  inches  long,  having  the  upper  parts  regu- 
larly barred  crosswise  with  white  and  black.  Also  called 
Texas  sapsucker.—  Thxee-toed  WOOdpecker,  any  species 
(»f  several  different  genera  of  Picin^fe,  in  which  the  first 
digit  (inner  hind  toe)  is  lacking.  This  peculiarity  recurs 
in  genera  otherwise  very  close  to  those  in  which  the  feet 
are  normally  yoke-toed,  so  that  the  species  which  exhibit 
it  do  not  form  a  group  by  themselves.  The  three-toed  gen- 
era are  Picoides,  Gauropicoides,  Gecinulus,  and  Tiga  (see 
cut  under  Tiga).  The  same  peculiarity  marks  the  genus 
Sasia  among  the  Picumnin^.— Thyroid  woodpecker, 
Sphyropieus  thyroideus,  &  remarkable  sapsucker  of  west- 
ern North  America,  the  opposite  sexes  of  which  differ  so 
much  that  they  liave  been  placed  in  separate  genera,  and 
repeatedly  described  as  different  species,  called  brotcn- 
headed,  red-throated,  Willi^msoti's,  etc., -icoodpecker,  Picvs 
thyroideus  (Cassin,  18ol),  Colaptes  thyroideus,  Picus  na- 
t'lli/p  (Malherbe,  1854>,  Centurus  nataltje,  Picus  uilliam- 
wju'  (Newberrv,  18.=i7\  Melanerpes  thyroideus,  M.  rubrigula- 
nX  etc.  The  "length  is  9  to  9i  inches,  the  extent  16  to  17  ; 
the  adult  male  is  glossy  blue-black,  with  scarlet  throat,  an 
obliijue  wing-bar.  two  stripes  on  each  side  of  the  head,  and 
some  other  markings  white ;  the  female  is  only  contiim- 
ously  black  in  a  shield-shaped  area  on  the  breast,  other- 
wise barred  closely  and  regularly  with  black  and  white  or 
whity-bi-own,thehead  uniform  hair-brown,  the  quills  mark- 
ed with  white  spots  in  rows  of  pairs.  The  sexual  differ- 
ences begin  with  nestlimrs  as  soon  as  they  are  fledged,  con- 
trary to  one  of  the  broadest  rules  in  ornithology  — namely, 
that,  when  the  adults  of  opposite  sexes  differ  decidedly  in 


woodpecker 

color,  the  youug  males  resemble  the  female,  and  acquire 
their  distinctive  markings  at  maturity  only.— Tricolor 
woodpeckers,  the  members  of  the  restricted  geims  Me- 
lanerpeg,  as  the  red-headed.  See  cut  under  Melanerpes. 
Cmies.  —  WMte-backed  woodpecker,  Picia  (Dcndro- 
eoptu)  leticoiwlus  (originally  misprinted  leucotoa  -Bech- 
stein,  1802X  10  inches  long,  having  the  lower  back  white, 
extending  from  northwestern  Europe  to  Manchuria,  Corea, 
and  Mongolia.— White-headed  woodpecker,  Xenopicus 
albolarvatits.  See  A'e;w^iw( with  cut).— White-nimped 
woodpecker,  the  red-headed  w*o<)dpeckcr.  See  cut  un- 
der Melanerpes.  Latham.  I7tt2.—  Willlamaon's  wood- 
pecker, the  adult  male  of  the  thyroid  woodpecker,  for- 
merly described  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Xewberiy  in  1S57  as  Pieus 
williariiifoni,  after  JJeutenant  R.  S.  Williamson,  United 
States  army.— Woodpecker  homblll,  an  Asiatic  species 
of  BucercUda,  Bttcerog  pica  (of  Scopoli,  1786,  now  Anthraco- 
cerog  coroiuUwt),  of  a  black  and  white  color,  inhabiting  In- 
dia and  Ceylon.— Yellow-bellied  woodpecker,  the  com- 
mon sapsucker:  so  named  originally  by  Cateshy,  17ai. 
See  sapeucker  (with  cut),  and  Sphyni/ieuK.  —Yellow  blue- 
footed  Persian  woodpeckert  (Pirus  luteiut  cyanoptis 
persicus  of  Aldrovandi),  the  popinjay.  Latham,  1782.— 
YellOW-fironted  woodpecker,  CeHtunin  aur^frotm,  one 
of  the  zebra-woodpeckers,  of  Texas  and  southward,  Iiav- 
ing  the  forehead  and  nasal  plumules  golden-yellow,  the 
head  and  under  parts  clear  ashy-gray,  becoming  yellowish 
on  the  belly,  and  the  upper  tail-coverts  continuously  white. 
—Yellow-necked  woodpecker,  Gecimis  chluruluphw,  a 
popinjay  of  Nepal,  parts  of  tlie  HinuUayas,  Bengal,  Mani- 
pur,  Assam,  Burma,  and  the  .Malay  iieninsula.  Latham, 
182i — Yellow- Winged  woodpecker.  Sam e  as  fiicker'i. 
—  Zebra  woodpeckers.  See  zeUra-wuodpecker.  and  cut 
under  Ceiiturim. 

WOOd-pewee  iwuU'pe'we),  ».  A  tyraimuliue, 
or  little  olivaceous  flycatehor,  of  the  genus 
Contopus,  the  species  of  which  are  numerous 
in  the  warmer  parts  of  both  Americas.  The  com- 
mon wood-pewee,  C  virewt,  is  the  most  abundant  of  its 
tribe  in  the  woodlands  of  many  parts  of  North  America. 
It  resembles  the  water-pewee,  or  pewit  flycatcher  (com- 
pare cuts  under  Cotitopus  and  pewU\  but  is  smaller  (only 
t}or6i  inches  long,  and  10  or  11  in  extent),  with  extremely 
small  feet,  and  broad  flat  beak ;  the  feet  and  upper  man- 
dible are  black;  the  lower  mandible  is  usually  yellow; 
the  eyes  are  brown  ;  the  plumage  is  olive-l»rown  above, 
below  dingy-whitish  tinged  with  yellow  and  shaded  with 
the  color  of  the  back,  especially  acniss  the  breast  and 
along  the  sides.  The  nest  is  flatly  saddled  on  a  horizontal 
bough,  stuccoed  with  lichens;  t'he  eggs  are  four  or  five 
in  number,  creamy-white,  marked  with  reddish-brown  and 
lilac  spots  usually  wreathed  about  the  larger  end.  The 
note  is  a  long-drawn  querulous  whistle  of  two  or  three  syl- 
lables, imitated  in  the  word  pewee.  The  western  wood- 
pewee  is  C.  c.  rifhardmni. 

wood-pie  (wiid'pi),  n.  The  woodpecker:  so 
called  with  reference  to  the  8i>otte(l  plumage: 
locally  applied  to  the  greater  and  lesser  spotted 
woodpeckers,  Picux  major  aitil  P.  minor,  and  the 
green  woodpecker,  (iecinun  viridix.  See  cuts  un- 
der I'iciis  and popinjai/.     [Local,  British.] 

wood-pigeon  (wiid'pij'on),  n.  1.  The  wood- 
culver,  wood-quest,  cushat,  or  ring-dove,  Co- 
lumba  palumbus ;  also,  sometimes,  tlie  stock- 
dove, 6V  aenas.  [Eng.]  —  2.  In  the  western 
United  States,  tlie  band-tailed  pigeon,  Columbii 
fasciattt.  This  is  one  of  the  few  American  pigeons 
congeneric  with  an  Old  World  type  (that  Hgured  under 
whUe-<r(nened  being  another).  It  is  a  large  stout  species 
(16  inches  long  and  about  27  in  extent),  the  adult  male  hav- 
ing the  head,  neck,  and  under  parts  vlnaceous,  fading  to 
white  on  the  erissum,  the  sides  of  the  neck  iridescent,  a 
sharp  white  half-collar  on  the  back  of  the  neck  (whence 
also  called  tchite-cfUtared  pijeoti),  the  tail  marked  with  a 
light  terminal  and  dark  subtenninal  bar  (whence  batul- 
tailed  pvjeon).  the  bill  yellow  tipped  with  black,  the  feet 
yellow  with  black  claws,  and  a  red  ring  round  the  eye.  It 
is  of  common  but  irregular  distribution,  chiefly  in  wood- 
land, from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Paciflc,  feeds  main- 
ly on  mast,  nesta  in  trees  and  bushes,  and  lays  (as  usual  in 
this  family)  two  white  eggs. 

woodpile  (wud'pil),  H.  A  stack  or  pile  of  wood, 
especially  of  wood  for  fuel. 

And,  take  it  in  the  autumn,  what  can  be  pleasanter  than 
to  spend  a  whole  day  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  barn  or  a  wwhI- 
pUe,  chatting  with  somebody  as  old  as  one's  self? 

llaicth'trne,  Seven  (iables,  iv. 

wood-pimpernel  (wud'pim  "per-nel),  II.  A 
European  species  of  loosestrife,  Lysiiiiachiii 
nemoriim,  somewhat  resembling  the  common 
pimpernel. 

WOod-pUCeront  (wiid'pu'HC-ron),  II.  [<  wooill 
+  F.  jiureroii,  <  piu-c,  Of*,  jiiilcc  —  It.  pnh-i-. 
<  L.  jnilcx,  flea.]  A  kind  of  aphis  or  plant- 
louse. 

wood-pulp  (wud' pulp),  II.  Wood-fiber  reduced 
to  a  pulp,  either  mechanically  or  chemically. 
for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  Almost  any 
wood  may  be  used  ;  the  amount  of  cellulose  varies  from 
:i0.41  per  cent,  in  oak  to  ^.90  per  cent,  in  ttr.  The  easi- 
ly worked  woods  are  preferrcl,  cottonwood  and  other 
poplars  being  largely  used  in  North  America.  The  amount 
thus  consumed  in  .America  and  continental  Europe  is  very 
large.    Compare  icwnl-iiaper. 

WOOd-qnail  (wiid'kwal),  ».  Any  bird  of  the 
genus  Uolliiliis;  a  roulroul.  See  cut  under  Hol- 
luliis. 

wood-quest  (wVid'kwest),  «.  The  ring-dove, 
Coluniha  puliimhus:  same  as  i/iirr.ft. 

Me  thought  I  saw  a  stock-dove,  or  WiHKl  quixt,  I  know 
not  how  to  tearme  it,  that  brought  short  strawes  to  build 
his  nest  on  a  tall  cedar. 

Lyly,  Saphoand  Phaon,  iv.  :i.    {Xaren.) 


6969 

wood-rabbit  (wiid'rab'it),  n.  The  common 
gi-ay  rabbit  of  the  United  States,  Lepui  sijlvati- 
eiiii.     See  cut  under  cottontail. 

wood-rat  (wiid'rat),  /(.  Ally  species  of  Aco- 
toiiia,  including  large  wood"land  rats  of  the 
United  States,  etc.,  of  the  family  Miiridie,  sub- 
family Murinse.  and  section  Siymodoiites,  such 
as  the  Florida  wood-rat,  N.  floridaiia;  the 
Kocky  Mountain  wood-rat.  A',  ciiierea  ;  the  Cali- 
fornia wood-rat,  N.  fuscipes ;  the  Texas  wood- 
rat,  A',  micropuii ;  the  ferrngineous  wood-rat 
of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  X.ferrityiiiea. 
See  pack-rat  (under  ro^l),  and  cut  under  Xc- 
otoniii. 

wood-reed  (wud'red),  u.     See  ccefA. 

woodreeve  (wiid'rev),  ii.  In  England,  the  stew- 
ard or  overseer  of  a  wood  or  forest. 

wood-robin  (wud'rob"in),  11.  The  American 
wood-thnish,  Tiirdus  iiiustelinus.    [Local,  U.  S.] 

wood-rock  (wud'rok),  «.    Ligniform  asbestos. 

woodruff,  WOOdroof(wud'ruf,  -rof),  H.  [Early 
mod.  E.  woodrofe;  <  ME.  wodruffe,  witderoir, 
icoderorc,  <  AS.  wudiirofe,  icudcrofc,  <  inidii. 
wood,  -I-  "rofe,  of  uncertain  meaning.]  A  rubi- 
aeeous  herb,  Asperiila  odorata,  of  Europe  and 
Asiatic  Russia,  more  fully  named  siecet  icoodniff. 
It  has  a  creeping  rootstock  sending  up  erect  stems,  the 
leaves  whorled,  chiefly  in  eights,  the  flowers  small,  white, 
in  loose  cymes.  The  plant,  from  the  presence  of  couniarin, 
is  scented  like  the  sweet  vernal-grass  and  sweet-clover,  and 
in  parts  of  Europe  it  is  used  to  flavor  the  spring  beverage 
called  May-drink  (which  see).  Woodrnfl  is  sometimes 
found  growing  near  German  settlements  in  the  United 
States.  The  name  is  extended  to  the  other  species  of  As- 
peruld— Dyers' WOOiniS,Aiiperulu  lincturia,  ot  Europe, 
whose  roots  sometimes  serve  in  place  of  madder. — Quin- 
sy-Woodruff. .Same  as  quirufyivort.— Sweet  WOOarUff. 
See  def. 

wood-rush  (wud'rush),  II.  [<  icood^  +  rusli^, 
H.]  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lii-ula :  also  called 
ilhiirKoriii-ijraas.  The  field  wood-rush,  Lruula  cam- 
pegtris,  is  an  extremely  conmion  low  plant  of  Europe  and 
North  America,  having  clusters  of  brown  chatty  flowers 
appearing  early  in  spring :  in  Great  Britain  it  is  locally 
calleil  blackhead-  or  cuckoo-yrass  and  chiviney-mveeps.  A 
larger  species,  L.  sylvatica,  has  the  names  wood-blades  and 
xcood-yratm. 

wood-sage  (wud'saj),  n.     See  saye"^. 

wood-sandpiper  (wud'sand"i)i-pcr),  n.  A  com- 
mon tattler  of  Europe  and  much  of  the  Old 
World,  Totaiiii.i  glnreoia,  of  tlie  family  Scolopa- 


Wood-sand piper  ( Totaniis glareola). 

ridie,  nearly  relat(>d  to  the  redshank  and  green- 
shank,  and  also  to  the  American  solitary  sand- 
piper. 

WOOd-sanicle  (wud'san"i-kl),  II.     See  naiiicle. 

wood-saret,  ».  A  kind  of  froth  seen  on  herbs; 
cucko<)-si)it. 

'ITie  froth  which  they  call  woodsrare,  being  like  a  kind 
of  spittle,  is  found  but  upon  certain  herbs,  ...  as  laven- 
der, .  .  .  sage,  etc.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist,  §  407. 

wood-saw  (wud'sa),  «.  Same  as  6«c7i-Aai(;.  See 
cuts  under  s-air. 

wood-sawyer  (wud'sa "yer),  «.  In  cutout.,  same 
as  miii/cr,  4. 

wood-screw  (wtid'skro),  n.  A  screw  specially 
inad('  for  use  in  fastening  together  jiarts  of 
wooden  structures  or  structures  of  wood  and 
metal.  The  modern  wood-screw  has  generally  a  conical 
point,  like  that  of  a  gimlet.  See  cuts  under  comitcrsink, 
Kcrew,  and  xerew-thread. 

WOOd-seret  (wiid'ser).  It.  and  a.     [Also  icood- 
Kccr;  <  itiiodl  +  xcrc^,  .w-«fl.]     I.  n.  The  time 
when  there  is  no  sap  in  a  tree.     Ttis.ter,  May's 
Husbandry,  st.  (>. 
II.  ('.  Dry;  barren. 

Tlie  soil  ...  is  a  poor  wnitrt-nere  land,  very  natural  for 
the  production  of  oaks  especially. 

Aui/rey,  .Misc.,  p.  211.    {Davies.) 

Wood's  fusible  alloy.    See  nVon. 

woodshed  (wud'shed).  It.  A  shed  for  keeping 
wood  for  fuel. 

She  looked  so  much  like  one  of  Elfle's  own  little  dolls 
which  she  had  thrown  into  the  woodghed,  out  of  the  way, 
that  she  felt  Mhamed.  St.  .Vicholag,  XVIII.  2«8. 


wood-stamp 

WOOdshock  ( wiid'shok),  II.  [See  woodchuck^,  ap- 
plied to  a  different  quadruped.]  The  pekan, 
fisher,  or  Pennant's  marten,  Mtistela  pcitnanti 
or  31.  canadensis,  also  called  blark-citf  and  black- 
tox\  It  is  the  largest  and  darkest^colored  species  of  the 
genus,  inhabiting  North  America  approximately  between 
35°  and  65°  N.  lat.,  in  wooded  regions  of  the  country ;  it  is 
from  2  to  3  feet  long,  the  tail  over  a  toot  in  length ;  the 
general  color  is  black  or  blackish.  See  pekan,  and  cut  un- 
der jiaher. 

WOOd-shrike  (wud'shrik),  n.  1.  The  wood- 
chat. —  2.  An  African  shrike  of  the  genus  Pri- 
oitiipn. 

WOOd-shrimp  (wud'shrimp),  n.  A  boring  or 
terebrant  amphipod,  of  the  family  Clieltiiidse. 
See  cut  under  Clielura. 

Woodsia  (wud'zi-a),  n.  [NL.  (E.  Brown,  1815), 
named  after  Joseph  Woodfi,  a  British  botanist.] 
A  genus  of  delicate  polypodiaeeous  ferns,  na- 
tives of  high  temperate  or  boreal  latitudes. 
They  ai-e  tufted  ferns  with  the  stipes  often  jointed  and 
separating  at  the  joint,  and  round  sori  borne  on  the  back 
of  simply  forked  free  veins.  Tlie  indusium  is  inferior, 
thin,  eitlier  small  and  open  or  early  bursting  into  ilTCgular 
lobes  at  the  top.  There  are  15  species,  of  which  number 
7  are  found  in  North  America.    See  cut  under  iiidiadiim. 

wood-skin  (wtid'skin),  «.  A  large  canoe,  used 
by  the  Indians  of  Guiana,  made  from  the  bark  of 
the  purple  heart -tree  and  the  simari  or  locust- 
tree.  Some  of  these  canoes  are  large  eiiough 
to  caiTy  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  persons. 
Siininoiidn. 

wood-slave  (wud'slav),  n.  A  Jamaican  lizard, 
MahiiHija  iii/ilis. 

woodsman(wudz'man), n.;  pi. uoodsmeii (-men). 
One  who  dwells  in  or  frequents  the  woods,  as  a 
wood-cutter,  sportsman,  hunter,  or  the  like. 

The  sturdy  wood^maji. 

J.  F.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xxv. 
Things  that  are  common  to  all  woodsmen. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  202. 
An  (Iwl  and  a  Duck  will  resort  to  the  same  nest-box,  set 
up  by  a  scheming  woodsman  for  his  own  advantage. 

Emyc.  Brit.,  III.  772. 

The  h>g  was  white  birch.  .  .  .  H'oodSHWH  areat  aloss  to 
account  for  its  intense  and  yet  chaste  flame,  since  the  bark 
has  no  oily  appearance. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Backlog  Studies,  p.  23. 

Wood's  metal.     See  metal. 

wood-snail  (wiid'snal),  n.  A  common  snail  of 
Gi-eat  Britain,  Ihlijc  ncmoralis. 

wood-snake  (wiid'snak),  n.  Any  serpent  of  the 
family  Drtjophidie. 

wood-snipe  (wud'snip),  «.  l.  The  European 
woodcock,  SciiUipax  runticnla:  so  called  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  common  snipe  of  England 
(daHiiuHio  media).  See  first  cut  under  wood- 
cock.    [Local,  Eng.] 

The  wood-xm'pe  was  considered  a  stupid  bird. 

SI.  Jamex  Gazette,  March  14,  1SS7.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

2.  The  American  woodcock,  Pliilohela  minor. 
See  second  cut  imder  icoodcock.     [Virginia.] 
wood-soot  (wiul'sut),  n.    Soot  from  burnt  wood. 
It  has  been  found  useful  as  a  mamire. 

Wood's  operation  for  inguinal  hernia.    See 

opcrtilion. 

wood-sorrel  ( wud'sor''el),  ».  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus t}j-alis.  The  common  wood-sorrel  is  0.  Acetosetla. 
Tliis  is  a  low  steniless  species,  found  in  damp  deep  shade 
through  the  north  temperate  zone.  Its  peduncles  bear 
single  delicate  flowers,  the  petals  white  wiMl  light-red- 
disli  veins.  It  has  the  old  or  local  names  allehna.  cuckoo- 
bread,  gtubwort.  etc.,  and  it  is  regarded  by  some  as  the 
original  Irish  shamrock.  The  violet  wood-sorrel,  0.  vio- 
lacea,  is  a  similar  somewhat  smaller  American  plant  with 
violet  petals,  growing  in  less  sliaded  ground.  (See  cut 
under  Oxalii.)  O.  eorniculata,  the  yellow  wood-sorrel, 
having  slender  leafy  brancliiiig  stems  which  are  erect  or 
procumbent,  with  small  yellow  flowers,  grows  nearly 
everywhere.  'I'he  leaves  In  this  genus  contain  oxalic  acid, 
and  have  a  sonrisli  taijle.  Several  Mexican  and  South 
American  species  yield  edible  tuberous  roots.  (See  oca 
and  arracdcha.)  Several  exotic  species  are  cultivated  in 
greenhouses,  as  O.  purpiirala,  var.  Boitiei,  with  abundant 
flowers  of  a  deep  i-ose-coUir,  (K  Jtava  with  yellow  flowers, 
and  O.  renricotor  with  flowers  exhibiting  a  pink  exterior 
when  closed,  white  within,  opening  only  in  sunshine ; 
these  are  all  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

wood-sour  (wild 'sour),  it.  [.Also  icood-sore,  trood- 
xotccr.'i  'J'lio  wood-sorrel,  (halia  Acctosellu ; 
sonietiines,  the  common  barberry,  Bcrberis  ctd- 
i/ftrin.     [I'rov.  Eng.] 

wood-spack  (wiid'.spak),  n.  Same  as  irood-spite. 
[I'rov.  Eng.] 

wood-spirit (wiid'spir'it),  II.  Same  as pijroxijiir 
xjiirit.     See  jti/roxtilic. 

wood-spite  (wud'spit),  it.  [<  n-ood^  -i-  spife,  var. 
of  .•ipiii/lil.]  The  green  woodpecker,  tlccinusri- 
ritlis.  Also  \roiid-spavh-.  liilliit/ldii/;  Ittttj.  See 
cut  tu\i\er  pojiiiijai/.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wood-spurge  (wud'sp<r,j).  11.     Sec  .^jittri/c^. 

wood-stamp  (wud'sfamp),  II.  A  stamp,  en- 
gravcil  (11-  carved  i]i  wood,  for  impressing  figures 
or  coliirs  on  fabrics. 


wood-star 

wood-star  (wiid'star),  H.  1.  A  humming-bird 
of  the  geuus  Calothorax,  as  C.  calliope. —  2.  Tlio 
Bahamau  sheartail,  a  humming-bird,  Dorkha 
cretynse,  common  in  New  Providence  and  An- 
dros  islands.     See  sheartdil. 

wood-still  (wud'stil),  u.     A  turpentine-still. 

wood-stone  (wud'ston),  ».  Petrified  wood;  es- 
pecially, silicified  wood,  such  as  that  from  An- 
tigua, the  desert  of  Cairo,  etc. 

wood-stork  (wud'stork),  «.  A  stork  of  the  sub- 
family Tdiitaliiise,  more  commonly  and  less  cor- 
rectly called  wood-ibis.  See  cut  under  TmitalKS. 

wood-stove  (wud'stov),  M.  A  stovo  specially 
adapted  for  burning  wood,  as  distinguished 
from  a  coal-stove,  gas-stove,  etc. 

wood-strawberry  (wud'stra"ber-i),  n.  See 
stratrberri/. 

WOOdsucker  (wiid'suk'er),  «.  The  green  wood- 
pecker, CTCciniLS  riridis.  Compare  sap.tncker. 
See  cut  \indev popiiijay.     [New  Forest,  Eng.] 

WOOd-SWallow  (wud'swol"6),  n.  Tlie  Anglo- 
Australian  name  of  any  bird  of  the  family 
Artumidss;  a  swallow-shrike  (which  see,  with 
cut). 

wood-swift  (wud'swift),  n.  The  moth  Epialu.'i 
.^yhiiiii.',:     See  strift^,  7. 

woodsy  (wiid'zi),  o.  [<  woodti,  pi.  of  wood'^,  + 
-//I.]  Belonging  to  or  associated  with  woods; 
peculiar  to  or  characteristic  of  woods:  as,  a 
iriiiidsy  stream;  a  woodsy  flavor.     [U.  S.] 

Harry,  Tina,  Esther,  and  I  ran  up  and  down  and  in  and 
about  the  piles  of  wood  that  evening  with  a  joyous  satis- 
faction. How  fresli  and  spicy  and  it'oorfsj/ it  smelt !  lean 
smell  now  the  fragrance  of  the  hickory,  whose  clear,  oily 
hark  in  burning  cast  forth  perfume  quite  e(iual  to  cinna- 
mon. //.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  485. 

Woodsy  and  wild  and  lonesome, 
The  swift  stream  wound  away. 

Whittier,  Cobbler  Keezer's  Vision. 

woodtapper  (wiul'tap'er),  w.  A  woodpecker. 
Also  itoodtupper.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wood-tar  (wud'tar),  n.  Tar  obtained  from 
wood.     See  toj-l. 

wood-thrush  (wud'thrush),  H.  1.  The  mistle- 
thrush.  [Local,  Scotland.]  —  2.  In  the  United 
States,  Titrdns  (Hylociehhi)  mustcUnus,  a  beau- 
tiful thrush  of  a  russet  hue  above,  passing  into 
olivaceous  on  the  rump  and  tail,  the  under 
parts  pure  white  or  faintly  tinged  with  buff  on 
the  breast,  with  a  profusion  of  arrow-headed 
blackish  spots,  it  is  7J  to  8  inches  long,  and  about  13 
in  extent.  It  abounds  in  copses  and  woods  of  eastern 
parts  of  the  United  States,  is  an  exquisite  songster,  and 
nests  in  bushes  or  low  trees,  laying  four  or  five  robhi- 
blue  eggs  without  spots,  l,'o  inches  long  by  ,"5  inch  broad. 
It  is  migratoiy,  breeds  throughout  its  range,  and  is  rather 
southerly,  not  going  north  of  New  England.  It  is  the 
most  strongly  marked  species  of  its  subgenus.  The  name 
is  sometimes  extended  to  the  several  species  of  the  same 
subgenus  (HylocichlaX  as  the  hermit-thrush,  the  olive- 
back,  the  veery,  and  others.  Also  locally  called  wood- 
robin. 

To  her  grave  sylvan  nooks 
Thy  steps  allure  us,  which  the  wood-lhru»h  hears 
As  maids  their  lovers',  and  no  treason  feais. 

Lowell,  To  Whittier. 

wood-tick  (wud'tik),  n.  1.  Any  tick  of  the 
family  Ixodidee.  See  Ixodidx,  t'icl;'^,  and  cut 
under  Acnrida. —  2.  A  small  insect  which  ticks 
in  the  woodwork  of  liouses ;  the  death-wateli. 
See  cut  under  dentli-icatch. 

wood-tin  (wild 'tin).  V.  A  nodular  variety  of 
cassiterite,  or  tin-stone,  of  a  brownish  color 
and  fibrous  structure,  and  somewhat  resem- 
bling dry  wood  in  appearance. 

woodtopper  (wud'top"er),  n.  Same  as  irood- 
tfipjwr. 

wood-tortoise  (wud't6r"tis),  n.     See  tortoise. 

wood-vetch  (wM'vech),  x.     See  vetch. 

wood-vine  (wud'vin),  n.     The  bryony. 

wood-vinegar  (wud'vin"e-gar),  n.    See  rincgar. 

wood-violet  (wud'vi"6-let)','  «.  1.  Same  as 
hedge-violet. ~2.  The  bird's-foot  violet. 

wood-wagtail  (wud'wag'tal),  n.     See  wagtail. 

WOOdwale  (wiid'wal),  n.  [Also  iroodicall,  and 
formerly  woodwele,  tcoodiccele;  also  witwall,q.v.; 
<  ME.  wudcwnle,  irodewale  (=  MD.  irediiwael, 
veedewael  =  MLG.  wedewale  =  MHG.  uitewnl, 
G.  witleiral);  <  itoodl  +  -trale  (uncertain).] 
The  woodhack ;  a  woodpecker,  as  the  yaffle. 

Wodewale,  bryd,  idem  quod  reynefowlc  (or  wodehake) 
supra  et  lucar,  I'nnnpt.  Parr.,  p.  f.:il. 

In  many  places  were  nyghtingalea, 
Alpes,  fynches,  and  tcodewaleg. 

Horn,  of  the  lioge,  1,  608. 
The  icoflewale  beryde  als  a  belle, 
That  all  the  wode  alxjwte  me  ronge. 
Th<imai!  0/  Enmeldrmrte  (fhiWf,  I'.allads,  I,  as). 

The  wondweele  sang,  and  woUl  not  cease. 
Sitting  upon  the  spraye, 
Robm  Hood  and  Guy  0/  Gisbor:ie  (Child's  liallads,  V.  160), 


6970 

wood-walker  (wiid'w4'''ker).  n.  A  book-name 
of  any  of  the  gibbons,  as  members  of  the  genus 
Hylolmtes. 

woodwall  (wiid'wal), »(.    Same  as  woodwale. 

wood-warbler  (wud'war'''bler),  11.  A  bird  which 
warbles  in  the  woods.  Specifically  — (a)  In  Great 
liritain,  the  yellow  willow-warbler,  or  wood-wren,  Sylvin 
or  Phylloscopu^  gitnlatrix  (the  Sylvia  sylvicola  of  some 
authors),  a  small  migratory  species  of  the  subfamily  Syl- 
viinsp,  or  true  warblers,  common  to  much  of  Europe  and 
northern  Africa.  See  cut  under  wood-wren.  (&)  In  the 
I  ■  uited  States,  a  bird  of  the  beautiful  and  extensive  family 
Mniotiltidx  or  Detidroecidce,  the  American  warblers,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Old  \\ ot\A  Sylviidte;  especially,  a  bird 
of  the  genus  Dendrwca,  of  which  more  than  20  species  in- 
habit the  United  States.  The  beauty  and  variety  of  this 
genus  are  displayed  to  best  advantage  in  the  woodland 
of  the  eastern  United  States,  where  the  numerous  species 
are  conspicuous  ornaments  of  the  forest  scene.  In  most 
parts  of  the  United  States  the  wood-warblers  are  migra- 
tory birds,  coming  with  great  regularity  in  the  spring, 
each  in  its  own  time,  abounding  for  a  season,  and  then 
passing  on  to  reappear  in  even  greater  profusion  during 
the  autumn.  See  warbler,  where  all  the  species  that  have 
English  names  are  dellned, 

woodward  (wud' ward),  m.  [<  WE.,  wodeward ; 
<  wood'^  +  loard^,  n.  Hence  the  surname  fVood- 
tcard.'i    A  forester;  a  landreeve. 

She  [a  forest]  hath  also  her  peculiar  Olficers,  as  For- 
esters, Verderers,  Regarderers,  Agisters,  &c.  Whereas  a 
Chase  or  I'ark  hath  only  Keepers  and  Woodwards. 

Howell,  Letters,  iv,  16. 
'The  wood-ward,  who  watched  the  forest,  could  claim 
every  tree  that  the  wind  blew  down, 

J.  R.  Green,  Conq.  of  Eng.,  p.  317. 

Woodwardia  (wud-wiir'di-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Smith, 
1(90),  named  after  Thomas  J.  Woodward,  an 
English  botanist.]  A 
small  genus  of  polypodi- 
aceons  ferns,  the  chain- 
ferns,  mostly  natives  of 
north  temperate  regions. 
They  are  large  feras  with  pin- 
natilld  or  pinnate  fronds,  and 
linear  or  oblong  sori  whicll  are 
sunk  in  cavities  of  the  frond, 
arranged  in  a  chain-like  row 
parallel  to  the  midribs  of  the 
pinnas,  Theindnsium  is  fixed 
by  its  outer  margin  to  the 
fruiting  veinlet,  and  covers 
the  cavity  like  alid.  Of  the  6 
species  3  are  found  in  North 
America,  See  also  cut  under 
sorrts. 

wood'wardite       (wud'- 

wiird-it),  n.  [Named  af- 
ter Dr,  S,  P.  IVoodward 
(1S21-65).]  A  hydrous 
suljiliate  of  copper,  oc- 
curring in  concretionary 
forms  of  a  blue  color, 
found  in  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land. 

woodwardship  (wud'- 
ward-.ship),  «,  [<  wood- 
ward +  -ship.'i  The  of- 
fice of  woodward. 


Chain-fern  (.lyoodtvardia 
yt'rjri'tjra). 
z,  pinnule,  showing  the  fruit- 
dots  (sorO, 

Also  Mr,  Hungerford  has  engrossed  the  above  spoils  and 
60  more  trees  at  4/-  by  connivance  of  Mr,  Inkpen,  who  sold 
him  the  woodwardship  of  that  manor  for  33,4, 

Darretl  Papers  (H.  Hall's  Society  in  Elizabethan  Age, 

[App,,  ii,). 

wood-wasp  (wiid'wosp), «.  1.  A  European  so- 
<-ial  wasp,  or  paper-wasp,  Vespa  sylvestris,  which 
hangs  its  nest  in  a  tree. —  2.  A  wasp  which  bur- 
rows in  wood,  as  certain  species  of  Crahroiii- 
d^e.  The  female,  by  means  of  her  strong  broad  mandi- 
bles, excavates  cells  in  the  sand  or  in  rotten  timber,  in 
which  she  deposits  her  eggs,  with  larva;  or  insects  as  food 
for  her  progeny  when  hatched.  These  insects  are  extreme- 
ly active  in  their  haldts,  and  fond  of  the  nectar  of  flowers. 
The  larger  species  are  marked  with  yellow  rings,  while 
those  of  tlie  smaller  are  generally  black.  See  cut  under 
Crahro. 

3.  A  horntail ;  any  member  of  the  Vroceridte 
(or  Sirieidfe),  the'larvas  of  all  of  which  are 
wood-borers ;  a  tailed  wasp,  as  Vrncertis  or  Sirex 
gigas. 

wood-wax  (wud'waks).  «.  [Also  wood-wnxeii, 
iu)i\  Koadiraxen  (simulating  woad);  <  ME.  wode- 
ircxe,  <  AS.  wuduweaxe,  <  wiidii,  wood,  -t-  weax, 
wax  (?).]     Same  as  woadwaxen. 

wood-waxen  ("■ud'wak"sn),  «.  Same  as  wood- 
wax. 

WOOdweelet,  WOOdwelet,  "•  Obsolete  forms  of 
woodtrole. 

wood-'widgeon  (wud'wlj''''on),  it.  See  wideieon. 
2  (e). 

wood-wool  (wiid'wul),  n.  Fine  shavings  made 
from  jiiiie  wood,  specially  prepared  and  used  as 
a  sui'gical  dressing. 

woodwork  (wud'werk),  H.  Objects,  or  parts 
of  oli.jects,  made  of  wood  :  that  which  is  pro- 
duced by  the  carpenters'  or  joiners'  art:  gener- 
ally applied  to  details  rather  than  to  complete 


woody 

structures:  as,  the  woodwork  ot  a  house  (that 
is,  the  inner  fittings,  etc.). 

A  young  man  has  some  reason  to  be  displeased  when  he 
finds  the  girl  of  his  heart  hand  in  hand  » ith  another  young 
gentleman  in  an  occult  and  shady  recess  of  the  wood-work 
of  Brighton  Pier.  Ttmckeray,  Philip,  xiv. 

The  rich  painting  of  the  wood-work  was  beginning  to 
fade.  B.  Taylor,  Lands  of  the  Saracen,  p.  128. 

woodworker  ( wud'wer''ker),  H.  1 .  A  worker  in 
wood,  as  a  carpenter,  joiner,  or  cabinet-maker. 
—  2.  A  power-machine  for  jointing,  molding, 
squaring,  and  facing  wood.  It  is  made  adjusta- 
ble, and  has  various  attachments  for  work  of  dif- 
ferent kinds.— Universal  woodworker,  a  combina- 
tion machine  for  working  in  wood,  so  made  that  the  two 
sides  can  work  independently  or  in  concert,  as  may  be 
desired.  Such  machines  are  adapted  for  a  great  variety 
of  work,  as  chamfering,  graining,  tenoning,  crosscutting, 
and  mitering.     E.  H.  Kniyht. 

wood-worm  (wud'werm),  «.  A  worm,  grub,  or 
larva  that  is  bred  in  wood. 

woodwoset,  n.  [Also,  corruptly,  woodhouse;  < 
ME.  woodwosc,  wodewose,  wodewese,  woodwyse, 
wowyse;  <  AS.  wudewdsa,  a  man  of  the  ■woods, 
a  faun  or  satyr,  <  wudu,  wood,  -f-  'wdsa,  prob. 
'  a  being,'  <  wesan,  dial,  wosan.  be :  see  was.']  A 
wild  man  of  the  woods ;  a  satyr  or  faun.  Repre- 
sentations of  woodwoses  often  appear  in  her- 
aldry as  supporters. 

Wodwos,  that  woned  in  the  knarre3  [rocks]. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Kniyht  (E.  E.  T,  S,),  L  721. 
In  he  scliokkes  his  schelde,  schountes  he  no  lengare; 
Bot  alles  unwyse  wodewyse  he  wente  at  the  gayneste. 

Morte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T,  S),  1,  3818. 
Some  like  brute  beasts  grazed  upon  the  ground,  some 
went  naked,  some  roamed  like  woodwoses. 

Sir  T.  Wilson  (Arber's  Eng,  Gamer,  I.  464). 

WOOd-'Wren  (wud'ren),  «.  1.  Either  one  of  two 
small  woodland  birds  of  Europe,  belonging  to 
the  subfamily  Sylviime.  (a)  The  willow-warbler  or 
willow-wren,  Phytloscopus  trochUus.  (b)  The  true  wood- 
warbler,  or  yellow  willow-wren,  Phytloscopus  sibilatrix: 


Yellow  Wood-wren  iPhylloscapits  sibilatrix^. 

the  preferable  tise  of  the  name.  The  two  species,  though 
quite  distinct,  are  much  alike  and  often  confounded. 
Neither  is  a  wren  in  a  proper  sense. 
2t.  A  supposed  species  of  true  wren,  described 
by  Audubon  in  1834  as  Troglodytes  americanus, 
but  not  different  from  the  common  house-wren 
of  the  United  States. 
WOOd-'Wroth  (wod'roth),  0.  Angry  to  the  ex- 
tent of  madness.     [Scotch.] 

When  he  saw  her  dear  heart's  blood, 
A'  wood-wroth  waxed  he. 
Lord  Thomas  and  Fair  Annet  (AUingham's  Ballad-BookX 

wood'wyset,  ».    See  woodwose. 
woody  (wud'i),  a.    [Early  mod.  E.  also  woodie, 
wodtly:  <  ME.  wody.  wod,  woody;  <  wood^  +  -yl.] 

1.  Abounding  with  wood;  wooded:  as,  woody 
land;  a  iroody  region. 

It  is  all  woddy,  but  by  the  Sea  side  Southward  there  are 
sands  like  downes. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  277. 
Oft  in  glimmering  bowers  and  glades 
He  met  her,  and  in  secret  shades 
Of  u'oody  Ida's  inmost  grove, 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  1,  29, 
A  slanting  ray  lingered  on  the  wootf t/ crests  of  the  preci- 
pices that  overhmig  some  parts  of  the  river,  giving  greater 
depth  to  the  dark-gray  and  purple  of  their  rocky  sides, 
Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  438. 

2.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  woods ;  dwell- 
ing or  situated  in  the  woods ;  peculiar  to  a  wood 
or  forest ;  sylvan ;  woodland ;  woodsy. 

All  the  Satyres  scorne  their  woodtt  kind, 

Spenser,r.Q..l.  Ti.  18. 

The  Brachmanes,  which  he  in  his  Indian  tiauels  had 
found  in  a  woodie  solitarinesse. 

Pitrehas,  Pilgrimage,  p,  367, 

3.  Consisting  of  or  containing  wood ;  ligneous: 
as,  the  woody  parts  of  plants. 

Herbs  are  those  plants  whose  stalks  are  soft,  and  have 

nothing  woody  in  them,  as  grass,  sowthistle,  and  hemlock. 

Locke,  Elem.  of  Nat.  Philos,,  ii, 

4.  Peculiar  to  or  characteristic  of  wood:  as,  a 
woody  scent  or  flavor.— Glandular  woody  fiber. 


woody 

See  fflandtdar.—Wooiy  fiber,  the  flher  of  wood.    See 
vegetable  fibers  (under  Jiber),  mod-cell,  and  imody  timie, 

below. — Woody  layers.    See  laj/er. — Woody  muUent, 
the  Jerusalem  sage,  PhlomU /rutieom. 

Veibesco,  wooU-blade,  torche-herhe,  lunit-woort,  hares- 
beard,  french-sage,  higtaper,  or  wooddi-mullein.  Florio. 
Woody  nlghtsbade.  See  nightshade,  1  (o).— Woody 
stem,  in  bot.,&  stem  of  a  hard  or  woody  nature,  which  lasts 
for  many  years,  as  the  trunks  of  trees.— Woody  tissue,  in 
bot,  vegetable  tissue  composed  chiefly  of  wood-cells.  See 
wood-ceU  and  tissue,  4. 
wooer  (wo'er),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  icowcr  ; 
<  ME.  wotccre,  wowar,  wmcare,  tcniiicere,  <  AS. 
Kogere,  a  wooer,  <  icogian,  woo :  soe  woo^.'\  One 
who  WOOS.  (a)  One  who  courts  or  solicits  in  love ;  a 
suitor. 

"  By  my  feith,  frere,"  qnod  I,  "  je  faren  lyke  thise  woweret 
That  wedde  none  wydwes  but  forto  weldc  here  godis." 

Piers  Ptoicnuin  (B),  xi.  71. 
Ill  mark  no  words  thftt  smooth-faced  wooers  say. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  V.  2.  838. 
(6t)  One  who  promotes  the  marriage  of  another ;  a  match- 
maker. 

Woicar,  or  he  that  wowythe  for  another.  Pronuba, 
paranimpbus.  Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  633. 

woof  (wof),  B.  [Altered,  by  initial  conformity 
with  ircare,  weft,  tccb,  from  oof,  <  ME.  oof,  < 
AS.  oicef  oweb,  aiceb,  contr.  to  db,  woof,  <  dwefoii 
in  pp.  direfoi,  weave,  <  a-  +  wefaii,  weave :  see 
a-1  and  icearel.]  1.  The  thread  that  is  carried 
by  the  shuttle  and  is  woven  into  the  warp  bv 
being  passed  back  and  forth  through  succes- 
sive sheds,  or  partings  made  in  the  warp  or 
lengthwise  threads  by  the  action  of  heddles; 
the  threads  that  run  from  side  to  side  of  a  web; 
the  weft. 

The  placing  of  the  tangible  parts  in  length  or  transverse, 
as  in  the  warp  and  the  woo/ of  textile,  is  more  inward  or 
more  outward.  Bacon,  Nat.  Hist. 

2.  Texture ;  cloth :  as,  a  pall  of  softest  woof. 
There  was  an  awful  rainbow  once  in  heaven: 
We  know  her  woo/,  her  texture ;  she  is  given 
In  the  dull  catalogue  of  common  things. 

KeaU,  Lamia,  ii. 

His  movements  were  watched  by  hundreds  of  natives, 

...  an  exceedingly  tall  race,  almost  naked,  ...   the 

women  cinctured  with  a  uwo/  of  painted  feathers  or  a 

deerskin  apron.  Bancroft.  Hist.  r.  s.,  I.  :J4. 

WOOfy  (wo'fi),  a.     [<  woof  +  -yl.]     Having  a 
elo.so  texture;  dense:   as,  a  woofy  eloud.     J. 
BailUe. 
WOOhoo  (wo-hO'),  H.     The  sail-fish:   same  as 

boohoo^  (where  see  cut). 
WOOingly  (w6'ing-li),  tidv.     In  a  wooing  man- 
ner; enticingly;  with  persuasiveness. 
Heaven's  breath 
Smells  WOOingly  here.    Shot ,  Macbeth,  i.  0.  (', 

WOOkt,  n.  A  Middle  English  foi-m  of  weekl. 
wool  (will),  n.  [Formerly  also  wood ;  Sc.  woo ;  < 
ME.  woll,  woUe,  wtille,  <  AS.  wull,  wiil  =  OFries. 
tcotle,  iille  =  D.  wol  =  LG.  wuHc  =  OH(i.  wolla, 
MHG.  G.  wollc  =  leel.  ull  =  Sw.  ull  =  Dan.  nUl 
z=  Goth,  wulla,  wool  (Teut.  'wolla,  assimilated 
from  *wolna),  =  OBulg.  rliintt  =  Lith.  witna  = 
Buss,  foliia  =  L.  villit.'i,  shaggy  hair,  vcllii.i,  a 
fleece,  wool,  =  Skt.  iiriid,  wool;  lit.  a  'covering,' 
formed,  with  suffix  -na,  from  a  root  seen  in  Skt. 
■^  rnr,  cover.  Connection  with  Gr.  ipinv,  wool, 
fipof,  wool,  nr/of,  woolly,  shaggy,  thick,  etc.,  is 
doubtful.]  1.  The  fine,  soft,  curly  hair  which 
forms  the  fleece  or  fleecy  coat  of  the  sheep  and 
some  other  animals,  as  the  goat  and  alpaca,  in 
fineness  approaching  fur.  The  wool  or  fleece  of  the 
■heep  f  umisheathe  most  important  material  forclothing  in 
all  cold  and  temperate  climates.  The  felting  property  from 
which  wool  derives  its  chief  value,  and  which  is  its  special 
distinction  from  hair,  depends  in  part  upon  the  kinks  in 
the  shaft  or  flber,  but  mainly  upon  the  scales  witli  which 
the  surface  is  irabricnted.  Tllcse  scales  are  mlimte,  from 
about  2,000  tij  nearly  4,000  to  the  inch,  and  whorlcd  aljout 
the  stem  in  verticils ;  the  stem  itself  is  extremely  slender, 
being  less  than  one  thousandth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
W'lxd  is  kept  soft  and  pliable  by  the  wool-oil,  commonly 
called  yolk.  In  different  animals  wo<il  shades  by  imper- 
ceptible degrees  into  hair  :  and  that  of  the  sheep  simply 
represents  an  extreme  Kase  of  the  most  desirable  qualities, 
namely,  fineness,  kliiklniss,  and  scallness  of  the  flber, 
together  with  its  length,  strength,  and  luster,  and  the 
copiousness  of  the  fleece,  which  consists  entirely  of  wool, 
without  hair;  inallof  which  particulars  the  wool  of  the  dif- 
ferent l)reeds  of  slieep  varies  to  a  degree.  (Compare  def.  2.) 
Wool  when  shorn  is  divided  into  two  classes,  shnrt  wool,  or 
carding-wool,  seldom  exceeding  a  length  of  :)  or  4  inches, 
and  long  wool,  or  coinbingtmol,  varying  in  length  from 
4  to  8  inches,  e,ich  class  being  subdiviiled  Into  a  variety  of 
sorts,  according  to  the  fineness  aiul  soundness  of  the 
staple.  The  finest  wikiIs  are  of  short  staple,  and  the  coarser 


6971 


woolflst 


A  lytylle  Lomb  with  outen  Wolle. 

ilandcrille.  Travels,  p.  264. 
And  softe  wolle  our  book  seith  that  she  wroghte. 
To  kepen  her  fro  slouthe  and  ydelnesse. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  1721. 

WmI  is  a  modified  form  of  hair,  distinguished  liy  its 
slender,  soft,  and  wavy  or  curly  structure,  and  by  the 
highly  imbricated  or  serrated  surface  of  its  filaments. 

Encyc.Brit.,  XXIV.  663. 


them  parallel  preparatory  to  spinning.  See 
ectr(Vi  and  cardliu/^. 
wool-cleaner  (wtil'kle"ner),  II.  A  machine  for 
beating,  shaking,  and  cleaning  wool  previous 
to  scouring  and  dyeing;  a  wool-duster  or  wool- 
picker. 
wool-comber  (wurk6''mer),  II.  One  employed 
in  wool-combing. 

2.  The  fine,  short,  thick  underfur  or  down  of  wool-combing  (wul'ko"ming),  ii.  The  act  or 
any  animal,  as  distinguished  from  the  longer  process  of  separating  the  fibers  of  wool,  espe- 
„„.!  „4.:«„- 1..: u  =  ^u  .       _.     .,  .  .    ciallylong-fibered  wool,  and  laying  them  paral- 

lel as  in  wool-carding.     See  coitib'^  and  combhifi. 
woold  (wold),  V.  t.     [With  excrescent  d,  <  D. 
woelcn,  wind,  wrap,  =  OHG.    wiioleii,   MHG. 


and  stiffer  hairs  which  come  to  the  surface  of 
tlie  pelage.  Most  hairy  animals  have  at  least  two  coats, 
one  of  long  and  comparatively  straight,  stout,  stiff  hairs, 
the  other  of  wool.     See  underfur. 

In  that  Contree  hen  white  Hennes  withouten  Fetheres ; 
but  thei  beren  white  lf'o((e,  as  Scheep  don  here. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  208. 
Eye  of  newt  and  toe  of  frog. 
Wool  of  bat  and  tongue  of  dog. 

Shak.,  Slacbetli,  iv.  1.  15. 

3.  The  short,  crisp,  curly  or  kinky  hair  of  the 
head  of  some  persons,  as  negroes ;  humorously, 
the  hair  of  any  person's  head.     [Colloq.] 

From  a  strange  freak  of  nature,  not  unusual  in  these 
Virginian  mountains,  his  knotty  wool  was  of  a  pale  tan- 
•^u'or-  Uarper's  Mag.,  L.X.XVI.  203. 

4.  Any  light,  downy,  fleecy,  or  flocculent  sub- 
stance resembling  wool,  (o)  The  dense  furry  or 
woolly  coat  of  many  insects,  as  the  pubescence  covering 
the  moths  known  as  millers,  that  on  vaiious  caterpillars, 
that  spun  by  various  larvic  for  a  ease  or  cocoon,  etc. 


wiielcn,  G.  wiihieii,  stir,  move,  wallow,  etc.;  ef. 
(f«Wo((l.]  Xiint.,  to  wind ;  particularly,  to  wind 
(a  rope)  round  a  mast  or  yard,  when  made  of  two 
or  more  pieces,  at  the  place  where  they  are 
fished,  for  the  purpose  of  confining  and  support- 
ing them. 

woblder  (wol'der),  H.  [<  woold  +  -e)-l.]  1. 
Xaut.,  a  stick  u.sed  in  woolding. — 2.  In  rojje- 
maliiKj,  one  of  the  pins  passing  through  the  top, 
and  forming  a  handle  to  it.     See  top^,  2. 

wool-driver  (wiU'dri'ver),  II.  One  who  buys 
wool  in  different  parts  of  a  sheep-raising  coim- 
try,  and  brings  it  for  sale  to  tlie  woolen-mill  or 
market.     [Great  Britain.] 

wool-dryer  (wurdri"er),  II.  A  machine  for  dry- 
ing wool  wiiicli  lias  been  washed,  dyed,  etc. 


cretions  of  various  Insects  are  very  iilcely  graded  from  a  WOOl-dustcr  (wiil'dus"ter),   II.     A  machine  for 


solid  waxy  consistency  through  various  frothy  states  to  a 
light  dry  fleecy  condition  resembling  wo<il :  see  n-ax-insect, 
spittle-insect,  and  woolly  aphis  (undei  woolly).  In  another 
large  class  of  cases  the  spun-out  secietloii  is  gossamer, 
cobweb,  or  true  silk.  .See  these  words,  and  silkworm.  (6) 
In  bot. :  (1)  A  sort  of  clown  or  pubescence,  or  a  clothing  of 
dense  curling  hairs,  on  the  surface  of  certain  plants.  (2) 
The  fiber  of  the  cotton-plant,  commonly  called  cotton-wool. 
—  Angora  wool,  the  wool  of  the  Angora  goat,  from  which 
angora  Is  made.  — Berlin  Wool,  a  kind  of  fine  dyed  wool 
used  for  worsted-work,  knitting,  etc.  It  is  harder  and 
closer  than  zephyr  wool.  —  Camel's  wool,  mohair.— Cape 
wool,  a  somewhat  Inferior  variety  of  wool  brought  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.— Carding-WOOl,  wool  of  short 
flber  worked  upon  a  curdlng-niachinc.  It  Is  distinguished 
from  combintj-wuol,  which  has  a  Imig  fiber  and  is  prepared 
for  spinning  by  cuinl.ing.— Dyed  in  the  wool,  tinged  in 
the  fiber;  hence,  permanent;  lasting;  not  llalde  to  fade 
or  change  ;  thorough  ;  out-and-out :  as,  a  dyetl-iii-the-wool 
democrat,  [l.  .s.|  — Fleece-wools.  See ;(<•«<■,  1.— Ger- 
man wool.  Same  as  Berlin  wool. —  Glass  wool,  a  mass 
of  fine  filaments  of  glass  forming  together  a  cotton-like 
substance  similar  to  inineral  wool.— Great  cry  and  lit- 
tle wool,  mnch  cry  and  little  wool,    see  cry. 

And  so  his  hyghnes  shal  liauc  therolf  but  as  hadd  the 
man  that  sherid  is  hogge,  innche  crye  ami  titill  woll. 
Sir  John  Fortescue  (c.  1475),  On  the  Governaunce  of  Kiig- 
lland,  X.,  quoted  in  N.  and  <i.,  7th  scr.,  VI.  188. 

But  If  you  compare  his  threatenings  and  his  after-affec- 
tions you  would  say  of  them,  as  that  wise  man  shearing 
his  hogs :  Here  is  a  great  deal  of  cry,  but  a  little  wool. 

Ilev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  477. 
Hamburg  wool,  one  of  the  varieties  of  Gennan  or  Berlin 
wool  made  for  fancy  work —Hand- washed  wool,  wool 
washed  before  the  sheep  were  shorn. — Holmgren's 
wools,  skeins  of  wool  of  different  colors  used  as  tests  for 
color-blindness.  — Laid  wool,  wiKil  from  sheep  which  had 
been  smeared  with  tar  and  butter  as  a  protection  from 
the  rigor  of  winter. -Leviathan  wool.  See  leviathan. 
—Long  wool.  See  def.  1.— Mineral  wool.  .See7ntn«raf. 
—  More  squeak  than  wool,  more  noise  than  substance. 

[ColllK).] 


removing  impurities  from  wool  by  means  of 
beaters. 
wool-dyed  (wul'did),  «.     Dyed  in  the  wool  — 
that  is,  before  spinning  or  weaving:  as  wool- 
dijed  clotli. 
woolen,  woollen  (wiil'en),  o.  and  H.     [<  ME. 
HoUeii,    wiitlcii,  <  AS.  wiilleii   (=  OHG.  wuUiii, 
MHG.  G.  wollrii),  woolen,  <  wid,  wool,  -t-  -en'^: 
see  wool,  «.]     I.  a.  1.  Made  of  wool ;  consist- 
ing of  wool:  as,  H-oo/f«  cloth.     Bacon. 
On  a  poure  beggar  put  a  scberte, 
.\nd  wollen  wedysthat  warm  will  last. 
•  Holy  Itoml  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  214. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  wool:  as,  woolen  man- 
ufactures.—  3.  Clad  in  the  lougli,  homespun 
serges  of  fonuer  times,  as  opposed  to  the  silk, 
velvet,  and  fine  linen  of  the  wealthier  classes; 
hence, coarse;  boorish;  rustic;  vulgar. 
Woollen  vassals,  things  created 
To  buy  and  sell  witli  groats.  Shnk.,  Cor.,  iii.  2.  i). 
Woolen-back  satin,  satin  of  which  the  back  is  composed 
of  linsey-woolsey :  it  is  durable  anil  not  liable  to  crease. 
IHct.  of  Sccdletrork.  -Woolen  plush,  a  plush  with  a 
woolen  pile.— Woolen  velvet,  a  general  name  for  a 
woolen  cloth  with  velvet  texture.  See  astrakhan,  bcaeerl, 
Utrecht  velvet  (under  velcet),  and  velvet. 

II.  n.  Cloth  made  of  wool,  or  chiefly  of  wool : 
an  abbreviation  of  woolen  cloth. 

I  could  not  endure  a  husband  with  a  beaid  on  his  face  ; 
I  had  rather  lie  in  the  ira(;f(cH.     Shak.,  Much  Ado,  il.  1.33. 
The  pre-existcnce  under  concrete  fornisof  the  woollens, 
silks,  and  cottons  we  wear,  we  can  trace  some  distance 
back.  //.  Spencer,  First  Principles,  §  93. 

woolen-cord  (wul'en-kord),  n.  A  kind  of  cordu- 
roy, or  ribbed  stuff,  of  which  the  face  is  wholly 
of  wool. 
For  matter  of  title  he  thought  there  was  mare  squeak  WOOlcn-draper  (wuren-dra"per),   «.     A  dealer 
than  wool,    ffoyn- .Vor(/i,  Lord  Guilford,  II.  17.    (Uavies.)     in  woolen  cloths  of  different  kinds ;  especially, 
Philosopher's  wool,  philosophic  wool.    See  phUo-    ^  retail  dealer  in  woolens  for  men's  wear. 
.,.!■.    ^  _,  ,         woolenette,  woollenette  (wul-e-iief),  ».    [< 

woolen  +  dim.  -(Uc.\      A  trade-name  for  a  va- 
riety of  woolen  clotli. 

woolen-matelass6  (witrcn-mat-las"s),  «. 
Woolen  clotli  woven  with  flowers  and  other 
patterns  in  a  light  matelass6  silk.  It  is  used 
for  women's  outer  garments. 


snphic.  -Pine-wool,  pine-needle  wool,   i^^epine-iieedle. 

—  Scoured  wool.  See  xcoKri.— Shetland  wool,  a  thin 
hairy  uiidyed  and  very  tenacious  and  strong  worsted,  spun 
in  the  Shetland  Islands  from  the  wool  of  the  native  sheep, 
and  very  extensively  used  in  the  knitting  of  fine  shawls 
and  other  garments.  Encyc.  Brit.,  .XIV.  127.  — Spanish 
wool,  w-(x)l  impregnated  with  rouge.  —  To  pull  the  wool 
over  one's  eyes,  t«  deceive  or  delude  one;  tlirow  dust 
trie's  eyes;  prevent  one  from  seeing  clearly  In  any  way. 


and  tying  fleeces  Into  liundles;  a  fleece-folder  or  wool 
packer.— Wool  in  the  grease,  the  technical  name  for 
wool  which  hasiiiot  been  cleaned  either  before  or  after 
shearing.     (See  also  cinder.wool,  cotton-wool,  dead-wool, 
lamh's-wool,  skin-wwil,  slag-wfiol.) 
wool  (will),  I'. /.     [<  M-oo/,  «.]     To  pull  the  hair 
of,  in  sport  or  anger;  rumple  or  tousle  the  hair 
of.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 
wool-ball  (wiil'bal).  n.     A  ball  of  woo),  espe- 
cially such  as  is  found  in  the  stomach  of  sheep 
and  other  animals. 
wool-bearing   (wurbiir"ing),   n.      Producing 

^  _     wool;  having  a  fleece,  as  the  sheep. 

Wfxjls  usually  of  long  staple.    Wools  which  unite  a  high  WOOl-bladet,  n.     A  plant,  apparently  the  mul- 

degreeof  fineness  and  softness  with  considerable  length     len.     See    quotation    at    woodil    niidlen   (under 

of  staple  bear  a  high  price.     English-bred  sheep  produce      ,roodii\  .'  >  """< 

a  g(K)d,  strong  combing  wo<j1,  that  of  the  Scotch  breeds     ',■?'■    ,        ,.,,,.„,.,  ,^  ,      ,       . 

being  somewhat  harsher  and  coarser.    The  finest  carding-  WOOl-DUrler  (wul  ber'ler),  n.     One  who  burls 

wools  were  formerly  exclusively  obtained  from  .Spain,  the     wool  iir  woolen  cloth.     See  bnrl^ ,  r.  t. 

native  country  of  the  merino  sheep  and  at  a  later  period   WOOl-Carder  (wul'kilr'der),  n.      One  who  cards 

extensively  from  Germany,  where  that  breed  had  been      ^„,,i       u„„  ,,.,,,,/  „„,.,/,„„  v^aiua 

successfully  introduced  and  cultivated.     Immense  flocks     ^",-      '^i?  '' T"^"' '''.''^/•,.       , 

of  merinos  are  now  reared  in  Australia,  North  and  South  WOOl-CarcUng  ( wul  kar"ding),  n.     The  process 

America,  and  South  Africa.  "  "  "  -    - 


Wool-bundling  machine,  a  machine  for  compressing  WOOlen-printer  (wuren-prln  "ter),  n .     One  who 


prints  woolen  cloth,  such  as  flannel,  with  col- 
ored iiafterns. 

woolen-scribbler  (wul'en-skrib'ler),  n.  Same 
as  wool-.^rrihhler. 

wool-extract  (wiil'eks"triikt),  n.  Wool  recov- 
ered from  nii.xed  fubrics  of  wool  and  cotton  by 
subjecting  them  to  a  chemical  process  which 
d<'stroys  the  cotton. 

wool-fat  (wiirfat),  n.  1.  Same  as  .siiiiit. — 2. 
A  fatty  substance  obtained  from  wool  and  used 
as  11  basis  for  ointments;  lanolin. 

woolfell  (wiil'fel),  n.  [<  wool  +  lell''.]  The 
skin  of  a  wool-bearing  beast  with  tlie  fleece  still 
on  it. 

The  duties  on  wool,  sheepskins,  or  wool.felh,  and  leather, 
exported,  were  .  .  .  payable  by  every  merchant,  as  well 
native  aa  stranger.  Blackstone,  Com.,  I.  viii. 

In  l:i33  the  merchants  granted  ten  shillings  on  the  sack 
and  uvmlfells,  and  a  pound  on  the  last,  but  this  also  was  re- 
garded as  illegal,  and  supersedeil  by  royal  ordinance. 

Stubb-t,  Const.  Hist,  §  277. 


of  separating  the  fibers  of  wool  and   laying  woolfistt  (wul'fist),  h.     Same  as  wolf'.i-Jist'. 


wool-gathering 

wool-gathering  (vvurgaTH'er-ing),  II.  Theaet 
of  gathering  wool:  usually  applied  figurative- 
ly to  the  imiulgenee  of  idle  fancies  or  to  any 
foolish  or  fruitless  pursuit.  The  allusion  is  proba- 
bly to  the  practice  of  gathering  the  tufts  of  wool  to  be 
found  on  bushes  and  hedges,  necessitating  much  wander- 
ing to  little  purpose. 

His  wits  were  a  wwl-fratken'nf/,  as  they  say,  and  his  head 
busied  about  other  matters.    Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  189. 

I  crost  the  water  in  my  gown  and  slippers, 
To  see  my  rents  and  buildings  of  theBankside, 
.^nd  I  ani  slipt  clean  out  of  ken,  fore-god, 
A  tcooliiatbenng. 
Heywood,  If  you  Know  not  me  (Works,  ed.  1874,  I.  302). 

What !  I  think  my  wits  are  a  wool-qatherimj  to-day. 

Stn/t,  Polite  Conversation,  iii. 

wool-grass  (wul'gras),  n.  A  i-usli-like  plant, 
Eriuplioriim  ci/periiiiiM  {Scirpiis  Eriophorum), 
eommon  in  low  grounds  through  the  eastern 
half  of  North  America,  it  grows  from  2  to  5  feet 
high,  bearing  at  the  summit  a  spreading  and  drooping 
panicle  of  very  numerous  small  heads  which  are  woolly 
with  the  rusty  tortuous  bristles  of  the  tlowers. 

I  am  particularly  attracted  by  the  arching  and  sheaf- 
like  top  of  the  wool-fjrass.  Thoreau,  Walden,  p.  331. 

wool-grower  (wiil'gro'er),  «.  One  who  raises 
sheep  or  goats  for  the  production  of  wool. 

wool-growing  (wurgr6"ing),  (1.  Producing 
sheep  and  wool:  especially  noting  a  tract  of 
countr}'. 

wool-hall  (vvul'hal),  n.  A  market-building  or 
exchange  devoted  to  the  business  of  woolen- 
merchants. 

wool-head  (wul'hed),  n.  Same  as  hufflc^  (which 
see,  with  cut).  G.  TrumbuU,  1888.  [Currituck 
Sound,  North  Carolina.] 

woollen,  woollenette.     See  woolen,  woolenettc. 

woolliness  (wul'i-nes),  n.  A  woolly  character 
or  quality;  the  state  of  "being  woolly  in  fact  or 
appearance;  pubescence;  tloeculence. 

woolly  (wiil'i),  a.  [<  ivool  +  -/yl.]  1.  Con- 
sisting of  wool;  fleecy:  as,  the  wooUij  coat  of 
the  sheep,  of  a  young  seal,  etc. — 2.  Resem- 
bling wool ;  exhibiting  woolliness ;  having  the 
appearance  of  wool:  as,  kooUij  hair;  woolly 
clouds. 

When  clouds  look  looolly,  snow  may  be  expected. 

Abercrombif,  Weather,  p.  114. 

3.  Clothed  or  covered  with  wool,  or  something 
like  it;  pubescent;  floceulent. 

When  the  work  of  generation  was 
Between  these  woollf/  breeders  in  the  act. 
The  skilful  shepherd  peel'd  me  certain  wands. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  3.  84. 

4.  In  hot.,  covered  with  a  pubescence  of  long 
and  soft  hairs  like  wool ;  lauate ;  tonieiitose. — 
White  woolly  currant-scale.  See  «Ai7ei.— Woolly 
aphis,  a  plant-louse  of  the  family  Aphididx  and  either 
of  the  subfamilies  Lachninse  and  Pemphi'jinx,  Many  of 
them  secrete  a  white  filamentous  substance  resembling 
wool.  Schizoneura  l:iiivjera  is  tile  woolly  root-louse  of 
the  apple,  or  the  American  blight  of  Great  IJritain  and  the 
British  colonies.  See  Lachnin<e,  Pemphi'jinse,  Pemphi- 
gus, root-louse,  and  Sckizoiieura  (with  cut).  —  WOOlly  bear 
the  larva  of  any  arctiid  moth  which  is  densely  clothed 
with  woolly  hairs,  as  that  of  the  tiger-moth ;  a  member 
of  the  fjr^me.    See  cuts  under  bear'^,  Euprcpia,  and  tiijer- 

»;j/j?/t.— Woolly  beard-grass.  See  tcanf-.'/ra-vd'.— Woolly 

Chetah,  the  south  Afiicau  form  of  the  chctah  or  hunting- 
leopard,  which  differs  in  some  respects  from  that  of  India, 
has  been  described  as  a  distinct  species  {l-'elis  tanea),  and 
is  also  called  Guepardua  or  Ci/nxlurus  juhatua,  var.  laiieus. 
The  fur  is  somewhat  woolly,  and  the  spots  are  brown  in- 
stead of  black.— Woolly  elephant,  the  hairy  mammoth. 
ElephuHprhaijenius.  See  inamtnoth.  — WOOlly  indri,  the 
woolly  lenmr.  See  indri.— "Woolly  lemur,  the  Madagas- 
car IndrUlaniyer. — WooUy  lOUse,  a  woolly  aphis  of  the 
genus  .^'chizfjiieura,  as  A',  lanijera;  a  woolly  plant-louse. 
See  cut  under  Schizoneura.  — VfOOWy  macaco,  the  Mada- 
gascar Lemur  mon^oz.-'Wooily  makl,  the  woolly  lemur. 
—  Woolly  monkey,  any  .South  American  monkey  of  the 
genus  La'jothrix.  See  cut  under  Laffothrix. — WOOlly  pas- 
tlnum,  a  name  given  in  the  East  Indies  to  a  kind  of  red 
orpiment  or  sulphid  of  ai-senic. — WooUy  ragwort.  See 
ragwort —yfOOUy  rhinoceros,  the  tichorhine  rhinoce- 
ros, Uhiaocero^  ticfiorhiaua.  This  is  the  best-known  fossil 
rhinoceros,  and  tlie  one  whose  remains,  like  tliose  of  the 
woolly  elephant,  have  been  found  in  Siberi'i,  embedded  in 
ice.  The  species  was  two-horned,  with  the  anterior  horn 
of  great  size,  and  had  a  coat  of  pelage  ;  it  was  widely  dia- 
triljuted  in  northerly  latitudes  of  I'^urope  and  Asia,  and  ex- 
isted from  the  Miocene  period.— Woollyrootr^louse.  See 
wooWf  nphiH  and  woolbj  louse  (above),  and  Schizoneura. 

WOoUy-but  (wiil'i-but),  n.  A  gum-tree,  Euca- 
li/j)hix  hiiii/ifolia,  of  New  South  Wales,  reaching 
a  height  of  200  feet.  The  wood  is  hard,  straight- 
grained,  and  easily  worked,  suitable  for  spokes  of  wheels, 
furniture,  and  a  variety  of  i>urposes.  The  name  refers  tu 
the  hijrous  bark  of  old  trees  ;  it  is  also  apjilieil  to  the  man- 
na-gum or  blaek-but,  K.  mminalia,  a  UKxlerate  or  Sonus 
times  vei7  large  tree,  with  wood  useful  for  general  build- 
ing purposes. 

woolly-haired  (wul'i-hard),  a.  1.  W<jolly- 
headcd,  as  a  person  or  race  of  men ;  ulotri- 
chous.  See  IJlotrichi. —  2.  Having  the  pelage 
more  or  less  woolly  or  fleecy ;  woolly,  as  a 
beast. 


6972 

woolly-head  ( vvid'i-hed),  II.  A  negro:  so  called 
from  the  woolly  hair  of  his  head.     [CoUoq.] 

woolly-headed  (will' i-hed"ed),  a.  Woolly- 
haired  or  ulotrichous,  as  a  person. — Woolly- 
headed  thistle.    Same  ^^ friars-crown. 

wool-mill  (wiil'mil),  II.  A  building  where  the 
spinning  of  wool  and  the  weaving  of  woolen 
cloth  are  carried  on. 

WOolmonger  (wiirmung"g^r),  v.  A  dealer  in 
wool.     Eiiijlisli  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  35:!. 

WOOl-moter  (wul'mo'ter),  n.  A  person  em- 
ployed in  picking  wool  and  freeing  it  from 
motes  and  impurities. 

wool-needle  (wiirne'dl),  n.  A  blunt  needle 
with  a  large  long  eye,  used  for  wool-work  or 
worsted-work. 

WOOloid  (wul'oid),  11.  [<  wool  +  -old.']  A  fac- 
titious kind  of  wool  prepared  by  chemical  pro- 
cesses from  cows'  and  buffaloes'  hair,  largely 
used  in  the  United  States  in  making  ingrain 
carpets.     [A  trade-name.] 

wool-oil  (wiil'oil),  II.  The  secretion  of  the  se- 
baceous glands  of  the  sheep,  which  greases  the 
fleece;  lanolin:  popularly  called  yo/A".  Com- 
[lare  wool-fat. 

wool-oiler  (wiiroi"ler),  n.  An  attachment  to 
a  wool-carding  machine  for  adding  oil  to  the 
wool  to  prevent  the  fibers  from  becoming  felted 
together  in  the  process  of  spinning. 

woolpack  (wul'pak),  n.  [<  ME.  wolpal- ;  (.wool 
+  puck'^,  «.]  1.  The  package  in  which  wool 
was  in  former  times  done  up  tor  transportation 
and  sale ;  specifically,  a  bundle  or  bale  weigh- 
ing 240  pounds. 

Two  gentlemen  making  a  marriage  between  their  heirs 
over  a  woolpack.    Dekker  and  Webitter,  Northward  Ho,  i.  1. 

Enforcing  a  sack  as  big  as  a  wool-pack  into  rooms  at  the 
first  too  narrow  for  your  arm,  when  extended  by  their  in- 
struments: so  that  often  they  make  the  very  decks  to 
stretch  therewith.  Sandyii,  Travaile.s,  p.  12. 

A  cannon-ball  always  doth  mischief  in  proportion  to  the 
resistance  it  meets  with,  and  .  .  .  nothing  so  effectually 
deadens  its  force  as  a  woolpack.       Fielding,  Amelia,  x.  4. 

As  wool-packs  quash  Ihe  leaden  ball. 

Shenstone,  Progress  of  Taste,  i. 

2.  In  her.,  a  bearing  representing  a  sort  of 
cushion  usually  having  four  tufts  at  the  cor- 
ners.—  3.  Cirro-cumulus  eloud;  a  cloud  made 
up  of  rolled  masses,  with  a  fleecy  appearance. 
—  4.  A  concretionary  mass  of  crystalline  lime- 
stone in  the  bods  of  earthy  and  impure  calca- 
reous rock  of  which  the  Wenlock  limestone  is 
made  up.  These  concretionary  masses  vary  in 
size  from  a  few  inches  up  to  80  feet  in  diame- 
ter.    Also  called  hailstone Woolpack  corded,  in 

tier.,  a  hearing  representing  a  bale  tied  round  witli  cords 
in  several  places. 
wool-packer  (wul'pak"er),  ?).  1.  One  who  puts 
up  wool  for  the  market,  as  into  woolpacks.  See 
woolpacl;. —  2.  A  table  having  various  arrange- 
ments for  collecting  loose  wool  or  fleeces  into 
bundles  ready  for  tying  and  otherwise  prepar- 
ing for  transportation. 
wool-picker  (wiir]iik"er),  11.  A  machine  for 
freeing  wool  from  foreign  matters  by  beating 
i  t  with  rapidly  revolving  blades ;  a  wool-cleaner, 
wool-powder  ( u  ul'pou  "dcr),  II.  Powder  or  dust 
obtained  by  scraping  very  dry  wool.  It  is  used 
for  mosaic  powder-work,  wall-papers,  etc. 
woolsack  (wul'sak),  II.  [<  ME.  wollesac!:;  < 
tvool  +  sack^, )!.]  1.  A  sack  or  bag  of  wool. — 
2.  A  cushion  stuffed  with  wool,  especially  that 
on  which  the  lord  chancellor  sits  in  the  House 
of  Lords.  It  is  a  large  square  bag  of  wool,  with- 
out back  or  arms,  cove^ed  with  green  cloth. 

He  [Warren  Hastings]  was  then  called  to  the  bar,  was 
informed  from  the  woolsack  that  the  Lords  had  acquitted 
him,  and  was  solemnly  discharged. 

Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

In  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  an  Act  of  Parliament 
was  passed  to  prevent  the  exportation  of  wool  ;  and,  that 
this  source  of  our  national  wealth  might  be  kept  constant- 
ly in  mind,  woolsacks  were  placed  in  the  House  of  Peers, 
whereon  the  Judges  sat.    Brewer,  Diet.  Plirase  and  Fable. 

In  front  of  the  throne  were  the  woolsacks  on  which  the 
judges  sat,  and  the  table  for  the  clerks  and  other  offlcers 
of  parliament.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist,,  §  425. 

WOOlsack-piet  (wid'sak-pi).  «.     A  kind  of  pie 
once  to  be  had  at  ''The  Woolsack,'-'  a  rather 
low  ordinary  and  public  house  in  London. 
Her  grace  would  have  you  eat  no  more  Woolsack  pies. 
B.  Jonson,  -Alchemist,  v.  2. 

wool-sale  (wul'sal),  «.  a  periodical  public 
sale  of  wool  in  London,  Melbourne,  and  other 
]]lafes  where  large  quantities  of  wool  are  of- 
fered. 

wool-scribbler  (wiil'skril/ler),  II.  A  machine 
for  combing  wool  and  forming  it  into  thin, 
downy,  translucent  layers,  preparatory  to  spin- 
ning.    Siiiimoiids. 


wool-winder 

WOOlsey  (wul'si),  «.    [Abbr.  of  Uiisey-woolsey.'] 

1.  A  material  made  of  cotton  and  wool,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  linsey,  which  is  made  of  linen 
and  wool.     Diet,  of  Needlework. 

Who  could  possibly  have  substituted  chance  for  fate 
here  ?  unless  he  thought  his  verses  were  to  sell  by  the  foot, 
no  matter  for  the  stuff,  whether  linsey  or  woolsey. 

Bentley,  On  a  Late  Discourse  of  Jree-Thinkiug,  liv. 

2.  Same  as  linsey-woolsey,  1. 
wool-shears  (wul'sherz),  n.  sing.  andpZ.  Shears 

of  the  kinds  used  tor  shearing  sheep,  consisting 
of  two  sharp-pointed  blades  so  connected  by  a 
spring  at  the  back  of  the  handles  that  they 
remain  open  when  not  in  use.  The  blades  are 
closed  and  brought  into  contact  for  cutting  by 
the  hand  of  the  operator.  See  cuts  under  sheep- 
shears. 

wool-sorter  (wtil'sor'ter),  n.  One  who  sorts 
wool ;  especially,  one  skilled  in  dividing  wool 
into  lots  according  to  its  quality,  as  length  and 
fineness  of  fiber.  —  Wool-sorters'  disease,  Ijlood-poi- 
soning,  probably  anthrax  (although  there  is  not  always  an 
external  lesion),  occurring  in  tliose  engaged  in  handling 
and  sorting  alpaca,  mohair,  and  other  varieties  of  similar 
wools  which  have  not  been  previously  disinfected.  See 
anthrax. 

wool-sower  (wul's6"er),  n.  A  woolly  many- 
celled  cynipid  gall  occurring  on  white-oak 
twigs  in  the  United  States,  and  made  by  the 
gall-fly  Andricns   semiiiator.     This  gall  is  round. 


a,  Wool-sower  gall,  made  by  Aiidricus  setninalor;  />,  an  individual 
cell  (the  gall  is  composed  of  many  such  cells). 

usually  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter:  the  woolly  material 
with  which  the  cells  are  surrounded  is  rose-colored  early 
in  the  season,  but  becomes  rusty-brown  toward  the  mid- 
dle of  the  summer. 

wool-sponge  (will '.spun j),  H.  A  kind  of  bath- 
sponge,  more  fully  called  lamVs-wool  sponge. 

wool-staple  (wursta"pl),  n.  1.  A  city  or  town 
where  wool  was  formerly  brought  to  the  king's 
staple  for  sale. —  2.  The  fiber  or  pile  of  wool. 
See  stapli^,  7. 

wool-stapler  (wul'sta''pler),  «.  1.  A  dealer  in 
wool ;  a  wool-factor. 

They  bought  the  foreign  wool  directly  from  the  impor- 
ter, and  the  native  in  the  fleece,  or  from  the  wool-gtapler. 
English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Int.,  p.  clxxil. 

2.  A  sorter  of  wool. 
WOOlstock  (wid'stok),  II.  [<  wool  +  stock^,  «.] 
A  heavy  wooden  hammer  with  a  broad  smooth 
face,  employed  in  dressing  woolen  cloth. 
WOOlwardt  ( wul'ward),  a.  and  itdi).  [Early  mod. 
E.  wdlwarde;  <  M£.  nolward,  wolleward,  tcul- 
ward ;  lit.  'against  wool,'  i.  e.  with  the  skin 
against  wool;  <  wool  +  -ward.']  With  wool  as 
clothing,  especially  next  the  skin :  apparently 
always  with  the  idea  of  doing  penance  by  wear- 
ing an  iiritating  and  uncomfortable  garment. 
—To  go  woolward,  to  wear  uncomfortable  clothing; 
specifically,  to  do  penance,  especially  by  wearing  woolens 
next  the  skin. 

.\nd  wortes  flechles  wroughte  &  water  to  drinken. 
And  werchen  <t  wolward  oon  as  we  wrecches  vsen. 

Piers  Plomnaiis  Crede  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  788. 
Barefote  and  wolwarde  I  have  hyght 
'I'hyder  for  to  go. 
Lytdl  (icste  of  Robyn  Mode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  121). 

I  have  no  shirt;  I  go  woolward  for  penance. 

Shak.,  I.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  717. 

Poor  people  fare  coarsely,  work  hard,  go  wolward  and 
bare.  Burton,  -\nat.  of  Mel.,  p.  5'26. 

WOOlward-goingt  (wul'wiird-gd'ing),  n.  The 
act  of  one  who  goes  woolward. 

Fasting,  watching,  wootward-going,  pilgrimage,  and  all 
bodily  exercise  must  be  referred  unto  the  taming  of  the 
flesh  only. 
Tyndali;  Ans.  to  Sir  T.  More,  etc.  (Parker  Soc.,  1850X  p.  sa 

Woolwich  gun.    See  gun^. 

WOOl-'Winder  (wurwin'der),  n.  A  person  em- 
ployed to  wind  wool  or  make  it  up  into  bundles 
to  be  packed  for  sale. 


wool-work 

wool-work  (wul'wferk),  «.  Needlework  imitat- 
ing tapestry,  usually  done  on  canvas  with  Ber- 
lin wools.     The  name  is  sometimes  given  to 

other  forms  of  embroidery  with  wools Mosaic 

wool-work.    See  mosaic^. 

WOom  (wom),  n.  [Origin  obscure.]  A  trade- 
name for  the  fur  of  the  beaver.  There  are  four 
sorts — silvery,  pale,  white,  and  brown. 

WOOn^  (won),  n.  [<  Burmese  wuji^  a  burden.] 
An  administrative  officer;  a  governor:  as, 
myo-tcoottj  chief  governor;  ye-irooH,  water-gov- 
ernor; wooM-gyre,  high  minister,  or  member  of 
the  council  of  state. 

The  most  arbitrary  confiscation  of  their  goods  by  every 
petty  Woon  who  flourished  one  gold  umbrella. 

J.  W.  PcUmer,  L'p  and  Down  the  Irrawaddi,  p.  36. 

WOOn^t.     A  variant  of  wonc^,  uon^,  woti^. 
W00ntf(  V.    An  obsolete  form  of  tco7it^.    iSpenser, 
wooralx,  woorara,woorari(w6'ra-ii,  -ra,  -ri), «. 
South  American  arrow-poison :  same  as  curari. 
Also  wouraliy  vrourari. 

Upon  the  application  ol  a  stimulus  .  .  .  contractions 
win  still  take  place  after  the  animal  has  been  poisoned 
by  tcoorara,  which  is  known  to  paralyze  the  motor  set  of 
nerves.  J.  M.  Camochan,  Operative  Surgery,  p.  116. 

WOOrstt,  «.    An  obsolete  form  of  worst. 
WOOSet,  ».     An  earlier  form  of  ooze. 
The  aguish  woose  of  Kent  and  Essex. 

HoweUy  Vindication,  1677  (Harl.  Misc.,  VI.  129). 

WOOatt.    A  variant  of  wost^  second  person  sin- 
gular indicative  present  of  wit^. 
WOOSyt,  «•     An  earlier  form  of  oozy. 
What  is  she  else,  bat  a  foul  xcoosy  Marsh? 

Drayton,  Polyolblon,  nv.  205. 

WOOtt,  A  Middle  English  form  of  tcot.  See  «v7i,  r. 

WOOtZ  (wots),  n,  [Supposed  to  be  an  orig.  error 
or  misprint,  perhaps  for  *wook;  repr.  Canarese 
ukkn  (pron.  wukku),  steel.]  Tlie  name  given  to 
steel  made  in  India  by  fusing  iron  with  carbona- 
ceous matter.  This  is  done  in  small  crucibles  holding 
a  pound  or  two  of  the  iron,  and  the  wooti  selected  to  fur- 
nish the  carbon  to  the  metal  is  always  that  of  Canaia  au- 
riculata,  which  is  cut  into  small  pieces,  the  same  being 
done  with  the  iron,  and  the  whole  covered  by  one  or  more 
green  leaves,  usually  of  a  species  of  Conv'dpuluM,  the  cru- 
cible being  then  covered  with  a  lid  of  clay.  A  number 
of  these  crucibles  are  placed  t^jgether  in  a  hole  dug  in  the 
gn>und,  and  heate<i  in  a  charcoal  fire  urged  by  a  pair  of 
bellows  made  of  ox-hide,  the  blast  being  kept  up  for  three 
or  four  hours.  The  steel  thus  obtained  is  hard  in  temper, 
and  re^juires  much  care  in  working.  This  is  the  oldest 
method  of  making  steel  of  which  anything  definite  is 
known,  having  been  in  use.  without  thange,  for  an  in- 
detlnite  length  of  time,  and  being,  as  generally  believed, 
original  with  the  Hindus. 

wop  (wop),  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  xcoppcdj  ppr,  wop- 
ping.     Same  as  whop. 

Old  Osborne  was  highly  delighted  when  Oeorgy  icoppeti 
her  third  boy  ...  In  Russell  Square. 

Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  Ivi. 

wopent.    An  obsolete  strong  past  participle  of 

tceep^. 
wops  (wops),  n,     [A  variant  of  waps  for  wa.^ip.l 

A  wasp  or  hornet.     Also  w<tpps.     [Prov.  Kng.] 
worble  (w6r'bl),  n.     Same  as  wabble^  or  war- 

bh^,  3. 
worct.  worcht.   Middle  English  forms  of  work. 
Worcester  porcelain.    See  porcelain^. 

Worcherf,  ».     A  Mithlle  Englisli  form  of  worker. 

WOrd^  (werd),  w.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  woitrd:  < 
NIK.  wordj  wurdj  weord  (pi.  wonl,  wttntes),  <  AS. 
word  {p\.  word)  =  OH.  word  =  i)Vr\eH.  word,  werd, 
tcird  =  D.  LG.  woord  =  OlUi.  MHO.  G.  worf=z 
Icel.  orth  (for  *rord)  =  Sw.  Dan,  orti  =  (roth. 
wanrdy  a  word,  =:  Lith.  wardfis,  a  name,  =  L.  ver- 
&WW,  a  word,  verb;  orig.  ^athingnpoken';  cf.  Gr. 
eif>eiv,  speak,  lpfli\  qufstion.  l^jrup,  speaker,  eto. 
(see  rhetor),  DonVjletof  r/r/;.]  1,  A  sound,  or 
combination  of  sounds,  used  in  any  language  as 
the  sign  of  a  conception,  or  of  a  concept  ion  toge- 
ther with  its  grammatical  relations;  the  small- 
est bit  of  human  language  forming  a  grammati- 
cal part  of  speech;  a  vocable;  a  ter;n.  A  word 
may  be  any  part  of  speech,  as  verb,  noun,  particle,  etc. ; 
it  may  be  radical,  as  tore,  or  derivative,  as  lover,  lovely. 
Urvflinegf,  or  an  inflected  form,  as  lovpn,  loved;  it  may  be 
simple,  or  compound,  as  love-girk.  Anything  is  a  word 
that  can  be  used  as  an  individual  member  of  a  sentence, 
and  that  is  not  separable  into  parts  usable  iiulepemlently 
and  cocirdinately  in  making  a  sentence.  A  word  is  a 
spoken  sign  that  has  arrived  at  its  value  as  used  in  any 
language  by  a  series  of  historical  changes,  and  that  holds 
lt«  value  by  virtue  of  usage,  being  exposed  to  such  fur- 
ther chanves,  of  form  and  of  meaning,  ?s  usage  may  pre- 
scribe. The  cotiception  involved  in  a  word  may  be  of  any 
grade,  from  the  ainiplcst,  as  one,  Ui  the  most  derived  and 
complicated,  as  pfditicai.  and  the  grammatical  relations 
involved  may  also  be  of  any  degree,  from  trtie  to  untruth- 
/tdnen,  or  from  (Latin)  ama  to  amalntur. 

Oeffray  the  letters  after  breke  and  rayd, 
Fro  trurde  unto  intrd. 

limn,  o/  Part^nay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  .'J187. 

Sixe  wfrrde*  out  of  which  all  the  whole  dittie  is  made, 

euery  of  those  sixe  cfimmencing  and  eii'ling  his  verse  )>y 

course.  PuUenham,  Arte  of  Eiig.  I'oesie,  p.  72. 

438 


6973 

Words  are  but  the  current  tokens  or  marks  of  popular 
notions  of  things. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  iL215. 

Words  are  sensible  signs  necessary  for  communication. 

Locke,  Human  Understanding,  HI.  ii.  1. 

The  deeper  and  more  complex  parts  of  human  nature 

can  be  exhibited  by  means  of  words  alone. 

Macaxday,  Moore's  Byron. 
Words,  which  are  a  set  of  clickings,  hissings,  lispings, 
and  so  on,  mean  very  little,  compared  to  tones  and  ex- 
pression of  the  features.      0.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  viii. 

2.  The  letter  or  letters  or  other  characters, 
written  or  printed,  which  represent  such  a  vo- 
cable :  as,  a  word  misprinted, —  3.  Speech; 
talk;  discourse;  conversation:  commonly  in 
the  plural. 

Whan  Melior  that mekemayde herd  Alisaundrinesw(wde«, 
sche  was  gretly  gladed  of  hire  gode  bi-hest, 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  600. 
I  would  not,  in  plain  terms,  from  this  time  forth, 
Have  you  so  slander  any  moment's  leisure 
As  to  give  words  or  talk  with  the  Lord  Hamlet. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  i.  3.  134. 

The  Men  began  to  murmur  against  Captain  Swan  for 

perswading  them  to  come  this  Voyage ;  but  he  gave  them 

fair  words.  Dampier,  Voyages,  L  282. 

Can  there  be  no  sympathy  without  the  gabble  of  words? 
Lamb,  Quakers'  Meeting. 

4.  Saying;  remark;  expression:  as,  a  worrf  of 
comfort  or  sympathy;  a  word  of  reproach. 

Him  wil  I  cheare  with  chaunting  al  this  night; 
And  with  that  word  she  gan  to  cleare  hir  throate. 

Gascoigne,  Philomene  (ed.  Arber),  p.  88. 

5.  A  symbol  of  thought,  as  distinguished  from 
thought  itself;  sound  as  opposed  to  sense. 

The  majority  attend  to  words  rather  than  to  things. 

Descartes,  Prin.  of  Philos.  (tr.  by  Veitch),  i.  §  74. 

Life  is  short,  and  conversation  apt  to  mn  to  mere 
words,  O.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  ii. 

To  mo<lern  society  Antinomians  and  Socinians  are  but 
words,  are  but  ancient  history.      A*.  A.  Rev.,  CXLIII.  2;i. 

6.  Intelligence;  information;  tidings;  report: 
without  an  artit*le,  and  used  only  as  a  singular: 
as,  to  send  word  of  one's  arrival. 

Ye  noblist  of  nome  that  neuer  man  adcmted. 
The  worde  of  your  wekes  it  your  wight  <iedi8, 
And  the  prise  of  your  prowes  passes  o  fer ! 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S),  1.  1098. 
I'll  send  him  certain  word  of  my  success. 

Shak.,  M.  forM.,  i.  4.  89. 
Word  is  to  the  kitchen  gane, 

And  word  is  Ui  the  lia', 
And  word  is  to  the  nolde  room, 

Amang  the  lailyes  a*. 
The  Queen's  Marie  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  116). 
I  did  give  them  an  account  dismayed  them  all,  and  ivord 
was  carried  in  to  the  King.  Pepys,  Diary,  II.  440, 

7.  An  expression  of  will  or  decision ;  an  in- 
junction; command;  order. 

Sharp  's  the  icord  ;  egad,  I'll  own  the  thing. 

Vanburgh,  The  Mistake,  iii.  1. 
In  my  time  a  father's  word  was  law.       Tennyson,  Dora. 

8.  A  password;  a  watchword;  a  war-cry;  a 
signal,  or  term  of  recognition,  even  when  con- 
sisting of  several  wordis. 

Advance  our  standards,  set  upon  our  foes; 
Our  ancient  word  of  courage,  fair  Saint  George, 
Inspire  us  with  the  spleen  of  fiery  dragons  I 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  v.  Ii.  :i49. 
I  have  the  icord;  sentonel,  do  thou  stand; 
Thou  shalt  nttt  need  to  call,  I'll  be  at  haiul. 

Fletcher  and  Rowley,  Maid  in  the  Mill,  iv.  3. 
Let  the  word  l)e  ;   Not  without  nmstard ;  your  crt st  is 
very  rare,  sir. 

B.  Joiuon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ili.  I. 

9+.  A  brief  or  pithy  remark  or  saying;  a  prov- 
erb; a  motto. 

The  old  ipord  is  "What  the  eye  views  not,  the  heart 
rues  not."  Bp.  Hall,  Balm  of  Gilead,  xi.  §  5. 

10.  Ailirmation ;  promise ;  obligation ;  good 
faith;  a  tenn  or  phrase  implying  or  contain- 
ing an  assertion,  declaration,  assurance,  or  the 
lik*',  which  involves  the  faith  or  honor  of  the 
utterer  of  it:  with  a  possessive:  as,  I  pledge 
you  my  word ;  on  my  n'ord,  sir. 

They  are  not  men  o'  their  words.    Shak.,  I^ar,  iv.  6.  10*i. 
Madam,  I  dare  pass  my  word  for  her  truth. 

Beau,  and  FL,  King  antl  No  King,  ii.  1. 

Doll.  Alas,  Master  Allum,  't  is  but  poor  fifty  pound  ! 

AU.  If  that  be  all,  you  shall  upon  ymir  word  take  up 

so  much  with  me;  another  time  I'll  run  as  far  in  your 

books.  Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  ii.  1. 

Old  a.s  I  am,  I  take  thee  at  thy  word. 

Drijden,  Conquest  of  Crana<la,  II.,  ii.  i. 
I  hope  you'l  think  it  no  way  improper,  and  must  Ijeg 
of  you  it  may  be  dont',  liecause  my  word's  at  stake. 

E.  <Jibson,  in  EUiss  Lit.  Letters,  p.  230, 
Our  royal  word  upon  it. 
He  comes  back  safe.        Tmnyxon,  Princess,  v. 

11.  Utterances  or  terms  interchanged  expres- 
sive of  anger,  contention,  or  reproach:  in  the 
plural,  and  often  qualiiied  by  hitjh,  hotj  hard, 
sharp,  or  the  like. 


word 

Some  words  there  grew  'twixt  Somerset  and  me. 

Shak.,  IHen.  VI.,  ii.  5.  4a 

She  and  I  had  some  words  last  Sunday  at  church,  but  I 

think  I  gave  her  her  own.     Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  i. 

Having  had  some  words  with  Bemoy.  lie  stabbed  him 

with  his  dagger  to  the  heart,  so  that  he  fell  dead  without 

uttering  a  word.  Bruce,  Source  of  the  Nile,  II,  102. 

He  and  I 

Had  once  hard  words,  and  parted.      Tennyson,  Dora. 

12.  In  theoL:  (a)  leap.']  The  Son  of  God;  God 
as  manifested  to  man :  same  as  Logos. 

Thou,  my  Word,  begotten  Son,  by  thee 

This  I  perform.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  163. 

(b)  leap,  or  l.  e.]  The  Holy  Scripture,  or  a  part 
of  Scripture:  as,  the  Word  of  God,  or  God's 
Word. 

The  excellency  of  this  Word  is  so  gieat,  and  of  so  high 
dignity,  that  there  is  no  earthly  thing  to  be  compared 
unto  it.  Latimer,  1st  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

For,  when  tribulation  or  persecution  ariseth  because  of 
the  Word,  by  and  by  he  is  otfended.  Mat.  xiii.  21. 

Deliuered  in  Six  Sermons  at  Steeple- Ashton  in  Wilt- 
shire by  George  Webbe,  Preacher  of  the  Word  and  Pastor 
there.  The  Practice  of  Quietness  (1615). 

The  sword  and  the  ivord !  do  you  study  them  both,  mas- 
ter parson?  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  1.  44. 

You  say  there  must  be  no  Human  Invention  in  the 
Church,  nothing  but  the  pure  word. 

Seidell,  Table-Talk,  p.  58. 
A  play  upon  words.  See  ])luy^.— At  short  wordst. 
See  short.  —A  word  and  a  blow,  a  threat  and  its  immedi- 
ate execution;  hastiness  in  action:  also  used  adjectively. 

I  find  there  is  nothing  but  a  word  and  a  blow  with  you. 
Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  i.    (Davies.) 

A  Napoleon-like  promptitude  of  action,  which  the  un- 
learned operatives  described  by  calling  him  "a  word-and- 
a-blow  man." 

Mrs.  Trollope,  Michael  Armstrong,  iv,    (Davies.) 
By  word  of  mouth.    See  nwuth. 

Howbeit.  this  matter  may  be  easily  remedied,  if  you 
will  take  the  pains  to  ask  the  question  of  Raphael  him- 
self, by  word  ofm^uth,  if  he  be  now  with  you. 

Sir  T.  More,  Utopia,  Ded.  to  Peter  Giles,  p.  8. 

"This,"  he  said,  "is  not  a  court  in  which  written 
charges  are  exhibited.  Our  proceedings  are  summary, 
and  by  word  of  mouth."  Macaulay,  Hist,  Eng.,  vi. 

Fallacy  in  words.  See  semilogical  fallacy,  under  fallacy. 
—God's  Word.  Same  as  the  Word  of  God,  below,— Good 
word,  favorable  accoiuit  or  mention  ;  expression  of  good 
opinion  ;  cnnmiendation ;  praise;  as,  to  speak  a  good  word 
for  one. 

Where  your  pood  word  cannot  advantage  him. 
Your  slander  never  can  ejidamage  him, 

Shak.,  T,  G.  of  V.,  iii.  2.  42. 
Hard  words,    (a)  Words  not  easy  to  spell,  pronounce, 
or  dctine  cdrrectly.    (6)  Hot,  angry,  or  reproachful  words. 
See  def.  11,  and  the  quotation  therefrom  Tennyson.— Ho- 
mophonous  words.     See  homophunous.—'HoMaehold 
word.  See  househiM.  —  In  a  word,  In.  one  word,  in  one 
brief,  pithy  phrase ;  bricHy ;  to  sum  up ;  in  short. 
In  a  word,  for  far  behind  his  worth 
Comes  all  the  praises  that  I  now  bestow, 
He  is  complete  in  feature  and  in  mind. 

Shak.,!::.  G.  of  V.,ii.  4.  71. 

In  a  word,  to  be  a  fine  gentleman  is  to  l)e  a  generous 
and  a  brave  man.  Steele,  Spectator,  Ko.  T.'i. 

Here,  in  a  ?t'or(^  — and  it  is  a  rare  instance  in  my  life  — 
I  had  met  with  a  person  thoroughly  adapted  to  the  situa- 
tion whicli  he  held.    Hawthorne,  Scarlet  Letter,  Int.,  p.  27. 

In  word,  hi  speech  only;  hence,  in  mere  profession  or 
scemiiit;. 

Let  us  not  love  in  word,  neither  in  tongue  ;  but  in  deed 
and  in  trutfi.  1  John  iii.  18. 

Mind  the  word,  see  7/n»rfi ,— Precatory  words.  See 
;/r(V(/^*r//.  — The  Comfortable  Words,  i^ee  comfortable. 
-  The  Word  of  God,  lIieBildc;  the  Scriptures.  This  use 
is  rejected  by  the  Society  of  Friends,  who  limit  the  phrase 
to  the  meaning  given  in  def.  12  (rt). 

An  acc<»unt  of  a  iiersonal  pressure  brought  to  bear  upon 
Fisher  by  the  King,  who  pointed  out  to  him  that  his  obe- 
dience was  limited  by  the  condition  ".so  far  as  the  Word  of 
God  allowed."  Mneteenth  Century.  XXVI,  i;85. 

To  be  as  good  as  one's  word,  sci'  yond.^To  break 
one's  word,  to  break  wordt.  see  fcivaA-.  To  eat  one's 
words.  Set^  eat.  -  To  bave  a  word  with  a  person,  to 
have  some  conversation  with  him. 

The  fiiar  and  you 
Must  hare  a  word  anon. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M,,  v,  1.  364. 
To  have  the  words  fort,  to  act  as  spokesman  for. 
Our  hoste  hadde  the  wordesfor  us  alle. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Parson's  Tale,  1.  67. 
To  make  words.  See  makr\.  -To  pass  one's  word. 
See  /w-w.— Word  and  endt,  from  bcgiiniingttiend;  every- 
thing. 

Of  at  this  werk  he  tolde  hym  worde  and  ende. 

Chaucer,  Trtiilus,  iii.  702. 
Word  for  word,  in  the  exact  words  or  terms ;  verbatim ; 
literally. 

And  he  wrote  in  hys  booke  worde  for  worde  like  as  he 
hym  tolde.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  259. 

Court.  Do  you  read  on  then. 

Free.  [Reads. ]  .  .  . 
Court.   W«yrd  for  word. 

Ethereye,  She  WouM  if  She  Could,  iv.  2. 
I  shall  set  it  [a  letter)  down  word  for  word  as  it  came  to 
me.  Steele.  Spectator,  No.  17. 

Who  with  the  News  to  Procris  (juick  repaired. 
Repeating  Word  for  Word  wlmt  she  had  heard. 

Cinigreve,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love. 


word 

Word  of  command,  word  of  honor,  words  of  tnlier- 
Itance,  words  of  limitation.  See  command,  etc. 
Words  of  Institution,  .see  instauUon,  8  (a).  =Syn.  1. 
Phrme,  etc.  See  term. 
WOrd^  (werd),  r.  [<  ME.  worden,  wordien ;  < 
iporrfl,  n.]  I.  trails.  1.  To  express  in  words; 
phrase. 

Word  it 
In  the  most  generous  terms. 

B.  JoiUioil,  Magnetiek  Lady,  iii.  3. 

The  apology  for  the  king  is  the  same,  but  worded  with 
greater  deference  to  that  great  prince.  Addimn. 

2.  To  ply  with  or  overpower  by  words ;  talk. 
If  one  were  to  be  worded  to  Death,  Italian  is  the  fittest 

Language,  in  regard  of  the  Fluency  and  Softness  of  it. 

Howell,  Letters,  I.  i.  42. 

3t.  To  flatter;  eajole. 

He  words  me,  girls,  he  words  me,  that  I  should. not 
Be  noble  to  myself.  Shak.,  A.  and  ('.,  v.  2.  191. 

4.  To  make  or  unmake  bv  a  word  or  eommaiid. 
[Rare.] 

Against  him  .  .  .  who  could  word  heaven  and  earth 
out  of  nothing,  and  can  when  he  pleases  word  them  into 
nothing  again.  South,  Sennons,  X.  v. 

II.  intrans.  To  speak;  talk;  converse;  dis- 
course. 

And  tho  that  wisely  wordeden  and  wryten  many  bokes 
Of  witte  and  of  wiadome  with  dampned  soules  wonye. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  x.  428. 

Thus  wording  timidly  among  the  fierce: 
"O  Father !  I  am  here  the  simplest  voice." 

Keats,  Hyperion,  ii. 

To  word  it,  to  wrangle  ;  dispute  ;  contend  in  words. 

He  that  descends  not  to  tvord  it  with  a  shrew  does  worse 
than  beat  her.  Sir  R.  L'Estrangc. 

WOrd^t,  «•    An  eiToneous  form  of  ord. 

word-blind  (werd'blind),  (t.  Deprived  of  the 
visual  memory  of  the  signs  of  language.  Un- 
able, as  a  result  of  disease,  to  read,  though  possibly  retain- 
ing the  ability  to  speak,  write,  and  understand  spoken 
words. 

M.  de  Capdeville  noted  the  curious  fact  that  word-blind 
persona  are  sometimes  able  to  read  manuscript  but  not 
print.  Proc.  Soc.  Psych.  Research,  III.  4y. 

word-blindness  (werd' blind "nes),  n.  Loss, 
through  disease,  of  the  ability  to  read,  although 
the  faculties  of  speaking,  writing,  and  under- 
standing spoken  words  may  remain  unimpaired . 

word-book  (werd'buk),  n.  [<  ioord^  +  hook- ; 
after  D.  woordetiboeh  =  G.  icdrterbtwh  =  leel. 
ortha-boh  =  8w.  ordhok  =  Dan.  ordbog.']  A  book 
containing  words  with  their  explanations,  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  or  other  regular  order; 
avocabidary;  a  dictionary;  a  lexicon. 

If  no  other  bookes  can  be  so  well  perfected,  but  still 

some  thing  may  be  added,  how  much  less  a  Word-hooke  ? 

Florio,  It.  Diet.  (1698),  To  the  Reader,  p.  [13]. 

word-bound  (werd'bound),  a.  Restrained  or 
restricted  in  speech;  unable  or  unwilling  to  ex- 
press one's  self ;  also,  bound  by  one's  word  or 
promise. 

Word-bound  he  is  not ; 
He'll  tell  it  willingly.  J.  Baillie. 

word-building  (werd'bil"ding),  «.     The  forma- 
tion, construction,  or  composition  of  words. 
word-catcher  (werd'kaeh"er), «.   One  who  cav- 
ils at  words. 

Each  word-catcher,  that  lives  on  syllables.  . 

Pope,  Prol.  U)  Satires,  1.  160. 

word-deafness (werd'def  "nes),  ?i.  Loss, through 
disease,  of  the  ability  to  understand  spoken 
language,  although  the  sounds  are  heard  and 
the  faculties  of  reading  and  speaking  may  be 
unimpaire<l. 

worder  (wer'der),  n.  f<  toord^, ».'.,  +  -crl.]  A 
speaker.     Whitlocl:     [Rare.] 

wordily  ( wer'di-li),  (iilr.  In  a  verbose  or  wordy 
manner. 

wordiness  (wer'di-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing wordy  or  of  abounding  with  words. 

wording  (wer'ding),  ti.    [Verbal  n.  of  worrfl,  i'.] 

1.  The  style  or  manner  in  which  something  is 
expressed;  the  form  of  words  used  in  express- 
ing some  thought,  idea,  or  the  like;  diction; 
phraseology. 

It  is  believed  the  wirrdinri  was  above  his  known  style 
and  orthography.  Milton. 

2.  Expression,  or  power  of  expression  ;  lan- 
guage ;  words. 

Things  for  which  no  vxirdimj  can  be  found. 

Keats,  Endymion,  iv. 

wordisht  (wcr'dish),  «.  [<  irord''  + -ifshi.']  Ver- 
bal ;  wordy. 

An  image  of  that  wherenf  the  Philosopher  bestoweth 
but  a  woordish  description. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetric  (ed.  Arber),  p.  33. 

WOrdishnesst  (wer'dish-nes),  n.  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  wordish. —  2.  Verbosity; 
prolixity. 


6©  74 

The  truth  they  hide  by  their  dark  wordishruss. 

Sir  K.  Digby,  Bodies,  Prefatory  Verses. 

wordle  (wer'dl),  w.  [Origin  obscure.]  One  of 
the  pivoted  adjustable  cams  which  form  the 
throat  of  a  drawhead-die  through  which  wire  or 
lead  pipe  is  drawn.  E.  H.  Knight. 
wordless  (werd'les),  a.  [<  ME.  wordles  (=  Icel. 
orthlauss,orthalau,s.'i);<icord^  +  -less.]  1.  Si- 
lent; speechless. 

Wordlesse  he  was,  and  seniede  sicke. 

Ide  of  Ladies,  1.  516. 

Her  joy  with  heaved-up  hand  she  doth  express. 
And,  wordless,  so  greets  heaven  for  his  success. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  I.  112. 
2.  Unexpressed  in  words. 

Wordlesse  answere  in  no  toun 
Was  tane  for  obligatioun, 
Ne  called  surety  in  no  wise. 

Isle  of  Ladies,  1.  889. 

.Silent  people  often  get  insane.  It  is  not  safe  to  have 
too  many  dealings  with  wordless  thoughts. 

Noctes  Ambrosian/e,  April,  1832. 

word-memory  {werd'mem"o-ri),  «.  The  mem- 
ory of  words  ;  the  power  of  recalling  words  to 
the  mind. 

word-painter  (werd'pan"ter),  n.  A  writer  who 
has  the  power  of  graphic  or  vivid  description  in 
depicting  scenes  or  events;  one  who  displays 
picturesqueness  of  style. 

word-painting  (werd'pan"ting),  «.  The  act  of 
describing  or  depicting  in  words  graphically 
or  vividly. 

word-picture  (werd'pik"tur),  H.  A  graphic  or 
vivid  description  of  any  scene  or  event,  so  that 
it  is  presented  to  the  mind  as  in  a  picture. 

wordsmant  (werdz'man),  n.  [<  words,  pi.  of 
worrfl,  +  man.']  One  who  attaches  undue  im- 
portance to  words,  or  who  deals  in  mere  words ; 
one  skilled  in  the  use  of  words;  a  verbalist. 
[Rare.] 
Some  speculative  wordstnan.  Bushnell. 

wordsmanshipt  (werdz'man-ship),  n.  [<  words- 
man  +  -slit}).]  Knowledge  or  command  of 
words;  fluency  in  speech  or  writing. 

WOrd-spitet  (werd'spit),  a.  Expressing  spite; 
abusive. 

A  silly,  yet  ferocious,  wordspite  quanel  between  Otho 
and  Hugh-le-Grand. 

,5tr  F.  Palgrave,  Norm,  and  Eng.,  II.  561. 

word-square  (werd'skwar),  H.    See  square'^,  1.5. 
wordstrife  (wird'strif),   n.      Disputing  about 
words;  logomachy.   Bj).  Jlncket,  Ahp.Vfilliams, 
ii.  107.     {Dai-ies.) 

Wordsworthian  (werdz'wer-thi-an),  a.  and  «. 
[<  Wnrdm-orth  (see  def.)  +  -ja«'.']  I.  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  English  poet  William  Words- 
worth (1770-1850),  or  to  his  style. 

II.  n.  An  admirer  or  a  follower  of  the  poet 
Wordsworth. 

'J'he  Wfyrdsworthians  were  a  sect  who,  if  they  had  the 
enthusiasm,  had  also  not  a  little  of  the  exclusiveness  and 
partiality  to  which  sects  are  liable. 

Louell,  Among  my  Books,  2d  ser.,  p.  201. 

Wordsworth's  flower.     See  Eammcvtus. 
wordyl  (wer'di),  a.    [<  ME.  woordy  (=  Icel.  or- 

tliigr);  <  ico/'fU  -I-  -(/!.]     1.  Given  to  the  use  of 

many  words ;  verbose. 
A  wordy  orator  .  .  .  making  a  magnificent  speech  to  the 

people,  full  of  vain  promises.      Steele,  Spectator,  No.  448. 

2.  Full  of  words;  wordish. 

We  need  not  lavish  hours  in  wordy  periods. 

Philips,  The  Briton. 

The  wordy  variance  of  domestic  life ; 
The  tyrant  husband,  the  retorting  wife. 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  Vt9. 

3.  Consisting  of  words;  verbal. 

A  silent,  but  amused  spectator  of  this  wordy  combat. 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  iv. 

wordy-t,  «■   An  obsolete  Scotch  form  of  irorthij. 

WOrei  (wor).     Preterit  of  trenrL 

WOre'-'t,  '■•     An  obsolete  variant  of  were.     See 

»'«.v. 

wore-^t,  ''.  t-  [ME.  iroren,  <  AS.  worian,  weary, 
fatigue,  wander.]  To  weary;  fatigue.  See 
itrrov/i,  a.     Ancren  Biwle,  p.  386. 

woreidt,  n.     An  obsolete  form  of  irorld. 

Work(werk),  v.;  pret.and  pp.  worked  or  irrought, 
ppr.  working.  [<  ME.  workcn,  werken,  wirkei:, 
also  assibilated  worchcn,  wurchen,  werchen,  witr- 
chcn,  wirclicn  (prct.  wronhte,  wrow^te,  wronte, 
wrolite,  worlite,  pp.  wrought,  trrongt,  wroglil, 
wrogt,  wroht),  <  AS.  wyrrrin,  wircan,  werran  (pret . 
worlitc,  pp.  geirorht)  =  OS.  wirkean  =  OFries. 
wcrkd,  wirt.iii  =  D.  werken  =  MLG.  werken,  work- 
en,  LG.  werken  =OHG.  wirehen,  witrelicn,  MH(i. 
icirkcn,  wiirken,  G.  wirken  =  Icel.  >/rkja  (for  ri/rk- 
ja)  =  Dan.  iv'W,v'  =  Goth.  wiiurkjan,  work;  a  sec- 
ondary verb,  associated  with  the  noun  work. 


work 

from  a  Teut.  y/  werk,  y/  work,  =  Gr.  *ipyuv,  perf . 
fopya,  work,  'pi(,tiv  (for  *Fptyjuv),  do  (cf.  ipyov, 
a  work,  opyavov,  instrument,  organ),  =  Zend 
■\/ vrz,  verez,  work;  cf.  Pers.  warz,  gain,  profit, 
habit,  etc.  From  the  Gr.  words  of  this  root  are 
ult.  E.  erg,  energy,  organ,  etc.,  and  the  second 
element  in  metallurgy,  theurgy,  etc.,  chirurgeon, 
surgeon,  etc.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To  put  forth  ef- 
fort for  the  accomplishment  of  something;  ex- 
ert one's  self  in  the  performance  of  some  ser- 
vice ;  labor ;  toil ;  strive :  as,  to  work  ten  hours 
a  day. 

But  whi  the  werwolf  so  irroujt  wondred  thei  alle, 
&  whi  more  with  the  king  than  with  any  other, 

William  of  Palerne  (B.  E.  T.  H.),  1.  4035. 

We  commanded  you  that,  if  any  would  not  work,  neither 

should  he  eat.  2  Thes.  ili.  10. 

My  sweet  mistress 
Weeps  when  she  sees  me  work,  and  says  such  baseness 
Had  never  like  executor.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iii.  1.  12. 

His  lalx)r  more  than  requited  his  entertainment ;  for  he 
wrought  among  us  with  vigor,  and  either  in  the  meadow 
or  at  the  hay-rick  put  himself  foremost. 

Goldsmith,  Vicar,  vilL 

2.  To  act;  operate;  carry  on  or  perform  a  func- 
tion; operate  effectively;  prove  practicable: 
as,  the  pump  will  not  teork ;  a  plan  or  system 
that  works  well;  the  charm  works. 

Louse  thi  lippes  a-twynne  &  let  the  gost  worche. 

Joseph  of  Arimathie  (E.  E.  T.  8.X  p.  2. 
Nature  hath  now  no  dominacioun : 
And  certeynly  ther  nature  wol  nat  wirche. 
Farewel,  phisyk !  go  ber  the  man  to  chirche. 

Chancer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1901. 
But  once  the  circle  got  within. 
The  charms  to  work  do  straight  begin. 
And  he  was  caught  as  in  a  gin. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

Soon  as  the  potion  works,  their  human  countenance. 
The  express  resemblance  of  the  gods,  is  changed. 

Milton,  Comus,  1.  68. 
Love  never  fails  to  master  what  he  finds. 
But  works  a  different  way  in  different  minds. 

Dryden,  Cym.  and  Iph.,  1.  465. 
You  may  make  everything  else  out  of  the  passions  of 
men  except  a  political  system  that  will  w<trk. 

Lowell,  Study  Windows,  p.  158. 

3.  To  ferment,  as  liquors. 

This  experiment  would  be  transferred  unto  other  wine 
and  strong  beer  by  putting  in  some  like  substances  while 
they  work.  Bacon,  Nat  Hist.,  §  782. 

4.  To  be  agitated  or  in  a  state  of  restless  move- 
ment or  commotion;  seethe;  toss;  rage. 

Calm  is  the  sea ;  the  waues  worke  lesse  and  lesse. 
Surrey,  Complaint  by  Night  of  Louer  Not  Beloued. 
The  dog-star  foams,  and  the  stream  boils. 
And  curls,  and  works,  and  swells  ready  to  sparkle. 

B.  Jonmn,  Sad  Shepherd,  i.  2. 

The  inward  wretchedness  of  his  wicked  heart,  he  says, 

began  to  be  discovered  to  him.  and  to  work  as  it  had  never 

done  before ;  he  was  now  conscious  of  sinful  thoughts  and 

desires  which  he  had  not  till  then  regarded. 

Southey,  Bunyan,  p.  22. 

5.  To  make  way  laboriously  and  slowly;  make 
progress,  become,  or  get  with  exertion  and  dif- 
ficulty: generally  followed  by  an  adjective,  or 
by  an  adverb  of  direction,  as  along,  down,  into, 
out,  through,  up,  etc. :  as,  to  work  loose;  to  work 
out;  to  work  up. 

Who  would  trust  chance,  since  all  men  have  the  seeds 
Of  good  and  ill,  which  should  work  upward  first? 

Dryden. 
After  midnight  .  .  .  the  wind  worked  gradually  round 
.  .  .  and  blew  directly  in  our  teeth. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  I.  i. 

6.  To  carry  on  systematic  operations  in  some 
department  of  human  activity,  especially  as  a 
Tueans  of  earning  a  livelihood;  be  regularly  en- 
gaged or  employed  in  some  operation,  trade, 
profession,  or  business :  as,  to  work  in  brass  or 
iron. 

They  that  tcork  in  fine  flax  .  .  .  shall  he  confounded. 

Isa.  xix.  9. 
Sea-faring  men,  who  long  have  wrought 
In  the  great  deep  for  gain.    M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead. 

7.  To  do  something;  specifically,  to  be  em- 
ployed in  handiwork,  as  in  knitting,  sewing, 
or  embroidery. 

"I  always  think  it  is  such  a  waste  of  time  to  sit  out  of 

doors  or  listen  to  reading  without  working."  "But  I  can't 

work,"  said  Archie,  "except  mending,  and  that  I  detest" 

Mrs.  Annie  Edwards,  Archie  Lovell,  xxx. 

8.  To  blossom,  as  water;  become  full  of  some 
vegetable  substance.     See  the  quotation. 

Nearly  all  the  ponds,  rivers,  and  lakes  work,  or  what  is 
generally  called  "blossom,  '  some  waters  once  and  some 
twice  during  the  summer  months.  A  vegetable  substance 
that  grows  on  the  bottom,  and  during  the  summer  the 
seed  or  bloom,  breaks  loose  from  the  bottom  and  floats 
in  the  water.  The  leaves  of  the  blossoms  are  of  the  same 
weight  as  the  water,  so  that  some  kinds  do  not  come  to 
the  top  and  float,  but  float  about  in  the  water,  giving  the 
water  a  thick  oily  appearance.  Very  few  fish  are  caught 
when  the  water  is  in  blossom.  Seth  Green, 


work 

To  work  at  arm's  length,  see  anns-lemjth.~To  work 
atcaae.  See co«e*-\— To  work  double  tides.  See  tide^. 
—  To  work  free.  See/re«.— To  work  off,  to  be  evacu- 
ated or  eliminated,  as  poison  from  the  system,  by  the 
bowels  or  kidneys.— To  WOrk  on  or  upon,  (o)  To  act 
or  operate  upon  ;  exert  a  force  or  active  influence  upon ; 
affect. 

A  mark,  and  a  hope,  and  a  subject  for  every  sophister 
in  religion  to  teork  on.  Donne,  Letters,  xc. 

We  were  now  at  a  great  loss,  not  knowing  what  course 
to  take,  for  we  tempted  him  [an  Indian]  with  Beads, 
Money,  Hatchets,  Macheats,  or  long  Knives ;  but  nothing 
would  toork  on  him.  Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  13. 

(ftt)  To  rely  on. 

"1  schal,  sire,"  seide  the  child,  "for  saufliche  y  hope 

I  may  worche  on  gour  word  to  wite  hlra  fro  harm." 

WiUiam  of  Paierne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  257. 

To  work  witll,  to  endeavor  to  influence,  as  with  reason- 
ing, entreaty,  etc.;  strive  with  in  order  to  influence  in 
some  particular  way ;  labor  with. 

I  wrought  with  him  in  private,  to  divert  him 
From  your  assur'd  destruction,  had  he  met  you. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Little  French  Lawyer,  iii.  1. 
=ByiL  Act,  Work,  etc.     See  act. 

II,  trans.  1.  To  prepare  by  labor ;  manipu- 
late :  as,  to  trork  soil  or  clay. 

Ffate  lande  ydoanged  moist  and  wel  yurrought 
Onyons  desire. 

Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  82. 

When  special  pains  are  taken  to  "work  the  butter" 

thoroughly,  thus  more  effectually  getting  rid  of  the  water 

and  buttermilk,  it  keeps  for  a  much  longer  period  in  a 

"  sweet"  condition.  Science,  XVI.  71. 

2.  To  convert  to  use  by  labor  or  effort:  oper- 
ate: as,  to  tcork  a  quarry;  to  icork  a  scheme. 

The  head  member  of  the  company  that  worked  the  mines 
was  Mr.  Peter  Gai-stin.  and  the  same  company  received 
the  rent  for  the  8ugar  Loaf.     George  Eliot^  Felix  Holt,  xi. 

As  the  claim  was  worked  back,  the  long  tom  was  extended 
by  means  of  sluice  boxes,  until  a  dozen  or  more  miners 
were  shoveiing  dirt  into  them  on  both  sides. 

The  Centurg,  XLII.  140. 

3.  To  make;  form;  fashion;  execute;  mohi. 

Alias  !  that  we  wer  tcrmigkte 
In  worlde  women  to  be.  Ymk  Playg,  p.  153. 

A  roong  other,  a  wonderfull  gretnesse  that  be  rygtht 
Curiusely  wrogtk  and  arn  fyne  gold  gamyshed  over  all 
with  stones  of  gret  Pryse. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  11. 

That  was  one  of  the  famous  cups  of  Tours,  urmight  by 
Martin  Dominique.  Scott,  Quentin  Durward,  iv. 

Here  is  a  sword  I  have  wrought  thee. 

WiUiam  Morrvt,  Sigurd,  ii. 

4.  To  decorate  or  ornament,  as  with  needU- 
work;  embroider. 

She  hath  a  clout  of  mine, 
Wrought  with  good  Coventry. 
PhUlada  Jlout»  me  (Arber'sEng.  Garner,  I.  311). 
You  shall  see  my  wrmtght  shirt  hang  out  at  my  breeches ; 
you  shall  knowme.    Margtori,  Antonio  and  MeIlida,I.,v.  1. 

Ay,  I  have  lost  my  thimble  and  a  skein  of  Coventry 
bine  I  had  to  work  Gregory  Litchfield  a  handkerchief. 

J^.  Jonmn,  Gipsies  .Metamorphosed. 

A  shape  with  amice  wrapp'd  around, 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldric  Iwund, 
Like  pilgrim  from  l>eyond  the  sea. 

Scott,  L.  of  L.  M.,  vi.  2<;. 
A  damask  napkin  wrought  with  horse  and  hound. 

Tenngmn,  Audley  Court. 

5.  To  do,  perform,  or  accomplish;  bring  about: 
effect;  produce;  cause:  as,  to  trork  mischief; 
to  trork  a  change ;  to  uork  wonders. 

A  felle  man  in  flght,  fuerse  on  his  enimys. 
And  in  batell  full  biggo,  A  myche  l)ale  vroght. 

DeMruction  of  Trog  (E.  E.  T.  H.),  1.  3971. 
Alias !  wrecchis,  what  haue  wc  wrought? 
To  byggly  blys  we  Ixjthe  wer  Ifrought. 

I'tn-k  Plagu,  p.  :J<1. 

Than  he  taught  hir  ther  a  pley  that  she  itrought  after 

many  tymes,  (Tor  he  taught  hir  to  do  come  a  grete  river 

ooer  all  theras  her  liked.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  312. 

For  our  light  affliction,  which  is  but  for  a  moment. 

worketh  for  us  a  far  more  excee<iiiig  and  eternal  weight  of 

glory.  *i  Cor.  iv.  17. 

Changes  wore  vrrnught  in  the  parts. 

Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  i.,  Expl. 
Not  long  after  there  fell  nut  an  unexpected  Accident, 
that  suddenly  wrougiu  the  Lords  ('onfusion. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  lin. 
The  emancipation  is  observed,  in  the  i.<4lands,  to  have 
irrought  for  the  negro  a  benefit  as  sudden  as  when  a  ther- 
mometer is  brtHight  out  of  the  shade  int*)  the  sun. 

Kjnrritfm,  West  Indian  Emancipation. 

6.  To  put  or  set  in  motion  or  action:  as,  to 
tcork  one's  fingers. 

The  mariners  all  'gan  work  the  lopes. 
Where  they  were  wont  to  do. 

Coleridge,  Ancient  Mariner,  v. 

They  are  every  one  of  them  dead  dolls,  wofiden,  uorked 
with  wires.  Kingfleg,  Hypatia,  xiii. 

No<]ding  in  a  familiar  manner  to  the  coachman,  as  if 
any  one  of  them  would  be  quite  eipial  to  getting  on  the 
box  and  irorking  the  team  down  street  as  well  as  he. 

T.  Hugheii,T(tm  Bn>wn  at  Rugby,  i.  f.. 

7.  (fl)  To  direct  the  action  or  movements  of; 
manage  ;  handle  :  as,  to  irork  a  sawmill. 


6975 

Mere  personal  valour  could  not  supply  want  of  know- 
ledge in  building  and  working  ships.  Arbtithnot. 

(&)  In  music,  to  handle  or  treat  (a  voice-part  or 
a  theme). —  8.  To  bring  by  action  or  motion 
into  some  particular  state,  usually  indicated  by 
an  adverb  or  adverbial  adjunct,  as  itij  out,  over, 
up,  etc.     See  phrases  below. 

Practise  all  things  chiefly  at  two  several  times,  the  one 
when  the  mind  is  best  disposed,  the  other  when  it  is  worst 
disposed ;  that  by  the  one  you  may  gain  a  great  step,  by 
the  other  you  may  work  out  the  knots  and  stonds  of  the 
mind.  Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii.  296. 

So  the  pure  limpid  stream,  when  foul  with  stains 
Of  rushing  torrents  and  descending  rains. 
Works  itself  clear,  and  as  it  runs  refines. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  (>. 

9.  To  manage  or  turn  to  some  particular  course 
or  way  of  thinking  or  acting  by  insidious 
means;  influence  in  some  respect  by  plying 
with  arguments,  urgings,  threats,  bribes,  etc. ; 
prevail  on  or  gain  over;  induce;  persuade; 
lead:  as,  to  trork  the  committee;  to  work  the 
jury. 

There  is  noe  hope  that  they  will  ever  be  it-rought  to 

serve  faythfully  agaynst  theyr  old  frendes  and  kinsenien. 

Spenser,  State  of  Ireland. 

I  will  try  his  temper ; 
And,  if  I  find  him  apt  for  my  employments, 
I'll  work  him  to  my  ends. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  1. 

The  Clergy  being  thus  brought  on,  on  the  nine  and 

twentieth  of  April,  the  Cardinal  came  int-o  the  House  of 

Commons,  to  work  them  also.      Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  270. 

Many  of  the  Jews  were  wrought  into  the  belief  that 
Herod  was  the  Messias.       Sir  T.  Browne,  Vulg.  Err.,  i.  3. 

10.  To  excite  by  degrees ;  bring  into  a  state  of 
perturbation  or  passion ;  provoke ;  agitate. 

Some  passion 
That  iporka  him  stronjily. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  144. 
Sir  Lucius  has  irrought  me  to  it.     He  has  left  me  full  of 
rage  — and  111  flght  this  evening,  that  so  much  good  pas- 
sion mayn't  be  wasted.  Sheridan,  The  Rivals,  iv.  1. 

11.  To  succeed  in  effecting,  attaining,  or  mak- 
ing; win  by  labor;  achieve:  as,  to  trork  a  pas- 
sage through  something. 

Through  winds  and  waves  and  storms  he  u-orks  his  way. 

Addimn,  Cato,  i.  3. 

Some  months  afterwards  Aniory  made  his  appeai'ance 
at  Calcutta,  having  worked  his  way  out  before  the  mast 
from  the  Cape.  Thackeray,  Fendennis,  xxv. 

We  passed  heavily  laden  junks  slowly  nxtrki ng  thciv  way 
upstream  amidst  what  to  any  but  the  Chinese  would  have 
appeared  insurmountable  ditficulties. 

The  Centnrg,  XLI.  729. 

12.  To  endeavor:  attempt;  try. 

By  reason  she  was  fast  in  the  latch  of  our  cable  .  .  .  she 
could  not  clearc  her  selfe  as  she  wrought  to  doe. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smiths  Works,  II.  43. 

13.  To  o])erate  <m,  as  a  purgative  or  other 
drug;  pur^'C. 

Every  time  it  operates,  it  cames  off  a  Distemper  ;  but 
if  your  Blo<^d  s  \\hole8ome,  and  your  Body  Sound,  it  will 
irorA- you  no  more  than  the  same  quantity  of  Gingerbread. 

Quoted  in  Anhton's  Social  Life  in  Reign  of  Queen  Anne. 

III.  1()6. 

14.  To  ply  one's  trade,  calling,  vocation,  or 
business  in;  carry  on  operations  in  or  on;  as. 
to  trork  a  district  in  canvassing  for  a  publica- 
tion.    [CoUoq.] 

I've  worked  lK>th  town  and  country  on  gold  fish.  I've 
served  lM)th  Bright<in  and  Hastings. 

Mayheu\  I^ondon  Labour  and  London  Pooi-,  II.  91. 

As  a  general  rule,  the  "  casual  ward  "  of  a  workhouse,  so 
far  from  being  the  temporarj'  refuge  of  deserving  poor,  is 
aplaceof  rendezvous  for  thieves  and  prostitutes  and  other 
vagabonds  of  the  lowest  class,  gangs  of  whom  work  al- 
lotted districts,  and  make  their  circuits  with  as  much  reg- 
ularity as  the  Judges. 

A.  Doyle,  (juoted  in  Riliton-Turner's  Vagrants  and 
[Vagrancy,  p.  293. 

Tlic  first  day  I  started  alone  to  explore  the  forest  with 
gun  and  dog,  leaving  my  friends  to  work  the  river. 

Fortnightly  Ilev.,  \.  S.,  XLIII.  632. 

15.  To  exact  labor  or  service  from;  keep  busy 
or  employed:  as,  lie  trork.s  his  horses  too  hard. 

Cntil  the  year  1820,  the  people  [in  Great  Britain]  had 
been  forbidden  to  combine.  Their  only  power  against 
employers  who  rrorked  them  as  many  hours  a  day  as  they 
dart'd,  and  paiil  them  wages  as  small  as  they  couM,  who 
tix)k  their  children  and  locked  them  up  in  unwholesmne 
factories,  was  in  combination,  and  they  were  fort>idden 
to  combine.  W.  Besant,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  80. 

16.  To  solve:  as,  to  work  a  sum  in  arithmetic 
or  a  pr(iblem  in  algebra.  [Collo<j.] — 17.  To 
cause  to  ferment:  said  of  anything  which  is  put 
into  a  liquid  for  that  purpose.  — To  work  an  ob- 
servation. See  ohsermtion.  To  work  a  traverse. 
See  tratvrse  sailing,  under  sailing.-  To  work  In.  (a)  To 
intermix,  as  one  material  with  another,  in  the  pntcessof 
manufacture  or  the  like  :  weave  or  stir  in  :  a.s.  Ih;  worked 
the  good  yarn  in  with  the  bad,  (b)  To  cause  to  enter  or 
penetrat*;  by  repeated  ejfitrts :  as,  the  wire  was  slowly 
worked  in.  — To  work  into.  (")  To  introduce  artfully; 
insinuate  :  as,  he  easily  w»rks  himself  into  confidence  by 


work  * 

his  plausibility,  (b)  To  change  or  alter  by  gradual  process 
or  influence. 

This  imperious  man  will  work  us  all 
From  princes  into  pages. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  ii.  2.  47. 
To  work  off,  to  get  rid  of ;  free  or  be  freed  from,  or  from 
the  etfects  of;  discharge;  evacuate:  as,  to  ivork  of  the 
effects  of  a  debauch.— To  Work  one's  passage,  to  give 
one's  work  or  services  as  an  equivalent  for  passage- money. 
—  To  work  one's  will.  See  wiU^.—To  work  out.  («) 
To  eifect  or  procure  by  continued  labor  or  exertion  ;  ac- 
complish. 

Work  out  your  own  salvation  with  fear  and  trembling. 

Phil,  ii.  12. 
Who  can  hide, 
When  the  malicious  Fates  are  bent 
On  working  out  an  ill  intent? 

Wordsworth,  The  Waggoner,  iv. 
0  lift  your  natures  up : 
Embrace  our  aims  :  work  out  your  freedom. 

Tennyson,  IMncess,  ii. 

(6)  To  elaborate;  develop;  reduce  to  order ;  study  out. 

She  [Italy]  did  not  work  out  the  basilican  type  for  her- 
self ;  she  left  it  to  others  to  do  that  for  her,  and  conse- 
quently never  perfectly  understood  what  she  undertook 
or  why  it  was  tfone,         J.  Fergusson,  Hist.  Arch.,  I.  428. 

The  minerals,  which  are  now  in  the  British  Museum, 
were  worked  out  by  Mr.  Davies  of  that  establishment. 

Amer.  Joiir.  Set.,  3d  ser.,  XLI.  406. 
(c)  To  solve,  aa  a  problem. 
Mai.  M,— Malvolio;  M,  — why.  that  begins  my  name  — 
Fab.  Did  not  I  say  he  would  work  it  oiit  ? 

Shak.,  T.  N.,  ii.  5.  139. 
(rf)  To  erase ;  efface;  remove. 

Tears  of  joy,  for  your  returning  spilt, 
Work  out  and  expiate  our  former  guilt. 

Dryden,  Astriea  Redux,  1.  275. 

(e)  To  exhaust:  as,to?rorA-OH(amineorqnarry.— To  work 
out  a  day's  work  {naut),  to  compute  a  ship's  position 
from  the  lourse  and  distance  sailed.  —  To  work  the  twig. 
See  ((a'i^i.  — To  WOrk  up.  (a)  To  excite  ;  stir  up ;  raise ; 
rouse. 

It  is  no  very  hard  Matter  to  work  up  a  heated  and  devout 
Imagination  to  the  Fancy  of  Raptures  and  Ecstasies  and 
Mystical  Tnions.  Stillingjleet,  Sermons,  III.  iii. 

We  cannot  but  tremble  to  consider  what  we  are  capa- 
ble of  being  wrought  up  to,  against  all  the  ties  of  nature, 
love,  honour,  reason,  and  religion.     Steele,  Tatler,  No.  172. 

They  [the  Moslems]  work  themselves  up  to  such  agonies 
of  rage  and  lamentation  that  some,  it  is  said,  have  given 
up  the  ghost  from  the  mere  etfect  of  mental  excitement. 
Macaiday,  Lord  Olive. 

(&)  To  use  up  in  tlie  process  of  manufacture  or  the  like ; 
expend  in  any  work  :  as,  we  have  worked  up  all  our  mate- 
rials. 

The  industry  of  the  people  works  up  all  their  native 
commodities  to  the  last  degree  of  manufacture.        Swift. 

(c)  To  expand  ;  enlarge  ;  elaborate:  as,  txiwork  up  a  story 
or  an  article  from  a  few  hints. 

We  have  read  of  "Handkerchief  Moody,"  who  for  some 
years  persisted  in  always  appearing  among  men  with  his 
face  covered  with  a  handkerchief —  an  incident  which 
Hawthorne  has  ivorked  up  in  his  weird  manner  into  the 
story  of  "The  Minist^T  with  the  Black  Veil." 

.  //.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  4fi4. 

(d)  To  master  by  careful  study  or  research  :  as,  to  work  up 
a  theme,  (e)  to  achieve  or  attain  by  special  elfort :  as, 
to  work  up  a  reputation  for  one's  self.  (/)  Xavt,  to  dis- 
cipline or  punish  by  setting  at  an  unnecessary  or  hateful 
job,  like  scraping  the  anchor*chain.  Such  a  piece  of  work 
is  called  a  working -up  job.  — To  WOrk  water.  See  the 
quotation. 

Water  is  also  frequently  carried  over  fiom  the  boiler 
with  the  steam.  When  this  occurs  the  boiler  is  said  to 
prime,  or  to  work  water.  Forney,  Locomotive,  p.  170. 

work  (wei-k),  )t.  [<  ME.  trork,  iccrk,  ivurc,  wore, 
were,  weore,  <  AS.  weore,  wore,  were  =  OS. 
OFries.  1).  werk  =  LG.  work  =  OHO.  wcrch, 
irerah,  MHG.  were,  G.  tverk  =  leel.  Sw.  iwrk  = 
Dan.  ra^'rk  =  Goth,  ffa-waurki ;  ef.  Gr.  Fpyor, 
work:  see  work,  v.]  1.  Effort  or  exertion  di- 
rected to  the  aceonii>lishment  of  some  purpose 
or  end;  expenditure  of  strength,  energy,  etc.; 
toil;  labor;  striving. 

Fie  upon  this  quiet  life  1  I  want  work. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  4.  118. 

Man  hath  his  daily  work  of  body  or  mind 
.\ppointed.  Milton,  P.  U,  iv.  618. 

Here,  work  enough  to  watch 
The  Master  work,  and  catch 
Hints  of  the  proper  craft. 

Browning,  Kabbi  Hen  Ezra. 

2.  Oiiportunity  of  expending  labor  (phyHical 
or  mental)  in  some  useful  orremunerative  way. 
espeoially  as  a  means  of  earning  a  livelihood  ; 
employment:  something  to  do:  as,  tobeoutof 
trork;  to  look  for  work. —  3.  That  upon  which 
one  is  employed  or  engaged,  and  in  the  aceoni- 
plishment  of  whieh  labor  is  expended  or  some 
operation  pei'formed;  a  task,  undertaking,  en- 
terprise, or  project. 

If  it  would  please  Him  whose  u'orke.  it  is  to  direct  me  to 
speake  such  a  word  over  the  sea  as  the  good  old  woman 
of  Abel  did  over  the  wall  in  the  like  exigent. 

A'.  Ward,  Simple  Colder,  p.  Z:i. 

The  great  wcn-k  of  erectuig  a  way  of  worshipping  of 
Christ  in  church  fellowship. 

N.  Morton,  New  England's  Memorial,  p.  ICtl. 


work 

To  her  dear  Work  she  falls;  and,  as  she  wrouglit, 
A  sweet  tYeation  followed  her  hands. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  iii.  61, 

4.  Somothiiig  accomplished  or  done;  doing; 
deed;  achievement;  feat;  performance. 

Thei  knoulechen  wel  that  the  Werkes  of  Jesu  Crist  ben 
gode,  and  his  Wordes  and  his  Dedes  and  his  Doutryne  by 
his  Gospelles  weren  trewe,  and  his  Meracles  also  trewe. 
MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  134. 

It  is  a  damned  and  a  bloody  work; 
Tlie  graceless  action  of  a  heavy  hand. 
If  that  it  be  the  work  of  any  hand. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  iv.  3.58. 

A  people  of  that  beastly  disposition  that  they  performed 
the  most  secret  worke  of  Nature  in  publique  view. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  323. 

Once  more. 
Act  a  brave  work,  call  it  thy  last  adventry. 

B.  Jonson,  Epigrams,  cxxxiii. 
It  would  be  easy  to  multiply  illustrations  of  the  differ- 
ence between  .  .  .  the  philosophy  of  words  and  the  phi- 
losopliy  of  iwrks.  Macaulay,  Lord  Bacon. 

5.  pi.  In  thcoL,  acts  performed  in  obedience  to 
tlie  law  of  God.  According  to  Protestant  theology, 
such  works  would  be  meritorious  only  as  they  constituted 
a  perfect  and  complete  observance  of  the  law  ;  according 
to  Roman  Catholic  theology,  such  works,  if  proceeding 
from  grace  and  love,  are  so  far  acceptable  to  God  as  to  be 
truly  deserving  of  an  eternal  reward.    See  supererogation. 

And  gif  I  shal  werke  be  hercicerkis  to  wynne  me  heuene, 
And  for  here  werkis  and  for  here  wyt  wende  to  pyne, 
Thanne  wrougte  I  vnwisly  with  alle  the  wyt  that  I  lere  I 
Piers  Plowman  (A),  xi.  268. 
For  by  grace  are  ye  saved  through  faith ;  and  that  not  of 
yourselves ;  it  is  the  gift  of  God :  not  of  works,  lest  any  man 
should  boast.  Eph.  ii.  9. 

6t.  Active  operation;  action. 

Where  pride,  fulnesse  of  bread,  and  abundance  of  idle- 
nesse  set  them  on  ivorke  against  God. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  41. 

7.  Ferment :  trouble.     [Rare.] 

Tokay  and  Coffee  cause  this  Work 
Between  the  German  and  the  Turk. 

Prior,  Alma,  ill. 

8.  That  which  is  made  or  manufactured;  an 
article,  fabric,  or  structure  produced  by  expen- 
diture of  effort  or  labor  of  some  kind,  whether 
physical  or  mental;  a  product  of  nature  or  art. 

Tlie  7vork  some  praise, 
And  some  the  architect.  Milton,  P.  L.,  i.  731. 

Hence,  specifically — (a)  That  which  is  produced  by  men- 
tal labor ;  a  literary  or  artistic  performance ;  a  composi- 
tion :  as,  the  works  of  Addison ;  the  works  of  Mozart.  See 
opiut. 

You  are  rapt,  sir,  in  some  work,  some  dedication 
To  the  great  lord.  Shak.,  T.  of  A.,  i.  1.  19. 

No  other  Poet  that  I  know  of  [save  Ben  Jonson],  in 
those  days,  gave  liis  Plays  the  pompous  Title  of  Works; 
of  which  Sir  John  Suckling  has  taken  notice  in  his  Ses- 
sions of  the  Poets.  .  .  .  This  puts  me  in  mind  of  a  Dis- 
tick  directed  by  some  Poet  of  that  Age  to  Ken  Johnson : 
Pray,  tell  me,  Ben,  where  does  the  myst'ry  lurk? 
WJiat  others  call  a  Piay,  you  call  a  Work; 
which  was  thus  answer'd  by  a  Friend  of  his : 
The  Author's  Fiiend  thus  for  the  Author  say's, 
Ben's  Plays  are  Works,  when  others  Wr/rks  are  Plays. 

Lanjjbaine,  Eng.  iJramatick  Poets  (1091).  p.  264. 
When  I  contemplate  a  modern  library,  filled  with  new 
works  in  all  the  bravery  of  rich  gilding  and  binding. 

Irving,  Sketcli-Book,  p.  165. 

(6)  A II  engineering  structure,  as  a  building,  dock,  embank- 
ment, bridge,  or  fortification. 

And  now  ye  Sarrasyns  haue  taken  vp  the  stones  of  the 

same  tumbeaiid  put  theym  to  the  werA-cs  of  theyr  Muskey. 

Sir  Ii.  Gityl/orde,  Pylgrymage,  p.  52. 

I  will  be  walking  on  the  works.     Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  2.  3. 

Pon  (iuzman,  .  .  .  who  commanded  the  sortie,  ought 
to  have  taken  the  icork  out  of  hand,  and  annihilated  all 
therein.  Kiwjsley,  Westward  Ho,  ix. 

Frail  were  the  works  that  defended  the  hold  that  we  held 
with  our  lives.  Tennyson,  Defence  of  Lucknow. 

(c)  Design  ;  pattern  ;  workmanship. 

Ther  ys  a  gret  Clialis  of  line  gold  of  Curius  werke. 

Torkin'jton,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Travell,  p.  11. 

Let  there  be  three  or  five  fine  cupolas  in  the  length  of  it, 

placed  at  equal  distance,  and  fine  coloured  windows  of 

several  u-orkf.  Bacon,  Building  (ed.  1887). 

All  his  followers  likewise  were,  in  their  faces,  in  part 

or  in  whole,  piiJTited,  .  .  .  some  with  crosses  and  other 

antick  works.     Mourt's  Journal,  in  Appendix  to  New  Eng- 

lland's  Memorial,  p.  355. 

(d)  Embroidery;  ornamental  work  done  with  the  needle; 
needlework. 

I  am  ^lad  I  have  found  this  napkin. 
...  1  '11  have  the  work  ta'en  out. 
And  give  t  lago.  Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  296. 

I  never  saw  any  thing  prettier  than  this  high  W(yrk  on 
your  Point  D'espaigne.  Ethereye,  Man  of  ilode,  iii.  2. 

9.  An  establinhment  for  manufacturing,  or  for 
performing  industrial  labor  of  any  sort:  gener- 
ally in  the  plm-al,  including  all  the  buildings, 
machines,  etc.,  used  in  the  required  opera- 
tions: as,  iron-H'oW.-.v;  hence  the  plural  is  used 
as  a  collective  singular,  taking  then  a  singular 
article:  as,  there  is  a  large  glass-n'orA^s  in  the 
town. 


6976 

They  have  a  Salt  Work,  and  with  that  salt  preserve  the 
fish  they  take.         Capt.  John  Smith,  Gen.  Hist.  Virginia 
[(Arber's  Eng.  Garner,  II.  285.) 

Whereupon  he  gott  a  patent  of  the  king  (Cha,  I.)  for  an 
allum  worke  (which  was  the  first  that  ever  was  in  Eng- 
land), which  was  worth  to  him  two  thousand  pounds  per 
aimum,  or  better.  Aubrey,  Lives  (Thomas  Chaloner). 

10.  In  meehr.  (a)  The  product  of  a  force  by 
the  component  displacement  of  its  point  of 
application  in  the  direction  of  the  force;  or,  if 
this  is  variable,  the  integral  of  all  successive 
infinitesimal  such  products  for  any  motion  of 
the  point  of  application.  The  work  is  thus  the 
same  whatever  be  the  velocity  of  the  motion  or  the  mass 
moved,  so  long  as  the  force  and  the  displacement  are  the 
same.  Thus,  if  an  electrified  body  is  moved  by  an  elec- 
trical force  along  a  horizontal  surface,  the  work  is  the 
same  whatever  the  mass  of  the  body  moved.  But  if  the 
same  electrical  force  moves  the  body  for  the  same  dis- 
tance but  upward  against  gravity,  less  work  on  the  whole 
is  done,  since  the  force  of  gravity  undoes  a  part  of  the 
work  which  the  electrical  force  i)erforms.  Negative 
work,  or  work  undone,  is  also  called  resistant  work,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  motor  work.  The  total  work  performed 
upon  a  particle  is  equivalent  to  the  kinetic  energy  it 
gains;  the  total  work  undone,  to  the  kinetic  energy  it 
loses.  If  a  force  is  resisted  by  friction,  the  same  amount 
of  work  is  done  as  if  it  were  not  resisted ;  for,  though 
the  resultant  force  upon  the  mass  moved  is  less  by  the 
amount  of  the  friction,  so  that  less  work  is  done  upon 
the  mass  as  a  whole,  yet  heat  is  produced,  and  the  par- 
ticles receive  displacements  in  the  direction  of  the  ac- 
tion of  friction,  the  work  of  which  makes  up  the  balance. 
Mechanical  work  is  work  done  in  the  displacement  of  sen- 
sible masses,  as  opposed  to  work  done  in  the  displacement 
of  molecules.  If  a  gun  is  shot  off  in  a  horizontal  direc- 
tion, a  force  is  brought  to  bear  upon  tlie  liullet,  and  in  car- 
rying this  a  certain  distance  work  proportional  to  the 
acceleration  is  performed ;  at  the  same  time,  the  heat  of 
the  confined  gases  is  reduced  by  a  proportional  amount, 
and  heat  is  said  to  be  transformed  into  mechanical  work. 

We  have  thus  arrived  at  the  immensely  important  con- 
clusion that  no  heat-engine  can  convert  into  work  a  greater 
fraction  of  the  heat  which  it  receives  tlian  is  expressed 
by  the  excess  of  the  temperature  of  reception  above  that 
of  rejection  divided  by  the  absolute  temperature  of  re- 
ception. Eiicyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  482. 

{b)  The  negative  of  the  work  as  defined  above. 
In  this  sense  a  ball  shot  upward  is  said  to  do  work  by  re- 
moving itself  from  the  attracting  earth.  (Both  these  uses 
of  the  word  work  were  introduced  by  C'lausius,  first  in 
German.] 

11.  In  jyhysics  and  chem.y  the  production  of  any 
physical  or  chemical  change.  For  example,  if  a 
body  is  heated,  the  effects  are  said  to  be  the  internal  work 
of  increasing  the  kinetic  molecular  energy  —  that  is,  in- 
crease of  temperature  — of  change  of  volume,  cohesive 
elasticity  and  the  external  work  involved  in  its  expansion, 
and  hence  overcoming  the  surrounding  atmospheric  pres- 
sure. An  example  of  work  in  the  chemical  sense  is  that 
done  when  a  chemical  compound  is  decomposed,  as  by 
an  electrical  current  in  electrolysis.  See  further  under 
energy,  7. 

12.  In  'mining,  ores  before  they  are  cleaned 
and  dressed. — 13.  pi.  The  mechanism  or  ef- 
fective part  of  some  mechanical  contrivance, 
such  as  a  watch. — 14.  Manner  of  working; 
management;  treatment. 

It  is  pleasant  to  see  what  work  our  adversaries  make 
with  this  innocent  canon  :  sometimes  'tis  a  mere  forgery 
of  hereticks,  and  sometimes  the  bishops  .  .  .  were  not  so 
wise  as  they  should  have  been.  Stillingfieet. 

Accommodation  works.  See  accommodation.— AA- 
vanced  works,  works  placed  beyond  the  covered  ways 
and  glacis  of  a  permanent  foi-tifi cation,  but  in  defensive 
relations  with  it.  When  placed  beyond  the  range  of  small 
arms  such  works  are  termed  detached  works.— AgTSi  Work, 
an  inlay  of  hard  stones,  such  as  agates  and  carnelians, 
and  other  costly  materials  in  white  marble,  made  at  Agra 
in  Kritisli  India.  — Barellly  work,  woodwork  decorated 
in  black  and  gold  lacquer,  made  in  the  Northwestern  Prov- 
inces of  India.— Beaten  work.  See  beaten.— BbtMh 
work,  fancy  work  on  canvas  in  Berlin  wools  or  worsted. 
—  Best  work.  See  6e,s(.— Bone- work.  Same  as  bone- 
lace.— Camiul  work,  decoration  by  means  of  lacipier 
painted  with  flowers  in  slight  relief  on  a  green  ground, 
gold  being  freely  used:  from  Carnul,  or  Kurnul,  a  town 
of  India.— Cashmere  work,  a  kind  of  metal- work  in 
which  copper  or  brass  is  deeply  engraved,  and  the  en- 
graved lines  are  filled  wholly  or  in  part  with  a  black  com- 
position like  niello;  small  raised  fiowers  of  white  metal 
are  then  applied  to  the  surface  in  connection  with  the  de- 
sign engraved  upon  the  body  of  the  piece. —  Combed-out 
work.  Seecomftl.— Covenant  of  works,  i^ee covenant. 
—Damascene  work.  See  (/a^mscp^e. —Day's  work.  See 
drt.iyi.—DelM  work,  a  variety  of  Indian  embroidery  distin- 
guished by  a  free  use  of  chain-stitch,  usually  in  gold  and 
silver  mixed  with  colored  silk  on  colored  grounds.— 
Dinged  work.  See  di».(;i.— Drawn  and  cut  work, 
decorative  work  done  upon  fine  linen  or  the  like  by  cut- 
ting away  parts  and  pulling  out  the  threads  in  places  :  a 
kind  of  work  often  associated  with  cmhroiderj'.  In  the 
more  elaborate  sorts,  a  network  of  threads  is  fastened 
down  upon  a  piece  of  linen  lawn,  the  pattern  is  stitched 
(usually  in  buttonhole-stitch)  upon  the  lawn,  and  after  its 
completion  the  threads  of  the  network  and  some  of  those 
of  the  lawn  are  pulled  out  and  parts  of  the  lawn  cut  away. 
—Embossed-velvet  work.  See  rc^fv/.— External  work. 
See  internal  work,  below.— False  work,     i^cc  false. 

There  are  voices  and  a  sound  of  tools,  and  we  come  to 
a  wooden  staging,  ov  false  work,  and  climb  a  short  ladder, 
and  stand  close  to  the  roof  among  a  group  of  workmen. 

The  Century,  XXXIX.  :>21. 
Fancy,  fat,  frosted  work.  See  the  adjectives.— 
Gnarled  work.  Same  as  (;jwirijn<7.— Granulated  work. 
See  yranu/a(ed.— Hammered  work.    See  Aam»i«ri.— 


workability 

Hlroahima  work,  fine  decorative  metal-work  made  in 
Japan,  in  which  various  ornamental  appliances  are  com- 
bined. The  name  is  derived  from  the  town  of  Hiroshima, 
where  much  of  the  finest  has  been  made.— Holbein 
work,  a  kind  of  embroidery  done  in  modern  times  in  imi- 
tation of  decorative  borders  and  the  like  shown  in  paint- 
ings of  Holbein  and  other  artists  of  his  time.  The  design 
is  in  outline  without  filling  in,  and  consists  of  borders 
and  other  patterns  of  slight  scrolls,  zigzags,  etc.  It  is 
worked  especially  with  thread  on  washable  material, 
and  has  the  advantage  of  showing  alike  on  both  sides.— 
Honeycomb  work.  See  honey  com  b. — Incrusted  work. 
See  incruM. — Internal  work,  in  physies,  work  done  in  or 
among  the  molecules  of  a  body  ui>on  change  of  tempera- 
ture, as  in  increasing  their  velocity,  changing  their  relative 
position,  etc. :  contrasted  with  external  work,  that  done 
against  external  forces  as  the  body  changes  in  volume. 
-Irish  work.  See  /mfti.— Lacertlne  work.  See 
lacertine.—LaAd.  work.  Seeioyi.- Lap-Jointedwork. 
Same  as  c?uic/ter- wor*.— Lean,  lump,  madxas,  mechani- 
cal, meshed  work.  See  the  qualifying  words.- Ma- 
deira work,  embroidery  in  white  thread  upon  lawn  or 
cambric,  madein  the  island  of  Madeira,  and  of  remarkable 
fineness  of  execution.— MonghVT  work,  Indian  decora- 
tive carving  in  black  elwny,  inlaid  with  ivory.— Mora- 
dabad  work,  decorative  work  in  metal  in  which  two 
plates  of  different  metals  are  soldered  together  and  then 
engraved  on  one  side  in  deep  incisions,  so  as  to  show  the 
one  metal  through  the  incisions  in  the  other.  In  an- 
other variety  the  incisions  are  filled  in  with  a  black  com- 
position similar  to  niello.  — Mother-of-pearl  work. 
See  mot?ter-of-pearl.—  jmo\XJl%e6.  WOrk.  See  mounted.— 
Mjmpuri  work,  an  inlay  of  wood  with  brass  and  other 
metals  similar  in  its  character  to  buhl,  practised  in  India 
in  recent  times.— Mysore  Work,  decoration  by  painting 
in  vivid  opaque  colors  on  a  brilliant  ground  composed  of 
translucent  green  lacquer  laid  upon  tin-foil. — Niello- 
Work.  See  niello.— Hulled  WOrk.  See  null.— Out  Of 
work,    (a)  Out  of  working  order. 

There  rises  a  fearful  vision  of  the  human  race  evolving 
machinery  which  will  by  and-by  throw  itself  fatally  out 
of  wfrrk.  George  Eliot,  Theophrastus  Such,  xvii. 

(6)  Without  employment:  as,  he  was  out  of  work  and 
ill.— Phrygian  work.  See  Phrygian.— Pierced  work. 
See  j«€rct'rf.— Pitched  work.  See  pitchi .— Plaited 
string  work,  pounced  work,  process  work,  public 
works,  tiee  plaited,  pounced^,  etc.— Punctured  work. 
See  puncture.— "BLaXAed  work.  See  rawfi.— Random 
work.  See  raTM/orn.- Reisner  work  (from  its  inven- 
tor, Reisner,  a  German  of  the  time  of  Ix>uis  XIV. J,  a  kind 
of  inlaid  cabinet-work  in  which  woods  of  contrasted  col- 
ors are  employed,  designs  being  formed  in  woods  lighter 
or  darker  than  the  ground ;  marquetry.— Reticulated 
work.  See  re^ioKinfcrf.— Rubbed  Work.  See  rub.- 
Russian-tapestry  work,  rustic  work,  Saracenic 
work.  See  liussiaji,  etc.  —  Side  of  work,  in  coal-min- 
ing. See  man-of-war,  2.— Sikh  WOrk,  decorative  work 
done  by  the  Siklis  of  northern  India,  especially  embossed 
work  in  thin  copper  done  with  the  hanmier  and  punch.— 
Sindh  work,  decoration  produced  by  laying  upon  wood 
several  strata  of  lacquer  in  different  colors,  and  after- 
ward cutting  through  the  lacquer  to  various  depths,  as 
in  engraving  on  onyx.— Spanish  work,  embroidery  of 
simple  character,  such  as  that  done  uiK>n  pillow-cases 
and  table-cloths:  a  term  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
—  Spiritual  and  corporal  works  of  mercy.  See 
mercy. — Stamped  work.  See  stamp. — Swedish  worlc 
See  Swedish.  — Taibulax  work.  Same  as  table-work.— 
Tamil  work,  ornamental  metal-work,  containing  much 
filigree,  made  in  Ceylon,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  island.— Tessellated  work.  Hee  tessellfited.- Tied 
work,  a  kind  of  fancy  work  by  which  fringes  are  made  of 
worsted,  silk,  or  other  fiber  or  cord.  The  cords  are  fas- 
tened and  grouped  together  by  a  process  like  netting, 
producing  a  sort  of  knotted  fringe.  — To  have  one's 
work  cut  out.  (a)  To  have  one's  work  prepared  or  pre- 
scribed. (&)  To  have  all  that  one  can  do.  [Slang.]  — To  lie 
to  one's  work.  See  Ziei.- To  make  short  work  of  or 
with,  (a)  To  bring  to  a  speedy  conclusion ;  accomplish  at 
once.    (6)  To  deal  with  or  dispose  of  summarily. 

Mr.  Canning  made  verj'  short  work  of  poor  Mr.  Erskine. 
H.  Ada7ns,  Gallatin,  p.  3d4. 

To  run  the  works.  See  n*ni.— Turkey  work,  rugs  or 
carpeting  brought  from  the  East :  the  phrase  was  in  use  as 
late  as  the  seventeenth  century.— Upper  works  {naut.). 
Same  as  dead-works.— "VieJUlSL  WOrk,  decorative  work 
in  leather,  including  ornamental  utensils  of  that  mate- 
rial, with  patterns  in  slight  relief  and  impressed.— Vlaa- 
gapatam  work,  an  inlay  of  ivory,  horn,  and  other  mate- 
rials in  wood.  The  work  is  on  a  small  scale,  and  is  applied 
to  the  decoi-ation  of  movable  furniture,  tea-caddies,  chess- 
boards, etc. — Work  and  turn,  in  printing,  a  form  of 
type  arranged  to  print  two  copies  by  turning  the  sheet. — 
Work  of  art.  See  art-'.— Works  of  supererogation. 
See  supererogation.  (See  alst)  gingerbread -work,  pique- 
work,  spider-icork.)=^yn.  1.  Work,  Labor,  Toil,  Drudgery, 
occupation,  exertion,  business.  Work  is  thegeneric  term 
for  exertion  of  l>ody  or  mind :  it  stands  aUo  for  the  prod- 
uct of  such  exertion,  while  the  others  do  not.  Labor  is 
heavier;  the  word  may  be  qualified  by  strong  adjectives: 
as,  confinement  at  hard /fi!*or.  Wemay  speak  of  light  trorl-, 
but  not  of  light  labor.  ToU  is  still  heavier,  necessarily  in- 
volving weariness,  as  labor  does  not  Drudgery  is  heavy, 
monotonous  labor  of  a  servile  sort. 
All  icork,  even  cotton-spinning,  is  noble. 

Carlyle,  Past  and  Present,  iii.  4. 
He  had  been  so  far  that  he  almost  despair'd  of  getting 
back  again;  for  a  Man  cannot  pass  thro  those  red  Man- 
groves but  with  very  much  labour. 

Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  156. 

With  burden  of  our  armour  here  we  sweat. 

This  toil  of  oui-s  should  be  a  work  of  thine. 

Shak.,K.  John.  ii.  1.  93. 

Tlie  every-day  cares  and  duties  which  men  call  drudg- 
ery are  the  weights  and  counterpoises  of  the  clock  of  time. 
Longfellow,  Kavanagh,  xiii. 

workability  (w^r-ka-bil'i-ti),  n.  [<  workable 
+  -ittf  (see  -biJity).]'    Practicability;  feasible- 


workability 

The  workability  of  compulsory  notification  would  de- 
pend on  the  general  practitioners.        Lancet,  1890,  II.  21. 

workable  (wer'ka-bl),  a.      [<  work  +  -able.'} 

1.  That  can  be  worked,  or  that  is  worth  work- 
ing: as,  a  workable  mine;  workable  coal.  The 
term  workaUe,  as  applied  to  coal,  has  two  meaninj^s :  one 
refers  to  the  maximum  limit  of  depth,  the  other  to  the 
minimum  limit  of  thickness  of  the  bed  or  beds.  In  the  Re- 
port of  the  English  Royal  Commission  appointed  in  186<i, 
the  limit  of  workable  depth  was  taken  as  4.000  feet,  that  of 
thickness  at  1  foot.  But  no  coal  has  yet  been  worked  to 
so  great  a  depth  as  that,  and  it  has  only  very  rarely  hap- 
pened that  a  seam  of  less  than  2  feet  in  thickness  has  been 
actually  mined. 

Clay  .  .  .  soft  and  workable.      Ascham,  Toiophilus,  ii. 

I  apprehend  that  the  Commissioners  (the  English  of 
1866]  placed  the  limit  of  thickness  as  low  as  12  inches  be- 
cause their  inquiries  were  not  in  that  connection  directed 
to  the  question  what  amount  of  coal  would  ultimately  be 
found  commercially  workable ;  it  was  the  simple  physical 
limits  which  they  were  chiefly  regarding. 

Marshall,  Coal ;  its  Hist,  and  Uses,  p.  307. 

2.  F*ractieable ;  feasible :  as,  a  workable  scheme 
for  lighting  the  streets. —  3.  Capable  of  being 
stirred  or  influenced. 

These  have  nimble  feet,  forward  affections,  hearts  work- 
abU  to  charity.  Rev.  T.  Adaiiu,  Works,  II.  410. 

4.  Capable  of  being  set  at  work. 

At  the  time  of  taking  the  last  census  there  were  very 
nearly  seven  millions  of  wives  and  children  of  a  workable 
,  age  still  unoccupied. 

Mayhew,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  S.'.a 

workableness  (wfer'ka-bl-nes),  n.  Practicable- 
ness ;  feasibility. 

That  fair  trial  which  alone  can  test  the  workableness  of 
any  new  scheme  of  social  life.  J.  S.  Mill,  Socialism. 

workaday  (w^rk'a-da),n.  and  a.  [Formerly  also 
workijilaij.   Cf.  workday.']   I.f  «.  A  working-day. 

Trade,  I  cashier  thee  till  to-morrow;  friend  Onion,  for 
thy  sake  I  finish  this  workiday. 

B.  Jotison,  Case  is  Altered,  iv.  3. 
We  find  a  great  Deference  paid  U)  Saturday  Afternoon, 
above  the  other  worky-Days  of  the  Week. 

Bourne's  Pop.  Aiitiq.  (1777X  p.  145. 

n.  a.  Working-day;  relating  to  workdays; 
plodding;  toiling. 

Your  face  shall  be  tann'd 
Like  a  sailor's  worky-day  hand. 

MidtUeton  and  Rowley,  .Spanish  Gypsy,  iv.  1, 
Work-a-day  humanity. 

Dtckens,  Uncommercial  Traveller,  iv. 

This  is  a  workaday,  practical  world,  and  ...  we  must 

face  things  as  they  are.  The  Century,  XXXIX.  630. 

work-bag  (w^rk'bag),  H.  A  small  bag  of  some 
textile  material,  formerly  carried  by  women, 
and  used  to  contain  their  needlework.  The 
term  was  often  used  for  the  reticule. 

The  lawful  fine  of  the  pledged  work-hat;  of  the  king's 
wife.  O'Curry,  Am;.  Irish,  II.  xxlv, 

work-basket  (wferk'bas'ket),  H.  A  basket  used 
by  women  either  to  hold  the  implements  for 
sewing,  as  needles,  thread,  scissors,  or  thimble, 
in  which  case  the  basket  is  small,  or  to  hold 
partly  made  garments,  articles  needing  repair, 
etc.,  for  whien  use  the  basket  is  large  and  has 
a  wide  opening. 

On  the  table  is  .  .  .  Elizabeth's  icorkbaskel. 

Rhoda  Broughton,  Alas,  xxxiv. 

work-box  (w&rk'boks),  n.     A  box  used  by  wo- 
men to  hold  their  materials  for  sewing  and  the 
needlework  itself  when  not  too  bulky. 
Here,  lately  shut,  that  work-box  lay ; 
There  stood  your  own  embroidery  frame. 

F.  Locker,  The  Castle  in  the  Air. 

workday  (w6rk'da),  n.  and  a.  [<  ME.  wcrktUii, 
wcrkedei,  werkedai,  werrkedah,  workday,  work- 
ing-day, <  AS.  weorc-dieg  (=  G.  werk-tat/,  irtr- 
kel-Uty  =  Icel.  verkdagr);  as  work  +  day^.]  I. 
«.  A  working-day;  a  week-day. 

For  a-pon  the  werkeday 

Men  be  so  bysy  in  vche  way. 

So  that  for  here  ocupacyone 

They  leue  myche  of  here  deuocyone. 
Myre,  Instructions  for  Parish  Priests  (E.  E.  T.  fi.\  1. 1005. 

H.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  working-day  or 
working-days. 

Allow  me  my  friends,  my  freedom,  my  rough  compan- 
ions, in  their  workday  clothes.         Thackeray,  Philip,  vi. 

WOrked-off  (wfrrkt'of),  a.  In  printing,  noting 
a  form  of  type  from  which  a  required  edition 
has  been  printed. 
worker  (wfer'k^-r),  «.  [<  ME.  'worker,  woreker;  < 
work  + -cr'^ .]  1.  One  who  or  that  which  works ; 
a  laborer;  a  toiler;  a  performer;  a  doer. 

false  apostles,  deceitful  workers.  2  Cor.  xi.  13. 

Men,  ray  brothers,  men  the  workers,  ever  reaping  some- 
thing new: 
That  which  they  have  done  but  earnest  of  the  things  that 
tliey  shall  do.  Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

With  co-partnership  between  employer  and  eniployed, 
the  worker  would  feel  he  was  more  nearly  the  eijual  of  the 
capitalist.  .V.  A.  Ree..  CXLII.  015. 


6977 

2.  Jnentom.,  the  neuter  or  undeveloped  female 
of  various  social  hymenopterous  and  a  few  other 
insects,  as  bees,  ants,  and  termites,  which  col- 
lects pollen,  makes  honey,  builds  or  fabricates 
cells  or  a  nest,  stores  up  food,  cares  for  the 
young,  herds  and  milks  the  aphids  kept  as  cows, 
and  perfoi-ms  other  services  for  the  community 
of  which  it  is  a  member.  Among  bees  the  worker 
is  distinguished  from  the  queen  and  the  drone,  or  the  per- 
fect female  and  male.  Among  ants  certain  of  the  workers 
are  specialized  and  specified  as  soldiers ;  these  make  war 
and  capture  slaves.  See  cuts  under  Apida,  Atta,  Mono- 
morium,  Termes,  and  umbrella-ant. 
3t.  Maker;  creator. 

And  therfor  in  the  worcher  was  the  vyce. 
And  in  the  covetour  that  was  so  nyce. 

Chaucer,  Complaint  of  Mars,  I.  261. 

4.  In  a  carding-machine,  one  of  the  urchins,  or 
small  card-covered  cylinders. — 5.  A  leather- 
workers'  two-handled  knife,  used  in  scraping 
hides. 

worker-ant  (wer'ker-ant),  ».  A  working  ant. 
See  worker,  2. 

worker-bee  (wer'ker-be),  n.  A  working  bee. 
See  worker,  2. 

worker-bobbin  (w6r'k6r-bob'in),  h.  In  lace- 
making,  one  of  the  bobbins  that  are  kept  pass- 
ing from  side  to  side,  as  distinguished  from  a 
hanger-bobbin,  the  thread  of  which  is  left  sta- 
tionary while  the  other  threads  pass  over  and 
under  it. 

worker-cell  (wer'ker-sel),  n.  One  of  the  cells  of 
a  honeycomb  destined  for  the  larva  of  a  worker- 
bee.  Eggs  are  laid  in  these  first,  afterward  in 
the  drone-cells  and  queen-cells. 

WOrkfellOW  (werk't'd'o),  «.  One  engaged  in 
the  same  work  with  another.     Kom.  .\vi.  21. 

work-folk,  work-folks  (werk'fok,  werk'foks), 
H.pl.  Persons  engaged  in  manual  labor;  work- 
people. 

Oversee  my  ivork-folkg, 
And  at  tile  weeks  end  pay  them  all  their  wages. 

Fletcher  {and  another).  Noble  Gentleman,  ii.  1. 

workful  (w^rk'fiii),  a.  [<  ME.  workrol ;  <  work 
+  -/«/.]  Full  of  activity  and  work ;  laborious; 
indu.strious.     [Rare.] 

You  saw  nothing  in  Coketown  but  what  was  severely 
work/td.  Dickens,  Hard  Times,  i.  5. 

workgirl  (w^rk'gtrl),  ».  A  girl  or  young  wo- 
man who  works  or  is  engaged  in  some  useful 
manual  employment. 

There  are  men  and  women  working  perpetually  for 
every  other  possible  class,  but  none  for  the  workyirl. 

Nineteenth  Century,  XXII.  371. 
In  the  establishment  were  seated  nine  workgirls. 

Lancet,  18!»,  II.  951. 

work-holder  (werk'h61"dtr),  H.  A  device  for 
holding  a  fabric  in  a  convenient  jjosition  for 
needlework,  it  consists  usually  of  spring-jaws  for 
holding  the  material,  and  a  clamp  for  securing  the  holder 
to  the  e<l^:e  of  a  table.     Compare  seu-imj-bird. 

workhouse  (werk'hous),  H.  [<  late  ME.  werke- 
liowse,  AS.  weorc-hns;  as  work  +  housed,  «.]  1. 
A  house  in  which  work  is  carried  on ;  a  manu- 
factory. 

Protogenea  .  .  .  had  his  workhouse  in  a  garden  out  of 
town.  Vryden,  Obs.  on  Dufresnoy's  Art  of  Painting. 

But,  indeed,  that  which  most  surprised  me  in  the  Louvre 
was  the  Attellier  or  Work-howte  of  Monsieur  Gerardon  ;  he 
that  made  Cardinal  Richelieu's  Tomb,  and  the  Statua 
Ekiuestris  designed  for  the  Place  de  Vendosme. 

Lister,  Journey  to  Paris,  p.  43. 

2.  A  house  in  which  able-bodied  paupers  are 
compelled  to  work;  a  poorhouse.  Under  the  old 
poor-laws  of  England  there  was  a  workhouse  in  each 
parish,  partaking  of  the  character  of  a  bridewell,  where 
indigent,  vagrant,  and  idle  people  were  set  to  work,  and 
supplied  with  food  and  clothing,  or  what  is  termed  indoor 
relief.  Some  Wiirkhouses  were  used  as  places  of  confine- 
ment for  rogues  and  vagabonds,  who  were  there  confined 
and  compelled  to  labor;  whilst  others  were  large  alms- 
houses for  the  maintenance  and  support  of  the  poor.  In 
the  Tnited  States  the  workhouses  or  poorhouses  are  some- 
times under  the  charge  of  the  county,  sometimes  under 
that  of  the  town  or  township. 

Our  Laws  have  wisely  determin'd  that  Work-houses  are 
the  best  Hospitals  for  the  Poor  who  are  able  to  help  them- 
selves. StUtinyJleet,  Sermons,  II.  vii. 

A  miser  who  has  amassed  a  million  suffers  an  old  friend 
and  benefactor  to  die  in  a  work-house,  and  camiot  be 
questioned  before  any  tribunal. 

Macatday,  Gladstone  on  Church  and  State. 

This  poor  old  shaking  body  has  to  lay  herself  down 
every  night  in  her  tcorkhottse  bed  by  the  side  of  some  other 
old  woman  with  whom  she  may  or  may  not  agree. 

Thackeray,  On  some  Carp  at  Sans  Souci. 

workhouse-sheeting  (w(:'rk'hous-slie"ting),  ». 

Stout  twilled  cotton  cloth,  used  for  the  rough- 
est service,  and  occasionally  as  a  ground  for 
eiribroiilery. 
working  (wer'king),  n.     [<  ME.  werking,  werk- 
ijnge,  warkynge,  worcliiiigc ;  verbal  n.  of  work, 


working-man 

^  v.~\  1.  Action;  operation:  as,  the  workings  ot 
fancy. 

Thei  ben  square  and  poynted  of  here  owne  kynde,  bothe 
aboven  and  benethen,  with  outen  worchinye  of  mannes 
bond.  MandevUle,  Travels,  p.  158. 

For  mankind  they  say  a  Woman  was  made  first,  which 
by  the  working  of  one  of  the  gods  conceiued  and  brought 
forth  children.    Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  1. 95. 

The  working  of  my  own  mind  is  the  general  entertain- 
ment of  my  life.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  4. 

The  proposition  does  not  strike  one ;  on  the  contrary, 
it  seems  to  run  opposite  to  the  natural  workimjs  of  causes 
and  effects.  Sterne,  Tristram  .Shandy,  viii.  5. 

The  head  which  owns  this  bounteous  fall  of  hazel  curls 
is  an  excellent  little  thinking  machine,  most  accurate  in 
its  working.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxv. 

2.  Method  of  operation ;  doing. 

Al  his  werking  nas  but  fraude  and  deceit. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  356. 

3.  Fermentation:  as,  the  working  of  yeast. — 

4.  pi.  The  parts  of  a  mine,  quarry,  or  open- 
work in  which,  or  near  which,  mining  or  quar- 
rying is  actually  being  carried  on.  The  aban- 
doned portions  of  a  mine  are  generally  designated  as 
"old  workings,"  and  in  Cornwall  as  the  "old  man." 

The  men  hurried  from  diiferent  parts  of  the  workings 
to  be  out  of  the  way  of  an  impending  blast. 

Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  i. 
Close  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kennet,  gravel  has  been  ex- 
tracted for  many  yeai-s,  as  shown  by  the  old  workings. 

tiuart.  Jour.  Geol.  Sac,  XLVI.  690. 

5.  The  process  which  goes  on  in  water  when  it 

blossoms.    See  work,  r.  i.,  8 Batch-working,  in 

telrg.,  a  system  of  working  in  which  every  station  in  turn 
sends  several  (usually  five  or  more)  messages  at  a  time, 
before  giving  place  to  another  station.  — Ciosed-clrcuit 
working,  that  method  of  operating  telegraph-lines  in 
which  the  battery-circuit  is  always  closed  througliout  the 
line,  except  when  broken  by  the  operation  of  the  seiiding- 
key  during  the  transmission  of  messages.—  Double-cur- 
rent  working.  See  rfoiii^c— Line-current  working, 
that  method  of  operation  in  which  the  receiving  instru- 
ments on  a  telegraph-circuit  are  worked  directly,  without 
the  intervention  of  a  relay.—  Open-Clrcult  working,  that 
method  of  operating  a  telegraph-circuit  in  which  the  bat- 
tery is  not  in  contact  with  the  line  between  messages, — 
Open  working.  Same  as  openwork,  3. — single  working, 
in  teleg.,  the  sending  of  messages  in  one  direction  only  at 
one  time.  — Up-and-down  working,  on  a  telegraph-cir- 
cuit, the  transmission  of  messages  alternately  between  sta- 
tions at  the  opposite  ends  of  a  line. 

working  (wer'king),  ji.  a.     [Ppr.  of  work,  t\] 

1.  Active;  busy. 

I  know  not  her  intent;  but  this  I  know, 
He  has  a  working  brain,  is  minister 
To  all  my  lady's  counsels. 

Ford,  Love's  Sacrifice,  iiL  2. 
He  was  of  a  middle  stature ;  strong  sett ;  curled  haire ; 
a  verj-  working  head,  in  so  much  that,  walking  and  medi- 
tating before  dinner,  he  would  eate  up  a  penny  loafe,  not 
knowing  that  he  did  it.      Aubrey,  Lives  (Thomas  Fuller). 

2.  Engaged  in  physical  toil  or  manual  labor  as 
a  means  of  livelihood;  laboring:  as,  working 
people.  Compare  working-man.— 3.  Connect- 
ed with  the  carrying  on  of  some  undertaking  or 
business :  as,  working  expenses. 

working-beam  (wer'king-bem),  n.     In  mach. 

See  beam,  2  (i). 
working-class  (wcr'king-klas),  «.    A  collective 
name  for  those  who  earn  their  bread  by  manual 
labor,  such  as  mechanics  and  laborers :  gener- 
ally used  in  the  plural, 
working-day  (wer'king-dii),  H.  and  a.     l.n.  1. 
Any  day  on  wliich  work  is  ordinarily  performed, 
as  distinguished  from  Sundays  and  holidays. 
D.  Pedro.  Will  you  have  me,  lady'? 
Beat.  No,  my  lord,  unless  I  ndght  have  another  for 
working-days;  your  grace  is  too  costly  to  wear  every  day. 
Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1.  341. 

2.  That  pai-t  of  the  day  which  is  devoted  or 
allotted  to  work  or  labor;  the  period  each  day 
in  which  work  is  actually  carried  on:  as,  a  work- 
ing-day of  eight  hours. 

II.  fi.  Relatingtodayson  which  work  isdone, 
as  opposed  to  Sundays  and  holidays;  hence, 
plodding;  laborious. 

O,  how  full  of  briers  is  this  working-day  world  ! 

Shak.,  As  you  lAke  it,  i.  3.  12. 

WOrking-dra'Wing  (wer'king-dra'ing),  n.  A 
drawing  or  plan,  as  of  the  whole  or  part  of 
a  structure  or  machine,  drawn  to  a  specified 
scale,  and  in  such  detail  as  to  form  a  guide  for 
the  construction  of  the  object  represented. 

working-face  (wer'king-fas),  n.  See  /«(■(>, 
If)  (a). 

working-house  (wer'king-lious),  H.  A  work- 
shop; a  factory. 

In  the  quick  foige  antl  workimi-house  of  thought. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  v.,  Prol.,  1.  23. 

working-man  (wer'king-inan).  n.  A  laboring 
man  ;  one  who  earns  his  living  by  manual  laljor. 
-Working-men's  party,  any  political  party  organized 
in  the  interests  of  working-men.  Such  parties  are  also 
often  called  tabor-re/onn  parlien. 


working-out 

working-out  (wer'kiug-out'),M.  In  music,  that 
section  of  a  work  or  movement  which  follows 
the  exposition  of  the  themes  and  precedes 
their  recapitulation,  and  which  is  devoted  to 
the  development  of  fragments,  or  modifications 
of  them,  in  a  comparatively  free  and  unsystem- 
atic way. 

working-party  (wer'king-par'ti),  71.  A  party 
of  soldiers  told  off  for  mechanical  or  manual 
work,  as  in  the  repair  of  fortifications,  or  the 
building  of  a  causeway  or  a  bridge. 

working-plan  (wer'king-plan),  ;i.  Same  as 
Korkiiuj-drawiiig. 

working-point  (w^r'king-point),  n.  In  much., 
that  part  of  a  machine  at  which  the  effect  re- 
quired is  produced. 

working-rod  ( wer'king-rod),  n.  Same  as  pontil. 

work-lead  (werk'led),  n.  [Tr.  G.  icerkUei.']  In 
metal.,  the  lead  as  it  comes  from  the  smelting- 
furnace,  still  containing  a  small  percentage  of 
impurities  (to  be  removed  by  softening  or  re- 
fining) aud  the  silver  which  the  ore  originally 
contained,  and  which  is  separated  from  the  lead 
by  pattinsonization  (see  Paitinsou  process,  un- 
der process)  and  subsequent  eupellation.  The 
word  is  the  literal  translation  of  German  Werkblei,  desig- 
nating what  is  called  in  English  (by  Percy  and  others) 
blastfurnace  lead. 

workless  (werk'les),  a.     [<  work  +  -lcss.'\     1. 

Without  work;  not  working;  unemployed:  as, 

a  lazy,  jcorfcte.vs  fellow.     [Bare.]  —  2.  Without 

works;  not  carried  out  or  exemplified  in  works. 

Ydle  worklesse  faith.  Sir  T.  More,  Works,  p.  411. 

workman  (werk'man),  «.;  pi.  workmen  (-men). 
[<  ME.  werkman,  werkmon,  wercmort,  weorcniun, 
<  AS.  (ONorth.)  wercmonn  (=  Icel.  rerkmaihr), 
workman;  as  work  +  man.']  1.  A  man  who  is 
employed  in  manual  labor,  whether  skilled  or 
unskilled ;  a  worker  ;  a  toiler ;  specifically,  an 
artificer,  mechanic,  or  artisan;  a  handicrafts- 
man. 

Worthi  is  the  werfcmon  his  hure  to  haue. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  ii.  92. 

The  work  of  the  hands  of  the  workman  with  the  ax. 

.Ter.  X.  3. 
As  a  work-man  never  weary. 
And  all-sufllcient,  he  his  works  doth  carry 
To  happy  end. 

Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  i.  4. 

."is  for  matter  to  build  with,  they  want  none ;  no  more 
doe  they  workmen;  many  excellent  in  that  Art.  and  those 
Christians,  being  inticed  from  all  parts  ...  to  work  in 
their  Arsenals.  Saudt/s,  Travailes,  p.  40. 

2.  In  general,  one  who  works  in  any  depart- 
ment of  physical  or  mental  labor;  specifically, 
a  worker  considered  with  especial  reference  to 
his  manner  of  or  skill  in  work — tluit  is,  work- 
manship— Employers  and  Workmen  Act.  See  em- 
ployer. —  Master  workman.  See  master^ .  — Workman's 
candlestick,  a  simple  candlestick  consisting  ()f  a  hori- 
zontal stem  pointed  at  one  end  to  be  driven  into  a  wall, 
and  supporting  at  the  other  end  a  nozle  or  socket. 

workmanlike  (werk'man-lik),  a.  [<  workman 
+  -like.]  Like  or  worthy  of  a  skilful  workman ; 
hence,  well-executed;  skilful. 

workmanlike  (werk'man-lik),  ailr.  [<  work- 
manlike, a.]     In  a  workmanlike  manner. 

They  .  .  .  doe  iagge  their  Hesh,  both  legges,  amies,  and 
bodies,  as  worketnaiitike  as  a  jerkinmaker  with  vs  pinketh 
a  ierkin.  Hakluyt'x  Voyages,  III.  .^04. 

WOrkmanly  (werk'man-li),  a.  [<  n'orkinini  -\- 
-///!.]     Skilful;  workmanlike. 

In  most  of  the  houses  the  roofes  are  couered  with  line 
gold,  in  a  very  workemunly  sort. 

Wehbe,  Travels  (ed.  Arber),  p.  3H. 

WOrkmanly  (werk'man-li),  adv.  [<  icorkmatdij, 
a.]  In  a  skilful  manner;  in  a  manner  wortliy 
of  a  competent  workman. 

The  chappel  [in  Calicut]  is  on  euery  syde  ful  of  painted 
deuyls;  and  in  euery  corner  thereof  sytteth  a  deuyllmade 
of  copper,  and  that  soivorkeinaiily  haiidelcd  that  he  senietli 
like  flaming  tire,  miserably  consuming  the  soules  of  men. 
Ji.  Eden,  tr,  of  Sebastian  ilunster  (First  Books  on  Amer- 
lica,  ed.  Arber,  p,  17). 
And  at  that  sight  shall  sad  Apollo  weep, 
So  WOrkmanly  the  blood  and  tears  are  drawn. 

,Shak.,  T,  of  the  S.,  Ind,,  ii.  62. 

A  notable  great  Cup  of  siluer  curiously  wrought,  with 
verses  grauen  in  it,  expressing  the  histories  workinurUy 
set  out  in  the  same.  liakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  377. 

workmanship  (werk'man-shlp),  ?/.  [<  ME. 
werkinanxhijje ;  iworkiniin  -i-  -.sliiji.]  1.  The  art 
or  skill  of  a  workman ;  as,  his  icorkmanshi])  was 
of  a  high  order.  —  2.  The  execution  or  finish 
shown  in  anything  made;  the  quality  of  any- 
thing with  reference  to  the  excellence  or  the 
reverse  in  its  construction  or  execution. 

A  gorgeous  girdle,  curiously  embost 

With  pearle  and  precious  stone,  worth  nrany  a  marke; 

Yet  did  the  vxirktnanship  farre  passe  the  cost. 

Spenser,  V.  it.,  IV.  iv.  l.'i. 


6978 

The  workmanship  (of  sculptures  of  Wells  Cathedral]  is 
comparatively  coarse  and  sketchy,  and  far  removed  from 
the  delicacy  of  French  carving. 

C.  H.  Moore,  (iothic  Architecture,  p.  287. 

3.  The  product  or  result  of  the  labor  and  skill 
of  a  workman. 

The  raysterie  of  the  waxe,  the  only  workemanship  of  the 
bonie  Bee,  was  left  to  lighten  the  Catholike  Church. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577),  p.  352. 

What  more  reasonable  than  to  think  that,  if  we  be  God's 
workmanship  he  shall  set  this  mark  of  himself  upon  all 
reasonable  creatures?  Tillotson. 

WOrkmaster(werk'mas"ter),  «.  1.  The  author, 
designer,  producer,  or  performer  of  a  work,  es- 
pecially of  a  great  or  important  work ;  a  skilled 
workman  or  artificer. 

What  time  this  worlds  great  Workmuister  did  cast 
To  make  al  things  such  as  we  now  behold. 

Spenser,  In  Honour  of  Beautie,  1.  20. 

Thy  desire,  which  tends  to  know 
The  works  of  God,  thereby  to  glorify 
The  great  Work-master,  leads  to  no  excess. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  696. 
2.  A  superintendent  of  work. 

A  ricii  work-master. 
That  never  pays  till  Saturday  night ! 

Middleton,  Women  Beware  Women,  i.  1. 

work-mistress  (werk'mis"tres),  n.  A  female 
author,  designer,  producer,  or  performer  of  any 
work. 

Dame  Nature  (the  mother  and  workemistrisse  of  all 
things).  Holland,  tr.  of  Pliny,  xxxi.  1.    {Richardson.) 

work-people  (werk'pe"pl),  n.     People  engaged 

in  work  or  labor,  particularly  in  manual  labor. 

The  back-door,  where  servants  and  work-people  were 

usually  admitted.  Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xiii. 

work-roller  (werk'r6"ler).  n.  In  a  knitting- 
machine,  a  weighted  roller  which  winds  up 
the  work  automatically  as  it  is  completed.  E. 
U.  Knifiht. 

workroom  (werk'rom),  «.  A  room  for  working 
in,  especially  one  in  which  women  are  em- 
ployed. 

workshop  (werk'shop),  n.  A  shop  or  building 
where  a  workman,  mechanic,  or  artificer,  or  a 
number  of  such,  carry  on  their  work;  a  place 
where  any  work  or  handicraft  is  carried  on. 

Supreme  beauty  is  seldom  found  in  cottages  or  work- 
shops. Johnson,  Jour,  to  Western  Isles,  Ostig. 
Workshop  Kegulation  Act,  a  British  statute  of  1867  (30 
and  31  Vict.,  c.  146)  which  regulates  the  hours  of  labor  of 
women  and  children. 

worksome  (werk'sum),  a.  [<  work  -)-  -some.] 
Industrious ;  diligent. 

So,  through  seas  of  blood,  to  Equality,  Frugality,  work- 
some  Blessedness,  Fraternity. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  III.  vi.  6. 

work-stone  (werk'ston),  n.  In  metal,,  in  the 
ore-hearth  (used  in  smelting  lead  ores),  a  flat 
plate  of  cast-iron  connected  with  and  slop- 
ing down  from  the  front  edge  of  the  hearth- 
bottom.  It  has  a  raised  border,  and  a  groove  running 
down  the  middle  from  the  upper  to  the  lower  edge,  down 
which  the  lead  is  conducted  as  it  flows  from  the  hearth- 
bottom  during  the  reduction  of  the  ore.  Work-stones  and 
hearth-bottoms  are  sometimes  cast  in  one  piece,  and  some- 
times separately.     See  ore  hearth. 

work-tahle  (werk'ta"bl),  w.  A  table  or  stand 
containing  small  drawers,  or,  in  some  cases,  a 
receptacle  like  a  work-box  covered  by  a  mov- 
able top,  the  whole  intended  for  the  use  of 
women  engaged  in  sewing,  a  common  form  of 
work-table  of  the  last  century  and  later  had  a  large  bag 
banging  from,  and  forming  the  bottom  of,  the  lowermost 
drawer,  or,  in  other  words,  a  large  work-bag  made  acces- 
sible by  pulling  out  the  under  drawer. 

workwoman (werk'wiun'an), )(.;  jA.workwoynen 
(-wira"en).  A  woman  who  does  manual  labor 
for  a  living:  not  usually  applied  to  brain-work- 
ers.    See  workman. 

workydayt  (werk'i-da),  n.  and  a.  An  obsolete 
form  of  workaday. 

world  (werld),  n.  [<  ME.  world,  worlde,  wnrld, 
werld,  weorld,  worlt,  woreld,  wereld,  weoreld, 
weoruld,  also  word,  werd,  ioerde,  etc.,  <  AS. 
wnrld,  worold,  woruld,  weorold,  weoruld  =  OS. 
u-erold  =  D.  wereld  =  MLG.  weerld,  werld  = 
OIIG.  weralt,  MHG.  iverelt,  werlt,  welt,  G.  welt 
=  Icel.  verold  =  Sw.  verld  =  Dan.  rerden  (for 
'rerlden)  (Goth,  not  recorded),  the  world,  the 
generation  of  men ;  an  orig.  compound,  whose 
elements,  later  merged  in  one  and  lost  from 
view  (the  word,  owing  to  the  unusual  conjunc- 
tion of  consonants,  having  undergone  differ- 
ent contractions,  represented  by  the  ME.  icord, 
etc.,  and  the  G.  welt),  are  represented  by  AS. 
icer  (=  Goth,  wair),  man,  -I-  j/ldo,  age  (<  eald, 
old) :  see  ice/'l  and  eld,  old.  The  word  has  taken 
on  extended  applications;  the  sense  of  'the 
earth'  is  not  found  in  AS.]  If.  An  age  of 
man ;  a  generation. 


world 

If  any  Prince  or  Romane  Consul  did  chaunce  to  make 
any  lawe  either  necessarie  or  very  profitable  for  the  people, 
they  did  vse  for  custome  to  intitle  that  law  by  the  name 
of  him  that  did  inuent  and  ordeine  the  same,  for  that 
in  the  worldes  to  come  it  might  be  knowen  who  was  the 
author  therof. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1577X  p.  18. 

2.  Any  state  or  sphere  of  existence;  any  wide 
scene  of  life  or  action:  as,  a  future  world;  the 
world  to  come. 

Yet  tell  me  this,  will  there  be  do  ilanders. 
No  jealousies  in  the  other  world;  no  ill  there? 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Philaster,  iv.  3. 
He  tried  each  art,  reproved  each  dull  delay, 
Allured  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way. 

Goldsmith,  Des.  Vll.,  L  170. 

3.  The  system  of  created  things;  all  created 
existences;  the  whole  creation;  the  created 
universe :  a  use  dating  from  the  time  when  the 
earth  was  supposed  to  be  the  center  and  sum 
of  everything. 

Par  auenture  je  haue  nogt  iherde 
How  oure  ladi  went  out  of  this  werde. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  p.  75. 

For  god  that  al  by-gan  in  gynnynge  of  the  worlde, 
Ferde  furst  as  a  fust,  and  3ut  is,  as  Ich  leyue. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xx.  112. 
Ffor  all  the  gold  that  euer  may  bee, 
Ffro  hethyn  unto  the  worldis  ende, 
Thou  bese  neuer  betrayede  for  mee. 
Thomas  of  Ersseldoune  (Child's  Ballads,  L  107)l 

All  the  world  s  a  stage.     Shak. ,  As  you  Like  it,  iL  7. 1S9. 

World  is  the  great  collective  idea  of  all  bodies  whatever. 

Locke, 

Shaftesbury  conceived  the  relation  of  God  to  the  If  orW 
as  that  of  the  soul  to  the  body. 

Fowler,  Shaftesbury  and  Hutcheson,  p.  106. 

4.  The  inhabitants  of  the  earth  and  their  con- 
cerns or  interests;  the  human  race;  human- 
ity; mankind;  also,  a  certain  section,  division, 
or  class  of  men  considered  as  a  separate  or  in- 
dependent whole ;  a  number  or  body  of  people 
united  by  a  common  faith,  cause,  aim,  object, 
pursuit,  or  the  like:  as,  the  religious  world; 
the  Christian  world;  the  heathen  world;  the 
political,  literary,  or  scientific  world;  the  world 
of  letters. 

Then  saide  the  iew  that  al  this  herde, 
"criste,  thou  art  sauiour  of  this  werde  I" 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  113. 
One  touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole  world  kin. 

Shak.,T.  andC,  iii.  3.  176. 
Philaster,  You  are  abus'd,  and  so  is  she,  and  L 
Dion.  How  you,  my  lord'? 
Philaster.  Why,  all  the  world 's  abus'd 
In  an  unjust  report.       Beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  Iii.  L 
I  have  not  loved  the  world,  nor  the  world  me. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  113. 

There  is  a  constant  demand  in  the  fashionable  vforld  for 

novelty.  Irving. 

Ye  think  the  rustic  cackle  of  your  bourg 

The  murmur  of  the  ivorld.        Tennyson,  GerainL 

5.  The  earth  and  all  created  things  upon  it; 
the  terraqueous  globe. 

Men  may  well  preven  be  experience  and  sotyle  com- 
passement  of  Wytte  that,  gif  a  man  fond  passages  be 
Schippes  that  wolde  go  to  serchen  the  World,  men 
myghte  go  be  Schippe  alle  aboute  the  World,  and  aboven 
and  benethen.  MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  180. 

So  he  the  world 
Built  on  circumfluous  waters  calm. 

Matm,  P.  L.,  viL  269. 

6.  That  which  pertains  to  the  earth  or  to  this 
present  state  of  existence  merely;  secular  af- 
fairs or  interests  ;  the  concerns  of  this  life,  as 
opposed  to  those  of  the  future  life. 

Love  not  the  world,  neither  the  things  that  are  in  the 
world.  If  any  man  love  the  world,  the  love  of  the  Father 
is  not  in  him.  1  John  ii.  15. 

The  world  is  too  much  with  us  ;  late  and  soon. 
Getting  and  spending,  we  lay  waste  our  powers. 

Wordsworth,  Misc.  Sonnets,  i.  33. 

7.  A  particular  part  of  the  globe ;  a  large  por- 
tion or  division  of  the  globe:  as,  the  Old  World 
(the  eastern  hemisphere);  the  New  World  (the 
western  hemisphere);  the  Roman  world. 

Europe  knows. 
And  all  the  western  world,  what  persecution 
Hath  rag'd  in  malice  against  us. 

Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  it.  1. 

8.  Public  life ;  life  in  society ;  intercourse  with 

one's  fellows. 

Hence-banished  is  banish'd  from  the  world. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  iii.  3.  19. 

Happy  is  she  that  from  the  tcorld  retires.  WalUr. 

9.  Any  celestial  orb  or  planetary  body,  espe- 
cially considered  as  peopled,  and  as  the  scene 
of  interests  kindred  to  those  of  mankind. 

But  thou  Shalt  flourish  in  immortal  youth. 

Unhurt  amidst  the  wars  of  elements, 

The  wreck  of  matter,  and  the  crash  of  worlds. 

Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 

The  lucid  interspace  of  world  and  world, 

Tennymn,  Lucretius. 


world 

10.  The  part  of  mankind  that  is  devoted  to  the 
affairs  of  this  life  or  interested  in  secular  af- 
fairs; those  concerned  especially  for  the  in- 
terests and  pleasures  of  the  present  state  of 
existence ;  the  unregenerate  or  ungodly  part  of 
humanity, 

I  pray  not  for  the  world,  but  for  them  which  thou  hast 
given  rae.  John  xvii.  9. 

11.  The  ways  and  manners  of  men  ;  the  prac- 
tices of  life ;  the  habits,  customs,  and  usages 
of  society ;  social  life  in  its  various  aspects. 

"Tis  not  good  that  children  should  know  any  wicked- 
ness ;  old  folks,  you  know,  have  discretion,  as  they  say,  and 
know  the  world.  Siiak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  ii.  2. 134. 

The  girl  might  pass,  if  we  could  get  her 
To  know  the  worW  a  little  better. 
(To  know  the  world !  a  modern  phrase 
For  visits,  ombre,  balls,  and  plays). 

Swi/t^  Cadenus  and  Vanessa. 
Mr.  Beauclerk  was  very  entertaining  this  day,  and  told 
us  a  number  of  short  stories  in  a  lively,  elegant  manner, 
and  with  that  air  of  the  world  which  has  I  know  not  what 
impressive  effect  Boswell,  Johnson,  an.  1779. 

He  had  seen  the  world,  and  mingled  with  society,  yet 
retained  the  strong  eccentricities  of  a  man  who  had  lived 
much  alone.  Irving. 

12.  A  course  of  life  ;  a  career. 

Persons  of  conscience  will  be  afraid  to  begin  the  world 
unjustly.  RiehardsoHf  Clarissa  Harlowe. 

13.  The  current  of  events,  especially  as  affect- 
ing the  individual;  circumstances  or  affairs, 
particularly  those  closely  relating  to  one^s  self. 

How  goes  the  world  with  thee  ? 

5Aa*.,Rich.ni.,iii.2.  98. 

14.  Any  system  of  more  or  less  complexity  or 
development,  characterized  by  harmony,  order. 
or  completeness;  anything  forming  an  organic 
whole;  a  microcosm. 

Man  is  one  world,  and  hath 
Another  to  attend  him. 

O.  Herbert.The  Temple,  Man. 
Dreams,  books  are  each  a  world;  and  bo^^ks,  we  know. 
Are  a  substantial  world,  both  pure  and  gooii. 

Wordgworih,  Personal  Talk. 

16.  Sphere;  domain;  province;  region;  realm: 
as,  the  world  of  dreams;  the  icorUl  of  art. 

How  it  (moral  philosophy]  extendeth  it  selfe  out  of  the 
limits  of  a  mans  own  little  world  to  the  gouernment  of 
families,  and  maintayning  of  publique  societies. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie  (ed.  Arber),  p.  31. 
Will  one  beam  be  less  intense, 
When  thy  peculiar  difference 
Is  cancelrd  in  the  world  of  sense? 

Tennyson,  Two  Voict-s. 

16.  A  great  number  or  quantity:  as,  a  icorhl 
of  people;  a  world  of  words;  a  world  of  mean- 
ing.    Compare  a  world,  below. 

He  holt  al>oute  him  alwey,  out  of  drede, 
A  world  of  folk,  as  com  him  wel  of  kynde, 
The  frewheate  and  the  beste  he  koude  fynde. 

Chancer,  Troilus,  ill.  1721. 
I  can  go  no  where 
Without  a  world  of  offerings  to  my  excellence. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iv.  1. 
There  must  a  world  of  ceremonies  pass. 

B.  Jowton,  Ak-hemist,  i.  1. 
Being  lead  through  the  Synagogue  into  a  privat  house, 
I  foand  a  world  of  people  in  a  chamber. 

Et>elyn,  Diary,  Jan.  15.  1645. 
It  cost  me  a  loorld  of  woe.    Tennymn,  The  Grandmother. 

17.  Used  in  emphatic  phra.ses  expressing  won- 
der, astonishment,  perplexity,  etc. :  as,  what  in 
the  world  am  I  to  do  f  how  in  all  the  w<trld  did 
you  get  there  f  —  Above  the  world.  See  above.  -  All 
the  world,   (a)  Everybody. 

All  the  ttordle  anon  wenten  hym  again, 

Men,  wemen,  children,  of  ech  side  moate  and  teste. 

Rom.  of  ParUnay  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  4838. 
Tis  the  duke's  pleasure. 
Whose  disposition,  ail  the  world  well  knows, 
Will  not  be  rubb'd  nor  stopp'd. 

Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2.  160. 
(b)  The  sum  of  what  the  world  contains ;  everything :  as,  she 
it  aU  the  world  to  me.     Compare  the  whole  xcorid,  below. 
For  eni  werk  that  he  wrougt  seththe  i  wul  it  hold, 
ne  wold  i  it  were  non  other  al  the  xporld  to  haue. 

Wmiam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.).  1.  457. 

All  the  world  and  his  wife,  ever>lKxly ;  sometimes, 
everyboily  worth  speaking  about;  also,  an  ill-ass'jrted 
mass.     (HuniorouB.) 

Jfiw .  Pray,  madam,  who  were  the  company? 

iMdy  Smart.  Why,  there  was  all  the  world  ana  Am  leife. 
Sui/t,  Polite  Conversation,  ili. 
AU  the  world  and  hig  wife  and  daughter  leave  cards. 

Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  i.  17. 
All  the  world  to  a  hand-sawt.    .See  Aa/M/-jfaw.  — Ar- 
chetypal world.    See  arrhptupul.'-A  World,  a  great 
deal:  used  *,-M|>etiiiliy  with  a  cmiparative  force. 
'Tis  a  wf/rld  to  see, 
How  tame,  when  men  and  women  are  alone, 
A  meacoclc  wretch  can  make  the  curstest  shrew. 

Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  ii.  1.  313. 

In  the  mills  the  boys  are  dressed  in  trousers  a  world  too 

big,  father's  or  grandfather's  lopped  off  at  the  knees  and 

all  in  Utters.  The  Century,  XLI.  490. 


6979 

Axis  of  the  world.  See  ax^i.— Ectypal  world.  See 
ccfypo/.— External  world.  See  external.—  For  all  the 
world,  from  every  point  of  view  ;  exactly;  precisely;  en- 
tirely. 

For  at  the  world  swiche  a  wolf  as  we  here  seigen, 
It  senieth  rijt  that  selue  bi  semblant  &  bi  hewe. 

WUliam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3501. 
He  was, /or  all  the  world,  like  a  forked  radish. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2.  334. 

Man  of  the  world.  See  man.— Noetic  world.  See 
noetic.— Prince  of  this  world.  See  irrbice.  —  Th.^  New 
World.  See  new. — The  Old  World,  the  eastern  hemi- 
sphere, comprising  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa ;  so  called  from 
being  that  in  which  civilization  tirst  arose.^The  Other 
world-  See  o(ft^i.— The  whole  world,  the  sum  of  what 
the  world  contains;  the  representative  or  equivalent  of  all 
worldly  possessions;  as,  to  gain  the  whole  irorld. —  The 
world's  end,  tlie  remotest  part  of  the  earth;  the  most 
distant  regions.— To  carry  the  world  before  one.  See 
earn/.— To  go  to  the  Worldt^to  get  married. 

Thus  yoe«  every  one  to  (Ae«'orW  but  I ;  .  .  .  I  may  sit  in 
a  corner  and  cry  heigh-ho  for  a  husband. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  ii.  1.  331. 
Hence  the  expression  wo^nan  of  the  world  (that  is,  a  married 
woman),  used  by  Audrey  in  "As  you  Like  it." 

I  hope  it  is  no  dishonest  desire  to  desire  to  be  a  ivoinan 
of  the  world.  Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  v.  3.  :>. 

To  make  a  noise  in  the  world.  See  /wise.— Woman 
of  the  world.  See  woman.  See  also  to  go  to  the  world, 
above.— World  without  end,  to  all  eternity;  eternally; 
unceasingly :  also  used  attributively,  meaning  '  never-end- 
ing,' as  in  the  quotation  from  Shakspere. 

Nor  dare  I  chide  the  world -without-e ad  hour. 
Whilst  I,  my  sovereign,  watch  the  clock  for  you. 

Shak.,  .Sonnets,  Ivii. 

This  man  .  .  .  thinks  by  talking  world  without  end  to 

make  good  his  integrity.  Milton. 

=  8yn.  5.  Globe,  etc.     See  earths. 

WOrldt  (w^rld), V.  t.    [<  workly  u.]    To  introduce 

into  the  world;  give  birth  to. 

Like  Lightening,  it  can  strike  the  Child  in  the  womb, 
and  kill  it  ere  'tis  worlded,  when  the  Mother  shall  remain 
unhurt.  Feltham,  Resolves,  i.  59. 

worlded  (werl'ded),  (t.  Containing  worlds. 
[Rare.] 

The  fires  that  arch  this  dusky  dot- 
Yon  myriad-MvrWed  way.     Tennyson,  Epilogue. 

world-hardened  (werld'har'''dud),  <t.  Hardened 

by  the  love  of  worldly  things. 
WOrldhoodt  (werld'hud),  ».    [<  world  +  -hood.^ 
A  worldly  possession.     [Rare.] 

Content  yourselves  witli  what  you  have  already,  or  else 

seek  honest  means  whereby  to  increase  your  u-orldhoods. 

Henry  VITI.  of  Eng.,  quoted  in  I.  Disraeli's  Amen,  of 

[Lit.,  I.  -Am. 

world-language  (werld'lang^gwaj),  H.  A  lan- 
guage nsed  by  or  known  to  the  civilized  world. 

Jericzek  was  already  well  versed  in  the  two  classical  and 
four  great  modern  world-la ngiiagex. 

Atheineum,  No.  3'i'>6,  p.  'l^^Q. 

worldliness  (w^rld'li-nes).  H.  [<  ME.  irerldli- 
ncssCf  wcrdlinesffe;  <  worldltf  +  -tiess.'\  Tlie 
state  or  character  of  being  worldly;  worldly 
conduct.     Jfr.  Taylor. 

You  may  call  your  way  of  thinking  jirudence.  I  call  it 
sinful  uxirldlineM.  Thackeray,  Pliilip,  xviii. 

worldling  (wcrld'ling).  //.  [<  world  +  -ling^.] 
<  hie  who  is  worldly ;  one  devoted  to  the  affairs 
and  interests  of  this  life. 

A  foutre  for  the  world  and  worldlingn  base ! 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3.  103. 
Worldlings,  whose  whimp'ring  folly  holds  the  losses 
Of  honor,  pleasure,  health,  antl  wealth  such  crosses. 

Quarlef,  Emblems,  i.,  Epig.  0. 

worldly  (wcrhrii),  <f.  [<  ME.  icorldly,  worldlich, 
wurldUc,  weft rchll ike,  <  AS.  weoruldlie ;  as  world 
+  -Itf^  .J  1 ,  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  world  or  the 
present  state  of  existence ;  temporal ;  earthly. 

With  all  my  worldly  g«XHls  I  thee  endow. 
Hook  of  Comvwn  Prayer,  Solemnization  of  Matrimony. 
Repose  you  here  in  rest. 
Secure  from  worldly  chances  and  misliaps  ! 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  i.  1.  15-2. 

2,  Secular:  oppose<l  to  monastic. 

May  men  fyndt^religioun 
In  worldly  habitacioun. 

Rom.  of  the  Roue,  I.  6226. 

3.  Devoted  to,  interested  in,  or  connected  with 
this  present  life,  and  its  cares,  advantages,  or 
pleasures,  to  the  exclusion  of  those  of  a  future 
life;  desirous  of  temporal  benefit  or  enjoy- 
ment merely;  earthly,  as  opposed  to  Itearfnhf 
or  spiritual;  carnal;  sordid;  vile:  as,  worldhj 
lusts,  cares,  affections,  pleasures ;  worldly  men. 

To  live  secure. 
Worldly  or  dissolute,  MiWm,  P.  L.,  xi.  8i)3. 

Interest,  pride,  and  worldly  honour.    Dnjden.  (Johnaon. ) 

=  8yil.  1.  Mnndaiie,  terrestrial,  sublunary.— 1  and  3. 
Worldly,  Secidar.  Temjxtrat,  Earthly,  Earthy,  Unxpiritnal, 
Camni.  Wfrrldly  means  of  the  world,  in  fact  or  in  spirit, 
in  distinction  from  that  which  is  above  the  world ;  as  ap- 

f)lying  to  mind,  it  indif-ates  a  pleasure  in  the  things  that 
telong  to  the  external  life  and  a  disregard  of  spiritual  <tr 
even  intellectual  pleasures :  it  is  opposed  to  ftpin'tval,  ex- 
pressing positively  what  u 7 wpi"ri7)wt/ expresses  negatively. 


worm 

Secular  is  opposed  to  sacred  or  to  ecclesiastical:  as,  there 
are  six  secular  days  in  the  week ;  the  seadar  arm.  Secu- 
lar and  temporal  are  rarely  used  in  a  bad  sense.  Temporal 
is  opposed  to  spiritual  or  eternal :  as,  lords  temporal ;  merely 
temporal  concerns.  Earthly  has,  like  worldly,  the  sense  of 
mundane,  but  in  the  sense  of  unspirituality  it  suggests 
more  of  grossness  or  groveling,  a  thouglit  which  is  carried 
still  further  by  earthy,  although  earthy  is  not  often  used 
in  that  sense.  Carnal  suggests  that  which  belongs  to  the 
gratification  of  the  animal  nature ;  it  ranges  from  the  mere- 
ly unspiritnal  to  the  sensual.  See  sensual  and  temporal. 
worldly  (werld'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  ^worldliche, 
wordUcUe.  werdliche,  weoruldliche;  <  worldly,  a.] 
In  a  worldly  manner;  witli  relation  to  this  life. 
Subverting  worldly  strong  and  worldly  wise 
By  simply  meek.  Milton,  P.  L.,  xii.  568. 

worldly-minded  (werld'li-min''''ded),  a.  Hav- 
ing a  worldly  mind;  devoted  to  temporal  plea- 
sures and  concerns. 

worldly-mindedness    (werld'li-min^ded-nes), 

}i.     Tiie  state  or  character  of  being  worldly- 
minded.     Bp.  Sanderson. 
worldly-wise  (werld'li-wiz),  a.     Wise  with  ref- 
erence to  the  affairs  of  this  world. 

You  then  beheld  things  not  as  a  worldly-wi^  man,  but 
as  a  man  of  God. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1853X  H-  87. 

world-old  (werld'old),  a.     As  old  as  the  world; 

verv  old;  reaching  back  through  the  ages. 
world-richet,  n.     [ME.,  <  world  +  riche.]     The 

kingdom  of  this  world;  the  earth. 

For,  as  of  trouthe,  is  ther  noon  her  liche 
(►f  al  the  women  in  this  worlde-riche. 

Chaucer,  Anelida  and  Arcite,  \.  77. 

world-wearied  (werUrwer^id),  a.    Tired  of  the 

world. 
world-wide  (werld'wid).  a.     As  wide  as  the 

world;  extending  over  or  pervading  all  the 
world ;  widely  spread :  as,  world-wide  fame ; 
specifically,  in  zodijeog,^  cosmopolitan:  noting 
such  habitat,  or  the  fact  of  such  distribution, 
but  not  the  species  or  indiWduais  themselves 
which  inhabit  all  parts  of  the  world. 
worm  (werm),  n.  [<  ME.  worm,  wurm,  wirm, 
wcrniy  <  AS.  wi/rm,  a  worm,  snake,  dragon,  = 
OS.  wurm  =  D.  LG.  worm  =  OHG.  MHG.  G. 
Witrm,  worm,  insect,  snake,  dragon,  =  Icel.  ormr 
(tor  *  rormr)  =  Sv!.Dsin.  orm^  (for  '^rorm)  =:Goth. 
wauntts,  a  worm,  =  L.  vermis;  of.  Gr.  pofiog,  pu- 
uo^  C^F/jo/ioc).  a  wood-worm;  cf.  Lith.  kirmis, 
worm,  =  OBulg.  ehriivi  =  Kuss.  chervu,  worm, 
=  Olr.  cruim,  a  worm  (cf.  Ir.  cruimh,  a  maggot, 
W.  pryf,  worm),  =  Skt.  krimi,  wonn  (whence 
ult.  E.  erimsou,  carmiue,  q.y.).  From  the  L.  ver- 
mis uToult.  Fj.  vermin,  vermicule,  vermeil,  t}te.'\  1. 
In  popular  language,  any  small  creeping  crea- 
ture whose  body  consists  of  a  number  of  movable 
joints  or  rings,  and  whose  limbs  are  very  short 
or  entirely  wanting;  any  vermiform  animal. 

\owe  pike  oute  mougthea,  attercoppes.  wonnys, 
And  butterfiie  whoos  thoste  engendryng  worme  is. 

Palladium,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  138. 
(rt)  Any  annelid,  as  the  earthworm,  lobworm  or  lugworm, 
leech,  etc.     See  the  distinctive  names. 

Worm.t  have  played  a  more  important  part  in  the  history 
of  the  world  than  most  persons  would  at  first  suppose. 
In  almost  all  humid  countries  they  are  extraordinarily 
numerous,  and  for  their  size  possess  great  nmscular  power. 
Darwin,  Vegetable  Mould,  p.  305. 
(&)  Any  helminth,  whether  parasitic  or  not,  as  a  flat- 
worm,  brain-worm,  fluke-worm,  roundworm,  tapeworm, 
pinworm.  hairworm,  threadworm,  .spoonworm,  longworm, 
whirl-worm,  guinea-wonn,  etc.  See  such  words,  and  vine- 
gar-eel. (r)  One  of  several  long  slender  vermiform  echino- 
derms,  as  some  holotlnirians  and  related  forms.  See  Vet- 
miformia,  aiul  cuts  under  Synapta  and  trepang.  (rf)  Some 
small  or  slender  acarine  or  mite,  or  its  larva,  as  the  worm 
found  in  sebaceous  follicles.  See  comedo  and  Demodex. 
(c)  A  myriapod ;  acentipedor  milleped;  agally-worm.  (/) 
The  larva,  grub,  maggot,  or  caterpillar  of  many  true  hexa- 
|K>d  insects  :  as,  bag-worm  ;  ho]\-worm  ;  book-7corm  ;  wire- 
worm;  sod-icorj/i;  snake- ?('or?»  ;  ]o\\\t-wonn;  silkwon/ix. 
See  the  compounded  and  otherwise  qualified  names. 

The  larva)  of  the  bee-moth  are  frequently  hut  improp- 
erly so  called.  Indeed  when  worms  are  spoken  of  by  the 
ordinary  beekeeper,  the  larvae  of  the  bee-moth  are  almost 
always  meant.  Phin,  Diet.  Apiculture,  p.  78. 

(g)  The  adult  of  some  true  insects  whose  body  is  long  and 
flexible,  as  a  glow-worm.  (A)  One  of  several  long  slender 
crustaceans  with  .short  legs  or  none,  which  attach  to  or 
burrow  in  other  animals,  bore  into  wood,  etc.,  as  some 
kinds  of  ftsh-lice,  certaiii  isopods  (as  the  gribble),  certain 
amphipods  (as  the  wood-shrimp),  etc.  (i)  One  of  some  ver- 
miform mollusks,  as  a  teredo  or  ehipworm,  or  a  worm- 
shell.  See  cuts  under  shipworvi  an<l  Vermetus.  (J)  A 
small  lizard  with  rudimentary  legs,  or  none,  as  a  Inind- 
worm  or  slow-worm,  (ki)  A  serpent;  a  snake;  a  dragon. 
For  a  modern  instance  in  comiH>sition,  see  worm-snake,  1. 
He  [Satan]  .  .  . 
Wente  in  to  a  ivirme,  and  tolde  ene  a  tale. 

Genesis  and  Exodus  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  321. 
lliist  tbini  the  pretty  worm  of  Nilus  there, 
Tliat  kills  and  pains  not? 

Shak.,  A.  and  C.  v.  2.  '243. 
Here  will  be  subject  for  my  snakes  and  me. 
fling  to  my  neck  and  wrists,  my  loving  worms. 

B.  Junson,  Poetaster,  Ind. 


worm 

2.  Technically,  in  :o6l.,  any  member  of  the 
Linuean  class  Vermes,  or  of  the  modern  phylum 
or  subkingdom  of  the  same  name ;  any  turbel- 
lai'iau,  planarian,  nemevtean,  platyhelminth, 
nemathelminth,  trematoid,  cestoid,  nematoid, 
cha?tognath,  gephyrean,  annelid,  etc.  By  some 
authorities  the  rotiiers  and  polyzoans  are  brought  under 
this  head.  See  Vennei,  and  the  various  words  noted  in 
1  (a\  (6),  above. 

3.  A  person  or  human  being  likened  to  a  worm 
as  an  object  of  scorn,  disgust,  contempt,  pity, 
and  the  like :  as,  man  is  but  a  loorm  of  the  dust. 

Vile  worm,  thou  wast  o'erlooked  even  in  thy  birth. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.  87. 

Hence — 4.  Figuratively,  of  inanimate  objects, 
something  that  slowly,  silently,  or  stealthily 
eats,  makes,  or  works  its  way,  to  the  pain,  in- 
jury, or  destruction  of  the  object  affected :  used 
emblematically  or  symljolically.  (a)  Corruption, 
decay,  or  dissolution  ;  death  itself. 

Thus  chides  she  Death  — 
"Grim-sTlnning  ghost,  earth's  worm,  what  dost  thou  mean, 
To  stifle  beauty  and  to  steal  his  breath?" 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  933. 
My  days  are  in  the  yellow  leaf ; 

The  flowers  and  fruits  of  love  are  gone ; 
The  ivorvi,  the  canker,  and  the  grief 
Are  mine  alone ! 

Byron,  On  his  Thirty-sixth  Birthday. 

(6)  An  uneasy  conscience;  tlie  gnawing  or  torment  of  con- 
science ;  remorse. 

The  worm  of  conscience  still  begnaw  thy  soul ! 

Shak.,  Kich.  III.,  i.  3.  222. 
Beatrice.  The  true  value, 

Tak  't  of  my  truth,  is  near  three  hundred  ducats. 
De  Flores.    'Twill  hardly  buy  a  capcase  for  one's  con- 
science though. 
To  keep  it  from  the  worm. 

Middleton  and  Rowley,  Changeling,  iii.  4. 

5.  In  aiHit.,  some  vermiform  part  or  process  of 
an  animal's  body,  (a)  The  vermis  of  the  cerebellum. 
See  vermis,  ib)  The  vermiform  cartilage  of  a  dog's  tongue. 
See  lytta. 

There  is  one  easy  artifice 

That  seldom  has  been  known  to  miss  ; 

To  snarl  at  all  things,  right  or  wrong, 

Like  a  mad  dog  that  has  a  worm  in  's  tongue. 

S.  Butter. 

6.  Anything  thought  to  resemble  a  worm  in  ap- 
pearance, or  in  having  a  spiral  or  curved  move- 
ment, (a)  The  spiral  part  of  a  corkscrew  or  of  a  wood- 
screw.  Alsowf^riwr.  (&)  A  rod  having  at  the  end  a  double 
spiral  as  if  two  corkscrews  were  combined,  used  in  with- 
drawing the  cartridge  or  wad  from  the  barrel  of  a  gun. 
Also  wanner.  Compare  wadhook.  (c)  The  spiral  pipe  in 
a  still,  through  which  the  vapor  to  be  condensed  is  con- 
ducted. See  distillation,  i,  and  cut  wn^tir  peirolewtn-still. 
id)  A  spiral  tool  with  a  sharp  point,  used  to  bore  soft 
rock.     E.  //.  Knight. 

7.  jpl.  Any  disease  or  disorder  arising  from  the 
presence  of  parasitic  worms  in  the  intestines  or 

other  tissues :  helminthiasis Clover-hay  worm. 

.See  ciocer.— Cystic  worm.  See  ci/sfici  .—Double  worms, 
the  genus  Diplozijon.  See  cut  under  syzy<jy. —  GoXXh3JTCi 
worm,  Dochmius  intentinalis :  so  called  because  of  the 
large  number  of  cases  of  anemia  among  the  workers  on  the 
St.  Gotthard  tun  nel,  caused  by  the  presence  of  this  parasite. 
iiee tunnel-disease.  — IdlewOTmsi .  ^eeidle. — Intestinal 
worm,  (a)  A  wornt  having  itself  an  intestine ;  an  en- 
teric or  enterate  worm  ;  a  cavitary.  (6)  A  worm  parasitic 
in  the  intestine  of  another  animal,  as  a  tapeworm,  thread- 
wonn,  pinworm,  etc.  —  Leaf-bearing  worms.  See  Phyl- 
lodocidte.  —  Mugd  worm,  a  kind  of  silkworm,  Antherwa 
assaina. 

Silk  cloth  is  made  from  the  cocoons  of  the  mugd  worm. 
Encyc.  Brit,  XIV.  226. 

Palm  worm,  the  lai-va  of  one  of  the  palm  weevils,  lihyn- 
chophorus(Calandra)palmaruni,  and  doubtless  of  any  simi- 
lar species,  as  /(.  (C.)  eruentatm.  found  in  the  heart  of  the 
cabbage-palm.  It  is  a  large  white  worm,  often  eaten  in 
.South  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  elsewhere,  known  as 
the  gruyru.  and  by  the  French  name  verpalmiste.  It  is  said 
to  taste  like  almonds. — Parenchymatous  worms,  the 
Parejichyinata. -YlSiited  worms,  the  Aiq)idoyagteridie. 
— Rack-and-worm  gear.  Scc  racJ-i, (;.— Reshta worm, 
the  guinea-worm,  Onici/nrnli/.^  (or  Filaria)  rnedinenxv^. 
See  cut  under /'iVnrta.  Ringed,  star-mouthed,  tailed, 
vesicular  worms.  See  the  adjectives.  — White-rag 
worm.  Same  as /iiry.  Worm  gearing.  Same  as  «w«i- 
gear. 

worm  (wenn),  r.  [=  D.  ivurmcn,  torment  one- 
self, vex  oneself,  woi'ry,  work  hard  ;  ef.  G.  niir- 
men,  crawl,  wriggle,  be  lost  in  thought,  also  tr. 
tease,  grieve,  inirmni,  worm,  worry  ;  from  the 
noun.]  I.  intrd}!.^.  1.  To  move  like  a  worm ; 
go  or  advance  as  a  worm;  crawl  or  creep  sinu- 
ously; wriggle;  wi-ithe;  squirm:  as,  to  worm 
along. 

"I  little  like  that  smoke,  which  you  may  see  worming 
up  along  the  rock  above  the  canoe,"  interrupted  the  .  .  . 
scout.  J.  F.  Cooper,  Last  of  Mohicans,  xx. 

They  wormed  through  the  grass  to  within  forty  or  fifty 
feet  of  the  rifle-jiits.  The  Century,  XXIX,  13!J. 

2.  To  work  or  act  slowly,  stealthily,  or  secretly. 

When  debates  anrl  fretting  jealousies 
Diti  worm  and  work  within  you  more^and  more, 
Your  colour  fadeil. 
G.  Herbert,  'I'lie  Temple,  Church-Rents  and  Schisms. 


6980 

II.  trans.  1.  To  effect  by  slow,  stealthy,  or 
insidious  means :  as,  to  worm  one's  way  along. 
In  this  sense  also,  reflexively,  of  slow,  insidious,  or  insin- 
uating progress  or  action  :  as,  he  wanned  hitnself  into  fa- 
vor. 

I  was  endeavoring  to  settle  some  points  of  the  greatest 
consequence;  and  had  wormed  myself  ipretty  well  into 
hiTn,  when  his  under  secretary  came  in  — and  interrupted 
all  my  scheme.         Sw\ft,  Journal  to  Stella,  Aug.  1,  1711. 

Specifically  —2.  To  extract,  remove,  expel,  or 
take  away  by  underhand  means  persistently 
continued:  generally  with  out  or  from. 

It  is  a  riddle  to  me  how  this  story  of  oracles  hath  not 
wormed  out  of  the  world  that  doubtful  conceit  of  spirits 
and  witches.  Sir  T.  Browne,  Religio  Medici,  i.  30. 

They  find  themselves  wormed  out  of  all  power.     Bwift. 
Who've  loosed  a  guinea  from  a  miser's  chest. 
And  wormed  his  secret  from  a  traitor's  breast. 

Crabbe,  Works,  I.  196. 

3t.  To  subject  to  a  stealthy  process  of  ferret- 
ing out  one's  secrets  or  private  affairs;  play 
the  spy  upon. 

I'll  teach  you  to  wann  me,  good  lady  sister, 
And  peep  into  my  privacies,  to  suspect  me. 

Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money,  iv.  4. 

4.  To  free  from  worms. 

Wormes  in  the  earth  also  there  are,  but  too  many,  so 
that,  to  keepe  them  from  destroying  their  Come  and  To- 
bacco they  are  forced  to  wornw  them  enry  morning, 
which  is  a  great  labour,  else  all  would  be  destroyed. 

Capt.  John  Smith,  Works,  II.  llfl. 

Another  strange  gardener  .  .  .  challenges  as  his  right 
the  binding  or  unbinding  of  every  flower,  the  clipping  of 
every  bush,  the  weeding  and  worming  of  every  bed,  both 
in  that  and  all  other  gardens  thereabout. 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst.,  vi. 

5.  To  remove  the  charge,  etc.,  from,  as  a  gun, 
by  means  of  a  worm.  See  worm,  n.,  6  (b). — 6. 
To  remove  the  worm  or  lytta  from  the  tongue 
of,  as  of  a  dog:  supposed  to  be  a  precaution 
against  madness. 

Is  she  grown  mad  now  ? 
Is  her  blood  set  so  high  ?  I'll  have  her  madded ! 
I'll  have  her  wonn'd .'  Fletcher,  Pilgrim,  iv.  1. 

I  made  it  up  with  him  by  tying  a  collar  of  rainbow  riii- 
band  about  his  neck  for  a  token  that  he  is  never  to  be 
wormed  any  more.  //.  Walpde,  To  Mann,  Oct.  3,  1743. 
The  men  repaired  her  ladyship's  cracked  china,  and  as- 
sisted the  laird  in  his  sporting  pai'ties,  wormed  his  dogs, 
and  cut  the  ears  of  his  terrier  puppies.  Scott. 

7.  To  remove  the  beard  of  (an  oyster  or  mus- 
sel).—  8t.  To  give  a  spiral  form  to ;  put  a  thread 
on. 

Grow'n  more  cunning,  hollow  things  he  fornieth, 
He  hatcheth  Files,  and  winding  Vices  wonneth. 
He  shapeth  Slieers,  and  then  a  Saw  indents, 
Then  beats  a  Blade,  and  then  a  Lock  invents. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  The  Handy-Crafts. 

9.  \(iitt.,  to  wind  rope-yarns,  spun  yam,  or 
similar  material  spirally  round  (a  rope)  so  as 
to  fill  the  spaces  between  the  strands  and  ren- 
der the  surface  smooth  for  parceling  and  serv- 
ing. See  cuts  uiidev  parccUixj  and  serving-mal- 
let. 

WOrmal  (wor'mal),  n.     Same  as  warble^. 

worm-bark  (wefm'biirk),  «.  See  cabbage-tree, 
2,  and  Andira. 

WOrm-burrow  (werm'bur'''6),  «.  A  fossil  worm- 
cast  ;  a  scolite  or  helmintholite. 

worm-cast  (werm'kast),  «.  1.  The  cylindrical 
casting  of  a  worm ;  the  slender  tubular  mass  of 
earth  voided  by  the  common  earthworm  after 
digestion. 

The  wonn-casts  which  so  much  annoy  the  gardener  by 
deforming  his  smoothshaven  lawns. 

E.  P.  Wright,  Animal  Life,  p.  675. 

2.  The  fossil  cast,  mold,  or  track  of  a  worm  or 
some  vermiform  creature  ;  a  helminthite  or 
helmintholite;  a  worm-burrow. 

worm-cod  (werm'kod),  «.     See  eod^. 

worm-colic  (werm'kol"ik),  h.  Intestinal  pain 
due  to  the  presence  of  worms. 

worm-dye  (werin'di>,  n.     Same  as  vermeil. 

worm-eat  (werm'et),  r.  t.  [A  back-formation, 
from  wi)rm-eate>i.~i  1.  To  eat  into,  gnaw,  bore, 
or  perforate,  as  is  done  by  various  worms, 
grubs,  maggots,  etc.;  eat  a  way  through  or 
into.  Hee  worm-eaten. —  2.  To  affect  injurious- 
ly, impair,  or  destroy  by  any  slow,  insidious 
process. 

Leave  off  these  vanities  which  wiyrm-eat  your  brain. 

Jariiis,  tr.  of  Don  Quixote,  II.  iv.  10.    (Dairies.) 

worm-eatt  (werm'et),  p.  a.     Same   as   worm- 
eaten. 
Worm-eat  stories  of  old  times.    Bp.  Hall,  Satires,  I.  iv.  6. 

worm-eaten  (werm'e"tn).  p.  a.  [<  ME.*Hcr»)- 
itcn,  wcrmetke;  <  worm  +  eaten.]  1.  Eaten 
into  by  a  worm;  gnawed,  bored,  or  perforated 
V)y  worms  of  any  kind;  abounding  in  worm- 
holes  ;  woi'iuy  :  as,  worm-eaten  timber,  fabrics, 
fruit. 


worm-oil 

We  see  the  come  blasted,  trees  stricken  downe,  flourea 
fall,  woode  wonneaten,  cloath  deuoured  with  moathes, 
cattell  doe  ende,  and  menne  doe  die. 

Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1677),  p.  192. 

Concave  as  a  covered  goblet  or  a  worm-eaten  nut 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iii.  4.  27. 

2.  Old,  worn-out,  or  worthless,  as  if  eaten  by 
worms.     Raleigh,  Hist.  World  (ed.  1687),  p.  58. 

W0rm-eatenne8S(werm'e"tn-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  worm-eaten,  or  as  if  worm-eaten ;  de- 
cay ;  rot. 

worm-ea'ter  (werm'e'tfer),  «.  A  bird  or  other 
animal  that  habitually  eats  or  lives  upon 
worms;  specifically,  the  worm-eating  warbler 
of  the  United  States,  Helmintherus  vermivorus. 
See  worm-eating  and  Vermivora.  Edwards;  La- 
tham. 

worm-eating  (werm'e"ting),  a.  Habitually  eat- 
ing worms;  feeding  or  subsisting  upon  worms; 
vermivorous;  in  ornith.,  noting  a  number  of 
American  warblers  of  the  genera  Helmintherus 
and  Helminthophaga  (formerlj'  Vermivora),  and 
specifying  the  worm-eater,  Helmintherus  vermi- 
vorus, a  common  species  of  the  eastern  United 
States. 

wormed  (wermd),  a.  [<  worm  +  -ed^.]  Af- 
fected by  worms ;  gnawed,  bored,  or  otherwise 
injured  by  worms;  worm-eaten;  wormy. 

Occasionally  the  wood  [mahogany]  which  has  been 
floated  in  tropical  seas  is  found  to  be  badly  wormed  or  at- 
tacked by  marine  borers.  Uncyc.  Brit.,  XV.  288. 

WOrmer  (w^r'mer),  II.  1.  Same  as  worm,  6 
(a)  and  (6). —  2.  An  angler  who  fishes  with 
worms  for  bait;  a  worm-fisher.     [Colloq.] 

worm-fence  (werm'fens),  n.  A  zigzag  fence 
made  by  placing  the  ends  of  the  rails  at  an  an- 
gle upon  one  another;  a  snake-fence. 

They  had  reached  the  corner  of  the  old  worm-fence 
where  the  new  school-mistress  had  reined  her  horse. 

Harpers  Mag.,  LXXIX.  124. 

worm-fever  (w^rm'fe'''ver),  n.  A  feverish  con- 
dition in  children  which  is  attributed  to  the 
presence  of  intestinal  parasites. 

worm-fisher  (w6rm'fish''''er),  «.  One  who  fishes 
with  worms  for  bait. 

worm-fowlt  (wferm'foul),  n.  pi.  [<  ME.  werm- 
foul ;  <  worm  +  /otc?i.]  Birds  which  live  on 
worms. 

"I  for  werm-/oul,"  seyde  the  lewd  kokkow. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  L  505. 

worm-gear  (werm'ger),  n.  In  maeh.,  a  gear- 
wheel of  which  the  teeth  are  so  formed  that  they 
are  acted  on  and  the  wheel  is  made  to  revolve 
by  a  worm  or  shaft  on  which  a  spiral  is  turned 
—  that  is,  by  an  endless  screw.  See  cuts  un- 
der Hindley's  screw  (at  screw),  steam-engine,  and 
odometer. 

worm-grass  (werm'gras),  n.  1.  SameasptwJr- 
root,  2. — 2.  An  old  name  of  a  species  of  stone- 
crop,  fiedum  albttm,  given  on  account  of  its 
worm-like  leaves. 

WOnngut  (wferm'gut),  n.  Same  as  silkworm 
gut.     See  gut,  n.,  4. 

■worm-hole  (werm'hol),  n.  The  hole  or  track 
made  by  a  worm,  as  in  timber,  fruit,  etc. 

To  fill  with  worm-holes  stately  monuments. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  946. 

worm-holed  (w^rm'hold),  a.  Perforated  with 
worm-holes. 

Like  sound  timber  wormhoted  and  made  shaky. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  Ist  ser.,  p.  212. 

Wormian  (w6r'mi-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Olaus  Worm,  a  Danish  physician  and  scientist 
(1588-1654) — Wormian  bones.    Seebone^. 

wormil  (wor'mil),  H.  Same  as  wormal.  See 
trarhlc'^. 

WOrming-pot  (wer'ming-pot),  n.  In  jiottert/,  a 
device  for  placing  bands,  stripes,  or  other  or- 
naments in  color  upon  pottery.  It  consists  of  a 
vessel  from  which  the  color  issues '  through  quill-like 
tubes  in  a  continuous  stream  as  the  ware  is  revolved  in 
a  lathe. 

worm-larva  (wenn'lar  vil),  It.  The  larva  of  a 
worm ;  the  larval  stage  of  one  of  the  Vermes. 

worm-like  (werm'lik),  a.  Kesembling  a  worm 
ill  shape  or  movement ;  vermiform ;  vermicu- 
lar; s^jiral  or  spirally  twisted. 

WOrmling  (werm'ling),  «.     [=  Icel.  yrmUngr; 
as  worm  +  -ling^.']     A  little  worm;  hence,  a 
weak,  mean  creature. 
O  dusty  wonnling !  dar'st  thou  striue  and  stand 
With  Heav'ns  high  Monarch?  wilt  thou  (wretch)  demand 
Count  of  his  deeds? 

Syli'ester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii ,  The  Imposture. 

wormodt,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  icorm- 

wood.     Wijclif. 
worm-oil  (werm'oil),  h.    Same  as  wormseed-oU, 


wormpipe 
wormpipe  (werm'pip),  «.     Tlie  worm  of  a  still. 

The  gas  then  iu  its  passage  through  the  worm-pipe  of 
the  condenser  (which  is  always  suiTounded  with  cold 
water)  is  condensed.  Ure,  Diet,  IV.  727. 

wonn-powder  (werm'pou'der),  It.  A  powder 
used  for  expelling  worms  from  the  intestinal 
canal  or  other  open  cavities  of  the  body. 

worm-punch  (werm'punch),  «.  A  small,  rather 
slender  punch,  used  by  coopers  for  clearing 
out  worm-holes  in  staves  or  heads  of  casks, 
for  the  purpose  of  stopping  the  holes  with 
wooden  plugs  to  prevent  leaking. 

worm-rack  (werm'rak),  «.  A  rack  gearing 
with  a  worm-wheel.  The  teeth  are  set  ob- 
liquely, corresponding  in  obliquity  with  the 
pitch  of  the  worm.     See  cut  under  r<ick^,  6. 

worm-safe  (wtrm'saf),  ».  A  locked  chamber 
containing  a  hydrometer,  and  attached  to  the 
wonn  of  a  still  in  such  manner  that  a  fractional 
part  of  the  liquor  distilled  trickles  into  it  from 
the  worm.  The  mean  speeiflc  gravity  of  the 
liquor  is  indicated  by  the  hydrometer. 

wormseed  (werm'sed), «.  1 .  Same  as  santonica. 
See  santonica  and  santonin. 

Worme-Kede  [cometh]  from  Persia. 

Uakluyt'D  Voyages,  II.  i.  278. 

2.  The  fruit  of  the  American  herb  Chenopodi- 
um  amhrosioides,  especially  \a.r. anthelminticum, 
which  is  often  reckoned  a  distinct  species ;  also, 
the  plant  itself.  The  seed  is  an  otticinal  as  well  as  a 
popular  vermifuge.  It  yields  womiseed-oil  (which  see), 
and  is  also  given  in  the  fomi  of  a  powder.  Distinguished 
as  American  wormseed;  also  called  Mexican  tea. 

3.  The  treacle-mustard.  Erysimum  chiiranthni- 
des,  or  primarily  its  seed,  which  was  formerly 
a  popular  vermifuge  in  England.  Also  treack- 
wormsied American  wormseed.   See  def .  2.  —  Bar- 

bary  wormseed,  the  heads  of  species  of  A  rtemisifi  gn>w- 
ing  ni  Syria  and  Antbia,  used  like  santonica.  —  Levant 
wormseed.  See  «aH/oni'cfl.— Oil  of  wormseed.  s<-e//ii 
and  If ftrz/wf^/'^ri/.  —  Spanish  WOnnseed,  a  clienopodiu- 
ceous  plant,  Satsota  {Halotjeton,  Caroxijlon)  tamarijtci/olia, 
or  particularly  its  seed,  wliicli  is  used  as  an  anthelmintic. 
—  Treacle-wormseed.  See  der.  3. 
wormseed-mustard  (werm'sed-mus'tiird),  «. 

See  muKliird. 
WOrmseed-Oil  (werm'sed-oil),  «.   A  volatile  oil 
obtained  from  wormseed.    It  is  probably  with- 
out active  medicinal  properties. 
worm-shaft    (w^rm' shaft),    H.       The    screw- 
threaded  shaft  which  engages  the  teeth  of  a 
worm-gear  or  worm-wheel. 
worm-shaped  (werm'shapt),  a.     Having  the 

form  of  a  worm ;  vermiform ;  vermicular. 
worm-shell  (werm'shel),  ».  A  mollusk  of  the 
family  I'ermetidas,  or  its  shell :  so  called  from 
the  long  twistecl  or  vermiform  shape  of  the 
shell.  See  cut  under  Vcrmctus. 
worms'-meat  ( wermz'met),  «.  Food  for  wonus ; 
dead  flesh.     [Kare.] 

I  am  dead 
Already,  girl ;  and  so  is  she  and  he  ; 
We  are  all  wormg'-iMat  now. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Laws  of  Candy,  v.  1. 

worm-snake  (w^rm'snak),  ».  1.  A  blindwonn; 
a  worm-like  angiostomatous  or  scolecophidian 
snake  of  the  suborder  Typhlopoidea ;  a  ground- 
snake,  as  Carpliophis  (or  Celnta)  amaenu. — 2. 
Same  as  siuikficorm. 

worm-tea  (werm'te),  «.  A  decoction  of  some 
plant,  generally  a  bitter  plant,  used  as  an 
anthelmintic. 

worm-track  (w^nn'trak),  n.  Same  as  worm- 
cast,  2. 

WOrmul  (wor'mul),  n.     Same  as  irarlilfS. 

worm-wheel  (werm'hwel),  «.  A  wheel  which 
gears  with  an  endless  or  tangent  screw  or  worm, 
receiving  or  imparting  motion.  By  this  means  a 
powerful  effect  with  a  diminished  rate  of  motion  is  com- 
municated from  one  revolving  shaft  to  another.  See 
tanfjent  screw  (under  tanijenl\  endless  screw  (under  endless, 
with  cut);  also  cuts  tuider  tUiuUei/'s  screw  (at  screw)  and 
under  gteam-enginc. 

wormwood  (werm'wiid).  «.  [<  ME.  irormirod, 
an  altered  form,  simulating  worm  -¥  uoofO,  of 
the  earlier  irrrmodc,  irtrmod,  irormnd,  <  AS. 
wermiid  =  MI),  wt-rmoed,  icvrmoet,  trermot,  inr- 
mOde,  tcermede,  trarmot,  warmode,  etc.,  =  OIKi. 
werimiiota,  wirunuite.  wermuota,  worinnotii, 
MHO.  wermuot,  ivirmiiele.  (J.  wcrmnlh  (>  F. 
rCT-mot(<).  wormwood;  formation  uncertain:  ap- 
par.  lit.  'keep-mind,'  preserver  of  the  mind, 
from  a  supposed  belief  in  its  medicinal  virtues 
(so  hellebore  was  called  in  AS.  vijddxnjc,  pre- 
servative against  madness).  <  AS.  inrian  (=  D. 
iccren,  tee^ren  =  MH(i.  n-ercn,  'i.  wihrcn,  etc.), 
defend,  protect,  keep,  +  mod.  mood,  mind:  see 
wear^  and  tnood^.]  A  somewhat  woody  peren- 
nial herb,  Artimisiii  Alisinthium,  native  in  Eu- 
rope and  Asiatic  Russia,  found  in  old  gardens 


6981 

and  by  roadsides  in  North  America.  This  plant 
is  proverbial  for  its  bitterness,  and  was  in  medicinal  use 
among  the  ancients.  It  is  of  a  highly  tonic  property,  and 
is  still  used  in  Europe  for  weak  digestion ;  it  was  formerly 
employed  for  intermittents  and  8t)me  other  ti-oubles,  and 
was  once  regarded  as  a  vermifuge.  It  is  very  largely  con- 
sumed, witii  a  few  other  species,  in  preparing  the  absinthe 
beverage  of  the  French.  (See  absinthe  and  absinthium 
(with  cut)).  The  name  is  extended  to  the  genus,  or  par- 
ticularly to  species  closely  related  to  this;  various  spe- 
cies have  their  own  names,  as  southernwood,  mugwort,  tar- 
ragon, santonica,  and  sage-brush. 

The  soure  Almaunde,  &  wermode,  *  feyn  grceke, 
Frote  hem  yfere  asmoche  as  wol  suffice. 

Palladius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  198. 
These  for  frenzy  be 
A  speedy  and  a  sovereign  remedy, 
The  bitter  icormwood,  sage,  and  marigold. 

Fletcfter,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  ii.  2. 

Figuratively — 2.  Bitterness. 

Weed  this  wormwood  from  your  fruitful  brain. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  v.  2.  857. 
Sir,  with  this  truth 
You  mix  such  wormwood  that  you  leave  no  hope 
For  my  disorder'd  palate  e'er  to  relish 
A  wholesome  taste  again.    Ford,  Perkin  Warbeck,  i.  2, 

His  presence  and  his  communications  were  gall  and 
wormwood  to  his  once  partial  mistress. 

Scott,  Kenilworth,  xi. 
Biennial  wormwood,  Artemisia  biennis,  a  weed  of  the 
interior  northern  I'nited  States,  now  spreading  eastwai'd. 
It  grows  from  1  to  :^  feet  higlt,and  has  once-  or  twice-pinnat- 
ifld  leaves,  with  immerous  small  greenish  heads  crowded 
in  their  axils. — Oil  of  wormwood,  a  volatile  oil  distilled 
fi-om  the  commcm  wormwo<.)d,  usually  of  a  dark-green 
color,  containing  the  property  of  the  herb.— Roman 
wormwood,  (a)  Artemtsia  Poniica,  an  Old  World  species, 
more  aromatic  and  less  bitter  than  the  common  worm- 
wood, preferred  in  Koman  medicine,  but  now  scarcely 
used.  (6)  By  transference  of  the  name,  the  common  rag- 
weed, Aml/rosia  artemisiieftilia,  a  bitter  plant  with  foliage 
dissected  somewhat  like  tliat  of  an  arteniisia.  —  Salt  of 
wormwood.  See  saltK—  Sea  wormwood,  tlie  Enroi)ean 
Artemisia  vtaritima. —  Silver  wormwood,  .Artemisia 
argentea,  a  silvei-y  silky  shrub  of  Madeira.  —  Tartarian 
wormwood.  Same  as  santonica,  1.— Tree-wormwood, 
ArtemCfia  arborescens,  an  erect  tree-like  species  found  on 
rocky  -sliores  and  islands  of  the  Mediterranean. —  Wild 
wormwood  of  the  West  Indies.  .See  Parthenium. — 
Wormwood  wine,  wine  which  has  received  a  bitter  taste 
from  having  artemisia  steeped  in  it     Compare  vermouth. 

wormwood-moth  (werm'wiid-moth),  «.  A  rare 
British  noctuid,  Cncidlia  atisintliii.  It  is  gray  with 
black  spots,  and  its  larva  feeds  on  wonnwood.  It  is  found 
chietly  in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall. 

wormwood-pug  (werm'wiid-pug),  n.  A  British 
geoinctriii  moth,  Kiipitheria  ubsinthiata,  whose 
larva  feeils  upon  wormwood. 

wormy  (wer'mi),  n.  [<  worm  + -y^ .'\  1.  Con- 
taining a  worm;  full  of  worms;  infested  or 
affected  with  worms;  lousy,  as  fish ;  measly,  as 
pork;  worm-eaten,  as  timber,  fruit,  etc. 

Damned  spirits  all  .  .  . 
Already  to  their  wortnu  lieds  are  gone. 

Shak.  M.  X.  IX,  iii.  2.  384. 

2.  Worm-like;  low;  mean;  debased;  grovel- 
ing; earthy. 

Sordid  and  irormy  affections. 

Bp.  Reynolds,  The  Passions,  xxxvii.    (Latham.) 

3.  Associated  with  earthworms,  and  hence  with 
the  earth  or  the  grave ;  gloomy  or  dismal  as  the 
grave.     [Kare.] 

A  weary  wormy  darkness.  Mrs.  Browning. 

worn  (worn),  ;).  a.  [Pp.  of  wcitr^,  r.]  1.  Im- 
paired or  otherwise  affected  by  wear  or  use. 

As  she  trmie  along  the  fottt-wom  passages,  and  opened 
one  crazy  dfx»r  after  another,  and  ascemled  the  creaking 
stair-case,  she  gazed  wistfully  and  fearfully  around- 

Ilawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  xvi. 

2.  Spent;  passed. 

This  is  but  a  day,  and  'tis  well  wtyrn  too  now. 

B.  Jonson,  Epicojne,  iv.  2. 

3.  Wearied;  exhausted;  showing  signs  of  care, 
illness,  fatigue,  etc. 

Tliy  w*trn  form  pursues  me  night  and  day. 
Smiling  reproach. 

Shelley,  Prometheus  Unbound,  i.  1. 

The  old  worn  world  of  hurry  and  heat. 

Lowell,  Invitation. 

Lead  the  icorn  war-horse  by  the  plunnid  bier  — 
Even  his  horse,  now  he  is  deati,  is  dear. 

T.  B.  Aldrich,  Lander. 

WOrnal,  womil   (wor'nal,  -nil),  «.     Same  as 

ironnal.     See  trarlili'^. 
worn-out  (worn 'out),  a.     1.  So  much  injured 
by  wear  as  to  be  unfit  for  use:  as,  a  worn-oitl 
coat  or  hat. — 2.  Wearied;  exhausted,  as  with 
toil. 

The  worn-out  clerk 
Brow-beats  his  desk  below. 

Tennyson,  Sonnet  to  J.  M.  K. 

3.  Past ;  gone ;  removed ;  departed. 

This  pattern  of  the  worn-out  age. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  1360. 

Pehor  also,  and  Kael-pehor,  and  the  rest,  whose  Rites 
are  now  rotten,  and  the  memorie  wifme  out. 

I'urcltas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  97. 


worry 

worowet,  ''.     A  Middle  English  form  of  worry. 
worpet,    worparet.      Old   spellings   of    warp, 

irurpcr. 
worret  (wur'et),  v.     See  worrit. 
worricow  ( wur'i-kou),  «.  [Sc,  also  spelled  wor- 

rycow  and  wirrycow ;  <  worry  +  cost',  a  goblin, 

scarecrow.]     1.  A  hobgoblin  ;  the  devil. 
Worricows  and  gyre-carlins  that  haunted  alwut  the  auld 

wa's  at  e'en.  Scott,  Antiquary,  xxi. 

2.  Any  frightful  object ;  an  ugl.v,  awkward- 
looking  person;  a  fright;  a  bugbear;  a  scare- 
crow. 

What  a  worricrow  the  man  doth  look  ! 

Naylor,  Reynard  the  Fox,  39.    i,Davies.) 

[Scotch  in  both  uses.] 
worrier (wur'i-er),«.    [<.u-orry,v.,+-er^.~\  One 
who  woiTies  or  harasses  (himself  or  others); 
one  who  is  given  to  worrying  or  who  harasses 
with  anxious  forebodings. 
The  ivorriers  of  souls.         J.  Spencer,  Prodigies,  p.  229. 
WOriiless  (wur'i-les),  a.  [<  worry  +  -less.']  Free 
from  worry. 

The  professor,  leading  a  comparatively  congenial  and 
worriless  life,  is  a  deeper  sleeper  and  a  less  frequent 
dreamer  [than  the  teacher].  Science,  XIII.  S8. 

WOrriment  (wur'i-ment),  «.  [<  worry  +  -ment.l 
Trouble;  anxiety;  worry.     [Colloq.] 

worrisome  (wur'i-simi),«.  [<  worry  +  -some.'] 
Causing  worry  or  annoyance  ;  troublesome. 

I  must  give  orders  .  .  .  that  you  come  in  at  once  with 
that  icorrisome  cough  of  yours. 

Ii.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  xlv. 

wonit  (wur'it),  V.  t.  and  /.  [Also  worret;  a  dial, 
form,  with  excrescent  t,  of  worry,  r.']  To  worry. 
[Colloq.  or  slang.] 

I  don't  tell  everything  to  your  papa.    I  should  only  wor- 
rit him  and  vex  him.  Thackeray,  Philip,  xxiv. 
Wliy,  father,  how  you  keep  on  worriting  ! 

Whyte  Melville,  VN'hite  Rose,  I.  vii. 

worrit  (wur'it),  «.  [<  worrit,  c]  Worry;  an- 
noyance; vexation.     [Colloq.  or  slang.] 

"Mrs  Richards's  eldest.  Miss  I"  said  Susan,  "and  the 
worrit  of  Mrs.  Richards's  life  I" 

IHckens,  Dombey  and  Son,  xxiii. 

worry  (wur'i),  c;  pret.  and  pp.  worried,  ppr. 
worryiiifi.  [<  ME.  *worryen,  wirryvn,  wyri/cn, 
wirien,  woroiccn,  woreircn,  wirwcn,  "wurgen,  < 
AS.  wyryan,  found  in  comp.  dwyrfjan,  harm,  = 
OFries.  wcri/ia,  wirfiiii  =  MD.  worghcn,  I). 
worijen,  wnrf/eit  =  MLU.  LG.  worfjcn  =  OHG. 
wurijitn,  MHG.  G.  wiirrjen,  strangle,  suffocate, 
ehoke ;  cf.  AS.  wearh,  weurij,  wertf,  a  wolf, 
outlaw  (wyrgen,  f.,  she-wolf,  in  comp.  grund- 
wyrgcn),  =  MHG.  ware  =  Icel.  vargr,  wolf,  out- 
law, accursed  person ;  cf.  AS.  wyrgan,  wyrigan, 
wergian,  wergean,  >  ME.  waricn,  curse :  see  «•«/•- 
ry,  v.,  warriangle,  etc.~\  I.  trans.  1.  To  choke; 
suffocate.     [Now  only  Scotch.] 

His  owen  kynde  briddis. 
That  weren  anoyed  in  his  nest  and  norished  ffull  ille, 
And  well  ny  yivorewid  with  a  wronge  leder. 

Uiehard  tlte  Redeless,  iii.  72. 
The  reek  will  worrie  me. 
Loudoun  Castle  (child's  Ballads,  VI.  2.')(!). 

2.  To  seize  by  the  throat  with  the  teeth  ;  Vjite 
at  or  tear  with  the  teeth,  as  dogs  when  fight- 
ing ;  kill  or  injure  Ijadly  by  repeated  biting,  tear- 
ing, shaking,  etc.:  as,  a  dog  that  worries  sheep; 
a  terrier  worries  rats. 

Wolues  that  wyryeth  men,  wommen.  and  children. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  x.  226. 
A  hell-hound  that  doth  hunt  us  all  to  death  ; 
That  dog  that  hath  his  teeth  before  his  eyes. 
To  worry  lambs,  and  lap  their  gentle  blo4)d. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4.  r.0. 

3.  To  tease  ;  trouble ;  harass  with  importunity 
or  with  care  and  anxiety  ;  plague  ;  bother;  vex; 
persecute. 

If  departed  of  his  own  accord,  like  that  lost  sheep  (Luke 

15.  4,  tVc).  the  true  church  either  with  her  own  or  any  bor- 

rowd  force  worries  him  not  in  again,  but  nither  in  all 

charitable  maimer  sends  after  him.    Mitttm,  Civil  Power. 

Let  them  rail, 

And  worry  one  another  at  their  pleasure.      Howe. 

The  ghastly  dun  shall  worry  his  sleep- 
O.  W.  Uvlmes,  Reflections  of  a  Pi-oud  Pedestrian. 

To  worry  dcwn,  to  swallow  or  put  down  by  a  strong  ef- 
fort of  the  will.    [CoIUmj.] 

She  worried  down  the  tea,  and  ate  a  slice  of  toast. 

F.  E.  Hale,  Ten  Times  due,  iv. 

To  worry  the  sword,  in  fencing,  to  fret  <>nc'8  opjionent 
by  small  movements  in  nipi<i  succession  which  seem  about 
to  result  in  thrusts  or  feints,  'i'ht  object  is  to  disconcert 
him  until  his  guard  becomes  open  or  weak,  and  a  tlu-nst 
can  be  delivered  with  effect.  =  Syn.  3.  Pester,  Plague,  etc. 
(see  tease),  disturb,  disquiet. 

II,  intruns.  1.  Toclioke;  be  suffocated,  iis  by 
something  stopping  the  windpipe.  [Obsolete 
or  Scotch.] 


worry 

And,  like  a  fool,  did  eat  the  cow. 
And  worried  on  the  tail. 
Marquit  of  Huntley's  Retreat  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  270). 

Ye  have  fasted  lang  and  worried  on  a  midge. 

Ramsay's  Scotch  Proverbs,  p.  82.     (Jamieson.) 

2.  To  fight,  as  dogs,  by  seizing  and  biting  at 
each  other;  be  engaged  in  biting,  shaking,  or 
mangling  with  the  teeth. —  3.  To  be  unduly 
anxious  and  careful;  give  way  to  anxiety;  be 
over-solicitous  or  disquieted  about  things ;  bor- 
row trouble ;  fret. 

Sensitive  people,  those  who  are  easily  wounded  and  dis- 
couraged, are  most  apt  to  worry  when  atfairs  go  wrong,  and 
yet  they  are  just  those  whom  worry  will  harm  the  most 
and  who  will  lose  the  most  in  life  by  indulging  in  it. 

Alien,  and  Neurol.,  VIII.  141. 

To  worry  along,  to  get  along  by  constant  effort ;  keep 
on  in  spite  of  petty  difficulties  and  anxieties.     [Colloq.] 

By  and  by,  if  I  can  worry  along  into  tolerable  strength, 
...  I  am  going  oiT  —  say  in  mid-winter  — to  the  south  of 
England.  S.  Bowles,  in  Merriam,  II.  431. 

worry  (wur'i),  «. ;  pi.  worries  (-iz).  [<  worry, 
f.]  1.  The  act  of  worrying  or  biting  and  man- 
gling with  the  teeth ;  the  act  of  killing  by  biting 
and  shaking. 

They  will  open  on  the  scent  .  .  .  and  join  in  the  worry 
as  savagely  as  the  youngest  hound. 

Lawrence,  Sword  and  Gown,  iii. 

2.  Harassing  anxiety,  solicitude,  or  turmoil; 
perplexity  arising  from  over-anxiety  or  petty 
annoyances  and  cares ;  trouble :  as,  it  is  not 
work  but  worry  that  kills;  the  worries  of  house- 
keeping. 

Among  over-burdened  people  extra  trouble  and  worry 
imply,  here  and  there,  break-downs  in  healtli,  with  their 
entailed  direct  and  indirect  sufferings. 

H.  Spencer,  Man  vs.  State,  p.  51. 

worrying  (wur'i-ing),  p.  a.  Teasing;  trou- 
bling; harassing;  fatiguing:  as,  a  worryiny  day. 

Grave  is  the  Master's  look  ;  his  forehead  wears 
Thick  rows  of  wrinkles,  prints  of  worrying  cares. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Scliool  lioy. 

WOnyingly  (wur'i-ing-li),  «rfc.  [<  worryiny 
+  -/y2.]  In  a  worrying  manner;  teasingly; 
harassingly. 
worschipent,  v.  A  Middle  English  form  of 
worship. 
worse  (wers),  a.  compar.  [I.  compar.  worse; 
early  mod.  E.  also  war,se,  wars;  <  ME.  wors, 
wurse,  wirse,  werse,  loors,  wers,  <  AS.  wirsa,  wyrsa 
=  OS.  wirsa  =  OPries.  wirra,  werra  =  MHG. 
wirser  =  Icel.  verri  =  Sw.  varre  =  Dan.  veer  re  = 
Goth,  wairsiza,  worse ;  with  compar.  suffix  (lost 
or  assimilated  in  the  later  forms,  but  appearing 
in  the  Goth,  wairsiza),  prob.  from  a  Teut.  root 
appearing  in  OHG.  werran  (G.  wirren),  twist, 
entangle,  confuse  (>  OHG.  werra,  confusion, 
broil,  war),  perhaps  allied  to  L.  rerrere  (pret. 
verri,  pp.  cersMs),  whirl,  toss  about,  drive,  sweep 
along.  Cf.  jcarl,  and  see  war'^  (Sc.  waur,  etc.), 
ult.  a  doublet  of  worse.  Cf.  worser.  II.  superl. 
wor.it,  <  ME.  worste,  werste,  wurst,  <  AS.  wyrgta, 
wyrsesta,  also  by  assimilation  wyrrcsta,  =  OS. 
wirsista  =  OHG.  wirsisto,  wirsesto,  eontr.  wirst 
=  Icel.  verstr  =  Sw.  'Viirst  =  Dan.  rserst,  worst, 
superl.  of  the  preceding.  The  *■  belongs  to  the 
root.]  1.  The  comparative  of  bad,  evil,  ill; 
more  bad,  evil,  ill,  unfortunate,  or  undesirable ; 
less  valuable  or  perfect ;  more  unfavorable  or 
unsuccessful;  less  well  in  health,  or  less  well 
off  in  worldly  circumstances.  See  bad,  eril, 
and  (7/. 

Me  think  the  wers  part  is  mine  ; 

to  take  the  flesshe  if  I  assay, 

then  the  blode  wil  ryn  a-way  ; 

for-done  ge  haue  me  with  gour  dome. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  111. 

Men  .  .  .  (who]  unneth  can  speake  one  hole  sentence 
in  true  latine,  but,  that  wars  is.  hath  all  lernynge  in  deri- 
sion. Sir  T.  h'lyot,  Tlie  Governour,  i.  13. 
She  .  .  .  was  nothing  bettered,  but  rather  grew  worse. 

Mark  v.  20. 
What  were  thy  lips  the  worse  for  one  poor  kiss? 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  207. 
Sir  Oliver  S.  You  have  had  no  opportunity  of  showing 
your  talents. 

Moses.  None  at  all ;   I  hadn't  the  pleasure  of  knowing 
his  distresses  till  he  was  some  thousands  worse  than  no- 
thing. Slieridan,  School  for  Scandal,  iii.  1. 
But  what  gave  rise 
To  no  little  surprise, 
Nobody  seemed  one  penny  the  wmse  ! 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  I.  212. 
Sometimes  used  substantively  in  the  sense  of  something 
less  good,  desirable,  fortunate,  favorable,  etc. 

Thus  bad  begins  and  worse  remains  behind. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  iii.  4.  179. 

Ah,  farewell. 
Lest  of  mine  eyes  thou  shouldst  have  w(rrse  to  tell 
Than  now  thou  hast. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  II.  307. 


6982 

2.  In  logic,  having,  as  a  proposition,  a  charac- 
ter which,  If  belonging  to  one  of  two  or  more 
premises,  must  also  belong  to  the  conclusion. 
Thus,  a  negative  is  held  to  be  worse  than  an  afllnnative 
proposition,  and  a  particular  worse  than  a  universal.  On 
the  same  principle,  a  spurious  proposition  is  taken  as  in  a 
second  degree  of  particularity.— The  worse,  the  less  de- 
sirable part  or  share ;  disadvantage ;  defeat ;  loss  :  hence, 
to  put  to  the  worse,  to  defeat  or  discomfit ;  to  have  the  worse, 
to  fare  badly ;  come  out  of  any  contest  or  businesa  worse 
than  before. 

The  folk  of  Troie  hemselven  so  misleden 

That  with  the  wors  at  nyghthomward  they  fledden. 

Cliaucer,  'I'roilus,  iv.  49. 

Longe  it  endured  that  oon  cowde  not  sey  whiche  party 

had  the  werse.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  459. 

His  enerayes  preuailed  and  put  his  hoste  to  the  worse, 

he  being  sore  wounded. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  The  Governour,  i.  17. 
And  Judah  was  put  to  the  worse  before  Israel ;  and  they 
fled  every  man  to  their  tents.  2  Ki.  xiv.  12. 

I  cannot  tell  who  had  the  worse. 

Playe  of  Robyn  Uode  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  420). 

worse  (wers),  adv.  compar.     [I.  compar.  ivorse, 

<  ME.  wors,  wurs,  wers,  etc.,  <  AS.  wyrs  =  OS. 
wirs  =  MLG.  loers  =  MHG.  wirs  =  Icel.  verr  = 
Goth,  wairs,  worse;  with  compar.  suffix,  lost 
in  the  adv.  (as  with  bet^):  see  worse,  a.  II. 
superl.  jcors?,  <  ME.  worst,  werst,  <  AS.  wyrst  = 
Icel.  verst  =  Sw.  varst  =  Dan.  vierst,  worst, 
superl.  of  worse:  see  above.]  1.  In  a  more  evil, 
wicked,  severe,  or  disadvantageous  manner;  in 
a  way  that  is  less  good,  desirable,  or  favorable. 

We  will  deal  worse  with  thee  than  with  them. 

Gen.  xix.  9. 
He  is  deformed,  crooked,  old,  and  sere. 
Ill-faced,  worse  bodied,  shapeless  everywhere. 

Shak.,  C.  ofE.,  iv.  2.  20. 
O  Master  Mayberry  !  before  your  servant  to  dance  a 
Lancashire  hornpipe  !  it  shews  worse  to  me  than  dancing 
does  to  a  deaf  man  that  sees  not  the  fiddles. 

Dekker  and  Wehster,  Northward  Ho,  i.  3. 

2.  lu  a  less  or  lower  degree ;  less. 
Thou  Shalt  serve  me :  if  I  like  thee  no  worse  after  din- 
ner, I  will  not  part  from  thee.  Shak.,  Lear,  i.  4.  44. 

3.  Less  favorably  or  agreeably. 

Then  this  tliey  take  worse  than  his  working  of  miracles, 
or  his  working  upon  the  Sabbath,  That  he  would  say  that 
God  was  his  Father.  Donyie,  Sermons,  xviii. 

4.  With  more  severity,  intensity,  etc.;  in  a 
greater  degree. 

That  honorable  grief  lodged  here  which  burns 
Worse  than  tears  drown.  Shak.,  W.  T.,  ii.  1.  112. 

worset  (wers),  V.   [<  ME.  werseii,  wursen,  worsen, 

<  AS.  wyrsian,  become  worse,  <  wyrsa,  worse : 
see  worse,  a.~\     I,  intrans.  To  become  worse. 

Werihede,  thet  maketh  thane  man  weri  and  worsi  uram 
daye  to  daye.  Ayenitite  of  lnwyt(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  38. 

II,  trans.  To  worst;  put  to  disadvantage; 
discomfit. 

Weapons  more  violent,  when  next  we  meet. 
May  serve  to  better  us,  and  worse  our  foes. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  440. 

worsen  (wer'sn),  V.  [=  Icel.  versna  ;  <  worse  + 
-e/fl.  Cf.  worse,  v,^  I.  intrans.  To  grow  worse ; 
deteriorate.     [Rare.] 

All  the  changing  volitions  of  daily  life,  bettering  or 
worsening  as  we  advance  in  years. 

Maudsley,  Body  and  Will,  p.  70. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  make  worse;  cause  to  de- 
teriorate. 

It  is  still  Episcopacie  that  before  all  our  eyes  worsens 
and  sluggs  the  most  learned  and  seeming  religious  of  our 
Ministers.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

The  working-men  are  left  to  foolish  devices,  and  keep 
worsening  themselves ;  the  best  heads  among  them  forsake 
their  born  comi-ades,  and  go  in  for  a  house  with  a  high 
door-step  and  a  brass  knocker.    George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  v. 

2.  To  obtain  advantage  of.  Southey.  [Rare.] 
worser  (wer'ser),  a.  and  adv.  [<  %oorse  +  -er^; 
a  double  compar.  form  (like  les.ser),  due  to  the 
fact  that  worse  (like  less)  is  not  obviously  a  com- 
par. form.]  An  old  and  redundant  comparative 
of  worse. 

I  cannot  hate  thee  worser  than  I  do. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  ii.  6.  90. 
Fools !  they  their  worser  Thraldom  still  retain'd ! 

Cowley,  Davideis,  ii. 

Thou  'rt  worser  than  a  hog.  J.  Baillie. 

worsettt,  ".  and  a.     Aii  old  variant  of  worsted. 

worship  (wer'ship),  n.     [<  ME.  worship,  iror- 

shipe,  worsliippe,  icorshepe,  worschip,   wnrship, 

wurschipe,    wirschip,    icurthshipe,    worthschipe, 

wftrthschepe,  worths.'iipe,  wurthschipe,  wurthscipe, 

<  AS.  weorthscipe,  wyrthsoipe,  honor,  <  weorth, 
wnrth,  worthy, honorable,  4-  -scipe  (>  E.  -ship): 
see  wiirtlt^,  a.,  and  -ship.']  1.  Honor;  dignity; 
distinction;  worthiness;  honorable  character 
or  condition ;  good  name ;  credit. 

Brytiges  wyues  into  wondur  thaire  worship  to  lose; 
And  ertes  ay  to  euyll  ende  &  ernyst  by  the  last. 

DcKtruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  2942. 


worship 

That  were  to  me  grete  warship,  yet  1  sholde  dye  for  my 
lorde.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  i.  6«. 

Upon  paine  of  my  life,  this  young  knight  shall  come 
unto  great  worship. 

Sir  T.  Malory,  Mort  d'Arthure,  III.  Mxii. 
Keep  smooth  your  face,  and  still  maintain  your  worship 
With  Berinthia.  Shirley,  Maid's  Revenge,  ii.  3. 

2.  The  outward  recognition  of  merit;  rever- 
ence ;  respect ;  deference. 

Then  Shalt  thou  have  worship  in  the  presence  of  them 
that  sit  at  meat  with  thee.  Luke  xiv.  10. 

Knighthood  is  a  Dignity,  but  Esquires  and  Gentlemen 
are  but  Names  of  Worship. 

Guillim,  Display  of  Heraldry  (1724),  ii.  266. 
Kings  are  like  stars :  they  rise  and  set,  they  have 
The  worship  of  the  world,  but  no  repose. 

SheUey,  Hellu. 

3.  Specifically,  the  reverence  and  homage  which 
is  or  ought  to  be  paid  to  God  or  a  deity ;  adora- 
tion, sacrifice,  praise,  prayer,  thanksgiving,  or 
other  devotional  acts  performed  in  honor  of 
the  Supreme  Being  or  a  god,  and  as  part  of 
religion. 

Nor  are  mankind  simply  content  with  this  mock-worship 
of  God,  but  also  impose  and  father  it  upon  him,  as  if  he 
had  chose  and  ordained  it. 

Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  ii.,  Expl. 
The  allies,  after  conquering  together,  return  thanks  to 
God  separately,  each  after  his  own  form  of  worship. 

Macatday,  Gladstone  on  Church  and  State. 

1'he  happiest  man  is  he  who  learns  from  nature  the 
lesson  of  worship.  Emerson,  Nature,  p.  75. 

4.  Fervent  esteem,  admiration,  or  devotion; 
adoration. 

'Tis  not  your  inky  brows,  your  black  silk  hair. 
Your  bugle  eyeballs,  nor  your  cheek  of  cream, 
That  can  entame  my  spirits  to  your  worship. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iiL  5.  48. 
Loyalty,  Discipleship,  all  that  was  ever  meant  by  Hero- 
worship,  lives  pereimially  in  the  human  bosom. 

Cariyle,  Boswell's  Johnson. 

5.  Praise;  glorification;  celebration. 

And  therfore  thei  don  gret  Worschipe  thereto,  and  kepen 
it  |an  oak  tree]  full  besyly.         MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  69. 

I  made  hire  to  the  worshipe  of  my  lord :  .  .  . 
Thus  semeth  me  that  Nature  wolde  seye. 

Chaucer,  Physician's  Tale,  1.  26. 
Thai  honnrd  the  mount  of  caluary, 
In  wirschip  of  the  croa  namely. 

Holy  Rood  (E  E.  T.  8.),  p.  90. 

6.  A  title  of  honor  used  in  addressing  certain 
magistrates  and  others  of  rank  or  station.  Ab- 
breviated wp. 

My  father  desires  your  worship's  company. 

Shai.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  L  1.  271. 
Dap.  Is  this  the  cunning-man? 
Face.  This  is  his  worship. 
Dap.  Is  he  a  doctor? 
Face.  Yes.  B.  Jonson,  Alchemist,  i.  1. 

House  (or  place)  of  worship,  (at)  a  house  or  place  of 
distinction. 

As  sche  hadde  seyn  hused  {used]  in  places  of  worschip. 
Paslon  Letters,  III.  314. 
(b)  A  church  or  chapel ;  a  place  devoted  to  the  worship  of 
God. 

It  is  very  probable  that  the  Church  of  Kirkdale  was 
considered  in  Doomsday-Book  as  the  place  of  worship  be- 
longing to  that  manor.  Arc/ueoiogia,  V.  197. 
Worship  of  images.  See  image-worship. 
worship  (wer'ship),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  worshiped, 
worshipped,  ppr.  worshiping,  worshipping.  [< 
ME.  worshipen,  worshippen,  worschipen,  wor- 
schnpen,  worshepen,  wurschepen.  worssipien,  wir- 
chipen,  worthschipcn,  wurthschipen,  witrtlisupen, 
worthsipien ;  <  worship,  h.]  I.  tratis.  If.  To 
honor;  respect;  regard  with  reverence,  respect, 
or  deference. 

He  was  a  frynde  to  my  fader,  &  a  fyn  louer, 
Worship}nt  hym  on  allwise  &  his  will  did. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  5278. 

Therfore  oughte  Men  to  worshipe  it  and  holde  it  more 

worthi  than  any  of  the  othere.    MandeviUe,  Travels,  p.  14. 

2.  To  show  respect  to ;  treat  with  considera- 
tion or  honor;  pay  one's  respects  to. 

I  grettc  the  goode  mon  as  the  gode  wyf  me  taugte, 
And  afterward  his  wyf,  I  worschupet  hem  bottle. 
And  tolde  hire  the  tokenes  that  me  i-taugt  were. 

Piers  Plowman  (A),  xi.  168. 

Wee  suffered  to  see  the  most  noble  queene  of  the  world 
for  to  bee  shamed  openly,  considering  that  her  lord  and 
our  lord  is  the  man  of  most  worship  in  the  world,  and  the 
most  christned ;  and  hee  hath  alway  worshiped  us  all  in 
all  places.  Sir  T.  Malory,  Mort  d'Arthure,  III.  cii. 

To  love  one  maiden  only,  cleave  to  her. 

And  worship  her  by  years  of  noble  deeds, 

Until  they  won  her.  Tennyson.  Guinevere. 

3.  Specifically,  to  adore;  pay  divine  honors  to ; 
show  reverence  to,  with  supreme  respect  and 
veneration ;  perform  religious  service  to. 

He  is  fader  of  fei  that  formed  ow  alle 
Bothe  with  fel  and  with  face,  and  gaf  ow  fyue  wittes, 
Forte  worschupen  him  therwith.  while  ge  beoth  heere. 
Piers  Plowman  (A),  i.  15. 


worship 

Thoa  Shalt  worship  no  other  god.  Ex.  xxxiv.  14. 

The  Kotas  worship  two  silver  plates,  which  they  regard 
as  husband  and  wife ;  they  have  no  other  deity. 

Sir  J,  Lubbock,  Orig.  of  Civilisation,  p.  217. 

4.  To  love  or  admire  inordinately;  devote  one's 
self  to ;  act  toward  or  treat  as  if  divine ;  idolize : 
as,  to  worship  wealth  or  power. 

With  bended  knees  I  daily  worship  her. 

Carew,  A  Cruel  Mistress. 
Rose  of  the  Garden  !  such  is  woman's  lot: 
Worshipp'd  when  blooming ;  when  she  fades,  forgot. 

Moore,  Rose  of  the  Desert. 
Crown  thyself,  worm,  and  worship  thine  own  lusts ! 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 
=  Syil,  3.  Adore,  Worship,  Reverence,  etc.    See  adorei. 

II.  inirans.  1.  To  perform  acts  of  adoration; 
perform  religious  service. 
Our  fathers  Mwr«Aipperf  in  this  mountain.     John  iv,  20. 
And  Ethiopia  spreads  abroad  the  hand. 
And  worships.  Cowper,  Task,  vi.  813. 

2.  To  love  or  admire  a  person  inordinately. 

Was  it  for  this  I  have  loved,  and  waited,  and  worshipped 
in  silence?  Longfellow,  Miles  Standish,  iii. 

WOrshipability  (wfer'ship-a-birj-ti),  n.  [< 
wwshipable  +  -ity  (see  -biiity).'\  Worthiness 
of  worship,  or  of  being  worshiped.  Coleridge. 
[Rare.]  (Imp.  Diet.) 
WOrshipable  (w6r'ship-a-bl),  «.  [<  icorship  + 
-able.]  (Capable  of  or  worthy  of  being  wor- 
shiped. Coleridije.  (Imp.  DM.) 
worsbiper,  worshipper  (w6r'ship-er),  «.  [< 
ME.  irorschipere ;  <  icorship  +  -frl.]  One  who 
worships;  especially,  one  who  pays  divine  hon- 
ors to  any  being;  an  adorer. 

Outlast  thy  Deity? 
Deity  ?  nay,  thy  worshippers. 

Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

worshipful  (w^r'ship-ful),  a.  [<  ME.  worship- 
ful, vcurshipful,  tcorthssiprol ;  <  worship  +  -/«/.] 

1.  Claiming  respect;  worthy  of  honor  on  ac- 
count of  character,  dignity,  etc. ;  honorable. 

But  worship/tfl  chanouns  religious, 

Ne  demeth  nat  that  I  sclaundre  your  hous. 

Although  my  tale  of  a  chanoun  be. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  43fl. 

He  was  oon  of  the  wurship/ullest  men  of  all  the  contre. 

Merlin(.T..E.r.S.),i.  .'.. 

I  was  boni  of  worshipful  parents  myself,  in  an  ancient 

family.  Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  350. 

2.  Specifically,  a  respectful  epithet  of  address, 
especially  to  magistrates  and  corporate  bodies ; 
also,  in  freemasonry,  specifying  a  certain  offi- 
cial rank  or  dignity. 

WOrshipfully  (w^r'ship-ful-i),  adr.  [<  ME. 
worshipfully ;  <  worship  -I-  -ful  +  -ly'~.'\  1.  Hon- 
orably; creditably. 

Uee  is  a  gentleman  wel  and  worshipfuUy  Iforne  and 
bredde. 

Quoted  in  Bookeof  Precedence {E,  E.'!'.  S.,  extra ser.),Fore- 

(words.  p.  ix. 
This  woman  [Shore's  wifej  was  born  in  London,  worship- 
fuUy friended,  honestly  brought  up,  and  very  well  mar- 
ried,     .lir  T.  More,  Rich.  lU.  (Int.  to  Utopia,  p.  Ixixiii.). 
Then  Sir  Lavaine  did  well  anil  worshipfuUy ; 
He  bore  a  knight  of  old  repute  to  the  earth. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  Reverentially;  respectfully;  deferentially. 
The  lewes  had  parfyte  knowlege  that  this  loseph  had 
■o  worshypfuUy  brought  llle  iMMly  of  cryst  in  erthe. 

Joseph  of  Ariniathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  27. 

After  all  their  communications  there  at  that  tyme,  he 
[the  mayor]  shall  be  worshipfully  accompanyed,  with  a 
certein  of  the  seid  hous.  home  to  bis  place. 

KnglUh  Gilds  (K  E.  T.  S.),  p.  4U. 

See  that  she  l>e  Imried  utrrshipfully. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

WOrshipfulneSS  (wer'ship-ful-nes),  «.  The 
state  or  cliaracter  of  being  worshipful. 

WorshipleSS  (w^r'ship-les),  a.  [<  iror.ship  + 
-less.l  Destitute  of  worship  or  of  worshipers. 
[Rare.] 

How  long  by  tyrants  shall  thy  land  be  trod? 
How  long  thy  temple  worshipless.  O  God? 

Byron,  <Jn  Jordan's  Banks. 

WOrshiplyt  (wer'ship-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  "wor- 
shiply,  icurchyply;  <  worship  +  -ly-.'\  Honora- 
bly ;  respectfully ;  becomingly ;  with  becom- 
ing respect  or  dignity. 

My  Ixird  Chanceler  wold  that  my  master  schuld  be 
beryed  umrehyply,  and  C.  mark  almes  done  for  hyni. 

Paston  Letters,  I.  494. 

worshipper,  n.     See  xcorshiner. 

worship-worthyt  (wer'snip-w<T''THi),  a. 
Worthy  or  deserving  of  honor  or  respect;  wor- 
shipful. 

Then  were  the  wisest  of  the  people  wnrship-u-orthy. 

Uakluyt's  Voyages,  I.  120. 

worst  (w6r8t),  a.  and  n.  [See  wi/r-se.]  I.  a. 
superl.  The  superlative  of  had,  evil,  or  ill;  bad 
in  the  highest  degree,  whether  morally,  physi- 


6983 

eally,  financially,  or  othei'wise:   as,  the  inorst 
sinner;  the  icorst  disease;  the  worst  evil  that 
can  befall  a  state  or  an  individual. 
Of  alle  wymmanne 
Wurst  was  Godhild  thanne ; 
For  Murri  heo  weop  sore, 
And  for  horn  3Ute  more. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  3. 
Speak  to  me  as  to  thy  thinkings. 
As  thou  dost  ruminate,  and  give  thy  worst  of  thoughts 
The  worst  of  words.  Shak.,  Othello,  iii.  3.  132. 

The  worst  fellow  was  he. 

Billie  Archie  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  94). 
Corrupted  freemen  are  the  worst  of  slaves. 

Garrick,  Prol.  to  the  Gamesters. 

II.  n.  That  which  is  most  evil  or  bad ;  the 
most  bad,  severe,  aggravated,  or  calamitous 
thing,  part,  time,  or  state:  usually  with  the : 
as,  in  the  worst  of  the  storm;  to  get  the  icorst 
of  a  contest ;  to  see  a  thing  at  its  icorst;  to  do 
one's  worst. 

Take  good  heart,  the  worst  is  past,  sir. 
You  ai-e  dispossest.         B.  Jonson,  Volpone,  v.  8. 
I  did  the  worst  to  him  I  loved  the  most. 

William  Morris,  EiU-thly  Paradise,  II.  381. 

At  (the)  worst,  in  the  most  evil,  severe,  or  undesirable 

state  ;  at  the  greatest  disadvantage. 
Things  at  the  worst  will  cease,  or  else  climb  upward 
To  what  they  were  before.        Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  2.  24. 

A  man  leaveth  things  at  worst,  and  depriveth  himself 
of  means  to  make  them  better. 

Bacon,  Advancement  of  Learning,  ii.  313. 

If  the  worst  comes  to  the  worst,  if  things  are  in  their 
worst  possible  condition  ;  if  things  become  so  bad  that 
nothing  else  can  be  done. 

He  live  my  owne  woman,  and  if  the  worst  come  to  the 
worst,  I  had  rather  proove  a  wagge  then  a  foole. 

Marston,  Dutch  Courtezan,  iii.  1. 

To  put  to  the  worst,  to  inflict  defeat  on ;  overthrow  en- 
tirely. 

Who  ever  knew  Truth  put  to  the  worst  in  a  free  and  open 
encounter?  Milton,  Areopagitica. 

worst  (wer8t),«rfi'.  [See  icorse,  arfi'.]  In  a  man- 
ner or  to  a  degree  the  extreme  of  bad  or  evil ; 
most  or  least  (according  to  the  sense  of  the 
verb). 

When  thou  didst  hate  him  worst.  Shak.,  J.  C,  iv.  3. 100. 
worst  (werst),  r.  [Appar.  <  worst,  a.,  like 
worse,  v.,  <  worse,  a. ;  but  prob.  rather  a  var.  of 
worse,  with  excrescent  t  after  s,  due  to  associa- 
tion with  worst,  a.,  or  with  tlie  pret.  worscd  of 
worse, )'.]  I.  trails.  To  get  the  advantage  over 
in  a  contest;  defeat;  overthrow. 
He  challenged  Cupid  at  wrestling,  and  was  worsted. 

Bacon,  Fable  of  Pan. 
m  assure  you.  (ieorge,  your  rhetoric  would  fail  you 
here  ;  she  should  worst  you  at  your  own  weapons. 

Farquhar,  Love  and  a  llottle,  ii.  1. 
=  Syn.  To  beat,  discomfit,  foil,  overcome. 

n.  intrutis.  To  grow  worse;  deteriorate; 
worsen.     [Rare.] 

Anne  haggard,  Mary  coarse,  every  face  in  the  neighbour- 
hood worsting,  .  .  .  had  long  been  a  distress  to  him. 

Jane  Attsten,  Persuasion,  i. 

worsted  (wVis'ted),  «.  and  a.  [<  ME.  worsted, 
worstede,  worstet;  so  called  from  Worsted,  now 
Worstead,  in  Norfolk,  where  it  was  first  manu- 
factured; <  AS.  Wurthestfde,  <  wiirth,  weortli, 
estate,  manor,  +  .stcde,  stead,  place :  see  stead.'] 

1,  II.  1.  A  variety  of  woolen  yarn  or  thread, 
spun  from  long-staple  wool  which  has  been 
combed,  and  in  the  spinning  is  twisted  hard- 
er than  is  usual.  It  is  knitted  or  woven  into 
stockings,  carpets,  etc. 

of  double  worstede  was  his  semi-cope. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  262. 
Item,  j.  hallyng  of  blewe  worstet,  contayning  in  lenthe 
xiij.  yerds,  and  in  bredtbe  iiij.  yerds. 

Paston  Letters,  I.  480. 
If  a  tenant  carried  but  a  piece  of  bread  and  cheese  to 
eat  by  the  way,  or  an  inch  of  worsted  U>  mend  his  stock- 
ings, lie  should  forfeit  his  whole  parcel. 

Swift,  Story  of  the  Injured  1-ady. 

2.  Woolen  yarn  for  ornamental  needlework 
and  knitting.  The  principal  varieties  are  Berlin  wool; 
zephyr-wool,  which  is  very  soft,  and  of  which  there  are  sev- 
eral grades,  as  single  zephyr,  double  zephyr,  split  zephyr ; 
Andalusian  wool,  which  is  tightly  twisted ;  Shctlaml  and 
Pyrenean,  which  are  of  finer  ((Ualitics;  and  leviathan, 
which  is  very  full  and  soft,  and  designed  for  embroidery 
on  coarse  canvas.  -  Hamburg  worsted,  an  inferior  (|nal- 
ity  of  Hamburg  wwil,  or  an  imitation  of  it. 

II,  «.  Consistingof  worsted;  made  of  worsted 

varn  :    as,    worsted   stockings Worsted  braid, 

Ijraid  for  dress-trinnning  and  similar  purposes,  including 
that  made  of  ordinary  wool,  and  of  alpaca,  mohair,  and  the 
like.— Worsted  damask.   See  damask,  1  (c).— Worsted 

yam.     see  yam^. 

worsted-work  (wiis'ted-w^rk),  «.  Work  done 
with  worsted ;  especially,  needlework  done  with 
threads  of  soft  loose  wool  upon  open  canvas, 
the  threads  of  the  canvas  guiding  the  worker, 
who  counts  them  or  the  oiienings. 


worth 

WOrt^  (w^rt),  n.  [<  ME.  wort,  wurt,  wert.  wirte, 
wrt,  <  AS.  icijrt,  a  plant,  =  OS.  wurt,  root,  flower, 
=  OHG.  MHG.  G.  wiir::,  root,  plant,  =  Icel.  urt 
(for  vurt),  also  spelled jhj'J  (perhaps  borrowed) 
=  Sw.  ort=  Dan.  urt  =  Goth,  waurts,  plant,  root ; 
also  in  dim.  form,  D.  icortel  =  OHG.  wiirzala, 
MHG.  G.  icHJ';e/,  root.  Ct.  root^  and  radix.]  A 
plant;  herb;  vegetable.  Wort  is  veir  frequent  in 
old  botanical  names  of  plants,  as  in  bone-,  bishop-,  blood-, 
cole-,  liver-,  lung-,  mead-,  mug-,  rib-,  spear-,  stitch-ivort,  etc. 
See  colewort,  liverwort,  etc. 

Laboreres  that  haue  no  lande  to  lyue  on  but  her  handes 
Deyned  nougt  to  dyne  a-day  nygt-olde  icortes. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  vi.  310. 

In  a  bed  of  wortes  stille  he  lay. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest's  Tale,  I.  401. 

He  drinks  water,  and  lives  on  wort  leaves. 

Burton,  Anat.  of  Mel.,  p.  215. 

It  is  an  excellent  pleasure  to  be  able  to  take  pleasure 
in  worts  and  water,  in  bread  and  onions. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1836),  I.  698. 

WOrt^  (wert),  H.  [<  ME.  wort,  worte,  <  AS.  wijrte 
(in  eomp.  max-wijrte,  lit.  'mash-wort'),  wort, 
new  beer,  =  MD.  icort,  wort,  new  beer,  =  LG. 
wort  =  G.  wiir:e,  wort,  spice,  seasoning,  =  Icel. 
virtr  =  Sw.  viirt  =  Norw.  vyrt,  vort,  wort,  <  AS. 
wyrt,  etc..  root:  see  icort^.]  1.  The  infusion  of 
malt  which  after  fermentation  becomes  beer. 
Cley  raaad  with  hors  or  mannes  heer,  and  oile 
Of  tartre,  alum,  glas,  berm,  wort,  and  argoile. 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Canon's  Yeoman's  Tale,  1.  260. 

2.  An  infusion  of  malt,  formerly  tised  in  scurvy 

and  as  a  dressing  to  foul  ulcers Setting  the 

wort.     Same  as  pitching,  4. 

WOrt^  (wert),  H.     Same  as  w/(o>'i. 

wort-condenser  ( wert 'kon- den  ■'ser),  n.  In 
brewiiifi,  a  surface-condenser  used  to  condense 
the  vapor  rising  from  wort  in  the  process  of 
boiling.     F.  H.  Knight. 

wort-cooler  (wert'ko"ler),  ii.  In  brewing,  an 
apparatus  for  cooling  wort;  specifically,  a  series 
of  pipes  through  which  cold  water  or  other  re- 
frigerant is  passed  ■n'hile  the  wort  is  allowed  to 
trickle  over  the  exterior  to  cool  it. 

wort-filter  (wert'fil'''ter),  «.  In  brewing,  a  fil- 
tering apparatus  for  separating  the  clear  liquor 
from  the  boiled  mash. 

worthl  (werth),  r.  i.  [<  ME.  vorthen,  wurthen, 
weorthen  (pret.  worth,  icearth,  werth,  pi.  wurth- 
en, icorthcn,  pp.  icordeii,  also  wurthen,  worthen), 

<  AS.  weorthan,  wurthan,  wyrthan  (pret.  wearth, 
pi.  wurdon,  pp.  ge-worden),  become,  be,  =  D. 
warden  =  OHG.  werdnn,  MHG.  icerden,  G.  wer- 
deii  =  Icel.  vertha  =  Sw.  varda  =  Dan.  rorde 
=  Goth,  wairthan,  become,  =  Ij.  vertt're,  turn, 
verti,  turn  into  (see  rerse'^).  Hence  ult.  weird, 
and  the  suffix  -ward.]     If.  To  be  or  become. 

"Daris,"  he  sede,  "ihc  wurthe  ded 
Bute  if  thu  do  me  sumne  red." 

King  Horn(E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  80. 
Sane  gow  fro  myschaunce, 
And  giue  gow  grace  on  this  grounde  gooil  men  to  worthe. 
Piers  Plowman  (B),  viii.  61. 

When  thow  wost  that  I  am  with  hire  tliere. 
Worth  thow  upon  a  courser  right  anon. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  1011. 

2.  To  happen;  betide:  now  used  only  in  the  ar- 
chaic imprecative  phrases  woe  worth  the  day,  the 
man,  etc.,  in  which  worth  is  equivalent  to  be  to, 
and  the  noun  is  in  the  dative. 

gif  i  wrong  seie  any  word  wo  worth  me  euer. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4118. 

Wo  worth  the  faire  gemnie  vertules  ! 

Wo  wirrth  that  herb  also  that  doth  no  Iwote  ! 

Wo  worth  that  beaute  that  is  routheles! 

Wo  worth  that  wyght  that  tret  ech  under  foote  t 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  344. 

What  will  worth,  what  will  be  the  end  of  this  man ! 

Latimer,  4th  .SermO!i  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 
Son  of  man,  prophesy  and  say.  Thus  saith  the  Lord  God, 
Howl  ye,  If'oe  worth  the  day!  Ezek.  xxx.  2. 

W(^  worth  the  chase,  H-f^  worth  the  day. 
That  costs  thy  life,  my  gallant  gray  I 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  i  9. 

To  worth  oft,  to  heed  ;  pay  attention  to. 

Wel  worthe  o/dremes  ay  this  olde  wyves. 
And  treweliche,  ek  augurye  of  thise  foweles. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  379. 

worth-  (w6rth),  0.    [<  ME.  worth,  wurth,  wirth, 

<  AS.  wcorth,  wurth,  worth,  worthy,  honorable, 
=  OS.  werth  =  MD.  wecrd,  waerd,  D.  waard  = 
MLG.  wert  =  OHG.  icerd,  MHG.  wert,  G.  wert, 
commonly  misspelled  wirth  =  Icel.  vertlir  =  Sw. 
rdrd  =  Dan.  rierd,  worth,  =  Gotli.  wairths,  ad,j., 
worthy;  prob.  not,  as  some  suppose,  <  worth'^, 
v.,  there  being  no  connection  of  sense.  It  may 
be  an  orig.  pp.  with  formative  (-Wi'-'  =  -(P);  but 
the  root  is  uncertain.  Hence  worth-,  n.,  worthy, 
worthful,  worthship  >  worsliiji,  et<'.]  If.  Worthy; 
hunoralile;  esteemed;  estimable. 


worth 

Ther  William  was  &  his  ^corih  IJurUe  [wife]. 

WUliain  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  2522. 
The  more  that  a  man  con,  the  more  tcorth  he  ys. 

Rob.  of  Gloucester,  p.  364. 

He  .  .  .  accounts  hiraselfe  both  a  fit  person  to  do  the 
noblest  and  godliest  deeds,  and  much  better  worth  then 
to  deject  and  defile  with  such  a  debasement  and  such  a 
pollution  as  sin  Is,  himselfe  so  highly  ransom'd. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.  3. 

2.  Having  worth,  esteem,  or  value  in  a  given 
degree ;  representing  a  relative  or  comparative 
worth  (of) :  used  generally  with  a  noun  of  mea- 
surement dependent  directly  upon  it  without  a 
preposition. 

A  byrd  in  hand,  as  some  men  say,  is  worth  ten  flye  at  large. 
Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  98. 

Specifically — (a)  Having  a  specified  value  in  money  or 
exchange ;  representing  under  fair  conditions  a  price  or 
cost  (of);  equivalent  in  value  to:  expressing  either  actual 
market  value,  or  value  obtainable  under  favorable  or  just 
conditions. 

Schal  no  deuel  at  his  deth-day  deren  him  worth  a  myte. 
Piers  Plowman  (A),  viii.  54. 
A  score  of  good  ewes  may  be  worth  ten  pounds. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  2.  57. 
(6)  Possessed  of ;  having  estate  to  the  value  of ;  possess- 
ing: as,  a  man  worth  five  millions. 

To  ennoble  those 
That  scarce,  some  two  days  since,  were  worth  a  noble. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  i.  3.82. 
Poor  Rutilus  spends  all  he  's  Worth, 
In  hopes  of  setting  one  good  Dinner  fortli. 

Con^eve,  tr.  of  Eleventh  Satire  of  Juvenal. 

(c)  Having  a  specified  moral  value  or  importance ;  estima- 
ble or  esteemed  in  a  given  way ;  reaching  a  certain  grade 
of  excellence. 

But  I  remain'd,  whose  hopes  were  dim, 
Whose  life,  whose  thoughts,  were  little  worth. 

Tennyson,  In  Alemoriam. 

3.  Entitled  to,  by  reason  of  excellence,  impor- 
tance, etc.;  meriting;  deserving:  having  the 
same  construction  as  in  sense  2:  as,  the  castle 
is  worth  defending;  the  matter  is  not  worth  no- 
tice. 

Me,  wretch  more  worth  your  vengeance. 

Shak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  1.  11. 

Pray  thee,  let  him  alone ;  he  is  not  worth  thy  anger. 

Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  i.  1. 

If  what  one  has  to  say  is  worth  saying,  he  need  not  beg 
pardon  for  saying  it.    O.  W.  Holmes,  Over  the  Teacups,  xii. 

Not  worth  a  continental,  a  hair,  a  leek,  a  marave- 
di,  a  rap,  a  snap,  etc.  See  the  nouns.— The  game  is 
not  worth  the  candle.  See  cand/e.— To  be  worth 
one's  salt  See  saiu.— Worth  the  whistle.  See  w/iw- 
«/e.  — Worth  while.  See  while^. 
WOrth^  (werth),  n.  [<  ME.  worthj  werth,  wurth, 
wrthy  also  worthe,  wiirthe,  tcerthe,  <  AS.  weorthj 
icurth  =  OS.  werth,  werd  =  D.  waarde  =  OHG, 
icerd{>liit]i.  wertus,  OBulg.  vredui), MHG.  wertj 
G.  icert,  werth  =  Icel.  verth=  Sw.  vdrde  =  Dan. 
v^rd  =1  Goth,  wairths,\'dlne;  from  the  adj.:  see 
icortK^jtt.']     If.  Honor;  dignity. 

I  will  do  what  ivorth 
Shall  bid  me,  and  no  more. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Maid's  Tragedy,  iii.  2. 

Wee  read  sometimes  of  two  Bishops  in  one  place,  and 
had  all  the  Presbyters  there  beene  of  like  worth  we  might 
perhaps  have  read  of  twenty, 

Milton,  Prelatical  Episcopacy. 

2.  Worthiness ;  excellence  of  character ;  ex- 
cellency; merit;  desert:  as,  a  man  of  great 
worth. 

I  dispute  it  not, 
His  worth  foreatals  exception. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  iv.  254. 
I  know  your  icorths, 
And  thus  low  bow  in  reverence  to  your  virtues. 

Fletcher,  Humorous  Lieutenant,  iii.  7. 
Old  letters,  breathing  of  her  worth. 

Tennyson,  Mariana  in  the  South. 

3.  Value;  importance;  excellence;  valuable 
or  desirable  qualities:  said  of  things. 

Thy  youth's  proud  livery,  so  gazed  on  now, 
Will  be  a  tatter'd  weed,  of  small  w(/rth  held. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  ii. 
A  beautiful  object  may  have  a  worth  for  feeling  inde- 
pendent of  mere  contemplation.  Mind,  XII.  629. 

4.  Value,  especially  as  expressed  in  terms  of 
some  standard  of  equivalency  or  exchange :  as, 
what  is  his  house  north  f  the  worth  of  a  com- 
modity is  usually  the  price  it  will  bring  in  mar- 
ket, but  price  is  not  always  worth. 

"For  ofte  haue  I,"  quod  he,  '"holpe  gow  atte  barre, 
And  git  geue  ge  me  neucre  the  wortfie  of  a  russhe." 

Piers  I'lowinan  (H),  iv.  170. 
A  crown's  worth  of  good  interi>retatioTi. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2.  99. 
If  I  had  but  in  my  jmcket 

The  worth  of  one  single  pennie. 

Willie  Wallace  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  2SS). 

5.  That  which  one  is  worth  ;  possessions;  sub- 
stance; wealth;  riches. 


6984 

He  that  helps  him  take  all  my  outward  worth. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  4.  10. 

In  good  wortht,  in  good  part ;  without  displeasure  or 
offense. 

It  becometh  me  to  take  it  in  good  worth  ;  I  am  not  better 
than  he  was.        Latimer,  3d  Sermon  bef.  Edw.  VI.,  1549. 

=8301,  2  and  3,  Merit,  etc.  See  des&rt^.—^  Value,  Cost, 
etc.  See  price. 
worthful  (werth'ful),  a.  [<  ME.  wtirthftd,  worth- 
voile,  <  AS.  wcorthfuU,  valuable,  <  weorth,  worth : 
see  icorth^  and  -ful.']  Full  of  worth;  worthy. 
Mars  ton. 

Those  high-born  damea  and  worth/vl  females  whom  Mar- 
garet the  queen  had  drawn  about  her. 

Rock,  Church  of  our  Fathers,  il.  272. 

Penang  and  Singapore  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  Hong 
Kong  on  the  route  to  Canton  and  Shanghai,  are  all  very 
worthful.  F(yrtnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XL.  373. 

■W0rthily.(w6r'THi-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  worthiliche, 
worthily;  <  tvorthy  +  -hj'^.'}  1.  In  a  worthy 
manner;  honorably;  with  due  dignity,  rever- 
ence, or  respect ;  reverently. 

Worthili  hh'e  he  welcomed  wen  he  hire  mette. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4290. 

2.  Excellently;  rightly;  becomingly;  suitably; 
fittingly. 

Thou  and  thy  meaner  fellows  your  last  service 

Did  worthily  perform.  Shak.,  Tempest,  iv.  1.  36. 

He  that  hath  begun  so  worthily, 

It  fits  not  with  his  resolution 

To  leave  off  thus,  my  lord. 

Beau.  andFl.,  Woman-Hater,  v.  2. 

3.  Deservedly;   justly;  according  to  merit. 

They  would  not  leave  their  sins,  .  .  .  therefore  their  de- 
struction came  worthily  upon  them. 

Latimer,  Sermons  and  Remains  (Parker  ed.),  p.  51. 

Had  the  gods  done  so,  I  had  not  now 
Worthily  tei-m'd  them  merciless  to  us ! 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  i.  1.  100. 
He  found  out  the  author,  one  Dyer,  a  most  crafty  fellow 
and  his  ancient  Maligner,  whom  he  worthily  punished. 

Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  I.  228. 

You  worthily  succeed  not  only  to  the  honours  of  your 
ancestors,  but  also  to  their  virtues. 

Dryden,  To  the  Duke  of  Ormond,  Ded.  of  Fables. 
I  affirm  that  some  may  very  worthily  deserve  to  be  hated. 

South,  Sermons. 

worthiness  (wer'thi-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  worthi- 
nease,  worthy nesse;  <  tvorthy,  a.,  +  -nesfi.']  The 
quality  of  being  worthy;  honor;  excellence; 
dignity;  virtue;  merit;  desert. 

After  we  ahull  returne  hem  for  to  socoure,  for  grete  pite 
it  were  yef  thei  were  deed  or  taken  in  so  tendre  age,  for 
tliei  ben  of  high  valoure  and  grete  worthyneme. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  197. 

The  prayers  which  our  Saviour  made  were,  for  his  own 
worthiness,  accepted.  Hooker. 

I  see,  even  in  her  looks,  gentry  and  general  worthiness. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  ii.  1. 

=  Syn.  See  worths,  n. 

worthless  (werth'les),  a.     [<  worth^  +  -less:  < 

AS.  wio'thle<i.s,  <  wurth,  worth,  +  -leas,  E.  -less.'] 

1.  Of  no  value  or  use ;  valueless;  useless. 

Silvia  is  too  fair,  too  true,  too  holy. 
To  be  corrupted  with  my  worthless  gifts. 

Shak.,T.  G.  of  V.,  iv.  2.  6. 
'Tis  but  a  worthless  world  to  win  or  lose. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  iii.  40. 
We  read  how  men  sell  themselves  to  a  certain  Personage, 
and  that  Personage  cheats  them.    He  gives  them  wealth  ; 
yes,  but  the  gold  pieces  turn  into  worthless  leaves. 

Thackeray,  Roundabout  Papers,  On  a  Pear-tree. 

2.  Lacking  in  or  destitute  of  worth,  dignity, 
excellence,  or  merit;  mean;  contemptible. 

Some  worthless  slave  of  thine  I'll  slay. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  1.  515. 

Habits  of  dissimulation  and  falsehood,  no  doubt,  mark 
a  man  of  our  age  and  country  as  utterly  worthless  and 
abandoned.  Macaulay,  Machiavelli. 

The  mode  of  genesis  of  the  worthy  and  the  worthless 
seems  the  same.  W.  James,  Prin.  of  Psychol.,  I.  552. 

3.  Unworthy;  not  deserving. 

A  peevish  schoolboy,  worthless  of  such  honour. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  v.  1.  61. 
Her  boons  let  foolish  Fortune  throw 
On  worthless  heads ;  more  glorious  'tis  by  far 
A  Diadem  to  merit  than  to  wear. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  i.  149. 
Worthless  they  are  of  Csesar's  gracious  eyes. 

B.  Jonson,  Poetaster,  v.  1. 

=  Syn.  1.  Unserviceal)le,  unprofitable.— 2.  Base,  vile,  de- 
praved, graceless,  trashy,  trumpery,  flimsy,  tinsel,  tritling, 
paltry,  frivolous. 

worthlessly  (werth'les-li),  adv.  In  a  worthless 
nuinner. 

worthlessness  (werth'les-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  character  of  being  worthless. 

WOrthlyt  (werth'li),  a.  [ME.  worthely,  witrth- 
liche;  <  worth^  +  -7^1.]     Worthy;  excellent. 

What  sehulde  the  mone  ther  compas  clym, 
A  to  euen  wyth  that  worthly  lygt 
That  schyncz  vpon  brokez  brym? 

Alliterative  Poeina  (ed.  Morris),  i.  1071. 


worthy 

But  onely  the  worthely  warke  of  my  wyll 
In  my  sprete  sail  enspyre  the  mighte  of  me. 

York  Plays,  p.  2. 

worthy  (w^r'THi),  a.  and  n.  [<  ME.  worthy, 
worthi,  wwrthy,  wurthi,  worthy  (not  found  in 
A8.),  =  OS.  wirthig  =  MD.  weerdigh  =  MLG. 
werdig  =  OHG.  wirdig,  MHG.  wirdec,  G.  wiirdig, 
worthy,  =  Icel.  verthngr  =  Sw.  vdrdig  =  Dan. 
vserdig;  as  worth^  4-  -yi.]  I.  a.  1.  Having 
worth;  of  high  standing  or  degree;  honorable; 
worshipful;  excellent;  deserving  of  honor,  re- 
spect, praise,  mention,  attention,  or  the  like; 
valuable;  noble;  estimable;  virtuous;  meri- 
torious: noting  persons  and  things. 

Therfore  whan  the  Soudan  wille  avance  ony  worthi 
Knyghte,  he  makethe  him  a  Amyralle. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  38. 

Tho  moste  worthiest  thes  brethren  gan  take, 
Vnto  the  castel  conueing  thaim  certayn. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1823. 

Salust  is  a  wise  and  worthy  writer, 

Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  154. 

I  have  done  thee  worthy  service. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.  247. 

Against  him  Mauritius  performed  worthie  attempts, 
which  made  way  vnto  him  for  the  Koman  Empire. 

Purc/uis,  Pilgrimage,  p.  359. 

A  really  worthy  life  depends  not  only  on  the  vividness 
and  constancy  of  the  ruling  moral  idea,  but  also  on  its 
volume  and  contents. 

J.  Sully,  Sensation  and  Intuition,  p.  148. 

2f,  Of  high  rank  or  social  station. 

And  though  that  he  were  w<nrthy,  he  was  wys. 
And  of  his  port  as  meek  as  is  a  mayde. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  I.  68. 

3.  Deserving;  meriting:  sometimes  followed 
by  of  before  the  thing  merited  or  deserved, 
sometimes  by  an  accusative  directly,  and  some- 
times by  an  infinitive. 

36,  sire,  bote  I  pertly  vndo  that  I  haue  the  profred, 
I  am  worthi  inuche  blame;  what  mai  I  seise  more? 

Joseph  of  Arimathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  5. 

Now  trewly  ye  be  worthy  to  haue  grete  blame,  for  youre 
peple  haue  moche  losse  hadde  seth  ye  wente  from  the 
bataiie.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  404. 

Worthy  the  owner,  and  the  owner  it. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  v.  5.  64. 
Oh,  thou  hast  open'd 
A  book  in  which,  writ  down  in  bloody  letters, 
My  conscience  finds  that  I  am  worthy  of 
More  than  I  undergo ! 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Thierry  and  Theodoret,  iv.  2. 

Epaminondas,  amongst  the  Thebans,  is  worthy  of  note 
and  memory,  even  to  our  ages  and  those  that  shall  succeed 
us.  Ford,  Line  of  Life. 

Friends!  we  have  liv  d  too  long.    I  never  heard 
Sounds  such  as  these,  so  worthy  to  be  feared. 

Cowper,  Needless  Alarm. 
When  we  consider  a  right  or  a  wrong  action  »s  done  by 
another  person,  we  think  of  that  person  as  worthy  of  moral 
approbation  or  reprobation. 

IT.  K.  Clifford,  Lectures,  II.  130. 

4.  Well-deserved. 

Doing  worthy  vengeance  on  thyself. 

Shak.,  Rich.  IH.,  L  2.  87. 

5.  In  keeping  with  the  standing,  character, 
dignity,  etc.  (of);  fit;  fitted;  proper;  suited; 
suitable:  with  of,forj  or  an  infinitive  clause. 

Whan  a  workman  hath  wrou3t«  thanne  may  men  se  the 
sothe, 
What  he  were  worthi  for  his  werke  and  what  he  hath  de- 

serued ; 
And  nougt  to  fonge  bifore  for  drede  of  disalowynge. 

Piers  Plounnan  (B\  xiv.  139. 
Worthy  for  an  empress'  love.    Shak.,  T.  G.  of  V.,  ii.  4. 76. 
Wert  thou  a  subject  ivorthy  of  my  sword, 
Or  that  thy  death,  this  moment,  could  call  home 
My  banishd  hopes,  thou  now  wert  dead ;  dead,  woman ! 
Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  v.  1. 
If  your  parts  be  worthy  of  me,  I  will  countenance  you. 
JS.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  i.  1. 
White  gloves,  and  linen  worthy  Lady  Mary ! 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  I.  i.  164. 
After  the  greatest  consociation  of  religious  duties  for 
preparation,  no  man  can  be  sufficiently  worthy  to  commu- 
nicate. Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  313. 

Foemen  worthy  of  their  steel.     Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  v.  10. 

Worthiest  of  blood,  in  late,  a  phrase  applied  to  males, 
as  opposed  to  females,  in  tlie  succession  to  inheritance. 
See  tanistry. 

II.  «. ;  y\.  worthies  {-'imi.).  1.  A  person  of 
eminent  worth;  one  distinguished  for  service- 
able and  estimable  qualities:  as,  Fuller's  "His- 
tory of  the  JVorthies  of  England." 

Thou  thyselfe  dost  now  repute 
The  wort[h]iest  wort\h]y  of  the  race  of  Brute. 

Times'  Whi^le  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  26. 

What  do  these  worthies 
But  rob  and  spoil,  burn,  slaughter,  and  enslave 
Peaceable  nations?  Milton,  P.  R,,  iii.  74. 

At  the  first  appearance  of  my  work,  its  aim  and  drift 
were  misapprehended  by  some  of  the  descendants  of  the 
Dutch  worthies.  Irviiu/,  Knickerbocker,  p.  13. 


worthy 

2.  A  local  celebrity;  a  character;  an  eccen- 
tric: as,  a  village  worthy.  [Humorous  or  col- 
loq.] — 3.  Anything  of  worth  or  excellence. 
[Bare.] 

In  her  fair  cheek, 
Where  several  worthier  make  one  dignity. 

Shak.,  L.  L.  L.,  iv.  3.  236. 

The  nine  worthies.  See  nine. 
WOrthyt  (wer'THi),  r.  t.  [<  ME.  wurthen,  wor- 
tliwii,  wurthien,  <  AS.  iceorthian,  wyrtliiaii,  wur- 
thian  (=  OHG.  werdon,  G.  wiirdigen  =  Icel.  vir- 
tha  =  Goth,  wairthon),  value,  <  ireortli,  worth: 
see  icocM'-',' n.]     To  render  worthy;  exalt. 

Put  upon  him  such  a  deal  of  man, 
That  t/7ortAi«d  him.  SAo*.,  Lear,  ii.  2.  128. 

WOrtle  (wer'tl),  «.  1.  A  draw-plate,  or  the 
aperture  in  such  a  plate  through  which  wire  is 
drawn. 

The  wire  [of  manganese  steel],  owing  to  its  hardness, 
breaking  into  short  lengths  when  being  pulled  through 
the  leortleg.  Science,  Xil.  2ise. 

2.  One  of  a  series  of  metal  collars  through  which 
a  cylinder  or  plug  of  lead  is  sometimes  drawn  in 
the  manufacture  of  lead  pipe.  The  wortles  are  of 
graduated  sizes,  and  the  lead  is  passed  from  one  through 
that  next  smaller,  till  the  pipe  has  acquired  the  desired 
size. 

wort-refrigerator  (w6rt're-frij"e-ra-tor),  «.  A 
wort -cooler. 

wortwalet  (wfert'wal),  «.  [Origin  obscure.]  A 
hangnail. 

Pipitula,  the  sktnne  growing  at  the  fingers  ends  about 
the  nayle,  called  of  some  the  wmiwales,  or  linereages. 

Florin,  1698. 

worystt,  »•     An  old  variant  of  worsted. 
WOSbird,  n.    1.  Same  as  whore's-bird.  [Slang.] 

"Imp'dentold  wogbird!"  says  he,  *'I'll  break  the  bald 
head  on  un."  T.  Hughes,  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby,  i.  2. 

2.  A  wasp.     Wright.     [Prov.  Eiig.] 

WOSet,  »•     A  form  of  woone  for  f>o:e. 

WOStt.  Second  person  singular  indicative  pres- 
ent of  iri<l. 

wot  (wot).  First  and  third  persons  singular  in- 
dicative present  of  uit^. 

WOnght,  »■     An  obsolete  variant  of  icaicl. 

Fatte  ree<l  of  myre  ygrnund  and  tempered  tough. 
Let  daube  it  on  the  xtmigk  on  iche  asyde. 

Patladiue,  Uusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  15. 

WOnket,  w.  A  Middle  English  form  of  week^. 
WycUf. 

WOUl,  I".  '.     Same  as  iraul^. 

would  (wud).  Preterit  and  past  subjunctive  of 
wim. 

would-be  (wud'lje),  a.  and  n.  [<  irould  +  6pl, 
expressing  wish  or  desire  in  such  expressions 
as  "ho  would  be  thought  rich,"  "he  iruiild  be 
considered  smart."]  I.  a.  Wishing  to  be; 
vainly  pretending  to  be ;  desirous  of  being  or 
of  being  considered :  as,  a  iconUi-bc  philosopher. 
[Colloq.] 

The  vxndd-be  wits  and  can't- be  gentlemen. 

Byron,  Beppo,  st.  76. 

H,  n.  A  vain  pretender;  one  who  affects  to 
be  something  which  he  really  is  not. 

A  man  that  would  have  foil'd  at  their  own  play 
A  dozen  vmdd-t>e'g  of  the  niudern  day. 

Cou-per,  Conversation,  1.  612. 

WOUldert  (wud'6r).  «.  [Irreg.  <  would  +  -frl.] 
A  wisher;  one  given  to  use  the  word  would  op- 
tatively.     Lntham.     [Rare.] 

The  olde  proverbe  is  exceeding  true, 
"That  these  great  wishers,  iV  these  common  wmdders. 
Are  never  (for  the  moste  part)  good  householders." 

Time*'  WhiMU  (E.  E.  T.  .S.),  p.  103. 

WOUldingt(wud'ing),  n.  [Irreg.<  would  +  -iny^ .'\ 
Emotion  of  desire;  impulse; 
inclination. 

It  will  be  every  man's  interest .  .  . 
to  subline  the  exorbitancies  of  the 
flesh,  as  well  as  U>  continue  the 
wmddiwjf  of  the  spirit. 

Hammoiid,    {Richardmn.) 

wouldingnesst  (wud '  ing- 
nes),  n.  Velleitv;  willing- 
ness.  Hitmniond.  \Vork8, 1.  23. 

Wotllfe'S  apparatus.  An  ap- 
paratus consisting  of  a  se- 
ries of  three-necked  bottles 
(called  fVoulJv'x  botflen)  con- 
nected by  suitable  tubes,uscd 
for  washing  gases  or  .saturating  liquids  there- 
with.    11'otl.s'  Diet,  of  (hem. 

WOUnd^  (wond  or  wound),  «.  [<  ME.  wound, 
wounde,  wund,  wunde,  woiide,  <  AS.  uund  =  OS. 
wunito,  wunde  =  ()Fri<;H.  wtniile,  unde  =  T>.  wond, 
icoHrff  =  OH(t.  wiintn.  MHti.  (J.  wunde,  a  wound, 
=  Icel.  und  (for  'rund)  =  Dun.  ninde.  a  wound: 
from  an  adj.,  ME.  wund,  <  AS.  wund  =  1).  ye-wond 


A  Woulfe's  Bottle. 


6985 

=  OHG.  wwnt,  G.  wund  =  Goth,  wunds,  wound- 
ed; possibly  orig.  pp.  (in  -rf2)  of  the  verb  wliich 
appears  in  AS.  winnun  (pp.  wunnen),  strive, 
fight,  suffer:  see  «;jh1,  r.  The  historical  pron. 
is  wound,  parallel  to  that  of  ground,  found, 
sound,  bound,  etc.]  1.  In  surg.,  a  solution  of 
continuity  of  any  of  the  tissues  of  the  body,  in- 
volving also  the  skin  or  mucous  membrane  of 
the  part,  caused  by  some  external  agent,  and 
not  the  result  of  disease. 

I,  lately  caught,  will  have  a  new  made  wound, 
And  captive  like  be  manacled  and  bound. 

Marlowe,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Elegies,  ii. 

2.  In  medical  jurisprudence,  any  lesion  of  the 
body  resulting  from  external  violence,  whether 
accompanied  or  not  by  rupture  of  the  skin  or 
mucous  membrane — thus  differing  from  the 
meaning  of  the  word  when  used  in  surgery. 
Great  difference  of  opinion,  however,  appears  in  the  way 
in  which  the  word  is  interpreted  when  occurring  in  crim- 
inal statutes.  Some  authorities  have  held  that  it  neces- 
sarily implies  the  use  of  a  hard  or  solid  instrument  other 
than  the  hand  or  Ust ;  others,  that  it  necessarily  implies  the 
breaking  of  the  skin  beyond  the  cuticle  or  outer  mem- 
brane. 

3.  A  breach  or  hurt  of  the  bark  and  wood  of  a 
tree,  or  of  the  bark  and  substance  of  other 
plants. — 4.  Figuratively,  injury;  hurt;  harm: 
as,  a  wound  given  to  credit  or  reputation,  feel- 
ings, etc.:  often  specifically  applied  in  litera- 
ture to  the  pangs  of  love. 

Alas,  poor  shepherd  !  searching  of  thy  wtntnd, 
I  have  by  hard  adventure  found  mine  own. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  4.  44. 

The  wmnids  of  conscience,  like  other  wounds,  though 
generally  received  in  public,  must  atvays  be  healed  in 
private.  lip.  AUerbury,  Sermons.  I.  x. 

They  will  endeavour  to  give  my  reputation  as  many 
wounde  as  the  man  in  the  almanack,    Sm/t,Tr\iica.l  Essay. 

6t.  Plague. 

I  trowe  it  was  in  the  dismal 

That  was  the  ten  woundes  of  Egipte. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1207. 

6.  Ill  her.,  a  roundel  pur])ure Contused  wound, 

a  bruising  of  the  soft  parts,  with  perhaps  little  laceration 
of  the  skin,  produced  by  a  blow  from  a  blunt  body ;  the 
bruise  of  ordinary  language.  —  DiSSectlon-WOUnd,  a  poi- 
soned wound  received  while  dissecting  or  performing  an 
autopsy,  by  which  septic  material  is  introduced.  Also 
called  diMectiwj  U'tnind  and  jMxt.mortem  wound.  —  God'S 
wounds.  f*ee  'tnmundit  and  zounds.  GunshOt-WOund, 
a  lacerated  wound  caused  by  a  bullet  or  other  missile 
discharged  from  a  firearm:  technically  called  mdmis 
sctopeticuin.  —  Jncised'WOnnd,&  clean-cut  wound  made 
by  a  knife  or  other  sharp  instrument;  the  cut  of  ordinary 
language.  —  Lacerated  wound,  a  wound  caused  by  tear- 
ing rather  than  cutting:  any  laceration  of  soft  parts. — 
Open  wound,  an  operation-wound  in  which  the  integu- 
ment is  widely  incised,  as  distinguished  from  a  subcutane- 
ous wound  in  which  the  skin  opening  is  snialL— Opera- 
tion-WOimd,  a  wotind  made  by  the  surgeon  in  the  course 
of  an  <»peration,  as  distinguished  from  one  occurring  acci- 
dentally.—  Poisoned  wound,  a  wound  into  which  some 
poisonous  matter  is  introduced  in  the  act  of  wounding,  as 
a  dissection-wound,  the  bite  of  a  venomous  reptile,  or  the 
sting  of  a  poisonous  insect.  — Punctured  wound,  a  nar- 
row deep  wound  made  by  a  sliarp-pointed  body,  such  as 
a  needle  or  a  rapier. 
wound'  (wond  or  wound),  r.  [<  ME.  wounden, 
wouudien,  wundcn,  wundien,  wondien,  <  AS. 
wundian  =  OIIG.  wnnton,  MHG.  wunden,  G.  vrr- 
wunden,  wound;  from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  hurt  by  violence;  cut,  slash,  or  lacerate; 
injure;  damage:  as,  to  tcound  the  head  or  the 
arm;  to  icoM/irf  a  tree. 

Ther  eche  wouiulc  and  kylde  other. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  l.^a. 

He  was  wounded  for  our  transgressions.         Isa.  liii.  5. 
'Tis  not  thy  cause  ; 
Thou  hast  no  reputation  wounded  in  't. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Knight  of  Malta,  ii.  3. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  cause  injury  or  harm  to; 

specifically,  of  persons,  to  hurt  the  feelings  of; 

pain. 

My  wretched  heart,  wounded  with  bad  betide, 
To  crane  his  peace  from  reason  is  addrest. 

Qreene,  Francesco's  .Sonnet  (Works,  ed.  Grosart.VIII.  169). 

When  ye  sin  against  the  brethren,  and  wound  their  weak 
consciences,  ye  sin  against  Christ.  1  Cor.  viii.  12. 

The  pangs  of  xeounded  vanity  seemed  to  him  [Johnson] 
ridiculous.  Macaulay,  Boswell's  Johnson. 

II.  intnius.  To  inflict  hurt  or  injury,  either 
physically  or  morally. 

This  courtesy 
Wounds  deeper  than  your  sword  can,  or  mine  own. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Cure,  v.  1. 
Willing  to  wmtnd,  and  yet  afraid  to  strike. 

Pope,  Prol.  to  .Satires,  1.  203. 

WOUnd^  (wound).     Preterit  and  past  participle 

of  wlnd^. 
WOUlldable(vvon'-  or  woun'da-bl),a.  [<  wound^ 
+  -able.]     ('apable  of  being  wounded;  liable 
to  injury;  vulnerable. 
.So  woundaUe  is  the  dragon  under  the  left  wing. 

Fuller,  Ch.  Hist.,  IV.  i.  .I. 


■wp. 

WOUnder  (won'der  or  woun'der),  n.  [<  ME. 
woiinder;  <  wound'^  +  -erl.]  One  who  or  that 
which  wounds. 

WOUnd-fe'Ver  (w6nd'fe"ver),  n.  A  fever,  prob- 
ably mildly  septic  in  its  nature,  which  some- 
times occurs  after  receiving  a  wound,  whether 
accidental  or  made  during  an  operation :  in  the 
latter  case  also  called  surgical  fever. 

wound-gall  (wond'gal),  «.  A  gall  made  on  the 
stem  of  the  grape-vine  by  an  American  weevil, 
Ampeloglypter  sesostris.     See  vine-gall. 

WOUndily  (woun'di-li),  adv.  [<  woundy"^  +  -ly^.1 
Woundy;  excessively.    [Colloq.  or  humorous.] 

They  look  woundily  like  Frenchmen. 

Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  2. 

Richai'd  Penlake  repeated  the  vow. 
For  woundily  sick  was  he. 

Southey,  St.  Michael's  Chair. 

wounding  (won'-  or  woun'ding),  «.    [Verbal  n. 

of  «0HH(/i,  r.]     Hurt;  injury.     Gen.  iv.  23. 
woundless  (wond'-  or  wound'les),a.  [<  iconnd^ 
+  -less.']     1.   Free  from  hurt  or  injury. —  2. 
Invulnerable ;  incapable  of  being  wounded. 

Hit  the  woundless  air.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  1.  44. 

3.  Unwounding;  harmless. 
Turno  thee  to  those  that  weld  the  awful  crowne. 
To  doubted  Knights,  whose  woundtesse  armour  rusts. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cat,  October. 

Not  a  dart  fell  woundless  there.  Southey,  Joan  of  Arc, viii. 
woundwort  (wond '  wert),  n.  [<  wound^  + 
uort^.]  1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  (Stacfti/.s,  par- 
ticularly either  of  two  species  occurring  in 
Great  Britain,  S.  palustris,  the  marsh  or  clown's 
woundwort,  and  S.  Germanica.  The  name  al- 
ludes to  a  supposed  vulnerary  property. — 2. 
The  kidney-vetch,  Anthyllis  rulneraria,  and  oc- 
casionally other  plants Clown's  woundwort 

Same  as  etmcnheal. —KnigiiVB  woundwort,  the  water- 
soldier,    Stratiiites    aloides.      See  Stratiotes.—  Saracen'S 
woundwort.     .See  Saracen's  com.frcy,  luider  Saracen. 
WOUndWOrtll  (wond'werth),   u.     A  composite 
plant,  Liaimm  lirmcnei.     ['West  Indies.] 
woundyi  (wiin'di  or  woun'di),  a.    [<  wonnd^  + 
-(/!.]     Causing  or  inflicting  wounds.     [Kare.] 
A  boy  that  shoots 
From  ladies'  eyes  such  mortal  wmcndy  darts. 

Hood,  Love. 

woundy^  (woun'di), n.  [Of  doubtful  origin;  per- 
luips  a  colloq.  use  of  woundy^ ;  cf.  whopjiing, 
terrible,  and  other  words  of  intensity,  used  as 
emphatics.]     Excessive.     [Colloq.] 

Indeed  there  is  a  tcoundy  luck  in  names,  sirs. 
And  a  main  mystery.       B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  iv.  2. 

A  «'ot(nrf)/hinderance  toapoor  man  that  lives  by  his  la- 
bour. Sir  R.  L'Estrangc. 

W0Undy2  (woun'di),  adr.  [<  woundy'^,  a.]  Ex- 
ceedingly; very.     [Colloq.] 

A  woundy  brag  young  vellow. 

B.  Jonson,  Tale  of  a  Tub,  1.  2. 

Gad.  says  I,  an  you  play  the  fool  antl  marry  at  these  years, 
there 's  more  danger  of  your  head's  aching  than  my  heart. — 
He  was  woundy  angry  when  I  gav  'n  th.at  wipe. 

Congreve,  Love  for  Love,  iv.  13. 
Travelled  ladies  are  wottndy  nice.  J.  Baillie. 

WOUrali,  wourari  (wo'ra-li,  -ri),  v.     Same  as 
woorali,  woorari.     See  curari. 
WOUrali-plant  (wO'ra-li-plant),  H.     The  plant 
which  yields  wourali.     See  curari. 
wournilt,  »•     Same  as  warble''^. 
WOUtt,  »i.     Same   as  route,  an  old  sijelling  of 
vaulf^. 
WOU-WOU,  ".     Same  as  wow-wme. 
wove  (wov).     Preterit  and  occasional  ]iast  par- 
ticiple of  wcavc^. 
WO'Ven  (wo'vn).     Past  participle  of  wenve'^. 
wow  (wou),  intcrj.    An  exclamation  of  pleasure, 
surprise,  or  wonder. 

O  whan  he  slew  his  berry-brown  steed. 
Wow  but  his  heart  was  sair ! 

Kinff  Henry  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  148). 

And,  wow!  Tani  saw  an  unco  sight  I 

Burtis,  Tarn  o'  Shanter. 

WOWe't,  WOwert.   Obsolete  forms  of  (cm,  wooer. 
WOWe'-'t,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  w(iw~. 
WO-weriet,  a.     See  woe-weary. 
WOWf  (wouf ),  0.    [Cf.  H'fl(/'3.]    Wild;  deranged; 
disordered  in  intellect.     [Scotch.] 

He  will  bo  as  wovf  as  ever  his  father  was. 

Scott,  Pirate,  i.x. 

WOW-WOW  (won' won),  n.      [Native  name.]     1. 

The  active  gibbon  of  Sumatra,  UyUibatcs  agilis. 

Also  WOU-WOU,  unfiojiuti,  and  onngha. —  2.   The 

silvery  gil>bon  of  .Java,  Ilyloliates  leucit^cus.  Also 

WOU-WOU,  wau-wnu,  wt-wah. 
WOXt,  WOXet,  ''•  '•     Obsolete  forms  of  wax^. 
WOXent.      Old  [ireterit  and    [last  participle   of 

hy;j1. 
wp.     A  contraction  of  uorshiii. 


wpful. 

wpful.     A  contraction  of  irori>hipfitl. 

wracfcl  (rak),  «.  [Also  wreck  (also  rack) :  <  ME. 
irrak,  wrek,  irrec,  something  cast  ashore,  a  kind 
of  seaweed,  also  shipwreck  (>  F.  rnrcch,  seaweed 
east  ashore,  pieces  of  a  wrecked  ship  cast 
ashore);  partly  <  AS.  wrxc,  banishment,  exile, 
misery;  partly  <  D.  LG.  wrak,  or  leel.  rck  (for 
*rrek).  also  reki,  anything  drifted  or  driven 
ashore,  =  Sw.  vrak,  wreck,  refuse,  trash,  =  Dan. 
rra<j,  wreck.  Wrack^  is  a  doublet  of  wrecks ;  it 
is  also  spelled  in  some  uses  rack,  while  on  the 
other  hand  rnpA-l  was  sometimes  spelled  wrack. 
Indeed  the  whole  series  of  words,  wrack,  wreck, 
rack,  reck,  wretcli,  etc.,  were  formerly  much  con- 
fused in  spelling.  Seewrcck^.]  1.  That  which 
is  cast  ashore  by  the  waves.  Specifically— (a)  Sea- 
weed cast  ashore.  "  The  name  Is  sometimes  restricted  to 
the  species  of  Fnciis,  which  form  the  bulk  of  the  wrack  col- 
lected for  manure  and  sometimes  for  making  kelp.  Those 
found  most  plentifully  on  the  shores  of  the  British  islands 
are  F.  vesicidosiis  and  F.  nodogits.  See  ma-urack,  2,  and 
cut  under  F-itcus.  (b)  Wreckage. 
2t.  The  destruction  of  a  ship  by  winds  or  rocks 
or  by  the  force  of  the  waves;  shipwreck.  See 
jorecfci. 

Ring  the  alarum-bell !  Blow  wind  !  come  vrack! 

Shah,,  Macbeth,  v.  5.  .'il. 

Nay,  some  of  them  .  .  .  run  ashore  before  the  pursuer, 
glad  that  with  u-rack  of  ship  and  losse  of  goods  they  may 
prolong  a  despised  life.         Sandys,  Travailes  (1652),  p.  2. 

3.  Destruction;  ruin. 

Forgetting  shame's  pure  blush  and  honour's  wrack. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  558. 

Nor  only  Paradise 
In  this  commotion,  but  the  starry  cope 
Of  heaven  perhaps,  or  all  the  elements 
At  least  had  gone  to  wrack,  disturb'd  and  torn 
With  violence  of  this  conflict.     Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  99-1. 

Moaning  and  wailing  for  an  heir  to  rule 
After  him,  lest  the  realm  should  go  to  wrack, 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

Cart-wrack,  various  large  algse  thrown  up  by  the  sea. 
[Scotch.]— Kelp- wrack,  Fitcm  )iodo«M.— Lady-'wrack, 
Fucus  msicidosus.    See  cut  under  Fttcus, 
■wracklf  (rak),  r.  t.     [<  wrack,  n.     Cf.  wrcck^,  i'.] 
To  destroy;  make  shipwreck  of;  wreck. 

What  profflts  it  the  well  built  ship  to  ride 
Vpon  the  surging  billowes  of  the  maine,  .  .  . 
If,  ere  it  iornies  end  it  doth  attaine,  .  .  . 
Sea  wrackt  it  perish  in  the  raging  floud  ? 

Times'  WhisOe  (K.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  129. 

Oh,  what  a  second  ruthless  sea  of  woes 
Wracks  me  within  my  haven  ! 

Chapman,  Monsieur  D'Olive,  i.  1. 

wrack",  «.     A  variant  of  rack'^. 

■wrack'^t, «'.  *•    An  obsolete  misspelling  of  rack^. 

Cowley,  Davideis,  iii. 
■wrackfult  (rak'ful),  a.     [<  ME.  wrakefnl,  wrak- 

fwl;  iwrack'^  +  -fid.    Cf.wrcckful.}    Ruinous; 

destmctive. 

What  wanton  hon'ors  marked  their  nrack/ul  path ! 

Scott,  Vision  of  Don  Roderick,  Conclusion,  st.  6. 

■wrack-grass   (rak'gras),    V.      Same   as   (jrasH- 

wrnck. 
wracksomet  (rak'sum), «.     [<  wrack'^  +  -.some.] 

Ruinous ;  destructive. 

Xor  bring  the  wracksom  engine  to  their  wall. 

Hudson,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  .Tudith,  ii. 

■wrain-staff  (ran'staf),  H.  Same  as  wri>i(j-staff. 
■wraith  (rath),  n.  [.\ppar.  an  altered  form  due 
to  some  confusion  of  the  dial,  warth,  an  appari- 
tion ;  supposed  to  have  been  orig.  a  guardian 
spirit.  <  Icel.  riirth  (gen.  rarthar),  award,  guar- 
dian; cf.  Norw.  riirde,  a  beacon,  pile  of  stones, 
rariiijrle,  a  guardian  or  attendant  si)irit  said  to 
go  before  or  follow  a  man,  also  considered  as  an 
omen  or  a  boding  spirit:  seewarrfl.]  An  appa- 
rition in  the  exact  likeness  of  a  person,  sup- 
posed to  be  seen  before  or  soon  after  the  per- 
son's death;  in  general,  a  visible  spirit;  a  spec- 
ter; a  ghost. 

His  presence  scared  the  clan, 
Who  held  him  for  some  fleeting  nraith. 
And  not  a  man  of  blood  and  breath. 

.Scntt,  L.  of  I,.  M.,  v.  28. 

In  1799  a  traveller  writes  of  the  peasants  of  Kirkcud- 
brightshire :  "  It  is  common  among  them  to  fancy  that  they 
see  the  icraifJis  of  persons  dying,  which  will  be  visible  to 
one  and  not  to  others  present  with  him." 

F,  B,  Tylor,  Prim.  Culture,  I.  40.'). 
Then  glided  out  of  the  joyous  wooil 
The  ghastly  Wraith  of  one  that  I  know. 

Tennyson,  .Maud,  xxiii. 

■wrakt,  ■wraket,  ».  and  v. 

wrackK 

■wrainp(ramp), )(.     [Origin  obscure.]    Aspraiii. 
■wran  (ran),  n.     A  dialectal  form  of  wren. 

The  wran!  the  wran.'  the  king  of  all  birds. 

Quoted  in  X.  and  Q.,  1st  ser.,  XII.  489. 

wrangl   frang,  locally  vraiig),  a.,  n.,  and  adr. 
Au  obsolete  or  dialectal  (Scotch)  form  of  wronij. 


Old    spelUiigs   (if 


6986 

■wrang^.  An  obsolete  or  provincial  preterit  of 
wrimj. 
■wrangle  (rang'gl),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wrangled, 
ppr.  wrangJing.  [<  ME.  wranglen;  a  freq.  form 
connected  with  LG.  wrangen,  wrangle,  Dan. 
rringle,  twist,  entangle,  and  ult.  with  wring: 
see  wring.']  I.  intrans.  1.  To  dispute;  argue 
noisily  or  In  a  quarrelsome  manner;  brawl; 
altercate. 

I  am  ready  to  distrust  mine  eyes, 
And  wrangle  with  my  reason. 

Shak,,  T,  N.,  iv.  3.  14. 
I  have  been  atoning  two  most  vrranglirig  neighbours. 
Fletcher,  Spanish  Curate,  iii.  4. 
Tho'  among  ourselves  with  too  much  Heat 
We  sometimes  wrangle,  when  we  should  debate. 

Prior,  To  Boileau  Despreaux  (1704). 

2.  To  engage  in  discussion  and  disputation; 
argue;  debate;  hence,  formerly,  in  some  uni- 
versities, to  dispute  publicly ;  defend  or  oppose 
a  thesis  by  argument. 

The  Philosophers,  as  they  scorne  to  delight,  so  must 
they  bee  content  little  to  mooue ;  sauing  wrawjliny 
whether  Vertue  bee  the  chiefe  or  the  onely  good ;  whether 
the  contemplatiue  or  the  active  life  doe  excell. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie  (ed.  Arber),  p.  41. 
Then,  in  the  scale  of  reas'ning  life,  'tis  plain. 
There  must  be,  somewhere,  such  a  rank  as  man  : 
And  all  the  question  (wrangle  e'er  so  long) 
Is  only  this,  if  God  has  placed  him  wrong. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  i.  49. 
=  8501.  I.  To  bicker,  spar,  jangle.    See  qvarreli,  n. 

Il.t  tratis.  To  contest  or  dispute,  especially 

in  the  usually  brawling  manner  of  the  schools. 

Sir  Philip,  while  they  wrangle  out  their  cause,  let  us 

agree.  Brome,  Northern  Lass,  v.  8. 

■wrangle  (rang'gl),  «.  [<  wrangle,  v.]  An  angry 
dispute  ;  a  noisy  quarrel. 

I  have  found  the  court  of  assistants  usually  taken  up  in 
little  wrangles  about  coachmen,  and  adjusting  accounts  of 
meal  and  small-beer. 

Swift,  Proposal  for  giving  Badges  to  Beggars. 

=  8301.  Squabble,  Altercation^  etc.  (see  gnarreP),  contro- 
versy. 
■wrangler  (rang'gler),  11.     [<  wrangle  +  -<?)•!.] 
1.  One  who  wrangles  or  disputes ;  a  debater; 
especially,  an  angry  or  noisy  disputant. 

True,  true,  ever  at  odds :  They  were  the  common  talke 
of  the  towne  for  a  paire  of  wranglers, 

Brome,  Sparagus  Garden,  i.  1. 
You  should  be  free  and  pleasant  in  every  answer  and 
behaviour,  rather  like  well-bred  gentlemen  in  polite  con- 
versation than  like  noisy  and  contentious  wranglers. 

Watts,  Improvement  of  Mind,  I.  xiii.  §  20. 
I  burn  to  set  th'  imprisoned  wranglers  free. 
And  give  them  voice  and  utt'rance  once  again. 

Cowper,  Task,  iv.  34. 

As  thy  great  men  are  fighters  and  wranglers,  so  thy 
mighty  things  upon  the  earth  and  sea  are  troublesome 
and  intractable  incumbrances. 

Landor,  Imag.  Conv.,  Diogenes  and  Plato. 

2t.  A  stubborn  opponent  or  adversary. 

Tell  him  he  hath  made  a  match  with  such  a  wrangler 

That  all  the  courts  of  France  will  be  disturb'd 

With  chaces.  Shak,,  Hen.  V.,  i.  2.  264. 

3.  In  Cambridge  University,  one  ■(vho  has  at- 
tained the  first  class  in  the  elementary  di\'ision 
of  the  public  examination  for  honors  in  pure 
and  mixed  mathematics,  commonly  called  the 
iiiathematical  tripos,  those  who  compose  the 
second  rank  of  honors  being  designated  senior 
ojifimes,  and  those  of  the  third  order  junior  oji- 
tinies.  The  student  taking  absolutely  the  first  place 
in  the  mathematical  tripos  used  to  be  called  the  senior 
wrangler,  those  following  next  in  the  same  division  being 
respectively  termed  second,  third,  fourth,  etc.,  wranglers. 
lint  in  the  final  examination  now,  to  which  only  wranglers 
are  admitted,  the  names  are  arranged  in  divisions  alpha- 
betically. The  name  is  derived  from  the  public  disputa- 
tions in  which  candidates  for  degrees  were  until  recent 
times  required  to  exhibit  their  powers.    Compare  tripos. 

Maule  was  senior  wrangler  and  senior  medallist  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  is  a  lawyer.      Greville,  Memoirs,  Jan.  2,  1831. 

wranglership  (raug'gler-ship),  n.  [<  wrangler 
+  -.iliip.]  In  (Cambridge  University,  the  posi- 
tion or  rank  of  a  wrangler. 

■wranglesome  (rang'gl-sum),  a.  [<  wrangle 
+ -.tonic.}  Contentious;  quarrelsome.  Halli- 
wcU. 

■wrangling  (rang'gling),  )i.  [<  ME.  wranglingc, 
wranglyiig ;  verbal  n.  of  wrangle,  !•.]  Disputa- 
tion ;  especially,  contentious  argumentation. 

Much  n-rangling  they  had,  but  at  last  they  confirmed 
him  according  to  pronnse  eight  shares  of  Land ;  and  so  he 
was  dismissed  of  his  charge,  with  shew  of  fauour  and  much 
friendship,     tjuoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  132. 

We  may  read  what  icrangling  the  Bishops  and  Monks 
had  alHtut  the  reading  or  not  reading  of  Origen. 

Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

■wrangOUSt   (rang'us),  a.     A   Scotch   form   of 

((■/•0«r/(>H.S'. 

■wrapi  (rap),  r,  t,;  pret.  and  pp.  wrapped  or  wrapt, 
ppr.  wrapping.     [E.  dial,  transposed  warp;  < 


■wrapper 

ME.  wrappen,  also  wlappen  (with  I  for  r),  >  E. 
lap:  see  tep3,  and  cf.  envelop,  develop.]  1.  To 
roll  or  fold  together,  as  a  pliable  or  flexible 
object :  usually  with  the  preposition  around 
(or  round)  or  about:  as,  to  wraj>  paper  about  a 
book. 

This  said,  he  took  his  mantle's  foremost  part, 
He  gan  the  same  together  fold  and  tmrap,    Fairfax, 
Like  one  who  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
Abovl  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

BryarU,  Tbanatopsis. 

2.  To  envelop;  surround;  cover- by  winding 
something  round  in  folds;  mufSe:  of  ten  with 
U2> :  as,  to  rcrap  up  a  child  in  its  blanket ;  to 
wrap  the  body  in  flannels. 

As  a  weigh  woful  he  wrapped  him  ther-inne, 

For  no  man  that  he  met  his  momyng  schuld  knowe. 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  746. 

The  Sarazines  wrappen  here  Hedes  in  white  lynnene 
Clothe.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  109. 

I,  .  .  .  wrapp'd  in  mist 
Of  midnight  vapour,  glide  secure. 

MUton,  P.  L.,  ix.  isa 
The  mother  .  .  . 
Then  brought  a  mantle  down  and  wrapt  her  in  it. 

Tennyson,  Geraint 

3.  To  cover  and  fasten  securely,  as  in  paper  or 
pack-sheet,  in  order  to  protect  from  injury  or 
injurious  exposure,  as  in  transit  or  during  stor- 
age, or  in  order  to  conceal :  generally  with  up : 
as,  to  wrap  up  an  umbrella  or  a  book  to  send 
by  express ;  to  wrap  up  one's  things  in  a  bun- 
dle.—  4.  To  conceal  by  involving  or  envelop- 
ing; hide  in  a  mass  of  different  character; 
cover  up  or  involve  generally. 

In  these  fewe  lines  I  haue  wrapped  vp  the  most  tedious 
part  of  Grammer.  Ascham,  The  Scholemaster,  p.  27. 

The  evil  which  is  here  vmipt  up. 

Shai.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1.  117. 

Wrapping  up  Religion  in  strange  figures  and  mysterious 
non-sense,  which  the  Egyptians  were  so  much  given  to. 
StUliitgJteet,  Sermons,  I.  iii. 

Wrapped  up  in,    (a)  Bound  up  with  or  in  ;  comprised 

or  involved  in ;  entirely  associated  with  or  dependent  on. 

His  [Leontine's]  young  wife  (in  whom  all  his  happiness 

was  wrapt  up)  died.  Addison,  Spectator,  No.  123. 

(6)  Engrossed  in  or  with;  entirely  devoted  to:  as,  she  is 
wrapped  tip  in  her  son ;  he  is  wrapped  up  in  his  studies. 

O  then,  O,  first  for  your  own  royal  sake. 
And  next  for  ours,  wrapp'd  up  in  you,  beware  ■ 
Of  his  Designs  in  time.  'J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  v.  152. 
The  state  pedant  is  wrapt  up  in  news,  and  lost  in  poli- 
tics. Addison,  Spectator,  No.  105. 
(c)  Comprised  or  involved  in,  as  an  effect  or  consequence. 
■wrapi  (rap),  11.     [<  wrap^,  r.]     An  article  of 
dress  intended  to  be  wrapped  round  the  person, 
as  on  a  journey ;  a  wrapper.    In  the  plural,  the  word 
is  applied  collectively  to  all  coverings  used,  in  addition  to 
the  usual  clothing,  as  a  defense  against  the  weather,  as 
cloaks,  shawls,  scarfs,  and  railway-rugs. 

Mrs.  Aleshine  ...  was  sitting  in  her  bonnet  and  wra^ 
ready  to  start  forth.        F.  R.  Stockton,  The  Dusantea,  iii. 

■wrap-t  (rap),  V.  t.  A  misspelling  of  rajp2. 
The  least  of  these  delights,  that  you  devise, 
Able  to  urape  and  dazzle  human  eyes. 

Peele,  Arraignment  of  Paris,  ii.  2. 
Wrapp'd  in  amaze,  the  matrons  wildly  stare. 

Vryden,  MneiA,  v,  840. 

■wrappage  (rap'aj),  «.  [<  wrap^  +  -age.]  1. 
The  act  of  WTapping. —  2.  Anything  which 
wraps,  or  is  used  for  wrapping;  collectively, 
things  used  as  wraps  or  wrappers. 

It  seems  somehow  the  very  central  essence  of  us,  Song: 
as  if  all  the  rest  were  but  wrappages  and  hulls ! 

Carlyle,  Heroes  and  Hero- Worship,  iii. 

Hence  was  the  need,  on  either  side,  of  a  lie 
To  serve  as  decent  wrappage. 

Broicning,  Ring  and  Book,  iv.  523. 

To-morrow  this  sheet  .  .  .  shall  be  the  wrappage  to  a 

bar  of  soap,  or  the  platter  for  a  beggar's  broken  victuals. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser.,  vi.,  note. 

■wrapper  (rap'er),  H.  [<.wrap^  +  -cr^.]  1.  One 
who  wraps. —  2.  That  in  which  anything  is 
wrapped  or  inclosed;  an  outer  covering:  as, 
newspaper  wrappers. 

As  soon  as  such  a  number  of  l>ooks  are  perfected,  the 
surplus  of  the  various  signatures  are  thrown  aside  for 
wrappers  and  other  official  uses. 

Bei},  W,  Tooke,  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  430. 

Specifically  —  (a)  The  loose  and  detachable  cover  of  paper 
put  about  a  book  bound  in  cloth  to  preserve  its  fresh- 
ness; sometimes,  incorrectly,  the  sewed  or  pasted  cover 
of  a  pamphlet.  (6)  Tobacco-leaf  specially  suited  or  pre- 
pared for  covering  cigars :  distinguished  from  fiUcr,  See 
Jilleri ,  4. 

Sumatra  tobacco  consists  of  large,  strong,  flexibleleaves, 
which  are  imixtrted  into  this  country  solely  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  cigar  wrappers.    The  Nation,  XL^^II.  379. 

3.  A  loose  garment  meant  to  envelop  the  whole, 
or  nearly  the  whole,  person :  applied  to  both 
indoor  and  outdoor  garments,  such  as  dress- 
ing-gowns, overcoats,  and  shawls.  At  certain  times 


wrapper 

the  name  is  used  of  some  special  form  of  garment,  though 
for  outdoor  garments  wrap  is  much  more  usual. 

Nitella  .  .  .  was  always  in  a  wrapper,  nightcap,  and 

slippers  wheu  she  was  not  decorated  for  immediate  show. 

Johiufon,  Rambler,  No.  115. 

Similar  mantles,  not  assumed  as  wrappers  for  extra 
warmth  or  protection  against  the  weather,  were  in  general 
use  at  ceremonies  and  festivals.        Eiieyc.  Brit.,  VI.  465. 

She  wore  a  dismal  calico  icrapper,  which  made  no  com- 
promise with  the  gauntness  of  her  figure. 

Harpers  Mag.,  LXXVII.  137. 

4.  An  undershirt.  [CoUoq.  or  trade  use.]  — 
8.  In  Fungi,  same  as  rolva. 

wrapping-paper  (rap'ing-pa''per),  «.  See  pa- 
per. 

wrapping-silk  (rap'ing-silk),  n.     See  .<<ilk. 

wrap-rascal  (rap'ras'kal),  «.  [<  wrap  +  obj. 
rascal;  a  humorous  term,  like  hap-harlot.l  A 
loose  greatcoat  worn  by  people  of  eleganee 
about  1740,  in  supposed  imitation  of  the  coarse 
coats  of  the  poorer  people ;  hence,  any  surtout 
or  long  outer  garment. 

His  dress  was  also  that  of  a  horse-dealer  —  a  close-hut- 
toned  jockey-coat,  or  icrap-rascal,  as  it  was  then  termed, 
with  huge  metal  buttons,  coarse  blue  upper  stockings, 
called  boot-hose,  because  supplying  the  place  of  boots, 
and  a  slouched  hat.        Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xiii. 

The  driver,  by  means  of  a  lerapra^cal,  had  covered  a 
great  part  of  the  rags  of  his  lower  garment. 

Thackeray,  Irish  Sketch-Book,  lix. 

wrasse  (ras), «.  [Also, better,  wraxx ;  said  to  be 
<  W.  ywrachen,  the  W.  name  for  the  fish  being 
flwrachen  y  »i<5r.]  An  acanthopterygian  tele- 
ost  fish  of  the  family  Lahridee ;  any  labrid,  or 
labroid  fish,  having  thick  tieshy  lips,  strong 
sharp  teeth,  and  usually  brilliant  coloration. 
See  parrot-fUfh  (with  cut).  They  are  carnivorous 
salt-water  tlshes  of  littoral  habits,  haunting  chietly  rocky 
shores,  and  many  of  them  are  esteemed  food-fishes.  The 
species  to  which  the  name  applies  as  a  liook-name  are  very 
numerous  ;  but  those  of  which  urojtge  is  actually  spoken 
are  chiefiy  the  British  species,  as  the  ballan-wrasse  and 
the  red  wrasse.  (Heecut  untler /^afrnw.)  InAmericathe 
best-known  wrasses (thoujih  not  so  called)  are  the  common 
cunner,  the  tautog,  and  the  fathead.  See  cuts  under  these 
words.— Comber  wrasse.  .'*ame  as  comber'-',  2.— Cook 
wraBSe,  the  8tripe<i  wrasse.  Ijabnui  mixtw.  —  Ctenoid 
wrasses,  wrasses  with  ctenoid  scales  ;  the  Clenolabridfe. 

—  Cycloid  wrasses,  wra-sses  with  cycloid  scales;  the 
Ci/ct'flaffri'l/e.  -  Servellan  WraSSe.    HmnKASitireeUipg.S. 

—  Small-mouthed  wrasse,  CnitrUabrun  ex^iietus.  (See 
al8<j  bnUan-iira9*e,  raiiitmir-irrasse.) 

wrasse-fish  (ras'nsh),  n.  A  wrasse.  See  [,a- 
liriis  (with  cut). 

wrastle  (ras'l).  v.  and  «.  An  obsolete  or  ilia- 
lectal  form  of  irrextle. 

wrath  ( riith,  sometimes  rath),  «.  [<  ME.  trratli- 
thc,  irrnttlif,  tcrseththe,  tcrctlitlie,  tirallir,  irrrilif, 
also  erroneously  irraui/th,  <  AS.  (ONortli.) 
wr^ththo,  irrxtho  (=  Icel.  rcilhi  (for  *rrcithi)  = 
Sw.  Dan.  rrede),  anger,  wrath,  <  wrath,  angry, 
wroth:  see  wroth.  Wrath  is  thus  the  noun  of 
wroth.  The  historical  pron.  is  riith,  which  is 
also  almost  or  quite  universal  in  the  United 
States.]  1.  Fierce  anger;  velieraent  indigna- 
tion; rage. 

Yet  in  his  wraugth  this  thought  he  eucr  among  : 

If  he  sbuld  avenge  hym  sodenly, 

All  his  pepill  wold  say  he  did  hyni  wrong. 

aeneri/ileti  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  13T3. 

Wraththe  of  children  Is  ouercome  soone. 

Baheeii  «<«)*(K.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  .'il. 

Then  boyllng  Wrath,  stern,  cruell,  swift,  and  rash. 
That  like  a  litrar  her  teeth  doth  grinde  and  gnash. 
.SylreMer,  tr.  of  liu  Bartaa's  Weeks,  It,  The  Furies. 

2t.  Heat;  impetuosity. 

They  are  in  the  very  wrath  of  love,  and  they  will  toge- 
ther; clubs  cannot  part  thent. 

,Shak  ,  As  yon  tike  it,  v.  2.  44. 

3.  The  effects  of  anger;  the  just  punishment 
of  an  offense  or  crime :  vengeance.  Kom.  xiii.  4. 

—  To  pour  out  vials  of  wrath.  See  rial.  =  Syn.  1.  An- 
ger, Vexation,  Indignation,  etc.  (see  an{feri). 

wratht  (riith),  a.  All  obsolete  (in  early  modern 
use  erroneous)  form  of  wroth. 

Whereat  the  l*rince  full  ttrath  his  strr>itg  right  han'l 
In  full  avengenient  heave<l  up  on  hie. 

.Sftenjter,  F.  Q.,  IV.  vtii,  4o. 

Oberon  is  passing  fell  and  urafh. 

.Shak.,  M.  \.  I).,  ii.  1.  20. 

wratht  (rath),  r.  [<  ME.  wriitlithen,  wratthcii, 
wrnthrn,  wrathirn,<.AH.iicirrathinn  (=Oii.wrf'th- 
iaii  =  Icel.  ri'itha),  be  angry,  <  wrath,  angry:  see 
wroth  and  wrath,  h.]  I.  ititran.i.  To  become 
wroth  or  angry;  manifest  anger. 

Than  the  worthy  at  his  wife  irrathH  a  little. 
And  blaniyt  the  burde  for  hir  b4)Id  speche. 

Dexlnictinn  nf  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  S442. 

And  appere  in  hus  presence  whyle  hym  pleye  lyketh. 
And  yf  he  uyrattfie,  we  niowe  be  war  anil  bus  way  roume. 
I'irrt  I'loinnan  (C),  I.  1S9. 

n.  trann.  1.  To  make  wroth  or  angry;  cause 
wrath  or  anger  In;  anger;  enrage. 


6987 

Melechmanser  ...  on  a  Day  pleyed  at  the  Chesse,  and 
his  Swerd  lay  besyde  him  ;  and  so  befelle  that  on  wratthed 
him,  and  with  his  owne  propre  Swerd  he  was  slayn. 

Maiulemlle,  Travels,  p.  37. 

I  wol  not  \cralhe  him,  also  mote  I  thryve. 

Chatteer,  Prol.  to  Manciple  s  Tale,  1.  80. 

And  that  es  drede  perflte  in  vs  and  gastely  when  we 
drede  to  vrrethe  God  in  the  teste  syne  that  wekaneknawe 
and  flese  it  als  venynie. 

Hampole,  Prose  Treatises  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  12. 

2.  To  be  angry  with ;  exhibit  anger  or  wrath 
to. 

Whi  irralMhist  thou  me?  y  greue  thee  nou3t. 

Whi  art  thou  to  thi  freend  vnkinde? 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  161. 

wrathful  (rilth'ful),  n.  [<  ME.  wrethful,  wreth- 
ro/,  wrathful ;  <  wrath,  «.,  -I-  -/«/.]  1.  Full  of 
\vrath ;  very  angry ;  greatly  incensed. 

Strong  men,  and  uraUi/ul  that  a  stranger  knight 

Should  do  and  almost  overdo  the  deeds 

Of  Lancelot.  Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

2.  Expressive  of  or  prompted  or  characterized 
by  wrath  or  anger;  raging;  impetuous;  furi- 
ous :  as,  wrathful  passions ;  a  wrathful  coun- 
tenance. 

Uow  now,  lords !  your  irrathful  weapons  drawn 
Here  in  our  presence?         .Shak',  2  Hen.  VI.,  iii.  2.  237. 
Like  Lightning,  swift  the  wrathful  Faulchion  flew. 

Pope,  Iliad,  i.  524. 

3.  Executing  wrath ;  serving  as  the  instrument 
of  wrath.     [liare.] 

Whiles  we,  (Jod's  irrathfvl  agent,  do  correct 

Their  proud  contempt  that  beats  His  peace  to  heaven. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  il.  1.  87. 
=  Syn.  1.  Indignant,  resentful,  exasperated,  irate. 
wrathfully(iath'ful-i),rtrfc.   [<  ME-wrethfulh/; 

<  wrathful  +  -li/'-.i  In  a  wrathful  manner;  with 
anger;  angrily. 

Then  thes  Paynymes  wretbfuUy  ther  thens 
Whent,  leuying  anon  ther  atourdy  uiolens. 

Kom.  nf  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2218. 
Kill  him  Iwldly,  but  not  wrath,fully. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1.  172. 

wrathfulness  (riith'ful-nes),  n.   The  character 

or  state  of  being  wrathful;  vehement  anger. 
Wrathily  (rii'thi-li),   adv.      [<  wrathji  +  -li/'^.] 
With  wrath  or  great  anger;    angrily.      [Col- 
loq.] 
The  master  wrathily  insisted. 

a.  W.  Cabt.e,  (Hd  Creole  Uays,  Posson  Jone. 

wrathless  (riith'les),  «.     [<  ME.  wraththelees ; 

<  wrath,  II.,  +  -/r.«.s.]  Free  from  anger.  Wal- 
ler, Of  the  Countess  of  Carlisle's  Chamber. 

wrathy  (rii'thi),  a.     [<  wrath,  «.,  +  -yi.]     An- 
gry.     [Colloq.] 
wrawt,  "•     [ME.  wraw,  wrah,  wros,  pi.  wrowe, 
perverse,  angry,  fierce;  cf.  irro,  a  corner.]    An- 
gry; froward;  peevish. 

With  this  speche  the  cook  wex  wroth  and  wraw. 

CItancer,  Prol.  to  Manciple's  Tale,  I.  46. 

wrawfult,  ".  [ME.,  <  wraw  +  -fid.l  Peevish; 
angry. 

Ire  tronbleth  a  man,  and  accidie  maketh  hym  hevy, 
thoghttul,  and  wrawful.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

wrawlt, '•. '.     [Prob.  a  var.  of  H'oic/,  Hfl«/.]     To 
cry  as  a  cat;  waul ;  whine  ;  moan. 
Nor  practize  sinifflingly  to  speake,  for  that  doth  imitate 
The  lirutish  Storke  and  Elephant,  yea,  and  the  wralling 
cat.  Bailees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  293. 

Cats  that  wratrling  still  did  cry. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  VI.  xii.  27. 

wra'Wnesst,  «•  [<  ME.  wrawncme,  perverse- 
ness,  peevishness;  <  inair  -I-  -Hr.w.]  Anger; 
peevishness;  frowardness. 

Hedooth  allethyng  with  anoy, and  with  wraMm«*Mtc,slak • 
nesse,  and  excusacioun.  Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

'Wraxling  (raks'ling),  a.  A  dialectal  form  of 
irrantliiifi  for  wrestling.     Paries.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

As  long  as  there  's  a  devil  or  devils,  even  an  ass  or  asses, 
in  the  universe,  one  will  have  to  turn  otit  to  the  reveille 
now  and  then,  wherever  one  is,  an<l  satisfy  one's  #u^o?, 
rage,  or  pluck,  which  Plato  aveireth  (for  why,  he'd  have 
been  a  wraxling  man,  and  tlierefore  was  a  philosopher, 
and  the  king  of  'em)  to  be  the  rofit  of  all  virtue. 

C  Kingxley,  Life,  II.  53.     (Davies.) 

wrayt  (ra),  '•.  /.     [<  ME.  wreyeii,  wreicii,  wregcn, 

<  AS.  wregnn  =  OS.  wrogian  =  OFries.  wrogia 
=  OHO.  riioijen  =  Icel.  ragja  =  Goth,  wrohjaii, 
accuse,  betray.  Cf.  bcwrai/.'l  1.  To  reveal; 
disclose. 

Thou  Shalt  upon  thy  trouthe  swere  me  heere 
That  to  no  wight  thou  shall  this  conseil  irret/e. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  I.  317. 
The  work  urrn/es  the  man. 

Mir.  for  Mags.,  p.  82.    (Wares.) 
2.  To  lietray. 

[lense  !  tyte.  but  thou  the  hye. 
With  donlle  her  schall  thou  dye. 
That  wreyes  hym  on  this  wise. 

York  Plays,  p.  1.^0. 
wret,  "•  '•     Same  as  irn/^. 


wreath 

■wreakl  (rek),  r.  t.  [Formerly  also  wreck;  <  ME. 
wreken  (pret.  wrak,  wrek,  pi.  wreken,  pp.  wreken, 
wroken,  wroke,  wreke),  <  AS.  wrecan  (pret.  wrmc, 
pp.  wreceii),  wreak,  revenge,  punish,  orig.  drive, 
urge,  impel,  =  OS.  wrecan  =  OFries.  wrcka  = 
D.  wreken,  repel,  toss,  also  wreak  vengeance, 
=  OHG.  rehhan,  MHG.  rcchen,  G.  rachen,  re- 
venge, etc.,  =  Icel.  reka  (for  vreka),  drive, 
thrust,  repel,  toss,  also  wreak,  =  Sw.  rrdka, 
reject,  refuse,  throw,  =  Dan.  rrage,  reject,  = 
Goth,  wrikaii,  persecute,  ga-wrikan,  avenge;  cf. 
Lith.  wargti,  suffer  affliction,  wargns,  affliction, 
OBulg.  Euss.  rragu,  enemy,  foe,  persecutor; 
L.  vergere,  bend,  turn,  incline  (see  verged), 
urgere,  press,  urge  (see  urge),  Gr.  clpytiv,  re- 
pel, Skt.  ■/  varj,  turn,  twist.]  1.  To  revenge; 
avenge :  with  either  the  offense  or  the  person 
offended  as  the  object.     [Obsolescent.] 

Now  tyme,  by  my  trauthe,  to  take  it  on  bond. 
To  mene  vs  with  manhode  &  our  niys  wreke. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1760. 
Thogh  his  bowe  be  nat  broken, 
He  wol  nat  with  his  arwes  been  ywroken 
On  thee  ne  me,  ne  noon  of  oure  tlgure. 

Chaucer,  Envoy  of  Chaucer  to  Scogan,  1.  26. 
To  send  down  Justice  for  to  uyreak  our  wrongs. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  3.  61. 
Grant  me  some  knight  to  do  the  battle  for  me. 
Kill  the  foul  thief,  and  wreak  me  for  my  son. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

2.  To  execute;  inflict:  as,  to  wreak  vengeance 
on  an  enemy. 

Working  that  malice  on  the  creatures  heere,  which  he 
could  not  there  so  easily  u^ecke  on  their  Creator. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  25. 

On  me  let  Death  wreak  all  his  rage. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  241. 

No  Roman  fleet  came  to  wreak  the  Imperial  revenge  on 

the  German  shore.     E.  A.  Freevmn,  Amer.  Lects.,  p.  121. 

wreafclf  (rek),  «.     [<  ME.  wreke,  wrake,  wrechc 
(=  D.  wraak);  <  wreakX,  c]     1.  Revenge;  ven- 
geance; furious  passion;  resentment. 
For  syn  thou  take  no  wreke  on  me. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  10.5. 
I  drede  of  thyn  unhappe. 
Lest  for  thy  gilt  the  un-eche  of  Love  procede 
On  alle  hem  that  ben  hore  and  ronnde  of  shape. 
That  ben  so  lykly  folk  in  love  to  spede. 

Chaucer,  Envoy  of  Chaucer  to  .Scogan,  1.  30. 
Our  writings  are. 
By  any  envious  instruments  that  dare 
Apply  them  to  the  guilty,  made  to  speak 
W  hat  they  will  have  to  fit  their  tyrannous  wreak. 

/?.  Jonson,  .Sejanus,  iv.  3. 
If  revenge 
And  unexpected  wreak  were  ever  pleasing. 
Or  could  endear  the  giver  of  such  blessings, 
All  these  I  come  adorn'd  with. 

Beau,  and  Ft.,  Knight  of  Malta,  iv.  1. 

2.  Punishment. 

Therto  we  wreched  womnien  nothyne  konne, 
When  us  is  wo,  but  sitte  and  wepe  and  thynke ; 
Our  wreche  is  this  oure  owen  wo  to  drynke. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  784. 

wreak-'t,  ''•     An  erroneous  spelling  of  reck. 
wreaker  (re'ker),  h.     [<  ME.  wrrker,   wrckeer 
(=  MD.  wreker),  avenger;  <  m-c<«A1,  r.,  +-cr^.] 
One  who  wreaks. 

The  stork,  the  lerekere  of  avouterye. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  361. 

Infernal  Furies  eke,  ye  ^rertfr^rs  of  wrong,  .  .  . 

Receive  these  words,  and  eke  your  heavy  power 

Withdraw  from  me.  Surrey,  ^]neid,  iv. 

If  we  let  sin  alone,  his  kingdom  flourisheth  ;  if  we  strike 

at  him,  and  hit  not  the  liough  he  sits  on,  we  move  him 

not ;  if  we  do,  we  are  jiulged  partial,  personal,  and  wreak- 

ers  of  our  own  spleen.  Hev.  T.  Adams,  Works,  I.  46.6. 

■wreakfult(rek'ful),  rt.  [Also  m-/tcA/h;  ,-  <  ME. 
wrakefid ;  <  wreak  +  -fid.1  Revengeful;  an- 
gry- 

What  thing  is  love?    It  is  a  power  divine, 
That  reigns  in  us,  or  else  a  wreakful  law. 

Greene,  Sonnetto. 

Working  wreakefull  vengeance  on  my  Foes. 

Shak.,  'lit.  And.,  v.  •!.  32  (fol.  162.3). 

■wreakless't  (rek'les),  a.  [<  wrcak^  -(-  -/f,s-,v.] 
Unpunished ;  unavenged. 

Vou  still  u-reakless  live. 
Gnaw,  vennin-like,  things  sacred,  no  laws  give 
To  your  devouring.  '   Chaj/nian,  Odyssey,  ii.  22.3. 

wreakless'-'t,  a.    An  erroneous  spelling  of  reck- 

Ir.s.-i. 
■wreath  (reth),  «.  [<  ME.  wrethe.  wrielhe,  <  AS. 
irneth,  a  twisted  band,  bandage,  <  writhiin  (pret. 
icra//i ),  writhe, twist :  see  ht/(/(c.]  1.  A  twisted 
band;  something  twisted,  as  a  floweringbranch. 
into  a  circular  form  ;  especially,  a  sort  of  crown 
made  of  natiiral  or  artificial  flowers  sewed  to  a 
stem,  or  of  thin  metal-work,  liligree,  or  the  like ; 
a  garland;  a  chaplet. 

A  wrethe  of  gi)l<l  arm-greet,  of  huge  wighte. 
Upon  his  heed,  set  fnl  of  stones  brighte. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1287. 


vnreath 

With  bruised  arms  and  icreath9  of  victory. 

Shak.,  Lucrece,  L  110. 

[He]  afterward  attain'd 
The  royal  Scottish  wreath,  upholding  it  in  state. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  v.  61. 

With  wreaths  of  grace  he  crowns  my  conquering  brows. 
Quarles,  Emblems,  v.  3. 

A  lute  she  held ;  and  on  her  head  was  seen 
A  wreath  of  roses  red,  and  myrtles  green. 

Dryden,  Pal.  and  Arc,  1.  1128. 

Round  the  sufferer's  temples  bind 
Wreaths  that  endure  affliction's  heaviest  shower. 
And  do  not  shrink  from  sorrow's  keenest  wind. 

Wwdsii'orth. 

2.  Inher.:  (n)  A  garland  or  diadem  for  the  head. 
(1)  A  chaplet  of  flowers  or  leaves,  the  general  character  be- 
ing described  in  the  blazon.  (2)  A  sort  of  twist  or  heavy 
cord  composed  of  the  chief  color  and  the  chief  metal  in 
the  achievement.  It  is  not  often  used  as  a  bearing,  but  Is 
placed  upon  or  above  the  helmet  to  receive  the  crest.   It  is 


Wreath,  as  worn  at  the  end  of  the  14th  century  :  the  origin  of  the 
heraldic  wreath  borne  under  the  crest  and  seeming  to  support  it. 
(From  Viollet-le-Duc's  "  Diet,  du  Mobilier  fran^ais.") 

then  shown  edgewise,  and  resembles  a  short  piece  of  stout 
rope,  and  should  show  three  turns  of  the  metal  and  three 
of  the  color,  l)eginning  at  the  dexter  side  with  the  metal. 
Such  a  wreath  may  also  be  borne  on  the  head  of  a  man  or  a 
woman.  It  is  then  represented  in  perspective  as  in  nature. 
{!>)  The  tail  of  a  wild  boar:  mentioned  in  the 
blazon  only  when  of  a  different  tincture  from 
the  rest  of  the  bearing. —  3.  Something  resem- 
bling a  twisted  band ;  something  narrow,  long, 
and  circular,  of  slightly  irregular  outline. 

Clouds  began 
To  darken  all  the  hill,  and  smoke  to  roll 
In  dusky  wreaths.  Milton,  P.  L.,  vi.  58. 

As  wreath  of  snow,  on  mountain-breast, 
Slides  from  the  rock  that  gave  it  rest. 

Scott,  h.  of  the  L.,  vi.  27. 
A  wreath  of  airy  dancers  hand-iii-hand 
Swung  round  the  lighted  lantern  of  the  hall. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

4.  A  defect  in  glass,  consisting  of  a  wavy  ap- 
pearance, due  to  want  of  uniform  density.  This 
defect  is  most  common  in  flint-glass. —  5.  The 
trochal  disk  of  a  rotifer  with 
its  fringe  of  cilia.  See  cuts  un- 
der Hoiifcra  and  trochal Civic 

■wreath.    See  CTvic.— Purple  ■wreath. 

See  Pc^rcn.— St  Peter's  ■wreath.  Same 

as  Italian  may  (which  see,  under  may*). 

—  Wreath  circular,  in  her.,  a  wreath 

shown  fully,  not  edgewise  or  in  perspec-  i,  r--     i 

tive,  forming,  therefore,  a  complete  cir-     ^^'"a*  <-ncular. 

cle.     It  is  in  this  form  that  a  wreath  is  generally  shown 

when  used  as  a  bearing. 

wreath,  r.     See  wreathe. 

■wreath-animalcule  (reth'an-i-mal"kiil),  h.  An 
animalcule  of  the  family  Pcridiiiiidse. 

wreathe  (reTii),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  toreathed  (pp. 
also  wreathen),  ppr.  wreathing.  [Also  wreath  ; 
<  ME.  wrethen;  <  wreath,  «.]  I.  trans.  1.  To 
twist ;  form  by  twisting. 

Of  them  the  shepheard  which  hath  charge  in  chief 
Is  Triton,  blowing  loud  his  lereathed  home. 

Spenser,  Colin  Clout,  1.  245. 

Two  chains  of  pure  gold  ...  of  ureathen  work. 

Ex.  xxviii.  14. 
An  adder 
Wreathed  up  in  fatal  folds. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  879. 

And  in  the  arm'd  ship,  with  a  wcW-n'reath'd  cord, 

They  straitly  bound  me.     Chapman,  Odyssey,  xiv.  485. 

They  killed  a  man  which  was  a  llr.st-borne,  wreathing 

his  head  from  his  bodie,  and  embalming  the  same  with 

salt  and  spices.  I'urchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  137. 

2t.  To  writhe  ;  contort ;  distort. 

Then  walks  off  melancholic,  and  stands  wreathed. 
As  he  were  ijiinied  up  Ut  the  arras,  thus. 

B.  Junson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  iii.  2. 
Impatient  of  the  wound, 
He  rolls  and  wreathes  his  shining  body  round. 

fJay,  Rural  .Sports,  i. 

3.   To  form  into  a  wreath  ;  adjust  as  a  wreath 
or  circularly;  cause  to  pass  aV)ont  something. 


6988 

About  his  neck 
A  green  and  gilded  snake  had  wreathed  itself. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  iv.  S.  109. 
Then  he  found  a  door 
And  darkling  felt  the  sculptured  ornament 
That  wreathen  round  it  made  it  seem  his  own. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  'Vivien. 

4.  To  form  or  make  by  intertwining ;  also,  to 
twist  together  or  intertwine  ;  combine,  as  sev- 
eral things  into  one,  by  twisting  and  intertwin- 
ing. 

From  his  slack  hand  the  garland  wreathed  for  Eve 
Down  dropp'd.  MUtrni,  P.  L.,  ix.  892. 

5.  To  surroimd  with  a  wreath  or  with  anything 
twisted  or  twined;  infold;  twist,  twine,  or  fold 
round. 

Each  wreathed  in  the  other's  arms. 

Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  il.  3.26. 

Dusk  faces  with  white  silken  turbans  wreathed. 

Milton,  P.  R.,  iv.  76. 

And  with  thy  winding  ivy  wreathes  her  lance. 

Dryden,  ^neid,  vii.  549. 

Wreathed  in  smoke  the  ship  stood  out  to  sea. 

M.  Arnold,  Balder  Dead,  iii. 

6.  To  form  or  become  a  wreath  about;  encir- 
cle. 

In  the  riow'rs  that  wreathe  the  sparkling  Bowl 

Eell  Adders  hiss.  Prior,  Solomon,  ii. 

Wreathed  column,  in  arch.,  a  column  so  shaped  as  to 
present  a  twisted  or  spiral  form. 

II.  iiitrans.  1.  To  take  the  form  of  a  wreath ; 
hence,  to  mingle  or  interlace,  as  two  or  more 
things  with  one  another. 

A  bow'r 
Of  wreathing  trees. 

Dryden,  tr.  of  Virgil's  Eclogues,  ix.  85. 

2.  In  millinf/,  to  hug  the  eye  of  the  millstone  so 
closely  as  to  retard  or  prevent  its  descent :  said 
of  flour  or  meal. 
■wreathen  (re'THn),  p.  a.  [<  ME.  wrethcn,  var. 
of  writhen,  pp.  of  writhe:  see  writhcn.  In  pres- 
ent use  xrrcathen  is  regarded  as  a  poetical  form 
for  wreathed,  pp.  of  wreathe,  v.J  Wreathed; 
twisted;  specifically,  in  /icr.,  having  many  coils 
or  circular  curves,  as  a  serpent  when  the  body 
is  coiled  in  different  parts  of  its  length. 

The  hegge  also  .  .  . 

With  sicamour  was  set  and  eglatere 

Wrethen  in  fere  so  wel  and  cunningly. 

Flower  and  Leaf,  1.  57. 

■wreather  (re'THer),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
wreathes,  twists,  or  t^wines. 

Wreather  of  poppy  buds  and  weeping  willows  ! 

Keats,  Sleep  and  Poetry. 

■wreath-shell  (reth'shel),  Ji.  Any  member  of  the 
Turhinidfe,  and  especially  of  the  genus  Turbo. 
The  species  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  highly  or- 
namental when  polished.  See  cuts  under  Turbo,  Impera- 
tor,  and  operculum. 

■wreathy  (re'thi),  a.      [<  wreath  +  -yl.]      1. 

Twisted;  curled;  spiral.     Sir  T.  Browne. —  2. 

Surrounded  or  decked  with  a  wreath  or  with 

something  resembling  a  wreath. 

Shake  the  wreathy  spear.  Dryden,  ^neid,  iv.  438. 

■wrecchet,  wrecchedt.  Middle  English  forms 
of  wretch,  wretched. 

■wrechet,  "•     See  wrcaJ;'^. 

■wreck^  (rek),  «.  [<  ME.  wrak,  wrel;  wrec,  <  AS. 
wnec,  expulsion,  banishment,  exile,  misery  (= 
D.  tcrak;  wreck,  =  Icel.  rek  (for  j^rek),  also  reki, 
anything  drifted  or  driven  ashore,  =  Sw.  rrak. 
refuse,  trash,  wreck,  =  Dan.  vrar/,  wreck),  < 
wrecan  =  Icel.  rcka,  etc..  drive :  see  wreak'^, 
and  cf .  wrack'i,  a  doublet  of  jcrerf-l.]  1.  The 
destruction, disorganization,  disruption,  or  ruin 
of  anything  by  force  and  violence;  dilapida- 
tion: as,  the  ^oreck  of  a  bridge;  the  wreck  of 
one's  fortunes. 


Hence  grew  the  general  wreck  and  massacre. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1.  135. 

The  ureck  of  matter  and  the  crush  of  worlds. 

Addison,  Cato,  v.  1. 

2.  That  which  is  in  a  state  of  wreck  or  ruin, 
or  remains  from  the  operation  of  any  destroy- 
ing agency:  as,  the  building  is  a  mere  wreck; 
he  is  but  the  wreck  of  his  former  self. 

But  still  the  brave  old  soul  held  on,  making  the  most 
of  the  wreck  of  life,  now  drifting  alone  to  the  Islands  of 
the  Blessed.        Theodore  Parker,  Historic  Americans,  vi. 

Naught  remains  the  saddening  tale  to  tell, 

Save  home's  last  urecks ^the  cellar  and  the  well ! 

0.  W.  Holmes,  Island  Ruin. 

3.  The  jiai'tial  or  total  destruction  of  a  vessel 
at  sea  or  in  ajiy  navigable  water,  by  any  acci- 
dent of  navigation  or  by  the  force  of  the  ele- 
ments; sliipwreck. 

do,  go,  begone,  to  save  your  ship  from  wreck. 
Which  cainiot  perish,  having  thee  on  b<»ard. 

Shak,  T.  G.  of  V.,  i.  1.  156. 


'Wrecker 

4.  A  vessel  ruined  by  wreck;  the  hulk  and 
spars,  more  or  less  dismembered  and  shattered, 
of  a  vessel  oast  away  or  completely  disabled  by 
breaching,  staving,  or  otherwise  breaking. 

In  the  statute  of  Westminster  the  first  (3  Edw.  I,,  c.  4), 
the  time  of  limitation  of  claims  given  by  the  charter  of 
Henry  II.  is  extended  to  a  year  and  a  day,  .  .  .  and  it 
enacts  that,  if  a  man.  a  dog,  or  a  cat  escape  alive,  the  vessel 
shall  not  be  adjudged  a  wreck.     Blackstone,  Com.,  I.  viil. 

5.  That  which  is  cast  ashore  by  the  sea;  ship- 
wrecked property,  whether  a  part  of  the  ship 
or  of  the  cargo ;  wreckage ;  in  old  Eng.  common 
law,  derelict  of  the  sea  cast  upon  land  within 
the  body  of  a  country,  and  not  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  owner  or  his  agents.  Wreck,  or  more 
fully  wreck  of  the  sea,  was  at  common  law  applied  only  to 
wrecked  property  cast  by  the  sea  upon  the  land ;  and  this 
included  things  grounded  —  that  is,  not  floating  at  the 
time  of  seizure,  although  in  a  position  where  the  tide 
would  float  them  again.  All  such  property  was  originally 
the  perquisite  of  the  crown,  or  of  its  tenant  the  lord  of 
the  manor ;  but  in  course  of  time  an  exception  was  made 
of  wrecks  from  which  any  living  thing  escaped  to  land, 
in  which  case  a  presumption  that  an  owner  would  appear 
arose  and  the  property  was  preserved  for  a  year  and  a 
day,  after  which  if  no  claim  was  established  the  right  of 
the  crown  was  recognized.  Wrecked  matter  floating  was 
within  the  jurisdiction  not  of  thecommon-law  courts, but 
of  admiralty,  and  known  as  derelict,  or  derelict  of  the  sea. 
This  too  was  a  perciuisite  of  the  crown,  claimed  under  the 
name  of  a  droit  of  admiralty.  Such  matter  was  classed  as 
flotsam,  jetsam,  and  lagan  or  liyan(yvh\ch  see).  In  the  Unit- 
ed States  the  right  to  derelict  for  which  the  owner  does  not 
appear  is  in  the  Federal  government ;  the  right  to  wreck 
for  which  he  does  not  appear  is  in  the  State  to  whose 
coast  it  comes,  subject  usually  in  either  case  to  the  right 
of  the  rescuer  of  it  to  a  compensation  known  as  salvage. 

6.  Seaweeds  cast  ashore  by  storms;  wrack. — 
Commissioners  of  ■wrecks  (in*  Maine,  Massachusetts, 
and  Rhode  Island),  receivers  Of  ■wrecks  (in  Great  Brit- 
ain), "wreck-masters  (in  New  York  and  Texas),  oflicera 
whose  duty  it  is  to  take  charge  of  wrecked  property  on 
the  part  of  the  coast  for  which  they  are  appointed,  and 
preserve  it  for  the  owner,  or,  if  unclaimed,  for  the  state. 
— Wreck  conunissioner,  in  Great  Britain,  one  of  a  tri- 
bunal consisting  of  not  more  than  three,  appointed  by  the 
lord  chancellor,  under  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1876  (39 
and  40  Vict.,  c.  80),  for  the  purpose  of  investigating  ship- 
ping casualties. 

■wreckl  (rek),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  wrecked,  ppr. 
irreckiny.  [<  irrcctl,  n.]  I.  traw*.  1 .  To  cause 
the  wreck  of,  as  a  vessel ;  suffer  to  be  ruined  or 
destroyed  in  the  course  of  navigation  or  man- 
agement :  said  specifically  of  the  person  under 
whose  charge  a  vessel  is  at  the  time  of  its 
wreck,  and  usually  implying  blame,  even  in 
case  of  misfortune. 

Friends,  this  frail  bark  of  ours,  when  sorely  tried. 
May  iireck  itself  without  the  pilot's  guilt. 
Without  the  captain's  knowledge. 

Tennyson,  Aylmer's  Field. 

2.  To  cause  the  downfall  or  overthrow  of ;  ruin ; 
shatter ;  destroy ;  bring  into  a  disabled  or  ruin- 
ous condition  by  any  means:  as,  to  wreck  a 
railroad-train  or  a  bank;  to  wreck  the  fortunes 
of  a  family. 

Weak  and  envy'd,  if  they  should  conspire 
They  wreck  themselves,  and  he  hath  his  desire. 

Daniel,  Civil  Wars,  iii.  17. 

The  meeting-houses  of  the  Dissenters  were  everywhere 
wrecked.  Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent,  t 

3.  To  involve  in  a  wreck;  imperil  or  damage 
by  wreck:  as,  a  wrecked  sailor;  wrecked  cargo. 

Here  I  have  a  pilot's  thumb, 
Wreck'd  as  homewaM  he  did  come. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  3.  29. 

The  spurious  tea  men  are  also  the  buyers  of  wrecked  tea 
—  that  is,  of  tea  which  has  been  part  of  the  salvage  of  a 
lereeked  vessel. 

Mayheu;  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  II.  151. 

Like  golden  ripples  hasting  to  the  land 

To  nreck  their  freight  of  sunshine  on  the  strand. 

Lou'ell,  Legend  of  Brittany,  i.  33, 

II.  intrans.  To  suffer  wreck  or  i-nin.     [Kare.] 

Rocks,  whereon  greatest  men  have  oftest  wreck'd. 

MUton,  P.  R.,  ii.  228. 

■wreck-t  (rek),  r.  and  n.    An  obsolete  form  of 
wrettk^ . 
■wreckage  (rek'aj).  «.     [<  wrcek^  +  -age.'i     1. 
The   act  of  wrecking,  or  the   state  of  being 
wrecked. 

Wreckage  and  dissolution  are  the  appointed  issue. 

Carlyle,  French  Rev.,  II.  v.  2. 

2.  That  which  remains  of  or  from  a  wreck  of 
any  kind ;  wrecked  material  in  general. 

Only  a  few  years  ago,  the  procession  of  the  fat  ox  re- 
mained. ...  a  real  piece  of  wreckage  from  vanished  civ- 
ilizations. Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXII.  247. 

Littered  above  the  pavement  with  the  icreckage  and 
refuse  of  the  market.     W.  Besant,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  61. 

■wreck-chart  (rek'chiirt),  H.  A  chart  showing 
the  location  and  date  of  wrecks  on  any  coast, 
as  an  aid  in  avoiding  them  or  as  a  guide  in 
searching  for  them. 

■wrecker  (rek'or),  n.  [<  wrcck^  +  -crl.]  1.  A 
person  wlio  purposely  causes  a  wreck  or  wreck- 


wrecker 

age  of  any  kind,  or  a  person  who  eonimits  dep- 
redation upon  such  wreckage.  Specifically  — (a) 
One  who  lures  a  ship  to  destruction  on  a  i^iigerous  coast 
by  false  lights  or  signals,  or  otherwise,  for  the  purpose  of 
plunder,  or  one  who  makes  a  business  of  watching  for  and 
plundering  wrecked  vessels.  Such  wreckers  formerly 
abounded  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  sometimes  in- 
cluding whole  communities  in  favorable  localities. 

Those  mad  days  of  the  Buccaneers  and  their  nominally 
more  respectable  descendants,  the  Wreckers,  are  gone. 

Aiiier.  Jour.  Psychol.,  II.  522. 
(6)  One  who  causes  the  wreck  or  ruin  of  anything;  one 
who  lays  snares  or  uses  artful  or  dishonest  means  to  cause 
physical,  financial,  or  moral  wreckage :  as,  a  tvnixi'terecker 
(on  a  railroad);  a  h&nk-icrecker ;  the  wrecker  of  another's 
character. 

2.  A  person  employed  in  recovering  wrecked 
or  disabled  vessels,  or  cargo  and  other  property 
from  such  vessels,  on  account  of  the  owners, 
underwriters,  or  other  persons  legitimately  con- 
cerned; also,  a  vessel  employed  in  this  ser- 
vice. 

wreck-fish  (rek'fish),  «.  The  stone-bass,  cer- 
nier,  cherna,  or  cherne,  Polyprion  ceniium.  See 
Vohjurion^  and  cut  under  stone-bass. 

wreck-free  (rek'fre),  a.  Exempted  from  the 
forfeiture  of  shipwrecked  goods  and  vessels. 
This  privilege  was  granted  to  the  Cinque  Ports 
by  a  charter  of  Edward  I. 

wreckful  (rek'ful),  «.  [<  wrecks  +  -ful.  Qt. 
wrackful.'\  Causing  wreck;  producing  or  in- 
volving destruction  or  ruin.  [Archaic  and  po- 
etical.] 

The  southern  wind  with  brackish  breath 
Dispersed  them  (the  ships]  all  amongst  the  xtreckfui  rocks. 
Marloxce  and  Sashe,  lYagedy  of  Dido,  i.  2. 
O,  how  shall  summer's  honey  breath  hold  out 
Against  the  xrreck/xd  siege  of  battering  days? 

Shak.,  Sonnet*,  Ixv. 
A  summer  mere  with  sudden  trreck/ul  gusts 
From  a  side-gorge.  Tennyson,  Harold,  iii.  1. 

wrecking-car  (rek'inp:-kiir),  71.  A  car  provided 
with  means  and  appliances  for  clearing  wreck- 
age or  other  obstructions  from  a  railroa^l-track. 
Sometimes  it  is  a  long  platform-car  fitted  with 
a  small  derrick  and  a  house  at  one  end.    [U.  S.] 

wrecking-instnunent  (rek'ing-i n " stro-men t ) , 
ti.     Same  us  pockit-relay. 

wrecking-pump  (rek'ing-pump),  u.  A  s])eeial 
steam-iiunip  of  great  capacity,  used  in  freeing 
sunken  or  damaged  vessels  from  water. 

wreck-master  (rek'mas*ter).  n.  1.  A  person 
appointed  by  law  to  take  charge  of  goods,  etc., 
cast  ashore  from  a  wreck.  See  under  wreck, 
n, —  2.  A  person  appointed  by  owners  or  sal- 
vors to  take  charge  of  a  wrecked  ship  or  cargo. 

wreck-wood  (rek'wud),  w.  Wood  or  timber 
from  wrecked  vessels. 

There  stood  upon  it.  In  these  days;,  a  single  rude  house 

of  nnceinented  stones^  approached  by  a  pier  of  wreckwood. 

H.  L.  Stevenson,  Memoirs  of  an  Islet. 

Wredin's  test.  Absence  of  a  certain  gelatinous 
matter  from  the  middle  ear  of  the  fetus,  taken 
a.s  evidence  that  a  child  has  breathed  and 
therefore  had  been  bom  alive. 

wren  (ren),  «.  [Also  dial,  tcran  ;  <  ME.  tvnnne, 
wratine,  a  wren,  <  AS,  icrenna.  wrfenuOy  a  wren.] 
A  ver^  small  migratory  and  insectivorous  sing- 
ing-bird of  Great  Britain  and  other  European 
countries,  with  a  slender  bill  and  extremely 
short  tail,  and  of  dark  reddish-brown  coloration 
varied  with  black,  inhabiting  shrubbery,  and 
belonging  to  the  family  Troglodytidse ;  hence, 
any  member  of  this  family,  andj  with  a  quali- 
fying terra,  one  of  various  otlier  small  birds  of 
different  families,  as  certain  warblers,  kinglets, 
etc.  See  the  phrases  below.  Wren  originally 
specified  the  bird  technically  known  as  Sylda  troglody- 
teSj  Troylodytfs  parculus,  T.  mdgaris,  T.  europieus.  An- 
ortkura  troglodytes^  A.  cojnmunis,  etc.,  the  only  member 
of  it«  genus  and  family  found  jn  Kurope.  It  is  only 
about  four  Inches  long,  very  active  and  sprightly,  with 
a  pleasing  song  at  times,  and  a  characteristic  habit  of 
carrying  the  short  tail  c<x;kuil  up.  This  little  bird  fig- 
ures extensively  in  English  folklore,  and  has  a  host  of 
local,  provinrfal,  or  familiar  names  with  icreti  expressed 
or  implleil,  as  bobby,  cutty,  kitty,  jenny,  mlly.  ncutty. 
tiddy,  tidley,  titty,  also  our  LofJy  of  [leaven's  hen,  etc. 
This  wren  is  a  northerly  tyi>e,  and  one  of  several  spe- 
cies of  the  restricted  genus  Troglodytes  (or  Axwrthurn), 
as  T.  /umigatus  of  Japan,  T.  alattcenxvi  of  AlaRkii.  and  the 
well-known  winter  wren  of  N'orth  America.  T.  hinnalia, 
which  is  so  near  the  English  wren  as  to  l)e  by  some  natu- 
ralists regarded  as  only  a  variety.  (See  cut  under  Tro- 
glodytfn.)  In  the  I'nlted  States  the  commonest  wren,  and 
the  one  which  plays  there  the  part  taken  by  the  English 
wren  in  Europe,  is  the  house-wren,  T.  a^-don  or  T.  dff- 
meMicus,  whicn  abounds  in  most  parts  of  North  Anterica, 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  runs  into  several  geo- 
graphical races,  and  is  represented  in  Mexico  and  warmer 
parts  of  America  by  several  other  varieties  or  congeneric 
species.  The  common  house-wren  in  settled  districts  at- 
taches Itself  closely  to  man,  and  ne^ts  by  preference  in 
mxiksand  crannies  of  outhouses,  thonuh  it  Is  more  retired 
and  woo<ldovlng  in  <jther  regions.  It  trills  a  hearty  and 
voluble  song,  and  hiys  numerous  (from  (l  to  ]0)  piiikish- 
439 


6989 

white  eggs  very  heavily  spotted  with  brown,  in  the  large 
mass  of  rubbish  which  it  carries  into  its  hole  for  a  nest. 
This  wren  is  migratory,  and  in  many  parts  of  the  Ignited 
States  its  presence  is  complementary  to  that  of  the  winter 
wren.  Certain  wrens  of  North  America,  of  the  genus  Cis- 
tothonts  (and  its  section  Telm-atodytes),  inhabit  marshes 
and  low  wet  shrubbery,  and  are  known  as  marsh-wrens. 
(See  the  generic  names,  marsh-wren,  and  tule-icren.)  Va- 
rious others,  chiefly  of  southern  regions  of  the  Tnited 
States,  and  thence  southward,  as  the  great  Carolina  and 
Bewick's,  are  of  the  genus  Thryothorias  (which  see,  with 
cut).  Others  are  the  rock-wrens,  caAon-wrens,  and  cac- 
tus-wrens, of  the  genera  Salpinetes,  Gatherpes,  and  Cam- 
pylorhynchus.  (See  the  compound  and  technical  names, 
with  cuts.)  All  these  belong  to  essentially  Neotropical 
types,  which  have  but  few  outlying  forms  in  the  United 
States,  though  richly  represented  by  very  nnmeious  spe- 
cies of  various  genera  in  the  warmer  parts  of  America  (as 
those  above  named.  TkryophHus,  llropsila,  Henicorhina, 
Cyphorhinus,  and  Mierocercuhis).  The  wrens  above  noted 
are  all  properly  so  called  (Troylodytidae) :  with  the  ex- 
ceptions named,  they  are  all  American.  The  qualified  ap- 
plication of  tcren  to  various  small  birds  of  both  hemi- 
spheres, including  some  of  other  families  than  Troglo- 
dytidx,  is  given  in  the  phrases  following. 

The  poor  xcren, 
The  most  diminutive  of  birds,  will  tight, 
Her  young  ones  in  her  nest,  against  the  owl. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  2.  9. 

Alaskan  wren.  See  def.  above.— Bay  wren,  Cinni- 
certhia  uniru/a,  of  the  t'nited  States  of  Colombia.— 
Bewick's  wren,  see  Thryothorus. —Bla.ck.  wren,  the 
hedge-sparrow.  Accentor  modularis:  a  misnomer.  See 
cut  under  Accentttr.  [Ireland.]  —  Blue  wren.  Same  as 
superb  wnrHer  (which  see,  under  ^fY/rW^-r).— Cabot's 
wren,  Thrynthonis  aibinucha,  of  YucaUin.— Cashmere 
wren,  Troylodytex  lu-'jlectus,  confined  to  the  hills  of  the 
saiU  country.— Chestnut  wren,  Thryophilus  caMamm, 
of  Panama.  — David's  wren,  Spebeomis  troylndytaides. 
of  the  mountains  uf  western  Szechuen.— Fan-tailed 
wrens,  the  Campylorhynchime.  See  cut  uniler  Cam- 
pylorhyiichm.  —  Taxoe  Wren,  a  ilark  vaiiety  of  the  com- 
mon wren  found  in  the  Faroes  and  Iceland.  — Flre- 
Crested  wren,  the  fire-crested  kinglet,  iiegulus  igni- 
capillus,  closely  resembling  the  goldcrest.— Floridlan 
wren,  a  variety  of  the  great  Carolina  wren  found  as  a 
local  race  in  Horida.— Golden-creSted  WTCn,  the  gold- 
crest  (see  cut  under  goldrrent):  also,  the  American  gohl- 
en-crested  kinglet,  Jieg^dus  itatrajxt. —  Golden-crowned 
wren,  the  golden-crested  wren  of  Kurope,  Iiegulus  crista- 
ttts.  See  cut  under  goldrrest.  —  Qolden  wren,  gold 
wren,  (a)  The  willow-warbler,  Phyllnscopux  trochUus.  {b) 
The  goldcrest  ctr  kinglet,  Regidns  cristatus.  See  cut  un- 
der goldcrest.  (Eng.  in  both  senses.]  — Great  Carolina 
wren.  See  Thnjothorxis  (with  cut). —  Green  wren,  the 
yellow  wren,  or  willow-warbler,  Phyllnscopus  trochilus ; 
also,  P.  sibilatrix.  See  cut  under  wood-wren.  [Eng.)  — 
Hill-wrens,  various  small  wren  like  or  timeliine  birds  of 
the  hill-country  in  India,  as  of  the  genera  Pnotpyga,  Te- 
sta, etc.  See  hill  tit,  under  ^■r-(  with  cuts);  also  cuts  under 
Pjwpyga,  7V«a,and  (i7-6a6W(T.  —  H0U8e- wrens,  certain 
American  members  of  the  genus  Troglodytes;  specifically, 
T.  a<-don  and  its  conspecies.  Seedef.  atxive.  — Japanese 
wren.  Troglodytes  /umigatwt,  closely  related  to  the  Eng- 
lish wren,  winter  wren,  and  Alaskan  wren.— Long-billed 
wren,  Thryophilus  longiroxtrix,  of  Brazil.— Long-tailed 
wren,  VroHchla  longicaudata,  of  the  Khasiaand  .\Iaiiij)nr 
Hills  :  commotdy  placed  in  the  genus  Pnoi'jiyga.^  Muffle 
wren,  the  wtllow-warbler,  Phylloscirpus  tntchtlux.  |I"ng.  ] 
—  Musician  wren,  Cyphnrkimis  mimcus,  of  (iui.iiiii.- 
Nep&l  wren.  Troglodytes  nijHilensiH,  of  the  Himalayan  re- 
gion from  Cashmere  to  Nepal  and  Sikliini.  Pacific  wren, 
that  variety  of  the  winter  wren  which  is  found  along  the 
Pacific  coast  of  the  Cnited  States.  — Pale  Wl*en,  Troglo- 
dytet  pallidum,  the  common  wren  of  central  Asia.  -  Paxk- 
man's  wren,  a  western  variety  of  the  house-wren  named 
Troglodytes  parhinaniih\X\\il\\hi}i\  in  la:i9,  after  Dr.  (ieorge 
Parkman  (179I-1849).— Ruby-crowned  wren,  the  Amer- 
ican ruby-crowned  kinglet,  w-guht>i  ralendula.  [V.  S.j  — 
Satrap-crowned  wren,  the  American  golden-crested 
kinglet,  liegulusi  satrapa.—  Sedge-wren.  Same  as  sedge- 
irarblrr.  (L<K-al,  Hritish.|— Spotted  wren.  Troglodytes 
fonnoMU)',  n  rare  Indian  species  found  in  the  nelghi)or- 
hood  of  Darjeeling.--- Texan  wren,  a  variety  of  the  great 
Carolina  wren  fouiul  in  Texas  arid  southward.— Vinous- 
brown  wren,  the  Japanese  wren.—  Wcdge-bUled  wren, 
Sphmocichla  humei,  of  Sikhini.  — White-bellied  wren. 
(a)  A  western  variety  of  Bewick's  wren.  (';)  CrojisHa  h'u- 
cogastra,  of  Oaxaca  and  Tamanlipas  in  Mexico,  originally 
described  by  .1.  Gould  in  183<)  as  Tro<jlod<ites  levciigaMra, 
a  name  8iibse<iuently  nnsnsed  to  denote  tlie  white-bellied 
wren  (n).  — White-breasted  wren,  /leitteorfnna  jtmsthe- 
leuca,  of  Central  America.  —  Whlte  wren,  the  willow- 
warbler,  Phylluscopux  trochilus.  (Eng.  )^  Winter  wren. 
See  def.,  and  cut  under  Trogli,dytes,-~Ye\\OW  wren,  the 
willow-warbler,  Phylloscopus  trochilus,  ixui}  the  wood-war- 
bler, /*.  sibilatrix.  See  cut  under  wood- ir  ren.  [Eng.]  (See 
also  cactuit-rcrpn.  caiionxcren,  marsh-wren,  r''ed-wrcn,  tide- 
wren,  inllow-wrcn.  wooti-wren.) 

wren-babbler  (rcn'bab'ler),  n.  A  babbler  of 
small  size  or  otherwise  resembling  a  wren  :  in- 
discriminately applied  to  various  sueh  timeli- 
ine l>ir(Is.  See  Ateippe,  2,  babbler,  2,  hilf  tit 
Oinder  tit^),  hill-irrens  (under  wroi),  tit-babbler, 
and  TiiiirUa,  with  various  cuts. 

wrench  (reueh).  H.  [Also  dial,  wrinvh ;  < 
MK.  trrench,  trrenrhr,  also  imassibilated  irrotk, 
ivrenke,  irri)d\  <  AS.  irrrnr,  wrcuce,  guile,  fr.aud. 
deceit  (the  orig.  ])bysical  .sense  Iteing  ju-eservefl 
ill  mod.  E.,  but  not  reeonled  in  ME.  and  AS.). 
=  MHO.  r<nir.  quick  movement,  motion,  G. 
rank,  trick,  artifice,  intrigue,  O.  dial,  also  crook- 
edness ;  from  the  root  of  trrinff;  <*f.  mod.  E. 
icront/,  a.  ainl  u.,  in  the  metapliorical  senses, 
ult.  from  the  root  of  ■trrint/.']  If.  A  crooked  or 
tortuous  action;  a  fraudulent  device;  a  trick: 
a  deceit ;  a  stratagem. 


wrenning 

His  wyly  wrenches  thou  ne  mayst  nat  flee. 

Chaucer,  Canon's  Yeonutn's  Tale,  I.  70. 
For  it  ledes  a  man  with  iiretdces  and  wyles. 
And  at  the  last  it  hym  begyles. 
Hampole,  Pricke  of  Conscience,  1.  1360,  quoted  in  Reli- 
[gious  Pieces  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  105. 

2.  A  violent  twist  or  turn  given  to  something  ; 
a  pulling  awry :  a  sudden  twisting  out  of  shape, 
place,  or  relation  :  used  of  both  material  and 
immaterial  things :  as.  to  sprain  one's  foot  by  a 
wrench;  the  change  was  a  great  wrench  to  his 
feelings. 

If  one  straine  make  them  not  confess,  let  them  be 
stretched  but  one  wrench  higher,  and  they  cannot  be  si- 
lent. Bp.  Hall,  The  Ark  and  Dagon. 

There  are  certain  animals  to  whom  tenacity  of  position 
is  a  law  of  life  — they  can  never  flourish  again  after  a  sin- 
gle wrench.  George  Eliot,  Mill  on  the  Floss,  iii.  1. 

I  might  chance  give  his  meaning  a  icrench. 
He  talking  his  patois  and  I  English-French. 

Lowell,  Black  Preacher. 

3.  A  sharp  turn;  specifically,  in  coursing,  the 
turning  of  a  hare  at  less  than  a  right  an- 
gle. Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  515. — 4.  In  mathematical 
physics,  a  force,  or  variation  of  force,  tending 
to  give  a  body  a  twist  about  an  imaginary  or 
real  screw. —  5.  A  tool  consisting  essentially 
of  a    bar   of   metal   having  jaws   at  one   end 


Wrenches. 
(t,  machinists'  wrench  ;  /■,  wajjon-wrench ;  A',  socket-wrench  for 
bit-stock;  *",  socket-wrench  with  cross-handle,  also  called  key- 
wrciich  ;  <",  l)ed-wrench  ;  rf,  pipe-wrench  ;  c,  machine-wrench  ;/,  coni- 
hitiation  wrench,  comprising  a  hammer  and  a  pipe-wrench  ;  ^,  flat 
pocket  screw-wrench  ;  A,  alligator-wrench  ;  i,  tcrew-wrench. 

adapted  to  catch  upon  the  liead  of  a  bolt  or  a 
nut,  or  to  hold  a  metal  pipe  or  rod,  so  as  to  turn 
it.  Some  wrenches  have  a  variety  of  jaws  to  suit  differ- 
ent sizes  and  shapes  of  nuts  and  bolts,  and  others,  as  the 
monkey-wrench,  have  an  adjustable  inner  jaw. 
6t.   Means  of  compulsion.     [Rare.] 

He  .   .   .   resolved  to  make  his  profit  of  this  businesse 
...   of  Naples  as  a  wrench  and  nieane  for  peace. 

Bacon,  Hist.  Hen.  VII.,  p.  90. 

wrench  (rench),  V.  [<  ME.  wrenchen^  wrench, 
twist,  turn.  <  AS.  wrencan,  deceive,  =  MIIG.  (t. 
rcnkcn,  G.  {rer}rcnken,  dislocate,  twist,  sprain; 
from  the  noun.]  I,  tran.'i.  1.  To  twist  or  turn 
about  witli  eiTort  or  violence;  give  a  sudden 
twist  to ;  hence,  to  distort ;  pervert;  turn  awry. 

Now  there  can  not  be  in  a  maker  a  fowler  fault  then  .  .  . 
to  wrench  his  words  to  lielpe  his  rime. 

Pidtenham,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  07. 

I  am  well  acfiuainted  with  your  manner  of  wrenching 
the  true  cause  the  false  way.    Shak.,  2Hen.  IV,,  ii.  1.  120. 

2.  To  injure  or  pain  by  a  twisting  action  ;  pro- 
duce a  distorting  effect  in  ortipou;  distort: 
sprain:  as,  to  wrench  one's  ankle. 

Through  the  space 
Of  twelve  ensuing  days  his  frame  was  wrenched. 
Till  nature  reateil  from  lier  work  in  death. 

Wordsworth. 

3.  To  pull  or  draw  with  torsion  ;  extract  by 
twisting  or  tortuous  action  ;  hence,  to  wrest 
forcibly  or  violently. 

Wrench  his  sword  from  hini.     Shak.,  Othello,  v.  i.  288. 
To  wrench  it  [a  flxed  opinion]  out  of  their  niinda  is 
hardly  less  difficult  than  pulling  up  an  oak. 

Ilawthurtw,  Seven  (JaMes,  xvi. 

II,  intrttns.  To  have  or  undergo  a  wrenching 
motion;  turn  twistingly.     [Kare.] 

Let  not  Ihy  venturous  Steps  approach  too  nigh 
Where,  gaping  wide,  low  steepy  Cellars  lie  ; 
Shotild  thy  Shoe  wrench  aside,  down,  down  you  fall, 
And  overturn  the  scolding  Huckster's  Stall. 

Gay,  Trivia,  iii.  Vlli. 

wrench-hammer  (reTich'ham''er),  n.  A  ham- 
mer (itted  with  a  movable  Jaw  so  tliat  it  can 
also  serve  as  a  spanner. 

wrench-handle  (rench'han"dl\  It.  A  double- 
armed  wi'ench  for  use  vvitii  dies  in  cutting 
tlireads  and  similar  work.      A'.  Ff.  h'nif/ht. 

wrenning  (vt'u'inj^).  n.  [<  wren  +  -inf/.']  The 
act  or  sp<nt  of  stonin;^  a  wren  to  death  on  Ht. 


wrenning 

Stephen's  day.  in  the  north  of  England,  in  com- 
memoration "of  the  martjTdom  of  the  saint. 

wrenning-day  (reu'in^-da),  ».  St.  Stephen's 
day,  on  which  wrenning  is  practised  in  the 
north  of  England. 

wren-tit  (ren'tit),  II.  A  bird,  Clunmeafasciata, 
peculiar  to  California,  of  uncertain  relations, 
usually  made  the  type  and  sole  member  of  a 
family  Chamieidx:  so  called  from  its  uniting, 
to  some  extent,  the  habits  of  a  wren  and  of  a 
titmouse,  it  is  about  B  inches  long,  with  very  short 
rounded  wings,  a  long  tail,  the  beak  somewhat  like  that 
of  a  titmouse,  the  plumage  remarkably  soft  and  loose,  of 
a  dark-brown  color,  paler  below,  and  the  eye  white.  See 
Chayniea  (with  cut).    Also  called  ground-tit. 

wrest  (rest),  v.  [<  ME.  wresteu,  wrasteii,  wrsssteii, 
<  AS.  icrxntan,  twist  forcibly  (cf.  AS.  wrssst, 
firm,  strong,  =  Icel.  reista,  wrest;  of.  Dan. 
vriste.  wrest);  prob.,  with  formative  -t  (-tht  > 
St),  <  wrltlian  (pret.  wrdtli),  writhe,  twist:  see 
writhe,  and  cf.  wrctitli^.    Cf.  also  wri.9t,  wrestle.'\ 

1.  trans.  1.  To  twist  or  turn;  especially,  to 
deflect,  as  from  the  existing  or  normal  state, 
character,  course,  or  significance:  now  used 
chiefly  of  immaterial  things. 

And  ilnaly  he  gan  his  herte  wrests 

To  trusten  hire,  and  tok  it  for  the  beste. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  1427. 
Wrest  once  the  law  to  your  authority  ; 
To  do  a  great  right  do  a  little  wrong. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iv.  1.  216. 
The  chemists  have  absurdly,  and  too  literally,  icrested 
and  perverted  the  elegance  of  the  term  microcosm. 

Bacon,  Physical  Fables,  ii.,  Expl. 

2.  To  remove,  obtain,  or  bring  by  or  as  if  by 
twisting  or  wringing;  extract  or  pluck  witli 
much  effort ;  wring ;  wrench. 

Thay  .   .    .    KTaof  out  myn  yjen. 

Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  iii.  SO. 

In  May,  whan  the  nightyngale 
Wrestes  out  her  notes  musycall  as  pure  as  glas. 

Joseph  0/  Arimathie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  49. 

Industrious  people  icresting  a  wholesome  living  out  of 
that  stern  environment.  Froude,  Sketches,  p.  92. 

Il.t  hifraihs.  To  wrestle;  contend;  strive. 
Thei  .  .  .  urested  against  the  truth  of  a  long  time. 
Bp.  Gardiner,  Of  True  Obedience,  fol.  33.    {Encye.  IHct.) 

wrest  (rest),  V.     [<  ME.  wrest,  wreste,  wrnst : 
from  the  verb.]     If.  A  twist;  a  writhing. 
First  to  the  ryght  honde  thou  shalle  go, 
Sitthen  to  tho  left  honde  thy  neghe  thou  cast; 
To  hora  thou  lK>ghe  withouten  wrast. 

Babees  Bnok  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  .300. 

2t.  A  tortuous  action ;  distortion ;  perversion ; 
hence,  a  ruse;  a  stratagem.    Compare  (crejidf, 

II.,  1. 

Than  shall  we  wayte  tham  with  a  ivrest. 
And  make  all  wast  that  thei  haue  wroght. 

York  Plays,  p.  133. 

3.  An  instrument  of  the  wrench,  screw-lcoy, 
or  spanner  kind;  specifically,  a  key  or  small 
wrench  for  tuning  stringed  musical  instru- 
ments, as  the  harp  or  piano,  by  turning  the 
pins  to  which  the  strings  are  fastened.  See 
tiiiiiiiff-liaiiitmr,  and  tuiuiuj-Jceij  (undev  I'cij'^). 

The  Minstrel  .  .  .  wore  around  his  neck  a  silver  chain, 
by  which  hung  the  truest,  or  key  with  which  he  tuned  his 
harp.  Scott,  Ivanhoe,  xliii. 

4.  The  partition  in  an  overshot  wlieel  which 
determines  the  form  of  the  buckets.  E.  H. 
Knigh  t. 

wrest-beert  (rest'ber),  «.  A  kind  of  beer  which, 
according  to  Seldeu,  was  kept  in  cellar  for  a 
year  to  mature. 

In  brewing  of  Wrest-Beer,  there  's  a  great  deal  of  busi- 
ness in  grinding  the  Mault.         Selden,  Table-Talk,  p.  81. 

Wrest-block  (rest'blok),  n.  In  the  pianoforte, 
a  wooden  block,  often  made  of  several  pieces, 
into  which  the  wrest-pins  are  driven.  It  is  of 
great  importance  in  securing  permanence  of 
tune  and  sonority  of  tone.  Also  called  jihi- 
hlock,  hiick-hhick,  wrcst-pUniK'. 

Wrester  (res'ter),  V.  [<  irresl  +  -crl.]  One 
who  wrests  or  jicrverts. 

wrestle  (n^s'I),  v.;  pret.  and  pp.  irrcstled,  ppr. 
icrrstliiii;.  [Also  formerly  or  dial,  wrastle,  Sc. 
wurstle ;  <  ME.  irrestlen,  wrastleii,  wrastelcii, 
wrystellcii,  <  AS.  wrsestliaii,  wrestle  (rare),  the 
form  more  commonly  found  being  wrawliaii 
(>  ME.  wraxtcii,  wraskieii)  —  OFries.  wraxlia  = 
MD.  wnistcleii,  icrn'stelen  =  MLG.  wrostfUii, 
irorsteleii,  LG.  wrossehi,  !(;orete//i,  wrestle;  freq. 
of  im.it.]  I.  intrans.  If.  To  twist  or  wind 
about;  especially,  to  writhe;  wriggle;  squirm; 
struggle,  as  witli  the  limbs. 

Petrius  peyned  hyni  stjre  to  a-rise  and  turned  urastehii/fe; 
but  all  that  availed  not.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  (i5r). 

From  hence  the  river  having  with  a  great  turning  com- 

passe  after  much  )(rej*(Zi/i^  gotten  out  towards  the  North. 

Holland,  tr.  of  Camden,  p.  279.     (Danes.) 


6990 

And  aye  she  warsled,  and  aye  she  swam, 

Till  she  swam  to  dry  land. 
The  Water  o'  Wearies  Well  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  200). 

2.    To    struggle  in   a  hand-to-hand  contest ; 


wretched 

be  tuned;  a  tuning-pin.  The  upper  part  of  the  pin 
is  square  in  section,  so  as  to  be  turned  by  a  tuning-ham- 
mer or  -key.  See  cut  under  harp. — Wrest-pin  piece,  in 
the  pianoforte,  a  metal  plate  through  which  the  wrest- 
pins  are  screwed  into  the  wrest-block. 


strive,  as  for  some  advantage  or  for  mastery,  .^gst-plank  (rest'plangk),  «.     Same  as  icrest- 

with  bodily  strength  and  adroitness;   specifi-   " "gj.  r      &  ^' 

eally,  to  struggle,  as  two  persons  striving  to  ,;„etch(rech),n.ando.  [<M^.wrecche,wrechche, 

throw  each  other  to  the  ground,  especially  in  a  "'■^'^^^         '<...„'- 

contest  governed  by  certain  fixed  rules. 

For  many  a  man  that  may  not  stonde  a  pul. 

It  liketh  hym  at  wrastdyng  for  to  be. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  166. 

Wrothely  thai  wi-ythyne  and  wryttiUe  togederz. 

MorU  Arthure  (E.  E,  T.  S.),  1.  1141. 

And  Jacob  was  left  alone  ;  and  there  mresUed  a  man  with 
him  until  the  breaking  of  the  day.  Oen.  xxxii.  24. 

You  have  wrestled  well,  and  overthrown 
More  than  your  enemies. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  2.  260. 

Each  one  may  here  a  chooser  be, 
For  room  ye  need  not  tcrastle. 

Drayton,  Nymphldla. 

Hence  —  3.  To  contend  in  any  way,  as  in  a 
struggle  for  mastery;  maintain  opposition  or 
resistance,  especially  against  a  moral  foe  or 
force;  strive. 

I  persuaded  them,  if  they  loved  Benedick, 

To  wish  him  mrcstle  with  affection, 

And  never  to  let  Beatrice  know  it. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iii.  1,  42. 

Put  on  the  whole  armour  of  God  that  ye  may  be  able  to 
stand  against  the  wiles  of  the  devil,  for  we  wrestle  not 
against  flesh  and  blood  but  against  spiritual  wickedness. 

Eph.  vi.  12. 

'Twill  be  some  pleasure  then  to  take  his  Breath, 
When  he  shall  strive,  and  wrestte  with  his  Death. 

Cowley,  Davideis,  i. 

4.  To  deal,  as  with  a  troublesome  duty ;  apply 
one's  self  vigorously;  grapple:  as,  to  wrestle 
with  a  knotty  problem ;  to  wrestle  with  a  dis- 
tasteful task.  [Colloq.]  —  5.  Hence,  to  devote 
one's  self  earnestly  to  praj'er;  pray.     [Cant.] 

My  reverend  Clergy,  look  ye  say 
The  best  of  thanksgiving  ye  ha'e. 
And  warstle  for  a  sunny  day. 

Scott,  Carle,  now  the  King's  Come,  ii. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  contend  with  iu  vprestling : 
as,  I  will  wrestle  you  for  so  much.  [Colloq.] 
—  2.  On  a  cattle-range,  to  thro'W  for  the  pur- 
pose of  branding,  as  an  animal.  [Slang,  west- 
ern U.  S.] 

A  fire  is  built,  the  irons  heated,  and  a  dozen  men  dis- 


wrxcche,  wrehche,  <  AS.  wrer.ea,  wreecca,  wreca, 
outcast,  exile  (=  OS.  wrekkio,  an  adventurer, 
warrior,  =  OHG.  wreccho,  reecho,  a  banished 
man,  exile,  stranger,  adventurer,  MHG.  G. 
reche,  a  warrior,  hero,  giant), lit.  'one  driven 
out';  cf.  wreee,  exile,  <  wrecan,  drive  out,  banish, 
persecute,  avenge,  wreak :  see  loreni-l.]  I.  n.  1. 
A  very  miserable  person ;  one  who  is  in  a  state 
of  desperate  unhappiness  or  misfortune,  or  is 
exposed  to  unavoidable  suffering  or  disgrace. 

I  wrecche,  which  that  wepe  and  waille  thus, 

Was  whylom  wyf  to  King  Capaneus. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.  73. 

Fly,  ye  Wrelchei,  fly,  and  get  away,  for  your  King  Is 
slain.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  15. 

The  poor  wretch,  half  dead  with  fear,  expected  every 
moment  to  fall  by  the  bloody  hands  of  the  Djawi. 

Bruxx,  Source  of  the  Kile,  II.  690. 

2.  A  sorry  or  contemptible  creature;  a  despi- 
cable person :  a  term  of  opprobrium  applied  to 
one  who  has  incurred  condemnation  by  mis- 
conduct, and  often  used  on  slight  occasion  and 
with  little  intended  force. 

Fie  on  thee,  wretch !  'tis  pity  that  thou  Hvest 
To  walk  where  any  honest  men  resort. 

Shak.,  C.  of  E.,  v.  1.  27. 

Does  not  every  dowager  in  London  point  to  George 

Fitz- Boodle  as  to  a  dissolute  wretch  whom  young  and  old 

should  avoid?  Thackeray,  Fitz-Boodle's  Confessions. 

3.  Body;  creature;  thing:  used  (in  some  man- 
ner that  indicates  the  intention)  of  a  person 
regarded  with  some  degree  of  kindly  or  ironical 
commiseration,  or,  when  genuine  words  of  en- 
dearment seem  inadequate,  with  tender  sympa- 
thy or  passion,  or  even  with  admiration. 

Excellent  wretch!    Perdition  catch  my  soul. 
But  I  do  love  thee !  Shak.,  Othello,  ill.  3.  90. 

Poor  icretch  was  never  frighted  so. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia,  at.  27. 

Come  forth. 
Fond  wretch,  and  know  thyself  and  him  aright. 

Shelley,  Adonals,  xlvlL 

Il.t  a.  Miserable;  wretched. 

Thu  wrecche  wiht  Owl  and  Nightingale,  L  666. 


mount  to,  as  it  is  called,  wrestle  the  calves. 

T.  Roosevelt,  The  Century,  XXXV.  861.  'Wretchcockt,  "•     See  wretchock. 

■wrestle  (res'l).  h.    [Also  dial,  wrastle;  <  wrestle,  'Wretched (reeh'ed), a.  [< UE.wrecched,wrech^, 

r.]     A  bout  at  wrestling;  a  wrestling-match.       «'r!c/»erf,  wretched,  miserable;  <  'fcfcA  -I-  -ed-!. 

corinen.  .     .  whom  in  a  uresile  the  giant  catching    For  the  form,  cf.  wickedl.-\     1.  Suffering  from 


Corineus,  .  .  .  whom  in  a  uresile  the  giant  catching 
aloft,  with  a  terrible  hugg  broke  three  of  his  ribs. 

Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

If  he  had  gone  out  for  a  few  days  with  his  sinewy  cous- 
ins in  the  country,  and  tried  a  urastle  with  one  of  them, 
he  would  have  quickly  found  that  his  body  was  a  pretty 
slim  affair.  Tribune  Book  o/  Sports,  p.  5. 

'wrestler  (res'ler),  H.  [<  ME.  wrastlare,  wrest- 
ler; <  wrestle  +  -erl.]  1.  One  who  wrestles ; 
specifically,  one  who  makes  a  practice  of  wrest- 
ling, as  a  professed  athlete. 

Was  not  Chailes,  the  duke's  urestler,  here  to  speak  with 
me?  SAa*.,  As  you  Like  it,  i.  1.  94. 

2.  One  who  wrestles  cattle  on  a  range.  [Slang, 
western  U.  S.] 

The  C9\t-wre8tlers,  grimy  with  blood,  dust,  and  sweat, 
work  like  beavers.     T.  Roosevelt,  The  Centuiy,  XXXV.  861. 

■wrestling  (res'ling),  «.  [Verbal  n.  of  wrestle, 
r.  ]  The  act  of  trying  to  throw  another  person 
to  the  ground;  the  act  of  two  persons  contend- 
ing which  shall  throw  the  other  to  the  ground 
and  overpower  him.  ■Wrestling,  as  a  game  subject 
to  special  rules,  is  of  great  antiquity.  It  was  held  in  high 
esteem  by  the  Greeks,  and  their  youth  were  taught  it  by 
special  masters  as  part  of  the  public  education.  In  its 
highest  and  simplest  form  it  was  the  fifth  of  the  five  tests 
of  the  pentathlon.  In  this  contest  the  wrestlers  wrestled 
standing  and  naked,  any  hold  being  allowed,  and  three 
falls  constituting  victory.  Wrestling,  in  combination  with 
bo.xing,  formed  the  arduous  and  dangerous  contest  known 
as  the  pancratium  — a  contest  nuich  more  resembling  a 
fight  to  a  finish  than  an  athletic  contest.  A  third  form  of 
wrestling,  wllich  does  not  seem  to  have  come  down  to 
modern  tinies,  consisted  in  interlocking  the  fingers,  push- 
ing the  palms  of  the  hands  together,  and  twisting  the 
joints  and  wrists,  without  the  assistance  of  any  other 
member  or  of  any  hold  of  the  body.  The  highest  and 
purest  form  of  Greek  wrestling  does  not  appear  to  have 
l)een  transplanted  to  Rome,  although  the  more  conten- 
tious and  cruel  pancratium  —  a  sport  more  nearly  allied  to 
the  Roman  gladiatorial  spirit  —  was  introduced  there  by 
Caligula,  and  became  very  popular. 

Go  not  to  the  wrastelinqe,  ne  to  scholynge  at  cok. 

Babees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p,  40, 

■wres't-pin  (rost'pin).  n.  Ill  the  pianoforte  and 
liarp,  ii  steel  pin  driven  into  the  \NTest-block  or 
friune.  nroniul  wliicli  one  ciul  of  a  string  is 
wound,  and   by  tuniint;'  wliich  llic  string  may 


or  affected  by  extreme  misery  or  distress ;  deep- 
ly afflicted ;  miserable ;  unhappy. 

Thir  wormes  ete  that  wreche  (var.  ureched]  manne. 
Old  Eng.  Metr.  Homilies  (B),  1.  ila.     (llorris  and  Skeat.) 


I  am,  my  lord,  a  trretched  Florentine, 

Shak.,  All's  Well,  v.  3. 


188. 


O  wretched  husband  of  a  icretched  wife ! 
Born  with  one  fate,  to  one  unhappy  life  I 

Pope,  Iliad,  xxiL  608. 

All  his  life  long  he  had  been  learning  how  to  be  wretch- 
ed, as  one  learns  a  foreign  tongue, 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  i. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  causing  misery  or  un- 
happiness; very  afliieting,  annoying,  or  uncom- 
fortable ;  distressingly  bad  in  condition  or  re- 
lation: as,  the  wretched  condition  of  a  prison; 
wretched  weather;  a  wretched  prospect. 

Unhappy,  wretched,  hateful  day ! 

Shak.,R.  and  J.,  iv.  6,43, 

It  was  not  merely  during  the  three  hours  and  a  half 
which  Uncle  Sam  claimed  as  his  share  of  my  daily  life 
that  this  uretched  numbness  held  possession  of  me, 

Hawthorne.  Scarlet  Letter,  Int,,  p.  39. 
The  wretched  business  of  warfare  must  finally  become 
obsolete  all  over  the  globe. 

J.  Fiske,  Amer,  Pol.  Ideas,  p.  151. 

3.  Of  miserable  character  or  quality :  despica- 
ble; contemptible;  reprehensible;  strongly  ob- 
jectionable: used  of  persons  or  things:  as,  a 
wretched  blunderer  or  quibbler ;  a  tcretched  quib- 
ble ;  wretched  stuff. 

Safe  where  no  critics  damn,  no  duns  molest, 
Where  wretched  Withers,  Ward,  and  Gildon  rest. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  i,  296. 


At  war  with  myself  and  a  uretched  race, 

Tennyson,  Maud, 


X.  2. 


4.  Worthless;  paltr.v;  very  poor,  mean,  ineffi- 
cient, unsatisfactory,  unskilful,  or  the  like:  as. 
a  wretched  poem ;  a  wretched  cabin ;  a  wretched 
defense  or  piece  of  ■work. 

Affected  noise  is  the  most  uretched  thing 
That  to  contempt  can  empty  scribblers  bring. 

Roscommon,  Translated  Verse. 

=  Syn.  1.  Forlorn,  woebegone,  —  3.  Vile,  sorry,  shabby^ 
pitiful. 


wretchedhead 

wretcbedheadt,  »•  [<  ME.  wrecchedhede ;  < 
ivntehed  +  -head.'\  Misery;  wretchedness. 
Roh.  of  Gloucester,  p.  102. 

wretchedly  (rech'ed-li).  adi\  [<  ME.  wrecched- 
liche;  <  wretched  +  -ly-.]  In  a  wretched  or 
worthless  manner;  miserably;  contemptibly; 
poorly. 

Thei  lyven  fulle  tcrecched  lictie ;  and  the!  eten  but  ones 
to  the  day,  and  that  but  lytillt?,  nouther  in  Courtea  ne  in 
other  places.  MandevUle,  Travels,  p.  251. 

Nor  yet  by  kindly  death  she  perished ; 
But  wretchedly  before  her  fatal  day. 

Surrey,  ^neid,  Iv.  930. 

The  defenses  of  Plymouth  were  wretchedly  insufficient. 
Lecky,  Eng.  in  18th  Cent.,  xiv. 

He  touches  on  the  wretchedly  careless  performances  of 
early  comedy.  A^ner.  Jour.  Philot.,  X.  268. 

wretchedness  (rech'ed-nes),  n.  [<  ME.  wrec- 
chednesse;  <  wretched  +  -ness.'i  1.  The  state  or 
condition  of  a  suffering  wretch;  a  wretched  or 
distressful  state  of  being;  gi-eat  misery  or  af- 
fliction. 

Is  wretchednegg  deprived  that  benefit. 

To  end  itself  by  death  ?       Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  6.  61. 

2.  Wretched  character  or  quality ;  distressing, 
reprehensible,  or  despicable  nature;  aggra- 
vated or  aggravating  badness  of  any  kind. 

Thy  kynde  is  of  so  lowe  a  wrechednesse 

That  what  love  is  thou  canst  not  seen  ne  gesse. 

Ctutucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  601. 

The  gray  uretchedncsa  of  the  afternoon  was  a  fit  prelude 
to  Barra.  Harpers  Man.,  L.\X\  II.  782. 

3t.  That  which  is  wretched  or  distressingly  bad ; 
wretched  material,  conduct,  or  the  like ;  any- 
thing contemptible  or  despicable;  wretched 
stuff. 

Yet  hath  this  bird  by  twenty  thousand  fold 
Levere  in  a  forest  that  is  rude  and  cold 
Goon  ete  womies  and  swich  wrecchednessc. 

C/utuccr,  Manciple's  Tale,  1.  6V. 

=  Sj^n.  L  A^fflict ion,  Qric/,  Sorrow,  etc.  See  affliction. 
wretchfult  (rech'fiil).  a.    [<  icretch  +  -fid.   Cf. 

wreakful  and  wrackful.'\  Wretched.  Wyclif. 
wretchlesst,  wretchlesslyt,  etc.  Misspellings 

of  relchlfss,  retchlesgli/,  etc.,  variants  of  recklcan, 

recklessly,  ete. 

The  product  of  these  Is  a  wretchUa  spirit :  that  is,  an 
aptness  to  any  anworthiness. 

Jer.  Taylor,  Works  (ed.  1835),  I.  728. 

Cursed  are  al  they  that  do  the  fxjrd's  busines  wretch- 
tetly.     Tract,  an.  1655  (Strype's  Cat.  of  Originals,  Xo.  it). 

The  Devil  doth  thrust  them  either  into  desperation,  or 
Into  wretchUssness  of  most  unclean  living,  no  less  perilous 
than  desperation. 

Thirty-nine  Articles  (Amer.  Revision,  1801X  xvii. 

Wretchockt,  wretchcockt  (rech'ok,  rech'kok), 
«.  [Appar.  <  wretch  +  -<irk  or  cock^,  v.,  used 
as  dim.]  A  stunted  or  abortive  cock;  the 
smallest  of  a  brood  of  domestic  fowls;  hence, 
any  puny  or  imperfect  creature. 

The  famous  imp  yet  grew  a  wretchock  {in  some  editions, 
wretch-cock],  .  .  .  though  for  seven  years  together  he  was 
carefully  carried  at  his  mother's  back. 

B.  Joimm,  Gipsies  Metamorphosed. 

wrethelf,  '■•    A  Middle  English  fonn  of  wrciilhe. 

•wrethe-t,  ''•     A  Middle  English  form  of  wrath. 

■wrethe'4,  c.    An  obsolete  form  of  writhe. 

wreyet,  v-  t.  An  old  spelling  of  wruy.  Chau- 
cer. 

■wrick  (rik),  r.  [<  JIE.  wrieken,  <  MD.  wrirkrn, 
D.  wrikkeii  =  LCt.  wrikkcii,  move  to  and  fro,  = 
Sw.  rrickd  =  Dan.  irikkc,  move,  turn,  wriggle, 
sprain.  Cf.  wriy,  wriijyle,  wry^.']  To  twist; 
turn.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

wrick  (rik),  n.     [<  wrick,  r.]     A  sprain. 

wriet,  f.  t.     A  variant  of  tcry-. 

■wrlgt  (rig),  f.  i.  and  t.  [Early  mod.  E.  wryggc ; 
a  var.  of  wrick.     Cf.  wrii/nle.]     To  wriggle. 

The  bore  his  tayle  irry^ges, 
His  rumpe  al.so  he  frygges 
Agaynst  the  hye  benche  ! 

Skftton,  Elynour  Rumrayng,  1.  177. 
Worms  .  .  . 
Do  wrigye  and  wrest  their  parts  divorc'd  by  knife. 

Dr.  U.  More,  Psychathanasia,  II.  ii.  37. 

■wriggle  (rig'l),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wrigylcd.  ppr. 
wriygling.  [Formerly  also  wriyle,  rigijte ;  <  D. 
wriggelcn  =  LG.  wriggebi ;  freq.  of  the  verb 
represented  by  wrig,  wrick.'i  I.  intrnns.  1.  To 
move  sinuously;  twist  to  and  fro;  writhe; 
squirm;  wiggle. 

Cumberland  acknowledged  her  merit,  after  his  fashion, 
by  biting  his  lips  and  tcrij'jlinff  in  his  chair  whenever  her 
name  was  mentioned.  .Macaulau.  -Mme.  D'Arblay. 

2.  To  move  along  sinuously,  or  by  twisting  and 
turning  the  body,  as  a  snake,  an  eel,  or  a  worm; 
hence,  6guratively,  to  proceed  by  shifts  and 
turns;  make  way  by  sinuous  or  crooke<l  means: 
as,  to  wriggle  out  of  a  ililTiculfy. 


6991 

We  may  fear  he'l  wrigle  in 
Twixt  him  and  us,  the  prime  man  in  her  favour. 

Brome,  Queens  Exchange,  i. 

It  is  through  these  gaps  that  the  people  barely  vmggle. 

W.  Besant,  Fifty  Years  Ago,  p.  15. 

II.  trails.  To  cause  to  wriggle;  twist  and 
shake  slightly  and  quickly;  effect  by  wrig- 
gling. 

Their  tayls  with  croompled  knot  twisting  swashlye  they 
wriyled.  Staniliurst,  .^nek\,  ii. 

When  you  wait  behind  a  chair  at  meals,  keep  constantly 

wriggliny  the  back  of  the  chair,  that  the  person  behind 

whom  you  stAud  may  know  you  are  ready  to  attend  him. 

Suift,  Advice  to  Servants  (Footman). 

The  Pi-Utes  .  .  .  u-riggled  their  way  out  through  the 
passages  in  the  rocks.  The  Century,  XLl.  049. 

■wriggle  (rig'l),  n.  [<  wriggle,  r.]  1.  The  mo- 
tion of  one  who  or  that  which  wriggles ;  a  quick 
twisting  motion  or  contortion  like  that  of  a 
worm  or  an  eel. 

They  [dapper  men)  have  always  a  peculiar  spring  in  their 
arms,  a  urxjjgle  in  their  bodies,  and  a  trip  in  their  gait. 

Steele,  Tatler,  No.  85. 

He  was  a  person  of  sinuous,  snake-like  presence,  and 
seemed  capable  of  shedding  his  complete  attire  by  means 
of  one  deft  wriggle.  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVI.  2-23. 

2.  Something  showing  the  effect  of  wriggling 
or  sinuous  action ;  a  sinuosity  or  contortion ; 
a  wrinkle.     [Kare.] 
Minor  folds  and  icriggles  [in  rocks]  are  frecjuent. 

Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Snc,  XLIV.  11. 

'wriggler  (rig'l^r),  «.     [<  wriggle  +  -«fl.]     1. 
One  who  or  that  which  wriggles ;  specifically, 
one  of  the  active  larvae,  as  of  mosquitos,  seen 
in  stagnant  water.   Also  wiggUr. — 2.  A  person 
who  practises  wriggling  methods ;  one  who  pro- 
ceeds by  sinuosity  or  trickery. 
For  Providence,  .  .  . 
In  spite  of  all  the  wrigglers  Into  place, 
Still  keeps  a  seat  or  two  for  worth  and  grace. 

Couper,  Tirocinium,  1.  432. 

'wriggling  (rig'ling),  11.     [V^erbal  n.  of  wriggle, 

I'.]  Same  as  wriggle. 
'Wright  (rit),  II.  [<  ME.  wrighte,  wrihte,  wrigte, 
wruhte,  wurhte,  write,  <  AS.  wyrhta  (=  OS.  wurh- 
tio  =  OHG.  wurhto),  a  worker,  wright,  <  AS. 
wyrht,  gewijrht  (=  OS.  wurht  =  OHG.  wuriiht, 
wuraht,  a  work,  deed),  <  iryrcaii,  etc.,  work:  see 
work.}  One  whose  occupation  is  some  kind  of 
mechanical  business;  an  artificer;  a  workman, 
especially  a  constructive  workman.  As  a  sepa- 
rate word  it  originally  signified,  as  it  still  does  in  Scotland 
and  some  parts  of  England,  a  carpenter  or  any  worker  in 
wood.  It  is  common  in  composition,  as  in  cariirright, 
w&Uiwright,  whee\trright,  miWwright,  shipwright,  etc.,  and, 
in  a  somewhat  figurative  sense,  playuyright. 

He  was  a  wel  goo<l  wrighte,  a  carpentere. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  V.  T.,  1.  614. 
All  the  laid-on  steel 
Can  hew  no  further  than  may  serve  to  give  the  timber 

th'  end 
F'ore-puriKJs'd  by  the  skilful  wright. 

Chairman,  Iliad,  xv.  37i>. 

Wrightia  (ri'ti-a),  «.  [NL.  (R.  Brown,  1811), 
named  after  William  Wright,  a  physician  and 
botanist  in  Jamaica.]  A  genus  of  plants,  of  the 
order  .tpocynacese,  tribe  Echitidea;  and  subtriT)0 
ParsoiisiesE.  It  is  characterized  by  having  a  corolla- 
tube  usually  short  and  bearing  on  the  throat  five  or  more 
scales  and  an  exserted  cone  of  anthers,  and  by  seeds 
furrdsheil  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base  and  with  broad 
convolute  cotyledons.  There  are  about  12  species,  natives 
of  tropical  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia.  They  are  8lirHl)s 
or  small  trees,  with  long  loose  branches,  opposite  featlier- 
veined  leaves,  and  re<l,  white,  or  yellowish  salver-sliaped 
flowers,  commonly  in  tenninal  cymes.  W.  antldystentcrica, 
a  small  tree,  the  source  of  conessi  bark  (see  bark-),  In  In- 
dia  a  leading  remedy  for  dysentery,  is  now  classe<l  under 
Hidarrhena.  For  W.  tinctoria,  see  palay,  1,  and  ivory- 
trcc. 

'Wrightin  (ri'tin).  ii.     Same  as  conessiiie. 

•wrightryt  (rit'ri),  ».     [ME.,  <  wright  +  -ry  (see 
-<:>'y)-}     Tho  business  of  a  wright. 
Now  assay  wille  I 
How  I  can  of  wrightry. 

Tuwneley  Mysteries,  p.  26. 

wrimplet  (rim'pl),  r.  and  n.     Same  as  riiiijilc. 
I  holde  a  forme  within  a  urimpled  skin. 

G.  ii'hetstone,  Remembrance  of  Gascoigne. 

wrincht  (rinch),  II.  and  r.  An  obsolete  vari- 
ant of  wrench. 

These  devout  Prelates  for  these  many  years  have  not 
ceas't  in  their  Pulpits  wrinching  and  spraining  the  text. 
Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng..  ii. 

WrineH  (nn),  v.  t.     Same  as  wry-. 

■Wrine'-^  (lin),  «.  [Appar.  a  particular  use  of 
CiHfl,  a  ditch,  trench,  sjielled  in  imitation  of 
wrinkle.}    A  wrinkle.    IlaHiwiil.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

■wring  (ring),  r. ;  ])i'et.  and  pp.  wrniig  (formerly 
sotiietifnes  wringrd:  wrriiig.  the  origiiuil  ])ret- 
erit,  is  now  only  i)roviiu-ial).  ]>iir.  wringing. 
[<  ME.  wriiigeii  (pret.  wrung,  wrong,  irrongc,  pi. 
wningrn,  wrongen,  pp.  wriingcn,  wronge),  <  AS. 


wring 

writigan  (pret.  wrong,  pp.  wrtmgen),  press, 
strain,  wring,  =  D.  wringen  =  LG.  wringcn, 
twist  together,  =  OHG.  ringan,  MHG.  G.  riiigen, 
wring,  struggle,  -wrestle,  wrest,  =  Goth.  *wrig- 
gan,  indicated  by  the  deriv.  wriiggO,  snare ;  cf . 
Sw.  vrdnga,  distort,  wrest,  pervert,  Dan.  irin- 
gle,  twist,  tangle  (vringel-hornet,  having  twisted 
horns);  prob.  connected  with  wrick,  wrig,  wry^. 
Hence  ult.  wrangle,  wrong,  etc.]  I.  trans.  1. 
To  twist  in  the  hands,  as  something  flexible; 
twist  or  flex  forcibly:  as,  to  wring  clothes  after 
washing,  to  force  out  the  water;  to  wring  a 
friend's  hand  in  cordial  greeting:  often  with 
out. 
Mark  how  she  wrings  him  by  the  fingers. 

Dekker  and  Webster,  Northward  Ho,  ill.  2. 

Just  help  me  wring  these  [clothes]  out,  and  then  I'll 
take  'era  to  the  mangle.     Mrs.  Gaskell,  Mary  Barton,  viii. 

2.  To  twist  out  of  place,  shape,  or  relation; 
bend  or  strain  tortuously  or  twistingly:  as,  to 
wring  a  mast ;  to  wring  the  neck  of  a  chicken. 

His  neck  in  twa  I  wat  they  hae  icrung. 

Jock  o'  the  Side  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  84). 

My  spirit  yearns  to  bring 
The  lost  ones  back — yearns  with  intense  desire, 

And  struggles  hard  to  uring 
Thy  bolts  apart,  and  pluck  thy  captives  hence. 

Bryant,  The  Past. 

3.  To  turn  or  divert  the  course  or  purport  of; 
distort;  pervert.     [Archaic] 

Octavio  was  ever  more  uTong  to  the  worse  by  many 
and  sundry  spites. 

Ascham,  To  John  Asteley.    (Encyc.  Diet.) 

Or  else  they  would  straine  us  out  a  certaine  figurative 
Prelat,  by  wringing  the  collective  allegory  of  those  seven 
Angels  into  seven  single  Rochets. 

Miltmi,  Church-Government,  1.  6. 

4.  To  affect  painfully  by  or  as  if  by  some  con- 
torting or  compressing  action  or  effect;  tor- 
ture; rack;  distress;  pain. 

Wee  know  where  the  shoo  icrings  yon. 

Milton,  On  Def.  of  Humb.  Remonst. 

oh,  I'ortius !  didst  thou  taste  but  half  the  griefs 
That  icring  my  soul,  thou  couldst  not  talk  thus  coldly. 

Addison,  Cato,  1.  1. 

5.  To  force  out,  as  a  fluid,  by  twisting  or  con- 
torting pressure;  extract  or  obtain  by  or  as  if 
by  a  squeezing  flextire ;  hence,  to  squeeze  out 
in  any  way;  extort:  as.  to  wring  water  from 
clothes ;  to  wring  a  reluctant  consent  from  a 
person:  often  with  out. 

He  hatli,  my  lord,  wrung  from  me  my  slow  leave 
By  iaboursome  petition.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  1.  2.  58. 

l^he  Englisli  government  now  chose  to  wring  money  out 
of  Cheyte  Sing.  Macaulay,  Warren  Hastings. 

To  wring  off,  to  force  off  or  separate  by  wringing. 

The  priest  shall  .  .  .  wriHi;' q/T  his  head.         Lev.  I.  15. 
To  'Wring  out.   («)  To  force  or  siiuecze  out  by  twisting. 
He  .  .  .  thrust  the  fieece  together,  and  !/-n"n(/erf  the  dew 
out  of  the  fleece.  Judges  vi.  38. 

(ft)  To  free  from  a  liquid  by  twisting  or  compression:  as, 
to  tcring  out  clothes. 

And  the  Cabalists  .  .  .  say  that  Eves  sinne  was  no- 
tlliiig  but  the  wringing  out  of  grapes  to  her  husband. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  19. 

To  wring  the  (or  one's)  hands,  to  manifest  pain  or  dis- 
tress bymsi>ing  theliands  lightly  together,  with  or  with- 
out a  twisting  motion. 

."^o  efter  that  he  longe  liadde  byre  compleyned, 
His  fiondes  wronge,  and  seyde  that  was  to  seye. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  1171. 

She  urings  her  Hands,  and  beats  lier  Breast. 

C'ongreve,  Death  of  Queen  Mary. 

Vnder  emotion  we  see  swayings  of  the  body  and  uring- 
ings  of  the  hands. 

H.  .Spencer,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXXVIII.  11. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  writhe;  twist  about,  as 
with  anguish;  sqtiirm;  suffer  torture. 

Lat  him  care  and  wepe  and  wringe  and  waille. 

Chaucer,  Clerks  Tale,  1.  1156. 

"I'is  all  men's  office  to  speak  patience 
To  those  that  wring  under  the  load  of  sorrow. 

Shak.,  -Much  Ado,  v.  1.  28. 

Sndl  as  are  impatient  of  rest. 
And  icring  beneath  some  private  discontent. 

Chajtinan,  Byron's  Conspiracy,  i.  1. 
2.  To  pinch  ;  pain. 

A  faire  shooe  wrings,  though  it  lie  smoothe  in  the  wear- 
ing, l^yly,  lOuphues  and  his  England,  p.  474. 

3t.  To  force  one's  way  by  pressure. 
Tims  out  at  holes  gointe  wringe 
Every  tyding  streght  to  Fame. 

Chaucer.  House  of  Fame,  1.  2110. 

wring  (ring),  n.  f<  ME.  wringe,  wryngc.  <  AS. 
"wringe,  m  wiii-wringe,a  wine-press,  <  wringan, 
press,' wring:  see  wring,  r.}  1.  A  wringer  or 
]iresser;  a  wine-press  or  cidcr-iiress.  [(!)bsolete 
or  prov.  Eng.] 

And  erly  st'tte  on  werkviig  hem  the  wrynge. 

i'.iHiK/m.i,  lIuhboTi.lried:.  i;.  T.  S  ),  p.  lill. 


wring 
2+.  Action  expressive  of  anguish ;  writhing. 

The  sighs,  and  te.irs.  and  hhibhers,  and  vm'iisis  of  a  dis- 
consolate mourner.  Bp.  Hall,  Contemp.,  iv.  24. 
wringer  (ring'er),  «.     [<  ME.  tcrinfier ;  <  ivriiig 
+  -cri.]     1.  One  who  wrings,  as  clothes. 

His  washer  and  his  wringer.     Shak.,  li.  W.  of  W.,  i.  2.  5. 
2.  An  apparatus  for  forcing  water  from  any- 
thing wet ;  especially,  a  utensil  for  laundry  pur- 
poses, in  which,  however,  the  clothes  are  not 
wrung  or  twisted,  but  are  passed  between  two 
or  more  adjustable  rollers  which  press  strongly 
against  each  other. — 3.  An  extortioner. 
wringing-maclline  (ring'ing-ma-shen"),  n.    A 
machine  for  pressing  moistiire  from  something; 
especially,  a  clothes-wringer. 
wringing-wet  (ring'iug-wet;,  a.     So  wet  as  to 
require  wringing;  so  wet  that  water  may  be 
wrung  out. 
A  poore  fisherman,  .  .  .  with  Iiis  clothes  icrtni/raiir-we*. 
llmker,  Sermon  on  Jude. 

wring-staff  (ring'staf),  «.  A  strong  bar  of  wood 
used  by  shipwrights  in  bending  planks  and 
binding  them  in  i)laee.     Also  u-raiu-xtriff. 

wrinklel  (ring'kl),  n.  [<  ME.  wrhikH,  wr'ni- 
Irl,  ici-iiicic,  icryiikiil,  <  AS.  *w)i»de  (Somner)  = 
MD.  wrinckcJ,  u-njiickel,  a  wrinkle;  a  dim.  form, 
perhaps  from  the  root  of  wriug,  t:  The  leel. 
hnikka  =  Sw.  rynl-a  =  Ban.  ripike,  a  wrinkle,  ap- 
pear to  be  of  different  origin:  see  r«ct2.]  A 
slight  ridge  in  or  raised  line  on  a  surface  caused 
by  contraction,folding, puckering,  or  rumpling; 
a  line  of  coiTugation,  generally  one  of  a  series, 
either  regularly  or  irregularly  disposed;  a 
crease:  as,  wrinkles  in  a  garment,  or  in  an  old 
man's  face;  wrinkles  (small  corrugations)  in  a 
rock. 

Wrynkyl  or  playte  in  clothe.    Plica. 

Prompt.  Parv.,  p.  WH. 

With  mirth  and  laughter  let  old  tvrinkle^i  come. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  i.  1.  80. 

A  jilorious  church,  not  having  spot  or  wrinkle. 

Eph.  V.  27. 

wrinkle!  (ring'kl),  v.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  wrinkled, 
ypi-.tcriiikliny.  [=  MD.  wrinekelen,  u-rynckelen; 
from  the  noun.]  I.  trans.  To  form  wrinkles  in; 
contract,  fold,  or  pucker  into  small  ridges  and 
fun-ows  or  creases  ;  corrugate;  crease. 

Hollow  eye  and  wrinkled  brow. 

Sluik.,  M.  of  v.,  iv.  1.  270. 

Within  the  surface  of  the  fleeting  river 
The  wrinkled  image  of  the  city  lay. 

Shelleij,  Evening. 
So  yellow  as  she  was,  so  ^crinkled,  so  sad  of  mien  ! 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  vii. 
No  care  may  wrinkle  thy  smooth  brow. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  J'aradise,  I.  157. 

II,  intrdns.  To  become  contracted  into  wrin- 
kles ;  shrink  into  furrows  and  ridges ;  be  marked 
with  wrinkles. 
When  high  in  the  field  the  fern-leaves  ivrinkle, 

And  brown  is  the  grass  where  the  mowers  have  mown. 
H.  W.  Gilder,  Lyrics,  Song  of  Early  Autuuu). 

Mrs.  Putney  was  a  small  woman,  already  beginning  to 
vmnkle.  Hoivells,  Annie  Kilhurn,  iv. 

wrinkle'-^  (ring'kl),  n.  [A  particular  use,  orig. 
slang,  of  wrinkle'^,  «.  According  to  Skeat,  it  is 
a  dim.  of  ME.  icrink,wrenk,i  AS.  icrenc,  a  trick: 
see  wrench,  ».]  A  short  pithy  piece  of  informa- 
tion or  advice ;  a  valuable  hint ;  a  bit  of  useful 
knowledge  or  instruction ;  a  good  idea ;  a  trick ; 
a  point;  a  notion;  a  device.     [Oolloq.] 

They  are  too  experte  in  loue,  hauing  learned  in  this  time 
of  their  long  peace  euery  urinckle  that  is  to  be  scene  or 
imagined.  ^tfly,  Euphues  and  his  England,  p.  389. 

Philip,  when  thou  goes  courtin',  come  t'  me,  and  a'll  give 
thee  many  a  wrii^kle.        Mrs.  (jfaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  .\ii. 

Oh,  you  are  up  to  this  wrinkle,  are  you  ? 

Harper's  Marj.,  LXXVIII.  659. 

wrinkle-beaked  (riug'kl-bekt),  «.  Having  a 
wrinkled,  sulcate,  or  ridged  and  fun'owed  bill: 
specifying  one  of  the  anis,  Crutojilunja  sulciros- 
tris.  This  bird  is  common  in  parts  of  Texas,  and  thence 
through  much  of  South  America.    See  cut  under  ani. 

wrinkled  (ring'kld),  «.  In  ^ooV.,  marked  with 
parallel  and  somewhat  irregular  raised  lines; 

having  wi-inkles;  rugose;  corrugated Wrinkled 

hombill,  the  bird  Cranorhinus  cfjrrwjatus,  whose  high 
carinated  castiue  is  lateridly  corrugated. 

wrinkling-machine  (nngk'Ung-ma-shen"),  II. 
A  machine  for  forniirjg  transverse  wrinkles  on 
the  ujiper  leathers  of  boots  and  shoes. 

wrinkly  (ringk'li),  n.  [<  wrinkle'^  +  -i/i.] 
Somewhat  wrinkled  ;  having  a  tendency  to  be 
wrinkle<l;  piu'kered;  creased. 

His  old  wrinkly  face  grew  finite  blown-out  at  last. 

Carhjle,  The  fentury,  XXIV.  18. 

Mrs.  Waule  .  .  .  giving  occasional  dry  wrinkly  indica- 
tions of  crying.  Qeorfie  Eliot,  .Middlemarcli,  xxxii. 


6992 

Wrisbergian  (ris-b^r'gi-an),  a.  [<  Wrisberg: 
see  def.]  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  named  after, 
H.  A.  Wrisberg  (1739-1808).  a  German  anato- 
mist: noting  various  anatomical  parts,  com- 
monly described  in  English  as  of  Wrisberg,  or 
JVrisherg's,  not  Wrisbergian. 

Wrisberg's  abdominal  brain.  The  solarplexus 
of  the  sympathetic  nerve. 

Wrisberg's  cartilage.    See  cartilage  of  ll'ris- 

Inrg,  under  cartilage. 

Wrisberg's  ganglion.  See  cardiac  ganglion  of 
ll'ri.sberg,  under  ganglion. 

Wrisberg's  nerve.  See  nerve  of  Wrisberg,  un- 
der nerve. 

wrist  (list),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  wreast, 
wrest;  <  ME.  wrist,  wrists,  also  wirste,  wyrste,  < 
AS.  wrist  (usually  in  comp.  hand-wrist)  = 
OFries.  wriiist,  riust,  wirst,  ircrst  (Jiond-wriust, 
'hand-wrist,'/o/-M'riM6<,  'foot-wrist,'  instep)  = 
LG.  wrist  =  MHG.  rist,  riste,  G.  rist  (G.  dial. 
frist),  hand-  or  foot-joint;  ef.  G.  wida'-ri.s-t, 
withers  of  a  horse  (see  witliers),  =  leel.  rist  = 
Sw.  Dan.  vrist,  instep;  with  formative  -t  (-tht 
>  -St),  <  writhan,  twist,  writhe:  see  tvrithe,  and 
cf.  wrest.']  1.  That  part  of  the  fore  limb  or 
arm  which  comes  between  the  forearm  and  the 
hand,  and  by  which  the  latter  Is  joined  or 
jointed  to  the  former ;  the  wrist-joint ;  techni- 
cally, the  carpus,  or  the  carpal  articulation. 
The  wrist  is  the  first  segment  of  the  manus,  and  its  skele- 
ton consists  in  man  of  seven  carpal  bones,  together  with 
a  sesamoid  bone  (the  ijisiform)  on  the  ulnar  side,  these 
eight  bones  being  disposed  in  two  rows  of  four  each,  proxi- 
mal and  distal.  The  whole  set  of  bones,  their  articula- 
tions with  one  another  and  with  the  radius,  ulna,  and  the 
several  metacarpals,  together  with  the  ligaments  and  other 
associated  soft  parts,  are  included  in  the  term  wrist.  The 
motions  of  the  wrist  as  a  whole  upon  the  forearm  include 
all  the  movements  of  flexion,  extension,  abduction,  ad- 
duction, and  circumduction,  together  with  the  move- 
ments of  pronation  and  supination  impressed  upon  the 
wrist  bytlie  rockiiigof  the  radius  about  the  ulna;  hut  the 
motion  of  the  individual  carpal  bones  upon  one  another  is 
slight,  and  that  between  the  distal  carpals  and  the  meta- 
carpals is  still  less.  In  most  other  animals  than  man,  the 
movements  of  the  wrist  are  more  restricted.  Tlie  term  is 
extended  to  the  corresponding  joint  of  the  fore  limb  of 
other  mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles.  Thus  the  so-called 
knee  of  the  horse's  fore  leg  is  anatomically  the  carpus  or 
wrist.  See  carpus,  and  cuts  under  hand,  pigij&mt,  and 
seaphd.unar. 

Little  Preston  was  found  there  with  both  his  hands  cut 
off  by  the  wreasts. 
W.  Patten,  Ex.  into  Scotland (Arber'sEng.  Garner.Ul.  128). 

2+.  The  ankle  or  the  instep. 

Then  he  put  on  the  old  man's  hose, 

Were  patch'd  from  knee  to  ivrist. 

Robin  Hood  Rescuing  the  Widow's  Three  Sons  (Child's  Bal- 

[lads,  V.  2W). 

3.  In  viach.,  a  stud  or  pin  projecting  from  the 
side  of  a  crank,  wheel,  or  other  moving  part, 
and  forming  a  means  of  attachment  to  a  con- 
necting-rod leading  to  some  other  part  of  the 

mechanism.  Also  called  wrist-pin Bridle  wrist, 

in  the  mnn^ge,  the  wrist  of  the  horseman's  left  hand. 
Compare  hrittle-hand.  — lyrist  Of  the  wrist  See  twu't. 
— Wrist  touch,  in  pianoforte-playing,  a  stroke  or  touch 
which  proceeds  from  the  wrist  rather  than  from  the  fin- 
gers alone  or  from  the  whole  forearm. 
wristband  (rist 'band,  coUoq.  riz'band),  n. 
That  band  or  part  of  a  sleeve,  especially  of  a 
shirt-sleeve,  which  covers  the  wrist.  The  wrist- 
bands sewed  on  to  shirt-sleeves  were  formerly  continued 
with  a  flare  over  the  upper  part  of  the  hand,  serving  the 
purpose  of  the  separate  stilt  cults  buttoned  to  the  nar- 
row wristbands  now  in  use.  In  the  times  of  more  elabo- 
rate dressing  such  wristbands  were  often  very  long,  and 
adorned  with  rich  lace  or  fine  embroidery. 

With  that  the  hands  to  pocket  went, 

Full  wristband  deep.  Vanbrugh,  jEsop,  ii.  1. 

He  .  .  .  wore  very  stilt  collars,  and  prodigiously  long 
nrist-bands. 

Dickens,  A  Rogue's  Life,  i.    (Household  Words.) 

wrist-bone  (rist' bon),  n.  Any  bone  of  the  wrist 
or  carpus ;  a  carpal  bone.  See  carpus,  irrisf,  and 
cuts  under  hand,  pisiform,  and  scaphohinar. 

wrist-clonus  (rist'klo'nus),  H.  A  series  of  jerky 
movements  of  the  hand  produced  in  certain 
nervous  diseases  by  a  sudden  forcible  bending 
back  of  the  wrist. 

wrist-drop  (rist'drop),  «.  Inability  to  extend 
the  hand,  owing  to  paralysis  of  the  extensor 
muscles  in  the  forearm.  It  is  commonly  asso- 
ciated with  lead-poisoning.  Also  called  drop- 
wrist. 

The  case  of  chronic  lead  poisoning,  with  its  accompany- 
ing wrist-drop,  caused  by  the  paralysis  of  the  extensors. 
Amcr.  Anthropologist,  I.  68. 

wrister  (ris'ter),  n.  A  covering  for  the  wrist ; 
a  wristlet.     [Local.  U.  S.] 

A  neiglilior,  come  to  tea,  was  crocheting  wristers  for  her 
guardian.  The  Century,  X.XVI.  624. 

wristfall  (rist'fal),  n.  A  deep  ruffle  of  various 
materials,  usually  lace,  falling  from  a  wrist- 


■writ 

band  or  the  lower  part  of  a  sleeve.  See  fall^, 
n.,  8. 

Men  and  women  alike  were  in  Puritan  dress.    Some, 

however,  had  discarded  the  lace  wriM.falls  and  neckbands. 

A.  E.  Barr,  Friend  Olivia,  iii- 

■wrist-guide  (rist'gid),  «.     Same  as  chiroplast. 

wrist-joint  (rist'joint),  h.  The  carpal  joint 
proper;  the  radiocarpal  articulation,  by  which 
the  hand  as  a  whole  moves  upon  the  forearm : 
chiefly  used  as  applied  to  man.  See  carpus, 
wrist,  and  radiocarpal  articulation  (under  radio- 
carpal). 

•wristlet  (rist'let),  «.  [<  wrist  +  -let.']  1.  A 
band  worn  around  the  wrist :  applied  to  various 
useful  or  ornamental  objects  of  the  soi't.  (o)  A 
covering  of  thick  material  for  the  wrist  to  protect  it  un- 
der exposure  to  cold.  (6J  A  bracelet. 
A  siren  lithe  and  debonaire, 
With  loristlets  woven  of  scarlet  beads. 

?'.  B.  Aldrich,  Pampina. 

2.  A  handcuff.     [Humorous  or  slang.] 

Two  or  three  of  the  party  wearing  black  dresses  instead 
of  grey,  with  leg  irons  as  well  as  wristlets,  to  show  that 
they  were  bad-conduct  men. 

DaHy  Telegraph,  Dec.  31,  1881.    (Eneyc.  Diet.) 

wrist-link  (rist'lingk),  n.  A  link  with  con- 
nected buttons,  used  for  the  wristband  or  cuff. 
Encyc.  Diet. 

wrist-pin  (rist'pin),  «.  1.  In  mach.,  any  pin 
forming  a  means  of  connecting  a  pitman  to  a 
cross-head  or  crank ;  more  particularly,  the  pin 
of  the  crank  to  which  a  pitman  is  connected. 
The  pin  in  the  cross-head  is  in  the  United  States  more 
generally  called  cross-head  pin. 

2.  A  pin  in  a  wrist-plate  of  a  steam-engine, 
whether  connected  with  an  eccentric-rod  or 
with  a  valve-rod. 

wrist-plate  (rist' plat),  v.  l.  A  plate  which 
oscillates  on  a  central  pivot,  and  from  the  face 
of  which  project  one  or  more  crank-pins  or 
-ivrists  f  or  the  connection  of  rods  or  pitmans. — 
2.  Specifically,  a  plate  used  in  some  kinds  of 
automatic  cut-oflf  engines.  It  has  a  reciprocating 
rotaiy  motion  on  a  central  pivot,  and  is  actuated  through 
a  limited  arc  by  the  rod  of  an  eccentric  on  the  crank-shaft 
of  the  engine.  From  its  face  project  four  crank-wrist*, 
which  give  it  its  name.  Two  of  these  wrists  are  respec- 
tively connected  with  rods  that  actuate  the  rocker-arma 
of  two  separate  oscillating  plug-valves,  for  introducing 
steam  into  the  cylinder  on  opposite  sides  of  the  piston 
alternately.  The  other  two  wrists  are  similarly  connected 
to  Independently  operating  exhaust-valves. 

■writi  (rit),  ».  f<  ME.  writ,  wryt,  wrytt,  iwrit,  < 
AS.  qe-writ,  icrit,  a  writ,  writing,  or  scripture 
(=  OHG.  )•).-,  a  letter,  MHG.  ri:,  G.  ris.i,  a  rent, 
a  tear,  rit:c,  a  wound,  a  scratch.  =  Icel.  rit,  a 
writ,  writing,  penmanship,  =  Goth,  writs,  a 
stroke,  a  point),  <  writan,  etc.,  write :  see  write.] 

1.  That  which  is  written  ;  a  writing:  used  es- 
pecially of  the  Bible,  with  holy  or  sacred,  often 
capitalized  as  a  title. 

■Wherfore  thei  conne  meche  of  Holy  Wrytt,  but  thei  un- 
dirstoude  it  not  but  attre  the  Lettre. 

Manderille,  Travels,  p.  136. 

O  cursed  Eld  !  the  cankerworme  of  tcrits, 
How  may  these  rimes,  so  rude  as  doth  appeare, 
Hoi)e  to  endure?  Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  ii.  33. 

This  city  [Casarea]  is  remarkable  in  sacred  tcrit  upon 
several  accounts.  Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  1 60. 

2.  In  Inir,  a  precept  under  seal,  in  the  name  of 
the  people,  or  the  sovereign,  or  other  compe- 
tent legal  authority,  commanding  the  officer  or 
other  person  to  whom  it  is  addressed  or  issued 
to  do  or  refrain  from  doing  some  specified  act. 
In  early  times,  when  the  pleadings  and  proceedings  gen- 
erally in  actions  were  oral,  writs  were,  as  the  name  im- 
plies, the  written  parts  of  an  action  (besides  judgments  in 
courts  of  recordx  it  being  for  obvious  reasons  required  that 
the  warrant  by  which  a  person  or  his  property  might  be 
seized,  or  his  conduct  controlled  under  penalty  of  con- 
tempt, should  be  expressed  in  writing  and  attested  by  the 
name  and  seal  of  the  government. 

3.  A  formal  instrument  or  writing  of  any  kind. 

I  .  .  . 

Folded  the  writ  up  in  form  of  the  other. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  51. 

Barons  by  Writ  Scefcoron.l.— Close  writs.  tieeclose2. 
—  Indorsed  writ  See  t'ndorsc— Judicial  'Writ,  a  writ 
issued  by  the  court,  as  distinguished  from  an  original 
MTt(.— Optional  writ  See  oplionat.—  Original  writ 
(a)  The  writ  formerly  required  to  be  issued  from  Chan- 
cery, under  the  seal  of  the  sovereign,  before  the  commence- 
ment of  an  action  in  a  court  of  common  law  :  so  called  to 
distinguish  it  from  judicial  writs,  or  writs  issued  by  the 
court  in  which  the  action  was  thus  brought,  in  the  course 
of  prosecuting  the  action.  (6)  In  the  United  States,  a  man- 
datory precept  issuing  out  of  the  clerk's  office  in  any  of  the 
courts  of  law,  by  the  authority  ai]d  in  the  name  of  the  State 
or  commonwealth,  under  the  seal  of  the  court  from  which 
it  issues,  bearing  teste  of  the  chief  justice  of  the  court,  if 
he  is  not  a  party,  and  signed  by  the  clerk  of  the  court. 
(Heard.)  Its  object  is  to  compel  the  appearance  of  the  de- 
fendant, or  at  least  to  give  him  due  notice  that  he  is  sued. 
In  most  of  tlie  States  it  has  been  sui>erseded  by  a  summons, 
issued  by  the  plaintiff's  attorney,  giving  such  notice  and 
requiring  the  defendant  to  plead.     See  also  original  writ, 

under  (iWytno;.— Peremptory,  Prsemunlentes,  pre^ 


writ 

rogative  writ.  See  the  qualifying  words.— Service  Of  a 
writ.  See  service.—  Ship  writ,  in  K»ff.  hut,  a  writ  issued 
in  the  name  of  the  crown  imposing  the  tax  known  as 
ship-immey  (which  see):  notahly  one  of  sucli  writs  issued 
under  Charles  I.  which  led  to  Uampden's opposition.  They 
were  declared  illegal  by  16  Car.  L,  c.  14(1040).  — The  Writ 
runs,  (.a)  The  writ  is  expressed  in  terms  of  or  including  : 
as,  the  ivrit  rung  in  the  name  of  the  people.  (&)  The  writ 
is  legally  capable  of  enforcement :  as,  the  writ  of  subpoena 
rung  throughout  the  state,  (c)  The  writ  is  practically  ca- 
pable of  enforcement:  as,  "When  lawlessness  has  yielded 
to  order;  when  the  Queen's  icrU  runs;  when  the  edicts  of 
the  civil  courts  are  obeyed  ;  .  .  .  and  when  sedition  is 
trampled  under  foot —  then,  and  then  only,  is  there  some 
chance  for  the  development  of  remedial  measures. "  (Edin- 
burgh Hev.,  CLXV.  587.)— To  Serve  a  writ.    See  to  serve 

a  process,  under  serve.— io  serve  a  Writ  Of  attach- 
ment. See  to  serve  an  attachment,  under  served-. — 
Twelve-day  writ,  in  Eng.  law,  a  writ  allowed  by  IS  and 
19  \  ict,,  c.  67,  in  actions  on  bills  and  notes  if  brought 
within  six  months  after  maturity,  warning  defendant  to 
appear  within  twelve  days,  otherwise  judgment  would  go 
against  him.— Vlcontiel  wrltst.  See  vicontiel.—  W'At 
of  account.    See  action  of  acroimt,  under  accoin^.—  Writ 

Of  assistance,  besaylet,  capias,  certiorari,  consulta- 
tion, dower,  error,  estrepement.  See  a>ixi8tance,  etc. 
—Writ  of  execution.  Si.-e  execution.  ;j  (t;.— Writ  of 
habeas  corpus,  inquiry,  mandamus,  possession, 
privilege,  prohibition,  protection,  recaption,  resti- 
tution, right,  spoliation,  subpoena,  etc.  see  habeas 
crpus,  inquiry,  etc.— Writs  Of  extent.     ?>eeextent,  S{b). 

writ-  (rit).  An  obsolete  funn  of  the  third  per- 
son singular  present  indicative  (for  writeth), 
and  an  obsolete  or  archaic  form  of  the  past 
participle,  of  write. 

Writability  (ri-ta-biri-ti),  n.  [<  icritable  +  -itif 
(see  -bilittf).']  Ability  or  disposition  to  write. 
[Nouoe-word.] 

You  see  by  my  writabilUy  in  my  pressing  my  letters  on 
you  that  my  pen  has  still  a  colt's  tooth  left. 

Walpole,  Letters,  IV.  455.    (Davies.) 

writable  (ri'ta-bl),  a.     [<  write  +  -ablc.l     Ca- 
pable of  being  written;  such  as  might  be  set 
down  in  writing.     [Kare.] 
The  talk  was  by  no  means  writable,  but  very  pleasant. 
Mme.  D'Arblay,  iJiary,  II.  1(>H.    (Dacies.) 

writati'Ve  (rx'ta-tiv),  a.  [Irreg.  (after  talkativr) 
<  wrif{e)  +  -atire.^  Dispo.seil  or  inclined  to 
write;  given  to  writing.     [Nonce-word.] 

Increase  of  years  makes  men  more  talkative,  but  less 
itritative.  Pope,  To  Swift,  Aug.  17,  1736. 

write  (i*it),  c. ;  pret.  wrote  (obs.  or  dial,  wrate,  ar- 
chaic writ),  pp.  written  (obs.  or  archaic  (rW/,  for- 
merly erroneously  wrotc)f  ppr.  writiinj.  [<  ME. 
writen  (pret.  irro^,  wroot^  wrat,  pi.  writen,  write, 
pp.  writen,  write  —  with  short  /),  <  AS.  wrifait 
(pret.  wrdty  pi.  writon,  pp.  writen),  write,  in- 
scribe, orig.  score,  engrave,  =  OS.  wriffin,  cut, 
injure,  write,  =OFries.  writa  =  D.  rijtcn,  tour, 
split,  =LU.  ritett  =  0110,  ri::tin,  cut,  tear,  split, 
draw,  delineate,  MHO.  n-tH,  (J.  reissen,  tear,  = 
leel.  rita,  scratch,  cut,  write,  =  Sw.  rita,  draw, 
delineate.  =  Goth.  *wreilan  (in  deriv,  writs,  a 
stroke  or j>oint  made  with  a  pen),  write.  Hence 
irn^i.]  I.  trans.  1.  To  trace  or  form  u|>on  the 
surface  of  some  material  (a  significant  cliarac- 
acter  or  characters,  especially  characters  con- 
stituting or  representing  words) ;  set  down,  in  a 
manner  adapted  for  reading,  with  a  pen,  pencil, 
style,  or  anything  with  which  marks  can  bo 
made;  Inscribe:  as,  to  write  a  word  on  paper; 
to  write  one's  name  with  the  finger  in  sand. 

Aboven,  in  the  Dust  and  in  the  I'owtler  of  tho  Hilles, 
thei  xeroot  Lettres  and  Figures  with  hire  Flngres. 

MandeciUe,  Travels,  p.  17. 

They  .  .  .  whose  names  are  not  written  in  the  Inxik  of 
life.  Kev.  xvii.  s. 

The  Greek  metropolitan  has  a  very  line  manuscript  of 
the  Pentateuch,  supjwsed  Ui  have  been  wrote  about  the 
year  eight  hundred. 

Pococke,  Description  of  the  East,  II.  ii.  ;i8. 

There  is  a  Bo<jk 
By  seraphs  writ  with  beams  of  Heavenly  light. 

Coicper,  Sonnet  to  Mre.  Unwin. 

2.  To  cover  with  writing;  trace  readable  char- 
acters over  the  surface  of. 

And  it  [the  roll)  was  written  within  and  without. 

Kzek.  ii.  10. 

There  will  she  sit  in  her  smock  till  she  have  ^trit  a  sheet 
of  paper.  Shale.,  Much  A<io,  ii.  3.  13s. 

3.  To  express  or  communicate  in  writing;  give 
a  written  account  of;  make  a  record  of,  as 
something  known,  thought,  or  believed:  as,  to 
write  one's  observations;  he  wrote  down  all  he 
could  remember.  .Sometimes,  in  this  and  the  next 
sense,  the  verb  is  followed  by  a  dative  without  its  sign  : 
aa,  terite  me  all  the  news. 

ITianne  sit  he  down  and  writ  in  his  dotage 
That  wommen  kan  nat  kepe  hir  niariage. 

Chaucer,  lYol.  to  Wife  of  llatb's  I'ale,  1.  7iK>. 

Is  it  not  urrUten,  My  house  shall  be  called  of  :dl  nations 
the  house  of  prayer?  Mark  xi.  17. 

All  your  better  deeds 
Shall  be  ill  water  writ,  but  this  in  marble. 

beau,  and  Ft.,  Philaster,  v.  :i. 


6993 

I  chose  to  write  the  Thing  I  durst  not  speak. 

Prior,  Solomon,  ii. 

4.  To  set  forth  as  an  author,  or  produce  in  writ- 
ing, either  by  one's  own  or  another's  hand ;  com- 
pose and  produce  as  an  author. 

Write  me  a  sonnet.  Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  2.  4. 

When  you  writ  your  Epigrams,  and  the  Magnetic  Lady, 

you  were  not  so  mad.  Howell,  Letters,  I.  v.  10. 

5.  To  designate  by  writing;  style  or  entitle 
in  writing;  record:  with  an  objective  word  or 
phrase. 

0  that  he  were  here  to  write  nie  down  an  ass ! 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  iv.  2.  78. 

They  belonged  to  the  armigerous  part  of  the  popula- 

lation,  and  were  entitled  "to  n>rite  themselves  Esquire." 

De  Quincey,  Bentley,  i. 

6.  To  record;  set  down  legibly;  engrave. 

There  is  written  in  your  brow  .  .  .  honesty  and  con- 
stancy. Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  iv.  2.  162. 

The  histoi-y  of  New  England  is  vrritten  iraperishably  on 
the  face  of  a  continent. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  228. 

To  write  down,  (a)  To  set  down  in  writing;  make  a 
record  or  memorandum  of. 

Having  our  fair  order  written  down. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  v.  2.  4. 

It  was  the  manner  of  that  glorious  captain  [Ctesar]  to 
mite  dmcn  what  scenes  he  passed  through. 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  ;i74. 

(6)  To  write  in  depreciation  of ;  injure  by  writing  against: 
as,  to  write  down  a  play  or  a  financial  undertaking ;  to 
imte  down  an  actor  or  a  candidate. 

Without  some  infusion  of  spite  it  seems  as  if  history 
could  itot  be  written ;  that  no  man's  zeal  is  roused  to 
write  unless  it  is  moved  by  the  desire  to  urite  down. 

Stubbs,  Medieval  and  Moslem  Hist.,  p.  lUi, 

To  write  oflF,  to  cancel  by  an  entry  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  account  or  bill :  as,  to  write  o/" discounts;  to  write  off 
bad  debts.  — To  write  out.  («)  To  make  a  copy  or  tran- 
scription of;  especially,  to  make  a  perfect  copy  of,  after  a 
rough  draft ;  record  in  full :  as,  when  the  document  is  writ- 
ten out  you  may  send  it  off.  {b)  To  exhaust  the  capacity - 
or  resources  of  by  excessive  writing :  used  reftexively  :  as, 
that  author  has  wiitten  himself  out.  — To  write  Up.  (a) 
To  bring  up  to  date  or  to  the  latest  fact  or  transaction  in 
writing ;  write  out  in  full  or  in  detail :  as,  to  ivrite  vp  an 
account  or  an  account-book ;  to  write  uj>  a  lire  (»r  a  cele- 
bration for  a  newspaper,  (b)  To  attempt  to  elevate  in 
estimation  or  credit  by  favorable  writing;  c(unmend  to 
the  public;  pulf :  as,  to  write  up  a  new  play  or  a  candi- 
date.-Written  law.     See  laiv^. 

II.  in  trans.  1.  To  bo  acquainted  with  or 
practise  the  art  of  writing;  engage  in  the  for- 
mation of  written  words  or  characters,  either 
occasionally  or  as  an  occupation:  as,  to  write 
in  school;  to  write  as  a  lawyer's  clerk. 

He  can  write  and  read  and  cast  accoinpt. 

Shak.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  2.  02. 

2.  To  express  ideas  in  writing;  practise  written 
composition;  work  as  an  author,  or  engage  in 
authorship. 

When  I  icrate  of  these  deuices,  I  smiled  with  my  selfe, 
thinking  that  the  readers  would  do  so  to. 

Puttenham,  .•Xrte  of  Eng.  I'oesie,  p.  S4. 
Like  Egyptian  t'hioniolers, 
Who  write  of  twenty  thousand  Years. 

Couieij,  Pindaric  (Jdes,  xii.  2. 

Herodotus,  though  he  urote  in  a  dramatic  form,  had 

little  of  dramatic  genius.  Macanlay,  History. 

3.  To  conduct  epistolary  correspondence;  com- 
municate by  means  of  letter-writing:  convey 
information  by  letter  or  the  like:  as,  to  writcio 
a  distant  friend ;  write  as  soon  as  you  arrive. 

1  go.     Write  to  me  very  shortly. 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  iv.  4.  428. 

write  (ritj,  ?*-     [<  write, v.'\    Writing:  chiefly  in 

the  phrase  hand  of  write.     [Colloq.  or  vulgar.] 

We  trust  you  will  call  back  yourself  from  errors  and 

heresies  advisedly  which  you  have  maintained  rashly,  and 

set  forth  by  word  and  urrite  busily. 

Ilardiu'j  to  Jewell,  in  Bp.  Jewell's  Works  (Parker  Soc.  cd.), 

[II.  8<)4. 

It  was  a  short,  but  a  well-written  letter,  in  a  fair  hand 
of  icrite.  Gait,  Annals  ofthe  Parish,  i.     {Dadeg.) 

writee  (rl-teM,  ».  [<  write  +  -r/l.]  A  person 
to  or  for  whom  something  is  written;  a  reader 
as  contrasted  with  a  writer.     [Occasional.] 

And,  indeed,  where  a  man  is  understood,  there  is  ever 
a  proportion  betwixt  the  writer's  wit  and  the  writee's. 

Chajnnan.  Iliad,  xiv..  Com.  (ed.  Hooper). 

write-of-hand  (nt'ov-hamr),  //.  Handwriting: 

the  art  of  writing.     [Vulgar.] 

'A  could  wish  as  a'd  learned  icrite-o/kand,'  said  she, 
"for  a've  that  for  to  tell  Christopher  as  might  set  his 
mind  at  ease." 

Mrt.  GaffkeU,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xliii.     (Davieii.) 

writer  (ri'ter),  )i.     [<  MP],  writere,  <  AS.  writere 
(=  Icel.  ritari):  as  write  +  -er'^.^     1.   A  per- 
son who  understands  or  practises  the  art  of 
writing;  one  who  is  able  to  write;  a  penman. 
My  tongue  is  the  pen  of  a  ready  writer.  Ps.  xlv.  1. 

2.  One  who  does  writing  as  a  business;  a  pro- 
fessional   scribe,    scrivener,    or    amanuensis: 


writhe 

used  specifically''  in  England  of  clerks  to  the 
former  East  India  Company,  and  of  temporary 
copying  clerks  in  government  offices;  in  Scot- 
land, loosely,  of  law  agents,  solicitors,  attor- 
neys, etc.,  and  sometimes  of  their  principal 
clerks. —  3,  A  person  who  writes  what  he  com- 
poses in  his  mind;  the  author  of  a  written  paper 
or  of  writings;  an  author  in  general;  a  literary 
producer  of  auykind:  as,  the  tvritero£  a  letter; 
a  writer  of  history  or  of  fiction. 

Tell  prose  writers  stories  are  so  stale 
That  penny  ballads  make  a  better  sale.      Breto7i. 
"I  love,"  said  Mr.  Sentry,  "a  critic  who  mixes  the  rules 
of  life  with  annotations  uixui  writers." 

Steele,  Spectator,  No.  350. 

[For  other  uses  of  the  word,  see  letter-writer,  2, 
and  type-writer.] 

Ship's  writer.  See  ship.— The  writer,  the  author  of  this 
writing;  the  writer  hereof:  used  elliptically  by  a  writer 
with  reference  to  himself,  to  avoid  saying  /.—  Writer  of 
the  tallies.  Seetallyi,  1.— Writers' cramp,  an  occupa- 
tion-neurosis occurring  in  those  who  write  much,  espe- 
cially in  a  contracted  hand.  It  affects  at  first  usually  only 
those  muscles  which  are  directly  concerned  in  the  produc- 
tion of  writing  movements,  but,  if  the  act  is  persisted  in, 
the  neighboring  muscles  may  also  share  in  the  disturbance. 
The  alf ection  may  manifest  itself  under  one  of  four  forms 
or  a  combination  of  them  —numely,  paralytic,  in  which 
weakness  in  the  fingers  or  even  absolute  inability  to  hold 
the  pen  is  experienced ;  spastic,  in  which  the  attempt  to 
write  excites  clonic  or  tonic  contractions  of  the  fingers; 
tremxdous,  in  which  the  hand  shakes  so  while  writing  that 
the  letters  formed  arc  indistinguishable;  and  sensory,  in 
which  the  effort  to  write  causes  severe  pain,  tingling,  or 
other  abnormal  sensations  in  the  hand  and  at  times  in  the 
forearm  also.  The  symptoms  vary  greatly  in  different  in- 
dividuals, usually,  however,  increasing  in  severity  as  long 
as  the  attempt  to  use  a  pen  is  persisted  in.  The  use  of 
steel  pens  and  metal  penholders  is  supposed  to  increase 
the  liability  to  the  affection.  Also  called  scriveners'  cramp 
or  palxy,  writer/  pahy  or  paralysis,  and  graphospasm.— 
Writers  to  the  signet.  See  signet,  i. 
writeress  (ri'ter-es),  n,  [<  writer  4-  -ess.]  A 
female  writer  or  author.     [Humorous.] 

Remember  it  henceforth,  ye  leriteresses,  there  is  no  such 
word  as  authoress.       Thackeray,  Misc.,  ii.  470.    (Davies.) 

writerling  (ri'ter-ling),  ;/.  [<  writer  +  -Uu</^.] 
A  petty  or  sorry  writer  or  author.     [Rare.] 

Every  writer  and  writerling  of  name  [in  France]  has  a 
salary  from  the  government. 

W.  Taylor,  1802  (Robberds's  Memoir,  I.  420).    (Davies.) 

writership  (rl'ter-ship),  n.  \_<.  writer  +  -s/tij).] 
The  ofhee  or  employment  of  a  writer  in  some 
official  capacity, 
writhe  (riTU),  v.;  pret.  and.  pp.  writhed,  ppr. 
writhiiif/.  [<  ME.  writhen,  wrtjihen  (pret.  wroth, 
wrtntth.  wra'th,  jd.  writhen,  jip.  writhen  (with 
short  i),  wrethen),  <  AS,  writhan  (pret,  wrath, 
pp.  writhen),  twist,  wind  about,  =  OHG.  rldan, 
MHG.  rlden,  Q.  dial,  wrideln,  twist  together,  = 
Icel.  rltha  =  Sw.  rrid<f  =  Dan.  rride.  wring, 
twist,  turn,  wrest.  Hence  ult,  wreath,  wrest, 
wrist.]  I,  trans.  1.  To  turn  and  twist  about; 
twist  out  of  shape  or  position;  wrench;  con- 
tort. 

The  stortes  [grape-stalks]  softe  in  handes  wol  thai  take 
And  writhe  Iiem,  and  so  icrithen  wol  thai  lete 
Hem  honge  and  drie  awhile  in  sonnes  hete. 

Palladius,  Ilusbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  3.),  p.  20*;. 
Sa  suld  we  wryth  all  syn  away. 
That  in  our  breistis  l>red. 
Tfie  niudy  Serk  (Child's  Ballads,  VIII.  151). 

The  desolate  little  shanty  was  plainly  to  be  seen  among 
the  naked  and  writhen  boughs  of  the  oichard. 

The  Atlantic,  LVIII.  389. 

2.  To  wrest  perversely;  wrest;  pervert. 

The  reason  which  he  yielileth  showeth  the  least  part  of 
his  meaning  to  be  that  whereunto  his  words  are  icrithed. 

Hooker. 

3.  To  wrench;  wring;  <'xtort.  [Obsolete  or 
archaic] 

The  nobility  hesitated  not  to  follow  the  example  of 
their  sovereign  in  writhing  money  from  them  l>y  ever>' 
species  of  oi)pres8ion.         Scott,  Ivaidioe,  vi.     (Imp.  Diet.) 

II.  itttrans.  To  move  or  stir  in  a  twisting  or 
torttious  manner;  twist  about,  as  from  pain, 
distress,  or  stimulation. 

The  poplar  writhen  and  twists  and  whistles  in  the  blast. 
Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  1S.5. 

Supposing  a  case  of  tyranny,  the  Tuscans  will  wriggle 
under  it  rather  than  writhe;  and  if  even  they  should 
wiithe,  yet  they  will  never  stand  erect.  Landvr. 

She  writhed  under  the  dcmoTistrable  truth  of  the  char- 
acter he  had  given  her  conduct. 

George  Eliot,  Mill  »in  the  Floss,  v.  5. 

'Y\\c  writhing  Wiynw  .  .  .  failed  to  allure  the  scaly  brood. 
Geikie,  (ieol.  Sketches,  i. 

writhe  (riTii),  «.  [<  writhe,  v.]  1.  A  contor- 
tion of  form  or  features,  as  fr<mi  pain  or  other 
emotion;  an  act  of  writhing.      [Rare.] 

Perhaps  pleasure  is  the  emotion  evidenced  by  the  silent 

urrithe  with  which  Jim  receives  this  piece  of  information. 

Ji.  i^nrnghton,  Alas,  xvi. 

2.  The  band  of  a  fagot,   ffalliwrll.   [Prov.Eng.] 


writhel 

writhelt,  -writlllet  (riTH'l),  v.  t.  [Freq.  of 
icrithc;  ef.  (r.  dial.  inWrff/H,  twist  together.]  To 
wrinkle;  shrivel;  distort. 

This  weak  and  writhled  shrimp. 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  8.  23. 

Cold,  writhled  eld,  his  life-sweat  almost  spent. 

MarstoH,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  iv.  36. 

writhent  (riTH'en),  p.  a.    Obsolete  or  archaic 

past  participle  of  writhe. 
writheneck  (rlTH'nek),  n.    Same  as  tcryneck,  3. 
writhingly  (ri'THing-li),  adv.     In   a   writhing 

manner;  with  wi'ithiiig.     [Rare.] 

"Oh  I"  turning  over  writhingly  in  her  chair. 

jR.  Brmighton,  Belinda,  xxx. 

writhlet,  «'•  t-     See  writhel. 

writing  (ri'ting),  n.  [<  ME.  writing,  writunge 
(cf.  Icel.  ritning);  verba!  n.  oi write,  u.]  1.  The 
recording  of  words  or  sounds  in  significant 
characters;  in  the  most  general  sense,  any  use 
of  or  method  of  using  letters  or  other  conven- 
tional symbols  of  uttered  sounds  for  the  visible 
preservation  or  transmission  of  ideas;  specifi- 
cally, as  distinguished  from  printing,  stamping, 
incision,  etc.,  the  act  or  art  of  tracing  graphic 
signs  by  hand  on  paper,  parchment,  or  any  other 
material,  with  a  pen  and  ink,  style,  pencil,  or 
any  other  instrument;  also,  the  written  charac- 
ters or  words ;  handwriting ;  chirography. 

We  have,  thus,  in  this  inscription  at  Abou-Symbal  a 
cardinal  example  of  Greek  writing  as  it  was  used  by  the 
Ionian  and  Dorian  settlers  in  Asia  Minor  and  the  islands 
about  the  begitming  of  the  sixth  century  B.  c 

C.  T.  Newton,  Art  and  Archjeol.,  p.  101. 

Boman  wn'imf/  —  capital,  uncial,  half-uncial,  and  cursive 
—  became  known  to  the  Western  nations,  and  in  different 
ways  played  the  principal  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
national  styles  of  writing.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  155. 

2.  The  state  of  being  written ;  recorded  form  or 
expression:  as,  to  put  a  proposition  in  writing  ; 
to  commit  one's  thoughts  to  roriting.  in  law  the 
expressions  in  writing  and  written  are  often  construed  to 
include  printed  matter  as  well  as  manuscript. 

Ther  [in  Candia]  was  lawe  fyrst  put  in  wrytyng. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eiig.  Travell,  p.  19. 
Then  Huram  the  king  of  Tyre  answered  in  writing. 

2  Chron.  ii.  11. 

3.  That  which  is  written,  or  in  a  written  state ; 
a  record  made  by  hand  in  any  way;  a  paper  or 
instrument  wholly  or  partly  in  manuscript;  an 
inscription. 

The  writing  was  the  ipriting  of  God,  graven  upon  the 
tables.  Ex.  xxxii.  16. 

Wliosoever  shall  put  away  his  wife,  let  him  give  Iier  a 
writing  of  divorcement.  Mat.  v.  31. 

I  accepted  of  the  Offer,  and  Writings  were  immediately 
drawn  between  us.  Dampier,  Voyages,  I.  513. 

4.  A  production  of  the  pen  in  general ;  a  lit- 
erary or  other  composition ;  any  expression  of 
thought  in  visible  words ;  a  scripture. 

X  know  not  whether  it  cause  greater  pleasure  to  reade 

their  writings,  or  astonishment  and  wonder  at  the  Nation. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  176. 

The  later  Greek  and  Latin  writings  occasionally  contain 
maxims  [concerning  warj  which  exhibit  a  considerable 
progress  in  this  sphere.        Lecky,  Europ.  Morals,  II.  273. 

5.  The  expression  of  thought  by  written  words ; 
the  use  of  the  pen  in  conveying  ideas;  literary 
production. 

It  is  to  the  credit  of  that  age  [eighteenth  century]  to 
have  kept  alive  the  wholesome  tradition  that  Writing, 
whether  in  prose  or  verse,  was  an  Art  that  required  train- 
ing at  least,  if  nothiiig  more. 

Lowell,  New  Princeton  Rev.,  II.  156. 

Direct  or  Independent  writing.  Same  as  pneuma- 
tograptiy,  1.  — Writing  obligatory.  Same  as  obligation 
5(a). 

writing-book  (n'ting-biik),  )(.  A  blank  book 
for  pr.ictico  in  penmanship  ;  a  copy-book. 

writing-box  (ri'ting-boks),  H.  A  small  box  con- 
taining a  set  of  the  materials  used  in  Chinese 
or  Japanese  writing.     See  tcriting-set,  2. 

writing-cabinet  (ri*ting-kab"i-ne't),  n.  Apiece 
of  furniture  in  which  a  writing-desk  is  com- 
bined with  drawers  or  cupboards,  shelves  for 
books,  or  other  appliances. 

writing-case  (ri'ting -kas),  ».  A  ease  con- 
taining materials  and  affording  facilities  for 
writing:  a  kind  of  portable  writing-desk. 

writing-chambers  (ri'ting-cham"b6rz),  «.  pi. 
Kooms  or  offices  occupied  by  a  lawyer  and  his 
clerks,  etc.;  a  law  office. 

writing-desk  (ri'ting-desk),  n.  1.  A  writing- 
table,  especially  one  in  which  the  whole  or  a 
jjart  of  the  top  is  sloping,  and  the  space  below 
the  top  is  occupied  with  drawers,  pigeonholes, 
or  shelves:  sometimes  there  is  also  a  raised 
frame  or  ease  of  drawers,  shelves,  or  pigeon- 
holes. Compare  writing-tiihle  and  escritoire. — 
2.  A  portable   writing-case,  usually  made  of 


6994 

wood  and  of  moderate  size,  closing  up  tightly 
for  security  and  convenience,  and  fitted  to  con- 
tain stationery  of  all  sorts,  papers  on  file,  writ- 
ing materials,  etc. 

writing-folio  (ri'ting-fo'lio),  n.  A  cover  for 
writing-paper,  etc.,  usually  having  leaves  of 
blotting-paper  within  it,  which  serve  as  a  pad 
for  writing  on. 

writing-frame  (ri'ting-fram),  n.  A  frame  for 
the  use  of  blind  or  partially  blind  persons  in 
writing,  made  to  hold  the  sheet  of  paper  firmly, 
and  furnished  with  an  adjustable  guide  for  the 
formation  of  lines. 

writing-ink  (ri'ting-ingk),  n.     See  mjJI,  1. 

writing-machine (ri'ting-ma-shen"),  11.  Atype- 
writer. 

writing-master  (ri'ting-mas"ter),  n.  1.  One 
who  teaches  the  art  of  penmanship. —  2.  The 
yellow  bunting,  Emheri~a  citrinella :  so  named 
from  the  irregularly  scribbled  lines  on  its  eggs. 
Also  called  scribbling  or  writing  lark,  for  the 
same  reason.  See  cut  under  yellowhammer. 
[Local,  Eng.] 

writing-paper  (ri'ting-pa"p6r),  n.  Paper  fin- 
ished with  a  smooth  surface,  generally  sized, 
for  writing  on. 

writing-reed  (ri'ting-red),  n.     See  reed^. 

writing-school  (ri'ting-skol),  n.  A  school  or 
an  academy  where  handwriting  or  calligraphy 
is  taught. 

writing-set  (ri'ting-set),  «.  1.  A  set  of  small 
objects,  necessary  or  useful,  designed  for  a 
library-table,  as  inkstand,  pen-tray,  rack  for 
pens,  ease  for  paper  and  envelops,  portfolio 
holding  blotting-paper,  candlesticks,  etc.,  and 
sometimes  larger  articles  in  which  two  or  more 
of  the  above  are  combined.  These  objects  are 
often  made  to  correspond  in  material  and  de- 
sign.—  2.  A  set  of  the  boxes,  ink-stone,  water- 
pot,  etc.,  used  in  Chinese  and  Japanese  writing, 
often  of  lacquer,  or  mounted  in  metal. 

writing-table  (ri'ting-ta"bl),  n.  1.  A  table 
fitted  for  writing  upon,  sometimes  differenti- 
ated from  a  writing-desk,  as  being  a  piece  of 
furniture  for  the  library  rather  than  for  the 
business  office. —  2t.  A  tablet;  a  table-book. 

He  asked  for  a  writing-table,  and  wrote,  saying.  His  name 
is  John.  Luke  i.  63. 

The  author  defies  them  and  their  writing-tables. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  ii.  2. 

Knee-hole  writing-table,  a  writing-table  having  a 
s<iuare  or  arched  opening  by  which  the  knees  of  the  per- 
son using  it  are  accommodated  under  the  surface  upon 
which  he  writes,  but  with  drawers,  closets  with  pigeon- 
holes, or  shelves,  etc.,  on  one  or  both  sides.  Also  kn^e- 
hole  desk. 

writing-telegraph  (ri'ting-tel"e-graf ),  n.  Any 
telegraphic  system  in  which  the  message  is 
automatically  recorded;  more  commonly,  a 
telegraphic  apparatus  by  means  of  which  the 
record  of  the  message  reproduces  the  hand- 
writing of  the  sender — for  example,  the  telau- 
to^aph. 

written  (rit'n).    Past  participle  of  write. 

wrixlet,  ».  t.     [ME.,  <  AS.  wrixUan,  exchange.] 

1.  To  exchange. —  2.  To  envelop;  wrap;  con- 
found . 

What  whylenes,  or  wanspede,  iiyryxles  our  mynd? 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  9327. 

wrizzledt  (riz'ld),  a.  [Prob.  a  form  of  writhel, 
writhlc,  confused  with  grizzled.']  Wrinkled; 
shriveled. 

Her  wrided  skin,  as  rough  as  maple  rind. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  viii.  47. 

His  icrizzled  [var.  wrinkled]  visage.  Gay,  Wine,  1.  9. 

wroghtet,  wrohtet.  Middle  English  forms  of 
wrought,  jn-eterit  and  past  participle  of  work. 

wrokent,  wroket.  Obsolete  past  participles  of 
irrealA, 

wrong  (rong),  a.  and  n.  [So.  wrong  ;  I.  a.  <  ME. 
wrong,  wrang,  <  AS.  *wrang  (not  found  as 
adj.)  (=  MD.  wrnngh,  wranck,  D.  wrong,  bitter, 
harsh,  sharp  (of  acids),  =  Icel.  rongr,  wry, 
wrong,  unjust,  =  Sw.  vrAng  =  Dan.  rrang, 
wrong),  <  wringan  (pret.  wrang):  see  wring,  v., 
and  II.  Cf.  E.  tort,  wrong,  nit.  <  L.  tortus,  twist- 
ed. II.  w.  <  ME.  wrong,  wrong,  <  late  AS.  wrang 
=  MD.  wrongh,  wronck,  wrong :  see  I.]  I.  a. 
It.  Crooked;  twisted;  wry.     Wyclif. 

His  bee  [an  eagle's]  is  get  biforn  wrong, 
Thog  hise  limes  senden  strong. 

Reliquise  Antiqn.se,  I.  210. 

2.  Not  right  in  state,  adjustment,  or  the  like ; 
not  in  order;  disordered;  perverse;  being  awry 
or  amiss. 

I've  heerd  my  aunt  say  as  she  found  out  as  summat  was 
wrong  wi'  Nancy  as  soon  as  th'  milk  turned  bingy. 

Mrs.  Oaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xv. 


■wrong 

3.  Deviating  from  right  or  truth ;  not  correct  or 
justifiable  in  fact  or  morals;  erroneous;  per- 
verse :  as,  wrong  ideas ;  wrong  courses. 

If  his  cause  be  wrong,  our  obedience  to  the  king  wipes 
the  crime  of  it  out  of  us.  Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1.  138. 

For  modes  of  faith  let  graceless  zealots  fight, 
His  can't  be  wrong  whose  life  is  in  the  right. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  iii.  306. 

It  is  a  wrong,  egotistical,  savage,  unchristian  feeling, 
and  that 's  the  truth  of  it.  Thatkeray,  Waterloo. 

Men's  judgments  as  to  what  is  right  and  ivrong  are  not 
perfectly  uniform.    J.  Sully,  Outlines  of  PsychoL,  p.  56)i. 

4.  Deviating  from  that  which  is  correct,  proper, 
or  suitable ;  not  according  to  intention,  require- 
ment, purpose,  or  desire :  as,  the  wrong  side  of 
a  piece  of  cloth  (the  side  to  be  turned  inward). 

He  call'd  me  sot. 
And  told  me  I  had  turn'd  the  wrong  side  out. 

Shak.,  Lear,  iv.  2.  8. 
I  observe  the  Moral  is  vitious ;  It  points  the  wrang  way, 
and  puts  the  Prize  into  the  wrong  Hand. 

Jeremy  Collier,  Short  View  (ed.  1698),  p.  210. 

I  swear  she 's  no  chicken  ;  she 's  on  the  wrong  side  of 
thirty,  if  she  be  a  day.  Swift,  Polite  Conversation,  i. 

Were  their  faces  set  in  the  right  or  in  the  wrang  direc- 
tion ?  Macaulay,  Sir  J.  Macldntosh. 

5.  In  a  state  of  misconception  or  error;  not 
correct  in  action,  belief,  assertion,  or  the  like ; 
mistaken;  in  error. 

I  was  wrong, 
I  am  always  bound  to  you,  but  you  are  free. 

Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 
You  are  wrong,  sir ;  you  are  icrong.    I  have  quite  done 
with  you.    Be  under  no  mistake  upon  that  point. 

W.  Bemnt,  St.  Katharine's,  it  28. 

Wrong  is  in  all  senses  the  opposite  and  correlative  of 
rigftt. 

In  the  wrong  box.  See  box2,—  Wrong  font,  said  of  a 
printers'  type,  etc. ,  that  is  not  of  the  proper  size  or  face 
for  its  position.  Abbreviated  w. /.  =Syil.  2.  Unfit,  un- 
suitable, inappropriate,  inapposite. — 3.  Immoral,  inequit- 
able, unfair. —  4.  Incorrect^  faulty. 

II.  n.  1.  That  which  is  wrong,  amiss,  or  er- 
roneous ;  the  opposite  of  right,  or  of  propriety, 
truth,  justice,  or  goodness;  wrongfulness;  er- 
ror; evil. 

And  the  abusyng  of  jour  Offyce,  .  .  . 
And  3our  fals  gloslng  of  the  wrang. 
Sail  nocht  mak  30W  to  rax  heir  lang. 
Lauder,  Dewtie  of  Kyngis  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  1.  ISl. 

A  free  determination 
'Twixt  right  and  wrong. 

Shak.,T.  andC,  a  2. 171. 
The  weak,  against  the  sons  of  spoil  and  wrong. 
Banded,  and  watched  their  hamlets,  and  grew  strong. 
Bryant,  The  Ages,  st  11. 
Tliose  who  think  to  better  wrong 
By  working  wrang  shall  seek  thee  wide 
To  slay  thee. 

William  Morrig,  Earthly  Paradise,  III.  34. 

2.  Wrong  action  or  conduct ;  anything  done 
contrary  to  right  or  justice ;  a  violation  of  law, 
obligation,  or  propriety;  in  Uiw,  an  invasion  of 
right,  to  the  damage  of  another  person ;  a  tort: 
as,  to  do  or  commit  wrong,  or  a  wrong. 

For  that  Percevale  ly  Galoys  was  accused  with  grete 
wronge  for  the  deth  of  the  same  hoot,  like  as  an  Kiiaiyte 
hit  tolde  after  that  hadde  seyn  all  the  dede. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ilL  475. 
Cease  your  open  itrangs ! 
Cannot  our  Bishops  scape  your  slanderous  tongues? 

Timei  WhisOe  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  10. 
It  is  probable  that  a  man  never  knows  the  deep  anguish 
of  conscious  wrang  until  he  has  had  the  courage  to  face 
in  solitude  its  naked  hideousness. 

J.  Sully,  Sensation  and  Intuition,  p.  154. 

3.  Harm  or  evil  inflicted ;  damage  or  detriment 
suffered ;  an  injury,  mischief,  hurt,  or  pain  im- 
parted or  received :  as,  to  do  one  a  wrong. 

To  forgive  wrongs  darker  than  death  or  night 

Shelley,  Prometheus,  iv. 

4.  A  stat«  of  being  wrong  or  of  acting  wrongly ; 
an  erroneous  or  unjust  ■view,  attitude,  or  pro- 
cedure in  regard  to  anything:  chiefly  in  the 
phrase  in  the  wrong. 

They  were  neither  of  them  dissatisfied  with  the  knight's 
determination,  because  neither  of  them  found  himself  in 
the  wrong  by  it.  Addison.  Spectator,  Na  122. 

When  People  once  are  in  the  icrong. 
Each  Line  they  add  is  much  too  long. 

Prior,  Alma.  iiL 

It  is  I  who  ought  to  be  angry  and  unforgiving ;  for  I 
was  in  the  wrong.  Thackeray,  De  Finibns. 

Abandonment  for  wrongs.  J^ee  aba-ndonmei^.—  ln 
the  wrong,  .'lee  def.  4.—  Private  ■wrong.  See  private. 
—  "to  have  ■wrong,  (ot)  To  have  or  be  on  the  wrong  side ; 
be  wrong,  or  in  the  wrong. 

When  I  had  wrong  and  she  the  right. 

She  wolde  alwey  so  goodely 

Forgeve  me  so  debonairly. 

Chaucer,  Death  of  Blanche,  1.  1282. 

(b)  To  suffer  the  infliction  of  wrong ;  have  wrong  treat- 
ment. 


Caesar  has  had  great  wrong. 


Shak.,  J.  C,  iii.  2. 115. 


wrong 

To  put  in  the  wrong,  to  cause  to  appear  wrong  or  in 
error ;  give  a  wrong  character  to  or  representation  of :  as, 
your  remarks  put  me,  or  my  sentiments,  in  the  icrong. 
=Syn.  1  and  2.  Sin,  Iniquity,  etc.  See  crime. 
wrong  (rong),  «rfc.  [<  inong,  o.]  In  a  wroug 
manner;  not  rightly;  erroneously;  incoiTeetly; 
amiss;  ill. 

Tlie  right  divine  of  Icings  to  govern  xorong. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  iv.  1S8. 
To  go  wrong.     See  go. 

Your  strong  possession  much  more  than  your  riglit, 
Or  else  it  must  go  wrong  with  you  and  me. 

Shah.,  K.  John,  i.  1.  41. 

wrong  (rong),  V.  t.     [<  wrong,  «.]     1.  To  Jo 
wrong  to;   treat  unfairly,  unjustly,  or  harm- 
fully; do  or  say  something  injurious  or  offen- 
sive to;  Injure;  harm;  oppress;  offend. 
YoQ  wrong  me,  sir,  thus  still  to  haunt  my  house. 

Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  iii.  4.  73. 

2.  To  be  the  cause  of  wrong  or  harm  to ;  affect 
injtrriously ;  be  hurtful  to;  in  an  old  nautical 
use,  to  take  the  wind  from  the  sails  of,  as  a 
ship  in  line  with  another  to  windward. 

All  authoritie  being  dissolved,  want  of  government  did 
more  wrong  their  proceedings  than  all  other  crosses  what- 
soever. Quoted  in  Capt.  John  Smith's  Works,  II.  207. 

It  [a  play]  is  good,  though  wronged  by  my  over  great 
expectations,  as  all  things  else  are.      Pepys,  Diary,  I.  149. 

To  use  the  seaman's  phrase,  we  were  very  much  wronged 
by  the  ship  that  hat)  us  in  chase. 

SnwUett,  Roderick  Random,  Ixv. 

3.  To  be  iu  the  wrong  in  regard  to;  view  or 
consider  wrongly ;  give  an  erroneous  seeming 
to;  put  in  the  wrong,  or  in  a  false  light. 

Thy  creatures  wrong  thee,  O  thou  sov'reign  Good  ! 
Thou  art  not  loved  because  not  understood. 

Cowper,  Happy  Solitude  —  Unhappy  Men  (trans.). 
Thy  friendship  thus  thy  judgment  wronging 
With  praises  not  to  me  belonging. 

Scott,  .Marniion,  iii..  Int. 

wrong-doer  (rong'dij'er),  H.  1.  One  who  does 
wrong,  or  commits  wrongful  or  rcpreliensible 
acts ;  any  offender  against  the  moral  law. 

Especially  when  we  see  the  wrong-doer  prosperous  do 

we  feel  as  if  the  injustice  of  fortune  ought  to  he  redressed. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p.  10. 

2.  In  lair,  one  who  commits  a  tort  or  trespass  ; 

a  tort-feaser. 
wrong-doing  (rong'do'ing),  n.     The  doing  of 

wrong;  behavior  the  opposite  of  what  is  right ; 

blameworthy  action  in  general. 
wronget,  wrbngent.     Middle  English  forms  of 

irniuii. 
wrongeoust,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  wrongous. 
wronger  (r6ng'^r),  «.     [<.  wrong  -(- -crl.]     One 

who  inflicts  wrong  or  harm ;  aninjurer;  amis- 
user. 

Hold,  shepherd,  hold  !  learn  not  to  be  a  wronger 

Of  your  word.      Fletcher,  Faithful  .Shepherdess,  iv.  3. 

Caitiffs  and  wrongen  of  the  world.    Tennyson,  Geraint. 

wrongful  (rong'fiil),   «.      [<   ME.   wrongful;  < 

wrong,  ».,  -1-  -/«/.]     Full  of  or  characterized  by 

wrong;  injurious  ;  unjust ;  unfair:  as,  a  mj/oh;/- 

ful  taking  of  property. 

I  am  so  far  from  granting  thy  request 
That  I  despise  thee  for  thy  wrong/ul  suit. 

Shak.,T.  U.  of  V.,  Iv.  2.  102. 
=  Syn.  See  wrong,  a. 
wrongfully  (rong'ful-i).  ndr.  In  a  wrong  man- 
ner; in  a  manner  contrary  to  the  moral  law  or 
to  justice ;  unjustly :  as,  to  accuse  one  wroug- 
fully;  to  suffer  wrongfulli/. 
Accusing  the  Lady  Hero  wrongfully. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  Iv.  2.  .51. 

wrongfulness  (rong'ful-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  wrong  or  wrongful ;  injustice. 

Wronghead  (rong'hed),  n.  and  ».  [<  wrong  + 
luad.]     I.  n.  Same  as  irronghcadcrl.     [Kare.] 

This  jealous,  waspish,  sprung-head,  rhyming  race. 

Pope,  Imit.  of  Horace,  II.  ii.  148. 

n.   «.  A  wrongiieaded  person.     [Rare.] 
wrongheaded  (r<ing'hed"ed),  n.     [<  wronghead 
+  -ed'^.'\     Cliaracterize<l  by  or  due  to  perver- 
sity of  the  judgment ;  obstinately  opinionated; 
misguided;  stubborn. 

A  wrrmgfteaded  distrust  of  England. 

Bp.  Berkeley,  Querist,  |  436. 

Wrongheadedly  (r6ng'hed"ed-li),  adr.  In  a 
wrongheaded  manner;  obstinately;  perversely. 

He  (Johnson) .  .  .  then  rose  to  be  unfler  the  care  of  Mr. 
Hunter,  the  hea^l-master,  who,  according  to  his  account, 
waa  very  severe,  and  lerongheadedlg  severe. 

Boswell,  Johnston,  an.  1711*. 

wrongheadedness  (r6ng'hed"ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  character  of  being  wrongheaded;  per- 
versity of  judgment. 

There  U  no  end  of  his  misfortunes  and  wrongheaded neitit .' 
Walpoie,  Letters,  II.  ■>m. 


6995 

wronghearted  (rong'har'ted),  a.  Wrong  in 
heart  or  sensibility ;  not  right  or  just  in  feeling. 

wronglieartedness(r6ng'hiir"ted-nes),  «.  The 
state  or  character  of  being  wrongliearted  ;  per- 
versity of  feeling. 

Wrong-headedness  may  be  as  fatal  now  as  wrong-heart- 
edness.  The  Century,  XXIX.  910. 

wrongless  (rong'les),  a.    [<  wrong,  n.,  +  -less.'] 

Void  of  wrong.     [Rare.] 
wronglessly  (rong'les-li),  adr.    Without  wroug 

or  harm;  harmlessly.     [Rare.] 
He  was  .  .  .  honourably  courteous,  and  wronglessly 

valiant.  Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  i. 

wrongly  (rong'li),  adr.  [<  ME.  wrongliche;  < 
wrong  +  -ly^.}  In  a  wrong  or  erroneous  man- 
ner; unjustly;  mistakenly. 

Thou  .  .  .  wouldst  not  play  false, 
And  yet  wouldst  icrongly  win. 

Shak.,  Macbeth,  i.  5.  23. 

wrongminded  (r6ng'min"ded),  o.  Having  a 
mind  wrongly  inclined;  entertaining  erroneous 
or  distorted  views. 

wrongness  (rong'nes),  «.  [<  ME.  wrongnesse  ; 
<  wrong,  n.,  +  -ness.']  If.  Crookedness;  wry- 
ness;  unevenness.  Prompt.  Parr., -^.o'di. —  2. 
The  state  or  condition  of  being  wrong  or  erro- 
neous ;  heinousness ;  faultiness. 

The  best  have  great  wrongnesses  within  themselves, 
which  they  complain  of,  and  endeavour  to  amend. 

Butler,  Analogy  of  Religion.    (Latham.) 

The  wrongness  of  murder  is  known  by  a  moral  intuition. 

//.  Spencer,  Data  of  Ethics,  §  14. 

wrongous  (rong'us),  a.  [Aloo  wrongcous;  < 
JIE.  wrongou.i,  for  earlier  wrongwis,  wrangwis 
(=  Sw.  vrdngvis),  wrong,  iniquitous;  <  wrong  + 
wi.sc^.  Cf.  righteous.']  If.  Wrongful;  unjust; 
improper. 

I  will  not  father  my  bairn  on  you, 
Nor  on  no  icrongoujt  man. 

ChUde  Kyc(  (t-'hilds  Ballads,  II.  77). 

2.  In  .S'cote  <(((r,  not  right ;  unjust;  Illegal:  as, 
wrongous  imprisonment. 

Every  wrong  must  be  judged  by  the  first  violent  and 
wrongous  ground  whereupon  it  proceeds. 

James  I.,  To  Bacon,  Aug.  25,  1617. 

wrongOUSlyt  (rong'us-li ),nrfi'.  [Also  wrongeous- 
h/ :  <  ME.  wrongouslg  :  <  wrongous  +  -ly^.i  Un- 
justly; wrongfully;  unfairly. 

Here  haue  we  done  and  shewid  curtessy, 
Where  to  urongously  uillanous  ye  dot*. 
To  thys  noble  daniicel  and  lady. 

Rom.  0/  J'artenay  (E.  E.  T.  ».),  1.  1867. 

Wronski's  theorem.     See  theorem. 

wroott,  ''•     An  old  spelling  of  root'^. 

wrott.     An  (dd  spelling  of  wriite^. 

wrote'   (rot).     Preterit  and  obsolete  or  vulgar 

l)ast  participle  of  write. 
wrote-t,  r.     A  Middle  English  form  of  root". 
Right  as  a  soughe  leroteth  in  everich  ordure,  so  uroteth 
hire  beautee  in  the  stynkyng  ordure  of  syiui. 

Chaucer,  Parson's  Tale. 

'wroth  (roth),  a.  [<  ME.  wroth,  wrooth,  <  AS. 
wrath,  angry  (=  OS.  wrelh  =  D.  wreed,  cruel, 
=  Icel.  reithr  =  Sw.  Dan.  rred,  angry);  prob. 
orig.  'twisted,'  perverse  (=  MHO.  reit,  reid, 
curled,  t'wisted),  <  writhan,  pret.  wrath,  t'wist, 
writhe :  .see  tcrJ//K'.  Hence  ult.  «vy(^/i,  «.]  E.x- 
cited  by  wrath;  wrathful:  indignant;  angry: 
rarel)'  used  attributively. 

Revel  ami  trouthc,  as  In  a  low  degree. 

They  been  ful  wrothe  al  day,  as  men  may  see. 

Chaucer,  Cook's  Tale,  1.  34. 
In  euery  thyng  thanne  was  he  grevid  soore. 
And  more  wrother  thainie  he  was  before. 

Uenerydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1568. 
Sir  Aldingar  was  urothe  in  his  mind. 
With  her  hee  was  never  content. 

Sir  Aldingar  (Child's  Ballads,  III.  244). 
Cain  was  very  wroth,  and  his  countenance  fell. 

Gen.  iv.  5. 
'Wrotht  (roth),  r.  i.     [ME.  u-rothen, \a,r.  of  wrath- 
en  :  see  wrath,  v.]     To  become  angry;  be  wratli- 
ful;  rage. 

Again  Meluslne  urothed  he  ful  sore. 
That  to  hir  say<l  moch  reprcf  and  velony. 

Itom.  0/  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1264. 

wrothful  (rotli'ful),  a.  An  erroneous  form  for 
irrathj'id. 

The  knight,  yet  wroth.fuU  for  his  late  disgrace, 
Fiercely  advaunst  his  valorous  right  arme. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  II.  xi.  :u. 

■wrothlyt  (roth'li),  adr.    [<  ME.  wrothli :  <  wroth 
+  -/.I/2.]     Wrathfully  ;  angrily. 
Whan  willlain  saw  hire  wepe,  wrotldi  he  seide, 
"Forseynt  niary  lone,  nnidame,  why  nnike  ye  this  sorwe'/" 
Waliam  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  mn:i. 

■wrought  (rat), /).  ((.  \  Pp.  of  wort.]  Worked, 
as  distinguished  from  rough:  noting  masonry, 
carpentry,  etc. 


■wryly 

■wrought-iron  (rat'i'ern),  u.  Iron  that  is  or 
may  oe  wrought  into  form  by  forging  or  roll- 
ing, and  that  is  capable  of  being  welded;  malle- 
able iron.     See  iron. 

■wrung  (rung).  Preterit  and  past  participle  of 
wring. 

wryl  (ri),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wried,  ppr.  wrying. 
[<  ME.  wrieii,  wrycn,  <  AS.  wrigian,  drive,  tend, 
turn,  bend.  Cf.  wriclc,  wrig,  wriggle.  Hence 
H'cyi,  a.,  awry.]  I.  intran.s.  1.  To  turn;  bend; 
wind ;  twist  or  twine  about,  with  or  without 
change  of  place. 

How  well  a  certain  urging  I  had  of  my  neck  became  me. 
Sir  P.  Sidney,  Arcadia,  ii. 

The  first  with  divers  crooks  and  turnings  u-ries. 

P.  Fletcher,  Purple  Island,  v. 

2.  To  swerve  or  go  obliquely ;  go  awry  or 
astray;  deviate  from  the  right  coiu'se,  physi- 
cally or  morally. 

And  she  sproong  as  a  colt  doth  in  the  trave. 
And  with  her  heed  she  icryed  faste  awey. 

Chaucer,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  97. 
No  manere  mede  shulde  make  him  wrye, 
ffor  to  trien  a  trouthe  be-twynne  two  sidis. 

Richard  the  Redeless,  ii.  84. 
How  many 
.  .  .  murder  wives  much  better  than  themselves 
For  wrying  but  a  little  I         Sttak.,  Cymbeline,  v.  1.  5. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  turn;  twist  aside. 

Soone  tbei  can  ther  hedys  a-way  sort/e. 
And  to  faire  speche  lightly  ther  erys  close. 

Political  Poems,  etc.  (ed.  Furnivall),  p.  63. 

2.  To  give  a  twist  to ;  make  wry ;  writhe ; 
wring. 

Using  their  wryed  countenances,  instead  of  a  vice,  to 
turn  the  good  aspects  of  all  that  shall  sit  near  them. 

B.  Jonson,  Case  is  Altered,  ii.  4. 
Guests  by  hundreds  —  not  one  caring 
If  the  dear  host's  neck  were  nried. 

Browning,  In  a  Gondola. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  pervert;  alter. 

They  have  wrested  and  wryed  his  [Christ's]  doctrine,  and 
like  a  rule  of  lead  have  applied  it  to  men's  manners. 

Sir  T.  More,  I'topia  (tr.  by  Robinson),  i. 
Ill  slant  eyes  interpret  the  straight  sun, 
But  in  their  scope  its  white  is  wri^d  to  black. 

Sudnburne,  At  Eleusls. 

[Obsolete  or  archaic  in  all  tises.] 
■wryi  (ri),  a.  and  n.    [<  wn/l,  v.     Cf.  awry.]    I. 
((.  1.  Abnormally  bent  or  turned  to  one  side  ; 
in  a  state  of  contortion  ;  twisted  ;   distorted  ; 
askew. 

With  fair  black  eyes  and  hair  and  a  ury  nose. 

B.  Junson,  tr.  of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry. 

He  calls  them  [the  clergy]  the  Saints  with  Screw'd  Faces 
and  uTy  Mouths. 

Jeremy  Collier,  Short  View  (ed.  1698),  p.  232. 

2.  Crooked  ;  bent ;  not  straight.     [Rare.] 

Losing  himself  in  many  a  wry  meander. 

W.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  i.  2. 

3.  Devious  in  course  orpurpose;  divaricating; 
aberrant;  misdir(>eted. 

He 's  one  I  would  not  have  a  ury  thought  darted  against, 
willingly.  B.  Jonson,  Cynthia's  Revels,  ii.  1. 

Every  uri/  step  by  which  he  imagines  himself  to  have 
declined  from  the  path  of  duty  atfrights  bim  when  he  re- 
flects on  it.  Bp.  Atterlmry,  Sermons,  II.  xv. 

To  make  awry  faceormouth,  to  manifest  disgust,  dis- 
pleasure, pain,  or  the  like,  by  distorting  or  puckering  up 
the  face  or  mouth. 

You  seem  resolved  to  do  credit  to  our  mystery,  and  die 
like  a  man,  without  making  itry  mouths. 

Scott.  Quentin  Durward,  xxxiv. 

II.  «.  A  twisting  about,  or  out  of  shape  or 
course  ;  distortion ;  a  distorting  effect.  [Rare 
or  prov.  Eng.] 

He  [the  loach]  looks  so  innocent,  yon  make  full  sure  to 
prog  him  well.  In  spite  of  the  ury  of  the  water. 

R.  D.  Blackmore,  Lorna  Doone,  vii. 

■wry-t,  '■■  t.  [<  ME.  wryen,  wrien,  wreon,  <  AS. 
wreon,  *irrihan,  ONorth.  wria  (pp.  wrigen),  cov- 
er, clothe.  Cf.  rig-.]  To  cover;  clothe;  cover 
up;  cloak ;  hide. 

Wry  [var.  ure\  the  gleed,  and  hotter  is  the  fyr. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  I.  73.'). 
But  of  his  hondwerk  wolde  he  gete 
Clothes  to  uryne  hym,  and  his  mete, 

Rom.  Hi  the  Ruse,  1.  6684. 
With  flrmde  gravel  let  diligence  hem  urie. 
And  X.X-X  dayea  under  that  hem  kepe. 

Palla'dius,  Husbondrie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  216. 

Wrybill  (ri'bil),  ».  A  kind  of  plover,  Jh»W/i/«- 
ehus  frontalis,  of  New  Zealand,  having  the  bill 
bent  sidewise.     See  second  cut  under  plover. 

■wry-billed  (li'liild),  a.  Having  the  bill  awry 
or  bent  sidewise:  as,  the  irry-hilled  \t\o\-vr.  See 
second  cut  under  plorer. 

■wryly  (ri'H),  adr.  [<  (r/i/l  -I-  -ly-.]  In  a  wry, 
distorted,  or  awkward  manner. 


wryly 

Most  of  them  have  tried  their  fortune  at  some  little  lot- 
tery-office of  literature,  and,  receiving  a  blank,  have  chewed 
upon  it  hai-shly  and  wryly. 

Laniior,  Imag.  Conv.,  Southey  and  Person,  i. 

wryniouth  {li'mouth),  «.  In  iehth.:  (a)  Any 
(ish  of  the  family  Oiiptaciiiitlioflidfe  (which  see). 
The  common  wryniouth  is  Cryptacaiithod''S  macitlatus,  a 
spotless  variety  of  which  is  the  gliost-flsh,  specilled  as  C. 
itwrnatioi.  It  is  a  blennioid  of  slender  eel-like  form,  nor- 
mally profusely  spotted,  found  not  very  commonly  on  the 
Atlantic  coast  of  North  America. 

The  cod-flsh,  the  cunner,  the  sea-raven,  the  rock-eel, 
and  the  wry-nwuth,  which  inhabit  these  brilliant  groves, 
are  all  colored  to  match  their  surroundings. 

Science,  XV.  212. 

(6)   The   electric  ray,  torpedo,  or  nninb-fish. 
See  cuts  under  Torpedinidie  and  t()r2>eclo. 
wry-moutlied   (ri'moutht),   a.     1.    Having   a 
crooked  mouth  ;  hence,  unflattering. 

A  shaggy  tapestry :  .  .  . 

Instructive  work  I  whose  ivry-motdh'd  portraiture 

Diaplay'd  the  fates  her  confessors  endure. 

Pope.,  Dunciad,  ii.  145. 

2.  In  couch.,  having  an  irregular  or  distorted 
aperture  of  the  shell.  P.  P.  Carpenter. 
wryneck  (ri'nek),  «.  1.  A  twisted  or  distorted 
neck ;  a  deformity  in  which  the  neck  is  drawn 
to  one  side  and  rotated.  See  tiirticollis. —  2. 
A  spasmodic  disease  of  sheep,  in  which  the 
heat!  is  drawn  to  one  side. —  3.  A  scansorial 
j>icarian  bird  of  the  genus  Ijiiix  {Jimx,  or  Yunx) , 
allied  to  the  woodpeckers,  and  belonging  to  the 
same  family  or  a  closely  related  one :  so  called 
from  the  singular  manner  in  which  it  can  twist 
the  neck,  and  so  turn  it  awry.  The  common  wi-y- 
neck  of  Europe  is  /.  {J.  or  Y.)  torquUla  ;  there  are  sev- 
eral other  similar  species.  These  birds  have  the  toes  in 
pairs,  the  bill  straight  and  hard,  the  tongue  extremely 


Cotiitnon  Wrynerk  {/yftx  torqititla'i. 

long,  slender,  and  extensile,  and  most  other  characters  of 
the  true  Picidw,  or  woodpeckers ;  but  the  tail-feathers  are 
soft,  broad,  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  and  not  used  in 
climbing.  The  wr>'neck  is  migratory  and  insectivorous, 
and  its  general  habits  are  similar  to  those  of  woodpeckei-s. 
It  has  a  variety  of  names  pointing  to  its  arrival  in  the  Brit- 
ish Islands  at  the  same  time  as  the  cuckoo,  as  cuckoo' s-foU, 
-.footman,  -kiuivc,  -leader,  -maid,  -mate,  -messenyer,  -mar- 
row, -whit,  etc.  It  is  also  called  writheneck  and  gnake- 
bird,  from  the  twisting  of  its  neck ;  lony-tonyue  and  tongue- 
bird,  from  its  long  tongue;  emmet-hunter,  from  feeding 
on  ants ;  pea-bird,  iceet-bird,  from  its  cry  ;  turkey-bird,  nile- 
bird,  and  stab,  for  some  unexplained  reasons. 

Even  while  I  write  I  heai"  the  quaint  queak,  queak, 
queak  of  the  wryneck. 

Mortimer  Collins.  Thoughts  in  my  r;arden,  I.  02. 

The  wryneck  will  tap  the  tree,  to  stimulate  the  insect 
to  run  out  to  be  eaten  entire. 

/*.  Robinson,  Under  the  .Sun,  p.  3f>. 

wry-necked  (ri'nekt;,  a.    Having  a  wry  or  dis- 
torted neck. 

When  you  hear  the  drum. 
And  the  vile  squealing  of  the  wri/-neck'd  life. 

Shak'.,  M.  of  V.,  ii.  5.  30. 
[By  some  this  is  understood  as  an  allusion  to  the  bend  of  the 
flfer'a  neck  while  playing  upon  his  instrument;  by  others 
(less  probably)  to  an  (jld  form  of  the  flute,  called  the^«(<!- 
d-t>ec,  having  a  curved  mouthpiece  like  the  beak  of  a  bird 
at  one  side.] 

A  fife  is  a  vyry-iieckt  nmsician,  for  he  always  looks  away 
from  his  instrument. 

Barnaby  Rich,  Irish  Hubbub  (1016).     (Furness.) 

wryness  (ri'ncs),  ».     The  state  of  being  wry  or 

distorted. 
wrytt,  wrylet,  wrythet.    (Obsolete  spellings  of 

ifcifl,  ii-ritc,  irrUlic. 
W.  S.     An  abVjreviation  <jf  writer  In  tlir  .■<ii/nct. 

See  xiyiiet. 


6996 

W.  S.  W.     An  abbreviation  of  west-southwest. 

Wt.     A  contraction  of  ireii/ht. 

wucht.     An  obsolete  form  of  which^. 

Wild  (wild),  a.     A  Scotch  form  of  wood'^. 

wndder  (wud'er),  r.  (.     See  tcuther. 

wudet,  "•     A  iliddle  English  form  of  tcoorfi. 

wulfenite  (wiil'fen-it),  n.  [Named  after  Baron 
von  inUfeii  or  Wiilfen  (1728-180;')).  an  Austrian 
scientist.]  Native  lead  molybdate,  a  mineral 
of  a  bright-yellow  to  orange,  red,  green,  or 
brown  color  and  resinous  to  adamantine  luster. 
It  occurs  in  tetragonal  crj'Stals,  often  in  very  thin  tabular 
form,  also  granular  massive.     Also  called  yellow  lead  ore. 

wull.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  iviW^, 
tcim. 

Wiunmel,  Wiunmle,  ».  Scotch  forms  of  tcimble^. 

wunt,  "■  '•    See  «.Y>»1. 

wungee  (wun'je),  «.  [E.  Ind.]  A  variety  in 
India  of  the  muskmelon,  Cucmnis  Melo,  some- 
times regarded  as  a  species,  C.  cicatrisatiis.  It 
is  of  an  ovate  form,  about  6  inches  long. 

Wlirali,  wurari,  ».     Same  as  curari. 

Wurdt,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  icorcU. 

wurmalt  (wer'mal),  n.     Same  as  wormiil. 

wurrus  (wur'us),  n.  [<  Ar.  wars,  a  dyestuff 
similar  to  karaila.]  A  brick-red  dye-powder, 
somewhat  like  dragon's-blood,  collected  from 
the  seeds  of  Rnitlera  tinctoria. 

wurset,  wurstt.     Old  spellings  of  worse,  worst. 

Wiirtemberger(wer'tem-berg-er;  G.pron.viir'- 
tem-ber-ger),  n.  [<  Wiiriemhery  (G.  Wiiritem- 
bert/)  (see  def. )  +  -«/'l.]  An  inhabitant  of  Wiir- 
temberg,  a  kingdom  of  southern  German}'. 

Wlirtemberg  siphon.    See  siphon. 

wurtht.     An  old  spelling  of  worth'^,  loorUfi. 

wurtzilite  (wert'sil-it)),  n.  [Named  after  Dr. 
Henry  Wurt:,  of  New  York  (b.  1828).]  A  kind 
of  solid  bitumen  found  in  the  Uintah  Moun- 
tains, Utah,  It  has  a  deep-black  color  and  brilliant  lus- 
ter, and  breaks  with  a  conchoidal  fracture.  It  is  elastic 
when  slightly  warmed,  and  in  boiling  water  becomes  soft 
and  plastic. 

wurtzite  (wert'sit),  n.  [After  C.  A.  Wurtz  (1817- 
1884),  a  French  chemist.]  Sulphid  of  zinc  oc- 
curring in  hexagonal  crystals,  isomorphous  with 
greenoekite.  Sulphid  of  zinc  is  accordingly  dimor- 
phous, the  common  form,  sphalerite  or  zinc-blende,  being 
isometric.     Also  called  »piauterite. 

Wiirzblirger  (werts'bcrg-er;  G.pron.  viirts'biir- 
ger),  n.  Wine  made  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
city  of  Wiirzburg,  in  Bavaria.  This  name  is  often 
given  to  the  wines  more  properly  called  LeiMen-wein  anil 
Stein-wein,  and  to  the  famous  "wine  of  the  Holy  Ghost." 

WTlsH,  V.  i.     See  wis'"^. 

WTls'-'t,  "•    A  Middle  English  form  of  icoose,  ooze. 
Hee  wringes  oute  the  wet  mus  and  went  on  his  gate. 

Alisaunder  of  Macedmne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  712. 

wuther  (wuTH'er),  v.  i.  [Also  wndder;  perhaps 
ult.  <  AS.  Wfith,  a  noise,  cry,  sound.]  To  make 
a  sullen  roar,  as  the  wind.       [North.  Eng.] 

The  air  was  now  dark  with  snow ;  an  Iceland  blast  was 
driving  it  wildly.  This  pair  neither  heard  the  long  wuth- 
eriny  rush,  nor  saw  the  white  burden  it  drifted. 

Charlotte  Bronte,  Shirley,  xxxiii. 
From  time  to  time  the  wind  wxdhered  in  the  chimney 
at  his  back. 

R.  L.  Stevenson  and  L.  Onbourne,  The  Wrong  Box,  vi. 

There  wjis  also  a  wutheriny  wind  sobbing  through  the 

narrow  wet  streets.  A.  E.  Barr,  Friend  Olivia,  iv. 

wuther  (wuTH'er),  n.  [Also  wndder;  <  wnthcr, 
f.]  A  low  roaring  or  rustling,  as  of  the  wind. 
[North.  Eng.] 

I  felt  sure  ...  by  the  wuther  of  wind  amongst  trees, 
denoting  a  garden  outside.   Charlotte  BronW,  Villette,  xvi. 

Wlizzent  (wuz'eut),  (I.  A  dialectal  (Scotch) 
form  of  wizened. 

An  I  had  ye  amaiig  the  Frigate-Whins,  wadna  I  set  my 
ten  talents  in  your  wuzzent  face  for  that  very  word  ! 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xviii. 

wuzzle  (wuz'l),  )'.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  wuzzled, 
ppr.  wnzzlinij.  [Origin  obscure.]  To  mingle  : 
mix;  jumble;  muddle.     [New  Eng.] 

He  2tm2zled  things  up  in  the  most  singular  way. 

//.  B.  Stowe,  Oldtown,  p.  63. 

Wyandotte  (wi'an-dot),  n.  [From  the  Ameri- 
can Indian  tribal  name  Wyandotte.']  An  Ameri- 
can variety  of  the  domestic  hen,  of  mediuni 
size  and  compact  form,  liardy,  and  valuable  for 
eggs  and  for  the  table.    The  silver  wyandotte,  the 


wyvem 

typical  variety,  has  every  feather  white  in  the  middle  and 
heavily  margined  with  black,  except  the  black  tail-feathers 
and  primaries,  the  hackle  (and  in  males  the  saddle),  which 
is  white  striped  with  black,  and  the  white  wing-bows  of 
the  males.  The  golden  wyandotte  replaces  the  white  of 
the  silver  variety  by  orange  or  deep-butf ;  and  the  white 
wyandotte  is  pure-whit*.  The  combs  are  rose,  legs  yel- 
low, and  ear-lobes  red. 

wych  (wieh),  11.     See  wick'^. 

wych-elm,  wych-hazel,  ".  See  witch-elm,  witch- 
hazel. 

Wycliflte,'Wycliffite(wik'lif-it),n.andn.  [Also 
mdiffitc.  )ricl-liffite;<  (rj/ch/,  etc.  (see  def.), -I- 
-ite-.]  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  John  Wyclif 
or  de  Wyclif  (a  name  also  written  Wiclif,  Wick- 
liffe,  Wijcl'liffe,  and  in  various  other  ways  re- 
flecting the  varying  orthography  of  his  time, 
properly  in  modern  spelling  Wic'kliff),  an  Eng- 
lish theologian,  reformer,  and  translator  of  the 
Bible  from  the  Vulgate  (died  1384). 

II.  n.  One  of  the  followers  of  Wyclif,  com- 
monly called  LoUurds.  Wycllf's  doctrines,  propa- 
gated in  his  lifetime  and  later  by  open-air  preachers 
called  "poor  priests,"  largely  coincided  with  the  later 
teachings  of  Luther. 

wydet,  <■'•     -An  old  spelling  of  wide. 

wydewhert,  cidv.     See  wideichere. 

wye^t,  H.     See  wie. 

wye^  (wi),  )(.  The  letter  Y,  or  something  re- 
sembling it. 

wyert,  «•     In  her.,  same  as  viure. 

wyft,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  wife. 

Wykehamist  (wik'am-ist),  n.  [<  Wykeham 
(see  def.)  -1-  -ist.]  A  student,  or  one  who  has 
been  a  student,  of  Winchester  College  in  Eng- 
land, founded  by  William  of  Wykeham  (1324- 
1404),  Bishop  of  Winchester  and  Chancellor  of 
England,  as  a  preparatory  school  for  New  Col- 
lege at  Oxford,  also  founded  by  him.  Also 
used  attributively. 

It  may  reasonably  be  hoped  that  this  is  not  Wykehamut 
Creek.  Athenseum,  No,  33ai,  p.  212. 

We  notice  a  complaint  that  Wykehamigtg  obtained  an 
undue  proportion  of  the  university  prizes. 

The  Academy,  No.  873,  p.  66. 

wylet,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  wHe^. 

wylie-coat  (wi'li-kot),  n.  [Sc;  also  spelled 
wyle-cot.  wilie-coat;  first  element  uncertain.]  A 
flannel  garment  worn  under  the  outer  clothes; 
an  under-vest  or  under-petticoat. 

wylot,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  willow'^. 

ynyu\,  n.     An  old  spelling  of  xoine. 

wyndl  (wind),  n.  [Another  spelling  and  use  of 
wind^.  ».]  An  alley;  a  lane;  especially,  a  nar- 
row alley  used  as  a  street  in  a  town.  [Scotch.] 
The  uT/ndg  of  Glasgow,  where  there  was  little  more  than 
a  chink  of  daylight  to  show  the  hatred  in  women's  faces. 
George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xivii. 

wynd^t,  n.    A  Middle  English  spelling  of  wind^. 
wyndast,  «•     -An  obsolete  spelling  of  tcindas. 

Xdewet,  'wj^dowet,  wyndwet,  wynewet,  f  • 
die  English  forms  of  tcinnow. 
wyndret,   ''•     An  une.xplained  verb,  probably 
meaning  'to  attire'  or  'to  adorn,'  found  in  the 
following  passage: 

It  nedede  nought 
To  iryndre  hir  or  to  peynte  hir  ought. 

Rom.  of  the  Rose,  1.  1020. 

wynkt,  ".     A  Middle  English  spelling  of  iriMA-i. 
wynn  (win),  «.     [Origin  obscure.]     A  kind  of 

timber  truck  or  carriage.     Simmonds. 
wyntt.     A  contraction  of  windeth.  third  person 

singular  indicative  present  of  wind^. 
wypet,   »■     [^  ME.    wipe,  Wjipe,   a  bird,  <  Sw. 

Norw.  rijM  =  Dan.  vibe,  lapwing:  perhaps  so 

called  from  its  habit  of  fluttering  its  wings  (cf. 

Vanellns),  from  the  verb  represented  by  Sw. 

rippa.  rock,  see-saw,  tilt:  see  nhip'^.   Otherwise 

imitative;  nf.  weep^.]     A  lapwing. 

M'ype,  bryde  or  lapwynge.  I'pupa.  Prompt.  Parv.,p.  530. 
wypert,  "•     Same  as  wiper. 
wyppyl-tret,  »■      A   Middle   English  form  of 

whippel-tree. 
wyst,  wyset,  a.  Old  spellings  of  iri'.sel.  Chaucer. 
Wytet,  I',  and  «.     Another  spelling  of  wite^. 
Wythe,  ".     See  withe. 
wyvet,  r.     An  old  spelling  of  wire. 
wyvert,  «.     See  icircr. 
wyvernt,  "•     See  icirern. 


1.  The  twenty-fourth  letter 
and  nineteenth  eonsonant- 
sigi!  in  the  English  alpha- 
bet. In  the  Latin  alphabet,  from 
which  it  comes  to  ours,  it  followed 
next  after  U  or  r  (which  were  then 
only  one  letter:  see  U\  and  was 
till  a  late  date  the  last  letter  in 
that  alphabet,  till  Y  and  X  (see 
those  letters)  were  finally  adde<] 
from  the  Greek  to  represent  pe- 
culiar Greek  sounds.  The  sij;n  X  was  a  Greelc  addition 
to  the  Phenician  alphabet ;  it  had  in  early  Greek  use  a 
divided  value  :  in  the  eastern  alphabets,  that  of  kh  (besides 
the  sijnis  for  ph  and  th)  ;  in  the  western,  that  of  A->f  (besides 
the  signs  forjwand  tuttrtU).  The  fornn-rof  thetwo<^ante 
afterward  t*>  be  the  universally  acceptetl  value  in  Greece 
Itself ;  while  the  latter  was  t-arried  over  into  Italy,  and  so 
became  Roman,  and  was  passed  on  to  us.  Hence  our  .V  lias 
in  general  the  Latin  value  kg;  but  as  initial  (almost  only  in 
words  from  the  Greek,  and  there  representing;  a  dilferent 
Greek  character,  the  k*fi)  we  have  reduced  it  to  the  z-sound, 
as  in  Xerxes,  xanthous.  In  many  words  also,  especially 
auiongthosc  l>eginniuK  with  ex,  it  is  maile  sonant,  or  pro- 
nounced as  gz.  Tlie  accepted  rule  (or  this  is  that  the  gz- 
•ound  is  given  after  an  unaccented  before  an  accented 
Towel,  as  in  ex'rt,  exilic  {egzert,  egzUic),  over  against  <'x<t- 
eue,  f^xUe  {ekxercize,  eksil).  But  usage  does  not  follow  the 
rule  with  exactness,  and  many  cultivated  speakers  disre- 
gard the  distinction  altogether,  pronoun<-ing  everywhere 
alike  ks  (or  kz).  In  any  case,  the  sign  X  is  superftuous  in 
English,  as  it  wjis  in  I^atin  and  in  Greek;  it  denotes  no 
Bound  which  is  not  fully  provided  for  otherwise.  In  Old 
English  it  was  sometimes  used  for  «/i,  as  in  xal  —  shall. 

2.  As  a  numeral,  X  stamls  for  ten.  when  laid 
horizontally  (X),  it  stands  for  athousand,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it  (X).  it  stands  for  ten  thousand. 

3.  As  an  abbreviation,  X.  stands  for  Chri.it,  as 
in Xu. (Christian), Xmas.(Christmas). — 4.  As  a 
.symbol:  (a)  Inoniitli.,  in  myological  fonnulas, 
the  symbol  of  the  semitendinosus  muscle.  .1. 
H.Garrod.  (h)  Inmath.:  (1)  [/.c]  In  algebra, 
the  first  of  the  unknown  tiiiantities  or  variables. 
(2)  [I.  c]  In  analytical  geometry,  an  abscissa 
orotherreetilinear  point-cotinlinate.  (.'!)  In  me- 
chanics, the  component  of  a  force  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  axis  of  x. — 5.  Originally,  a  mark  on 
brewers'  casks;  hence,  a  name  given  to  ale  of 

a  certain  quality.     Compare   XX,  XXX Xn 

function.    See/Hmrfton. 

xanorphica  (za-n6r'fi-ka),  II.  A  musical  in- 
strument, resembling  the  harmonichord  ami 
the  tetrachordon,  invented  by  RoUig  in  1801. 
the  strings  of  which  were  sounded  by  means  of 
little  bows. 

Xantharpyia  (zan-thiir-pi'i-ii), ».    [Nl>.  (J.  E. 

Gray),  <  Gr.  f«i*i5<;,  yellow,  -I-  XL.  Hiirjii/i<i, 
q.  v.]  A  gt'iiua  of  I'IcroiiDtlidx.  X.  iimjiUxicitii- 
Aata  is  a  fruit-bat  of  the  Austroraalayan  sub- 
region. 

zantharsenite  (zan-thiir'se-nit),  «.  [<  Gr.  fui- 
«<«;,  yellow,  -t-  E.  (irsenite.'\  A  hydratetl  arsenate 
of  manganese,  oceurringin  sulphur-yellowmas- 
sive  forms.  It  is  found  in  Sweden,  and  is  re- 
lated to  chondrarscnite. 

Xanthate  (zan'that),  ».  l<xaiith(ic)  +  -afel.] 
A  salt  of  xanthic  acid. 

Xanthein  (zan'the-in),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^ai'dir,  yellow, 
+  -<'-in''.\  That  part  of  the  yellow  coloring 
matter  in  flowers  which  is  soluble  in  water,  as 
ilistinguished  from  lanthin,  which  is  the  insol- 
uble part. 

xanthelasma  (zan-the-las'mii),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
inMir,  yellow,  +  i/aa/ia,  a  plate.]  Same  as 
xidiIIkiiiki. 

Xanthia  (zan'thi-a),  n.  [NL.  (Ochsenheimer, 
1H1(5;,  <  Gr.  fai'flor,"yellow.]  A  genus  of  moths, 
of  the  family  Ortlio-tii/lie,  having  slender  porreet 
palpi,  and  mostly  yellow  or  orange  fore  wings 
undulating  along  their  exterior  border.   Itcom- 

5risesalH>ut  :U)  species,  ancl  is  represented  in  Europe,  Asia, 
orth  an<l  .South  Americii,  and  the  West  Indies,  .r.  /ul- 
voffo  is  the  sallow-niotb  of  Europe.  Its  larva  feeds  when 
young  on  catkins  of  willo>v,  later  on  bramt)le  and  jdan- 
Uin. 
Xanthian  (zan'thi-an).  II.  [<(ir.  Siii'flof,  Xan- 
thus  (see  <lef.).]  fjf  or  belonging  to  Xanthus, 
an  ancient  town  of  Lycia  in  Asia  Minor.— Xan- 
thian sculptures,  a  larwe  collection  of  sculptures,  chiefly 
sepulchral,  from  .Xanthus  and  the  neighboring  region,  jire- 
■erved  in  the  British  Museum.    The  collection  includes 


tlie  reliefs  from  the  so-called  Harpy  tomb.  See  Harjnt 
monument,  under  harpif. 
xanthic  izan'thik),o.  [<  Gr.  iavOor,  yellow,  -I- 
-/(■.]  Tending  toward  a  yellow  color:  of  or 
relating  to  xanthin;  yellow,  referring  to  the 
color  of  the  urine.— Xanthlo  acid,  the  general  name 
of  the  esters  or  ether-acids  of  tiiiosulphocarbonic  acid, 
as  ethyl  xauthic  acid,  C.SO.C2H5.SH,  a  heavy,  oily  li- 
quid with  a  penetrating  smell  and  a  sharp,  astringent 
taste,  many  of  whose  salts  have  a  yellow  color. — Xanthlc 
calculus,  a  urinary  calculus  composed  in  great  part  of 
xanthin.  — Xanthic  flowers,  flowers  which  have  yellow 
for  their  type,  and  are  capable  of  passing  into  red  or  white, 
but  never  into  blue.  Those  flowers  of  which  blue  is  the 
type,  and  which  are  capable  of  passing  into  red  or  white, 
but  never  into  yellow,  have  been  termed  cyanic  Jtou'erii. — 
Xanthic  oxld,  xanthin. —Xanthlc-oxld  calculus.  Same 
us  xanthic  calculug. 

xanthidt  (zan'thid),  «.     [<  Gr.  faryof,  yellow, 

+  -(V/-.J     A  compound  of  xanthogen. 
xanthin, xanthine (zan'thin),  h.  [Also xanthin; 

<  (Jr.  fai^df,  yellow,  -f-  -hi'^,  -iiiii-.'\  One  of  sev- 
eral substances,  so  named  with  reference  to 
their  color.  Especially— (a)  That  part  of  the  yellow 
coloring  matter  of  flowers  which  is  insoluble  in  water,  {h) 
The  yellow  coloring  matter  containetl  in  madder,  (c)  A 
gaseous  product  of  the  decomposition  of  xanthates.  (rf) 
A  complex  body,  0511,1X400,  related  to  uric  acid,  occni'- 
ring  normally  in  small  quantity  in  the  blood,  urine,  and 
liver,  and  occa.sioiial]y  in  urinary  calculi.  It  is  a  white 
dimorphous  lx>dy,aiui  combines  with  both  acids  and  bases. 
—  Xanthin  calculus.  Same  us  xan/hic  c^ilcMlu^.  Sec 
xanthic. 

xanthinuria  (zan-thi-nii'ri-a),  11.  [<  x<intlun  + 
( ir.  (irfKif,  urine.]  The  excretion  of  xanthin  in  ab- 
normal ((uantity  in  the  urine.    Also  xaiithuriii. 

Xanthispa(zan-this'pa),«.     [NL.  (Baly,  ISog), 

<  Gr.  iaMjr,  yellow,  4-  NL.  Hispti,  q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  leaf -beetles,  of  the  family  Cliri/so- 
iiiclitlse,  erected  for  the  single  species  .Y.  riiiii- 
foitlr.v,  from  Cayenne. 

Xanthitane  (zaii'thi-tan*,  «.  [<  Gr.  Sni'flor,  yel- 
low, +  (l)ifiiii(ic).'\  An  alteration-product  of 
the  sphene  (titanite)  from  Henderson  count}'. 
North  Carolina.  In  com])osition  it  is  analogous 
to  the  clays,  but  contains  chiefly  titanic  acid 
instead  of  silica. 

xanthite  (zan'thit),  «.  [<  (ir.  iai'Ooi;,  yellow, 
+  -ilr-.J  A  variety  of  vesuviiinite  foun<l  in 
limestone  near  Amity,  New  York. 

Xanthium  (zan'thium).  II.  [NL.  (Tonniefort, 
1700;  earlier  by  Lobel,  lo76),  <  (Jr.  irivlhai-,  a 
plant,  said  to  be  -Y.  ■•itniiiKiriKm,  and  to  have 
been  so  named  because  its  infusion  turned  the 
hair  yellow:  <  invtlor,  yellow.]  A  genus  of  com- 
posite plants,  of  the  tribe  Ifclidiithoiilia-  and 
subtribe  .iiiilirosUie.  Itischarac^terizedby  unisexual 
flower.beads,  the  male  with  a  single  row  of  separate  bracts. 


leaves  which  ai'c  lobed  and  closely  tomentose,  or  arc  coarse- 
ly toothed  and  greenish-  The  small  monoecious  flower- 
heads  are  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils;  in  the  fci-tile 
heads  the  fruit  fornjs  n  large  spiny  bur  containing  the 
aclienes.  The  species  are  known  as  cockle-bur,  or  as  clot- 
hur ;  3  occur  in  the  United  States,  only  1  of  whicli  is  a  na- 
tive, X.  Caiutdfinse,  which  varies  near  the  coast  and  the 
Great  Lakes  to  a  dwarf  variety,  echinatum,  known  as  sea- 
burdock;  of  tlic  others,  ,V.  «i_dnosuin,  the  spiny  clot-bur, 
tliiuight  to  be  a  native  of  Chili,  is  aimed  with  slender  yel- 
lowisll  trifld  spines  in  the  axils  ;  and  X.  struvmrium  is  the 
common  species  of  Euroju'.  In  Euglaiul  it  is  known  iis 
ditch-bur,  Imrweed,  louse-bur,  and  small  burdock. 

xanthiuria  (zan-thi-fi'ri-ii),  «.  Same  as  xaii- 
tliiitiiriii. 

Xantho  (zan'tho),  J).  [NL.  (Leach,  1815),  <  Gr. 
faiW(if,  yellow.]  A  genus  of  brachyurous  crus- 
taceans, of  the  family  Cdturida',  with  numerous 
species.     Also  Xanthus. 

xanthocarpous  (zan-tho-kiir'piis),  a.  [<  Gr. 
^avHur,  yellow,  -I-  Kap-ur,  fruit.]  In  hot.,  hav- 
ing yellow  t'rnit. 

Xanthocephalus  (zan-tho-sef'a-his),  n.  [NL. 
(Bonaparte,  I80O),  <  Gr.  im'ffoc,  yellow,  -f  utipa/J/, 
head.]  A  genus  of /ctovV/a',  or  American  black- 
birds, having  as  type  the  common  yellow-headed 
blackbird  of  the  United  States,  first  described 
by  Bonaparte  in  1825  as  IHrruf!  icterocephttlus. 
and  now  known  as  A',  icterocepliiihis.  This  large 
blackbird,  of  striking  aspect,  abounds  in  North  America 


Upper  I'art  of  the  Steii 
Cockle-tiiir  i 


with  the  Flower-he.Hdb  and  Leaves  of 
i'itntltium  stri/wrirtttm). 


,  staniiiiate  flow 


I*,  pistillate   flower:  r 
pistill.ite  flowers. 


olticre,  inclosinK  two 


the  female  armed  with  numerous  hooked  prickles.  Twenty- 
oTie  species  have  been  described,  perhaps  to  be  reduced  to 
four  :  they  are  mostly  of  uncertain,  iierhaps  of  American, 
origin,  but  are  ntiw  widely  naturalized  throughout  wann 
regions.  They  are  coarse  weedy  anumtis  witli  alternate 
6997 


Vetlow-he.uieii  Blatkhirii  i-l',, ,////,/ v/Ai//,^r  uUroirfhattts^,  male. 

from  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin  westward,  exten<ling 
north  into  the  IJritish  i)ossessions,  and  south  into  Mexico, 
The  male  is  jet-black,  with  the  whole  head  and  iteck 
Ipright-yellow,  except  the  black  lores  and  a  black  space 
about  the  base  of  the  bill;  there  is  a  large  white  wing- 
patch,  und  usually  there  arc  a  few  yellow  feathers  on  the 
thighs  an,l  vent.  The  length  is  from  111  to  11  inches,  the 
extent  lOA  \o\l\.  Tlie  female  is sinaller and chietiy  brown- 
ish. This  blackbiril  nests  in  niarsliy  places,  and  lays  from 
three  to  six  eggs  of  a  grayi.sh-gieen  color  sjudted  with 
reddish  brown.     Also  called  Xontliosvvius. 

Xanthochelus  (zan-tho-ke'lus),  II.  [NL. 
((.'hevrohit,  1873),  <  Gr.  faittir,  yellow,  -1-  j;//?/, 
a  claw.]  A  genus  of  snout-beetles,  of  the  fam- 
ily Ciirriilioiiiila!  and  subfamily  Clcmiiiiie,  hav- 
ing wings  and  somewhat  prninose  elytra.  It 
contains  less  than  a  dozen  species,  distributed 
from  Egypt  to  Siberia. 

Xanthochlorus  (zan-tho-kl6'rns),  n.  [NL. 
(Locw,  1857),  <  Gr.  imOue,  yellow,  +  x''->l'k, 
greenish-yellow.]  A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  ItiilifhtijuKUihv.  ooniprising 
4  small  rust-colored  sjiecies  with  yellow  wings, 
of  which  :!  are  European  and  1  is  North  Amer- 
ican,    l.cptnpiis  is  a  synonym. 

Xanthochroa  (zan-tIio'k'ro-a),H.  [NL.(S(dimidt, 
I84G),<  (.Jr.  -^niOiixpimi:,  with  yellow  skiii,<  ^uiMr, 
yellow,  +  xpoiii,  X9<'"^>  tln^  skin.]  A  genus  of 
beetles,  of  the  family  (F.ili  iiiiriiJa',  conijirisiiig  7 
species,  of  which  ;!  are  European,  I  is  South 
American,  and  ,'!  are  North  American.  They  are 
small  slender  beetles  with  cnntiguoiis  midille  coxa-,' one- 
spurred  front  tibia),  and  deeply  eiimrginate  eyes. 

Xanthochroi  (zan-thok'10-i).  «.  /</.     [NL..  jil. 

of  xiiiitliiK-liroii.f :  see  jiiiithorhniii.'i.]  In  cth- 
iioL,  one  of  the   five  gi'oups  into  which  some 


Xanthochroi 


6998 


They  are  found  under  dead  leaves,  stones,  aud  moss ;  but 
a  few  Eumpean  species  are  myrniecophilcus,  living  in  the 
nests  of  Formica  rvtfa  and  F.  fuliginosa. 
Khroi  or  fair  whites  -tall,   with  almost  XanthoUteS    (zan-tho-ll'tez),    «.      [NL.  (Ethe- 
I,  blue  or  mey  eyes,  hair  from  straw  colour  -^^""""""jj"    >     «.       •    n,  j_  -, 'o       „*„    „n     A 

Id  skulls  varying  a^  to  proi>ortiouate  width     ndge),  <  tr.  fai^of,  yellow,  +  Ai^of  stone.]    A 
"  -     -        -  .     genug  of  fossil  erustaoeans  from  the  London 

clay. 
xanthoma  (zan-tho'ma),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr.  fov- 
6di;,  yellow,  +  -oma.'\     A  connective-tissue  new 
growth  in  the  skin,  forming  soft  yellow  patches, 
either  flat  (xanthoma  planum)  or  tuberculated 
(xanthoma  tuberosum).    The  former  is  especially  apt 
to  occur  on  the  eyelids,  being  then  called  xanthoma  palpe- 
brarum.   Also  called  vitUigoidea  and  xanthelasma. 
xanthomatous  (zan-thom'a-tus),  a.      [<  xan- 
thoma(t-)  +  -o««.]    In ^Ja^o'-,  of  or  pertaining 
to  xanthoma:  as,  the  xanthomatous  diathesis. 
xanthomelanous  (zan-tho-mel'a-nus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
^avdog,  yellow,  +  /«Aof  (fie'/.av-),  tlaok.]    Noting 
a  type  or  race  of  men.     See  the  quotation. 

The  Xanthomelanous,  with  black  hair  and  yellow,  brown, 
or  olive  skins,      llaxley,  Critiques  and  Addresses,  p.  153. 


antliropologists  classify  man,  comprising  the 
blond  type,  or  fair  whites. 

The   Xanthochroi  or  fair  whites 
colourless  skin, 

to  chestnut,  and  ___    .         ,     _  .     . 

—  are  the  prevalent  inhabitants  of  Northern  Europe,  and 
the  type  mav  l>e  traced  into  North  Africa  and  eastward 
as  far  as  Uindostan.  On  the  south  and  west  it  mixes  with 
that  of  the  Melanochroi,  or  dark  whites,  aud  on  the  north 
and  east  with  that  of  the  Mongoloids. 

E.  B.  Tylor,  Encyc.  Brit,  II.  113. 

xanthochroia  (zan-tho-kroi'ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
^avdd^,  yellow,  +  xpo'^^j  the"skiu.]  A  yellow 
discoloration  of  the  skin  resulting  from  pig- 
mentary changes.  Also  xunthopathla,  xantho- 
pathy. 

xanthocbroic  (zan-tho-kro'ik),  a.  [<  xantho- 
chro-ous  +  -fc]     Same  as  xanthochroous. 

That  distinction  of  light-  and  dark-haired  populations 
and  individuals  which  anthropologists  have  designated 
xanthochroic  aud  melanochroic. 

A.  WincMl,  N.  A.  Rev.,  CXXXIX.  254. 

xanthochroous  (zan-thok'ro-us),  a.  [<  NL. 
*xanthoi-Ur(iu.f,  <  Gr.  ^avSoxpoo^,  yellow-skinned, 
<  £ai'Ou(,  yellow,  +  XP°<^t  skin,  color.]  Yellow- 
skinned  ;"  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Xanthochroi. 

xanthocon,  xanthocone  (zan'tho-kon,  -kdn),  n. 

[<  Gr.  fai'Odf,  yellow,  +  kovic,  dust.]  An  arsenio 


Xanthoma  (zan-tho'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (Baly,  1863), 
<  ^avQdc:,  yellow.]  A  genus  of  chrysomelid  bee- 
tles, comprising  4  species,  all  North  American. 
X.  steveusi  and  A',  villosula  feed  on  the  leaves  of 

^ ^ ^^^^ ^  ^^_ J  the  black  walnut. 

sulphid  of  silver," of  a  dull-red  or  clove-brown  Xanthopathy  (zan-thop'a-thi),  n.  [<  NL.  xan- 
color,  occurring  in  hexagonal  tabular  crystals,  thopathiu,  <  Gr.  ^avdoc,  yellow,  +  Tradnc,  disease.] 
but  commonly  in  crystalline  reniform  masses.     Same  as  xanthochroia. 

When  reduced  to  powder  it  becomes  yellow  Xanthophsea  (zan-tho-fe'ii),  n.  [NL.  (Chau- 
(whenee  the  name).     Also  zanthoconitc.  doir,  1848),  <  ^avdig,  yellow,  +  <pai6r,  dusky.]  A 

xanthocreatine  (zan-tho-kre'a-tiu),  n.     [<  Gr.     genus  of  beetles,  of  the  family  Carabulse,  com- 
iavdog,  yellow,  +  Kpeac  (upear-),  flesh,  +  -(nc2.]     prising  2  species,  one  from  Australia  and  the 
A  basic  nitrogenous  substance  found  in  muscu-     other  from  Oceanica. 
lav  tissue  and  occasionally  in  urine,  occurring  xanthophane  (zan'tho-fan),  n.     [<  Gr.  facSof, 


Xanthorrhoea 

the  pitcher-plant 
(Sarracenin).  The 
larva  is  a  semi- 
looper,  and  is 
beautifully  band- 
ed with  white  and 
purple  or  lake- 
red. 

xanthopuc- 
cine  (zan-tho- 
puk'sin),  n. 
[<  Gr.  ^av66c, 
yellow,  +  jmc- 
c(oo}t)+-ine^.'] 
An  alkaloid 
found  in  Hy- 
drastis Cana- 
densis. 

Xanthopygia 

(zan-tho-pij'- 
i-a),  n. '  [NL. 
(Blyth,  1849, 
and  Zanthopygia,  Blyth,  1847),  <  Gr.  ^aved^, 
yellow,  +  Tzvyf/,  rump.]  A  genus  of  Old  World 
flycatchers  or  Mnscicapidee,  ranging  from  Ja- 
pan and  China  to  the  Malay  peninsula  and 
the  Philippines.  There  are  4  species,  of  2  of  which 
the  males  have  the  rump  yellow  (whence  the  name),  the 
throat  and  breast  yellow,  and  the  tail  black.  These  are 
X.  tricolor  and  X.  narcissina.  X.  cyanomeleena  is  chiefly 
blue  and  black  in  the  male.    X.  fuliginosa  (see  water- 


Xantkoptera  stmicrotea. 
a,  ege,  natural  size  indicated  at  side :  b, 
larva,  dorsal  view  ;  c.  one  of  its  appcndaees, 
enlarged  ;  d,  larva,  side  view  ;  e,  pupa  witliin 
cocoon ;  /,  moth  with  closed  wings ;  e,  moth 
with  expanded  wings. 


in  the  form  of  yellow  crystalline  plates. 
xanthocreatinine  (zan"tho-kre-at'i-uiii),  n. 

Same  as  xanthocreatine. 
xanthocyanopsy  (zan"tho-si-an'op-si),  ».    [< 

Gr.  iardu^,  yellow,  +  Kvavoc,  dark-blue,  +  6i/«f, 
appearance.]  Color-blindness  in  which  the 
ability  to  distinguish  yellow  and  blue  only  is 
present,  vision  for  red  being  wanting. 
Xanthocycla  (zan-tho-sik'la),  H.  [NL.  (Baly, 
1875),  <  Gr.  ^avBoQ,  yellow"  +  kvk'ao^,  a  ring, 
circle.]  A  genus  of  beetles,  of  the  family  Chry 


yellow,  +  -(j>ai>ri(,  <  (paheadai,  appear.]    A  yellow 
coloring  matter  derived  from  the  retina. 
xanthophyl,  xanthophyll  (zan'tho-fil),  n.    [< 

Gr.  ^avSug,  yellow,  -H  (piMov,  leaf.]  In  hot.,  the 
peculiar  yellow  coloring  matter  of  autumn 
leaves, due  to  the  decomposition  of  chlorophyl. 
Its  chemical  composition  and  the  processes  of 
its  formation  are  not  well  known.  See  chlo- 
rophyl, chry.tophyl.  Also  ca.\\e(i  phylloxanthin. 
xanthophylline  (zan-tho-fil'in),  «.  [<  xantho- 
phyl -h  -inc^.']     Same  as  xanthophyl. 


somelidie,  agreeing  somewhat  with  Euphilrxa  Xanthophyllite  (zan-tho-fil'it),  «.    [Mxantho- 
-  ••        nctate-striate     phyl  +  -itc'-i.}    A  mineral  allied  to  the 


in  sternal  structure,  but  witli  punc 
elytra,  and  different  hind  thighs.  The  type  is  X. 
cllapuisi  from  India.  The  genus  is  supposed  to 
be  sviionymous  with  J«y)/i»«efa  (Chapuis,1875). 

xantlioderma  (zan-tho-der'mii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
^avOuc,  yellow,  +  dlp/ia,  the  skin.]  Yellowness 
of  the  skin  from  any  cause ;  xanthochroia. 

Xanthodes  (zan-tho'dez),  n.  [NL.  (Guenee, 
1832),  <  Gr.  ^avdoc,  yellow,  -I-  cldoc,  form.]  A  ge- 
nus of  noctuid  moths,  of  Guen^e's  family  Acon- 
tidie,  comprising  a  few  species  inhabiting  south- 
ern Eurojje,  Asia,  and  Africa,  whose  metamor- 
phoses are  unknown, 
tire 


micas, 
occurring  in  crusts  or  implanted  globules  in 
talcose  schist:  found  in  Zlatoust  in  the  Ural. 
Waluewite  is  a  variety  in  distinct  tabular  crystals.  Xan- 
thophyllite  is  closely  allied  to  seybertite  (clintonite),  and 
these  species,  with  chloritoid,  ottreiite,  etc.,  constitute  the  XanthopygUS 

clintonite  group,  or  the  brittle  micas.  —  

xanthopterin  (zan-tho-pik'rin),  ti.  [<  Gr.^av- 
ftiif,  yellow,  -I-  TTiKpoQ,  bitter,  -1-  -/m^.]  I,,  chcm., 
a  name  given  by  Chevallier  and  Pelletan  to  a 
yellow  coloring  matter  from  the  bark  of  Xan- 
afterward   shown  to  bo 


Water-robin  ( Xanthopygia futxginosa'). 


thoxyhim   Caribseum, 
identical  with  berberine. 
ses  are  unknown.     The  fore  wings  are  en-  xanthopicrite  (zan-tho-pik'rit),  n.      [<Gr.  ^av- 
,  usually  rounded,  and  pale-yellow  in  color,     06(;,  yellow,  +  mxprif,  bitter,  +  -jte^.]     Same  as 


with  red  or  violet-brown  markings.  xanihopicrin . 

xanthodont(zan'tho-dont),rt.  [<  Gr.  fniOiic,  yel-  xanthopous  (zan'tho-pus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^av66c, 
low, -f- of!orr(6(Sovr-)  =  E.  toott.]  Havingyellow  yellow,  +  voig  (irod-)  =E.foot.']  In  6o*.,  hav- 
teeth,  as  a  rodent.     The  enamel  of  the  front  surface     ing  a  yellow  stem. 

of  the  incisoi-s  in  rodents  is,  as  a  rule,  of  some  bright  color  xanthoproteic  (zan-tho-pro'te-ik),  a.      [<  xan- 
into  which  yellow  enters,  mostly  orange  or  of  a  still  uiorc     ff,oprotc(in)  -t-  -ic]     Related  to  or  derived  from 


reddened  tint,  furnishing  a  notable  exception  to  the  white 
teeth  of  most  mammals,  the  piceous  or  i-eddish-black  teeth 
of  most  shrews  being  another  exception  to  the  rule. 

xanthodontOUS  (zan-tho-don'tus),  a.  [<  xan- 
thoilont  +  -OH.S-.]     Same  as  xanthodont. 

Xanthogen  (zan'tho-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  fai^of,  yel- 
low, -I-  -yt:vf/(,  producing:  see  -nen.']  A  hypo- 
thetical radical  formerly  supposed  to  exist  in 
xantliic  acid  and  its  compounds. 

XanthOgramma  (zan-tho-gram'a),  m.  [NL. 
(Schiller,  1860),  <  Gr.  ^avfio^,  yellow,  -I-  ypdfi/ia 


xanthi'oprotein Xanthoproteic  acid,  a  uon-crss- 

tallizable  acid  substance  resulting  from  the  decomposi- 
tion of  albuminoids  by  nitric  acid. 
xanthoprotein  (zan-tho-pro'te-in),  «.      [<  Gr. 
favftif,  yellow,  +  E.  protein.']     The  characteris- 


robin,  under  robin^,  3)  is  different  again,  aud  is  the  type 
of  two  other  genera  (Jihyacornis  and  H ympheeut).  X. 
narci^sina  has  given  rise  to  the  generic  name  Charidhy- 
las;  aud  X  cyanomelsena  to  that  of  Cyanopiila, 

(zan-tho-pi'gus),  n.  [NL. 
(Kraatz,"1857),  <  Gr.  f'aiflof,  yellow,  ■+■  mry^, 
rump.]  A  genus  of  American  rove-beetles, 
comprising  1  North  American  species,  X.  cacti, 
and  about  15  species  from  South  America,  char- 
acterized by  having  the  marginal  lines  of  the 
thorax  distinct  in  front,  the  inner  well  defined. 

xanthorhanmine(zan-tho-ram'nin),  H.  [<  Gr. 
fai'6of,  yellow,  +  pa/tvoc,  buckthorn  (see  Sham- 
nus),  +  -!Hc2.]  A  yellow  coloring  matter  con- 
tained in  the  ripe  Persian  or  Turkish  berries 
and  in  Avignon  grains.  See  Persian  berries, 
under  Persian. 

Xanthornus  (zan-thor'nus),  n.  [NL.  (P.  S. 
Pallas,  1769;  Scopoli,  1777;  generally  miscred- 
ited  to  Cuvier),  prop.  *Xanthornis,  <  Gr.  favflof, 
yellow,  +  opi'tg,  bird.]  A  large  genus  of  Icteri- 
dse :  strictly  synonymous  with  Icterus  of  Brisson 
(1760).  Most  of  the  American  carouges,  orioles,  hang- 
nests,  or  troopials  have  at  some  time  been  placed  in  this 
genus.    Also  called  Pern/ i(Knt(«.    See  cut  under  (roopiVif. 


tie  jrellow  substance  formed  by  the  action  of  hot  Xanthorrhiza  (zan-tho-ri'za),  n.     [NL.  (Mar- 


nitric  acid  on  proteid  matters, 
xanthoproteinic  (zan-tho-pro-te-in'ik),  fl.     [< 
X(i»thox>rotcin  +  -/c]     Related' to  xanthopro- 
tein 


mark,  letter.]    A  genus  of  dipterous  insects,  of  xanthopsin  (zan-thop  sin),  n.     {As  xanthops-y 


the  family  Si/rphidie,  closely  allied  to  the  genus 
Syrphus,  and  comprising  3  European  and  5 
North  American  species.  They  arc  large,  almost 
nake<i  flies,  of  a  metallic  black  color  t)roken  with  yellow 
spots  and  bands.  The  larvee  probably  feed  on  plant- 
lice. 
Xantholestes  (zan-tho-les'tez),  )(.  [NL.  (R. 
B.  Sliai^pe,  1877),  <  (iv.Javfti'jQ,  yellow,  +  IriaTi/c^, 


roliVjer;    see 


-t-  -()(-.]     Yellow  pigment  of  the  retina. 

xanthopsy  (zan'thop-si),  n.  [<  NL.  xanthopsia, 
<  Gr.  iai-Oor,  yellow,  -t-  b^i^,  appearance.]  Color- 
blindness ill  which  all  objects  seem  to  have  a 
yellow  tinge ;  yellow  ^sion. 

xanthopsydracia  (zan-thop-si-dra'si-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  fai^0(ic,  yellow,  +  Tpiipai,  a  blister.] 
The  presence  of  pustules  on  the  skin. 


Jfste^l,  Inormth.    ^  genus  of  Xanthoptera(zan-thop'te-ra),«.   [NL.(SodofE- 


Philippine  flycatchers,  inhabiting  the  island  of 
Paiiay.  A',  panayensis  is  tlie  only  species,  4f 
inches  long,  olive-\'cllow  above  and  bright-yel- 
low below. 
Xantholinus  (zan-tho-li'nus),  )(.  [NL.  (Ser- 
ville,  1825),  <  Gr.  fnvftx;,  yellow,  -)-  NL.  (Shi- 
jihii)Unus.']  A  genus  of  rove-beetles  or  Stuphy- 
liiiidif,  of  universal  distribution,  and  compris- 
ing about  100  species,  distinguished  chiefly  by 
the  long  terminal  joint  of  the  maxillary  palpi. 


sky,  1S.'!7),  <  Gr.  fai'Sdf,  yellow,  +  Trrtpcii',  wing.] 

A  "genus  of  noctuid  moths,  of  Guen^e's  family 

A n  th oph  ilidie.  compris- 

ing    a    few   American 

species,    distinguished 

by  the   presence  of  a 

subcellular   areole    on 

the  fore  wings.   A'.  Kcmi^ 

crncfa  feeds  in  the  larval 

state      on      the      leaves      of  Xanthopttra  ridntgsi. 


shall,  1789),  <  Gr.  ^avdk,  yellow,  +  piCa,  root.] 
A  genus  of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  order 
Banuncidacese,  tribe  Hellebores',  and  subtribe 
Cimicifufiese.  It  is  characterized  by  regular  racemose 
flowei-s'  with  five  or  ten  stamens,  and  five  or  ten  carpels 
which  become  follicles  in  fruit-  The  only  species,  X.  apii- 
folia,  is  a  native  of  the  United  States,  growing  on  shaded 
mountain  banks  from  Pennsylvania  and  western  New 
York  to  Kentucky  and  southward.  It  is  a  dwarf  shrub 
with  its  stem  yellowish  within,  bearing  pinnately  decom- 
pound leaves  aud  pendulous  compound  racemes  of  brown- 
ish-purple flowers  with  petaloid  sepals  and  small  gland- 
like petals.  Its  yellow  rootstock  secures  it  the  name  of 
shrub-vellou-rool  (which  see);  this  and  the  bark  are  intense- 
ly bitter,  and  afford  a  simple  tonic  of  minor  importance. 
Xanthorrhoea  (zan-th6-re'a),«.  [NL.  (Smith, 
1798),  so  called  from  the  red  resin  of  some  spe- 
cies ;  <  Gr.  f ai^iif .  yellow,  +  poia,  a  flow.  <  /ie<v. 
flow.]  A  genus  of  liliaceous  plants  of  the  tribe 
iMmandrCfe.  It  is  characterized  by  bisexual  flowers 
with  distinct  and  partly  gluniaceous  perianth-segnienta, 
and  a  three-celled  ovary  with  few  or  several  ovules  in 
each  cell.  The  11  species  are  all  Australian  ;  theyprotluce 
a  thick  rhizome  commonly  grow  ing  up  into  an  arlwrescent 
woody  trunk,  covered  or  terminated  by  long  linear  rigid 
crowtlcd  brittle  leaves.  The  numerous  small  flowers  are 
densely  compacted  in  a  long  cylindrical  termintl  spike. 


Xanthorrhoea 

A  red  resin  exadesfrom  X.  hastilis  and  other  species,  known 
as  aearoiii  gum,  or  Botany  bay  resin.  See  acaroid  gum 
(iinderacaroidXWa«Jfc&o*/,  and, 7 /'agf-^rf-g.— Xanthorrhoea 
resin.    Sume  as  acaroid  resin  (yihich.  see,  under  acaroid). 

xanthosis  (zan-tho'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ^ai'Ooi', 
yellow,  +  ~otfis.'\  In  pathoL,  a  yellowish  dis- 
coloration, especially  that  sometimes  seen  in 
cancerous  tumors. 

XantllOSOma(zan-tho-s6'ma),H.  [NL.  (Schott, 
1832),  <  Gr.  ^avOog^  yellow,  +  cib/ia,  body.]  A 
genus  of  monocotyledonous  plants,  of  the  order 
AracesBj  tribe  Colocasioidefe,  and  subtribe  CoJo- 
casicse.  It  is  characterized  by  coriaceous  sagittate  or 
pedate  leaves,  by  two-  or  three-celled  ovaries  separate 
below  but  dilated  and  united  above,  forming  beiries  in 
fruit  which  are  included  within  the  spathe-tube,  and  by 
anatropous  ovules  with  an  inferior  mioropyle,  mostly  at- 
tached to  the  partitions.  There  are  about  tw  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America.  They  are  herl)s  with  a  milky 
juice,  producing  a  tuberous  rootstock  or  thick  elongated 
caudex.  They  l>earlonj;  thick  petiohite  leaves;  the  flower- 
stalks  are  usually  short,  often  numerous,  and  produce  a 
spathe  with  an  oblong  or  ovoid  convolute  tube  whicli  bears 
a  boat-shaped  lamina  and  enlarges  in  fruit.  Hie  spadix 
is  shorter  and  included  ;  the  fertile  and  densely  flowered 
lower  part  Is  separated  by  a  constriction  from  the  elon- 
gated male  section.  A',  atrovireiut  is  known  in  the  West 
Indies  as  kale,  and  X  peregrinum  (jwrhaps  the  same  as 
the  last)  as  iaya;  for  X.  sagitti/olium,  see  taimier. 

xanthospennOUS  (zan-tho-sper'mus),  a.  [<  Gr. 
^avdoQj  yellow,  +  airkpfia,  seed.]  In  hot.j  having 
yellow  seeds ;  yellow-seeded. 

XantllOtsenia  (zan-tho-te'ni-ii), ;/.  [NL.  (West- 
wood,  1857),  <  Gr,  ^avdog^  yellow,  +  raivitty  a 
band:  see  tienia.']  A  genus  of  beautiful  butter- 
flies, of  the  nymphalid  subfamily  Morphine, 
containing  only  the  species  A',  bustris,  from  Ma- 
lacca, where  it  was  discovered  by  A.  R.Wallace. 

Xanthoura,  «.     See  Xanthura. 

xanthous  (zan'thus),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^avO/x;,  yellow, 
H-  -o».y.]  Yellow:  in  anthropology  and  ethnog- 
raphy specifying  the  yellow  or  Mongolioid  type 
of  mankind. 

The  second  great  type,  the  Mongolian  or  XnnthmiM  or 
"yellow,"  W.  H.  Flower,  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXVIII.  316. 

xanthoxyl  (zan-thok'sil),  »,  A  plant  of  the 
former  order  Xanthoxylacex  (now  the  tribe  Xan- 
thoxyieie).     Lindley. 

XantllOXylaceSB  (zan-thok-si-la'so-e),  }i.  pJ, 
[NL.  (Lindley,  1835),  <  Xantkoxtfhim  +  -arrtf.] 
A  former  order  of  plants,  equivalent  to  the  pres- 
ent tribe  Xanthoxylew. 

Xanthoxylese  (zan-thok-sil'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Nees  and  Martins,  1823),  <  Xtudhoxylum  +  -€i£.'\ 
A  tribe  of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  order  liu- 
tacese.  It  is  characterized  by  regular  flowers  with  free 
spreading  petals  and  stamens,  usually  an  atiniil.ir  or  pul- 
Tinate  disk,  from  two  to  five  carpels  each  with  two  ovules, 
and  a  straight  or  arcuate  embryo  commonly  with  flat  coty- 
ledons. It  includes  '2.'>  genura,  mainly  tropical,  14  of  which 
are  widely  separated  nionotyi>ic  local  gfuera.  See  Xan- 
tkoxylutu  (the  type)  and  Pentac*'ran. 

xanthoxyloin  (zan-thok-sil'o-in).  ».  [<  Xau- 
thoxylum  +  -i/(-.]  A  neutral  principle  extracted 
from  the  bark  of  the  prickly-ash,  Xanthoxylum 
America  nu  in, 

Xanthoxylam  (zan-thok'si-lum),  )i.  [NL. 
(Philip  Miller,  1759),  altered  from  the  Zanthoxy- 
turn  of  Linnieus,  1753,  and  of  Plukenet,  IGOiS, 
the  name  of  some  West  Indian  tree;  applied 
to  this  from  the  yellow  heartwood ;  <  Gr.  fai^oc, 
yellow,  +  ^i?j>Vj  wood.]  A  {^enus  of  plants,  of 
the  order  Rutacea",  type  of  tlie  tribe  Xanthoxy- 
l€se.  It  is  characterized  by  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  by 
polygamous  flowers  witlifroin  three  to  five  imbricate  or  in- 
duplicate  petals  and  three  to  ttve  stamens,  and  by  a  fruit 
of  one  to  five  somewhat  globose  and  commonly  two-valved 
carpels.  There  are  about  110  species,  widely  distributed 
through  tropical  an<l  warm  regions ;  nearly  5<>  occur  in 
Brazil,  many  others  in  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and  Cen- 
tral America,  and  .*»  in  the  United  States.  They  are  trees 
or  shrubs,  sometimes  armed  with  straiKht  or  recurved 
prickles.  The  leaves  are  commonly  odd-pinnate,  rarely 
reduced  to  one  to  three  leaflets ;  the  leaflets  are  entire  or 
creuate,  oblique,  and  pel  lucid- dot  ted.  The  flowers  are 
small,  usually  white  or  greenish,  commonly  in  crowded 
axillary-  and  terminal  panicles.  The  fruit  is  usually  aro- 
matic and  pungent,  with  a  glandular-dotted  pericarp.  The 
bark,  especially  that  of  the  roots,  is  powerfully  stimulant 
and  tonic,  and  often  used  for  rheumatism,  to  excite  sali- 
vation, and  a-t  a  cure  for  toothache;  it  contains  a  bitter 
principle  (berberine)  and  a  yellow  coloring  matter;  in 
the  Went  Indies  it  is  esteemed  an  antisyphilitic.  Three 
spedes  in  the  United  States  are  small  trees,  of  which  X. 
eriOroguni  (X.  Caribxu>n)iat\ie  satinwood  of  Florida,  the 
West  Indies,  and  the  Bermudas,  its  wood,  used  in  tlie  man- 
ufacture of  small  articles,  having  at  flrst  the  odor  of  true 
satinwood.  X.  Fa'jnra  (X.  Pterota)  ia  the  wild  lime  of 
Florida  and  western  Texas,  eztendint;  also  through  Mexico 
to  Brazil  and  I'eru,  and  lias  been  also  known  as  Fa'jnra 
Pterota  &\\i\  FJentiarifnlia;  in  aoiitlieni  Florida  it  Is  one  of 
the  most  common  of  small  trees, often  a  tall  slender  shrub  ; 
it  produces  a  hard  heavy  riMldish-brown  wood,  known  as 
taoinoTironwiiO'i  in  the  West  Indies.  (See  u'ildlhne,  under 
lime^.)  X.  fmar;/inafiim(X.  unvindoiden),  known  as  lirrn- 
tree  or  li{tnumrorum  In  the  West  Indies,  and  eijKjrted 
thence  under  the  name  of  msewooti,  also  extends  to  Horida, 
where  It  Is  a  shrub  with  coriacetMis  shinlnif  leaves.  The 
2  other  species  of  the  United  States  are  known  as  tooth- 
ache-tree  and  as  pricklya»h  (which  see);  of   these  -V. 


6999 

Americanum.  is  a  shrub  found  from  Massachusetts  and 
Vii^nia  to  Minnesota  and  Kansas, ami  X.  Ctava-Herculis  is 
a  small  tree  ranging  from  Virginia  southward,  also  known 


Xanthoxylum  Antericanutn. 

I,  branch  with  male  flowers;   2,  branch  with  fruits  and  leaves;    a, 

male  flower:  b,  female  flower;  <r,  fruits. 

aa  ]}ei>p€rwood.  For  A".  Carib/euni^  see  prickly  yellow-wood, 
under  yelloiv-wood.  The  other  species  of  the  West  Indies 
are  there  known  in  general  as  yellov-wood  and  &s  fustic, 
several  producing  a  valuable  wood  ;  m  .Jamaica  X.  cvria- 
cea  is  also  known  as  yelloiv  ma^twood,  and  A',  gpinifez  as 
rain-goat  (which  see);  in  Australia  X.  hrachyacanthum 
is  used  for  cabinet-work ;  in  Cape  Colony  X.  Cai>€nxe  is 
known  as  ktwfncood  (which  see);  0  other  woody  species  oc- 
cur in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  all  there  known  as  heae.  The 
fruit  of  many  tropical  species  ia  used  as  a  condiment  and 
also  me<licinally,  as  A',  piperitum,  the  Japanese  pepper, 
and  X.  schini/idium  (X.  Mant^c/iwicum\  the  anise-pep- 
per of  China.  The  Chinese  bitter  pepper,  or  star-pepper, 
A*.  Daniellii,  is  now  referred  to  the  genus  Evodia.  X.  ni- 
tidxnn  is  in  China  a  valued  febrifuge,  and  X.  alatum  a  su- 
dorific and  anthelmintic ;  the  leaves  of  the  latter  are  used 
as  food  for  silkworm^  its  fruit  in  India  as  a  condiment,  and 
its  seeds  as  a  ftsh-poison. 
Xanthura  (zan-thn'ra),  u.  [NL.  (Selater,  1862, 
after  Xanthoura,  Bonaparte,  1850),  <  Gr.  ^av66^, 
yellow,  +  ovpa,  tail.]  A  genus  of  beautiful 
American  jays,  liaving  the  tail  more  or  less  yel- 
low; the  green  jays,  as  A'.  Ittxuosa,  of  the  Kio 
(irande  region  ana  southward.  These  resplendent 
birds  vie  with  any  of  the  blue  jays  in  color,  and  are  of  very 
unusual  hues  for  this  group.  The  species  named  is  yel- 
lowish-green, bright  yellow,  ^Teenish-blue,  azure-blue,  jet- 
black,  and  hoary-white  in  various  parts ;  it  is  not  crested. 


xenelasia 

Xantusiidae  (zan-tu-si'i-de),  V.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Xantufiia  +  -Ul^.']  An  American  family  of 
criglossate  lacertilians,  typified  by  the  genus 
Xanticsia,  having  the  parietal  bones  distinct 
and  the  suprateniporal  fossffi  roofed  over. 

xd.     A  contraction  of  ex  div.  (which  see). 

xebec  (ze'bek),  n.  [Also  sometimes  zehec,  ze- 
beck'f  shebeCj  skebeclc;  =.  F.  chebec  =  S\>.jabeqHe  = 
Pg.  ehavecoy  xaveco  =  It.  scUibecco,  also  zamhec- 
co ;  said  to  be  <  Turk,  sumbeki;  cf.  Pers.  Ar. 
sumbiikj  a 
small  ves- 
sel.] A  small 
three-masted 
vessel,  for- 
merly much 
used  by  the 
Algerine  cor- 
sairs, and 
now  in  use  to 
some  extent 
in  Mediter- 
ranean com- 
merce. It  dif. 
fers  from  the  fe- 
lucca chiefly  in 

having  several  square  sails  as  well  as  lateen  sails,  while 
the  latter  has  only  lateen  sails. 

Our  fugitive,  and  eighteen  other  white  slaves,  were  put 
on  board  a  xebec,  carrying  eight  six-pounders  and  sixty 
men.  Sumner,  Orations,  I.  252. 

Xema  (ze'mii),  n.  [NL.  (Leach,  1819):  a  made 
word.]  A  genus  of  Laridse ;  the  fork-tailed 
gulls.  A',  sabinei  is  the  only  species.  This  gull  is  13  or 
14  inches  long.  The  adult  is  snowy-white,  with  extensive 
slaty-blue  mantle,  the  outer  five  primaries  black  tipped 
with  white,  the  head  hooded  in  slate-color  witli  a  jet-black 
ring,  the  feet  black,  and  the  bill  black  tipped  with  yellow. 
The  forking  of  the  tail  is  about  one  inch.  This  remarka- 
ble and  beautiful  mill  inhabits  arctic  America  both  coast- 
wise and  interiorly,  and  strays  irregularly  southward  in 


Rio  Grande  Jay  {Xttnthura  iuxitosa). 

The  length  is  11  or  12  inches,  the  extent  14J  to  \h\.  It 
nests  in  bushes,  and  lays  usually  three  or  four  eggs  of  a 
greenish-drab  color  marked  with  shades  of  brown.  An- 
other and  still  more  richly  colored  species  is  tlie  Peruvian 
j:iy,  .V.  yncax. 

xanthuna  (zan-thu'ri-U),  n.  Same  as  xanthi- 
hurio. 

Xanthyris(zan'thi-ris),».  [NL.(Feiaer,  1802), 
l^Toi*.** Xri nthothffris,  <  Gr.  £ai'f)6r,  yellow,  +  Ovpir, 
window.]  A  genus  of  bombycid  moths,  of  the 
family  Areiiidfp,  CMnnprising  one  or  more  spe- 
cies from  South  America. 

Xantus  gecko.     See  uirko. 

Xantusia  (zan-tu'si-Jl).  n.  [NL.  (S.  F.  Baird. 
1852),  named  after  L.  J.  Xaufus  de  Vesey,  who 
collected  extensively  in  California  and  Mexico.] 
The  typical  genus  of  Xantumdie. 


Fork-tailed  Gull  [A'ctna  sabifict). 

winter,  though  it  is  not  often  seen  in  the  United  States. 
It  has  been  taken  in  the  Bermudas,  in  I'eru,  and  in  Eu- 
rope. The  nest  is  made  on  tlie  gntund  ;  the  eg^s  are  three 
in  numlter,  measuring  \\  by  \\  inches,  and  of  a  brownish- 
olive  color  sparsely  splashed  with  brown.  The  swallow- 
tailed  gull  (see  >iwallow-tailed)  has  sometimes  been  wrong- 
ly referred  to  this  genus. 

xenacanthine  (/.en-a-kan'thin),  a.  and  n.    I.  a. 
Of  or  relating  to  tlie  XcnacaniUini. 
II.  n.  Cue  of  the  Xcnacanihini. 

Xenacanthini  (/-en-a-kan-thi'ni),  n.pL     [NL., 

<  Gr.  >^Mof;,  strange,  +  oKarOn,  spine,  +  -int.'] 
An  order  of  fossil  selachians.  They  had  the  noto- 
chord  rarely  if  ever  constricted,  neural  and  hemal  arches 
and  spines  long  and  slender,  and  pectoral  tins  with  long 
segmcnte'l  axis.  The  order  ini'ludes  many  extinct  tishea 
which  flourished  in  the  seas  of  tlie  Carboniferons  and  Per- 
mian i>eriods,  and  which  bav  been  referred  to  the  families 
PlPAir  acanthi  die  and  Cladodonfid/e. 

Xenaltica  (ze-nal'ti-kii).  /^     [NL.  (Baly,  1875), 

<  Gr.  ^ti'o^,  strange,  +  NL.  Hidtica,  q.  v.]  A 
genus  of  beetles,  of  the  fjunily  Chrysomelida', 
having  the  four  anterior  tibise  with  a  small 
spine  and  the  hind  tibia>  witli  a  dtmble  spine. 
The  two  known  species  arc  from  Old  Calabar  and  Mada- 
gascar. The  genus  is  sujiposed  to  be  synonymous  with 
Afyrcina  (Ohai)uis,  187.')). 

xeharthral  (ze-niir'thral),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^hoc, 
strange,  +  apOpoi;  a  joint.]  Peculiarly  or 
strangely  jointed,  as  a  mammal's  vertebra;; 
having  certain 
accessory  artic- 
ulations of  the 
dorsolumbar  ver- 
telmv.  as  the 
American  eden- 
tates :  the  oppo- 
site of  iio7H(ir- 
thral.     /;/7/,  1884. 

xenelasia     (/>en- 

e-la'si-a),  n. 
[NL.,  <  (jlr.  !;£VT]- 
/aoia,  tlie  expul- 
sion of  strangers, 
an  alien  act,  < 
fn-or,  a  stranger, 
+  i?jia/(\  <  t'/ni- 
vtiv  (tAu-),  drive.] 
which  ])rohilnted 


Sj)arta  witliout  permission. 


Xeiiiirthral  Articulation  of  Twelfth  and 
Thirteenth  Dors.il  Vt;rIel>riLM)f  Great  Ant- 
eater  (iI/>'r»«crt>/Art^'-(r/»i(^(i/i»), side  view, 
two  thirds  natural  size. 

m,  prezyj^apophysis,  with  n:',  .iildition- 
al  anterior  articular  f.iret :  fz.  poslzyga- 
I)ophysis,  wilh  /-i.  /-j:-,  additional  ftos- 
Icrior  arti'  ul  ir  f.ircts  ;  "r.  luetapophysis ; 
)i,  facet  for  articulatinn  of  r.ipitclluni  of 
rii);  tf,  thi.'  same  fur  tuhercle  of  ril». 

A  Spartan  law  or  alien  act 
stran^MTs  from    residing  in 


zenia 

xenia,  ».     Plural  of  xvnium. 

xenial  (ze'ui-al),  a.  [<  Or.  ffWa,  hospitality,  < 
cf  I'uc,  louie  ff/i'of,  a  guest,  also  a  host,  in  Homei' 
a  friendly  stranger.]  Pertaining  to  hospitality, 
or  to  the  I'ights,  privileges,  standing,  or  treat- 
ment of  a  guest,  or  to  the  relations  between  a 
guest  and  his  host;  speeiiieally,  noting  such  re- 
lations, etc..  in  Greek  antiquity. 

Again,  it  is  curious  to  obsurve  th.it  tllf  xeninl  relation 
was  not  less  vivacious  th.all  that  of  blood.  The  tie  of  blood 
subsists  ill  the  second  generation  from  the  common  ances- 
tor ;  and  Diomed  and  Glaucus  similarly  own  one  another 
as  ^elcoi  because  two  generations  before  (Eneus  had  en- 
tertained Bellerophon. 

Gladntoiie,  Studies  on  Homer,  II.  460. 

Xenichtliyinae  (ze-nik-thi-i'ne),  n.  pi.     [NL., 

<  Xcnicht/ii/s  +  -/fia?.]  A  subfamily  of  Sparid/e, 
typitied  by  the  genus  XenicMhys,  having  the 
dorsal  fin  deeply  emarginate,  the  vomer  toothed, 
and  all  the  teeth  villiform  in  narrow  bands. 

Xenichthys  (ze-uik'this),  n.     [NL.  (Gill,  1863), 

<  Gr.  ffi'oc,  strange,  -1-  ("x^f,  a  fish.]  A  genus 
of  sparoid  fishes,  typical  of  the  Xciiichthi/inm, 
as  X.  californiengis.  This  queer  fish  is  of  a  silvery 
color  with 'continuous  dusky  stripes  along  the  several 
rows  of  scales  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  and  is  found 
from  San  Diego  southward. 

Xeuicidse  (ze-nis'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,<  Xcnicus  + 
-idse.'\  A  family  of  non-oseine  (elamatorial  or 
mesomyodian)  passerine  birds,  typified  by  the 
genus  Xenicus.  and  confined  to  New  Zealand. 
Also  called  Acanthisittidie.  They  were  fomierlysup- 
posed  to  be  creepers,  warblers,  nuthatches,  or  wrens,  and 
classed  accordiuiily,  but  ,are  now  placed  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Old  World  ant-thruslies  and  related  forms  (Pittidas, 
etc).  There  is  only  one  intrinsic  syringoniyon ;  the  ster- 
num is  single-notched  on  each  side  behind;  the  nasal  bones 
are  holorhinal,  the  maxillopalatines  are  slender,  and  the 
vomer  is  broad,  with  anterior  emargination ;  the  tarsi  are 
not  laminiplantar ;  the  primaries  are  ten,  with  the  first 
about  as  long  as  the  second,  and  the  rectrices  are  ten. 
AcaiUhUitta  chloris  (the  citrine  warbler  of  Latham,  1783) 
is  a  short-tailed  creeper,  quite  like  a  nuthatch  in  appear- 
ance and  habits ;  the  species  of  Xenicus  resemble  wrens. 
See  Xenicus. 

Xenicus  (zen'i-kus),  11.  [NL.  (G.  E.  Gray, 
1855),  <  Gr.  ffD(A<if,  of  a  stranger,  <  ffraf,  a 
stranger.]  The  name-giving  genus  of  Xenicidse. 
It  contains  two  species.  X.  hmgipes  is  the  long-legged 
warbler  of  Latham  (1783),  remarkably  like  a  wren  in  ap- 
pearance and  habits;  the  other  species  is  X.  (jilviventris 
of  Julius  Haast 

Xenisma  (ze-nis'mil),  n.     [NL.  (Jordan,  1876), 

<  Gr.  ^hia/la,  amazement,  <  ^tvit^ew,  surprise, 
make  strange,  <  ^hoq,  strange.]  A  genus  of 
cyprinodonts,  or  a  subgenus  of  Fundulm,  whose 
dorsal  fin  is  high  and  begins  opposite  or  slightly 
behind  the  anal.  Two  species  inhabit  tributa- 
ries of  the  Lower  Mississippi.  See  cut  under 
studfish . 

xenium  (ze'ni-um),  H.;  pi.  xeniu  (-ii).  [NL.,  < 
(jrr.  ^h'lov,  usually  in  pi.  ^evia,  a  gift  to  a  guest 
from  his  host,  neut.  of  Sintoc,  of  a  guest,  <  ffvof, 
a  guest,  stranger.]  In  classical  antiq.,  a  present 
given  to  a  guest  or  stranger,  or  to  a  foreign  am- 
bassador. 

Xenocichla  (zen-o-sik'la),  n.  [NL.  (Hartlaub, 
1857),  <  Gr.  ffvof,'  strange,  +  iiix>>i,  a  thrush.] 
An  extensive  genus  of  Ethiojnan  birds,  conven- 
tionally referred  to  the  Timcliidx,  and  also  call- 
ed Ble'da,  Pyrrhiirus,  Bieopoijon,  and  Trkhites. 
Fifteen  species  are  described ;  they  differ  much  from  one 
another.  Some  have  often  been  put  in  such  genera  as  Pyc- 
lumotun,  Criniger,  or  Trichophorun,  and  all  are  called  by 
the  name  fndbid,  in  common  with  otlier  birds  more  or  less 
nearly  related.  X.  icieria  is  the  yellow-browed  bulbul ; 
X.  ftamcoUis,  the  yellow-throated ;  X.  tephrolsema,  the 
ashy-throated ;  A',  nmplex,  Marche's ;  X.  Jiavistriata,  Bar- 
l-att's ;  X.  seriim,  the  red-billed  ;  X.  ayndactyla  (the  type 
of  the  genus,  from  Senegambia  to  Gaboon),  tlie  chestnut- 
tailed  ;  X.  scandeitfi,  the  pale ;  X.  albigularia,  Ussher's ; 
X.  indicator,  the  honey-guide  ;  X.  teucoplenra,  the  wiiite- 
bellied  ;  X.  notata,  the  yellow-marked ;  X.  canicapilla,  the 
gray-headed. 

Xenocratean  (zf-nok-ra-te'an),  a.  [<  Xenocra- 
tes  (see  def.).]  '  Pertaining  to  the  doctrine  of 
Xenocrates,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who  was  the 
head  of  the  Academy,  the  second  after  Plato. 
He  is  known  to  have  been  a  voluminous  and  methodical 
writer,  adhering  pretty  closely  to  his  master's  teachings, 
but  incliuetl  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Pythagoreans.  He 
held  that  the  ideas  were  munliere,  and  that  all  iiumbera 
were  produced  from  1  and  2. 

Xenocratic  (zen-o-krat'ik),  a.  Same  as  Xenoc- 
rateaii. 

Xenocrepis  (zen-o-kre'pis),  71.  [NL.  (Forster, 
1856),  <  Gr.  ftfof,  strange,  +  Kprj-rrir,  a  half -boot.] 
A  genus  of  hyraenopterous  parasites,  of  the 
ehalcid  subfamily  I'teromalhiie,  having  thir- 
teen-jointed  antenna;  with  two  ring-joints,  the 
stigmal  club  small,  and  the  marginal  vein  thick- 
ened.    The  species  are  European. 

Xenodacnis(zen-o-dak'nis),  «.  [NL.  (Cabanis. 
1873),  <  Gr.  i':vor,  strange,  +  NL.  Dacnis,  (j.  v.] 
A  genus  of  guitguits  or  Cverchidte.  The  type  is  X. 
panna  of  Pern,  4^rinches  long,  the  male  of  a  nearly  uni- 


7000 

form  dull  purplish-blue,  the  wings  and  tall  blackish  edged 
with  blue.  The  form  is  peculiar  among  the  guitguits,  the 
bill  having  a  parine  shape,  though  no  nasal  bristles. 

xenoderm  (zen'6-derm),  «.  [<  NL.  Xeuodi-rma.'] 
A  wart -snake  of  the  subfamily  Xcnodermathise. 

Xenoderma  (zen-o-der'ma),  II.  [NL.  (Bein- 
hardt),  <  Gr.  iivoc,  strange,  +  dtp/ja,  skin.] 
The  typical  genus  of  Xenodernuitinee,  with  gran- 
ular scales,  simple  urosteges,  and  no  frontal 
nor  parietal  plates.  The  genus  has  also  been 
placed  in  Xothopsidse.     Also  Xenoderm  us. 

Xenodermatinse  (zen-o-der-ma-ti'ne),  n.  ]il. 
[NL.,  <  Xenoderma(t-)  +  -/««.]  A  subfamily 
of  Acrochordidie  or  wart-snakes,  represented  by 
the  genus  Xenoderma.    Also  Xenodermina. 

xenodermine  (zen-o-der'min),  a.  [<  Xenoder- 
ma +  -i/ifi.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Xenoder- 
matiiise. 

Xenodernius(zen-o-der'mus),  ?(.  [NL.]  Same 
as  Xenoderma. 

xenodocheuin,  xenodochium  (zen"o-dQ-ke'um, 
-ki'um),  ». ;  pi.  xenodochea,  xenodochia  (-a). 
[LL.  xenodochium,  <  Gr.  ^svodoxt'ov,  a  place  for 
strangers  to  lodge  in,  a  hotel,  <  ftwf ,  a  stranger, 
-I-  linxelov,  a  receptacle,  <  cSj-jj-tcrfe/,  receive.]  1. 
In  classical  antiq.,  a  building  for  the  reception  of 
strangers. —  2.  In  modern  Greek  lands,  a  hotel ; 
an  inn ;  also,  a  guest-house  in  a  monastery. 

xenodochy  (ze-nod'o-ki),  n.  [<  Gr.  fcwrioi/n, 
the  entertainment  of  a  stranger,  <  iivoc,  a  stran- 
ger, -I-  finxri,  a  receiving,  <  dixecOai,  receive.]  1. 
Reception  of  strangers ;  hospitality. — 2.  Same 
as  xenodochemn. 

xenogamy  (ze-nog'a-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^ho(, 
strange,  -I-  yrifioq,  marriage.]  In  hot.,  cross-fer- 
tilization— that  is,  the  impregnation  or  fecun- 
dation of  the  ovules  of  a  flower  with  pollen  from 
another  flower  of  the  same  species,  either  on 
the  same  or  (usually)  on  a  different  plant. 

xenogenesis  (zen-o-jen'e-sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iivur,  stranger,  -I-  jtiica/f,  birth.]  The  genera- 
tion of  off spiing  which  pass  througli  an  entirely 
different  life-cycle  from  that  of  the  parents,  and 
never  e.\hibit  the  characters  of  the  latter:  a 
mode  of  biogenesis  supposed  by  Milne-Edwards 
to  occur,  but  not  proved  to  have  any  existence 
in  fact. 

The  term  Heterogenesis  .  .  .  has  unfortunately  been 
used  in  a  different  sense  [than  that  of  the  otfspring  being 
altogether  and  permanently  unlike  the  parent],  and  M. 
Milne-Edwards  has  therefore  substituted  for  it  Xenogen- 
esis, which  means  the  generation  of  something  foreign. 

Huxley,  Lay  Sermons,  p.  353. 

xenogenetic  (zen"o-je-net'ik),  a.  [<  xenogene- 
sis (-ct-)  +  -/«.]  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  xenogenesis. 

I  have  dwelt  upon  the  analogy  of  pathological  modill- 
cation,  which  is  in  favour  of  the  xenogetietie  origin  of  mi- 
crozyiiies.  Huxley,  Lay  Sermons  (ed.  1871),  p.  37(1. 

xenogenic  (zeu-o-jen'ik),  «.  [<  xcnogen-y  + 
-/(•.]     Same  as  xenogenetic. 

xenogeny  (zf-noj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  ffi'of,  strange, 
-f  --jEvna,  <  -jfw/f, -born.]    ^a.Taea.s  xenogenesis. 

xenolite  (zen'o-lit),  «.  A  silicate  of  aluminium, 
related  to  fibrolite,  found  at  Petershoff,  Fin- 
land. 

xenomenia  (zen-6-me'ni-a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ftraf,  strange,  -1-  fjtiviaia,  menses.]  A  loss  of 
blood  occurring  at  the  time  of  the  menstrual 
flow  elsewhere  than  from  the  uterus,  and  tak- 
ing the  place  of  the  regular  flow;  vicarious 
menstruation.     Compare  stigma'^,  4. 

Xenomi  (ze-no'mi),  )(.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fft'of, 
strange,  +'  M//of,  shoulder.]  A  suborder  of 
fishes,  resembling  the  Haplomi,  but  distin- 
guished by  peculiarities  of  the  pectoral  arch 
(whence  the  name).  It  consists  of  the  family 
Dalliidee  alone.     See  cut  under  Dallia. 

xenomorphic  (zen-o-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  Gr.  fti'oc, 
strange,  -t-  fjopipf/,  form.]  In  lithnl.,  noting  the 
mineral  constituents  of  a  rock  when  they  are 
bounded  by  planes  not  formed  as  the  result  of 
their  own  molecular  structure,  but  the  result  of 
their  contact  with  other  minerals  also  forming 
constituents  of  the  same  rock,  which  having 
crystallized  first  have  impressed  their  form  on 
those  adjacent  to  them :  the  counterpart  of 
idiomorphic.     Also  called  alloiriomorphic. 

xenomoUS  (ze-no'mus),  a.  [<  NL.  Xenomi.'] 
Peculiar  in  the  structure  of  the  pectorals,  as 
the  Alaskan  blaekfish ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Xenomi. 

Xenopeltidae  (zen-o-pel'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Xeno/icltis  +  -idcC.']  A  family  of  colubriform 
Opiiidia.  represented  by  the  genus  Xenopeltis. 
They  have  no  supraorbitaror  postorbital  bone,  have  a 
coronoid  bone,  prcmaxillary  teeth,  and  giistrosteges,  and 
have  no  rudiments  of  hind  limbs. 


Xenopicus 

Xenopeltis (zen-o-pel'tis),  n.  [NL.  (Keinwardt, 
1827),  <  Gr.  ffroV,  strange,  +  ir&r^,  a  shield.] 
The  typical  genus  of  Xeiiopeltidse,  having  the 
lower  jaw  produced,  the  teeth  very  fine,  and  no 
anal  spurs.  A',  unicolor,  formerly  Tortriz  xenopeltis, 
is  a  singular  snake  of  nocturnal  and  carnivorous  habits, 
found  in  Malaysia  and  some  other  regions. 

Xenophanean  (ze-nof-a-ne'an),  a.  [<  Xenoph- 
anes  (see  def.).]  Pertaining  to  the  doctrines 
of  Xenophanes  of  Colophon,  the  founder  of  the 
Eleatic  school  of  philosophy.  He  seems  to  have 
been  the  first  of  the  Greeks  to  propound  a  monotbetstic 
doctrine,  probably  of  a  pantheistic  character ;  but  he  did 
not  go  to  the  length  of  denying  the  reality  of  the  mani- 
fold, as  Parmenides  and  his  followers  did. 

Xenophora  (ze-nof'o-ra),  H.  [NL.  (Fischer 
von  Waldheim,  1807),  &\soXenophorus  (Philippi, 
1847),  <  Gr.  ffoof,  strange.  +  -^opof,  <  ^ipeiv  =  E. 
bear^.']     The  typical  genus  of  Xenophoridse,  so 


Xenopkora  pallidula,  lower  view,  leduced. 

called  from  their  carrying  foreign  objects  at- 
tached to  the  shell.  Formerly  also  called  PAo- 
n»  (a  name  too  near  the  prior  I'hora  in  ento- 
mology).    See  also  cut  under  carrier-shell. 

Xenophoridae  (zen-o-for'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Xenophora  +  -idee.']  '  A  family  of  ta^nioglossate 
gastropods,  typified  by  the  genus  Xenophora : 
formerly  called  Phoridsc  (a  name  preoccupied 
in  entomology).  They  are  known  as  carrier- 
shells,  conchologists,  and  mineralogists.  See  cuts 
under  carrier-shell  and  Xenophora. 

Xenophoroid  (ze-nof'o-roid),  a.  and  n.     I.  a. 
Of  or  relating  to  the  Xenophoridse. 
II.  H.  Any  member  of  this  family. 

xenopMhalmia  (zen-of-thal'mi-a),  M.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  ffvof,  strange,  +  btpdayuia,  ophthalmia.] 
Conjunctivitis  excited  by  the  presence  of  a 
foreign  body. 

Xenopicus  (zen-o-pi'kus),  H.  [NL.  (S.  F.  Baird, 
1858),  <  Gr.  ifiof,  strange,  +  L.  jricus,  a  wood- 
pecker.] An  isolated  genus  of  North  Ameri- 
can woodpeckers,  based  on  the  Picus  albolarra- 
tns  of  Cassin,  and  characterized  by  the  structure 


White-headed  Woodpecker  {.\'ent>picus  albaltirz'.itm''. 

of  the  tongue  and  hyoid  bone,  in  which  is  seen  an 
approach  to  that  of  Sphyropicus.  The  body  is  black, 
without  spots  or  stripes;  the  head  is  white,  with  a  scarlet 
nuchal  cresient  in  the  male  ;  the  wings  are  blotched  with 
white  :  the  length  is  about  9  inches,  the  extent  16.  This 
remarkable  woodpecker  inhabits  the  mountains  of  Call- 


Xenopicns 

fornia,  Oregon,  and  Washington,  wliere  it  is  common  in 
pine  wooils. 

Zenopodidae  (zen-o-pod'i-de),  «.  pJ.  [NX..,  < 
Xenopus  {-pod-)  +  -w/«.]  A  family  of  African 
aglossal  or  tongueless  toads,  typified  by  the 
genxLS  Xejiopus :  same  as  Dticti/lethridse.  They 
are  related  to  the  American  Pipidae,  but  have  upper  teeth 
and  some  long  tentacular  processes  on  the  head. 

Xenops  (ze'nops),  n.  [NL.  (Illiger,  1811),  <  Gr. 
ffvof,  strange,  4-  utp,  face,  appearance.]  A 
genus  of  Dendrocolaptidx,  or  South  American 
tree-creepers,  eliaracterized  by  the  short,  com- 


.\tnops  i^rntb:Trbii. 

pressed,  and  upturned  l>ill,  and  ranging  from 
Mexico  to  southern  Brazil.  There  are  2  distinct 
species.  X.  ffenibarbis  has  the  baclt  olivaceous  and  the 
belly  streaked ;  in  X.  mtilang  tlie  back  is  rufous  and  the 
belly  is  not  streaked.  They  are  very  small  birds,  4  or  5 
inches  long,  lioth  with  a  white  cheek-stripe. 
XenopterU8(ze-nop'te-nis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ff- 
vof,  strange,  +  Trrepdv,  wing,  fin.]  A  genus  of 
plectognath  fishes,  of  the  family  TetrodontUUe, 


7001 

containing  the  single  species  X.  brendeli,  from 
Illinois,  remarkable  in  that  tlie  male  antennaj 
are  flabellate,  a  unique  structure  in  the  family 
Biqyrcstidse. 

Xeilorh3nichus  (zea-o-ring'kus),  n.  [NL. 
(Bonaparte,  1855),  <  Gr.  ff  rai,-,  strange,  +  pvyxoi', 
beak.]  A  genus  of  storks  or  Ciconiinx,  rep- 
resenting the  Indian  and  Australian  type  of 
jabirus.  X  australis  is  the  black-necked  stork 
(which  see,  under  stork). 

Xenos  (ze'nos),  «.  [NL.  (Rossi,  1792),  <  Gr.  ff- 
raf.  strange.]  A  genus  of  parasitic  coleopters, 
of  the  family  Stijiojiidee,  having  four-jointed  an- 
tenniB  and  four-jointed  tarsi.  Thespecies  arefound 
in  middle  and  soutliem  Europe  and  in  North  and  Soutli 
America.  They  are  among  the  most  remarkable  of  insects, 
and  tlie  genus  is  historically  notable  as  containing  the 
earliest  known  strepsipters.   Also,  and  preferably,  Xeints. 

Xenosauridae  (zen-o-sa'ri-de).  II.  III.  [NL., 
<  Xcnosunriis  +  -idie.'i  A  family  of  American 
eriglossate  lacertiliaiis,  related  to  the  lyuanids; 
based  on  the  genus  Xeno.wuriis. 

Xenosaurus  (zen-o-sa'ms),  H.  [NL.  (Peters, 
1861),  <  Gr.  ff'i'Of,  strange,  +  cavpo^,  a  lizard.] 
The  tj-pieal  genus  of  Xi'iio.iauridse,  based  on 
A',  ijraiidw,  a  Mexican  lizard  about  10  inches 
long, 

zenotime  (zen'o-tim),  M.  [<  Gr.  ^tvori/inc,  favor- 
ing strangers,  ^  ^imij,  strange,  +  tiut/,  honor.] 
A  native  phosi)hate  of  yttrium,  having  a  yellow- 
ish-brown color,  and  crystallizing  in  squares, 
octahedrons,  and  prisms.  It  resembles  zircon 
in  form,  but  is  inferior  in  hardness. 

Xenotis  (ze-n6'tis),  H.  [NL.  (.Jordan,  1877), 
also  Xeiiotea,  <  Gr.  ftKOf,  straiige,  +  ohi;  ("t-), 
ear.]  A  genus  of  centrarchoid  fishes,  very  near 
Lepomis,  in  which  it  is  sometimes  merged, 
but  having  very  short,  weak,  and  flexible  gill- 
rakers,  and  no  palatine  teeth.  .Species  are  .r.  »i«- 
galotig.  X.  marf/iaatiis,  and  .V.  bombi/roii»,  of  tlie  I'nited 
.states,  the  first-named  known  as  the  long-eared  suii/igh. 
Ttiis  is  6  inches  long,  hi^lily  colored,  and  abounds  in  niany 
parts  of  the  Vniteil  States. 

zenuiine  (ze-nu'rin),  II.  and  a.  [<  Xenunm  -t- 
-<»k1.]  I.  n.  An  armadillo  of  the  genus  A'fH«- 
ril.'< ;  a  kabassou.  In  these  turma  ot  Dagypodul/e  the 
buckler  is  more  zoniferous  than  in  the  true  dsisypodiues, 
and  the  tail  is  nearly  naked  ;  the  feet  are  also  somewhat 
peculiar  in  the  proportions  of  tlie  metacarpals  and  pha- 
langes. 
IT.  II.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  genus  A'cH»r««. 

Xenurus  (ze-nu'rus),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fevof, 
strange,  +  oipd,  tail.]  If.  In  oniith.,  same  as 
Alfttriirus.  Boic,  18'26. —  2.  In  jnommrt?.,  a  ge- 
nus of  armadillos,  named  by  Wagler  in  1830 ; 
the  xenurines  or  kabassous.     There  are  2  species, 


.Vtnof'tfrus  ni 


characterized  by  tlie  inftindibulifonn  nostrils 
and  the  peculiarity  of  the  dermal  ossifications. 
They  inhabit  the  Indian  archipelago.  A',  nari- 
fiis  is  a  typical  example. 

zenopterj^gian   (ze-nop-te-rij'i-an),  a.  and  n. 
I.  a.  Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  XenopUri/gii. 
II.  II.  A  fish  of  this  suborder. 

Xenopterygii  (ze-nop-te-rij'i-i),  II.  pi.  [<  Gr. 
f'lof,  strange,  +'  Trripv^,  wing  (fin).]  A  sub- 
order of  teleocephalous  fishes,  represented  by 
the  family  Gobienocidx,  and  characterized  by 
the  development  of  a  complicated  suctorial  or- 

fan  in  the  pectoral  ri'gion.  llie  lenopterygians 
ad  usually  been  placed  with  tlie  Innip-fishes  and  snail- 
flshes,  in  conse<iiicuce  of  their  common  possession  of  a 
■acking-ilisk.  which,  h-iwcver.  is  foi-meil  differently  in  the 
present  snlwrder.  i)eing  chiefly  developed  from  the  skin 
of  the  iirea-tt,  in  connection  with  the  ventral  fins.  Tiicy 
are  mostly  fishes  of  otdong  or  lengthened  coniform  shape, 
with  scaicless  skin  and  spineless  tins,  one  posterior  dorsal 
fln,  more  or  less  nearly  ojipo-tite  the  anal,  and  the  sucker 
either  entire  or  dividc'l.  They  are  small  fishes,  most  com- 
mon iu  tropical  and  wann  temperate  seas  iietween  tide- 
marks,  adherent  to  rocks.  There  are  10  genera  and  2.5  or 
3^>  species,  .as  Gobieiiaz  reticulatng,  alniiidant  in  tide-iKxds 
on  the  Facilic  coast  of  tlie  I'liited  States. 

Xenopus  (zen'o-pus),  n.  [NL.  (Wagler,  about 
1830),  <  Gr.  iimi;,  strange,  -I-  ~iiir  (-o'^-)  =  E. 
foot.'\  The  typical  genus  of  A'<H'(/)orf(V/a'.  There 
are  several  species,  all  of  tropical  Africa,  as 
.Y.  lipris.     They  are  called  dmred  toiiih. 

Xenorhina  (zen-o-ri'na),  «.  [NL.  (Peters, 
18G3),  <  Gr.  f'l'of,  strange,  +  /"V  i.'piv-),  nose, 
snout.]  A  genus  of  batrachians,  peculiar  to 
New  Guinea,  typical  of  tlie  family  Xriiorliinidie. 
The  species  is  .V.  ori/n pliolii. 

Xenorninidae  (zen-o-rin'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL..  < 
Xciiorliiiia  +  -idie.~\  A  family  of  Papuan  ba- 
trachians, represented  by  the  genus  Xeiiorliiiiii. 

Xenorhipis  (zcn-o-ri'iiis),  «.  [NL.  (Le  (,'onte, 
18f)0),  <  (Jr.  f>'i'"r,  strange.  -(-  /k-/c,  also  pi'i/'i 
wickerwork.]      A  genus  of  bujirestid  beetles, 


X.  unirinrtti>t  and  -V.  hUpiihm,  which  inhabit  tropical 
America,  and  burrow  with  great  ease  underground. 

Xenus  (ze'nus),  H.  [NL. :  see  A'(!«(«.]  1.  In 
I'litiiiii.,  .same  as  .\ciio,s. — 2.  In  oniilh.,  same  as 
Tirckiii  (whore  see  cut).     ./.  ./.  Kaup,  1829. 

XeocephUS  (ze-os'e-fus),  II.  [NIj.  (Bonaparte, 
1854),  and  Xi'occpholu.i  (G.  K.Gray,  1869),  and 
Zeocciihiis  (K.  B.  Sliarpe,  1879);  formation  un- 
certain.] A  genus  of  Mii.<iciciijiiilfe,  confined  to 
the  Philippines.  ,V.  rufm  (jf  Luzon  is  7  inches  long, 
and  mostly  of  a  cinnamon  color.  -V.  cinnavunnexm  of 
liasilun  is  similar,  with  a  white  iiclly.  X.  qianencens  is 
niostiy  of  a  grayish  col(alt-l)lne,  8J  inches  long,  and  found 
in  Palawan. 

Zerafln  (zer'a-fin),  «.  [Also  xcraphiiK ,  xera- 
phccii,  :cr(iphiii,  also,  as  Pg.,  xcrnfiiii:  <  Pg.  xerii- 
fiiii,  xfirafim.  <  Ar.  axlirnfl  (cf.  .ihari'ifi,  noble), 
applied  ])rop.  to  the  gold  dinar,  but  also  to  the 
gold  molinr;  <  .-iharif,  noble:  see  shrrif.'\  An 
Indo-Portugucse  silver  coin  formerly  current 
in  (ioa.  Aliout  1835  it  was  worth  75  United 
States  cents. 

zeransis  (ze-ran'sis),  II.  [NL.,  <  (jr.  ii;pavair, 
a  drying  up,  parching,  <  ^i/pniveiv,  dry  up:  see 
xcra><io.\     In /K(//io/.,  siccation;  a  drying  up. 

Xeranthemum  (ze -ran 'the-nium),  II.  [NL. 
(Tourriel'drt.  170(t).  so  called  from  the  scarioiis 
involucre ;  <  Gr.  ii/poc;,  dry,  +  arft/;«r,  flower.]  A 
genus  of  composite  plants,  of  the  tribe  Ci/iiaroi- 
deee  and  subtribe  Ciirliiiefe.    It  is  eliaracterized  liy 


zerosis 

long-stalked  solitary  flower-heads  with  tlie  outer  flowers 
small,  two-lipped,  and  neutral,  the  inner  ones  liiscxnal  and 
slightly  flve-cleft,  and  by  free  filaments  and  chaffy  aris- 
tate  pappus.  Tllere  are  4  or  5  species,  natives  of  the 
Mediterranean  region.  They  are  hoary  erect  branching 
annuals,  without  spines,  liearing  alternate  leaves  which 
are  narrow  and  entire,  'i'he  scarious  inner  bracts  of  the 
showy  flower-heads  are  rose-colored  or  whitish ;  from  their 
permanence,  X.  annuum,  tlie  most  frequently  cultivated 
species,  is  known  as  annual  everlasting  or  immortelle. 

zerantic  (ze-ran'tik),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^t/pav-iKiic,  <  f;/- 
palven;  dry  up :  see  xcra.ski.'\  Having  drying 
properties ;  exsiccant. 

zerasia  (ze-ra'si-ii),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ii/paaia,  a 
drying,  a  disease  of  the  hair  so  called,  <  ^i/pal- 
viif,  dry,  <  ^)/p6i-,  dry.]  A  disease  of  the  hair, 
characterized  by  excessive  dryness  and  cessa- 
tion of  growth. 

Xerobates  (ze-rob'a-tez),  ».     [NL.  (Agassiz), 

<  Gr.  f?//Dof,  dry,  +  liart/i,  one  that  treads,  < 
jiaiveiv,  go.]  A  genus  of  tortoises,  so  called 
from  inhabiting  the  dry  pine-barrens  of  tlie 
southern  United  States:  now  often  merged  in 
Te.itiido.  X.  or  T.  ctiroliiio  is  the  common 
gopher.     See  gopher,  3. 

zerocoUyrium  (ze"ro-ko-lir'i-um),  )(.  [LL.,  < 
(ir.  ^iipoKo/.'/.oipiov,   a  dry  or  thick   eye-salve, 

<  ii/p6(,  dry,  +  Ko'A'Aolpion,  eye-salve :  see  col- 
lyriiim.']     A  dry  collyriura  or  eye-salve. 

zeroderma  (ze-ro-der'mji),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fv- 
poc,  dry,  -I-  dippa,  skin.]  A  mild  form  of  ichthyo- 
sis, in  which  the  skin  is  dry  and  harsh  in  con- 
sequence of  diminished  activity  of  the  sudorific 
and  sebaceous  glands.  Also  called  dcniiatiuT- 
rania  and  dnjtikin — Xeroderma  pigmentosum,  a 
disease  of  the  skin,  beginning  usually  in  childhood,  char- 
acterized by  areas  of  capillary  dilatation  and  pigment  de- 
posit, followed  by  localized  atrophy  of  the  skin  alternating 
with  small  patches  of  hypertrophied  epithelium. 

zerodermia  (ze-ro-d6r'mi-a), ».  [NL.]  Same 
as  xeroderma. 

zerodes  (ze-ro'dez),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  i)/p<ofi?/i: 
dryish,  dry-looking,  <  ^'/po(,  dry,  +  thhc,  form.] 
Any  tumor  attended  with  dryness. 

zeronia(ze-r6'inii),)(.  [<  Gv.  i'l/pui,  dry, -{-  -oum.} 
Same  as  xtrophilialmin. 

Zeromyrum  (ze-rom'i-mm),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  f;/- 
po/ivpnv,  a  (Iry  perfume,  <  f '/pof,  dry,  +  pvpov,  per- 
fume, ointment.]     A  dry  ointment. 

zerophagy  (ze-rof'a-ji),  ».  [<  IAj.  xcrophagia,  < 
Gr.  ^i/pcKjxi}  in,  the  eating  of  dry  food,  abstinence, 

<  j'wxif,  dry,  +  ijiayeiv,  eat.]  The  habit  of  living 
on  dry  food,  especially  a  form  of  abstinence,  as 
in  the  early  church,  in  which  only  bread,  herbs, 
salt,  and  water  were  con.sumed. 

zeropMl  (ze'ro-fil),  II.  [<  Gr.  irip6c,  dry,  -I- 
0i/tiv,  love.]  In  hot.,  a  plant  of  Alplionse  de 
(JandoUe's  second  "physiological  group ''  in  his 
natural  system  of  geograpliical  distribution. 
The  planta  of  this  group,  like  tliose  of  the  flrst  group,  the 
megatherms,  require  a  hot  climate,  but,  unlike  the  latter, 
are  adapted  to  one  of  great  dryness  only.  They  are  chiefly 
found  between  latitudes  20°  and  3I>°  soutli  and  north  of  the 
equator,  and  embrace  among  the  most  characteristic 
families  the  Zygophyllaceiv ,  Cactacese,  Artm-ar2>efe.  Pro. 
teacefe,  and  Ciicadarese.  Compare  megatherm,  mesotherm, 
microtlierm,  and  liekixtotherm. 

zerophilous  (ze-rof 'i-lus),  II.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  i>//iof, 
dry,  -I-  ipi'Aeh;  love.]  Loving  dryness :  in  botany 
noting  plants  which  are  in  various  ways  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  dry,  especially  to  hot  and  dry 
climates,  as  by  possessing  coriaceous  leaves, 
succulent  stems,  etc.;  specifically,  belonging 
to  the  group  of  .xerojiliils.     Sec  xeropliil. 

zerophthalmia  (ze-rof-tharmi-ii),  «.  [NL.,  < 
LL.  xrroplttluilinia,  <  Gr.  ii/poif'lla'/pia,  dryness  of 
the  eyes,  <  f'/pof,  dry,  -I-  ixfOa'A/iu^,  eye.]  A  dry 
form  of  conjunctivitis,  resulting  in  a  thicken- 
ing and  skin-like  condition  of  the  conjunctiva. 
Also  xeroma,  and  .cccw.s/.v  of  the  eoiijiiiietira. 

Xerophyllum  (ze-ro-fil'um).  «.  [NL.  (Kichard, 
1803),  so  called  from  the  harsh  dry  leaves;  <  (ir. 
^r/piic,  dry,  -(-  ipi'/./jiv,  lent'.]  1.  A  genus  of  lilia- 
ceous plants,  of  the  tribe  X'arthicieir.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  crowded  linear  radical  leaves,  flowers  with  three 
styles,  and  a  loculicidal  capsule.  The  :i  species  are  natives 
of  the  I'liited  States,  and  are  known  as  tiirkeylmird.  They 
are  perennials,  with  a  short  thick  woody  rhizome,  tall 
erect  unbranched  stem,  and  a  gi-eat  number  of  harsh  rigid 
elongated  leaves,  usually  forming  a  conspicuous  basal 
tuft,  and  also  numerous  along  the  stem,  but  mmli  snialU-r 
and  thinner,  finally  diminished  into  bristles.  The  flowers 
are  white  and  very  showy,  forming  a  long  terminal  raceme 
which  is  .at  first  densely  pyramidal  or  oblong  and  becomes 
afterward  greatly  elongated.  .V.  nett.foHinn.  the  ejistern 
species,  is  a  native  of  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  to 
Georgia;  the  western,  .V.  Douglanii,  witli  a  snialler  ra- 
ceme, occurs  from  the  t'olnnibia  river  to  Mniitana;  the 
raceme  of  X.  tenax,  of  California,  is  fragrant  and  dense, 
becoming  over  a  foot  in  length. 
2.    [I.  r.]  A  plant  of  this  genns. 

zerosis  (ze-r6'sis),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ^i/paniq,  a  dry- 
ing up,  <  trip/ii;.  di'v :  sc(^  xerii.iia.']  Same  as  xe- 
roiisix. —  Xerosla  of  the  conjunctiva.  Same  as  xe- 
rophthalmia. 


xerostomia 

xerostomia  (ze-ro-sto'mi-a),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
ii/p6c,  di-y,  +  cTOfia,  moutt.]  Abnormal  (lr.v- 
ness  of  the  mouth. 

xerotes  (ze'ro-tez),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ^VP"'^'K,  tli;y- 
ness.  <  iipoc,  dry.]  In  mod.,  adry  habit  or  dis- 
position of  the  body. 

xerotic  (ze-rot'ik),  a.  [<  xerotes  +  -ic]  Char- 
acterized by  dryness;  of  the  nature  of  or  per- 
taining to  xerotes  or  xerosis. 

xerotribia  (ze-ro-trib'i-il),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
^tlpo-pi;iia,  dry  rubbing,  i  inp^K,  dry,  -1-  rpijieiv, 
nib.]     Dry  friction. 

xerotripsis  (ze-ro-trip'sis),  w.  [NL.,  <  Gr.f^pof, 
dry,  -I-  Tptiiiic,  nibbing,  <  rplSriv,  rub.]  Same  as 
xcrotribin. 

XerUS  (ze'rus),  n.  [NL.  (Hemprich  and  Bhren- 
berg),  so  called  from  the  character  of  the  fur;  < 
Gr.fv/xJf ,  dry.]  Agenus  of  African  ground-squir- 


Africail  (iroiinil-squirrel  {Xerits  riitilntis^. 

rels,  having  dry,  harsh  far,  which  in  some  cases 
is  bristly  and  even  spiny.  They  are  of  more  or  less 
terrestrial  <ind  fossorial  habits,  like  spermophiles.  The 
species  are  few.  Tlie  best-known  is  ^V.  rutilatis,  11  inches 
Ions,  the  tail  9  more,  and  of  a  reddish-yellow  color  above, 
pak-r  or  whitisli  below.     The  red-footed  is  X.  erythropua. 

Xestia  (zes'ti-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Hubner,  1816),  <  Gr. 
iearog,  smooth,  smoothed  by  scraping,  <  ^ceiv, 
scrape.]  1.  A  genus  of  noctuid  moths,  of  the 
family  Ortliosiidse.  Three  species  are  known, 
two  from  Europe  and  one  from  North  America. 
— 2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Ceramhycidse,  named  by  Serville  in  1834. 
About  a  dozen  species  are  known,  all  South 
American. 

Xestobium  (zes-to'bi-um),  n.  [NL.  (Mot- 
schulsky,  1845),  <  Gr.  ^cardi;,  smooth,  dry,  -f 
jiioi'V,  live.]  A  genus  of  bark-boring  beetles,  of 
the  family  Ptinidse,  having  the  presternum  very 
short  and  the  tarsi  broad.  Three  species  are  de- 
scribed from  Europe,  and  three  from  North  America.  X. 
ajfine  breeds  in  dead  maple-stumps  in  the  United  States. 

Ximenia  (zi-me'ni-a),  «.  [NL.  (Plumier,  1703), 
named  after  Francisco  Ximcncn,  a  Spanish  natu- 
ralist, who  wrote  in  1615  on  medicinal  plants.] 
A  genus  of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  order  Ola- 
cineiE  and  tribe  (Hacess.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers 
with  the  calyx  persistent  imchanged,  the  petals  inwardly 
bearded,  the  stamens  in  immber  more  than  donble  the 
petals  and  each  bearing  an  oblong  or  linear  anther.  There 
are  5  species,  natives  chiefly  of  the  tropics,  one  widely 
dispersed  through  both  the  Old  and  New  Worlds,  one 
Polynesian,  and  one  South  African.  They  are  shrubs  or 
trees,  smootli  or  tomentose,  often  armed  with  spinescent 
branches.  They  bear  alternate  entire  leaves,  often  in 
clusters.  The  flowers  are  whitish,  larger  than  in  most  of 
the  ordei",  and  arranged  in  short  axillary  cymes.  X.  Amen- 
cana,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  l'"l(jrida,  and  Mexico,  is 
known  as  tallow-nut  (which  see),  in  Florida  as  hofj-plum 
and  ^viUi  lUtui,  and  in  the  West  Indies  as  mountaiti^plum, 
ttea'iide  plum,  and  false  sandalwood. 

Xiphiadid8e(zif-i-ad'i-de),  u.pl.  SeeXiphiul^e^. 

Xiphianae  (zif-i-a'ne),  n.  pi.     See  Xipliiidse'^. 

XipMas  (zif  i-as),  n.  [NL.  (Linnajus,  1748),  < 
L.  .ripliias,  <  Gr.  fii^/fi';,  a  swordtish,  a  sort  of 
comet,  <  ^ttpijr,  sword.]  1.  The  typical  genus 
of  Xipliiidie,  now  restriete<l  to  swordflshes  with- 
out teeth  or  ventral  fins,  and  thus  exclusive 
of  the  sailfishes  and  spear-fishes  (Hintiophorun 
and  Tetrapturnf!).  The  dorsal  fins  are  two,  the  first 
high  and  falcate,  and  the  second  very  small  and  situated 
on  the  tail,  opjiosite  tlie  small  second  unal.  In  younger 
individuals,  however,  teeth  are  present,  and  the  two  dor- 
sals are  ccjimectcd,  so  that  the  banner  is  more  like  that  of 
a  sailflsh.  Theflrst  anal  resembles  the  flist  dorsal,  but  is 
smaller  and  less  falcate;  the  pectorals  are  moderate  and 
falcate.  The  caudal  keel  is  single ;  the  skin  is  rough  and 
naked,  or  in  the  young  has  rudinicntai-y  scales.  X.  gla- 
diiLH  is  the  common  swonlflsh,  widely  dispersed  in  both 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans,  attaining  a  weight  of  300  or 
400  jKiunds,  with  the  sword  a  yard  long.  It  is  dark-bluish 
alwve,  dusky  below,  with  the  sword  blackish  on  top.  See 
cut  under  swordjish. 

2.  In  ui-trmi.:  (a)  A  constellation  made  by  Pe- 
tms  Theodori  in  the  fifteenth  century,  in  the 
south  pole  of  the  ecliptic,  and  now  named  Dti- 
riido.  (Ii)  [I.  c]  In  older  authors,  a  sword- 
shaped  <'<jmet. 


7002 

Xiphicera  (zi-fis'e-ra),  «.  [NL.  (Latreille, 
1825),  <  Gr.  fi'^of,  sword,  -1-  ncpa^,  horn.]  A 
genus  of  orthopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Acridiidee,  or  forming  a  family  Xiphiceridm. 
They  are  very  large  strong  grasshoppers  with  crested  pro- 
notum  and  ensiform  antenna;.  About  2.')  species  have 
been  described,  mainly  from  South  America.  Others  are 
found  in  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  jVustralia,  Java,  China, 
and  Corea.    Also  Xiphocera  (Bnrmeister,  1838). 

Xiphiceridae  (zif-i-ser'i-de),  n.  2)1.  [NL.  (S.  H. 
Scudder,  as  Xiphoceridx),  <  Xiphicera  +  -idte.'\ 
A  family  of  short-horned  grasshoppers,  founded 
on  the  genus  Xiphicera,  and  containing  some 
half-dozen  genera  of  large  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical forms. 

Xipnidion(zi-fid'i-on),».  [NL.  (Serville,  1831), 
also  Xiphidium  (Agassiz,  1846),  erroneously  Xy- 
phidium  (Fieber,  1854);  <  Gr.  ^iipiSmv,  dim.  of  fi- 
(/wf,  sword.]  1.  In  entoni.,  a  genus  of  orthopte- 
rous insects,  of  the  family  Locmtidse,  synony- 
mous in  part  with  Orchelimum.  They  are  slender 
long-horned  grasshoppers  which  lay  their  eggs  in  the  pith 
of  plants,  thus  sometimes  damaging  cereals,  especially 
maize. 

2.  Inichth.,  a  genus  otblennioid fishes:  so  called 
by  Girard  m  1859.  Being  preoccupied  in  ento- 
mology, the  name  has  been  changed  to  Xiphis- 
tcr  (which  see). 

Xiphidiontidse  (zi-fid-i-on'ti-de),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
irreg.  <  Xiphidion  +  -idse.']  A  family  of  fislies, 
the  gunnels  or  gunnel-fishes:  same  as  Murae- 
noididse.     See  rock-eel. 

Xiphidiopterus  (zi-fid-i-op'te-rus),  n.  [NL. 
(Reichenbach,  1853), <Gr.  ^i<pi'iiov,  dim.  of  fi'^of, 
sword,  +  TTTtpuv,  wing.]  A  genus  of  spur- 
winged  plovers,  of  which  the  West  African  A'. 
albiccps  is  the  type.  It  is  a  remarkable  bird,  being 
the  only  one  of  these  plovers  presenting  the  combination 
of  wattles  and  spurs  and  only  three  toes  (see  spur-unnged); 
in  consequence,  it  has  been  placed  in  five  different  genera. 


White-crowned  Lapwing  i,Xiphidioptertis  albicefs). 

It  is  known  as  the  black'Sfiouidered  and  white -crotimed  lap- 
wiiuf,  and  these  color-marka  are  quite  distinctive.  It  is 
a  very  rare  bird,  originally  described  by  Gould  from  the 

Niger. 

Xiphidiorhynchus  (zi-fid"i-6-ring'kus),  n. 
[NL.  (Reichenbach,  1845),  <  Gr.  ^^iAiov,  dim.  of 
f(^of,  sword,  -1-  piyxoc,  snout.]  An  Australian 
genus  of  wading  birds,  resembling  both  stilts 
andavosets.  The  species  is  A',  jjecfora/is.  See 
stilt,  71.,  6.  Also  called  Leptorhynchns  and  Cla- 
dorhynchtis. 

Xiphidium  (zi-fid'i-um),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  ^upiSiov, 
dim.  of  i'li^m;,  sword.]     Same  as  Xiphidion,  1. 

Xiphihumeralis  (zif-i-lm-me-ra'lis),  n.  ;  pi. 
xipliihiimcrales  (-lez).  [NL.  (sc.  muscidtis),  < 
xiph(ind)  +  humerus.']  Amuscle  whiehinsome 
animals  passes  from  the  xiphoid  cartilage  to 
the  proximal  end  of  the  humerus. 

Xiphiidael  (zi-fi'i-de),  n.  pi.  In  mammal.  See 
Zijiliiid!c. 

Xiphiidse'-i  (zi-fi'i-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  <  Xiphias  + 
-idcP.]  A  family  of  fishes,  typified  by  the  genus 
Xijihias;  the  swordfishes.  It  has  included  forms 
now  placed  in  Ilistiophoridte.  Exclusive  of  these,  it  is 
the  same  as  Xipldtnie.  Also  Xiphioidx,  Xtphioides,  Xi- 
phiiformes,  Xiphiadidie,  and  Xiphiame.  See  cut  under 
strordlish. 

xiphiiform  (zif 'i-i-f6rm),  a.    Same  as  xiphioid~. 

Xipiiiformes  (zif"i-i-f6r'mez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Xijihias  +  L. /()/■)»«, form.]   Same  as  Xiphiidee^. 

Xiphiinse  (zif-i-I'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Xiphias 
+  -ime.']  A  subfamily  of  Xiphiidse,  represented 
by  the  true  swordfishes  alone,  without  teeth 
or  ventral  fins.     See  cut  under  stcordjish. 

xiphioidl  (zif 'i-oid),  a.  and  n.  In  mammal.  See 
^i/diioid. 

xipMoid-   (zif'i-oid),  a.  and  v.     [<  Xiphias  + 

-"/<'.]    I.  a.  Resembling  the  swordfish  ;  related 

to  the  swordfish  ;  belonging  to  tlie  Xiphiidae,  or 

having  their  characters.     Also  xiphiiform. 

II.   II.   A  iiiernlier  of  the  family  .V(;)/(i/rfa". 


xiphoid 

xiphiplastral  (zif-i-plas'tral),  a.     [<  xiphiplat- 
tron  +  -al.}   Of  the  nature  of,  or  pertaining  to, 
the  ehelonian  xiphiplastron.     Also  used  sub- 
stantively. 
The  imperfect  left  xiphiplastral. 

Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  XLV.  511. 

xiphiplastron  (zif-i-plas'tron),  w. ;  pi.  xiphi- 
plastra  (-trii).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fiVf,  a  sword,  +  E. 
jilastroti.]  'The  fourth  lateral  piece  of  the  plas- 
tron of  a  turtle;  one  of  the  pair  of  terminal 
pieces  of  the  plastron  in  Chelon  ia,  called  xiphi- 
sternum  by  some.  See  cuts  unAex  plastron  and 
Chelonia. 

Xiphister  (zi-fis'tfer),  n.  [NL.  (Jordan,  1879),  < 
Gr.  ^tifuariip,  a  sword-belt,  <  fi'^,  sword.]  A  ge- 
nus of  blennioid  fishes,  the  type  of  which  is  the 
species  called  Xiphidion  mucosum  by  Girard. 
Tills  is  found  along  the  coast  from  Monterey  to  Alaska, 
reaching  the  length  of  18  inches,  and  is  abundant  about 
tide-rocks,  where  it  feeds  on  seaweeds.  X.  rupestris  is  a 
smaller  but  similar  flsh,  found  with  the  preceding ;  and  a 
third  member  of  the  genus,  of  the  same  habitat  and  still 
smaller,  is  X.  chirus. 

Xiphisterinae  (zi-fis-te-ri'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Xiphister  +  -i'xa?.]  In  Jordan  and  Gilbert's 
classification,  a  subfamily  of  Blenniidee,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Xiphister. 

xiphisternal  (zif-i-ster'nal),  a.  [<  xiphistertium 
+  -«?.]  1.  In  awa/.,  of  tte  nature  of  the  xiphi- 
stemum,  or  last  sterneber  of  the  sternum ; 
pertaining  to  the  xiphistemum ;  ensiform  or  xi- 
phoid, as  a  cartilage  or  bone  of  the  breast-bone. 
Dissect  out  the  xiphisternal  cartilage  of  a  recently-killed 
frog,  and  remove  its  membranous  investment  (perichon- 
drium).   Huxley  and  Martin,  Elementary  Biology,  p.  128. 

2.  In  Chelonia,  xiphiplastral.  See  cuts  under 
Chelonia  and  plastron. 

xiphistemum  (zif-i-stfer'num),  n. ;  pi.  xiphi- 
sterna  (-na).  [NL.,  prop,  xiphosternum,  <  Or. 
^'(po(,  sword,  -t-  aripvov,  breast-bone.]  1.  The 
hindmost  segment  or  division  of  the  sternum, 
corresponding  to  the  xiphoid  appendage  or  en- 
siform cartilage  of  man.  it  is  of  various  shapes  in 
different  animals,  sometimes  forked  or  double,  there  being 
a  right  and  a  left  xiphist«rnum,  as  in  some  lizards.  It 
succeeds  the  segment  or  segments  called  the  mesostemum. 
See  cuts  under  mesostemum  and  sternum. 
2.  The  xiphiplastron  of  a  turtle.  See  second 
cut  under  Chelonia. 

Xiphisura  (zif-i-su'rii),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (orig.  er- 
roneously Xyphosura  (Latreille),  later  Xyphi- 
sura,  Xiphiura,  Xiphosura  (which  see),  and 
prop.  Xiphura),  noting  the  dagger-like  telson 
of  the  king-crab;  <  Gr.  f/^c,  sword,  +  ovpd, 
tail.]  In  Latreille's  classification,  the  first  fam- 
ily of  his  I'oecilopoda,  contrasted  with  his  f>ipho- 
nostoma,  and  containing  only  the  genus  Limu- 
lus.  Compare  Syn::iphosura.  See  cuts  under 
horscshoc-crab  and  Limulus. 

Xiphiura  (zif-i-u'ra),  n.pl.     See  Xiphisiira. 

Xiphius  (zif'i-us),  ».    In  mammal.    See  Ziphiu-s. 

Xiphocera,  Xiphoceridae.  See  Xiph  icera,  Xiphi- 
cerideP. 

Xiphocolaptes  (zif"o-ko-lap'tez),  n.  [NL. 
(Lesson,  1840),  <  Gr.  f/^of,  sword,  -I-  •KoJ.as-r^, 
taken  for  Ho'/a-rr/p,  a  chisel:  see  Dcndrocolap- 
t(s.~\  A  genus  of  Dendrocolaptidse,  including 
some  of  the  largest  pieulules,  having  the  bill 
much  compressed  and  moderately  long  (not 
half  as  long  again  as  the  tarsus).  It  includes 
about  a  dozen  species  of  tropical  America,  averaging  a  foot 
long,  which  is  large  for  this  family,  as  X.  albicollis,  etc. 

xiphodidymus  (zif-o-did'i-mus),  n.  [<  Gr.  fi- 
^>of,  sword,  -f-  iidvpoQ,  twin.]  Same  as  xiphopa- 
nus. 

Xiphodon  (zif'o-don),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1822), 
<  Gr.  f/^os',  sword,  -I-  ocSoif  {bdovr-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  artiodactyl  mammals,  of  Eo- 
cene age  and  smaU  size,  now  referred  to  the 
Dichobunidie. 

Xiphodontidae  (zif-o-don'ti-de),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Xiphodontus  +  -idse.]  A  family  of  anoplotheri- 
oid  mammals,  at  one  time  recognized  as  com- 
posed of  the  3  genera  Xiphodon,  Csenotherium, 
and  ilierothcriiim. 

Xiphodontus  (zif-o-don'tus),  M.  [NL.  (West- 
wood,  1838),  <  Gr.  ^i(po(.  sword,  +  b6oi(  (odour-) 
=  E.  tooth.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects, 
of  the  family  Lucanidx,  having  but  one  species, 
A',  antilope,  from  South  Africa,  remarkable  for 
its  long  sword-like  mandibles. 

xiphoid  (zi'foid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  ^kjioiiSk, 
sword-shaped.  <  fi'^oc,  sword,  +  eldo^,  form.] 
I.  a.  Shaped  like  or  resembling  a  sword;  ensi- 

fonn — Xiphoid  appendage,  appendix,  or  cartilage, 

the  xiphistemum.  .'^ee  cartilafir'.  and  cuts  under  nicfo-^ter- 
num  and  sternum.  Alsocalled  xijihoid  jrrocess. — Xiphoid 
hone,  in  omith.,  the  occipital  style  vi  the  comuirant  and 
some  related  birds;  along  sharp  dagger-like  or  ensiform 
ossidcation  in  the  nuchal  ligament,  attached  to  the  occiput 
by  its  l)ase,  and  pointing  backward. 


xiphoid 

YarreH  designated  the  "occipital  style"  of  Shiifeldt  as 
the  xiphoid  bone.  Science,  III.  404. 

Xiphoid  lieaznent,  a  small  ligament  connecting  the  en- 
siform  cai'tilage  or  xiphisternum  with  tlte  cartilage  of  the 
seventh  rili  on  either  side.  —  Xiphoid  process,  (a)  In 
anat,  the  ensiform  appendage  of  the  sternum;  the  xiphi- 
sternum. See  cuts  under  mesostemum  and  stertium.  (b) 
Tlie  tetson  of  a  crustacean,  as  the  icing-crab.  See  cut  un- 
der horseshoe-crab. 

n.  n.  The  ensiform  or  xiphoid  cartilage  in 
man,  or  its  representative  in  other  animals. 
See  xiphisternum,  1. 

Xiphoides  (zi-foi'dez),  «.  [NL.]  In  inxit., 
same  as  xiphoid. 

xiphoidian  (zi-foi'di-an),  a.  [<  xiphmd  +  -ian.] 
In  anal.,  same  as  xiphoid. 

liphopagU8(zi-fop'a-gus), H. ;  pi.  xiphopagi  (-ji). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  f/jJof,  sword,  +  irayof,  that  which  is 
fixed  or  firmly  set.]  In  teratol.,  a  double  mon- 
ster connected  by  a  band  extending  from  the 
ensiform  cartilage  to  the  umbilicus.  The  Si- 
amese twins  constituted  a  xiphopagus.  Also 
xiphodidiinius. 

XipllOphorus(i'i-fof'o-vu8),  «.  [NL.  (Haeekel, 
IfAS),  <  Gr.  f(^o^f<of,  also  ^t(pri(p6poi;,  bearing  a 
sword,  <  i'^of,  sword,  +  <j)epen>  =  E.  6earl.]  In 
ichth.,  a  genus  of  eyprinoids,  having  in  the  male 
the  lower  rays  of  the  caudal  fin  prolonged  into  a 
sword-shaped  appendage,  sometimes  as  long  as 
all  the  rest  of  the  fish.  Tlie  anal  fin  of  the  male  is 
also  modified  into  an  intromittent  organ,  having  one  or 
two  enlarged  rays  with  hook-like  processes.  A  curious 
fish  of  this  genus  is  X.  helleri  of  Mexico. 

XiphophyllOllS  (zif-o-fil'us),  a.  [<  Gr.  f/^, 
sword,  +  (pi'/Jm;  leaf.]  In  hot.,  having  ensiform 
leaves. 

Ziphorhamphus  (zif-y-ram'fus),  «.  [NL. 
(Blyth,  1843),  <  Gr.  f/'0of.  sword,  +  /J<i/;^f, 
beak.]  1.  A  genus  of  timcliine  birds  of  the 
eastern  Himalayas,  .r.  mpercUiarit,  the  only  species, 
is  7J  inches  long.  The  general  color  alwve  is  olivaceous- 
brown  ;  over  the  eye  is  a  white  streak,  l)nt  most  of  the 
plumage  is  of  sober  shades  of  ashy  and  rufous.  See  A'l- 
phorhynchug,  2. 
2.  A  genus  of  fishes,    .\fiiller  and  Troschel,  \S44. 

Ziphorhynchns  (zif-o-ring'kus),  n.  [NL. 
(Swaiuson,  1827,  also  ZiphorhynchiiK,  1837),  < 
Gr.  f i'^,  sword,  4-  piyxoc-  snout. ]  1 .  A  genus  of 
South  American  dendrooolaptine  birds,  named 
from  the  long,  thin,  and  much-curved  bill ;  the 
saberbills,  as  A',  jirocumct.  This  tree-creeper  is 
10  inches  long,  and  mainly  of  a  fulvous  color,  the  beiul 
blackish  witli  pale  stiaft-spota.  Tlie  genus  ranges  from 
Costa  Rica  to  southern  Brazil  and  lV>livia,  and  contains 
4  other  species — X.  trachilirostrU,  X.  lafresnayamts,  X. 
pumllvt.  and  X.  pifcherani.  In  tlie  last-named  the  bill  is 
shorter  and  less  curved,  and  tiierc  is  no  such  white  spot 
under  the  eye  as  all  the  rest  have.  See  cut  under  saber- 
bat. 

2.  A  different  genus  of  birds,  named  by  Blyth 
in  1842  in  the  form  Xiphirhyiiclms,  and  changed 
by  him  in  1843  to  Xiphnrliamphm. —  3.  A  genus 
of  Dryophidee,  or  wood-snakes :  so  called  from 
the  acute  appendage  of  the  snout,  .r.  tan/aha  is 
the  langaha  of -Madagascar.  (See  cut  under  langaha.)  This 
genus  was  named  by  Wagler  in  1830,  but  the  name  is  pre- 
occupied in  ornithology. 
4.  A  genus  of  fishes.     .Agassi:,  1829. 

Xiphosoma  (zif-o-so'mS),  n.  [NL.  (Spix),  < 
Gr.  {'<j>')<,  a  sword,  +  ciifia,  body.]  A  genus  of 
large  serpents,  of  the  family  Boid«,  or  boas. 
X.  cfininum  is  the  dog-headed  boa  of  South 
America. 

Xiphostemam  (zif-<)-ster'num),  M.  Same  as 
xiphistrrnum.     [Rare.] 

Xiphosora  (zif-o-sii'rii),  ».  pi.  [NL.,  irreg.  <  Gr. 
f(i^(f,  sword,  +  oi'yxi,  tail.]  Same  as  Xiphisura : 
in  this  form,  in  Lankester's  classification, 
brought  under  Arachnida  as  one  of  three  orders 
(the  other  two  being  Enrypterina  and  Trilol/itse) 
brigaded  under  the  name  Delobranchia. 

xiphosuran  (zif-6-sii'ran),  a.  and  h.  [<  Xiplio- 
siirn  +  -an.']  I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
XipUosiira,  as  a  horseshoe-crab. 

II.  H.  A  member  of  the  group  .Vip/io.'<M)'( ,■  a 
xiphosure. 

xiphosnre  (zif'o-sflr),  «.  One  of  the  Xiph^isuni, 
as  a  horseshoe-crab. 

XiphosnroUS  (zif-O-su'rus),  (I.  [<  Xijiliii.fiini  + 
-o».v.]     Same  as  xiphosuran. 

XiphotentMs  (zif-6-tu'this),  ».  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
^iV<;f,  sword,  +  TciA'f,  squid.]  A  genus  of  be- 
lemnites,  characterized  by  a  very  long,  nar- 
row, deeply  <;haml)ered  pliragmacone.  Only  a 
single  species  is  known,  from  the  Lias.  See 
lielemnitidse. 

Xiphotirygon  (zlf-o-tn'gon),  «.  [NL.  (Cope. 
1879),  <  Gr.  iiipor,  sword,  +  Ti>v)iliv,  a  sting-ray.] 
In  iriilli.,  a  genus  of  I'lasnioVjranchiate  fishes,  of 
tlic  family  Tryginiidie. 

Xiphnra  (zi-fu'ril),  «.  pi.  The  more  proper  form 
of  Xiphisura. 


7003 

xiphurons  (zi-fu'ms),  a.  [<  Gr.  f/'^of,  sword, + 
oi'pa,  tail.]  Ha\'ing  a  long  shai-p  telson  like  a 
dagger,  as  the  king-crab ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Xiphosura  or  Xiphura;  xiphosuran.  See  cut 
under  horseshoe-crab. 

Xiphydrla (zi-fid'ri-ii), «.  [NL. (Latreille,  1802), 
<  Gr.  iupidpcov,  a  kind  of  shell-fish,  <  f 'i/>of ,  sword.  ] 
In  entom.,  a  notable  genus  of  hymenopterous 
insects,  of  the  family  i'roceridse,  or  typical  of  a 
family  Xiphydriidec,  having  the  ovipositor  con- 


Wliite-horned  Caiiiel-w.^sp  ^XipJtytiria  albicDrttis).  female, 
twice  natural  size. 

siderably  exserted,  the  neck  elongate,  and  cer- 
tain peculiar  venational  characters.  Ten  North 
American  and  three  European  species  are  known.  .V. 
camelus  and  X.  dromedarius  are  British  species,  known 
as  camel-waxps  from  their  long  neck.  The  white-horned 
camel-wasp  is  X.  atbict>mis.  They  are  found  commonly 
in  willows  and  hedges.     Also  Xyphy€ria,  Xyphidria. 

Xiphydriidse  (zif-i-dri'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  also 
Xiphydriadee  (heach,  1819),  Xiphydrida,  Xyphy- 
driites,  etc.;  <  Xiphydria  +  -idle!]  A  family  of 
hymenopterous  insects,  named  from  the  genus 
Xiphi/dria,  now  merged  in  {'roceridee. 

Xiricutliys  (zi-rik'this),  n.  Same  aaXi/riehthys. 
De  Kay,  1842. 

X-leg  (eks'leg),  «.     Knock-knee.     [Kare.] 

xoanon  (zo'a-non),  n. ;  pi.  xoana  (-nii).  [<  Gr. 
iuavm;  a  carved  image,  <  ^ieiv,  scrape,  carve, 
especially  in  wood.]  In  ««<■.  dr.  art,  a  work 
of  sculpture  of  the  most  ancient  and  primitive 
class,  rudely  fonned  in  wood,  the  eyes  being 
generally  represented  closed,  and  the  limbs, 
when  indicated  at  all,  extended  stiffly.  The  ex- 
amples of  tliese  statues,  representing  deities,  which  were 
preservcfl  in  Greek  historic  times,  were  looked  upon  witli 
much  veneration  as  divine  gifts  fallen  from  heaven  ;  they 
were  usually  cloaked  with  precious  stutfs  and  ricli  em- 
broideries. No  specimen  survives,  but  represenUttions  of 
these  old  works  are  found  on  paiiiteil  v.ases.  Tile  term 
is  sometimes  applied  attriliutively  t^i  primitive  statues  in 
stone  advanced  Iiut  little  beyond  the  wooden  pro 
t4»types,  as  the  xoanon  statue  discovered  l>y  the 
Frencli  in  Delos.    .See  cut  utnlvr  paltadium. 

Xolmi8(zol'mis),H.  [NL.(Boie,1828);  also 
Xohnus  (Swainson).]  A  genus  of  South 
American  tyrant-flycatchers:  a  synonym 
Ijoth  of  Tienioplera  and  of  Fluricola. 

XOnaltite  (zo-nal'tit ),  n.     [<  Xonalta  (see 
def.)  +  -ite'i.]     In  mineral.,  a  hydrous  silicate 
of  calcium,  occumng  in   massive  fonn  of  n 
white  or  bluish-gray  color.     It  is  found  at  Te- 
tela  de  Xonalta  in  Mexico. 

Xorides  (zor'i-dez),  H.  [NL.  (Latreille,  1809).] 
A  genus  of  hymenopterous  parasites,  of  the  ich- 
neumonid  subfamily  I'impliuee,  or  giving  name 
to  an  unused  family  Xorididie,  having  the  face 
narrowed,  the  cheeks  tubereulate  behind  the 
eves,  and  the  tibia?  and  tarsi  long  and  slender. 
T)ie  species  are  peculiar  tfl  nortltern  regions,  14  having 
been  descrilieil  from  northern  Eurojie,  including  1  from 
Lapland,  and  4  from  Briti.^h  America. 

Xoridldaet  (zo-rld'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Xorides 
+  -idfe.]  A  family  of  liymenoptorous  insects, 
named  by  Shuokard  in  1840  from  the  genus 
X()rides,\mt  now  included  in  Irhncumonida:  It 
has  not  even  sulifainily  rank,  its  characters  being  shared 
liy  a  iiiimlier  of  genera  of  Pimi>tiH/e. 

XX,  XXX.  Symbols  or  designations  noting 
ale  of  certain  (|ualities  or  degrees  of  strength, 
derived  originally  from  marks  on  the  brewers' 
casks.     Compare  A', .'). 

Xya  (zi'il),  H.  [NL.  (Latreille,  1809),  <  Gr.  il^en', 
scrape,  smooth,  polish.]  A  genus  of  mole- 
crickets,  of  the  orthopterous  family  dnjllida', 
having  filiform  ten-jointed  antennie  and  fosso- 
rial  front  legs.  The  species  are  mainly  trnjiical ;  but 
one  is  Kuropeari  and  one  {X.  apieatis)U  North  American. 
Also  called  TrUUirtylus  and  Rtttj/iptprr/x. 

Xyela  (zi-e'lii),  «.  [NL.  (Dalnian,  1819),  <  Gr. 
ivipt),  a  plane  or  ras]),  <  Sinv,  scrape.]  A  genus 
of  saw-flies,  of  the  hymenopterous  family  Ten- 
Ihredinidie,  giving  name  to  the  subfamily  Xye- 
linie,  and  having  the  fciurth  and  following  joints 
of  the  antenna'  long,  slender,  and  lilifiiriii.  The 
species  arc  small  and  havt-  a  remarkably  long  ovipositor. 
One   Nortli   American  and  tlirce  European  .species  are 


Xylina 

known.  The  generic  name  has  recently  been  ascertained 
to  be  a  synonym  of  Pintrola  (Br^bisson,  1818). 

Xyelinse  (zi-e-li'ne),  H.  /)/.  [NL.,  <  Xyela  + 
-inee.]  A  subfamily  of  the  hymenopterous 
family  Tenthrcdinidee,  founded  on  the  genus 
Xyela,  and  having  the  antennae  nine-  to  thir- 
teen-jointed,  irregular,  third  joint  very  long, 
anterior  wings  with  three  marginal  and  four 
submarginal  cells,  and  ovipositor  long.  Also 
Xyelidas,  Xyelidcs,  Xyelites. 

^lanthrax  (zi-lan'thraks),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fi- 
/-ov,  wood,  +  avdpa^,  coal.]  Woodcoal:  in  dis- 
tinction from  lithanthrax. 

Xyleboms  (zi-leb'o-ras),  n.  [NL.  (Eiehoff, 
1864), <  Gr.  iv?.!i,Upoc,  eating  wood,<  f  I'v'.oi',  wood, 
+  fiopoc,  devouring.]  A  notable  genus  of  bark- 
boring  beetles,  of  the  family  Scolytidse,  having 
the  antennal  funicle  five-jointed,  the  club  sub- 
globose  and  subannulate,  the  tarsi  with  the 
first  three  joints  subeqnal  and  simple,  and  the 
tibije  with  the  outer  edge  curved  and  finely 
serrate.  About  75  species  are  known,  of  which  14  inhabit 
Nortli  America.  .V.  diapar  is  common  to  Europe  and 
North  America.  It  is  known  in  tlie  United  States  and 
Canada  as  the  pin-borer,  shot-borer,  and  pear-blight  beetle. 
See  these  words,  and  cuts  under  pin-borer  and  u-ood-en- 
graver. 

xylem  (zi'lem),  II.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  (i'?.ov,  wood.] 
In  hot.,  that  part  of  a  fibrovascular  bundle 
which  contains  duets  or  traeheids  —  that  is,  the 
woody  part,  as  distinguished  from  the  jihloem, 
or  bast  part.  Compare  phloem.  See  protoxy- 
lem,  leptoxylem. 

xylene  (zi'len),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^v7.ov,  wood,  +  -ene.] 
Any  one  of  the  three  raetameric  dimethyl  ben- 
zines CrH4  (CHg)2.  They  are  volatile,  inflam- 
mable liquids  obtained  from  wood-spirit  and 
from  coal-tar.     Also  xylol,  xylolc. 

Xylesthia  (zi-les'thi-ii),  «.  [NL.  (Clemens, 
1859),  <  (jtr.  fi'/.oi',  wood,  4-  iaftieiv.  eat.]  A  pe- 
culiar genus  of  North  American  tineid  moths, 
allied  to  tkhsenheimeriii  and  Hapsifera  of  the 
European  fauna,  .v.  prtmiramiella,  the  type,  feeds  as 
a  larva  upon  tlie  black-knot  of  the  plum  {Sphferia  mor- 
bosa\  and  the  larva  of  A"",  clemensella  feeds  upon  dead 
locnst-timlit-r. 

Xyletinus  (/.il-i -ti'nus),  «.  [NL.  (^Latreille, 
1829),  irreg.  <  Gr.  ^v'aoi-,  wood,  +  NL.  I'tinus, 
q.  v.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Ptinidsc,  comprising  about  30  species, 
and  very  widely  distributed.  The  elytra  are  striate 
and  the  aiitcnmo  serrate  with  joints  nine  to  eleven,  not 
elongate.  Seven  species  occur  in  Nortli  America,  as  X. 
pubescent. 

Xyleutes  (zi-hi'tez),  «.  [NL.  (Hiibner.  1816), 
<  (ir.  ii'?.(i'f,  a  wood-cutter,  <  ii'?.ov,  wood.]     A 


Comition  Locust  liorcr  (.rj'/''"'' 


genus  of  moths,  of  the  family  Cossidsp.  X.  rohi- 
ni;e  is  the  common  locust-borer  of  the  United 
States.     See  also  cut  under  earprnter-motli. 

Xylbarmonica  (zil-hiir-mon'i-ka),  )(.  [<  Gr. 
fi'v'-oi',  wood,  +  E.  harnioniea.]  An  enlarged  and 
improveil  form  o£  the  xylosistron  (which  see). 

Xylia  (zil'i-ii),  ».  [NL.  (Bentham,  1852),  so 
called  from  the  wooily  pod;  <  Gr.  ^ilor,  wood.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  trees,  of  the  tribe  Eumi- 
moseir.  it  is  characterized  by  a  liroadly  falcate  com- 
pressed woody  two-valved  pod  witli  transverse  obovate 
seeds.  The  only  species,  .V.  dotabriformis  (fornieriy  Inga 
xylocarpa),  isatail  tree  of  tropical  Asia,  iirodncing  a  hanl 
wood  and  bearing  bipinnate  leaves  of  only  two  pinna",  tiiese 
with  four  or  five  pairs  of  lar^e  leailets  and  an  odd  one. 
The  small  iiale-green  flowers  arc  condensed  Into  globose 
heads  which  form  terminal  laremes  or  axillary  clusters. 
It  is  known  as  the  ironn-ood  of  Pegu,  or  by  its  Burmese 
name,  pgengadu  (which  scej. 

xylidine  (zil'i-din),  «.     Htimo  an  xi/lnidinr. 

Xylina  (zil'i-nii),  «.  [NL.  (Tn'itsi'likc,  ]S2(i),  < 
Gr.  ^r'/u'ot;,  of  wood.  <  Jfr/or,  wood.]  A  geiuis  of 
noi^tuid  moths,  giving  name  to  the  Xyliiiida', 
and  having  the  male  anteniue  simple,  the  pro- 
boscis short, the  boiiy  roliust,aiid  the  fore  wings 
rounded  at  tlie  aiiex.  riic  larvie  usually  live  on  trees, 
and  the  pnpie  are  snbterraneaii.  The  gnnis  is  represented 
in  nil  parts  of  the  woild,  and  the  sjiecies  muiilier  about  .SO, 


Xylina 

of  which  8  are  European  ami  about  20  North  American. 
X.  citierea,  of  the  United  States,  is  called  the  ash-<jraii  pill- 
ion, and  its  larva  bores  into  green  apples  and  peaches,  and 


Ash-gray  Pinio..  ^^.^ -,. 

u,  lan-a,  borinp  into  a  peach  ;  l>,  moth. 

feeds  upon  the  U  iliage  of  various  trees.  Tliree  of  the  British 
species  are  fancifully  named  respectively  the  conformist, 
X  furcifera  (A',  wi^ormis),  tlie  nonconformist,  A',  lamb- 
da, tiuAiW  gray  shoulder-lcnot,  X  omlthopiis. 

Xylinidae  (zl-lin'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.  (Guen6e, 
18152),  <  Xijliiui  +  -irfcE.]  A  family  of  noctuids, 
named  from  the  genus  Xylitia,  many  of  which 
are  known  as  shark-moths,  Tliey  have  the  antenna; 
almost  always  simple,  well-developed  palpi,  thorax  robust, 
wings  oblong,  with  longitudinal  marltings,  and  somewhat 
plicated  when  at  rest,  giving  the  insect  an  elongated  ap- 
pearance.   Tile  family  includes  about  20  genera. 

xylobalsamum  (zi-lo-Tjal'sa-miim),  n.  [<  L. 
j-ijlohaJsumnm,  <  Gr.  ^flopd/.aafiov,  the  wood  of 
the  balsam-tree,  <  ^i/-ov,  wood,  +  :3a/-aa/ioi;  bal- 
sam.] 1.  The  wood,  or  particularly  the  dried 
twigs,  of  the  balm-of-Gilead  tree,  Comniiphovd 
Opohdlsamnm.  Tlie  wood  is  heavy,  pinkisli,  and  fra- 
grant A  decoction  of  it,  as  also  of  tlie  fruit  {carpobalsa- 
mum),  is  given  in  the  East  as  a  carminative,  etc. 
2.  Tlie  balsam  obtained  by  decoction  from  this 
wood. 

Xylobius  (/.i-16'bi-us),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ^'iT-xiv, 
wood.  +  liio;,  life.]  1.  A  genus  of  beetles,  of 
the  family  Jiiicnemidas.  named  by  Latreille  in 
1834,  and  containing  two  European  species. 
Also  called  Xijlopliilus. — 2.  A  genus  of  fossil 
chilognath  myriapods.     Dawson,  1859. 

Xylocarp  (zi'lo-karp),  n.  [<  Gr.  fi'/or.  wood, 
+  Kaf)-6(.  fruit.]  In  hot.,  a  hard  and  woody 
fruit. 

xylocarpOUS(zi-lo-kar'pus),n.  [As  xylocarp  + 
-oiis.]  Having  fruit  whicli  becomes  hard  or 
woody. 

xylochlore  (zi'lo-klor),  n.  [<  Gr.  fv?Mv,  wood,  + 
x'^-up6(,  greenish-yellow.]  An  olive-green  crys- 
talline mineral,  closely  resembling  apophyllite, 
if  not  a  variety  of  it. 

Xylocopa  (zi-iok'o-pii),  n.  [NL.  (Latreille, 
1802),  <  Gr.  ^'I'/.nv,  wood,  +  -ftOTrof,  <  noirTtiv, 
cut.]  An  extensive  genus  of  solitary  bees,  con- 
taining many  of  those  large  species  known 
as  carpenter-bees.  They  resemble  bumblebees,  from 
which  they  differ  in  having  tlie  abdomen  usually  naked, 
and  in  important  venational  characters.     Their  liurrows 


Virginian  Carpenter-bee  i,JC^locafi(i  virj^tni/a). 
e,  hint!  tarsus  of  female  carpenter-bee  ;  c,  hind  tardus  of  buml»lebee. 

are  f(^»rmed  in  solid  wood,  and  their  cells  are  separated  by 
partitions  usually  made  of  agglutinated  sawdust,  and 
provisioned  witli  pollen.  .Six  species  occur  in  Europe  and 
nine  in  Xortli  America.  X.  viotacea  is  tlie  common  Euro- 
pean species,  and  .V.  viryinica  tlie  common  one  in  the 
t'nited  States.     See  also  carpenter-bee  (with  cut). 

Xylocopus  (zMok'o-pu8),  n.  [NL.  (Gabanis, 
1863),  <  Gr.  ^i'/.ov,  wood,  -\-  -kotzoi;,  <  KOTntiv, 
cut.]  A  genus  of  woodpeckers,  such  as  I'icus 
Minor  and  /'.  major,  respectively  the  lesser  and 
greater  spotted  woodpeckers  of  Europe:  gener- 
ally considered  a  synonym  of  I'icus  proper.  See 
Diiidrocopyis,  'l,  au<l  cut  under  Picks. 

xylogen  (zi'lo-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  ii''/.ov,  wood,  -I-  -yi- 
v?/r,  producing.]  1.  Same  as  liynin. —  2.  Wood 
or  xylem  in  a  formative  state. 

xylograph  (zi'lo-graf),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^i/ov.  wood, 
-i-  }fmif'iv,  engrave,  write.]  1.  (a)  An  en- 
graving on  wood.  (I))  An  impression  or  print 
from  a  wood-block.  In  botli  senses  tlie  term  is 
most  coinnionl}-  applied  to  old  work,  especially 
to  that  of  the  very  earliest  period. —  2.  A  me- 
chanical <^opy  of  the  grain  of  wood,  executed 
V>y  a  method  of  nature-printing,  and  used  as  a 


7004 

surface  decoration.  The  wood  to  be  copied  is  treated 
chemically  so  that  the  grain  remains  in  relief  and  serves 
tu  give  an  impression  in  a  suitable  pigment. 

xylographer  (zi-log'ra-fer),  n.  [<  xijloyruph-y 
-¥  -<')•!.]  An  engraver  on  wood,  especially  one 
of  the  earliest  wood-engravers,  as  of  the  fif- 
teenth century. 

xylographic  (zMo-graf'ik),  a.  [<  xylograph-y 
+  -if.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  xylography;  cut  in 
or  on  wood. 

Some  of  these  changes  of  form,  otherwise  inexplicable, 
since  they  are  from  simpler  and  easier  forms  to  others 
more  comjilicated  and  seemingly  more  difficult,  can  be 
readily  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  runes  were  es- 
sentially a  xylographic  script. 

Isaac  Taylor,  The  Alphabet,  TI.  221. 

xylographical  (zi-16-graf'i-kal),  a.  [<  xylo- 
graphic +  -«/.]     Same  as  xylographic. 

Xylographus  (zi-log'ra-fus),  n.  [NL.  (Dejean, 
1834):  see  xylograph. Ji  A  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects  of  the  family  Oioidee,  distinguished 
mainly  by  the  structure  of  the  legs.  About  a 
t'.ozen  species  are  known,  most  of  which  are  Soutli  Ameri- 

.  can.  Two,  however,  are  from  southern  Europe,  one  is  from 
Algeria,  and  one  from  Madagascar. 

xylography  (zMog'ra-fi),  «.    [=  F.  xylographic  ; 

<  Gr.  ^i-'/.on,  wood,  -I-  -ypa'pla,  <  ypd^eiv,  engrave, 
write.  Of.  ^v'/.nypatptiv,  write  on  wood.]  1. 
Engraving  on  wood:  a  word  used  only  by  bib- 
liographers, and  chiefly  for  the  woodcut  work 
of  the  fifteenth  century. —  2.  A  process  of  dec- 
orative painting  on  wood.  A  selected  pattern  or  de- 
sign is  drawn  on  wood  and  is  tlien  engraved,  or  the  design 
is  reproduced  on  zinc  by  the  ordinary  method.  An  elec- 
trotype cast  is  taken  from  the  woodcut  or  zinc  plate,  and 
smooth  surfaces  of  wood  are  printed  from  the  electrotype, 
under  a  regulated  pressure,  with  pigments  prepared  for 
the  purpose.  The  color  penetrates  the  wood,  leaving  no 
outside  film,  and  after  being  French  polished,  or  covered 
with  a  tlnid  enamel,  the  wood  may  be  washed,  scrubbed, 
or  even  sandpapered  without  destroying  the  pattern. 
Ure. 

Xyloid  (zi'loid),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^v7.oeiiM/i;,  like  wood, 
(.  ^ii'/.ov,  wood,  +  ehhg,  form.]  Woody;  of  the 
nature  of,  resembling,  or  pertaining  to  xylem 
or  wood ;  ligneous. 

xyloidine  (zi-loi'din),  n.  [As  xyloid  -h  -(«e2.] 
An  explosive  compound  (CgHgNOy)  produced 
by  the  action  of  strong  nitric  acid  upon  starch 
or  woody  fiber.  It  somewhat  resembles  gun- 
cotton  in  its  nature.     Also  called  xylidine. 

xylol,  Xylole  (zi'lol,  zi'161),  n.  [<  Gr.  iiiop, 
wood,  -t-  L.  oleum,  oil.]     Same  as  xylene. 

Xyloma  (zi-16'mii),  «. ;  pi.  xylomata  (-ma-til). 
[XL.,  <  Gr.  ^i-'/.iiv,  wood,  +  -owa.]  In  liot.,  a 
scleriotoid  body  in  certain  fungi  which  produces 
sporogenous  structures  in  its  interior. 

Xylomelum  (zi-lo-me'lum),  »(.  [NL.  (Smith, 
1798),  so  called  from  the  woody  apple-like  fruit ; 

<  Gr.  ^i?-ov,  wood.  +  fiij/.ov,  apple.]  A  genus 
of  apetalous  plants,  of  tlie  order  I'roteaceee  and 
tribe  (1  rcrilleese.  It  is  characterized  by  opposite  leaves, 
densely  spicate  flowers,  an  ovary  with  two  ovules  later- 
ally affixed,  and  a  hard,  nearly  indehiscent,  somewhat 
ovoid  fruit.  The  5  species  are  all  Australian.  They  are 
trees  or  tall  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  or  spiny-toothed 
leaves.  The  flowers  are  of  medium  size,  sessile  in  pairs 
under  the  bracts  of  a  dense  spike,  which  is  commonly  per- 
fect below,  but  in  tlie  upper  pai-t  sterile.  The  spikes  are 
opposite  or  axiilary,  or  crowded  into  a  terminal  cluster 
which  finally  becomes  lateral.  X.  pyrtforme,  the  wooden- 
pear  tree  of  New  South  Wales,  is  remarkable  for  its  fruit, 
which  is  exactly  like  a  common  pear  in  size  and  shape, 
but  attached  by  the  broad  end  and  composed  of  a  hard 
woody  substance  diflicult  to  cut ;  when  ripe  it  splits  length- 
wise, discharging  a  flat  winged  seed.  The  tree  grows 
from  20  to  40  feet  high,  6  to  8  inches  in  diameter,  pro- 
ducing a  dark-reddish  wood,  used  in  cabinet-work. 

Xylomiges  (zi-lom'i-,iez),  H.  [NL.  (Guen^e, 
1852,  as  Xylomygcs),  <  Gr.  iv/.ofiiyi/c,  mixed  with 
wood,  <  ^i?.ov,  wood,  -f-  fii}  vi'vai,  mix.]  A  genus 
of  noetuid  moths,  of  the  family  Apamidee,  com- 
prising species  of  moderate  size,  robust  body, 
short  proboscis,  and  palpi  hardly  reacliiug 
above  tlie  liead.  The  genus  is  wide-spread,  but  con- 
tains only  about  a  dozen  species,  of  which  9  inhabit  the 
United  States.    See  silver-cloud. 

xylonite  (zi'lo-nit),  «.  [Irreg.  < Gr.  ^i?-ov,  wood, 
+  -itc.]     Same  as  celhdoid. 

Xylonomus  (zi-lon'o-mus),  n.  [NL.  (Graven- 
horst,  1829),  <  Gr.  !;v7.ov,  wood,  +  vF/j.eiv,  graze, 
feed.]  An  important  genus  of  hymenopterous 
parasites,  of  the  ichneumonid  subfamily  Pim- 
pliuic,  having  very  long  legs  and  antenna?,  and 
the  marginal  cell  of  the  fore  wing  extending 
nearly  to  the  aiiex  of  the  wing.  The  species  are 
r.ather  large,  are  wide-spread,  and  are  parasitic  upon  the 
larvse  of  the  larger  wood-boring  beetles,  .^ueli  as  the  Ceram- 
bijridse ;  1.5  are  known  in  Europe,  and  9  have  been  de- 
scribed from  the  United  States. 

xylopal  (zi-16'pal).  n.  [<  Gr.  ^!'7.ov,  wood,  + 
o-(i///or,  opal.]     Same  as  uood-opal. 

Xylophagai  (zi-lof'a-ga),  «.  [NL.  (Turton. 
1822),  <  Qr.  fi'/.o^ii; or, wood-eating,  <fr/-ot>,  wood, 
-¥  iperitiv.eni.']    1.  A  genus  of  boritig  bivalves, 


xylophone 

of  the  family  Pholadidse,  as  X.  dorsalis. —  2. 
[/.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus. 

Xylophaga  looks  like  a  very  short  ship-worm,  making 
burrows  in  floating  wood,  against  the  grain,  alxiut  an  inch 
long.    P.  P.  Carpenter,  Lectures  on  MolluBca(lS«lX  p.  99. 

Xylophaga^  (zi-lof'a-gii),  «.  pi.  [NL. :  see 
XylopjItaga^.J  1.  A  series  of  Hymenoptera  di- 
trocha,  in  Hartig's  classification  (1837),  con- 
taining only  the  family  Vroeeridie:  distin- 
guished from  the  Phyllophaga  on  the  one  hand 
and  the  Parasitica  on  the  other.  Compare  these 
two  words. —  2.  A  group  of  rhyncnophorous 
insects.     Motschuhlnj,  1845. 

xylophagan  (zi-lof'a-gan),  a.  and  n.  [<  Xy- 
lophaga +  -an. 1  I.  a.  In  en  toJH.,  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Xylophaga,  in  either  sense. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Xylophaga,  in  either 
sense. 

xylophage  (zi'lo-faj),  «.  [<  Xylophagm.'i  A 
xylophagous  insect.     [Rare.] 

Wood  yellowish,  ...  of  a  somewhat  unequal  coarse 
fiber,  soon  attacked  by  xylophages. 

Kurz,  Flora  Brit.  Burmah. 

Xylophagi  (zi-lof 'a-ji),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  pi.  of  Xy- 
lophagus,  q.  v.]  1.  In  Latreille's  system  of 
classification,  the  second  family  of  his  tetram- 
erous  Coleoptera,  containing  many  forms  now 
distributed  among  the  Jiostrichidee,  Mycetopha- 
gidse,  Cioidse,  Lathridiidx,  Cucujidse,  Colydiidse, 
and  Trogositidee. —  2.  In  Meigen's  classification, 
same  as  Xylophagidie. 

Xylophagldse  (zi-lo-faj'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Stephens,  1829),  <  Xylophagus  +  -idee.}  A  fami- 
ly of  brachycerous  dipterous  insects,  typified  by 
tlie  genus  Xylophagus.  They  have  the  costal  vein  en- 
compaflsjng  the  entire  wing,  and  the  tibiae  spurred.  Their 
larvaj  live  in  dead  and  decaying  wood,  and  the  adults  are 
found  most  commonly  on  tree-trunks  in  higli  places  in  the 
woods.     About  60  species  are  known.     Compare  Berida. 

xylophagous  (zi-lofa-gus),  a.  [<  Gr.  iv/ixpdyoi, 
wood-eating,  <  ^i?m',  wood,  +  (jxiyeiv,  eat.]  1. 
Wood-eating;  habitually  feeding  upon  wood; 
lignivorous,  as  an  insect.  See  Vis  (with  cut). — 
2.  Perforating  and  destroying  as  if  eating  tim- 
ber, as  a  moUusk  or  a  crustacean. 

Xylophagus  (zi-lofa-gus),  «.  [NL.  (Meigen, 
1803) :  see  xylophagous.  ]  The  typical  genus  of 
Xylophagidse.  The  larvie  live  in  ganieu-mold  or  under 
the  hark  of  decaying  trees,  and  the  aitult  flies  are  remark- 
able for  their  resemblance  to  certain  hymenopterous  in- 
sects. They  are  i-ather  large,  almost  naked,  blue  or  black 
in  color,  often  with  a  broad  brownish  band  on  the  abdomen. 
A  dozen  or  more  species  are  known,  of  which  eight  are 
North  American.  Also  incoiTectly  Xitopltagvg  (Latreille, 
1829). 

Xylophasia  (zi-lo-fa'si-a),  n.  [NL.  (Stephens, 
1829),  <  Gr.  fi'/or.  wood,  +  0dmf,  an  appear- 
ance.] A  genus  of  noetuid  moths,  of  the  family 
Apamidie,  allied  to  Xylomiges,  but  having  the 
palpi  reaching  above  the  head.  X.  hepatica  is  the 
cloutled  brindle-moth.  A',  polyodon  is  the  dark  arches, 
exiianding  about  2  inches.  Many  of  the  species  ftfmierly 
included  in  this  genus  are  now  placed  in  Hadena  and  Ma- 
vxestra. 

Xylophilan (zi-lof 'i-lan), «.  [<  Xylophili  +  -on.] 
Any  member  of  the  Xylophili. 

Xylophili  <zi-lof'i-li),  h.  pi.  [NL.  (Latreille, 
1825),  pi.  of  Xylojihihis:  see  rylophilous.'j  A 
group  of  scarabseoid  beetles,  including  several 
genera  of  the  modern  family  Scaraieeidse :  cor- 
responding to  the  families  Dynastidae  and  Pu- 
telidsp  of  Macleay. 

xylophilous  (zi-lof'i-lus),  a.  [<  NL.  Xylophilus, 
<  Gr.  ^i'/Mv.  wood,  +  (fi'/.tiv,  love.]  Fond  of  wood, 
as  an  insect;  living  or  feeding  upon  wood. 

Xylophilus  (zi-lof'i-lus),  w.  [NL.  (Latreille, 
1825):  see  xylophilous.']  1.  A  genus  of  small 
beetles,  of  the  family  Anthicida?.  It  is  represented 
in  many  parts  of  the  world,  and  comprises  more  than  40 
species,  of  whicli  16  are  found  in  the  Unitetl  States,  as 
X.  metuheimeri,  remarkable  in  that  the  males  have  fial)el- 
late  antenna;. 
2.  Same  as  Xylobius,  1.     Mannerheim. 

xylophone  (zi'lo-fon),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^v7j>v,  wood,  + 
ifuvii.  voice.]  A  musical  instrument  consisting 
of  a  graduated  series  of  wooden  bars,  often  sup- 
ported on  bands  of  straw,  and  sounded  by  means 


Xylophone. 

of  small  wooden  hammers  or  by  rubbing  with 
rosined  gloves.  The  tone  is  often  agreeable 
and  effective.  Also  aigelira,  sticcada.  and  straw- 
fiddle. 


Xylopia 

Xylopia  (zi-16'pi-a),  n.  [NL.  (LlnnaBUs,  1763), 
for  * Xylopicros,  so  called  from  the  bitter  wood; 

<  Gr.  fi'Aw,  wood,  +  TTiKpof,  bitter.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  of  the  order  Anonaceie,  type  of  the 
tribe  Xylopiese.  It  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  a 
conical  receptacle  bearing  externally  numerous  stamens 
with  truncate  anthers,  iu  the  center  excavated  and  con- 
taining from  one  to  five  carpels,  each  with  two  to  six  ovules. 
There  are  from  30  to  40  species,  nativesof  the  tropics,  chief- 
ly in  America,  but  with  several  in  India  and  Africa.  They 
are  trees  or  shrubs  with  coriaceous  and  commonly  two- 
ranlced  leaves.  The  flowers  are  solitary  or  clustered  in  the 
axils,  and  are  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  each  with  six  petals, 
the  outer  elongated,  thick,  boat-shaped,  curving,  erect,  and 
almost  meetTng  at  the  summit,  surpassing  the  three  inner 
petals.  The  fruit  consists  of  oblong  or  elongated  berries 
produced  on  a  convex  receptacle.  X.  Jithiopica,  of  western 
tropical  Africa,  is  the  source  of  African,  negro,  or  Guinea 
pepper ;  it  is  a  tree  with  pointed  ovate  leaves,  and  a  fruit 
consisting  of  several  dry  ulack  qnill-like  aromatic  carpels 
about  i  inches  long.  These  are  sold  in  native  markets  as 
a  stimulant  ami  condiment,  and  were  formerly  imported 
into  Europe,  forming  the  piper  JUthiopieum  of  old  writers. 
For  X.  poli/carpa,  of  tropical  Africa,  see  yellow  dye-tree  (un- 
der yeltow).  From  the  pervasive  flavor  of  their  wood  va- 
rious American  species  are  called  bitter-wood,  especially 
X.  glabra  in  the  West  Indies  and  X.  frutewens  in  Guiana. 
The  fruit  of  X-  sericea  in  Brazil  serves  as  a  spice,  and 
its  bark  U^m  from  the  tree  in  ribbon-like  strii>s  is  twisted 
into  coarse  cordage,  and  would  be  available  for  matting. 
X.  fruUieenn,  known  in  Brazil  as  emhira,  has  similar  uses. 
Several  species  have  formerly  been  classed  under  the  gen- 
era Urmna,  Ucaria,  and  Habzelia. 

Xylopies  (zi-lo-pi'e-e),  n.pl.  [NL.  (Endlicher, 
1836),  <  Xylopia  +  -*«.]  A  tribe  of  polypeta- 
lous  plants,  of  the  order  Anonaeete.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  densely  crowded  stamens,  and  thick  exterior 
petals  which  are  connivent  or  scarcely  open ;  the  inner 
ones  are  included  and  smaller,  and  are  sometimes  minute 
or  absent.  It  includes  8  genera,  chiefly  of  tropical  trees, 
of  which  the  chief  are  Anona,  Habzelia,  and  Xylopia  (the 
type). 

Xylopinns  (zi-lo-pi'nus),  «.  [NL.  (Le  Conte, 
186'J),  <  Gr.  (v^Jw,  wood,  +  irtivav,  be  hungry.] 
A  genus  of  tenebrionid  beetles,  peculiar  to 
North  America,  haring  the  autenusB  slender 
with  the  distal  joints  triangular,  the  anterior 
tarsi  of  the  male  little  dilated,  and  the  ante- 
rior margin  of  the  front  not  reflexed.  Three 
species  are  known.  They  live  under  the  bark 
of  dead  trees. 

zylopyrography  (zi'lo-pi-rog'ra-fi),  ».    [NL., 

\  Gr.  ^i'/jiv,  woou,  +  irip,  fire,  +  --jpai^ia,  <  ypd^iv, 
write.]     Same  a.s  j>oker-painiing. 

xylorethie  (zi-16-re'tin),  w.  [FoT'xylorrhetine ; 
<;Gr..;i//)i',  wood,  + /w^nVi?,  resin:  see  resin.']  A 
subfossil  resinous  substance,  found  in  connec- 
tion with  the  pine-trunks  of  the  peat-marshes 
of  Holtegaard  in  Denmark. 

Xyloryctes  (zi-lo-rik'tez), «.  [XL.  (Hope,  1837), 

<  Gr.  ii'/ov,  wood,  -I- 
bpvKTTK,  a  digger.]  A 
peculiargenus  of  scar- 
abteid  beetles,  having 
the  head  of  the  male 
armed  with  a  long 
horn,  and  the  female 
head  tuberculate.  The 
genua  corresponds  in  the 
western  hemisphere  to  the 
eastern  Oryctejt,  X.  »aty- 
rus  is  rather  common  in 
the  easteiTi  Tnited  Statt-s. 
Its  larva  is  said  to  injure 
the  roots  of  ash-trees. 

xylo8istron(z5-lo-Bi8'- 
tron),  H.  [<  Gr.  fiXoi', 
wood,  +  aclarpov,  sis- 
trum :  see  .nstruni.]  A 
miuical  instrument,  invented  by  Uthe  in  1807, 
resembling  Chladni's  euphonium,  but  having 
wooden  instead  of  glass  rods.  Compare  xylhnr- 
monica. 

xylostein(zi-los'te-ln),n.  [<  NL.  .Vi/?o«teMm  (see 
<Tef.)  (<  Gr.  ^v>Mv,  wood.  -I-  ogt(ov,  bone)  +  -in'^.l 
An  active  poisonous  principle  which  has  been 


Xyloryctes  iatyrus,  female, 
natural  5i2e. 


7005 

isolated  from  the  seeds  of  LonicerH  Xylosteum, 
a  species  of  honeysuckle- 

Xylostroma  (zj-lo-stro'ma),  H.  [NL.,<  Gr.  fi'/oi', 
wood,  -I-  arpu/ia,  anything  spread  or  laid  out.] 
A  genus  or  form-genus  of  polyporoid  fungi, 
which  continues  indefinitely,  without  fruiting, 
as  a  thick  dense  leathery  sheet  covering  the 
wood  upon  which  it  lives. 

Xylostromatoid(zi-lo-str6'ma-toid),  fl.  [<  NL. 
Xylosiroma(t-)  +  -oirf.]  In  ftoi.,  resembling  the 
genus  or  form-genus  Xylostroma  —  that  is,  hav- 
ing a  tough  woody  or  leathery  appearance  — 
as  the  matted  mycelium  of  certain  polyporoid 
fungi- 
Distinguished  by  its  distinct  xylostromatoid  sub-stra- 
tum. M.  C.  Cooke,  Handbook  of  British  Fungi,  I.  282. 

Xylota  (zi-lo'tii),  K.  [NL.  (Meigen,  1822),  < 
Gr.  ^i'/xn;  wood.]  A  large  genus  of  syrphid 
flies,  comprising  medium-sized  or  large  species, 
slender,  with  the  abdomen  more  or  less  red, 
yellow,  or  metallic.  More  than  40  species  are  found 
in  North  America,  and  about  15  in  Europe.  The  larva; 
are  found  in  decaying  wood,  and  the  adults  frequent  the 
foliage  of  bushes  in  ))lossoni. 

Xyloteles  (zi-lot'e-lez),  H.  [NL.  (Ne^vman, 
1840),  <  Gr.  f  i/.oi',  wood,  +  rf'Aof,  end.]  A  genus 
of  Polynesian  cerambycid  beetles,  comprising 
about  a  dozen  species  from  New  Zealand  and 
the  Philippines.  They  are  rather  large  pubes- 
cent beetles,  with  the  intereoxal  prominence  of 
the  abdomen  in  the  form  of  an  acute  triangle. 

Xyloterus  (zi-lot'e-rus),  H.  [NL.  (Eriehson. 
1836),  <  Gr.  ii?M>,  wood,  +  rtpiiv,  bore.]  1 .  A  ge- 
nus of  bark-boring  beetles,  cortaining  several 
very  destructive  species,  as  A'.  hi''iit(itu,<i,  which 
seriously  injures  the  spi-uce  in  North  America. 
They  have  the  antennal  club  large,  oval,  solid,  i)ubescent 
on  both  sides,  the  eyes  completely  divided,  and  the  tibia; 
serrate.  Five  species  occur  in  the  Tnited  States.  By  Eu- 
ropean authors  the  genus  is  considered  a  synonym  of  Try- 
podendron  (Stephens,  1830). 

2.  A  genus  of  homtails,  comprising  two  Euro- 
pean species.     Harti<j,  1K37. 

Xylotile  (zi'lo-til),  ».  [<  Gr.  fi/oi',  wood,  -I- 
tHo^,  down.]  A  mineral  of  fibrous  structure 
and  wood-brown  color,  probably  an  altered 
form  of  asbestos. 

Xylotomous  (zi-lot'o-mus),  «.  [<  Gr.  f/'/or, 
wood,  -I-  -ro/TOf, <  7/ ,uv( (r,  ra/ieii\  cut.]  Wood-cut- 
ting, as  an  insect. 

Xylotrogi  (zi-lo-tro'ji),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  fi'/.oi', 
wood,  +  Tpu}en;  gnaw.]  In  Latreille's  classi- 
fication, a  group  of  serrieom  beetles,  distin- 
guishe<l  among  serricoms  from  Malacodermi 
and  from  Sternnxi. 

Xylotrypes  (zi-lo-tn'pez),  ».  [XL.  (Dejean, 
18,34,  as  XylvlrtijHx),  <  Gr.  ii'/.oi>,  wood,  -I-  Tpv- 
irav,  bore.]  A  genus  of  very  large  lamellicorn 
beetles,  related  to  Dynn.Hlts,  as  A',  gidcon  of  Ma- 
lacca, which  attacks  the  cocoanut.  The  cephalic 
horn  of  the  males  is  always  forked,  and  the  thoracic  honi 
sonietiiues  i)ifld.  About  a  dozen  sjjecies  are  known,  be- 
longing mainly  to  the  Australasian  fauna. 

Xyricnthys  (zi-rik'this),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvicr  and 
\  alenciennes,  1839). also  Xirichthys,  Zyrichthys ; 
<  Gr.  ffpoi',  a  razor,  -I-  (^"I'r,  a  fish.]  In  ichtli., 
a  genus  of  brilliantly  colored  labroid  fishes,  of 
tropical  seas,  known  as  ra^or-finhcs.  x.  rermicn- 
latuil  is  West  Indian,  and  differs  little  from  the  European 
type  of  the  genus.  A'.  tineatuK  of  the  West  Indies,  and  oc- 
casional on  the  southern  co.iat  of  the  United  States,  is  rose- 
red  with  a  large  blotch  on  each  side  below  the  pectorals. 

Xyridaceae  (zir-i-da'se-e),  w.  })l.  [NL.,  <  .\yris 
(•ii(-)  +  -«rf,r.]     Same  as  Xyridfir. 

Xjrridaceous  (zir-i-da'shius), «.  Characterized 
like  Xyris :  belonging  to  the  Xyride^  (Xyrida- 
reir). 

XyrideaB(zi-rid'e-e),  >i.p1.  [NL.  (Kunth,  181.5),  < 
Xyris  (Xyrid-)  -f-  -ea?.]  Anorderof  monocotyle- 
donouH  plants,  of  the  scries  Cnrnnnrieif.  It  is 
characterized  by  slightly  irregular  bisexual  flowers,  ses- 


xystus 

sile  and  solitary  under  imbricated  bracts  in  a  terminal 
head.  The  perianth  consists  of  three  equal  broad-spread- 
ingdelicate  corolla-lobes,  and  a  single  laige  petaloid  cadu- 
cous sepal  which  wraps  around  the  corolla,  or  is  in  the 
tropical  American  genus  Abolboda  absent.  Tiiere  are  per- 
haps 48  species,  belonging  mostly  to  tlie  genus  Xyris 
(the  type),  the  others  to  Abolboda.  They  are  usually  per- 
ennials, growing  in  tufts  in  wet  places,  cluefly  in  warm 
countries.  They  resemble  the  sedges  and  rushes  in  habit, 
the  Heatiacese  in  the  structureof  their  seeds,  and  the  spider- 
worts  in  that  of  their  ovules. 

Xyris  (zi'ris),  n.  [NL.  (Linnteus,  1737;  earlier 
in  Lobel,  1581),  so  called  from  the  sharp-edged 
leaves;  <  Gr.  fvp.V,  a  species  of  Iris,  perhaps  /. 
fwtidissima,  <  ^vpov,  a  razor,  <  ^veiv,  scrape.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  type  of  the  order  Xyridcee.  It  is 
characterized  by  flowers  with  a  broad  petaloid  sepal  which 
is  very  caducous,  and  a  style  without  any  appendage. 
About  40  species  have  been  described,  but  not  all  are  now 
thought  distinct.  They  are  tufted  herbs,  the  stems  usu- 
ally flattish  and  two-edged,  with  linear  rigid  or  grass- 
like leaves,  and  small  globose  or  ovoid  flower-l>eads  with 
very  closely  imbricated  rigid  bracts.  They  are  known  as 
yellow-eyed  grass,  from  the  yellow  petals;  17  species  oc- 
cur in  the  southern  United  States,  mostly  in  sands  and 
pine-barrens;  4  extend  northward,  of  which  X.  ^aJUO^rt, 
with  a  twisted,  and  X.  Caroliniaua,  with  a  flattish  scape, 
occur  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida ;  X.  Jimbriata  and 
A',  torta  occur  in  pine-barrens  from  New  Jersey  south- 
ward. The  leaves  and  roots  of  X.  Indica  are  used  as  a 
remedy  against  leprosy  and  the  itch  iu  India,  as  are  also 
those  of  X.  Americana  in  Guiana  and  of  X.  vagiiiata  in 
Brazil. 

xyst  (zist),  ti.  [<  L.  xystiis,  also  xystiim, <  Gr.  ftw- 
t6(,  a  covered  portico  (so  called  from  its  pol- 
ished floor),  <  fftrriif,  scraped,  smoothed,  pol- 
ished, <  ^i-eiv,  scrape,  plane,  smooth,  polish.] 
In  anc.  arch.,  a  covered  portico  or  open  court, 
of  great  length  in  proportion  to  its  width,  in 
which  athletes  performed  their  exercises;  or. 
in  Roman  villas,  sometimes,  a  garden  walk 
planted  with  trees.     Also  xystos,  xi/stiis. 

Xysta  (zis'tii),  ti.  [NL.  (Meigen,  1824),  <  Gr. 
ftwTof:  see  xyst.]  1.  A  genus  of  dipterous  in- 
sects, belonging  to  the  Muscidse  cahj})tratee  and 
subfamily  Phasinee.  They  are  medium-sized  or  small 
somewhat  'hairy  flies  of  black  or  gray  color,  whose  meta- 
morphoses are  not  known.  Few  species  have  been  de- 
scribed, of  which  but  one  is  North  American. 
2.  A  genus  of  tenebrionid  beetles,  synonymous 
with  Eleeodcs  (Eschscholtz,  1829). 

zystarcll  (zis'tark),  H.  [<  LL.  xystorches,  <  Gr. 
^vnrapxm,  tlie  director  of  a  xyst,  <  ^vardq,  a  cov- 
ered portico,  xyst,  -t-  apxeiv,  rule.]  An  Athe- 
nian officer  who  presided  over  the  gymnastic 
exercises  of  the  .xyst. 

xyster  (zis'ter),  n.  [<  Gr.  ivarf/p,  a  scraping- 
tool,  <  ii'iiv,  scrape:  see  xyst.]  1.  A  surgeons' 
instrument  for  scraping  bones. —  2.  [cap.] 
[NL.]  A  genus  of  fishes.     iMccpede. 

Xysticus  (zis'ti-kus),  «.  [NL.  (Koch,  183,')),  < 
Gr.  ^variKiii;,  of  or  for  scraping,  <  f  iwrdf,  scraped : 
see  xysl.]  A  large  genus  of  laterigrade  spiilers, 
of  the  family  Tliomisidee.  About  30  species  are 
described  from  North  America. 

xystos  (zis'tos),  «.  [NL.  orL. :  seerysf.]  Same 
as  X(/.s■^ 

Xystrocera  (zis-tros'e-rii),  II.  [NL.  (Serville. 
1834),  <  Gr.  ^iarpa,  a  scrapor,  +  hTpaf,  horn.] 
In  entom.,  a  genus  of  tropical  longicorn  beetles 
of  large  size,  and  usually  of  a  reddish-yellow 
color  variegated  with  metallic  green.  About 
30  species  are  known,  nearly  all  from  African 
and  Australasian  faunas. 

Xystroplites  (zis-trop-li'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Jordan 
MSS.,  Cope,  1877),  <  Gr.  ^iarpa,  a  scraper  (< 
frc/i',  scrape),  -t-  o-kXitiji;,  amied.]  A  genus  of 
centrarchoid  fishes,  distinguished  from  Lepomis 
by  the  blunt  pharyngeal  teeth.  A  species  is 
found  in  Texas,  usually  called  Lcpiiinis  herns. 

XystUS  (zis'tus),  H.  1.  Sameasir(/.s7.  — 2.  [cap.'] 
[Nlj.l  A  generic  name  variously  applied  to 
certain  hyraenopterous,  coleopterous,  and  lepi- 
dopterous  insects. 


440 


rteV  ^x:/  siiri  fc^r'U    ^-  '^^^  twenty-fifth  letter 
|3fc(\3Jife|5S3     ill  the  English  alphabet.   It 
^  ■^^■'^^^ '-'^^^^^      Ijag  ijoth  a"^ vowel  and  a  conso- 
nant value.     The   character  (aa 
was  pointed  out  under  U)  is  the 
fliially   estalilished   Greek    form 
of  the  sign  added  by  the  Greeks 
next  after  T  (whiuli  had  been  the 
lust  Plienician  letter)  to  express 
tlieoo(b)-sound;  {/"and  Kareother 
forms  of  it,  whicli  have  kept  more 
nearly  their  original  place  and  value.    As  a  Greek  vowel, 
yunderwent  a  phonetic  change  which  niadeof  it  the  equiv- 
alent of  the  present  French  u,  German  «,  a  rounded  i,  or 
a  blending  of  the  i-  and  n-souuds ;  and  in  the  first  century 
B.  c.  it  was  added  Ijy  the  Romans  to  their  alphabet  (which 
had  till  then  ended  with  x)  to  express  this  sound  in  the 
Greek  words  borrowed  into  their  language.   With  the  same 
value  it  passed  also  into  Anglo-Saxon  xise;  but  its  sound 
gradually  changed  to  that  of  a  pure  or  unrounded  i;  and 
then  its  further  development  into  a  sign  for  both  vowel  and 
consonant  is  analogons  with  the  partial  differentiation  of 
CorKand  IF(see  W).  It  differs  from  w>,  the  other  character 
having  the  double  value  of  vowel  and  consonant,  in  being 
not  only  exclninged  with  t  in  diphtliongs  and  vowel-di- 
graphs —  asaiat/,  ei  ey,  oi  oy  —  but  also  commonly  used  by 
itself  as  the  vowel  of  a  syllable,  as  in  by,  deny,  lylph,  lyinrj, 
taking  tlie  place  of  i  both  at  the  end  of  a  word  (since  no 
proper  English  word  except  tlie  pronoun /is  allowed  to  enil 
with  t)  and  elsewhere,  and  constantly  exchanging  witli  i 
andt'e  in  the  different  inflectional  forms  of  tlte  same  words : 
as, potly, ponies;  pretty,  prettier;  deny,  denies,  denied,  de- 
nier; andsoon.    In  Anglo-Saxon  1/ properly  expressed  the 
mixed  sound  m;  but  it  early  began  to  interchange  with 
i,  and  in  Middle  English  the  two  became  convertible,  1/ 
being  often  substituted  for  i  as  being  njore  legible,  and  as 
affording,  especially  at  the  end  of  a  word,  an  opportunity 
for  a  calligraphic  flourish.    Hence  its  present  prevalence 
at  the  end  of  words,  while  in  the  inflected  forms  the  older 
lis  retained, /omi'Kes,  tlie  plural  of /omai«,  remaining  be- 
side/aini<«,  the  flourished  spelling,  without  the  original 
final  e,  of  familie.    As  a  vowel-sign,  y  is  a  superfluity  in 
our  alphabet,  signifying  nothing  which  would  not  be  just 
as  well  signified  by  i.    The  consonant  y  is  really  a  differ- 
ent letter,  representing  the  Middle  English  j,  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  g.     Tlie  value  is  that  of  a  semivowel,  related  to  the 
i-sonnds  (t  and  e)  precisely  as  wis  related  to  the  ^(-sounds 
(liand  oooro);  if  at  all  dwelt  on  or  prolonged,  it  becomes 
an  I  or  e.    With  this  value  it  stands  al  ways  before  another 
vowel,  as  in  yam,  ye,  yield,  you,_  i'u  e.   In  very  many  words 
it  is  a  matter  of  comparative  indifference,  and  subject  to 
constant  variation  in  practice,  wliether  an  i  before  a  vowel 
shall  be  pronounced  aa  a  vowel,  making  a  separate  sylla- 
ble, or  as  y,  combining  iTito  one  syllable  with  its  successor. 
In  the  respellings  for  pronunciation  of  this  dictionary, 
such  cases  are  often  written  with  an  i  in  the  same  syllable 
with  the  ftjilowing  vowel;  examples  are  cor-dial,  fo-lio, 
fa-shient,  e-ras-tian.    Tlie  semivowel  ?/-sound  is  not  only 
thus  written  with  y  and  with  i  (sometimes  also  with  e,  as 
in  the  ending  -ceous),  but  it  is  sounded  without  being  writ- 
ten in  a  large  class  of  words  as  the  first  element  of  what  is 
called  "long w" (that is,  ?;oo.-  aec  IT),  afimttse, union:  and 
then,  even  wlien  the  00  (0)  part  of  the  combination  is  re- 
duced l)y  slighting  even  to  the  neutral-vowel  sound  (it  or 
«  or  e"),  the  ?/ remains:  hence,  fif/yer,  noi  fg'Sr,  for  ft ff'Hr 
{fio'yor).    In  all  these  varieties  of  designation,  the  semi- 
vowel ?/-8ound  is  a  much  rarer  element  than  the  ic-sound 
in  English  utterance,  making  but  %  of  one  per  cent,  of  the 
latter,  wliile  the  w  is  1\  per  cent.     The  character  y  in  the 
archaic  forms  or  abbreviations  ye,  yat,  yf,  y^,  etc.,  is  neither 
the  Greek  y  nor  the  Anglo-Saxon  y  (.j),  but  a  foim  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  and  Middle  English  ]i,  now  written  th,  and  is 
to  be  pronounced,  of  course,  as  Ih. 
2.  As  a  symbol:   (a)  In  clicm.,  the  symbol  of 
yttrium,   (b)  In  ornith.,  in  myologlcal  formulas, 
the  symbol  of  the  accessory  semitendinosus. 
A.  H'.  Gftrrod.     (c)  In  math.:  (1)  [L  c]   In  al- 
gebra, the  second  of  the  variables  or  unknown 
quantities.    (2)  [I.  c.l  In  analytical  geometry, 
the  symbol  of  the  ordinate  or  other  rectilinear 
point-coordinate.     (3)  In  mechanics,  the  com- 
ponent of  a  force  in  the  direction  of  the  axis 
of  y.      (<l)   As  a  medieval  Roman  numeral, 
the   symbol  for  150,  and  with   a  line   drawn 
above  it  (Y),  150,000.— 3.   [I.e.]  An  abbrevia- 
tion oiyear — Yn  function,    Hee  function. 
Y^  (wi),  )(.     [From  the  letter  y.]     Something 
resembling  tlie  letter  Y  in  shape.    Speciftcally— 
(a)  A  forkeri  clamp  for  holding  drills  or  other  tools.    {It) 
One  of  the  forked  sni)pnrts  in  the  angle  of  which  is  placed 
either  a  telescope  or  one  of  the  extremities  of  the  axis 
about  which  a  telescope  or  other  instrument  or  apparatus 
turns,     (c)  Same  as  Y-trnck.    {d)  A  two-way  pipe  or  coup- 
ling used  to  unite  a  hot-  and  cold-water  pipe  in  one  dis- 
charge, as  in  a  bath-tub;  a  Ypipe  or  Y-cross.     (e)  In 
entom.,  a  Y-moth. 
Y'^t,    An  old  mode  of  writing  the  pronoun  I. 

For  tlie  by  sory  nicht  and  day, 

y  may  say,  hay  wayleway  ! 

Y  luf  the  mar  than  mi  lif.     Rel.  Antiq.,  I.  145. 


y-.  See  i-1.  For  Middle  English  words  with  this 
prefix,  see  i-,  or  the  form  without  the  prefix. 

-yl.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  -ie,  -ye;  <  ME.  -y,  -ie, 
-ye,  -i,  -i$,  <  AS.  -Uj  =  D.  -Uj  =  OHG.  -ig,  -ic, 
MHG.  -ic,  -ec,  G.  -ig  =  Icel.  -igr,  -iigr  =  Sw. 
Dan.  -ig  =  Goth,  -ags  (cf.  L.  -ic-un  =  Gr.  -ik-6^), 
an  adj.  suffix,  as  in  AS.  stsenig,  stony,  isig,  icy, 
(ledwig,  dewy,  etc.  This  suffix  is  often  spelled 
-ey,  especially  when  attached  to  a  word  ending 
in  -y,  as  in  clayey,  skyey.']  A  very  common  suffix 
used  to  form  adjectives  from  nouns,  and  some- 
times from  verbs,  such  adjectives  denoting 
'having,' '  covered  with,'  'full  of,' etc., the  thing 
expressed  by  the  noun,  as  in  stony,  rocky,  icy, 
watery,  rainy,  dewy,  meaty,  juicy,  mealy,  salty, 
peppery,  jiowdery,  flowery,  spotty,  speckly,  etc. 
It  may  be  used  with  almost  any  noun,  hut  is  found  chiefly 
with  monosyllables,  while  examples  of  its  use  with  trisyl- 
lables are  rare. 

-y2.  [Also  -ie  (rarely  -ee) ;  <  ME.  -ye,  4e  (rare) ; 
a  dim.  suffix,  prob.  due  to  a  merging  of  the 
familiar  adj.  suffix  -?/l,  -jel,  with  the  orig.  fem. 
suffix  -!£•*,  -(/3^  and  perhaps  in  some  cases  with 
the  D.  dim.  suffix  -je,  which  is  short  for  -jen,  a 
later  var.  of  -ken  (see  -kin).']  A  diminutive 
suffix,  appearing  chiefly  in  childish  names  of 
animals,  etc.,  as  kitty,  doggy,  piggy,  Urdy, 
froggy,  mousy,  and  similar  names,  or  familiar 
forms  of  personal  names,  as  Katy  or  Kitty  (di- 
minutive of  Kate),  Jenny,  Hetty,  Fanny,  Willy, 
Johnny,  Tommy,  etc.,  such  names  being  often 
spelled  with  -ic,  as  Willie,  Davie,  etc.,  a  spelling 
common  in  Scotch  use,  and  also  in  general  use 
in  names  of  girls,  as  Katie,  Jennie,  Hettie,  Carrie, 
Lizzie,  Nellie,  Annie,  etc.  Such  names  coincide  in 
terminal  form  with  some  feminine  names  not  actually 
diminutive,  as  Mary,  Lucy,  Lily,  formerly  and  sometimes 
still  written  Marie,  Lucie,  Litlie,  etc.  'ilie  diminutive  ter- 
mination is  not  used,  except  as  above,  in  English  literary 
speech,  but  it  is  common  in  Scotch,  as  in  l)eastie,  mannie, 
laside,  sometimes  with  a  second  diminutive  suffix,  as  in  las- 
siekie,  etc. 

-y3.   [Early  mod.  E.  also  -ye.  -ie;  <  ME.  -if,  -ye. 

<  OF.  -ie,  F.  -ie  =  Sp.  -ia,  in  some  words  of 
Gr.  origin  -ia  =  Pg.  It.  -ia,  <  L.  -ia  =  Gr.  -ia,  a 
common  term,  of  fem.  abstract  (and  concrete) 
nouns,  as  in  L.  familia,  family,  mania  (<  Gr. 
Iiavla),  madness,  etc.  See  def.  Cf.  -cy,  -ency, 
-ce,  -ence,  etc.]  A  termination  of  nouns  from 
the  Latin  or  Greek,  or  of  modem  formation  on 
the  Latin  or  Greek  model.  Snch  nouns  are  or  were 
originally  abstract,  but  many  are  now  concrete.  Examples 
are  family,  innocency,  homily,  theory,  geography,  philoso- 
phy, pliilology,  etc. ;  the  list  is  innumerable.  Besides  words 
from  the  Latin  and  Greek,  many  other  words  have  the  ter- 
niination  -y,  either  after  the  analogy  of  the  Latin  and 
Greek  termination,  or  from  some  otiier  source.  As  the  ter- 
mination in  snch  cases  usually  has  no  significance,  and 
is  therefore  not  used  as  formative  within  tlie  meaning  as- 
signed to  that  word,  such  words,  which  are  very  numerous 
and  intractable  to  classification,  are  here  ignored. 

ya^t.    An  old  spelling  of  yea. 

ya^  (ya),  pron.     A  dialectal  form  of  you. 

yacare  (yak'a-re),  n.    [Braz.]    Same  &sjacare. 

yacca  (.yak'ii),  n.  [W.  Ind.]  Either  of  two 
West  Indian" evergreens,  Podocarjms  Purdieana 
and  P.  coriacea,  trees  becoming  respectively 
100  feet  and  50  feet  high,  and  affording  timber 
suitable  for  cabinet  and  plain  purposes. 

yacca-tree  (yak'il-tre),  n.     Same  as  yacca. 

yacca-wood  (yak'ii-wud),  «.  The  wood  of  the 
yacca-tree. 

yacht  (yot),  n.  [Formerly  also  yntcht,  yofeh 
(cf.  F.  yacht,  <  E.) ;  =  G.  jacht,  <  MD.  jachf,  D. 
jagt,  a  yacht,  lit.  a  chase,  hunting  (=  OHG. 
"jagof,  MHG.  jagdt,  G.  jngd.  chase,  htmting), 

<  jagen  =  OHG.  jagon,  MHG.  G.  jagen,  hunt.] 
A  vessel  propelled  either  by  sails  or  by  steam, 
most  often  light  or  comparatively  small,  but 
sometimes  of  large  size,  used  for  pleasure-trips 
or  for  racing,  or  as  a  vessel  of  state  to  convey 
persons  of  distinction  by  water.  There  are  two 
distinct  types  of  sailing  yacht :  the  racer  with  large  spars 
and  sails  and  fine  lines,  but  sacrificing  comfort  to  speed; 
and  the  ctmimodious  well-proportioned  cruising-yacbt. 
Sailing  yachts  are  seldom  or  never  of  a  more  elaborate 
rig  than  that  of  the  schooner ;  but  steam-vessels  of  every 
class  from  launches  up  are  common  as  yachts. 

7006 


I  sailed  this  morning  with  his  Majesty  in  one  of  his 
yachts  (or  pleasure-boats),  vessels  not  known  among  us 
till  the  Dutch  East  India  Company  presented  that  curious 
piece  to  tlie  king.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Oct.  1,  1661. 

Yatcht,  a  Dutch  Vessel  or  Pleasure  boat  about  the  big- 
ness of  our  Barge.  Blount,  Glossogi-aphia  (1670). 

Yaehf,  a  small  sort  of  a  Ship,  built  rather  for  Swiftness 
and  Pleasure  than  for  Merchandize  or  Warlike  Service. 

E.  Phillips,  1706. 

yacht  (yot),  v.  i.  [<  yacht,  n.]  To  sail  or  cruise 
in  a  yacht. 

The  young  English  .  .  .  seek  for  travels  as  dangerous 
aswar,  diving  into  Maelstroms,  .  .  .  j,acAti7iff  among  the 
icebergs  of  Lancaster  Sound.  Emerson,  Power. 

yacht-built  (yot'bilt),  a.  Constructed  on  the 
model  of  a  yacht. 

On  the  coast  of  Florida,  there  are  the  skimming-dish, 
the  pumpkin-seed,  and  tlie  flat-iron  models,  all  half-round 
yacht-built  boats,  broad  and  beamy,  cat-rigged  or  sloop- 
rigged  ;  they  all  pound  and  spank  in  a  sea-wave,  and  are 
very  wet.    J.  A.  Henshall,  Forest  and  Stream,  XIII.  683. 

yacht-club  (yot'klub),  n.  A  club  or  union  of 
yacht-owners  for  racing  purposes,  the  promo- 
tion of  yachting,  etc.,  usually  presided  over 
by  a  commodore. 

yachter  (yot'er),  n.  [<  yacht  -I-  -erl.]  One  who 
commands  a  yacht ;  also,  one  who  sails  in  a 
yacht;  a  yachtsman. 

yachting  (yot'ing).  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  yacht,  v.] 
The  art  of  navigating  a  yacht;  the  sport  of 
sailing  or  traveling  in  a  yacht.  Also  used  at- 
tributively: as,  a  yachting  voyage;  a  yachting 
suit. 

yachtsman  (yots'man),  n.;  pi.  yachtsmen 
(-men).     One  who  keeps  or  sails  a  yacht. 

The  men  .  .  .  were  hauling  up  the  mainsail,  Claud  and 
Freddy  lending  superfluous  aid,  and  making  themselves 
very  hot  over  it,  as  the  manner  of  yachtsuten  is. 

If'.  E.  Xorri^i,  Matrimony,  v. 

yachtsmanship  (yots'man-ship),  n.  [<  yachts- 
man +  -ahip.]  The  art  or  science  of  sailing  or 
managing  a  yacht.    Also  yachtmanship. 

The  partisans  of  English  yachtmamhip  need  not  be 
disconcerted. 

St.  James's  Gazette,  Sept.  8,  1886.    (Eneyc.  Diet.) 

yaft.     A  Middle  English  form  of  garc,  preterit 

of  f/M'cl. 

yaff  (yaf),  r.  i.  [Imitative;  cf.  yajA  and  icaff^.] 
To  bark  like  an  angry  dog:  yelp;  hence,  to  talk 
pertly.    [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

This  said,  up  came  a  i:apng  cur. 

A.  Scott,  The  Hare's  Complaint.    {Jamieson.) 

yaffil  (yaf'il),  n.    Same  as  yaffle''-. 
yaffingale  (yaf'ing-gal),  n.'  [Appar.  altered 
from  yaffle'^,  with  term,  conformed  to  that  of 
nightingale.]   Sumensyaffle^.   Also yappingale. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

I  am  woodman  of  the  woods, 
And  hear  the  garnet-headed  yaffingale 
Mock  them.  Tennyson,  Last  Tournament 

yafflel  (yaf'l),  n.  [Imitative;  cf.  yaff.]  The 
green  woodpecker,  Gecinus  riridis :  from  its 
loud  laughing  notes.  Also  yaffil,  yaffler,  yaffin- 
gale.    See  autnuAev popinjay.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

The  Green  Woodpecker,  Gecinus  or  Picus  viridis,  though 
almost  unknown  in  Scotland  or  Irtland,  is  the  common- 
est; frequenting  wooded  districts,  and  more  often  heard 
than  seen,  its  laughing  cry  (v hence  the  name  "Y.iflU"  or 
"Yaffie."  by  which  it  is  in  mnny  parts  kii'-wn)  and  undu- 
lating flight  aflord  equally  good  means  of  recognition. 

Eneyc.  Brit.,  XXIV.  651. 

yaffle^  (yaf'l),  n.  [Also  yafful;  origin  obscure.] 
1.  An  armful.  [Prov.  Eng.]— 2.  A  pile  of  cod- 
fish to  be  carried  from  the  flakes  to  the  store- 
house.    [Local.  Massachusetts.] 

yaffle^  (vaf'l),  r.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  yaffied.  ppr. 
ya  fling.'  [<.  yafir-.  n.]  To  transport  yafiles  of 
fish:  as,  "now,  boys,  go  to  yaffiing.'"  [Prov- 
incotown.  Massachusetts.] 

yaffler  (yaf'ler),  n.  Same  as  yaffle^.  [Prov. 
Eng.  ] 

yager  (ya'g^r),  ».  [<  G.  jdger  (=  D.  jager),  a 
huntsman ,  <  jagen .  hunt :  see  yach  t.  Cf .  jager.] 
1.  Formerly,  a  member  of  various  bodies  of 
light  infantry  in  the  armies  of  different  German 


yager 

states,  recruited  largely  from  foresters,  etc. ; 
now,  a  member  of  certain  special  battalions  or 
corps  of  infantry  or  cavalry,  generally  organ- 
ized as  riflemen. — 2,  Same  B.sjager. 
yagger  (yag'er),  n.  [<  D.Jager^  a  huntsman,  < 
jageHf  hunt:  see  yacht.']  A  ranger  about  the 
country;  a  traveling  peddler.  [Shetland  Isl- 
ands.] 

I  would  take  the  lad  for  a  yagger,  but  he  has  rather 
ower  good  havings,  and  he  has  du  pack.     Scott,  Pirate,  v. 

yaguanmdi  (yag-wa-run'di),  n.  [Also  jagua- 
rundif  yaguarondi ;  fc5.  Amer. :  see  jaguar.']  A 
wild  cat  of  Mexico  and  Central  and  South 
America,  Felis  Jagunrundi.  This  cat  is  nearly  as 
large  as  the  oct-lot,  but  entirely  without  spots,  in  which  re- 
spect, as  well  aa  in  its  slender  fonn,  it  resembles  the  eyra, 
and  has  thus  a  musteline  rather  than  a  feline  aspect.  The 
tail  is  as  long  as  the  iKHly  exclusive  of  the  head  and  neck. 
The  general  c«)lor  is  a  uuifurui  giizzleil  brownish-gray,  the 
individual  hairs  ^>eing  annulated  and  tipped  with  blackish ; 
kittens  are  more  rufous  brown.  The  yap;uarundi  ranges 
northward  nearly  or  quite  through  Mexico,  and  of  late 
years  has  generally  been  included  among  the  mammals  of 
the  United  States. 

yah  (yii),  inter].    An  interjection  of  disgust. 

X  ahoo  (ya-h5' ),  «.  [A  made  name,  prob.  meant 
to  suggest  disgust;  ef.  yah,  an  interj.  of  dis- 
gust.] 1,  Anamegivenby  Swift,  in  "Gulliver's 
Travels,'*  to  a  feigned  race  of  brutes  having  the 
form  of  man  and  all  his  degrading  passions. 
They  are  placed  in  contrast  with  the  Houyhnlmms,  or 
horses  endowed  with  reason,  the  whole  being  dtaigned  as 
a  satire  un  the  human  race. 

He  Ithe  Houyhnhnm]  was  extremely  curious  to  know 
*'  from  what  part  of  the  country  I  came,  and  how  I  was 
taught  to  imitate  a  rational  creature  ;  t>ecause  the  Yahoos 
(whom  he  saw  I  exactly  resemliled  in  my  head,  hands,  and 
face,  that  were  only  visible),  with  some  appearance  of  cun- 
ning, and  the  strongest  disposition  to  mischief,  were  ob- 
served to  be  the  most  unteachable  of  all  brutes." 

Sioift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  3. 

Hence  —  2.    {].  c]   A  rough,  brutal,  uncouth 
character. 
A  yahoo  of  a  stable-boy. 

Gravety  Spiritual  Quixote,  iv.  10.    (Davies.) 

"What  sort  of  fellow  is  he?  .  .  .  A  Yahoo,  I  suppose." 
"Not  at  all.  He  is  a  capital  fellow,  — a  perfect  gentle- 
man." H,  Kingsleg,  Ravensboe,  iv. 

3.  [/.  c]  A  greenhorn;  a  back-country  lout. 
Bartlett.     [Southwestern  U.  S.] 

Yahveh  (ya-va'),  w.     Same  as  Jehovah. 

Yahvist  (ya'vist),  n.     Same  as  Jehovist. 

Yahvistic  (ya-vis'tik),  a.     Same  as  Jehovistic. 

yaip,  V'  »*     Same  as  yattp^. 

yak  (yak),  n.  [<  Tibetan  gyak.]  The  wild  ox  of 
Tibet,  PoephaguH  grunniens,  or  any  of  its  do- 
mesticated varieties ;  the  grunting  ox.  The  yak 
1b  a  remarkable  instance  of  tht*  iievelopment  of  the  pelage 
under  climatic  intlnences.  The  modification  is  like  that 
seen  in  the  tnusk-ox  of  arctic  regions,  Ovibo9  woschatug, 
though  altitude  has  done  for  the  yak  what  has  resulted 
from  latitude  in  the  case  of  the  musk-ox.  The  Iwdy  is 
cover<Ml  with  very  long  hair  hanging  from  the  shoulders, 
sides,  and  hips  nearly  to  the  ground,  and  the  tail  bears  a 
heavy  brush  of  long  hairs.  The  wild  animal,  which  in- 
habiU  the  mountains  of  Tibet  alK)ut  the  snow-line  and 
descemis  into  the  valleys  In  winter,  is  of  a  blackish  color; 
the  back  is  hunipe<l ;  and  the  general  form  is  not  unlike 
that  of  the  bison,  tliough  the  long  hair  gives  the  animal  a 
different  appearance.  The  actual  relationships  of  the  yak 
are  with  the  humped  Asiatic  cattle  of  which  the  zebu  is 
the  best-known  domesticated  stock.  The  yak  is  of  great 
economic  Importance  to  tlie  Tibetans,  and  lias  been  do- 
mesticated, lu  this  state  it  sports  in  many  color-varia- 
tions, like  other  cattle.  It  is  used  as  a  l>east  of  burden, 
makes  excellent  beef,  and  yields  rich  milk  and  butter ;  the 
long  silky  hair  is  spun  and  woven  for  many  fabrics.  The 
tails  when  mounted  fiirnisti  the  fly-snappers  or  cbowries 
nmch  used  in  India,  and  they  are  also  dyed  in  various 


Yak  ^Poiphagns  zrunniens). 

colors  as  decorations  and  ceremonial  insignia.  The  ele- 
phant-hea<led  god  tianesa  is  usually  represented  as  flour- 
Uhing  the  chowry  with  his  trunk  over  the  heads  of  va- 
rious personages  of  the  Hindu  pantheon.  Yaks  have 
often  l)een  taken  to  Europe,  where  they  are  kept  in  me- 
nageries, and  have  repeatetlly  t>een  bred  in  conflnenient. 
The  yak  crosses  easily  with  some  other  cattle,  producing 
various  mixed  breeds.  See  als'jcut  under  Artiodactj/la.— 
Yak  laC6,  a  heavy  ancl  rather  coarse  lace  mad«t  from  the 
silky  hair  of  the  yak :  at  one  time  much  used  for  trim- 
ming outer  garments. 
yakin  (ya'kin),  n.  A  large  Himalayan  antelope, 
Budorcas  taacicolor,  inhabiting  higlx  raountain- 


7007 

ranges.  The  relationships  of  the  yakin  are  with  the 
rupicaprine  and  nemorhediiie  antelopes,  as  the  European 
chamois,  the  Asiatic  gorals,  and  the  American  Rocky 
Mountain  goat 

yakopu  (yak'o-p6),  «.  A  weapon  like  the  kut- 
tar,  used  by  the  people  of  Java  and  Sumatra. 

yaksha  (yak'sha),  ».  [Skt.]  In  Hindu  myth.^ 
one  of  a  class  oi  demigods  "who  attend  Kuvera, 
the  god  of  riches,  and  guard  his  treasures. 

Yakut  (ya-kof),  n.  A  member  of  a  people  of 
Turkish  or  mixed  Turkish  origin,  dwelling  in 
Siberia  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Lena. 

yald^  (yald),  a.    Same  asyeWi. 

yald'-^,  yauld  (yald),  a.  [Prob.  var.  of  *yc/f/,  < 
Icel.  gildr  =  Sw.  Dan,  gildj  stout,  brawny,  of 
full  size.]    Supple ;  active  ;  athletic,  [Scotch.] 

Bein'  yald  and  stout,  he  wheelit  about, 
And  kluve  his  beid  in  twaine. 

Hogg,  Mountain  Bard,  p.  43.    iJamieson.) 

Yale  lock.    See  lock'^. 

yallow  fyal'o),  a,  A  dialectal  variant  of  yel- 
low.   George  Eliot^  Silas  Marner,  xi. 

yam  (yam),  n.  [=  F.  igname,  <  Sp.  ignamay  ig- 
naine,  iflame^  Uame  =  Fg.itihameiNh.  inhame), 
<  African  (in  Pg.  rendering)  inhame,  yam.  The 
Malay  name  is  «6i,  Javanese  uici^  E.  Ind.  oehis 
(Miilier),  whence  G.  obis-icurzely  yam.]  1.  A 
tuberous  root  of  a  plant  of  the  genus  Diosco- 
rea,  particularly  if  belonging  to  one  of  numer- 
ous species  cultivated  for  their  esculent  roots; 
also,  such  a  plant  itself.  The  plant  is  commonly 
a  slender  twining  high-climbing  vine,  in  some  species 
prickly;  the  root  is  fleshy,  often  very  large,  sometimes  a 
shapeless  mass,  sometimes  long  and  cylindraceous,  vary- 
ing in  color  from  white  through  purple  to  nearly  black. 
The  yam  is  propagated  by  cuttings  from  the  root,  or  also 
in  some  species  by  axillary  bulblets.  The  root  contains 
a  larye  amount  of  starch,  sometimes  25  percent.,  is  hence 
highly  nutritious,  and  in  tropical  lands  largely  takes  the 
place  of  the  potato  of  temperate  climates.  It  lacks,  how- 
ever, the  dry  mealiness  of  the  potato,  and  is  on  the  whole 
rather  coarse,  and  not  as  a  rule  highly  esteemed  by  people 
of  European  races.  It  is  cooked  by  baking  or  boiling,  and 
is  In  the  West  Indies  sometimes  converted  into  a  meal  used 
for  making  cakes  and  puddings.  D.  saliva  is  an  ordinary 
species  (tlie  hoi  of  the  Uawaiians)  with  unarmed  stem  and 
an  acrid  root  which  requires  soaking  before  boiling;  it  is 
a  profitable  source  of  starch.  D.  alata,  the  red  or  white 
yam,  the  uvi  of  the 
Fiji  Islands,  has  a 
winged,  not  prickly 
stem,  supported  in 
culture  by  reeds;  its 
tubers  attain  some- 
times a  length  of  8 
feet  and  a  weight  of 
KXt  pounds.  D.  acu- 
leata,  the  kawai  of  the 
Fijis,  has  prickly  stems 
not  requiring  support. 
D.  Batatas,  the  Chinese 
or  Japanese  yam,  is 
hardy  in  temperatti 
climates,  and  excited 
considerable  interest 
in  Europe  and  Amer- 
ica, at  the  time  of  the 
potato-rot,  as  a  possi- 
ble substitute  for  that 
crop.  Tlie  tuber  is 
pure-white  within,  of 
a  flaky  consistency, 
and  of  a  taste  agree- 
able to  many.  It  grows 
3  feet  deep,  however, 
enlarging  somewhat 
toward  the  bottom, 
hence  is  very  difficult 
t')  gather.  D.  t<ativa 
also  Is  hardy  in  the  southem  United  States,  but  the  true 
yam  is  there  little  cultivated.  (See  def.  2.)  These  species 
present  many  varieties,  and  various  other  species  are  more 
or  less  cultivated. 

The  negro  yams  are  a  yearly  crop,  but  the  white  yajm 
will  last  iTi  the  ground  for  several  years. 

T.  Roughley,  Jamaica  Planter's  Guide  (1823),  p.  317. 

2,  By  transference,  a  variety  of  the  sweet-po- 
tato.    [Southern  U.  S.] 

De  yam  will  grow,  de  cotton  blow. 
We'll  hab  de  rice  an'  corn. 

Whittier,  Song  of  tlie  Negro  Boatmen. 

3.  Any  plant  of  the  or &er  DioscoreaccfE,  Lind- 
ley Chinese  yam.  See  def.  i.— Common  or  culti- 
vated yam,  Dioscnrea  ^a/tt'rt.— Japanese  yam.  See  def. 
1,  and  cut  under  /)io«corea.— Kawal  yam.  See  def.  1.^ 
Ooyala  yam,  Dioscorea  tcinentosn,  of  the  East  Indies.— 
Port  Monlz  yam.  See  ra/ntw.— Red  yam.  See  def.  1. 
— Tlvoll  yam.  Dioscorea  miwmularia,  of  India  and  the 
Malayan  and  Paeitlc  islands.  — Uvl  yam.  See  def.  1.— 
White  yam.  See  def.  l.— Wild  yam,  any  native  species 
of  yam.  Specifically  ~  (a)  The  wild  yam-root,  Dioscorea 
villom,  of  North  America,  a  delicate  and  pretty  twining 
vine,  extending  north  to  Canada.  The  root  Is  esteemed  by 
eclectics  a  cure  for  bilious  colic,  and  is  used  by  the  south- 
ern negroes  against  rheumatism :  hence  called  colic-root 
and  rkeuwatisjn-root.  (b)  See  Ra  a nia.  — Winged  yaxa, 
Dioscorea  alata. —  Yaja  family,  the  jdant-order  Diosco- 
rcacea. 

Tama  (yam'ii),  ».  [Skt.  Tama,  prob.  lit.  'the 
twin.n  '  In  earlif  Hindu  myth.,  the  first  mortal, 
son  of  the  sun  (  Vivasvant)  and  progenitor  of  the 
human  race,  who  went  first  to  the  other  world, 


Branch  of  Female  Plant  of  Yarn 
{Diosforea  alatas. 


yank 

and  ruled  as  king  of  those  who  followed  him 
thither;  later,  the  god  of  departed  spirits  and 
the  appointed  judge  and  punisher  of  the  dead. 
Ho  is  in  modern  Hindu  art  generally  represented  as 
crowned  and  seated  on  a  buHalo,  which  he  guides  hy  the 
horns.  He  is  four-armed,  and  of  austere  countenance.  In 
one  liand  lie  holds  a  mace,  in  another  a  nuose  which  is 
used  to  draw  out  of  the  bodies  of  men  the  souls  which 
are  doomed  to  ap^iear  before  bis  judgment-seat.  His 
garments  are  of  the  color  of  fire;  his  skin  is  of  a  bluish 
green. 

yamadou  (yam'a-do),  n.  An  oil  obtained  from 
the  tallow-nutmeg,  Myristica  scbifera.  See  nut- 
meg, 2. 

yama-mai  (yam 'a -mi'),  «.  [NL.  (GuSrin- 
M^nSville,  1861),  <  Jap.  yama-mai,  lit.  'worm  of 
the  mountains.']  A  large  bombycid  moth, 
whose  larva  feeds  on  the  oak  Quercus  scrrata  in 
Japan,  and  furnishes  silk  of  excellent  quality 
which  has  long  been  utilized  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  the  heavier  native  silk  fabrics.  The  worm 
has  been  reared  In  Europe  and  in  the  United  States,  but 
lias  not  been  commercially  successful  in  those  countries. 
See  gilhworin,  1. 

yam-bean  (yam'ben),  n.  A  leguminous  plant, 
I'achyrrUizus  tuberosiis  and  P.  angulatus,  widely 
cultivated  in  the  tropics  for  its  pods,  which  are 
used  as  a  vegetable,  and  for  its  tubers,  which 
are  edible  cooked  when  young,  and  furnish  in 
large  quantity  a  starch  said  to  be  fully  equal  to 
arrowroot.  The  tubers  are  borne  at  intervals  nlong  the 
cord-like  roots.  P.  tuberosus  has  often  been  inclutled  in 
P.  angulatus,  but  is  for  cultural  purposes  at  least  distinct, 
having  a  much  larger  pod  free  from  irritating  hairs.  In 
the  Fiji  Islands  P.  anf/ulatus  is  called  yaka  or  wa  yaka; 
in  English  it  has  been  distinguished  from  P.  tuberosus  as 
the  short-podded  yam-bean. 

yammer  (yam'er),  v.  i.  [Also  yavnicr.  yamcr; 
<  ME.  samiiren,  gomercn,  geomcren,<  AS.  geome- 
rian  (=  OHG.  jdmaron,  MHG.  jdmercn,  G.  jam- 
mem),  lament,  groan,  <  gedmor,  sad,  mournful 
(=  OS.jdmar  =  OEG. jdmar,  sad,  >  OHG.  jdmar, 
^IHG.  jdmor,  G.  jammer,  lamentation, misery).] 

1.  To  lament;  wail;  shriek;  yell;  cry  aloud; 
whimper  loudly;  whine.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

As  for  the  White  Maiden  of  Avenel,  she  is  seen  to  yam- 
mer and  wail  before  ony  o'  'em  dies.    Scott,  Monastery,  iv. 

"The  child  is  doing  as  well  as  possible,"  said  Miss 
Grizzy;  "To  be  sure  it  does  ya-mmer  constantly — that 
can't  Le  denied."  3/i-vs  Ferriei;  Marriage,  xviii, 

2.  To  yearn ;  desire.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

I  yammer  to  hear  how  things  turned  eawt. 
Tim  Bvbbin,  in  Mackay's  Lost  Beauties  of  the  Eng.  Lang. 

yammering  (yam'er-ing),  n.  [Also  yaumeritig ; 
verbal  u.  of  yammer,  v.]  A  crying,  whining,  or 
grumbling.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 

They  ill-thrawn  folk  .  .  .  would  tear  the  congregation 
to  pieces  wi'  tlieir  bickerings  and  yaumeriims. 

W.  Black,  In  Far  Lochaber,  ix, 

yammerly  (yam'er-li),  adv.  [<  ME.  ^amerly, 
gomerly,  <  AS.  "geomorlicc,  <  geomorlic,  lament- 
able, <  (/crf»««',  sad :  see  »/a»i«(er, )).]  Piteously. 
Gawayiie. 

yamp  (yamp),  n.  [N.  Amer.  Ind.]  An  umbellif- 
erous plant.  Varum  (luirdncri,  found  from  Cal- 
ifornia to  Wyoming  and  Washington ;  doubt- 
less, also.  ('.  Kellogii,  of  central  California. 
These  plants  have  fascicled  tuberous  roots, 
which  are  an  important  food  of  the  Indians. 

yamph  (yamf),  V.  i.  [Cf.  yaff,  yqA.]  To  bark 
continuously.     Halliacll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

yamun  (yii'mun),  n.  [Chinese,  <  ya,  the  mar- 
quee of  a  general,  -I-  muu,  a  two-leaved  door,  a 
gate.]  The  oiHcial  and  private  residence  of  a 
Chinese  mandarin  who  holds  a  seal;  the  place 
where  a  mandarin  transacts  the  business  of 
the  region  or  department  under  his  care,  and 
where  he  lives;  a  mandarin's  office,  court,  resi- 
dence, etc. 

The  three  yamuns  at  our  feet,  with  their  quaint  towers, 
grand  old  trees,  flags,  and  the  broad  Pearl  Kiver  on  the 
other  side  of  the  city,  ai-e  tlie  only  elements  of  positive 
beauty  in  the  landscape. 

Lady  Brassey,  Voyage  of  Sunbeam,  II.  xxii. 

Tsung  li  yamun,  the  bureau  or  department  of  the  Chi- 
nese government  which  attends  to  foreign  affairs ;  the 
Chinese  "Fi»reign  Office."  It  was  established  in  18(0,  is 
composed  of  eleven  members,  ami  forms  the  channel  of 
communication  between  the  foreign  ministers  and  the 
throne.     Giles, 

yang  (yang),  c.  i.  [Imitative.]  To  cry  as  the 
wild  goose;  honk. 

yang  (yang),  «.  [<  yang,  v.]  The  cry  of  the 
wild  goose ;  a  honk. 

yang-kin  (yang'ken'),  n.  [Chinese.]  A  Chi- 
nese dulcimer. 

yankl  (yangk).  v.  [Perhaps  a  nasalized  form 
of  yach;  found  in  sense  of 'talk  fast',  prob.  orig. 
move  quickly,  <  Sw.  dial.  ./(/A/.'rt,  rove  about,  a 
secondary  form  of  Icel.  jagri,  move  about,  = 
Svf.  jaga'=:Da.n.  jage,  hunt,  chase,  hurry,  =D. 


yank 

jageH  =  Q.ja^en,hwit:  seeyacht.  TheSw.Dan. 
sense  'hunt'  appears  to  be  due  to  G.,  and  the 
word  does  not  seem  to  be  old  in  Soand.,  or  to 
exist  in  AS.,  etc.  Tank  has  prob.  been  confused 
in  part,  as  to  meaning,  withyark;  yerk;  and  the 
whole  series  to  which  it  belongs  is  dialectal, 
and  without  early  record.]  I.  intrans.  1.  To 
be  in  active  motion ;  move  or  work  quickly ; 
bustle.  Imp.  Diet—  2.  To  talk  fast  or  con- 
stantly ;  scold ;  nag.    Imp.  Diet. 

n.  tram.  To  move,  carry,  bring,  take,  etc., 
with  a  sudden  jerk  or  jerking  motion :  usually 
with  along,  over,  or  out :  as,  to  yank  a  fllsh  out 
of  the  water.      [Colloq.] 

I  don't  see  the  fuu  of  being  yanked  all  over  the  United 
States  in  the  middle  of  August 

C.  D.  Warner,  Their  Pilgrimage,  p.  201. 

When  the  hutt  of  a  room  goes  on  the  drink,  or  takes  to 
niopinB  by  himself,  measures  are  necessary  to  yank  him 
oiU  of  himself.  S-  Kipling,  Only  a  Subaltern. 

I  guess  th'  best  thing  we  can  do  is  t'  yank  our  traps  out 
of  that  care  an'  get  started  again. 

T.  A.  Janvier,  Aztec  Treasure-house,  x. 

yank^  (yangk),  n.     [<  yank^,  v.']     1.  A  quick, 
sharp  stroke ;  a  buffet.    [Scotch.] 

I  took  up  my  neive  an'  gae  him  a  yank  on  the  baffat 
tell  I  gart  his  bit  brass  cap  rattle  against  the  wa'. 

Hogs;,  Brownie  of  Bodsbeck,  xiv. 

2.  A  jerk  or  twitch.  [Colloq.,  U.  S.]— 3.  pi 
Leggings  or  long  gaiters  worn  in  England  by 
agricultural  laborers.     Halliwell. 


7008 

that  are  purely  our  owm ;  but  it  is  so  very  plausible  as  al- 
most to  carry  conviction  of  itself. 

J.  F.  Cooper,  Oak  Openings,  p.  28. 
Yanlree,  in  the  American  use,  does  not  mean  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  as  opposed  to  a  foreigner,  but  a  citizen 
of  the  Northern  New  England  States  (Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, &c.),  opposed  to  a  Virginian,  a  Kentuckian,  &c. 
De  Qutncey,  Style,  Note  1. 
We  have  the  present  Yankee,  full  of  expedients,  half- 
master  of  all  trades,  inventive  in  all  but  the  beautiful,  full 
of  shifts,  not  yet  capable  of  comfort 

LovieU,  Biglow  Papers,  1st  ser.,  Int 

2.  By  extension,  a  native  of  the  United  States. 
[Chiefly  a  European  use.] — 3.  A  soldier  of  the 
Federal  armies :  so  called  by  the  Confederates 
during  the  war  of  secession.  See  Yank'^. — 4. 
A  glass  of  whisky  sweetened  with  molasses. 
Bartlett.     [New  Eng.]     [Colloq.  in  all  uses.] 


yappingale 

yankyt  (yang'ki),  «.;  pi.  yankies  (-kiz).  A 
Dutch  craft  of  a  kind  not  definitely  known. 

Proceed  with  thy  story  in  a  direct  course,  without  yaw- 
ing like  a  Dutch  yanky. 

Smollett,  Sir  L.  Greaves,  iii.    (DotriM.) 

yanolite  (yan'o-lit),  n.     Same  as  axinite. 

yao-pieu  (yao'pyen'),ji.  [Chinese,  lit. '  changed 
in  tne  kiln ' ;  K  yao,  kiln,  furnace,  +  pien,  change, 
transfoi-m.]  In  ceram.,  a  Chinese  vessel  which, 
from  accident,  intentional  over-firing,  or  the 
like,  has  lost  the  appearance  it  would  have  had 
under  ordinary  circumstances,  the  colors  being 
changed,  fused  together,  etc.,  by  too  greatheat, 
or  unequally  fused  on  the  different  faces.  Many 
of  the  most  esteemed  pieces  of  porcelain  owe  their  unusual 
color,  or  their  clouding,  mottling,  or  the  like,  to  accidents 
or  irregularities  of  manufacture  of  this  nature. 


n.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of  yaourt  (yourt), «.    [<.  Turk,  yoy hurt.']    A  kind  of 


the  Yankees:  as,  Yankee  smartness  or  inven- 
tion; ra«A:cc  notions. 

Codfish,  tinware,  apple-brandy,  Weathersfleld  onions, 
wooden  bowls,  and  other  articles  of  Yankee  barter. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  276. 

Examine  him  ontside  and  in,  I'd  thank  ye, 
Morals,  Parisian  —  manners,  perfect  Yankee. 

Lord  Houghton,  A  Knock  at  the  Door  (quoted  in 
[N.  and  (J.,  7th  ser.,  XI.  106). 
Ez  ef  we  could  maysure  stupenjious  events 
By  the  low  Yatikee  stan'ard  o'  dollars  and  cents. 

Lowell,  Biglow  Papers,  2d  ser.,  iv. 

Yankee  nation,  the  United  States.    [Humorous.]— Yan- 
kee notions.    See  notion. 


thickened  fermented  liquor  made  by  the  Turks 
of  milk  curdled  in  a  special  way. 
yapi  (yap),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  yapped,  ppr. 
yapping.      [Prob.  mutative.     Cf.  yaff,  waff^, 
and  yaup^.]    To  yelp  or  bark.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Mr.  Transome  appeared  with  a  face  of  feeble  delight, 
playing  horse  to  little  Harry,  who  roared  and  flogged  be- 
hind him,  while  Moro  yaptjed  in  a  puppy  voice  at  their 
heels.  George  Eliot,  Felix  Holt,  xlii. 

Presently  he  [the  dog]  yapped,  as  if  in  hot  chase  of  a 
rabbit  R.  D.  Blackmore,  Kit  and  Kitty,  xxlv. 

yapi  (yap),  n.     [<  yap'^,  v.]    1.  A  yelp,  as  of  a 
dog. — 2.  A  cur.     [Prov.  Eng.] 


Yank^  (yangk),  n.     [An  abbr.  of  Yankee.] 
Yankee.     [Colloq.  or  vulgar.] 

"The  Fon*"  or  the  equally  grovelling  "  nigger,"  one  oi 
the  other,  which  we  do  not  know,  has  corrupted  "Pollard 
of  Richmond."  The  nation,  IV.  286. 

[The  word  acquired  during  the  war  of  the  rebellion  wide 
currency  as  a  nickname  or  contemptuous  epithet  among 
the  Confederates  for  a  Union  soldier,  the  Confederates 
themselves  being  in  like  spirit  dubbed  Johnnies  or  Bebe 
by  the  Union  soldiers.] 

yankeelf  (yang'ke),  a.     [A  dubious  word,  in 
spelling  prob.  conformed  to  Yankee^,  being,  if  a 


A  Yankeedom  (yang'ke-dum),  ?i.     [<  Yankee^  +  yap"  (yap), «.  A  dialectal  form  of  yfp.  Halliwell. 
-dom.]     1.  The  region  inhabited  by  Yankees,  in  yap3j  r.  ».     Seeyaup'^^. 
any  sense  of  that  word.  yape  (yap),  r.  i.     See  yanp'^. 

Located  as  it  is  on  the  confines  of  Egypt  and  of  Yankee-  yaply  (yap'li),  adv.     A  dialectal  form  of  yeply. 
domin  this  State  [Illmois],  it  has  done  a  good  work  inboth  yapo'^,  yapock  (yap'ok),  n.   [Also  yapach,  oyap- 


The  Independent,  quoted  in  Bartlett's 
[Americanisms,  p.  768. 

2.  Yankees  collectively  considered. 

Up  the  turning  vi4  Galileo  they  climb,  to  the  Basilica  at 
the  top,  .  .  .  hackneyed  as  only  Yankeedom  and  Cockney- 
dom,  rushing  hand  in  hand  through  all  earth's  sacred- 
nesses,  can  hackney.  Rhoda  Broughton,  Kl»&,  y'M. 

genuine  word,  prob.  for  *jo»fcte  or  *.i/a«A,y,  smart,  Yankee-Doodlet(yang'ke-do'dl), «.  A  Yankee : 
active  (as  a  noun,  Sc.  yankie,  a  sharp,  clever,  a  humorous  use,  from  a  popular  air  so  named, 
forward  woman),  <  yanki-  +  -iel  or  -jA,  equiv.     [Bare.] 

to  yanking,  active :  see  yanking.     Cf .  Yankee^.]      j  n,jgijt  have  withheld  these  political  noodles 
Spanking;  excellent.    Also  used  adverbially.        From  knocking  their  heads  against  hot  ronJ-ee  Doodiw. 

,r  .  1,  »    1  *».„    •i™.-^  «»  »i,o  ♦o.m  vonVoo  Moore,  Pavody  of  a  Celebrated  Letter. 

You  may  wish  to  know  the  origin  of  the  term  Yankee.  ■  ■" 

Take  the  best  account  of  it  which  your  friend  can  pro-  Yankeefied  (yang'ke-fid),n.  ^i  Yankee ^  +  -J y  + 
cure.  It  was  a  cant,  favorite  word  with  farmer  Jonathan  .(,^2  T  Having  tte  appearance  or  manner  of  a 
Hastings,  of  Cambridge,  about  1713.  Two  aged  ministers,  YnTiVee  •  chflractpristae  of  a  Yankee  fColloa  ] 
who  were  at  the  college  in  that  town,  have  told  me  they  re-     lanliee,  cnaractensiic  or  a  lanKee.    L'-'0""q-J 

membered  it  to  have  been  then  in  use  among  the  students,  The  Colonel  whittled  away  at  a  bit  of  stick  in  the  most 

but  had  no  recollection  of  it  before  that  period.     The  in-  Yankeefied  way  possible. 

ventor  used  it  to  express  excellency.     A  Yankee  good  '         A  Stray  Yankee  in  Texas,  p.  113.    (Bartlett.) 
horse  or  Fa.ifee  cider  and  the  like,  were  an  excellent  Yankee-gang  (yang'ke-gang),  n.     An  arrange- 
good  horse  and  excellent  cider.  i<»ii^oo  6«""6  W       6       .B      ?„\  „j„„,.„j  f„_  1„„- 
Dr  W  Gordon  Hist  Ainer.  War  (ed.  1789),  I.  324.  ment  in  a  sawmill  (in  Canada)  adapted  tor  logs 
Yankee^  (yang'ke),  n.  and  a.     [Formerly  also  of  21  inches  or  less  in  diameter.     It  consists  of 


ock:  so  named  from  the  river  Oyapok,  between 
French  Guiana  and  Brazil.]  The  South  Ameri- 
can water-opossum,  Chironectes  rnriegatus.  It  is 


Yankey  and  "Yanky  (in  pi.  Yankies) ;  origin  un- 
certain, (a)  According  to  a  common  statement, 
Yankee,  as  used  in  the  plural  Yankees,  is  a  var. 
of  Yenkees  or  Yengces  or  Yaungliees,  a  name  said 
to  have  been  given  by  the  Massachusetts  In- 
dians to  the  English  colonists,  being,  it  is  sup- 
posed, an  Indian  coiTuption  of  the  E.  word  Eng- 
lish, or,  as  some  think,  of  the  F.  Anglais,  English 
(in  the  latter  case  the  statement  must  refer  to 
the  Indians  of  Canada,  the  only  ones  in  contact 
with  the  French ) .  The  word  is  said  to  have  been 
adopted  by  the  Dutch  on  the  Hudson,  who  ap- 
plied it  to  the  people  of  New  England  (it  is  said, 
"  in  contempt,"  but  prob.  not  more  in  contempt 
than  any  other  designation  of  them).  (6)  In  an- 
other view,  the  name  Yankee  was  derived  from 
the  adj.  yankee  as  given  under  yankee^.  Some 
connect  yankee^  with  the  preceding  theory  by 


two  sets  of  gang-saws,  having  parallel  ways  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  each  other.  One  is  the  slabbing-gang, 
which  reduces  the  log  to  a  balk  and  slab  boards.  The 
balk  is  then  shifted  to  the  stock-gang,  which  rips  it  into 
lumber.  E.  H.  Knight. 
Yankeeism  (yang'ke-izm),  n.  [<  Yankee^  + 
-ism.]     1.  Yankee  ways  or  characteristics. 

"I  confess  I  had  feared  that  Lily's  impetuous  ways-  her 
—  her  —  "  "' Flamboyant  l'(7»il:«ei«m,'Mr.  Gore-Thompson 
called  it,"  suggested  Mrs.  Clay.  "  We  are  from  the  South- 
westoriginally,"  rather  stiffly  answered  Mrs.  Floyd-Curtis, 
who  took  Yankeeiem  to  cover  the  reproach  of  a  New  Eng- 
land birthplace. 

jifrg.  Burton  Harrison,  The  Anglomaniacs,  i. 

2.  A  locution  or  a  practice  characteristic  of 
Yankees,  specifically  of  the  inhabitants  of  New 
England. 

Cussedness  .  .  .  and  cuss, ...  in  such  phrases  as  "He 
done  it  out  o"  pure  cussedness,"  and  "He  is  a  nateral 
cuss,"  have  been  commonly  thought  Yankeeisms. ...  But 
i/0!('«a,  Biglow  Paiwrs,  2d  ser.,  Int 


Vapok  {ChircHectes  varirgatits^. 

one  of  the  smaller  opossums,  rather  larger  than  the  house- 
r&i,  with  large  naked  ears,  long  scaly  tail,  and  handsomely 
variegated  fur.  It  is  a  po<'d  swimmer,  resembles  the  otter 
in  habits,  and  feeds  on  fish  and  other  aquatic  animals, 
yapon  (ya'pon),  )i.  [Also  j^awpon,  2/«i>ow ;  prob. 
ot  Amer.  Ind.  origin.]  An  evergreen  shrub  or 
small  tree  of  the  holly  kind.  Ilex  vomitoria, 
better  known  as  /.  Cassine,  found  from  Virginia 
around  the  coast  to  Texas,  thence  to  Arkansas. 
It  is  generally  a  tall  shrub  sending  up  shoots  from  the 
ground,  and  forming  dense  thickets,  but  in  Texas  some- 


neither  is  our  own. 
assuming  it  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  Indian  yanfeer  (yang'ker),  n.      [<  yank^  +  -erl.     In 
Yengees  or  YenAees  or  Yankees  as  applied  to     def.  3  cf.  D.  wnAer,  abawleri  brawler,  lit.  yelp- 
the  English,  as  if  'English'  articles  meant  ne-  <;  juni-g,,   ydp,  bark.]     1.  A  smart  blow. 


cessarily  'excellent'  articles.  Others  identify 
Yankee'^  with  yankee^,  '  excellent,  smart ' ;  but 
this  sense  does  not  seem  to  have  been  common, 
if  existent,  in  New  England  use ;  and  the  theory 
is  otherwise  untenable.]  I.  n.  1.  A  citizen  of 
New  England. 

From  meanness  first  this  Portsmouth  Yankey  rose. 
And  still  to  meanness  all  his  conduct  flows. 

Oppression,  A  Poem  by  an  American  (Boston,  1765). 

[(Webster.) 
When  Yankies,  skiU'd  in  martial  rule, 
First  put  the  BHti-sh  troops  to  school. 

TrumMiU,  McFingal,  i. 
Yankies — a  term  formerly  of  derision,  but  now  merely 
of  distinction,  given  to  the  people  of  the  four  eastern 
States.  Trurnbull's  McFingal  (5th  Eng.  ed.),  Edit^jr's  note. 
For  oureelves,  now,  we  do  not  entertain  a  doubt  that  the 
sobriquet  of  Yankees,  which  is  in  every  man's  mouth,  and 
of  which  the  derivation  appears  to  puzzle  all  our  philolo- 
gists, is  nothing  but  a  slight  corruption  of  the  word  "  Yen- 
geese,"  the  term  applied  to  the  "English "by  the  tribes  to 
whom  they  first  l>ecame  known.  We  have  no  other  au- 
thority for  this  derivation  than  conjecture,  and  conjectures 


2.  A" great  falsehood;  a  plumper.    [Scotch.] 
"Ay,  billy,  that  is  a  womiter.'"  said  Tam  aside.     "When 

ane  is  gaun  to  tell  a  lie,  there 's  naething  like  telling  a 
plumper  at  aince." 

Hogg,  Three  Perils  of  Man,  I.  336.    (Jainieson.) 

3.  Same  as  yankie,  2.     Imp.  Diet. 

yankie  (yang'ki),  n.  [<  !/a«A-l  +  -('fil,  -y^.  Cf. 
i/ankee'^.]  1.  A  sharp,  forward,  clever  woman. 
[Scotch.] —  2.  One  who  speaks  or  scolds  inces- 
santly.    Imp.  Diet. 

yanking  (yang'king),  p.  a.     [Ppr.  of  ya«Al,  ».] 

1.  Active;  pushing;  thoroughgoing.   [Scotch.] 
"Ye'U  be  nae  bagman,  then,  after  a'?"    "No,"  said  the 

traveller.  .  .  .  "  Weel,  I  canna  say  but  I  am  glad  o'  that 
—  I  canna  bide  their  yanking  way  of  knapping  English  at 
every  word."  Scott,  St  Ronan's  Well,  ii. 

2.  Jerking;  pulling.     [U.  S.] 

That  poor  Emery  Ann  had  had  a  yanking  old  horse,  and 
a  wretchedly  uncomfortable  saddle ;  .  .  .  the  wonder  was 
that  she  had  stayed  on  at  all. 

Mrs.  Whitney,  Sights  and  Insights,  xxix. 


Yapon  (//fx  7vmitcria'). 
I,  branch  with  fruits;  a,  branch  with  male  flowers. 

times  assumes  a  tree-like  habit  It  bears  an  abundance 
of  scarlet  berries  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  branches  ccivertjd 
with  these  are  sent  north  for  winter  decoration.  Its  leaves 
have  an  emetic  and  purgative  property,  and  a  decoction 
of  them  was  the  famous  black  drink  of  tlie  southern  In- 
dians. Its  use  was  both  ceremonial  and  medicinal,  and 
to  partake  of  it  large  numlwrs  of  them  went  down  to  the 
coast  every  spring.  Also  called  easnena,  and  Appalachian, 
Carolina,  nnd  South  Sea  tea. 
yappingale,  «.     Same  as  yaffingale. 


yapster 

yapster  (yap'stfer),  w.  [<  yap^  +  -ster.]  A  dog. 
Tufts'ti  Glossary  of  Thieves'  Jargon  (1798). 

yar^  (yar),  v.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  yarred,  ppr.  yar- 
ring.  [Also  yarr,  Sc.  yirr;  <  ME.  *^arren,  $aren, 
gurreHf  ^eorren,  <  AS.  georran,  girran,  gyrran 
(=  MHG.  girren)j  roar,  cry,  rattle,  chatter.] 
To  snarl ;  gnar. 

llienne  watz  hit  lif  vpon  list  to  lytlien  the  houndez,  .  .  . 
Louile  he  [the  fox]  watz  gayned  [hallooed]  with  jarande 
speech. 
Sir  Oaicayrie  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  I.  1724. 

All  the  dogs  were  flocking  about  her,  yarring  at  the  re- 
tardmeiit  of  their  access  to  her. 

(Trguhart,  tr.  of  Rabelais,  II,  xxii.    (Davies.) 

yar^,  yare^  (yar.  yar),  «.  [Origin  not  ascer- 
tained.]    Sour;  brackish.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

yaraget  (yar'aj),  «.  [<  yare^ -^ -age.^  yattt. ythe 
power  of  moving  or  capability  of  being  man- 
aged at  sea:  used  with  reference  to  a  ship. 

To  the  end  that  he  might,  with  his  light  ships,  well 

manned  with  water-men,  turn  and  environ  the  galleys 

of  the  enemies,  the  which  were  heavy  of  parage,  both  for 

their  bigness,  as  also  fur  lack  of  water-men  to  row  them. 

North,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  777. 

yarb  (yarb),  H.     A  dialectal  form  of  herb. 

Her  qualifications  as  white  witch  were  boundless  cun- 
ning, .  .  .  [and]  some  skill  in  yarbg,  as  she  called  her 
simples.  Kingsley,  Westward  Ho,  iv. 

yard^  (yard),  V.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  yeard; 
<  ME.  yerd^  ^^rrf.  <  AS.  gyrdy  girdj  gierd,  a  rod, 
=  OS.  gerda  =  D.  aardCj  a  rod,  twig,  =  OHG, 
gartjay  gertay  MHu.  G.  gerte,  a  rod,  switch; 
from  the  more  primitive  noun,  ORG.  MHG. 
gart,  a  rod,  yard,  =  Goth.  gazdSy  a  goad,  =  Icel. 
gaddr  =  AS.  gddy  E.  goad  (the  AS.  gad,  if  = 
Goth,  gazds,  involves  an  irregular  contraction, 
and  may  be  a  diff.  word) ;  ef.  L.  hasta,  a  spear: 
see  goadj  gad^y  and  hastate.]  If.  A  rod ;  a  stick ; 
a  waad  ;  a  branch  or  twig. 

'Vhe  yerd  of  a  tre  that  is  haled  adown  by  myhty  strengthe 
bowith  redyly  the  crop  adoun. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  iii.  meter  2. 

The  cros  I  knlle  the  heerdys  [shepherd's]  jerde; 
Therwith  the  deuyl  a  dent  he  3af. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.).  p.  204. 

Ther-fore  on  his  s^rde  skore  shalle  he  [the  marshal] 
AUe  messys  in  halle  that  seruet  be. 

Babeeg  Book  (E.  E.  T.  3.),  p.  312. 

Whan  Joseph  offeryd  his  ^erde  that  day, 

Anon  ryth  ffortli  in  present 
The  ded  styk  do  floure  tful  gay. 

Coventry  Mytteries,  p.  6. 

Hence  —  2t,  Rule;  direction;  correction. 

"  Hoate,"  quod  he,  '*I  am  under  your  yerde  ; 
Ye  han  of  us  as  now  the  governaunce." 

Chaucer,  Prol.  to  Clerks  Tale,  1.  22. 

3,  A  measuring-rod  or  -stick  of  the  exact  length 
of  3  feet  or  36  imperial  inches ;  a  yardstick. 

You  would  not,  sir:  had  I  the  yeard  in  hand, 
Ide  measure  your  pate  for  this  delusion. 
Heywood,  Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchaiige(Work8,ed.l874,II.40X 

4,  The  fundamental  unit  of  English  long  mea- 
sure. The  prototype  of  the  British  Imperial  yard  (to 
which  the  United  Slates  Office  of  Weights  and  Measures 
conforms,  thoutfh  without  express  authority)  was  legal- 
ized in  1»&5.  It  is  a  bar  nmde  of  a  kind  of  bronze  or  gun- 
metal  known  as  BaUu'i  metal.  It  has  a  square  section 
of  1  inch  on  the  sides,  and  is  3S  inches  long.  But  at  I 
inch  from  each  end  a  well  is  drilled  into  one  of  Its  sur- 
faces «o  that  the  bottom  it  in  the  central  plane  of  the  bar, 
and  tnt4t  the  bijttotn  of  the  well  is  sunk  a  gold  plug,  upon 
whose  mat  surface  is  engraved  one  of  the  two  defining 
lines.  The  yard  is  defined  as  the  distance  between  these 
lines  at  62*  K.,  with  tlie  understanding  that  the  bar  is 
to  be  supported  in  a  particular  manner,  and  that  the 
thermometers  are  U)  l>e  constructed  according  to  certain 
rules.  The  lines  are  designed  to  l>e  looked  at  with  the 
microscopes  of  a  ci>ntparator ;  but  they  are  not  so  free 
from  blur  that  their  middles  can  lie  determined  more 
nearly  than  U*  a  millionth  part  of  the  distance  between 
tliem.  This  staudard  was  made  after  the  practical  de- 
itruction  of  the  previous  legal  prototype,  that  of  1760, 
in  the  burning  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  Octol>er  16th, 
1834.  and  was  legalized  as  a  new  prototype  because  its 
length  agreed  with  what  had  been  recognized  In  1819  \ty 
the  .Standards  romniiHsion  asthe  scientific  standard  yard  — 
namely,  with  a  certain  scale,  or  rather  with  Captidn  Ka- 
ter's  measures  of  th:it  scale,  known  as  Shuckbtirgh'H  scale, 
having  l>een  made  in  1794  by  Troughton  for  Sir  George 
Shuckburgh,  who  in  his  comparisons  of  it  first  introduced 
the  comparator  with  micrometer  microscopes.  Tlds  scale 
was  a  copy  of  another  which  had  \wen  made  for  the  Royal 
Society  in  1742,  from  which  the  standard  of  1760  was 
copied.  This  was  a  bar  having  upon  one  side  two  gold 
studs,  each  with  a  dot  pricked  upon  it;  and  it  was  used 
by  bringing  the  jmints  of  a  beam-compass  Into  these  dots, 
which  had  thus  S'ton  Ijecome  badly  worn.  Older  standards 
itill  extantare  those  of  (iueen  Elizabeth  and  of  Henry  VII. 
The  latter  ft  shorter  than  the  present  yard  by  one  thou- 
sandth part  of  its  length,  or  al)OUt  ;V  of  an  inch.  It  is  said 
thut  the  yard  was  made  to  be  of  tlie  length  of  Henry  I.'s 
arm  — doutitle»«8  a  falde,  even  if  helieved  by  that  monarch 
himself.  Customary  units  are  not  changed  so  easily.  Yet 
It  Is  true  that  there  a|)pear  t«ibe  no  traces  in  the  measures 
of  buildings  earlier  than  the  twelfth  century  of  the  use  of  a 

f'ard  equal  to  onrs,  nor  (d  its  snbilivisions ;  while  ii»  the 
ater  Norman  and  Gothic  structures  a  foot  eqnal  to  the 
third  of  our  yard  has  often  clearly  l)een  used.     But  the 


7009 

Gothic  architects  of  England  more  usually  employed  a 
foot  of  13^  modern  inches,  a  unit  probaldy  derived  from 
France;  and  the  oldest  works  show  a  foot  of  12i  modern 
inches,  no  doubt  the  old  Saxon  foot,  agreeing  very  nearly 
with  the  Rhineland  foot  of  modern  Germany.  Some  Brit- 
ish remains,  as  Stonehenge,  were  evidently  constiucLed 
with  Roman  measures.  The  Standards  Commission  of 
1819  reported  that  37  inches  of  cloth  were  frequently  given 
for  each  yard,  which  is  almost  precisely  Rhenish  measure. 
They  also  found  local  yards  of  38  and  40  inches.  As  a  cloth 
measure,  the  yard  is  divided  into  4  quarters  =  16  nails. 
(See  cloth-measure,  under  ineasxire.)  A  square  yard  con- 
tains 9  8<iuare  feet,  and  a  cubic  yard  27  cubic  feet.  Con- 
tracted yd. 

A  good  oke  stafFe,  a  yard  and  a  half  e. 

Each  one  had  In  his  hande. 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Peddlers  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  244X 

That  there  might  be  no  Abuse  in  Measures,  he  [Henry 
I.]  ordained  a  Measure  made  by  the  Length  of  his  own 
Arm,  which  is  called  a  Yard.        Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  38. 

5,  ^awf.,a  long  cylindrical  spar  having  a  roimd- 
ed  taper  toward  each  end,  slung  crosswise  to  a 
mast  and  used  for  suspending  certain  of  the 
sails  called  cxihev  square  or  lateen  sails  accord- 
ing as  the  yard  is  sus]>ended  at  right  angles  or 
obliquely.  Yards  have  sheave-holes  neartheirextremi- 
tiea  for  the  sheets  reeving  through.  Either  end  of  a  yard, 
or  rather  that  part  of  it  which  is  outside  the  sheave-hole, 
is  called  the  yard-arm;  the  quarter  of  a  yard  is  about 
half-way  between  the  sheave-hole  and  the  slings.  Going 
upward  from  the  deck,  the  yards  are  known  as  the  lower 
yards,  topsail-,  topgallant-,  &nd  royal-yards,  except  where 
double  topsails  are  used,  when  the  topsall-yard  is  replaced 
by  the  lower  and  upper  topsail- yards.  Lower  yards  and 
topsail-yards  are  sometimes  made  of  iron,  and  hollow. 
See  cuts  at  abox,  a-cockbitl,  cockscomb,  and  tihip. 

I  boarded  the  king's  ship  ;  ...  on  the  topmast, 
The  yards,  and  bowsprit  would  I  flame. 

Shak..  Tempest,  i.  2.  200. 

Three  new  topsails,  .  .  .  with  stops  and  frapping-lines, 

were  bent  to  the  yards,  close-reefed,  sheeted  home,  and 

hoisted.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  Before  the  Mast,  p.  260. 

6.  A  long  piece  of  timber,  as  a  rafter,  Oxford 
Glossary. — 7.  In  her.y  a  bearing  representing  a 
staff  or  wand  divided  into  equal  parts,  as  if  for 
a  measure. —  8.  The  virile  member ;  the  penis. 
—  After-yards  {iiaut,\  the  yards  on  the  mainmast  and 
mizzenmast.— Golden  Yard  or  Yard  and  Ell,  a  popular 
name  of  the  three  stars  in  the  belt  of  Orion.— Slings  of 

a  yaxd.    see  Win^i.— To  man  the  yards,  to  place  men 

on  the  yards  of  a  ship— a  form  of  saluting  a  distinguished 
person  visiting  the  vessel.  They  stand  on  the  yards,  each 
with  his  inner  arm  over  the  life-line,  and  the  other  arm 
outstretched  to  the  shoulder  of  the  man  next  him.— To 
point  the  yards  of  a  vessel.  See  points.— ^o  allng 
the  yards,  to  traverse  a  yard,  to  trim  the  yards. 
See  tne  verlis.- With  spur  and  yardt.  See  spvr.~ 
Yard  of  ale,  beer,  or  wine,  (a)  A  slender  glass,  a  yard 
in  length,  and  capalde  of  holding  a  pint.  Hence  — (6) 
A  pint  of  ale,  beer,  or  wine  served  in  a  yard-glass,  and 
usually  drunk  for  amusement  or  on  a  wager,  on  account  of 
the  likelihtXMl  of  spilling  or  choking.  Compare  ale-yard. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

At  the  annual  Vinls,  or  feast,  of  the  mock  corporation 
of  Hanlcy  (StaffordshireX  the  initiation  of  each  meml)er, 
in  1783,  consisted  in  his  swearing  fealty  to  the  body,  and 
drinking  a  yard  o/ urine —i.e.,  a  pint  of  port  or  sherry  ont 
of  a  glaiis  one  yard  in  length.      N.  andQ.,  4th  ser.,X.  49. 

Yard  of  flannel.  Sameasef/f/yf/p.— Yairdofland.  Same 
as  f/ard-laifi. 
yard^  (yard),  V.  t.  [<  yard^,  n. :  with  ref.  to  the 
yards  or  staves  of  office  carried  by  the  coro- 
ner.] To  summon  for  hiring:  a  process  for- 
merly used  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  executed  by 
the  coroner  of  the  sheading  or  district  on  be- 
half of  the  deemsters  and  others  entitled  to  a 
priority  of  choice  of  the  servants  at  a  fair  or 
market. 

An  obstruction  both  to  the  Farmers,  Deemsters,  and  other 
Officers,  who  should  have  the  Benefit  of  yarded  Servants. 
Statute  (1067),  quoted  in  Ribton-Turner's  Vagi-ants  and 
[Vagrancy,  p.  450. 

yard^  (yiird),  w.  [Also  dial,  (Sc.)  yaird;  <  ME. 
ycrd,  7erd,  <  AS.  geard,  an  inclosure,  court, 
yard,  c  D.  gaardy  a  garden,  =  OHG.  gart,  a 
circle,  ring,  =  Icel.  gardhr,  an  inclosure,  yard 
(>  E.  garth^)y  =  Dan.  gaard,  a  yard,  court, 
farm,  =  Norw.  gaard,  a  yard,  farm,  =  Sw. 
gdrd,  a  yard ;  also  in  a  weak  form,  OS.  gardo 
=  OFries.  garda  =  OHG.  garto,  MHG.  garte, 
G.  garten,  garden,  =  Goth,  garda,  inclosure, 
stall,  =  L.  hortn.f,  a  garden.  =  Gr.  x^P'^'^^j  a 
yard,  court,  =  Russ.  gorodii,  a  town  (as  in 
Novgorod,  etc.);  orig.  *an  inclosure,'  from  the 
verb  represented  by  gird :  see  gird^.  Cf .  cohort, 
court.  The  word  exists  disguised  in  orchard. 
From  the  G.  or  LG.  forms,  through  OF.,  comes 
also  E.  garden,  and,  from  the  Seand..  E.  garth^.] 
1.  A  piece  of  inclosed  ground  of  small  or  mod- 
erate size;  particularly,  a  piece  of  ground  in- 
closing or  adjoining  a  house  or  other  building, 
or  inclosed  by  it:  as,  a  front  yard;  a  court- 
yord ;  a  doorywrrf;  a  churehyorr?;  aninn-yarf/; 
a  h^vii-yard ;  a  vineyard, 

A  col-fox  .  .  .  thnrgh-out  the  hegces  brast 
In-to  the  yerd  ther  Chaiintt'cleer  the  faire 
Was  won^  and  eek  hise  wyves,  to  rcpaire. 

Chaucer,  Nun's  Priest  s  Tale,  1.  I'M. 


yard-land 

I  found  her  seated  in  a  little  Ijack  parlor,  the  window  of 
which  looked  out  upon  a  yard  about  eight  feet  sfiuare,  laid 
out  as  a  flower-garden.  Irving,  Sketch-Bouk,  p.  147. 

In  the  precincts  of  the  chapel-yarrf. 
Among  the  knightly  brasses  of  the  graves. 

Tennyson,  Merlin  and  Vivien. 

Most  of  the  houses  [at  Concord,  Mass.],  especially  the 
newer  ones,  stand  in  their  own  well-kept  grounds  ov  yards, 
facing  the  road,  with  no  fence  or  hedge  to  sever  them  from 
the  highway.  Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XLIII.  679. 

2.  An  inclosure  within  which  any  work  or  bus- 
iness is  carried  on:  as,  a  brick-yarrf;  a  wood- 
yard;  a  tan-yard;  a  doe^-yard;  a  stock-yard;  a 
nsLvy-yard. 

The  yardtt,  great  fenced-in  portions  of  the  place  open- 
ing into  one  another,  the  largest  covering  a  few  acres,  con- 
veying into  smalleraiid  smaller  pens,  which  finally  permit 
only  one  sheep  abreast  to  pass  up  the  narrow  lane,  at  the 
top  of  which  stands  a  swing  gate  and  two  series  of  pens 
distinct  from  one  another. 

Percy  Clarke,  The  New  Chum  in  Australia,  p.  174. 

3.  In  railway  usage,  the  space  or  tract  adja- 
cent to  a  railway  station  or  terminus,  which  is 
used  for  the  switching  or  making  up  of  trains, 
the  accommodation  of  rolling-stock,  and  similar 
purposes,  it  includes  all  sidings  and  roundhouses, 
etc.,  and,  at  way-stations,  extends  from  the  moat  distant 
switch  or  signal-post  in  one  direction  of  the  line  to  the 
most  distant  signals  in  the  opposite  direction. 

4.  A  garden ;  now,  chiefly,  a  kitchen-  or  cot- 
tage-garden: as,  a  kskle-yard.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
Scotch.] 

Vnto  ane  plesand  grund  cumin  ar  thay,  .  .  . 
The  lusty  orchartis  and  the  halesnm  ^ardis 
Of  happy  saulis  and  wele  fortunate. 

Gavin  Douglas,  tr.  of  Virgil,  p.  187. 

He  [Christ]  said  himself,  quhen  he  was  in  the  yaird  afore 
he  was  takin,  Tristis  est  anima  mca  usque  mortis. 
Abp.  Hamilton,  Catechism  (1552),  fol.  102  b.    (Jamieson.) 

I-ang  syne,  in  Eden's  lionnie  yard, 
When  youthfu'  lovers  first  were  pair'd. 

Bums,  Address  to  the  De'il. 

5.  The  winter  pasture  or  browsing-ground  of 
moose  and  deer;  a  moose-yard.  [U.  S.  and 
Canada.] — 6.  A  measure  of  land  in  England, 
varying  locally:  in  Buckinghamshire,  former- 
ly, 28  to  40  acres ;  in  Wiltshire,  a  quarter  of  an 
acre.     Compare  yard-land. 

yard2  (yard),  v.  [<  yard'^,  ».]  1.  tra)is.  To 
put  into  or  inclose  in  a  yard  ;  shut  up  in  a 
yard,  as  cattle:  as,  to  yard  cows. 

II,  intrans.  1.  To  resort  to  winter  pastures: 
said  of  moose  and  deer.     [U.  S.] 

It  [the  caribou]  never  yard*  in  winter  as  do  the  deer  and 
moose,  nor  dttes  it  show  the  same  fondness  for  a  given 
locality.  Harpers  Slag.,  LXXVIT.  506. 

2.  To  shoot  deer  in  their  winter  yards.  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.] 

"  Pot-hunters  "  have  other  methods  of  shooting  the  Adi- 
rondack deer,  such  us  yarding  and  establishing  salt  licks. 
In  the  former  case,  the  deer  are  traced  to  their  winter 
herding  grounds  and  are  then  shot  down. 

Tribune  Book  of  Sportu,  p.  432. 

yardage  (yilr'daj),  n.  [<  yard'^  +  -fige.^  1. 
The  use  or  convenience  of  a  yard  or  inclosui'e, 
as  in  receiving,  lading,  or  unlading  cattle,  etc., 
from  railroad-cars. —  2.  The  charge  made  for 
such  use  or  convenience. —  3.  In  coal-mining, 
cutting  coal  at  so  much  per  yard  or  fathom. 

yard-arm  (yard'sii-m),  n.  6ee  yard^,  v„  5. — 
Yard-arm  and  yard-arm,  the  situation  of  two  ships 
lying  alongside  of  each  other  so  near  that  their  yard-arms 
cross  or  toucli.     Compare  block  and  block,  under  block^. 

The  Bulldog  engaged  the  Friseur  yard-arm  and  yard- 
ann,  three  glasses  and  a  half;  but  wmh  obliged  to  sheer 
off  for  want  of  powder.  Johnson,  Idler,  No.  7. 

yardel  (yiir'del),  n.  [<  yartO-.~\  A  yard-mea- 
sure.    [Provincial.] 

I  am  glad  you  .  .  .  disdain  measuring  lines  like  linen 
by  a  yn  rdel. 

W.  Taylor,  1804  (Robberds's  Memoir,  I.  493).    {Danes.) 

yard-grass  (yard'gras),  n.  Same  as  uire- 
grass,  2. 

yardkeep  (yiird'kep),  n.     Same  as  yarwhelp. 

yard-land  (yard'land),  v.  The  area  of  land 
held  by  a  tenant  in  villeinage  in  early  English 
manors,  consisting  usually  of  an  aggregate  of 
some  30  strips  in  the  open  fields  with  a  mes- 
suage in  the  village.  In  some  counties  it  was 
15  acres;  in  others  20  or  24,  and  even  40  acres. 
See  holding,  3  {a).     Also  yard  of  land. 

Now  I  am  come  to  my  living,  which  is  ten  yard  layul  &nd 
a  house ;  and  there  is  never  a  yard  lantf  in  our  field  but 
is  as  well  worth  ten  pounds  a  year  as  a  thief  is  worth  a 
halter.  Steele,  Si)ectator,  No.  324. 

The  nunil>er  of  farmers  had  much  dimiin'shed,  and  some 
had  as  much  as  three  yard  lands  (a  yard  land  is  thirty 
acres).  Nineteenth  Century,  XIX.  902. 

A  very  simple  man  .  .  .  obtained  the  reversion  of  a  mes- 
suage in  Alston  Sutton,  Somersetshire,  consisting  of  1  cot- 
tage, 3  acres  of  land,  10  acres  of  nrable.  1  yard-land,  and 
a  meadow.  //.  lla'l.  Society  in  Elizabetlian  Age,  iii. 


yard-limit 

yard-limit  (yard'lim'it),  M.  On  a  railway,  the 
extreme  end  of  the  yard-space  occupied  by  sid- 
ings and  switches  :  usually  indicated  by  a  sign 
beside  the  track. 

yardman  (yiird'man),  H. ;  pi.  yardmen  (-men). 

1 .  The  laborer  who  has  the  special  care  of  a 
farm-yard.  Halliwell.  [Prov.  Eng.]  —  2.  One 
who  is  employed  in  a  railway-yard  under  the 
yard-master,  to  assist  in  switching  ears  and 
making  up  trains.     Also  yanUman. 

Labourers  (including  yardmen  and  stokers). 

Elect.  Rev.  (Eng.),  XXV.  432. 

yard-master  (yard'mas"ter),  n.  A  man  em- 
ployed under  the  manager  of  a  railway  to  su- 
perintend a  terminal  yard,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
see  to  the  proper  switching  and  distribution  of 
cars  coming  into  the  yard,  and  to  the  proper 
making  up  of  trains  to  be  sent  out  of  the  yard. 

yard-measure  (yard'mezh"ur),  n.  A  measure 
3  feet  in  length,  made  of  either  rigid  or  flexible 
material. 

yard-rope  (yUrd'rop),  ».  Naut.,  a  rope  leading 
through  a  block  or  sheave  at  the  masthead  to 
send  a  topgallant-  or  royal-yard  up  or  down. 

yard-slings  (yard'slingz),  11.  pi.  Short  lengths 
of  chain  extending  from  the  middle  of  a  lower 
yard  to  the  lower  masthead,  to  aid  in  support- 
ing the  weight  of  the  yard. 

yardsman  (yardz'man),  «.  Same  as  yardman,  2. 

yardstick  (yard'stik),  w.  1.  A  stick  or  rod 
exactly  3  feet  long,  generally  marked  with  sub- 
divisions, as  quarters  and  eighths  of  the  yard 
on  the  one  side,  and  inches,  or  perhaps  feet  and 
inches,  on  the  other.     See  yard^,  ».,  3,  4. 

The  yardstick  is  divided  in  its  practical  use  into  halves, 
quarters,  eighths,  etc.,  by  successive  bisectiuns. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XIII.  423. 

Let  the  yardstick  dispute  heraldic  honors  \vi  tit  the  swoi-d. 
O.  W.  CuHis,  Harper's  Mag.,  LXXVII.  147. 

Hence  —  2.  Figuratively,  a  standard  of  mea- 
surement in  general. 

Senator  Thurinau  was  content  to  measure  the  Bland 
Bill  with  the  naid  stick  uf  the  constitutional  lawyer,  and, 
finding  full  measure  by  that  staiulard,  to  give  it  his  ap- 
proval. N.  A.  Rei\,  CXXVI.  507. 

yard-tackle  (yard'tak'l),  «.  A  large  tackle 
used  on  the  lower  yards,  in  connection  with 
the  stay-taekles,  for  getting  the  boom-boats  in 
and  out,  purchasing  anchors,  etc.  Luce,  Sea- 
manship, p.  77. 

yard-wand  (yiird'wond),  n.     1.  A  yardstick. 

Tlie  smooth-faced  snul)-no3ed  rogue  would  leap  from 
his  counter  an<]  till. 
And  strilie,  if  he  could,  were  it  but  with  his  cheating 
yardwand,  home.  Tennyson,  Maud,  i.  13. 

2.  [c«/).]  See  Orion,  1. 

yarel  (yar),  a.  [<  ME.  yare,  gare,  <  AS.  yearn, 
(jearo  {gearw-),  ready,  quick,  prompt,  =  OS. 
(jaru  =  D.  (laar,  done,  dressed  (as  meat),  = 
OHG.  garo  {garaw-},  MHG.  gare  (garw-),  G.  gar, 
ready,  complete,  =  Icel.  giirr,  gerr,  perfect 
(Gotli.  not  recorded);  cf.  AS.  earu  =  OS.  am, 
ready,  forms  appar.  related  to  the  preceding, 
which  must  then  contain  a  prefix,  namely  AS. 
gearii,  <  ge-,  a  collective  or  generalizing  prefix, 
+  earn,  ready.  For  another  supposed  instance 
of  this  prefix  absorbed  with  the  folio  wing  vowel, 
see  go.    The  prefix  is  contained  also  in  year)fi.'\ 

1.  Keady;  prepared. 

Which  schip  was  parent, 
To  fare  forth  at  that  Hod. 

WiUiam  o/Palenie  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2729. 
This  Tereus  let  make  his  sbippes  vare. 

Chaucer,  Good  Women,  1.  2270. 
But  afore  ye  ha'e  your  bow  weel  bent, 

And  a'  your  arrows  yare, 
I  will  flee  till  anither  treej 

Whare  I  can  better  fare. 

L<jrd  Randal  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  24). 
The  gunner  held  his  linstock  yare, 
For  welcome-slKjt  prepared. 

Scott,  Marmion,  i.  9. 

2.  Prompt;  active;  brisk;  sprightly. 

To  oflyr  loke  that  ye  be  yore.  York  Plays,  p.  30. 

I  do  desire  to  learn,  sir ;  and  I  hope,  if  you  have  occa- 
sion to  use  me  for  your  own  turn,  you  shall  find  me  yare. 
Shak.,  11.  for  M.,  iv.  2.  61. 
The  Spani.ard  was  as  yare  in  slipping  his  chained  Orap- 
nalls  as  Merhani  was  in  cutting  the  tackling. 

Caiit.  John  Smith,  True  Travels,  I.  5X 

3.  Easily  wrought ;  answering  quickly  to  the 
helm;  manageable;  swift:  said  of  a  ship. 

The  lesser  [ship]  will  come  and  go,  leave  and  take,  and 
is  yare,  whereas  the  other  is  slow.  Ralevjh. 

Their  ships  are  yare;  yours,  heavy. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  iii.  7.  39. 
Like  a  new-rigg'd  ship,  both  tight  and  yare. 

JUaseinr/er,  Maid  of  Honour,  ii.  2. 
[Now  provincial  in  all  uses.] 


7010 

yare^  (ySr),  adv.  [<  ME.  yore,  gare,  <  AS. 
gearwe,  readily,  quickly  (=  D.  gnar  =  OHG. 
garo,  garawo,  MHG.  gare,  gar,  G.  gar  =  Icel. 
gor-,  ger-,  giirv-,  wholly,  quite).  <  gearu,  ready: 
see  yare^,  a.]  Briskly;  dexterously;  yarely. 
[Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

Oure  old  lawes  as  now  thei  hatte  [hate], 
And  his  kepis  [keep]  jare. 

York  Plays,  p.  213. 
Give  me  my  robe,  put  on  my  crown  :  .  .  . 
Yare,  yare,  good  Iras  ;  quick. 

Shak.,  A.  and  C,  v.  2.  286. 
yare^,  a.     See  yar'i. 

yarely (yar'li),  «(7t).  [<yare^+ -Jy'^.']  Readily; 
dexterously ;  skilfully. 

Speak  to  the  mariners ;  fall  to 't,  yarely,  or  we  run  our- 
selves aground  ;  bestir,  bestir.       Shak.,  'fempest,  i.  1.  4. 

yarfcl  (yark),  v.  t.  [<  ME.  s^rken,  gerkeii,  <  AS. 
gearcian,  make  ready,  prepare,  <  geare,  ready.] 

1.  To  make  ready;  prei)are.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

But  gif  we  loue  hym  trewe, 

Houre  peynys  ben  in  helle, 
^arkyd  euere  newe. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  151. 
For  wite  ge  neuere  who  is  worthi,  ac  god  wote  who  hath 

nede, 
In  hym  that  taketh  is  the  treccherye,  if  any  tresoun  wawe. 
For  he  that  siueth,  geldeth,  and  .jarketh  hym  to  Teste. 

Piers  Ploimnan  (B),  vii.  80. 
In  a  night  and  a  day  would  he  liauc  yarkl  vp  a  Pam- 
phlet as  well  as  in  seauen  yeare. 

Nashe,  Strange  Newes,  quoted  in  Greene's  Works 
[(ed.  Dyce),  p.  xxxix. 

2t.  To  dispose. 

Thai  kepyn  the  cloyse  of  this  clene  burgh. 
With  gep  men  at  the  yatis  jarkit  full  thik. 

Destruction  0/ Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  11264. 

3t.  To  set  open;  open. 

They  golden  hym  the  brode  gate,  parked  vp  wyde, 

(fe  he  hem  raysed  rekenly,  &  rod  oner  the  brygge. 

Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  820. 

yark^  (yark),  V.  and  n.     A  variant  of  yerlfl. 

Still  yarkinff  never  leaves  until  himself  he  fling 
Above  the  streamful  top  of  the  surrounded  heap. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vi.  24. 

yark6  (yar'ke),  n.  The  black  white-headed 
saki,  I'itheria  leucocepkala,  or  other  member  of 
the  same  genus. 

yarly  (yar'li),  adv.  An  obsolete  or  dialectal 
form  of  early. 

W'hat,  is  he  styrrynge  so  yarly  this  mornynge  whiche 
dranke  so  moche  yesternyghte? 

Palsgrave,  Acolastus  (1540).    (Halliwell.) 

yarm  (yarm),  n.  [<  ME.  garm,  an  outcry :  see 
yarm,  «.]     An  outcry;  a  noise.      [Prov.  Eng.] 

Such  a  gomerly  ;jarin  of  gellyng  tber  rysed, 
Ther-of  clatered  the  dondes  that  kryst  mygt  haf  rawthe. 
Alliterative  Poems  (ed.  Morris),  ii.  971. 

yarm  (yarm),  V.  i.    [<  ME.  garmen,  gernien,  <  AS. 
gyrman,  make  a  noise,  cry  out.]      1.  To  cry 
out ;   make  a  loud  unjjleasant  noise.     [Prov. 
Eng.] 
The  fend  began  to  erie  and  ,^arm. 

MS.  Lincoln.    (Halliwell.) 

2.  To  scold;  grumble.   Halliwell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 
yarnl  (yarn),  «.     [<  ME.  yarn,  gam,  gem,  <  AS. 

gcam,  thread,  yarn,  =  D.  garen  =  OHG.  MHG. 
G.  gam  =  Sw.  Dan.  gam,  thread,  net;  akin  to 
Icel.  gorn,  pi.  garuir,  gut,  G.  gam,  one  of  the 
stomachs  of  a  ruminant, Gr.;i'<'/"'^>  a  cord,  chord: 
see  chord,  cord'^,  harnspcx,  etc.]  1.  Originally, 
thread  of  any  kind  si)un  from  natural  fibers, 
vegetable  or  animal,  or  oven  mineral;  now, 
more  usually,  thread  prepared  for  weaving,  as 
distinguished  from  sewing-thread  of  any  sort. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  stout  woolen  thread 
used  for  knitting,  etc. 

All  the  yarn  she  spun  in  Ulysses*  absence  did  hut  fill 
Ithaca  full  of  moths.  Shak. ,  Cor.,  i.  3.  93. 

With  here  and  there  a  tuft  of  crimson  yarn. 
Or  scarlet  crewel,  in  the  cushion  flx'd. 

Cowper,  Task,  i.  53. 
2.  Rope-yarn. —  3.  A  story;  a  tale:  often  im- 
plying the  marvelous  or  untrue :  applied  to  a 
long  story,  with  allusion  to  spinning  yarn  :  as, 
do  you  expect  us  to  believe  such  a  yarn  as  that  ? 
a  sailors'  yarn.     [Colloq.] 

It  is  n't  everybody  that  likes  these  sea-j/arn*  as  you  do, 
Eve.  No,  I'll  belay,  and  let  my  betters  get  a  word  in  now. 
C.  Reade,  Love  Me  Little,  iii. 
Connaught  yam,  a  soft  and  elastic  yarn  jiroduced  in 
Connaught,  Ireland.  — Cop-yam,  the  technical  name  for 
yarn  as  removed  from  the  spindle. — Half- worsted  yam. 
Sameassai/effc,  2.— Haulof  yam.  See  Aaiii.— Lamb'8- 
wool  yarn.  See  lamb's-wooL^Mixed  yam,  a  yarn  in 
whicli  two  or  more  flliei  s  are  combined,  as  in  a  poplin,  cas- 
sinette,  tweeil,  etcr.—  Norwegian  yam,  lamb's-wool  yam 
from  the  Scandinavian  peninsula.  It  conies  in  the  natu- 
ral colors,  both  black  and  gray.— Random  yam.  See 
random. —  Rogue's  yam.  See  roytu.  —  Saxony  yam,  a 
vai  iety  of  Berlin  wool.— Spun  yam,  to  spin  a  yam,  to 
spin  street-yam.  Sees/im.- Turkey  yam.  Sce^n- 
gora  i/imt.  nmler<;o«(i.  — Worsted  yam,  yarn  made  from 
long-haired  or  combed  wool,  and  consisting  either  entirely 


yarrow 

of  wool,  or  of  wool  combined  with  mohair  and  alpaca,  or  of 
wool  and  cotton,  or  of  wool  and  silk.  Such  yarns  are  called 
fancy  yams,  and  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  tibet, 
merino,  etc.— Yam-assorter,  a  weighing-scale  for  in- 
dicating the  fliH-ness  of  yarn  by  the  weight  of  a  skein ; 
a  yarn  scale.— Yam-flocking  maclilne,  a  machine  for 
twisting  foreign  materials,  as  feathers,  into  yarn,  Uj  pro- 
duce unique  elfects.— Yam-washing  loUers.an  appa- 
ratus for  washing  yarn  by  the  agency  of  a  pair  of  pressure- 
rollera. 
yarni  (yam),  v.  i.  [<  yam^,  n.]  To  tell  stories ; 
spin  yarns.    [Colloq.,  and  originally  nautical.] 

The  time  was  the  second  dogwatch,  and  all  the  crew 
would  be  forward  on  the  forecastle,  yarning  and  smoking 
and  taking  sailors'  pleasure. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Jack's  Courtship,  xxx. 

The  first  lieutenant  is  yarning  with  me  under  the  lee 
of  the  bulwarks.  Scribner's  Mag.,  VUl.  465. 

yarn^  (yam),  r.  t.  Same  as  yearn^,  a  dialectal 
variant  of  eam^. 

When  rain  is  a  let  to  thy  dooings  abrode, 
Set  threshers  a  threshing  to  laie  on  good  lode : 
Thresh  cleane  ye  must  bid  them,  though  lesser  they  yarn. 
And  looking  to  thriue  liaue  an  eie  to  thy  barne. 

Tusser,  Husbandry,  p.  57.    (Daries.) 

yam-beam   (yam'bem),    n.     In   wearing,  the 

beam  on  which  the  warp-threads  are  wound. 

Also  called  yarn-roll. 
yam-clearer  (yiim'kler"er),  v.    A  fork  or  pair 

of  blades,  set  nearly  touching,  so  as  to  remove 

burls  or  unevenness  from  yarn  passing  between 

them.     IC.  H.  Knight. 
yam-dresser  (yiim'dres''''er),  n.      A  machine 

for  sizing,  drying,  and  polishing  yarns. 
yarnent  (yiir'nen),  a.    [<  yam^  +  -e)i2.]    Made 

of  yarn ;  consisting  of  yarn. 
A  paire  of  yam^n  stocks  to  keepe  the  colde  away. 

HakluyVs  Voyages,  I.  388. 

yarn-meter  (yarn'me'ter).  n.  In  spinning,  an 
attachment  to  a  slubber,  fly-frame,  spinning- 
frame,  or  mule,  for  measuring  the  yarns  as  they 
are  made.  It  indicates  the  amount  in  hanks 
and  decimal  parts  of  a  hank. 

yam-printer  (yarn'prin'ter),  n.  An  appara- 
tus for  applying  color  to  yarns  designed  to  be 
used  in  certain  styles  of  carpets  and  in  tapes- 
try ;  a  yam-printing  machine  for  distributing 
the  color  at  regular  intervals  on  the  yam,  for 
the  purpose  of  producing  certain  decorative 
patterns  in  weaving. 

yam-reel  (yam'rel),  n.  A  reel  which  winds 
the  yarn  from  the  cop  or  bobbin. 

yam-roll  fyam'rol).  «.     Same  as  yarn-beam. 

yarn-scale  (yam'skal),  n.  A  scale  for  weighing 
certain  lengths  of  yarn. 

yam-spooler  (yam'spo'ler),  n.  A  winding- 
machine  for  filling  spools  or  bobbins  for  shut- 
tles or  other  purposes.    E.  B.  Knight. 

yam-tester  (yiirn ' tes " ter),  w.  l.  An  appa- 
ratus for  testing  the  strength  of  yams  and 
finding  their  elastic  limit  or  stretch'.  The  yam 
to  be  tested  is  placed  on  two  hooks,  that  are  slowly 
drawn  ajiart  by  means  of  a  screw  till  the  yarn  breaks. 
A  dial  indicates  the  breaking-strain  of  the  yarn  in  pounds, 
and  another  dial  records  the  elastic  limit. 
2.  A  device  for  reeling  yarn  on  a  blackened 
cylinder,  to  throw  it  into  sharp  contrast,  for 
the  purpose  of  examining  it  for  quality,  even- 
ness, etc. 

yamut,  «.     See  yernut. 

yam-'Winder  (yarn'win"der),  «.  A  yarn-reel 
or  a  yarn-spooler. 

yarpna  (yiir'fii),  n.  A  kind  of  peaty  soil;  a 
soil  in  whicli  peat  predominates.  [Orkney 
and  Shetland.] 

We  turn  pasture  to  tillage,  and  barley  into  aitp,  and 
heather  into  greensward,  and  tlie  poor  parpha,  as  the  be- 
nighted creatures  here  call  their  peat-bogs,  into  baittle 
grass-land.  Scotl,  Pirate,  xxxv. 

yarrl  (yar),  n.  [Perhaps  connected  with  yar- 
row.'i  The  eom-spurry,  S;)fr(7«to  an'ejisis.  See 
spurry. 

yarr-,  r.  i.     See  yar'>. 

yarringle  (yar'ing-gl),  ».  [Also  yartcingle;  < 
ME.  "garu-yngyV,  gartryngyll,  gartcyndyl,  gar- 
u-yndyl,  gameiryndel ;  <  yarn  +  irindle.)  An 
old-fashioned  instrument  for  winding  yarn  by 
hand  into  balls.  Also  called  a  pair  of  yarrin- 
ijles.  Prompt.  Porr..  pp.  188  and  536."  (Halli- 
well.)    [Prov.  Eng.] 

yarrish  (yiir'ish),  a.  [<  yar^  +  -!«7(1.]  Hav- 
ing a  rough,  dry  taste.     Bailey.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

yarrow  (yar'6),  n.  [<  ME.  yarowe,  garoice, 
yarwe,  gar  we,  K  AS.  gearuue.  gearwe,  gsermce, 
yarrow,  =  D.  gene  =  OHG.  garawa,  garha, 
MHG.  gartce,  G.  garhe,  yarrow ;  origin  un- 
known. Connection  with  AS.  gcarwion,  make 
ready  (<  gearu,  ready,  yare),  is  improbable,  on 
account  of  the  difference  of  meaning.]  The 
milfoil,  Achillea  Millefolium.  See  milfoil,  and 
cut  on  following  page. 


yarrow 


The  Upper  Part  of  the  Stem  with  the  Heads  of  Yarrow  {Achillea 
Mitie/jliiitn).    a,  head  ;  ^.disk-flower;  c,  ray-flower. 

yaxwhelp  {yiir'hwelp),  n.     [Also yarwhip, yard- 
keep:  see  quot.]    Agochvit  —  either  the  blaek- 
tailed,  Limosa  xgocephala,  or  the  bar-tailed,  L. 
lapponica.     [Prov.  Eng.] 
A  yarwftelp,  80  thought  to  be  iiametl  from  its  note. 

Brou-ne^  Birds  of  Norfolk. 

yarwhip  (yiir'hwip),  n.     Same  as  yanchelp. 
yashmaK  (yash'mak),  n.    [Ar.]    The  veil  worn 
by  Moslem  women  in   public — that  is,  when 
not  in  their  own  apartments. 

The  yathmak  is  a  »ort  of  double  veil.  The  first  brouglit 
round  the  foreliead  and  Kathered  neatly  up  behind  and  on 
the  head  ;  the  second,  pinned  on  behind  to  the  first,  falls 
■ufficiently  iu  front  to  uncover  the  eyes. 

E.  Sartoriwi,  In  tlie  Soudan,  p.  19. 

A  bevy  of  Turkish  women,  who,  in  tlieir  white  i/aih- 
maku,  shone  like  a  bed  of  lilies.    Scribner'n  Maff.,  IV.  276. 

yatt  (yat),  n.    An  obsolete  form  of  r/rtffl. 

yataghan  (yat'a-gan),  n.  [Also  ataghaii,  and 
formerly  attmjhan;  <  Turk,  yatatjdii.']  The 
sword  of  Mohammedan  na- 
tions, peculiar  in  having  no 
guard  and  no  cro.sspiece,  but 
usually  a  large  and  often  deco- 
rative pommel.  A  common  form 
has  a  straiglit  back  and  ttie  edge  curv- 
ing, first  concavely,  then  convexly, 
and  again  backward  to  the  point;  an- 
other form  follow-t  the  same  general 
•hape,  but  has  the  back  slii^htly  curved 
to  correspond  to  tlie  ediie  ;  and  a  tliird 
la  curved  in  one  direction  only,  with 
the  edge  on  the  convex  side. 

The  pistol  and  yataghan  worn  in  the 
belt,  a  general  costume  essHntiiilly  the 
same  as  that  of  the  Montenegrin. 

E.  A.  Freeman,  Venice,  p.  198. 

yate  (yat),  w.     An  obsolete  or 
dialectal  form  of  t/iitc^. 
And  if  he  chaunce  come  when  I  am 

al)ro:Mle, 
Sperre   the   jiate  fast,    for   feare   of 

fraude.      Sjteiuter,  Sliep.  Cal.,  May. 

yate-stoop  (yat'stop),  ».  A 
gate-post.  Halliwell.  [Prov. 
Enc-I 

yate-tree  (yat'tre),  n.  A  gum- 
tree,  Eucah/ptu.i  cnrniita.  of 
southwestern  Australia,  yield- 
ing a  tough  elastic  wood  con- 
sidered equal  to  ash  and  used 
for  similar  purposes.  The  fl.it- 
topped  yate-tree,  E.  occidentalig,  is  an  allied  and  equally 
valuable  tree  o(  the  same  region.  Von  Mueller,  .Select 
Extra-trop.  Plunts. 

yaud  (yad),  «.     A  Scotch  form  of  jrtrffi. 
The  Murray,  on  the  aulil  gray  yawl, 
Wi'  winged  .spurs  did  ride. 

BuriDi,  Election  Itallads,  Iv, 

I  will  content  me  with  .  .  .  the  haunch  and  thenom- 
bles  [of  venison),  and  e'eti  heave  up  the  rest  on  tlie  old 
oak-tree  yonder,  anil  come  back  for  it  with  one  of  the 
yaudt.  Scott,  Monastery,  xvii. 

yaul,  n.     See  yatrl^. 

yauld,  o.    See  ynht^. 

yaumering,  ».     See  yammerinti. 

yaup'  (yap),  r.  and  w.  1.  A  dialectal  form  of 
^ilj). — 2.  The  blue  titmouse,  Piiriis  eseruletts, 
more  fully  called  blue  yd  up.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

yaup'^  (yap),  >'•  '•  [Also  yitp.  yape,  yaip;  prob. 
a  particular  use  of  yiipe  for  !i(ipe.'\  To  be  hun- 
gry.    [Scotch  and  prov.  Eng.] 

yaup'-^  (yap),  a.  [Perhaps  for  *uyaup,  var.  of 
aijape,]     Hungry.     [Scotch.] 


Yat.-xtjhan.  North  Af- 
rican tytie. 


Toil 

yaupon  (ya'pon),  v.  Same  as  yapon, 
yavet.  A  Middle  English  form  of  gave^  preterit 
of  give^. 
yaw^  (ya),  r.  [Cf .  Norw.  gaf/cty  bend  backward, 
<  gagr  (=  leel.  gagr,  bent  back) ;  G.  dial,  gagctt, 
rock,  move  unsteadily.]  I,  iu  trans.  To  go 
unsteadily;  bend  or  deviate  from  a  straight 
course:  chiefly  nautical. 

To  (liviJe  liini  inventorially  would  dizzy  the  arithmetic 
of  memory,  and  yet  butyrtic  neither,  in  respect  of  his  quick 
sail.  Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  120. 

She  steered  wild,  yawed,  and  decreased  in  her  i-ate  of 
sailing.  Man-yat,  Frank  MiUlniay,  xx.    (Davieg.) 

The  language  [German]  has  such  a  fatal  genius  for  going 
stern  foremost,  for  yawing,  and  for  not  rainding  the  IieUn 
without  some  ten  minutes'  notice  iu  advance,  th:it  he  must 
be  a  great  sailor  indeed  who  can  safely  make  it  the  vehicle 
for  anything  but  iuiperishable  commodities. 

Lowell,  Among  my  Books,  1st  ser.,  p.  293. 
The  sun  flashed  on  her  streaming  ebony  black  sides  as 
she  yawed  to  the  great  ocean  swell  that  chased  her. 

W,  C.  liussell,  Sailor's  Sweetheart,  v. 

H.  trans.  To  move  aside;  move  from  one  side 
to  the  other.     [Rare.] 

My  eyes !  how  she  [a  mare]  did  pitch !  .  .  . 
And  yatv'd  her  head  about  all  sorts  of  ways. 

Hood,  Sailor's  Apology  for  Bow-legs. 

yaw^  (ya),  n.  [<  y^ici,  v.]  Kaut.,  a  temporary 
deviation  of  a  ship  or  vessel  from  the  direct  line 
of  her  course. 

O,  the  yaws  that  she  will  make ! 
Fletcher  and  Massinger,  A  Very  Woman,  iii.  5. 

He  did  not  see  a  liglit  just  before  us,  which  had  been 
hid  I)y  the  studding-sails  from  the  man  at  the  helm,  but 
by  an  accidental  yaw  of  the  ship  was  discovered. 

B.  Franklin,  Autobiography,  p.  264. 

A  veryred-faceil, thick-lipped  countryman,  .  .  .  as  soon 
as  the  Prince  hailed  him,  jovially,  if  somewhat  thickly, 
answered.  At  the  same  time  he  gave  a  beery  yaw  in  the 
saddle.  R.  h.  Stevenson,  Prince  Otto,  i.  4. 

yaw'-^  (ya).  «.  [Said  to  be  from  African  mow,  a 
raspberry.]  1.  One  of  the  tubercles  charac- 
teristic of  the  disease  known  as  yaws. 

In  some  cases  a  few  yaw8  will  show  themselves  long 
after  the  primary  attack  is  over ;  these  are  called  "memba 
yaws"  {{Torn  "remember").  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIV.  732. 

2.  A  thin  or  defective  place  in  cloth. 
yaw'"^  (7a)*  ^'' «.     [^  ydtc^,  «.]    To  rise  in  blisters, 

l>reaking  in  white  froth,  as  cane-juice  in  the 

sugar-works. 
yawd  (yad).  n.     A  Scotch  form  otjade^. 
yawey  (ya'i),  a.     [<  yau-'^  +  -ey.]     Pertaining 

to  or  characteristic  of  the  yaws. 

That  yaws  is  a  communicable  disease  is  l>eyond  ques- 
tion ;  but  that  it  has  always  arisen  by  conveyance  of 
yawey  matter  from  a  previous  case  is  neither  proved  nor 
probable.  Encyc.  Brit,  XXIV.  732. 

yawl^  (yal),  r.  i.  [Also  yowl;  formerly  also 
yoie  and  gowl;  <  ME.  gouleu,  <  leel.  gatila  =  LG. 
gaueln  =  G.  Jaideu,  howl,  yell;  an  imitative 
word,  like  howl;  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  more 
sonorous  form  of  ycld.']  To  cry  out;  howl; 
yell. 

He  hurtez  of  the  houndez,  &  thay 
Ful  gonierly  .jaule  &  gelle. 
Sir  Qawayne-  ami  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  1451. 
My  little  legs  still  crossing 
His  :  either  kicking  this  way,  that  way  sprawling, 
Or,  if  bee  but  remov'd  me,  straitwales  yauling. 
Heywood,  Dialogues  (Works,  ed.  Pearson,  1874,  VI.  201). 

Then  yelp'd  the  cur,  and  yaui'd  the  cat. 

Tennyson,  The  Goose. 

yawF  (y&l),  n.  [Sometimes  also  yanl ;  <  MD. 
*joU€  (in  dim.  jollekcn),  \y.jol,  a  yawl,  skiff,  = 
Dan.  joUe  =  Sw.  juUe,  a  yawl,  jolly-boat.  Cf. 
jolly-boat.']  1.  A  ship's  small  boat,  usually 
rowed  by  four  or  six  oars;  a  jolly-boat. —  2, 
The  smallest  boat  used  by  fishermen.  See  cut 
under  rowlock. —  3.  A  sail-boat  or  small  yacht 
of  the  cutter  class,  with  a  jigger  and  short  main- 
boom. 

yawn  (yan),  r.  [Early  mod.  E.  yane^  dial. 
gauiu  goan ;  <  ME.  sanon,  ^onen,  ganen^  go- 
neit^  <  AS.  gdnion  =  LG.  Janen  =  OHG.  gcinon, 
MHG.  geinen,  yawn ;  a  secondary  form,  parallel 
to  AS.  ginian  =  OHG.  gincn,  MHG.  gincn,  gettett, 
G.  gdhneHj  yawn ;  both  being  derived  from  a 
strong  verb,  AS.  ginan  (pret.  *gdn),  in  comp. 
to-ginen,  gape  apart,  =  Icel.  gina,  gape:  see 
further  under  begin.  The  form  yawn,  <  AS.  gd- 
nian,  instead  of  *yone  (yon),  is  irreg.,  but  is 
parallel  with  broad  (brod),  <  AS.  brad.  The 
initial  y  for  g  is  also  irregular;  it  is  prob.  duo 
to  an  AS.  var.  ^gcdnian.  or  to  conformation  with 
yavc  for  gave,  etc.]  I,  intrant.  1.  To  gape; 
open;  stand  wide. 

Tlien  from  the  yauming  wound  witli  fury  tore 
The  spear,  pursu'd  by  gushing  streams  of  gore. 

Poi)e,  Iliad,  xii.  471). 
Crowds  that  stream  from  yawning  doors. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ixx. 


ychone 

The  cracks  and  rents  that  had  fissured  tlieir  [the  kilns') 
walls,  fiom  the  fierce  heat  that  once  blazed  within,  were 
yawning  hideously.  Geikie,  Geol.  Sketches,  i. 

Specifically  —  2.  To  open  the  mouth  wide,    (o) 
Voluntarily. 

The  crocodiles  not  oidy  know  the  voice  of  the  priests 
when  tliey  call  unto  them,  and  endure  to  be  handled  and 
stroked  by  them,  but  also  yawn  and  otter  their  teeth  unto 
them  to  be  picked  and  cleansed  with  their  hands. 

Ilvllaml,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  794. 
(b)  Involuntarily,  as  through  drow.sintss  or  dullness; 
gape;  oscitate.     Vompnrc  yaivning. 

When  a  man  yawneth  he  cannot  hear  so  well. 

Bacon,  Nat.  Hist.,  §  283. 
At  every  line  they  stretch,  they  yawn,  they  doze. 

Pope,  Dunciad,  ii.  390. 
And,  leaning  back,  he  yawned  and  fell  asleep, 
Lulled  by  tlie  chant  monotonous  and  deep. 

Longfellotv,  Wayside  Inn,  Tlie  SiuiUan's  Tale. 

3.  To  gape,  as  in  hunger  or  thirst  for  some- 
thing; hence,  to  be  eager;  long. 

The  chiefest  thing  which  lay-reformers  yawn  for  is  that 
the  clergy  may  through  conformity  in  state  and  condition 
be  apostolical,  poor  as  the  Apostles  of  Christ  were  poor. 
Ilooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  Pref.,  iv.  §  ;'. 

4.  To  be  open-mouthed  with  surprise,  bewilder- 
ment, etc.;  be  agape. 

To  yawn,  be  still,  and  wonder, 
When  one  but  of  my  ordinance  stood  up 
To  speak  of  peace  or  war.      Shak.,  Cor.,  iii.  2. 11. 

II.  trans.  1.  To  open;  form  by  opening. 
[Rare.] 

Tlie  groaning  Earth  began  to  reel  and  shake, 
A  horrid  Thunder  in  her  bowels  rnmldes,  .  .  . 
Tearing  her  Rocks,  VntiU  she  Vawn  a  way 
To  let  it  out,  and  to  let-in  the  Day. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartas's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Lawe. 

2.  To  express  or  utter  with  a  yawn, 

"Heigho,"  yatnied  one  day  King  Francis, 
"  Distance  all  value  enhances  !" 

Broicning,  The  Glove. 

yawn  (yan),  n.  [<  yawn,  v.']  1.  The  act  of  gap- 
ing or  opening  wide. 

Sometimes  with  a  mighty  yawn,  'tis  said. 
Opens  a  dismal  jiassage  to  the  dead. 
Addison,  tr.  from  Silius  Italicus's  Punicorum,  ii. 

2.  An  involuntary  opening  of  the  mouth  from 
drowsiness;  oscitation.     See  yawniiig. 

From  every  side  (hey  hurried  in, 
Rubbing  their  sleepy  eyt'S  with  lazy  wrists. 
And  doubling  overhead  their  little  lists 
In  backwani  yawns.  Keats,  Endymion,  ii. 

The  family  is  astir ;  and  member  after  member  appears 
with  the  morning  yawn. 

C.  D.  Warner,  Ba^-klog  Studies,  p.  20. 

3.  An  opening;  a  chasm.     Marston. 
But  .June  is  full  of  invitations  sweet, 

Forth  from  the  chimney's  yawn  and  thrice-read  tomes. 
Loivell,  Under  the  Willows. 
Through  the  yawns  of  the  back-door,  and  sundry  rents 
in  the  logs  of  the  house,  filter  in,  unweai  iedly,  fine  par- 
ticles of  snow,  S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  17. 

yawner  (ya'ner),  n.     One  who  yawns. 

yawning  (yii'ning),  n.  [Verbal  n.  of  yawn,  v.] 
Gaping;  oscitation;  the  taking  of  a  deep  in- 
spiration, followed  liy  a  slight  pause,  and  then 
a  prolonged  expiration,  the  mouth  being  more 
or  less  widely  open.  The  act  is  reflex  and  involuntjiry 
in  character,  thout^li  it  can  often  be  partially  repressed  by 
a  strong  e'tort  of  tlie  will.  It  is  the  physioloj^icnl  expres- 
sion of  fatigue  and  of  a  desire  to  sleep,  but  is  also  excitt  d 
by  insufficient  oxygenation  of  thebluod,  and  occurs  there- 
fore in  conditions  of  lowered  vitality,  iu  the  prodromal 
stage  of  many  diseases,  and  after  profuse  losses  of  blood. 
The  sight  of  another  person  yawning  is  also  provocative 
of  the  act. 

yawningly  (ya'ning-li),  adv.  In  a  yawning 
manner;  with  yawns  or  gapes. 

Ye  .  .  .  that  leaning  upon  your  idle  elbow  yau-ningly 
patter  out  those  prayers, 

Bp.  Hall,  Tlio  Hypocrite,  Sermon  on  2  Tim.  iii.  5. 
Many  were  merely  .ittraotcd  by  a  new  f.ice,  nnd,  Iniv- 
ing  stared  me  full  in  the  title-patre,  walked  off  without 
saying  a  word  ;  while  others  lingered  yawningly  through 
the  preface,  and,  Imving  gratified  their  sliort-Jived  curi- 
osity, soon  dropped  oft  one  by  one. 

IrHng,  Knickerbocker,  p.  358. 

yawp  (yap),  r.  andw.     A  dialectal  form  otyvlp. 

yaws  (yaz),  «.  pi.  [Pi.  of  yaw-.]  A  conta- 
gions disease  of  the  skin,  endemic  in  many 
tropical  regions:  same  asframha'sia. 

yaw-weed  (ya'wed),  n.  A  slirubby  West  Indian 
plant,  Morinda  lioyoc,  used  as  a  remedy  for  the 
yaws  or  frambocsia. 

Yb.     In  chcm.,  the  symbol  for  ytterbium. 

Y.  B.     An  abbreviation  otytar-hook. 

Y-branch  (wi'branch),  )/.     See  branch,  2  (c). 

Y-cartilage  (wi'kiir'^ti-laj),  n.  The  ypsiliform 
cartilage  uniting'  tlie  ilium,  ischium,  and  pubis 
at  the  acetabulum,  ossified  about  the  age  of 
ptiberty. 

ychonet,  ychoonet.  Middle  English  forms  of 
each  one. 

With    niyrtiie  and  with   mynstrasye    tlui  plcpeden  hir 
ychoone.  Pi^rs  Plowman  (A),  iii.  98. 


yclad 

ycladt.  An  obsolete  form  of  clad,  a  preterit 
and  past  participle  of  clothe. 

Yclad  in  costly  garments  fit  for  tragicke  Stage. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  III.  xli.  3. 

Her  words  yclad  with  wisdom's  majesty. 

Shttk.,  2  Hen.  VI.,  i.  1.  33. 

yclept,  ycleped.  Forms  of  the  preterit  and 
past  participle  of  clepe. 

Y-crOSS  (wi'kros),  ii.  1.  A  Y-shaped  cross, 
suggesting  the  position  of  Christ  as  crucifiea 
with  the  arms  raised:  often  an  ornament  on 
chasubles. — 2.  A  Y-braneh  or  Y;  a  three-way 
joint  or  connection. 

yd.    A  contraction  of  yard^. 

ydlet,  "•     An  obsolete  spelling  of  idle. 

ydradt.  A  form  of  drad.  obsolete  past  parti- 
ciple of  dread. 

Yet  notliing  did  he  dread,  but  ever  was  ydrad. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  i.  2. 

ye^,  you  (ye,  jo),  pron.pl.  (used  also  instead  of 
sing.);  \>oss.yourovyours,6hi.you,&omet\meiiye. 
[Two  forms  of  the  same  word,  representing  his- 
torically the  nom.  and  obj.  respectively  of  the 
personal  pronoun  used  as  the  plural  of  thou  (see 
thou) :  (a)  Nom.  (and  voe.)  ye,  early  mod.  E.  also 
yee,  <  ME .  )/e,  ge,  <  AS.  (/e,  i/e  =  08.  g'i,  qi  =  OFries. 
<jl,  i  =  Mb.  fjhy,  D.  (Jij  =  hQ.ji  =  OHG.  MHQ. 
i);  Gr.  ihr  =  Icel.  er,  ier=z  Sw.  Dan.  i  =  Goth,  jus, 
ye,  =  (with  additional  sxiffix)  Gr.  vfielg,  vfi/iec  = 
Skt.  yiiyam,  ye ;  a  pron.  used  as  the  pi.  of  thou, 
with  which  it  is  not  etymologically  related. 
(l>)  Nom.  you,  orig.  obj.  (dat.  and  ace.),  tak- 
ing the  place  of  the  nom.  ye,  because  of  the 
much  greater  frequency  of  the  dat.  and  ace, 
and  the  tendency  to  make  the  three  cases  yc, 
your,  you,  conform  to  one  base,  a  tendency  as- 
sisted also  by  the  fact  that  ye  and  you  are  usu- 
ally unaccented,  and  therefore  have  the  vowel 
more  or  less  obscurely  pronounced ;  <ME.  you, 
gou,  yow,  <  AS.  edw,  dat.,  cow  (poet,  edwic),  aoc, 
=  OS.  iu  =  OFries.  iuwe,  iwe  =  D.  ?« =  OHG.  iu  = 
Sw.  Dan.  i  (prop,  nom.)  =  Goth,  izwis,  you;  ef. 
Gr.  ifi'iv,  dat.,  v/idg,  ace.  The  confusion  of  the 
two  forms,  and  the  use  of  you  as  nom.,  began  in 
early  mod.  E.,  and  is  conspicuous  in  the  Eliza- 
bethan dramas.  In  the  authorized  version  of 
the  Bible  (1611),  in  which  many  usages  already 
regarded  as  archaisms  were  purposely  retained, 
the  distinction  between  ye,  nom.,  and  you,  obj., 
is  carefully  preserved.  Te  still  survives  in  re- 
ligious and  poetical  use,  while  in  ordinary  col- 
loquial and  literary  use  you  has  superseded  it. 
In  provincial  use,  as  in  Irish,  ye  occurs  for  you 
both  in  nom.  and  obj.,  but  in  the  obj.  it  is  to 
be  regarded  rather  as  a  shortening  of  the  en- 
clitic you :  thus,  /  tell  yon,  I  tell  ye.  The  ye  may 
be  further  reduced,  as  in  thank  you  >  thank  ye 
>  thankee  or  thanky ;  how  do  you  do  >  how  do  ye 
do  >  hoic  d'ye  do  >  howdy  do  >  howdy,  etc.]  The 
personal  pronoun  of  the  second  person,  in  the 
plural  number:  now  commonly  applied  also 
(originally  with  some  notion  of  distinction  or 
compliment,  as  in  the  ease  of  the  royal  we)  to  a 
single  individual,  in  place  of  the  singular  forms 
thee  and  thou  —  a  use  resulting  in  the  partial 
degradation  of  thou  to  a  term  of  familiarity  or 
of  contempt.  Ye  is  archaic,  and  little  used  ex- 
cept in  exalted  address  and  poetry,  (a)  As  care- 
fully discritninateil.  especially  in  the  older  English,  the 
nominative  anil  vocative  being  ye  and  the  dative  and 
accusative  you. 

He  swor  formest  [first] 

That  je  suhuld  haue  no  harm,  but  hendely  for  gode 

He  praide  ^ou  com  speke  with  him. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  26!). 

He  sane  ,jow  fyue  wittes 
For  to  worshepen  hym  ther-with  while  je  lyuen  here. 
Pierg  Plowman  (C),  ii.  l^. 

And  he  said  unto  the  elders,  Tarry  ye  here  for  us,  until 
we  come  again  unto  you.  Ex.  xxiv.  14. 

Wherefore,  brethren,  look  ye  out  among  you  seven  men 

of  honest  report.  Acta  vi.  3. 

Yee  Mannians,  arme  your  selues,  for  feare  of  afterelaps. 

Hahhiyt'g  Voyages,  I.  16. 

Speed,  Pegasus  I  —  ye  strains  of  great  and  small, 
Ode,  epic,  elegy,  have  at  you  all ! 

llyron,  Eng.  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 

(&)  As  used  without  discrimination  of  case-form  between 
nominative  and  objective. 

Ye  a  great  master  are  in  your  degree. 

Sjmiier,  Mother  Hub.  Tale,  1.  646. 
You  lie,  ye  rogue.  Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  ii.  2.  ."iD. 

The  more  shame  for  ye,  holy  men  I  thought  ye. 

Shak.,  Hen.  VIII.,  iii.  1.  102. 

You  meaner  beauties  of  the  night,  .  .  . 
What  are  you  wheii  the  moon  shall  rise  ? 

.Sir  H.  Wotton,  To  the  Queen  of  Bohemia. 

They  have,  like  good  sumpters,  laid  ye  down  their  hors 
load  of  citations  and  fathers  at  your  dore. 

Milton,  Church-Government,  ii.,  Int 


7012 

(e)  As  used  for  a  single  subject. 

Tho  ye  count  me  still  the  child. 
Sweet  mother,  do  ye  love  the  child  ? 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

To  you.    See  toi.— You're  another,  a  familiar  form  of 
the  tu  quoque  argument.    See  tu  quoque. 

I  And  little  to  interest  and  less  to  edify  me  in  these  in- 
ternational bandyings  of  "You're  another." 

Lowell,  Democracy. 

You-uns  (literally,  you  ones),  you.    Compare  we-uns,  un- 
der we.    [Dialectal,  southern  U.  S.] 

"Mirandy  Jane,"  the  old  woman  interrupted,   .   .   . 
"  'pears  like  I  hev  hed  the  trouble  o'  raisin'  a  idjit  in  you- 
uns  ! " 
M.  N.  Murfree,  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains,  i. 

Bat  I'll  tell  the  yam  to  youans. 

John  Hay,  Mystery  of  Gilgal. 

ye^t,  adv.     A  Middle  English  form  of  yea. 

ye^t,  1.     An  obsolete  variant  of  eye^. 

yea  ( ya ),  adv.  [<  ME.  ye,  ge,  yai,  yo,<  AS.  ged  = 
OS.  ja  =  OFries.  ie,  ge  =  D.  ja  =  LG.  ja  = 
OHG.  MHG.  jd,  G.  ja  =  Icel.  jd  =  Dan.  Sw. 
ja  =  Goth,  ja,  yes,  jai,  truly,  verily;  ;perhaps 
=  Lith.  ja  in  ja  sakyti,  say  yes,  and  Gr.  r],  truly 


year 

There  is  an  example  of  the  rejection  of  a  needless  sub- 
tlety in  the  case  of  our  affirmative  particles,  yea  and  yes, 
nay  and  no,  which  were  formerly  distinguished  in  r.se,  as 
the  two  afflrmatives  still  are  in  our  sister-tongues,  the 
Danish  and  Swedish.  The  distinction  was  that  yea  and 
imy  were  answers  to  questions  framed  in  the  affirmative  ; 
as.  Will  he  go  ?  Yea  or  Nay.  But  if  the  question  was 
framed  in  the  negative,  Will  he  not  go?  the  answer  was 
Yes  or  No.  G.  P.  Marsh,  Lects.  on  Eng.  Lang.,  xxvi. 

"What?  sone,"  seide  the  couherde,    "seidestow  i  was 

here?" 
*'  ,ja,  sire,  sertes,"  seide  the  childe. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  a),  1.  268. 

"  Whl  carestow, "  sede  the  queue,  "knew  thow  noujt  the 

sothe  .  .  .  ?" 
"jt«,  madanie,"  sede  the  maide. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1. 3184. 

Jesus  saith  unto  them,  Have  ye  understood  all  these 
things?    Tliey  say  unto  him,  Yea,  Lord.         Mat.  xiii.  51. 

yea  (ya),  n.  [<  yea,  adv.]  1 .  An  affirmation. — 
2.  An  affirmative  vote ;  hence,  one  who  votes 
in  the  affirmative :  as,  to  call  the  yeas  and  nays. 
—  To  call  for  the  yeaa  and  nays,  in  parliamentaiy  us- 
age, to  demand  that  a  vote  be  taken  on  any  measure  by 
the  calling  of  the  roll,  each  member's  answer  being  re- 
.,         „  „     .      .  ,      .  corded. 

Connection  with  AS.  ge  =  Goth,  jah,  also,  and,  yea,d^,  v.  i.     See  yede"^. 

and  with  J^.  jam,  now,  Skt.  ya,  who,  is  uncer-  yead'^(yed),  ».    A  dialectal  form  of  ftead.  Balli- 

tain.     Hence  ult.  ^es.]     1.  Yes;   ay:  a  word     iceH. 


yea-forsooth  (ya'f6r-soth'),  a.  Noting  one  say- 
ing to  anything  yea  and  forsooth,  which  lat- 
ter was  not  a  phrase  of  genteel  society. 


A  rascally  yea-forsooth  knave. 


Shak.,  2  Hen.  IV.,  L  2.  41. 


that  expresses  affirmation  or  assent:  the  oppo 
site  of  nay  :  as.  Will  you  go  ?     Tea. 

Swear  not  at  all ;  .  .  .  but  let  your  communication  be 
Yea,  yea;  Nay,  nay.  Mat.  v.  87. 

You  promise  to  bear  Faith  and  Loyalty  to  him :  Say 
Yea.    And  King  Edward  said  Yea,  and  kissed  the  King  of  veaifhet    n      A  yacht. 

We  saw  there  a  barke  which  was  of  Dronton,  &  three  or 

foure  Norway  yeaghes.  Hakluyfs  Voyages,  I.  294. 

yean  (yen),  r.  t.  and ).     [<  ME.  *genen,  *ge-enen, 

<  AS.  *ge-ednian,  ge-edcnian,  bring  forth,  be- 


France  on  the  Mouth,  as  Lord  of  the  Fee. 

Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  117. 


2.  Indeed;  verily;  truly;  it  is  so,  or  is  it  so? 
used  to  introduce  a  subject. 

Yea,  hath  God  said,  Ye  shall  not  eat  of  every  tree  of  the 
garden?  Gen.  iii.  1. 

Yea,  mistress,  are  you  so  peremptory  ? 

Shak.,  Pericles,  ii.  5.  73. 

Him  I  loved  not.     Why? 
I  deem'd  him  fool  ?  !/««,  so  ? 

Tennyson,  Pelleas  and  Ettarre. 

3.  Used  to  intimate  that  something  is  to  be 
added  by  way  of  intensiveness  or  amplification : 
Not  this  alone ;  not  only  so  but  also ;  what  is 
more.     Compare  the  similar  use  of  7iay. 

Confess  Christ  and  his  truth,  not  only  in  heart,  but  also 
in  tongue,  yea,  in  very  deed,  which  few  gospellers  do. 

J.  Bradford,  Letters  (Parker  Soc.,  1853),  IL  202. 

I  therein  do  rejoice  ;  yea,  and  will  rejoice.     Phil.  i.  18. 
One  that  composed  your  beauties,  yea,  and  one 
To  whom  you  are  but  as  a  form  in  wax. 

Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  1.  48. 

Many  of  you,  yea  most, 
Return  no  more.  Tennyson,  Holy  Grail. 

4.  In  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible,  so; 
thus ;  true ;  real ;  consistent. 

All  the  promises  of  God  in  him  are  yea,  and  in  him 
Amen.  2  Cor.  i.  20. 

Yea  is  now  used  only  in  the  sacred,  solemn,  or  formal 
style.  Yea,  being  mainly  a  word  of  assent,  was  formerly 
•  used  chiefly  in  answer  to  questions  framed  affirmatively ; 
yes,  a  stronger  term,  was  chiefly  used  in  answer  to  ques- 
tions containing  a  negative  or  otherwise  implying  a  doubt. 
But  the  distinction  does  not  appear  to  have  been  rigidly 
maintained ;  and  the  assertions  of  the  following  quotations 
about  yea  and  yes,  like  those  about  nay  and  no  (see  noi), 
must  be  taken  witli  some  allowance. 

I  woulde  not  here  note  by  the  way  that  Tyndall  here 
translateth  no  for  nay,  for  it  is  but  a  trifle  and  mistaking 
of  the  englishe  worde,  sauing  that  ye  shoulde  see  that 
he,  whych  in  two  so  plain  englishe  wordes,  and  so  commen 
as  is  naye  and  no,  cannot  tell  when  he  should  take  the 
tone,  and  when  the  tother,  is  not,  for  translating  Into 
englishe,  a  man  very  mete.  For  the  \ae  of  those  two 
wordes  in  aunswering  to  a  question  is  this.  No  (read  nay] 
aunswereth  the  question  framed  by  the  afflrmatiue.  As, 
for  ensample,  if  a  manne  should  aske  Tindall  hymselfe : 
"ys  an  heretike  mete  to  translate  holy  scripture  into 
englishe  ?  "  Lo,  to  thys  question,  if  he  will  aunswere  trew 
englishe,  he  muste  aunswere  nay,  and  not  tio.  But  and 
if  the  question  be  asked  hym  thus,  lo  :  "is  not  an  here- 
tyque  mete  to  translate  holy  scripture  into  english?" 
To  this  question,  lo,  if  he  wil  aunswer  true  english,  he 
must  aunswere  no,  &  not  nay.  And  a  lyke  difference  is 
there  betwene  these  two  aduerbs,  ye  and  yes.  For  if  the 
questeion  bee  framed  vnto  Tindall  by  thafflrmatiue  in 
thys  fashion  :  "  If  an  heretiiiue  falsely  translate  the  newe 
testament  into  englishe,  to  make  hys  false  heresyes  seeme 
the  worde  of  Godde,  be  hys  bookes  worthy  to  be  burned  ?  " 
To  thys  (juestion  asked  in  thys  wyse,  wy  he  wyl  aunswere 
true  englishe,  he  must  aunswere  ye,  and  not  yes.  But  nowe 
if  the  questioTi  be  asked  liym  thus,  lo,  by  the  negatiue : 
"If  an  heretike  falsely  translate  the  newe  testament 
into  englishe,  to  make  hys  false  heresyes  seme  the  word 
of  God,  be  not  his  liokes  well  worthy  to  be  burned?"  To 
thys  question  in  thys  fashion  framed,  if  he  wyll  aunswere 
trew  englyshe,  he  ntaye  not  aunswere  ye,  but  he  must 
aunswere  yes,  and  say  "  !/e«,  niary,  be  they,  bothe  the 
translaclon  and  the  translatour,  and  al  that  wyll  holde 
wyth  them."  And  thys  thing,  lo,  though  it  be  no  great 
matter,  yet  I  haue  thought  It  good  to  glue  Tindall  warn- 
ing of,  because  I  would  haue  him  write  true  one  way  or 
other,  that  though  I  can  not  make  him  by  no  meane  to 
write  true  matter,  I  would  haue  him  yet  at  the  lest  wise 
write  true  englishe. 

Sir  T.  JI/or«,  TheConfutacion  of  Tyndales  Aunswere,  made 
[Anno  1632,  book  iii.,  Workes,  p.  44& 


come  pregnant,  <  eacen,  ge-edcen,  gravid,  teem- 
ing :  see  ea«.]  To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  goat 
or  sheep ;  lamb. 

That  wherein  the  courteous  man  takes  most  sauour  is 

...  to  sell  his  wine  deare,  .  .  .  his  eawes  to  haue  good 

yeaning,  not  to  raine  in  April,  and  to  haue  much  wheate 

in  Maie.     Guevara,  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  1677),  p.  254. 

So  many  weeks  ere  the  poor  fools  will  yean. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.  (od.  Knight),  ii.  5.  36. 
Von 's  one  hath  yean'd  a  fearful  prodigy, 
Some  monstrous  misshapen  balladry. 

Marston,  Scourge  of  Villanie,  vi.  39. 

Weak  as  a  lamb  the  hour  that  it  is  yeaned. 

Wordsworth,  Hart-Leap  Well. 

Trenchant  time  behoves  to  hurry 
All  to  yean  and  all  to  bury. 

Emerson,  Wood-notes,  ii. 

yeanling  (yen'ling), «.  [<  yean  +  -ling^.  Cf. 
canlingJ\  The  young  of  sheep  or  goats;  a 
lamb ;  a  kid ;  an  eanling :  sometimes  used  at- 
tributively. 

To  their  store 
They  add  the  poor  man's  yeanling,  and  dare  sell 
Both  fleece  and  carcass,  not  gi'ing  him  the  fell! 

B.  Jonson,  Sad  Shepherd,  L  2. 

Lambs,  or  yeanliTigkids.  Milton,  P.  L.,  iii.  434. 

year  (yer),  ».  [<  ME.  ycer,  yer,  ger,  <  AS.  gear 
ger  (pi.  gear)  =  OS.  jar,  ger  =  OFries.  jar,  jer 
=  MD.  jaer,  D.  jaar,  jar  =  LG.  jaar  =  OHG. 
MHG.  jar,  G.  jahr  =  Icel.  dr  =  Sw.  dr  =  Dan. 
aar  =  Goth,  jer,  year;  prob.  orig.  'spring,'  the 
opening  of  the  year,  =  OBulg.  jarii,  spring, = Gr. 
(j/x)f,  a  season,  year,  upa,  season,  spring,  year, 
hour,  =  Zend  ydre,  a  year.  From  the  Gr.  upa 
comes  ult.  E.  hour,  which  is  thus  a  doublet  of 
year:  see  hour.  Hence  ult.  yore.]  1.  A  full 
round  of  the  seasons ;  the  period  of  the  earth's 
revolution  round  the  sun:  more  accurately, 
the  interval  between  one  vernal  equinox  and 
the  next,  or  one  complete  mean  apparent  cir- 
cuit of  the  ecliptic  bj-  the  sun,  or  mean  mo- 
tion through  360°  of  longitude.  This  is  speciflcally 
the  tropical  year,  which  determines  the  seciuence  of  the 
seasons  (sometimes  also  called  the  astronomical  or  solar 
year).  Its  length  is  about  366  days,  6  hours,  48  minutes, 
46  seconds.  Owing  to  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes, 
this  is  less  than  the  length  of  the  sidereal  ytar,  the  true 
period  of  the  sun's  revolution,  or  his  return  to  the  same 

Elace  iu  relation  to  the  fixed  stars,  which  is  365  days,  6 
ours,  9  minutes,  9.3  seconds.    See  also  styled,  n.,  9.    Ab- 
breviated y.,  yr. 

Hence  —  2.  The  time  in  which  any  planet  com- 
pletes a  revolution  round  the  sun :  as,  the  year 
of  Jupiter  or  of  Saturn. — 3.  A  space  of  about 

365  days,  used  in  the  civil  or  religious  reckoning 
of  time ;  especially,  the  usual  period  of  365  or 

366  days,  divided  into  twelve  calendar  months, 
now  reckoned  as  beginning  with  the  1st  of  Janu- 
ary and  ending  with  the  31st  of  December:  as, 
the 2/ear  1891  (see te(7ai«ear,below);  also,  aperi- 
od  of  approximately  the  same  length  in  other 
calendars.  Compare  calendar. — 4.  A  space  of 
twelve  calendar  months  without  regard  to  the 
point  from  which  they  are  reckoned:  as,  he 
sailed  on  June  1st,  and  was  absent  just  one  year. 


year 

At  the  zeres  end  the!  comen  azen,  and  founden  the  eame 
Lettres  and  Figures,  the  whiche  tliei  hadde  writen  the  zeer 
before,  withouten  ony  defaute. 

Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  17. 
Thei  sholde  not  retume  with-inne  two  yere^  lesae  than 
thei  myght  fyude  the  seide  childe. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  29. 

5.  pi.  Period  of  life ;  age :  as,  he  is  very  vigor- 
ous for  his  years:  often  used  specifically  to 
note  old  age.     See  in  years,  below. 

He  is  made  as  strong  as  brass,  is  of  brave  years  too, 
Aiid  doughty  of  complexion. 

Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  1. 

He  [Essex]  .  .  .  profess'd  he  would  not  contend  witli 
the  Queen,  nor  excuse  the  Faults  of  liis  young  Years  either 
in  whole  or  in  part.  Baker,  Chronicles,  p.  389. 

He  hiinselfe  affected  ease  and  quiet,  now  growing  into 
yeares.  Evelyn,  Diary,  Aug.  18,  1673. 

What  is  there  quite  so  profoundly  human  as  an  old 

man's  memory  of  a  mother  who  died  in  his  earlier  t/«ar^/ 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Professor,  viii. 

The  older  plural  year  still  remains  in  popular  language  : 

ns,  the  horse  is  ten  year  old. 

And  threescore  year  would  make  the  world  away. 

Shak.,  Sonnets,  xi. 
Then  you  know  a  boy  is  an  ass, 
Then  you  knuw  the  worth  of  a  lass, 
Once  you  have  come  to  forty  year. 

Thackeray,  Age  of  Wisdom. 

Anomalistic  year.  See  anomalistic.— AbXtsI  year. 
Same  as  sidereal  y^ar.— Astronomical  year.  See  def.  1. 

—  A  year  and  a  day,  the  lapse  of  a  year  with  a  day  abided 
to  it:  ill  law  constituting  u  period  which  iu  some  cases 
determines  a  ri^lit  or  liability  :  as,  where  one  is  fatally 
wounded  with  murderous  intent,  the  killing  is  murder 
if  death  ensues  withlu  a  year  and  a  day.    See  dayl. 

I  suere  to  you  be  the  oth  that  I  made  to  you  when  ye 
made  me  knyght  that  I  shall  seche  hym  a  yere  and  a  day, 
but  with-ynne  that  space  I  may  knowe  trewe  tldinges. 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iii.  682. 

A  year's  mind.    See  mt«di.— Bird  of  the  year.    See 

Wrdl.— Bissextile  year,  leap-year.  See  bissextile.— 
Canicular  year.  St-e  canicular.— dvM  year,  the  year 
in  use  in  the  ordinary  atfairs  of  life ;  the  year  recognized 
by  the  law ;  a  year  accordin;;  to  the  calendar.  It  is  either 
aolar,  like  the  civil  year  of  christian  countries,  or  lunar, 
like  the  Mohammeilan  year,  or  lunUolar,  like  the  He- 
brew year. — Climacteric  years.  See  climacteric. — Com- 
mon year,  a  year  ••!  :it>6  days,  as  distiiigiiishe<l  from  a 
leap-year. — Cynic  year.  Same  aa  .Sothic  yar. —  Eccle- 
siastical year,  tht*  year  as  arranged  in  the  ecclesia-s- 
ticiii  i-itleiidar.  For  details  uf  it,  set-  A'um/«y.— Eighty 
years' war.  See  wari.—  Embollsmlc  year,  a  year  of 
thirteOM  months,  occurring;  in  a  lunisolar  calendar,  like 
that  of  the  Jews.— Emergent  year.  Ste  emerijent.— 
Enneatical  yearst.  Ste  enneatic.— Estate  for  years. 
See  #«/(iff.— Fiscal  year.  Seey(»cai.— Four  years'  lim- 
itation law.  See  liinit-ition.-  Gregorian  year.  See 
Greyorian. —  Hebrew  year,  a  lutii.s<.iliir  year,  ioiuiK>8ed 
of  12  or  13  months  of  29  or  30  days.  In  every  cycle  of 
nineteen  years,  the  3d,  6th,  8th,  11th,  14th,  17th,  and  19th 
are  embolismic  years  and  have  13  months,  while  the  rest 
are  ordinary  yearit  and  have  12  months.  Botli  the  em- 
bolismic  and  the  ordinary  years  are  further  distinguished 
aa  regular,  de/ectice.  and  atmnd'int. —  Hundred  years' 
wax.    See  irarl.  — In  years,  advanced  in  Hge. 

I  uui  honest  in  my  Inclinations, 
And  would  not,  wer't  not  to  avoid  Offence,  make  a 
Lady  a  little  in  Year*  believe  I  think  her  young. 

Etherege,  Man  of  .Mode,  ii.  2. 
Men  in  Years  more  cahnly  Wroncs  resent. 

Con^jreiv,  tr.  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love. 
The  latly,  who  was  a  little  m  years,  having  parted  with 
her  fortune  to  her  dearest  life,  lie  left  her. 

Goldgmitli,  Register  of  Scotch  Marriages. 
Julian  year,  (a)  \  peri*>d  of  36oi  days.  (6)  Incorrectly, 
a  year  of  the  Julian  calendar.— Leap  year.  See  l>'ap- 
year.—  heg&l  year,  the  year  by  wliicn  dates  were  reck- 
oned, which  until  1752  began  March  25th :  hence  it  was 
usual  t)etween  January  1st  and  March  2.'ith  to  date  the 
year  both  ways, as  February  19th,  1745-6  (that  is,  1746  ac- 
cording to  pre^nt  reckoning).— Lunar  year,  a  period  con- 
sisting of  12  lunar  months.  The  lunar  axtrumnnical  year 
consists  of  12  lunar  synodical  months,  (»r  354  days,  8  Iiours, 
48  minutes,  36  secomls.  The  cMnui-m  lunar  year  consists 
of  \->  lunar  civil  months,  or  '.ih\  days.  — Lunlsolax  year. 
See  fttniir'jfar.—  Mohammedan  year,  a  purely  lunar  year 
of  12  months,  having  alternately  :M  and  21>  days,  except 
that  in  certain  years  the  last  month  has  80  days  instead 
of  29.  These  years  are  the  2d.  5th.  7th,  10th,  13th,  16th, 
18th,  2l8t.  24tli,  26th,  and  2i>th  of  oach  cycle  of  thirty  years. 
The  years  are  counted  from  the  h-jira,  A.  D.  622,  July  15th. 

—  Natural  year.  Same  as  tropical  i/'-ar. — Planetary 
years.  See  p/njw'ar»/.—  Platonic  year,  a  great  cycle  of 
years  at  the  end  of  which  it  was  supposed  that  the  celes- 
tial IxMlies  will  be  found  in  the  same  places  they  were 
in  at  the  creation.  Also  called  (/rfat  <ir  perfect  y>'ar.— 
Regnal,  sabbatical, sidereal  year.  See  the  adjectives. 

—  Seven  years'  war.    S.-e  SiU'tn'an  wars,  under  Silesian. 

—  Solar  year.  s.  e  dtf.  i.— Sothic  year.  See  Sothic— 
Tenancy  from  year  to  year.  See  tenancy.  — Term  of 
years,  term  for  years.  See  term.  6  (.o.  ~  Theban  year. 
St-e  TJieimn. — Thirty  years'  war.  See  thirty. — To  be 
struck  or  stricken  in  years.  See  «/n(bc.— Tropical 
year.  See  def.  l.— Vague  year,  an  Kgypti;in  year  of 
365  days,  railed  ca;/ae  —  t]mt  is,  wandering— because  iu 
the  coui-se  of  15('7  years  it  l)egins  at  all  seasons.— Tear  by 
y6ar,fromone  year  to  another ;  with  each  succeeding  year. 

Disease,  augmenting  yar  by  yar, 
Show'd  the  grim  king  by  gradual  st-cps  brought  near. 
Crabhe,  Work;*,  I.  11)2. 

Year,  day,  and  waste,  part  of  the  sovereiiin's  preroga- 
tive in  England,  whereby  he  was  entitled  to  the  profits 
for  a  year  and  a  day  of  the  lands  held  by  pernons  attainted 
of  petty  treaton  or  felony,  together  with  the  right  of  wast- 


7013 

ing  them,  afterward  restoring  them  to  the  lord  of  the  fee. 
It  was  abolished  by  the  Felony  Act,  1870.— Year  In,  year 
out,  always ;  from  one  year  to  another. 

Sunbeams  never  came,  never  gleamed,  year  in,  year  out, 
across  the  clear  darkness  of  the  broad  water  floor. 

C.  F.  Woolson,  East  Angels,  xxviii. 

Year  of  confusion,  the  707th  year  of  the  Roman  era, 
ending  with  47  b.  c,  being  the  year  before  the  first  intro- 
duction of  the  Julian  calendar.  It  had  445  days. — Year 
of  grace,  year  of  the  Christian  era. — Year  Of  jubilee. 
See  jufnlee,  1.— Year  Of  Our  Lord,  year  of  the  Christian 
era.— Years  of  discretion.  See  discretion.— Yoxcag  of 
the  year.    See  ymma. 

yeara,  n.    See  poison-oak. 

year-bird  (yer'berd),  v.  The  djolan:  said  to 
have  been  so  called  from  a  notion  that  it  an- 
nually added  a  wrinkle  to  the  plicated  skin  at 
the  base  of  the  beak. 

year-book  (yer'buk),  n.  1.  A  book  giving  facts 
about  the  year,  its  chief  seasons,  festivals, 
dates,  etc.,  or  other  kindred  snl>jects :  as, 
Hone's  Ycar-Bool: — 2.  A  book  published  every 
year,  every  annual  issue  containing  new  or 
additional  information;  a  work  published  an- 
nually and  intended  to  supply  fresh  informa- 
tion on  matters  in  regard  to  which  changes  are 
continually  taking  place :  as,  a  parish  year- 
hook. 

A  new  year-book,  specially  prepared  for  business-men, 
will  be  issued,  .  .  .  under  the  title  of  The  Year-Book  of 
Commerce.  The  Academy,  June  1,  1889,  p.  376. 

3,  One  of  a  number  of  books  containing  chron- 
ological reports  of  early  cases  adjudged  or 
argued  in  the  courts  of  England.  The  series  first 
printed  and  long  known  as  The  Year  Books  contains  cases 
from  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  down  to 
the  end  of  Edward  III.,  and  from  the  beginning  of  Henry 
IV.  down  to  near  the  end  of  Henry  VIII.  Others  later 
published  are  Maynard's  Edward  I.  and  II.,  and  Hor- 
wood's  translation  from  MS.  whith  presents  cases  in  va- 
rious years  of  Edward  I.  from  11  to  35  inclusive. 

yeard,  ».  An  obsolete  or  dialectal  form  of  eard 
and  of  earth. 

year-dayf  (yer'da),  «.  [<  ME.  ^ereday  (ef.  AS. 
f/eardoffas,  pi.,  days  of  yore);  <  year  4-  day^.] 
An  anniversary  day ;  a  day  on  which  prayers 
were  said  for  the  dead.     HaUhcell. 

We  haue  ordeyned  ...  to  kepe  the  ^ereday  of  Jon 
lyster  of  Cambryge  gerely,  on  mydelenton  sonday,  .  .  .  be- 
cause he  gafe  va  iiij  Marc,  in  the  begynnyng  and  to  the 
fortheraunce  of  our  gylde. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  281. 

yeard-fastt,  a.     Fast  in  the  earth  or  ground. 

O  alKJUt  the  midst  o'  Clyde's  water 

There  was  a  veard  fast  stane, 

Burd  'EW'n  (Chikis  Ballads,  III.  214). 

yeared  (yerd),  a.  [<  year  +  -cv/2,]  Xumberiug 
years;  aged. 

Both  were  of  best  feature,  of  high  race, 
Yeared  but  to  thirty.  B.  Jonxon,  Sejanus,  i.  1. 

yearlily  (yer'li-li),  adv.  [<  yearly  +  -fy'^.'] 
Yearly.     [Kare.] 

The  great  quaking  grass  soweu  yearlily  in  many  of  the 
London  gardens.  T.  Johnson,  Herball. 

yearling  (yer'ling),  ».  and  a.  [==  ii.jdhrling; 
IIS  year  +  -Innj'^.  Cf.  L.  rifidus,  a  calf.  lit.  a 
'yearling*:  nee  veal.']  I.  n.  1.  A  young  beast 
one  year  old  or  in  the  second  year  of  its  age. — 
2.  Under  racing  and  trotting  rules,  a  horse 
one  year  old,  dating  from  January  1st  of  the 
year  of  foaling. 

He  was  buying  yearlings,  ton,  and  seemed  keen  about 
racing,  but  as  yet  not  a  feather  had  been  plucked  from 
the  pigeon's  wing.         Whyte  Melville,  White  Rose,  II.  vi. 

II,  a.  A  year  old;  of  a  year's  age,  duration, 
or  date:  as,  a  yearling  heifer. 

As  yearling  brides  provide  lace  caps,  and  work  rich 
clothes  for  the  expected  darling. 

Thackeray,  Newcomes,  i. 

yearlong  (yer'long),  a.  Lasting  or  continuing 
a  vear. 

"Thee,"  I  said, 
"From  yearlong  poring  on  thy  pictured  eyes. 
Ere  seen  I  loved."  Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

Accepting  year-long  exile  from  his  home. 

The  Atlantic,  LIX.  361. 

yearly  (yer'li),  a.  [<  ME.  yeerly,  <  AS.  gedrlic 
(=  G. Jdhrlich)',  as  year  +  -/^^.]  1.  Annual; 
happening,  accruing,  or  coming  every  year: 
as,  a  yearly  rent  or  income. 

Five  hundred  poor  I  have  in  yearly  pay. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  1.  3ir>. 

These  two  last  [Euphrates  and  Tigris]  are  famous  for 

their  yearely  ouerflowings.      Purchas,  l*ilgrimage,  p.  340. 

2.  Lasting  or  continuing  for  a  year:  as,  a 
yearly  plant;  a  yearly  tenant  or  tenancy. — 3. 
Comprehending  a  year;  accomplished  in  a 
year :  as,  the  yearly  circuit  or  revolution  of 
the  earth. 

The  yearly  course  that  brings  this  day  about 

Shall  never  see  it  but  a  holiday. 

Shak.,  K.  John,  lil.  1.  81. 


yearning 

Whose  cheerful  tenants  bless  their  yearly  toil. 

Vope^  Moral  Essays,  iv.  183. 

yearly  (yer'li),  adv.  [<  ME.  yerely;  <  yearly, «.] 
Annually;  once  a  year:  as,  blessings  yearly 
bestowed. 

Also  there  shalbe  allowed  to  him  fower  Vshcrs,  every 
of  them  being  yerely  allowed  for  tlie  same  20". 

Booke  of  Precedence  (E.  E.  T.  S.,  extra  ser.),  i.  2. 
Yearly  will  I  do  this  rite.        Shak.,  Much  Ado,  v.  3.  23, 
yeam^  (yem),  v.  i.     [<  ME.  yerneuj  ^ernen,  <  AS. 
giernan^gyrnanj  geornian^  yearn,  desire,  =  Icel. 
girna  =  Goth.  ^«/ni;aH, desire, long  for ;  from  an 
adj.,  AS.  georn,  ME.  s^rn  =  OS.  gem  =  OHG. 
MHG.  gem  =  Icel.  gjaru  =  Sw.  gerna  =  Dan. 
gjserne  =  Goth,  ^gairns  (in  comp.  faihu-gairns), 
desirous,  eager  (see  yem'^)^  with  formative  -//. 
from  the  root  seen  in  OH(jr.  MHG.  ger,  eager, 
OHG.  gerouy  MHG.  geren,   G.  be-gehreu,  long 
for.]     1.  To  long  for  something ;  desire  eager- 
ly; feel  desire  or  longing. 
Angels  euer  sese  and  ener  thay  jeme  for  to  see. 

Hawpole,  Prose  Treatises  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  4. 

Drede  delitable  drynke,  and  thow  shalt  do  the  bettere  ; 
Mesure  is  medcyne,  thoug  thow  moche  ^erne. 

Piers  Plourman  (BX  i-  35. 
O,  Juvenal,  lorde,  trewe  is  thy  sentence, 
That  litel  witen  folk  what  is  to  yerne. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  iv.  198. 

Joseph  made  haste,  for  his  bowels  did  yearn  upon  his 
brother.  Gen.  xliii.  30. 

All  men  have  a  yearning  curiosity  to  behold  a  man  of 
heroic  worth.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  340. 

But  my  heart  would  still  yearn  for  the  sound  of  the  waves 
That  sing  as  they  flow  by  my  forefathers'  graves. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  The  Hudson. 

2t.  To  cry  out  eagerly;  give  tongue,  as  a  dog. 

When  Foxes  and  Badgerds  haue  yong  cubbes,  take  all 
your  olde  Terryers  and  put  them  inti)  the  grounde;  and 
when  they  besinne  to  baye  (which  in  the  earth  is  called 
i/earjij/jij;),  you  muste  holde  your  yong  Terryers,  .  .  .  that 
they  may  lierken  and  heare  thoyr  fellowes  yeame. 

Turberville,  Booke  of  Hunting  (ed.  1575),  p.  181. 

yearn'^f  (yern),  i\  [Also  earn  ;  prob.  an  altered 
foi'm,  due  to  confusion  with  yearn^,  with  which 
it  is  generally  merged,  of  *erm,  <  ME.  ermen, 
grieve,  vex,<  AS.  yrman,  also  ge-yrman  (whence 
perhaps  yearn,  as  distinguished  from  earn,  like 
yean  as  distinguished  from  can),  grieve,  vex,  < 
earm  =  D.  G.  arm  =  Icel.  armr  =  Dan.  Sw.  arm 
=  Goth.  rtrH?.s,  poor,  miserable.]  I.  intrans.  To 
grieve;  mourn;  sorrow. 

Falstaff  he  is  dead, 
And  we  must  yearn  therefore. 

Shak.,  Hen.  v.,  ii.  3.  6. 
Some  of  those  French  .  .  . 
Assay  the  English  carriages  to  burn, 
Which  to  defend  them  scarcely  bad  a  man.  .  .  . 
Those  yearning  cries,  that  from  the  carriage  came, 
His  blood  yet  hot,  more  highly  doth  inflame. 

Drayton,  Buttle  of  Aginconrt,  St.  299. 

II.  trans.  To  grieve ;  trouble;  vex. 

It  yearns  my  heart  to  hear  the  wench  misconstrued. 

Beau,  and  Fl.,  Coxcomb,  v.  3. 
N'or  care  I  who  doth  feed  upon  my  cost; 
It  yearns  me  not  if  men  my  garments  wear. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  iv.  3.  26. 
Alas,  poor  wretch  !  how  it  yearns  my  heart  for  him  ! 

B.  Jon»on,  Bartholomew  Fair,  iv.  4. 

yearn**  (yern),  r.  t.  [A  form  of  earti'^,  simu- 
lating yearn'i,  yearn"^,  etc.]  Same  as  earu'^. 
[Provincial  or  vulgar.] 

My  due  reward,  the  which  right  well  I  deeme 
I  yearned  have.  Spetu-er,  F.  Q.,  VT.  vii.  15. 

She  couldn't  afford  to  pay  for  schooling,  and  told  me  I 
must  luok  out  and  yearn  my  own  living  while  I  was  a 
mere  chick. 

Mayheiv,  London  Labour  and  London  Poor,  I.  S97. 

yearn'*  (yern),  v.  [A  var.  of  earn'^,  or  <  ME.  ?e- 
erncn,  <  AS.  geyrnan^  run  together:  see  earn^. 
/■»«!.]    Same  as  earn'^. 

His  Honour  the  Duke  will  accept  ane  of  our  Dnnlop 
cheeses,  and  it  sail  be  my  faut  if  a  better  was  ever  yearned 

■  in  Lowden.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  xxxix. 

yearn^*  (y*^'rn),  n.  A  dialectal  (Scotch)  form  of 
earn^. 

Ye  cliffs,  the  haunts  of  sailing  yearns .' 

Bum.",  On  Ciipt,  Matthew  Henderson. 

yearnfult  (yern'fiil),  a.  [Also  yernfid,  ernj'nl; 
<  yearn'^  4-  -/«/.]     Mournful;  distressing. 

Ala,  Ala,  was  their  yrnifull  note;  their  foode  was  the 
peoples  alnies.  Purchas,  Pilgriniiigc,  p.  (i28. 

But,  oh  musicke,  as  in  joyfnll  tunes,  thy  mery  notes  I  did 

borrow. 
So  now  lend  mee  thy  yernfull  tnnes,  to  ntter  my  sorrcw. 
Damon  and  Pifh.,  Old  Plays,  I.  105.     (Naves.) 

yearningl  (yer'ning),  n.  [<  ME.  ^ernynge; 
verbal  n.  of  yearn'^,  r.]  The  feeling  of  one  who 
yearns;  a  strong  feeling  of  tenderness,  pity,  or 
longing  desire. 

All  the  herte  festenede  in  the  jirnynge  of  Ihesn  ea 
turned  into  the  fyn*  nf  lufe. 

Uawpide,  Prose  Treatises  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  2. 


yearning  7014 

The  reveries  of  youth,  in  whicli  so  much  energy  is  yeast-bitten  (yest'bifn),  a.     In  brewing,  too 

wasted,  are  the  yearnings  of  a  Spirit  made  for  what  it  much  affected  by  yeast. 

,  170. 


has  not  foumi  but  must  forever  seelc  as  ati  Ideal. 

Channing,  Perfect  Life,  p. 

yearning^  (yer'ning),  n.     [Var-  of  earning^.] 

Keimet.     [Scotch.] 
yearningly  (yer'uing-li),  adv.     In  a  yearning 

manner ;  with  yearning, 
yeast  (y est),  n.     [Formerly  also  2/c«<;  also  dial. 

east;  <  ME.  geest,  <  AS.  gist,  gyst  =  I>.  gest, 


When  the  progress  of  the  attenujition  becomes  so  slack 
as  not  to  exceed  half  a  pound  in  the  clay,  it  is  prudent  to 
cleanse,  otherwise  tlie  top-barm  mij^lit  re-enter  the  body 
of  the  beer,  and  it  would  become  yeast-bitten. 

(Ire,  Diet,  I.  317. 

yeast-cell  (yest'sel),  «.    The  single  cell  which 
constitutes  a  yeast-plant,  Saccharomyces  cerevi- 

__^.    ,  .  .--,  .    --  —  _-„---,     siie. 

'(i'ist'='!AHG.°oesij'est'G.  giisclii^  gischt  =  lee\.  yeast-fungUS  (yest'fung"gus),  n.     See  fungus. 


jast,  jastr  =  Sw.  jdst  (cf.  Dan.  gjser)^  yeast; 
from  a  verb  seen  in  OB.G.J€sanj  ^iHG,  jesen, 
gesen,  geni,  G.  (fiihren^  ferment,  =  Sw.  jasa^ 
ferment,  froth ;  akin  to  Gr.  ^i:nv,  boil,  seethe, 
(>  i,EGr6q,  boiled,  boiling);  Skt.  ■/  yaSy  boil, 
froth.]  1.  A  yellowish  substance,  having  an 
acid  reaction,  produced  during  the  alcoholic 


yeastiness  (yes'ti-nes),  n.     The  state  or  prop- 
erty of  being  yeasty. 

yeast-plant  (y  est 'plant),  n.  The  Saccharovujces 
cerevisi^,  a  minute  plant  producing  alcoholic 
fermentation  in  saccharine  liquids;  also,  any 
one  of  several  other  species  of  the  genus  Sac- 
charomyces.  See  yccisf,  1  (with  cut), 
fermentation  of  saccharine  fluids,  rising  partly  yeast-p'owder  (yest'pou^Mer),  n,  A  substitute 
to  the  surface  in  the  form  of  a  frothy,  flocculent,  for  yeast  used  for  leavening  bread,  consisting 
viscid  matter  {top  or  surface  yeast),  and  partly  of  a  preparation  of  soda,  phosphates,  and  other 
falling  to  the  bottom  {bottom  ov  sediment  yeast),  substances,  in  the  form  of  a  powder;  a  baking- 
Yeast  consists  of  aggregations  of  minute  cells,  each  cell     powder. 

constituting  a  distinct  plant,  Saccharomyces  cerevidm.  yeasty   (yes'ti),   a.      [Formerly   also  yeshj ;    < 
Ti.^  ''"■''*  "'""'^  •"  "  yeast  +  -y'^.']     1.  Consisting  of  or  resembling 

yeast. 

We  have  then  [In  June]  another  dun,  called  the  Bai-m- 
Fly  from  its  yeasty  color. 

Cotton,  Ik  Walton's  Angler,  ii.  2G1. 

2.  Foamy;  frothy;  spumy. 

Though  the  yenty  waves 
Coufound  and  swallow  navigation  up. 

Shak,,  Macljeth,  iv.  1.  53. 

The  sands  and  yeasty  surges  mix 
In  caves  about  the  dreary  bay. 

Tennyson,  Sailor  Bity. 

3.  Light;  unsubstantial;  trifling;  worthless. 
Thus  has  he  — and  many  more  of  the  same  breed  that 

I  know  the  drossy  age  dotes  on  — only  got  the  tune  of 
the  time  and  outward  habit  of  encounter:  a  kind  of  »/ex(y 
collection,  which  carries  them  through  and  through  the 
most  fond  and  winnowed  opinions. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  199. 

Knowledge  with  him  is  idle,  if  it  strain 
Above  the  compass  of  his  ye--i1y  brain. 

Drayton,  Moon-Calf. 
Same  as  yate^  gate"^. 

And,  or  the  porter  was  at  the  yeat. 
The  l>oy  was  in  the  ha'. 

Lady  Maisry  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  84). 

.  [ME.  se(I(k7ty  ^eddicn,  <  AS.  gcddian, 
gyddian,  glddian,  speak,  sing,  <  gedd,  gidd,  a 
song.]  To  speak;  sing.  Piers  Plowman  {X), 
i.  138 


The  yeast-plant 
saprophytic  fungus 
of  uncertain  system- 
atic position,  being 
regarded  by  some  as 
a  degenerate  asconiy- 
cete,  by  others  as  rep- 
resenting a  distinct 
class.  It  exists  under 
two  conditions.  In 
the  first  it  is  in  the 
form  of  transparent 
round  or  oval  cells, 
averaging  .08  mm. 
(.003  incli)  in  diam- 
eter, whicli  iJiorea.se 
in  countless  numbers 
by  budding  —  tiiat  is, 
by  the  formation  of 
a  small  daughter- 
cell  by  the  side  of 
the  mother-cell,  from 
which  it  sooner  or 
later  separates.  The 
other  form  consists 
of  larger  cells,  which, 
by  a  division  of  their 
protoplasm,  form  four 
new  cells  within  the 
parent-cell.  These 
endogenously  formed 
cells  have  been  liken- 
ed   to  the  ascOSporeS     rf,  the  spores;  ^,  geniiinaling  spores. 

of    the    Asconiycetes, 

with  which,  as  stated  above,  they  are  frequently  classed, 

The  former  notion  that  the  yeast-plant  was  only  the  ini 


yeatt,  ». 


Yeast. 

(J,  yeast-plant  {SiiCf:h(zrofnyces  cere- 
^>isia),  showing  increase  by  budding ;  b,  a 
cell,  showing  the  formation  of  the  siwres ; 

a  ceil,  containing  four  mature  spores  ;    y6QU.t*  "^^  ' 


mature  conditiun  of  a  niolcl  has  been  effectually  explocled  yeddinKt,  "•     fME.,  also  yeddunne,  <  AS.  ged- 
by  Brefclds  elaburate  researches.     Fermentation  takes  'j  °-5  , V i,„i  „    „*  „„"^^,„„    „:.,™.  c. 


Sediment  yeast  is  rerioduced  by  spores,  yedeH,  TOdet.    [ME.  ycdc,  gede,  gode, 

In  tlieir  chemical  relatons  the  two  do      /_  ftnVh    i/hliii^   iirfit    of  iiini   I'o-  qpp 

'er.     Yeast  varies  in  quality  according  to      (-'^jom.  Kiaja ),  prei.  01  gan,  ^,0.  see 

soleto  irregular  preterits  of  go 


by 

place  sooner  and  goes  on  more  rapidly  when  yeast  is  added 
than  when  the  fluid  is  merely  exposed  to  the  atmosphere, 
beer-yeiist  possessing  the  property  of  setting  up  fermenta- 
tion in  the  highest  degree.  .Surface  yeast  is  formed  at  from 
6.5'  to  77°  F.,  and  its  ai-tion  is  rapid  and  Irregular,  whereas 
sediment  yeast  is  formed  at  from  32°  to  45°,  and  its  action  is 
slow  and  quiet, 
and  not  iiy  buds. 

not  appear  to  differ.  Yeast  varies  in  quality  according 
the  nature  of  the  liiinid  in  wliich  it  is  generated,  and  yeast- 
mercliants  distin^oiisli  several  varieties,  which  are  em- 
ployed for  diilerent  pur)toses  according  to  tlieir  energy 
and  activity.  Yeast  is  employed  to  induce  fermentation 
in  tlie  manufacture  of  beer  and  ale,  and  of  distilled  spirits, 
and  is  also  the  agent  in  producing  the  panary  fermenta- 
tion, whereby  Ijread  is  rendered  liglit,  poious,  ami  spongy. 
Beer  yeast  is  emjjloyed  medicinally  as  a  stimulant  in  low 
fevers,  and  is  of  great  service  in  cases  where,  from  inflam- 
matory symptoms,  wine  is  inadmissible.  See  barm'^,  Sac- 
chatomyces,  ff.nnentatwn. 

She  consented  that  the  village  maiden  should  manufac- 
ture yeagt,  both  liquid  and  in  cakes. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Gables,  v. 

2.  Spume  or  foam  of  water;  froth. 

Now  the  ship  boring  the  moon  with  her  mainmast,  and 
anon  swallowed  wltli  ye&t  and  froth. 

Shak.,  "\V.  T.,  iii.  3.  94. 

They  melt  into  thyy«as(  of  waves,  which  mar 
Alike  the  Armada's  pride,  or  spoils  of  Trafalgar. 

Bymn,  Childe  Harold,  iv.  181. 


f'i/"!/.  giddiing ;  verbal  n.  of  gcddian,  sing;  see 
yedd,  v.']  A  popular  tale  or  romance,  or  a  song 
embodying  a  popular  tale  or  romance. 


Of  yeddinges  he  bar  utterly  the  prys. 
Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C, 


T.,  1.  237. 

<  AS.  code 

see  go.']    Ob- 


Arttflcial  yeast,  a  dough  of  flour  and  a  small  (inaiitity 
of  coMinion  yea^t,  made  into  small  cakes  and  dried.  Kept 
free  from  nioistin-e,  it  long  retains  its  fermentative  prop- 
erty.—Beer-yeaat,  the  common  yeast,  Saccttaromycen 
cerfvUUe,  wldcti  is  added  to  the  wort  of  beer  for  the 
pui-pose  of  exciting  fermentation.  See  def.  1. —  Bottom 
or  Bedlment  yeast.  See  .let.  1.— German  yeast,  com- 
mon yeast  collected,  drained,  anil  pressed  till  nearly  dry. 
It  can  iie  so  kept  for  several  months,  and  is  much  used  by  yedert, 


bakers.  — Patent  yeast,  ye.ist  collected  from  a  wort  of 
malt  and  ho), ,. 

Press 

ties,  mi 

in  ijags  as  a  preparation  for  storing. —  Surface  "or  top 
yeast    See  def.  1. 
yeast  (yest),  );.  i.     [<  yeasl,  «.]     To  ferment. 

Yeastin{f  youth 
Will  clear  itself  and  crystal  turn  again. 

Keats,  Otho  the  Great,  iii.  2.    (Davics.) 

yeast-beer  (yest'l>er),  «.     See  becr'^. 


Sethen  ,fede  to  sitte  same  to  solas  <S:  to  pleie 
At  a  wid  windowe  that  was  in  the  chaumber. 

William  0/  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  I.  3672. 

Two  or  three  of  his  messages  yedcn 

For  Pandarus.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  ii.  936. 

To  mete  hir  ;^odc  mani  baroun, 
with  grete  and  faire  processioun. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  115. 

His  army  dry-foot  through  them  yod. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  1. 1.  53. 

One  while  this  little  boy  he  yode. 
Another  while  he  ran. 

Childe  Maurice  (Child's  Ballads,  II.  314). 

Along  the  bankes  of  many  silver  streames 
Thou  with  him  yodest. 

L.  Bryskett,  Fastorall  Aeglogue. 

In  other  pace  than  forth  he  yode, 
Return'd  Lord  Marmion. 

Scott,  'Marmion,  iii.  31. 

yedert, ''.  '.  [Also  yead;  a  false  pres.  tense  and 
inf.  fonned  from  the  pret.  yedc,  yode:  see  yede^.] 
Togo;  proceed.     [Rare  and  erroneous.] 

Then  baild  the  knight  this  lady  yede  aloof. 
And  to  an  hill  herselfe  withdraw  asyde. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  6. 

Years  yead  away,  and  faces  fair  deflower.  Drant. 

[ME.    gedir;    cf.    AS.   sedre,   edrc, 


,,  r.      .■-,•■,,.    r,  *         quicklv.]     Quick.     Wars  of  Alexander,  \.  50^2. 

nd  bo],,  and  treated  similarly  to  Gerniiin  yea.st.—  „i/i„_i.^i  „^,.  rMF,  7efln-hi  7fderH  ■  C  iieder + 
yeast,  yeast  freed  from  water  and  other  impnri-  yetterlyt,  aai.  [MJli.  geaoiy,  gcaei  n ,  \yeaer  T 
ixed  with  about  15  percent,  of  starch,  and  pressed     -ly^.\     Quickly;  at  once. 

For  I  3elde  me  fu'derly,  &  gege  after  grace, 

A:  tiiat  is  the  best,  iie  my  dome,  for  nie  bv-hone3  nede. 

Si';-  Gauayiw.  ami  the  Green  Kni'jht  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  1215. 

yeel  (yel),  n.     A  dialectal  fonu  of  ed. 
yeeld-f,  r.     A  Middle  English  spelling  of  yield. 
yeept,  «■    Same  as  yep. 
yeffellt,  adv.    An  obsolete  dialectal  form  of  evil. 


yelling 

Yet,  "Pottys,  gret  chepe!"  creyed  Rotblyn, 
"  Y  loffe  yejletl  thes  to  stonde. " 
Roldn  Hood  and  the  Potter  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  24). 

yeftt,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  gift. 

Thanne  to  the  Sowdon  f  urth  he  went  anon. 
Of  whom  he  hadde  his  thank  rigitt  specially, 
And  gi'ete  ye/tys  as  he  «  as  wele  wortliy. 

6enerydes(Eu  E.  T.  8.),  1.  3094. 

yeldi  (yeld),  a.  [Also  ye(dd,  yald,  yell ;  var.  of 
gcld^.]  Barren;  not  giving  milk:  same  as 
r/eWl,  2.     [Scotch.] 

Thence  country  wives,  wi'  toil  and  pain, 
May  plunge  and  plunge  the  kirn  in  vain  ;  .  .  . 
And  dawtit  [pettedl  twal-pint  hawuie  [cow]  's  gane 
As  yell 's  tiie  bill  [bull]. 

Burns,  Atldi-ess  to  the  De'iL 

A  wild  farm  in  Northumberland,  well  stocked  withmilk- 
cows,  yeald  beasts,  and  sheep. 

Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-r.olhian,  xxxiz. 

Few  owners  of  deer  forests  will  adopt  the  author's  sug- 
gestion of  themselves  beginning  to  shoot  the  yeld  hinds  on 
the  15th  of  October,  instead  of  leaving  it  to  their  keepers. 
Athenseum,  No.  ii079,  p.  £60. 

yeld^t,  n.    A  Middle  English  form  of  gild'^. 

Thys  statute  is  made  by  the  comyne  assent  of  all  the 
bretherne  and  sistenie  of  alballowe  yelde, 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  281. 

At  "Worcester  as  late  as  1467  we  flinl  the  citizens  in  their 
"yeld  merchant"  making  for  the  craft  guilds  regulations 
whicli  imply  that  they  had  full  authority  over  them. 

StitbOs,  Const.  Hist,  8  485. 

yeldet,  v.    A  Middle  English  form  of  yield. 
yeldhallet,  ".      A  Middle  English  form  of  gild- 
IrnlL 

To  sitten  in  a  yeMhalle  on  a  deys. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  370. 

yeldring  (yel'dring).  n.  [Also  yeldrin,  yoldring, 
yoldrin,  yorliiig,  etc.,  in  numerous  variant  forms 
based  on  yellow.']    Same  as  yowley.    [Scotch.] 

yeldrock  (yel'drok),  n.  Same  as  yowley. 
[Prov.  Eng.] 

yelk  ( yelk ),  n.    A  variant  of  yolk. 

yelU  (yel),  v.  [<  ME.  yellen,  gellen,  gidlen,  gollen, 
<  AS.  gellan,  giellan,  gyllan,  cry  out,  yell,  re- 
sound, =  D.  gillen,  shriek,  scream,  =  G.  gellen, 
resound,  =  Icel.  gella,  also  gjalla  =  Sw.  gdlla 
=  Dan.  gjxUe.  gjalde,  resound,  ring ;  prob.  akin 
to  AS.  (jffltom,  sing:  see  gate^.  Cf.  yawl^,yowi.] 
I.  intrans.  To  ciy  out  ■with  a  sharp,  loud  noise; 
shriek ;  cry  or  scream  as  with  agony,  hoiror,  or 
ferocity. 

Thay  yelleden  as  feendes  doon  in  belle. 

Chatieer,  Nun's  Piiest's  Tale,  L  589. 

Tlio  com  the  deuel  jollynge  uorth,[and]  loude  he  gan  grede 
Alas  iiou  is  my  niyste  ido  euermo  he  sede. 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  44. 

The  night  raven  that  still  deadly  yells.    Spenser. 
The  dogs  did  yell.  Shak.,  L.  L.  X,.,  iv.  2.  60. 

The  throng'd  arena  shakes  with  shouts  for  more ; 
Yells  the  mad  crowd  o'er  entrails  freshly  torn. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  i.  6a 

All  the  men  and  women  in  the  hall 
Rose,  when  tliey  saw  the  dead  man  rise,  and  fled 
Yelling  as  from  a  spectre.  Tennyton,  Geraint. 

II.  trans.     To  utter  with  a  yell. 

As  if  it  felt  with  Scotland,  and  ycll'd  out 

Like  syllable  of  dolour.      Shak.,  Macbeth,  iv.  3.  7. 

Some  boy,  galloping  tor  life  upon  the  road,  yells  to  him 
the  sudden  news,  and  is  pone. 

W.  it.  Baker,  New  Timothy,  p.  258. 

Again  the  Apaches  were  summoned  to  surrender,  .  .  . 
and  again  they  yelled  their  defiant  refusal. 

The  Centuni,  XLI.  659. 

yelU  (yel),  «.  [<  yell'^,  v.]  1.  A  sharp,  loud 
outcry ;  a  scream  or  cry  suggestive  of  horror, 
distress,  agony,  or  ferocity. 

Rod.  I'll  call  alond. 

lafjo.  Bo,  with  like  timorous  accent  and  dire  yell 
As  w'heii,  by  night  and  negligence,  the  Are 
Is  spied  in  populous  cities.         Shak.,  Othello,  i.  1.  75. 

A  loud  halloo  of  vindictive  triumph,  above  which,  how. 

ever,  .  .  .  the  yell  of  mortal  agony  was  distinctly  heard. 

Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxxi. 

.\  yell  the  dead  might  wake  to  bear 
Swell'd  on  the  night  air,  far  .ind  clear, — 
Then  smote  the  Indian  tomahawk 
On  crashing  door  and  sliattei-ing  lock. 

Whiltier,  Pentucket. 

Specifically— 2.  A  call  or  cry  peculiar  to  a 
special  body  of  persons:  as,  a  class  yell;  the 
)/c«  of  Columbia '91. 

The  yining  men,  in  brilliant  tennis-blazers  and  negligee 
costumes,  are  giving  Ihe  mountain  calls  or  yrlh—  cries 
adopted  according  to  the  w  ellknown  college  custom,  and 
uttered  with  more  energy  than  mnsii-. 

St.  Sicholas,  XVII.  837. 

yell2  (yel),  a.     Same  as  yeld^. 

yelF,  yell-house.  Dialectal  forms  of  ale.  ale- 
house. 

yelling  (yel'ing),  «.  li'M'E.  gellynge;  verbal  n. 
of  yclP-,  v.]  The  act  or  the  noise  of  one  who  or 
that  which  yells;  a  yell,  or  yells  collectively. 


yelling 

Ydlings  loud  and  deep.  Drayton. 

Pale  spectres  grin  around  me, 
And  stihi  me  with  the  yellings  of  damnation. 

Johnson, 

yelloch  (yel'och),  v.  i.  [A  var.  of  yelU,  with  a 
guttural  termination.]  To  sereamj  yell;  shriek. 
[Scotch.] 

But  an  auld  useless  carliiie  .  .  .  Qniig  herself  right  in 
my  sister's  gate,  and  yelloched  and  skirled,  that  you  would 
have  thought  her  a  whole  geuei-ation  of  honuds. 

Scott,  Pirate,  xxx. 

yelloch  (yel'och),  n.  [<  yellochj  r.]  A  shrill 
cry ;  a  yell.     [Scotch.] 

yellow  (yel'o),  a.  and  n.  [Also  dial.  yuUow. 
yalloic,  yalk'Tj  etc.;  <  ME.  yelow,  ycloice^  yelwe, 
gelwCj  gelowe,  yolwe,  gelu,  etc.,  also  ^alow,  yahi, 
etc.,<  AS.  (^eolu,  geolo  (geolw-)  =  OS.  gelo  =  MD. 
gkelu,  D.  geel  =  OHG.  ge(o  (geltc-),  MHG.  gel 
{gelic-),  G.  gelb  =  Icel.  gulr  =  Sw.  Dan.  gul^  yel- 
low, =  L.  helvuSj  light-yellow ;  akin  to  Gr.  x^M, 
verdure,  x^-^P^^'  yellowish-green,  OBulg.  j:€lenu, 
vellow,greea,  Lith.  zalias,  green,  Skt.  hari,  yel- 
low: see  chlor-j  gold.  Perhaps  also  akin  to  Gr. 
yoy-n  =  L.  fel,  bile,  gall,  =  E.  gall:  see  |/«?/^.] 
I.  a.  Of  a  color  resembling  that  of  gold,  butter, 
etc.  See  IT,  Yellow  is  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of 
'jaundiced,'  'jealous,'  etc.,  the  color  beinn  regarded  tui 
a  token  or  »yml)ol  of  jealousy,  envy,  melancholy,  etc. :  a 
usage  no  douht  connected  with  the  figurative  notions  at- 
taching to  jaundice,  the  skin  having  a  yellow  hue  iu  that 
disease. 

His  Nekke  is  zalowe,  aftre  colour  of  an  Orielle,  that  is  a 
Ston  well  schynynge.  Mandedlle,  Travels,  p.  48. 

His  here,  that  was  j/fUu  and  lirigbt, 
Blac  it  bicome  anoiiright. 

Gy  of  Warwike,  p.  220.    (Ualliwell,) 

She  gave  it  Cas^io,  but  thereat 
Wiiy  roll  your  yellow  eye? 
Trayedie  of  Othello  the  Moor,  quoted  in  Furness's 
[Variorum  Othello,  p.  398  (App.). 

A  primrose  by  a  river's  brim 
A  yellow  primrose  was  tu  him, 
And  it  was  nothing  more. 

Wordttworth,  Peter  Bell,  i.  12. 

Acute  yellow  atrophy  of  the  liver,  a  <ltsease  character 
ized  by  a  granular  f.ttiy  deg.-ncralion  of  vari<>us  tissues 
of  the  lK)ty,  particularly  of  the  glands  and  muscles,  the 
chanK-'h  l>iii;,'  usually  m^st  evident  in  the  liver.— Blue- 
wiuged  yellow  warbler.  >>ee  (r/irWe/-.— Imperlalyel- 
low  porcelain,  f*  «  i"i  i'eri<iL  —  Kind's  yellow  worm. 
.  Set- redta— Order  of  the  Yellow  String,  ^unorder.— 
Spotted  yellow  flycatcher ^  Same  as  African  u-arUer. 
See  twirW«r.— Spotted  yellow  warbler.     Hee  warbler, 

and  cut  under  trotted.  —  To  wear  yellow  hose  or  atock- 

ingat,  to  be  jealous. 

Jealous  men  are  either  knaves  or  coxcombs ;  be  you 
neither;  you  toear  yellow  hotte  without  cause. 

DeJekerand  Webgter,  Northward  Ho,  L  3. 

Yellow  adder'B-tongue,  admiral,  antimony.  See 
the  noun.s.— Yellow  ant,  a  species  of  ant,  LaxiuH  fiavua, 
common  to  Enropr  and  N'ortii  America.— YellOW  ax- 
senlct.  See  aix/«i  ■,  1.— Yellow  ash,  asphodel,  avens. 
See  the  nonuT;.— Yellow  babOOn,  the  wuud  bulfoon. — 
Yellow  bacbelor'a-bUttons.  See  bach'-lor'g  button^:.  - 
Yellow  balsam.  (i)The  touch-me  not,  Iinpati-nM  Soli- 
tanker^,  (b)  See  />a/*a //I.  — Yellow  bark,  same  as  Il<>- 
litrian  bark  (which  see,  under  ftitA--').— YellOW  basa,  the 
brass-bass. —Yellow  bear,  the  larva  of  a  coninion  boin- 
bycid  moth,  Spiltsnna  viriinira,  coininonly  called  the 
Virrrinia  tiger-inoth.  (I*.  S.]— Yellow  bedatraw.  See 
bedtfr.iWy  2(o).— YellOW  belle,  a  rare  British  geometrtd 
moth,  .4 />*itarc*ei//YinVi.— Yellow  berriea.  Same  as /Vr- 
Wan  fferriea  fwhirh  see,  unUr  /VrW/;n).  -YelloW  blrch. 
See  WnA.— Yellow  bird'B-nest,  IIf/p"pif!iit  multitl(jra 
iMonofrupa  flypopityn).  See  bird  nifxt,  1  ((^).— YellOW 
boa,  the  yellow  snake  (see  below).- Yellow  box,  Eitca- 
typtui  vieUiodi/ra,  of  >'ew  South  vN'ales  and  Vict/iria,  a 
large  tree  with  a  thick  trunk  and  spreailing  top.  The  vnunX 
is  prized  forvariouskind-iof  artizans' work,  for  ship  build- 
ing, fuel,  etc.  The  name  is  also  ascrlbetl  to  the  blooilwood, 
k.  corymboti,  of  New  South  Wales  and  Queensland,  of 
which  the  wood  is  very  bard  when  dry,  and  durable  under- 
ground.—YellOW  boy.     (a)  A  gold  coin.     iSlaiig-J 

John  did  not  starve  his  cause  :  there  wanted  not  yellow- 
boy»  to  fee  counsel.  Arbuthnot,  Hist.  John  Bull,  i.  0. 

(6)  A  mulatto  or  a  dark  (|ua'iroon :  used  (as  also  yellow 
girl)  iKtth  by  whites  and  by  negroes.  [Southern  U.  S.)  — 
Yellow  bream,    see  hreamK  1.— Yellow  broom.    Set; 

ftrw^nl.— Yellow  bugle.       same    as  y round- pine,   1.— 

Yellow  bunting,  the  yeiIovvha)niner.— YeUow  butter- 
wort.  See  /'tH.'/<(K»/rt.— Yellow  camomile,  candle. 
See  the  nouns.  — YellOW  canlcer-worm,  the  larva  of  a 
common  geouietrid  moth,  llyhernia  tiliaria,  commonly 
called  the  lime-tree  irintermoth.  |U.  S.j— YelloW  Car- 
mine, a  pigment  of  % ariabl,?  composition.  It  is  generally 
a  lake  formed  from  Persian  berries  or  quercitron-bark. — 
Yellow  caxtilage,  clastic  or  reticular  caitilage;  tlliro- 
cartilaue  coiitairung  yellow  elastic  filters.  See  carlilaae 
and  retietUar.— Yellow  cat,  a  certain  cattish,  Leptop»  oli- 
vari^,  one  of  the  mud  cats.  See  Ae;>?oyj«.—  YellOW  cedar. 
Same  as  yelluw  n/j/r^xn  -YellOW  cells,  iti  ZooL,  sarco- 
blasts;  |»eciili-ir  nucleated  structures  In  the  Jtadiolaria, 
containing  yellow  proto|)la.sni  (fKi^sibly  parasites).  Pasrof. 
—Yellow  centaury,  (a)  Same  as  yHlow-irorf.  (/<)  The 
yellow  »tar-thi«tle,C''nMiirf a  soW'Vm/M.— Yellow  chest- 
nut, the  yelbiw  chestnut  oak^  Qif-cuM  prinoid'-H  (Q.  Cax- 
tawa).  See  chestnut  uak.  under  oaA*.- Yellow  cinchona 
bark.  See  Cin^Aon  ).- Yellow  clover.  See  clover,  1.— 
Yellow  colors.  See  II.,  i.— Yellow  copper,  same  as 
yellowfrr:  S-e  below. -YellOW  COpperas.  Sameasrr(;;i- 
a;;i7«,— Yellow  coralline,  an  orauL'c  colored  dye  formed 
from  rosolic  acM,  or  aurbi.  which  latter  is  produced  by  the 


7015 

joint  action  of  oxalic  and  sulphuric  acids  on  carbolic  acid. 
—Yellow  crake,  the  yellow  rail.— Yellow  cranberry- 
worm,  the  larva  of  a  tortricid  moth,  Tera$  vacciniivora- 
na,  injurious  to  the  cranlierry  in  tlie  United  States.    Also 
called  yellow-headed  cranberry- worm,  in  contradistincticui 
to  the  hlack-hi-aded  cranberry- worm,  which  latter,  also 
called 7i7C-u'or7ft,  is  the  larva  of  Ithnpfiobota  vacciniana. — 
Yellow  cress,  the  winter-cress,  Barbarea;  also,  either  of 
two  yellow  flowered  species  of  water-cress,  Sastartixun 
palustie  and  S.  amphibium.—YeUow  cypress,  a  tree, 
Chaiitxcyparis  Suikaensis,  of  nurtliwestern  North  Amer- 
ica, the  most  valuable  timber-tree  of  Alaska.     \U  wood 
is  liglit,  hard,  and  close-gruiued,  easily  worked,  and  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  it  receives  a  beautiful 
satiny  polish,  and  is  probably  not  surpassed  as  a  cabi- 
net-wood among  North  American  trees.    It  is  somewhat 
used  in  boat-  and  ship-building,  and  for  furniture,  inside 
finish,  etc.     Also  Sitka  cypress,  yellow  cedar.— YeUoW 
dead-nettle.     See  deadnettle,  and  veasd-snout.  — Yel- 
lOW deal.    See  Scotch  jdn^,  vnider  ;mwl.— Yellow  dock. 
See  dock^,  1.— YellOW  dog's-tOOth  ViolCt.    See  violet. 
—Yellow  dyes.    See  li  ,  i.— Yellow  aye-tree,  Xyiojna 
(Coelocline)  j^ycarpa,  of  tropical  Africa,  a  tree  whose 
bark  is  bitter  and  contains  berberine.      It  artords  the 
natives  a  much-used  yellow  dye,  and  in  Sierra  Leone  is 
used  topically  in  the  treatment  of  obstinate  ulcers.— Yel- 
low ebony.   See  ebony,  «.— Yellow  eglantine.   See  yel- 
low rose,  under  nisci.— Yellow  elastic  cartilage.    Same 
as  yellow  cartilage  (see  al>ove).  — YellOW   fever.      See 
/«t'^rl.— Yellow  fibrous  tissue,  a  kind  of  tissue  distin- 
guished by  its  yellow  color  and  its  great  elasticity.     It  is 
seen  iu  tiie  ligainentum  nuchaj  of  many  quadrupeds,  iu 
the  walls  of  the  arteries,  to  which  it  gives  its  peculiar  ehis- 
ticity,  in  the  vocal  coid^  of  the  larynx,  and  elsewhere.— 
Yellow  fiddle  wood,  same  as  «/mr-(r(^e.— Yellow  finch. 
See  tiiu-h  i .  —Yellow  fir.    See  Orefjon  j-iue,  under  pine'i  .— 
Yellow  fiag.    (a)  See/ar/-'.   (6)  See  jfa^/S  and  yw«.— Yel- 
low flower-de-luce,  tlie  yellow  flag  or  iris,  Irix  Pseuda- 
roru«.— Yellow  foxglove,  Diyitalis  Ivtea,  of  continental 
Europe  ;  also  Gerardia  jlava,  the  downy  false  foxglove  of 
North  America.— Yellow  gentian,  the  counnon  gentian 
or  bitterwort.  Gentiana  /t/(ea.— YellOW  girL    See  yellow 
boy  (b).  —Yellow  goat.   Same  as  dzeren  — YellOW  goat'S- 
beard,  the  common  goat's-beard,  Trayopogon  pratensis. 
— Yellow  gowan,  a  name  of  various  yellow-flowered 
plants,  chiefly  lianunctdun  acrix  and  other  buttercups, 
and  Cnltha  palutitrix,  the  marsh-marigold.     [Scotch. ]- 
Yellow  gum.    (a)Sarae  as  acar.adf/ion  (which  see,  under 
gum-),    (b)  See  y(^n'«H-«/i(m.— Yellow  gurnard,  haw. 
See  the  nouns.— YellOW  Hercules.      Same  as  prickly 
yellow- wood  (see  i/«'//'>«'-«v>()(/).— YellOW  honeysuckle, 
one  of  tlie  trumpet-honeysuckles,  Lonicera  fiava,  a  rare 
plant  of  high  lauds  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  some- 
what in  cultivation.    The  flowci-s  are  briglit  orange-rod 
in  terminal  capitate  clustci-s.     The  yellow  Italian  honey- 
suckle is  a  variety  of  Lonicera   Capr^/ot^^lm.— YellOW 
Iris.  Jack,  Jasmine,  lady's-slipper,  lake,  lUy.  lo- 
cust;, lupine.   Sec  the  nouns.— Yellow  lead  ore.   Same 
as  wult'ruite. —YcUow  lemurt,  macaco*,  or  macau- 
COt.     Same  as  Ar(>iA-a>'ii.— YellOW  loosestrife,  Lysiina- 
chia  riilyaris.  — Yellow  mackerel,  Caranx  pixqwtox.— 
Yellow  mastwood.  See  a  an/Ztc-rj/iw)/!.— Yellow  meli- 
lot    See  i/(it7o/tw. —Yellow  metal,  milk,  oak.    See 
the  nouns.— Yellow  mite,  Tetranychns  aexpttnctattat,  the 
common  six-spotted  rnite,  which  damages  the  orange  in 
Florida.    Also  called  California  ypider.    [Florida.]— Yel- 
lOW OCher,  the  ordinary  ocher  of  commerce,  which  is  usu- 
ally yellow,  as  distinguished  from  certain  special  ochers 
which  are  red  and  brown.     See  ocAer.- YellOW  ore,  yel- 
low ore  of  copper;  copper  pyrites,  a  sulphuret  of  copper 
and  iron,  the  most  generally  distributed  of  all  copper  ores. 
[Cornwall  (chiefly).]— Yellow  oxeye.     See  oxeye.—Yel- 
low-oxid-of-mercury  ointment.   See  oih^/h^h/.— Yel- 
low perch,     {a)  See  perch,     (h)  See  3/icro;>^erujt.— Yel- 
lOW phlox,  the  western  wallflower.     See  walljlowr.— 
Yellow  pickerel,  pike,  pine,    see  the  nouns.- Yellow 
pimpernel.    See  /,'/^(7rt'7('AiVi.— Yellow  pitch.    Same 
as  Burgundy  or  white  pitch  (which  see,  uniier  pitch'^). 
—Yellow  plover.     See  plvrer. —  Yellow  plum.     See 
wild  plum,  under  ;>iHm.— YellOW  pond-lily.     See  pond- 
lily,  1. —Yellow  poplar.    Same  as  (w/i;;  (re.— Yellow 
puccoon.    See  Ifydrajiti-fi.  Indian  jmint  (under  paint), 
and  yeUowrt}ot.—Ye\10W  quartZ,  false  t/jpaz,  or  citrine. 
See  (/unr/z. —Yellow  races,  the  Chinese,    Mongolians, 
etc.      See   Xaitthuchroi.-YeMOW  rail,  Porzana    nove- 
borace7ifis,  a  vei-y  small  crake   or  short-billed   rail    of 
America,   of  a  jicneral    yelh.wiBb    cohuation.— YellOW 
rain.    See  rainl,  2  (a).— Yellow  rattle.    See  rattfel,  (i 
(a).— Yellow  redpoU.   See  redpoll,  2,  an<i  wn rW.' /■.— Yel- 
low remittent  fever.  Sce/ereri. -Yellow  robin,  rose, 
sapphire.    See  the  nouns. -Yellow  sally.    See  ^a/Zi/^S  2. 
—Yellow  SCUlpin.    See  Kculpin,  1  and  4.— YellOW  slck- 
ness.    See  gickne^x,  and  hyacinth,  1.— YcUow  snake,  the 
West  Indian  Cfiilobothrus  inornatu8,ei  boa  8  or  10  feet 
long,  of  a  dull-yeHowish  color  varied  with  black,  common 
iu  Jamaica.— Yellow  snake-leaf,  yellow  snowdrop, 
old  names  of   the   yellow  adderVtontrue,  or  dog-tooth 
viidet,  Enphronium  Atnericanxim.—^YeMoW  SOap.    See 
Boap,   1. -Yellow    sponge.      See    iHxth-Hponye.— Yellow 
spot,    (rt)  In  ana^    iiti&  macula  lutea,  \m*\ev  macula,  (b) 
In  entom.,  Peck's  skipper,  Polites  j)eckiut,  a  small  he.spe- 
rian  butterfly  of  America,  of  a  brownish  color  with  a  large 
yellow  blotch  on  each  hind  wing.— YellOW  Starch.    See 
iitarch2,  n.,  2. —YellOW  Star-Of-Bethlehem.    See  Gayea. 
—Yellow  star-thistle,  starwort,  suckling,  sweet- 
wood.    Sec  the  nouns.— Yellow  Sulphur  springs  wa- 
ter.    See  (raCcr.- Yellow  SWeet-SUltan.     S.-e  mdtan,  4. 

-Yellow tamarind,  tan ager, thistle.  See  the  nouns. 
— YeUow  thrusht.  same  ius  un'ol^-,  i.— Yellow  tit,  one 
of  several  species  of  Indian  timeliine  birds  of  the  genus 
}t achlolophux,  having  the  head  crested  and  the  plnniaKO 
chiefly  yellow  or  green.— Yellow  toad-flax,the  c<.inmon 
toad  flav.— Yellow  trout,  ultramarine,  underwing, 
wagtail.  See  the  nouns.— Yellow  viper,  the  ferde 
lance-  Yellow  wall-lichen,  a  species  of  lichen.  Parme- 
Ha  pai"iH(iria.  whi'di  urows  on  trees  and  walls.  It  yields 
a  yellow  coloring  matter,  and  is  used  in  intermittent 
fevers.— Yellow  warbler,  wash,  water-cress,  water- 
crowfoot,  wolfs-bane,  wood-sorrel,  wren.  See  the 
nouns.— Yellow  water-Illy.  See  pond-lily,  1.— Yellow 
willow,  the  trold'ju  osier,  a  variety  of  the  white  willow 
(which  see,  under  (n»o(ri).— YellOW  yoldring, yorling, 
or  yowley,  the  European  yellowhanimer. 


sped  with  spavins,  rayed  with  the  ytl- 
Shak.,  T.  of  the  S.,  iii.  2.  54. 


yellow 

II.  n.  1.  The  color  of  gold,  butter,  the  neu- 
tral chromates of  lead,potassa,ete.,  audof  light 
of  wave-length  about  0.581  micron,  it  has  some 
remarkaljle  properties  which  are  due  to  the  fact  that  by 
far  the  greater  part  of  the  visiide  spectrum  consists  of 
two  regions,  in  either  of  whicli  any  three  colors  being 
taken  a  suitable  mixture  of  tlie  extreme  ones  will  match 
the  middle  one,  and  tliat  the  yellow  is  about  the  middle 
of  one  of  these  regions  which  contains  four  ttlths  of  all 
the  visible  lij^ht  of  the  solar  spectrum.  Tliis  reyion  is 
boundeil  by  the  scarlet  and  the  emt-rald-green ;  the  other 
by  the  emerald-green  and  the  viulet-blue.  These  thiee 
colors  are  thus  the  only  ones  which  cannot  be  matched  by 
mixtures  of  others.  They  are  also  more  chromatic  or 
high-colored  than  those  which  fall  between  them  in  the 
spectrum  ;  for  which  reasons  physicists  regard  these  three 
colors  as  the  elementary  ones.  (See  color.)  A  remarkable 
property  of  yellow  is  that  an  increase  of  light  merely 
intensifles  the  sensation  with  a  blight  heightening  of  the 
color,  without  changing  the  hue ;  while  blue,  on  the  other 
hand,  is  rendered  pale  by  increased  illumination,  and  all 
other  colors  are  rendered  yellowish.  The  name  yellow 
is  restricted  to  highly  chromatic  and  luminous  colors. 
When  reduced  in  chroma,  it  becomes  buff ;  when  reduced 
in  luminosity,  a  cool  brown.  Mixed  with  red,  yellow  goes 
over  into  orange ;  mixed  with  green,  into  yellow-green. 
Lemon-yellow  and  canary-yellow  may  be  taken  as  jmre 
yellows,  the  latter  being  a  little  greener.  Sulphur-yellow 
is  a  little  greenish ;  primrose  is  a  little  greenish  and  pale ; 
gamboge  is  a  very  slightly  orange  yellow.  By  chrome- 
yellow  is  usually  meant  a  little  more  orange  and  most  in- 
tensely chromatic  color.  Indian,  cadmium,  and  saffron 
yellows  are  orange-yellows ;  Naples  yellow  and  maize-yel- 
low are  pale  orange-yellows.  Ocher-yellow,  clay-yellow, 
and  wax-yellow  are  of  somewhat  diminished  chroma,  the 
first  a  little  orange,  and  the  last  a  little  green.  It  is  im- 
possible to  descrihe  the  yellows  more  precisely,  as  the 
slightest  causes— for  example,  a  little  thicker  layer  of 
paint,  or  illumination  from  another  part  of  the  sky  — 
change  their  hues  decidedly. 

The  cercles  of  his  eyeu  in  his  heed 
They  gloweden  bitwixe  i/elow  and  reed. 

Chaucer^  Knight's  Tale,  1.  1274. 
Your  French-crown-colour  beard,  your  perfect  yellow. 
Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i.  2.  98. 

2.  The  yolk  of  an  egg;  the  vitellus:  opposed 
to  the  ivhitc,  or  the  sun-ounding  albtimen. —  3. 
pi.  Jaundice,  especially  jaundice  in  cattle  (see 
jaundice);  hence,  figuratively,  jealousy. 

His  horse,  , 
lows. 

Thy  blood  is  yetnncorrupted,  yellows  has  not  tainted  it. 
Tu'o  Lancashire  Lovers  (1040),  p.  27.     (Halliwell.) 

4.  ph  Dyer's-weed.     ITalliu-cll.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

—  5.  Same  ni^  peach-ycllou's. 

The  yellows  is  its  [the  peach's]  most  fatal  disease. 

A'ew  Amer.  Farm  Book,  p.  232. 

6.  One  of  certain  geometrid  motlis:  an  English 
collectors'  name:  as,  the  speckled  yellow. — 7. 
Any  one  of  tiie  group  of  small  yellow  butterflies ; 
a  sulpliur.  See  sulphur,  «.,  3 — Antimony  yellow, 
yellow  antimony.  Seen«f/mo«y.— CasselvellOW.  Same 
as  mineral  yellow.— ChSjiem  yelloW.  Same  as  king's 
yellow.  — Cohdlt  yellow,  a  pigment  used  by  artists,  com- 
posed of  the  double  nitrite  of  potassium  and  cobalt.  It 
is  permanent,  and  nuu-e  closely  resembles  the  yellow  of 
the  spectrum  than  any  other  pigment.— Fast  yellow. 
Same  as  addyellow.—YoV^  yellOW,  a  color  formerly  used 
in  dyeing,  made  by  lieating  carbolic  acid  and  arsenic  in  a 
pot.  It  dyes  wool  ami  silk  yellow,  and  gives  red  shades 
with  lime.— Imperial  yellow,  in  ceram.,  a  variety  of 
Chinese  porcelain  having  a  uniform  yellow  g;laze,  said  to 
be  reserved  for  the  use  of  the  imperial  family  or  court; 
also,  by  extension,  porcelain  nf  any  make  supposed  to 
resemble  this  in  color.  — Indian  yellow,  a  bright  yel- 
low jiigment  obtained  in  India.  It  is  supjiosed  to  be  the 
earth  dug  up  from  the  stables  where  cows  have  been 
housed  during  the  winter  and  fed  on  mango-leaves.  In 
its  crude  form  it  comes  in  commerce  in  balls  of  from  3 
to  5  inches,  having  an  ofTensive  urinous  odor.  It  is  an 
impure  magnesium  salt  of  euxanthic  acid.  For  artistic 
purposes  it  is  washed  and  levigated,  the  foreign  ma- 
terial being  carefully  f^ejiarated.  Thus  purified  it  gives 
an  orange-yellow  of  great  dejith  and  beauty.  It  is  quite 
permanent,  and  is  used  both  as  an  oil  and  as  a  water  color. 

—  King's  yellow,  a  pigment  formed  by  subliming  a 
mixture  of  avseuious  oxid  and  sulphur.  It  consists  of 
arsenious  acid  and  arsenic  trisulphid,  or  orpiment.  Also 
Chinese  yellow.—  Madder-yellOW,  a  lake  jtrepared  from 
madder-root.  It  is  bright  in  tone,  somewhat  similar  to 
Indian  yellow,  but  more  transparent.—  Manchester  yel- 
low, a  coal-tar  color  used  in  dyehig,  being  the  sodium  or 
calcmm  salt  of  dinitro-alpha-nuphtliol.  It  is  applicable  to 
silk  and  wool,  producing  shades  from  pale  lemon  to  deep 
orange.  It  is  not  fast  to  light.  It  is  also  known  as  Mar- 
tius's  vdlow,  naphthol  yellow,  golden  yellow,  mjfron  yellow, 
naphihalene  yellotv.  —  'S/laTS  yellOW,  an  artificially  pre- 
pared oxid  of  iron,  resembling  the  natural  yellow  other. 
It  is  used  by  artists  as  a  pigment.— Martius's  yellow. 
Same  as  Manchi'ster  j/c^/ow.—  Mineral  yelloW.  See  min- 
eral.—tHonXveUxev  yellow.  Same  as  mineral  yellow.— 
Naples  yellow,  a  light-yellow  pigment  of  various  shades 
and  of  varying  eoniposition.  The  true  pigment  is  a  basic 
antimoniate  of  lead,  but  it  is  imitated  by  mixtures,  as  of 
cadmium-yellow  and  zinc-white,  or  of  white  lead  and 
chrome-yellow.  It  has  a  good  body,  and  is  quite  perma- 
nent.—Paris  yellow.  Same  as  chri»nie-yel'on:  —  'Pa,teTlt 
yellow.  Same  as  mineral  yellow.- TeTfect  yellOW, 
chroniate  of  zinc,  used  as  a  pigment  by  artists.  It  is  a 
liglit,  bright  yellow,  and  is  quite  pernunient.— Resorcl- 
nal  yellow,  same  as  //YJ/zp'*///*.  Speckled  yellow. 
See  si)crklt'd.  —  Strontian  yellow.  See  stnmiiun.—  Tur- 
ner's yellow,  an  oxyclil(U'id  of  lead  employed  as  a  yellow 
pigment :  same  as  minrral  yellow. 

yellow  {yd'o),  r.  [<  yellow,  a.']  I.  trans.  To 
render  vellow. 


yellow 

So  should  my  papers,  yellowd  with  their  age. 

Be  sconi'd.  Shak.,  SoiineU,  xvii. 


7016 


yellow-rocket 


II. 

low. 


While  the  morning  light 
Was  yelloiciiiff  the  hill-tops. 

WordSivorth,  Prelude,  v. 

i)itra)is.    To  become  yellow;    gi'ow  yel- 

The  noisy  flock  of  thievish  birds  at  work 
Aiuung  the  yellowing  vineyards. 

Brov^nimj,  Bordello,  i. 


yellowammer  (yer6-am"er),  H. 

lotchummtr.  1. 
yellow-backed   (yel'6-bakt),  a 


yellowflsh  (yel'o-fish),  «.  A  chiroid  fish  of  the  yellowlshness  (yel'o-ish-nes),  «.  The  state  or 
"  '"'  property  of  being  yellowish.     Boyle. 

yellow-jack  (yel'd-jak),  u.  See  yellow  Jacfi,  un- 
der  JocAl. 

yellow-jacket  (yel'o-jak'et),  n.  Any  one  of 
several  species  of  true  social  wasps  or  hornets 
of  the  genus  Vespa,  which  have  the  body  more 
or  less  marked  with  yellow;  any  hornet,  as  V. 
crahro.  See  cut  under  hornet.  Vespa  vulgaris,  an 
importation  from  Europe,  is  the  common  yellow-jacket  of 
the  United  States. 


coast  of  Alaska,  Hexagrammug  {Pleurogram- 
mus)  moHopterygius.  This  is  one  of  the  rock-trouts, 
and  a  food-flsh  of  some  importance,  locally  known  as  Atka 
mackerel.  It  is  dark-olive  above  and  yellowish  below, 
criiss-barred  on  the  sides  with  the  color  of  the  back;  the 
fins  are  nearly  plain  dusky,  the  pect^trala  with  blackish 
margin,  and  the  dorsal  flu  is  continuous  or  but  slightly 
emarginate. 
yellow-footed  {yel'd-fufed),  a.  Having  yel- 
low feet:  as,  the  yellow-footed  armadillo,  the 

Same  as  yel-    poyou ;  the  yellow-footed  rock-kangaroo,  Petro- 
gale  xanthopus:   specific  in  phrase-names  of 

Having   tlie     various  animals 


back  yellow,  or  "having  yellow  on  the  back:  yellow-fronted  (yel'd-fruii'ted),  o.    Inornith 


The  mellow,  perfumed  apples  dropped  heavily  on  the 
grass,  and  the  busy  yellow-jackets  rioted  among  them. 

The  Atlantic,  LXVI.  775. 


specific  in  some  phrase-names  of  animals:  as, 

the  blue  yellow-backed  warbler,  PartUa  ameri- 

caiui  (which  see,  under  Panda). 
yellow-barred  (yel'o-bard),  a.  Barred  with  yel- 
low :  as,  the  yellow-barred  brindle,  Lobophora 

rirctatu,  a  British  geometrid  moth  whose  larva 

feeds  on  privet. 
yellow-beak  (yers-bek),  «.    Same  as  bejaii. — 

Abbot  of  yellow-beaks.    See  abbot. 
yellow-bellied  (yel'o-bel'id),  a.    Having  the  yellowham  (yel'o-ham), ».    The  European  yel- 

belly  yellow,  or  having  yellow  on  the  abdo-     lowhammer. 


having  the  front  (of  the  head)  yellow,  or  having  yellowleg,  yellowlegS  (yel'o-leg,  -legz),  n.    A 


yellow  there:  as,  the  yellow-frniited  warbler, 
Yellow-flronted  warbler.    See  warbler. 

yellow-golds  (yel'o-goldz),  h.  A  golden-flow- 
ered plant,  probably  the  marigold,  Calendula 
ofieiiialis.     See  gold,  6. 

yellow-gum  (yel'o-gum),  H.  1.  The  jaundice  of 
infants  (icterus  infantum). —  2.  Same  as  black- 
gum 


tattler  of  the  family  Scolopaeidee  and  genus 
Tetanus  (section  Gambetta);  the  T.  or  G.  fla- 
vipes :  so  called  from  the  color  of  its  legs.  The 
form  yellrrwlegs  is  the  more  common,  it  inhabits 
the  greater  part  of  North  America,  migrating  in  winter 


men:  specific  in  phrase-names  of  many  differ 
ent  animals:  as,  the  yellow-bellied  flycatcher, 
Empidonax  flariventris ;  the  yellow-bellied  wood- 
pecker, Spliyropictts  varius.  See  cut  under  sap- 
sucker. 

yellowbelly  {yel'6-bel"i),  n.  A  sole-like 
flounder,  Kkombosolea  leporina.  Science,  XV. 
141. 

yellowbill  (yel'o-bil),  n.  The  American  black 
scoter,  (Edemia  americana :  from  the  yellow 
lump  on  the  bill.  Also  called,  for  the  same  reason, 
butter-bill,  butter-none,  copper-nose,  and  pumpkin-blossom 
coot.     [New  Eng.] 

yellow-billed  (yel'o-bild),  a.  Having  the  bill 
or  beak  more  or  less  yellow:  specific  in  phrase- 
names  of  various  birds — yeUow-biUed  cuckoo, 
Coccytus  americatnts,  the  common  rain-crow  of  the 
United  States.  See  cut  under  Cocci/^ms.— Yellow-billed 
loon,  Cotymbus  (ov  Urinator)  adamsi,  a  very  large  loon 
of  arctic  Nortll  America,  having  the  bill  mostly  dull 
horn-vellow,  and  of  a  different  shape  from  the  black  bill 
of  the  common  loon.— YeUOW-billed  magpie,  Pica 
nuttalli,  or  Nuttall's  ma;..T)ie,  the  common  magpie  of  Cali- 
fornia, wlio.se  inll  is  Ijriglit-yellow,  instead  of  l)lack  as  in 
most  other  magpies.— Yellow-bllled  troplc-bird,  Phae- 
than  fiavirosiris. 

yellowbird  (yel'o-berd), )/.  One  of  several  dif- 
ferent birds  of  a  yellow  or  golden  color,  (a)  In 
Great  Britain,  the  golden  oriole,  Oiiolus  galbula.  Mon- 
tagu. See  first  cut  under  onWe.  (6)  In  the  United  States, 
the  summer  warbler,  or  summer  yellowbird,  Dendroeca 
sestiva,  a  small  dentirostral  insectivorous  bird  of  tlie  fam- 
ily Mniotittid/e,  of  a  bright-yellow  color,  obscured  on  the 
back,  the  male  streaked  on  the  under  parts  with  reddish. 
It  is  one  of  tlie  most  abundant  and  familiar  birds  of  the 
country,  inhabiting  nearly  tlie  entire  continent  in  sum- 
mer, and  much  of  Central  America  in  winter.  See  cut 
under  warbler,  (c)  In  tiie  United  States,  the  American 
goldfinch  or  thistle  bird,  Chrysotnitris,  Astragalinus,  or 
Spinas  tristis,  a  conirostral  granivorous  bird  of  the  fam- 
ily FringUlidie.  The  male  in  summer  is  clear-yellow,  with 
black  on  the  head,  wings,  and  tail;  in  winter  the  yellow 
is  exchanged  for  pale  flaxen-brown.  It  is  very  abundant 
in  the  eastern  United  States  und  Canada, 
goldfinch. 

yellow-breasted  (yel'6-bres"ted),  a.  Having 
the  breast  wholly  or  partly  yellow:  specific  in 
phrase-names  of  various  animals,  especially 
birds:  as,  the  yellow-breasted  chat  (see  cut  un- 
der chaf^). 

yellow-browed  (yel'6-broud),  a.  In  ornith., 
having  a  yellow  superciliary  line :  as,  the  yel- 
low-browed warbler,  PhijUoscopus  .iiiperciliosiis. 
See  cut  under  P/ii/Ho.sc((pHS.  — Yellow-browed 
shrike.    See  shrike-. 

yellow-covered  (yel'o-kuv'ferd),  a.  Covered 
with  yellow;  especially,  covered  or  boimd  in 
yellow  paper — Yellow-covered  literature,  trashy 
or  sensational  fiction,  pf riodicals,  etc.;  in  allusion  to  the 
fornj  in  which  such  matter  was  formerly  commonly  issued. 
ICoUoq.) 
yellowcrown  (yel'o-kroun),  n.  The  yellow- 
rump  or  niyrtlc-bird,  Deiidrceca  coronata. 
yellow-crowned  (yel'6-kround),  «.  Having 
the  top  of  the  head  yellow,  or  yellow  on  the 
crown,  as  various  birds;  yellow-polled:  as,  the 
ycllow-i-riiirncil  iiiglit-lieron.  See  niglit-heroii. — 
Yellow-crowned  thrush.  See  '/VacAi/™'""--  -Yellow- 
crowned  warbler.     See  wni'6ter.— Yellow-crowued 

weaver.     See  weaj:er-blid. 

yellow-duckwing   (yel'6-duk"wing),  a.     Not-  yellowing  (yel'o-ing) 

ing  a  variety  of  duckwing  game-fowls  whose        ^     "        '    '        •   -     - 

distinguisliing  color-mark  on  the  wing  of  the 

cock  is  golden  or  yellow.     The  back  of  the 

cock  is  orange  or  crimson.     Comjiare  silcer- 

ductwing. 
yellow-eyed  (yel'o-id),  a.    Having  yellow  eyes, 

or  a  yellow   eye,  in   any   sense ;    also,  yellow 

around  the  eyes.— Yellow-eyed  grass.    See  .Yyris. 
yellowfin  (yclTj-fiii).  //.     Same  as  rcitfni.  2. 


Yellow  hammer,  with  its  abbreviation  yellow  Ham. 
Yarrell,  Brit.  Birds  (4th  ed.),  II.  43,  note.    (Eneye.  Diet.) 

yellowhammer  (yer6-ham"6r),  «.  [Cf.  dial. 
yellowhomber,  ycllowomber ;  <  yellow  -h  ha»i- 
mer'i,  prop,  ammvr:  see  liammer^.']  1.  The  yel- 
low bunting,  Mmberiza  citrinella,one  of  the  com- 
monest birds  of  the  western  Palearetic  region. 
It  is  about  7  inches  long;  the  head,  cheeks,  front  of  the 
neck,  belly,  and  lower  tail-coverts  are  of  a  bright  yellow; 
the  upper  surf.ice  is  partly  yello"  ,  but  chiefly  brown,  the 
feathers  on  tlie  top  of  the  back  being  blackish  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  the  tail-feathers  also  blackish.  The  yellowham- 
mer is  a  resident  in  Great  Britain,  and  generally  through- 
out Europe.  In  summer  the  well-known  notes  of  the  male 
are  almost  incessantly  heard  from  the  roadside  hedge. 
Also  called  (joldhammer,  yellowammer,  yellowham,  yellmv- 


Yellowhammer  (.Entberiza  ct'triiieHti). 


See  cut  under     omber,  yellow  yoldring,  yellow  yorling,  yelloiv  yowley  (and 


Greater  YellowlegS  {Tetanus  mflanoleucus). 

into  Central  and  South  America,  and  is  an  abundant  and 
well-known  game-bird,  especially  during  the  autumnal 
migration,  when  it  is  found  in  flocks  about  the  marshes, 
feeding  upon  fish-fiy,  mollusks,  crustaceans,  etc.,  and  be- 
coming fat  and  highly  prized  for  the  table.  It  is  about 
11  inches  long,  the  bill  IJ  niches,  the  tarsus  about  2  inches. 
The  name  extends  to  a  similar  but  larger  species,  the  T. 
or  G.  TTielanoleucus,  the  two  being  distinguished  as  the 
lesser  and  greater  yellowtegs.  The  latter  is  decidedly 
larger,  beyond  dimensions  ever  reached  by  the  former, 
as  length  13  to  14  inches,  bill  2  or  more,  tarsns  2i,  etc. 
These  birds  are  also  called  lesser  and  greater  yeVowshanks 
and  by  various  other  names.    See  tattler  and  Tolamis. 

yellow-legged  (yel'6-leg"ed  or  -legd),  a.  Hav- 
ing yellow  legs :  as,  the  yellow-legged  clearwing, 
a  British  hawk-moth,  Scsia  cynipiformis  or  Tro- 
chilium  cynipifonne.  The  yellow-legged  herring-giill 
is  Larusca'chinnans  of  Pallas.  The  so-called  yellow-legged 
plover  of  the  United  States  is  the  lesser  yellowIegs,  Te- 
tanus flanipes.  —  YelloW-legged  goose.  See  goo^e.  —  Yel- 
low-legged  sandpiper.  Sec  sandpiper,  and  cut  under 
ruf2. 

yellow-legger(yel'6-leg"er),n.  1.  The  yellow- 
legs. —  2.  A  fisherman  from  Eastham.  [Prov- 
incetown,  Massachusetts.] 

yellow-line  (yel'6-lin ),  a.  Having  yellow  lines 
or  streaks:  as,  the  yellow-line  quajter,  Orthosia 
macilenta,  a  British  noctuid  moth. 


with  variants  yeidWHi/.^eidroct) ;  also  scrtiWm^  iai-t  and  yellowly  (yel'o-li),  adr.     [(.yellow  -t-  -ly'^.'\     In 
H.ri«n3;ar«:(frointhescratchymarkingsof  its  eggs);  and     ^  yellow  manlier;  with  an  appearance  of  yel- 


by  various  other  local  or  provincial  names,  as  yite. 
2.  In  the  United  States,  a  local  misnomer  of 
the  flicker,  or  golden-winged  woodpecker,  Vo- 
laptcs  auratus  (see  cut  under  flicker'^).  No  bird 
much  like  or  congeneric  with  the  true  yellowhammer 
exists  in  North  America;  but  popular  ignorance  would 
have  it  otherwise,  and  pitched  upon  this  woodpecker  as 
a  subject  for  the  name,  or  perhaps  the  name  was  given 
because  the  bird  is  extensively  yellow  and  "hammers" 
trees.  The  European  yellowhammer  resembles  and  is 
congeneric  with  the  ortolan  of  that  country,  Emberiza 
hortulana;  and  the  United  States  bird  which  really  looks 


lowness. 

The  town  of  Asterabad,  with  its  picturesque  towers  and 
ramparts  gleaming  yellowly  in  the  noondiiy  sun. 

0  Donovan,  Merv,  v. 

yellow-necked  (yel'o-nekt),  a.  Having  the 
neck  yellow  :  as,  the  yellow-necked  caterpillar, 
the  larva  of  a  common  North  American  bomby- 
cid  moth,  Datana  »H»istr«,  which  feeds  in  com- 
munities on  the  foliage  of  apple,  hickory,  and 
walnut  in  the  United  States. 

The  state  or 


something  like  tiie  yellowhammer  is  the  bobolink  in  the  ««iirtTimoaa    u-t^l '  i\   nns"!     »       1 
fall,  when  it  is  called  recd-Wrd,  7-ice-Wrd,  and  ortoian.  yCllOWneSS  p  ei    o    lies;,    n.      i. 

3t.  A  gold  coin ;  a  yellow  boy.     [Old  slang.]       property  of  being  yellow. 


Is  that  he  that  has  gold  enough?  would  I  had  some  of 
his  yelloic-hamtners  !  Shirley,  Bird  in  a  Cage,  ii.  1. 

yellow-headed  (yel'd-hed'ed),  a.  Having  the 
head  yellow,  or  yellow  on  the  head:  as,  the 
yellow-headed  blackbird.  See  cut  under  Xan- 
thocephalus — YelloW-headed  tit  or  titmouse,  the 
gold  tit,  Aitriiiarus  fiaHceps. 

yellow-homed  (yel'o-hornd),  a.  Having  yel- 
low antenna^:  as,  the  yellow-horned  moth,  Cy- 
niiitophord  Jlaricornis,  a  British  noctuid. 

H.     [Verbal  n.  of  )/e/?mc. 


The  Purifying  Pills,  which  kept  you  alive,  if  they  did 
not  remove  the  yellotntess. 

George  Eliot,  Middlemarch,  xlv. 


2t.  Jealousy.     See  yellow,  a. 

I  will  incense  Page  to  deal  with  poison  ;  I  will  possess 
him  with  yellowness.  Shak.,  M.  W.  of  W.,  i.  3.  111. 

yellowomber  (yel'o-om'ber).  n.     Same  as  yel- 
lowhammer, 1. 
yellowpoU  (yel'6-p61),  n.     The  male  widgeon 
or  golifenhead,  Mareca  penelope.     [Ireland.]  — 

. _. „ YellowpoU  warbler.    Same  m  yeltow-pciled  warbler. 

, .]  In  »7«-»«( «'»/., the  opeTation"of  boTliiig  the  yellow-polled  (yel'o-pold),  a.  In  oniith..  yel- 
pins  in  an  acid  solution  preparatory  to  nurling  low-crowned:  as,  the  yellow-polled  warhleT.  bee 
or  tinning  warbler. 

yellowish  (yel'6-ish),  a.     [<  yellow  +  -ish\-]  yellow-ringed  (yel'o-ringd),  n.     Ringed  with 
Tending  to  be  yellow;  somewhat  yellow;  yel-     yellow:  as,  the  yellow-ringed  carpet,  Larentm 
lowy :  as,  the  yellowish  monitor,  Varanus  Jlaves-    flancuictata,  a  British  geometrid  moth. 
Pe,,/  yellow-rocket  (yel'6-rok'et),  h.     The  common 

In  his  vouth  he  was  unhealthv.  and  of  an  ill  complexion     winter-cress.  Barbarea  rulgari.<^      Also  called 
dielluiiish).  Aubrey,  Lives  (Thomas  Holibes).     litter  wintir-cress  and  Winter  rocket. 


yellowroot 

yellowroot  (yera-rdt),  «.  l.  Same  as  shrub- 
yellowroot. —  2.  An  American  herb,  Hydrastis 
Canadensis,  named  also  orange-root,  yellow piic- 
coon,  Indian  paint,  turmeric-root,  and  especially 
(in  medicine)  goldenseal,  its  rootstock  contains 
faydrastine  and  herherine,  and  is  an  officinal  remedy  of 
an  unquestioned  tonic  property  and  witli  various  powers 
less  settled,  applied  in  dyspepsia,  in  jainifiice  and  otlier 
disorders  of  the  liver,  as  a  laxative,  alterative,  etc.  See 
HydrastU  and  hydragtine. —  SllTUb  yellOWroOt.  See 
Xaitthorrhiza  and  shrub-yellowroot. 

yellowrump  (yel'6-rump),  n.  The  yellow- 
rumped  warbler,  Dendrceca  eoronata,  the  yel- 
low-crowned warbler,  or  myrtle-bird.  See  war- 
bler and  myrtle-bird — western  yellowramp,  Au- 
dubon's warbler,  Dendrceca  audtiboni.    See  warbler. 

yellow-nunped  (yer6-rumpt\  a.  Having  the 
rump  (or  upper  tail-coverts  in  some  cases)  yel- 
low, as  various  birds,  (^ee  yelloicrump.)  The 
yellow-rumped  seed-eater  is  a  certain  finch, 
Crithagra  chrysopyga. 

yellow-sally  (yel'o-sal'i),  n.  See  yelloic  sally, 
under  sally3,  2. 

yellowseed  (yel'o-sed),  n.  A  species  of  pep- 
pergrass,  Lepidum  canipestre,  native  in  the  Old 
World,  introduced  in  North  America;  mithri- 
date  pepperwort. 

yellow-shafted  (yel'd-shaf'ted),  a.  Having  the 
shafts  of  certain  feathers  yellow :  as,  the  yelloic- 
shafted  flicker,  or  golden-winged  woodpecker, 
Colaptes  anratus.  See  cut  under  flicker''^,  and 
compare  red-shafted. 

yellowshank,  yellowshanks  (yel'o-shangk, 
-shangks),  «.  Same  as  yellowlegs.  Compare 
greenshank,  redshank. 

yellowshell  (yel'o-shel),  n.  A  British  geome- 
trid  moth,  Camptogrammn  hilineuta,  whose  yel- 
low wings  are  marked  with  white  lines. 

yellowshins  (yel'o-shinz),  n.  Same  as  yellow- 
legs. 

yellow-shouldered  (yel'o-shord&rd),  a.  In 
ornith.,  having  the  bend  of  the  wing  yellow,  or 
having  yellow  on  the  carpal  angle  of  the  wing: 
as,  the  yellow-shouldered  amazon,  a  South  Amer- 
ican parrakeet.  Chrysalis  ochroptera. 

yellow-spotted  (yera-spot'ed),  a.  Spotted 
with  yellow :  as,  the  yellow-spotted  tortoise  of 

the  Ganges — Tellow-gpotted  willow-slug.  Seemi- 
tmr-fiu'j. 

Yellowstone  trout.    See  trout^. 

yellowtail  (ypl'o-tal),  n.  and  a.  I.  n.  If.  An 
earthworm  yellow  about  the  tail.  Topsell,  Ser- 
pents, p.  307.  (Ilnlliwell.)  —  2.  One  of  various 
fishes,  (o)  A  carangoid  flsli  of  the  genus  Seriuta.  as  S. 
doTMlu.  Sife  cut  under  ainftw/UA.  [U.S.]  (())  A  caran- 
goid  fish,  Bloffatu  pinnulatu.t.  [Florida.]  (c)  A  caran- 
goid  fish,  Caranx yeorgianug.  (Auckland,  New  Zealand.] 
(d)  A  scijcnoid  flsli,  liairdieUa  chryeura,  the  silver-perch. 
ju.  8.]  (e)  A  sparoid  Hsh,  Ijogodtni  rkomboidee,  the  i)in- 
flsh.  .See  cut  under  Laf/odon.  [U.S.]  (/)  A  scorptenoid 
flsh,  SebattichlhyK  jlacvhu.  one  of  the  rockflshes.  [Cali- 
fornia.) ig)  A  clupeoid  flsh,  Brevnortia  tj/rannus,  the 
menhaden.  8'.'e  cut  under  Brevoortia.  \V.  S.]  (A)  A 
cirriUdd  flsh,  Loatrit  kecateia,  the  trumpeter,  (t)  A  ga- 
doid flsh,  Lotella  bachm.    [New  Zealarjd.] 

H.  a.  Yellow-tailed Yellowtail  moth,  LiparU 

auriHua,  a  British  species.— Yellowtail  warbler.  See 
warhler. 

yellow-tailed  (yel'o-tald),  a.  Having  the  tail 
more  or  less  yellow:  specific  in  many  phrase- 
names  of  animals. 

yellowthroat  (yel'o-throt),  n.  Any  bird  of  the 
old  genus  Trichas  (of  Swainson),  now  Geothly- 
pis:  as,  the  Maryland  yellowthroat.  See  cut 
under  (ieothlyjiis. 

yellow-throated  (yel'o-thrd'ted),  a.  Having 
the  throat  more  or  less  yellow :  specific  in  many 

Ehrase-names  of  animals:  as,  Xhe yellow-throated 
nch,  warbler,  etc — Yellow-throated  greenlet  or 
vireo,  Vireo  fiacifroM,  a  common  greenlet  of  eastern 
North  America,  of  rather  large  size  and  stout-hilled,  hav- 
ing the  whole  throat  and  breast  bright-yellow,  the  other 
under  parts  white,  the  upper  parts  yellowish-Kreen. 

yellow-top  (yei'o-top),  n.  A  variety  of  turnip: 
so  called  from  the  color  of  the  skin  on  the  up- 
per part  of  the  bulb. 

yellow-vented  (yel'o-ven'ted),  a.  Having  the 
vent-feathers  yellow,  or  being  yellow  on  the 
crissum:  as,  the  yellow-rented  bulbul,  Pycnnnn- 
tns  crocorrhous. 

yellow-weed  (yel'o-wed),  H.  1.  SameasjceW. 
—  2.  A  common  name  of  coarse  species  of  gold- 
enrod.     See  Solidago. 

yellow-winged  (ycl'6-win^d),  a.    Marked  with 

yellow  on  the  wing,  as  various  birds,  etc Blue 

yellow-winged  warbler,  H dminthoplia'ja  ctiniHojytern. 
See  cut  under  //^^/H';if/('»|>Aa,'/rt.  — Yellow-wlnged  lo- 
CUSt,  a  North  American  locust,  or  short  hoined  grass- 
hopper, Tovwrrwtiu  gtilphureug:  so  called  fiom  its  yellow 
hind  wings.  T.  W.  Ilarrit.—  Yellow-Winged  sparrow, 
a  grsuishopper-sparrow,  Cottirnii-ulwt  paxserinutt.  See  cut 
under  Coturnicuiwu.  — YellOW-wlnged  sugar-bird,  a 
connnoi»puituuit,  Cnerelja  enaiwn.  Hee  cut  under  Ccere- 
Mrur.— YeUow-wlnged  woodpecker,  the  yellow-shaft- 


7017 

ed  flicker,  or  golden-winged  woo(li)ecker.    See  cut  under 
Jlicker-, 

yellow-wood  (yel'o-wud),  n.  1.  Sameas/H.t- 
tic. — 2.  Cladrastis  tinetoria,  the  American  or 
Kentucky  yellow-wood,  in  cultivation  com- 
monly known  as  Virgilia  lictea,  also  called 
gopher-wood  and  yellow  ash.  in  the  wild  state  it  is 
a  rare  tree,  found  locally  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and 


Vellow.wood  {Cladrastis  tiiirforta^-     ii,  pod. 

North  Carolina.  It  grows  from  30  to  4.'>  feet  high,  and 
bears  pinnate  leaves  with  seven  to  ten  leaflets,  and  ample 
racemes  of  white  pea-like  flowers  drooping  from  the  ends 
of  the  branches.  It  is  highly  ornamental  for  both  flow- 
ers and  foliage.  It  has  a  hard  yelhjw  wood,  which  is  used 
for  fuel  and  to  some  extent  foi-  gun-stocks,  and  yields  a 
clear  yellow  dye.  For  another  American  yellow-wood, 
see  Schajeria,  The  Osage  orange,  Machtra  anrantiaca, 
of  the  same  genus  as  the  fustic,  is  sometimes  so  named, 
as  is  also  the  shrub-yellowroot,  Xanthorrhiza  apii/oUa. 

3.  Same  as  white  teak.     See  teak Australian 

yellow-wood.  See  Uf/ht  yellow-wood  and  Queensland 
yellow-wood.  Acronyehia  Ixvis,  of  the  Rutaee/e,  found  at 
Moreton  Bay,  Is  also  called  yellow-wood,  as  are  Hovea  lon- 
gipef,  a  tall  leguminous  shrub,  and  Xanthogtemon  pachy- 
rperma,  of  the  Jf  i/rt«cf  »•,  —  Cape  yellow- WOOd,  Podocar- 
pus  Thunbergii,  a  small  tree  with  bright-yellow  fine- 
grained wood,  very  handsome  when  polished,  t'ompare 
Satal  yellow-irood.—  'ESiBt  TTirtlaTi  yellow-WOOd,  the 
B&tin-vi >oA,ChloroT!/tonSicieten)a;  also,  Pod(jcarputi  lati- 
folia,  an  evergreen  80  feet  high,  with  aromatic  wood.— 
Light  yellow-wood,  a  tree,  Rhus  rhoilanlhema,  of  New 
.South  Wales,  growing  70  or  80  feet  high,  peculiar  in  its 
genus  in  bearing  large  red  flowers.  The  wood  is  of  a 
light-yellow  color,  sound  and  durable,  close-grained,  and 
taking  a  flue  polish  ;  it  is  one  of  the  best  cabinet-woods 
of  its  locality.  The  Queensland  yellow-wood  has  also 
l>een  called  by  this  name. —  Natal  yellow-wood,  Podo- 
cnrpus  elonffata,  a  tree  from  30  to  70  feet  high,  with  a 
close-grained  wood  extensively  used  in  building  and  for 
furniture,  though  not  bearing  exposure.  The  bastard 
yellow-wood  of  the  Natal  region  is  P.  pruinosa,  with  the 
wood  pale-yellow,  tou;:h,  and  durable,  extensively  used 
for  building. —  Prickly  yellow-wood,  the  West  Indian 
Xanthoxytum  Caribjeiim  (.V.  Clara-Hercidis  of  some  au- 
thors), a  tree  from  'lit  to  50  feet  liigli ;  the  wood  is  used 
for  making  furniture  and  inlaying ;  the  prickly  young 
stems  are  made  into  walking-sticks.  Also  called  pricklf. 
yellow.  Other  West  Indian  xanthoxylums  are  also  called 
yellow-  wood.  —  Queensland  yellow- wood,  FUn'iersia 
Oxleyana (Oxleya  xanlhoxyla), filsoca-Wed  white teakivfhUh 
see,  under  teak}  and  lit/ht  yetlow-wood.  F.  SchoHimia,  of 
the  same  region,  is  a  valuable  shade-tree  of  the  same 
name. 

yellow-wort  (yel'6-wert),  H.  A  European  an- 
nual plant,  Chlora  perfoliata,  of  the  gentian 
family.  It  is  a  very  glaucous  plant,  about  a  foot  high, 
the  stem-leaves  in  pairs  and  conn.ite-perfnliate.  the  flow- 
ers  bright-yellow  in  loo.se  terminal  cymes.  Also  called 
yelloic  centaury. 

yellow-wrack  (yel'o-rak),  n.  A  seaweed,  A.t- 
rojihylliiin  nodosum  (Fueus  nodosus  of  Linnaeus). 

yellowy  (yel'o-i),  a.  [<  yellow  -t-  -;/!.]  Some- 
what yellow;  yellowish;  flavcscent. 

A  little  kerchief  of  cobweb  muslin  and  ancient  yelloinj 
lace  .  .  .  is  *'Over  her  decent  shoulders  drawn." 

R.  Broufjhton,  .loan,  ii.  2. 

yelm  (yelra),  n.  [<  ME.  'gelm,  <  AS.  gclm,  gihn. 
a  handful.  Cf.  gleayi'^.']  A  handful;  a  sheaf 
of  siraw  or  grain.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
yelm  (yelm),  r.  (.  and  (.  [<  yelm,  ?i.]  To  lay 
straw  in  order  fit  for  use  by  a  thateher.  Halli- 
uell.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
A  woman  iteliuinfj  14  days.  Is.  IHl. 

//.  Hall,  Society  in  Elizabethan  Age,  -\pp.  II. 

yelp  (yelp),  »•.  /.  [Also  dial.  yaup.  yawp ;  <  JIE. 
yelpen,  gelpcn,  boast,  <  AS.  gilpan,  gielpan,  gyl- 
pan  (pret.  gealp)  (MHO.  gel/en),  boast,  exult, 
=  Icel.  gjdlpa,  yelp;  perhaps  ult.  akin  to  yell. 
The  mod.  sense  'yelp'  as  a  dog  is  prob.  due  to 
Scand.  Cf.  yawp.']  If.  To  boast;  cry  up  a 
thing;  exult;  brag. 

This  zenne  is  yhounde  ine  than  (the  one]  thct  be  his 
ogene  mo\ithe  him  yelpth  other  of  his  wytte,  other  of  his 
kenne,  other  of  his  workes.  Ayenbite  of  Jnwyt,  p.  22. 

I  kepe  noght  of  amies  for  to  uelpe. 

Chaueer,  KnighOs  Tale,  1.  1380. 

2.  To  give  a  shai^p,  shrill,  quick  cry,  resem- 
bling a  bark;  bark  sharply  and  shrilly;  yawp: 
said  of  dogs,  and  also  of  some  other  creatures, 
especially  a  wild  turkoy-hen. 

The  moment  Wolf  entered  the  house  his  crest  fell, .  .  . 
and  at  the  lesist  f!ouri.«h  of  a  broom-stick  or  ladle  he 
would  fly  to  the  door  with  yeljdnff^  precipitation. 

Irmnff,  Sketch-Book.  p.  40. 


yene 

let  the  wild 
Lean-headed  E.ogles  yelp  alone. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  vii. 

Now  a  hen  yelps  on  the  other  side,  and  he  (a  turkey-cock] 
pauses  between  the  two  calls,  then  struts  and  gobbles 
again.  Spoit  with  Rod  and  Gun,  II.  762. 

yelp  (yelp),  «.  [<  ME.  yel}),  gelp,  <  AS.  gielp, 
gylp,  boast;  from  the  verb.]  If.  A  boast; 
boasting. — 2.  An  eager  bark  or  cry;  a  sharp, 
quick  bark  or  cry  caused  by  fear  or  pain. 

The  dog 
With  inward  yelp  and  restless  forefoot  plies 
His  function  of  the  woodland.     Tennyson,  Lucretius. 

He  put  the  dog's  nose  in  and  patted  him,  and  Spike  gave 
a  yelp,  as  if  a  rat  were  in  prospect. 

R.  D.  Blackmore,  Kit  and  Kitty,  xxiv. 

yelper  (yel'per),  n.  [<  ME.  yelpere ;  <  yelp  -I- 
-iA.~\     1.  One  who  boasts;  a  boaster. 

The  yelpere  is  the  cockou,  thet  ne  kan  n.tgt  zinge  bote 
of  hini-zelue.  Ayenbite  oflmoyt,  p.  22. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  yelps.  Specifically- 
(a)  A  young  dog;  a  whelp.  Hailiwell.  (b)  In  imith.: 
(1)  The  avoset,  Recurvirostra  amcetta :  so  called  from  its 
cry.  [Local,  Eng.]  (2)  The  greater  yellowlogs,  Tntanvs 
melanolencus.  .Shore  Birds,  p.  37.  (c)  A  whistle  or  call 
used  by  sportsmen  to  imitate  the  cry  of  the  wild  turkey- 
hen. 

We  now  take  our  yelper,  and  give  a  few  sharp  yelps ;  he 
(a  wild  turkey]  hears  the  call. 

Sport  with  Rod  and  Gun,  II.  7(52. 

yelping  (yel'ping),  n.  [<  ME.  yelping,  gulping; 
verbal  n.  of //c/j),  c]     If.  Boasting. 

The  uerthe  [fourth],  .  .  .  whereby  the  proude  sseaweth 
prede  of  his  herte  is  yelpinyge.     Ayenbite  of  Inwyt,  p.  22. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  a  short,  sharp  cry  or  bark; 
specifically,  the  cry  of  a  wild  turkey-hen,  or  an 
imitation  of  it. 

yeltt  (yelt).  A  contraction  of  yieldeth,  third 
person  singular  present  indicative  of  yield. 

yelting  (yel'ting),  u.  The  glass-eyed  snapper, 
Lutjanus  eaxis.     Sportsman's  Gazetteer,  p.  399. 

yemant,  yemanryt.  Obsolete  variants  of  yeo- 
man, yeomanry. 

yemet,  «•  [ME.  yeme,  geme,  yome,  ^ome,  <  AS. 
*gedme,  OS.  goma  =  RID.  gooni  =  MLG.  gom 
=  OHG.  gouma,  gaunia,  MHG.  goume,  gaum 
=  Icel.  gaunir,  also  gaum,  heed,  care,  obser- 
vance. Cf.  gaum"^,  gawni,  a  var.  of  yeme,  due 
to  the  Scand.  forms.]  Notice ;  care ;  heed ; 
attention. 

3e  trcwlyle  toke  ,'^eme 

In  wnrlde  with  me  to  dwell. 

There  shall  30  sittc  be-deme 

Xij  kyndis  of  Israeli.         I'orJ-  Plays,  p.  238. 

This  was  the  tixte  trewly,  I  toke  ful  code  ^^eine. 

Piers  Plouin<tn  (B),  xvii.  12. 

yemet,  ''.  [ME.  yemcu,  gemen,  <  AS.  geniau,  gic- 
man,  gyman  =  OS.  gomean  =  OHCi.  goumjan, 
goumoii,  gounicn,  MHG.  gounten  =  Goth,  gaum- 
jan,  take  care  of,  observe;  from  the  noun.]  I. 
trans.  To  care  for;  guard;  take  care  of;  pro- 
tect. 

Two  gentilmen  ther  were  that  yemede  the  place. 

Tale  ofGaiiielyn,  I.  267. 

The  cheuyteyns  cheef  that  ge  chesse  enero 
Weren  all  to  yonge  of  seris  to  yema  swyche  a  rewme. 
Richard  the  Redeiess,  i.  80. 

II.  intrans.  To  take  care;  be  careful. 

Ensaumple  of  me  take  ge  schull, 
Euer  ff)r  to  ;^vme  in  jouthe  and  elde. 
To  be  buxsome  in  boure  and  hall, 
Ilkone  for  to  bede  otliir  belde. 

York  Plays,  p.  235. 

yemert,  «.  [ME.  gemcre;  <  yeme  -\-  -cr^.]  A 
guardian. 

Do  kynge  and  quene  and  allc  the  ct'nnine  after 

3yue  the  alle  that  thei  may  sine  as  for  the  best  ^emere, 

Aiul  as  thou  deniest  wil  thei  do  alle  here  dayes  after. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xlii.  170. 

yemola  (ye-mo'lii),  H.  [.Japanese.]  An  oil  ex- 
pressed from  the  seeds  of  Pcrillu  arguta.  See 
Perilla. 

yen'  (yen),  adr.     A  dialectal  form  of  yon. 

yen^t,  ".  pi.    A  variant  of  eycn,  plural  of  eye^. 

yen'*  (yen),  H.  [Jap.,  <  Chinese  ytien,  round,  a 
round  thing,  a  dollar.]  The  monetary  unit  of 
Japan  since  1871,  rcjircsented  {a)  liy  a  gold 
coin  weighing  l.(i60  grams,  .900  fine,  and  thus 
practically  equal  in  value  to  the  United  States 
gold  dollar;  and  (/))  by  a  silver  coin  weighing 
26.9.')6  grams  (410  grains).  .900  fine,  and  thus 
about  equal  to  the  silver  dollar  of  the  United 
States.  The  yen  is  divided  into  hnndrcdths  cjUUmI  sen, 
and  into  mills  called  rin.  One  ,  two-,  five-,  ten-,  and  twen- 
ty-yen pieces  are  coined,  and  the  fractional  silver  currency 
consists  of  five-,  ten-,  twenty-,  and  fifty-sen  pieces.  See 
cut  on  following  page. 

yender  (yen'der),  <idr.  A  dialectal  form  of 
yonder. 

yenet,  r.     An  obsolete  form  ni  yawn. 


Reverse. 
Silver  Yen.     (Size  of  original. ) 


yeni 

yeni  (yen'i).  «. 
[S.  Amer.]  A 
South  Ameri- 
can tanager, 
Calliftc  yeni. 

Tenisean.Yen- 
iseian  (yen-i- 
se'an,  -yan),  a. 
Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Yeni- 
sei, a  large  riv- 
er in  Siberia. 

yenite  (yen'it), 
II.  lAlsojciiitc; 

<  Jena,  a  town 
in  Germany,  + 
-!7«2.]  In  niiii- 
eral..  same  as 
ilvaite. 

yeoman  (yo'- 
man),  h.  ;  pi. 
yeomen  (-men). 
[Early  mod.  E. 
i/omaii ;  <  ME. 
yoman,  yomoii, 
ghomaii,yeiiian, 
gemaii,slieman; 
not  found  In 
AS.,  but  prob. 
existent  as 
*(/dmaii,  *geu- 
iiiaii,  gieman  (= 
OFries.  (jdmaii, 
gdmon,  a  villager  (ef.  gdfolk,  people  of  a  vil- 
lage), =  MD.  gaymaniien,  arbitrators,  =  Icel. 
gceiiiiadhr,  a  franklin  —  rare,  and  prob.  <  AS.); 

<  AS.  *gd,  'gcd,  *ge,  a  district  or  village,  as 
in  comp.  ie'l-ge.  'province  of  eels,'  Ohtgii-gd, 
Noxga-gd  {—  OFries.  gd,  go  (pi.  gde),  a  district 
village,  =  MO.  gouwc  (in  comp.  goo-,  goy-,  go-), 
a  village,  field,  D.  gouw,  goiiwe,  a  province,  = 
MLG.  go,  LG.  goe,  golie,  in  comp.  go-,  a  dis- 
trict, =  OHG.  gowi,  gouiri,  gewi,  MHG.  goit,  giiu, 
G.  gaii,  a  province,  G.  dial,  gdu,  the  country, 
=  Goth,  gaioi,  a  district),  +  man,  man.  The 
word  has  been  erroneously  explained  other- 
wise: (a)  A  contraction  of  a  supposed  ME. 
*yeme-man,  'a  person  in  charge,'  <  yeme,  care, 
+  man.    (b)  <  AS.  iuman,  aforefather,  ancient, 

<  iu,  of  yore,  +  man.  (c)  <  AS.  iung  man,  geong 
man,  young  man.     (d)  <  AS.  guma,  man.     (e) 

<  AS.  gem^ne,  common.  These  attempts  are 
all  wrong.  Tliat  which  refers  to  AS.  iung  man, 
geong  man,  finds  some  color  in  the  use  of  iung 
men  as  a  quasi-technical  name  for  a  body- 
guard ;  but  while  the  sense  might  seem  to  suit, 
it  is  impossible  to  derive  ME.  ^o-  or  ?e-  from 
AS.  geong,  iung.  The  proper  modern  spelling 
is  yoman,  the  eo  being  appar.  due  to  an  attempt 
to  represent  in  one  spelling  the  two  variants 
yeman  and  yoman;  the  eo  has  no  etymological 
justification,  as  it  has  to  some  extent  in  people.'] 
It.  A  retainer;  a  guard. 

jomen  than  dede  the  gates  schette, 
&  u'i3ttil!  llian  went  the  walles  forto  fende. 

William  of  Palerne  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  3649. 

A  yeman  hadde  he  and  servaunts  nanio. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  101. 

2t.  A  gentleman  attendant  in  a  royal  or  noble 
household,  ranking  between  a  sergeant  and 
a  groom:  as,  yeoman  for  the  month,  a  butler; 
yeoman  of  the  crown;  yeoman  usher:  applied 
also  to  attendants  of  lower  grade:  as,  yeoman 
ienteror  (see  f cute nr) ;  yeoman  of  the  chamber ; 
yeoman  of  the  wardrobe.  See  also  phrase  yeo- 
man of  the  guard,  below. 

Yeomen  of  Chamhre,  HIT,  to  make  heddes,  to  here  or  hold 
torches,  tu  sett'i  boiirdes,  .  .  .  and  suche  other  servyce  aa 
the  .  .  .  usshers  of  cliarnbre  command  or  assigne. 

Quoted  in  ISaliees  Book  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  313,  note. 

Xow  of  marai^lialle  of  halle  wylle  I  spelle,  .  .  . 
,TO//*on  vsshere,  and  grorae  also, 
Vndur  hym  ar  thes  two. 

Babees  Boole  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  311. 

Timochares,  whose  sonne  was  yoman  for  the  monthe 
with  the  kyni,'e,  promysed  to  Fabricius,  thaune  beiiige  con- 
Hull,  to  ale  kynge  Pyrrn.s. 

Sir  T.  Elyot,  Tlie  Governour,  iii.  5. 
Tlie  lady  of  the  Straehy  married  tlie  yeoman  of  the  ward- 
robe. Shale.,  T.  N.,  ii.  6.  45. 
Four  persons,  who  had  been  yomen  of  the  crown  to  Ed- 
ward IV.,  were  taken  inSouthwark  and  h:tirf<edatTylun-n. 
J.  Gairdiier,  llichard  III.,  iv. 

Hence  —  3t.  One  holding  a  subordinate  posi- 
tion, as  an  attendant  or  assistant,  journeyman, 
etc. 

ila.ster  FanK,  have  you  entered  the  action?  .  .  .  Where 's 
your  yeoman!    Is't  a  lusty  yeoman?  will  a' stand  to't? 
Shak.,  2  lien.  IV.,  ii.  1.  4. 


7018 

Enter  Master  Tenterhook,  Sergeant  Ambush,  and  Yeo- 
man Clutch. 
Ten.  Come,  Sersreant  Ambush,  come.  Yeoman  Clutch, 
yon  '8  the  tavern ;  the  gentlemen  will  come  out  presently. 
Dekker  and  Webnter,  Westward  Ho,  iii.  2. 

The  reason  for  calling  the  journeymen  of  the  craft  yeo- 
men and  bachelors,  was  probably  that  they  were  at  that 
time  in  England,  aa  was  the  case  in  Germany,  not  allowed 
to  marry  before  they  were  masters. 

English  Gilds  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  cxlvi.,  note. 

4.  In  old  Eng.  law,  one  having  free  land  of 
forty  shillings  by  the  year  (previously  five  no- 
bles), who  was  thereby  qualified  to  serve  on 
juries,  vote  for  knights  of  the  shire,  and  do  any 
other  act  for  which  the  law  required  one  who 
was  "probus  et  legalis  homo"  (Blackstone, 
Com.,  I.  xii.);  hence,  in  recent  English  use, 
one  owning  (and  usually  himself  cultivating) 
a  small  landed  property;  a  freeholder. 

I  press  rae  none  but  good  householders,  yeomen's  sons. 
Shak.,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iv.  2.  16. 
Now  do  I  smell  th'  astrologer's  trick :  he'll  steep  me 
In  soldiers  blood,  or  boil  me  in  a  caldron 
Of  barbarous  law  French ;  or  anoint  me  over 
With  supple  oil  of  great  inen's  services ; 
For  these  three  means  raise  yeornen  to  the  gentry. 

Tomkis  (?),  Albuniazar,  ii.  2. 
The  yeomen  or  Common  People,  .  .  .  who  have  some 
Lands  of  their  own  to  live  upon  ;  For  a  Carn  of  Land,  or 
a  Plough  Land,  was  in  ancient  Time  of  the  yearly  Value 
of  five  Nobles,  and  this  was  the  Living  of  a  Stokeman  or 
Yeomun;  And  in  our  Law  they  are  called  Legales  Homi- 
nes, a  Word  familiar  in  Writs  and  Inquests. 

Guillim,  Display  of  Heraldry  (ed.  1724),  II.  274. 

After  the  economical  changes  which  marked  the  early 
years  of  the  tlfteeiith  centnry,  the  yeoman  class  was 
strengtliened  by  tlie  addition  of  the  body  of  tenant  farm- 
ers, whose  interests  were  very  much  the  same  as  those 
of  the  smaller  freeholders,  and  who  shared  with  them  the 
common  name  of  yeoman.         Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  480. 

5.  In  the  United  States  navy,  an  appointed 
petty  officer  who  has  charge  of  the  stores  in 
his  department.  The  ship's  yeoman  has  ch.nrge  of  the 
boatswains',  carpenters',  sailmalcers'  stores,  etc.,  and  the 
engineer's  yeoman  has  charge  of  all  stores  in  the  engi- 
neer's department,  while  the  paymaster's  yeoman  takes 
care  of  provisions,  clothing,  and  small  stores,  and  issues 
them  as  directed. 

6.  A  member  of  the  yeomanry  cavalry.     See 

yeomanry, 4.    Aytotin Yeoman  bedel.    See  hedel. 

—  Yeoman  of  the  guard,  in  England,  a  member  of  the 
body-guard  of  the  sovereign.    See  be^-eater,  2. 

There  came  a  country  gentleman  (a  sufflcieut  yeoman) 
up  to  towne,  who  had  severall  sonnes,  but  one  an  extra- 
ordinary proper  handsome  fellowe,  whom  he  did  hope  to 
have  preferred  to  be  a  yeoman  o.f  the  guard. 

Autyrey,  Lives  (Walter  EaleghX 

Yeoman's  service,  powerful  or  efficient  aid,  support,  or 
help:  in  allusion  to  tlie  strength  and  bravery  of  the  yeo- 
men in  the  English  armies  of  early  times. 

I  once  did  hold  it,  as  our  statists  do, 

A  baseness  to  write  fair,  and  labour'd  much 

How  to  forget  that  learning,  but,  sir,  now 

It  did  me  yeoman's  service.    Shak.,  Hamlet,  v.  2.  36. 

yeomanly  (yo'man-li),  a.  [<  yeoman  +  -?//!.] 
Of  yeoman's  rank;  hence,  plain;  homely;  sim- 
ple; humble. 

It  would  make  him  melancholy  to  see  his  yeomanly  fa- 
ther cut  his  neighbours'  throats  to  make  his  son  a  gentle- 
man.       B.  Jontfon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  1. 

Tlie  simplicity  and  plainnesse  of  Christianity,  which  to 
the  gorgeous  solemnitiea  of  Paganisme  and  the  sense  of 
the  Worlds  Children  seem'd  but  a  homely  and  Yeomanly 
Ileligion.  Milton,  Reformation  in  Eng.,  i. 

yeomanly  (yo'man-li),  adv.  [<  yeoman  +  -ly^.] 
Bravely ;  as  with  the  strength  of  a  yeoman. 

"Saint  George  strike  for  us!"  exclaimed  the  Knight; 
*'  do  the  false  yeomen  give  way?"  "No !"  exclaimed  Re- 
becca, "  they  bear  themselves  right  yeomanly." 

Scott,  Ivaiihoe,  xxix. 

yeomanry  (yo'man-ri),  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
ycomandrie;  <ME.  yemanry,  geinanry;  <.  yeoman 
+  -ry  (see  -ery).']  1.  The  collective  estate  or 
body  of  yeomen ;  yeomen  collectively. 

Gentyllys  and  yemanry  of  goodly  lyff  lad. 

Coventry  Myderies,  p.  1. 

God  haffe  mersey  on  Robyn  Hodys  soUe, 
And  saffe  all  god  yemnnren  ! 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Potter  (Child's  Ballads,  'V.  32). 

Next  after  the  gentry,  in  respect  of  that  political  weight 
which  depends  on  the  ownership  of  land,  was  ranked  the 
great  body  of  freeholders,  the  yeomanry  of  the  middle 
ages.  Stubbs,  Const.  Hist.,  §  480. 

2+.  Service ;  retainers ;  those  doing  a  vassal's 
service. 

Then  Robin  Hood  took  those  brethren  good 
To  be  of  his  yeomandrie. 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Beggar  (Child's  Ballads,  V.  257). 

3t.  That  which  befits  a  yeoman. 

"Be  mey  trowet,  thow  seys  soyt,"  seyde  Roben, 
"  Thow  sevs  god  vemenrey." 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Potter  (Cllild's  Ballads,  V.  22). 

4.  A  volunteer  cavalry  force  originally  em- 
bodied in  Great  Britain  during  the  wars  of  the 
French  revolution,  and  consisting  to  a  great 


yerk 

extent  of  gentlemen  or  wealthy  farmers.  They 
undergo  six  days  of  training,  and  must  att<  nd  a  certain 
number  of  drills  yearly,  for  wliicii  they  receive  a  money 
allowance.  They  must  furuisli  their  own  horses,  but  have 
a  small  allowance  for  clothing  — the  governmeiil  also  sup- 
plying arms  and  ammunition.  Unlike  the  ordinary  volun- 
teer lorce,  the  yeomanry  cavalry  may  be  called  out  to  aid 
the  civil  power,  in  addition  to  being  liable  for  service  on 
invasion  of  the  country  by  a  foreign  enemy. — Yeomanry 
Act,  an  Eiiglisli  statute  of  1804  (44  Geo.  III.,  c.  54)  consoli- 
dating and  amending  the  laws  relating  to  the  corps  of  yeo- 
manry and  volunteers  and  regulating  them. 
yep  (yep),  a.  [Also  yap;  Sc.  yap,  yarp  (E.  dial. 
yepper) ;  <  ME.  yepe,  geiye,  gep,  siep,  s«p,  shrewd, 
prudent,  fresh,  brisk,  eager,  <  AS.  geap  (geapp-), 
gedp,  crafty,  cunning,  shrewd,  subtle,  bent, 
curved,  open,  spread  out.]  Fresh ;  brisk ;  live- 
ly; vigorous.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

For  hit  is  jol  &  nwe  jer  lYule  and  New  Year],  &  here  ar 
j«/j  mony. 
Sir  Oawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  284. 

Whil  thow  ai*t  gong  and  ^ep. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xi.  287. 

yeplyt,  adv.  [=  Sc.  yaply;  <  ME.  geply,  gap- 
liclie,  gepliche,  <  AS.  geaplicc.  shrewdly,  <  geap, 
(7«(j),  shrewd.]     Promptly;  quickly;  at  once. 

Thou  knowez  the  couenauntez  kest  vus  by-twene. 
At  tills  tyme  twelmonyth  ihon  toke  that  the  failed, 
&  I  schulde  at  tills  nwe  gere  .jeply  the  quyte. 
Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  2244. 

We  muste  yappely  wen'le  in  at  this  yate. 
For  he  that  comes  to  conrte  to  curtesye  muste  vse  hym. 

York  Plays,  p.  279. 

yer  (ye  or  yu),  adv.    A  dialectal  variant  of  here. 

[Southern  U.  S.] 

Bimeby,  fus'  news  you  know,  yer  come  Brer  Rabbit. 

J.  C.  Harris,  Uncle  Remus,  xviii. 

-yer.  [(«)  A  var.  of  -teri,  <  ME.  -ier,  -yer,  -iere 
(see  -tefl).  (6)  Formerly  also  -ier;  <  ME.  -yer, 
-yere,  sere,  being  the  suffix  -er  with  g,  orig.  g, 
belonging  to  the  root  (see  bowycr,  etc.).]  A 
termination  of  nouns  of  agent,  as  in  bowyer, 
lawyer,  sawyer,  and  formerly  in  lovyer,  etc.  See 
-ierl  and  bowyer,  etc. 

yerba  (yer'ba),  n.  [Sp.,  lit.  herb,  <  L.  herba, 
herb:  see  herb.']  The  Paraguay  tea,  or  mate. 
See  mate*.  Abbreviated  from  yerba  de  mate  or 
yerba-mate — Yerba  buena.  See  Mieromeria.— Yer- 
ba, de  colubra.  See  Herpestii.—Yeiba.  del  oso,  a 
shrub,  Rhamnus  Califomicns.  See  Rhamnus. — Yerba 
de  mate.  See  def.  above.— Yerba  mansa,  a  CMlifoj-nian 
herb,  Anemopsis  Califomica,  of  the  Pipeiacex.  The  flow- 
ers  are  small  and  numerous  on  a  conical  receptacle  sur- 
rounded by  a  whitish  involucre,  the  whole  having  the 
aspect  of  an  anemone.  The  rootstock  has  a  pungent, 
aromatic,  and  astringent  taste. — Yerba  retima,  a  weed, 
Frankenia  grandifolia,  of  Texas,  CaIifomi.i,  etc.,  whose 
leaves  are  used  as  an  astringent  stimulant  application  for 
catarrhs. — Yerba  Santa.    Same  as  bear's-iceed. 

yerba-mate  (yer'ba-ma'te),  «.  [<  Sp.  yerba, 
herb  (see  yerba),  +  mate,  a  cup:  see  mate*.] 
Same  as  yerba. 

yerbna,  «.     Same  as  jerboa. 

yercum(yer'kum),  n.  [E.  Ind.  (Madras):  Tamil 
erukku,  errukam.]  1.  An  East  Indian  shrub  or 
small  tree,  Calotropis  gigantea.  The  fiber  of  its  in- 
ner bark  is  extremely  tough  and  durable,  and  is  made  into 
bow-strings,  fish-lines,  and  nets.  The  name  belongs  also 
to  C.  proeera,  whicii,  in  common  with  this  species,  has  a 
medicinal  root-bark.  Also  called  madar. 
2.  The  fiber  obtained  from  this  plant. 

yercum- fiber  (yer'kiim-fi"bfer),  H.  Same  as 
yercuni,  2. 

yerdt.  yerdet, ".  Middle  English  forms  of  yardl, 
yard^. 

yere^t,  i-    An  old  spelling  of  year. 

yere'^  (yer).  adv.  A  dialectal  variant  of  here. 
[Southern  U.  S.] 

yerga  (yer'ga),  n.  [Cf.  Russ.  (Cossack)  ergakii, 
skin  of  a  horse  or  camel.]  A  woolen  material 
made  for  horse-blankets. 

yerfclf,  ''•     A  Middle  English  form  of  yark^. 

yerk-  (yerk),  r.     [Also  yark;  a  var.  ot  jerk^.] 

1.  trans.  1.  To  lash;  strike  smartly;  beat; 
hence,  to  rouse;  excite.    [Obsolete  or  Scotch.] 

Yerk  him  soundly ; 
'Twas  Rhadamanth's  sentence ;  do  your  office,  Furies. 
Massinger,  A  Very  Woman,  ii.  3. 

Stripes  justly  given  yerk  us  with  their  fall. 
But  causeless  whipping  smarts  the  most  of  all. 

Herrick,  Smart. 

Just  now  I've  ta'en  the  fit  o '  rhyme. 
My  barmie  noddle 's  working  prime. 
My  fancy  yerkit  up  sublime 

Wi  *  hasty  summon.    Bums,  To  James  Smith. 

2.  To  throw,  thrust,  or  pull  sharply  or  sud- 
denly; jerk;  move  with  a  jerk.  [Obsolete  or 
provincial.] 

He  yerked  np  his  trousers.         5.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  5. 

3.  To  bind  or  tie  tightly  or  with  a  jerk.  [Scotch.] 

But  he  is  my  sister's  son  —  my  own  nephew  —  onr  flesh 
and  blood  —  and  his  hands  and  feet  are  yrrked  as  tight  as 
cords  can  be  drawn.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid-Lothian,  Iii 


yerk 

n.  intrans.  1.  To  lash  out,  as  ahorse;  kick. 
[Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

I  holiie  him  not  for  a  good  beast  that  when  they  lade 
him  will  stand  stock  stil,  and  when  they  unlade  him  will 
yerkeoMt  behinde. 

Guetsaray  Letters  (tr.  by  Hellowes,  lu77),  p.  81. 

The  horse,  being  mad  withal,  yerked  out  behind. 

North. 

2.  To  move  with  sudden  jerks ;  jerk.     [Obso- 
lete or  provincial.] 

Slcud  from  the  lashes  of  my  yerkhig  rime. 

Margton^  Scoui"ge  of  Villanie,  i.,  Prol. 

yerk'^  (yerk),  «.  [<  yerlfl,  f.]  A  sudden  or 
quick  thrust  or  motion;  a  kick;  a  smart 
stroke ;  a  blow.  Also  yark.  [Obsolete  or  pro- 
vincial.] 

A  yarke  of  a  whip.  Fiorio,  p.  93. 

Imagine  twenty  thousand  of  them  .  .  .  battering  the 
warrioi-s'  faces  into  mummy  by  terrible  yerks  from  their 
hinder  hoofs.  Swifts  Gulliver's  Travels,  iv.  12. 

yerl  (yerl),  «.     A  Scotch  form  of  earl. 
yernlf,  '■•  '•     An  old  spelling  of  yearn^. 
yernH,  «•    [ME.,  <  AS.  geom,  eager:  see  yearn^, 
f.]     Brisk;  lively;  sprightly;  eager. 

But  uf  hir  sung  it  was  as  loud  and  yeme 
As  any  swalwe  sittynge  on  a  l>erne. 

Chatuxr,  Miller's  Tale,  1.  71. 

yern-t,  "■  '•  [ME.  gimcn,  gcnien,  <  AS.  gcynian, 
(lexrnaii,  run,  tr.  run  for,  gain  by  running,  < 
ge-  -t-  yrnan,  lernaii,  run:  see  run^.  ren^,  and  cf. 
earn^,  yearnS.^     To  run ;  pass  swiftly. 

Tlius  3irnez  the  jere  in  3isterdayez  mony, 
&,  wynter  wyndez  ngayn. 
Sir  Gawaynt  and  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  8.),  1.  629. 

yeni'''t,  ».  and  n.    An  old  form  of  iron. 
yemet,  adv.  [ME.,  <  AS.  gcome,  eagerly,  <  georn, 
eager:  see  ^anil,  i/er«l,  «.]     1.  Soon;  early. 

If  I  late  or  yeme 
Wold  it  biwreye,  or  dorst,  or  sholde,  or  konne. 

Chancer,  Troilus,  iii.  376. 
2,  Qiuckly;  promptly. 

What  ne*le  were  it  this  preyere  for  to  weme, 
Syne  ye  sliul  both  ban  folk  and  toun  as  yerne. 

Chaucf^r,  Troiius,  iv.  112. 

yerneyt,  a-     An  obsolete  form   of  irony^. 

Thou  didste  beholde  it  vntil  there  came  a  stone  smy  ten 
oat  without  liandfs,  which  smitte  the  iinnge  vpon  his 
yerney  &  ertheu  feete,  breking  them  al  to  powlder. 

Joye,  Expos,  of  Daniel,  ii. 

yemfult,  «•     A  spelling  of  yeariiful. 

yemut,  yarnut  (yfr'nut,  yiir'nut),  H.  [See 
ariio'.,  enrthniit.']  The  earthnut  or  hawknut, 
Conopodium  denudatum  (Biinium  flexuosiim). 

yes  (yes),  ode.  [Also  dial.  .i/i«;  <  ME.  ,Ti>,  ji<?,  < 
A.S.  gisi',  gcse,  yes ;  perhaps  reduced,  by  reason 
of  its  frequent  use  and  its  essentially  unitary 
meaning,  from  ged  si, ' yea,  be  it  (so) ' :  ged,  yea ; 
si.  gy  (=  6.  set  =  L.  sit,  etc.),  M  pers.  pi.  subj. 
of  beon,  be:  see  6«'.  It  is  possible  that  the 
second  element  is  a  reduced  form  of  sicd,  so: 
cf.  F.  Sp.  Pg.  It.  si,  yes,  <  L.  sic,  so.]  A  word 
which  expresses  affirmation  or  consent :  op- 
posed to  no.  It  is  also  used,  like  yea,  to  en- 
force by  repetition  or  adilition  something  v/hich 
precedes. 

Ilant.  But,  by  your  leave,  it  never  yet  did  hurt 
To  lay  down  likelihoods  and  forms  of  hope. 

L.  Bard.   Yes,  if  tlii^  present  (luality  of  war, 
Indeed  the  instant  action  :  a  cause  on  foot 
Lives  so  in  \\o\te  as  In  an  early  spring 
We  see  the  appearing  Inids. 

Shak.,  2  lien.  IV.,  i.  3.  :ie. 
Yes,  you  despise  the  man  t<>  l)ooks  contin'd. 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  t.  1. 

May,  See,  see!  what's  he  walks  yonder?  is  he  mad? 
Fall.  Tiiat  's  a  niusician  ;  »/cx,  he  's  besides  himself. 

Dekkerand  Webster,  N'oitliward  Ho,  iv.  4. 

Will  spring  return? .  .  . 
Ye",  prattlers,  yes.  Tlie  daisy's  llower 
Again  shall  paint  your  sunnner  liower. 

Scolt,  Marntion,  i.,  Int. 

[For  distinction  between  yes  and  yea,  no  and  tiay,  see 
yea.] 
yesk  (yesk),  r.  i.     A  variant  of  yex.     [Old  Eng. 
and  Scotch.] 

I  yeske,  I  gyue  a  noyse  out  of  my  stomacke.  .  .  .  Whan 
he  yeiketh  next,  tell  hym  some  straungu  newcs,  and  he 
siiiiil  leave  it.  Palsffritve,  p.  78«. 

yestt,  «.     An  obsolete  form  of  yeast. 

yester-  (yes'ter).  [<  ME.  yester-,  yister-,  gis- 
tcr-,  ^ustrr-,  z'lstiir-,  yhistrc-,  ger>'tcn-,  gurstcii- 
(only  in  comp.),  <  AS.  gcostran-,  giestran-,  gys- 
tran-,  gi/rstiin-  (only  in  comp.,  geostran-dieg, 
etc.)  =  \).gi'<ti'ren  {dag  van  gistcr)  =  OH(i. gcstc- 
roH, gestre.  MH(t.  gcslern,  grster,  G. gestern,  adv., 
yesterday  (OHfi.  e-gi-stcrn,<lnya,ftPT  to-morrow, 
day  before  yesterday),  =Goth.  gisira  (in  gistni- 
dagis,  to-morrow)  =  ]i.  hrsterniis,  of  yesterday; 
with  orig.  corapar.  suffix  -tni,  from  a  base  (Tent. 
yes-)  seen  in  Icel.  gier,  giir  =  Dan.  gaar  (in 


7019 

comp.  gaarsdagen,  igaar)  =  Sw.  g&r  =  L.  heri 
=  Gr.  xf^ii;  =  Skt.  hyas,  yesterday.  Yester-  prop, 
occurs  only  in  comp.,  yesterday,  -eve,  -night, 
etc.,  where  it  represents  an  orig.  adj.  in  the  abl. 
or  ace,  agreeing  with  its  noun,]  Belonging  to 
the  day  preceding  the  present;  next  before  the 
present:  used  in  the  compounds  given  below, 
and  rarely,  by  license,  as  a  quasi-adjective. 

To  love  an  enemy,  the  only  one 
Remaining  too,  wlioni  ytfster  sun  beheld 
Mustering  her  cliarms. 

Dryden,  Don  Sebastian,  ii.  1. 

yesterday  (yes'ter-da),  adv.  [Also  dial,  yister- 
day;  <  ME.  yesterday,  gifterdai,  gnsterdai,  gliis- 
tredai,  gurstendai,  <  AS.  geostrandieg,  giestran- 
dseg,  gystrandseg  =  D,  gisteren  dag,  dag  van  gis- 
ter,  yesterday,  =  Goth,  gistradagis  (found  only 
once,  in  the  alternative  sense  'to-morrow');  = 
L.  hesterno  die,  yesterday;  as  yester-  -f  rfn//l.] 
On  the  day  preceding  this  day;  on  the  day  last 
past. 

The!  seiden  to  hym,  For  [Fro]  jisd'rdai  in  theseuentlie 
our  the  feuer  lefte  him.  Wydif,  John  iv.  52. 

I  saw  him  yesterday,  or  t*  other  day. 

Shak.,  Hamlet,  ii.  1.  56. 

yesterday  (yes'ter-da),  ».     [<  yesterday,  nrfc] 

The  day  last  past;   the  day  next  before  the 

present:  often  used  figuratively  for  time  not 

long  gone  by;  time  in  the  immediate  past. 

We  are  but  of  yesterday,  and  know  nothing.  Job  viii.  9. 

To-morrow,  and  to-morrow,  and  to  morrow, 
{'reepa  in  tliis  petty  pace  from  day  tu  day 
To  tlie  last  syllable  of  recorded  time, 
And  all  our  yesterdays  have  liglitod  fools 
The  way  to  ilusty  death.    Shak.,  Macbetli,  v.  5.  22. 
I  love  tu  watch  how  the  day,  tired  as  it  is,  lags  away 
reluctantly,  and  hates  to  be  called  yesterday  so  soon. 

Hawthorne,  Seven  Galiles,  xiv. 

yestereve  (yes'ttr-ev),  adv.  and  n.  [<  ME.  ?(.?- 
terncve;  a  later  form  o{  ycstereren.']  Same  as 
yestereven. 

In  hope  that  you  would  come  here 
Yester-eve.  B.  Jonson,  The  Satyr. 

yestere'Ven  (yes't^r-e'vti),  adv.  [<  ME.  yister- 
even,  ^tuitiirevyn  ;  <  yester-  +  cven^.']  On  the 
evening  of  the  day  preceding  the  present. 

yestereven  (yes'ter-e"vn),  «.  [<  yestereven, 
nrfc]     Tlie  evening  last  past. 

And  dim  grows  Alli's  roof-sun 
(I'er  yestereven's  feast. 

William  Morris,  Sigurd,  iv. 

yesterevening  (yes't^r-ev'uing),  n.  [<  ycster- 
+  evening.']     Same  as  yestereven. 

The  Vill.age  .  .  .  Iiad  been  seized  and  fired 
Late  on  the  yester-ecenin;/. 

Coteridije,  Destiny  of  Nations. 

yesterfangt  (yes'ttr-fang),  n.  [< yester-  +fang.'] 
That  which  was  taken,  captured,  or  caught  on 
the  previous  day  or  former  occasion. 

Although  niilians  and  infinite  numbers  of  them  [fish]  l>e 
taken,  yet  on  the  next  [day]  tlicir  insse  will  be  so  supplied 
witli  new  store  that  nothing  shall  l)e  missing  of  the  yes- 
terfanrj. 

BoethiuK,  Descrip.  of  Scotland  (tnans.),  ix.  (Holinshed  s 

[Chron.,  I.). 

yestermorn  (yes't^r-ra6rn),  «.  [<  yester-  + 
mum.']  The  morn  or  morning  before  the  pres- 
ent; the  morning  last  past.     Eowe. 

And  a  dozen  segars  are  lingering  yet 
<  If  the  thousand  of  yestermorn. 

Ualleck,  Epistles,  etc. 

yes'termoming  (yes'ter-mor'ning),  n.  [<  yester- 

-t-  morning.]     Hame  an  yestermorn, 
yesternight  (yes'ter-nit),  adv.     [<  ME.  ^ester- 

nirt.rislernist.  gusternigt,  yerstenenight ;  <  ycstcr- 

+  night.]     On  the  uiglit  last  past. 

My  lortl,  I  think  I  saw  him  yesternight. 

Shak,,  Hamlet,  i.  2.  189. 
I  was  invited  yesternight  to  a  solemn  Supper. 

Howell,  Letters,  ii.  13. 

yesternight  (yes'tdr-nit),  n.  [<  yesternight, 
<idr.]     The  night  last  past. 

I  saw  their  boats,  with  many  a  light. 
Floating  tiie  livelong  yesternight. 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  iv.  9. 
Come  not  as  thou  earnest  of  late. 
Flinging  the  gl(jom  (»f  yesternight 
On  the  wtiite  day.     Tennyson,  Ode  toMemory. 

yester-year  (yes'ter-yer),;!.  Last  year.  [Rare.] 

liut  where  arc  the  snows  of  yet.te.r-year  .•' 

D.  G.  liossetti.  Ballad  of  Dead  Laiiies. 

yestreen  (yes-tren'),  adv.  fContraete<l  from 
yestereven.]  Last  evening;  last  night;  yester- 
night.    [Sootcli.] 

Tlie  bridegroom  may  forget  the  bride. 
Was  made  his  wed'Ie<i  wife  yestreen. 

Burns,  Lainent  for  Glencairn. 

yestyt,  "•     An  obsolete  foi'm  of  yeasty. 


yet 

yet^  (yet),  adv.  and  cnnj.  [Also  dial,  yit;  <  ME, 
yet,  get,  git,  <  AS,  git,  get,  giet,  gyt,  gita,  geta 
=  OFries,  ieta,  eta,  ita,  Fries,  jiette  =  MliG. 
iezuo,  ieze,  G,  ict^,  now  jetzt,  &vcha,ic  jetzo ;  also 
MHG,  ic^unt,  G.jctzund,  now ;  origin  uncertain ; 
the  MHG,  iezuo  is  appar.  <  ie,  ever  (or  a  foi'm 
cognate  with  AS.  gc,  and),  -t-  zno,  to;  but  it 
may  merely  simulate  zuo.  For  a  similar  case 
in  which  an  orig.  significant  terminal  syllable 
or  independent  word  has  probably  been  re- 
duced, see  yes.]  I.  adv.  1.  At  or  in  the  pres- 
ent time  or  juncture ;  before  something  else ; 
at  present;  now:  as,  shall  the  deed  be  done 
yetf  is  it  time  yetf 

You  have  often 

Begun  to  tell  me  what  I  am.  but  stopp'd,  .  .  . 

Concluding,  "Stay  :  natyet." 

Shale,  Tempest,  i.  2.  37. 

He  [Thales]  was  reputed  one  of  the  wise  men  that  made 
answer  to  the  question  wlien  a  man  should  marry  — "A 
young  man,  not  yet ;  an  elder  man,  not  at  all." 

Bacon,  .Marriage  and  Single  Life  (ed.  1887). 

2.  In  addition;  over  and  above;  in  repetition; 
further;  besides;  still;  even:  used  especially 
with  comparatives. 

Yet  more  quarrelling  with  occasion  ! 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  iii.  5.  60. 
Yet  once  more,  O  ye  laurels,  .  .  . 
I  come  to  pluck  your  berries  harsh  and  crude. 

Milton,  Lycidas,  1.  1. 

3.  Still,  in  continuance  of  a  former  state;  at 
this  or  at  that  time,  as  formerly;  now  or  then, 
as  at  a  previous  period. 

And  it  [Jaffa)  was  oon  of  the  fyrst  Cityes  of  the  world 

ffounde  by  Japheth,  Noes  sonne,  and  bereth  yett  hys  name. 

Torkington,  Diarie  of  Eng.  Traveil,  p.  24. 

While  we  were  yet  sinners,  Christ  died  for  ug.   Rom.  v.  S. 

I  see  him  yet,  the  princely  boy ! 

Scott,  L.  of  the  L.,  ii.  32. 

4.  At  or  before  some  future  time ;  before  all  is 
done. 

Hope  thou  in  God ;  for  I  shall  yet  praise  him.   Ps.  xlii.  11. 

He'll  be  hanged  yet. 
Though  every  drop  of  water 
,  .  .  gape  ...  to  glut  him. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  1.  61. 

5.  Up  to  the  present  time ;  thus  far;  hitherto; 
already:  usually  with  a  negative. 

The  Holy  Ghost  was  not  yet  given  ;  because  that  Jesus 
was  not  yet  glorified.  John  vii.  39. 

Let  me  rememlier  thee  what  thou  hast  promised. 
Which  is  not  yet  performed  me. 

Shak.,  Tempest,  i.  2.  244. 
Opportunity  hath  baulked  them  yet. 

B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,  ii.  1. 

The  Hand,  not  yet  Britain  but  All)ion,  was  in  a  manner 
desert  and  inhospitable.  Milton,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

Yet  is  often  accompanied  by  as  in  this  sense:  as,  I  have 
not  met  him  as  yet. 

Unreconciled  as  yet  to  heaven.     Shak.,  Othello,  v.  2.  72. 

6.  Though  the  case  be  such ;  at  least ;  at  any 
rate. 

Madam,  if  your  heart  be  so  obdurate. 
Vouchsafe  me  yet  your  picture  for  my  love. 

Shak.,  T.  0.  of  V.,  iv.  2.  121. 

An  indiappy  Francois  who,  after  passing  eighteen  years 
in  pr^^on,  yet  won  the  grace  and  love  of  Joan  of  Naples 
by  his  charms.     J.  A.  Symonds,  Italy  and  Greece,  p.  330. 

Yet  is  sometimes  used  with  adjectives  or  participles  (with 
or  without  a  iiyphen)  to  denote  contiimance  of  tiic  action 
or  state,  or  as  equivalent  to  still. 

He  rose,  and  saw  the  fleM  deform'd  with  blood, 
An  empty  space  where  late  the  coursers  stood, 
Tlie  j/c(-warm  Thraciaiis  panting  on  the  coast. 

Pope,  Iliad,  x.  612. 
Lavaine 
Returning  brought  the  yet-\mh\azoi\'(\  shield. 

Tennyson,  Lancelot  and  Elaine. 

II.  conj.  1.  Nevertheless;  notwithstanding. 

He  restored  the  chief  butler  unto  his  Ijntlei'shipag.nin  ; 
.  .  .  iiet  did  not  the  chief  Itutler  remember  Jnsepli,  but 
forgathim.  Gen.  xl.  23. 

Blasted,  and  burnt,  and  blinded  as  I  was,  .  ,  , 
O,  yet  mcthought  I  saw  the  Ili>ly  Grail. 

Tennyson,  Holv  Grail. 

2.  Though. 

I  cannot  speak  to  her,  yet  she  urged  confei-enee. 

Shak.,  As  yon  Like  it,  i.  2.  270. 

3.  But. 

"No,  no,"  quoth  she,  "sweet  Death,  I  did  but  jest; 
Yet,  pardon  me,  I  felt  a  kind  of  fear." 

Sliak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  998. 
Many  perished  raviiig  mad,  fancying  themselves  swim- 
ming in  boundless  8ea.s,  yet  unable  to  assuage  their  thirst. 
Ireing,  Granada,  p.  45. 

yet'^  (yet),  v.  t.    [.Sc  also  yit ;  <  ME.  yeien,  getcn. 
<   AS.    gedtan,    pour:    see   gush.]      To    melt; 
found;  cast,  as  metal.     [Obsolete  or  proviu- 
cial.] 
To  je((;  fundere,  fusare.  ('a*h.  Aug.,  p.  426. 

;{efynge  of  metelle,  as  bellys.  pannys,  potys,  and  otiier 
lyke.  Proinift.  I'a}-v.,  p.  538. 


yet 

Perfumed  with  sauours  of  the  metalles  by  him  yoten. 
Sir  T.  EUjot,  The  Governour,  i.  8. 

yet^  (yet),  n.    [<  yef^,  r.]   A  metal  pan  or  boiler. 
See  yetling,  2.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 
A  yete  [in  the  brewhouae]  and  twoo  shovelles  iiij<i. 

H.  Hall,  Society  in  Elizabethan  Age,  App.,  I. 

yet3(yet),  H.  [African.]  A  West  African  volute 
of  the  genus  Cymbium ;  a  boat-shell.  See  cut 
under  Cymbium. 

Called  yet  by  Adanson,  who  tells  us  that  the  high  winds 
sometimes  drive  shoals  of  them  on  shore. 

P.  P.  Carpenter,  Lectures  on  MoUusca  (1861). 

yetapa(yet'a-pa),  «.  [S.  Amer.]  1.  A  South 
American  tyrant-flycatcher  of  the  genus  Cybcr- 
netes  or  Gubcrnetes  (which  see,  with  cut),  hav- 
ing a  deeply  forficate  tail  longer  than  the  body. 
Also  called  j(;)C)H. —  2.  [cap.']  [NL.]  A  genus 
including  these  birds.  Lesson,  1831. 
yetet,  ''•  and  H.  Same  as  yet'^. 
yetent.  A  Middle  English  form  of  the  past 
participle  of  yct^. 

yetling,  yetlm  (yet'ling,  -lin),  «.    [<  yefi  + 

-H«(/i.]    1.  Cast-iron.     [Scotch.]  —  2.  A  small 

iron  pan  with  a  bow-handle  and  three  feet. 

Halliirell.    [Prov.  Eng.] 

yett  (yet),  «.    Another  form  of  yak'.    [Scotch.] 

And  whan  he  came  till  the  castell  yett, 

His  mither  she  stood  and  leant  thereat. 

Sir  Olii/  and  the  Elf-Kinr/'n  Daughter  (Child's  Ballads, 

[I.  300). 
But  warily  tent,  when  ye  come  to  court  me, 
An'  come  na  unless  tlie  back  yett  be  a-jeu. 

Burns,  Whistle  an'  I'll  Come  to  You. 

ye'Vet,  ye'Vent.  Middle  English  forms  of  give'^, 
fjifcii. 

ye'Wl  (yo),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  yetce,  yeiu/h, 
eice,eitf/h,ewgh,yowe ;  <  ME. ew,u,<.  AS.  m'(inan 
early  gloss,  iiiu),  also  c6w  =  D.  ijf=  OHG.  iioa, 
MHG.  iwe,  G.  cibe  =  Icel.  yr,  yew  (MHG.  and 
Icel.  also  a  bow  of  yew) ;  also,  in  another  form, 
AS.  edit  =  OLG.  icli  =  OHG.  Hut,  G.  dial.  (Swiss) 
iche,  igc;  cf.  F.  )/,  Sp.  iva,  ML.  ivtts,  yew  (< 
OHG.);  Olr.  eo  (mod.  Jr.  iiibhar,  Gael,  iubliar, 
iughar)  =  W.  yio,  yioen  =  Com.  hivin  =  Bret. 
icen,  irinen,  yew;  the  Celtic  forms  being  possi- 
bly original.]  1.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Tnx)is, 
the  common  yew  being 
T.  buccata  of  temperate 
Europe  and  Asia.  This 
is  a  slow-growing  and  long- 
lived  evergi'een  of  moderate 
height  and  spreading  habit, 
witli  a  thick  irregular  trunk 
and  dark  thick  foliage.  In 
Europe  the  yew  has  long 
been  planted  in  graveyards. 
Thei-e  are  several  dwarf, 
weeping,  and  variegated  va- 
rieties. Tlie  golden  yew  has 
the  edge  of  the  leaves  in 
spring  of  a  bright-golden 
yellow.  The  Irish  yew 
(var.  /astifriata)  has  erect 
branches,  and  is  more  hardy 
than  the  typical  form,  which 
will  not  endure  the  winter  in 
the  northern  United  States. 
The  wood  of  the  yew  is  iieavy,  flne-grained,  and  elastic, 
and  was  formerly  much  used  for  bows,  the  supply  be- 
ing protected  by  government.  It  is  considered  a  very 
choice  cabinet-wood,  the  heart  being  of  a  fine  orange-red 
or  deep  brown,  and  the  saji-wood  white.  The  leaves  of 
the  tree  are  poisonous. 

Tlie  sheter  eiv,  the  asp  for  shaftes  pleyne. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  180. 
The  twigs  and  leaves  of  yew,  though  eaten  in  a  very  small 
quantity,  are  certain  death  to  horses  and  cows,  and  that 
in  a  few  minutes. 

Gilbert  White,  Antiquities  of  Selborne,  v. 

2.  The  wood  of  the  yew-tree. 

A  bow  made  of  the  best  foreign  yetv,  six  shillings  and 
elghtpence.  Strutt,  Sports  and  Pastimes,  p.  121. 

3.  A  shooting-bow  made  of  the  wood  of  the 
yew. 

Tulial  (with  his  Yew 
And  ready  quiver)  did  a  Boar  pursue. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  BarLis's  Weeks,  ii.,  Tlie  Handy-Crafts. 
Wing'd  arrows  from  tlie  twanging  ^lew. 

GaV,  The  Fan,  i. 
American  yew^  specifically,  Taxua  Canadensis,  or,  as 
often  classified,  T.  baccata,  variety  Canadensis,  a  prostrate 
shnib  witli  straggling  branches,  comnion  in  dark  woods; 
ground-bemlriek.  There  are  three  other  American  yew.s, 
for  which  see  short-leafed  yew  and  7'flxu«.  — California 
yew,  the  short-leafed  yew.— Golden  yew,  Irish  yew. 
Sec  def.  1,  — Japan  yew.a  tree  of  the  genus  Cephalotaxus. 
There  is  also  a  true  yew  m  Japan.  See  rnxris— Mexican 
yew,  Taxus  '/toimita.— Short-leafed  yew,  Taxus  hreri- 
folia,  of  Pacific  North  America,  a  not  abundant  tree,  at 
its  l,est  from  50  to  70  feet  higli.  Its  wood  is  hard,  heavy, 
and  very  flne-grained,  suscei)tible  of  a  l)eautiful  polish,  and 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil ;  it  is  useif  for  fence- 
posts^  and  by  the  Indians  for  paddles,  ttows,  etc.  Sargent. 
—  StlnMng  yew.  See  sUnk.— Western  yew,  the  short- 
leafed  yew.  -  Yew  family,  the  suiicnicr  Taxacem  of  the 
Coniferse. 
ye'w''^  fyo),  ".  [Origin  obscure.]  A  jug  or  jar 
having  a  handle  extending  over  the  mouth. 


Yew  ( Taxus  bacrnta). 


7020 

yew^  (yo),  v.  i.     [Origin  obscure.]     To  rise  as 

scum  on  brine  in  boiling ;  yaw. 
ye'wen  (yO'en),  a.     [Early  mod.  E.  also  eughen; 

<  ME.  *eKen,  <  AS.  iwen,  <  iio,  yew:  see  yeipl.] 
Made  of  yew. 

Or  his  stifle  armes  to  stretch  with  Eughen  bowe. 

Spenser,  Mother  Hull.  Tale,  1.  747. 

yew-pine  (yo'pin),  n.     The  black  spruce,  Picea 

nigra.     See  spruce.     [West  Virginia.] 
yew-tree  (yo'tre), ».   [<  ME.  'eu-tre,  wtree,  uvtre; 

<  yeit'l  +  tree.']     Same  as  yew'^,  1. 

In  it  throve  an  ancient  evergreen, 

A  yew-tree.  Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

yex  (yeks),  r.  i.  [Also  yesk,  q.  v. ;  <  ME.  gexen, 
gyxen,  goxcn,  gesken,  hiccup,  <  AS.  giscian  (= 
MLG.  3!sc/ic«),  sob,  sigh.]  To  hiccup.  [Obso- 
lete or  provincial.] 

He  yexeth  [var.  yoxetk],  and  he  speketh  thurgh  the  nose. 
Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  1.  231. 

yex  (yeks),  /;.  [<  ME.  geoxc,  goxe,  <  AS.  geocsa, 
gicsa,  a  sobbing;  from  the  verb.]  A  hiccup. 
Holland.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

His  prayer,  a  rhapsody  of  holy  hiccoughs,  sanctified 
liarkings,  illuminated  goggles,  sighs,  sobs,  yexes,  gasps, 
and  groans. 

Character  of  a  Fanatic  (RiiT\.  Misc., VII.  637),    (Nares.) 

yexing  (yek'sing),  n.     [<  ME.  gyxyngc,  goxing, 

<  AS.  giscung,  gicsung,  verbal  n.  of  giscian,  sob : 
see  yex,  v.]     Same  as  yex. 

The  juyce  of  the  roots  [of  skirret]  helpeth  the  hicket, 
OT  yeozing.  Johnson'sGerard,  p.  1027.    (yares.) 

Singultus  —  the  hickot,  or  yexing. 

Abr.  Flem.  Nomenelator,  432  b.    (Sares.) 

Yezidi,  Yezidee  (yez'i-de),  n.  [<  Yesid,  their 
reputed  founder.]  A  member  of  a  sect  or  peo- 
ple dwelling  in  Mesopotamia,  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, allied  to  the  Kurds.  They  hold  beliefs 
derived  from  Mohammedan  and  various  other 
sources,  and  are  commonly  called  devil-wor- 
shipers. 
yferelf,  "•     Same  as/eecl. 

Horn  com  biuore  the  kinge. 
Mid  his  twelf  yfere. 

King  Horn  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  4»7. 

yfere^t,  f"?t'.    Same  as  «/i?re, «» /ere.    See/erei. 

Yggdrasil  (ig'dra-sil),  n.  [Also  Ygdrasil,  Igdra- 
sil,  Igyrdrasill ;  Icel.  Yggdra  Syll  (not  in  Cleas- 
by) ;  cf.  Yggr,  Vggr,  a  name  of  Odin  (see  uq) ; 
syll,  sill.]  In  Scand.  myth.,  the  ash-tree  ^^h^eh 
binds  together  heaven,  earth,  and  hell.  Its 
branches  spread  over  the  whole  world  and  reach  above 
the  heavens.  Its  roots  run  in  three  directions :  one  to  the 
Asa  gods  in  heaven,  one  to  the  Frost-giants,  and  the  third 
to  the  under-world.  Under  each  root  is  a  fountain  of 
wonderf  ui  virtues.  In  the  tree,  which  drops  Iioney,  sit  an 
eagle,  a  sfniirrel,  and  four  stags.  At  the  root  lies  the  ser- 
pent Nithhoggr  gnawing  it,  while  the  squirrel  Ratatoskr 
runs  up  and  down  to  sow  strife  between  the  eagle  at  the 
top  and  the  serpent  at  the  root  Also  called  Tree  of  the 
Universe. 

ygot.     An  obsolete  past  participle  of  go. 

The  fayrest  floure  our  gyrlond  all  emong 
Is  faded  quite,  and  into  dust  ygoe. 

Spender,  Shep.  Cal.,  Xovember. 

ygravet.     A  Middle  English  past  participle  of 

graved. 

yherdt,  a.    A  Middle  English  form  of  haired. 
yholdet.     A  Middle  English  form  of  holdcn,  a 

pastparticiple  of  hold^. 
Yid.Yiddisher (yid, yid'ish-er), w.  [< G.jiidisch, 

jiidischer,  Jewish.]    A  Jew.    Leland.     [Slang. 

Jjondon.] 
Yiddish  (yid'ish),  a.     [<  G.  jiidiseh,  Jewish.] 

Jewish.    Athenmum,  No.  3:)03,  p.  212.     [Slang, 

London.] 
yield  (yeld),  v.      [Early  mod.  E.  also  yeeld; 

<  ME.  yclden,  geldeu  (pret.  yald,  yolde,  pp. 
yolden,  golden),  <  AS.  gcldnn,  gildan,  gyklaii, 
gieldan  (pret.  geald,  pi.  guidon,  pp.  golden), 
give  up,  pay,  yield,  restore,  =  OS.  geldan  = 
OFries.  jelda  =  T>.  gclden  =  OHG.  gel  tan,  MHG. 
G.  gelten  =  Icel.  gjalda  =  Sw.  galla  =  Dan. 
gjelde,  be  worth,  be  of  consequence,  avail,  = 
Goth.  *gildan,  in  corap.  fragildan  (=  AS.  for- 
geldan),  pay  back,  vsgildan  (=  AS.  dgcldan),  imv 
back.  Cf.  Lith.  galeti,  be  able,  have  power ;  W. 
galhi,  be  able.  Hence  ult.  gild'^,  guilt^.]  I. 
trans.  If.  To  give  in  pajTnent;  pay;  repay: 
reward ;  requite ;  recompense. 

Lord,  what  may  i  for  that  ^ylde  the? 

Holy  Rood  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  \9f,. 

God  yelde  the,  frend.  Chaucer,  Troilus,  i.  1055. 

Feire  lady,  with  goode  will,  and  gramercy  of  youre  ser- 
uyse;  and  God  graunte  me  power  that  I  may  vow  this 
guerdon  ycldc.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  ii.  227. 

King.  How  do  yon.  pretty  lady? 

Oph.  Well,  God  'Ud  you!  Shak.,  Hamlet,  iv.  5.  41. 

God  yield  ye,  and  God  thank  ye ! 

Fletcher,  .Spanish  Curate,  iv.  5. 


yield 

The  good  mother  hohls  me  Btill  a  child  I 
Good  mother  is  bad  mother  unto  me ! 
A  worse  were  better ;  yet  no  worse  would  I. 
Heaven  yield  her  for  it. 

Tennymn,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

2.  To  give  in  return,  or  by  way  of  recompense ; 
produce,  as  a  reward  or  return  for  labor  per- 
formed, capital  invested,  or  some  similar  out- 
put. 

Reraemberynpre  him  that  love  to  wyde  yblowe 
Yelt  bitter  fruyt,  though  swete  sede  be  sowe. 

Chaucer,  Troilua,  i.  386. 

When  thou  tillest  the  ground,  it  ehall  not  henceforth 
yield  unto  thee  her  strength.  Gen.  iv.  12. 

It  was  never  made,  sir, 
For  threescore  pound,  I  assure  you  ;  'twill  yield  thirty. 
The  plush,  sir,  cost  three  jwund  ten  shillings  a  yard. 

B.  Jonson,  Devil  is  an  Ass,  i.  2. 

Stralx)  tells  ns  that  the  Mines  at  Carthagena  yielded  the 
Komana  per  diem  to  the  value  of  twenty-five  thousand 
Drachms.  Arbuth7iot,  Ancient  Coins,  p.  194, 

The  only  fruit  which  even  much  living  yields  seems  to 
be  often  only  some  trivial  success. 

Thoreau,  Letters,  p.  19. 

3.  To  produce  generally;  bring  forth;  give 
out;  emit;  bear;  furnish. 

Many  things  doth  Asia  yeeld  not  elsewhere  to  be  had. 
Purcfias,  Pilgrimage,  p.  51. 

No  one  Clergie  in  the  whole  Christian  world  yeelds  so 
many  eminent  schollers,  learned  preachers,  grave,  holy, 
and  acconiplish'd  Divines  as  this  Clmrcli  of  England  doth 
at  this  day.  Milton^  On  Def.  of  Himib.  Reiuonst. 

Ammoniated  alum  yields  a  reddish  yellow  precipitate. 
(Ire,  Diet.,  III.  365. 

Air-swept  lindens  i/ield 
Their  scent    M.  Arnold,  The  Scholar-Gipsy. 

4.  To  afford;  confer;  grant:  give. 

In  hast  themperour  hendely  his  gretyng  him  jeldes, 
and  a-non  rigttea  after  askes  his  name. 

William  of  Paleme  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2S5. 

Natheless  Poliphemus,  wood  for  his  blynde  visage,  yald 
to  Ulixes  joy  by  his  sorwful  teeres. 

Chaucer,  Boethius,  iv.  meter  7. 

Doubtless  Burgundy  will  yield  him  help. 

And  we  shall  have  more  wars  before 't  be  long. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  iv.  6.  90. 

Where  the  holy  Tiinity  did  first  yelde  it-selfe  in  sensible 
apparition  to  tlie  world.         Purchan,  Pilgrimage,  p.  104. 
And  slowly  was  my  mother  l>rought 
To  yield  consent  to  my  desire. 

Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

5.  To  give  up,  as  to  a  superior  power  or  author- 
ity ;  quit  possession  of.  as  through  compulsion, 
necessity,  or  duty;  relinquish;  resign;  surren- 
der: often  followed  by  np. 

To  selde  his  loue  hane  y  no  myste. 
But  loue  him  hertili  therfore. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  11. 

The  people  were  so  ouersette  with  their  enemies  that 

manye  of  them  were  as  yolden,  and  tooke  partie  a^aine 

their  owne  neighlwm-es.    Fabyan,  Cbron.  (ed.  1559),  I.  62. 

The  fierce  lion  will  hurt  no  yielden  things, 

Wyatt,  To  His  Lady,  Cruel  over  Her  Yielding  Lover. 

Generals  of  armies,  when  they  have  finished  their  work, 
are  wont  to  yield  up  such  commissions  as  were  (riven  them 
for  that  purpose.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  viii.  4. 

My  life,  1  do  confess,  is  hers ; 

She  gives  it ;  and  let  her  take  it  liack ;  I  m'«2d  it 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Sea  "Voyage,  iv.  2. 

6.  To  give  up  or  render  generally. 

The  thef  .  .  .  ^elte  hym  creaunt  to  Cryst  on  the  croese. 
Piei^  Ploirman  (B\  xiL  193. 

If  it  is  bad  to  i/ield  a  blind  submission  to  authority,  it 
is  not  less  an  error  to  deny  to  it  its  reasonable  weight. 

Gladst(me,  Might  of  Right,  p.  245. 

Life  to  yields 
To  give  it  up  to  heal  no  city's  shame 
In  hope  of  gaining;  long-enduring  fame. 

William  Morris,  Earthly  Paradise,  I.  318. 

7.  To  admit  the  force,  justice,  or  truth  of; 
allow;  concede;  grant. 

Pensive  I  yeeld  I  am,  and  sad  in  mind, 
Through  great  desire  of  glory  and  of  fame. 

Sj^eii^er,  F.  Q.,  II.  ix.  38. 

'Tis  a  grievous  case  this,  I  do  yield,  and  yet  not  to  be 
despaired.  Burton,  Anat  of  ilel,,  p.  651. 

I  yield  it  just  said  Adam,  and  submit. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  xi.  526. 

Tliis  was  the  fourth  man  that  we  lost  in  this  Land 
Journey;  for  those  two  men  that  we  left  the  day  before 
did  not  come  to  us  till  we  were  in  the  North  Seas,  so  we 
yielded  them  also  for  lost.  Dampicr,  Voyages,  I.  IT. 

God  yield  (or  'lid)  yoiL  Sec  Godi,  and  def.  1  ab<we.— 
To  yield  (or  yield  up)  the  breatlL  Same  as  to  yield  up 
the  ghost. 

O  tliou,  whose  wounds  become  hard-favonrd  death, 
Speak  to  thy  father  ere  thou  yield  thy  breath  .' 

Shak.,  1  Hen.  VL,  iv.  7.  24. 

To  yield  up  the  ghost  See  ghost.  =  Sjm.  3.  To  supply, 
render.— 7.  To  accord. 

II.  intrans.  1.  To  produce:  bear:  give  a  re- 
turn for  labor:  as,  the  tree  ifichh  abundantly; 
the  minesyieJded  better  last  year. — 2.  To  give 
way,  as  to  superior  physical  force,  to  a  con- 


yield 

queror,  etc.:  give  up  a  contest;  submit;  suc- 
cumb; surrender. 

.Sir  kny^ht,  thow  art  take ;  yelde  thow  to  me,  for  ye 
haue  don  luousli.  Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  Hi.  4«1. 

Thus  yields  the  cedar  to  the  axe's  edjje. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  v.  2.  11. 
Somethiies  1  stand  desperately  to  my  arms,  like  the  foot 
when  deserted  by  their  horse  ;  not  in  hope  to  overcome, 
but  only  to  yield  on  mure  honourable  terms. 

Dryden,  Essay  on  Dram.  Poesy,  Ded. 

3.  To  give  way,  in  a  moral  sense,  as  to  en- 
treaty, argument,  or  a  request ;  cease  opposing ; 
comply;  consent;  assent. 

Ne  ba<lde  I  er  now,  my  swete  herte  deere, 
Ben  yolde,  y wis  I  were  now  noght  here. 

Chaucer,  TroiluB,  lii.  1211. 

But  at  last,  vpon  ranch  intreatie,  hee  yeelded  to  let  him 

go  to  the  General.  Uakluyt'ti  Voyages,  II.  1.  287. 

Guendulen  the  Daughter  [of  Corineus)  yeelds  to  marry. 

Miltun,  Hist.  Eng.,  i. 

No  more,  dear  love,  for  at  a  touch  I  yield : 

Ajsk  me  no  more. 

Tennyson,  Princess,  vi.  (song). 

4.  To  give  place,  as  inferior  in  rank  or  excel- 
lence. 

Their  mutton  yields  to  oui-s,  but  tlieir  beef  is  excellent. 
Stcift,  Gulliver's  Travels,  1.  6. 
Tell  me  first,  in  what  more  happy  fiebls 
The  thistle  springs,  to  which  the  lily  yields. 

Pi>pe,  Spring,  1.  90. 

yield  (yeW),  h.  [Early  mod.  E.  also  ijeeUl ;  <  ME. 
yeld,  geld,  gichle,  gild,  <  AS.  geld,  gield,  gild,  pay- 
ment, =  OS.  geld  =  OFries.  jeld  =  OHG.  MHG. 
gelt,  payment,  money,  G.  geld,  money,  =  leel. 
gjald,  payment,  etc.;  from  the  verb:  see  yield, 
v.,&udct.giUP,  gelf'i.]    If.  Payment;  tribute. 

That  euery  maniiys  wief,  after  the  deth  of  bur  hu8l>ond, 
beyiig  a  taillor,  shall  kepe  as  niaiiy  servaunts  as  they  wille, 
to  werke  w*  bur  to  bur  use  duryng  hur  widowbode,  so  she 
here  scotte  and  lotte,  yeve  and  yeld,  w«  the  occupacion. 
Ordinance  o/Hen.  r///.(1531Xin  English  Gilds (E.  E.T.8.), 

[p.  328. 

2.  That  which  is  jielded;  the  product  or  re- 
turn of  growth,  cultivation,  or  care ;  also,  that 
which  is  obtained  liy  labor,  as  in  mines  or  man- 
ufactories. 

He  shall  be  like  the  fruitful  tree,  .  .  . 
Which  in  due  season  constantly 
A  goodly  yield  of  fruft  doth  bring.    Bacon,  Ps.  1. 
Some  surprisitig  information  about  the  yield  of  beet- 
root-sugar in  France. 

E.  C.  Greneille  Murray,  Round  a)K)Ut  France,  p.  25. 
The  yi«2(/ of  the  machine  is  the  quantity  uf  electricity 
put  in  motion  in  each  unit  of  time. 

Atkiitson,  tr.  of  MaAcart  and  Joubert,  I.  IS-x 

3.  The  act  of  yielding  or  giving  way.  as  under 
pressure.     [Bare.  ] 

After  pointing  out  that  the  iiermanent  elongation  of  a  bar 
under  Inngitmllnal  stres-s  consists  of  a  sliding  comliined 
with  an  lncrea.su  of  volume,  the  author  showed  that  the 
yield  is  caused  by  tlie  limit  ut  elastic  resistance  (p)  paral- 
lel to  one  particular  direction  in  the  bar  (generally  at  i^t° 
to  the  axis)  being  leas  than  along  any  other  direction. 

Elect.  Kec.  (Eng.),  XXV.  707. 

yleldable(yerda-bl),  «.  [<  .i//eM -l- -aWe.]  1. 
That  may  or  can  be  yielded. —  2.  Tliat  may  or 
can  yield  ;  inclined  to  yield;  complying. 

yleldkblenesst  (yel'da-bl-nes),  H.  A  disposi- 
tion to  yield,  comply,  or  give  in. 

The  Second  Private  Way  of  Peace  :  The  Composing  our- 
selves to  a  Fit  Disposition  for  Peace;  and  therein,  .  .  . 
(4.)  A  YieldaUeness  upon  Sight  of  Clearer  Tiuths. 

Bp.  Hall.  Peace- .Maker,  il.  §  2. 

yieldancet  (yel'dans),  «.  [<  yield  +  -auce.'i 
The  act  of  yielding,  producing,  submitting,  or 
conceding;  submission;  surrender. 

He  .  .  .  sues,  not  so  much  for  the  prophet's  j/ieldance 
as  for  his  own  life.  Bp.  tIaU,  Ahaziah  .Sick. 

jrieldent,  /'.  ".     Satne  as  yoldeii. 
yielder  (yel'di'r),  u.     [<.  ME.  gcldere ;  <  yielil  + 
-er'.]     it.  One  who  pays;  a  debtor. —  2.  One 
who  yields,  permits,  or  suffers ;   one  who  sur- 
renders, submits,  or  gives  in. 

J>m;/.  Y'ield  thee  as  my  prisoner. 

Blunt.  I  was  not  Ijorn  a  yielder,  thou  proud  Scot. 

Shak..  1  Hen.  IV.,  v.  3.  11. 

yielding  (yel'ding),  ».    [<  ME.  rchUngc ;  verbal 
n.  of  yield,  r.]     It.  Payment.     I'romjit.  Pan-., 
p.  537. — 2.  Compliance:  assent;  surrender. 
Immaculate  and  sj^jtless  is  my  mind  : 
That  was  not  forced  ;  tliat  never  was  inclined 
To  accessary  yieUlin'js.  .Shak.,  Luciece,  1.  1068. 

It  lies  In  the  Ijosom  of  a  sweet  wife  to  draw  her  husband 
from  any  lo<>se  imperfection  .  .  .  by  her  politic  yieldimj. 
Dekker  and  Wehster,  Northward  Ho,  ii.  2. 

3.  A  giving  away  under  physical  pi-essure  ;  a 
settling. 

Faults  in  sleepers,  irregular  yieldinoi  (in  bridges,  .  .  . 
and  other  imperfections,  were  deflnitely  marked. 

Sature,  XLIIL  1.54. 

jrlelding  (yel'ding), /).«.    Inclineilorfit  to  yield, 
in  any  sense  of  the  word  ;  especially,  soft ;  com- 
pliant ;  unresisting. 
441 


7021 

A  yietdinff  temper,  which  will  be  wronged  or  baffled. 

Kettlewetl. 
By  nature  yielding,  stubborn  but  for  fame. 

Pope,  To  Miss  Blount,  with  Voiture's  Works. 
The  footsteps  of  Simplicity,  impress'd 
Upon  the  yielding  herbage. 

Coifper,  Task,  iv.  521. 

yieldingly  (yel'ding-li),  adv.  In  a  yielding 
manner;  with  compliance. 

yieldingness  (yel'ding-nes),  ii.  The  state  or 
property  of  being  yielding;  disposition  to  com- 
ply- 

Bismarck  wrote,  there  was  only  "one  voice  of  regret  on 
the  subject  in  the  Federal  Assembly,"  which  in  the  opin- 
ion of  many  "had  given  itself  a  death-blow  by  its  ifieltl- 
ingness  in  tlie  question  of  Holstein." 

Lowe,  Bismarck,  I.  22.'>. 

yieldlesst  (yeld'les),  a.    [<  yield  +  -less:]    Vn- 
jielding. 
Undaunted,  yieldless,  firm.  Ruive,  I'lysses,  iii. 

yift,  rotij.     An  obsolete  fonu  of  (/'. 
yill  (yfl),  »■     A  Scotch  form  of  ale. 

Her  bread  it 's  to  bake. 
Her  yill  is  to  brew. 
Bonnie  Earl  o'  Hurry  (Child's  Ballads,  VII.  122). 
The  clachan  yill  had  made  me  canty. 

Bums,  Death  and  Di-.  Horniwok. 

yin  (yen),  H.     A  Scotch  form  of  one. 

yince  (y^ns),  adv.     A  Scotch  form  of  oia-e^. 

yiperu  (yip'e-ro),  ti.     Same  as  yetujm.  1. 

yird  (y^rd),  «.     A  Scotch  form  of  eartlil. 

yirkt,  >:    An  obsolete  spelling  of  yerk. 

yirr  (yir),  r.  i.     A  Scotch  form  of  //«»■!. 

yis,  yisterday.  Dialectal  forms  fif  ije.'i,  iji-ster- 
day. 

yit  (yit),  <idi\  and  coKJ.  A  dialectal  form  of 
yetl. 

yite  (yit),  «.  [Also  yoit;  said  to  be  imitative.] 
The  yellow  bunting,  Emheri:a  eitrinella.  See 
cut  under  yelloichiimmer.     [Local,  British.] 

-yl.  [<  Gr.  v/.i),  wood,  matter.]  In  chem..  a 
sufti.x  commonly  used  witli  radicals,  denoting 
the  fundamental  part,  the  origin:  as,  methy/, 
CH3,  is  the  fundamental  radical  of  wood  alco- 
hol, CHoOH.  niethylic  ether,  (0H3)2O,  methyl 
aiiime,  CH3XH2,  etc. 

ylang-ylang,  «.  A  tall  tree  of  the  custard- 
apple  familv,  Ciiiiaiiya  odorata,  native  in  Java 
and  the  Philippines,  cultivated  throughout  In- 
dia and  the  tropics.  It  bears  droojiing  yellow 
flowei's,  3  inches  long,  which  furnish  the  ylang- 
ylang  oil  of  perfumers Ylang-ylang  oiL   See  oil. 

ylet,  "•    An  obsolete  form  of  (.s7cl,  ai.slc,  eel,  etc. 

Y-level  (wi'lev'el),  II.  The  common  engineers' 
spirit-level:  so  called  formerly  from  the  fact 
that  the  telescope  rests  on  "Y's."'  in  tlie  Y« 
the  telescope  can  lie  rotated  at  pleasure.  The  Y-level 
has  Ijeen  to  a  certain  extent  supcrsetied  by  the  so-called 
"<lumpy. level,"  or  Gravatt  level,  and  by  other  improved 
instruments  combining  more  or  less  completely  the  pe- 
culiarities of  the  y-level  and  the  dumpy-level.  Also  writ- 
ten u-ye4evel. 

The  dumpy  level  differs  from  the  vye  level  iti  being  at- 
tached to  the  level  bar  by  immoveable  upright  pieces;  in 
having  the  level  tube  tlrmly  secured  to  the  uprights  of  the 
level  bar ;  in  lieing  provided  with  an  inverting  eye-pieee 
(unless  ordered  otherwise);  and  in  the  absence  of  the  tan- 
gent and  slow. motion  screws. 

Bufantl  Bergrr,  Hand-Book  and  111.  Catalogue,  1S91. 
The  most  perfect  form  [of  level]  now  in  use  being  tin; 
improved  Dumpy  I.evel,  resting  on  Y's,  ami  named  the  im- 
proved dimipy  Y  Level :  it  appears  to  unite  in  itself  all  the 
good  qualities  of  the  others,  retaining  few  of  their  imper- 
fections. 

(ren.  Frojm,  Outline  of  MetluKl  of  Conductitm  n  Trigono- 
Imetrical  Survey,  4th  ed.  (1873X  11.  83. 

ylichet,  yliket,  ".  and  ailr.  Midille  English 
forms  of  alike. 

Y-ligament  of  BigelO'W.  The  iliofemoral  liga- 
ment, a  fibrous  band  attached  above  to  the  an- 
terior inferior  spine  of  the  ilium  and  below  to 
the  trochanter  major  and  to  a  point  just  above 
the  trochanter  minor:  it  serves  to  strengthen 
the  capsular  ligament  of  the  hip-joint. 

ylket,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  (7/.1. 

ymaskedt,  ".    A  .Middle  English  form  of  ineslied. 

ymellt,  udr.     .Same  as  iniell. 

[m,  wbilk  a  complyng  is  ymel  hem  alle. 

Chaucer,  Reeve's  Tale,  I.  2.'>1. 

Y-moth  (wi'moth).  II.  The  gamma,  Plmia  ginii- 
iiia,  a  noctuid  moth  common  in  Europe,  whose 
larva  is  a  notable  pest:  so  called  from  a  shin- 
ing silver  Y-shaped  mark  on  the  upper  wings. 
The  name  extends  to  others  of  the  genus. 
Also  I'.     See  cut  under  I'lima. 

ympt,  ympet,  «•  and  c    Obsolete  forms  of  imp. 

ympnet,  «•  An  old  spelling  of  hymn.  Cliau- 
rer. 

ynambu  (i-nam'bo).  II.  [S.  Amer.]  The  largo 
South  American  tinamou,  Rhynvhotus  nifes- 
eeiis.     See  cut  under  lihynihotug. 


yoke 

ynca,  ».     See  inea. 

ynoght,  ynought,  yno'wt,  «•  and  adv.    Middle 
English  forms  of  enough. 
yQi  (yo),  interj.    An  exclamation  noting  effort : 
usually  joined  with  ho  or  O. 
Our  anchor  soon  nmst  change  the  lay  of  merry  craftsmen 

here 
For  the  ^eo-heave-o,  and  the  heave-away,  and  the  sighing 
seamen's  cheer.     S.  Fergm^ml,  Forging  of  the  Anchor. 

yo'-*  (yo),  pron.    A  dialectal  variant  of  yon. 

yoakt,  «•  and  r.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  yokc^. 

yoatt,  I',  t.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  yote. 

yochell,  yochle  (yoch'l),  u.  Scotch  spellings 
of  yokel^. 

yochel''^,  yockel  (yo'kel,  yok'l),  n.  Same  as 
yokel,  hickwull.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

yodet.    See  yede^. 

yodel,  yodle  (yo'dl),  c.  t.  and  i.;  pret.  and  pp. 
yodeled,  yodelled,  yodled,  ppr.  yodeUng,  yodelling, 
yodling.  [Also  jod el ;  <  G.  dial,  jodeln.}  To 
sing  with  frequent  changes  from  the  ordinary 
voice  to  falsetto  and  back  again,  after  the 
manner  of  the  mountaineers  of  Switzerland 
and  Tyrol. 

A  single  voice  at  a  great  distance  was  heard  yodliny 

foith  a  ballad.  Longfellou;  Hyperion,  lii.  3. 

Mules  braying,  negroes  yodling,  axes  ringing,  teamsters 

singing.  G.  W.  Cable,  Dr.  Sevier,  Iv. 

yodel,  yodle  (yo'dl),  n.  [<  yodel,  ('.]  A  song 
or  refiain  in  which  there  are  frequent  changes 
from  the  ordinary  voice  to  a  falsetto.  Also 
sometimes  calle<l  irarlile. 

yodeler,  yodler  (yo'dcl-er,  -dlei),  ».  One  who 
sings  yodels.     Also  yodellei: 

yoft,  eoiij.     An  obsolete   dialectal   variant  of 
though. 
My-selffe  yuf  I  saye  itt.  York  Plays,  p.  272. 

yoga  (yo'gii),  /(.  [Hind,  yoga,  <  Skt.  yoga,  union, 
(tevotion,  <  -^  ynj,  join:  see  //oA-^l.]  One  of 
the  branches  of  the  Hindu  philosophy,  which 
teaches  the  doctrines  of  the  Supreme  Being,  and 
explains  the  means  by  which  the  human  soul 
may  obtain  final  emancipation  from  further 
migi-ations,  and  efi'ect  a  junction  with  the  uni- 
versal spirit.  Among  the  means  of  effecting  this  junc- 
tion are  comprehernlcil  a  long  continuance  in  various  un- 
natural postures,  withdrawal  of  the  senses  from  external 
objects,  concentration  of  tlie  mind  on  -some  grand  central 
truth,  and  the  like,  all  of  wliicli  imjily  the  leading  of  an 
austere  liermit  life. 

yogi  (yo'gi),  n.  [Hind,  yogi,  <  .'/";/"  ;  see  yoga."] 
A  Hindu  ascetic  and  mendicant  who  practises 
the  yoga  system,  and  combines  meditation  with 
austerity,  claiming  thus  to  acquire  a  miracu- 
lous power  over  elementary  matter.  See  yoga. 
Also  yoijcc  iindjogi. 

Then  Rawunna,  the  giant,  assuming  the  shape  of  a  pil- 
grim Yogce  rolling  to  the  caves  of  Ellora  —  with  Gayntree 
the  mystical  text  on  his  lips  and  the  shadow  of  Siva's  beard 
ill  liis  soul  —  rolls  to  Rama's  door,  and  cries  "Alms! 
alms :  "  J.  W.  Palmer,  The  New  and  the  Old,  p.  316. 

yogism  (yo'gizm),  «.     [<  yoga  +  -(*)«.]     The 

(loctrine  and  practices  of  the  yogis  ;  yoga. 
yogle  (y<^'gl)i  "■      Same  as  oi/le^.      [Shetland 

Isles.] 
yoh  (yo),  «.     [Chinese.]     An  ancient  Chinese 

reed,  shaped  like  a  flute  but  shorter,  having 

three  to  seven  holes,  and  played  with  one  hand. 
yo-ho  (yo-ho'),  interj.    [Cf.  //"!.]    A  call  or  cry, 

usually  given  to  attract  attention. 
yoick  (yoik),  r.  t.    [<  yoiek-s.}    To  urge  or  drive 

by  the  cry  of  ''Yoicks." 

Hounds  were  barely  yoicked  into  it  at  one  side  when  a 

fox  was  tallied  away.     Field,  Jan.  2:1, 1886.   (Encyc.  Diet.) 

yoicks  (yoiks), /«/<■;;/.  [Cf.  hoieks.}  An  old  fox- 
hunting cry. 

Soho  I   bark  forward!   wind  'em  and   cross  'em!  hark 

forward  I  yoics!  i/oics  !  Coluian,  Jealous  Wife,  ii. 

Enjoy  the   itleasui-es  of  the  chase.  .  .  .    Bravo !  .  .  . 

Oi',  if  Yoicks  would  be  in  better  keeping,  consider  that 

I  said  Yoicks.  Dickem,  Our  .Mutual  Friend,  iii.  10. 

yoit  (voit),  n.  Same  as  yite.  Moiit^gn.  [Local, 
British,] 

yojana,  yojan  (yo'ja-nii,  yo'jan),  11.  [Hind,  yo- 
Jiin,  <  Skt.  yojana,  <  v  yuj,  join:  see  (/oi'cl.] 
in  Hindustan,  a  measure  of  distance,  varying 
in  difl'erent  places  from  four  to  ten  miles,  but 
gcfierally  valued  at  about  five. 

yokel  (yok),  N.  [Formerly  also  yoak:  <  ME. 
yok,  7ok,  goe,  <  AS.  geoe,  gioe,  ioe  =  OS.  ./»c  = 
I),  jiik,  jok  =  MLG.  joi'k,  Jnck,  LG.  jok,  joi/  = 
OHG.  j'lih,  MHG.  G.  jocli  =  Icel.  ok  =  S\v.  ok 
=  Dan.  (iiig  =  ^J.jugnm  (>  It.  giogo  —  Sp.  yngo 
=  Pg.  jif(/o  =  F.  Jong)  =  Gr.  Ccjiir  =  W.  inn  = 
OBulg.  igo  =  Bohem.  jlio  =  Russ.  igo  =  Skt. 
jnga,  yoke ;  frotii  a  root  seen  in  L.  jnngere 
(V .i"!l)'  join  (^  K-  ,/"'".  jnnrtion,  etc.),  =  Gr. 
Cfvyvivai  (■\/  Cvy),  join,  =  Skt.  y/  ynj,  join.]  1. 
A   contrivance    of   great   aiiti(|uity,   by  which 


yoke 

a  pair  of  draft-animals,  particularly  oxen,  are 
fastened  together,  usually  consisting  of  a  piece 


Yoke. 

tt.  b€>dy  ;  e,  bows  of  bent  wood  ;  c,  keys  for  fai>tenin^  bows ; 
(i,  clip  ;  f,  draft-ring. 

of  timber,  hollowed  or  made  curving  near  each 
end,  and  fitted  with  bows  for  receiving  the 
necks  of  the  animals.  From  a  ring  or  hook  fitted  to 
the  hody  a  chain  extends  to  the  thing  to  be  drawn,  or  to 
the  yoke  of  another  pair  of  animals  behind. 
A  red  heifer  .  .  .  upon  which  never  came  yoke. 

Num.  xix.  2. 
In  time  the  savage  bull  doth  bear  the  yoke. 

Shak.,  Much  Ado,  i.  1.  263. 

2.  Hence,  something  resembling  this  apparatus 
in  form  or  use.  (a)  A  frame  made  to  fit  the  shoulders 
and  neck  of  a  person,  used  for  cairying  a  pair  of  buckets 
or  panniers,  one  at  each  end  of  the  frame. 

She  bad  seized  and  adjusted  the  wooden  yoke  across 
her  shoulders,  ready  to  bear  the  brinimlng  niilk-pails  to 
the  dairj-.  Mrs.  Gaskell,  Sylvia's  Lovers,  xv. 

(6)  A  frame  of  wood  attached  to  the  neck  of  an  animal  to 
prevent  it  from  creeping  under  a  fence  or  gate,  or  from 
jumping  over  a  fence,  (c)  A  crosa-bar  or  cui-ved  piece 
from  which  a  large  bell  is  suspended  for  ringing,  (d) 
Aaut,  a  bar  attached  to  the  rudder-head,  and  projecting 
in  each  direction  sidewise.  To  the  ends  are  attached  the 
yoke-ropes  or  yoke-lines,  which  are  pulled  by  the  steers- 
man in  rowboats,  or  pass  to  the  drum  on  the  axis  of 
the  steering-wheel  in  larger  craft,  (e)  A  kind  of  band 
or  supporting  piece  to  which  are  fastened  the  plaited, 
gathered,  or  otherwise  falling  and  depending  parts  of  a 
garment,  and  which  by  its  shape  causes  these  parts  to 
hang  in  a  certain  way :  as,  the  yoke  of  a  shirt,  which  is  a 
double  piece  of  stuff  carried  around  the  neck  and  over 
the  shoulders,  and  from  which  the  whole  body  of  the 
shirt  hangs  ;  the  yoke  of  a  skirt,  which  supports  the  full- 
ness from  the  hips  downward. 

There  was  a  yoke  of  mulberry  colored  velvet,  which  was 
applied  also  at  the  tops  of  the  sleeves. 

The  SpeciaUrr  (St.  Louis),  XL  327. 

(/)  A  branch-pipe,  or  a  two-way  coupling  for  pipes, 
particularly  twin  hot-  and  cold-water  pipes  that  unite  in 
their  discharge,  (g)  In  a  grain-elevator,  the  Iiead-frame 
or  top  of  the  elevator,  where  the  elevator-belt  or  lifter 
passes  over  the  upper  drum,  and  where  the  cups  dis- 
charge into  tlie  shoot.  (A)  A  carriage-clip  for  uniting 
two  parts  of  the  runiiing-gear.  (i)  A  double  journal- 
bearing  having  two  journals  united  \>y  bars  or  rods,  that 
pass  on  eiich  side  of  the  pulley,  the  shafting  being  sup- 
ported by  b(»th  journals  :  used  in  some  forms  of  dynamos 
to  carry  the  armature ;  a  yoke-arbor,  (j)  A  pair  of  iron 
clamps  of  semicircular  shape,  with  a  cross  screw  and 
nut  at  each  end  for  tightening  them  around  heavy  pipes 
or  other  objects,  for  attaching  the  ropes  when  hoisting 
or  lowering  into  i>osition  by  power.  J.  S.  Phillips,  Ex- 
plorers' Companion,  (k)  In  wheeln-righting,  tlie  overlap 
tire-bolt  waslier  used  at  the  joints  of  the  fellies.  E.  H. 
Knight,  {t)  In  an  electromagnet  consisting  of  two  parallel 
cores  joined  across  one  pair  of  ends  to  form  a  U-  or  horse- 
shoe-shaped  magnet,the  cross-bar  joining  the  ends-is  called 
the  yoke  of  the  magnet. 

3.  An  emblem,  token,  or  mark  of  servitude, 
slavery,  and  sometimes  of  suffering  generally. 
As  a  mark  of  humiliation  and  entire  submission,  the 
Romans  caused  their  prisoners  of  war  to  pass  under  a 
yoke.  This  yoke  was  sometimes  an  actual  ox-yoke,  and 
was  Bometimes  symbolized  by  a  spear  resting  across  two 
others  fixeil  upright  in  the  ground. 

Take  my  yoke  upon  you,  and  learn  of  me.  .  .  .  For  my 
yoke  is  easy  and  my  burden  is  light.  Mat.  xi.  29,  30. 

Like  fooles,  they  doe  submit  their  necke 
Vnto  the  slavish  yoke  &  proudest  checke 
Of  Romes  insulting  tyrant. 

Times'  WhisUe  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  p.  52. 

4.  Something  which  couples,  connects,  or  binds 
together;  a  bond  of  connection;  a  link;  a  tie. 

Companions  .  .  . 
Who.se  souls  do  bear  an  equal  yoke  of  love. 

Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  iii.  4.  13. 
You  see  I  am  tied  a  little  to  my  yoke; 
Pray,  pardon  me  ;  would  ye  hail  both  such  lovinii  wives  ! 
Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife,  ii.  2. 

5.  A  chain  or  ridge  of  liills ;  also,  a  single  hill 
in  a  chain:  obsolete,  but  still  retained  in  some 
place-names:  as,  Troutbeck  Yoke.  [Lake  Dis- 
trict, Eng.]— 6.  A  pair;  couple;  brace:  said 
of  things  united  by  some  link,  especially  of 
draft-animals:  very  rarely  of  persons,  in  con- 
tempt. 

Another  a-non  r>-ght  ncde  seyde  he  hadde 

To  folwen  fif  jofre-f,  .  .  .  and  greithliche  hem  dryue. 

Pilars  Plowman  (('),  viii.  29r». 

These  that  accuse  him  .  .  .  are  a  voA-^  of  his  discarded 

men.  Shak.,  M.  ^V.  of  \V.,  ii.  1.  181. 

7.  As  much  land  as  may  be  x>lowed  by  a  pair  of 
oxen  in  a  day;  hence,  as  much  work'geuerally 
as  is  done  at  a  stretch;  also,  a  part  of  the  work- 
ing-day, as  from  meal-time  to  meal-time,  in 


7022 

which  labor  is  carried  on  without  interruption. 
Compare  yokelet. 

Ploughmen  in  this  county  have  been  in  the  habit  of 
making  two  yokes  a  day  in  summer— that  is,  ploughing 
from  morning  until  dinner-time,  which  ia  usually  at  twelve 
o'clock  ;  then,  when  dinner  is  over,  resuming  their  work, 
which  Is  continued  till  half-past  five  or  six. 

A',  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  X  19. 
Spring  yoke,  in  a  railroad-car,  a  wrought-iron  bar  shaped 
like  an  inverted  V,  placed  on  a  journal-box  as  a  support  for 
a  spring.  Also  called  spring  saddle.  See  cut  under  car- 
truck. =^Yn,Q,  Brace,  i^ic.  See  j^airl. 
yoke^  (yok),  r. ;  pret.  and  pp,  lyo^'frf,  ppr.  yok- 
ing. [Formerly  also  yoak;  <  ME.  ^oken,  ^eoken 
(LGt^Joken  =  G.Jochen  =  h.jngarc);  from  the 
noun.]     I.  trans*  1,  To  put  a  yoke  on. 

Away  she  hies, 
And  yokea  her  silver  doves. 

Shak.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  1.  1190. 
The  gentle  Birds  liow'd  down  their  willing  heads, 
Not  to  be  yoakedy  but  adorned  by 
The  dainty  harness.  J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  iii.  68. 

2.  To  join  or  coiiple  by  means  of  a  yoke. 

For  o  Griffoun  there  wil  here,  fieynge  to  his  Nest,  a  gret 
Hors,  or  2  Oxen  zoked  to  gidere,  aa  thei  gon  at  the 
Plowghe.  Mandeville,  Travels,  p.  269. 

3.  To  join ;  couple;  link;  unite. 

O  then  .  .  .  my  name 
Be  yoked  with  his  that  did  betray  the  Beat ! 

Shak.,  W.  T.,  i.  2.  419. 
But,  0  Izrael ! 
Alas !  why  yoakst  thou  God  with  Baal? 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartaa'a  Weeks,  ii.,  Tlie  Schisme. 
Rather  than  to  be  yoked  with  this  bridegroom  is  ap- 
pointed me,  I  would  take  up  any  husband. 

B.  Jonson,  Bartliolomew  Fair,  iv.  2. 

4.  To  restrain;  confine;  oppress;  enslave. 
They  thought  it  better  to  be  somewhat  hardly  yoked  at 

home  than  forever  abroad  discredited. 

Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  Pref.,  ii. 
Then  were  they  yoak'd  with  Garrisons,  and  the  places 
consecrate  to  thir  ]>loo(lie  superstitions  destroi'd. 

Milton,  Mist.  Eng.,  ii. 
As  well  be  yoked  by  Despotism's  hand 
As  dwell  at  large  in  Britain's  charter'd  land. 

Coicper,  Tal)le-Talk,  1.  258. 

5.  To  put  horses  or  other  draft-animals  to. 
Compare  the  colloquial  phrase  to  harness  a 
wagon. 

They  hae  yoked  carts  and  wains, 
To  ca'  their  dead  away. 

Auld  Maitland  (Child's  Ballads,  VI.  226). 
Ye  need  na  yoke  the  pleugb. 

Burns,  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook. 
Yoked  bottle,  in  cernm.,  a  double  bottle :  so  called  from 
the  baiul  or  bar  of  baked  clay  which  connects  the  two  ves- 
sels comprising  it. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  joined  together;  go  along 
with. 

The  care 
That  yokes  witli  empire, 

Tennyson,  To  the  Queen. 

yoke*^  (yok),  r.  and  V.  A  dialectal  variant  of 
yox,  yex.     Also  yolk. 

Whose  ugly  locks  and  yolkinge  voice 
Did  make  all  men  afeard. 

MS.  Ashmole  208.    {Hallitvell) 

yokeage  (yo'kaj),  n.     Same  as  rokeage. 
yoke-arbor  (yok'ar'bor),  n.     A  form  of  double 
jouviial-box  for  pulley-spindles,  having  a  curved 
arm  extending  from  one  bearing  to  the  other 
on  each  side  of  the  pulley,  and  serving  to  pro- 
tect the  belt  from  chafing,    E.  H.  Knight. 
yoke-bone  (yok'bon).  ».     The  jugal  or  malar 
bone,  entering  into  the  formation  of  the  zy- 
goma.    See  cut  under  skull, 
yoke-devil  (yok'dev''''l),  n.    A  companion  devil. 
[Rare.] 

Treason  and  murder  ever  kept  together, 
As  two  yoke-devils  sworn  to  cither's  purpose. 

Shak.,  Hen.  V.,  ii.  2- 106. 

yoke-elm  (yok'elm),  n.  See  hornbeam. 
yokefellow  (y6k'fel''''6),  «.  One  associated 
with  another  in  labor,  or  in  a  task  or  undertak- 
ing; also,  one  connected  with  another  by  some 
tie  or  bond,  as  marriage;  a  partner;  an  asso- 
ciate; a  mate. 

I  intreat  thee  also,  true  ynkefelloiv,  help  those  women 

which  laboured  with  me  in  the  gospel.  Phil,  iv.  3. 

Your  wife  is  your  own  Hesh,  the  staff  of  your  age,  your 

yoke-fellow,  with  whose  help  you  draw  through  the  mire 

of  this  transitory  world. 

Beau,  and  FL,  Knight  of  Burning  Pestle,  iii.  5. 

yokeU  (yo'kl),  «.  [Sg.  a\so  yochel,yochle;  ori- 
gin obscure.  Cf.  gatrk,  gowk.']  A  rustic  or 
countryman;  especially,  a  country  bumpkin. 

Yokels  looking  up  at  the  tinselled  dancers  and  poor  old 
rouged  tumblers.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  Pref. 

The  coach  was  none  of  your  steady-going,  yokel  coaches. 
l)Ut  a  swaggering,  rakish,  dissipated  London  coach ;  up  all 
night,  and  lying  l)y  all  day,  and  leading  a  devil  of  a  life. 
Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xixvi. 

yokel''^,  I*.     Same  as  hickwall. 


yolk 

yokelet  (yok'let),  n.  [<  yoke  +  -let.l  A  small 
farm.     HallUcell.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

yoke-line,  yoke-rope  (ydk'lin,  -rop),  «.  See 
yoke^f  n.j  2  {d). 

yokelisk  (yd'kl-ish),  a.  [<  yokeU  +  -ish.']  Be- 
longing to  or  characteristic  of  a  yokel;  rustic. 
[Rare.] 

A  very  rural  population,  with  somewhat  yokelish  no- 
tions. Jour.  Anthrop.  In^.,  XVL  236. 

yoke-mate  (yok'mat),  ?^.     Same  as  yokefellow. 
yoke-toed  (yok'tod),  a.     In  ornith..,  pair-toed; 
zygodactyl,  as  a  woodpecker  or  cuckoo.     See 
cut  under  pair-toed. 

Such  arrangement  is  called  zygodactyle  or  zygodactyl- 
ous;  and  birds  exhibiting  it  are  aaid  to  be  yoke-toed, 

Coues,  Key  to  >'.  A-  Birds,  p.  126. 

yoking (yo'king),  w.  [Verbal  n.  oiyoke^,  r.]  1, 
The  act  of  putting  a  yoke  on ;  the  act  of  joining 
or  coupling. —  2.  As  much  work  as  is  done  by 
draft-animals  at  one  time ;  hence,  generally,  as 
much  work  as  is  done  at  a  stretch. 

At  length  we  had  a  hearty  yokirC 
At  sang  about. 

Bums,  First  Epistle  to  J.  Lapraik. 

I  ne'er  gat  unygude  by  his  doctrine,  .  .  .  bnt  a  sour  fit 

o'  the  batts  wi'  sitting  amang  the  wat  moss-hags  for  four 

hours  at  a  yoking.  Scott,  Old  Mortality,  viii. 

Yokohama  fowls.  Same  as  Japanese  long-tailed 
fowls  (which  see,  under  Japanese), 
yoky  (yo'ki),  a.     [<  yoke^  +  -yi.]     1.  Yoked. 
[Rare.] 

Seated  in  a  chariot  burning  bright, 
Drawn  by  the  strength  of  yoky  dragons'  necks. 

Marlowe,  Dr.  Faustus,  vi.,  chorus,  1.  6. 

2.  Pertainingtoorconsistingofayoke.   [Rare.] 
So  unremov^d  stood  these  steeds ;  .  .  . 
.  .  .  their  manes,  that  flouriah'd  with  the  flre 
Of  endless  youth  allotted  them,  fell  through  the  yoky 
sphere.  Chapman,  Iliad,  xvii.  382. 

Yolt,  n.    An  obsolete  variant  of  Tule. 

yoldt.  An  obsolete  preterit  and  past  participle 
of  yield. 

yoldent,i>-  ^-  [Obs.  pp.  oiyield.']  Yielded;  sur- 
rendered; submissive. 

With  loke  doun  cast  and  humble  i-yolden  chere. 

Chaucer,  T'roilua,  Iii.  96. 

In  humble  spirit  is  set  the  temple  of  the  Lord,  .  .  . 

Whose  Church  is  built  of  love,  and  deckt  with  hot  desire. 

And  simple  faith ;  the  yolden  ghost  his  mercy  doth  require. 

Surrey,  Pai  aphrase  of  part  of  Eccl.  iv. 

Yoldia  (yol'di-a),  n.  [NL.  (Moller,  1842),  named 
after  Count  Yoldi  of  Sweden.]  A  genus  of  bi- 
valves, of  the  family  yuculidse  (or  Ledidse)^  re- 
lated to  the  ark-shells.  The  several  species  are  of 
boreal  distribution ;  they  resemble  the  members  of  the 
genua  Leda,  but  have  long  slender  siphons,  a  compressed 
long  oval  shell,  beaked  and  slightly  gaping  lichind,  and 
covered  with  shining  epidermis.  1'.  arctica,  Y.  linuUida, 
and  Y.  thracisefomiis  are  examples;  the  latter  is  found 
in  deep  water  off  the  Kew  England  coast. 

yolding  (yol'ding),  n.  Same  as  yoldiing. ^Yel- 
low yolding.    Same  as  yello^chammer,  1. 

yoldring,  yoldrin  (yol'dring,  -dxin),  w.  Same 
as  yeldring,  yowley.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

But  you  heed  me  no  more  than  a  goss-hawk  minds  a  yel- 
low yoldring.  Scott,  Abbot,  xvii. 

yolet,  V.  i.  An  obsolete  variant  of  yawl^, 
yolk^  (yok)j  «.  [Also  yelk;  <  ME.  yolke^yeVke,  < 
AS.  geolca,  yolk,  lit.  *the  yellow  part,'  <  geoluj 
yellow:  see  yellow.'}  1.  The  yellow  and  princi- 
pal substance  of  an  egg,  as  distinguished  from 
the  white;  that  protoplasmic  content  of  the 
ovum  of  any  animal  which  forms  the  embiyo  in 
germination,  with  or  without  some  additional 
substance  which  serves  to  nourish  the  embryo 
during  its  fonnation.  as  distinguished  from  a 
mass  of  albumen  which  may  surround  it,  and 
from  the  egg-pod  or  shell  which  incloses  the 
whole;  the  vitellus,  whether  formative  wholly 
or  in  part.  In  holoblastic  ova,  which  are  usually  of  mi- 
nute or  microscopic  size,  the  whole  content  of  the  cell- 
wall  is  yolk  which  undergoes  complete  segmentation, 
and  is  therefore  formative  or  germinal  vitellus,  or  mor- 
pholecithus.  In  large  meroblastic  eggs,  however,  auch  as 
those  we  eat  of  various  birds  and  reptiles,  the  true  germ- 
yolk  forms  only  the  nucleus  and  a  relatively  small  part  of 
the  whole  yolk-ball,  which  then  consists  mainly  of  food- 
yolk  or  tropholecithus.  This  is  the  yolk  of  ordinary 
language,  forming  a  relatively  large  baJl  of  usually  yel- 
low and  minutely  granular  substance  which  floats  in  a 
mass  of  white  or  colorless  albumen,  inclosed  in  a  deli- 
cate i>ellicle,  or  vitelline  membrane,  and  is  steadied  or 
stayed  in  position  by  certain  strands  of  stringy  albumen 
forming  the  chalazse.  The  quantity  of  germ-  and  of  food- 
yolk  relatively  to  each  other  and  also  to  the  amount  of 
white  varies  much  in  different  eggs,  as  does  also  the  rela- 
tive position  of  the  two  kinds  of  yolk.  (See  ectoUcithal, 
centroleeithal.)  In  the  largest  eggs,  as  of  birds,  the  great 
bulk  results  from  the  copiousness  of  the  white  and  of  the 
food-yolk,  and  the  gemi-yolk  appears  only  at  a  point  on 
the  surface  of  the  latter,  where  it  forms  the  so-called 
tread  or  cicatricula.  Some  eggs  contain  more  than  one 
yolk,  but  this  is  rare  and  anomalous.  See  egg,  omtm,  and 
vitellus;  also  segmentation  of  the  vitellus  (under  segmen- 
tation), and  cuts  under  gastrtdation. 


yolk 

The  tother  [man]  was  galowere  thene  the  ;^olke  of  a  naye 
[an  egg].  Jlorte  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  !.  32»4. 

2.  The  vitellus,  a  part  of  the  seed  of  plants, 
so  named  from  its  supposed  analogy  with  the 
yolk  of  an  egg. — 3.  The  gieasy  sebaceous  se- 
cretion or  unctuous  substance  from  the  skin  of 
the  sheep,  which  renders  the  fleece  soft  and 
pliable;  wool-oil. 

Is  not  the  yoke,  or  natural  oiliness  of  the  wool  in  the 
animnl,  more  efficacious? 

Agru;  Suiv,  of  Galloicay,  p.  283.  {Jamieif<m.) 
Food  yolk.  Si:e/ood-yolk,  nieroblastic,  and  tropholecilfius. 
—  Forniative  yolk,  germinal  yolk,  which  enters  into  the 
formation  o(  the  eniJ)ryo,  as  distinguished  from  the  food- 
yolk,  which  does  not  undergo  segmentation  ;  morpholeci- 
thus;  vitellus  genninativus.  See  holoblattic, —  Glycerlte 
of  yolk  of  egg,  a  mixture  of  yolk  of  egg  (45  parts)  with 
glycerin  (55  parts),  used  as  a  vehicle  for  mediciinil  oil.s  and 
resinii. 

yolk-,  V.     See  yoke^.     HalHwell. 

yolk-bag  (yok'bag),  n.    Same  as  yolk-sac. 

yolk-cleavage  (ydk'kle''vaj),  «.  In  embryo!., 
segmentation  of  the  vitellus  (which  see,  under 
segmentation).     See  cut  under  gastrulation . 

yolk-duct  (yok'dukt),  H.  In  emhryol.,  the  duc- 
tus vitellinus,  or  vitelline  duet,  which  conducts 
from  the  cavity  of  the  umbilical  vesicle  to  that 
of  the  intestine  through  a  constriction,  at  and 
near  the  navel,  of  the  original  globular  cavitj' 
of  the  yolk-sac.     See  cut  under  embryo. 

yolked  (yokt),  a.  [<  yolk  +  -frf^.]  Furnished 
with  a  yolk  or  vitellus:  frequently  used  in  com- 
position :  as,  a  douhle-yolked  egg. 

The  effect  of  the  loss  of  a  large  food-yolk  .  .  .  was 
shown  to  resemble  a  similar  loss  of  food-yolk  in  the  eggs 
of  Mierometrus  as  compared  with  other  large-yoii^  ovip- 
arous fish  eggs.  Amer.  Nat.,  XXIII.  923. 

yolk-gland  (yok'gland),  H.   Same  as  vitellarinm. 

yolk-sac  (ydk'sak),  H.  The  umbilical  vesicle 
(which  see,  under  re,iicJf).  Also  called  yolk- 
bag.    See  cuts  under  embryo  and  uteniii. 

While  the  yolk  in  the  latter  is  minute  as  compared  with 
that  of  the  former,  the  yolk«ack  is  just  as  large. 

Amer.  A'a(.,  XXIII.  926. 

yolk-segmentation  (yok'seg-men-ta'shon),  V. 
Same  as  yolk-cleavage.  See  segmentation  of  the 
ritellus  (under  segmen tation),  and  cut  under  ga.i- 
triilation. 

yolk-skin  fyok'skin),  w.  The  vitelline  mem- 
brane ;  the  delicate  pellicle  which  incloses  the 
yolk  of  an  egg,  especially  when  this  is  large. 

yolky(y6'ki),rt.    [_<.yolk-\-  -y^.]    l.  Resembling 

or  consisting  of  yolk ;  having  the  nature  of  yolk. 

In  addition  to   the  minute  yolk-spherules  scattered 

through  the  prot4>plasm.  there  are  a  few  larger  bodies, .  .  . 

probably  of  a  yolky  nature.  Micros.  Set.,  XXX.  5. 

2.  Greasy  or  sticky,  as  unwashed  wool.    Halli- 
well.     [Prov.  Eng.J 
Because  of  the  t/otky  fleece. 

yew  York  Semi-ireeklii  TrVmne,  Aug.  16,  1S»7. 

yoUf,  ''.     An  obsolete  variant  of  yeW^. 
yolling(yoring),  n.     See  yoirley. 
yon  (yon),  a.  aiuipron.     [Also  dial,  yen  ;  <  ME. 
yon,  ^on,  ?,con,  <  AS.  geon  (rare)  =  OH(i.  MH(i. 
G.  jener,  that,  =  Icel.  enn,  inn,  often  written 
hinn,  the,  =  Goth,  jaina,  that ;  with  adj.  for- 
mative -na,  from  a  pronominal  base  seen  in  Gr. 
Of,  who,  orig.  that,  Skt.  ya,  who.    Cf .  yond^,  yon- 
der.']    That  or  those,  referring  to  an  object  at 
a  distance  ;  yonder :  now  chiefly  poetic. 
Lnke  je  aftyre  even.sange  l»e  armyde  at-ryghttez. 
On  bloukez  by  ^one  buscayle,  by  sone  hlythe  stremez. 
Marie  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  895. 
O  what  hills  are  t/o/i,  yon  pleasant  hills, 

That  the  sun  shines  sweetly  onV 
"0  ym  are  the  hills  of  heaven,"  he  said. 

Thf  D«mon  Lorxr  (Child's  Ballads,  I.  203). 
Ye  see  iion  birkie  ca'd  a  lord. 

Bt.rnn,  For  A'  That. 
Behold  her,  single  in  the  field, 
Yon  solitary  Highland  fjiss  ! 

Wordnc'irth,  The  Solitary  Reaper. 

yon  (yon),  adr.    [An  altered  form  of  yond,  eon- 
formed  to  yon,  «.]     Same  as  yonder. 
Him  that  ynn  soars  on  golden  wing. 

Milton,  II  Penst-roso,  1.  52. 

Hither  and  yon.  see  hither. 
yond't  (yond ),  adv.  aiul  prep.  [<  ME.  yond,  gond. 
?nnd,  as  prep,  also  geond,  ^p«'/,  <  AS.  gennd  = 
LG.  giend  =  Goth,  jnind,  there;  cf.  yonder, 
beyond,  and  yon.}  I.  adr.  In  or  at  that  (more 
or  less  distant)  place  ;  yonder. 

And  to  the  yonder  hille  I  gan  hire  gyde. 
Alias  !  and  thcr  I  took  of  hire  my  leeve. 
And  yonde  I  saugh  hire  to  hire  fader  ryde. 

Chaucer,  Troilus,  v.  612. 
Say  what  thou  seest  yam/.  fihak..  Tempest,  i.  2.  409. 
U.  prep.  Through. 

,Sond  al  the  world.  Cattdl  off  Love,  1.  1448. 

yondH  (yond),  a.  [<  ME.  yond,  gond,  gund, 
send;  a  later  form  of  yon,  made  to  agree  with 
the  adv.  yond.]     Same  as  yon  or  yonder. 


7023 

Is  yond  your  mistress  ? 

Middleton  (and  others).  The  Widow,  iii.  3. 

And  see  yond  fading  Myrtle. 

Congreve,  Death  of  Queen  Mary. 

yond^t  (yond),  «.  [Appar.  one  of  Spenser's 
inventions,  a  forced  use  of  yond^,  a.]  Beside 
one's  self ;  mad;  furious;  insane.     [Rare.] 

Then  lilie  a  Lyon  .  .  .  wexeth  wood  and  yond. 

Spenser,  V.  Q.,  II.  viii.  40. 

yonder  (yon'der),  adv.  [Also  dial,  yender ;  < 
ME.  yonder,  gonder,  gntidcr,  yender,  gender  = 
"MD.ghcnder,  gliinder  =  Goth,  jaindre,  there;  a 
compar.  form  of  yon,  with  suffix  -der  as  in  liiflicr, 
AS.  hider,  under,  AS.  under,  etc.]  At  or  in  that 
(more  or  less  distant)  place ;  at  or  in  that  place 
there. 

The  felisshepe  is  yourez  that  yender  ye  see. 

Generydes  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  2869. 

Hold,  yonder  is  some  fellow  skulking. 

Sheridan,  The  Duenna,  i.  4. 

Cliaucer  uses  the  adverb  frequently  before  the  noun,  and 
preceded  by  that  or  the:  a  use  indicating  the  transition 
to  the  adjective  use : 

In  that  yonder  place 
My  lady  first  me  took  unto  her  grace. 

C/iaucer,  Troilus,  v.  .580. 

yonder  (yon'der),  a.  [<  yonder,  adr.  Cf.  yon.] 
Being  at  a  distance  within  view,  or  as  con- 
ceived within  view ;  that  or  those,  referring  to 
persons  or  things  at  a  distance. 

Our  pleasant  labour  to  reform 
Yon  flowery  arbours,  yonder  alleys  green. 

Milton,  P.  L.,  iv.  626. 

Sweet  Emma  Moreland  of  yonder  town 
Met  me  walking  on  yonder  way. 

Tennyson,  Edward  Cray. 

yongf,  yonghedet,  yongtht,  etc.  Obsolete  forms 

of  young,  etc. 

yonkert,  «.     An  obsolete  spelling  of  younker. 

yook  (yok),  v.  and  n.     Same  as  yuck. 

yoop  (yop),  H.  [Imitative;  cf.  whoop^,  cloop, 
etc.]  A  word  imitative  of  a  hiccuping  or  sob- 
bing sound.     [Rare.] 

There  was  such  a  scuttling,  and  hugging,  and  kissing, 
and  crying,  with  the  hysterical  yoops  of  Miss  Swartz,  .  .  . 
as  no  pen  can  depict.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair. 

yopon  (yo'pou),  n.  Same  as  yapon. 
yore^  (yor),  adr.  [<  ME.  yore,  gore,  <  AH.  gedra, 
of  yore,  formerly  an  adverbial  gen.  of  time,  lit. 
'  of  years,'  gen.  pi.  of  gear,  year:  see  year.]  In 
time  past;  long  ago;  in  old  time:  now  used 
only  in  the  phrase  «/ i/oce  —  that  is,  of  old  time; 
long  ago. 

A  man  may  serven  bet  and  more  to  pay 

In  half  a  yer,  althow  it  were  no  more, 

Than  sum  man  doth  that  hath  served  ful  yore. 

Chancer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  47(5. 
Whan  Adam  had  synnyd,  thou  seydest  yore 
That  he  xulde  deye  and  go  to  helle. 

Coventry  Mysteries,  p.  107. 

In  Times  0/ yore  an  ancient  Baron  liv'd. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma. 

Instead  of  the  gieat  tree  that  used  to  shelter  the  quiet 
little  Dutch  inn  of  yore,  there  now  was  reared  a  tall  naked 
pole.  Irving,  Sketch-Book,  p.  58. 

?ore'-  (yor),  ».  Same  as  yare^.  Halliwell. 
'oredale  rocks.  In  Eng.  geol..  the  upper  por- 
tion of  the  Carboniferous  limestone  series.  In 
this — as  in  the  Pennine  area — the  ma'^sive  limestone  (the 
Thick,  Scaur,  or  Main  limestone)  is  succeeded  by  a  series 
of  flagstones,  grits,  shales,  limestones,  with  a  few  seams 
of  coal,  the  whole  varying  greatly  in  thickness  in  locali- 
ties not  far  distant  from  each  other.  This  series  was 
named  from  Yoredale,  in  Yorkshire,  where  it  has  a  devel- 
opment of  from  .500  to  1,500  feet.  In  its  paleontological 
features  it  does  not  differ  much  from  the  Carboniferous 
limestone  series  generally.  In  the  Yoredale  rocks  are  the 
celebrated  lead-mines  of  Alston  Moor  and  others.  Also 
called  Yoredale  yroup  and  Yoredale  series. 

York-and-Lancaster  rose.    See  ro.sei. 
Yorkish  (yor'kish),  a.     [<   York  (see  def.)  + 
-(.s7ti.]     1.  Pertaining  to  the  city  of  York  or  to 
the  county  of  York,  in  England. —  2.  Adhering 
to  the  house  of  York.     See  Yorki.it. 
But  if  thy  ruby  lip  it  spy, 

As  kiss  it  thou  niayest  deign. 
With  envy  pale  'twill  lose  its  dye. 
And  Yorkish  turn  again.       The  White  Itosc. 

Yorkist  (yor'kist),  n.  and  a.  [<  York  (see  def. ) 
+  -ist.]  I.  n.  An  adherent  of  the  house  of 
York,  or  a  supporter  of  their  claims  to  the 
crown,  especially  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses. 

The  next  Henry  Percy,  fourth  earl,  was,  however,  re- 
stored by  Edward  IV.  and  bec^ame  a  Yorkiat. 

Edinliuryh  Her.,  CLXVIII.  379. 

H.  a.  In  Eng.  Iiixt.,  pertaining  to  the  dukes 
or  the  royal  house  of  York.  Tlie  Yorkist  kings 
were  Edward  IV.,  Edward  V.,  and  Richard  III.  (1461-85), 
and  their  claims  to  the  crown  rested  on  their  descent 
from  Lionel,  Duke  of  Clarence,  and  Edmund.  Duke  of 
York,  respectively  the  third  and  fifth  sons  of  Edward  III. 
See  Lancastrian,  and  Wars  of  the  Roses  (under  ro»ci). 


young 

The  grand  episode  or  tragedy  of  Perkin  [Warbeek]  .  .  . 

connects  the  Yorkist  intrigues  with  the  social  discontents 

in  a  way  more  striking  than  any  of  the  previous  outbursts. 

Stubbs,  Medieval  and  Modern  Hist.,  p.  348. 

York  pitch.     See  pitch  of  a  i)lane,  under  pitch^. 

Yorkshire  flannel.  Flannel  of  superior  qual- 
ity, made  of  undyed  wool. 

Yorkshire  pudding.  A  pudding  made  of  bat- 
ter without  sweets  of  any  kind,  and  baked  un- 
der meat,  so  as  to  catch  the  drippings. 

Yorkshire  stone.  Stone  from  the  Millstone- 
grit  series,  extensively  quarried  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  for  building  and  various  other  pur- 
poses. 

Yorkshire  terrier.    See  terrier^. 

yorling  (j'or'ling),  n.  Same  as  yolling.  See 
yowley. 

Half  a  paddock,  half  a  toad. 
Half  a  yellow  yorling.  Scotch  Ballad. 

Yoshino  lacctuer.    See  lacquer. 
yostregert,  "•     Same  as  uustringer. 

On  of  y  yostregere  unto  .  .  .  Henry  the  VIII. 

Epitaph,  quoted  in  N.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  VIII.  106. 

yot  (yot),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  yotted,  ppr.  yotting. 

[Prob.  a  var.  of  yote,  melt,  hence  weld:   see 

yofe.]    To  unite  closelv;  fasten;  rivet.    [Prov. 

Eng.] 
yote  (yot),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  yoted,  ppr.  yoting. 

[<  ME.  yoten,  var.  of  yeten,  geten,  geotcn,  <  AS. 

geotan,  pour:   see  yet-.]     To  pour  water  on; 

steep.     [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

My  fowls,  which  well  enough 
I,  as  before,  found  feeding  at  their  trough 
Their  yoted  wheat.       Chapman,  Odyssey,  xix.  760. 

yoVi,  pron.     See  y<°l. 

youk  (youk),  V.  i.     See  yuck. 

yoult,  V.  i.     See  yowl. 

youlingt,  «•     A  spelling  of  yowling. 

young  (ynng),  «.  and  n.  [Early  mod.  E.  also 
yong ;  <  ME.  yong,  yung,  gung,  gong,  ging,  <  AS. 
geong,  ginng,  iiing  (in  compiir.  also  ging-,  gyng-, 
geng-)  =  OFrios.  Jung,  Jong  =  OH,  Jung  =  D. 
jo)ig  =  iUXi.jiink,  J^G.  jting  =  OHG.  MHG.jxkc, 
G.jnng  =  Icel.  Jungr,  ungr  =  Sw.  Dan.  nug  = 
Goth,  juggs  (compar.  j'H/(i-rt  ?);  Teut.  *yunga, 
contr.  of  'ymranga  or  *ymcauha  =  W.  icuaiigc  = 
h.jurcncu.i  =  Skt.  yuraga,  young;  an  extension 
or  derivative,  with  adj.  suffix  (L.  -CU-.1),  of  a  sim- 
pler form  seen  in  L.  jureni,f  =  OBulg.  jh«h  = 
Russ.  iunuii,  etc.,  =  "Lith.  jaunus  =  Ijett.jauuK 
=  Skt. yurau,  young ;  cf.  Skt.  yavishtha.  young- 
est. From  E. //OHH(/ is  ult.  E.J/OH/A.  From  the 
L.  word  are  ult.  H.  juvenile, ,juvennl,jurenescent, 
rejuvenate,  etc.]  I.  a.  1.  Being  in  the  first  or 
early  stage  of  life ;  not  long  born ;  not  yet 
arrived  at  maturity  or  full  age;  not  old:  said 
of  animals:  as,  a  yoHHj/ child;  a,  young  man;  a, 
young  horse. 

Tliow  art  ,jonge  and  3epe,  and  bast  jeres  ynowe 
Forto  lyue  longe  and  ladyes  to  lonye. 

IHers  Plowman  (B),  xi.  17. 

Let  the  young  lamt)s  bound 
As  to  the  tabor's  sound  ! 

Wordsworth,  Ode,  Immortality. 

2.  Being  in  the  first  or  early  stage  of  growth : 
as,  a  young  plant;  a  young  tree. 

He  cropped  off  the  top  of  his  young  twigs. 

Ezek.  xvii.  4. 
I  wish'd  myself  the  fair  young  beech 
That  here  beside  me  stands. 

Tennyson,  Talking  Oak. 

3.  Being  in  the  first  or  early  part  of  existence 
generally ;  not  yet  far  advanced,  of  long  dura- 
tion, or  of  full  development;  recent;  newly 
come  to  pass  or  to  be. 

Rom.  Is  tlie  day  so  yow/if/^ 

Ben.  But  new  stnick  nine. 

Shak.,  R.  and  J.,  i.  1.  166. 
Th'  impatient  fervor  .  .  .  threat'ning  death 
To  his  young  hopes.  Cou-per,  Task,  iii.  504. 

4.  Having  the  apjjearance  and  freshness  or 
vigor  of  youth;  youthful  in  look  or  feeling; 
fresh ;  vigorous. 

Thei  that  duellen  tliere  and  drynken  often  of  that  Welle, 

thci  nevere  han  Sekenesse,  and  thei  semen  alle  weys  zomje. 

Mnndeville,  Travels,  p.  169. 

He  is  only  seven-and-thirty,  very  young  for  his  age,  and 

the  most  affectionate  of  creatures. 

Thackeray,  Lovel  the  Widower,  vi. 

5.  Having  little  experience  ;   ignorant ;   raw  : 

green. 

We  are  yet  luit  young  in  deed. 

Shak.,  Macl.etli   iii.  4.  144. 

How  for  to  sell  he  knew  not  well, 
For  a  butcher  he  was  l»ut  voting. 
Robin  Uood  and  the  Butcher  (Cliild's  Ballads,  V.  34). 

6.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  youth ;  spent 
or  passed  during  youth;  youthful:  as,  in  his 
younger  days  he  was  very  hot-headed. 


young 

God  forbid  I  should  be  so  bold  to  press  to  heaven  in  my 
yoiitig  days.  Shak.,  Tit.  And.,  iv.  3.  91. 

King  Edward  the  sixt,  being  of  young  yeres,  but  olde  in 
wit.  Puttenkam,  Arte  of  Eng.  Poesie,  p.  158. 

7,  Junior:  applied  to  the  yoiiuger  of  two  per- 
sons, especially  when  they  have  the  same  name 
or  title :  as,  young  Mr.  Thomas  Kay  called  with 
a  message  from  his  father.  [Colloq.]  —  8. 
Newly  or  lately  arrived.     [Australia.] 

So  says  I,  "  You're  rather  young  there,  a'n't  you  ?  I  was 
by  there  a  fortnight  ago." 

H.  Kingsley,  Geotfry  Hamlyn,  p.  33. 

The  Young  Pretender.  See  pretender,  Z, — Young 
America,  the  rising  generation  in  the  United  States. 
[Colloq.]  — Young  beer.  See  schenk  beer,  under  heeri.— 
Young  blood.  See  Woorf.— Young  England,  a  group 
of  Tory  politicians,  chiefly  recruited  from  the  younger 
members  of  the  aristocracy,  who,  about  1844,  opposed 
free  trade  and  radicalism,  and  advocated  the  restoration 
of  the  supposed  former  condition  of  things.  Among  their 
leaders  were  Disraeli  and  Lord  Jolni  Manners.— Young 
flood,  fustic,  hyson,  ice.  See  the  nouns.— Young  Ire- 
land, a  group  of  Irish  politicians  and  agitators,  active 
about  1840-50,  wlio  were  at  first  adherents  of  O'Coiuiell, 
but  were  separated  from  him  through  their  advocacy  of 
physical  force,  and  took  part  in  the  rising  of  1848.— Young 
Italy,  an  association  of  Italian  republican  agitators,  ac- 
tive alH)ut  18;i4,  under  the  lead  of  Mazzini.  Analogous 
republican  groups  in  other  countries  were  called  Young 
Germany,  Young  Poland,  and  Young  France,  and  these 
republican  associations  collectively  were  known  as  Young 
Europe. 
II.  ti.  Offspring  collectively. 

The  egg  that  soon 
Bursting  with  kindly  rupture  forth  disclosed 
Tlieir  callow  young.'  Milton,  P.  L.,  vii.  42U. 

Tlie  mother-linnet  in  the  brake 
Bewails  her  ravish 'd  young. 

Bums,  A  Mother's  Lament. 
With  youJlg,  pregnant ;  gravid. 

So  many  days  my  ewes  have  been  urith  young. 

Shak.,  3  Hen.  VI.,  ii.  5.  35. 

Young  of  the  year,  in  omitk.,  specifically,  birds  which 
have  left  the  nest  and  acquired  their  first  plumage.  Most 
birds  hatch  in  summer,  and,  after  putting  off  the  down- 
feathers  cliaracteristic  of  the  nestling,  acquire  a  special 
first  feathering ;  and  as  long  as  this  is  worn,  or  initil  the 
first  true  molt,  tliey  are  young  of  the  year,  without  regard 
to  the  length  of  time  this  plumage  may  be  worn,  as  it  is 
always  replaced  by  the  following  spring. 

youngert  (yung'ger),  n.  [<  ME.  yonger,  monger, 
giingrcj  singre,  etc. ,  <  AS.  gyngray  gingra,  gengra 
(=  0.  jiinger,  etc.)?  a  follower,  disciple,  lit.  a 
younger  person  (as  distinguished  from  yldra, 
an  eliler),  compar.  of  geong,  giiutg^  iu^Hh  young: 
aeayDunq.']  A  young  person ;  a  disciple.  Shal'., 
M.  of  V.\  ii,  6.  14  (quartos). 

youngerly  (yung'ger-li),  a.  [<  younger^  com- 
par. of  youug,  +  -/;/!,  after  cUlerhj.']  Somewhat 
young;  below  middle  age.     [Colloq.,  U.  S.] 

Tiie  life-blood  of  Christendom  flows  in  the  veins  of  her 
youngerly  men.  Church  Union,  Jan.  11,  1868. 

young-eyed  (^-ung'id),  a.  Having  the  fresh, 
briglit  eyes  or  look  of  youth. 

Still  quiring  to  the  young-eyed  cherubins. 

Shak.,  M.  of  v.,  V.  1.  62. 

youngheadt  (yung'hed),  w.     [<  ME.  youghede; 

<  young  +  -head.']     Youtli. 

Elde  was  paynted  after  this, 
Thatshorter  was  a  fote,  iwys, 
Than  she  was  wont  in  her  yonghede. 

Horn,  of  the  Ro)>e,  1.  351. 

Young-Helmholtz  theory  of  color.  See  color. 
youngling  (yung'liui;),  u.  and  (t.  |<  ME.  .yox/y- 
(ing,  S^mgliiig,  ^ungliug,  <  AS.  gcongUng (=z  OHG. 
juugeling),  a  voung man,  <  gcong,  young,  +  -Hug, 
E. -//////!.]  J,  n.  1.  A  young  person  ;  a  youth 
or  child. 

Due  privilege  allow'd,  we  all  should  go 
Before,  and  she,  the  youngling,  come  beliind. 

J.  Beaumont,  Psyche,  iv.  10. 

2.  Any  young  thing,  as  an  animal,  a  plant,  etc.; 
anything  immature,  undeveloped,  or  recent. 

More  dear  unto  their  God  then  younglings  to  tlieir  dam. 
Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  x.  57. 
Speak,  whimp'iing  younglings,  and  make  known 
Tlie  reason  why 
Ye  drooj)  and  weep. 
lien-ick,  To  Primroses  Fill'd  witli  Morning  Dew. 

3.  A  novice:  a  new-comer;  a  beginner. 
Tills  Naaman  was  but  an  youngling  in  God's  religion. 

J.  Bradford,  Works  (I'arker  Hoc,  1853),  II.  388. 
II.  a.  Youthftd;  young. 

The  monntain  rav«:n'8  yonm/Ung  brood 
Have  left  the  mother  and  lite  nest. 

Wordsiforth,  Idle  Sliephcrd-boys. 
The  frequent  chequer  of  !i  voun'iling  tree. 

KeatH,  I  St^jod  Tiptoe  upon  a  Little  Hill. 

youngly  (yung'li),  a.     [<  ME.  c'^ngly,  vunglich, 

<  AS.  gronglie,  <  geottg^  young,  +  -Ite,  E.  -??/!.] 
Voutliful. 

Hum  men  clepen  it  the  Wellu  of  Zouthe  :  for  thci  that 
ofttij  (Jrynken  there  of  wemen  alle  weys  Zongly,  and  lyven 
with  outen  Sykenesse.  Mande'nlle,  Travels,  p.  169. 


7024 

youngly  (yung'li),  adv.  [<  young  +  -/2/2.]  In 
youth;  as  a  youth. 

How  youngly  he  began  to  serve  his  counti-y. 

Shak.,  Cor.,  ii.  3.  244. 

youngness  (yung'nes),  71.  [<  young  4-  -ness.] 
The  condition  of  being  young.    Cudwortk. 

Young's  modulus.    See  modulus. 

youngster  (yung'ster),  n.  [<  young  +  -ster.']  1 . 
A  young  person ;  a  lad :  sometimes  applied  also 
to  young  animals,  especially  horses. 

For  Adon's  sake,  a  youngster  proud  and  wild. 

Shak.,  Passionate  Pilgrim,  1.  120. 
A  youngster  at  school,  more  sedate  than  the  rest. 

Cowper,  Pity  for  Poor  Africans. 
With  the  exception  of  her  fidl  sister,  .  .  .  this  filly  is 
considered  the  highest  bred  trotting  youngster  now  on  the 
American  continent. 

yew  York  Evening  Post,  June  28,  1889, 

2.  A  junior  officer  in  a  company,  battery,  or 
troop.     [Familiar  and  colloq.] 
youngtht  (yungth),  n.    [Early  mod.  E.  yongth  ; 

<  ME.  yongth,  ^ongthe,  gungthe;  <  young  +  -th^. 
Cf.  youth,  an  older  word  of  the  same  ult.  ele- 
ments.]    Youth. 

The  lusty  yongth  of  mans  might. 

Gower,  Conf.  Amant.  (ed.  1554),  p.  clxviii. 
The  ntornefuU  Muse  in  myrth  now  list  ne  niaske, 
As  shee  was  wont  in  youngth  and  sommer  dayes. 

Spenser,  Shep.  Cal.,  November. 

youngthlyt  (yungth'li),  a.  [Formerly  yongthly : 

<  youngth  +  ~ly^.~\     Youthful. 

He  breathlesse  did  remahie, 
And  all  his  yongthly  forces  idly  spent. 

Spenser^  Muiopotmos,  1.  431. 

younker  (yung'k^r),  h.  [Formerly  also  yonker 
(=  Sw.  Dan.  junker);  <  Ml>.  joncker,  D.jonker 
=  MLG.  junker,  jnnchery  LG.  junker  =  MHG. 
junker^  junkher,  junckher,  jonker,  G.  junker,  a 
young  gentleman,  a  young  man ;  contracted 
and  reduced  to  the  form  of  a  derivative  in  -er,  < 
D.  jonkheer  =  hGr.  jungheer  =  MHG.  juncherref 
juncherre,  G.  jungherr,  junger  H&rr,  young  gen- 
tleman: see  young  and  herre^,  herr.  Cf.  G. 
jungfer^  similarly  reduced  ivom  jungfrau.~\  If. 
A  young  man  of  condition;  a  young  gentleman 
or  knight. 

Amongst  the  rest,  there  was  a  jolly  knight ;  .  .  . 
But  that  same  younker  scone  was  overthrowne. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  IV.  i.  11. 

Ulysses  slept  there,  and  close  by 
The  other  younkers.  Chapman,  Odyssey,  xiv. 

2.  A  young  person;  a  lad;  a  youngster. 

Pagget,  a  school-boy,  got  a  sword,  and  then 
He  vow'd  destruction  both  to  birch  and  men ; 
Who  wo'd  not  think  this  yonker  fierce  to  fight? 

Herrick,  Vpon  Pagget. 

It  was  a  pleasure  to  see  the  sable  younkers  lick  in  the 
unctuous  meat.  Lamb,  Chiinney-Sweepers. 

The  juveniles  and  yvunkers  in  the  town. 

S.  Judd,  Margaret,  i.  0. 

3t.  A  novice;  a  simpleton;  a  dupe. 

What,  will  you  make  a  younker  of  me?  shall  I  not  take 

mine  ease  in  mine  inn  but  I  shall  have  my  pocket  picked? 

Shak,,  1  Hen.  IV.,  iii.  3.  92. 

Ang.  Is  he  your  brother,  sir? 
Eunt.  Yes.— Would  he  were  buried! 
I  fear  he'll  make  an  ass  of  me,  a  younker. 

Fletcher  (and  another).  Elder  Brother,  iii.  5. 

4.  Same  an  Junker. 
youpon  (yo'pon),  n.  Same  as  yapon. 
your  (yor),  pron.  l{a)  <  ME.  your^  s^^'''^-,  E^ure, 
^ure,  iour,  cower,  <  AS.  eower  (=  OS.  iuwar  = 
OHG.  iuu-er  =  Goth,  izwora),  gen.  of  ge  (dat. 
ace.  cow),  you:  see  ye'^,  you.  (h)  <  ME.  your, 
sour,  goure,  7owre,  iour,  owcr,  our,  coure,  eowre, 
eowcr,  <  AS.  cdwer  =  OS.  inward  hnca  =  OFries. 
imve,  etc.,  =  Goth,  izwar,  poss.  pron.:  see  (a), 
above.]  At.  pers.  pron.  Of  you:  the  original 
genitive  of  yc'^,  you. 

Sitthen  I  am  ,-^oure  aire  hefd  [i.  e.,  liead  of  you  all], 
icli  am  o""^'''^  aire  hele  [salvation]. 

Piers  Plowman  (C),  xxii.  47S. 

B.  poxs.  pron.  If.  Of  you;  belonging  to  you; 
used  predicatively:  now  replaced  by  yours, 

I  wolde  pcnnute  [change]  my  penaunce  with  .ycHTe. 

Piers  Plowman  (B),  xiii.  110. 
1  .  .  .  mot  ben  2/o«re  whil  that  my  lyf  may  dure. 

Chaucer,  Parliament  of  Fowls,  1.  642. 
An<l  she  ansuerde,  "I  am  yoiere  and  the  childe  youre, 
tlierfore  do  with  me  and  with  hvni  voure  will." 

Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  i.  89. 

2.  Belonging  to  you:  possessive  and  adjective 
in  use,  i)receding  the  noun.  While  plural  in  form 
and  original  meaning,  it  is  now  commonly  also  used,  like 
the  nominative  you,  in  addressing  an  individual. 

"I  haue  no  kyiule  knowyng,"  quod  I,  "  to  conceyue  alle 
,;o%ire  wordes."  Piers  Plonman  (B),  viii.  57. 

Promise  nnto  the  Lord  your  God,  and  keep  it,  all  ye  that 
are  round  about  him. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Psalter,  Ps.  Ixxvi.  11. 


youth 

I  leave  It  [the  poem]  to  your  honourable  Burvey,  and 
your  honour  to  your  heart's  content. 
5fta*.,  Venus  and  Adonis,  Ded.  to  the  Earl  of  Southampton. 

[Your  was  used  formerly  to  denote  a  class  or  species  well 
known.  This  use  survives  as  an  archaism,  and  now  often 
adds  a  slurring  or  humorous  significance. 

Your  serpent  of  Egypt  is  bred  now  of  your  mud  by  the 
operation  of  your  sun.  Shak.,  A.  and  C,  II.  7.  29. 

Your  great  Philosophers  have  l)ceu  voluntarily  poor. 

BurtoHj  Anat.  of  MeL,  p.  352.] 

yoxirn  (yom),  pron.  Yours.  [Prov.  Eng.  and 
U.  S.] 

yours  (yorz),  jtron.  [<  ME.  youres,  goureSj  etc, ; 
with  added  poss.  suf&x,  as  in  ours,  theirs,  etc. : 
see  your.]  That  which  belongs  or  those  which 
belong  to  you:  the  possessive  used  without  a 
following  noun.  Preceded  by  of,  it  is  equivalent  to 
the  personal  pronoun  you :  as,  a  friend  of  yours.  Compare 
the  similar  phrases  made  with  the  other  possessivea  in 
the  independent  form. 

Ye  cruell  one!  wlxat  glory  can  be  got 

In  slaying  him  tliat  would  live  gladly  yours! 

Spenser,  Sonnets,  Ivif. 

What 's  mine  is  yours  and  what  is  yours  is  mine. 

Shak.,  M.  for  M.,  v.  1.  543. 

Yours  is  no  love,  Faith  and  Religion  fly  it 

Fletcher,  Wife  for  a  Mouth,  t  1. 

If  by  Fate  yours  only  must  be  Empire,  then  of  necessitie 
oiu-8  among  the  rest  must  be  subjection. 

Milton,  Hist  Eng.,  iL 

[Yours  is  sometimes  used  in  specific  senses  without  refer- 
ence to  a  noun  previously  mentioned :  (a)  Your  prop- 
erty.   (6)  Tlie  persons  belonging  to  you ;  your  friends  or 

relatives. 

Bothe  to  me  &  to  niyne  mykull  vnright. 
And  to  yow  &  also  yours  gomeryng  [mourning]  for  ener. 
Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  L  1722. 
O  God,  I  fear  thy  justice  will  take  hold 
On  me,  and  you,  and  mine,  and  yours  for  this ! 

Shak.,  Rich.  III.,  it  1.  132. 

(c)  Your  letter :  as,  7/owr*  of  the  16th  Inst  is  at  hand. 

I  have  yours  just  now  of  the  19th. 

Swift,  To  Dr.  Sheridan,  July  27,  1726w] 

Abbreviated  yrs. 
Yours  truly,  yours  to  command,  etc.,  phrases  of  con- 
ventional politeness  immediately  preceding  the  signa- 
ture at  the  end  of  a  letter :  hence  sometimes  used  play- 
fully by  a  speaker  in  alluding  to  himself. 

Yours  truly,  sir,  has  an  eye  for  a  fine  woman  and  a  fine 
horse.  W.  Collins,  Armadale,  IL  168.    {Hoppe.) 

yourself,  yourselves  (y9r-self%-selvz'),pr(m. 
[<  ME.  your  selven,  etc.:  see  your  and  self."]  An 
emphatic  or  reflexive  form  of  the  second  per- 
sonal pronoun,  ye,  you.  Yourself  \&  used  when  a  sin- 
gle  person  is  addressed  (compare  ye,  your\  and  yourselve* 
when  more  than  one.  As  nominatives,  the  wortis  are  used 
for  emphasis,  either  in  apposition  with  you  or  alone. 

Ye  se  well  your-seluyn  the  sothe  at  your  egh. 
Hit  is  no  bote  here  to  byde  for  baret  with-oute. 

Destruction  of  Troy  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  L  12333. 

I  knowe  yow  alle  aswele  orbeterthan  ye  do  youre  self . 
Merlin  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  iL  141. 

Conversation  is  but  carving; 
Carve  for  all,  yourself  is  staning. 

Sirift,  Verses  on  a  Lady. 

In  the  objective  case  yourse^  or  yourselves  is  commonly 
reflexive:  when  emphatic  it  is  usually  in  apposition  with 
you.    Compare  himself,  herself,  etc. 

Call  forth  your  actors  by  the  scroll.  Masters,  spread 
yourselves,  Shak.,  M.  N.  D.,  i  2.  16. 

"Stay  then  a  little,"  answered  Julian,  "here, 
And  keep  yourself,  none  knowing,  to  yoursdf." 

Tennyson,  Lover's  Tale,  Golden  Supper. 

yourta,  yourte,  n.     French  spellings  of  yurt. 

youse  (yoz),  n.  [E.  Ind.]  The  chetah  or  hunt- 
ing-leopard, iiuepardus  Jubatus.  Also  youse. 
See  cut  under  cheUih. 

youth  (yoth),  n.  [<  ME.  youthe,  yovhthe, 
iouthe^  ^ouihe,  yhouthe,  guuethe,  gu^ethe,  ^eo- 
^uthe,  iugethe,  etc.,  <  AS.  gedgoih,  gidguth, 
iugoth  =  OS.  juguth,  jugud  =  J).jeugd  =  OHG. 
jugund,  ^iHG.  jugent.  G.  jugend,  youth;  with 
abstract  formative  -th  {-oth,  etc.).  <  AS.  geong^ 
etc.,  young:  see  young.  A  "restored  "form  ap- 
pears in  youngth.']  1.  The  condition  of  being 
youn«^;  youthfulness ;  youngness;  juvenility. 

These  opinions  have  youth  in  their  countenance;  an- 
tiquity knew  them  not;  it  never  thoufiht  nor  dreamed  of 
them.  Hooker,  Eccles.  Polity,  vi.  4. 

In  fact,  tliere  's  nothing  that  keeps  its  youth, 
So  far  as  I  know,  but  a  tree  and  truth. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  The  Deacon's  Mastei-piece. 

2.  The  age  from  puberty  up  to  the  attainment 
of  full  growth.  In  a  general  sense,  youth  denotes  the 
whole  early  part  of  life,  fn-m  infancy  to  maturity ;  bnt  it 
is  not  unusual  to  divide  the  stages  of  life  into  infancy, 
thildliood.  youth,  ami  manhood.  Thus  limited,  youth  in- 
c'niU's  that  early  period  of  manhood  or  wonianhootl  upon 
which  one  enters  at  pnl>erty,  with  the  establishment  of 
the  sexual  functions,  and  in  which  cue  continues  until  the 
skeleton  is  completely  ossified  by  the  consolidation  of  the 
epiphyses  of  the  long  bones,  so  that  there  is  no  further  in- 
crease in  stature,  and  all  the  teeth  are  in  permanent  func- 
tional position. 


youth 

Therfore  take  hede  bothe  iiyst  &  day 
How  fast  3oure  ^mithe  douth  asswage. 

Hymns  to  Virgin,  etc.  (E.  E.  T.  S.X  p.  79. 

3.  A  young  person ;  especially,  a  young  man. 
In  this  sense  it  has  a  plural. 

I  gave  it  to  a  youth, 
A  kind  of  boy.  Shak.,  M.  of  V.,  v.  1. 161. 

Seven  youths  from  Athens  yearly  sent. 

Dryden,  ^neid,  vi.  27. 
For  what  in  nature's  dawn  the  cliild  admired, 
The  youth  endeavoured,  and  the  man  acquired. 

Dryden,  To  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  1. 144. 
Just  at  the  age  'twixt  boy  and  youth, 
Wlien  thought  is  speech,  and  speecli  is  truth. 

Scott,  Marmion,  ii..  Int. 

I  had  hardly  ever  seen  a  handsome  youth;  never  in  my 

life  spoken  to  oue.  Charlotte  Bronte,  Jane  Eyre,  xii. 

4.  Young  persons  collectively. 

Forget  tlie  present  Flame,  indulge  a  new, 
Single  the  loveliest  of  the  am'rous  Youth. 

Prior,  Henry  and  Emma. 
Eren  when  our  youth,  leaving  schools  and  universities, 
enter  that  most  important  period  of  life. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

0  ye !  who  teach  the  ingenuous  youth  of  nations,  .  .  . 

1  pray  ye  flog  them  upon  all  occisions. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  1. 

5t.  Recentness ;  freshness ;  brief  date.  [Kare.J 

Welcome  hither; 
If  tliat  the  youth  of  my  uew  interest  liere 
Have  power  tu  bid  you  welcome. 

Shak.,  SI.  of  v.,  iii.  2.  224. 

youthedef,  «.    A  Middle  English  form  of  yoiitli- 

IicikI. 
youthful  (yoth'fiil),  a.     [<  youth  +  -/«/.]     1. 
Possessing  or  characterized  by  youth';  not  yet 
aged;  not  yet  arrived  at  mature  years;  being 
in  the  early  stage  of  life ;  young ;  juvenile. 
It  was  a  youthful  knight 
Lov  d  a  gallant  laily. 
Constance  of  Cleveland  (Child's  Ballads,  IV.  226). 
As  Clifford's  young  manhooil  had  been  lost,  he  was 
loud  of  feeling  hnuself  comparatively  youthful,  now,  iu 
apposition  with  the  patriarchal  age  of  llncle  Venner. 

Hawthorne,  .Seven  Gables,  x. 

2.  Pertaining  or  belonging  or  suitable  to  the 
early  part  of  life:  as,^OMf/i/M;days;  youthful  a,ge. 

His  youthful  hose,  well  saved,  a  world  too  wide 
Fur  his  shrunk  shuiik. 

Shak.,  As  you  Like  it,  ii.  7.  160. 
Now  no  more  shall  these  smooth  brows  be  begirt 
With  youthful  coronals,  and  lead  the  dance. 

Fletcher,  Faithful  Shepherdess,  i.  1. 
The  discrepancy  .  .  .  Iietweenherage,  which  was  al>out 
seventy,  and  her  dress,  which  wouM  havo  been  youthful 
for  twenty-seven.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  .Son,  xxi. 

S'^metimes  .  .  .  the  youthful  spirit  has  come  over  me 
in  such  a  rush  of  young  blc..>d  tliat  it  has  surprised  me 
88  much  as  the  slaughtered  Duncan's  niauifestntion  sur- 
prised Lady  Macljeth. 

O.  W.  Holmes,  Over  the  Teacups,  xii. 

3.  Fresh  and  vigorous,  as  in  youth. 

Perfect  felicity,  suih  as  after  millions  of  millions  of 
ages  is  still  youthful  and  flourishing.  Bentley. 

4.  Early  in  time. 

Here,  as  I  point  my  swiird,  the  sun  arises, 
Which  is  a  great  way  growing  on  the  south, 
Weighing  the  youthful  seasoji  of  the  year. 

Shak.,  J.  C,  ii.  1.  108. 
Nor  of  the  larger  stature  &  cubites  of  men  in  those 
youthful!  times  ami  age  of  the  world. 

Purchas,  Pilgrimage,  p.  39. 

=Syn.l-S.  youthful,  Juvenile,  Boyish,  Puerile.  Youth- 
ful is  generally  used  in  a  good  sense:  as,  youthful  looks 
or  spurts;  juvenile  indifferently,  but  if  in  a  l)ad  sense 
not  strongly  so:  as.  the  iwem  was  a  rather  juvenile  per- 
formance ;  hoyish  rather  more  often,  but  not  necessarily, 
in  some  contempt:  as,  a  f/oyish  manner;  boyish  entlmsi- 
asm  ;  puerile  always  in  marked  contempt,  as  a  synonym 
for  silly. 

youthfullity  (yoth'fiil-i-ti),   n.     [<  youthful  + 
-/<y.]     Youtlifulncss.     [Nonce-word.] 

You  see  my  impetuosity  does  not  abate'  nnich;  no,  nor 
my  yottthfiUlily.    H'oipote,  I.etters(1763),II.  461.   (Davies.) 

youthfully  (yoth'ful-i),  mli:     In   a  youthful 
manner. 
Your  attire  .  .  .  not  «o»f*/«^'y  wiinton. 

Bp.  llall.  Works,  I.  314.    (Richardson.) 

youthfulness  (yoth'fiil-ncs),  «.     The  state  or 

character  of  being  youthful. 

Lusly  youthfulness.        Holland,  tr.  of  Plutarch,  p.  764. 
youthhead   (yiith'hed),    n.     [<  ME.  youthetk, 

Ziiuth<:de,  etc. ;  <  ijoutlt  +  -head.    Cf .  yo'uthhood.j 

Youth.     [Obsolete  or  archaic] 

In  gret  perel  is  set  youthedc, 
Uelite  so  d.)th  his  lirldil  Icedc. 

Jtom.  of  the  Itnse,  1.  4931. 

A  sharft  Adversitie. 
Danting  the  Rage  of  .routh-heid  furious. 

Ramsay,  Vertue  and  Vyce,  st.  37. 

In  j/""'A*™<f,  happy  season.         Svulhey.    (Imp,  Diet.) 

youthhood  (yOth'hud),  «.     [<  ME.  " i/ouf)icho(l 

guwcthchiMl,  <  A.S.  <ico<iuthh(hl  (=  08. )u//u(lhcd) ; 

as  youth  +  -hood.     Cf.  tjouthhcad.']    Youth. 


7025 

To  rejuvenate  them  with  the  vigor  of  his  own  immortal 
youthhood.  G.  D.  Boardman,  Creative  Week,  p.  135. 

The  youthhood  of  Derry  and  Enniskillen  determined  to 
protect  themselves. 

W.  S.  Greg!/,  Irish  Hist,  for  Eng.  Readers,  p.  76. 

youthlike  (yoth'Uk),  a.  Having  the  charac- 
teristics of  youth.     [Rare.] 

All  such  whom  either  youthful  age  or  youthlike  minds 
didtill  with  unlimited  desires.    Sir  P.  A'tdncy,  Arcadia,  iii. 

youthlyt  (yoth'li),  a.  [<  youth  +  -///I.]  Per- 
taining to  youth;  characteristic  of  youth; 
youthful. 

The  knight  was  fiers,  and  full  of  youthly  heat. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  v.  7. 
Tliat  sooth'd  you  in  your  sins  and  youthly  pomp. 

Greene,  James  IV.,  v. 

As  touching  my  residence  and  abiding  heere  in  Naples, 

my  youthlye  affections,  my  sportes  and  pleasures,  .  .  . 

to  me  they  bring  more  comfort  and  ioye  then  care  and 

griefe.  Lyly,  Enphues,  Anat.  of  Wit,  p.  42. 

youthlyt  (yoth'li),  «df.  i<  youth +  -hfi.']  Youth- 
fully. 

And  deckt  himselfe  with  fethers  youthly  gay. 

Spenser,  F.  Q.,  I.  xi.  34. 

youthnesst  (yoth'nes),  n.     [<  WE.  ynuthncsi<c ; 
<  youth  +  -nes8.'\    Youth;  youthfulness. 
Otf  his  wickednesse  don  consentyngly, 
And  that  he  had  don  in  his  yrmthnexse  soo. 
With  sore  hert  contrite  all  confessed  thoo. 

Rom.  of  Partenay  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  5221. 

youthsome  (yoth'sum),  a.     [<  youth  +  -sonie.2 

Having  the  vigor,  freshness,  feelings,  tastes,  or 

appearance  of  youth;  youthful:  young.  [Rare.] 

To  my  uncle  Fenner's,  when  at  the  alehouse  I  found 

him  drinking,  and  very  jolly  and  youthsovie. 

Pepys,  Diary,  Oct.  31, 1661. 
youthwortt  (yoth'w^rt),  H.     An  old  name  of 

the  sundew,  Drosera  rotutidifolia. 
youthy  (yo'thi),  a.     [<  youth  +  -y^.]     Young  : 
youthful.     [Rare.] 

Affecting  a  youthier  turn  than  is  consistent  with  my 

time  of  day.  Steele,  Spectator,  No.  296. 

When  at  college.  Sterling  had  venerated  and  defended 

Shelley  as  a  moralist  as  well  as  a  poet,  "being  rather 

youthy."  Caroline  Fox,  Journal,  p.  133. 

youze,  ".     See  you.fe. 

yo'vet.     A  Middle  English  form  of  gave,  preterit 
of  yUc^. 
yow  (you),  n.     A  dialectal  form  of  cwc^.     Sec 
the  quotation  under  shearhotj. 
yowet,  ".     An  obsolete  form  of  yeic'^. 
yO'Wl  (yoi'l),  t'.  i.     [Also  yotd;  <  ME.  yoickti, 
Zotden,  also  gaulcu.  <  Icel.  gaulo.  howl:    see 
yawl^.    Cf.  tjell.'\    To  give  a  long  distressful  or 
mournful  cry,  as  a  dog;  howl;  hence,  of  per- 
sons, to  yell;  bawl. 

The  grete  tour 
Resouneth  of  his  youling  and  clamour. 

Chaucer,  Knight's  Tale,  1.420. 

The  man  [milkman]  comes  yowling  regularly  at  the 

stroke  of  seven.     Carlyle,  in  Friiude,  Life  in  London,  I.  iii. 

yowl  (youl),  H.  [<you't,v.]  A  long  distressful 
or  mournful  cr\-,  as  that  of  a  dog. 

yowley  (you'li),  «.  [One  of  numerous  variant 
forms  (see  below),  ult.  <  AS.  i/co!u,  yellow :  see 
yclloic]  The  yellow  btinting,  Emberi-a  eitri- 
iiillti :  more  fully  called,  by  reduplication,  yel- 
low yowley.  Also yeldriny, y'cldrin, yeldrock;  yold- 
iiit/,  yohlriiif/,  yoldriii,  yoll'inp,  yorlUig;  also  yite. 
yoit.  See  cut  under  yellowhamiiier.  [Scotland 
and  North  of  Ireland.] 

yowling  (you'ling),  II.    [<  ME.  gowlyiig;  verbal 
n.  of  yowl,  r.]     A  howling;  crying. 
And  with  a  greet  ^owlyng  he  wepte. 

Wyclif,  Gen.  xxvii.  38. 
Then  the  wind  set  up  a  howling, 
And  the  poodle-dog  a  yowlinij. 

Thaekern'y,  White  .S(iuall. 

yowp,  t'.  >.  A  dialectal  fonn  of  ,i/«h;)2.  IJalliwell. 

yoxt,  r.  '.     A  Middle  English  form  of  ycx. 

Yphantes,  ".    SeeByphautes,!.     Vie'illot,  IHICt. 

ypightt.  Same  as  pight,  an  obsolete  past  par- 
ticiple oi  pitdA. 

ypikedt,  n.     Same  as  piled  torpiclrd'^. 

ypocritet,  «.     An  old  spelling  of  hypocrite. 

Srpointing  (i-point'ing),  it.  [<  ;/-,  ('-.  -f  /minting. 
Like  Sliakspere's  yruri.sh,  an  infelicitous  at- 
temiit  at  archaism,  the  prcfi,\  ;/-  being  confined 
to  ME.  use  and  there  to  words  of  AS.  origin 
(or  to  verbs  from  early  OF.,  some  of  which,  in 
the  ])p.,  have  »/-);  there  may  have  been  a  ME. 
'yjHiinti (I, \mt  there  could  be  no  ^W..*yjniintinii. 
Milton  herein,  like  Thomson  later,  was  imitat- 
ing Spenser,  who  archaized  on  principle  but 
withotit  knowledge.]    Pointing.    [Poetical.] 

What  needs  my  Sliakspcarc,  for  his  lionour'd  bones, 
The  labour  of  an  age  in  piled  stones'^ 
Or  that  bis  ballow'd  reliques  should  be  hid 
I'ndcr  a  stiir.iry^(>i^in'/  pji.Tmid? 

Milton,  Epitaph  on  William  Shakspeare. 


Y-track 

Tponomeuta  (i-pon-o-mii'ta),  n.  [NL.  (La- 
treille,  1796),  prop.  Hyponomeitta,  <  Gr.  vTrovofiev- 
eiv,  undermine,  <  iirovo/ioc,  going  underground, 
underground,  as  a  noun  an  underground  pas- 
sage, <  i-iTo,  under,  -1-  vsfieiv,  drive.]  A  notable 
genus  of  tineid  moths,  typical  of  the  family 
Yponomeutidse,  comprising  a  number  of  rather 
large  slender-bodied  species,  usually  white  or 
gray,  and  often  with  many  small  black  spots. 
The  larvee  live  gregariously  in  a  light  web,  and  feed  upon 
the  foliage  of  diJf  erent  plants.  About  a  dozen  species  are 
found  in  Europe  and  7  in  North  America.  Y.  cognatella 
is  exceedingly  destructive  to  apple-trees,  depriving  tlieni 
of  their  leaves. 

Yponomeutidse  (i-pon-0-mu'ti-de),  n.pl.  [NL. 
(Stephens,  lyi'O),  <  Yponomeuta  +  -idle.']  A 
family  of  tineid  moths,  based  chiefly  upon  ve- 
national  characters,  but  having  a  recognizable 
facies.  The  larvse  have  16  legs,  .ind  in  general  feed  like 
those  of  the  tyi)e  genus.  Those  of  Atemelia,  however, 
bore  into  buds  and  young  twigs.  Some  14  genera  Iiave 
been  placed  in  this  family  by  Standinger,  but  the  impor- 
tant genus  Argyresthia  and  its  allies  are  removed  to  a 
distinct  family,  Argyresthiidie,  by  Heinemann  and  others. 
Also  Uyponomeutidie. 

ypreisedt,  a.  An  obsolete  form  of  the  past  par- 
ticiple of  praise. 

For  the  more  a  man  may  do  by  so  that  he  do  hit, 
The  more  is  he  worth  and  worthi  of  wyse  and  goode 
ypreised.  Piers  Plowman  (C),  xi.  310. 

Ypres  lace.    See  Ince. 

ypsiliform  (ip'si-li-fdi-m),  a.  [<  Gr.  v  ipc/6v  (see 
hypsiloid)  +  L.  forma,  form.]  Shaped  like  the 
Greek  capital  letter  T;  Y-shaped.  The  figure 
is  also  called  arietiform,  the  symbol  of  the  zo- 
diacal sign  Aries  being  the  same. 

The  T-sliaped  [germinal  spot]  gradually  passes  into  the 
ypsiliform  figure,  so  called  from  its  resenddance  to  the 
Greek  Y.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  417. 

ypsilo-.     For  words  so  beginning,  see  hypsilo-. 

ypsiloid,  c     Same  as  hypsiloid. 

Ypsilophus  (ip-sil'o-fus),    «.      [NL.   (Oken, 

1815).]  Same  as  Yp.wloplius. 
Ypsipetes  (ip-sip'e-tez),  n.  [NL.  (Stephens, 
1829),  prop.  Hyp.s-ipetes.  <  Gr.  iipi-mTy^,  fallen 
from  heaven.  <  i'l/v,  on  high,  +  mreadai,  fly.] 
A  genus  of  geometrid  moths,  of  the  family  La- 
rentidie,  of  wide  distribution,  but  having  few 
sjiecies. 
Ygsolophus(ip-sol'6-fus),«.  [NL.  (Fabricins, 
1(98),  Ypsilophus  (Oken,  ISlo).  prop.  Hypsilo- 
phus,  <  Gr.  v\pi/.o<poc,  having  a  high  crest,  <  i'rpi, 
on  high,  -1-  >6d)oc,  crest.]  A  prominent  genus 
of  tineid  moths,  of  the  family  deleehiidie,  hav- 
ing ocelli,  and  both  fore  and  hind  wings  turned 
forward  at  tip.  The  larvas  are  leaf-rollers. 
Nine  species  are  known  in  Europe  and  thirteen 
in  the  United  States. 
yr.    An  abbreviation  («)  of  year;  (h)  of  your; 

(<•)  of  younger. 
yravisht(i-rav'ish),  V.  t.  A  pseudo-archaic  form 
of  rnrish.     Compare  ypointing. 

The  sum  of  this, 
Brought  hither  to  Pentapolis, 
Y-ravished  the  regions  round, 
And  every  one  with  cl.ips  can  sound, 
"Our  heir-apparent  is  a  king  !  " 

Shak.,  I'ericles,  iii.,  Prol.,  1.  3^. 

yrent,  yront,  ».  and  a.     Old  spellings  of  iron. 
yrs.     An  abbreviation  of  years  and  of  yours. 
yset,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  iee. 
ysenet,  j>P-     A  Middle  English  form  of  seen. 

Ful  Iniige  were  his  legges  and  ful  Icne, 
Ylik  a  staf ;  tber  was  no  calf  i/sme. 

Chaucer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  592. 

yslakedt.  An  obsolete  preterit  and  past  jiarti- 
ci])le  of  .flahe. 

Now  sleep  yslaked  hath  the  rout. 

Shak.,  I'ericles,  iii ,  Prol.,  1.  1. 

ystlet,  II.     See  islle. 

jrthe't,  ".     Same  as  itiie. 

ythe^t,  '"'''.     Same  as  cath. 

Y'-track  ( wi'trak),  u.  A  short  track  laid  at  right 
angles  (or  approximately  so)  to  a  line  of  rail- 
way, with  which  it  is  connected  by  two  switches 
—  the  whole  resembling  the  letter  Y.  It  is  used 
instead  of  a  turn-table  for  rt  versing  engines  or  cars.    In 


operating  it,  an  engine  or  car  advancing  toward  .i  (beading 
as  shown  by  the  :inow)  is  switched  at  A  to  the  track  /.', 
and  then  backed  up  over  the  switch  C  to  tlic  main  track 
.again,  heading  now  in  the  reverse  direction. 


ytterbite 

ytterbite  (it'er-bit),  ».  [<  Ytterhy,  in  Sweden, 
+  -itt".~\     Same  as  (jadoJinite. 

ytterbium  (i-ter'bi-\im),  «.  [NL.,  <  Ytterhy, 
in  Sweden.]  Cliemieal  symbol,  Yb;  atomic 
weight,  173  (f).  An  element  discovered  by 
Marignac  in  gadolinite,  in  regard  to  which 
little  is  known.  The  spectrum  of  this  metal  is  be- 
lieved to  be  peculiar,  and  to  justify  its  claim  to  be  rec- 
ognized as  a  distinct  element. 

yttria(it'ri-a),  «.  [XL.,<  r«(r(ft(/),  in  Sweden.] 
A  metallic  oxid  or  earth,  having  the  appearance 
of  a  white  powder,  which  is  insipid,  insoluble 
in  water,  and  infusible.  It  dissolves  in  acids,  form- 
ing sweetish  salts,  which  have  often  an  amethyst  color. 
It  has  no  action  on  vegetable  colors.  Yttria  is  the  sesqui- 
oxid  of  yttrium,  Y2O3.  It  occurs  in  certain  rare  min- 
erals, and  was  first  iletected  in  gadolinite  found  at  Vtter- 
by,  in  Sweden. 

yttrialite  (it'ri-al-it),  «.  [<  yttria  +  -lite.']  A 
silicate  of  thoriiim  and  the  yttrium  earths,  oc- 
curring in  massive  forms  of  a  dai'k  olive-green 
color.  It  is  found  with  gadolinite  and  other 
rare  species  in  Llano  county,  Texas. 

jrttric  (it'rik),  a.  [<  yttr-iiim  +  -(<;.]  Related 
to  or  containing  yttrium. 

3rttriferous(it-rit''e-rus),".  [<  NL. ///((•/«;«,  q.  v., 
+  L./m-e  =  E.  />Vo/-l.]  Containing  or  yield- 
ing yttrium. 

yttribus  (it'ri-us),  <i.  [<  yttria  +  -y«.s-.]  Per- 
taining to  yttria;  containing  yttria:  as,  the 
yttrioua  oxid  of  eolumbium. 

jrttrium  (it'ri-um),  «.  [NL..  <  Tttcriby),  in  Swe- 
den.] Chemical  symbol, Y;  atomic  weight,  89  (?). 
A  metal,  the  base  of  the  earth  yttria.  But  little  is 
known  of  this  metal,  and  its  atomic  weight  has  never  been 
satisfactorily  determined.  As  obtained  by  Cleve,  yttrium 
is  a  dark-gray  powder  exhil>iting  a  metallic  luster  under 
the  burnisher.  It  belongs,  witli  various  other  rare  metals, 
to  the  cerium  group,  in  regard  to  nlost  of  which,  from 
their  scarcity  and  their  resemblance  to  one  another,  but 
little  has  been  definitely  made  out. 

yttrium-garnet  (it'ri-um-giir"net),  n.  A  vari- 
ety of  garnet  containing  a  small  amount  of  the 
yttrium  earths. 

yttrocerite  (it-ro-se'rit),  ».  [<  yttr(iiim)  + 
cer(ium)  +  -ite".'\  A  mineral  occurring  very 
sparingly  at  Finbo  and  Broddbo,  near  Falim,  in 
Sweden,  embedded  in  quartz,  its  color  is  violet- 
blue,  inclining  to  gray  and  white.  It  occurs  crystallized 
and  massive,  and  is  a  fluoride  of  yttrium,  cerium,  and  cal- 
cium. 

yttrocolumbite  (it"ro-ko-lum'bit),  «.  [<  yttrium 
+  eoli()iih{ic)  +  -ite'K]     Same  as  yttrotantalite. 

yttrogummite  (it-ro-gum'it),  ;;.  [<  yttrium  + 
(jummite.']  A  mineral  formed  by  the  alteration 
of  eleveite,  and  related  to  it  as  is  ordinary  gum- 
mite  to  uraninite. 

yttrotantalite  (it-ro-tan'ta-lit),  n.  [<  yttrium 
+  tantalite.~\  A  rare  mineral  found  at  Ytterby, 
Sweden,  of  a  black  or  brown  color.  It  is  a  tan- 
talate  of  j^trium,  uranium,  and  iron,  with  cal- 
cium. 

yttrotitanite  (it-ro-ti'tan-it),  ».  [<  yttrium  + 
titanite.]     Same  as  keiUiauitc. 

Experiments  for  its  discovery  are  to  be  undertaken  on 
rutiles,  vttrotitanitey,  wohlerites,  etc. 

Jour.  Franlclin  I  ml.,  CXXV.  338. 

yu,  yuh  (yo  i,  «.    Tlie  Chinese  name  for  nephrite 

or  jade. 
Yucatecan  (yo-ka-tek'an),  a.     [<  .Sp.  Yucateco 

{<  Yucatan,  Yucatan)  +  -an.'}     Pertaining  or 

belonging  to  Yucatan,  a  region  in  southeastern 

Mexico. 

A  fair  sample  of  Yucatecan  agriculture. 

U.  S.  Com.  lieiK,  1888,  .\o.  Ixvii.  p.  495. 

jnicca  (yuk'ii),  H,  [<  Sp.  yucca,  now  yuca  (NL. 
yucca) ;  from  the  Amer.  Ind.  name.]  1.  A  plant 
of  tlie  genus  i'ucca. — 2.  [cap.']  [XL.  (Dillen- 
ius,  171!)).]  A  genus  of  liliaceous  plants,  of  the 
tribe  Dracieiicx.  It  is  characterized  by  a  distinct 
woody  stem,  numerous  panicled  roundish  or  bell-shai>ed 
flowers  with  nearly  or  quite  separate  perianth-segments, 
small  anthers  sessile  on  a  club-shaped  filament,  and  an 
ovary  with  numerous  ovules.  There  are  about  20  species, 
natives  of  the  Inited  States,  Mexico,  and  Central  America. 
They  are  low  upright  perennials,  sometimes  trees,  often 
with  numerous  brunches.  Their  leaves  are  linear-lan- 
ceolate and  thick,  usually  rigid  and  spiny-tipped,  ami 
crowded  at  the  apex  of  the  stem  or  branch.  The  Inmdsomc 
pendulous  flowers  are  large  and  usually  white  or  cream- 
eolorcd,  attaining  a  length  of  3  inches  in  }'.  baccata,  and 
form  a  showy  terminal  iiitlorcscence  often  several  feet  long, 
seated  among  clustered  leaves  or  raised  on  a  bracted  pe- 
duncle. The  fruit  is  either  a  dry  loculicidal  capsule  or  a 
I^endulous  berry  which  is  fleshy  or  pulpy,  sometimes  cylin- 
drical and  elongated;  in  )'.  bnrifolia  it  becomes  dry  and 
spongy.  Tlie  rootstock  is  sapouaceipus,  and  in  }'.  Trecti- 
leana  and  otherspecics  is  nnich  used  by  the  Mexicans  for 
soap  — being  included  with  various  Biml'lar  products  under 
the  name  ainole.  The  leaves  yield  a  coarse  fiber;  the 
taller  species  also  produce  a  fibi-ous  wood  which  is  lieavy, 
spongy,  and  dillicult  to  cut  or  work  ;  it  shows  distinct 
concentric  rings,  unlike  that  of  most  mouocotvledrpnoiis 
plants.  Some  species  a!-e  said  to  reach  the  height  of  Tii) 
feet  and  the  thickness  of  .'.  feet.  The  species  arc  most 
immerous  in  the  soutliern  United  States  and  nnrthern 


1?  f;lorioi! 


7026 

Mexico ;  one,  Y.  angtut^olia,  extends  from  New  Mexico 
to  the  Dakotas;  three  are  Californian;  three  are  well- 
known  plants  of  the  Southern  States,  >'.  Jilameiitosa,  Y. 
aloifoUa,  Y.  gloriosa  (including  Y.  recurei/olia),  all  deco- 
rative plants,  mostly  stem- 
less,  tliriving  In  poor  soil, 
even  in  drifting  sand  of 
the  coast;  their  flowers 
are  white,  tinged  some- 
times with  green,  yellow,  or 
purple ;  they  furnish  a 
liarsh,  l)rittie,  l>ut  very 
strong  fiber,  called  dagger- 
Jiber,  used  for  packing  and 
as  a  nide  cordage.  Kroni 
their  sharp-pointed  leaves 
with  threads  hanging  from 
their  edges,  Y.  filamentoisa 
and  Y.  aloifolia  are  known 
as  Ada  in' 8  needle  aiid 
thread  and  B&Eve's  thread; 
the  former  is  also  called 
silk-gram  (which  see),  and 
sometimes  bear-grass,  its 
young  pulpy  stems  being 
eaten  by  bears.  Y.  aloi- 
folia is  also  known  in  the 
Southern  States  and  in  the 
W  est  IndieB  as  S2)amsh  dag- 
ger and  dagger  plant.  Y. 
gloriosa  is  the  dwarf  palnietto,  or  mound-lily.  The  preced- 
ing and  several  others  are  favorites  in  cultivation,  cliiefly 
under  tlie  name  yucca;  8  species  cultivated  near  Nice  now 
begin  to  form  a  characteristic  feature  of  some  parts  of  the 
Mediterranean  coast.  Some  species  yield  an  edible  fruit, 
as  Y.  baccata,  the  Spanish  bayonet,  or  Mexican  banana,  a 
native  of  Mexico,  extending  into  western  Texas,  New  Mexi- 
co, and  southern  parts  of  Colorado  and  California ;  a  strong 
coarse  fil)er,  made  into  rope  by  tlie  Mexicans,  is  procured 
from  the  leaves  by  macerating  them  in  water.  Tlie  name 
Spanish  bayoiu't  is  also  applied  to  other  species,  especial- 
ly to  Y.  constricta  (F.  elata),  which  occurs  in  Mexico  and 
the  United  States  from  western  Texas  to  Utah,  grows  from 
9  to  15  feet  high,  and  produces  a  light-brown  or  yellowish 
wood;  and  to  1'.  Treculeana  {incl•a^^m^  Y.  canalimdata\ 
a  long-leafed  species  of  Texas  and  Mexico,  sometimes  25 
feet  high  and  2  feet  thick,  producing  a  bitter  bnt  sweetish 
fruit  wliich  is  cooked  and  eaten  by  the  Mexicans.  It  has 
its  branches  all  near  the  top,  produces  great  numbers  of 
showy  white  flowers  of  a  porcelain  luster,  followed  by  an 
edible  lierry.  Y.  brevi/olia,  known  sis  Jonkiia-tree,  native 
of  Arizona  and  southern  parts  of  Utah,  Nevada,  and  Cali- 
fornia, a  tree  sometimes  40  feet  high  and  about  3  feet 
in  diameter,  forms  in  the  Mohave  desert  a  straggling 
open  forest;  its  light  soft  wood  is  sometimes  made  into 
paper-pulp,  Y.  Whipplei  of  southern  California  is  much 
admiredfor  its  l)eauty  in  cultivation.  Y.  Yucatana  of  Cen- 
tral America  is  branched  from  the  base. 
yucca-borer  (yuk'n-bor^er),*?.  1.  A  large  North 
American  oastnioid  moth, 
Mcffatlnjmus  yuccfp,  whose 
larva  bores  into  the  roots  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Yucca. 
—  2.  A  Californian  weevil, 
Yuccahor  us  frontalis. 

Yuccaborus  (yu  -  kab '  o- 
rus),  n.  [NL.  (Leconte, 
1876),  <  Yucca  +  (ir.  ftopd^. 
devouring,  gluttonous.]  A 
genus  of  weevils,  of  the 
family  Calandridie,  con- 
taining a  single  species, 
Y.  J'ronfaU.Sy  of  California, 
the  yucca-borer. 

yucca-fertilizer  (yuk'U- 
fer*ti-li-zer),  ».     A  tineid 


Yule 

winged  woodpecker,  of  eastern  North  America. 
Colaptes  auratus.  See  cut  under  flicker^,  [Lo- 
cal, U.  S.] 

yuft,  «•     Bame  anjuft  torjiichten, 

yug,  yuga  (yug,  yo'ga),  n.  [Hind,  yug,  <  Skt. 
ytq/a,  an  age,  <  -s/ yuj,  join:  see  yoke^,']  One 
of  the  ages  into  which  the  Hindus  divide  the 
duration  or  existence  of  the  world. 

yuh,  w.     See  yu. 

Yullina,  n.  [NL.  (Hodgson,  1836),  from  a  na- 
tive name.]     A  genus  of  timeliine  birds,  also 


^  licca-fertiiizer     {Pronuba 
yuccasella). 

^  ,  male,  ?  ,  female  chrys- 
.ilis;  /,  dorsal,  m,  lateral 
view ;  lower  figure  showing 
end   of  alxloiiieii   of   male. 


motli,  Proiiuba  yuecamclla,   ■Li"':  shows n.-,turai  size.) 
whicli.ljy  means  of  euriotis- 
ly  modified  motitli-parts.  is  eiialiled  to  pollen- 
ize  and  thus  fertilize  the  ovary  of  plants  of  the 
genus     Yuc- 
ca,    causing 
a      develop- 
ment of  tlie 
seed-pod,  in 
which        its 
larva   feeds. 
Also    called 
yucca-polleii- 
i~er. 

yuchten,  ». 
SameasjHc/)- 
ten. 


Yucca-fertilizer  i_Prffttitf>ii yuccasflla). 
a,  larva  ;  b,  moth  with  wings  folded  :  c,  female 
iiioth  with  wings  expanded  (all  natural  size  '.  (t. 
side  view  of  one  joint  of  larva;  ^,head  of  larva,ftx>in 
Ijelow ;  f,  same,  from  above  ;  i^.  leg  of  larva  ;  h, 
maxilla  ;  i,  mandible  :  j,  labial  palpi  and  spin- 
neret ;  *,  antenna  (all  enlarged). 


yuck    (yuk), 

r.    i.      [Also 

yu\;c,     yook, 

youk:  an  un- 

assibilated 

form  (perhaps   after  D.  jeuleii,  joVen  =  LG. 

jiicleii  =  G.juclcen)  of  itch.  ult.  AS.  j/iccaii,  itch: 

see  itch.]     To  itch.     [Prov.  Eng.  and  Scotch.] 
yuck  (yuk),  "•     [<  .'/"'*,  r.]     The  itch,  mange, 

or  scabies.     [Pi'ov.  Eug.] 
yuckel  (yuk'el),  )(.     Same  as  yockel  for  hicl- 

H-alt.     Also  yukkel.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

I  fculs  sumliow  a8  peert  as  a  pukkel. 

T.  Umjhes,  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  II.  xviii. 

yucker  (yuk'er),  n.     [Imitative,  but  prob.  con- 
nected with  yuclcl.]     The  flicker,  or  golden- 


Yuhijtn  sularis. 


called  by  Hodgson  I'dlyodon,  and  by  Cabanis 
Odonterus.  Four  species  occur  in  the  Himalayan  re- 
gion and  western  China  —  1'.  gvlarU,  Y.  diadeinata,  Y.  occi- 
pitalis, and  }'.  nigrimentum. 

yuke,  r.  and  h.     Same  as  yvcl: 

3nikkel,  ».  Another  spelling  of  yuckel  for  hicli- 
itall. 

3rillan  (yS'lau),  u.  [Chinese,  <  ^k,  yuh,  a  gem 
(jade),  -I-  tan,  plant.]  A  Chinese  magnolia, 
Magnolia  con.ijricua,  with  abundant  large  white 
flowers,  appearing  in  spring  before  the  leaves. 
It  is  a  fine  ornaraental  tree,  In  China  30  or  40  feet  high, 
but  in  Europe  and  America  smaller ;  in  the  United  States 
it  is  only  half-Iiardy  at  the  north.  A  kindred  hardy  spe* 
cies,  also  from  China,  is  M.  obovata  {.M.  purpurea),  with 
flowers  pink-purple  on  the  outside  and  white  within,  be- 
ginning to  appear  beftre  the  leaves. 

Yule  (vol),  n.  [Also  dial.,  in  eomp.,  yu-  {yu- 
huteh,  yu-l)locl;  etc.);  more  prop.,  according  to 
the  ME.  form,  spelled  "yool;  early  mod.  E. 
sometimes  cwie;  <  ME.  yol,  yole,  sol,  Decem- 
ber, <  AS.  (/edl,  gehhol,  gehhel  (ML.  Giulus), 
December  (se  ^rra  geola,  December,  se  sftera 
t/edla,  January,  the  months  beginning  respec- 
tively before  and  after  the  winter  solstice),  = 
Icel.  Jul  =  Sw.  Dan.  Jul  (>  MLG.  jid).  Yule,  the 
(Jhristmas  feast ;  =  Goth.jiuleis  in  fruma  jiuleis 
(appar.  '  first  Yule '),  applied,  in  a  fragment  of  a 
calendar,  appar.  to  November.  The  mod.  E.  use 
seems  to  be  due  to  Scand.  ratherthan  tothe  AS. 
Origin  unknown ;  according  to  a  common  view, 
the  word  is  identified  with  Icel.  hjol.  wheel, 
with  the  explanation  tliat  it  refers  to  the  sun's 
'wheeling'  or  turning  at  the  winter  solstice. 
This  notion,  absurd  with  regard  to  the  alleged 
connection  of  thought,  is  also  phonetically  im- 
possible ;  the  AS.  word  for  nhcel  was  hireol,  and 
could  have  no  connection  w  ith  gcdl.  Another 
explanation  connects  the  word  with  yatrl^, 
yowl, howl,  cry;  as  if  yule  was  orig.  the  'noise' 
of  revelry.  This  is  also  untenable.  The  Goth. 
jiuleis  implies  an  AS.  "iiile,  an  unstable  form 
variable  to  *ge6le  or  geol  (=  Icel.  jol) ;  the  forms 
gehhol,  gehhel,  are  rare,  and  may  be  mere  blun- 
ders.]    The  season  or  feast  of  Christmas. 

1  crnue  in  this  court  a  crystemas  gomen  [sport]. 
For  hit  is  joi  &  nwe  ver. 

Sir  Gau-aijne  ami  the  Green  Knight  (E.  E.  T.  S.),  1.  284. 
He  made  me  goiuane  at  jote,  and  gafe  nie  gret  gyftes. 

MorU  Arthure  (E.  E.  T.  S,),  1.  2«29. 
At  eu'le  we  wonten  ganibole,  dauuce. 

To  carrole,  and  to  sing, 
To  haue  gud  spiced  sewe,  and  roate. 
And  plum-pics  for  a  king. 

Warner,  Albion's  England,  v.  113. 

They  liring  me  sorrow  touch'd  with  joy, 
The  merry  merry  hells  of  Yule. 

Tennyson,  In  Meniorinm,  xxviii. 

Yule  block,  clog,  or  log.  Same  as  Christmas  log.  See 
Christmas. 

A  small  portion  of  the  yule-Mock  w.is  always  preserved 
till  tlie  joyous  season  came  again,  when  it  was  tised  for 
lighting  the  new  Christmas  block. 

Hone,  Year  Book,  col.  1110. 

The  burning  of  the  Yule  log  is  an  ancient  Christmas  cere- 
mony, transmitted  to  us  from  our  Scandinavian  ancestors, 
who,  at  their  feast  of  Juul,  at  the  winter  solstice,  used  to 
kindle  huge  bonfires  in  hoiionr  of  their  god  Thor. 

Chambers'ii  Bonk  of  Days.  II.  7S5. 


Yule 

An  eaormoua  log  glowing  and  t>laziiig,  and  sending  forth 
a  vast  volume  of  light  and  heat,  .  .  .  was  the  i'ule  cIq(j, 
which  the  squire  was  particular  In  having  brought  In  and 
Illumined  on  a  Christmas  eve,  according  to  ancient  cus- 
tom. Ireing,  Sketch-Book,  p.  247. 
Yule  cake.  Same  as  Yule  dough.  Ilone,  Every-Day  Book, 
I.  16.*^ — Tule  candle,  a  large  candle  used  for  light  dur- 
ing the  festivities  of  Christmas  eve.  In  many  places  the 
eidiaustion  of  thecandle  before  the  end  of  the  evening  was 
believed  to  portend  111  luck,  and  any  piece  remaining  was 
carefully  preservetl  to  be  burnt  out  at  the  owner's  like- 
wake. 

As  an  accompaniment  to  the  Yule  log,  a  candle  of  mon- 
strous size,  called  the  Yule  candle,  or  Christmas  candle. 
shed  its  light  on  the  festive-board  during  the  evening. 

Chamberts'i  Book  of  Day*,  II.  735. 
Tule  dough  (dialectal  doo,  d&}c\  a  cake  made  especially 
for  Christmas  time.  Also  called  baby-cake  (because  repre- 
sentlng  in  shape,  a  baby,  probably  the  infant  Christ)  and 
YtUe  cake. 

The  Y\de-Dough{oT  Dow),  a  Kind  of  Baby  or  little  Image 
of  Paste,  which  our  Bakers  used  formerly  to  bake  at  this 
Season,  and  present  to  their  Customers,  in  the  same  Man- 
ner as  the  Chandlers  gave  Christmas  Candles. 

Bourne's  Pop,  Antiq.  (1777X  p.  163. 

In  the  north  of  England  the  common  people  still  make 

a  sort  of  little  Images  at  Christmas,  which  they  call  Yule 

Doot,  The  Lutener(ltS36),l.  a2(quoted  in  N.  and Q., 

(7thser.,XI.6). 


7027 

Yule  (yol),  1".  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Yulcd,  ppr.  YiU- 
ing.  [<  Yule,  «.]  To  celebrate  Yule  or  Clirist- 
mas.  HalUtcell;  Jnmiemn.  [Pror.  Eiig.  and 
Scotch.] 

Yule-tide  (yol'tid),  «.  The  time  or  season  of 
Yule  or  Christmas. 

In  the  old  clog  almanacs,  a  wheel  is  the  device  em- 
ployed for  marking  the  season  of  Yule-tide, 

Chambers's  Book  of  Days,  II.  74a 

Yuncinae  (jTin-si'ne),  u.  pi,  [NL.,  prop.  /i/H- 
(jinee;  <  Yunx,  prop.  lynx {lyng-),  +  -j«a?.]  Same 
as  lynginx,     G.  B,  Gray,  1840. 

ynngan  (yung'gan),  ».  [Native  name.]  The 
dugong.     E.  I'.  Wright, 

Yungidse,  Yunginae,  ».  pi.  Same  as  lyngidse, 
lynginse, 

Yunx  (yimgks),  «.  [NL.  (Linnffius,  1766  or 
earlier),  also  Jynx  and  lynx,  <  Gr.  Ivy^,  the 
wryneck.]  1.  Same  as  lynx. —  2.  [?.  c]  The 
wryneck,  lynx  torquiUa.  See  cut  under  ivrif- 
neck. 

I'he  Yunx,  a  genuine  Woodpecker,  hath  a  tail  as  K>ng 
in  proportion  to  his  Ijody,  and  marked  with  crosse-bars 
too.  John  Ray,  in  Ellis's  Lit.  Letters,  p.  "200. 


yye 

yupon  (yo'pon),  n.  Same  as  ytipon.  Sports- 
man's Gazetteer. 
yure  (yor),  n.  See  ewer3.  [Prov.  Eng.] 
yurt  (j'ort),  «.  [Siberian.]  One  of  the  houses 
or  huts,  whether  permanent  or  movable,  of  the 
natives  of  northern  and  central  Asia.  Also 
yourta,  yotirte,  jurt. 

It  [the  lake]  is  ten  miles  in  circumference,  and  here  and 
there  are  yourtes  inhabited  by  the  Mongols. 

Hue,  Travels  (tians.  1852),  I.  206. 
yutu  (yo'to),  n.     [Peruv.]     A  species  of  tina- 
mou,  found  in  Peru. 

A  partridge  called  vutn  fre<iuents  the  long  grass. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XVIII.  673. 

yuxt,  V.  and  n.    An  obsolete  variant  of  yex. 

yvet,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  ji'jl. 

yvelt,   II.,    «.,  and   adi:      An   old   spelling  of 

ei'//i. 
yvoiret,  yvoryt.     Old  spellings  of  irory^. 
3rwist,  fiflr.  and  «.     See  iiris. 
ywraket.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  ifreofcl. 
ywriet.     An  obsolete  past  participle  of  wry^. 
ywroket.     An  obsolete  preterit  of  wreak'^. 
3ryet,  "•     A  Middle  English  form  of  eye^. 


^■^^'-'■MSjiMMc}!- 


i^^^t^^y'j'i-' '  I*' 


^    ti 


Eeryptia 
Hieroglyphic. 


1.  The  twenty-sixth  charac- 
ter in  the  English  alphabet, 
and  the  last,  as  in  that  of  the 
later  Romans.  InthePhenician 
system,  from  which  ours  comes 
through  the  Latin  and  Greek,  it 
was  the  seventh  sign.  The  com- 
parison of  ancient  forms,  inchid- 
ing  the  Egyptian  as  perhaps  the 
original  (compare  A\  is  as  follows : 

^         IZ 

Pheiii-  Early 

cian.  Greek  ami  Latin. 


The  same  character  has  a  corresponding:  phice  as  zeia  in 
the  Greek  series,  and  went  over  in  that  phice  to  the  Ital- 
ian alphabets;  but,  about  the  third  century  B.  c,  it  was 
dropped  out  by  the  Romans  as  not  needed,  and  the  newly 
devised  G  (see  G)  was  put  in  its  place.  Then  finally,  some 
two  centuries  later,  it  was  taken  back  (together  with  or 
soon  after  Y  :  see  Y)  to  express  in  borrowed  Greek  words 
the  peculiar  double  sound  (rfs  or  srf)  which  it  had  won  in 
Greek  usage,  and  so  appeared  anew  in  its  old  company, 
but  with  greatly  altered  position.  It  was  not  used  in  the 
oldest  English,  but  came  gradually  in  out  of  the  I'rench 
in  the  fifteenth  century  and  later.  With  us,  as  in  Krench, 
it  has  lost  its  value  of  a  compound  consonant,  and  expresses 
the  sonant  or  voiced  sibilant  sound  corresponding  to  s  as 
surd  or  breathed  sibilant.  The  proper  z-sound  is  also,  and 
even  much  oftener,  written  by  »,  as  in  roses,  and  in  a  few 
words  (as  possess,  dissolve)  by  double  s,  and  yet  more  rarely 
(for  example,  sacrifice)  by  c.  The  sound  is  a  common  one 
in  our  English  pronunciation  — not  much  less  than  3  per 
cent,  (the  surd  s  being  4J  per  cent.).  As  initial,  the  char- 
acter z  is  written  mostly  in  words  of  Greek  origin,  but 
as  ttnal  (almost  always  with  silent  e  added)  it  is  found  in 
many  Germanic  words,  as  freeze,  ijraze.  It  occurs  some- 
times double,  as  in  buzz,  b\azard.  The  corresponding 
sonant  to  our  other  sibilant  (written  in  this  work  with  zh, 
after  the  example  of  sh)  is  spelled  with  either  s  or  z.  as  in 
pleasure,  azure.  It  is  the  rarestof  our  consonantsounds, 
counting  for  only  afiftieth  of  1  per  cent,  of  our  utterance. 
In  certain  Scotch  words  and  names,  as  capercailzie,  Dal- 
ziel,  z  is  written  for  the  ;/-sound.  In  the  United  iStates 
the  character  is  generally  called  zee;  in  England,  general- 
ly zed  (from  zela) ;  izzard  (which  see)  is  an  old  name  for  it. 
2.  As  a  symbol,  in  math. :  («)  [/.  c ]  In  alge- 
bra, the  third  variable  or  unknown  quantity. 
(6)  [?.  c]  In  analytical  geometry,  one  of  the 
system  of  point-coordinates  in  space,  (c)  In 
mechanics,  the  component  of  a  force  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  axis  of  j. 

zat  (zii),  11.  [An  arbitrary  syllable.]  In  solmi- 
zafion,  a  syllable  once  used  for  B*?. 

za-.  [<  Gr.  sfi-,  inseparable  prefix,  intensive 
and  augmentative.]  An  intensive  or  augmen- 
tative prefix  sometimes  used  in  forming  modern 
scientific  words  to  emphasize  the  character  or 
quality  noted  by  the  element  to  which  it  is  pre- 
fixed (like  E.  very,  a. ),  as  in  zalamhdodont,  hav- 
ing teeth  with  a  very  V-shaped  ridge,  Xalo2)lius, 
Zamelodia,  Zapu.i,  etc. 

Zabaism,  Zabism  (za'bii-izm,  za'bizm),  n. 
Same  as  Sahaism. 

zabra  (za'brii),  11.  [Sp.  and  Pg.]  A  small  ves- 
sel used  on  the  coasts  of  Spain. 

Portugal  furnished  and  set  foorth  .  .  .  ten  Galeons,  two 
Zabraes,  1300.  Mariners.  Uakluyfs  Voyaijes,  I.  692. 

Of  the  tenders  and  zadros  seventeen  were  lost  and  eigh- 
teen returned.  Motley,  Hist.  Netherlands,  II.  507. 

Zabridae  (zab'ri-de),  «.  pi.     [NL.  (Hope,  1838), 

<  ZahriiK  +  -iila>..'\  A  family  of  caraboid  bee- 
tles, named  from  the  genus  Znhrii.i. 

Zabrus  (za'bnis),  >i.     [NL.   (Clairville,  1806), 

<  Gr.  CaSpor,  gluttonous.]  An  extensive  genus 
of  caraboid  beetles.  They  are  of  medium  or  large 
size,  black  with  metallic  reflections,  and  remark,able  in 
that  many  of  them  are  rather  phytophagous  than  carnivo- 
rous, particularly  in  the  larval  state.  Z.  ijihbus  of  Europe 
is  a  noted  enemy  to  cereal  crops,  its  larva  feeding  on  the 
stems  just  above  the  ground,  and  the  beetledevouring  the 
grain.  Over  60  species  are  known,  each  occupying  a  nar- 
rowly restricted  region  in  the  Mediterranean  fauna  ex- 
cept Z.  ffihbus,  which  extends  into  northern  Europe. 

zac  (zak),  ti.     Same  as  :i:l)iKl(r. 

zacatilla  (za-ka-te'lyU),  II.     See  cnchinail,  1. 

zaffer,  zaflfre  (zaf  er)V".  [AlsorrfpVo-.  zaflir,  :/if- 
firii,  znpliara.  and  miphi-rit ;  <  F.  z'iifrc.  xdf'n:  xiil- 
fre  =  Sp.  Z'ifre  =  It.  zojfern :  of  Ar.  origin ;  c'f. 
isaffron.']  The  residuum  of  cobalt-producing 
ores  after  the  sulphur,  arsenic,  and  other  vol- 


atile matters  have  been  more  or  less  com- 
pletely expelled  by  roasting.  As  the  result  of  this 
process  a  grayish  oxid  of  cobalt  is  left  behind,  which  is 
mingled  with  various  impurities,  and  usually  with  some 
sand.  Zaffer  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  smalt,  and  in 
various  other  ways,  as  in  furnishing  the  beautiful  color 
known  as  cobalt  blue,  which  is  still  of  importance,  al- 
though much  less  so  since  the  discovery  of  a  method  of 
making  artificial  ultramarine. 

zaffer-blue  (zat'er-blo),  n.  Same  as  cobalt  blue 
(which  see,  under  blue). 

Zaglossus  (za-glos'us),  II.  [Nli.  (Gill,  1877),  < 
Gr.  fa-  intensive  +  y'Aunna,  tongue.]  The  prop- 
er name  of  that  genus  of  prickly  ant-eaters 
wliich  is  better  known  by  its  synonym  Acati- 
tlinglossKS  (which  see). 

Zaitha  (za'tha),  n.  [NL.  (Amyot  and  Ser- 
ville,  1843),  <  Heb.  zaith.'\  A  genus  of  -water- 
bugs,  of  the  family  Belostomatidse,  peculiar  to 
America.  They  somewhat  resemble  the  species  of  Be- 
lostovia,  but  have  a  prolonged  tapering  head  and  long  ros- 
trum. Z.  fiumiiiea  is  a  very  common  and  wide-spread 
insect,  of  a  yellowish  color,  found  in  the  mud  or  among 
the  weeds  of  ponds  and  streams  from  Maine  to  Texas. 

zalambdodont  (za-lam'do-dont),  a.  [<  Gr. 
Ca-  intensive  +  '/.dfi,3fia,  the  letter  /,  -I-  odofcf 
(oiiovT-),  =  E.  tooth.']  Having  short  molar  teeth 
with  one  V-shaped  ridge ;  specifically,  noting 
the  Zalamhdodonta  :  as,  a  zalambdodont  denti- 
tion; a  zalambdodont  mammal:  opposed  to  di- 
lambdodont. 

The  insectivores  with  zalambdodont  dentition  are  the 
most  primitive,  or  at  least  are  generally  so  considered. 

Stand.  Nat.  Hist.,  V.  136. 

Zalambdodonta  (za-lam-do-don'ta),  H.  pi. 
[NL. :  see  zalambdodont.']  A  group  or  series 
of  insectivorous  mammals;  a  division  of  the 
suborder  Bestiee,  or  Insectivora  vera,  having 
short  molars  whose  crowns  present  one  V- 
shaped  transverse  ridge,  a  formation  charac- 
teristic of  the  insectivores  of  tropical  regions, 
which  are  thus  contrasted  with  temperate  and 
northerly  forms  (Vilambdodonta).  The  Madagas- 
car tenrecs,  the  African  golden  moles,  and  the  West  In- 
dian solenodons  are  examples.  See  cuts  under  agmtta, 
Chrysocfdfrris,  sokinah,  and  tenrec. 

Zalophus  (zal'o-fus),  11.  [NL.  (Gill,  1867),  < 
Gr.  Xa-  intensive  +  '/xxjm^,  crest.]  A  genus  of 
otaries,  or  eared  seals:  so  named  from  the  high 
parietal  crest  or  ridge  of  the  skull.   The  common 


Californian  Sea-lion  (^Zalophus  cati/ornt'anus). 

sea-lion  of  California  is  Z.  californiamts  (formerly  Z.  gil- 
lespiei),  and  another  inhabits'  Australia  and  New  Zea- 
land. 

zamang  (za-mang'),  ii.  [S.  Amer.]  Same  as 
ruiii-trcc. 

zambo,  ».    See  sambo. 

zambomba  (Sp.  pron.  tham-bom'bU),  n.  [Sp.] 
A  rude  Spanish  musical  instrument,  consisting 
of  an  earthen  ,iar  the  top  of  which  is  covered 
with  parchment,  through  whi<'h  a  stick  is  in- 
serted. It  is  sounded  by  rubbing  the  stick  with  the  fin- 
ger, so  as  to  set  the  air  within  the  jar  into  sympathetic 
viliTiition. 

Zamelodia  (zam-e-16'di-a),  H.      [NL.  (Coues. 

1880).  <  Gr.  fn-  intensive  +  fisAufia,  a  singing, 

melody:  see  melody.]     A  genus  of  American 

song-grosbeaks.    Two  species  occurring  in  the  I'nited 

70-28 


States  are  the  rose-breasted  and  the  black-headed,  Z.  ludo- 
vicianaarnlZ.melanocephala.  (See  cut  under  ro«g-&rea«ted.) 
The  latter  inhabits  the  western  United  States  from  the 
plains  to  the  Pacific,  where  the  former  is  not  found,  and 
extends  into  Mexico.  The  adult  male  has  the  crown  and 
sides  of  the  head,  the  back,  the  wings,  and  the  tail  black, 
the  wings  and  tail  much  varied  with  white,  and  the  neck 
all  around  and  the  under  parts  rich  orange-brown,  inclin- 
ing to  pure  yellow  on  the  belly  and  the  lining  of  the  wings. 
The  bill  and  feet  are  grayish-blue.  The  length  is  about  8J 
inches,  the  extent  12j.  The  female  differs  much  from  the 
male,  but  has  the  same  rich  yellow  under  wing-coverts. 
Also  called  Habia. 
Zamia  (za'mi-a),  n.  [NL.  (Linnfflus,  1767),  < 
L.  zamia.  assumed  to  mean  '  a  fir-cone.']  1.  A 
genus  of  gymnospermoug  plants,  of  the  order 
Cycadacese.  tj-pe  of  the  tribe  Zamiex.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  a  naked  trunk  partly  or  wholly  above  the 


Female  Tlant  ot  Zamia  intiffrif^lia  (tlie  waved  line  indicates  the 

surface  of'^the  groundj- 

a,  scale  with  one  seed  ;  b,  the  yonng  female  flower. 

soil,  pinnate  leaves,  and  naked  truncate  strobile-scales, 
both  the  male  and  female  cones  being  oblong  and  cylin- 
drical and  their  scales  similar.  There  are  about  30  spe- 
cies, natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  North  America. 
They  produce  a  simple,  lobed  or  branching  caudex,  some- 
times a  low  trunk,  often  covered  with  scars,  'J  he  stems 
increase  in  height  by  the  yearly  development  of  a  crown 
of  stiff  fern-like  leaves  with  fli-m  rigid  segments  which 
are  entire  or  serrate,  parallel-nerved,  and  jointed  at  the 
broad  base.  Z.  integri/olia  (Z.  pumila),  with  a  short 
globular  or  oblong,  chiefly  subterranean  stem,  occurs  in 
low  grounds  in  southern  Florida,  and  is  the  only  cycad 
found  within  the  I'nited  States  ;  it  yields  a  starch  known 
as  Florida  arrowroot ;  the  plant  is  called  co&ntie  (which 
see).  Z.  fur.furacea  and  the  preceding  are  known  as  wild 
sago  in  Jamaica.  From  these  and  other  dwarf  species  an 
excellent  arrowroot  is  made  in  the  Bahamas  asid  elsewhere 
in  the  West  Indies.  Many  species  cultivated  under  glass 
as  zamia  are  now  classed  as  Encephalartos,  and  Z.  spiralis 
as  Macrozamia. 
2.   [/.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 

Zamieae  (za-mi'e-e),  n.pl.  [NL.  (Miquel,  1842), 
<  Zamia  +  -ese.]  A  tribe  of  gymnospermous 
plants,  of  the  order  Cycadacese.  it  is  characterized 
by  a  deciduous  fertile  strobile  with  peltate  uniovulate 
scales :  and  by  leaf-segments  straight  in  the  bud,  not  cir- 
cinate  as  in  Cycas  and  in  ferns.  It  includes  68  species, 
of  9  genera,  or  all  the  plants  of  the  order  except  the  genus 
Ciicas.  They  are  singular  plants,  usually  with  a  thick 
woody  trunk  and  pinnate  leaves ;  the  principal  genera  are 
Zamia  (the  type),  Macrozamia,  Ceratozamia,  Dioon,  and 
Stamjeria.  They  are  chiefly  tropical,  and  occur  mostly 
in  North  America,  South  Africa,  and  Australia. 

zamindar  (zam'in-dar),  n.     Same  as  zemindar. 

zamindari  (zam'in-da-ri),  «.  Same  as  zemin- 
dary.  12. 

Zamiostrobus  (za-mi-os'tro-bus),  «.  [NL.,  < 
L.  zamia,  assumed  to  mean  'a  fir-cone,'  +  Gr. 
(TTpo,tef,  a  top,  cone :  see  strobile.]  The  generic 
name  given  by  Endlicher  to  certain  fossil  cones 
wliich  resemble  the  fruit  of  the  living  genus 
Zamia.  They  have  been  found  in  the  Lower 
Lias,  the  Coralline  limestone,  the  Wealden,  and 
the  Miocene. 

Zamites  (zam-i'tez),  «.  [NL..  <  L.  zamia,  as- 
sumed to  mean  "a  fir-cone.']  The  name  given 
by  Brongniart  to  certain  fossil  plants  belonging 


Zamites 

to  the  eyoads,  and  considered  to  be  more  or 
less  closely  allied  to  tlie  living  Zamiese.  The 
genus  Zamites  first  appears  in  the  Trias,  but  is  espe- 
cially well  developed  in  the  Jurassic ;  it  continued 
through  the  Cretaceous,  and  finally  disappeared  in  the 
Miocene.  There  have  been  about  30  species  described. 
The  cycadaceous  flora  played  an  important  part  in  the 
vegetation  of  Greenland  and  Spitzbergen  during  the  Juras- 
sic epocli,  giving  an  almost  tropical  aspect  to  the  forests 
of  that  region  and  epoch.  Various  other  genera  of  cycads 
allied  to  Zamiteft  have  been  established,  chiefly,  if  not  en- 
tirely, based  on  the  forms  of  the  leaves  and  their  seg- 
ments. Among  these  are  Glomozamites,  a  genus  with  long 
elliptical  leaves,  found  in  the  Lower  Cretaceous ;  and  Otn- 
zamites,  with  small  elliptic-lanceolate  leaves,  divided  into 
several  groups  in  accoitlance  with  the  very  varying  form 
of  the  segments  of  the  leaf.  The  latter  genus  runs  through 
the  whole  of  the  Jurassic,  as  far  as  the  lower  division  of  the 
Upper  or  White  Jura,  when  it  gives  way  to  the  genus  Za- 
miteg.  It  has  not  been  obsei-ved  in  the  Jurassic  rocks  of 
the  arctic  regions.  PtUuphyilum,  Ctenophyllum,  Pterophyl- 
lunt;  PtUozamiteg,  PUrozamites^  Anomozamiteg,  and  Sphe- 
nozamileg  are  other  genera  of  cycads  more  or  less  allied  to 
Zamileg  and  to  one  another. 

zamouse  (za-mos'),  «•  [W.  African.]  A  West 
African  buffalo,  or  bush-ox,  found  in  Sierra 
Leone,  Bo.s  brachijccros,  the  short-horned  btif- 
falo,  having  the  ears  fringed  with  hair,  short 
horns  depressed  at  base,  and  no  dewlap. 

zampogna  (t.sam-p6'nya),  H.  [It.]  1.  Same  as 
hatjpijw. —  2.  Same  as  shainii. 

zanana  (za-nii'na),  M.     Same  as  zenana. 

Zanclodon  (zang'klo-don),  n.  [NL.  (Plein).  < 
Gr.  ^'oj/i/or,  sickle,  +  oMx  (wSorr-)  =  E.  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  dinosaurs,  typical  of  the  family 
Zanclodontidse,  having  both  fore  and  hind  feet 
five-toed,  no  ascending  astragalar  process, 
broad  and  long  pubes,  and  biconcave  vertebrte. 

Zanclodontidae  (zang-klo-don'ti-de),  «.  pi. 
[NL.,  <  Z(infto(t<)ii(t-)  -t-  -idie.l  A  family  of  car- 
nivorous theropod  dinosaurs,  typified  by  the  ge- 
nus Zanclodon,  from  the  Trias  of  Europe. 

Zanclognatha  (zang-klog'na-thii),  n.  [NL. 
(Lederer,  18.57),  <  Gr.  fujK/.or,  sickle,  +  yvador, 
jaw.]  A  genus  of  small  noctuid  moths  re- 
sembling pyralids.  Ten  European  and  several  -North 
American  species  are  known.  Z.  minimlig  feeds  in  the 
larval  state  on  the  dead  leaves  of  oak  and  maple  in  th<' 
United  States. 

Zanclostomns  (zang-klos'to-mus),  n.  [NL. 
(Swainson,  1837),  <  Gr.  CayK/Mv,  sickle,  -I-  aro/ja, 
mouth.]  A  genus  of  cuckoos,  the  type  of  which 
18  Z.  javanicHK  of  Java,  and  to  which  were 
formerly  referred  some  related  African  forms. 
The  species  named  has  exposed  nostrils,  bare  orbits,  no 
crest,  white-tipped  tail-feathers,  and  the  mantle,  wings. 
and  tail  glossetl  with  bluisli-green;  the  under  parts  are 
gray,  bulf,  and  chestnut  brown  ;  the  orbits  are  bright- 
blae,  the  eyes  t>lackisb,  and  the  beak  coral-red.  The 
length  is  18  inches,  of  which  the  tail  makes  more  than 
half.  This  handsome  cuckoo  ranges  from  Tenasserini 
down  the  Malay  peninsula,  and  also  occurs  in  Sumatra, 
Borneo,  and  Java. 

Zanclus  (zang'klus),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvierand  Val- 
enciennes, 1831),  <  Gr.  Cn}K/.ov,  sickle.]  A 
fenus  of  carangoid 
shes  based  on  a  Pa- 
cific species,  Z.  rornu- 
iuK,  a  small  fish  of 
striking  form  and 
color. 

zander  (zan'dfr),  w. 
[G.]  The  European 
pike-perch,  Stizontc- 
dion  lucinpenn  (for- 
merly LHcioprrca  San- 
dra). It  inhabits  fresh 
waters  of  central  Eu- 
rope. Also.wH</prand 
znnt. 

Zaild-mole(zaDd'mol). 
H.     [<   1).  :andmiil;  < 
Zand,  sand,  +  tnol,  mole.] 
See  cuts  under  liuthijcriiHn  and  (icorijchiis. 

Zanella  (za-nel'ii),  n.  A  twilled  fabric  use<I  for 
covering  umbrellas.     Drajirrx'  Dirt. 

Zannichellia  (zan-i-kel'i-H,),  ».  [NL.  (Micheli, 
1729),  named  after  ZannicJieUi  (1002-1729).  au- 
thor of  a  Hora  of  Venice.]  A  irenus  of  plants, 
of  the  order  yaiadaccse,  type  of  the  tribe  Zaii- 
nichelHeie.  It  is  characterized  by  the  absence  of  a  peri- 
anth, by  a  single  stamen,  with  slender  fliainent.  and  slight- 
ly curved  carpels.  The  only  species  (by  some  considered 
as  forming  u  species),  Z.  pfititgtrijt,  is  a  native  of  brackish 
flitches  and  salt  water  throughout  the  world  It  is  a  sui)- 
merged  slender  aquatic  with  a  Illiform  creeping  stem,  the 
capillary  branches  beconting  twisted  into  matted  floating 
masses.  The  leaves  are  cbietlv  opposite,  linear  or  liliforni : 
the  flowers  are  minute,  at  first  terminal,  but  })econung 
axillary,     i^ee  fioriiftl  pnulweed,  aiulci  ptrndictrrd. 

Zannichelliese  rzan'i-ke-H'e-e),  n.  pi.     [;nl. 

(Bciitham  anil  Hooker.  1883),  <  ZtiiinicheUid  + 
-f«.]  A  tribe  of  rnonocotyledonous  jilants,  of 
the  order  Saiiidiirtse.  it  is  charaiterizeil  liy  axillary 
unisexual  flowers,  the  male  with  a  single  stamen  and  glo 
bose  pollen,  the  female  with  its  two  to  nine  carpels  each 


Zunclrtt  rarfiu/us. 


Same  as  ntind-molc. 


7029 

containing  a  single  pendulous  orthotropous  ovule.  It  in- 
cludes 3  genera,  of  which  ZanniclteUia  is  the  type ;  the 
others,  salt-water  plants  with  a  perianth  of  three  hyaline 
segments,  occur  in  the  Mediterranean  region  (Althenia) 
and  in  Austi-alia  (LepUsena).  All  are  slender  submerged 
atjuatics  growing  from  a  filiform  nodose  creeping  root- 
stock,  and  producing  thread-like  leaves  and  minute  flowers. 

Zanonia  (zii-no'ni-a),  n.  [NL.  (Linureus,  1737), 
by  transfer  from  an  endogen  so  named  by 
Plumier  (1703)  from  Giacomo  Zanoni  (1015-82), 
author  of  a  flora  of  Bologna,  and  director  there 
of  the  botanic  garden.]  A  genus  of  plants,  of 
the  order  Cueiirlntacese.  type  of  the  tribo  Zuno- 
niess.  It  is  characterized  by  entire  leaves,  and  flowers 
with  three  calyx-lobes,  live  stamens,  and  three  two-cleft 
styles.  The  2  species  are  natives  of  India  and  the  Malayan 
archipelago.  They  are  shrubby  climbers  with  petioled 
ovate  or  oblong  entire  leaves  and  unbranched  tendrils. 
The  small  flowers  are  borne  in  loose  pendulous  panicles. 
Tlie  fruit  is  cylindrical,  club-shaped,  or  hemispherical, 
with  a  broadly  three-valved  apex,  and  containing  large 
pendulous  broadly  winged  seeds;  that  of  Z.  Indica  is 
known  as  baiidoieer-fndt  (which  see). 

Zanoniese  (zan-o-ni'e-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Blume, 
1825),  <  Zanunia  +  -c«.]  A  tribe  of  polypeta- 
lous  plants,  of  the  order  Cucurbitacese.  it  is  char- 
acterized by  flowers  with  five  stamens,  free  filaments,  ob- 
long one-celled  anthers  opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit, 
ami  an  ovary  with  three  thick  placenta;  on  which  the 
ovules  are  irregularly  inserted.  It  includes  17  species,  of 
3  genera,  of  which  Zanonia  is  the  type;  the  others  are 
also  tropical  climbing  shrul)8 — one,  Gerrardanthug,  occur- 
ring in  Africa,  the  other,  Algomiira,  including  most  of  the 
species,  extending  through  Asia,  America,  and  Australia. 

Zanora  palm.    See  palnfi. 
zant  (zant),  n.     Same  as  zander. 
Zante  (zan'te),  n.    A  contraction  of  Zante-wood. 
Zantedeschia    (zan-te-des'ki-il),    ».       [NL. 
(Sprengel,  1826),  named  from  Francesco  Zantc- 
dfsclii,  who  wrote  on  the  plants  of  Brescia  and 
Ber;|amo  in  1824.]     A  plant  genus  now  known 
by  the  earlier  name  Uichardia  (which  see). 
Zante   fustic.      Same  as  young  fustic  (which 
see,  under /«A<i(").     See  also  cut  under  smokc- 
trcc. 
Zante-wood  (zan'te-wiid).  H.    1.  Hume  as  Z<i )i tr 
fustic. — 2.  Same  as  siitiun-ond.Chloriinjlon  Swie- 
tcii  ia. 
zanthin,  »■     An  erroneous  form  of  xantliin. 
zantho-.    For  words  so  beginning,  see  xantho-. 
Zantiote  (zan'ti-6t),  n.     [<  Zante  (see  def.)  -l- 
-otc.'\     A  native  of  Zante  (ancient  Zaeyntlius), 
one  of  the  Ionian  Islands. 
zany(za'ni),  H.;  pl..:«Hif,s(-uiz).     [<  F. -«)i(,<It. 
zanni,  zanc,  a  zany  or  clown ;  abbr.  of  (liovanni, 
John:  see  John,  and  cf. E.  •Jack in  similar  use.] 
1.  Acomic  performer,  originatingon  the  Italian 
stage,  wliosc  function  it  is  to  make  awkward 
attempts  at  mimicking  the  tricks  of  the  profes- 
sional clown,  or  tlie  acts  of  other  performers; 
hence,  an  apish  buffoon  in  general ;  a  merry-an- 
drew;  an  ainu.sing  fool. 

He's  like  a  zani/  to  a  tumbler, 

That  tries  tricks  after  him  to  make  men  laugh. 

li.  Jungon,  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humour,  iv.  1. 
lie  teach  thee;  thou  shalt  like  my  Zany  be, 
And  feigne  to  do  my  cunning  after  me. 
Ilei/icood,  Four  Prentises  of  London  (Works,  ed.  1874,  II. 

[203). 
The  English  apes  and  very  zanieg  be 
Of  everything  that  they  do  hear  and  see. 

Drayton,  To  Henry  Reynolds. 
Preacher  at  once,  and  zany  of  thy  age  I 

Pope,  Duiiciad,  iii.  206. 

He((lranve]le]had  lieen  wont,  in  the  days  of  his  greatest 

insolence,  to  speak  of  the  most  eminent  nobles  as  zanieg, 

lunatics,  and  buffoons.       Motley,  Dutch  Republic,  I.  402. 

2t.  -\n  attendant. 

l.ady,  Imperia  the  courtesan's  zany  hath  brought  you 
this  letter  from  the  pitor  gentleman  in  the  deep  dungeon, 
but  would  not  stay  till  he  had  an  answer. 

Middteton,  Blurt.  Master-Constable,  iii.  1. 

=  Syn.  L  Clown,  Fool,  Dvffxtn,  Mimic,  Zany.  *'  The  zany 
in  Shakespere's  day  was  not  so  much  a  bufoon  and  mimic 
as  the  <d)se<iuious  follower  of  a  buffoon  and  the  attenu- 
ated mime  of  a  mimic.  He  was  the  vice,  servant,  or  at- 
tendant of  the  professional  ctou-n  or  fool,  who,  dressed 
like  his  master,  accompanied  hint  on  the  stage  or  in  the 
ring,  following  his  movements,  imitating  his  tricks,  and 
adding  to  the  general  merriment  by  his  ludici-ous  failures 
and  comic  iml)ecility.  .  .  .  The  professional  clown  or 
.fo<jl  might  be  clever  and  accomplislted  in  his  business,  a 
skilful  fuTnl>ler  and  mountebank,  doing  what  he  under- 
took to  do  thoroughly  and  well.  Rut  this  was  never  the 
case  with  the  zany.  He  was  always  slight  and  thin,  well- 
meaning,  but  comparatively  helpless,  full  of  readiness, 
grimace,  ami  alacrity,  but  also  of  incompetence,  eagerly 
trying  to  imitate  his  superior,  but  ending  in  failure  and 
absurdity.  .  .  .  We  have  ourselves  seen  the  c/i^jch  and  the 
zany  in  the  ring  together,  the  clown  doing  clever  ti-icks, 
the  zany  provoking  immense  laughter  by  his  ludicrous 
failures  in  attempting  to  imitate  them.  Where  there  is 
imly  a  single  clown,  he  often  combines  I>oth  the  charac- 
ters, doing  skilful  tumblii:g  on  his  own  account,  and  play- 
ing the  zanu  to  the  riders."  {Edinbunjti  Rev.,  July,  1800, 
art.  4.) 
zany  (ZiX'ni),  v.  t.;  pret.  and  pp.  zanied,  jipr. 
zaui/iuii.  [<  zany,  «.]  To  play  the  zany  to; 
mimic ;  imitate  apishly. 


zareba 

All  excellence 
In  other  madams  do  but  zany  hers. 
Fletcher  (and  another  ?),  Queen  of  Corinth,  I.  2. 

Laughs  them  to  scorne,  as  man  doth  busie  apes 
When  they  will  zanie  men. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  Mellida,  II.,  iv.  1. 

zanyism  (za'ni-izm),  u.  [<  zany  +  -ism.]  1. 
Tlie  act  or  practice  of  imitation  or  mimicry. — 
2.  The  condition  or  habits  of  a  buffoon  or  a 
low  clown :  often  used  contemptuously. 

Zanzalian  (zan-zii'li-an),  n.  [<  Zanzalns  (see 
def.)  + -inn.']  A  Jacobite  of  the  East:  so  called 
occasionally  from  Zanzalns,  a  surname  of  Ja- 
cobus Baradffius.     See  Jacobite,  2. 

zanze,  ".  [African.]  An  African  musical  in- 
strument consisting  of  a  wooden  box  in  which 
a  number  of  sonorous  tongues  of  wood  or  metal 
are  fixed.  These  are  sounded  by  the  finger  or 
a  stick. 

Zanzibar!  (zan-zi-bii'ri),  «.  and  «.  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Zanzibar,  a  sultanate  of  eastern 
Africa,  it  was  in  1890  made  a  British  protectorate,  con- 
fined chiefly  to  the  island  of  Zanzibar,  while  the  coast  of 
the  neighboring  mainland  was  ceded  to  Germany, 

The  country  is  practically  in  the  hands  of  .Arabs  and 
Zanzibari  shivers  and  traders. 

Appleton'sAnn.  Cyc,  1886,  p.  .172. 

II.  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Zanzibar. 

Zapateado  (Sp.  pron.  tha-pa-te-ii'do),  «.  [Sp.] 
A  Spanish  dance  in  which  the  rhythm  is  marked 
by  blows  of  the  foot  on  the  ground. 

zaphara  (zaf 'a-rii),  n.     Same  as  zaffer. 

Zaphrentinae  (zaf-ren-ti'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Ed- 
wards and  Haime,  1850),  <  Zaphrcntis  +  -inee.] 
A  subfamily  of  Paleozoic  rugose  stone-corals,  of 
the  family  t'yathophyllida?,  typified  by  tlie  genus 
Zaphrentis.  They  have  a  free  and  simple  corallum,  and 
a  well-developed  septal  fossula  formed  by  a  tul)nlar  in- 
fiection  of  the  tabulie  on  one  side,  or  replaced  by  a  cristi- 
form  process.  The  taltulse  are  complete,  but  the  septa 
are  deficient  or  irregular,  and  there  is  usually  no  colu- 
mella. 

Zaphrentis  (zaf-ren'tis),  n.  [NL.  (Rafinesque 
and  Clifford,  1820),  prob.  <  Gr.  fa-  intensive  + 
ppf/i',  brain.]  1.  The  typical  genus  of  Zaph- 
reutintP.  The  species  are  deeply  cupped,  with  many 
septa,  and  a  peculiar  pit  on  one  side  of  the  interior.  Z. 
caggedayi  is  an  example.  Tliey  lived  in  the  Silurian  and 
Carboniferous  periods. 

2.   [I.  c]   A  species  of  this  genus.     Webster's 
Dirt..  1890. 

Zapodidse  (za-pod'i-de),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zapns 
(-ji(id-)  -t-  -idse.]  A  family  of  rodent  mammals, 
of  the  myomorphic  series  of  the  order  liodcntia, 
framed  by  Coues  for  the  reception  of  the  jump- 
ing mouse  of  North  America,  Zapus  liudsonius, 
a  small  mouse-like  (juadruped  intermediate  in 
some  respects  between  the  Muridse,  or  mice 
proper,  and  the  Dijiodidsp,  or  jerboas  of  the  Old 
World.  Bysomethe  family  is  considered  as  a  subfamily 
of  Dipt^idie,  under  the  names  Zapodinie  &niX  J acidiniv . 
See  y.ai'Ufi,  and  cut  under  deer-mouge. 

Zapodinse  (zap-o-di'ne),  H.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zapiis 
{-pud-)  -\-  -imp.]  The  ^"^lorfif/cF  as  a  subfamily 
of  Dipodida:' 

zapotilla  (/.ap-o-til'a),  n.     Same  as  sap(nUlla. 

zaptieh,  n.     See  zubtie. 

Zapus  (za'pus),  n.  [NL.  (Coues,  1876),  <  Gr. 
Ca-  intensive  +  iroix  =  E.,/()0/.]  The  only  genus 
of  Zapodida'.  Z.  hndsouiiis  is  the  common 
jumping  mouse,  ordeer-mouse,  of  North  Amer- 
ica.    See  cut  under  dccr-mnu.sc. 

Zaragoza  mangrove.     See  mani/rorr. 

zarape  (za-rii'pe),  n.  [Sp.  Amer.]  Same  as 
serapc. 

Men  wearing  vermilion  zarajteg  al)ont  their  shoulders. 
The  Nation,  XLVIIL  311. 

Zarathustrian   (zai'-a-thiis'tri-an),    a.  and   u. 

[<  Zin-filhustra  -h  -ian.]     Smiiic  as  Zoroastrian. 
Zarathustrianism    (zar  a-tliiis'tri-an-izm),    n. 

[<  Zarathustridu  -t-  -ism.]     Tlie  religion  of  Za- 

rathustra ;  Zoronstriaiiism. 
Zarathustric    (zar-a-thos'trik),   a.      Same    iis 

Zoroftslrir. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  Zarathuglric  dogmas  are 
pure  old  Aryan  myths  in  a  new  shape. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  301. 

Zarathustrism  (zar-a-thOs'trizm),  )(.  [<  Zarti- 
thustra  (see  Zarathustrian)  -I-  -ism.]  Same  as 
Z(i  ra  th  ustria  n  isiu . 

Modern  Brahmanisni,  Zaratlnigfrimn,  and  Buddliism. 
K.  B.  Tytor,  i'rim.  Culture,  I.  4i). 

zaratite  (zar'a-tit),  «.  [After  Sefior  Zaratc,  a 
Spaniard.]  A  hydrous  carbonate  of  nickel, 
occurring  as  an  emcriild-oreen  incrustation  on 
chromite.     Also  called  rmrralil  uirkcl. 

zareba  (za-re'bii),  n.  In  Sudan  and  adjoining 
parts  of  Africa,  an  inclosure  against  enemies 
or  wild  animals,  as  by  a  tliorn-hedge:  a  forti- 


rt,  the  Zarf ;  b,  the  Cup. 


zareba 

fled  eamp  in  general.     Also  written  zareeba, 
zereha,  zeriba,  etc. 

We  employed  ourselves  until  the  camels  should  arrive 
in  cutting  thorn  branches  and  constructing  a  zareeba  or 
fenced  camp,  to  protect  our  animals  during  the  night. 

Sir  S.  W.  Baker,  Heart  of  Africa,  p.  85. 

zarf  (zarf),  II.  [Also  ziirf;  <  Ar.  zarf,  a  ves- 
sel, a  case.]  A  holder  for  a  coffee-cup:  a 
term  used  through- 
out the  Levant. 
These  holders  are  usual- 
ly of  metal  and  of  orna- 
mental design  in  open- 
worli.  Their  immediate 
object  is  to  prevent  the 
hot  cup  from  burning 
the  fingers. 

Some  zur/8  are  of  plain 
or  gilt  silver  illicree. 
E.  W.  Lane,  Motl.  ICgyp- 
rtians,  1. 169,  note. 

zamich  (ziir'nik),  II. 
[Also  zariicc,  etc.; 
<  Ar.  seriiikh,  a:zer- 
nikli,  arsenic,  <  Gr. 
apatviKuv,  arsenic : 
see  arsenic]  1.  In 
alchemij,  orpiment. —  2.  An  old  term  embra- 
cing the  native  sulphids  of  arsenic,  sandarae 
(or  realgar)  and  orpiment. 

zarzuela  (Sp.  pron.  thar-tho-a'la),  «.  [Sp.]  A 
short  drama  with  incidental  music,  like  a 
vauderille.  It  is  said  to  have  been  first  in- 
troduced into  Spain  at  Zarzuela  in  the  seven- 
teenth century. 

zastruga  (zas-tro'ga),  n.  [Russ.]  One  of  a 
series  of  ridges,  with  corresponding  depres- 
sions, rising  in  wave-like  succession  above  the 
general  level  of  the  snow  when  this  has  been 
blown  across  by  a  long-continued  wind. 

zataint,  ".     An  old  spelling  of  satiii. 

zati  (zit'ti),  II.  [E.  Ind.]  The  capped  macaque 
of  India  and  Ceyloti,  Macaciis pileolatus. 

Zauschneria  (zash-ne'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  (Presl, 
1836),  named  for  Zauschiier,  a  German  botanist.  ] 
A  genus  of  polypetalous  plants,  of  the  order 
Onagrariea'.  it  is  characterized  by  flowers  with  four 
petals,  eight  stamens,  and  a  four-celled  ovary  with  nu- 
merous ovules,  and,  distinguishing  it  from  the  similar  ge- 
nus Epilobium,  by  a  calyx  with  the  tube  suddenly  expand- 
ing above  the  ovary  into  a  funnel-shaped  limb  glol)Ose  at 
the  base.  The  only  species,  Z.  Catifornica,  a  handsome 
plant  of  California,  is  cultivated  under  the  names  of  Cali- 
fornianfiKh^ia  and  humming-bird's  trumpet.  It  is  a  low 
branching  shrub  with  sessile  entire  or  minutely  toothed 
leaves,  and  bright-crimson  flowers  which  are  solitary  and 
sessile  in  the  axils. 

zaz  (zaks),  II.  [Perhaps  a  vav.  of  .sax  (<  AS. 
.ve«x,  etc.),  a  knife.]  An  instrument  tised  by 
slaters  for  cutting  and  dressing  slates  ;  a  kind 
of  hatchet  with  a  shai-p  point  on  the  pole  for 
perforating  the  slate  to  receive  the  nail  orpin. 

Z-crank  (ze'-  or  zed'krangk),  «.  A  peculiarly 
shaped  crank  in  the  cylinder  of  some  marine 


FloweriniJ  Plant  of  Maize  I2ea  Mays], 
a,  in.ile  flower;  i,  fejiiale  flower. 


7030 

steam-engines :  so  named  from  its  zigzag  form. 
Simmonds. 

Zea  (ze'a).  n.  [NL.  (Linnasus,  1737;  used  ear- 
lier by  lirunfels,  15IJ0),  <  Gr.  C^a,  C^/d,  a  sort  of 
grain  iised  as  fodder  for  horses.]  A  genus  of 
grasses,  type  of  the  tribe  Maydese.  it  is  charac- 
terized by  monoecious  flowers,  the  male  forming  a  termi- 
nal panicle,the  female  a  large  axillaiy  sessile  spike  wrapped 
in  numerous  leaf-like  bracts  or  husks,  and  consisting  of  pis- 
tillate ilowers  densely  aggregated  in  many  rows  upon  a 
thick  unjointed  rachis.  The  only  species,  Z.  Mays,  the 
well-known  Indian  corn  or  maize,  long  cultivated  through- 
out many  warm  and  temperate  regions,  is  supposed  to  be 
a  native  of  America,  but  is  not  now  known  in  a  wild  state. 
It  is  a  tjdl  plant  with  unbranched  robust  stems,  large 
light-green  leaves,  a  handsome  long-stalked  terminal 
panicle  (known  as  the  tafsel),  and  veiy  thick  fertile  spikes 
from  the  husks  of  which  project  long  green  slender 
styles  known  as  the  silk.  The  fruit  is  a  hard  roundish 
caryopsis  (known  as  the  kernel)  partly  inclosed  by  the 
chaffy  remains  of  the  four  glumes  and  broad  palet— the 
kernels  and  their  rachis  (the  cob)  forming  the  spike  or  ear 
of  corn.  The  seeds  furnish  an  invaluable  food  to  man 
and  to  domestic  animals;  the  stalks  and  leaves  are  used 
for  fodder,  and  the  husks  are  much  used  for  filling  mat- 
tresses and  horse-collars,  and  for  making  door-mats;  a 
coarse  textile  fabric,  also,  and  paper  of  excellent  quality, 
have  been  experimentally  made  from  them.  The  cob, 
and  sometimes  the  whole  ear,  is  used  as  fuel.  The  chief 
value  lies  of  course  in  the  kernel.  See  maize,  cut  in  pre- 
ceding column,  and  cut  under  husk.    Compare  cor/ii. 

zeal  (zel)j  >».  [Early  mod.  E.  ::ele ;  <  OF.  zele, 
F.  ce/e  =  Sp.  Pg.  It.  zelo,  <  L.  zelus,  <  Gr.  C^Xof, 
zeal  (for  *C,Ea7.o(:),  <  (^keiv  {s/  C,to)^  boil,  akin  to 
E.  yeast :  see  yeast.'\  Passionate  ardor  in  the 
pursuit  of  anything;  intense  interest  or  en- 
deavor; eagerness  to  accomplish  or  obtain 
some  object. 

They  have  a  zeal  of  [for,  R,  V.]  God,  but  not  accord- 
ing to  knowledge.  Rom.  x.  2. 
Let  not  my  cold  words  here  accuse  my  zeal. 

Shak.,  Rich.  II.,  i.  1.  47. 

Controversial  zeal  soon  turns  its  thoughts  on  force. 

Burke,  Rev.  in  France. 

His  fervent  zeal  for  the  interests  of  the  state. 

Macavlay,  Warren  Hastings. 

=  Syn.    Earnestness,   Enthusiasm,   etc.    (see    eagerness), 
warmth,  fervor,  heartiness,  energy. 
zealt  (zel),  v.  i.     [izeal,  n.]     To  entertain  zeal; 
be  zealous. 

Stitf  followers,  and  such  as  zeal  marvellously  for  those 
whom  they  have  chosen  for  their  masters. 

Bacon,  Controversies  of  Church  of  Eng. 

zealantt,  «•    See  zelant. 
zealedt  (zeld),  a.    [<  seal  +  -ed^.']    Filled  with 
zeal;  characterized  by  zeal. 

Zealed  religion. 

Fletcher  (and  another),  Love's  Pilgrimage,  iv.  2. 

zealfult  (zertul),  a.  [<  zeal  +  -////.]  Full  of 
zeal;  zealous. 

These  dayes  of  Ours  may  shine 
In  Zeal-full  Knowledge  of  the  I'ruth  divine. 
Sylvester,  tr.  of  Du  Bartjis's  Weeks,  ii.,  The  Decay. 

zealless  (zel'les),  a.  [<  zeal  +  -less.']  Lack- 
ing zeal.     Bp,  Hall. 

zealot  (zerot),  w.  [<  OF.  zelote,  <  LL.  zelotes,  < 
Gr.  ^y'/MTf'/^,  a  zealot,  <  Cvao^,  zeal:  see  zeal.']  1. 
One  who  is  zealoTis  or  full  of  zeal ;  one  carried 
away  by  excess  of  zeal;  an  immoderate  parti- 
zan:  generally  in  a  disparaging  sense. 

He  was  one  of  those  furious  zealots  who  blow  the  bel- 
lows of  faction  until  the  whole  furnace  of  politics  is  red- 
hot  with  sparks  and  cinders. 

Irving,  Knickerbocker,  p.  299. 

Like  all  neutrals,  he  is  liable  to  attack  from  the  zealots 
of  lK>th  parties.  Whipple,  Ess.  and  Rev.,  I.  62. 

2.  [_c<ip.']  One  of  a  fanatical  sect  or  party  (the 
Zelota?)  among  the  Jews  of  Palestine  under 
Komau  dominion,  who  on  account  of  their  ex- 
cesses in  behalf  of  the  Mosaic  law  were  also 
called  Sicarii  or  Ass<(^sins.  The  Zealots  gained  the 
ascendancy  in  a  civil  war,  and  withstood  the  Romans  so 
fiercely  as  to  bring  about  the  total  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem, A.  P.  70.  Zealots  are  also  mentioned  (perhaps  by 
confusion)  as  a  sect  of  the  Essenes.  similarly  character- 
ized by  fanatical  zeal  for  their  ascetic  practices. 

That  desperate  Faction  of  the  Zealots,  who,  like  so  many 
Firebrands  scattered  up  and  down  among  them  [the  Jews], 
soon  put  the  whole  Nation  into  Flames. 

Stillingjieet,  Sermons.  I.  viii. 

zealotical  (ze-lot'i-kal),  a.  [<  zealot  +  -ic-aJ.'\ 
Having  the  cliaracter  of  a  zealot ;  belonging  to 
a  body  of  zealots. 

One  Leviston,  a  zealotical  Scotsman,  a  tailor,  came  with 
a  gray  suit  of  appai-el  [for  a  disguise]  under  his  cloak. 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  /..  II.  SO. 

zealotism  (zerot-izm),  n.  [<  zealot  +  -ism.'] 
The  character  or  conduct  of  a  zealot.     Gray. 

zealotist  (zel'ot-ist),  n.  [<  zealot  +  -ist.]  A 
zealous  partizan  ;  one  of  a  body  of  zealots. 
Uon-cU. 

zealotry  (zerot-ri).  n.  f<  zealot  +  -ry  (see 
-ery),~\  Behavior  as  a  zealot ;  excessive  or  un- 
due zeal;  fanaticism. 


zebra-opossum 

Inquisitorial  cruelty  and  party  zealotry. 

Coleridge.    {Imp.  Diet.) 

Herod  is  outheroded,  Sternhold  is  out-stemholded,  with 
a  zealotry  of  extravagance  that  really  seems  like  wilful 
burlesque.  De  Quincey,  Style,  L 

zealous  (zel'us),  a.  [<  L.  ML.  zelosus,  full  of 
zeal,  <  zelus,  zeal :  see  zeal.  Ct.  jealous^  an  older 
form  of  the  same  word.]  1.  Full  of  or  incited 
by  zeal ;  jealous  for  the  good  or  the  promotion 
of  some  person  or  object;  ardent;  eager;  fer- 
vent; devoted. 

That  man  loves  not  who  Is  not  zealous  too. 

Ilerrick,  Zeal  Required  in  Love. 
The  learned  and  pious  Bishop  of  Alexandria,  Dionysiua, 
wrote  to  the  zealous  and  factious  Presbyter  >'ovatu8. 

Bp.  Gauden,  Tears  of  the  Church,  p.  luo.    (Davies.) 

The  clergy  of  New  England  were,  for  the  most  part, 
zealous  promoters  of  the  revolution. 

Emerson,  Hist.  Disc,  at  Concord. 

2.  Caused  by  or  manifesting  zeal;  due  to  ear- 
nest devotion ;  of  an  ardent  character  or  qual- 
ity. 

So  sweet  is  zealous  contemplation. 

Skak.,  Rich.  III.,  iii.  7.  94. 
I  will  study 
Service  and  friendship,  with  a  zealous  sorrow 
For  my  past  incivility  towards  ye. 

Ford,  Broken  Heart,  v.  1. 

=  Syil.  1.  Forward,  enthusiastic,  fervid,  keen.    See  zeal. 
zealously  (zel'us-li),  adv.  In  a  zealous  manner; 
with  passionate  ardor;  fervently;  earnestly. 

It  is  good  to  be  zealoudy  affected  always  in  a  good  thing. 

GaL  iv.  l& 

Sir,  I  will  amply  extend  myself  to  your  use,  and  am  very 
zealoudy  afflicted,  as  not  one  of  your  least  friends,  for  your 
crooked  fate.      Beau,  and  Fl.,  Honest  Man's  Fortune,  it  2. 

zealousness  (zel'us-nes),  w.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing zealous;  ardor;  zeal. 

zealousyt  (zel'us-i),  «.  [Early  mod.  E.  zelousie; 
<  zealous  +  -y'^.   Cf.  jealousy.]    1.  Zealousness. 

His  hand  eternity,  his  arm  his  force, 

His  armour  zealousy.  his  breast-plate  heaven. 

Middleton,  Solomon  Paraphrased,  v. 

2.  An  old  form  ot  jealousy. 

The  zelousie  and  the  eagre  feersenes  of  Olimpias. 

UdaU,  tr.  of  Apophthegms  of  Erasmus,  p.  200,  note. 

zebec,  zebeck,  n.    Same  ^^sxelyec. 

zebra  (ze'brii),  n.  and  a.  [=  F.  zebre^  <  Afri- 
can zebra.]  I.  «•  An  African  solidungulate 
mammal,  related  to  the  horse  and  ass,  of  the 
genus  Equus  and  subgenus  Hippotigris,  having 
the  body  more  or  less  completely  striped.  There 
are  at  least  3  well-marked  species.  One  of  these  is  the 
quagga.  The  second  is  the  bonte-quagga,  or  Burchell's 
zebra.  (See  cut  under  dauw.)  The  third  is  the  true 
zebra,  E.  (H.)  zebra,  of  southern  Africa,  of  a  whitish  color, 


Zebra  (Egnus  or  Hifpctigris  zebra'). 

very  fully  and  regularly  striped  with  black :  it  is  specifi- 
cally called  the  mountain  zebra.  This  zebra  stands  about 
4J  feet  iiigh  at  the  shoulder ;  the  head  is  light,  the  ears 
are  moderately  largo,  the  limbs  slender;  the  mane  is 
short,  and  the  tail  tufted.  The  general  form  is  light  and 
symmetrical,  like  that  of  most  wild  asses,  and  seems  to 
indicate  speed  rather  than  bottom.  The  zebra  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  animals,  as  it  is  also  one  of  the 
wildest  and  least  tractable.  It  has  often  been  kept  in  con- 
finement, and  occasionally  tamed,  but  generally  retains 
its  indomitable  temper.  It  inhabits  in  herds  the  hilly  and 
mountainous  countries  of  South  Africa,  seeking  the  most 
secluded  places;  so  that  from  the  nature  of  Its  haunts, as 
well  as  its  watchfulness,  swiftness,  and  the  acuteness  of 
its  senses,  it  is  difficult  to  capture.  It  is,  however,  much 
hunted,  and  seems  destined  to  extermination. 

II,  a.  Resembling  the  stripes  of  a  zebra;  hav- 
ing strij)es  running  along  the  sides:  as,  the  ze- 
bra markings  on  certain  spiders.    Staveley. 

zebra-caterpillar  (ze'bra-kat'^er-pil-ar),  H.  The 
larva  of  Mamestra  pict^i.,  a  North  American  noc- 
tuid  moth :  so  called  from  the  longitudinal  black 
and  yellow  stripes.  It  feeds  on  clover,  peas, 
beans,  cabbages,  turnips,  and  various  other  cul- 
tivated plants.     See  cut  on  following  page. 

zebra-opossum  (ze'bm-o-pos*um),  n.  The  ze- 
bra-wolf.    See  cut  imiier  thylacine. 


zebra-parrakeet 


Zebra-caterpillar  and  Motb  {Mamestra picta). 

zebra-parrakeet  (ze'brfi-par'a-ket), «.  A  kind 
of  grass-parrakeet,  ilelopsitiaciis  undulatus, 
much  of  whose  plumage  is  barred.  It  is  a  eom- 
moii  cage-bird.     See  cut  under  Mclopsittaciis. 

Zebrapicna(ze-bra-pi'ku8),  «.  [XL.  (Malherbe, 
1849),  also  Zehripicus  (Bonaparte,  1854),  <  ^f- 
bra,  q.  v.,  +  NL.  Picii.i.'i  A  genus  of  wood- 
peckers: so  called  from  the  extensive  striping 
of  the  plumage.  IthMcovere<lanuniberof  American 
formB,  but  waa  baaed  on  the  common  red-bellied  wood- 
pecker of  the  I'nited  Slatea,  and  is  thus  a  synonym  of  Cen- 
iunu  (itself  often  raerjfed  in  Melanerpeg).  See  cut  under 
Centurtu. 

zebra-plant  (ze'bra-plant), «.  Antriped-leafed 
plant.  Miiranta  zcbrina.     See  MarunUi. 

zebra-poison  (ze'bra-poi'zn),  n.  A  succulent 
tree,  Euphorbia  arborea,  of  South  Africa.  The 
milky  juice  is  so  poisonous  as  to  kill  zebras  which  drink 
water  in  which  the  branches  have  been  placed,  and  it 
is  sometimes  used  as  an  arrow-poison.  J .  Smith,  Diet, 
of  Economic  Plants. 

zebra-shark (ze'bra-.shark),  n.  The  tiger-shark. 

zebra-spider  (ze'brji-spi'der),  n.  A  hunting- 
spider  or  wolf-spider.  See  Lyeosidse,  and  cuts 
under  tarantula  and  wolf-xpider. 

zebra-Bwallowtail  (ze'bra-swol'o-tal), «.  The 
aja.\,  Papilio  (or  Ipliiclides)  ajax.  a  large  swal- 
low-tailed butterfly  of  North  America,  having 
yellowish-white  wings  barred  with  black.  It  is 
a  handsome  species,  and  occurs  from  Pennsylvania  south- 
ward.   The  larva  feeds  on  the  papaw. 

zebra-wolf  (ze'bril-wiilf),  n.  The  pouched  dog 
or  thylacine  dasyure  of  Tasmania,  Dasyuru.1 
thylaciitus  or  Tlujlaeinus  cynocephaUts,  a  large 
predaceous  and  carnivorous  marsupial  quatlru- 

Eed  somewhat  resembling  a  wolf,  having  the 
aek  and  rump  transversely  strij)ed  (whence 
the  name).     See  cut  under  thylacine. 

zebra-wood  (ze'bra-wud).  «.  1.  The  wood  of 
CoHnaru.i  Guianensis{Omphalobium  Lambcrtii), 
of  the  Connaracese,  a  tall  tree  of  Guiana ;  also, 
the  tree  itself.  The  wood  is  hard  aiul  beauti- 
fully marked,  and  is  much  sought  for  use  in 
making  furniture. —  2.  The  wood  of  a  small 
evergreen,  Guettarda  speciosa,  of  the  Eiibiacese, 
found  on  tropical  shores  in  both  hemispheres. 
— 3.  In  the  West  Indies,  a  shrub  or  small  ti-ee, 
Myrtus  ( Kuyenia)  Jragranii,  var.  ciineata. 

zebra-woodpecker  (ze'br|i-wud''pek-6r),  ». 
Any  one  of  the  stri|)ed  woodpeckers  of  Mal- 
herbe's  genus  Zehrnpirus — that  is,  of  Centurua 
in  a  usual  sense.     See  cut  under  C'eiitiirun. 

zebrlne  (ze'brin),n.  [<.  zebra  + -ine^ .^  Resem- 
bling or  related  to  the  zebra;  striped  like  a  ze- 
bra; pertaining  to  the  subgenus  Hippoiiijris : 
correlated  with  equine  and  asinine.     Darwin. 


7031 

zebu  (ze'bu),  ».  [<  p.  zebu,  a  name  accepted 
by  Buffon  from  the  exhibitors  of  the  animal  at 
a  French  fair,  and  supposed  by  him  to  be  au 
-Airican  word.  If  not  invented,  it  is  prob.  in- 
tended to  represent  the  E.  Ind.  zobo,  q.  v.] 
The  Indian  bull,  ox,  or  cow;  any  individual  or 
breed  of  Bos  indicns,  having  a  hump  on  the 
withers.  The  zebu  has  been  domesticated  from  time  im- 
memorial, and  is  now  known  only  in  its  artificial  breeds. 
These  are  numerous,  and  very  various  in  size,  shape,  and 
color,  the  processes  of  artificial  selection  having  modified 
the  original  stock  in  almost  every  particular.  The  char- 
acteristic hump  is  sometimes  double.  The  flesh  is  con- 
sidered a  delicacy.  The  size  of  different  breeds  of  zebus 
varies  much.  Some  are  as  large  as  ordinary  cattle,  others 
no  larger  than  a  common  calf  a  month  or  two  old.  The 
color  is  usually  light  gray,  varying  to  pure  white.  The 
bulls  of  the  latter  color  are  consecrated  to  Siva,  and  be- 
come Brahminy  bulls,  exempt  from  labor  or  molestation. 
Zebus  are  bred  particularly  in  India,  but  also  in  China,  Ja- 
pan, and  some  parts  of  Africa.  They  are  used  as  beasts 
of  burden  and  of  draft,  and  as  riding-animals,  as  well  as 
for  beef.  The  stock  from  which  they  have  descended  is 
by  some  naturalists  supposed  to  represent  only  a  variety 
of  Bog  taurug,  the  original  of  the  ordinary  domestic  ox. 
See  cut  in  preceding  column. 

zebub  (ze'bub), «.  [<  Ai-.  zubdb,  dhubdb,  Heb. 
zebabjiiy.  Cf.  Beelzebub.]  A  large  Abyssinian  fly 
noxious  to  cattle,  like  the  tsetse  and  the  zimb. 

zebu-cattle  (ze'bu-kat"l),  n.  The  cattle  of  the 
eastern  hemisphere  which  have  a  hump,  like 
the  zebu.     Darwin. 

zebuder,  «.  The  Caucasian  ibex.  Also  called 
zac. 

zecchino  (tsek-ke'no),  ».  [It.:  see  «f^M('«.]  A 
gold   coin   of   the   Venetian   republic,  worth 


Zebu  fSai  indkUT,  var,). 


Obverse.  Reverie. 

Zecchino  of  Paolo  Raniero,  Doge  of  Venice  1778-  1789.—  British 

Museum.    <Size  of  original.) 

rather  more  than  9,«.  English,  or  about  $2.25: 
same  as  sequin. 

zecbin,  ».     A  variant  of  sequin. 

Zechstein  (zek'stin),  n.  [6..  <  zeehe,  a  mine, 
-I-  stein,  stone.]  In  geol.,  the  uppermost  of  the 
two  divisions  of  the  Permian,  the  lower  being 
the  so-called  "  Kothliegende."  This  twofold  char- 
acter of  the  Permian  is  a  well-marked  feature  of  the  system 
in  Germany,  especially  in  the  central  part  of  that  cimn- 
try;  hence  it  is  not  infrequently  cidled  the  Dyax,  a  word 
coined  in  imitation  of  the  name  Trim.  At  the  bottom 
of  the  Zechstein  is  the  "Kupferschiefer,"  a  thin  bed 
of  dark-colored,  bituminous,  and  cupriferous  shale.  The 
Zechstein  proper  is  a  calcareous  rock,  becoming  dolomitic 
in  its  upper  section,  and  containing,  especially  in  I'rus- 
sia,  masses  of  rock-salt  of  extraordinarj'  thickness.  The 
Permian  covers  an  extensive  area  in  Kussiii,  where,  how- 
ever, its  dual  character  is  nmch  less  distinctly  marked 
than  it  is  in  Germany.  In  the  east  of  England  this  fea- 
ture of  the  Permian  is  clearly  exhibited,  and  the  so-called 
'*  Magnesian  Limestone  group"  is  the  equivalent  of  the  Ger- 
man Zechstein.  No  separation  of  the  Permian  into  divi- 
sions has  been  satisfactorily  made  out  in  North  America, 
where  the  break  between  that  formation  and  the  Carbon- 
iferous is  far  less  distinct  than  it  is  in  the  regions  of  its 
typical  development  in  Germany. 

zed  (zed),  11.  r=  F.  zi'de,  <  L.  zeta,  <  Or.  Cvr«,  the 
name  of  the  letter  Z.]  1.  The  letter  Z,  also 
called  zee  and  sometimes  izzard. 

Zfd,  thou  nnnecessary  letter !  Shak.,  Lear,  ii.  2.  69. 
2.  A  metal  bar  rolled  so  as  to  have  a  cross- 
section  resembling  the  letter  Z. 

Angles,  Zedfi,  Channels,  Beams,  Bars. 

Thi-  Engineer,  LXXI.  p.  xxxviii.  of  adv'ts. 

Zedland  (zcd'land),  «.  [<  zed  +  land.]  A  des- 
ignation of  the  western  part  of  England,  from 
the  dialectal  use  there  of  the  sound  of  «  for  that 
of  s.     Halliwell. 

zedoary  (zed'o-a-ri).  It.  [<  F.  zcdoaire  =  8p. 
Pff.z/tlnaria  =li.  zettorario:  see  setwall.]  An 
East  Indian  drug,  known  in  two  varieties  as  long 
and  round  zedoary.  According  to  some  authorities 
these  are  both  the  product  of  Curcuma  Zedoaria  (the  C. 
Zentmhet  of  Roxburgh);  according  to  others,  only  the  long 
zedoary  belongs  to  this  species,  the  round  to  C.  aromatica 
(the  C.  Zedoaria  of  Roxburgh).  Botli  varieties  are  aromatic, 
with  a  strong  camphoraceous  flavor  and  tlie  odor  of  ginger. 
In  medicine,  zedoaiyacts  like  ginger,  but  is  less  effective. 
It  is  useil  in  India  in  various  alterative  decoctions  and  in 
preparing  kinds  of  incense.  The  rhizome  of  C.  anmioHca, 
like  the  related  turmeric,  is  used  in  dyeing— its  chief  ap- 
plication. 

Zeidse  (ze'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Swainson,  1839), 
<  Xeus  +  -idle.]  A  family  of  aeaiithopterygian 
fishes,  so  named  from  the  genus  Zeus,  but  usu- 
ally called  Zenidie.     See  cut  under  dory,  1. 

zein  (ze'in),  H.  [<  Zca  +  -in^.]  A  proteid  ob- 
tained from  maize,  said  to  be  allied  to  gluten. 


zemindary 

It  has  a  yellowish  color,  and  is  soft,  insipid,  and 
elastic.  It  differs  essentially  from  the  gluten 
of  wheat.     Also  zeinc. 

Zeitgeist  (tsit'gist),  «.  [G. ;  <  zeit,  time  (=  E. 
tide),  +  geist,  spirit  (=  E.  ghost).]  The  spirit 
or  genius  of  the  time;  that  general  drift  of 
thought  or  feeling  which  particularly  charac- 
terizes any  period  of  time :  a  German  word  oc- 
casionally used  in  English. 

zel  (zel),  n.  [<  Turk.  Pers.  zil,  a  bell,  cymbal.] 
An  Oriental  form  of  cymbal. 

Where,  some  houi-s  since,  was  heard  the  swell 
Of  trumpet  and  the  clash  of  zel, 
Bidding  the  bright-eyed  sun  farewell. 

Moore,  Lalla  Rookh,  The  Fire- Worshippers. 

Zelanian  (ze-la'ni-an),  a.  [<  NL.  Zelania  (Nova 
Zelania,  New  Zealand)  -I-  -an.]  In  zoogeog., 
of  or  pertaining  to  New  Zealand:  more  fully 
Xoro-Zelanian.  See  Xew  Zealand  subregion,  un- 
der subregion. 

zelantf,  n.  [Also  zealant;  <  LL.  zelan(t-)s,  ppr. 
of  zehire,  have  zeal  for,  <  L.  zelus,  zeal :  see 
zeal.]     A  zealot.     Also  zealant. 

To  certain  zealantg  all  speech  of  paciflcation  is  odious. 
Bacon,  t'nity  in  Religion  (ed.  Spedding,  Ellis,  and  Heath). 
Advertisement  touching  an  Holy  War  written  (by  Ba- 
con] in  the  form  of  a  Dialogue,  in  which  the  interlocutors 
represent  a  Moderate  Divine,  a  Protestant  Zetaiit,  a  Rom- 
ish Catholic  Zelant  ...  E.  A.  Abbott,  Bacon,  p.  420. 

zelatort  (zel'a-tor),  11.  [<  LL.  zelator,  <  zelare, 
have  zeal  for:  see  zelant.]  A  zealous  partizan 
or  promoter;  a  zealot. 

Many  zetatours  or  fauourers  of  the  publyke  weale  haue 
benne  discouraged.     Sir  T.  Eiyot,  The  Governour,  iii.  27. 

Zele  (ze'le),  H.  [NL.  (Curtis,  1831),  said  to  be 
<  Gr.  C,ri'/ri,  a  female  rival.]  A  genus  of  hyme- 
nopterous  parasites,  of  the  family  Braconidg. 
distinguished  from  Macroccntrus  principally  by 
having  the  abdomen  inserted  between  the  pos- 
terior coxa?.  Ten  North  American  and  three  European 
species  have  been  described.  They  are  parasitic  upon 
small  lepidopterons  larvffi. 

Zelkova  (zel-ko'vii),  n.  [NL.  (Spaeh,  1841), 
from  the  Cretan  name  zelkova.]  A  genus  of 
apetaloHS  trees,  of  the  order  Urticaceee  and 
tribe  Celtidcse.  it  is  characterized  by  monoecious  or 
polygamous  flowers,  the  male  with  a  sbort-lobed  peri- 
anth, the  female  with  an  eccentric  two-parted  style  and 
uniovnlate  ovary,  in  fruit  somewhat  ventricose  and  drupa- 
ceous, smooth  or  veiny  on  the  surface,  and  often  keeled  on 
the  back,  containing  a  compressed  concave  seed  with 
broad  cotyledons.  There  are  4  species,  natives  respec- 
tively of  Crete,  the  Caucasian  and  Caspian  region,  Japan, 
and  China.  They  are  trees  bearing  alternate  serrate  or 
crenate  feather-veii\ed  leaves,  with  narrow  slender  stip- 
ules. The  flowers  are  sessile  or  short-pedicelled,  the  male 
in  small  clusters,  the  female  solitaiy  in  the  upper  axils. 
Z.  cre}iata  (formerly  known  as  Plavera  Itiehardi),  the  zel- 
kova- or  zelkona-tree  of  the  Caucasus,  reaches  a  consider- 
able size,  sometimes  80  feet  high  and  4  feet  in  diameter; 
in  its  scaly  bark  it  resembles  the  plane-tree,  in  its  leaves 
the  elm  ;  tlie  small  greenish-brown  flowers  have  the  odor 
of  the  elder,  and  are  followed  by  roundish  fruits  of  tlie  size 
of  a  pea.  Its  timber  is  much  prized ;  the  sap-wood  is  light- 
colored  and  elastic ;  the  hard  heavy  reddish  heart-wood 
takes  a  good  polish,  and  is  valued  for  furniture.  For  Z. 
acuminata,  see  keyaki. 

zeloso  (dze-lo'so),  a.  \\t.:  see  zealous.]  Zeal- 
ous :  in  music,  marking  passages  to  be  rendered 
with  zeal,  enthusiasm,  or  energy. 

zelot^ia  (zel-o-tip'i-ji),  11.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Zv'mtv- 
wia.  jealousy,  rivalry,<  C'Potvko^,  jealous,<  t^y?.o^, 
zeal,  -1-  Ti-TTTcw,  strike :  see  type.]  The  exercise 
of  morbid  perseverance  and  energy  in  the  pros- 
ecution of  a  project,  especially  one  of  a  politi- 
cal or  religious  nature ;  a  form  of  monomania 
sometimes  manifesting  itself  inoverzeal  in  at- 
tempts to  gain  supporters  to  any  public  cause. 

zelotypic  (zel-o-tip'ik),  a.  {<  zelotypia  +  -ic] 
Pertaining  to,  characterized  by,  or  exhibiting 
zelotypia. 

zelOUSiet,  »■     See  zealousy. 

zemindar  (zem'in-diir),  n.  [Also  zamindar;  < 
Pers.  zemindar,  a  landholder,  <  zemln,  land,  -I- 
-ddr,  holding.]  Originally,  one  of  a  class  of 
fanners  of  the  revenue  from  land  held  in  com- 
mon by  its  cultivators,  established  by  the  Mo- 
gul government  of  India,  every  one  in  a  specially 
assigned  tract  or  district ;  now,  in  many  prov- 
inces, a  native  landlord,  regarded  as  a  successor 
of  the  preceding,  and  similarly  responsible  for 
the  land-tax,  who  under  British  regulations  has 
become  the  actual  proprietor  of  the  soil  under 
his  jurisdiction,  often  with  right  of  primogeni- 
ture. 

The  Zemindars  of  I,ower  Bengal,  the  landed  proprietary 
established  by  Lord  Cornwallis,  Ilave  the  worst  reputation 
as  landlords,  and  appear  to  have  Ere<iuently  deserved  it. 
Maim,  Village  Communities,  p.  16:^. 

zemindary  (zem'in-dii-ri),  «.;  pi.  zemindaries 
(-riz).  [<  Pers.  zeniindari,  <  zemindar,  zem- 
indar.] 1.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a  zem- 
indar.—  2.  The  tract  of  territory  administered 


zemlndary 

or  controlled  by  a  zemindar;  also,  the  system 
of  laudlioldiiig  and  revenue-collection  under 
zemindars.  Also  written  zamindari,  zemindari, 
zemindaree.  zemindarnj,  etc. 

Lord  Coniwallis,  with  the  best  intentions,  stereotyped 
the  zemindarn  system  iu  Bengal  by  giving  to  the  middle- 
men or  fanners  of  the  revenue  permanent  rights  of  pos- 
session, subject  to  a  quit  rent  to  the  Govenmient. 

Contemporary  Jtev.,  L.  61. 

zemmi,  zemni  (zem'i,  -ni),  w.  The  blind  mole- 
rat,  Siwhix  ti/phlus.     See  cut  under  niole-rrif. 

zemstVO  (zems'tvo),  II.  [Russ.]  In  Russia,  a 
local  elective  assembly,  of  recent  institution, 
for  the  oversight  and  regulation  of  affairs  with- 
in its  territory.  There  are  zemstvos  tor  the  districts 
into  which  the  governments  are  divided,  and  also  for  the 
governments  themselves,  with  nominal  jurisdiction  of 
local  taxation,  schools,  roads,  public  sanitation,  etc.,  but 
subject  to  arbitrai-y  interference  by  the  provincial  gover- 
nors. 

Zenaida  (ze-ua'i-dit),  n.  [NL.  (Bonaparte, 
1838),  <  Zemiide,  daughter  of  Joseph  Bonaparte, 
and  wife  of  Cliarles  Lucien  Bonaparte.]  A  ge- 
nus of  American  ground-doves,  typical  of  the 
subfamily  Zenaidinse,  containing  such  species 
as  the  West  Indian  Z.  amabilis. 

zenaide  (zf-na'id),  n.  A  dove  of  the  genus 
Zeiioidd. 

Zenaidinae  (zf-na-i-di'ne),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zeim- 
ida  +  -i»«.]  A  subfamily  of  pigeons  or  doves, 
of  the  family  Columhidse ;  the  ground-pigeons 
of  America,  distinguished  from  the  more  ar- 
boreal pigeons,  or  Colmnbinse.  proper,  by  the 
greater  size  of  the  feet  and  the  denudation  of 
the  scutellate  tarsi.  Numerous  genera  and  species 
inhabit  the  warmer  parts  of  America ;  6  are  found  in  the 
United  .States,  of  which  the  Carolina  dove,  Zcnaidura  ca- 
roHrtewna,  is  the  best^known  and  most  widely  distributed. 
Zenaida  am-abUis  is  a  West  Indian  species,  found  also  in 
Florida.  The  group  embraces  the  smallest  birds  of  the 
family,  as  the  diminutive  ground-dove  of  the  Southern 
States,  Chaniaepelia  (or  CotuinJbigalliiia)  passerina.  See 
cuts  under  dove,  ground-dmie,  Melopelia,  and  Scardafella. 

zenaidine  (ze-na'i-din),  a.  [<  ZeiundiHse.'\ 
Pertaining  to'  or  resembling  the  genus  Zenaida. 
Cuues. 

Zenaidura  (ze-na-i-dii'ra),  )(.  [NL.  (Bona- 
parte, 1854),  <  Zenaida,  q.  v.,  +  Gr.  ovpd,  tail.] 
That  genus  of  Columhidse  which  contains  the 
Carolina  dove,  or  mourning-dove,  Z.  carolincn- 
sis:  so  called  from  the  peculiarity  of  the  tail, 
which  has  fourteen  instead  of  twelve  feathers. 
The  long  cuneate  tail  gives  this  genus  the  aspect  of  Eeto- 
pigtes  (which  belongs  to  a  different  subfamily).  See  cut 
under  dove,  and  compare  that  under  pa»scnger-pigeon. 
Also,  incoiTectly,  Zeneedxtra. 

zenana  (ze-nil'na),  n.  [Also 5ana)ia;  <  Pers.  re- 
«aH«, belongingto  women,  <  sen,  a  woman,  =  Gr. 
ymii,  a  woman :  see  f/«ee«i.]  In  India,  that  part 
of  the  house  in  which  the  females  of  a  family 
are  secluded ;  an  East  Indian  harem. 

I  wandered  through  a  zenaita  which  was  full  of  women's 
clothes,  fans,  slippers,  musical  instruments,  flowers,  gilt 
chairs,  and  damask  curtains. 

)l'.  H.  IhixKcU,  Diary  in  India,  I.  338. 

Zenana  missions,  Protestsmt  Christian  missions  to  the 
women  of  India,  conducted  by  female  missionaries  from 
Great  Britain  and  the  I'nited  States. 

Zend(zend),  «.  [See  ZcH(/-Jre,sto.]  The  name 
commonly  given  to  the  language  of  the  Avesta : 
an  ancient  form  of  Iranian  or  Persian,  it  was 
deciphered  in  the  present  century,  largely  by  means  of  its 
resemblance  to  Sanskrit.     See  Zend-Avesta. 

zendal  silk.     Same  as  .leiidai. 

Zend-Avesta  (zen-dii-ves'ta),  n.  [More  prop- 
erly Avesta,  since  Zendavesta  is  literally  the 
Avesta  with  its  Zend  or  commentary.]  The 
sacred  scriptures  of  the  Zoroastrian  religion, 
ascribed  to  Zoroaster,  and  consisting  of  the 
Vendidad,  the  Yasiia  (including  the  <!dthd,i). 
the  YashU,  and  a  few  other  pieces.  Compare 
Zend. 

zendel  (/.en'del),  11.     Same  as  .icndal. 

zendik  (zen'dik),  II.  [Ar.  zciitUq.}  A  name 
given  in  the  East  not  only  to  disbelievers  in 
revealed  religion,  but  also  to  such  persons  as 
are  accused  of  magical  heresy. 

zenick,  zenik  (ze'nik),  v.  [African.]  The 
African  suricate,  lllii/Zeena  totrndacti/Ia  or  iSiiri- 
ciila  zenick'.    See  cut  under  .iiificatc. 

Zenidae  (zeu'i-de),  ».  /;/.  [NL..  <  Zeiix  (Zen-) 
+  -i(l<e.']  A  family  of  physoclistous  acanthoji- 
terygian  fishes,  typified  by  the  gcnvis  Zeus ;  the 
dories.  The  body  is  short,  high  and  deep,  and  much 
compressed  ;  the  large  mouth  is  terminal,  with  protractile 
upper  jaw  and  small  teeth  in  narrow  bands  or  single  file; 
the  dorsal  tin  is  emarginate  or  divided,  with  strong  spines 
anteriorly;  the  anal  is  spined  or  spineless:  the  ventrals 
are  thoi-acic,  and  have  one  spine  and  ilve  to  eight  rays; 
the  caudal  is  usually  not  forked ;  the  lateral  line  is  ob- 
scure and  unarmed ;  pyloric  caica  are  extremely  numer- 
ous; and  the  vertebi-se  are  about  thirty-two.  These  are 
fishes  of  warm  seas,  of  singular  api)earance,  represented 
by  5  genera  and  about  10  species.     Also  called  Cyttid/v, 


10^-2 


Zenopsis  orellatiis,  of  the  family  Ztttidm. 

and  formerly  Cyttina.  The  name  is  also  written  Zeidee. 
See  Zeus,  2,  and  cut  under  dory. 

Zeninse  (ze-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zeus  (Zen-) 
+  -(■««.]  A  subfamily  of  Zenidse,  without  pala- 
tine teeth,  with  scales  minute  if  present,  and 
very  strong  anal  spines.     See  Zeus,  2. 

zenith  (ze'nith),  II.  [ME.  senytli,  <  OF.  cenitli, 
zenith,  F.  zenith  (>  G.  zenith  =  D.  Sw.  zenit  = 
Russ.  zenitu),  <  Sp.  zenit,  OSp.  zenith  =  Pg. 
zenith,  zenit,  a  corruption  (prob.  due  to  a  mis- 
reading of  m  as  ni)  of  *zemt,  <  Ar.  setnt,  saint,  in 
semt  er-ras,  saint  nr-ras,  the  zenith,  vertical 
point  of  the  heavens,  lit.  'way  of  the  head': 
siint,  samt,way,  road,  path,  tract,  quarter;  al. 
the;  ras,  head.  Cl.azimuth.'i  1.  The  vertical 
point  of  the  heavens  at  any  place,  or  the  point 
directly  above  an  observer's  head ;  the  upper 
pole  of  the  celestial  horizon.  The  opposed  pole 
is  the  nadir. — 2.  Figuratively,  the  highest 
point,  or  .summit,  as  of  one's  fortune;  the  cul- 
mination. 

By  my  prescience 
I  find  my  zenith  doth  depend  upon 
A  most  auspicious  star. 

SMk.,  Tempest,  i.  2.  181. 

Dead  !  in  that  crowning  grace  of  time. 
That  triumph  of  life's  zenith  hour ! 

Whittier,  Rantoul. 
Reflex  zenith-tube.   See  reflex. 

zenithal(ze'nith-al),  n.  [<  zenith  + -al.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  zenith. 

The  deep  zenithal  blue.   Tyndall,  Glaciers  of  the  Alps,  v. 
Zenithal  map-projectlon.    Hee  projection. 

zenith-CoUimator  (ze'nith-kol'i-ma-tor),  n.  A 
collimator  an-anged  so  that  its  optical  axis  is 
vertical,  instead  of  horizontal  as  usually  is  the 
case.  In  Kater's  vertical  collimator  the  telescope  is 
carried  by  an  annular  iron  float,  floating  upon  mercury. 
Other  forms  are  also  used  in  which  the  adjustment  to 
verticality  is  made  by  means  of  spirit-levels.  Also  called 
vertical  coUimatm: 

zenith-distance  (ze'nith-dis'''tans),  n.  The  arc 
intercepted  between  any  body  and  the  zenith, 
being  the  same  as  the  co-altitude  of  the  body. 

zenith-sector  (ze'nith-sek''''tgr),  n.  An  astro- 
nomical instrument  for  measuring  with  great 
accuracy  the  zenith-distances  of  stars  which 
pass  near  the  zenith.  It  is  specially  used  for  this 
purpose  in  English  trigonometrical  surveys  in  determin- 
ing latitudes.  It  consists  essentially,  as  its  name  implies, 
of  an  arc  of  a  divided  circle,  with  appliances  for  deter- 
mining accurately  its  zenith-reading.    See  sector. 

zenith-telescope  (ze'nith-tel'e-skop),  n.  An 
important  geodetical  instrument  for  measuring 
the  difference  of  zenith-distances  of  pairs  of 
stars  noi'th  and  south  of  the  zenith.  It  consists 
of  a  scmiewhat  large  telescope  pointing  nearly  to  the  ze- 
nith, but  having  a  moderate  range  of  motion  in  altitude 
regulated  by  a  flue  tangent  screw.  The  instrument  also 
carries  a  vertical  setting-circle  with  a  very  delicate  level, 
having  its  tube  perpendicular  to  the  horizontal  axis  of  the 
telescope.  There  is  at  the  eyepiece  a  thread  micrometer, 
working  vertically.  The  telescope,  with  its  horizontal 
axis,  is  mounted  ui)on  a  very  long  vertical  axis  arranged 
with  two  stops,  so  that  the  telescope  can  be  caiTied  round 
from  the  north  to  the  south  part  of  the  meridian.  The 
difference  of  zenith-distances  of  a  pair  of  stars,  one  north 
and  the  other  south,  having  been  observed,  the  latitude 
of  tlie  station  is  equal  to  the  mean  of  their  declinations 
added  to  li.alf  the  excess  of  the  southern  over  the  northern 
zenith-distance.  The  instrument  is  the  invention  of  Cap- 
tain A.  Talcott,  V.  S.  A. ;  but  it  is  said  the  principle  is 
due  to  the  early  astronomer  Horrocks. 

Zenker's  degeneration.  Same  as  uaxy  deyen- 
criitinn  (//).     See  waxij^. 

zenoid  (ze'noid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Zeus  {Zen-)  + 
-aid.]     I.  a.  Of  or  relating  to  the  J?ew!Vfa'. 
II.  n.  One  of  the  Zenidse. 

Zenonian  (zf-no'ni-an).  a.  and  n.  [<  L.  Zrno(n-), 
<  tir.  '/.i/vuv.  Zeno  (sec  del),  ■+  -?«».]  I.  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  any  one  of  the  name  of  Zeno.  Spe- 
cifically ~  (fl)  Pertaining  to  the  doctrines  and  arguments  of 


zephyr 

Zeno  of  Elea,  a  philosopher  of  the  fifth  century  B.  c.  Zeno's 
four  arguments  against  motion,  which  are  celebrated,  are 
as  follows :  First,  a  body  passing  over  any  space  must 
first  pass  the  middle  point,  and  before  it  can  do  that  it 
must  pass  the  point  midway  between  that  and  the  start- 
ing-place, and  so  on  ad  infiniluvi.  This  reffressus  ad  in- 
Jinitmn  was  regarded  as  in  some  way  absurd.  The  second 
argument  is  called  t/ie  Achilles,  or  Achilles  and  the  tor- 
toise. Achilles  cannot  overtake  the  tortoise,  because  it  will 
take  him  a  certain  time  to  reach  the  starting-point  of  the 
tortoise,  anri  when  he  has  reached  it  tile  tortoise  will  still 
have  the  start,  and  so  on  ad  infinitum  ;  and  thus  he  will 
be  the  sum  of  an  infinite  series  of  times  in  reaching  the 
tortoise,  which  will  be  an  infinite  time.  The  third  argu- 
ment is  that  a  flying  arrow  at  any  time  occupies  a  space 
no  larger  than  itself,  and  in  this  space  it  has  no  roova  for 
motion,  and  therefore  at  no  time  has  it  any  motion.  The 
fourth  argument  is  quite  obscure,  but  it  concludes  from 
the  consideration  of  relative  motions  that  the  whole  of  a 
time  is  equal  to  its  half.  Zeno  may  have  come  upon  the 
difficulty  that  half  an  infinite  number  is  equal  to  the  num- 
ber itself.  Aristotle  calls  Zeno  the  inventor  of  dialectic  — 
that  is,  of  abstract  logical  reasoning  reposing  upon  the 
principle  of  contradiction,  as  opposed  to  mere  inference 
i)y  vague  association  with  some  general  experience.  The 
Zenonian  arguments  are  in  point  of  fact  attempts  at  such 
reasoning;  but  they  are  gross  logical  fallacies,  arising 
from  the  fact  that  the  reasoning  is  not  carried  out  ab- 
stractly, but  contents  itself  with  reaching  contradictions 
with  ordinary  inexact  experience.  'I'hey  have  been  con- 
sidered wonderful  by  those  students  who  have  come  to 
philosophy  by  the  way  of  theology  or  natural  history  with- 
out proper  training  in  mathematics  and  logic  ;  and  falla- 
cies of  the  same  nature  are  committed  everj-  day,  even  in 
mathematical  works.  Zenonian  minds  find  some  difficulty 
in  reasoning  either  alx>ut  discrete  or  about  continuous  in- 
finity, because  these  characters  are  neither  of  them  direct- 
ly presented  to  us  in  experience,  and  therefore  elude  asso- 
ciational  reasoning.  With  finite  quantity  they  find  no 
such  difficulty.  But  in  really  logical  reasoning,  since  finite 
quantity  is  distinguished  from  infinite  quantity  in  being 
subject  to  a  certain  general  and  complicated  condition  to 
which  the  latter  is  not  subject,  the  latter  is  more  simple 
than  the  former;  and  from  a  similar  cause  continuous  in- 
finity is  more  easily  reasoned  about,  with  logical  accuracy, 
than  discrete  infinity. 

Gorgias's  sceptical  development  of  the  Zenoni^in  logic. 

Encyc.  Brit.,  XXIV.  779. 

(h)  Pertaining  to  Zeno  of  Citium,  the  founder  of  the  Stoic 

school  of  philosophy,  who  lived  between  350  and  250  B.  c. 

He  committed  suicide  at  an  advanced  age. 

II.  n.  A  Stoic. 
Zenonic  (ze-non'ik),  a.     [<  Zeno{n-)   +  -if.] 
Same  as  Zenonian. 

Heraclitus's  system  was  the  polar  antithesis  to  this  Ze- 
nonic position.  The  Academy,  April  21,  1888,  p.  278. 

Zenopsis   (ze-nop'sis),   ».      [NL.    (GiU,   1862), 

<  Zens  (Zen-)  +  Gr.  bijn^,  aspect.]  A  genus  of 
dories,  of  the  subfamily  Zeninse,  differing  from 
Zeus  mainly  in  having  only  three  instead  of  f  our 
anal  spines.  The  type  is  Z.  nebulosus  of  Japan ;  an- 
other species  is  Z.  oeellafus  of  the  New  England  coast,  of  a 
nearly  plain  silvery  color,  but  with  a  black  latei-al  ocellus. 
See  cut  under  Zenidse. 

zenu  (ze'no),  n.  The  goitered  antelope,  or  yel- 
low goat,  Piocapra  gutturosa.    See  dzeren. 

zeolite  (ze'o-lit),  «.  [So  called  by  Cronstedt 
from  boiling  and  swelling  when  heated  by 
the  blowpipe;  <  Gr.  Chiv,  boil,  foam,  -I-  //Sof, 
stone.]  A  generic  name  of  a  gi-oup  of  hydrated 
double  silicates  in  which  the  principal  bases 
are  aluminium  and  calcium  or  sodium.  They  are 
closely  allied  to  the  feldspars  among  anhydrous  silicates. 
"They  are  decomposed  by  acids,  often  withgelatinization  ; 
and  most  of  them  intumesce  before  the  blowpipe.  Among 
them  are  analcite,  chabazite,  harmotome,  stilbite,  etc. 
They  occur  most  commonly  in  cavities  and  veins  in  basic 
igneous  rocks,  as  basalt  or  diabase,  as  at  Bergen  Hill,  New 
.lersey ;  they  thus  often  fill  the  cavities  in  amygdaloid. 

zeolitic  (ze-0-lit'ik),  a.  [<  zeolite  +  -ic]  Per- 
taining to  zeolite;  consisting  of  zeolite  or  re- 
sembling it. 

zeolitiform  (ze-o-lit'i-form).  a.  [<  zeolite  +  L. 
ftirnid.  form.]     Having  the  form  of  zeolite. 

zeolitization  (ze-o-lit-i-za'shon),  n.  [<  zeolite 
+  -izc  +  -ation.']  The  process  by  which  a  min- 
eral is  converted  into  a  zeolite  by  alteration  — 
for  examjile,  nepheline  into  thomsonite. 

zeorine  (ze'o-nn),  a.  [<  Zeora,  a  genus  of 
lichens,  +  -(«cl.]  In  hot.,  noting,  in  lichens, 
an  apothecium  in  which  a  proper  exeiple  is  in- 
closed in  the  thalline  exeiple. 

Zephiroth  (zef'i-roth),  «.  jil.  Same  as  Sephi- 
roth. 

Zephronia  (zef-ro'ni-a),  H.  [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray. 
1842).]     Same  as  Sphseivtheriuni. 

Zephroniidse  (zef-ro-ni'i-de),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Zephronia  +  -irf/e.]  Same  as  Sphserofheriidfe . 
J.  E.  lirinj. 

zephyr  (zef'er),  n.  [<  F.  zephiie  =  Sp.  zefiro 
=  Pg.  zi/ihi/ro  =  It.  zeffiro,  zefiro,  <  L.  zephi/rus, 

<  Or.  ^t<l>vpoc,  the  west  wind ;  cf .  CA<lioc.  darkness, 
gloom,  the  west.]  1.  The  west  wind:  poeti- 
cally, any  soft,  mild,  gentle  breeze. 

As  gentle 
As  zephyrs  blowing  below  the  violet. 
Not  wagging  his  sweet  head. 

Shot.,  Cymbeline,  iv.  2.  172. 

2.  In  tntiiin.,  a  buttei-fly  of  the  genus  Zephyrus. 
—  3.  A  trade-name  for  a  textile  fabric  or  yam, 


zephyr 

very  fine  and  light  of  its  kind,  and  for  some 
other  things  of  similar  qualities :  chiefly  in  at- 
tributive use :  as,  zephyr  worsted^  zephyr  crack- 
ers (that  is,  biscuits). 
Homespuns,  Flannels,  Zephyrs,  Challies. 

Newspaper  Advertise iiienl. 
Zephyr  Clotll,  a  thin,  finely  spun  woolen  cloth  made  in 
Belgium,  thinner  than  tweed,  and  employed  for  women's 
gowns.  iHrt.  o/JTeerftewor*.— ZephyrflanneL  Seeflan- 
nel. 

Zephyranthes  (zef-i-rau'thez),  n.  [NL.  (Her- 
bart,  1821),  so  called  in  allusion  to  the  slen- 
der, easily  agitated  stalks;  <  Gr.  Cf^Jupof,  the 
west  wind,  -f-  dvftif,  flower.]  A  genus  of  mono- 
cotyledonous  plants,  of  the  order  Amaryllkla- 
cese  and  tribe  A  maryllese.  It  is  characterized  by  one- 
flowered  scapes,  and  flowers  with  a  short  or  rather  long 
perianth-tube,  sometimes  with  small  scales  around  the 
stamens,  slender  separate  filaments,  oblong  or  linear  ver- 
BatUe  anthers,  and  numerous  biseriate  ovules  in  the  three 
ovary-cells.  There  are  about  30  species,  natives  of  Amer- 
ica from  Texas  to  the  Argentine  Republic,  with  one  in 
western  tropical  Africa,  the  latter  formerly  known  as  Hu- 
tn-anthut.  They  are  l>ulbous  plants  with  a  few  linear  or 
thong'Shaped  leaves,  and  an  elongated  scape  bearing  a 
handsome  erect  or  slightly  declined  solitary  flower,  either 
pink,  white,  purple,  or  yellowish.  They  are  known  in 
general  as  nvamp-lily.  Z.  Atamatco,  found  from  Mexico 
to  Pennsylvania,  witll  rose  colored  flowers,  is  cultivated 
under  the  name  of  fairytay  or  alamanco-lUy ;  and  Z. 
Candida,  of  Lima  and  Buenos  Ayrcs,  with  white  flowers 
and  small  rush-like  leaves,  under  the  name  of  Peruvian 
ncamp-lity. 
Zephyms  (zef'i-rus),  «.  [<  L.  Zephynis,  <  Gr. 
Zf^vpof,  a  personification  of  Ci<p''p<)^,  the  west 
wind.]  1.  In  cUissiail  mylh.,  a  personification 
of  the  west  wind,  poetically  regarded  as  the 
mildest  and  gentlest  of  all  the  sylvan  deities. 
Whan  Zephirvi  eek  with  his  sweete  breeth 
Inspired  Rath  in  every  holt  and  heeth 
The  tcndre  croppes. 

Chancer,  Gen.  Prol.  to  C.  T.,  1.  5. 
<'-ourteous  Zsphyrus 
On  his  dewy  wings  carries  perfumes  to  cheer  us. 

Fletcher  (ajui  another),  Sea  Voyage,  ii.  1. 

2.  [NL.  (Dalman,  1816).]  In  eiitom.,  a  genus 
of  butterflies,  of  the  family  Lycienidee,  chiefly  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  characterized  by  peculiari- 
ties of  the  wiug-venation ;  the  zephyrs. 
zerda  (z^r'da),  «.  A  small  African  fox;  a  fen- 
nec.  The  name  is  applied  to  two  very  dilf  erent  animals : 
(o)  Vvlpes  or  Fenneexu  zerda,  a  small  true  fox.  .See/ori, 
anil  cut  unAet  /ennee.  (b)  Otocyon  or  Megalotis  lalandi. 
See  Mi-^ialiftiiue. 

zereba,  zeriba,  h.    See  zanbti. 

Zerene  (ze-re'ue),  H.  [NL.  (HUbiier,  1816; 
Treitschke.  1825),  prop.  Xerene,  <  Gr.  ir/paivtiv, 
dry  up.]  A  notable  genus  of  geometrid  moths, 
typical  of  a  family  Zerenidse  or  subfamily  Zere- 
ninee.  They  have  broad,  entire,  and  slightly  hyaline  wings ; 
the  body  is  slender,  and  the  male  antenna)  are  plumose, 
with  the  branches  long,  slender,  atul  slightly  frizzled.  The 
most  noted  species  is  Z.  eatinaria  of  the  northern  United 
States,  a  white  moth,  often  with  blackish  dots,  whose 
greenish-yellow  black-spotted  larva  feeds  on  a  variety  of 
forest-plants. 

Zeremdae  (zf-reu'i-de),  «.  /»/.  [NL.  (Guen^e. 
1844;,  <  Zerene  +  -Ulee.]  A  family  of  geometrid 
moths,  comprising  many  beautiful  forms,  usu- 
ally white  or  yellow,  spotted  with  black,  it  in- 
cludes 31  genera,  of  which  Abraxas  is  the  most  important. 
From  their  maculation  they  areknown  &&paiither-,ja'jtiar-, 
or  ma{/pie-m4fthe,  and  one  genus  is  called  Patttherodes, 

Zereninae  (zer-e-ni'ne),  II.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zerene  + 
-inte.]  The  Zerenidie  as  a  subfamily  of  Gen- 
inetridje. 

zero  (ze'ro),  «.  [<  F.  zero,  <  It.  Sp.  zero,  contr. 
ot'zefro,  zifro,  <Ar.  .?(/>■.  cipher:  see  eipher,  of 
which  zero  is  a  doublet.]  1.  Cipher;  the  figure 
0,  which  stands  for  naught  in  the  Arabic  nota- 
tion for  numbers. 

A»  to  number,  they  [the  teeth  of  fishes]  range  from  zero 
to  countless  quantities.  (hpen,  Anat.,  §  70. 

2.  The  defect  of  all  quantity  considered  as 
quantity;  the  origin  of  measurement  stated  as 
at  a  distance  from  itself;  nothing,  quantitative- 
ly regarded.  Upon  a  thermometer  or  any  similar  scale 
lero  is  the  line  from  which  all  the  divisions  are  measured 
In  the  positive  and  negative  directions.  Upon  the  centi- 
grade anil  K(^aumur's  thermometers,  it  is  the  point  at 
which  the  mercury  stands  when  the  thermometer  is 
plunge<t  into  a  mass  of  melting  ice  coarsely  pulverized, 
from  which  some  makers  allow  the  water  to  drain  off,  but 
it  is  better  not  to  do  so.  For  some  years  after  a  thermom- 
eter is  made  the  zero  is  said  to  rise  —  that  is,  the  melting- 
point  of  ice  Btatids  higher  and  higher  upon  the  scale 
Upon  the  Fahrenheit  thermometer  the  distance  on  the 
glass  stem  between  the  melting-point  of  ice  and  the  tein- 

rrature  of  steam  at  one  English  atmosphere  of  tension 
divided  into  180  degrees,  and  Hi  such  degrees  below 
the  melting-point  of  ice  is  marked  as  zero. 

If  the  directions  of  all  the  external  forces  pass  through 
the  origin,  their  moments  are  zero,  and  the  angular  mo- 
mentum of  the  system  will  remain  constant. 

Cleric  Maxwell,  .Matter  and  Motion,  art.  Ixil. 

Hence  —  3.  Figuratively,  the  bottom  of  the 
scale;  the  lowest  point  or  ebb;  a  state  of 
nullity  or  inanition. 


7033 

The  diplomatic  circle  [in  Constantinople]  was  at  zero. 
Stratford  Canning,  in  Diet.  Nat  Blog.,  VIII.  432. 

Absolute  zero  of  temperature.  See  ff!>»oJ«te.— Dis- 
placement of  zero,  See  displacement.— Z&TO  ma^et, 
a  magnet  used  for  adjusting  the  zero  reading  of  a  galva- 
nometer or  similar  instrument.— Zero  potential,  in  «/«;«. 
See  potential. 

zeroaxial  (ze-ro-ak'si-al),  (I.     [<  zero  +  axial.'] 

Having  an  axis  composed  of  zeros Zeroaxial 

determinant,    see  determinaiU. 

zemmbet  (ze-rum'bet),  n.  An  East  Indian 
drug — according  to  some,  the  same  as  cassu- 
raunar.  It  has  sometimes  been  confounded 
with  the  round  zedoary. 

zest  (zest),  «.  [<  OF.  zeste,  one  of  the  partitions 
which  divide  the  kernel  of  a  walnut,  also  the 
peel  of  an  orange  or  lemon,  <  L.  schisios,  < 
Gr.  (T^«jT6f,  divided,  cleft :  see  schist,']  1.  The 
dry  woody  membrane  covering  or  forming  the 
partitions  of  a  walnut  or  other  nut  or  fruit, 
as  an  orange  or  a  lemon.  [Obsolete,  or  only 
French.] — 2.  A  piece  of  the  outer  rind  of  an 
orange  or  lemon  used  as  a  flavoring  or  for  pre- 
serving; also,  oil  squeezed  from  such  a  rind  to 
flavor  liquor,  etc.  Imp.  Diet. —  3.  Kelish  im- 
parted or  afforded  by  anything ;  piquant  nature 
or  quality  ;  agreeableness :  chann;  piquancy. 

The  zest 
Of  some  wild  tale  or  brutal  jest 
Hath  to  loud  laughter  stirred  the  rest. 

SeoU,  Rokeby,  ilL  15. 

4.  Keen  relish  or  enjoyment  of  anything; 
stimulated  ta.ste  or  interest;  hearty  satisfac- 
tion; gusto. 

Some  forms  of  liypochondria,  in  which  this  extreme 
somatic  insensibility  and  absence  of  ze«t  leave  the  Intellect 
and  memory  unaffected.     J.  Ward,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XX.  84. 

zest  (zest),  V.  t.  [<  zest,  ii.]  1.  To  add  a  zest 
or  relish  to;  make  piquant,  literally  or  figura- 
tively. 

My  Lord,  when  my  wine  's  right  I  never  care  it  should 
be  zested.  Cibber,  Careless  Husband,  iii.    (Davies.) 

Hundreds  sunk  to  the  bottom  by  one  broadside  furnish 
out  the  topic  of  the  day.  and  zest  his  coffee. 

Goldginith,  Abuse  of  our  Enemies. 

2.  To  cut,  as  the  peel  of  an  orange  or  a  lemon 
from  top  to  l)ottom  into  thin  slips,  or  to  squeeze, 
as  orange-peel,  over  the  surface  of  anything. 
Imp.  Diet. 
zeta^  (ze'tii),  n.  [Gr.  ;?/ra,  the  letter  z,  C:  see 
Z,  zed.]  Tlie  sixth  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
corresponding  to  the  English  Z._zeta  function, 
one  of  a  series  of  functions  coiniected  with  elliptic  in- 
tegrals of  the  second  kind,  and  derived  from  Jacobi's 
zeta  function,  Z«,  which  differs  only  by  a  multiple  of  u 
from/dn-«.dH,  so  that 

Z«  ;  Zp  —  Z  (u  ;  v)  =  k'lisn  u.  sn  c.  sn  (u  f  n). 

zeta-  (ze'ta),  n .  [<  LL.  zeta  tovditpta,  a  chamber, 
dwelling,  <  Gr.  diana,  way  of  living,  mode  of 
life,  dwelling:  see  dief^.]  A  little  closet  or 
chamber:  applied  by  some  writers  to  the  room 
over  the  porch  of  a  ('hristian  church  where  the 
porter  or  sexton  lived  and  kept  the  church 
documents.     Ilritton. 

zetetic  (ze-tet'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  ir/Ti/T(n6i;  < 
Cr/Tfiv,  seek,  inquire.]  I.  a.  Proceeding  by  in- 
quiry ;  seeking.-  The  zetetic  method,  in  math.,  the 
analytical  method  used  in  endeavoring  to  discover  the 
value  of  unknown  quantities  or  to  find  the  solution  of 
a  problem.     [Rare.] 

II.  II.  A  seeker:  a  name  adopted  by  some  of 
the  Pyrrhonists. 

zetetics  (zf-tet'iks),  «.  [PI.  of  zetetic  (see  -ics).] 
That  part  of  algebra  which  consists  in  the  di- 
rect search  after  unknown  quantities.    [Rare.] 

Zeuctocoelomata  (zuk'to-se-lo'ma-tii),  «.  pi. 

[NL.,  <Gr.  i^evKTdg,  joined,  +  Koi/xjfiaj'a,  hollow, 
cavity:  see  ecelonia.]  Animals  having  a  primi- 
tive archenteroii  in  the  embryo,  with  paired  or 
yoked  coelomatic  sacs  or  diverticula,  as  mol- 
lusks,  worms,  crustaceans,  insects,  and  verte- 
brates: more  fully  called  Metazoa  zeuctoccelo- 
iiiata.     A.  Ili/dtt. 

zeuctocoelomatic  (zuk-to-se-lo-mat'ik),  a.  [< 
Zeiictticwlomata  +  -ic]  Ot  or  pertaining  to  the 
Ze  «  c  tocalom  a  tu . 

zeuctocoelomic  (zuk'to-se-lom'ik),  a.  Same  as 
zf'iirldCohiiiHitie. 

zeugite  (zii'git).  «.    See  zijijite. 

Zeuglodon  (zug'lo-don),  «'.  [NL.  (Owen),  <  Gr. 
;?/;/;/,  the  strap  or  loop  of  a  yoke  (<  Cftijvi'vo;, 
voke,  join),  -I-  oiiorf  (odour-)  =  E.  tooth.]  1. 
The  typical  genus  of  the  family  Zeiifilodontidsp. 
Several  species  have  beeTi  described  from  the  Eocene  of 
the  Inited  States  and  of  England,  as  Z.  cetnides  of  the 
former  country,  said  to  have  attained  a  length  of  70  feet. 
The  genns  had  before  l>een  named  Easilosaunis  by  Har- 
lan, on  the  supposition  that  these  fossils  were  reptiles, 
and  has  also  been  called  llydrarclios  (by  Koch),  Polyp- 
tychodon  (by  Emmons),  Phncodon,  and  Zygodon.  See  cut 
under  Zeuijlodontia, 


Zeus 

2.   [I.  c]  A  member  of  this  genus ;   a  zeuglo- 

dont. 
zeuglodont  (ziig'lo-dont),  a.  and  «.   [As  Zeuglo- 

doH{t-').]  I.  a.  Having  teeth  (apparently)  yoked 

in  pairs;  having  the  characters  of,  or  pertain- 
ing to,  the  Zeuijlodontia. 
II.  H.  A  fossil  cetacean  of  the  suborder  iTcw- 

ylodontia;  a  zeuglodon. 
Zeuglodontia  (zug-lo-don'shi-a),  n.  pi.     [NL. : 

see  Zeuglodon.]    A  suborder  of  dete  or  Cetacea, 

represented    by  the    zeuglo- 

donts:    sometimes    made    to 

consist  of  two  families,  the 

Basilosauridse  (or  Zeuglodon- 

tidee)  and  Ci/norcid/e.    The  in- 

termaxillaries  'were  expanded  for- 
ward, normally  interposed  between 

the  maxillaries,  forming  the  terminal 

as  well  as  anterior  margin  of  the  up- 
per jaw;  and  the  nasal  apertures 

were  produced  forward,  with  freely 

projecting  nasal  bones.   The  teeth  of 

the  intermaxillaries  were  conic,  and 

those  of  the  niaxillaries  were  two-  or 

three-rooted.    Also  called  Phocodon- 

tia  and  .irchxoeeti.    Also  Zeuglodon- 

tes. 

Zeuglodontidae  (zug-io-don'- 
ti-de),  «.  2>l-  [NL.,  <  Zeufjlo- 
<lon{t-)  + -idle.]  A  family  of  ''oT.'he^.IPl".',^ 
fossil  toothed  cetaceans,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Zeuglodon,  and  representative 
of  tlie  Zeuglodontia.  These  primitive  cetaceans  in 
some  respects  approached  the  seals,  or  pinniped  mam- 
mals, and  some  of  the  characters  of  the  fragmentary  re- 
mains first  discovered  caused  them  to  be  mistaken  for 
reptiles.  Also  called  Basilosauridx.  See  cut  under  Zeu- 
glodontia. 

zeuglodontoid  (zug-lo-don'toid),  a.  and  «. 
[As  Zeugtoilon(t-)  +  -oid.]    Same  as  zeuglodont. 

zeugma  (zfig'mil),  n.  [<  Gr.  i^tvy/ia,  lit.  a  yok- 
ing, <  CEiyvnof,  yoke,  join:  see  yoke^,  join.]  1. 
A  figure  in  grammar  in  which  two  nouns  are 
joined  to  a  verb  suitable  to  only  one  of  them, 
but  suggesting  another  verb  suitable  to  the 
other  noun ;  or  in  which  an  adjective  is  simi- 
larly used  with  two  nouns. —  2.  leap.]  [NL.] 
In  eiitoni.,  a  genus  of  hemipterous  insects.  West- 
wood. 

zeugmatic  (zug-mat'ik).  a.  [<  zeugma(t-)  + 
-icT]   Pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  zeugma. 

Zeugobranchia  (zii-go-brang'ki-a),  n.pl.  [NL., 
<  Gr.  C£i"'/Of,  yoke,  +  jipdyx'",  gills.]  Same  as 
Zygohranchiata. 

Zeiigophora  (zu-gof'o-ril),  n.  [NL.  (Kunze, 
1818),  <  Gr.  Cft^of,  a  J'ote,  -(-  -^pof,  <  tfipiiv  = 
E.  beur^.]  A.  genus  of  leaf-beetles,  of  the 
family  Chrysoinelidae,  having  a  lateral  protho- 
racie  tubercle  and  emarginate  eyes.  The  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  this  genus  is  remarkable,  for  of 
the  20  or  more  species  known  two  are  found  in  Ceylon 
and  Farther  India,  while  the  rest  are  North  European 
and  North  American. 

zeimerite  (zi'n^r-it),  n.  [Named  after  Director 
Zeuner,  of  Freiberg.]  A  hydrous  arseniate  of 
copper  and  uranium,  occurring  in  bright-green 
tetragonal  crystals,  isomorphous  with  torber- 
nite. 

Zeus  (zus),  /(.  [<  Gr.  Zfi'f  (gen.  A((ir,  also  'lijvdg) 
=  L.  Joris  (gen.),  Ju-piter,  etc. :  see  .lore,  Jupi- 
ter, deity.]  1.  In  f.')-.  mi///i.,  the  chief  and  mas- 
ter of  the  gods,  the  supreme  deity,  omnipres- 


Zeus.— The  "Jupiter  of  OtricoM,"  In  the  Vaticin  Museum. 


Zeus 

eiit  and  all-powerful,  generally  looked  upon  as 
the  son  of  Kronos  and  Ehea,  and  held  to  have 
dethroned  and  succeeded  his  father,  in  a  narrower 
sense,  he  was  the  god  of  the  heavens,  and  controlled  all 
celestial  phenomena,  as  rains,  snows,  and  tempests,  heat 
and  cold,  and  the  lightning.  His  consort  was  Hera. 
Zeus  was  worshiped  universally;  but  the  most  renowned 
of  his  sanctuaries  were  those  of  Olympia  in  Elis  and  Do- 
dona  in  Epirus.  In  art  Zeus  was  represented  as  a  majes- 
tic and  powerful  figure,  with  full  beard  and  flowing  hair, 
in  early  works  sometimes  fully  draped,  but  in  later  art, 
in  general,  only  lightly  draped  in  the  himation.  The  type 
fixed  by  Phidias  in  the  second  half  of  the  fifth  century 
B.  c,  in  his  great  chryselephantine  statue  for  the  temple 
at  Olympia,  influenced  all  artists  who  came  after  him. 
The  usual  attributes  of  the  god  are  a  long  staff  or  scepter, 
the  thunderbolt,  the  eagle,  and  sometimes  a  figure  of 
Victory  borne  on  one  hand.  The  head  is  generally  encir- 
cled by  a  fillet  or  a  wreath ;  in  later  sculptures  the  hair 
rises  from  the  brow  in  luxuriant  locks  like  a  crown,  and 
falls  in  masses  on  either  side  of  the  face.  Compare  Jxcpiier. 
See  cut  on  preceding  page,  and  cut  under  thunderhult. 
2.  [NL.  (LinnEcus,  1758).]  In  ichth.,  a  genus 
of  aeanthopterygian  fishes,  typical  of  the  fam- 
ily Ze)l  idee.  It  includes  several  fishes  of  remarkable  ap- 
pearance, as  the  .lohn-dory,  Z.faber,  well  known  in  classic 
times.     See  cut  under  dory,  1. 

Zeuzera  (zii-ze'rii),  )(.  [NL.  (Latreille,  1805): 
a  corrupt  form  of  unascertained  origin.]  A 
genus  of  boinbycid  moths,  of  the  family  Cos- 
sidie,  or  typical  of  a  family  Zeitccridie.  having 
the  antenna?  of  the  male  unequally  pectinate 
and  bare  at  the  tips.  The  genus  has  a  wide  distribu- 
tion, and  comprises  about  30  species.  Z,  pyriTui,  the 
wood-leopard,  is  common  to  Europe  and  the  United  States ; 
its  larva  bores  into  the  branches  of  the  elm,  maple,  lin- 
den, ash,  and  many  other  trees. 

zeuzerian  (zii-ze'ri-an),  (I.  and  w.     [(  Zeuzera 
+  -(</«.]    I.  o.  Resembling  or  related  to  a  moth 
of  the  genus  Zeuzera;  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Zeuzerklie. 
H.  «.  A  moth  of  this  genus  or  family. 

Zeuzerids  (zu-zer'i-de),  It.  pi.  [NL.  (Newman. 
1833),  <  Zeuzera  +  -idx.']  A  family  of  bomby- 
cid  moths,  founded  on  the  genus  Zeuzera:  sy- 
nonymous with  Cossidee.  Also  Zeuzerkles  and 
Zeuzeridi. 

zeylanite  (ze'lan-it),  ii.     Same  as  ceylonite. 

zibeline  (zib'e-lin),  n.  and  a.  [F.,  <  It.  zibel- 
liiio,  <  ML.  sabeUiuus,  <  sahcllum,  saljle:  see  *a- 
ft'c]  I.t  11.  A  fur,  generally  thought  to  be  the 
same  as  sable. 

II.  a.  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  related   to   the 
sable,  Mnsicla  zibelUna.    See  sable. 

In  118S  or  thereabout  no  person  was  allowed  to  wear 
garments  of  vair.  gray,  zibeline,  or  scarlet  color. 

W.  A.  Hammond,  in  Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXXVII.  34. 

zibet  (zib'et),  «.  [See  eivefl.']  A  digitigrade 
carnivorous  quadruped,  of  the  family  Viverri- 
dse,  Viterra  zibetlia,  a  kind  of  civet  found  in 
India  and  some  of  the  adjacent  islands;  the 
Asiatic  or  Indian  civet.  It  secretes  an  odoriferous 
substance  like  that  of  other  civets,  and  when  tamed  in 
the  countries  where  it  is  found  it  lives  in  tile  houses 
like  a  domestic  cat.  The  zibet  is  upward  of  2  feet  long, 
the  tail  about  10  inches.  The  form  resemblesthatof  other 
civets,  and  the  fur  is  similarly  marked  in  spots  and  lines 
of  black  and  white,  with  rings  of  the  same  on  the  tail.  It 
is  sometimes  reared  for  its  civet  in  establishments  con- 
ducted for  that  purpose.     Atso  zibeth. 

zibetum  (zib'e-tum),  n.  [NL.,  <  zibet."]  The 
odoriferous  substance  of  the  zibet;  a  sort  of 
civet. 

ziczac,  H.    See  nicsac. 

ziega  (ze'gji),  )(.  Curd  produced  from  milk  by 
adding  acetic  acid  after  rennet  has  ceased  to 
cause  coagulation.     Brande  aud  Cox. 

Zierla(zer'i-a),  n.  [NL.  (Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  1798), 
named  after  J.  Zier,  member  of  the  Linnean 
Society  of  London.]  A  genus  of  polypetalous 
plants,  of  the  order  liutiteese  and  tribe  lioronieee. 
It  is  characterized  by  opposite  leaves  usually  of  three  leaf- 
lets, and  flowers  with  four  spreading  free  petals,  and 
four  stamens  inserted  on  the  glands  of  the  disk.  They 
are  shrubs  and  trees,  sometimes  warty  or  covered  with 
woolly  or  stellate  hairs,  bearing  petioled  glandular-dotted 
leaves,  which  are  trifoliate  or  the  upper  ones  sometimes 
undivided.  The  small  white  flowers  are  usually  grouped 
in  axillary  or  terminal  panicles,  'there  are  7  species, 
perhaps  10,  all  Australian.  Z.  Sviithii  (Z.  lancemata),  a 
shrub  or  small  tree  found  also  in  Tasmania,  is  known  as 
myidjIit'fAtfh  and,  from  the  fetid  wood,  as  stinkteood. 

Ziervogel's  process.    See  proeens. 
zietrisikite  (ze-tri-se'kit),  »(.    [<  Zietri.s-ika  (see 

def.)   +  -ite^.']     In  mineral.,  a  mineral  resin 

closely  related  to  ozocerite,  foimd  at  Zietrisika 

in  Moldavia. 
Zif(zif),  »i.     [(.Uch.  Ziv.]     A  Hebrew  month: 

same  as  li/ar.     1  Ki.  vi.  1  [Zir,  R.  V.]. 
ZiflB.USt  (zif'i-us),  H.    A  misspelling  of  Xiphia.i. 
Huge  Zifiug,  whom  Mariners  eschew. 

Spemer,  F.  Q.,  II.  xii.  24. 

Ziganka  (zi-gan'ka).  w.  [Russ.]  1.  A  Russian 
country -dance. — 2.  Music  for  such  a  dance, 
which  is  quick  in  pace  and  usually  founded  on 
a  drone-tiass. 


7034 

zigzackt,  «•     See  zigzag. 

zigzag  (zig'zag),  «.  and  a.  [Formerly  also  zig- 
zack  ;  <  F.  zigzag,  <  G.  zickzack,  zigzag,  a  varied 
redupl.  of  zacke,  a  sharp  point,  prong,  tooth, 
dentil:  see  taclc^.  Cf.  G.  zickzack  segelii,  'sail 
zigzag,' tack.]  I.  «.  1.  A  sharp  turning  back 
and  forth  or  in  aud  out;  an  irregular,  abrupt 
angulation ;  one  of  a  series  of  sharp  turns  in  a 
linear  or  curvilinear  course :  nearly  always  in 
the  plural. 
Cracks  and  nyzagg  of  the  head.     Pope,  Dunciad,  i.  124. 

I  looked  wistfully,  as  we  rattled  into  dreary  Andemiatt, 
at  the  great  white  zigzags  of  the  Oberalp  road  climbing 
away  to  the  left.    H.  James,  Jr.,  Trans.  Sketches,  p.  248. 

2.  A  formation  with  a  succession  of  sharp 
turnings  or  angles;  something  that  has  a  num- 
ber of  abrupt  angulations,  like  those  of  chain- 
lightning. 

A  zigzag  .  .  .  will  be  seen  to  be  simply  a  twill  worked 
backwards  and  forwards.  A.  BaWr/w.Weaving,  p.  99. 

Long  brown  kaftans,  upon  the  breasts  of  which  had 
been  sewn  zigzags  of  red  cloth. 

a.  Kennan,  The  Century,  XXXVIII.  69. 

Specifically — (a)  A  winding  path  with  sharp  turns,  as  up 
the  side  of  a  steep  mountain. 

How  proudly  he  talks 

Of  zigzags  and  walks  I 

Suift,  My  Lady's  Lamentation. 

(6)  In  fort.,  a  trench  of  approach  against  a  fortress,  so 
constructed  that  the  line  of  trench  may  not  be  enfiladed 
by  the  defenders :  same  as  boyau.  (c)  In  arch.,  same  as 
chevron,  2.  (d)  In  the  fisheries,  a  salmon-stair  or  fish- 
way. 

3.  In  entom.,  a  British  moth,  Bombyx  dispar. — 
Billet  and  zl£za^.   See  billet'. 

II.  a.  Having  shai-p  and  quick  turns  or 
flexures;  turning  frequently  back  and  forth; 
in  bot.,  angularly  bent  from  side  to  side. 

The  road  is  steep  and  runs  on  zigzag  terraces. 

Lung/ellou;  Hyperion,  iii.  2. 
I  went  through  the  zigzag  passages  [of  a  sap]. 

J.  K.  Hosmer,  The  Color-Guard,  xiv. 
Zigzag  molding,  in  arch.    See  chevron,  2,  dancette,  2. 
zigzag  (zig'zag),  adv.     [<  zigzag,  a.]     In  a  zig- 
zag manner;  with  frequent  sharp  turns. 

We  patroled  about,  zig-zag,  as  we  could ;  the  crowd  .  .  . 
having  no  chief  or  regulator. 

Mms.  D'Arblay,  Diaiy  and  Letters,  IV.  23.5. 

What  you,  Reader,  and  I 
Would  call  going  zig-zag. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  173. 

zigzag  (zig'zag),  P. ;  pret.  and  pp.  zigzagged, 
ppr.  zigzagging.  [<  zigzag,  h.]  I,  iiilrans. 
To  move  or  advance  in  a  zigzag  fashion;  form 
zigzags  in  a  course ;  turn  sharply  back  and 
forth. 

It  was  only  by  zigzagging  in  the  most  cautious  manner 
.  .  .  that  we  avoided  getting  floated  altogether. 

O'Donovan,  Mei-v,  xv. 
Dread,  uncanny  thing. 
With  fuzzy  breast  and  leathern  wing: 
In  mad,  zigzagging  flight. 

J.  W.  Riley,  The  Bat. 

II.  trans.  To  form  in  zigzags,  or  with  short 
turns  or  angles.     T.  IVartoii. 
zigzaggery  (zig'zag-er-i),  n.     [<  zigzag  +  -en/.] 
The  character  of  being  zigzag ;  angular  crook- 
edness.    [Rare.] 

When  my  uncle  Toby  discovered  the  transverse  zig- 
zaggery  of  my  father's  approaches  towards  it  [his  coat- 
pocket],  it  instantly  brought  into  his  mind  those  he  bad 
done  duty  in  before  the  gate  of  St.  >'icholas. 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  3. 

zigzaggy(zig'zag-i),o.  [<  zigzag  + -y'i^.']  Hav- 
ing sharp  and  quick  turns ;  zigzag. 

The  zig-zaggy  pattern  by  Saxons  invented 
Was  cleverly  chiselld,  and  well  represented. 

Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends,  II.  295. 

zillah  (zil'ii),  n.  [Hind.]  In  Hindustan,  an 
administrative  division  of  a  province. 

Zimb  (zimb),  II.  [Ar.  zimb,  a  fly.]  A  dipterous 
insect  of  Abyssinia,  resembling  and  related  to 
the  tsetse  of  southern  Africa,  and  very  destruc- 
tive to  cattle. 

zimbi  (zim'bi),  )(.  [E.  Ind.]  A  money-cowry, 
as  Cyprsea  moneta.     See  cut  under  cowry. 

The  cowry  shells,  which,  under  one  name  or  another  — 
chamgos,  zimbis,  bouges,  porcelanes,  etc. — have  long  been 
used  in  the  East  Indies  as  small  money. 

Jevons,  Money  and  Mech.  of  Exchange,  p.  24. 

ziment-water  (zi-ment'wa"ter),  II.  [After  G. 
ziinent-,  ccment-wasser,  'cement-water,'  cf.  ee- 
mentkupfer,  copper  deposited  in  water.]  Wa- 
ter found  in  copper-mines ;  water  impregnated 
with  copper. 

Zimmermann's  corpuscles,  Zimmermann's 

particles.     Blood-plates. 
Zimocca  (zi-mok'a),  n.     A  kind  of  commercial 

sponge,  Jiu.spongia  zimocca,  a  bath-sponge  of 

fine  quality. 


zinco 

zimome,  n.     See  zymome. 

zinc  (zingk),  71.  [Also  sometimes  zink,  the  si)ell- 
ing  zinc  being  after  the  F.  form  of  the  original ; 
<  F.  zinc  =  Sw.  Dan.  zink  =  Buss,  tsinku  (NL. 
zineum),  <  G.zink,  zinc;  connection  with  G.  zinn, 
=  E.  tin,  is  doubtful.]  Chemical  symbol,  Zn ; 
atomic  weight,  64.9.  One  of  the  useful  metals, 
more  tenacious  than  lead  and  tin,  but  mallea- 
ble only  at  a  temperature  between  200°  and 
250°  F.  Its  ore  has  long  been  known,  and  the  manu- 
facture of  brass  from  it  has  been  practised  to  a  consid- 
erable extent.  Zinc  is  believed  to  have  been  first  dis- 
tinctly recognized  as  a  metal  by  Paracelsus  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  seventeenth  centui7 ;  but  in  the  metallic 
state  it  has  been  of  importance  in  the  arts  only  since  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century.  Native  zinc  is  not 
positively  known  to  occur;  if  existing  at  all,  it  is  exceed- 
ingly rare.  Its  ores,  however,  are  widely  disseminated, 
especially  the  combination  with  sulphur,  called  Idende, 
which  is  almost  as  invariably  present  in  greater  or  leas 
quantity  in  metalliferous  veins  as  is  galena.  The  locali- 
ties where  zinc  ores  are  abundant  enough  to  be  worked 
with  profit  are,  however,  not  numerous.  The  uses  of  zinc 
are  numerous  and  important.  In  combination  with  cop- 
per it  forms  the  well-known  alloy  called  brass,  which  has 
been  known  for  an  indefinite  perioii ;  it  is  also  one  of  the 
ingi-edients  of  German  silver.  Zinc  is  largely  used  in  the 
metallic  form  for  roofing  and  for  cornices  and  the  like, 
also  for  coating  or  "galvanizing"  sheet-iron  to  protect  it 
from  rusting,  and  as  the  electropositive  element  in  many 
batteries.  It  is  also  somewhat  extensively  used  as  a  paint, 
in  the  form  of  the  oxid.  This  metal  is  usually  a  little 
more  expensive  than  lead,  and  from  half  to  a  third  as 
valuable  as  copper.  Zinc  belongs  to  the  magnesium 
group  of  metals,  in  which  are  comprised  glueinum,  mag- 
nesium, zinc,  and  cadmium;  these  are  all  volatile,  burn- 
ing with  a  bright  flame  when  heated  in  the  air ;  they  all 
form  one  chlorid  and  one  oxid  only.  'The  common  com- 
mercial name  of  zinc,  as  ottered  for  sale  in  flat  cakes 
or  ingots,  is  s/ielter.—  BvMeT  of  zinc.  See  butterl.— 
Chlorid-of-zinc  paste.  See  pasted.—  Flowers  of  rinc, 
zinc  oxid.— Granulated  zinc,  zinc  reduced  to  the  form 
of  granules  by  pouring  the  molten  metal  into  water. — 
Oleate-of-zinc ointment,  t^eeoiniment.-  Precipitated 
carbonate  of  zinc.  See  imcipUale.^Iiei  oxid  of  zinc, 
redzincore.  Sameaszj/iHfc- Ruby  of  zinc  Seerufty. 
— Zinc  ash,  the  impure  gray  oxid  fonned  when  zinc  is 
heated  in  contact  with  air. — Zinc  caustiC,  a  mixture  of  1 
part  of  zinc  chlorid  to  2  or  3  of  flour.— Zinc  cement,  a 
cement  composed  of  zinc  oxid  made  into  a  paste  with  a  so- 
lution of  zinc  chlorid.  It  hardens  quickly,  and  may  be  used 
for  stopping  teeth  and  for  other  purposes.  A  cheaper  form 
of  zinc  cement  is  made  from  conmiercial  zinc  white  mixed 
with  an  equal  weight  of  fine  sand  and  made  into  a  paste 
with  a  solution  of  zinc  chlorid,  and  is  used  to  fill  cracks 
in  metallic  apparatus,  and  to  cement  glass,  crockery,  etc. 
E.  H.  Kniglit.—Zinc  COllOid,  a  solution  of  4  parts  of  zinc 
sulphate  in  100  parts  of  styptic  collodion.— Zinc  green. 
Ointment,  plaster,  soap,  white.  See  the  nouns.— 
Zinc-oxid  ointment.    See  ointment. 

zinc  (zingk),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  zincked,  ppr. 
zincking.  [<  zinc,  «.]  To  coat  or  cover  with 
zinc. 

All  the  conditions  under  which  the  zincked  pipe  is  to 
be  used  should  be  carefully  considered. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst.,  CXXX.  401. 

zinc-amyl  (zingk'am''il),  «.  A  colorless  trans- 
parent liquid,  Zn(C5Hij)2,  composed  of  zinc 
and  amyl.  When  exposed  to  the  air  it  absorbs  oxygen 
rapidly,  emitting  fumes,  but  does  not  take  fire  spontane- 
ously. 

zinc-blende  (zingk'blend),  H.  Native  sulphid 
of  zinc ;  sphalerite.    Also  called  simply  blende. 

zinc-bloom  (zingk'blom),  n.  Same  as  hydro- 
zinkite. 

zinc-colic  (zingk'kol'ik),  «.  A  fonn  of  colic 
thought  to  be  caused  by  zinc-oxid  poisoning. 

zinc-ethyl  (zingk'eth'il),  n.  A  colorless  vola- 
tile liquid,  Zn(CoH5)2,  having  a  peculiar  but  not 
impleasant  smell,  composed  of  zinc  and  the  radi- 
cal ethyl.  It  has  powerful  atfinities  for  oxygen,  igniting 
spontaneously  on  exposure  to  air.  It  is  formed  by  heating 
zinc  with  ethyl  iodide  under  pressure.    Brande  and  Cojc. 

zincic  (zin'sik),  a.     See  zinckic. 

zinciferous,  zincification,  zincify,  zincite. 
See  zinkifcroiLS,  etc. 

zinckenite  (zing'ken-it),  n.  [Named  after  J.  K. 
L.  Zincken  (1790-1862),  a  German  metallurgist, 
mineralogist,  and  mining  official.]  A  steel- 
gray  mineral  consisting  of  the  sulphids  of  anti- 
mony and  lead. 

zinckic  (zing'kik),fl.  [<  zinc  (zink)  + -ic]  Re- 
lated to,  containing,  or  consisting  of  zinc.  Also 
zincic. 

zinckiferous  (zing-kif'e-ms),  a.  See  ziukifer- 
niix. 

zincking  (zingk'ing),  )(.  [Verbal  n.  of  zinc,  r.] 
The  act  of  coating  iron  with  a  weak  solution  of 
sulphate  of  zinc,  or  ore  of  the  double  salts  of 
chlorid  of  zinc  and  sal  ammoniac. 

zinckite,  ».     See  zinkite. 

zincky,  a.     See  zinky. 

zinc-methyl  (zingk''meth"il).  w.  A  disagree- 
able-smelling mobile  liquid,  Zn(CH3)2.  fuming 
in  the  air  and  readily  igniting. 

zinco  (zing'ko),  n.  [Short  for  zincograph.']  A 
plate  in  relief  for  printing,  made  by  etching 
with  acid  a  design  on  prepared  zinc.     [Eng.] 


zinco  (zing'ko),  r.  i.  [<  :i)ico,  «.]  To  etch  with 
acid  a  zinc  plate  containing  on  its  surface  a 
design  intended  for  printing  by  typographic 
methods.     [Eng.] 

Drawings  Wanted  (on  litho  paper  for ziiicoitig)  for  a  Pro- 
Tincial  Journal.  Athenseum,  No.  3235,  p.  .591. 

zincode  (zing'kod),  V.  [<  NL.  :iiieiim,  zinc,  + 
Gr.  oddf,  way  (cf.  anode,  cathode).']  The  nega- 
tive pole  of  a  voltaic  battery;  the  anode  of  an 
electrolytic  cell. 

Zincograpll  (zing'ko-graf),  ».  [See  -incogra- 
phy.J  A  plate  or  a  picture  produced  by  zin- 
cography.   Also  ciiieotype. 

Eeproduced  in  zincograph  by  the  aid  of  photography. 
Edinburgh  Rev.,  OXLV.  231. 

ZinCOgraph  (zing'ko-graf),  c.  I.  [<  ziitcograph, 
H.]  To  transfer  a  design  to  the  surface  of  a  zinc 
plate  with  intent  to  etch  it  and  make  therefrom 
a  plate  in  relief. 

Zincograplier  (zing-kog'ra-fer),  n.  [<  :inco(j- 
raph-y  +  -erl.j  One  who  makes  zineographic 
plates. 

zmcographic  (zing-ko-graf'ik),  a.  [<  :inco(j- 
raph-y  +  -if.]     Relating  to  zincography. 

zincographical  (zing-ko-graf'i-kal),  a.  [<  zin- 
eogritjiliic  +  -at.]     Same  as  zineographic. 

zincography  (zing-kog'ra-fi),  n.  [<  NIj.r»Hf«m, 
zinc,  +  KxT.  -ypafia,  <  ypd(^n',  WTite.J  The  art 
of  producing  on  zinc  a  printing  surface  in 
relief  by  etching  with  dilute  acid  the  unpro- 
tected parts  of  the  plate.  Compare  paiiicoiiog- 
raphy. 

zinCOid(zing'koid),rt.  [<  XL.  jiHf««<,  zinc,-t-Gr. 
eiioi,  form.]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  resembling 
zinc— Zincold  pole  of  a  voltaic  ceil,  the  negative  pole, 
or  rincode,  constituted  by  the  zincous  plate  connected  with 
a  copper  plate  which  forms  the  positive  pole  ;  the  anode 
of  an  electrolytic  cell.    See  chlorowf  pole,  under  chlftrmttt. 

Zincolysis  (zing-kol'i-sis),  n.  [XL.,  <  zinciim, 
zinc,  +  Gr.  /.io/f,  dissolving.]  A  mode  of  de- 
composition occasioned  by  an  electrical  cur- 
rent; electrolysis. 

zlncolyte  (zing'ko-lit),  n.  [<  NL.  zinciim,  zinc, 
+  Gr.  /.iTOf,  verbal  adj.  of  /.veiv,  dissolve.]  A 
body  decomposable  by  electricity ;  an  electro- 
lyte. 

zincopolar  (zing'kd-p6''lar),  a.  [<  NL.  zincuni, 
zinc,  +  E.  polar.'}  Having  the  same  polarity 
as  the  zinc  plate  in  a  galvanic  cell. 

zincotype  (zing'ko-tip),  n.  [<  XL.  ziiiciiiii,  zinc. 
+  Gr.  7iT0f,  type.]     Same  as  zincograph. 

The  two  Tolames  are  copiously  illustrated  by  a  atuxtyv 
process.  Athenstum,  No.  3233,  p.  492. 

ZinCOOS  (zing'kus),  a.  [<  zinc  +  -iiux.']  Per- 
taining to  zinc,  or  to  the  negative  pole  of  a 
voltaic  battery.— Zlncona  element,  the  basic  or  pri- 
mary element  of  a  binary  compound.  — Zlncoua  pole,  that 
pole  of  a  particle  of  zinc,  or  of  hydrochloric  acid,  which 
has  the  attraction  or  afBnity  which  is  characteristic  of  zinc, 
or  the  zincous  attraction. 

zinc-plating  (zingk'pla'ting),  H.  Plating  in 
zinc,  executed  with  a  preparation  made  of  coai-se 
rasped  or  granulated  zinc  boiled  in  a  mixture 
of  sal  ammoniac  and  water.  The  deposit  has  a  sil- 
very brightness,  and  can  be  used  as  a  first  coat  for  articles 
to  be  twice  plated,  since  any  other  metal  can  be  deposited 
upon  zinc.     K.  II.  Kni/jht. 

zinc-salt  (zingk'salt),  «.  A  salt  of  which  zinc 
is  the  ba.se. 

zinc-spinel  (zingk'spin'el),  w.  Same  as  gah- 
nite. 

zinc-vitriol  {zingk'vifri-ol),  n.  In  chcm.,  zinc 
sulphate;  white  %-itriol  (ZiiS04  +  7HoO).  It  is 
found  as  a  native  mineral  (goslarite),  as  a  product  of  the 
oiidation  of  zinc-blende,  and  can  also  be  prepared  by 
dissolving  zinc  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  and  by  roasting 
native  zinc  sulphurct.  It  is  used  as  a  dryer  in  oil-paints 
and  varnishes,  as  a  mordant  in  dyeing,  as  a  disinfectant, 
and  ftjnu'times  as  a  source  of  o.\ygen. 

Zingaro,  Zingano  (zing'ga-r6,  -no),  ». ;  pi.  Zin- 
gari,  Zingaiii  (-TV, -ae).  [It.:  see  Ciipsy.']  A 
Gipsy. 

Zingel  (zing'el),  n.  [G. ;  cf.  timzingein,  encircle 
(see  eingle).]   A  fish  of  the  family  Perridtf  and 


Zin^el  { A spro  zingel). 

genns  Jspro;  specifically,  A.  zingel  of  the  Dan- 
ube and  its  tributaries.  This  fish  is  sometimes  a  foot 
long,  and  Is  of  a  greenish-brown  color,  lighter  on  the  aide 
and  whitish  on  the  belly,  and  marked  with  four  brownish- 
black  hands. 


7035 

zinghot,  "•  [Appar.  intended  tor  zineo.  It.  form 
of  zinc]     Same  as  zinc. 

For  cobolt  and  zingho,  your  brother  and  I  have  made  all 
inquiries.  Walpole,  To  Mann,  July  31, 1743. 

Zingian  (zin'ji-an),  a.  and  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  South  African  family  of  tongues: 
same  as  Bantu. 

Zingiber  (zin'ji-ber),  n.  [NL.  (Adanson,  1763; 
used  earlier  by  Lobel,  1576,  and,  as  Gingiber,  by 
Mattioli,  about  1554),  <  L.  zingiber,  <  Gr.  C'))'- 
/ifp(f,  ginger:  see  ginger.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
type  of  the  order  Zingiberacese  and  of  the  tribe 
Zingiherepe.  It  is  characterized  by  a  cone-like  inflores- 
cence, each  flower  having  a  three-celled  ovary  and  a  sta- 
men composed  of  a  short  filament  and  an  anther  with 
contiguous  cells  having  the  connective  extended  into  a 
long  linear  appendage  —  the  two  lateral  stamens  either  ab- 
sent or  represented  by  two  small  adnate  staminodes.  About 
33  species  have  been  described,  of  which  perhaps  23  are  dis- 
tinct. They  are  natives  of  India  and  of  islands  of  the  Pacific 
and  Indian  Oceans.  They  are  leafy  plants  with  horizontal 
tuberous  rootstocks,  the  sterile  stems  dirt'ering  from  the 
flower-bearing  ones.  The  dense  cone  of  flowers  is  com- 
posed of  imbricated  bracts,  each  with  fi-om  one  to  three 
flowers  and  spathaceous  bractleta.  The  inflorescence  is 
sometimes  borne  on  a  leafless  scape,  more  or  less  covered 
with  sheaths,  in  other  species  terminating  a  leafy  stem,  or 
apparently  lateral  upon  a  recurved  peduncle.  Each  flower 
produces  a  membranous  or  hyaline  tubular  calyx,  and 
a  cylindrical  corolla-tube  dilated  into  narrow  spreading 
lol)es,  the  posterior  one  erect  and  incurved.  The  fruit  is 
a  glolKwe  or  oblong  capsule,  finally  irregularly  ruptured, 
and  discharging  rather  large  oblong  seeds  with  a  lacerate 
aril  which  is  sometimes  much  larger  than  the  seed.  The 
pungently  aromatic  roots  of  several  species  are  the  source 
of  the  ginger  of  commerce,  especially  thoseof  Z.  ojiciiuite, 
the  ginger-plant  of  India  (see  cut  under  yiwjer).  The  root 
of  Z.  Cas^mnunar,  of  India,  is  used  as  a  tonic  and  stinm- 
lant,  and  is  cultivated  under  the  name  of  casmimunar 
ginger  or  Bengal  root.    Also  Ziiiziber. 

Zin^beracese  (zin"ji-be-ra'se-e),  II.  pi.  [NL. 
(Richard,  1808),  <  Zingiber  +  -acese.]  An  or- 
der of  monoeotyledonous  plants,  of  the  series 
Epigynx,  distinguished  from  the  order  Mnaaceie 
by  its  single  perfect  stamen,  it  is  characterized 
by  irregular  flowers  with  distinct  calyx  and  corolla,  infe- 
rior ovary,  usually  arillate  seeds,  and  an  embryo  in  a  canal 
in  the  center  of  the  albumen.  There  are  over  470  species, 
of  3ti  genera,  classed  in  3  tribes,  of  which  Zingiber,  Maran- 
ta,  and  Canna  are  the  types.  They  are  perennial  tropical 
herbs  growing  from  a  luirizontal  thickened  rootstock,  their 
leaves  chiefly  radical,  large  and  ornamental,  with  immerous 
parallel  veins  diverging  obltciuely  from  the  midrib.  Their 
flowers  are  often  of  great  beauty,  as  in  species  of  Hedychi- 
um,  Alpinia,  Cttrcunia,  Kiempferia,  and  Canna;  in  many, 
especially  Mantitiia,  they  resemble  orchids.  They  have  a 
strong  tendency  to  petaloid  development,  producing  rich- 
ly colored  bracts  in  Curcuma  ;  three  petaloid  staminwies 
and  two  scales  usually  represent  the  five  imperfect  sta- 
mens. The  order  contains  many  of  the  most  stinndating 
aromatics,  products  derive<l  chiefly  from  the  root  or  rhi- 
zome of  the  plants  ginger,  galangale,  and  zedoary,  of  the 
genera  Zingiber,  Alpinia,  and  Curcuma  ;  also  from  the 
fruit  or  seeds,  as  cardamoms  and  grains-of-paradise,  from 
species  of  Ammnum  and  Elcttaria.  The  order  also  yields 
the  valuable  liye  turmeric  from  Curcuma,  a  purple  dye 
from  Caniur,  and  arrowroot  from  Maranla  and  Curcuma. 
The  mucilaginous  juice  of  species  of  Cf«*^Mi(  is  used  in  medi- 
cine ;  edil)le  tubers  are  produced  Ity  species  of  Maranta, 
an  edible  fruit  by  Gtoftba,  and  a  tough  rtl>er  by  lUirgnilnn 
and  CalaViea.    Also  Zitiziberacese. 

zingiberaceous  (zin"ji-be-ra'shius),  a.     Of  or 

jiertaiiiing  to  ginger,  or  the  Zingibcracex. 

Zingiberese  (zin-ji-be're-e),  «.  ;;/.  [NL.  (Ben- 
thara  and  Hooker,  188:1),  (.Zingiber  +  -ese.]  A 
tribe  of  plants,  of  the  order  Zingiberacae,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Zingiber,  it  is  characterized  by 
flowers  with  a  tubular  or  "spathaceous  calyx  and  a  single 
stamen,  the  two  lateral  undeveloped  stamens  being  often 
represented  by  petaloid  staminodes ;  and  by  an  ovary  with 
three  cells  or  three  parietal  placentie,  and  a  slender  free 
style  which  at  its  apex  clasps  the  two  anther-cells.  It  em- 
braces 23  genera,  principally  tropical,  including  the  large 
and  important  .aromatic  genera  Amomnm,  Curcuma,  and 
Alpinia  (besides  Zingiber),  as  also  many  of  the  most  high- 
ly ornamental  plants  of  the  order. 

zink,  «.     See  zinc. 

zinke  (tsing'ke),  «.  [G.  zinkc,  a  cornet.]  A 
small  cornet  of  wood  or  horn,  once  very  com- 
mon in  Germany.  It  had  usually  seven  flnger-holes, 
and  a  cupped  mouthpiece.  It  was  made  in  several  sizes, 
and  both  straight  and  curved.  The  serpent  is  properly  a 
development  of  the  old  zinke  or  cornett<>. 

zinkiferous  (zing-kif'e-rus),  a.  [Also  zincifer- 
ous, zinckiferons ;  <  zinc  (zink)  +  Ij.  ferre  =  E. 
benr^.]  Containing  or  producing  zinc:  as,  ~(«- 
kiferou.i  ore. 

zinkification  (zing"ki-fl-kii'shon),  n.  [Also 
zincijication ;  <  zinkify  +  -ation  (see  -/'/).]  The 
process  of  coating  or  impregnating  an  object 
with  zinc,  or  the  state  resulting  from  such 
process. 

Zinkify  (ziug'ki-fi),  r.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  zinkified, 

£pr.  zinkifying.     [Also  zincify ;  <  zinc  (zink)  + 
I.  -ficare,  <  facere,  make.]     To  cover  or  im- 
pregnate with  zinc. 

Zinkite  (zing'kit),  H.  [Also  zine.ite,  zinckite ;  < 
zinc  {zink)  +  -i7c2.]  A  native  o.xid  of  zinc,  found 
at  Franklin  Furnace  and  Stirling  Hill,  near  Og- 
densbnrg,  in  Sussex  county.  New  Jersey,    it  is 


Ziphiins 

brittle,  translucent,  of  a  deep-red  color,  sometimes  inclin- 
ing to  yellowish.     Also  called  red  zinc  ore,  or  red  oxid  of 

*zinc. 

zinky  (zing'ki),  a.  [Also  zincky ;  <  zinc  (z'mk) 
"t"  -//^-l  Pertaining  to  zinc;  containing  zinc; 
having  the  appearance  of  zinc. 

The  Zhicky  Ores  [of  common  galena]  are  said  to  be 
greyer  than  other  Ores. 

Eirwan,  Mineralogy  (1796),  II.  218. 

Zinnia  (zin'i-ii),  n.  [NL.  (Linnseus.  1763), 
named  after  J.  G.  Zinn  (1727-59),  who  wrote  on 
the  plants  of  Gottingen.]  1.  A  genus  of  com- 
posite plants,  of  the  tribe  Helianthoidcce,  type 
of  the  subtribe  Zinniese.  it  is  characterized  by  soli- 
tary radiate  flower-heads  witll  a  conical  or  cylindrical  re- 
ceptacle, the  flowers  both  of  the  disk  and  ray  being  fer- 
tile, and  those  of  the  ray  almost  or  quite  without  a  tube, 
and  persistent  upon  the  ripened  achene  ;  the  achenes  of 
the  innerflowei-s  each  bear  from  one  to  three  awns.  There 
are  12  species,  natives  of  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Arizona,  2 
of  which,  long  cultivated  in  gardens,  are  now  widely  nat- 
uralized. They  are  annuals,  perennials,  or  sometimes 
shrubby  plants,  bearing  opposite  entire  leaves  and  rather 
large  and  showy  flower-heads  peduneled  at  the  emls  of 
the  branches  or  in  the  forks  Ijetween  them.  Five  spe- 
cies occur  within  the  United  States,  mostly  with  ligiit- 
yellow  or  sulphur-colored  rays.  The  cultivated  species 
are  chiefly  of  various  shades  of  deep  red  ;  they  have 
been  called  gouth-and-old-age,  from  the  lasting  and  some- 
what rigid  rays  and  the  continued  production  of  new 
disk-flowers  ;  but  are  more  usually  known  by  the  generic 
name  zinnia,  especially  in  the  connnon  double  form. 
2.   [/.  c]  A  plant  of  this  genus. 

ZinitS  corona.  An  arterial  plexus  about  the 
optic  nerve,  in  the  sclerotic. 

Zinn's  ligament.  See  ligament  of  Zinn.  under 
ligament. 

Zinn's  membrane.  The  anterior  lamella  of 
the  iris  of  the  eye. 

Zinn's  zonule.  See  zonule  of  Zinn,  under  zo- 
nule. 

Zinnwaldite  (zin'wol-dit),  n.  [<  Zinmcald  (see 
(h'f. )  +  -ite~.]  A  kind  of  mica  related  to  lepi- 
dolite,  but  containing  both  lithium  and  iron: 
it  is  often  found  associated  with  tin  ores,  as 
at  Zinnwald  in  the  Erzgebirge. 

Zinziber,  Zinziberaceae,  etc.  Same  as  Zingi- 
ber, etc. 

Zion  (zi'on),  H.  [Also  Sion,  'Lh.Sion,  Gr.  Ziuv, 
Heb.  Tsiyon.  orig.  a  hill.]  Figuratively,  the 
house  or  household  of  God,  as  consisting  of 
the  chosen  people,  the  Israelites;  the  theoc- 
racy, or  church  of  God ;  hence,  the  church  in 
general,  or  heaven  as  the  tinal  gatliering-place 
of  true  believers :  so  called  from  Mount  Zion, 
the  holyhill  of  Jerusalem,  the  center  of  ancient 
Hebrew  worship. 

Ziini  spreadeth  forth  her  hands,  and  there  is  none  to 

comfort  her.  Lam.  i.  17. 

Let  Zion  and  her  sons  rejoice.  Wattt. 

Zionward  (zT'on-wilrd),  adr.  [<  Zion  +  -ward.] 
Toward  Zion,  in  the  figurative  sense ;  toward 
the  goal  of  salvation  ;  heavenward. 

If  I  were  like  you,  I  should  have  my  face  Zionward, 
though  prejudice  and  error  might  occasionally  fling  a 
mist  over  the  glorious  vision  l)efore  me. 

Charlotte  lironte,  in  Mrs.  Gaskell,  viii. 

zip  (zip),  )(.  [Imitative.]  The  sound  of  a  bul- 
let pa.ssing  through  the  air  or  striking  against 
an  object. 

Theping,??'?),  zip,  of  bullets,  and  the  wounded  men  limp- 
ing from  the  front,  .  .  .  were  a  prelude  to  the  storm  to 
come.  The  Century,  .XXX.  134. 

Ziphiidse  (zi-fi'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zipliius  + 
-itlse.]  The  Ziphiinx  rated  as  a  family  apart 
from  Fhy.teteridx,  a.id  ilivided  into  Ziphiinx 
and  Anarnacinx.  Also,  more  properly,  Xiphi- 
idx. 

ziphiiform  (zif'i-i-f6rm),  a.  Same  as  ziphi- 
oid. 

ZipMinse  (zif-i-J'ne),  w.  pi.  [NL.,  prop.  "Xijihi- 
iiix ;  <  Ziphius  -i-  -inx.]  A  subfamily  of  Phyxc- 
teridx,  named  from  the  genus  Ziphins,  often 
elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  family  ;  the  ziphioid  or 


e-iiobed  Whale  {Zipliius  soiverbiensis),  one  of  the  iHfi/iiiuee. 


ziphiiform  cetaceans,  among  those  known  as 
bottleno,ie,s'  and  coir-Jinhcs.  They  have  most  of  the 
lower  teeth  rudimentary  or  concealed,  a  distinct  lacrymal 
l)one,  and  a  prolonged  snout  or  rostrum  above  which  the 
rest  of  the  head  rises  abruptly  in  globose  form ;  there  is  a 
sniiill  falcate  dorSiU  fln  ;  the  flippers  are  small,  with  Ave 
digits;  and  the  single  median  blow-hole  is  crescentic,  as  in 
dolphins.  Several  genera  besides  Ziphius  have  been  rec- 
ognized, of  which  Ilyperoiidon  is  the  most  prominent ;  hut 
their  synonyms  are  involved,  and  some  distinctions  which 
have  been  drawn  are  not  clear. 


zlphioid 

ziphioid  (zif'i-oid),  «.  and  n.     I.  a.  Resembling 
or  related  to  a  cetacean  of  the  genus  Ziphius.- 
II.  II.  Any  member  of  the  Ziphiidse  or  Ziphi- 
iiise. 
Also  written  xiphioid. 

zlpllistemuin,  «.     See  xiplmterimm. 

ZipMus  (zif 'i-us),  11.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1834),  prop. 
Xipliiu^,  <  Gr.  ^upiog,  the  sword-fish,  <  fi'(i«f,  a 
sword.]  1.  Agemisof  odontocete  eetaceans,or 
toothed  whales,  taken  as  type  of  the  Ziphiinse  : 
used  with  varying  restrictions,  and  in  some 
acceptations  synonymous  with  Mesoplodoii.  It 
was  based  originally  on  "a  sknll  discovered  in  1804  on  the 
coast  of  France,  and  supposed  to  be  fossil ;  the  species  was 
named  Z.  caviroslrU  by  Cuvier.  Numerous  living  individ- 
uals have  since  been  found  in  various  seas.  There  is  nor- 
mally one  conical  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  lower  jaw  ;  the 
vertebi-n;  are  forty-nine  in  luimber;  and  the  anterior  cer- 
vicals  aic  ankylosed,  but  the  posterior  are  free.  These 
whales  are  among  those  linown  as  bottle-nosed  whales  and 
cow-fishes,  and  attain  a  length  of  from  15  to  20  feet.  The 
genus  isiiistinct  from  Hyperoodon;  but  variations  in  the 
dentition-  have  been  noted,  and  the  relations  of  some 
forms  known  as  Mesoplndon  are  in  question.  Also  called 
Diodon. 
2.   [/.  0.]  A  whale  of  this  genus. 

Ziphorhynchus,  ii.    See  Xiphorhijnchus. 

Zippeite  (zip'e-it),  n.  [Named  after  F.  X.  M. 
Zippe.  a  German  mineralogist.]  A  basic  sul- 
pliate  of  uranium,  occurring  in  delicate  needle- 
like crystals  of  a  bright-yellow  color:  it  is  found 
at  Joachim.sthal. 

zircon  (zer'kon),  ii.  [Cf.  Sp.  azcircoii  =  Pg. 
(izare&o,  zarcao.  <  Ar.  zarlcun,  cinnabar,  ver- 
milion, <  Pers.  zarffuii,  gold-colored:  see  jar- 
f/oii'^.']  Amineral  occurring  in  tetragonal  crys- 
tals of  adamantine  luster  and  yellowish  to 
brownish  or  reddish  color :  its  hardness  is  some- 
what greater  than  that  of  quartz.  The  reddish- 
orange  variety  is  sometimes  called  hyacinth  in  jewelry. 
The  colorless,  yellowish,  or  smoky  zircon  of  Ceylon  is  there 
called  jarijvn.  Zircon  consists  of  the  oxids  of  silicon  and 
zirconium  (SiOoZrOo),  and  is  usually  regarded  as  a  silicate 
of  zirconium,  though  sometimes  classed  with  the  oxids  of 
titanium  (rutile)  and  tin  (oassiterite),  which  have  a  similar 
form.    See  zirconium. 

zirconate  (zer'ko-nat),  «.  [<  zircoii{ic)  +  -»tei.] 
A  salt  of  zircouic  acid. 

zirconia  (zer-ko'ni-a),  «.  [NL.,  <  ^(rcOH.]  An 
o.xid,  Zr02,  of  the  metal  zirconium,  resembling 
alumina  in  appearance.  It  is  so  hard  as  to 
sera  tell  glass — Zlrconla  light,  an  intensely  brilliant 
light,  diifering  from  the  ordinary  oxyhydrogen  light  or 
lime-light  only  in  that  it  is  produced  from  zircon  cones 
acted  on  by  oxygen  and  a  highly  carbureted  gas,  in  plac;^ 
of  the  less  durable  lime  l)all8  of  the  other  method. 

Zirconian  (zer-ko'ni-an),  o.  [<  zircoiiia  +  -o/).] 
Same  as  zirmnic.     I'op.  Sci.  News,  XXIII.  60. 

zirconic(zer-kon'ik),  ti.  [izirconia,  zirconium, 
+  -ic]  Of,  pertaining  to,  or  containing  zir- 
conia  or  zirconium Zirconic  acid,  an  acid  con- 
taining zirconium,  not  capable  of  existing  in  the  free  state, 
Imt  forming  definite  salts. 

zirconite  (zcr'kon-it),  ;;.  [<  zircon  +  -ite'^.']  A 
variety  of  zircon. 

zirconium  (zer-ko'ni-um),  n.  [NL.,<  zircon.'] 
(Jhemical  symbol,  Zr;  atomic  weight,  89.6.  The 
metal  contained  in  zireonia.  it  is  commonly  ob- 
tained in  the  form  of  a  black  powder,  but  is  also  known  in 
the  crystalline  state,  forming  highly  lustrous  blackish-gray 
laminie,  having;  a  specific  gravity  of  4.iri.  The  amorphous 
metal  takes  ftre  wlien  gently  heated  in  the  air.  but  the 
crystalline  variety  requires  an  intense  heat  for  its  ignition. 
The  common  acids  do  not  attack  it.  Zirconium  is  a  re- 
markable element  in  that  it  is  very  widely  and  generally 
diffused  in  nature,  but  nowhere,  so  far  as  is  known,  found 
in  any  one  locality  in  large  (juantity  ;  in  this  respect  it  has 
a  decided  resemljlance  to  titanium.  The  form  in  which 
it  occurs  is  that  of  the  silicate  (zircon),  and  usually  in  mi- 
nute or  even  microscopic  crystals,  which  have  been  de- 
tected in  many  granitic  and  syenitic  rocks,  as  well  as  in 
various  gneisses  and  crystalline  schists.  Zircon  has  been 
found  also,  but  less  abundantly,  in  some  eruptive  rocks, 
l)oth  ancient  and  modern.  Zirconium  is  chemically  most 
closely  related  to  titanium,  and  i)oth  these  metals  have 
certain  affinities  with  silicon,  forming  dioxids  and  vola- 
tile tetrachloiids,  as  does  that  non-metallic  element. 

zirconoid  (zer'ko-noid),  n.  [<  zircon  +  -did.] 
In  cri/vhil.,  a  double  eight-sided  pyramid  be- 
longing to  the  tetragonal  system:  so  called  be- 
cause it  is  a  common  form  with  zircon. 

zircon-syenite  (z('r'kon-si"e-nit),  ».  See  eleeo- 
lite-si/enitr. 

Z-iron  (ze'-  or  zed'i''em),  n.     See  amjle-iron. 

Zirphaea  (zer-fe'ii),  n.  [NL.  {J.  e!  Gray,  as 
Zirfeen).]  In  cnncli.,  a  genus  of  bivalve's,  of 
the  family  Phiiladidie.  Z.  cri.spata  is  called 
ttdU-fish  in  California,  wliere  it  is  available  for 
food. 

zither  (zith'fer),  n.  [<  G.  zither  =  E.  cither, 
ritliiird,  i\.  v.]     Same  as  cithern. 

Zitherist  (zlth'er-ist),  n.  [<  zither  -I-  -int.]  A 
player  on  the  cithern. 

zithern  (zith'ern),  «.  [Altered  ioTm  oi  zither, 
after  citliern  as  related  to  cither,  citharii.]  Same 
as  cithern. 


Flowering  Plant  ot  Zizattia  aquatica. 
a,  branch  of  the  panicle  with  male  flowers ; 
b,  branch  of  the  panicle  witli  female  flowers ; 
<-,  male  flower  :  a,  female  flower. 


7036 

Zizania  (zi-za'ni-a),  «,    [NL.  (LinnseuB,  1753), 

<  LL.  zizania,  pi.,  tares,  <  Gr.  C,iL.dviov^  darnel, 
tare.]  A  genus  of  grasses,  of  the  tribe  Oryzese. 
It  is  characterized 
by  numerous  nar- 
row unisexual 
spikelets  in  a  long 
loose  androgy- 
nous panicle,  each 
spikelct  having 
two  glumes  and 
six  stamens  or  two 
more  or  less  con- 
nate styles.  Four 
or  five  epeciea 
have  been  de- 
scribed, of  which 
two,  Z.  aquatica 
and  Z.  miiiacea, 
are  usually  con- 
sidered distinct ; 
both  are  natives 
of  North  America, 
the  former  also  oc- 
curring in  Japan 
and  eastern  Rus- 
sia. They  are  tall 
aquatic  grasses 
with  long  flat 
leaves  and  large 
terminal  panicles 
with  numerous 
slender  elongated 
branches,  made 
highly  ornamen- 
tal by  the  pendent  red  or  pui-plish  anthers.  They  are  the 
favorite  food  of  wild  ducks,  and  the  seeds  are  sold  to  plant 
in  artificial  fish-ponds  to  shade  the  young  fish,  and  along 
watercourses  to  attract  fowl.  They  are  known  aa  vHd, 
water,  or  Indian  rice.     See  Indian  rice,  under  rice^. 

Zizanyt  (zi^'a-ni),  ?(.  [<  F.  zizamcj  <  LL.  ziza- 
nia: aee  Zizania.']     Darnel. 

They  all  stand  or  fall  to  their  own  masters,  and  many 
holy  and  excellent  persons  Ood  has  dispersed,  as  wheat 
among  the  tares  and  zizany. 

Evelyn,  True  Religion,  II.  314. 

Ziziphora  (zi-zif  o-ra),  n.  [NL.  (Linnseus, 
1753).]  A  genus  of  gamopetalous  plants,  of 
the  order  Lahiatse  and  tribe  Monardcse.  it  is 
characterized  by  a  tubular  thirteen-nerved  two-lipped  ca- 
lyx, with  the  throat  villous  within,  and  commonly  closed 
after  (lowering  by  connivent  teeth.  There  are  about  12 
species,  natives  of  eastern  and  central  Asia  and  of  south- 
ern parts  of  the  Mediterranean  region.  They  are  low  an- 
nuals or  spreading  undershrubs,  usually  hoary  with  close 
hairs,  and  bearing  small  leaves  which  are  nearly  or  quite 
entire.  The  flowers  form  small  axillary  clusters,  commonly 
crowded  upon  the  upper  part  of  the  stem. 

Zizypliese  (zi-zif  e-e).  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Benlham 
and  Hooker,  1862),  <  Zizifphtis  +  -cap.]  A  tribe 
of  polyiietalousplantH,  of  the  order  liham  it  a  ceep. 
It  is  characterized  by  a  superior  or  half -superior  ovary,  by 
a  disk  filling  the  calyx-tube,  and  by  a  drupaceous  juicy  or 
fleshy  fruit  with  a  one-  to  three-celled  stone.  It  includes 
0  genera,  of  which  Zizyphus  is  the  type.  They  are  shrubs 
or  trees,  mainly  of  the  northern  hemisphere;  one.  Ber- 
chemia,  becomes  a  shrubby  climber  in  B.  voluMlis,  the 
supple-jack  of  the  southern  I'nited  iStates. 

Zizyphus (ziz'i-fus),??.  [NL.  (Tournefort,1700), 

<  L.  ztzi/phiis,  <  Gr.  C'C^i^oc*  the  jujube-tree:  see 
juji(he.~\  A  genus  of  polypetalous  plants,  of 
the  order  liJunnnacesej  type  of  the  tribe  Zizy- 
phcse.  It  is  characterized  by  thorny  branches,  triple- 
nerved  leaves,  and  cymose  flowers  each  with  five  petals, 
and  by  a  usually  two-celled  ovary  immersed  in  the  disk, 
and  hearing  two  or  three  conical  divergent  styles.  There 
are  C't  species,  natives  chii^tiy  of  tropical  Asia  and  Amer- 
ica, occurring  rarely  in  Africa  and  Australia.  They  are 
shrubs  or  trees,  often  decumbent  or  sarmentose,  common- 
ly covered  with  hooked  spines.  The  leaves  are  alteniate, 
coriaceous,  entire  or  creuate,  three-  to  five-nerved,  and 
mostly  arranged  in  two  ranks.  One  or  both  of  the  stii»- 
ules  are  spinesceiit,  often  ending  in  a  hook.  The  small 
greenish  flowers  form  short  fcw-fiowered  axillaiy  cymes, 
i'he  fruit  is  a  globose  or  oblong  drupe,  with  a  woody  or 
bony  stone,  containing  one  to  three  seeds.  The  species  are 
known  in  general  nsjtijnbe-tree;  the  nfime  Jujube-  is  given 
especially  to  the  fruit  of  Z.  saliva  (Z.  vvlgans\oi  the  Medi- 
terranean region,  which  is  there  commonly  eaten  fresh, 
or  used  as  a  cough  remedy  when  dried.  Z.  Jujuba,  of  In- 
dia and  China,  also  furnishes  an  excellent  fruit,  cultivated 
in  numerous  forms  by  the  Cliinese ;  a  variety  is  known  as 
the  Chinese  date.  The  true  jujube  does  not  now  usually 
enter  into  the  confection  known  as  jujube-paste,  but  is 
connnonly  replaced  by  gum  arable  or  gelatin.  Z.  Lotus, 
the  sadr,  is  one  of  the  reputed  sources  of  the  classical 
lotus-food.  (See  lotvs-tree,  1,  and  lute-tree.)  Many  other 
species  bear  edible  fruit,  as  Z.  Baclei,  of  Africa,  which  is 
there  made  into  bread  and  into  a  pleasant  beverage  :  sev- 
eral are  valued  for  ornament  on  account  of  their  foliage, 
or  for  hedges  on  account  of  their  spines,  especially  Z. 
sativa,  and  also  Z.  Spina-Chrvtii,  one  of  the  Ohrisfs-thorns 
(for  which  see  nehbidc-treeX  Z.  nunmiularia.  of  Persia  and 
India,  is  known  as  camel' s-thom  (which  see).  Z.  Chlcir- 
oxylon,  a  recently  determined  species,  is  an  imp«jrtant 
timber-tree  of  Jamaica,  there  known  as  coy-wood.  Z.  Par- 
r*/t  occurs  in  southern  California  and  Cerros  Island;  two 
former  species  of  Florida,  Z.  emarffinattis,  or  black  iron- 
wood,  and  Z.  DomingcTudt,  or  nakedwood,  are  now  known 
respectively  as  Rhamnidium  ferreuvi  and  Colubriua  recli- 
natd.     See  jujube,  and  cut  untler  nenmtion. 

Zn.     Ill  chain.,  the  symbol  for  zivc. 

ZOa,  ".     Plural  of  zoiiti. 

zoadulaf  (zo-ad'u-la). }}.;  })\.zoadulsp{-\e).  [NL., 

<  (Jr.  Cwv,  life,  +'-aV/2  +  dim.  -«/«.]  In  bot,  the 
locomotive  spore  of  some  Confci'vse. 


Zoanthus 

zosea,  zoseal.     See  zoea,  zoeal. 

zoamylin  (zo-am'i-lin),  n,  [<  Gr.  C^^,  life,  + 
amylin.']     Hame  as  glycogen. 

Zoanthacea  (zo-an-tha'se-a),  n.  pL  [NL.,  < 
Zoanthus  +  -acea.']  A  suborder  of  Actiniaria, 
containing  permanently  attached  forms,  as  Zo- 
anthus and  related  genera. 

zoantliaceail  (z6-an-tha'se-an),  a.  and  n.  [< 
Zoanthacea  +  -an.']  I,  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Zoanthacea;  zoanthoid. 

II.  n.  Any  member  of  the  Zoanthacea. 

Zoantharia  (zo-an-tha'ri-a),  «.  jyl.  [NL.  (De 
Blainville,  1830),  <  Gr.  C^x*,  animal  (see  zooh),, 
+  avdoc,  flower,  +  -aria,]  A  division  (order 
or  subclass)  of  Actinozoa,  containing  the  hex- 
amerous  or  hexacoralline  forms ;  the  helian- 
thoid  polyps,  or  animal-flowers,  contrasted  with 
the  Alcyonaria^  and  characterized  by  the  nor- 
mal disi)Osition  of  their  soft  parts  in  sixes, 
or  multiples  of  six  (not  in  eights,  as  in  the 
Alcyonaria  or  Octocoralla),  and  by  the  posses- 
sion of  simple  (not  fringed)  and  usually  numer- 
ous tentacles :  so  called  from  the  resemblance 
of  some  of  them,  as  the  sea-anemones,  to  flow- 
ers. The  Zoantharia  correspond  to  the  UexacoraUa  or 
CoraUiyena,  and  were  divided  by  M  ilne-Ed wards  into  three 
suborders  (or  orders) :  Malacodcrmata,  with  the  corallum 
absent  or  rudimentary,  as  in  sea  anemones;  Sclerof>a»ica, 
with  external  non-calcareous  corallum,  as  the  black  corals 
of  the  family  Aniipathidse ;  and  Scleroder.nata,  with  in- 
tenial  calcareous  corallum,  as  the  ordinary  hard  corals,  or 
stone-coi-als.    See  the  technical  names. 

ZOantharian  (z6-an-tha'ri-an),  rt.  and  «.  I,  a. 
Having  the  characters  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Zoantharia. 

II.  n.  A  member  of  the  Zoantharia^  as  a  sen- 
anemone. 

Zoanthidse  (z6-an'thi-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (J.  E. 
Gray,  1840),  <' Zoanthus  +  -idse.]  A  family  of 
zoanthai^an  or  hexacoralline  aetinozoans,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Zoanthus.  They  are  sea-anemones 
in  which  the  individual  polyps  are  ordinarily  miited  by 
a  common  creeping  stolon,  or  connective  coenosarc;  they 
nniltiply  by  buds  which  remain  thus  adherent  They  have 
no  true  corallum,  but  a  pseudo- skeleton  of  hard  parti- 
cles or  spicules  embedded  in  the  ectoderm ;  the  mesen- 
teric septa  are  numerous,  and  of  two  sorts  (one  small  and 
sterile,  the  other  large  and  perfect  and  furnished  with 
reproductive  organs),  generally  alternating.  Like  moAt 
other  sea-anemones,  these  are  fixed  organisms,  incapable 
of  locomotion ;  and  they  include  all  the  colonial  forms. 
Also  Zoanthese. 

Zoanthinae  (z6-an-thi'ne),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Zoan- 
thus +  -insB.]  The  Zoanthidse  named  as  a  sub- 
family.    Edwards  and  Haime,  1851. 

ZOanthodeiue  (zo-an'tho-dem)^w.  [<  Gr.  Cv^v, 
aJiimal,  +  ai-Ooc,  a  flower,  -f-  de/na,  a  bundle: 
literally, '  a  bundle  of  animal-flowers.*]  A  com- 
pound zoantharian ;  the  whole  organism  con- 
stituted by  the  coherent  zooids  produced  by  the 
budding  of  a  single  aetinozoan  pol>-p. 

zoanthodemic  (zo-an-tho-dem'ik),  a.  [<  zoan- 
ihodemc  +  -ic]  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining 
to  a  zoanthodeme. 

zoantlioid(zo-an'thoid),  a.  [i Zoanthus  +  -old.] 
Same  as  zoantharian. 

zoanthropic  (zo-an-throp'ik).  a.  [<  zoanthrop-y 
+  -ic.]  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining  to  zoan- 
thropy:  as, -roffH^Arojy/c  mania  or  delusion;  *<> 
authropic  literature.  This  is  the  generic  name  of 
such  delusions,  whicli  take  various  forms,  some  of  which 
are  specified  accoiding  to  tlie  animal  concerned,  as lycan- 
thropy. 

zoantliropy  (zo-an'thro-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  Cwor.  ani- 
mal, +  avdpo}7Tog,  man.  Cf.  lycanthropy.]  A 
form  of  insanity  in  which  a  person  believes 
himself  to  be  one  of  the  lower  animals. 

Zoanthus  (zo-an'thus).  n.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1827), 
<  Gr,  C^^r,  aiiimal,  +  ai-do^.  flower.]  The  t3"pi- 
eal  genus  of  Zo- 
anthidie.  Thein- 
dividual  polyps  are 
lengthened,  and 
elevated  upon  a 
footstalk  spring- 
ing from  the  con- 
nective coenosarc 
conmion  to  the 
several  zooids  of 
the  coniponn:!  or- 
ganism ;  the  mouth 
is  linear  and  trans- 
vei-se.  and  sur- 
rounded by  short 
slender  rays  or 
tentacles.  The 
best-known  spe- 
cies is  Z.  couchi 
of  the  European 
coasts ;  numer- 
ous others  inhab- 
it tropical  seas, 
as     Z.     solanderi.  Zoanehus  (^ourki. 

Also  ZoanthaS  two  thirds  natural  azc. 

(Lamarck,       1810),        „,  iKiIyp,  closed  :  f>,  the  same,  expanded ; 
Zoantha.  <",  stolon. 


Zoarces 

Zoarces  (zo-ar'sez),  n.  [NL.  (Cuvier,  1829),  also 
Zoaraeus,  Zoarchus,  and  Zoarcus,  <  Gr.  L,uapidii;, 
life-supporting,  <  Qaij,  life,  +  apunv,  assist,  de- 
fend.] The  name-giving  genus  of  Zoarcidse, 
including  such  species  as  Z,  viviparus,  the  so- 
called  viviparous  blenny  (formerly  Blennius  vi- 
viparus). This  is  a  large  eelpout,  with  an  elongate 
compressed  body,  tapering  behind,  heavy  oblong  head,  a 
large  mouth,  strong  conic  teeth  in  several  series,  a  long  low 
dorsal  fln  some  of  the  hinder  rays  of  which  are  developed 
as  sharp  spines,  broad  pectoral  fins,  and  jugular  ventrals  of 
three  or  four  soft  rays ;  the  scales  are  small,  not  imbri- 
cated, but  embedded  in  the  skin.  Another  species,  with 
an  increased  number  of  fln-rays  and  vertebra;,  is  Z.  (Mac- 
rozoarces)  anguiUaris,  known  as  mutton-fish  and  mother  of 
eels,  found  from  Labrador  to  the  Middle  States,  20  inches 
long,  of  a  reddish-brown  color  mottled  with  olive,  with  a 
dark  streak  across  the  cheek. 

Zoarcidse  (.zo-ar'si-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zoarces 
+  -irfcB.]     A  family  of  fisiies,  named  from  the 


7037 


zoUvereln 


Virgo,  Caprlcomus,  Sagittarius,  Centaurus,  and  Ophlu-  ZOetrope  (zo'e-trop),  )(.    [<  Gr.  C"'),  life,  -t-  rpo;rof , 


chus ;  one  (Cepheus)  has  a  barbarian  name ;  and  nearly  all 
maybe  explained  from  Babylonian  mythology.  Two  at 
least  of  the  symbols  for  signs,  those  of  Gemini  and  Scor- 
pio, much  resemble  the  Babylonian  ideographs  for  the 
corresponding  months.  Yet  the  origin  of  the  Bears,  Au- 
riga, Pegasus,  Lyra,  and  Corona  was  probably  not  Babylo- 
nian. Moreover,  certain  subjects  of  common  Babylonian 
fable,  such  as  the  tree  of  life,  are  not  found  among  the 
constellations.  It  is  noticeable  that  it  was  about  2300 
B.  c.  that  He  and  Ho  are  said  to  have  reformed  the  Chinese 
calendar  and  divided  the  heavens  into  seasons ;  but  the 
attempt  to  connect  our  constellations  with  the  Chinese 
asterisms  has  conspicuously  failed.  The  tlgures  of  the 
Chinese  zodiac  are  Tiger,  Rabbit,  Dragon,  Serpent,  Horse, 
Ram,  Ape,  Cock,  Dog,  Pig,  Rat,  Bull.  The  zodiac  was 
marked  out  by  the  ancients  as  distinct  from  the  rest  of 


a  turning.]  An  optical  instrument  which  exhib- 
its pictures  as  if  alive  and  in  action,  depending, 
like  the  thaumatrope,the  phenakistoscope,  etc., 
on  the  persistence  of  vision.  It  consists  of  a  cylin- 
der open  at  the  top,  with  a  series  of  slits  in  its  circumfer- 
ence. A  series  of  pictures  representing  the  dilf  erent  atti- 
tudes successively  assumed  by  an  object  in  performing  any 
act  from  its  beginning  to  its  close,  as  by  a  horseman  in 
leaping  a  gate  or  an  acrobat  in  performing  a  somersault, 
is  arranged  along  the  interior  circumference.  The  instru- 
ment is  then  set  in  rapid  motion,  and  the  person  apply- 
ing his  eye  to  the  slits  sees  through  them  the  figure  ap- 
f tearing  as  if  endowed  with  life  and  activity  and  perform- 
ng  the  act  intended.  Compare  mogyroscope  Awtizoopraxi- 
iwscope.    Also  zootropc  and  wheel  ofli^e. 


the  heavens  because  the  apparent  places  of  the  sun,  moon,  zoetrOPic  (zo-e-trop'ik),  a.     [<  zoeirope  ■>r  -jc] 
and  the  Dlanets  known  to  them  were  always  within  It.     ^   r^F  y\    ,.■     __...','  .i.i:,._    ti,.    i^Ki, . 


l^codts  vahli.  one  of  the  Zoarcidse  (or  Lycodidm'). 


genus  Zoarces :  now  generally  called  Lyeodidse 
(which  see).     Also  Zoarceidx,  Zoarckidm. 

ZOaria,  n.     Plural  of  coarium. 

ZOarial  (zo-a'ri-al),  a.  [<  :oari-iim  +  -al]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  zoarium  ;  composing  or  com- 
posed of  a  zoarium. 

zoarium  (zo-a'ri-um),  n. ;  pi.  zoaria  {-a,).    [XL., 

<  Gr.  l^i^apiov,  dim.  of  i^Cxrv,  an  animal.]  A  poly- 
zoary ;  the  colony  or  aggregate  of  the  polypides 
of  a  polyzoan  ;  the  polypidom  or  polypary  of 
the  moss-animalcules. 

Zobo  (zo'bo),  «.  [Also  zhoho,  dsomo,  etc.,  <  Tib- 
etan mdzopo,  the  male,  mdzonio,  the  female  of 
the  mdzo,  a  hybrid  of  the  yak  and  the  so-called 
zebu.  Cf.  zebu.']  A  breed  of  zebu-cattle,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  hybrid  of  the  common  zebu  with 
the  yak,  reared  in  the  western  Himalayan  re- 
gion'for  its  flesh  and  milk,  and  also  as  a  beast 
of  burden. 

ZOCCO  (zok'o),  H.  [It.,  <  L.  .tocciis,  sock :  see 
KOcA'l,  socle.']     A  socle. 

ZOCCOlo,  ZOcle  (zok'o-16,  zo'kl),  H.  [<  It.  zoc- 
folo,  <  ZOCCO :  see  zocco.]     A  socle. 

zodiac  (z6'di-ak),  H.      [Formerly  also  corfkjci' ; 

<  ME.  zodiac,  zodiak,  <  OF.  zodiac,  zodiaque,  F. 
zodiaque  =  Sp.  zodiaco  =  Pg.  It.  zodiaco,  <  L. 
zodiacus,  the  zodiac  (L.  orhis  sit/nifer),  also  adj., 
of  the  zodiac,  <  Gr.  foximkof,  the  zodiac,  prop. 
adj.,  'of  animals,'  sc.  /cp'ic/.of ,  also  called  6  kvK^j>(  6 
Tuv  (.(fiMuv,  or  i  rCrv  l^i^iun  xi/t/of,  'the  circle  of 
animals'  (also  i}  Cu/^tauli,  sc.  Wof,  way),  the  ref. 
being  to  the  constellations  figured  as  animals ; 

<  fvdwv,  dim.  of  Zv^t  animal:  see  zoiin.']  1.  A 
belt  of  twelve  constellations,  extending  about 
8°  on  each  side  of  the  ecliptic.  The  constella- 
tlona  are  T,  Aries  ;  ■■ ,  Taurus ;  n,  Gemini ;  o.  Cancer ; 
H,  Leo;  i>D,  Virgo;  ^a.  Libra;  ni,  Scorpio;  t,  Sagitta- 
rius; s^j.  Caprlcomus;  .r.-,  Aquarius;  x,  Pisces.  The  zo- 
diac is  also  divided  into  twelve  equal  parts  called  signs, 
named  after  these  constellations,  and  the  first  point  of  the 
•ifni  Aries  begins  at  the  vernal  e<iuinox.  The  alKjve  sym- 
bol! refer  to  the  signs.  The  signs  have  been  carried  back 
by  the  precession  of  the  efpiinoies  until  they  are  now  25° 
liehind  the  correspomling  constellations  on  the  average. 
But  the  position  of  the  vernal  equinox  was  originally,  no 
doubt,  between  Aries  and  Taurus.  There  is  strong  evi- 
dence that  the  zmliac  was  fonned  at  Babylon  alwut  2100 
B.  c.  There  is  a  poetical  rlescription  of  the  heavens  writ, 
ten  by  Aratus  in  Macedonia  in  latitude  al)out  41°,  and 
about  270  B.  c.  But  the  appearances  described  were  never 
to  be  seen  in  that  latitude,  nor  in  any  latitude  in  that  age. 
Thus,  he  mentions  that  tlie  head  of  the  Oragon  —  that  is, 
Etamin  (y  Draconis)  —  and  tlie  waist  of  Cepheus  —  that  is, 
Klcarcs  (8  Cephei)  —  are  on  the  circle  of  perpetual  appari- 
tion. Now,  this  was  true  only  in  the  latitude  of  Babylon, 
WJ'  N..  about  2200  B.  c.  He  also  describes  pretty  careful- 
ly the  most  southerly  stars  seen,  mentioning  the  star  now 
railed  the  Peacock's  eye  (a  Pavoids),  as  well  as  Cunopus 
(a  Argus),  but  saying  "that  there  are  no  bright  stars  l>e- 
tween  tlie  latter  and  Cetus,  so  that  a  Phoenicis  must  have 
been  invisible.  Now  these  descriptions  will  suit  only 
a  station  of  latitude  32°  N.  to  .35"  N.,  and  an  epoch  be- 
tween 1500  B.  C.  and  2200  B.  c.  Aratus  also  describes 
the  courses  of  the  tropics  among  the  stars.  That  of  the 
tropic  of  Cancer  best  agrees  with  2200  B.  c,  that  of  the 
tropic  of  Capricorn  with  2IKXP  B.  c.  The  equator  is  also  de- 
8cril>ed  in  a  manner  which  answers  perfectly  to  2100  B.  c. 
Finally,  there  are  twelve  descriptions  of  the  appearances 
of  the  heavens  at  the  rising  of  each  of  the  constellations  of 
thezo<liac.  which,  whilenot  very  decisive,  are  not  in  posi- 
tive disagreement  with  the  other  indications.  But  there  is 
no  doubt  that  the  early  part  of  the  poem  (written  long  be- 
fore the  precession  of  the  equinoxes  was  suspected)  copies 
indirectly  early  Accadian  records.  The  zodiac  was,  there- 
fore, formed  before  2000  B.  c.  It  cannot  have  been  formed 
very  long  before,  since  there  is  much  reason  to  believe 
that  the  constellation  Aries  either  contained  the  sun  nr 
rose  just  before  the  sun  at  the  time  of  the  vernal  equinox. 
Sow,  It  was  about  2100  B.  c.  when  the  vernal  equinox  fell 
upon  the  last  point  of  Aries,  and  the  other  constellations 
were  in  similar  mean  positions.  Some  highly  competent 
writers,  however,  regard  the  first  formation  of  the  zodiac 
as  vastly  more  ancient.  .Several  of  the  ancient  constella- 
tion figures  have  a  remarkably  Babylonian  character,  as 

442 


and  the  planets  known  to  them  were  always 
This,  however,  does  not  hold  good  of  all  the  newly  discov- 
ered planetoids.    See  cuts  under  constellations  named. 
2.  Figuratively,  a  round  or  circuit;  a  zone;  a 
complete  course. 

The  Poet  .  .  .  goeth  hand  in  hand  with  Nature,  not  in- 
closed within  the  narrow  warrant  of  her  guifts,  but  freely 
ranging  onely  within  the  Zodiaek  of  his  owne  wit. 

Sir  P.  Sidney,  Apol.  for  Poetrie. 

In  your  yeares  zodiacke  may  you  fairely  moue, 
Shin'd  on  by  angels,  blest  with  goodness,  lone. 

Dekker,  Londons  Tempe. 


Pertaining    to    or  resembling    the   zoetrope; 
adapted  to  or  shown  by  the  zoetrope. 
ZOiatria  (z6-i-at'ri-a),  H.     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Zi^tov,  an 
animal,  4-   laTpcia,  tealing,  <   larpeveiv,  heal,  < 
laTpd;,  a  physician  :  see  iatric.'\  Veterinary  sur- 
gery- 
zoic  (zo'ik),  a.    [<  Gr.  Cm™?,  of  animals,  <  l^uov, 
animal.]   Of  or  pertaining  to  animals  or  living 
beings;  relating  to  or  characterized  by  animal 
life;  marked  by  the  presence  of  life. 
3.  In  l,cr.,  a  bearing  representing  a  part  of  the  Zoilean  (zo-il'e-an),  a     [<  L  Zoilm,  <  Gr.  7Mmc, 
imaginary  zodiacal  circle,  forming  an  arched    ;5,oilus  (see  def . ).]     Characteristic  of  Zoilus,  a 
benS^or  bend  sinister,  and  with  several  of  the     GCeek  cntie  (about  the  fourth  century  B.C.), 
signs  upon  it,  the  number  being  specified  in  the    T«>te'i  for  his  severe  criticism  of  Homer;  hav- 
bltzon._Lunar  zodiac,  a  circle  of  27  or  28  asterisms,  „''^gi^^  character  ot  Zoilism 

or  groups  of  stars,  selected  and  established  to  mark  the  ZoillSm  (zo'l-lizm), ».  [<  ZoiIi<s(see  Zoikan)  + 
moon  s  daily  progress  around  the  heavens.  It  was  used  -ism.]  Criticism  like  that  of  Zoilus ;  illiberal 
in  ancient  India,  in  China,  and  in  A -abia,  with  only  minor     q^  carping  criticism;  unjust  censure. 


variations  in  the  star-groups  selected.  Its  place  of  origin 
is  uncertain  and  disputed.— Zodiac  ring,  a  ring  deco- 
rated with  one  of  the  signs  of  the  zodiac,  either  as  the 
sign  under  which  the  possessor  was  born,  or  perhaps  the 
sign  influencing  a  certain  part  of  the  body. 
zodiacal  (zo-di'a-kal),  a.  [<  zodiac  +  -al.']  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  zodiac:  as,  the  zodiacal 
signs;  zodiacal  planets Zodiacal  Usbt,  a  lumi- 
nous tract  of  the  sky,  of  an  elongated  triangular  figure,  ly- 
ing nearly  in  the  ecliptic,  its  base  being  on  the  horizon,  and 
itsapeiatvarjingaltitudes,  seen  at  certain  seasons  of  the  ....  .,  -., 
year  either  in  the  west  after  sunset  or  in  the  east  before  ZOlSlte  (zoi  Sit),  n. 


sunrise.  It  appears  with  greatest  brilliance  within  the 
tropics,  where  it  sometimes  rivals  the  Milky  Way.  Its 
nature  is  unknown  ;  the  most  plausible  hypothesis,  sup- 
ported by  many  of  the  most  eminent  modern  astronomers, 
is  that  it  is  the  glow  from  a  cloud  of  meteoric  matter  re- 
volving round  the  sun.— Zodiacal  parallel.  See  par- 
ttUel. 
ZOdiophilOUS  (z6-di-of'i-lus),  a.  [<  Gr.  Cu<''Oi', 
dim.  of  Cv"'',  animal,  -I-  <pi>.i'n;  love.]     In  bot.. 


Bring  candid  eyes  unto  the  perusal  of  men's  works,  and 

let  not  ZoUistn  or  detraction  blast  well-intended  labours. 

Sir  T.  Broxcne,  Christ.  Mor.,  ii.  2. 

Zoilist  (zo'i-list),  11.  [<  Zoilus  (see  Zoilean)  + 
-ist.']  An  imitator  of  Zoilus;  one  who  practises 
Zoilism ;  a  carping  critic. 

Out,  rhyme  ;  take  't  as  you  list ; 
A  flco  for  the  sour-brow'd  Zoilist  I 

Marslon,  VVIiat  You  Will,  ii.  1. 

[Named  by  Werner  in  1805 


after  Baron  von  Zois,  from  whom  he  received 
his  specimen.]  A  mineral  closely  related  to 
epidote,  but  orthorhombie  in  crystallization. 
It  occurs  in  prismatic  crystals,  often  deeply  striated  and 
nmnded,  also  massive  ;  it  varies  in  color  from  white  to 
yellow,  greenish,  and  rose-red.  Its  composition  is  similar 
to  that  of  epidote,  except  that  it  contains  calcium  and  but 
little  iron.  Thulite  is  a  variety  of  a  rose-red  color,  found 
in  Norway.    Also  called  saualpite. 


animal-loving:  applied  to  those  flowers  which  2oisiIl  (zd'izm),  n.     [<  Gr.  C"'),  life,  -I-  -ism.] 


from  their  structure  are  especially  adapted  for 
fertilization  by  insects:  it  is  the  converse  of 
anthophilous,  said  of  the  insects  concerned. 
ZoSa,  ZOCea  (zo-e'ji),  «.;  pi.  zoeee.  zoax  (-e), 
rarely  zoea.i  (-ftz).  "  [NL.,  <  Gr.  ^Cmv,  animal.] 
The  name  given  byBosc  (1802)  to  the  larvse  of 
certain  decapod  crustaceans  under  the  impres- 
sion that  they  were  adults  constituting  a  dis- 


•The  doctrine  that  the  phenomena  of  life  de- 
pend upon  apeouliar  vital  principle ;  any  vital- 
istic  theory.  [A  word  current  from  about  1840 
to  1850.] 

ZOist  (zo'ist),  H.  [<  Gr.  C"'),  life,  +  -ist.]  One 
who  studies  the  phenomena  of  life  from  the 
standpoint  of  zoism;  one  who  upholds  the 
theory  or  doctrine  of  zoism.     See  zoism. 


tinct  genus.    The  name  is  retained  for  the  zoea-stage,  golstic  (z6-is'tik),  n.      [i  zoist -i-  -ic]     1.   Per- 
and  for  the  animal  itself  in  this  stage.    The  zoea  is  also     (-fining  to  zoism   or  to  the  zoists :    as,  zoistic 


Zotfa-itayeof  Shore-crab  (Car 
ftas  tntrntrs). 


called  the  copepod-stage,  intervening  In  some  crustaceans 
between  the  nauplius-stage  and  the  schlzopod-stage ;  in 
others,  in  which  a  nauplius-stage  Is  apparently  wanting, 
the  zoea  passes  into  the  megalopa-stage.   Also  zoiea,  zoea. 

ZOea-form  (zo-e'a-f6rm),  n.  The  zoea  or  zoea- 
stage  of  a  crustacean. 

zoeal,  zooeal  (zo-e'al), 
a.  Of  the  nature  of  a 
zoea ;  pertaining  to  a 
zoea  or  to  the  zoea- 
stage  ;  zoeform.  Also 
zoieal. 

ZoSa-Stage(zo-e'a-staj), 
H.  That  early  stage 
of  certain  crustaceans 
which  is  a  zoea.  in  this 
stage  of  development  the 
cephalothorax  is  relatively 
stout  and  usually  spined, 
with  conspicuous  eyes,  and 
long  fringed  antennaj  and  month-paris  serving  as  swim- 
ming-organs :  the  thoracic  legs  are  undeveloped  ;  and  the 
abdomen  is  long  and  slender  and  with  or  without  appen- 
dages. Tills  stage  usually  passes  into  that  of  the  mega- 
lopa. 

ZoSfonn,  ZOCeform  (zo'e-form),  a.  [<  NL.  zoe'<(, 
q.  v.,  +  ^j.  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of 
a  zoea;  being  or  resembling  a  zoea. 

ZOepraxiscope  (z6-e-prak'si-sk6p),  n.  Same  as 
zoopraxinoseopc. 

ZOStlier  (zo-e'th6r),  n.  [<  Gr.  Cu^,  life,  +  E. 
(e)thcr.]  A  supposed  substance  which  mani- 
fests the  phenomena  of  animal  magnetism  and 
the  like:  same  as  jiroli/Ie. 

ZoStheric  (z6-e-ther'ik),  a.  [<  zoetlier  +  -ic] 
Having  the  character  of  zoether;  relating  to 
zoether  in  any  way. 

ZOStiC  (zo-et'ik),  a.  fliTeg.  <  Gr.  Cur/,  life,  + 
-f-ic]     I'ertaining  to  life ;  vital. 


views.  See  zoism. —  2.  Pertaining  to  living 
organisms  or  to  vitality;  vitalistic;  animal:  as, 
zoistic  magnetism  (that  is,  animal  magnetism). 
Scorcshy. 
Zolaism  (zo'la-izm),  w.  [<  Zolii  (see  def.)  + 
-ism.]  The  efiaracteristic  quality  of  the  works 
of  Emile  Zola  (born  1840),  a  French  novelist 
characterized  by  an  excessively  "realistic" 
treatment  of  the  grosser  phases  of  life ;  coarse 
"realism"  or  "naturalism." 
Set  the  maiden  fancies  wallowing  in  the  troughs  of  Zola- 

isin  — 
Forward,  forward,  ay  and  backward,  downward  too  into 
the  abysm. 

Tennygiiu,  Locksley  Hall  Sixty  Years  After. 

ZoUner's  lines.     Parallel  lines  which  seem  not 


V  N, 


\    N    N 


VN 


^^^^^^ 


^.^V^ 


V^O-v^V 


y  y  y  y  y  y  y  y  y  y  y 


yyyyy/'/'^y/^y/' 


^^ 


■7^ 


v 


00000 


.^OOOOOOv 


Zi'Iliier's  Lines. 


to  be  parallel  by  reason  of  oblique  intersecting 
lines.  Also  called  Ztillncr's pattern. 
ZoUverein  (tsol'fer-in"),  ».  [6.,  <  roH  (=  E. 
toll),  custom,  +  vcrcin,  union,  <  rer-  (=  E./o/--) 
-f  ein  (=  E.  one),  one.]  1.  A  union  of  German 
states  for  the  maintenance  of  a  common  tariff, 
or  uniform  rates  of  duty  on  imports  from  other 
countries,  and  of  free  trade  among  themselves. 


zoUverein 

It  began  with  an  agreement  in  1828  between  Prussia  and 
the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse,  received  a  great  development 
in  1834  and  succeeding  years,  ultimately  including  all  the 
Germau  powers  excepting  Austria  and  a  few  small  states, 
and  is  now  coextensive  with  the  German  empire. 
Hence  —  2.  A  commercial  union,  or  customs- 
union,  in  general ;  any  arrangement  between  a 
number  of  states  for  regulating  rates  of  duty 
with  reference  to  their  common  benefit. 

The  result  would  be  a  Protectionist  group  and  an  Aus- 
tralian ZoUcerein.      Fortnightly  Rev.,  N.  S.,  XXXIX.  296. 

ZOmborak(zom'bo-ruk),  n.  9>a,me  3.S  zumboorulv. 

zona  (zo'na),  w.;  pi.  zonx  (-ne).  [L.]  1.  In 
anat.,  a  zoiie.  belt,  or  girdle,  or  part  likened  to 
a  zone:  chiefly  used  in  human  anatomy. — 2. 
Herpes  zoster"(which  see,  under  herpes) — Zona 
alba,  the  white  zone  of  the  eyeball  — a  thickening  of  the 
sclerotic  where  the  muscles  are  attached.— Zona  arcua- 
ta,theinnerzoneof  the  basilar  membrane,  extending  from 
the  lower  edge  of  ihe  spiral  groove  of  the  cochlea  to  the  ex- 
ternal edire  of  the  base  of  the  outer  rods  of  Corti.— Zona 
cartllaginea,  the  limbus  of  the  s|iiral  lamina.— Zona 
choriacea.  Same  as  zona  cartUaginea.— Zona,  clUa- 
ris,  the  ciliary  zone  of  tlie  eye;  the  ring  or  belt  of  ciliary 
processes  or  their  impression  upon  the  vitreous  humor. 
See  cut  under  e.vei.— Zona  denticulata,  the  inner  zone 
of  tile  basilar  membrane  together  with  the  limbus  of  the 
spural  lamina.— Zona  fasciculata,  the  layer  of  the  corti- 
cal part  of  the  suprarenal  body,  just  beneath  the  zona 
gloraerulosa.— Zona  ganglionaris,  a  collection  of  gray 
matter  on  the  filaments  of  the  cochlear  branch  of  the 
auditory  nerve.— Zona  glomerulosa,  the  outer  layer  of 
the  cortical  part  of  the  suprarenal  boily.— Zona  ignea. 
Same  as  def.  2.— Zona  incerta,  a  continuation  of  the  for- 
matio  reticularis  forward  under  the  optic  thalamus. — 
Zona  laevis.  same  as  zona  arcuata.— Zona,  medlana. 
Same  aszonarar'i!a(;»neo.— Zonamembranacea.  Same 
as  basilar  membrajie  (which  see,  under  basilar). — Zona 
nervea.  Same  as  zona  arcuata. — Zona  orbicularis,  a 
collection  of  circular  fibers  in  the  capsular  ligament  of 
the  hip  joint.— Zona  pectlnata,  the  outer  zone  of  the 
basilar  membrane,  extending  from  the  rods  of  Corti  to 
the  spiral  ligament.  — Zona  pelluclda,  a  transparent 
membrane  surrounding  tlte  yolk  of  the  ovum :  so  called 
from  its  appearance  in  the  human  ovum  under  the  micro- 
scope. It  is  simply  the  waU  of  the  ovum,  corresponding 
to  any  other  cell-wall.  It  is  traversed  by  numerous,  more 
or  less  evident,  radiating  pore-canals,  through  which  sper- 
matozoa are  supposed  to  enter  the  ovum. — Zona  perfo- 
rata., the  lower  ed^e  of  the  spiral  groove  of  the  cochlea. 
—  Zona  radiata,  the  zona  pellucida  when  the  radiating 
pore-canals  are  especially  distinct.— Zonarepens.  Same 
as  herpes  zoster.  See  herpn.—Zona  reticularis,  the  in- 
ner layer  of  the  cortical  portion  of  the  suprarenal  body.— 
Zona  serplginosa.  Same  as  def.  2.— Zona  sponglosa, 
the  extreme  dorsal  tip  of  the  posterior  horn  of  the  gray 
matter  of  the  spinal  cord.  —Zona  tecta,  the  inner  part  of 
the  lamina  spiralis  membranacea,  covered  by  the  organ  of 
Corti.— Zona  tendtnosa,  a  fibrous  ring  situated  at  each 
auriculoventricular  opening  in  the  hearts  — Zona  Val- 
salV88,  the  membranous  spiral  lamina  of  the  cochlea. 
Zona  volatica.    Same  as  def.  2. 

zonal  (zo'nal),  (t.  [<  LL.  zonalis,  <  L.  zonu. 
zone:  see  rowe.]  1.  Having  the  character  of 
a  zone  or  belt. 

Frequently  storm  clouds  appeared  zorml  —  that  is,  alter- 
nate portions  positively  and  negatively  electrified. 

G.  J.  Symons,  in  Modern  Jleteorology,  p.  16.3. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  rings,  somites,  or 
body-segments  of  an  articulate  or  annulose 
animal;  arthromerie;  metamerie:  as,  zonal 
symmetry,  the  serial  homology  or  metamerie 
symmetry  of  a  segmented  animal,  as  an  ar- 
thropod or  an  annelid.     See  sijmmetrij.  5  (6). — 

3.  In  crystal..,  arranged  in  zones:  as,  the  zonal 
structure  of  a  mineral.— 4.  In  hot,  noting  that 
view  of  a  diatom  in  which  the  zone  or  suture  of 
the  valves  is  presented  to  the  eye  —  the  "front 
view"  of  some  writers. —  5.  In  hort.,  marked 
on  the  leaves  with  a  zone  or  circle,  as  many  pe- 
largoniums, also  called  horseshoe  geraniums. 
—  Zonal  harmonic.  See  harmonic. — Zonal  stratum. 
See  stratum  zonale,  uiiiler  stratunt. 

zonally  (z6'nal-i),  adc.  In  a  zonal  manner;  in 
zones,  or  in  the  form  of  a  zone. 

Crystals  of  the  hyacinth  variety  of  quartz  .  .  .  contain 
numerous  inclusions  of  anhydrite  arranged  zonally. 

Amer.  Nat.,  XXIII.  814. 

Zonaria''  (zo-na'ri-a),  n.  [NL.  (Agavdli,  1824), 
fem.  of  L.  zf)iinriii.s:  see  zr>nary.~i  A  small  ge- 
nus of  widely  distributed  pha?osporous  algte,  of 
the  order  Dictyot'icese,  having  a  more  or  less 
fan-shaped  frond  obscurely  marked  with  con- 
centric zones,  and  rounilish  or  linear  sori  formed 
beneath  the  cuticle  of  the  frond. 

Zonaria^  (zo-na'ri-a),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  nctit.  pi.  of 
\j.zonarius:  aee  :oiiari/.'\  One  of  two  primary 
groups  (the  other  V>eing  Discoidco)  into  which 
Huxley  divided  the  deciduate  Mniiim/ilid.  con- 
sisting of  those  iJeci'liin/fi  which  have  a  zonary 
placenta;  the  Zonophicentalia. 

Zonarioid(zo-na'ri-oid),  o.  [_<.  Zonaria^  +-oi(l.'i 
In  hot.,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  genus 
Zonaria. 

zonary  (z6'na-ri),  a.  [<  L.  zonarius,  <  zona,  a 
zone :  see  zone.']  Pertaining  to  or  character- 
ized by  a  zone  ;  having  or  presenting  the  form 
of  a  belt  or  girdle.     A  zonary  placenta  is  one 


7038 

in  which  the  fetal  villi  form  a  belt  or  zone.  See 
Zonaria"^,  Zonoplacentalia,  and  zonular. 

The  placenta  of  the  dugong  Is  zonary  and  non-decidu- 
ate.  Nature,  XL.  611. 

zonate  (zo'nat),  a.     [<  NL.  zonatiis,  <  L.  zona. 
zone:  see  zone,']    1.  In  hot.,  marked  with  zones 
or  concentric  bands  of  color. —  2.  In  zoiil.,  hav- 
ing zones  of  color  or  texture ;  belted,  girdled, 
or  ringed ;  zoned. 
zonda  (zon'dii),  re.    [Named  from  the  village  of 
Zonda.l     A  local  foehn  wind  occurring  at  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Andes,  in  the  vicinity  of 
San  Juan,  Argentine  Republic.     It  is  a  hot  dry 
west  wind  blowing  down  from  the  Cordillera,  and  carrying 
clouds  of  dust  and  fine  sand.   It  may  occur  at  any  season, 
but  is  especially  frequent  during  July  and  August  (mid- 
winter), when  its  high  temperature  and  parching  elfects 
are  especially  noticeable.    The  name  is  also  applied  to  a 
hot  di-y  north  wind  occurring  on  the  Argentine  plains  dur- 
ing the  summer,  and  reported  especially  from  the  vicin- 
ity of  Mendoza.  This  is  essentially  a  desert  wind,  charged 
with  sand,  and  oppressive  and  suffocating  in  its  effects. 
zone  (zon),  11.     [<  F.  zone,  <  Sp.  Pg.  It.  zona,  < 
L.  zona,  <  Gr.  i^uvij,  a  girdle,  belt,  one  of  the 
zones  of  the  sphere,  <  tiuvvhvai,  gird.]    1.  A  gir- 
dle or  belt  worn  as  an  article  of  dress.      [Now 
only  poetical.] 
Germlnatio,  in  green,  with  a  zone  of  gold  about  herwalst. 
B.  Jonson,  Masque  of  Beauty. 
With  a  side 
White  as  Hebe's,  when  her  zone 
Slipt  its  golden  clasp,  and  down 
Fell  her  kirtle  to  her  feet.  Keats,  Fancy. 

2.  A  belt  or  band  round  anything,  as  a  stripe 
of  different  color  or  substance  round  an  object : 
figuratively,  any  circumscribing  or  surrounding 
line,  real  or  imaginary;  a  circuitous  line,  path, 
or  course;  an  inclosing  circle. 

That  milky  way. 
Which  nightly,  as  a  circling  zone,  thou  seest 
Powder'd  with  stars.  Hilton,  P.  L.,  vii.  .580. 

And  four  great  zones  of  sculpture,  set  betwixt 
With  many  a  mystic  symbol,  gird  the  hall. 

Tennyson,  Holy  Grail 

Very  frequently  the  colors  form  stripes  or  zoTies  in  the 
stone  [Egyptian  jasper],  which  are  probably  the  result  of 
decomposition  of  the  upper  surface. 

E.  W.  Streeter,  Pi-ecious  Stones,  p.  201. 

3.  Si)ecifically,  in  geoq.,  one  of  five  arbitrary 
divisions  of  the  earth's  surface,  bounded  by 
lines  parallel  to  the  equator,  each  named  ac- 
cording to  its  prevailing  temperature;  a  cli- 
matic lielt.  These  climatic  zones  are  (ff)  the  *omd  zone, 
extending  from  tropic  to  tropic,  or  23J'  north  and  2^° 
soutll  of  the  equator;  (b)  two  temperate  zones,  extending 
from  the  tropics  to  the  polar  circles  —  that  is,  from  the  par- 
allel of  23*°  north  or  south  to  that  of  66J°  north  or  south, 
and  therefore  called  the  ^wrth  temperate  and  south  temper- 
ate zones:  and  (c)  two  frigid  zones,  extending  from  the  po- 
lar circles  to  the  north  and  south  poles  respectively. 

4.  Any  continuous  tract  or  belt  differing  in 
character  from  adjoining  tracts ;  a  definite  area 
or  region  within  which  some  distinguishing 
circumstances  exist  or  are  established :  as,  the 
zones  of  natural  history,  distinguished  by  spe- 
cial fonns  of  vegetable  or  animal  life ;  a  zone  of 
free  trade ;  a  free  zone  on  the  border  of  a  country 
or  between  adjoining  states.  Naturalists  formerly 
divided  the  sea-bottom  into  five  zones  in  accordance  with 
the  depth  of  water  covering  each,  which  was  supposed  to 
determine  its  fauna  and  flora.  They  were  called  respec- 
tively littoral,  circumlittoral,  median,  in,framedian,  and 
abyasal.  Later  researches  have  proved  that  the  assumed 
facts  were  to  a  great  extent  erroneous,  organisms  supposed 
to  be  confined  to  the  littoral  zone  having  been  found  at 
the  greatest  depths.  In  geology  zone  has  nearly  the  same 
meaning  as  horizon.  A  stratum,  or  a  group  of  strata,  may 
be  characterized  by  the  presence  of  a  certain  assemblage 
of  fossils,  or  by  one  particular  fossil ;  in  such  cases  the 
most  abundant  or  typical  fossil  may  give  a  name  to  the 
subdivision  in  which  it  occurs,  which  will  then  be  desig- 
nated as  the  z^me  of  that  particular  species.  Thus,  the 
Lower  and  the  Middle  Lias  have  together  been  divided 
into  twelve  zones,  each  characterized  by  the  jtresenceof  a 
certain  species  of  annnonite  :  as,  the  "zoiie  of  the  Arietiles 
{Ammonites)  raricostatus,"  etc. 

They  [the  people  of  Savoy]  would  .  .  .  lose  their  com- 
mercial zone  or  free  frontier  with  Switzerland. 

C.  E.  Adams,  Democracy  and  Monarchy,  ix. 
The  zone  of  youthful  fancy  .  .  .  is  now  well  passed ;  the 
zone  of  cultllred  imagination  is  still  beyond  us. 

Stedman.  Vict.  Poets,  p.  !.'>. 
How  vast  must  have  been  that  earlier  period  wherein 
were  deposited  those  fine  alternations  of  lime  and  clay 
which  form  hills,  such  as  Mont  Perrier,  several  hundred 
feet  in  height,  divisible  into  distinct  zones,  each  character- 
ised by  peculiar  assemblages  of  fossils. 

Geikie.  Geol.  Sketches,  v. 

Attacks  of  a  spasmodic  or  of  a  lethargic  nature  in  hys- 
terical patients  can  often  be  excited  by  touching  or  press- 
i  iig  upon  certain  spots  or  zones  on  the  surface  of  the  body. 
Lancet,  1886,  II.  124S. 

5.  In  mafh.,  a  part  of  the  surface  of  a  sphere 
included  between  two  parallel  planes. —  6.  In 
crystal.,  a  series  of  planes  having  their  lines  of 
intersection  parallel Annual  zone.  Same  as  an- 
nual ring  (which  see,  under  n"«i/l). —  Bathymetric  zone. 
See  balhymetric.—  QerYicaX  zone,  that  part  of  the  preg- 


zonociliate 

nant  uterus,  embracing  about  the  lower  fourth,  within 
which  attachment  of  the  placenta  is  dangerous,  as  liable 
to  cause  alarming  hemorrhage  during  childbirth.  The 
centric  attachment  of  the  placenta  in  this  zone  consti- 
tutes placenta  prcevia  (which  see,  under  placeida). — Cili- 
ary zone,  in  artat.  See  ciliary. —  Coralline  zone.  See 
coraK/Tie.— Epileptic  zone,  an  area  of  the  skin  covering 
the  lower  part  of  the  face  and  the  neck,  irritation  of  which 
will  excite  an  epileptic  paroxysm.  Brown-S^quard  found 
that  section  of  the  spinal  cord  in  the  lumbar  region  in 
animals,  usually  guinea-pigs,  was  followed  by  epilepsy, 
and  that  the  progeny  of  animals  so  treated  had  these  epi- 
leptic zones.— Epileptogenous  or  epileptogenic  zone. 
Same  as  epileptic  zo/k.— Hyperesthetic  zone,  a  hyper- 
sensitive portion  of  the  integument,  sometimes  found,  in 
cases  of  spinal  paralysis,  at  the  border  of  the  affected  part. 
— Hypnogenic  zone,  a  place  or  region  on  the  surface  of 
the  body  stimulation  or  irritation  of  which  tends  to  induce 
hypnotism.    [Recent.] 

Spots  which  have  been  described  by  Pitres  as  hypno- 
genic zones.  BjOrnstrbm.,  Hypnotism  (trans.),  p.  18. 
Hysterogenic  zone,  a  part  of  the  surface  of  the  body 
pressure  upon  which  will  excite  a  paroxysm  in  cases  of 
hystero-epilepsy.  -Intermediary  zone  of  the  stomach, 
that  part  of  the  wall  of  the  stomach,  near  the  pylorus, 
where  the  peptic  glands  begin  to  disappear.  — Isother- 
mal zones.  See  isothermal. — Llssauer's  zone.  Same 
as  Lissauer's  tract  (which  see,  under  trac(i).— Blarglnal 
zone,  the  border  where  the  synovial  membrane  is  grad- 
ually converted  into  articular  cartilage.— Neutral,  pec- 
tinate, pellucid,  primordial  zones.   Seetheadjectives. 

—  Posterior  marginal  zone.  Same  as  Lissauer's  tract 
(which  see,  under  (r«c(i).— Tliree-mlle  zone.  See  mile. 
—Zone  of  defense,  in  fort.,  the  belt  of  territory  around 
a  fortification  which  falls  under  the  effective  fire  of  the 
besieged —Zone  of  Haller.  Same  as  zone  of  Zinn.— 
Zone  of  Ussauer.    Same  as  Lissauer's  tract.    See  tracts. 

—  Zone  of  operations  (OTiW.),  the  region  containing  the 
lines  of  operations  of  an  army,  extending  from  the  base  of 
operations  to  the  objective  point.  See  strategy.— Zont  Of 
vegetation,  a  belt  of  characteristic  vegetable  growth  fol- 
lowing a  particular  line  of  altitude  on  mountain  sides.— 
Zone  of  Zinn.    Same  as  zonule  of  Zinn.    See  zonule. 

zone  (zon),  f. ;  pret.  and  pp.  zoned,  ppr.  zoning. 
[<  zone,  M.]  I.  trans.  To  encircle  with  or  as 
if  with  a  zone;  bring  within  a  zone,  or  divide 
into  zones  or  belts,  in  any  sense. 

I  could  hear  he  loved 
Some  fair  immortal,  and  that  his  embrace 
Had  zoned  her  through  the  night. 

Keats,  Endymion,  ii. 

II.  intrans.  To  be  formed  into  zones. 

What  Mr.  Ix)ckyer  had  called  the  zoning  of  colour  in 
the  heavens.  Nature,  XX.XVIII.  225. 

zone-axis  (zon'ak'sis),  n.  In  crystal,  the  line 
in  which  all  the  planes  of  a  zone  would  inter- 
sect it  they  were  supposed  to  pass  through  the 
same  point. 

zoned  (zond).  a.  [<zone+  -ed'^.]  1.  Wearing 
a  zone,  as  a  woman. —  2.  Having  zones,  or 
bands  resembling  zones;  zonate. 

ZOnelesS  (zon'les),  a.  [<  zone  +  -less.]  Without 
a  zone  or  girdle;  ungirt;  hence,  loosely  robed. 

That  reeling  goddess  with  the  zoneless  waist. 

Cowper,  Task.  iiL  52. 

ZOnic  (zo'nik),  w.  [<  zone  +  -i'c]  A  girdle; 
a  zone;  a  belt.     [Rare.] 

I  know  that  the  place  where  I  was  bred  stands  upon  a 
zontcofcoal.  SmoJWt,  lYavels,  iv.    (Daviet.) 

zoniferous  (zo-nif'e-rus),  a.  [<  L.  zona,  zone, 
-t-  fcrrc  =  E.  Iwar'^ .]  Having  or  bearing  a  zone ; 
zoned. 

Zonites  (zo-ni'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Montfort,  1810), 
<  Gr.  Cav'iTK,  girded,  <  Cuvj/,  girdle:  see  zone."] 
In  conch.,  a  genus  of  pulmonate  gastropods,  re- 
ferred to  thefatnilyi/f /(c/rfa?,  or  to  the /.('mactrf  a?, 
or  to  the  Vitrinidif,  and  giving  name  to  the  Zoni- 
timr.  The  species  are  numerous,  as  Z.  cellaria  (see  cellar- 
snail).  Z.  milium  is  a  very  small  species  of  the  L'nit«d 
States ;  Z.  umbiUeata  is  known  as  the  open  snail.  The  ge- 
nus in  a  broad  sense  includes  species  of  Hyalirm  and  re- 
lated forms ;  but  it  is  also  restricted  to  about  a  dozen  spe- 
cies of  the  Mediterranean  region,  as  Z.  algirus. 

Zonitidse  (zo-nit'i-de),  n.  pl.  [NL.,  <  Zonites  + 
-idle.']  A  family  of  ten-estrial  gastropods,  tj-pi- 
fied  by  the  genus  Zonites :  same  as  Vitrinidse. 
Trans.  Xeir  Zealand  In.^t.,  1883. 

Zonitinse  (z6-ni-ti'ne),  H.  pl.  [NL.,  <  Zonites 
+  -inie.]  A  subfamily  of  Vitrinidse  or  another 
family,  typified  by  the  ^enus  Zonites.  and  in- 
chiding  forms  with  a  heheoid  shell  (into  which 
the  aniraal  can  completely  withdraw)  and  with 
lateral  bicuspid  and  marginal  acute  teeth. 

Zonitis  (zo-ni'tis),  H.  [NL.  (Fabricius,  1775),  < 
(Jr.  iTut'inf',  fem,  of  Curm/f:  see  Zomte,<<.]  A  ge- 
nus of  blister-beetles,  of  the  family  Cnntharidsp. 
of  wide  distriliution  and  comprising  about  40 
species,  of  which  6  are  North  American.  They 
are  verv  variable  in  color  and  size,  but  are  distinguished 
by  having  the  outer  lobe  of  the  maxilla  not  prolonged. 

ZOnochlorite  (z6-no-kl6'rit),  h.  [<  txr.  C(Jf»/. 
girdle,  +  x^.upn(,  greenish-yellow.  +  -lYe'-^.]  _  A 
zeolitic  mineral,  perhaps  related  to  thomsonite, 
occurring  in  massive  form  in  cavities  in  amyg- 
daloid :  it  often  shows  bands  of  different  colors. 

zonociliate  (zo-no-sil'i-at),  a.  [<  L.  zona,  zone, 
+  NL.  ciliatus,  eiliate.]     Zoned  with  a  circlet 


zonociliate 

of  cilia ;  encircled  with  cilia,  as  a  trochosphere 
or  telotrocha.  See  these  words,  and  cut  under 
veliger. 

The  fertilized  egg  of  the  Phylactoliema  does  not  give 
rise  to  a  zonociliate  larva.  Encyc.  Brit.,  XIX.  437. 

ZOnoid  (zo'noid),  a.     [<  Gr.  (umecdiir,  like  a  gir- 
dle. <  Caiv;?,  girdle,  +  eUoc,  form.]     Like  a  zone; 

pertaining  to  zones;  zonular.     [Rare.] 
ZOnoplacental   (zo'no-pla-sen'tal),  «.      [<   L. 

^ona,  girdle,  +  NL.  placenta  +  '-«;.]  In  mam- 
mal., having  a  zonary  deciduate  placenta ;  of 

or  pertaining  to  the  ZonoplacentaUa. 
Zonoplacentalia  (zo-no-plas-en-ta'li-a),  n.  pi. 

[NL. :    see  zonoplacental.l      Those  deciduate 

mammals  in  which  the  placenta  is  zonary,  as 

contrasted  with  Discoplacentalia;  the  Zonaria. 

The  carnivores,  the  elephant,  and  the  hyra.x  are 

examples. 
Zonotrichia(z6-no-trik'i-a),n.  [NL. (Swaiuson, 

1831),  <  Gr.  s"vrj,  girdle,  +'  Bpii  (rpix-),  hair.]    A     _ 

genus  of  large  and  handsome  American  finches,     of  spiny  scales  on  the  tail,  as  of  Z.  (jiganteus. 

of  the  family  Fringillidie ;  the  crown-sparrows.  Zoo  (zo),  n.     [The  first  three  letters  of  zonlogi- 


The  white-crowned  Is  Z.  leucophryg,  abundant  in  many 
parts  of  North  America.  More  numerous  and  familiar  is 
the  white-throated,  or  peabodybird,  Z.  albicoUii,  whose 
white  throat  is  sharply  contrasted  with  the  dark  ash  of  the 


7039  zoSglcea 

-.C-S^W*!!,.  zooea,  ZOCEal,  )i.     See  soea,  zoeal. 

zooecial  (zo-e'shi-al),  a.  [<  zoceci-um  +  -al.] 
Having  the  character  of  a  zooeeium;  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  zocEcia  of  polyzoans. 

zooeeium  (zo-e'si-um),  «. ;  pi.  znwHa  (-a). 
[<  Gr.  C,C>r,v,  animal,  +  ohia,  house.]  The  ecto- 
cyst,  or  outer  chitiuous  or  calcified  cell,  in 
which  a  polypide  of  the  Polyzoa  is  lodged,  and 
into  which  a  polypide  can  be  retracted  after 
protrusion ;  one  of  the  cells  of  the  caenoecium, 
containing  a  polypide.  it  is  the  cuticle  of  the  poly- 
pide itself,  dense  and  tough,orhard,changing  without  so- 
lution of  continuity  into  the  soft  delicate  pellicle  at  the 
mouth  of  the  animalcule.  In  the  eetopioctous  polyzoans 
it  forms  a  case  or  shield  into  which  the  soft  protrusible 
parts  of  the  polypide  can  be  withdmwn.  See  ectocygt,  and 
cut  under  Plumnt^Ua. 

zooeform,  rt.     Seezoefurm. 

ZOOerythrin  (z6"6-e-rith'rin),  )i.     [<  Gr.  Cwoi', 
zonire  ,z„,„.us  g,ir«„,„.s).  animal,  +  kpvep6g;veA,  +  -«ie2.]    1 .  A  red  color- 

genus  of  Zonuridee:  so  named  from  the  rings     "'S  matter  obtained  from  the  plumage  of  the 

„f  „„; — .  „„„i i.i._  i_;i n  r,  ....  —  _,  MusophagidiB  or  tiirakoos,  giving  a  continuous 

spectrum.    See  turaciii, — 2.  A  kind  of  red  pig- 
ment of  the  lipochrome  series  widely  diffused  in 
sponges,  and  regarded  as  having  a"  respiratory 
function.    W.  J.  SoUas,  Encyc.  Brit.,  XXII.  420. 
Also  zoonerytlirin. 
ZOOfulvin  (zo-o-ful'vin),  n.    [<  Gr.  C,Cmv,  animal, 
+  h.fulrus,  tawny,  +  -in".']    A  yellow  coloring 
matter  obtained  from  the  plumage  of  the  Mu- 
so}>liagida;  orturakoos,  showing  two  absorptive 
bands  not  the  same  as  those  of  turaein. 
ZOO^amete  (z6'o-ga-met),  ».     [NL.,  <  Gr.  fipoi', 
animal,  +  yaiwrt/,  a  wife,  etc.]     In  bot.,  a  mo- 
tile gamete.     A\so  planogamete. 


cal,  taken  as  forming  one  syllable.]  With  the 
definite  article,  the  Zoological  Gardens  in  Lon- 
don :  also  used  of  any  similar  collection  of  ani- 
mals. [From  a  mere  vulgarism,  this  corruption 
has  passed  into  wide  colloquial  use.] 

ZOoamylin  (z6-o-am'i-lin),  n.  [<  Gr.  C(iini;  ani- 
mjil,  +  E.  amyfin.]     Same  as  glycogen! 

zoobiotism  (z6-o-bi'o-tizm),  «.  [<  Gr.  f^y,  ani- 
mal, +  ,i/of,  life.  -I-  -i-  +  -ism.]    Same  as  bioticn. 

zooblast  (zo'o-blast),  «.  [<  Gr.  C<mv,  animal, 
+  li/xin-o^,  germ.]  An  animal  cell ;  a  bioplast 
(which  see). 

Zo6capsa(z6-6-kap'sa).  H.     [NL.,  <Gr.CvoJ',ani-  ZOOgamous   (zo-og'a-mus),  a.     l<  zoogam-y  + 


mal,  4-  L.  cap'sa,  box,  chest :  see  cap,wle.]  A  ge- 
nus of  fossil  barnacles  of  the  Liassic  perio<1, 
representing  the  oldest  known  form  of  Balani- 
dee. 

ZOOCarp  (zo'o-kiirp).  n.  [<  Gr.  Cuov,  animal,  + 
Kap-og,  fruit.]     Same  as  zompore. 

ZOdcaulon  (z6-o-ka'lon),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Cvoi". 
animal,  +  Kav}.6c,  stem,  stalk:  see  caiifi,  canlis.] 


-oH.v.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  zooganiy;  noting 
the  pairing  of  animals  or  their  sexual  repro- 
duction. 
ZOOgamy  (zo-og'a-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  Cf»j),  animal, 
+  >a/;of,  marriage.]  The  coupling,  mating,  or 
pairing  of  animals  of  opposite  sexes  for  the  pur- 
pose of  reproduction  or  propagation  of  their 
kind  ;  sexual  rejiroduction  ;  gamogenesis. 


Wbite-lhroHted  Sparrow,  or  Peatxxiy.bird  {Zimorrirhia  albi^ollis). 


The  erect  branching  tentaeuliferous  colony-  ZOOgen  (zo'6-jen),  -n.     [<  Gr.  C^f,  animal,   + 
stock  of  some  infusorians.  as  of  the  genus />««       -— ■-  '■■-=  ■■      '     '  -  = 

drosoma.     W.  S.  Kent. 


u  zonule  of  ^inn.  — ZontUa  of  ZllUl. 
Zinn. 


zonular  (zo'nu-ljir),  a. 


.Same  as  zonule  of 
[<  zonule  -I-  -flr^.]     1. 


ilack  and  ZOOChemical  (zo-6-kera'i-kal),  //.     [<  zoochcm-y 
1  eye,  and     "t.  -'c-<il.\     Oi  or  pertaiTiiiig  to  zoochemistry. 


•■  Zo6chlorella(z6'o-klo-rel'a).».;  -pX. zoikhloreUs' 
'"'     (-e).     [NL.,  <  Gr.  Omv,  animal,  +  x^^pk.  pale- 
green,  +  dim.  -ella.]      One  of  the  green  pig 


breast.     In  the  adult  the  head  is  striped  with  black 

white,  there  is  a  distinct  yellow  spot  before  each  eye, 

the  edge  of  the  wing  is  yellow.    The  length  is  BJ  inches.  Zoochemistry  (z6-6-kem'is-tri).  «.     [<  Gr.  Ci^'. 

the  extent  9i.    'niis  sparrow  abounds  in  shrubljcry  of  the  animal,  +    E.  chemistry.]     Animal  chemistry; 

eastern  half  of  North  America,  and  has  a  limpid  pleasing  i\,,.  ,,i,t.,,,;.,t,.,.  nt  n.r. ,  ^„itit,.„„t    „*  ti,         ■       i 

•ong,  some  notes  of  which  are  rendered  In  the  word  pea-  W  chemistr.v  of  the  constituents  of  the  animal 

6odv.     Z.  (jnenda  is  Harris's  finch,  of  the  Missouri  and  uodv. 

Mississippi  region ;  the  male  when  adult  has  nearly  the  ZOOChemy  (z6'6-kem-i),  w.      [<  Gr.  C^v,  animal, 

whole  head  hooded  with  jet-black     Z.  coronata.  of  the  -(-  E.  *chemy  (t'.  chimie) :  see  akhemii.l     Same 

Faciflc  slope,  is  the  golden^^rowned.  ■•  t       ■  ,           r,        ,-                         •    - 

•A^ni.  ,i,^>,.-,  ia\        .     ^           ,     /  i-x      rxTT  Hs  zoochemi.sin/.     Dunqb.ion. 

zonula  (zo  nu-la),  «.;  \n.  zonnlse  (le).     [NL.  ■       - — -■-•     

see  zonule.]     In  iinat.  and  zoiil.,  a  small  zoiu 

belt,  or  ring;  a  zonule — Zonula  dUaris.    Same 


-;f''W,  producing:  see -j/eH.]  A  glairy  organic 
substance  found  on  the  surface  of  the  thermal 
waters  of  Baden  and  elsewhere.  Also  called 
zoiodin. 

ZOOgenic  (z6-o-jen'ik),  a.  [<  zoiigcn  +  -ic.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  zoogeny,  or  the  origination  of 
animals. 

zoogeny  (zo-oj'e-ni),  n.  [<  Gr.  C<fWj),  animal,  + 
-;  tveia,  production  :  see  -geny.]  The  fact  or  the 
doctrine  of  the  origination  of  living  beings  and 
the  fonnation  of  their  parts  or  organs.  Also 
zofignny. 

ZOOgeog.  An  abbreviation,  used  in  this  work, 
of  ziiiii/iogrnpliy. 


mentary  particles,   or   minute    corpuscles  of  ZOOgeographer  (z6''6-je-og'ra-fer),  n.     [izooge- 


Of  or  pertaining  to  a  zone  or  zonule;  zonary;     "ous  1 

zoned.— 2.  Inroo7.,speeifically,diffuse:  applied     polyps  and  the  _st  en  tors   among   infusorians. 


green  coloring  matt<'r,  which  are  found  in  va 
rious  low  invertebrates,  as  the  hydras  among 


ogi-(ij)li-y  +  -<^cl.]  One  who  studies  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  animals,  or  is  versed 
in  zoogeography. 


to  a  diffuse  form  of  placenta.     See  zonary. 

The  zonular  type  of  a  placenta.  Dana. 

Zonular  cataract,  a  form  of  cataract,  occurring  usually 
in  young  children,  in  which  the  opacity  is  situated  be- 
tween the  cortex  and  the  nucleus  of  the  lens. 

zonule  (zo'nul),  H.  [<  L.  zonnlfi,  dim.  of  zona, 
girdle :  see  zone]  A  little  zone,  belt,  or  band ; 
a  zonula — Zonule  of  Zinn,  the  suspensory  ligament 
of  the  crystalline  lens  of  the  eye.     .See  under  »{utpenwny. 

ZOnulet  (zo'nu-let),  «.  [<  zonule  +  -et.]  A 
little  zone  or  girdle. 

That  ri)>and  'bout  my  Julia's  waste, 
.  .  .  that  zonulet  of  love. 

Herrick,  Upon  Julia's  Riband. 

zonure  (zo'nur),  H.  [<.NJj.  Ziiniirm.]  Any  liz- 
ard of  the  genus  Zonuni.i  in  a  broad  sense,  or  of 
the  family  Zonuridx:  as.  the  rough-tailed  zo- 
nure, Zonurns  cordylH.f. 

Zonuridae  (z6-nii'ri-<le).  «.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zonurus 
+  -idie.]  A  South  African  and  .Madagascar 
familyof  agamoideriglossate  lacertilians,  with 
cnicifonn  interclavicles,  short,  simple  tongue. 
and  roofed-over  suprateniporal  fossro.  typified 
by  the  genus  Zonnrnt.  The  family  was  formerly  much 
more  loosely  characterize<l,  and  then  contained  various 
forms  from  dilferent  parts  of  the  world,  which  have  since 
been  separated  as  types  of  other  families. 

Zonurinae  (zo-nu-ri'ne),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Zonuru.H 
+   -inse.]    A  subfamily  of  Zonnridse,  coutain- 


It  is  therefore  .  .  .  the  business  of  the  zoorieographer, 
who  wishes  to  arrive  at  the  truth,  to  ascertain  whatgioups 
of  animals  are  wanting  in  any  particular  locality. 

Enciic  Brit.,  III.  788. 


[NL.,  <  Gr.  CCmv,  animal.  +  kvtoc^,  cavity.]  The 
common  gelatinous  matrix  or  support  of  certain 
compound  or  colonial  infusorians,  composed  of 
a  substance  secreted  by  and  containing  the  in- 
dividual animalcules ;  an  infusorial  syncytium ; 
a  zoothecium.  Compare  ~0(>V?f«rfn'«m.  See  cut 
under  /ijii.ityli,i. 
ZOOdendrial  (zo-o-den'dri-al),  a.  [<  zooden- 
dri-um  +  -al]  Of  the  nature  of  or  pertaining 
to  a  zoodendrium. 
ZOOdendrium  (z6-o-den'dri-um),  11. :  pi.  zooden- 
dria  (-a).  [NL.,<Gr.  Cipoi',  animal,  +  dhipov, 
tree.]  The  zoocytium  or  zoothecium  of  certain 
infusorians,  which  is  much  branched  or  of  ar- 
borescent foiin.  W.  S.  Kent.  See  cut  under 
Kpi-'ityli'i. 
ZOOdynamic  (zo'o-di-nam'ik),  /I.  [<  Gr.  Cum: 
animal,    +   (hva/iiKd;,   dynamic:    see  dynamic] 

ing  normally  lacertiform  species  with  well-de-     Of  or  pcrtnining  to  zoodynamies. 

veloped  limbs,  and  incbuling  the  greater  part  ZOodynamics  (zo'o-dT-nam'iks),  n.     [PI.  otzoo- 

of  the  family:   distinguished  from  Chaniie.iau-     dynamic  {nee  -ir.i)^]     The  dynamics  of  the  ani 

ring;. 
Zonurus  (zo-uii'rus),  n. 


Compare  zoiixanthella 

ZOOCyst  (zo'o-sist),   n.     [<  tir.  CCtor,  animal,  + 
kIcti^,  bladder.]   A  cyst,  formed  by  various  pro- 
tozoans and  protophytes,  whose  contents  break 
up  into  many  germinal  granules  or  spores ;    a  ZOOgeographic    (zo-o-je-o-grafik),   a.     [<  zoo- 
kmd  of  sporocyst.  gengraph-y  +  -ic]    (jf  or  pertaining  to  zoogeog- 

ZOOCystic   (zo-o-sis'tik),  a.     [<  zoocy.it  +  -ic]     raphy ;  faunistic ;  chorological. 
Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  zoocyst.         ZOOgeographical    (z6-o-je-o-graf'i-kal),  a.      [< 

ZOOCytial  (z6-o-sit'i-al).  a.    [< zoocytium  +  -al.]     zoligcoiirophic  +  -al.]     Same  as  zoogcogrnpliic 
Pertaining  to'or  of  the  nature  of  ii  zoocytium.  zoogeography  (zo  o-je-og'ra-fi).  n.    [<  Gr.  f^v, 

zoocytium  (zo-o-sit'i-um),  «. ;  pi.  zoiicytia  (-a),     animal,  +  E.  geography.]    '1'he  science  or  the 
"' ....  .      _     _.,        description  of  the  distribution  of  animals  on 


the  surface  of  the  globe ;  faunal  or  faunistic 
zoology ;  animal  chorology :  correlated  with 
phytogrography.  This  is  an  important  branch  of  zo- 
ology, of  much  intrinsic  interest  in  several  respects,  and 
of  special  significance  in  its  he.nring  upon  the  questions 
of  the  origin  of  species  and  their  niodiflcatioii  under  cli- 
matic and  other  physical  conditions  of  environment.  It  has 
been  nmch  studied  of  late  yeai-s.  with  the  result  of  map- 
ping the  land-surface  of  tlie  globe  into  several  major  and 
numerous  minor  areas,  which  can  be  bounded  and  graphi- 
cally represented  in  colors  with  almost  the  iirecision  at- 
tained ill  depicting  civil  or  political  boundaries.  ZoOge- 
ograpliy  is  related  to  paleontology  as  the  distribution  of 
animals  in  space  is  related  to  their  succession  in  time ; 
but  the  principles  of  zoogeography  are  of  course  as  appli- 
caiile  to  any  former  as  to  the  present  dispersion  of  species 
on  the  face  of  the  globe.  See  province,  t>,  and  regim),  7. 
ZOOgloea  (zo-o-gle'ii),  «. ;  pi.  zoiiglaie  (-e). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  C^ov,  animal,  +  ;?o;of,  a  sticky  sub- 
stance.] 1.  A  peculiar  colony  o{  Schizamycetes 
in  which  they  form  a  jelly-like  mass  by  the  swell- 
ing up  of  their  cell-membranes,  it  was  formerly 
regarded  as  a  distinct  genus,  but  is  now  known  to  be  a 
mal  body;  the  science  of  the  vital  powers  of  kind  of  resting  stage  in  wliicli  the  various  diments  are 
[NL.  (Merrera),  <  Gr.  animals;  animal  physiology,  as  a  branch  of  8'i,ed '"Kether  by  tlieir  greatly  sw..iien  and  diffluent  cell- 
f6v,,  a  belt,  zone,  +  oipl,  tail.]     The  typical     biology:  correlated  with  zSiphy>Hcs.  Ztl  suro'l'^eSl'^orthc  jJ^eZlT""'  '" ""  "''■ 


zodgloea 

Bacteria  sometimes  form  a  jelly-like  mass  by  the  swell- 
ing up  of  their  cell-membranes ;  this  is  the  looglaa  stage. 
Bessey,  Botany,  p.  212. 

2.  A  massing  together  of  micro-organisms 
which  occurs  in  a  certain  stage  of  their  devel- 
opment, the  collection  being  surrounded  by  a 
gelatinoid  envelop. 

Liquids  in  which  any  of  these  Schizomycetes  are  active- 
ly developing  themselves  usually  bear  on  their  surface  a 
gelatinous  scum,  which  is  termed  by  Prof.  Cohu  the  Zoo- 
glcea.  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Micros.,  §  sas. 

ZoSgloeic  (z6-o-gle'ik),  a.  [<  zooglcea  +  -Jc]  Of 
the  nature  of'  zooglcea ;  pertaining  to  zooglcea. 

ZOOgloeoid  (z6-o-gle'oid),  rt.  [<  zooglcea  +  -oid.^ 
In  bat.,  resembling,  characteristic  of,  or  belong- 
ing to  the  zooglcea  stage  or  condition  of  a  micro- 
organism. 

zoogonidium  (z6'o-g6-nid'i-um),  11.;  pi.  zoogo- 
nidia  (-a).  [NL.,'  <  Gr.  fijjoi',  animal,  +  NL. 
gmiidium.J  In  bat.,  a  locomotive  gonidiiun;  a 
gonidium  provided  with  cilia,  and  hence  capa- 
ble of  locomotion. 

Each  zoogonidium  breaks  itself  up  into  sixteen  new  zoli- 
gonidia,  forming  sixteen  small  and  new  colonies. 

Besgey,  Botany,  p.  221. 

ZOOgonOUS  (zo-og'o-uus),   a.     [<  Gr.   ^uoyovog, 
))roducing  animals,  <  Cv"")  animal,  -I-  -yovof,  pro- 
ducing: see -goiwus.~\     S&me  a,a  viviparous. 
ZOOgony  (zo-og'o-ni),  n.     [<  Gr.  i;<^oyovia,  pro- 
duction of  animals,  <  C^Jov,  animal,   -I-  -}ovia, 
production :  see  -gony.']     Same  as  zoogcny. 
ZOOgraft  (zo'o-graft),  n.     [<  Gr.  fifwi',  animal, 
-t-  E.  graft.']     In  surg.,  a  piece  of  living  tissue 
taken  from  one  of  the  lower  animals  to  supply 
a  defect  in  the  human  body  by  grafting  it  on 
the  latter.     Also  zooplastic  graft. 
ZOOgrapher  (zo-og'ra-fer),  n.     [<  zoograph-y  + 
-ec]     A  zoographist. 
ZOOgraphiC  (zo-o-graf'ik),  a.     [<  zoograph-y  + 
-(■<?.]      Descriptive  of  animals;    pertaining  to 
zoography. 
ZOOgrapIlical  (z6-o-graf'i-kal),  a.    [<  zoographic 

+  -al.]  Same  as  zoographic. 
zoographist  (zo-og'ra-fist),  n.  [<  zoograph-y  + 
-int.']  One  who  describes  or  depicts  animals;  a 
descriptive  zoologist. 
zoography  (zo-og'ra-fi),  •».  [<  Gr.  foov,  animal. 
-f-  -ypafia,  (.'ypa(puv,  write.]  The  description 
of  or  a  treatise  on  animals;  descriptive  zool- 
ogy. 
ZoSgyroscope  (zo-o-ji'ro-skop),  n.  [<  Gr.  fwof , 
animal,  +  E.  gyroscope.']  An  application  of 
the  principle  of  the  zoetrope  in  which  a  series 
of  pictures  are  placed  in  a  rotating  frame,  and, 
as  they  pass  between  a  lantern  and  a  lens,  are 
thrown  in  extremely  rapid  succession  on  a 
screen,  so  as  to  form  a  continuous  but  con- 
stantly changing  picture.  This  device  is  used  in 
the  exhibition  of  continuous  series  of  instantaneous  pic- 
tures of  animals  in  motion,  etc.  E.  H.  Knight, 
ZOOid  (zo'oid),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  (.(mziSk,  like  an 
animal,  <  C,^v,  animal,  +  tWof,  form.]  I.  a. 
Like  an  animal ;  of  the  nature  of  animals ;  hav- 
ing an  animal  character,  form,  aspect,  or  mode 
of  existence,  as  an  organism  endowed  with  life 
and  motion.     See  II. 

II.  n.  In  biol.,  something  like  an  animal ; 
that  which  is  of  the  nature  of  an  animal,  yet  is 
not  an  animal  in  an  ordinary  sense,  and  is  not 
the  whole  of  an  animal  in  a  strict  sense ;  one 
of  the  "persons"  or  recognizably  distinct  en- 
tities which  compose  a  zoon ;  that  product  of 
any  organism,  whether  of  animal,  vegetable,  or 
equivocal  character,  which  is  capable  of  spon- 
taneous movements,  and  hence  may  have  an 
existence  more  or  less  apart  from  or  indepen- 
dent of  the  parent  organism.  The  biological  con- 
ception of  a  zodid  is  a  fundamental  one,  bordering  upon  an 
almost  metaphysical  detlnition  of  what  may  constitute  in- 
dividual identity  or  non-identity  in  a  given  case :  the  term 
covers  a  multitude  of  cases  which  seem  at  first  sight  to 
have  little  in  common,  and  its  use  in  ordinai-y  zoology  and 
botany  is  consequently  various.  The  general  sense  of  the 
word  is  subject  to  tlie  following  specifications:  (a)  An 
ambiguous  or  equivocal  organic  body  intermediate  be- 
tween a  plant  and  an  animal,  and  not  distinctly  eitlier  one 
or  the  other;  a  micro-organism  or  microbe  not  amenable 
to  ordinai7  classiticatiou  in  natural  liistory,  as  bacteria, 
bacilli,  and  micrococci;  a  protistan,  as  a  moner;  one  of 
the  lowest  protozoans ;  a  protophyte.  Such  zooids  are 
microscopic,  and  for  the  most  part  of  extreme  miimteness. 
See  the  distinctive  names,  and  Monera,  Primalia,  Protix- 
txi.  Protfyphyta.  Protozoa,  ih)  One  of  certain  peculiar  cells 
of  multicellular  animals  and  plants  which  are  endowed 
with  special  activities,  have  as  it  were  an  individuality  of 
their  own,  and  are  capaide  of  a  sort  of  separate  existence. 
Zoijids  of  this  class  are  mainly  germinal  or  reproductive. 
The  female  geim  (ovum)  and  the  corresponding  male  ele- 
ment are  respectively  types  of  the  whole.  'Ihey  occur  un- 
der many  nioditlcations,  which  receive  distinctive  names; 
many  of  the  smallest  and  simplest  forms  are  indifferently 
known  as  sporefi.  See  sjxire-,  fipf/re-/ormation.  oospore, 
zoospore,  sporozfioid,  antherozoid,  spermatozooid,  and  sper- 


7040 


zodlogy 


matozoon,  with  various  cuts.    The  foregoing  deflnitions  zoologically  (zo-6-loj'i-kal-i),  af?l'.    In  the  man- 


are  independent  of  any  distinction  to  be  drawn  between 
plants  and  animals ;  the  following  are  zoological,  (c)  Any 
animal  organism  which  has  acquired  separate  existence 
from  anotlier  by  partition  of  that  other  into  two  or  more 


ner  oi  a  zoologist;  on  the  principles  or  accord- 
ing to  the  doctrines  of  zoology;  from  a  zoo- 
logical standpoint. 


intheprocessesoiflssion,  gemmation,  and  the  like.    Such  zoologist  (zo-ol'o-jist),  m.      [<  zoolog-y  + -ist.] 

cases  are  numerous  and  diverse.   Viewing  the  zoon  or  zoo-  Otip  whn  i«  vprspd  in  yonlnirv  a  hiolniriRt 

logical  unit  as  the  entire  productof  an  impregnated  ovum,  ""<=  ^ho  IS  versed  in  zoology ,  a  DlOlogist. 

the  parts  or  persons  into  which  it  maybe  subsequently  ZOOlOgy  (zo-oro-Jl),  li.  1=  t  .zoologie  =  iirt.zoolo- 

separated,  without  any  true  sexual  generation,  and  conse-  gia  =  Pg.  It.  zoologia  =  G.  zoologie,  (.  NL.  zoolo- 

quently  without  the  origination  of  a  .new  zoon^  5,?.??:  gia,  <  Gr.  ^^O",  animal,  +  -/x>yia,  <  Atyew,  speak : 


propriately  termed  zooids.  The  simplest  case  is  when  a 
zoon  breaks  into  two  or  more  pieces,  and  every  piece  pro- 
ceeds to  grow  the  part  which  it  laclis,  and  thus  becomes 
wholly  like  the  organism  from  which  it  was  detached. 
Various  annelids  offer  a  case  in  point.  Another  and 
large  class  of  cases  is  furnished  by  hydrozoans  which  suf- 
fer segmentation  directly,  or  detach  from  tlreirmain  stock 
various  parts,  as  free  medusoids  and  the  like,  these  zooids 
serving  to  found  new  organisms.  Allman  defines  the  zobid 
of  a  hydrozoan  as  a  more  or  less  independent  product  of 
non-sexual  reproduction.  Proliferation  or  strobilation  of 
parts  which  may  become  detached  is  also  well  illustrated 
in  the  proglottides  or  deutoscolices  which  form  the  joints 
of  tapewomis ;  tliese  are  zooids  in  so  far  as  the  parent 
worm  is  concerned,  consisting  of  detachable  genitals  con- 
taining the  elements  of  a  new  sexual  generation.  A  sim- 
ilar multiplication  by  zooids  without  generation  takes 
place  among  tunicates ;  it  is  unknown  of  true  vertebrates. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  cases  is  afforded  in  the  par- 
thenogenesis of  some  insects,  as  aphids,  in  which,  by  a 
sort  of  internal  gemmation,  swarms  of  zobidal  aphids 
are  budded  in  succession  from  one  another  to  several  re- 
moves from  the  original  impregnation.  The  term  zooid 
with  some  writers  specifies  all  these  ' '  inferior  individuals  " 
which  thus  intervene  in  alternation  of  generation  between 
the  products  of  proper  sexual  reproduction ;  and  such  have 
been  described  as  "the  detached  portions  of  an  individ- 
ual in  discontinuous  development."  (d)  Any  one  of  the 
recognizably  distinct  persons  of  a  compound  organism, 
whether  actually  detached  or  detachable  or  not ;  any 
member  of  a  colonial  or  social  aggregate,  as  the  polypites 
of  a  polypidom,  the  polypides  of  a  polyzoary,  and  the  like. 
Such  zooids  offer  eveiy  degree  of  separateness  or  separa- 
bility. In  some  cases  they  are  extremely  numerous,  all 
alike,  and  inseparal)le  from  the  common  stock  which  they 
fabricate  and  inhabit,  as  tlie  members  of  a  coral  or  sea- 
mat.  In  other  cases  they  are  less  numerous,  and  but 
slightly  connected,  and  all  alike,  as  the  several  members 
of  a  composite  sea-anemone  of  the  genus  Zoanthug  (see  cut 
there).  But  the  zooids  of  many  hydrozoans,  for  instance, 
are  quite  different  in  both  form  and  function,  in  the  same 
individual,  for  the  purpose  of  division  of  labor;  and  the 
zooids  which  tlms  act  as  the  different  organs  of  one  in- 
dividual are  commonly  distinguished  by  name,  as  gono- 
zooids,  gaaterozooids,  dactylozooids,  spirozooids,  etc.  See  the 
distinctive  names.    Also  zoiinite  (a  mistaken  use). 

zooidal  (zo-oi'dal),  a.  [<  zooid  +  -al.]  Same 
as  zooid. 

ZOOks  (zuks),  interj.  A  minced  oath:  same  as 
gadzools.     [Obsolete  or  (rarely)  archaic] 

Zooks !  see  how  brave  they  march. 

Sheridan  (?),  The  Camp,  i.  2. 

Zooks !  are  we  pilchards,  that  they  sweep  the  streets, 
And  count  fair  prize  what  comes  into  their  net? 

Browning,  Fra  Lippo  Lippi. 

ZOOl.     An  abbreviation  of  zoology. 

ZOOlater  (zo-ol'a-ter),  ».  [<  zoSlatry,  after  idola- 
ter.] One  who  worships  animals  or  practises 
zoiilatry. 

ZOOlatria  (z6-o-la'tri-a),  11.  [NL.]  Same  as  zoiil- 
atry. 

The  system  of  zoolatria,  or  animal  worship,  was  said  to 
have  been  introduced  into  Egypt  by  King  Kekau  of  the 
Ilnd  dynasty.  W.  R.  Cooper,  Archaic  Diet.,  p.  67. 

ZOOlatrOUS  (zo-ol'a-trus),  a.  [<  zoolatr-y  + 
-oils.]  Worshiping  animals;  practising  zool- 
atry ;  of  or  relating  to  zoolatry. 

ZOolatry  (zo-ol'a-tri),  «.  [<  NL.  zoolatria,  <  Gr. 
fvoj;,  animal,  -t-  larpda,  worship.]  The  worship 
of  particular  animals,  as  in  the  religion  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians  and  of  many  other  primitive 
peoples,  either  as  representatives  of  deities,  or 
on  account  of  some  fancied  qualities  or  rela- 
tions. 

ZOOlite  (zo'o-lit),  «.  [<  Gr.  fuov,  animal,  -1- 
'/.H)og,  stone  (see  -lite).]  A  fossil  animal;  an 
animal  substance  petrified.     Also  zoolith. 

ZOOlith  (zo'o-lith),  H.     Same  as  zoolite. 

Zo61ithic(zo-o-lith'ik),o.  l<  zoolith  + -ic]  Same 
as  zoiilitic. 

ZOOlitic  (zo-o-lit'ik),  a.  [<  zoolite  +  -ic]  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  zoolite ;  relating  to  zeo- 
lites.    Also  zoolithic. 

ZOologer  (zo-ol'o-ier),  ».  [<  zodlog-y  +  -er.] 
A  zoologist.     [l^Iow  rare.] 

zoologie  (z6-o-loj'ik),  a.  [<  zoology  +  -ic] 
Same  as  zoiilogical. 

zoological  (z6-o-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  coiilngic  +  -nl.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  zoology — Zoological  garden, 
a  park  or  other  large  inclosure  in  which  live  animals  are 

kept  lor  public  exhibition.— Zoological  province,  re- 
gion, etc.,  in  zongeog.,  one  of  the  faunal  areas,  varying  in 
extent,  into  wliich  the  land-surface  of  the  globe  is  natur- 
ally divisible  with  reference  to  the  geographical  distri- 
bution of  animals.  (See  province,  6,  region,  7,  and  zooge- 
ography.) CoiTcsponding  divisions  of  the  waters  of  the 
globe  may  take  the  same  name  when  their  surface-extent 
is  considered,  or  are  distinctively  named  (see  Arctalia. 
etc.).  Zoological  areas  regarded  vertically,  or  as  to  depth 
of  water,  are  often  called  zonesor  belts.    See  zone,  «.,  4. 


see  -ology.]  1 .  The  science  of  animals ;  the  nat- 
ural history  of  the  animal  kingdom ;  the  body 
of  fact  and  doctrine  derived  from  the  scien- 
tific study  of  that  series  of  organisms  whose 
highest  term  is  man :  correlated  with  phytolngy 
(or  botany)  as  one  of  the  two  main  branches 
of  biology.    The  connotation  which  the  term  has  ac- 
quired during  the  last  fifty  years  is  very  extensive,  as  a 
result  of  the  application  to  zoological  science  of  the  most 
general  laws  and  principles  of  biology.    So  far  is  zoology 
freed  from  the  fonner  restriction  of  its  scope  to  the  mere 
formalities  of  description,  classification,  and  nomenclature 
(which  constitute  only  systematic  zoology)  that  it  now  in- 
cludes the  results  of  all  the  biological  sciences  in  so  far 
as  these  are  applicable  to  the  study  of  animal  structure 
and  function.    Such  are  phytogeny,  or  the  origination  of 
species,  genera,  etc. ;  ontogeny,  or  the  origination  of  the  in- 
dividual animal ;  embryology,  or  the  prenatal  life-history 
of  organisms;  paleontology  or  paleozoiHogy,  the  history 
of  animals  in  geologic  time;    zoogeography,  the  history 
of  animals  as  to  their  spatial  relations ;  zootomy  or  zoo- 
physics,  tlie  comparative  anatomy  of  animals ;  zoodynam- 
ics  or  biodynamics,  animal  physiology ;  zoochemistry,  the 
ciiemistryof  animal  substances  and  tissues  ;  zoopsychology, 
the  science  of  animal  instincts  ;  zootechnics,  bionomics,  or 
thremmatology,  which  regards  the  relations  of  living  ani- 
mals to  man ;  and  various  other  cognate  branches  of  the 
general  science.    The  name  zoology  is  an  old  one,  and 
some  of  its  branches  have  been  cultivated  from  antiquity. 
One  of  the  earliest  classifications  of  animals  in  which 
a  modern  zoological  group  can  be  clearly  recognized  is 
that  ascribed  to  Moses,  which  was  based  primarily  upon 
certain  hygienic  and  sacerdotal  considerations :  for  the 
"clean"  beasts  that  "cleave  the  hoof"  are  ruminante ; 
certain  "  unclean  "  birds  are  carrion-feeding  birds  of  prey, 
as  the  vulture ;  and  the  non-ruminant  artiodactyls  (swine) 
ai-e  characterized  with  special  emphasis.    The  germ  of 
modem  zoology,  as  of  other  sciences,  is  commonly  as- 
cribed to  Aristotle.    Though  he  tabulated  no  scheme,  his 
three  treatises  on  zoological  subjects  include  a  classifi- 
cation which  shows  great  discernment.    He  divided  the 
animal  kingdom  into  two  main  branches :  (1)  'i,va.t.p.a, 
Enirma,  or  'blooded'  animals,  in  the  four  classes  of 
mammals,  l>ird8,  reptiles,  and  fishes — the  Vertebrata,  and 
nearly  as  they  stand  to-day  ;    (2)  'Acoi/io,  Jnsema,  or 
'  bloodless '  animals,  exactly  the  Invertebrata,  of  which  he 
had  four  classes,  his  MaAdKia  being  cephalopods;  MaAa- 
icoaTpaito,  crustaceans;'Et'To>ia,  insects  (other  arthropods 
than  crustaceans);  and  *0<rTpa*to6ep^iaTa,  univalve  and 
bivalve  mollusks  (together  with  sea-urchins).    Pliny  the 
naturalist  was  an  industrious  and  indiscriminate  com- 
piler ;  and  no  name  of  special  note  in  zoology  appears 
again  until  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  when 
the  almost  simultaneous  works  of  three  authors  secure- 
ly founded  the  science  and  greatly  enlarged  its  scope. 
Wotton  (1552)  followed  Aristotle,  but  added  to  the  system 
the  Zoophyta  (which  long  afterward  became  the  Vermes 
of  Linmeus  and  the  Itadiata  of  Cuvier,  and  continue 
to  be  the  "zoophytes"  of  the  present  day);  Gesner  and 
I3elon  published  treatises  in  1555 ;  and  in  1.560  was  started 
at  Naples  a  society  which  had  zoology  among  its  objects, 
the  Academia  Secretorum   Natuiie,   suppressed  by  the 
church.    The  period  between  Gesner  and  Linnseus  is  some- 
times styled  the  "  heroic  age  "  of  zoology.     The  advance 
upon  Gesner  was  comparatively  unmarked  for  a  hundred 
years  from  his  death  in  1565 ;  but  the  latter  half  of  the 
seventeenth  century  witnessed  great  progress.    The  col- 
lection of  animals  from  distant  parts  of  the  world  in- 
creased ;  such  anatomical  examinations  as  had  been  prac- 
ticable and  had  long  been  practised  without  the  aid  of  the 
microscope  were  carried  on  with  that  instrument;  and 
several  still-existing  societies  were  founded  —  the  Aca- 
demia Natura;  C'uriosorum  (in  1651),  the  Eoyal  Society 
(chartered  in  1662),  and  soon  afterward  the  Paris  Academy, 
under  Louis  XIV.    The  immediate  predecessor  of  Lin- 
nseus  in  this  period  was  John  Bay  (1628-1705),  who  fixed 
the  word  species  in  the  sense  it  was  to  bear  from  his 
day  to  Darwin,  and  did  more  than  any  other  person  to 
make  the  "Syatcma  Naturte"of  the  Swedish  naturalist 
possible.     This  work   passed    through  twelve    editions 
(17,16-68)  in  the  lifetime  of  its  author ;  the  present  bino- 
mial system  of  nontenclature  was  first  applied  consistently 
to  zoology  in  the  tenth  edition  (1758).    Linnsens  also  gave 
fixity  to  certain  graded  groups  above  the  species— namely, 
the  genus,  order,  and  class  of  the  "  Regnum  Animale  "—  and 
he  recognized  the  variety  below  the  species.    The  classes 
in  1766  were  six:  JIfammnfia,  with  7  orders;  jl  cm,  6  orders; 
Amphibia,  3  ordei-s ;  Pisces,  4  orders;  Insecta,  7  orders; 
Vermes,  5  orders.     The  Linnean  diagnoses  were  always 
crisp  and  sententious,  if  not  always  correct;  and,  faulty 
or  inadequate  as  any  of  them  may  now  appear  to  be,  the 
practical  convenience  of  this  machinery  of  classification 
and  nomenclature  is  inestimable.     Though  the  notion 
of  the  fixity  of  species  and  other  groups  as  special  crea- 
tions, to  which  this  system  gave  rise,  is  now  known  to  be 
radically  fallacious,  the  Linnean  classification  acquired 
almost  the  character  of  dogma,  such  as  had  many,  cen- 
turies before  attached  to  the  writings  of  Aristotle  and  to 
the  Mosaic  traditions.    This  system  may  be  said  to  have 
culminated  with  the  close  of  the    eighteenth  century; 
and  the  early  years  of  the  nineteenth  wrought  impor- 
tant changes,  both  in  form  and  substance,  notably  at  the 
hands  of  Lamarck  and  Cuvier.    Lamarok  was  the  pivot 
upon  which  zoology  turned  from  Linnseus  to  Darwin.   His 
"Zoological  Philosophy"  of  1609  is  separated  by  a  half- 
century  to  a  year  from  the  "Systema  Natui-se  "  of  17,'>8, 
and  by  exactly  a  half-century  from  Darwin's  "  Origin  of 
Species,"  which  was  first  published  in  November,  1859. 
Lamarckianism  brought  up  the  whole  subject  of  modem 


zoology 


7041 


zooplijrte 


evolution  as  opposed  to  special  creation,  and  the  varia- 
bility of  organisms  by  their  appetency,  as  opposed  to  their 
fixity  in  character.  Lamarck  recognized  tlie  two  Aristo- 
telian main  branches  as  V^ertfbrata  and  Invertebrata,  the 
former  with  4,  the  latter  with  12  classes,  and  both  with 
many  ordinal  and  lower  groups.  Cuvier  was  profoundly 
versed  in  comparative  anatomy,  gave  also  special  prom- 
inence to  paleontology,  and  reached  the  conclusion  (181-2) 
that  all  animals  are  modeled  upon  four  types,  for  which 

he  adopted  the  names   Verlebrata,  with  4  classes;  Mot-  a   /,.       ^         ry      ■■  i    ■ 

Imca,  6  classes;  Artieidala,  4  classes;  Itadiata,  5  classes  zoomorpnism(zo-o-mor'hzm),  H.  HMOmcrjM-iC 

—  each  with  more  or  fewer  orders.    Except  the  first  of     +  -ism.^     1.  The  character  of  beinfj  zoomor- 


Oghania,  as  is  well  known,  occur  on  some  of  the  crosses  ZOOHOSOlOgy  (zo"o-n6-sor6-ii),  )i. 

'    '      '  '""         ' —■-•--■-      animal,  +£.  nosology.']     'The  classification  of 


bearing  the  interlaced  ornamentation  and  zoomorphic  de 
signs  found  on  the  Manx  crosses. 

iV.  and  Q.,  7th  ser.,  II.  240. 

Under  Dynasty  XII.  the  gods  that  had  previously  been 

represented  in  art  as  beasts  appear  in  their  later  shapes, 

often  half  anthropomorphic  half  zoDmorphic,  dog-headed, 

cat-headed,  hawk-headed,  bull-headed  men  and  women. 

A'ifieteenth  Century,  XX.  428. 


[<  Gr.  f^f, 


these  (borrowed  from  Lamarck  and  so  from  Aristotle), 
none  of  tlieae  "types"  are  found  to  hold;  and  few  of  the 
classes  or  orders  are  now  accepted  as  framed  by  Cuvier, 
whose  views  and  methods  in  the  main  were  upheld  in 
England  by  Owen.  Cuvier's  system  was  completed  in 
1829.  Among  the  last  notable  views  of  classification  be- 
fore the  appearance  of  Darwinism  are  those  of  Leuckart 
(1848),  giving  5  types  and  14  classes  of  invertebrates  (with- 
out  the  protozoans);  of  H.  Milne-Edwards  (1855);  and  of 
L.  Agassiz  (1859).  The  period  between  Lamarck  and  Dar- 
win was  one  of  extraordinary  activity  in  all  branches  of 
zoological  investigation,  involving  the  accumulation  of 
a  wealth  of  material,  the  description  of  thousands  of  new 
genera  and  species,  and  the  multiplication  of  distinctions 
founded  upon  little  difference;  but  philosophical  gen- 
eralizations did  not  keep  pace  with  the  elaboration  of 
analytical  details.  Zoological  systems  in  various  depart- 
ments became  almost  as  numerous  as  the  specialists  en- 
gaged; and  the  8ul)ject  acquired  a  huge  literature,  de^ 
scriptive.  iconographic,  and  classificatory,  as  well  as  con 
troversial.    This  aspect  of 


phic;  zoomorphic  state  or  condition;  represen- 
tation or  exhibition  of  animal  forms  as  distin- 
guished from  the  human  form ;  especially,  the 
characterization  or  symbolization  of  a  god  in 


diseases  affecting  the  lower  animals;  a  system 
of  zoopathology ;  zoopathy. 

zooparasite  (zo-o-par'a-sit),  n.  [<  Gr.  C(^i',  ani- 
mal, +  TtapdaiTo^,  parasite.]  A  parasitic  ani- 
mal. 

zoopathology  (z6"o-pa-thol'o-ji),  n.  [<  Gr. 
ZiiKiv,  animal,  +  E.  pathology.']  The  study  of 
disease  in  animals ;  veterinary  pathology. 

zoopathy  (zo-op'a-thi),  11.  [<  Gr.  C^)v,  animal, 
-f-  Trdflof,  stifferiiig.]  Animal  pathology;  the 
science  of  the  diseases  of  animals,  excepting 
man.     See  zootherapy. 


2.  The  conception  or  representation  of  men  or 
supernal  beings  under  the  form  of  animals,  or 
of  men  or  gods  transformed  into  beasts;  the 
attribution  of  human  or  divine  qualities  to  be- 
ings of  animal  form;  worship  of  the  images  of 
animals;  zootheism. 

Zooinorphigm  is  much  more  absurd  than  Anthropomor- 
phism after  all.  Surely  the  rational  mode  is  to  employ 
the  highest  conceptions  you  can,  while  freely  acknowledg- 
ing their  utter  inadequacy. 

Mivart,  Nature  and  Thought,  p.  205. 

,       .        ,,.^        ,  JOOmorphy  (z6'6-m6r-fi),  H.     [<  zoomorph-ic  + 
thepastthirtyyear8orso(18S9-91  ;buttherealhi8toryof       ,,Tl      Saiiip  as -oiVmornAism 
thezoologyofthisperiodisthehistoryof  Darwinianevolu-     -y^-i     f>Ame  a.a  ..oomo>pniim.  ^ 

Hon,  or  the  application  of  general  principles  of  individual  ZOOnCzo  on),  Ji. ;  pi.  "oa  (-a).     LJNLi.,  <  Gr.  l.jjoi', 
development  (ontogeny)  to  the  solution  of  broader  liio-     an  animal ;  cf.  C"'/,  life ;  ^  idnv,  C'/i',  Ionic  i^ueia, 


logical'  problems  (phylogeny)  — the  development  of  the 
theory  of  evolution  being  itself  an  illustration  of  its  own 
underlying  principle. 

2.  Zoography;  the  written  description  of  an- 
imals; a  treatise  on  animals,  especially  a 
systematic  treatise,  or  zoological  system.  Sev- 
eral of  the  main  classificatory  divisions  of  the  animal 
kingdom  represent  formally  named  departments  of  sys- 
tematic zoology.  Such  are  mammalot/y  or  rnoMoloffy  or 
theroloff!/,  the  formal  science  of  mammals;  ornitholoyy,  of 
birds ;  'berpetUogy,  of  reptiles,  including  amphibians ; 
ichtkyoioffy,  of  fishes  in  their  several  classes ;  conchtjloyy 
or  malactAogy,  of  mollusks ;  carcinoltx/y  or  cru^taceoloyy, 
of  crustaceaits ;  entoinotogy,  of  insects  (more  extensive 
than  all  the  others  combined)  ;  hetminlhftloyy,  of  worms; 
and  zoophyttdogy,  of  zwmhytes.  From  some  of  these  again 
subdivisions  are  fomiecl,  in  consequence  either  of  the  in- 
trinsic importance  of  certain  of  their  subjects  or  of  the 
special  activity  of  investigation  of  these  subjects  —  as,  for 
example,  anthroi>(4oyy  (including  ethnography  and  Kociol- 
ogy\  or  t  he  particular  study  of  man  from  a  biological  stand- 
point ;  cetotogy,  the  study  of  whales  as  differing  much  from 
ordinary  manmials ;  ftelachology,  of  one  of  the  classes  of 
fishes;  OJKidiology,  of  the  connecting  links  between  in- 
vertebrates and  ordinary  vertebrates  ;  and  especially  of 
bacUriology,  the  lately  created  science  of  microbes  or 
micro-organisms,  which  probal)ly  of  all  the  departments 
of  zoology  has  the  most  direct  and  important  bearing 
upon  human  welfare  and  happiness. 

Zooloo,  ".  and  a.     See  Zulu. 

ZOomagnetic  (z6"o-mag-net'ik),  a.  [(.zoomag- 
nety'ixiii)  -f  -I'c]  Of  or  pertaining  to  zoomag- 
netisfu. 

ZOOmagnetism  (z6-o-mag'ne-tizm),  «.  [<  Gr. 
Cvoi",  animal,  +  K.  magnetism.']  Animal  mag- 
netism. 


Turning  to  the  other  subjects  of  which  Dr.  Lit^beault 
treats  [In  his  Thiirapeutique  Suggestive,  Paris,  1891],  the 
most  remarkable,  and  almost  the  most  puzzling,  chapter 
it  on  zoomatinetifm. 
Proc.  Soc.  Ptychicat  Retearch  (London),  July,  1891,  p.  291. 

ZOdmancy  (zo'o-man-si),  n. 


+  navTtia,  divination.]     The  pretended  art  of 

divination  from  observation  of  animals,  or  of 

their  actions  under  given  circumstances. 
ZOdmantic   (z6-o-man'tik),  a.      [<  zoomaiicy 

(-maiit-)  +  -ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  zoomaney. 
ZOdmechanics    (z6"o-me-kan'iks),    «.      [<    Gr. 

iV')v,  animal,  +  E.  'mechanics.]     Same  as  zoii- 

dynamics. 
ZOdmelanin  (zo-o-mel'a-nin),  n.     [<  Gi".  C'.^iv, 

animal,  +  uf'/«f "(,uf?.ni'-),  black,   +  -i>fi.]      A 

black  pigment  derived  from  th- 

some  birds. 
ZOdmetric  (zd-o-met'rik),  a.     [<  zoometr-y   + 

-ic]     Of  or  pertaining  to  zoometry. 
zoometry  (zo-om'e-tn),   ».     [<  Gr.  Ccpof,  ani- 
mal, +  -fiiTfua,  <  fiirpov,  measure.]     Measure- 
ment of  the  proportionate  lengths  or  sizes  of 

the  parts  of  animals:  coirelated  with  aiithro- 

pomclry. 
zodmorphic    (zo-o-m6r'fik),   a.      [<   Gr.   (vov, 

animal.   +  fioixir/',  form.]      1.    Representative  zpSnomy  (zo-on'o-mi), 

of  animals,  or  of  their  characteristic  forms,  as     "      '-  '      ''    -■' 

a  work  of  art;    of  or  pertaining  to  zootnor- 

phism:  correlated  with  uiitUroiiomorphic. — 2. 

Especially,  representing   or   symbolizing  the 

conception  of  a  god  under  tlie  form  of  an  atii- 

mal  whose  characteristic  traits  or  habits  sug- 
gest the  idea  attached  to   the   god.     The  most 

thoroughly  zoomorphic  religion  was  probably  that  of  the 

ancient  Egyptians,  resulting  in  a  complex  system  of  zo- 

olatry.  many  elements  of  which  were  appropriattd  and 

adapted  by  the  Greeks  and  Rimians. 


animal  foi'm.  Compare  anthropomorphism. —  Zoophaga  (z6-of'a-ga),  «.j)i.  [NL.,  neut.  pi.  of 
^    ,„.  .   _      ____i,  ._i:— .  .^  _..    ^Q„p])(,g„g.  see  zoophagous.]     1.  [I.e.]  Flesh- 

eating  or  carnivorous  animals  collectively  con- 
sidered :  a  term  of  no  exact  classificatory  mean- 
ing.—  2.  The  carnivorous  and  insectivorous 
marsupials,  as  collectively  distinguished  from 
the  herbivorous  marsupials,  or  Botanophaga. 
The  opossum  is  an  example.—  3t.  A  division 
of  gastropods  including  carnivorous  forms. 
Lamarck,  1822. 

ZOOphagan  (zo-of 'a-gan),  n.  A  carnivorous  ani- 
mal; a  sareophagan;  especially,  a  member  of 
the  Zoiiphaga,  2. 

ZOdphagons  (zo-of 'a-gus),  a.  [<  'H'L.zoophagiis, 
Gr.  ^uo^fijof,  living  on  animal  food,  <  C^Jor,  ani- 
mal, +  (paye'iv,  eat.]  Devouring  animals;  sar- 
cophagous; carnivorous:  o-py>osedto phytopha- 
gous. Specifically  applied  by  Blyth,  in  editing  Cuvier, 
to  one  of  two  primary  types  of  placental  Mammatm,  in- 
cluding man,  Quadrumana,  Carnivora,  and  Cetacea ;  the 
last  constituting  the  order  Igodontia,  the  first  three  the 
order  Typodontia. 

zoophilist  (zo-of'i-list),  Ji.  [<  zoiiphil-y  +  -ist.] 
A  lover  of  animals  or  living  creatures;  one 
whose  sympathy  embraces  ail  living  creation. 

Our  philosopher  and  zoophilist  .  .  .  advised  those  who 
consulted  him  as  to  the  liest  maimer  of  taking  and  de- 
stroying rats.      Southey,  The  Doctor,  ccxxviii.    (Vacies.) 

The  zoopliilisti  vowed  their  determination  to  force 
through  Parliament  a  prohibitory  act. 

jyr.  A.  Rev.,  CXL.  207. 

zoophily  (zo-of'i-li),  H.  [<  Gr.  Cuoi',  animal,  + 
-(piAia,  love",  <  ^i^eiv,  love.]  A  love  of  ani- 
mals; a  sympathy  or  tender  care  for  living 
creatures  which  prevents  all  imneeessary  acts 
of  cruelty  or  destruction.     Cornhill  Mag. 

zoophoric  (z6-o-for'ik),  a.  [<  zoophor-us  +  -ic] 
Bearing  a  living  being,  or  a  figure  or  figures  of 
one  or  more  men  or  animals:  as,  a  zoophoric 
column. 

ZOOphorus  (zo-of'o-rus),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  C<!>o(p6- 
piii;,  a  frieze  bearing  the  figures  of  living  beings, 
<  Cv«'',  animal,  +  -rpopo^,  <  (pep(iv  =  'E.  bcar^.]  In 
anc.  arch.,  a  continuous  frieze,  unbroken  by 
triglyphs,  carved  in  relief  with  figures  of  men 
and  animals,  as  the  Panathenaic  frieze  of  the 
Parthenon,  or  the  frieze  of  I'higaleia.  Also 
zophorus.     See  cuts  under  Doric  and  Hellenic. 

zoophysics  (zo-o-fiz'iks),  «.  [<  Gr.  Cvoi",  ani- 
mal, +  (fvaiKn,  physics.]  The  study  of  the 
physical  structure  of  animals;  comparative 
anatomy  as  a  branch  of  zoology:  correlated 
with  zoiidynamics,  or  animal  i)liysiology. 

Zoo-Dynamics,  ;?oo./'A!/«t<;s,  Zoo-Chemistry.  — The  pur- 
suit of  the  learned  physician  —anatomy  and  physiology : 
exemplified  by  Harvey,  Haller,  Uunter,  Johann  Midler. 
Encyc.  Brit,  XXIV.  803. 


live.]  An  animal  form  containing  all  the  ele- 
ments of  a  typical  organism  of  the  group  to 
which  it  belongs;  a  morphological  individual 
regarded  as  the  whole  product  of  an  impreg- 
nated ovum,  which  may  or  may  not  be  divided 
into  persons  or  zooids  without  true  generation. 
See  zoiiid. 

It  is  ui"ged  that  whether  the  development  of  the  fertil- 
ized germ  be  continuous  or  discontinuous  is  a  matter  of 
8ec<jndary  importance ;  that  the  totality  of  living  tissue  to 
which  the  fertilized  germ  gives  rise  in  any  one  case,  is 
the  equivalent  of  the  totality  to  which  it  gives  rise  in  any 
other  case,  and  that  we  must  recognize  this  equivalence, 
whether  such  totality  of  living  tissue  takes  a  concrete  or 
a  discrete  arrangement.  In  pursuance  of  this  view  a  zo- 
ological individual  is  constituted  either  by  any  such  sin- 
gle animal  as  a  mammal  or  bird,  which  may  properly 
claim  the  title  of  a  zoon,  or  by  any  such  group  of  animals 
as  the  numerous  Medusa?  that  have  been  developed  from 
the  same  egg,  which  are  to  he  severally  distinguished  as 
zooids.  //.  Silencer,  Prin.  of  Biol.,  §  73. 

Zoa  ixnpeiTSOnalla,  organisms  resulting  from  the  co.i- 
lescence  or  concrescence  of  zoons,  as  of  many  sponges, 
which  thus  lose  their  "  personality." 

The  remarkable  cases  [among  sponges]  of  zoa  imperm- 
natia,  or  what  we  should  call  degraded  colonies. 

A.  Hyatt,  Proc.  Bost.  .Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1884,  p.  99. 

ZOOnal  (zo'o-iial),  a.  [Irreg.  <  zoiin  +  -al.] 
Having  the  character  of  a  zoon;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  zoa. 

ZOOnerythrin  (zo'on-e-rith'rin),  «.  [Irreg.  <  Gr. 
f^jot',  animal,  +  epvflpdc,  red,  -I-  -iri'^.]  Same  as 
zoiierythrin.     Also  zoonerythrine. 

Z05nic  (zo-on'ik),  a.  [Irreg.  <  Gr.  (iJov,  animal, 
+  -ic]  Relating  to  animals ;  obtained  or  de- 
rived from  anitnal  substance :  as,  zoonic  acid. 
—  Zoonic  acicl,  a  name  given  by  Berthollet  to  acetic  acid 
in  combination  with  animal  matter,  obtained  by  distilling 
animal  matter. 

[<Gr.  Cipo'',  animal,  zoonite  (z6'6-nit),  «.     [Irreg.  <  Gr.  Cfm;  ani- 


mal, +  -ili-.'i  1.  One  of  the  rings,  segments,  or 
somites  of  which  thebody  of  a  worm,  crustacean, 
insect,  vertebrate,  or  other  segmented  or  artic- 
ulated animal  is  composed  ;  a  zonule  ;  a  meta- 
mere  oran  arthromere  of  an  articulated  inverte- 
brate; a  diarthromere  of  a  vertebrate:  used 
generically  of  any  segment,  to  which  special 
names  are  given  in  special  cases. —  2.  Same  as 
zoiiid :  a  mistaken  use  of  the  word.  Eng.  Cy- 
clop. (Zool.),  IV.  561.  (JCncyc  Diet.) 
feathers  of  zoonitic  (zo-o-uit'ik),  a.  [<  zoonite  -i-  -ic]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  zoonite  ;  somitie. 

ZOOnomia  (zo-o-no'mi-ii),  n.  [NL.  (the  title 
of  a  celebrated  treatise  by  Dr.  Erasmus  Dar- 
win): see  zoonomy.]     Same  an  zoiinomy. 

ZOOnomic  f  z6-o-nom'ik),  a.  [<  zoonom-y  -h  -ic] 
Of  or  jiertaining  to  zoonomy. 

zoonomist  (zo-on'o-mist),  ».  [<  zoiinom-y  + 
-ist.]  One  who  is  versed  in  zoonomy  ;  a  biol- 
ogist, in  a  broad  sense. 

"  '  n.  [<. 'NIj.  zooiiomia,  <. 
Gr.  C'^if,  animal,  +  voLing,  law.]  The  laws  of 
animal  life  collectively  considered;  the  science 
which  treats  of  the  causes  and  relations  of  the 
phenomena  of  living  animals;  tlie  vital  econ- 
omy of  animals;  animal  physiology. 

zoonosis  (zii-on'o-sis),  ».;  pi.  zoonoses  (-sez). 
[NL.,  <  Gr! ^(}in;  ntiimal,  +  viiaor,  disease.]  A 
disease  communicated  to  man  from  the  lower 
animals.  Hydrophobia  and  glanders  are  ex- 
amples of  zoonoses. 


Zoophyta  (z6-of'i-ta),  n.pl.  [NL.,  pi.  of  zoiiphy- 
toii:  see  zoophyte.]  The  alternative  name  of  the 
Cuvierian /to(V/«fr(;  the  I'll ytozoa;  the  animal- 
plants,  or  plant-like  animals.  In  later  systems,  es- 
pecially following  the  classification  of  Cuvier,  the  name  has 
been  much  used  for  a  large  artificial  and  heterogeneous  as- 
semblage of  the  lower  invertel)rates.  many  of  which,  like 
the  corallines,  have  a  plant-like  habit,  and  branch  from 
a  fixed  base.  It  thus  covers,  or  has  covered,  all  the  true 
cadenterates  (actinozoans.  hydrozoans,  and  cteiiophorans), 
all  the  echinoderms  (starfishes,  sea-urchins,  holothurians, 
and  crinoids),  the  polyzoans,  the  sponges,  some  of  the 
worms  which  used  to  be  classed  as  radiates,  and  all  the 
infusorians  and  other  protozoans  known,  having  thus  no 
better  standing  than  "the  radiate  mob"  of  Cuvier.  (See 
liadi^ita,  1.)  In  some  of  its  various  restricted  applica- 
tions, however,  it  has  excluded  certain  forms  that  obvi- 
ously belonged  elsewhere,  and  the  tendency  has  been  to 
adapt  the  name  to  the  coelenterates,  with  or  without  the 
sponges.  Quite  recently  the  proposition  has  l>een  made, 
and  by  some  accepted,  to  use  the  name  in  this  strict  sense, 
and  instead  of  Coelentera  or  Coientrrata ;  in  wliich  case 
it  would  cover  the  Actinozoa,  llydrazoa,  Ctenophora,  and 
Spongite.  The  New  Latin  form  of  the  term  is  attributed 
to  Wotton  (1492-165:,),  who  in  his  "lie  Differentiis  Ani- 
malium  "  (Paris,  1652)  includ'jd  under  this  name  practi- 
cally its  present  content :  namely,  holothurians,  staiflshes, 
Jellytlshes,  sea-anemones,  and  sponges. 

ZOdphyte  (z6'o-tit),  n.  [<  'S.l..  zoiiphyton.  <Gr. 
Zuoipvrnv  (Aristotle),  lit.  'animal-plant,'  <  tuoi', 
animal,  -f- i/iu-oi',  plant.]  Amemberof  the /(w- 
phyfd,  in  any  sense;  a  radiate;  a  pliytozoan. 


The  term  is  a  loose  popular  equivalent  of  the  technical 
designation ;  but  it  is  convenient,  and  may  be  employed 
for  any  of  the  Zoophyta  in  a  proper  sense,  as  corals,  sea- 
anemones,  acalephs,  and  sponges.  The  chief  objection 
to  its  use  is  its  continued  application  to  those  polyzoans 
which  are  of  coralline  aspect,  as  these  have  no  afllnity 
with  coelenteratcs.  — Glass-rope  zoophytest,  the  glass- 
rope  sponges,  or  Hyalonemidfie  (which  see). 
zoophyte-trough  (zo'o-fit-tiof),  n.  A  device 
for  retaining  living  zoOphytes  or  infusoria 
which  are  to  be  examined  under  the  micro- 
scope. It  consists  of  a  frame  with  two  movable  sides 
of  glass,  and  a  false  bottom,  also  of  glass,  small  enough 
to  admit  of  the  insertion  of  the  sides  between  it  and  the 
frame.  The  upper  edges  of  the  sides  are  pressed  toge- 
ther by  a  spring,  and  can  be  separated  as  desired  by  a 
wedge.    E.  H.  Knight. 

zodphytic  (zo-o-fit'ik),  a.  [<  zoophyte  +  -?c.] 
Of  the  nature  of  a  zoophyte ;  of  or  pertaining 
to  zoophj'tes;  phytozoic — Zoophy tic  series,  the 
series  of  animals  composing  the  Zoophyta  as  defined  by 
Haeckel  and  Huxley,  beginning  with  the  lowest  sponges 
and  ending  with  the  highest  ccelenterates. 

ZOOphytical  (z6-o-fit'i-kal),  a.  [<  zooplujtic  + 
-ahl     Same  as  zoopltytic. 

Zo5phytoid  (zo-of'i-toid),  a.  [<  zoophyte  + 
-ojrf.]  Resembling  a  zoophyte ;  related  to  the 
zoophytes. 

zoophytological  (zo-o-fi-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  :oo- 
phytolofi-y  +  -ical.'\  Pertaining  to  zbophytology. 

ZOOphytologist  (z6"o-fi-tol'o-jist),  «.  [<  zoti- 
phjtolog-y  +  -ist.']  One  who  is  versed  in  the 
natural  history  of  zoophytes.  R.  F.  Tomes,  Geol. 
Mag.  (1885),  p.  549. 

ZOOphytology  (zo"o-fi-tor9-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  Cl>6- 
(pvTov,  zoophyte,  +  -'/Jiyia,  <  "kkyuv,  speak:  see 
-ology.']  The  science  or  natural  history  of  zo- 
ophytes. 

ZOqphyton  (zo-of'i-ton),  «.;  pi.  zoophyta  (-ta). 
[NL.:  see  zoophyte.']     A  zoophyte. 

ZOdplastic  (z6-o-plas'tik),  a.  [<Gr.  i^^ov,  ani- 
mal, +  Tr/.daaeiv,  form:  see  plastic.']  In  surf/., 
noting  a  plastic  operation  by  which  living  tissue 
is  transplanted  from  one  of  the  lower  animals 
to  man ;  of  or  pertaining  to  zoograf ts.  —  Zooplas- 
tic  graft.    Same  as  zoograf t^ 

ZOOpraxinoscope  (z6-o-prak'si-no-sk6p),  n. 
[<  Gr.  C.i^v,  animal,  4-  E.  praxinoscope.]  A 
philosophical  toy,  somewhat  on  the  principle 
of  the  phenakistoscope,  by  which  images  of 
animals  are  made  to  execute  natural  move- 
ments upon  a  screen  upon  which  they  are 
thrown. 

ZOOpsycllology  (zo'o-si-kol'o-ji),  «.  [<  Gr.  CGiov. 
ammal,  +  E.  psychology.]  The  psychology  of 
animals  other  than  man ;  that  body  of  fact  or 
doctrine  respecting  the  minds  or  mental  activi- 
ties of  animals  which  may  be  derived  from  the 
study  of  their  instincts,  habits,  etc. 

zooscopic  (zo-o-skop'ik),  o.  [<  zodsaop>-y  +  -ic] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  zooscopy. 

This  condition  of  zooscopic  hallucination  is  one  of  the 
commonest  among  the  phenomena  of  alcohol  poisoning. 

Science,  XV.  43. 

ZoSscopy  (z6'o-sk6-pi),  n.  [<  Gr.  C't'ov,  animal, 
+  -BKOTria,  <  aiioTCElv,  view.]  A  kind  of  hallucina- 
tion in  which  imaginary  animal  forms  are  per- 
ceived. 

ZOOSperm  (zo'o-sperm),  II.  [<  Gr.  Cvov,  animal, 
+  nrrip/ia,  seecl.]  1.  Same  as  zoo,9permium. — 
2.  In  bat.,  same  as  zoospore. 

ZOOSpennatic  (zo'o-sper-mat'ik),  a.  [<  zoo- 
sperm  +  -atic'^  (see  spermatic).]  Pertaining  to, 
or  of  the  nature  of,  a  zoosperm;  spermato- 
zoic. 

ZOOSpenuium  fzo-o-spfer'mi-um),  «. ;  pl.zoosper- 
inia  (-a).  [NL. :  see  zoosperm.]  The  sperm- 
cell,  or  male  seed-cell ;  a  spermatozoon.  Also 
zoosperm. 

zoosporange  (zo'o-spo-ranj),  «.  [<  NL.  coosjjo- 
rangiuiii.]     Same  as  zoosporangium. 

zoosporangial  (z6"o-spo-ran'ji-al),  a.  [<  zoo- 
sporangiaiii.  +  -al.]  Pertaining  to  a  zoosporan- 
gium. 

ZOOSporangium  (z6"o-spo-ran'ji-um),  n. ;  pi. 
zoosporaiigia  (-a).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  C<mi\  animal, 
+  cTTupd,  seed,  -+■  uyyunv,  vessel.]  In  bot.,  a 
sporangium  or  spore-case  in  which  zoospores 
or  zoogametes  are  produced.  See  sporangium, 
and  cuts  under  Puccinia  and  spermogoniiim. 

There  is  then  formed  in  each  zofisporangium  a  number 
of  zoospores.  Farlow,  Marine  Algte,  p.  14. 

zoospore  (zo'o-spor),  «.  [<  Gr.  (.uiiv,  animal,  -1- 
T-rjpo,  seed:  see. s;)ore.]  1.  Inio<.,a  sporeeapa- 
l)ie  of  moving  about ;  a  motile  spore,  or  swarm- 
spore.  Zoospores  are  produced  by  many  algse,  and  occur 
also  in  some  funtri  iPeronosporeee.  Saprolegnicse,  Myxomy- 
cetei<,  etc.) ;  they  are  spores  destitute  for  a  time  of  any  cell- 
wall,  and  motile  by  means  of  either  cilia  or  pseiidopodia. 
See  sp<jre-,  rnaerozojipoye,  2,  and  cut  under  Chietopkora. 
Als4j  zoi>Hpfrrn. 


7042 

2.  An  animal  spore ;  one  of  the  minute  flagelli- 
form  bodies  which  issue  from  the  sporocyst  of 
sporiparous  animalcules ;  a  swarm-spore.  Cien- 
owski,  1865. 
Also  zoocarp. 

Zoosporeae  (z6-o-sp6're-e),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Thu- 
ret) :  see  zoiispore.]  A  somewhat  doubtful  class 
or  order  of  green  or  olive-green  algoB  in  which 
reproduction  is  by  means  of  zoospores.  Conju- 
gation occurs  between  the  zoospores,  but  without  clear 
distinction  of  male  and  female  cells.  The  group  includes 
the  greater  part  of  the  Chlorosperweie  of  Harvey.  See 
Algte,  conjugation,  i. 

ZOOSporic  (z6-o-spor'ik),  a.  [<  zoospore  +  -ic.] 
Of  the  nature  of  a  zoospore;  i)ertaining  to 
zoospores. 

ZOOSporiferous  (z6"6-spo-rif'e-rus),  «.  [<  zoo- 
spore +  h.ferre  =  fi.  6ea»'l.]'  In  bot.,  bearing 
or  producing  zoospores. 

ZOOtazy  (z6'o-tak-si),  n.  [<  Gr.  ^<mv,  animal,  -I- 
rd^ig,  airangement.]  The  science  of  the  classi- 
fication of  animals ;  systematic  zoology.  Com- 
pare phytotaxy. 

ZOOtechnic  (z6-o-tek'nik),  a.  and  «.    [<  zootech- 
n-y  +  -ic]    I.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  zootechny. 
II.  n.  Zootechny. 

ZOOteclinics  (z6-o-tek'uiks).  II.  Same  as  zoo- 
techiiy. 

zootechny  (zo'o-tek-ni),  «.  [<  NL.  zodtechnia,< 
(Jr.  iifiov,  animal,  -I-  rixv-ri,  art.]  Domestication 
of  animals ;  the  breeding  and  keeping  of  ani- 
mals in  domestication  or  captivity.  See  accli- 
iiiatization. 

ZOOtheca  (z6-o-the'ka),  n. ;  pi.  zoiithecse  (-se). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  ((}ov,  animal,  -f-  Of/Ki/,  case.]  The 
case  or  sheath  of  a  zoosperm ;  a  cell  containing 
a  spermatozooid. 

ZOOthecal  (z6-o-the'kal),  a.  [<  zoiitheca  +  -al.] 
Of  tlie  nature  of  or  forming  a  zootheca. 

ZOOthecial  (z6-o-tlie'sial),  a.  [<  zoothecium  + 
-al.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  a  zoothecium. 

zoothecium  (z6-6-the'sium),  «. ;  pi.  zoothecia 
(-siji).  [NL.,  <  (jr.  f^ov,  animal,  +  dr/Kiov,  cas- 
ket J  dim.  ol  Ot/kt;,  case,  chest:  see  zootheca.]  A 
eompoimd  tubular  investment  or  domiciliary 
sheath  in  which  certain  infusorians  are  in- 
cased.    Compare  zoocytiuiii,  zoodendrinin. 

For  these  aggregations  of  ordinary  simple  loricse  the 
distinctive  title  of  zoothecia  has  been  adopted. 

W.  S.  Kent,  Manual  of  Infusoria,  p.  61. 

zootheism  (z6'o-the-izm),  11.  [<  Gr.  CCiov,  ani- 
mal, -1-  E.  theisiiA.]  The  attribution  of  deity  to 
an  animal ;  the  treatment  of  animals  or  animal 
forms  as  objects  of  worship.  See  zoolatry  and 
zomnorxMsiii,  2. 

In  the  stage  of  barbarism  all  the  phenomena  of  nature 
are  attributed  to  the  animals  by  which  man  is  surrounded, 
or  rather  to  the  ancestral  types  of  these  animals,  which 
are  worshipped.    This  is  the  religion  of  zootheiein. 

Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  X.XXVI.  63. 

ZOOtheistic  (z6"o-the-is'tik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  zootheism;  relating  to  the  worsliip  of 
animals;  zoolatrous.     B&Q  zoomorphic,  2. 

The  prophets  tried  to  pull  the  Israelites  too  rapidly 
through  the  zobtheistic  and  physitheistic  stages  into  mon- 
otheism. Pop.  Sci.  Mo.,  XXXVI.  208. 

ZOOtherapy  (z6-o-ther'a-pi), )(.  [<  Gr.  Jipov,  ani- 
mal, +  K  therapy.]  Tlie  treatment  of  disease 
in  the  lower  animals ;  veterinary  therapeutics. 

Zootoca^  (zo-ot'o-ka),  n.  [NL.  (Wagler),  <  Gr. 
CoioTUKOi,  viviparous,  <  ^vov,  animal,  4-  TiKTeiv,  rt- 
ne'iv,  bring  forth.]  A  genus  of  ovoviviparous  liz- 
ards, of  the  family  Lacertidie,  very  near  Lacerta 
proper.  There  are  about  8  species,  chiefly  of  southern 
Europe  and  of  Africa,  as  the  well-lcnown  Z.  vivipara. 

Zootoca'-^  (zo-ot'o-ka),  ».p^  [NL.,  neut.pl.:  see 
Zoiitoca^.]  Baxne  &% 'Vivipara .  In  its  application 
to  mammals,  the  term  is  traceable  to  Aristotle. 

ZOOtOCOlogy  (z6"o-to-kor9-.ii),  n.  [<  Gr.  C,Vot6- 
Koq,  viviparous,  +  -/.oyia,  <  /.h/eiv,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  The  biology  of  animals.  See  the  quo- 
tation.    [Rare.] 

Dr.  Field  tells  us  we  are  all  wrong  in  using  the  term  bi- 
ology, and  that  we  ought  to  employ  another ;  only  he  is 
not  quite  sure  al>out  the  propriety  of  that  which  he  pro- 
poses as  a  substitute.  It  is  a  somewhat  hard  one  —  zooio- 
cology.  Huxley,  Amer.  Addresses,  p.  138. 

ZOOtomic  (zo-o-tom'ik),  a.  [<  zootoni-y  +  -ic] 
Same  as  zootomical. 

The  ZOOtomic  and  eml)ryologicaI  works  of  the  last  ten 
yeiu-s.  Nature,  XXXVII.  70. 

zootomical  (z6-o-tom'i-kal).  a.     [<  zootomic  + 

-III.]     Of  or  pertaining  to  zootomy. 
ZOOtomically    (z6-o-tom'i-kal-i),  adr.       By 
moans  of  or  according  to  the  principles  of  zo- 
otomy. 

Such  being  the  position  of  apes  as  a  whole,  they  are 
ZOOtomically  divisible  into  a  number  of  more  and  more 
subordinate  groups.  Encyc.  Brit.,  II.  148. 


Zorilla 

zodtomist  (z6-ot'6-mist),  n.  [<  zootom-y  -t- 
-ist.]  One  wlio  dissects  the  bodies  of  animals  ; 
one  who  is  versed  in  zootomy;  a  comparative 
anatomist. 

zootomy  (zo-ot'o-mi),  n.  [<  Gr.  Cv"",  animal, 
-1-  -TOfiia,  <  Tc/xvciv,  Tafiuv,  cut.]  The  dissection 
or  the  anatomy  of  animals ;  specifically,  the 
science,  art,  or  practice  of  dissecting  or  anat- 
omizing animals  other  than  man :  distinguished 
from  human  anatomy,  androtomy,  or  anthropoto- 
my :  equivalent  to  comparative  anatomy  in  a 
usual  sense:  correlated  with  phytotomy,  or  the 
dissection  of  plants.  The  zootomy  of  living  ani- 
mals for  other  than  surgical  pui-poses  is  known 
as  vivisection. 

zootrope  (zd'o-trop),  n.    Same  as  zoetrope. 
An  ingenious  and  effective  application  of  the  zootrope, 
for  the  illustration  of  the  relation  between  certain  iso- 
meric forms.  Sci.  Amer.  Supp.,  XXII.  8097. 

zootrophic  (z6-o-trof 'ik),  a.  [<  Gr.  i<iiov,  animal, 
-I-  -Tpoifor,  <  rpii^eiv,  nourish.]  Serving  for  the 
nourishment  of  animals;  of  or  pertaining  to 
animal  alimentation. 

ZOOXanthella  (zo'o-zan-thel'a),  11. ;  pi.  zooxan- 
thellse  (-e).  [NL.,  <  Gr.  f^v,  animal,  +  ^av66i, 
yellow,  -I-  -elia.]  One  of  the  yellow  pigmentary 
particles,  or  minute  corpuscles  of  yellow  color- 
ing matter,  found  iu  certain  radiolarians. 

ZOOZOO  (zo'zo),  n.  [Imitative;  ef.  coo,  croo.] 
The  wood-pigeon.     [Prov.  Eng.] 

Z0pe(z6p),n.  [G.]  A  certain  fresh-water  bream 
of  Europe,  Abramis  ballerus. 

Zopherus  (zof'e-rus),  n.    [NL.  (Laporte,  1840), 

<  Gr.  fo^f^of,  diisky,  <  Z6<fo^,  darkness,  gloom.] 
A  genus  of  tenebrionid  beetles,  remarkable  for 
their  large  size,  bold  sculpture,  and  special  col- 
oration, the  elytra  having  shining  callosities. 
About  15  species  are  known,  all  from  South 
^Vmeriea,  Mexico,  and  the  southwestern  United 
States. 

ZOpilote  (z6-pl-16'te),  n.  [Also  tzopilotl;  <  Mex. 
tzopilotl.]  One  of  the  smaller  Ameiican  vul- 
tures or  Cathartidas,  as  the  turkey-buzzard  or 
carrion-crow ;  a  gallinazo ;  a  urubu.  See  aura^, 
and  cuts  under  Cathartes  and  urubu. 

ZOpiSSa  (zo-pis'a),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  iiJKiaaa,  pitch 
and  wax  from  old  ships,  <  fu-  (?)  +  maaa,  pitch : 
see  pitch"^.]  In  med.,  a  mixture  of  pitch  and 
tar,  impregnated  with  salt  water,  scraped  from 
the  sides  of  ships,  formerly  used  iu  external 
applications  as  having  resolutive  and  desicca- 
tive  properties.     Simmonds. 

zoppo  (tsop'po),  c.    [It.]    In  »i«S)'p,  "limping," 

alternately  with  and  without  syncopation Alia 

zoppa,  a  duple  or  quadruple  movement  in  which  there  is 
a  syncopation  in  the  midst  of  each  measure,  giving  the 

metric  figure  !    J    J      *    I    J    d     J     ' 

zorgite  (zor'git),  n.  [<  Zorge  (see  def. )  -I-  -ite^.] 
A  metallic  mineral  consisting  of  the  selenides 
of  lead  and  copper,  found  at  Zorge,  in  the  Harz 
mountains. 

zoril,  ZOrille  (zor'il),  «.     [<  F.  zorille  (Bufion), 

<  Sp.  zorilla,  zoriUo  (>  NL.  zorilla),  dim.  of 
zorra.  zorro,  a,  fox.]  1.  An  African  animal  of 
the  genus  Zorilla. —  2.  Some  Central  or  South 
American  skunk  ;  one  of  the  Mephitinse,  as  the 
conepate;  a  zorriuo.  See  cut  under  Coiiepa- 
tus. 

Zorilla  (zo-ril'a,),  n.  [NL.  (J.  E.  Gray):  see 
zoril.]  1 .  A  genus  of  African  skunk-like  quad- 
rupeds, representing  the  subfamily  Zorillinse. 
The  common  zoril,  or  mariput,  is  Z.  striata  "(or  Ictonyx  zo- 
rilla). a  nocturnal,  burrowing,  carnivorous  animal,  capable 
of  emitting  a  very  fetid  odor,  like  a  skunk.  It  is  as  large 
as  a  small  house-cat,  and  is  entirely  striped  and  spotted 


Striped  Zoril  ^Zorilla  striata). 

with  black  and  white,  thus  closely  resembling  the  small 
American  skunk  figured  under  SpilogaU.  The  genus  is 
also  called  lihabdogale  and  Ictonyx.  Its  name  Zorilla  is 
quite  recent ;  but  zorilla  as  a  specific  Sew  Latin  name  is 
more  than  a  century  old,  having  long  designated  a  com- 


7043 

in  shallow  bays  and  other  waters,  often  forming  large 
masses,  growing  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks.  The 
long  narrowly  linear  two-ranked  leaves  are  the  place  of 
attachment  of  great  numbers  of  alga;,  and  the  feeding- 
places  of  many  of  the  smaller  forms  of  animal  life.  Z. 
marina  is  known  in  America  as  eel-grass  and  in  England 


Zorilla 

posite  species  in  which  the  African  zoril  was  confounded 

with  some  American  skunks :  whence  also  the  two  senses 

of  zorii  (which  see). 

2.   n.  c]  A  zoril. 
Zorillinae  (zor-i-li'ue),  n.pl.     [NL.,  <  Zorilla  + 

-»««.]  An  African  subfamily  of  Mustelidse.  rep- 
resented by  the  genus  Zorilla;  the  zorils,  or 

skunk-like  quadrupeds  of   Africa.     They  are 

closely  related  to  the  American  skuuks,  or  2Ie- 

phitiiix.     See  cut  under  Zorilla. 
zorilline  (zor'i-lin),  a.     Resembling  or  related 

to  animals  of  the  genus  Zorilla;  pertaining  to 

the  Zorilliitse. 
Zoroaster  (z6-ro-as'ttr),   «.      [NL.    (Thomas, 

1873),  pun  on  Zoroaster  (see  Zoroastrian),  in- 
volving NL.  aster,  starfish.]     In  zool.,  a  genus 

of  starfishes,  giving  name  to  the  Zoroasteridse, 
and  containing  such  species  as  Z.  fulgens,  of 
the  North  Atlantic. 
Zoroasteridae  (zo'ro-as-ter'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Zoroaster  +  -idse.'i  A  family  of  starfishes,  typi- 
fied by  the  genus  Zoroaster,  it  contains  forms  with 
very  small  body,  very  long  arms,  and  quadriseriate  water- 
feet,  attaining  a  diameter  of  8  or  10  Inches, 
Zoroastrian  (zo-ro-as'tri-an),  a.  and  «.  [<  L. 
Zoroastres  (>  E.  Zoroaster'),  the  L.  form  of  the 
Old  Pers.  name  Zarathustra,  +  -/r/n.]  I.  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  Zoroaster,  the  founder  of  the 
Mazdayasniau  or  ancient  Persian  religion  ;  re- 
lating to  or  connected  with  Zoroastrianism. 

H.  n.  Oneof  the  followers  of  Zoroaster,  now 
represented  by  the  Giiebers  and  Parsees  of  Per- 
sia and  India  ;  a  fire-worshiper. 
Zoroastrianism  (z6-ro-as'tri-an-izm),  M.  [<  Zm- 
roastrian  +  -ism.']  The  system  of  religious 
doctrine  taught  by  Zoroaster  and  his  follow- 
ers in  the  Avesta;   the  religion  prevalent  in 

Persia  till  its  overthrow   by  the  Mohamme-     _.  .„ ^ 

dans  in  the  seventh  century,  and  still  held  Zostereae  (zos-te'rJ-e), 
by  the  Guebers  and  Parsees,  and  commonly,  1841),  <  Zostera  +  -ct.] 
though  incorrectly,  called  yire-(cor«/!ip.    There     '    '  " 

liglon  Is  dual,  recognizing  two  creative  powers 


Flowering  Plant  of  Grass-wraclc  or  Eel-grass  {Zostera  marina) ; 
3,  the  spadix  ;  a,  anther ;  A,  pistil ;  c,  fruit. 


.         „         „  ,        . .    -Ormuzd 

(AhuramazdaX  the  god  of  light  and  creator  of  all  that 
is  good,  with  six  piincipal  and  innumerable  inferior 
amshaspands,  or  ministei-b  of  good,  and  Ahriman  (Angra- 
mainyas),  the  god  of  darkness  and  creator  of  evil,  with  a 
corresponding  number  of  devs,  or  ministers  of  evil.  Zo- 
roaster taught  that  Ormuzd  created  man  witli  free  will ; 
that  his  state  after  death  depends  upon  the  preponderance 
of  good  or  evil  in  his  life,  an  intennediatc  state  being  pro- 
vided for  those  in  wliom  these  principles  are  evenly  bal- 
anced ;  and  that  I  Irmuzd  will  finally  prevail  over  Aliriman 
in  the  constant  war  between  them,  and  redeem  him  and 
his  ministers,  as  well  as  man,  from  all  evil. 
Zoroastrism  (zo-ro-as'trizm),  «.  [<  L.  Zoro- 
astres, Zoroaster,  +  -isni.'\  Same  as  Zoroastri- 
anism.    [Rare.] 

All  these  alletjed  facts  conspire  to  prove  that  J? woajrfrwm 
and  its  .Scriptures  had  their  origin  In  eastern  Iran  before 
the  rise  of  Sledian  or  Persian  dominion. 

^wi^r.  Antiq.,  IX.  118. 

ZOrraCzor'a),  «.  [NL.,  <  Sp.  zorra,  fem.  of  :orro, 
a  fox.]  A  South  American  skunk:  same  as  atok. 

zorrino  (zo-ro'no), «.  [Sp.  Amer.,  dim.  of  Sp. 
zorro.  fox.]  A  South  American  skunk.  The 
skanks  of  the  Xeotroplcal  region  belong  to  the  same  sub- 
family (MephUi)ue)  as  the  others  of  America,  but  are  ge- 
nerically  different,  and  like  the  conepate. 

zorro  (zor'6),  n.  [Sp.,  a  fox.]  One  of  the  South 
American  fox-wolves,  as  Cunis  azarse.  Encyr. 
Brit.,  XVIIL  353. 

ZOrziCO,  n.  [Basque.]  A  kind  of  song  in  quin- 
tuple or  septuple  rhythm  common  among  the 
Basques. 

Zosmerldffi  (zos-mer'i-de),  n.  pi.  [NL.  (Doug- 
las and  Scott,  1865),  <  Zosmerus  +  -idee.']  A 
family  of  heteropterous  insects,  of  the  super- 
family  Coreoidea,  forming  a  transition  between 
the  Lyyseidie  and  the  Tintjitidn;  but  by  the 
structure  of  the  abdomen  more  nearly  related 
to  the  former  than  to  the  latter.  It  contains 
only  the  Old  World  genus  Zosmerus. 

Z08mem8(zos'nie-rus).  ti.  [NL.(Laporte,  1833), 
irreg.  <  Gr.  C","«,  a  girdle,  <  Cumivai,  girdle.]  A 
genus  of  Old  World  heteropterous  insects,  typi- 
cal of  the  family  Zosmeridse. 

zoster  (zos't^'r),  n.  [<  Gr.  (ucTr/fi,  a  girdle,  < 
Cumivai,  girdle:  see  zone.]  1.  In  aitc.  Gr.  cos- 
tume, &  belt  or  girdle;  originally,  a  waiTiors' 
belt  ronnd  the  loins,  afterward  any  girdle  or 
zone,  but  chiefly  one  of  a  kind  worn  by  men. 

The  chiton  .  .  .  Is  girt  round  under  the  hrt.-ast,  to  keep 
It  from  falling,  by  a  girdle  (zotUr).    Encyc.  Brit.,  VI.  4.53. 

2.  Same  as  herpes  zoster  (which  see,  under  her- 
pes). 
Zostera  (zos-te'rij),  «.  [NL.  (Linna!us,  1753), 
so  called  from  the  long  tape-like  leaves;  <  Gr. 
CiJor^p,  a  girdle :  seezoster.]  A  genus  of  aquatic 
plants,  of  the  order  Naiadacex,  type  of  the  tribe 
Zostereee.   It  is  characterized  by  monoecious  flowers  and 


as  ffroit-wrack,  also  as  turtle-ffrase,  nceet-grau,  and  beU- 
ware;  when  dried,  it  is  used,  under  the  name  of  alva  ma- 
rina, sea-sedge,  or  tea-hay,  for  stuffing  mattresses  and  as 
bedding  for  horses.  This,  togetlier  with  the  related  Cymu- 
docea  iequorea,  constitutes  the  glazier's-seaweed  of  Eng- 
land, z.  Tiana  of  Europe  is  known  as  dwar/ grass-wrack, 
ti.  pi.  [NL.  (Kunth, 
A  tribe  of  monocoty- 
ledonous  plants,  of  the  order  Naiadacese.  It  is 
characterized  by  unisexual  flowers  on  a  flattened  spadix 
without  a  perianth,  and  with  a  subulate  or  capillary 
stigma.  The  •>  genera,  Phyllospadix  and  Zostera  (the  type), 
are  submerged  grassy  plants  of  sea-water,  the  former  in- 
cluding -i  species,  both  natives  of  the  I'acitlc  coast  of  the 
inited  States. 
Zosterops  (zos-te'rops),  n.  [NL.  (Vigors  and 
Horsfield,  1820),  <  Gr.  i^uariip,  a  girdle,  +  ui^i, 
eye.]  1.  A  very  extensive  genus  of  Melipha- 
ffidie  (also  referred  to  the  Dicseidm),  giving 
name  to  the  subfamily  Zostcropiiiie,  character- 
ized among  related  genera  by  the  absence  or 


Zunian 

tkeca.]  In  anc.  arch.,  a  niche  or  an  alcove;  also, 
a  small  living-room,  or  room  used  by  day,  as  op- 
posed to  a  sleeping-room  or  dormitory. 

Zouave  (zg-av'),  n.  [F.,  from  the  name  of  a 
tribe  inhabiting  Algeria.]  1.  A  soldier  be- 
longing to  a  corps  of  light  infantry  in  the 
French  army,  distinguished  for  their  dash,  in- 
trepidity, and  hardihood,  and  for  their  peculiar 
drill  and  showy  Oriental  uniform.  The  Zouaves 
were  oi-ganized  in  Algeria  in  1831,  and  consisted  at  llrst  of 
two  battalions  chictly  of  Kabylt-s  and  other  natives,  but 
ultimately  became  almost  entirely  French,  with  increased 
numbers.  They  served  exclusively  in  Algeria  till  1854, 
and  afterwaid  fought  in  European  wars. 
2.  A  member  of  one  of  the  volunteer  regiments 
of  the  Union  army  in  the  American  civil  war 
(1861-5)  which  adopted  the  name  and  to  some 
extent  imitated  the  dress  of  the  French  Zou- 
aves— Papal  or  pontlflcal  Zouaves,  a  co;  ps  of  French 
soldiers  organized  at  Home  in  1860  for  the  defense  of  the 
temporal  sovereignty  of  the  Pope,  under  Gen.  Lamorlcitre, 
one  of  the  first  conimanders  of  the  Algerian  Zouaves. 
After  obstinately  resisting  the  entrance  of  the  Italian 
government  into  Eonie  in  1870,  they  served  in  France 
against  the  Germans  and  the  Commune,  and  in  1871  «  ere 
disbanded. 

Zouave-jacket  (zo-av'jak"et),  n.  1.  A  short 
jacket,  not  reaching  to  the  waist,  cut  away  in 
front:  a  part  of  the  Zouave  uniform. —  2.  A 
similar  jacket,  usually  ornamented,  with  or 
without  sleeves,  worn  by  women. 

zounds  (zoundz),  iiiterj.  [For  '.mounds,  abbr. 
of  God's  wounds,  refeiTing  to  the  wounds  of 
Christ  on  the  cross ;  one  of  the  innumerable 
oaths  having  reference  to  Christ's  passion.] 
An  exclamation  formerly  used  as  an  oath  or  as 
an  expression  of  anger  or  wonder. 

Zounds,  sir  I  then  I  insist  on  yourquitting  the  room  di- 
rectly. Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  v.  3. 

ZOUtch  (zouch),  t'.  f.  [Origin  obscure.]  To  stew, 
as  flounders,  whitings,  gudgeons,  eels,  etc.,  with 
just  enough  of  liquid  to  cover  them.  [Prov. 
Eng.] 

Zr.     In  chetti.,  the  symbol  for  zirconium. 

ZUCchetta  (tsiik-ket'tS),  n.  [It.  zucchetta,  a 
small  gourd,  a  skullcap,  dim.  of  zitcca,  a 
gourd.]  1.  lufhejiom.  Cath.  Ch.. the  skullcap 
of  an  ecclesiastic,  covering  the  tonsure.  That 
of  a  priest  is  black,  of  a  bishop  purple,  of  a  car- 
dinal red,  and  of  the  Pope  white.  Also  written 
zucchetto. —  2.  A  late  form  of  burganet,  dis- 
tinguished by  having  a  movable  nasal,  hinged 
cheek-pieces,  and  an  articulated  couvre  nuque. 


Tasmania,  and  most  of  the  Polyuesian  islands,  including  i7„i,,  /.,;;m;;i  ,,  ,,„a  „ 
New  Zealand.  The  bill  is  about  as  long  as  the  head.  iiU-lu  (Zo  10),  )(.  ana  a. 
straight,  and  broad  at  the  base.    The  pattern  of  colora-     can.]      1.   n.   A  membe 


^     .  patti  

tion  is  characteristic,  consisting  of  olives  and  yellows  as 
the  ground-colors,  and  the  diagnostic  white  eye-ring  of 
moat  species.  The  sexes  are  alike  in  plumage.  The  size 
is  very  small,  only  4  or  5  Iriche.*.  About  83  species  are 
recognized  as  valid.    The  type  Is  Z.  cxrulescens,  of  Aus- 


si)uriou3  character  of   the  first  primary,  and  zufolo,  zuffolo  (zo'fo-16),  n.      [It.  zufolo,  <zu- 

named  from  the  couspieuous  orbital  ring  of  folare,  hiss,  wliistle.']     A  little  flute  or  flageo- 

most  of  its  members.     The  genus  is  now  held  to  let,  especially  such  as  is  used  in  teaching  birds, 

cover  a  number  of  forms  which  have  been  made  types  of  Zuggun  falcon       See  falcon 

several  (iiljont  8)  other  genera.    They  are  known  as  icAite-  z„isTn  n    The  Americnn  wid^enn    Vnrern  nmeri 

eyes  and  sUver-eyes.    The  range  of  the  genus  in  this  broad  '"ISl".   „ .  V  ?    ,     f,  •  .     ,  o^^^  ?^'      ,  ^t   ""If'^'' 

sense  is  very  extensive,  embracing  most  of  Africa,  all  of  <:<'»a-     "  clister's  Diet.,  1890.     [Local,  U.  S.] 

India.  Ceylon,  Burma,  China,  and  Japan,  the  Malay  Pe-  ZUleS,  ZUlis,  ».     In  her.,  a  chess  rook  used  as 

ninsula  and  Archipelago,  the  Papuan  Islands,  Australia,  a  bearin" 

[Also  Zooloo;  S.  Afri- 
member  of  a  warlike  and  supe- 
rior branch  of  the  Kafir  race  of  South  Africa, 
divided  into  many  tribes,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteentli  century  several  tribes  of  Zulus  established  a 
kingdom  including  the  present  British  culony  of  Natal  and 
the  country  north  of  it  called  Zululand,  which  was  broken 
up  and  mostly  absorlied  by  I  he  British  and  the  Boera  dur- 
ing a  succession  of  wars  eliding  in  1883. 

II.  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Zulus :  as,  the 
Zulu,  language  (a  principal  member  of  the  Bantu 

group  of  languages)  or  government Zulu  cloth, 

a  fine  twilled  woolen  cloth  used  as  a  background  for  em- 
broider.v.     Ditt.  o/  Xeedlewt.rk. 

Zulu-Kafir  (zo'lo-kaf'<-r),  II.    Same  as  Kafir,  3. 

ZUinbooruk(zuin'bo-ruk),  II.  [Who zumhooruck, 
zomhoruk;  zaiiiioorak;  <  Hind.  Pers.  Ar.  eani- 
hiiruk,  <  Turk.  zaiiihUrak,  a  small  gun,  dim.  of 
Ar.  zainhur,  a  hornet.]  A  small  cannon  mount- 
ed on  a  swivel,  usually  shorter  and  with  larger 
bore  than  the  zingal.  in  English  writings  the  name 
is  especially  applied  to  such  a  piece  carried  on  a  camel, 
the  pivot  wliicli  supports  it  being  erected  on  the  saddle 
in  front  of  the  rider. 

Eighteen  or  twenty  camels,  cap,irisoned  in  the  Rajah's 
colours  of  rerl  and  white,  with  zontbortiks,  or  swivel  guns, 
mounted  on  tlieir  backs. 

W.  //.  Rmiell,  Diary  in  India,  II.  237. 

zumic  ("zii'mik),  a.  An  improper  form  of  zi/mic. 
tralia,  the  Chatham  Islands,  and  New  Zealand,  the  ceru-  ZUmologic,  ZumolOgV,  etc.  Same  as  ziliiioldoic, 
lean  creeper,  and  rusty-sided  warbler  of  the  older  orni-     etc. 


Sllvereye  or  White-eye  {,Zostrrops  cstrultscens  . 


thologists. 
of  Latham. 

(Reunion).  Z.  mauritiana  is  the  Maurice  warbler  of  Mau- 
ritius. Z.  luyuhris,  Z.  borfjouica.  Z.  chluraiwta,  Z.  ,faUax, 
Z.  leucophiea,  Z.  rnuelleri,  Z.  Jinse/ii,  and  Z.  senegalengis 
have  severally  been  made  types  of  other  genera.  Some 
of  these  birds  have  been  placed    in    IHcfeum.  and  are 


.?.  mndasngcariom*  is  the  white-eyed  warbler  ij^Tit  i„a'„„^\  ta  ti-i>  t.  a 

Z.  ulivaeea  is  the  olive  creeper  of  Bourljon  ^"^1  (zo  nye),  n.      [Amer.  Ind.]     A  member  of 
■  "    ■■  the  best-known  community  or  tribe  of  the  semi- 

civilized  Pueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico,  living 
in  a  village  of  the  same  name  on  the  Zuiii  river, 
composed  of  large  communal  houses. 


among  those  known  to  the  French  ornithologists  as  «imt-  ZUUiaU  (zo  ni-an),  a.  and  n.      [<  Zufli  +  -an.] 


mangas. 

2.   [/.  c]  Any  bird  of  this  genus. 


^./..v...  .  H..    ^„  la  liujiin*;  Lei  lieu  u\  iiiuiiijecious  iiowcns  aiiu  .^  /     -   i-i  -/i  ■•  \  f  i,  /       -\  r  ^ 

ovoid  carpels.    The  4  species  are  natives  of  marine  waters  ZOtUeca   (zp-tlie  ka),    II.;  pi.  zothecx   (-se).      [< 
of  both  the  Old  and  the  New  World.    They  grow  immersed     Gr.  iutii/K>/,  <  (i/f,  live,  +  Oi/K//,  a  receptacle:  see 


I.  «.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Zuilis. 

All  the  Zuflian  clay  efflgies  of  owls  have  horns  on  their 
heads.  Scienee,  VI.  2(lfl. 

II.  w.  A  Zuiii. 


zunyite 


7044 


Znnyite  (zii'm-it),  H.  [<  Z««»(seeaef.)  + -J<e2.]  zygal  (zi'gal),  a.     l<zyg-oii  +  -ah]     1.  Of  or 
A  nuosilicate  of  aluminium,  occurring  in  glassy  i-;-;-— *  ~         «*         ■.-  "  .-«  « 

transparent  tetrahedral  crystals  of  the  hard- 
ness of  quartz :  found  at  the  Zuni  mine  in  Colo- 
rado. 

zurf  (z6rf),  n.    Same  as  ear/. 

zwanziger  (tswan'tsi-g^r),  n.  [G.,  <  zwanzig, 
twenty.]  A  silver  coin  of  Austria  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  equivalent  to  20kreutzers,  and  zygantnini(zi-gan'trum),«.;  pl.ri/(/a«*ra(-trii) 


pertaining  to  a  zygon ;  connecting,  as  a  yoke. 
—  2.  Formed  like  the  letter  H,  with  a  cross- 
bar connecting  two  other  bars.     See  zygon. 

Tlie  frequency  of  the  zygal  or  H-sliaped  form  of  Assure 
[of  the  brain]. 

Buck's  Handbook  of  Med.  Sciences,  VIII.  125. 

[Kare  in  both  uses.] 


worth  8|  pence  English  (about  17  cents).  TNL..  <  Gr.  Cvyov,  voke,  +  aiiTpov,  cave.]     In 

zwieselite  (tswe'zel-it),  n.  [<  Zwiesel  (see  def.) 
-1-  -ite^.']  A  variety  of  triplite  found  near  Zwie- 
sel in  Bavaria. 

Zwinglian  (zwing'-  or  tswing'gli-an),  a.  and  n. 
[<  Zicingli  (see  def.)  +  -«)(.]  I.  (i.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Ulrich  (Huldreieh)  Zwingli  (1484- 
1531),  a  Swiss  religious  reformer,  or  his  doc- 
trines. Zwiiigli's  revolt  from  the  Roman  commuuiou 
took  place  at  Ziirioh  in  1016,  a  year  before  Luther's,  with 
whom  lie  differed  in  denying  tlie  real  presence  in  the  eu- 
charist  in  any  sense,  and  upon  other  points. 
II,  «.  A  follower  of  Zwingli. 

Zygadenus  (zi-gad'e-nus),  «.     [NL.  (Richard, 
1803 ),  named  from  the  conspicuous  pair  of  glands 
at  the  base  of  the  sepals  in  Z.  glaberrimus ;  < 
Gr.  Cdjov,  a  yoke,  -I-  ddi/v,  gland.]     A  genus  of 
liliaceous  plants,  of  the  tribe   Feratrex.     It  is      ,       -       „ 
characterized  by  pedicelled  flowers  with  a  flattish  peri-     alone.       (compare 
anth  nearly  equaled  in  its  length  by  the  stamens,  and     cut    under     sygo- 
narrow  angled  seeds  without  prominent  wings.    The  10     gphene. 

'S::iS^^'-^^^1^^^^..SJ^  ,  The  anterior  surface  of  the  arch  above  the  neuralcanal 

ro"  tst  Tck  or  a  coated  bulb,  producing  an  erect  stem  un-  is  produced  into  a  strong  wedge-shaped  zygosphene,  which 
branched  beneath  the  terminal  race.Se  or  panicle,  which  At^  'nto  a  correspondn.g  zygantrum  of  the  next  preced  ng 
consrsts  of  numerous  whitish  or  greenish  flowers.  The  vertebra,  and  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  arch  there 
10  g  linear  leaves  are  radical  or  crowded  toward  the  base  «  a  zygantrum  for  the  zygosphene  of  the  next  preceding 
of  the  stem.  The  poisonous  root  of  Z.  venenosus  of  the  (read  succeeding]  vertebra.  Huxley,  Anat  Vert.,  p.  201. 
northwestern  United  States  is  known  as  deuiAcomoss  and  zveaDOtjhvslal  (zi-ffat)-6-fiz'i-al),  «.  [<  ZiKia- 
as/iosr's  potato,  being  innocuous  to  hogs  and  greedily  eaten  f°„,f„J,,  1  „, -i^  Ki  nr'tiPi-taniiTKr  to  a  7Vffa- 
by  them.  Z.  ylau,-us  extends  northward  to  Kotzebue  popliysis  -t-  -nj.J  Ut  or  peuaining  10  a  zyga 
Sound.  Z.  glaberritmis  and  Z.  leimanthoides,  sometimes  pophysis;  articular,  as  a  vertebral  jiroeess. 
referred  to  Amiaiitldum,  are  tall  wand-like  species  with  zygapophysis  (zi-ga-pof'i-sis),  •«. ;  pi.  zyga- 
couspicuous  white  or  cream-colored  compound  racemes,      popliyscs   (-sez).       [NL.,  <   Gr.   Cf)"'',   yoke,  + 


[NL.,  <  Gr.  t^vy&v,  yoke,  +  avTpov,  cave.] 
herpet.,  the  fossa 
upon  the  posterior 
face  of  the  neural 
arch  of  a  vertebra 
of  serpents  and 
some  lizards,  for 
the  reception  of 
the  zygosphene  of 
a  succeeding  ver- 
tebra, the  series 
of  vertebree  being 
more  effectively 
interlocked  there- 
by than  is  ac- 
complished       by 


Posterior  face  of  a  dorsal  vertebra  of 


zygoite 

of  osphradia  or  olfactory  tracts,  paired  neph- 
ridia  of  unequal  size,  and  distinct  sexes.  As  an 
ordinal  group,  it  contains  the  ormers  or  sea-ears,  the  pleu- 
rotomarioida,  the  keyhole-limpets,  and  the  true  limpets, 
and  is  divided  into  Ctenidiobrawhiata  and  PhyUidiobran- 
ckiata  (the  latter  being  the  Fateltidie  alone).  Also  called 
Zeugobranchia,  Zygobranehia.  See  cuts  under  abalvTie, 
Fissurellidse,  Patella,  patdU/orm,  Pleurotomaria,  Pleuro- 
tomariidx,  and  sea-ear. 

zygobranchiate  (zi-go-brang'kl-at),  a.  and  n. 
[<  NL.  "zygohranclUa'tus,  <  Gr.  C,vy6v,  yoke,  + 
jipayxia,  gills:  see  branchiate.']  I.  a.  Having 
paired  and  as  it  were  yoked  gills  or  ctenidia,  as 
certain  mollusks ;  having  the  characters  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Zygobranehinta ;  zygobranch. 
II.  «.  Any  member  of  the  Zygohranchiata. 

zygocardiac  (zi-go-kar'di-ak),  a.  [<  Gr.  ^v}dv, 
yoke,  +  KapiVia  =  "Ei.  heart :  see  cardiac]  Not- 
ing a  certain  hard  protuberance  of  the  stomach 
of  a  crustacean,  formed  by  a  thickening  of  the 
ehitinous  lining  of  the  cardiac  division  (in  the 
crawfish  an  elongated  posterolateral  ossicle, 
connected  with  the  lower  end  of  the  antero- 
lateral ossicle,  and  passing  upward  and  back- 
ward to  become  continuous  with  the  pyloric 
ossicle):  correlated  yn\h itterocardiac  and  uro- 
cardiac. 


process ; 
canal  i 
trum. 


lieura'l  spine;   tic,  neural 
convex  posterior  face  of  cen- 


resemliling  the  black  cohosh. 
zygadite  (zig'a-dit),  »i.     [<  Gr.  l^vydSTfp,  jointly, 

<  Ci'/ oi'i  a  yoke :  seeyol-e^.]  A  variety  of  albite, 
occuiTing  in  thin  tabular  twin  crystals:  it  is 
found  at  Andi-easberg  in  the  Harz. 

Zygaena  (zi-je'na),  «.     [NL.  (Fabricius,  1775), 

<  Gr.  ivyaiva,  supposed  to  mean  the  hammer- 
headedshark.]  1.  In CMtom.,  a  genus  of  moths, 
typical  of  the  family  Zygsenidse,  the  species  of 
which  are  known  as  burnet-moths,  as  Z.  mitios, 
the  transparent  burnet;  Z.  trifolii,  the  five- 
spotted  burnet;  Z.  lonicerse,  the  narrow-bor- 
dered burnet;  Z.  fiUpendulie,  the  six-spotted 
burnet ;  etc.  It  was  at  first  coextensive  with  the  fam- 
ily, but  now  includes  only  those  forms  that  have  the  an- 
tennie  clavitorm,  a  little  longer  than  the  body;  the  wings 
elongate,  and  spotted;  the  palpi  short,  hairy,  and  acute; 
and  the  larvre  contracted,  stout,  hairy,  and  transforming  in 
a  fusiform  parchment-like  cocoon.  Nearly  100  species  are 
known,  of  wliicli  52  occur  in  Europe,  the  others  in  Asia 


and  Africa ;  26  are  British.    Tlie  larva;  are  remarkable  in  Zvenema  (zie-ne'ma),  n.    [NL.  (Kutzing,  1843) 


iri'eg.  <  Gr.  Cvyov,  yoke,  -I-  vijua,  thread.]     A 
genus  of  fresh-water  alga?,  typical  of  the  or- 


hibeniating  in  the  half-gi-own  condition.  Some  entomol 
ogists  change  tlie  name  to  Anthrocera,  because  it  is  the 
same  as  the  genus  Zygsena  in  ichthyology  ;  but  this  is 
a  mistake,  for  entomology  has  the  prior  claim  upon  the 
name,  and  it  is  the  genus  of  fishes  that  should  not  be 
named  Zygtfna. 

2.  In  ichth.,  a  genus  of  sharks,  so  named  by 
Ouvier  in  1817;  the  hammerheads:  now 
Sphyrna  (which  see).    See  cut  under  hammer 
head. 
zygaenid  (zi-je'nid),  a.  and  re.     I.  a.  In  entom. 
and  ichth.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  ZygienidsB, 

as  a  moth  or  a  shark.  masses.    See  cuts  under  cMorophyl  and  cmijugation. 

II.   re.  A  member  of  the  family  Zygeenidse,  Zygnemacese  (zig-ne-ma'se-e),  w.  2)1.     [NL., 


+V>«  77Tr(*Qr»/^nVi\-fl£ic    the  python,  showing  rn,  the  zygantrum  :      fuiuiuv. 

lUe    ^Jgapopujseb     ^,^,   postzygapophysis ;     If,   transverse    ZVCOdaCtvl.  ZVEOdaCtVle  (zl-gO-dak  til),  «.  and 

„,„„„  n o,..     nrocess:    „,.  neural   soine:    „r.   neural    ^fSOa^   ^l.' *f^,odaclytUS,<    Gr.   ^V^dv,  Vokc,    + 

(SaxTD/lof,  finger,  toe.]  I.  a.  In  oriiith.,  yoke- 
toed  :  noting  those  birds,  or  the  feet  of  those 
birds,  which  have  the  toes  disposed  in  pairs, 
two  before  and  two  behind.  In  all  yoke-toed  birds, 
excepting  the  trogons,  it  is  the  outer  anterior  toe  which 
is  reversed  ;  in  trogons,  the  inner  anterior  one.  See  cut 
under  pair-toed  and  parrot, 

II.  re.  A  yoke-toed  bird;  a  bird  having  the 
toes  arranged  in  pairs. 

Zygodactyla  (zi-go-dak'ti-la),  n.  pi.  [NL. 
(Brandt,  1835),  fem.  of  "zygodactylus :  see  zygo- 
dactylotis.']  1 .  A  genus  of  acalephs,  of  the  family 
jlSquoreidae.  It  includes  some  large  jellyfishes,  6  or  8 
inches  in  diameter,  with  long  violet  streamers,  found  in 
the  north  Atlantic  waters. 

3.  A  section  of  pachydermatous  mammals,  cor- 
responding to  the  fiuidx  in  a  broad  sense;  the 
swine.  The  name  implied  the  cloven  hoof  of  these  ani- 
mals, in  distinction  from  the  solidungiilatc  or  multun- 
gulate  hoof  of  the  quadrupeds  with  which  swine  were 
formerly  classed  as  Pachydermata.  See  Artiadactyta 
(with  cut). 

Zygodactylse(zi-go-dak'ti-le),  M.2>J.  [NL.:  see 
Zygodactyla.]  A  group  of  arborieole  non-pas- 
serine birds  whose  toes  are  yoked  in  pairs,  two 
before  and  two  behind:  synonymous  with  Scayi- 
«0>'es  (which  see).  The  group  is  artificial,  being  framed 
with  reference  to  the  single  character  expressed  in  tlie 
name,  insistence  ui>on  which  brings  together  some  birds 
which  belong  to  different  orders,  as  Psittaci  and  Picaria, 
separates  the  picaiian  families  wliicli  are  not  yoke-toed 
from  their  near  relatives  which  are  yoke-toed,  and  ignores 
the  exceptional  zygodactylisni  of  the  trogons.  Various 
attempts  —  as  by  Blytli  (1849X  Sundevall  (1872X  and  Sclater 
(188(1)  —  to  restrict  the  name  to  apart  of  the  birds  it  oiigi- 
iially  designated,  and  retain  it  in  the  system  in  a  stricter 
sense,  have  not  teen  entirely  successful.   Also  Zygodactyli. 


(nrofvai^.  process:  see  apophysis.]  A  process 
upon  the  neural  arch  of  a  vertebra  correspond- 
ing to  that  called  oblique  or  articular  in  hu- 
man anatomy,  provided  with  a  facet  for  ar- 
ticulation with  the  same  process  of  a  preceding 
or  succeeding  vertebra,  thus  serving  to  inter- 
lock the  series  of  vertebral  arches.  There  are 
normally  two  pairs  of  zygapophyses  to  a  vertebra,  the  two 
processes  (right  and  left)  which  are  situated  upon  the  an- 
terior border  of  any  arch  being  called  prezygajmphyses, 
and  those  upon  the  posterior  border,  poslzygapophyses. 
Each  pair  of  any  one  vertebra  articulates  with  the  other 
pair  of  the  next  vertebra.  See  cuts  under  cervical,  dor- 
sal, endoskeleton,  hypapophysis,  lumbar,  vertebra,  zygan- 
truvi,  and  zygosphene. 
zygite  (zi'git),  re.  [Also  erroneously  zeugite;  < 
Gr.  CvyiTTjQ,  <  (,v)6v,  yoke,  cross-beam,  thwart: 
see  zygon.]  In  Gr.  antiq.,  an  oarsman  of  the 
second  or  middle  tier  in  a  trireme.  Compare 
thranite  and  thulamite. 


fler  Zygnemaceif,  having  cells  witli  two  axile  zygodactyle, «.  and  re.     Seezygodaciyl. 

many-rayed  chlorophyl-bodies  near  tlie  central  zygodactyllC  (zi"go-dak-til  ik),  a.     [<  zygodac- 
„j  K.r     cell-nucleus,  each  containing  a  Starch-granule,     iyl  + -ic.]     isameaszygodactyt. 
toul    and  the  zygospore  undivided,  mostly  contract-  zygodaetylism  (zi-go-^ak  ,ti-lizm).  h.     [<  zygo- 
?,fi,l,      ed,  and  developed  in   the  middle   space  be-     '''."'{f  +  I'V"-^     ^he  yoking  of  the  toes  of  a 
mmei-    ^^.'^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  pairing-cells  or  in  one  or  the    laird's  foot  m  anterior  and  posterior  pairs;  the 

other  of  the  eonjugating-cells.    Several  of  the  spe-     zy  godactyl  character  or  condition  of  a  bird  or 

cies  are  among  the  commonest  of  fresh-water  algaj  in  both     its  toes. 

stagnant  and  running  water,  forming  tlense  bright-green  zygodactylOUS  (zi-go-dak  ti-lus),  fl.       [<  zygo- 
••-'-'      '•■  ■  dactyl  + -011.9.]     Sajne  a,s  zygodactyl. 


whether  in  entomology  or  in  ichthyology. 

Also  zygcnid,  zygssitoid. 
Zygaenidse  (zi-je'ni-de),  re.  pi.  [NL.  (Leach, 
1819), <  Zygsena,  1,  -I-  -idse.]  1.  In  entom.,  a  fam- 
ily of  hawk-moths,  named  from  the  genus  Zy- 
gsena: also  wrongly  called  Anthroceridse.  The 
"faniily  comprises  a  more  or  less  definite  and  characteris- 
tic series  of  moths  intermediate  between  the  Bombycidx 


Zifgnema  +  -acese.]  A  very  distinct  order  of 
fresh-water  algse.  of  the  class  Conjugatse.  The 
individual  consists  of  a  usually  simple  and  iinbranched  Ilia- 


Zygodon  (zl'go-don),  re.  [<  Gr.  C^jtSv,  yoke,  + 

u(hi(  (iidovT-)  ~  E.  tooth.]  In  zoiil.,  same  as  Zcii- 
glodon,  1.     Oicen. 

zygodont  (zi'go-dont),  a.  [<  Gr.  C'T oi'.  yoke,  + 


diffused  or  of  a  definite  form,  often  forming  a  spiral  band. 

Propagation  is  by  means  of  zoospores  which  result  from 

conjugation.    See  Conjugatse,  conjugation  (with  cut),  and 

cut  under  chlorophyl. 

and  the  Castniidte.    By  most  modern  authors  a  section  ZvCUeilieS  (zig-ne'me-e)    n    pi.      [NL.,  (.  Zytf- 

of  the  old  family  Zygieiiidx  is  separated  into  a  family      f  °        ,  \'  ^  .    aiilVfim'ilv  or  tribe  of  fre'sh- 

Anarislidie.    Tlie  Zyrjmnidie  proper  have  pectinate  an-     "<^"'"  +  -<■«•  J     A  SUDiamuy  01   uioe  oi  ireisu 

water  algee,  of  the  order  Zygncmacese,  charac- 


ment  of  cells  placed  end  to  end,  and  the  individuals  are  ^fp.rrr^    \^'-c<    *„„'<;,  i    V«*;^X  «,„"io«  ♦dtl, 
joined  ill  filamentous  families.    The  chloropliyl-mass  is     "''o'!:  (o(5or--)  =  E.  tooth.]     Noting  molar  teeth 


igaristidse.  The  Zygieiildie  proper  have  P' 
teniite,  rather  narrow  wings  rounded  at  the  tip,  and  a  vena- 
tion similar  to  the  arctians.  Their  larvse  are  short,  hairy, 
and  transform  in  cocoons  composed  entirely  of  silk  or 
mainly  of  hair.  The  European  forms  belong  mainly  to 
Zygtena.  while  the  principal  American  genera  are  Procris, 


whose  even  number  of  cusps  are  paired  and  as 
it  were  yoked  together;  having  such  niolai-s,  as 
a  mammal  or  a  type  of  dentition. 

It  is  thus  probable  that  tiigonodontie  is  to  be  regarded 
as  an  earlier  and  more  primitive  form  of  molar  than  those 
of  the  ziigodont  (quadrituberciilar)  type. 

Amer.  Xaturalist,  XXII.  S32. 


2.  In  iciith..  a  family  of  sharks,  named  from  the 

genus  Zygsena:  now  called  Sphyrnidse  (which 

see).     See  cut  under  hammerhead. 
zygsenine  (zi-je'nin),  a.     [<  Zygsena  +  -!«cl.] 

In  ichth..  same  as  zygsenid. 
Zygaenoid  fzi-je'noid),  a.  and  n.     [<  Zygsena  -\- 

-oiil.]     Same  as  zygsenid. 


terized  by  having  a  mostly  contracted,  undi-  gygogompMa  (zi-go-gom'fi-il).  re.  ;./.     [NL..  < 

ditlrs'ra'glrm-cen""  "  "  tl^Ty^v^okJ,  {yl.lo,,  gj  nde/-tootl]     In 

develops  into  a  germ  ceil.  ^  _^        Ehrenberg's  classification,  a  division  of  rotifers. 

[Ogramma  (zi-go-gram'S),  n.  [NL.  (Chev- 
,at,  1843),  <  Gr.'Cvjtit',  yoke,  +  ipdfi/Ja,  let- 
]  1.  A  notable  genus  of  chrysomelid  bee- 
tles, comprising  about  70  American  species, 
mainly  from  South  America  and  Mexico.  By 
most  American  coleopterists  it  is  considered  a  subgenus 
of  Chrysoniela,  from  the  typical  forms  of  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  possession  of  a  tooth  on  the  last  tarsal  joint. 
2.  A  genus  of  reptiles.     Cope.  1870. 


II.  re.  A  zygobranchiate  mollusk 
Zygobranehia  (zi-go-brang'ki-a),  re.  p/.     [NL. : 

see  zygobranch.]     Same  as  Zygobranchiata. 
ZygotrancWata   (zi-go-brang-ki-a'tii),    re.    pi 
[NL.,  neut.  pi.  of  *zygobranc1datiis :  see  zygo- 
branchiate.]    An  order  or  suborder  of   Gas 


tropoda,  having  paired  gill-combs,  or  right  and  zygoite  (zi'go-it),  re.  [<  Gr.  fujor,  yoke,  +  -ite^.] 
left  ctenidia,  symmetrically  disposed  in  the  An  organism  resulting  from  the  process  of  zy- 
pallial  chamber  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  a  pair    gosis  or  conjugation. 


zygolabialis 

zygolabialis  (zi-go-la-bi-a'lis),  n.;  pi.  zygolaU- 
ales  (-lez).  [NL.,  <  :!/(jo{ma)  +  labialis,  labial.] 
The  lesser  zygomatic  muscle ;  the  zygomaticus 
minor.    C'oM««,  1887.  See  first  cut  under  wjiscfel. 

zygoma  (zi-go'ma),  w. ;  pi.  zygomata  (-ma-ta). 
[NL.,  <  Gr.  Ci'y^fa,  the  zygomatic  arch,  also  a 
yoke,  bolt,  bar,  <  fijoi'p,  yoke,  join,  <  Cvydv, 
a  yoke,  joining:  see  yoke^.']  1.  The  bony  arch 
or  arcade  of  the  cheek,  formed  by  the  malar  or 
jugal  bone  and  itsconnections:socalled  because 
it  serves  to  connect  bones  of  the  face  with  those 
of  the  skull  about  the  ear.  in  mammals,  including 
man,  tlie  zygoma  consists  of  a  malar  bone  connected  be- 
hind with  the  squamosal  bone,  usually  by  a  zygomatic  pro- 
cess of  the  latter,  and  abutting  in  front  against  a  protuber- 
ance of  the  superior  maxillary  bone,  or  of  the  frontal  or 
the  lacrymal  bone,  or  any  of  these.    It  is  usually  a  stout 


Skull  of  Mylodon,  a  gigantic  extinct  sloth,  showing  the  massive 
zygoma  X,  with  strong  superior  and  inferior  processes  a,  a".  (Great- 
ly reduced.) 

l>ony  arch,  sometimes  with  a  strong  descending  process, 
giving  principal  origin  to  a  niasseter  muscle,  and  bridging 
over  the  tenii>oraI  muscle.  It  is  sometimes  a  slender  rod, 
and  may  be  imperfect,  as  in  shrews.  The  part  taken  in  its 
formation  by  the  malar  bone  is  very  variable  in  extent. 
(.See  cut  under  gkuU.)  Below  mammals  the  construction 
of  the  zygoma  iwsteriorly  is  entirely  altered.  In  birds  the 
arch  is  articulated  there  with  the  (juadrate  bone,  or  sus- 
pensohum  of  the  lower  jaw,  representing  the  malleus  of  a 
mammal,  and  an  additional  bone,  the  qiiadratojugal,  inter- 
venes between  the  quadrate  and  the  malar  proper.  In  such 
cases  the  anterior  connection  is  more  particularly  witli 
the  maxillary  bone,  or  with  this  and  the  laciymal,  and  the 
zygoma  is  generally  a  slender  rod-lil<e  structure.  (See  cut 
under  Qatliiix.)  In  reptiles  further  modifications  occur, 
suchaa  the  completion  of  the  arch  behind  by  union  of  the 
jugal  bone  with  the  postfrontal  and  squamosal ;  or  there 
may  be  no  trace  of  a  structure  to  which  the  term  zygoma 
is  properly  applicable,  as  in  the  Ophidia,  in  which  there 
is  no  jugal  or  quadratojugal  lK>ne.  Among  batrachiaiis. 
as  the  frog,  a  zygomatic  arch  is  represented  by  the  con- 
nection of  the  maxillary  bone,  by  means  of  a  quadratojugal 
bone,  with  a  bone  called  temporoniastoul  (see  cuts  there 
and  under  Anura).  In  any  case  a  zygoma  consists  of  a 
suborbital  or  postorbital  series  of  ossihcations  in  mem- 
brane, or  raembrane-lH>nes,  developed  on  the  outer  side 
of  the  maxillary  arch  of  the  embryo  (the  same  that  gives 
rise  to  the  pterygopalatine  bar),  and  when  best  differen- 
tiated is  represented  by  lacrymal,  maxillary,  jugal,  and 
quadratojugal  liones;  and  its  connection  with  ttte  sphe- 
noid, as  occurs  In  man,  is  quite  exceptional. 
2.  The  malar  or  jugal  bone  itself,  without  its 
connections.  [Rare.]  — 3t.  The  cavity  under 
the  zygomatic  process  of  the  temporal  bone ; 
the  zygomatic  fossa.  Brande. 
zygomatic  (zi-go-mat'ik),  a.  [<  XL.  sygomati- 
ctiD,  <  zygoma,  q.  v.]  In  zoiil.  and  aiiat.,  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  malar  or  jugal  bone,  or 
this  bone  and  its  connections;  constituting  or 
entering  into  the  formation  of  the  zygoma; 
jugal — Zygomatic  apophygls.  .Same  as  zngnmatic 
process.-  zygomatic  arch,  the  zygoma.  See  cut  under 
»*««.— Zygomatic  l)one,  the  malar.— ZyKomatlc  ca- 

nallL  two  canals  in  the  malar  bone  of  man,  through  which 
pass  branches  of  the  superior  maxillary  nerve;  thetempo- 
romalar  canals :  (a)  the  zyoomatico/acial,  or  malar,  running 
between  the  oridtal  and  anterior  surfaces ;  (b)  the  zygomati- 
cotemitoral,  or  Umi>oral,  riiiinInK  between  the  orbital  and 
temporal  surfaces.  — Zygomatic  crest,  that  edge  of  the 
human  alisphen'jid  wlii^-h  articuhites  with  the  malar. — 
Zygomatic  diameter,  the  greatest  distance  between  the 
zygomatic-  anhis  ..(  the  skull.— Zygomatic  fOSsa,  See 
/'jsjrai.  — Zygomatic  glands,  lymph-nodes  found  along 
the  course  of  the  internal  maxillary  artery. —  Zygomatic 
muscle.  Same  as  z,i/3o?na«<-Hji.— Zygomatic  process. 
See  procfsn,  and  cuts  under  ghtUt  ana  tfrn/toral'-^. — ZygO- 
nuiUc  suture,  the  squamozygomatic  suture  ;  the  immov- 
able connection  of  the  squamosal,  usually  (if  its  zygomatic 
process,  with  the  malar  or  jugal  i>one.  —  Zygomatic  tu- 
berosity, that  protut>erance  of  the  superior  maxilla  which 
articulates  with  the  malar. 
zygomatics,  «.     Plural  of  zyfiomatieiis: 

zygomatico-atiricular  (zi-go-mat'i-ko-ii-rik'u- 
fiir),  a.  1.  In  anal,  and  ztiol.,  of  or  pertaining  to 
tte  zygoma  and  the  auricle:  as,  a  zygomatico- 
auricular  muscle.  See  zygomatico-auricularin. 
—  2.  In  ernniom.,  noting  the  ratio  between 
the  zygomatic  and  auricular  diameters  of  the 
skull,  called  the  zygnmutico-auriciilar  iiidtx. 

zygomatico-auricularis  (zi-go-mat"i-k6-a-rik- 
u-Ia'ris),  «.  A  muscle  of  the  external  ear  of 
some  animals,  which  arises  from  the  zygoma 
and  is  inserted  in  the  aurirle;  in  man,  the  at- 
trahens  aurem. 

A  strong  zygomalico^auricularU  Is  also  seen  as  we  re- 
move the  Integuments  of  the  head  [of  the  reindeer]. 

Froc.  Acail.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  18!il,  p.  232. 


70-45 

zygomaticofacial  (zi-go-mat'i-ko-fa'shal),  a. 
In  anat.,  of  or  pertainijig  to  the  zygoma  aiid  the 
face :  specifying  («)  the  anterior  connections 
of  the  zygoma,  and  (6)  the  anterior  one  of  the 
two  zygomatic  canals  which  traverse  the  malar 
bone  of  man.  See  zygomatic  canals,  under  zy- 
gomatic. 

zygomaticotemporal  (zi-go-mat"i-k6-tem'po- 
ral),  a.  In  anat.,  of  or  pertaining  to  the  zygo- 
ma and  the  temporal  bone  or  fossa :  specifying 
(a)  the  posterior  connections  of  the  zygoma 
with  any  element  of  the  temporal  bone,  as  the 
squamozygomatic  of  a  mammal,  and  (i)  the 
posterior  one  of  the  two  zygomatic  canals 
which  traverse  the  malar  bone  of  man.  See 
zygomatic  canals,  under  zygomatic. 

zygomaticus  (zi-go-mat'i-kus),  ».;  pi.  zygo- 
matici  (-si).  [NL.:  see  zygomatic.']  One  of 
several  small  subcutaneous  muscles  arising 
from  or  in  relation  with  the  zygoma,  or  malar 
bone — Zygomaticus  auricularis,  a  muscle  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear,  ttie  attrahens  aurem  of  man,  commonly  called 
zygoinatico-auricidaris  (which  see). — ZygomatiCUS  ma- 
jor, zygomaticus  minor,  two  muscles  of  the  face,  aris- 
ing from  the  malar  bone,  inserted  into  the  orbicularis 
oris  at  the  corner  of  the  mouth,  and  serving  to  draw  the 
corner  of  the  mouth  upward  and  outward,  as  in  the  act  of 
laughing.  The  former  is  sometimes  called  distortor  ori^, 
and  the  latter  zygolabialis.    See  first  cut  under  muscle^. 

Zygomaturus  (zi'go-ma-tu'rus),  «.  IJNL.,  < 
(ir.  si-ju/ia,  tlie  zygomatic  arch,  -t-  ohpa,  tail.] 

1.  A  genu.s  of  large  fossil  marsupials  from  the 
Post-tertiary  deposits  of  Australia. — 2.  [/.  c] 
A  member  of  this  genus.     Imp.  Diet. 

zygomorphic  (zi-go-m6r'fik),  a.  [<  zygomor- 
7*«-<)!/.s-  +  -If.]     In  Lot.,  same  as  zyyomorphous. 

zygomorphism  (zi-go-mor'fizm),  «.  [<  zygo- 
inorph-oii-1  +  -ism.]  The  character  of  being 
zygomorphous. 

zygomorphoUS  (zi-go-mor'fus),  a.  [<  Gr.  >;  (if, 
yoke,  -f-  /io/xpf/,  form.]  Yoke-shaped:  specifi- 
cally applied  to  flowers  which  can  be  bisected 
into  similar  halves  in  only  one  plane;  mono- 
symmetrical.  Sachs  extends  the  term  to  cases  where 
bisection  into  similar  halves  is  possible  in  two  planes  at 
right  angles  to  one  another,  the  halves  of  one  section  be- 
ing different  from  the  halves  of  the  other.  Goebel.  Com- 
pare actiiwmorphoiui. 

zygomorphy  (zi'go-ra6r-fl),  n.  [<  zygomor- 
]iTi-iin.i  +  -.'/>'•]     In  hot.,  same  as  zygomorphism . 

zygomycete  (zi-go-mi'set),  «.  In  bot.,  a  fungus 
belonging  to  the  group  Zygomycetes. 

Zygomycetes  (zi"g()-mi-se'tez),  n.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  iv)6v,  yoke,  +  i^ihrig,  pi.  fivnij-fr,  a  mush- 
room.] A  group  of  fungi  characterized  by  the 
production  of  zygospores.  It  embraces  tlie 
Mucoriui,  Entomophthoreie,  Chytridiaceie,  I'sti- 
lagincee,  etc. 

zygomycetous  (zi"go-nu-se'tus),  a.  In  bot., 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Zygomycetes. 

zygon  (zi'gon),  «.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Cvyuv,  a  yoke, 
cross-bar:  see  yoke^.]  1.  A  connecting  rod  or 
bar ;  a  yoke  in  general. 

Zygal  fissures  are  de6ned  as  "H-shapedor(iuadradiate, 
presenting  a  pair  of  brjiuches  at  either  end  of  a  connecting 
bar  or  yoke,  the  zygon."  A  zygal  fissure  contains  a  bar  or 
zygon,  a  yoke  in  the  most  general  sense.        B.  G.  Wilder. 

2.  In  anat.,  an  H-shaped  fissure  of  the  brain, 
as  the  paroccipital  fissure,  it  consists  of  anterior 
and  posterior  stipes,  anterior  and  posterior  rami,  and  the 
connecting  bar  (the  zygon  in  strictness).    B.  G.  Wilder. 

Zygonectes  (zi-go-nek'tez),  n.  [NL.  (Agassiz, 
1854),  so  called  because  said  to  swim  in  pairs; 
<  Gr.  Zi'^ov,  yoke,  -1-  I'r/KTT/^,  swimmer.]  A  large 
genus  of  small  carnivorous  American  cyprino- 
donts;  the  top-minnows.  They  are  closely  related 
to  the  killiflshes  (Fundtdus),  the  technical  difference  be- 
ing chiefly  in  the  smallness  and  backwardness  of  the  dor- 
sal fin,  which  has  usually  less  than  ten  rays  and  is  com- 
monly inserted  behind  the  front  of  the  anal  fin.  The 
top-minnows  are  on  the  average  smaller  than  the  killi- 
flshes, being  usually  only  2  or  3  inches  long.  They  arc 
surface  swimmers,  and  feed  on  insects.  The  species  are 
numerous,  and  individuals  abundant.  One  of  the  best- 
known  is  Z.  notatue,  common  in  ponds  from  Michigan  to 
Alabama  and  Texas. 

Zygopetalum  (zi-go-pet'a-lum), «.  [NL.  (Hook- 
er, lHi;7),  so  called  with  ref.  to  the  union  of  the 
perianth  with  the  foot  of  the  column;  <  Gr. 
CtJjiJi',  yoke,  +  -f-a'/.uv,  leaf  (petal).]  A  genus 
of  epiphytic  orchids,  of  the  tribe  Vandae  and 
subtribe  t'yrtopodieie.  It  is  characterized  by  showy 
solitary  or  loosely  racemed  flowers  with  spreading  sepals, 
the  lateral  oin-s  united  to  the  short  foot  of  the  incurvctl 
column ;  by  a  fiattish  lip,  bearing  a  transverse  crest  at  its 
base;  and  by  an  anther  with  four  obovoid  pollen-nia8se.s, 
attached  bya  ratherliroud  stalk  or  gland.  Tliere  are  about 
50  species,  natives  of  tropical  America  from  the  West  In- 
dies and  Mexico  to  Briizil.  They  are  handsome  plants 
with  short  leafy  stems  finally  thicltened  into  pseudobulbs. 
Their  leaves  are  two-ranked,  membranous  or  somewlijit 
rigid,  and  slightly  plicate  or  with  elevated  veins.  They 
are  highly  prized  in  cultivation  under  glass,  especially  Z. 
Mackaii,  the  original  species. 


zygosphene 

Zygophyceae  (zi-go-fis'e-e),  n.pl.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
iv}uv,  yoke,  -t-  (pvKoc,  seaweed,  -f-  -ese.J  A  group 
or  order  of  unicellular  or  multicellular  fresh- 
water algse,  not  now  generally  accepted,  with 
the  cells  single,  or  segregate,  or  geminate,  or 
united  in  a  series.  Multiplication  is  effected  by  divi- 
sion in  one  direction,  and  by  means  of  zygospores  result- 
ing from  the  conjugation  of  the  cells.  It  embraces  the 
families  Desinidiacex,  Zygneinacese,  etc. 

Zygophyllacese  (zi-'go-fi-la'se-e),  «.  pi.  [NL., 
<  Zygophyll-um  -I-  -aceee.]  iiame  as  Zygophyl- 
lea?. 

Zygophylleae  (zi-go-fll'e-e),  ».  pi.  [NL.  (R. 
Brown,  1814),  <  ZygophyU-um  -¥  -ese.]  An  order 
of  polypetalous  plants,  the  bean-caper  family, 
belonging  to  the  series  Discifloree  and  the  co- 
hort Geranialcs.  It  is  characterized  l)y  flowers  which 
usually  bear  a  fleshy  disk,  five  free  glandless  sepals,  fila- 
ments augmented  each  by  a  small  scale,  and  a  furrowed 
angled  or  lol)ed  ovary  witli  two  or  more  tilifoi-m  ovules  in 
each  of  the  four  or  five  cells.  It  includes  about  110  species, 
clas.sed  in  18  genera,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  cli- 
mates, especially  north  of  the  equator.  They  are  com- 
monly shrubs  or  herbs  with  a  woody  base,  bearing  divari- 
cate branches  jointed  at  their  nodes.  Their  leaves  are 
usually  opposite  and  pinnate  or  composed  of  two  entil-e 
leaflets ;  the  twin  persistent  stipules  are  sometimes  de- 
veloped into  spines.  The  flowers  are  white,  red,  or  yel- 
low, very  rarely  blue,  usually  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
stipules.  The  principal  genera  are  Zygopliyllum  (the  type), 
Trilnilus,  Guaiacum,  and  Fagonia;  lU  genera  are  raono- 
typic;  two  species  of  Guaiacum  (lignum-vitai)  become 
moderate  trees.  The  woody  species  are  remarkable  for 
the  extreme  hardness  of  their  wood,  and  several,  as  Guai- 
acum, produce  a  bitter  and  acrid  bark.  Their  detersive 
foliage  is  used  in  the  West  Indies  to  scour  floors.  Some 
of  the  family  are  so  abundant  in  the  Egyptian  desert  as  to 
coustitute  a  characteristic  feature  of  its  vegetation. 

Zygophyllum  (zi-go-firum),  n.  [NL.  (Linuffius, 
1737),  <  Gr.  Cf/O";  yoke,  +  (jivMov,  leaf.]  A  ge- 
nus of  plants,  type  of  the  order  Zygophyllese. 
It  is  characterized  by  opposite  hifoliolate  leaves,  flowers 
with  four  or  flve  petals,  and  a  sessile  ovary  with  the  ovules 
fixed  upon  the  axis.  Theie  are  about  60  species,  natives 
of  the  Old  World  and  of  Australia.  They  are  diminutive 
.shrubs,  often  prostrate,  and  witli  spinescent  branches. 
The  leaves  are  opposite,  usually  composed  of  two  fleshy 
leaflets  armed  at  the  base  with  spines  which  represent  stip- 
ules. The  flowers  are  white  or  yellow,  usually  marked 
near  the  base  with  a  purple  or  red  spot.  Z.  Fahago  is  the 
bean-caper  of  the  Levant ;  its  flower-buds  are  used  as  ca- 
pers. The  aromatic  seeds  of  Z,  coccineum  are  used  by  1  he 
Arabs  as  pepper.  Several  species  are  of  local  medicinal 
repute  — 2r.  Fahago  as  a  vermifuge,  and  Z.  trimjilex,  an 
Arabian  plant  of  nauseous  odor,  as  a  remedy  for  diseases 
of  the  eye. 

zygophyte  (zi'go-fit),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Ci'/Oi', 
yoke,  4-  (^iTtir,  plant.]  A  plant  characterized 
by  the  production  of  zygospores;  a  plant  in 
whicli  reprodtiction  consists  in  a  confluence 
of  two  similar  protoplasmic  masses.  See  cut 
under  conjugation.  4. 

In  most  of  these  zygophijtes  there  is  no  plain  distinction 
of  sex.  G.  L.  Goodale,  Physiol.  Bot.,  p.  4a9. 

Zygopleural  (zi-go-plo'ral),  a.  [<  Gr.  (;v}6v. 
yoke,  +  ~'/evpa,  side.]  Bilaterally  symmetrical 
in  a  strict  sense.  Zygopleural  forms  are  dis- 
tinguished as  diplcnral  and  tetrapleiiral. 

ZygOSaUTUS  (zi-go-sa'rns),  n.  [NL.  (Eichwald, 
1848),  <  Gr.  (v}dv,  yoke,  +  naipo^,  lizard.]  A 
genus  of  labyrinthodonts,  based  on  Z.  lucins 
from  tlie  Middle  Permian  of  Perm  in  Russia. 

zygose  (zi'gos),  a.  [<  Gr.  fwjfif,  yoke,  -I-  -ose 
after  zygosis.]  In  boL,  pertaining  to  or  cli.ar- 
aeteristic  of  zygosis  or  conjugation. 

Zygoselmidse  (zi-go-sel'mi-de),  n.pl.  [NL.,  < 
Zygoselmis  +  -idsp.]  A  family  of  dimastigiite 
eustomatous  flagellate  iiifusorians,  named  from 
the  genus  Zygosclmis.  Tliey  have  two  similar 
vibratile  flagella,  and  the  endoplasm  includes 
no  {ligraentary  bands. 

Zygoselmis (zi-go-sel'mis).  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Cv}6v, 
yoke,  +  ae'/.fii(,  noose.]  The  typical  genus  of 
Zygoselmidse.  These  animalcules  are  highly  plastic  and 
variable  in  form,  with  two  unetiujil  flagella  from  the  fore 
end,  at  the  base  of  which  are  the  month  and  pharynx. 
Z.  iiebulosa  and  Z.  injequatis  inhabit  fresh  water. 

zygosis  (zi-go'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  i;iiyuaii;  a 
.loming  (used  in  sense  of  balancing),  <  C"}oi;r, 
join,  yoke :  sevzygoma.]  1.  Asexual  intercourse 
of  protoplasmic  bodies,  resulting  in  their  con- 
fluence and  coalescence;  the  process  and  re- 
sult of  conjugation  in  protozoans  or  other  of 
tlie  lowest  organisms.  See  conjugation,  4. —  2. 
[cap.]  [NL.  (Porster,  1869).]  Agenus  of  hyine- 
nopterous  insects. —  3.  In  hot.,  conjugation; 
the  fusion  or  union  of  two  distinct  cells  or  pro- 
toplasmic masses  for  reproduction.  See  con- 
jugation, 4. 

zygosperm  (zi'go-spenn),  n.  [NL.,  <Gr.  ^vjtw, 
yoke,  -t-  njTt'piia,  seed.]  In  hot.,  same  as  zygo- 
sjiore. 

zygosphene  (zi'go-sfen),  n.  [<  Gr.  Ci'}(ii',  yoke, 
-I-  cipiiv,  wedge]  In  herj>et.,  tlie  wedge-shaped 
Ijrocess  from  the  fore  part  of  tlie  neural  arch 


Anterior  face  of  a  dorsal  vertebra  of  the 
python,  showing  zs,  zygosphene  ;  pz,  pre- 
zygapophysis ;  //.transverse  process;  us, 
neural  spine  ;  fir,  neural  canal ;  c,  cen- 
trum of  the  procoilian  vertebra,  whose  con- 
cavity fits  the  convexity  of  the  centrum 
shown  under  zyg-afi/rttM. 


zygosphene 

of  the  vertebrse  of  serpents  and  some  lizards, 
which  fits  into  a  corresponding  fossa,  the  zy- 
gantrum,  on  the 
posterior  part  of  «*■ 

the  neui-al  arch 
of  a  preceding 
vertebra.  and 
serves  thus  to 
interlock  the  se- 
ries of  arches 
more  effectually 
than  would  be 
done  by  zyga- 
pophyses  alone. 
Compare  cut  un- 
der sygantrum. 

zygosporangium 
(zi'go-spo-ran'- 
ji-um),  H.;  pi.  -■//- 
gosporangia  (-a). 
iNL.,<Gr.  Cujov, 
yoke,  +  CKopa, 
seed,  +  ayyclov, 
vessel.]  In  hot.,  a  sporangium  in  which  zygo- 
spores are  produced. 

zygospore  (zi'go-spor),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  i^vyov. 
yoke,  +  oKopd,  seed.]  In  hot.,  a  spore  formed 
in  the  process  of  reproduction  in  some  algee  and 
fungi  by  the  union  or  conjugation  of  two  simi- 
lar gametes  or  protoplasmic  masses:  called  iso- 
fipore  by  Rostafinski.  Also  ::i/gosperm,  zygote. 
See  spore^,  conjugation,  4  (with  cut). 

Zygosporeae  (zi-go-spo'rf-e),  «.  pi.  [NL.,  < 
Gr.  (,vy6v,  yoke,  -i-  CTVopd,  seed,  +  -eas.]  In 
Sachs's  system  of  classification,  a  group  of 
plants  characterized  by  the  production  of  zy- 
gospores.    It  is  no  longer  maintained. 

zygosporophore  (zi-go-spor'o-for),  u.    [NL.,  < 

Gr.  s  ">'''',  yoke,  -I-  a-opa,  seed,  +  (plpetv  =  E. 
beaA.^  In  hot.,  a  club-shaped  or  conical  sec- 
tion of  a  hypha  adjoining  a  gamete-cell  after  its 
delimitation.     De  Barij. 

zygote  (zi'got),  n.  [<  Gr.  Cv)u-6i;,  yoked,  <  Ct'- 
)otT,  yoke:  see  zygoma.']     Same  as  ::ygospore. 

Zygotrocha  (zi-got'ro-kii),  ii.  pi.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
^vyov,  yoke,  +  vpoxoi:,  wheel.]  In  Ehrenberg's 
classification,  a  division  of  rotifers:  correlated 
with  Schizotrocha. 

zygotrochous  (zi-got'ro-kus),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Zygotrocita. 

zygOZOOSpore (zi-go-zo'o-spor),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr. 
C,vy6v,  yoke,  +  Z^iov,  animal,  +  aropd,  seed.]  In 
bat.,  a  motile  zygospore. 

zylo-.     For  words  so  beginning,  see  xylo-. 

zylonite,  ".     Same  as  xylonite. 

ZylophagUS  (zi-lof'a-gus),  n.  The  original  (in- 
correct) form  of  Xylopihagtis.     Latreille,  1809. 

zymase  (zi'mas),  «.  [<  Gr.  CWi  leaven,  -f  -(t.sc 
(after  diasta.se).]     Same  as  enzym. 


7046 

zyme  (zim),  n.  [<  Gr.  t^v/nj,  leaven,  <  Ceeiv,  boil: 
see  yeast.']     1.  A  ferment. 

A  yeast  and  a  ferment  signify  the  same  thing,  and,  as  a 
zyme  also  means  a  ferment,  the  term  zymotic  has  arisen 
to  express  a  certain  class  of  diseases. 

Nineteentli  Century,  XXIV.  843. 

2.  The  living  germ  or  other  poison,  of  whatever 
nature,  which  is  believed  to  be  the  specific  cause 
of  a  zymotic  disease. 

Zymic  (zim'ik),  a.  [Also  improperly  zumie;  < 
zyme  +  -ic]  Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
leaven:  applied  by  Pasteur  to  the  microbes 
which  act  as  ferments  only  when  the  air  is 
excluded,  as  distinguished  from  those  which 
require  the  presence  of  air. 

zymogen  (zi'mo-jen),  n.  [<  Gr.  (v/^v,  leaven, 
+  -yevf/c,  producing.]  A  substance  from  which 
an  enzym  may  be  formed  by  internal  change. 
Also  zymogcHC. 

A  ferment  is  found  to  exist  as  a  zy}nogen  in  the  resting 
seed,  which  is  readily  developed  by  warmth  and  weak 
auids  into  an  active  condition.  Nature,  XLI.  380. 

zymogenic  (zi-mo-jen'ik),  «.  [As  zymogen  + 
-ic]  Exciting  fermentation:  as,  zymogenic  or- 
ganisms. 

zymogenous  (zi-moj'e-nus),  a.  [As  zymogen  + 
-oils.]     Same  as  zymogenic. 

Zymoid  (zi'moid),  a.  [<  Gr.  *!^vm)si6rig,  l^vpudr/^, 
like  leaven,  <  i^vfit/,  leaven,  -f  door,  form.]  Re- 
sembling a  zyme  or  ferment. 

zymologic  (zi-mo-loj'ik),  a.  [<.  zymolog-y  +-ic.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  zymology.     Also  zumologic. 

zymological  (zi-mo-loj'i-kal),  a.  [<  zymologic 
+  -uL]     Same  as  zymologic. 

zymologist  (zi-mol'o-jist),  n.  [<  zymolog-y  + 
-ist.]  One  who  is  skilled  in  zymology.  Also 
ziimologist, 

zymology  (zi-mol'o-ji),  n.  [Also  zumology ;  < 
Gr.  ivfi!/,  leaven,  -f  -'Aoyia,  <  /.iyeiv,  speak:  see 
-ology.]  The  science  of  or  knowledge  concern- 
ing fermentation. 

Zymolysis  (zi-mol'i-sis),  n.  [<  Gr.  (i-fiv,  leaven, 
-I-  '/i'dic,  dissolving.]     Same  as  zymosis,  1. 

zymolytic  (zi-mo-lit'ik),  n.  [<  zymolysis  {-lyt-) 
+  -ic]     Same  as  zymotic. 

Prof.  Salkowski  .  .  .  concluded  from  his  researches 
that  fermentative  {zymolytic)  processes  are  continually 
taking  place  in  living  tissues.  yature,  XLI.  599. 

zymome  (zi'mom),  n.  [<  Gr.  C,vjiufia,  a  fer- 
mented uii.xtm'e,  <  i^vprnvv,  leaven,  ferment,  < 
ii'ii'l,  leaven:  see  zyme.]  An  old  name  for  the 
gluten  of  wheat  that  is  insoluble  in  alcohol. 
Also  ziinomc. 

zymometer  (zi-mom'e-t6r),  «.  [<  Gr.  Ciiw, 
leaven,  +  pirpov,  measure.]  An  insti-ument 
for  ascertaining  the  degree  of  fermentation  of 
a  fermenting  liquor.     Also  zymosimeter. 

zymophjrfce  (zi'mo-fit),  n.  [<  Gr.  (ijft?!,  leaven, 
-f   (f>vT6v,  plant.]     A  Isaeterioid  ferment  that 


Zjrxomma 
liberates  fatty  acids  from  neutral  fats.    Bil- 


zymoscope  (zi'mo-skoj)),  n.  [<  Gr.  Zvp-n,  leaven. 
-f-  oKoirnv,  view.]  An  instrument,  contrived  by 
Zenneek,  for  testing  the  fermenting  power  of 
yeast,  by  bringing  it  in  contact  with  sugar- 
water  and  observing  the  quantity  of  carbonic 
anhydrid  evolved.     Watts. 

zymosimeter  (zi-mo-sim'e-tfer),  n,  [<  Gr.  fi- 
pucig,  fermentation,  +  pirpov,  measure.]  Same 
as  zymometer. 

zymosis  (zi-mo'sis),  n.  [NL.,  <  Gr.  Qvpxjoii,  fer- 
mentation, <  ff/^ow,  ferment:  see  zymome.]  1. 
Fermentation  of  any  kind.  Also  zymolysis. — 
2.  An  infectious  or  contagious  disease. 

zymotechnic  (zi-mo-tek'nik),  o.  [<  Gr.  Z^/ai, 
leaven,  +  Tixvn,  art.]  Relating  to  the  art  of 
inducing  and  managing  such  fermentations  as 
are  useful  in  the  arts ;  pertaining  to  zymo- 
technics. 

Zjrmotechnical  (zi-mo-tek'ni-kal),  a.  [<  zymo- 
technic +  -at.]    Same  as  zymotechnic. 

zymotechnics  (zi-mo-tek'niks),  n.  [PI.  of  zymo- 
technic (see  -ics).]  The  art  of  managing  fer- 
mentation.    Compare  zymnrgy. 

zymotic  (zi-mot'ik),  a.  and  n.  [<  Gr.  (.vpuriKO^, 
<  l^vpuaig,  fermentation:  see  zymosis.]  I.  a. 
Pertaining  to  fermentation ;   of  the  nature  of 

fermentation.   A\bo zymolytic Zymotic  disease, 

any  disease,  such  as  malaria,  typhoid  fever,  or  smallpox, 
the  origin  and  procress  of  which  are  due  to  the  multipli- 
cation within  the  body  of  a  living  germ  introduced  from 
without.— Zymotic  papilloma,  framboesia. 
H.  n.  Same  as  zymotic  disease.    See  I. 

zymotically  (zi-mot'i-kal-i),  adv.  [<  zymotic  + 
-al  -f  -ly^.]  In  a  zymotic  manner;  accoitJing 
to  the  manner  or  nature  of  zymotic  diseases. 

zymnrgy  (zi'm6r-ji),  n.  [<  Gr.  ivpri,  leaven, 
+  epyov,  work  (cf.  metallurgy,  etc.).]  That 
department  of  technological  chemistry  which 
treats  of  the  scientific  principles  of  wine-mak- 
ing, brewing,  and  distilling,  and  the  prepara- 
tion of  yeast  and  vinegar,  in  which  processes 
fermentation  plays  the  principal  part.     Watts. 

Zyrichthys,  n.  See  Xyrichthys.  Stcainson,  1839. 

zythepsaryt  (zi-thep'sa-ri),  n.  [IiTeg.  <  Gr. 
fifef,  beer,  4-  eipew,  tibil  (related  to  Trcaactv, 
boil,  cook :  see  peptic),  +  -<try.]  A  brewery 
or  brew-house.     [Rare.] 

zythum  (zi'thum),  Ji.  [<  L.  zythum,  <  Gr.  Ciflof, 
beer,  applied  to  the  beer  of  Egypt  and  also  to 
that  of  the  northern  nations  (Koippt).]  A  kind 
of  beer  made  by  the  ancient  Egyptians. 

Zyxomma  (zik-som'a),  n.  [NL.  (Rambur,  1842), 
prop.  'ZetiTomma,  <  Gr.  ^eii^tg,  a  joining  «  fet>)'- 
vivai,  join),  +  6ppa,  eye :  see  ommatidium.] 
A  genus  of  Indian  di'agon-flies,  of  the  family 
LihelluUdse,  having  the  head  large,  the  face 
narrow,  the  eyes  of  great  size,  and  the  first 
three  abdominal  segments  vesicular. 


LIST  OF   AMENDED   SPELLINGS 

RECOMMENDED  BY  THE  PHILOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON  AND  THE 
AMERICAN   PHILOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION 


The  American  Philological  Association,  giving  voice  to  the  general 
opinion  of  the  most  eminent  scholars  in  English  philology,  as  reflected 
in  previous  discussions  in  that  body  and  elsewhere  and  expressed  in 
the  annual  reports  of  a  special  committee,  adopted  and  published,  in 
1876,  a  declaration  in  favor  of  a  reform  in  English  spelling.  That 
declaration,  as  printed  in  the  List  of  Amended  Spellings  subsequently 
recommended  by  the  Asjsoeiation,  is  as  follows : 

1.  The  true  and  sole  office  of  alfabetic  writing  is  faithfully  and  intelligibly  to  repre- 
sent spoken  speech.  So-calld  "historical "  orthografy  is  only  a  concession  to  the  weak- 
ness  of  prejudice. 

2.  The  ideal  of  an  alfabet  is  that  every  sound  should  hnr  its  own  unvarying  sign,  and 
every  sign  its  own  unvarying  sound, 

3.  An  alfabet  intended  for  use  by  a  vast  community  need  not  attempt  an  exhaustlv 
analysis  of  the  elements  of  utterance  and  a  representation  of  the  nicest  varieties  of  artic- 
ulation; it  may  wel  leav  room  for  the  unavoidabi  play  of  individual  and  local  pronun- 
ciation. 

4.  An  ideal  alfabet  would  seek  to  adopt  for  its  characters  tonus  which  should  suggest 
the  sounds  signihed,  and  of  which  the  resemblances  should  in  sum  mesure  represent  the 
similarities  of  the  sounds.  But  fur  general  practical  use  there  is  no  advantage  in  a  sys- 
tem which  aims  to  depict  in  detail  the  fysical  processes  of  utterance. 

5.  No  language  has  ever  had,  or  is  likely  to  hav,  a  perfect  alfabet ;  and  in  changing 
and  amending  the  mode  of  writing  of  a  language  alredy  long  writn  regard  must  neces- 
sarily be  had  to  what  is  practically  possibl  quite  as  much  as  to  what  is  inherently  de- 
sirabl. 

6.  To  prepare  the  way  for  such  a  change,  the  first  step  is  to  break  down,  by  the  com- 
bined influence  of  enlightend  soolars  and  of  practical  educators,  the  immense  and  stub- 
bom  prejudice  which  regards  the  establisht  modes  of  spelling  almost  as  constituting 
the  language,  as  having  a  sacred  character,  as  in  themselvs  preferabl  to  others.  All 
agitation  and  all  deflntt  proposals  of  reform  ar  to  be  welcumd  so  far  as  they  work  in 
this  direction. 

7.  An  alterd  orthografy  wil  be  unavoidably  offensiv  to  those  who  ar  first  calld  upon  to 
uze  it ;  but  any  sensibl  and  consistent  new  system  wil  rapidly  win  the  harty  preference 
of  the  mass  of  writers. 

8.  The  Boman  alfabet  is  so  widely  and  firmly  establisht  in  use  among  the  leading  civ- 
ilized nations  that  it  cannot  be  displaced ;  in  adapting  it  to  improved  use  for  English, 
the  efforts  of  scolars  should  be  directed  towards  its  use  with  uniformity,  and  in  con- 
formity with  other  nations. 

In  pursuance  of  this  declaration,  further  action  was  taken  by  the  As- 
sociation from  year  to  year;  and,  a  similar  declaration  having  been 
made  by  the  Philological  Society  of  London,  the  two  bodies  agreed,  in 
1883,  upon  certain  rules  (the  Twenty-four  Rules)  for  the  correction  of  the 
orthography  of  certain  words  and  classes  of  words.  Subsequently  an 
alphabetical  list  of  the  principal  words  covered  by  the  rules  was  made. 
"The  corrections  are  in  the  interest  of  etymological  and  historical  truth, 
and  are  to  be  confined  to  words  which  the  changes  do  not  much  disguise 
from  the  general  reader."  The  rules  are  printed  in  the  "  Proceedings'' 
of  the  American  Philological  Association  for  1883.  The  list  was  printed 
in  the  "  Transactions"  for  1886,  and  later  in  the  periodical  "Spelling," 
in  October,  1887,  from  which  it  is  here  reprinted,  with  some  slight  cor- 
rections. 


The  list  is  printed  here  as  a  record  of  an  important  movement  which 
promises  to  be  of  special  interest  to  lexicographers  in  the  near  future, 
and  as  a  recognition,  in  addition  to  the  remarks  made  in  the  Preface 
(p.  ix),  of  the  desirableness  of  correcting  the  anomalies  and  redundan- 
cies of  English  spelling  in  the  directions  indicated.  It  is  the  main  of- 
fice of  a  dictionary  to  record  actual  usage,  not  to  recommend  better 
usage ;  but  in  cases  of  unsettled  usage  it  must  adopt,  and  thus  by  in- 
ference recommend,  one  form  as  against  the  rest ;  and,  in  view  of  the 
fact  t'.iat  the  amended  spellings  in  question  have  been  recommended 
by  the  highest  philological  authorities  in  the  English-.'speaking  world, 
and  that  they  have  been  to  a  considerable  extent  already  adopted,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  by  many  respectable  newspapers  and  other  periodi- 
cals, and  by  a  large  number  of  persons  in  private  use,  besides  those 
who  take  part  in  tlie  agitation  for  spelling  reform,  tliey  can  hardly  be 
ignored  in  a  dictionary  which  records  without  wincing  the  varying  or- 
thogra])hy  of  times  just  past,  and  of  earlier  generations.  The  reformed 
orthography  of  the  j)resent,  made  with  scientific  intent  and  with  a 
regard  for  historic  and  phonetic  truth,  is  more  worthy  of  notice,  if  a 
dictionary  could  discriminate  as  to  worthiness  between  two  sets  of 
facts,  than  the  oftentimes  capricious  and  ignorant  orthography  of 
the  past. 

It  need  not  be  said  in  this  dictionary  that  the  objections  brought  on 
etymological  and  literary  and  other  grounds  against  the  correction  of 
English  spelling  are  the  unthinking  expressions  of  ignorance  and  preju- 
dice. All  English  etymologists  are  in  favor  of  the  correction  of  Eng- 
lish spelling,  both  on  etj-mologieal  grounds  and  on  the  higher  ground 
of  the  great  service  it  will  render  to  national  education  and  interna- 
tional intercourse.  It  may  safely  be  said  that  no  competent  scholar 
who  has  really  examined  the  question  has  come,  or  could  come,  to  a  dif- 
ferent conclusion ;  and  it  may  be  confidently  predicted  that  future  Eng- 
lish dictionaries  will  be  able  to  recognize  to  the  full,  as  this  dictionary 
has  been  able  in  its  own  usage  to  recognize  iu  part,  the  right  of  the 
English  vocabulary  to  be  rightly  spelled. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  many  of  the  coiTeeted  spellings  in  the  following 
list  are  merely  reversions  to  a  simpler  mode  of  spelling  formerly  com- 
mon ;  indeed,  such  is  largely  the  intent  of  the  list.  Examples  are  eii- 
ifiti,  i/ciiitin,  icil,  shiil,  and  the  like,  and  especially  verbal  forms  like 
(iropt,  kist,  mist,  tost,  etc. —  a  mode  of  spelling  iu  use  for  more  than  a 
thousand  years  (compare  Anglo-Saxon  cystc,  English  kist ;  Anglo-Saxon 
iiiisfe,  English  mist,  etc),  and  still  familiar  in  the  usage  of  the  best 
modern  poets,  as  Tennyson  and  Lowell  (leapt,  mist,  tost  are  in  Lowell's 
last  poem, "My  Brook,"  December,  1890).  All  considerations,  histori- 
cal, literary,  and  economical,  are  in  favor  of  such  coiTected  forms. 

W.  D.  WHITNEY. 


In  the  following  list,  as  in  the  Twenty-four  Rules,  many  amendabl  words  hav  been         ±        ea. 
omitted  for  reasons  such  as  these :  1.  The  changed  word  would  not  be  easily  recognized, 
as  nee  for  knee..    2.  Letters  ar  left  in  strange  positions,  as  in  edff  for  edr/e,  cagq  for  casque.         3.  o. 

3.  ITie  word  is  of  frequent  use.    Final  g  =  j,  v,  q,  z,  and  syllabic  I  and  n,  ar  strange  to 
our  print  but  abundant  in  our  speech.     Many  of  them  ar  in  the  list;  hav,/re^z,  migl,         4,         ou, 
eatn,  etc. ;  but  iz  tor  is,  ov  for  of,  and  many  other  words,  as  wel  as  the  final  z  =  »  of  in- 
flections, ar  omitted.    4.  The  wrong  sound  is  suggested,  as  in  vag  for  vague,  acer  for         5.     u,  ue. 
aere.    5.  A  valuabl  distinction  is  lost ;  caggue  from  cask,  dost  from  drtM. 

Unu2ual  words  having  a  familiar  change  of  ending,  as  -le  to  -l,  and  sinipl  derivativs         6. 
and  inflections,  ar  often  omitted.    Words  doutful  in  pronunciation  or  etymology,  and 
words  undecided  by  the  Associations,  however  amendabl,  ar  omitted.     Inflections  ar         7.  d. 

printed  in  italics. 

The  so-calld  Twenty-four  Rules  ar  many  of  them  lists  of  words.    The  rules  proper  ar         8.  «\\,  ph. 

as  follows ; 

Tks   Eulks.  9.  s. 

1,    e.—  Drop  silent  e  when  funetically  useless  (writing  -er  for  -r«\  as  In  Km  (liv),  ginglr 

(singi),  eaten  (eatnX  rained  (raind),  etc.,  theatre  (theater),  etc,  10.  t. 


-Drop  a  from  ea  having  the  sound  ote,  as  in /i^fl(Acr(f ether),  leather {Wihev), 
etc. 

-  For  o  having  the  sound  of  u  in  but  write  w  in  atmve  (abuv),  tongue  (tung), 

and  the  like. 
-Drop  o  from  ou  having  the  sound  of  u  in  but  in  trouble  (trubl),  ro^tgh  (ruf), 

and  the  like  ;  for  -our  unaccented  write  -or,  as  in  honimr  (honor),  etc. 
-Drop  silent  u  after  g  before  a,  and  in  nativ  English  words,  and  drop  final 

ve :  guard  (gard),  guess  (gess),  catalog-ue  (catalog),  league  (leag),  etc. 
Dubl  consonants  may  be  simplified  when  fonetieally  useless  :  6(ii/i/r(lmilif) 

(not  liaU,  etc.),  battle  (batl),  umtteii  (writn),  traveller  (traveler),  etc. 

-  Change  d  and  ed  final  to  (  when  so  pronounced,  as  in  looked  (lookt),  etc., 

unless  the  e  affects  the  preceding  sound,  as  in  chafed,  etc. 
-Cliange  gh  and  ph  to  /  when  so  sounded  :  enough  (enuf),  laughter  (latter), 
phonetic  (fonetic),  etc. 

-  t'hunge  «  to  z  when  so  sounded,  especially  in  distlnctiv  words  and  in  -tee  : 

abuse,  verb  (abuze),  adrertise  (advertize),  etc. 

-  Drop  (  in  tch :  catch  (each),  pitch  (pich),  etc. 


AMENDED   SPELLINGS 


abandoned:  abandond 
abashed:  abasht 
abhorred:  abhord 
ablative :  ablativ 
-2.h\e,  wwccented :  -abl 
abolishable :  abolishabl 
abolished:  abolisht 
abominable ;  abominnbl 
abortive:  abortiv 
above  :  abuv 
abreast :  ablest 
absolve:  absolv 
absolved :  absolvd 
absorbed :  abs(/rbd 
absorbable:  absorbabl 
absorptive :  absorptiv 
abstained :  abstaind 
abstractive:  abstractly 
abuse,  v. :  abuze 
abusive :  abusiv 
accelerative :  accelerativ 
acceptable :  acceptabl 
accessible :  accessibl 
accommodative :      aucomo- 

dativ 
accompaniment :  accuinpa- 

nimeut 
accompany:  accumpany 
accomplished:  accoraplisht 
accountable :  accountabl 
accumulative:  accumulativ 
accursed:  accurs-ed,  accurst 
accusative :  accusativ 
accustomed:  accustomd 
acephalous:  acefalous 
ache,  ake :  ake 
achievable :  achievabi 
achieve :  achiev 
achieved:  achievd 
acquirable:  acquirabl 
acquisitive  :  acquisitiv 
actionable :  actionabl 
active :  activ 
adaptable :  adaptabl 
adaptive :  adaptiv 
add  :  ad 
addle :  adl 
addled:  adld 
addressed:  addrest 
adhesive  :  adhesiv 
adjective :  adjectiv 
adjoined:  adjoind 
adjourn :  adjurn 
adjourned :  adjurnd 
adjunctive:  adjunctiv 
adjustable:  adjustabl 
admeasure:  admezure 
adminiaiered :  administerd 
administrative :      adminls- 

trativ 
admirable:  admirabl 
admissible:  admissibi 
admixed:  admixt 
admonished:  advfionisht 
admonitive :  admonitiv 
adoptive :  adoptiv 
adorable :  adorabl 
adorned:  adornd 
adulterine :  adulterin 
adventuresome:  adventure- 
sum 
adversative  :  adversativ 
advertise,  -ize :  advertize 
advertisement :     advertize- 

meiit,  advertizment 
advisable  :  advizabl 
advise :  advize 
advisement :  advizement 
advisory :  advizory 
adze,  adz:  adz 
affable:  affabl 
affective:  uffectiv 
affirmed:  affirmd 
atfirmabie :  aflirniitbl 
affirmative  :  atttrniativ 
affixed :  affixt 


afflictive :  afflictiv 
affront :  affrunt 
afront,  adv, :  afrunt 
agglutinative :  agglutinativ 
aggressive:  aggressiv 
aggrieve :  aggriev 
aggrieved:  aggrievd 
aghast :  agast 
agile :  agil 
agreeable :  agreeabi 
ahead :  ahed 
ailed:  aild 
aimed:  aimd 
aired:  aird 
aisle :  alle 
alarmed:  alarmd 
alienable:  alienabl 
alimentiveness :       alimen- 

tivness 
allayed :  allayd 
alliterative  :  alliterativ 
allowed:  allowd 
allowable:  allowabl 
alloyed :  alloyd 
allusive ;  allusiv 
alpha :  alfa 
alphabet :  alfabet 
already  :  alredy 
alterable:  alterabl 
altered:  alterd 
alterative :  alterativ 
alternative:  alternativ 
although  :  altho 
alumine,  alumin :  alumin 
amaranthine :  amaranthin 
amassed:  amast 
amative :  amativ 
amble :  ambl 
ambled:  ambld 
ambushed:  ambitsht 
amenable :  amenabl 
amethystine :  amethystin 
amiable  :  araiabl 
amicable  :  amicabl 
amorphous :  amorfous 
amphibia :  amtlbia 
amphibian :  amfibian 
amphibious:  amflbious 
amphibrach:  amilbrach 
ampliitheater,  -tre:    amfi- 

theater 
ample :  ampl 

ampliflcative:  amplificativ 
amusive :  amusiv 
anaglyph :  anaglyf 
analogue:  analog 
analyze,  analyse :  analyze 
anatomize,  -ise :  anatomize 
anchor :  anker 
anchorage :  ankerage 
anchored:  ankerd 
angered:  angerd 
angle :  angl 
angled:  angld 
anguished :  anguisht 
anise :  anis 
ankle :  ankl 
annealed:  anneald 
annexed:  annext 
annoyed:  annoyd 
anmdled:  annuld 
ansivered:  answerd 
anthropophagy :       antliro- 

pofagy 
anticipative :  anticipativ 
antiphony :  antifony 
antlphrasis :  antifrasis 
antistrophe:  antistrofu 
apliyllous:  afyllous 
apocalypse :  apocalyps 
apoery|)lia :  apocryfa 
apocryjjhid :  aiiocryfal 
apologue :  apolog 
apostle :  apostl 
apostrophe  :  apostrofe 
apostrophize  :  apitstrofize 


appalled:  appalld 
appareled,  -ellcd :  appareld 
appealable :  appealabl 
appealed:  appeald 
appeared:  appeard 
appeasable :  appeasabl 
appellative :  appellativ 
appertained :  appertaind 
apple :  apl 

applicable :  applicabl 
applicative:  applicativ 
appointive :  appointiv 
apportioned:  apportiond 
appreciable :  appreciabl 
appreciative :  appreciativ 
apprehensible :    appreheu- 

sibl 
apprehensive :  apprehensiv 
approachable :  approacliabl 
approached :  approacht 
approvable:  approvabl 
approximative:  approxinia- 

tiv 
aquiline:  aquitln,  -ine 
arable:  arabl 
arbitrable :  arbitrabl 
arbor,  arbour:  arbor 
arched:  archt 
ardor,  ardour :  ardor 
are :  ar 
argumentative :     argumeit- 

tativ 
arise :  arize 
arisen :  arizn 
armor,  armour :  armor 
arnutred,  armoured:  annord 
arose:  aroze 
arraigned:  arraignd 
arrayed:  arrayd 
article :  articl 
artisan,  artizan  :  artizan 
asbestine :  asbestin 
ascendable:  ascendabl 
ascertained:  ascertaind 
ascertainable:  ascertainabl 
ascrlbable :  ascribald 
asplialt:  asfalt 
asphyxia:  asfyxia 
assailable :  assailabl 
assailed :  assaild 
assayed:  assayd 
assemble:  assembl 
assembled:  assembld 
assertive:  assertiv 
assessed :  assest 
assigned :  assignd 
assignable :  assignabl 
assimilative:  assimilativ 
associable:  associabl 
associative :  associativ 
assumptive :  assumptiv 
astonished:  astonishi 
atmosphere:  atmosfere 
atmospheric  :  atmosferic 
atrophy :  atrofy 
attacked:  attackt 
attacked:  attackt 
attainable :  attainabl 
attained:  attaind 
attempered:  attemperd 
attentive :  attentiv 
attractive :  attractiv 
attributable:  attributabi 
attributive:  attributiv 
audible :  audibi 
augmentative:  augmentativ 
auricle:  auricl 
autlioritative :  autlioritativ 
autobiographer :    autobiog- 

rafer 
autobiography :     autobiog- 

lafy 
autograph :  autograf 
available :  availabl 
availed:  availd 
avalanche :  avalaneh 


averred:  averd 

avoidable:  avoldabl 

avouched:  avoucht 

avowed :  avowd 

awakened:  awakend 

awe :  aw 

awed:  awd 

awsome,  awesome :  awsum 

ax,  axe :  ax 

axle:  axl 

ay,  aye :  ay 

babble :  babl 
babbled:  babld 
backed  :  backt 
backslidden :  backslidn 
had,  bade,  pret.:  bad 
baffle :  baH 
baffled:  bajid 
bagatelle :  bagatel 
bailable :  bailabl 
bailed :  baild 
bailiff :  bailif 
baize :  baiz 
balked:  balkt 
balled :  balld 
banged:  bangd 
banished:  banisht 
bankable :  bankabl 
banked :  bankt 
bantered :  banterd 
barbed:  barbd 
bareheaded :  bareheded 
bargained:  bargaind 
barnacle :  barnacl 
barreled,  -elled :  baircld 
barreling,  -elling :  barreling 
bartered:  barterd 
basked :  baskt 
batch :  bach 
battered:  batterd 
battle:  batl 
battled:  batld 
bauble :  baubl 
bawled :  baivld 
bayoneted,  -etted :  bayoneted 
beadle :  beadl 
beagle :  beagl 
beaked:  beakt 
beamed :  bcamd 
bearable :  bearabl 
beaten:  beatn 
beauteous:  beuteous 
beautiful :  beutiful 
beautify :  beutify 
beauty :  beuty 
becalmed:  becalmd 
beckoned:  beckotui 
become :  becum 
becoming:  becuming 
bedabble :  bedabl 
bedabbled:  bedabld 
bedecked :  bedeckt 
bedeviled,  -Hied :  bedevild 
bedewed:  bedewd 
bedimmcd:  bedimd 
bedraggle :  bedragl 
bedraggled :  bedragld 
bedrenched:  bedrencht 
bedridden :  bedridn 
bedropped:  bedropt 
bedstead :  bedsted 
beetle :  beetl 
beeves:  beevs 
befallen:  be/alln 
be/ell:  be/el 
befooled:  befoold 
befotded:  befould 
befriend :  befrend 
begged:  begd 
begone :  begon 
begotten:  begotn 
behavior,  -our:  behavior 
behead :  behed 
belabor,    belabour :    bela- 
bor 


belabored,  belaboured:  bela- 

bord 
belayed:  belayd 
belched :  belcht 
beldam,  beldame:  beldam 
beleaguer:  beleager 
beleaguered:  beleagerd 
believable:  believabl 
believe :  believ 
believed:  believd 
belittle:  belitl 
belittled:  belitld 
bell:  bel 
belled:  beld 
belonged:  belongd 
beloved :  beluv-ed,  beluvd 
bemoaned:  bemoand 
bemocked:  bemockt 
benumb :  benum 
benumbed:  benumd 
bequeathed:  bequeatkd 
bereave:  bereav 
berea-oed:  bereavd 
berhyme,  berime  :  berime 
beseemed:  beseemd 
besmeared:  besmeard 
bespangle :  bespangl 
bespangled:  bespangld 
bespattered:  bespatterd 
bespread :  bespred 
besprinkle :  besprinkl 
besprinkled:  besprinkld 
be^irred:  bestird 
bestowed:  bestowd 
bestraddle:  bestradl 
bestraddled :  bestradld 
betrothed:  betrotht 
bettered:  betterd 
beveled,  bevelled :  beveld 
beveling,  bevelling:  beveling 
bewailed:  betvaild 
beu-ildered:  bewUderd 
bewitch :  bewich 
bewitched :  bevricht 
bewrayed:  bewrayd 
biased,  biassed:  biast 
bibliographer :  bibliografer 
bibliography :  bibliografy 
bicephalous :  bicefalous 
bickered:  bicker d 
bicolored,  bicoloured:  bicid- 

ord 
bilked:  Inlkt 
bill:  bil 
billed:  bUd 
binnacle:  binnacl 
binocle:  binocl 
biographer :  biografer 
biography :  biografy 
bissextile :  bissextil 
bister,  bistre :  bister 
bitten:  bitn 
bivalve :  bivalv 
blabbed:  blabd 
blackballed:  blackballd 
blacked:  blackt 
blackened:  Hackend 
black-eyed :  black-eyd 
blackguard ;  blackgard 
black-lead :  black-led 
blackmailed :  blactmaild 
blamable :  blamabl 
blameworthy :     blamewur- 

thy 
blanched :  blancht 
blandished :  Mandisht 
blaspheme :  blasfeme 
blasphemous:  blasfemous 
blasphemy :  blasfemy 
bleached :  bleacht 
bleared :  bleard 
blemished:  blemisht 
blenched :  blencht 
blende:  blend 
blest^ed,  Uest :  ble.-<s-ed,  blest 
blindworni :  blindwurm 


blinked:  blinJct 
blistered:  blisterd 
blithesome:  blithesum 
Hocked:  blockt 
blockhead:  blockhed 
blond,  blonde :  blond 
bloomed:  bloomd 
blossomed:  Uossomd 
blotch:  bloch 
blotched:  blochi 
blubbered :  blubberd 
blue-eyed :  blue-eyd 
bluff:  bluf 
Huffed:  Huft 
blundered:  blunderd 
blunderhead:  blunderhcd 
Hurred :  blurd 
Hushed:  Husht 
Hustered:  Husterd 
l>oatable :  boatabl 
bobbed:  bobd 
bobtailed :  bobtaild 
bodyguard:  bodygard 
iK^gle :  bogl 
boggled:  bogld 
boiled:  boild 
bolthead:  bolthed 
bomb:  bom 
bombazine,  -sine :   bombr- 

zine 
bombshell :  bomshel 
booked:  bookt 
bookworm:  bookwurm 
boomed:  bomnd 
booze,  boose :  boo2 
boozy,  boosy :  boozy 
bordered:  borderd 
borrowed :  borrowd 
bossed:  bost 
botch :  boch 
botched:  bocht 
bothered :  botherd 
bots,  botts :  bots 
bottle :  botl 
bottled:  batld 
bowed:  bowd 
bo\*^line :  bowlin 
boxed:  boxt 
boxhauled:  boxhauld 
brachygraphy :  brachygrafy 
bragged :  bragd 
brained:  braind 
bramble :  brambl 
branched :  brancht 
brangle:  brangl 
brangled:  brangld 
brawled :  brawld 
brayed:  brayd 
breached:  breacht 
bread :  bred 
breadth:  bredth 
breakfast :  brekfast 
breast:  brest 
breath:  breth 
breathable  :  breathabl 
breathed :  breathd 
breeched:  breecht 
breeze :  breez 
breiced :  brewd 
bricked :  brickt 
bridewell:  bridewel 
briefed:  brieft 
brightened:  brightend 
brimmed:  brimd 
brindle:  brindl 
brindled:  brindld 
bristled:  bristld 
brittle:  britl 
tn'oached:  broacht 
broadened:  broadend 
broidered:  broiderd 
broiled:  broild 
bromine,  bromin;  bromiti 
bronze :  bronz 
bronzed:  bronzd 
browned:  brownd 


LIST  OF  AMENDED  SPELLINGS 


browse,  browze,  v. :  browz 
brushed:  bruskt 
bubble:  bubl 
bubbled:  bubld 
bucked:  buckt 
buckle:  buckl 
bucHed:  bruiktd 
buff:  buf 
bulbed:  bulbd 
bulk-head:  bulk-bed 
bull:  bul 

bull-head :  bul-hed 
bumble:  bumbl 
bumped:  bumpt 
bunched :  bttneht 
bundle :  bundl 
bundled:  bundld 
bungle:  bungl 
bungled:  bungld 
bur,  burr :  bur 
burdened:  burdend 
burdensome :  burdensum 
burg,  burgh:  burg 
burke :  burk 
burked:  burkt 
burled:  burld 
burned:  bumd 
burnished:  bttrntsht 
burrowed :  burrotrd 
burthened :  hurthend 
bushed:  busht 
budrined:  busHnd 
bussed:  bust 
bustle:  bustl 
burned:  busUd 
but,  butt :  but 
bnt-end,  butt-end :  but^end 
buttered:  butterd 
buttoned:  buttond 
buttressed :  buttrest 
buxom :  buxum 
buu :  buz 
buzzed:  btud 
by,  bye,  ti.  :  by 
bygone:  bygon 

caballed:  cabald 

cabined:  cabind 

csckle:  cackl 

cackled :  cackld 

ctxogTAphy :  cacografy 

cacophony :  cacofony 

caititi:  caitlf 

calculable:  calcnlaM 

calendered:  calenderd 

caliber,  -bre :  caliber 

calif,  caliph,  kalif,  kaliph, 
etc.:  calif  or  kalif 

calked :  calkt 

called:  calld 

callgraphy:  caligrafy 

calve:  calr 

calved :  ealod 

camomile,  cham-:  camo- 
mile 

camped:  campt 

camphene :  camfene 

camphor :  camfor 

eanalUd:  canald 

aincded,  -eUed:  eanceld 

cancding, -elling :  canceling 

cancellation :  cancelation 

candle :  candl 

candor,  candour :  candor 

cankered :  cankerd 

cantered:  canterd 

canticle:  canticl 

capered:  caperd 

captive :  captiv 

carbuncle :  carbuncl 

careened :  careend 

careered:  careerd 

eares$ed:  earest 

carminative:  carminativ 

caroled,  -oiled:  carold 

caroling,  -nUing:  carfAing 

carped:  carpt 

caruncle:  caruncl 

carve:  carv 

cariY'l :  rarrd 

cashiered:  cashierd 

caate:  caat 


castle:  castl 

catalogue:  catalog 

catalogued:  catalogd 

cataloguer:  cataloger 

catastrophe :  catastrofe 

catch :  each 

catechise :  catechize 

catered:  caterd 

catenvauled:  caterwauld 

cattle:  catl 

caucused,  -iissed:  caucust 

caucusing,  -itssing:  caucus- 
ing 

caudle:  caudl 

causative :  causativ 

cauterise,  -ize:  cauterize 

caviled,  -illed:  cavUd 

caviling,  -illing:  caviling 

cawed:  catcd 

cayenne :  cayen 

ceased:  ceast 

cedrine:  cedrin 

ceiled:  ceUd 

cell :  eel 

celled:  celd 

cenotaph :  cenotaf 

censurable:  censurabl 

centre,  center:  center 

centred :  centerd 

centuple:  centupl 

cephalic :  cefalic 

cephalopod :  cefalopod 

cerography :  cerc^rafy 

chaff:  chaf 

chaffed:  cha/t 

chained:  chaind 

chaired:  chaird 

chalcography :  chalcografy 

chalked:  chalkt 

chambered:  chamberd 

championed:  championd 

changeable :  changeabl 

channeled,  -elled:  channeld 

channeling,  -elling:  channel- 
ing 

chap2^d:  chapt 

charred:  chard 

chargeable:  chargeabl 

charitable :  charltabl 

charmed:  charmd 

chartered:  charterd 

chaMniad:  chastetid 

chastise,      chastize :      chas- 
tize 

chastizement :  chastizment 

chasuble:  chasubl 

chattered :  chatterd 

chawed:  chawd 

cheapened:  cheapend 

checked:  checkt 

cheered  :  cheerd 

cherished :  cherisht 

rhetced :  cheitd 

chidden :  chidn 

chill;  chil 

chaicd:  chilld,  child 

chincough :  chincof 

chipped:  chipi 

chirograph :  cliirograf 

chirography:  chirografy 

chirped :  chirpt 

chirruped :  ehimipt 

rhiseUd,  -elled:  chiseld 

chiseling,  -elling .  chiseUng 

chloride  :  chlorid 

chlorine:  chlorin 

cholcr :  coler 

cholera:  colera 

choleric:  col  eric 

chopjml :  chfrpt 

chorography :  chorografy 

chose :  choze 

chosen:  chozen 

chough:  chuf 

chronicle:  chronicl 

chronicled :  chronicld 

chronograph :  chronograf 

chucked :  chuckt 

chuckle:  chuckl 

chuckled:  chnckld 

chxnnmed :  chiimd 

churched:  churcht 


churned :  churnd 

cimitar:  gee  scimitar 

cinder :  sinder 

cipher :  cif er 

ciphered:  ci/erd 

circle :  circl 

circled:  circld 

circumcise :  circumcize 

circumvolve:  circumvolv 

citrine,  citrin :  citrin 

cissors :  see  scissors 

clacked:  clackt 

claimed :  daimd 

clambered :  clamberd 

clamored:  clamord 

clanked:  clankt 

clapped:  clapt 

clashed :  clasht 

clasped:  claspt 

classed :  clast 

clattered :  clatter d 

clavicle :  clavicl 

danced:  clawd 

cleaned:  cleand 

cleanliness:  clenliness 

cleanly :  clenly 

cleanse :  clenz 

cleansed:  denzd 

cleared :  cleard 

cleave :  cleav 

cleaved:  deavd 

clerked :  clerkt 

clicked:  clickt 

climbed :  diinhd 

clinched :  clincht 

clinked:  dinkt 

clipped:  dipt 

cloaked:  cloakt 

cloistered :  doisterd 

close,  V. :  cloze 

closet :  clozet 

closure :  clozure 

dough :  cluf 

cloyed:  doyd 

dubbed:  clut>d 

clucked :  duckt 

clustered:  dusterd 

clutched :  ducht 

cluttered:  dittterd 

coached:  coacht 

coactive:  coactiv 

coaled:  coald 

coaxed:  coaxt 

cobble :  cobl 

cobbled:  cobld 

cocked:  cockt 

cockle :  cockl 

coddle:  codl 

coddled:  codld 

coercive:  coerciv 

cogitative:  cogitativ 

cohesive :  cohesiv 

coined :  coind 

collapse :  collaps 

collapsed:  cdlapst 

collared:  collard 

colleague :  coUeag 

collective  :  coUectiv 

collusive  :  colhisiv 

color :  culor 

colored :  culord 

colorable:  culorabl 

coltered :  colterd 

combed :  combd. 

combative:  combativ 

combustible :  combustibl 

come:  cum,  cums 

comeliness:  cumliness 

comely :  cumly 

comfit :  cumflt 

comfort :  cumfort 

comfortable:  cumfortabl 

comforter:  cuinforter 

coming:  ciiming 

commendable :  commendabl 

commensurable :      commen- 

surabl 
commingle:  comniingl 
com  mingled :  cmn  m  ingld 
commixed:  commixt 
communicative:  conmiuni- 

cativ 


companion :  cumpanion 
companionable  :     cumpan- 
ion abl 
companionship :     cunipan- 

ionship 
company  :  cumpany 
comparable :  comparabl 
comparative :  comparativ 
compass :  cumpass 
compassed :  cumpast 
compatible :  compatibl 
compdled:  compeld 
competitive :  competitiv 
complained :  complaind 
comportable :  comportabl 
composite :  composit 
comprehensive ;       compre- 

hensiv 
compressed:  comprest 
compressible :  compressibl 
compressive :  compressiv 
compulsive:  compulsiv 
computable :  computabl 
concealed :  conceald 
conceivable :  conceivabl 
conceive :  conceiv 
conceived:  conceivd 
conceptive :  conceptiv 
eo7u:emed :  concernd 
concessive  :  concessiv 
concluMve:  conclusiv 
concoctive :  concoctiv 
concurred :  concurd 
concussive :  concussiv 
condensed :  condenst 
conducive:  conduciv 
confederative :     confedera- 

tiv 
cor\ferred :  coii/erd 
confessed:  confest 
confirmed :  confinnd 
conflrmable:  confirmabl 
confiscable:  conflscabl 
conformed:  conformd 
confront :  confrunt 
congealed:  congeald 
congealable:  congealabl 
conglutinative :      congluti- 

nativ 
conjoined :  conjoind 
conjunctive:  conjunctiv 
connective :  connectiv 
consecutive  :  consecutiv 
conservative :  conservativ 
conserve :  conserv 
considered:  considerd 
considerable :  considerabl 
consigned :  consignd 
consolable:  consolabl 
constable:  cunstabl 
constitutive:  constitutiv 
constrainable :  constrainal)! 
constrained :  constraind 
constructive :  constructiv 
contemplative :  contempla- 

tiv 
contemptiljle :  contemptibl 
contractible :  contractibl 
contractile :  contractil 
contributive :  contrihutiv 
controlled :  controld 
controllable:  controllabl 
conversed :  converst 
conveyed :  conveyd 
convincible:  convincibl 
convoyed  :  convoyd 
convulsive :  couvulsiv 
cooed:  cood 
cooked:  cookt 
cooled :  conld 
cooped :  coopt 
copse :  cops 
copulative :  copulativ 
corked :  corki 
corned:  cornd 
corrective :  correctiv 
correlative :  correlativ 
corrol)orative  :  corroborativ 
corrosive :  corroslv 
costive :  costiv 
cosy,  cozy  :  cozy 
couched  :  coucht 


cough :  cof 

coughed:  coft 

cotdd:  coud 

councilor,  councillor :  coun- 
cilor 

counselor,  counsellor : 

counselor 

counter-marched:  -marcht 

countersigned :  counter- 

signd 

country :  cuntry 

couple :  cupl,  cupls 

coupled :  cupld 

couplet :  cuplet 

coupling :  cupling 

courage:  curage 

courageous:  curageous 

courteous:  curteous 

courtesan :  curtesan 

courtesy :  curtesy 

cousin  :  cuzin 

covenant:  cuvenant 

cover:  cuver 

covered ;  cuverd 

covert :  cuvert 

covering:  cuvering 

coverlet :  cuverlet 

coverture :  cuverture 

covet :  cuvet 

covetous;  cuvetous 

covey ;  cuvey 

cowed :  cowd 

coioered :  cowerd 

cowled :  coicld 

cozen :  cuzen 

cozenage :  cuzenage 

cozy,  cosy  :  cozy 

cracked:  crackt 

crackle :  crackl 

crackled :  crackld 

crammed:  cramd 

cramped:  crampt 

crashed:  crasht 

craivled:  crawld 

creaked :  creakt 

creamed :  crearnd 

creased :  creast 

creative ;  creativ 

credible :  credibl 

crimped:  crimpt 

crimple :  crimpl 

criinpled :  crimj)ld 

crinkle  :  crinki 

crinkled:  crinHd 

cripple :  cripl 

crippled:  cripld 

crisj)ed :  crispt 

criticise,  -ize :  criticize 

croaked :  croakt 

crooked :  crook-ed,  ci\K>kt 

crossed:  crost 

crotched :  crocht 

crouched :  croucht 

cruml) :  crum 

crumbed:  crumbd 

crumble  :  crunild 

crumbled:  crumbld 

crumple :  crumpl 

crumpled :  crumpld 

crushed :  crusht 

crutch :  cruch 

crutched  :  crucht 

cuff :  cuf 

cuffed:  cuft 

cxdled :  cnld 

culpable  :  culpabl 

cultivable  :  cultivabl 

cumbered :  cumberd 

cumbersome  :  cumbersum 

cumulative:  cuniulativ 

cujtjied :  cupl 

curable :  curabl 

curative ;  curativ 

curbed :  curbd 

curled  :  curld 

cursed :  curs-cd,  curst 

cursive :  cursiv 

curve  :  curv 

curved :  curvd 

curvetting :  curveting 

cuticle  :  cuticl 

cuttle-fish:  cutl-flsh 


dabbed :  dabd 

dabble :  dabl 

dabbled:  dabld 

dactyle,  dactyl :  dactyl 

daggle :  dagl 

daggled :  dagld 

dammed :  damd 

damnable :  damnabl 

damped :  dampt 

dandle :  dandl 

dandled :  dandld 

dandruff,  dandriff :  dan- 
druf,  dandrif 

dangle :  dangl 

dangled:  dangld 

dapple :  dapl 

dappled:  dapld 

darkened:  darkend 

darksome :  darksum 

darned:  damd 

dashed:  dasht 

dative:  dativ 

daubed:  daiibd 

dauphin  :  danfin 

dawned:  dawnd 

dazzle  :  dazl 

dazzled:  dazld 

dead :  ded 

deadened  :  dedend 

deadening:  dedening 

deadly :  dedly 

deaf :  def,  deaf 

deafened :  defend 

deafening:  defening 

deafness:  defness 

dealt:  delt 

dearth :  dertli 

death :  deth 

debarred:  debard 

debarked:  debarkt 

debatable :  debatabl 

debauched:  debaucht 

debt:  det 

debtor :  detter 

decalogue:  decalop 

decamped :  decampt 

decayed :  decayd 

deceased :  deceast 

deceive :  deceiv 

deceived:  deceivd 

deceptive :  deceptiv 

decipher :  decifer 

deciphered:  dedferd 

decisive :  decisiv 

decked:  deckt 

declaimed :  declaimd 

declarative:  declarativ 

decolor :  deculor 

decolorize  :  deculorize 

decorative:  decorativ 

decoyed:  decoifd 

decreased:  decreast 

decursive:  decursiv 

deducible:  deducibl 

deductive :  deductiv 

deemed:  deemd 

deepened:  deepend 

defeasible :  defeasibl 

defective :  defectiv 

defense,  defence:  defense 

defensive  :  defensiv 

definite:  definit 

definitive  :  definitiv 

deformed :  deformd 

defrayed:  defrayd 

deleble :  delebl 

delectable:  delectabl 

deliberative:  deliberativ 

delight :  delite 

delighted:  delited 

delivered :  deliverd 

dell:  del 

delusive:  delusiv 

demagogue :  demagog 

demandable :  demandabl 

demeaned :  demcand 

demeanor,  demeanour:  de- 
meanor 

demesne:  demene 

demolished :  dewodxht 

denioTistral)le :  denion- 

strabl 


AMENDED  SPELLINGS 


demonstrative :  detnonstra- 
tiv 

denominative:  denoniinativ 
deplorable:  deplorabl 
deployed:  deployd 
depressed:  deprest 
depressive :  depressiv 
derisive :  derisiv 
derivative :  derivativ 
descriptive:  descriptiv 
deserve:  deserv 
designed:  designd 
designable:  designabl 
desirable:  desirabl 
despaired:  despaird 
despatch :  despach 
despicable:  despicabl 
despoiled:  despnild 
destroyed:  destroyd 
destructive :  destructiv 
detached:  detacht 
detailed:  detaild 
detained:  detaind 
detective:  detectiv 
determinable:  Ueterminabl 
determine:  determin 
deiermiiwd:  determind 
detersive:  detersiv 
develop,  develope:  develop 
developed:  developt 
devisable :  devizabl 
devise:  devize 
devolve:  devolv 
devolved:  demlvd 
deiced:  deicd 
dialed,  dialled:  diald 
dialing,  dialling:  dialing 
dialist,  diallist:  dialist 
dialogue:  dialog 
diaphanous :  diafanous 
diaphoretic:  diaforetic 
diaphragm :  diafragm 
dicephalous :  dicefalous 
diffuse,  V. :  diffuze 
diifnsible:  ditfuzibl 
diffusive:  diffusiv 
digestible :  digestibl 
digraph:  digraf 
digressive:  digressiv 
dimmed :  diwd 
diirdnished :  diininisht 
diminutive:  dirainutiv 
dimple :  dimpl 
dimpled:  dimpld 
dingle :  dingl 
dinned:  dind 
dipped :  dipt 
directive :  directiv 
disabuse:  disabuze 
disagreeable:  disagreeabl 
disappeared:  disappeard 
disarrayed :  dimrrayd 
disavowed :  ditiavowd 
disbelieve :  disbeliev 
disbelieved :  dishelievd 
disbou-eled :  disboweld 
disburdened :  disbitrdend 
disbursed :  disburst 
discernible :  disceniibl 
discerned:  diitcemd 
discipline:  disciplin 
disclaimed :  disclaimd 
disclose :  discloze 
disclosure:  disclozure 
discolor:  disculor 
discolored,    -oured :    dincnl- 

ord 
discomfit;  discumtit 
discomfort :  discumfurt 
discourage :  discurage 
discourteous  :  discurteous 
discourtesy :  discurtesy 
discover:  discuver 
diacuxered :  discitverd 
discovery:  discuvery 
discreditable:  dlscreditabl 
discriminative:  discrimina- 

tiv 
discursive :  discuraiv 
discussed:  discust 
discussive:  discussiv 
'Jisdained:  disdaind 


disembarked:  disembarkt 
disembarrassed :    disembar- 

rast 
disemboweled :  disemboweld 
disentangle:  disentangl 
disentangled:  disentwigld 
disesteemcd :  disesteemd 
disfavor,  disfavour :   disfa- 
vor 
disfavored,  disfavoured :  dis- 

favord 
disguise:  disguize 
dished:  disht 
dishearten :  disharten 
disheartened:  dishartend 
disheveled:  disfieveld 
dishonored,       dishonoured : 

dishoiiord 
disinterred :  disinterd 
disjunctive:  disjunctiv 
dismantle:  dismantl 
dismantled:  dismantld 
dismembered :  dismemberd 
dimnissed :  dismist 
dismissive:  dismissiv 
dispatch  :  dispach 
dispelled:  dispeld 
dispensable :  dispensabl 
dispensed:  dxspensi 
dispersive:  disperaiv 
displayed:  displayd 
displeasure:  displezure 
displosive:  displosiv 
ilispossessed :  disposstest. 
disputable:  disputabl 

disreputable :  disreputabl 
dissemble:  dissembl 
dissembled :  di^sembld 

dissoluble :  dissoluhl 

dissolvable:  dissolvabl 

dissolve :  dissolv 

dissolved :  dv<nolvd 

dissuasive :  dissuasiv 

dissyllable :  dissyllabl 

distaff:  distaf 

distained:  distaind 

distempered :  disteinjmrd 

distensible :  disteiisibl 

distill,  distil:  distil 

distilled:  distild 

distinctive  :  distinctiv 

distinguishable :         distin- 
guishabl 

distinguished :  distinguishl 

distractive :  distractiv 

distrained:  distraind 

diMressed:  distrest 

distributive :  distributiv 

disturbed :  disturbd 

disuse,  V. :  disuze 

ditched :  dieht 

divisible:  divisibl 

docile:  dooil.  docile 

docked:  dockt 

doctrine :  doctrin 

doff:  dof 

doffed:  doft 

doll :  rb)l 

dolphin  :  dolfin 

domicile :  domicil 

domiciled:  domicild 

donative :  donativ 

double :  dubl,  dubla 

doubled:  duhld 

doublet:  dublet 

doubloon :  dubloon 

doubt;  dout 

doubtful ;  doutful 

dove :  duv 

dowert'd :  dowerd 

dozen :  duzen 

drabble :  drabl 

draff :  draf 

draft,  draught:  draft 

dragged:  dragd 

draggle:  dragl 

draggled:  dragld 

dragooned :  dragoond 

draught,  draft :  draft 

dread :  dred 

dreadful :  dredful 

dreamed:  dreamd. 


dreamt:  dremt 

dredged:  dredgd 
drenched:  drencht 
dressed:  drest 
dribble :  dribl 
dribbled:  dribld 
driblet,  dribblet :  driblet 
drill :  dril 
drilled:  drild 
dripped:  dript 
driven:  drivn 
drizzle :  drizl 
drizded:  drizld 
dropped:  dropt 
drowned:  drovmd 
drugged:  drugd 
drummed :  drumd 
ducked:  duckt 
ductile :  ductil 
duelist,  duellist :  duelist 
dull :  dul,  dids 
dulled:  d.vld 
dumb :  dum 
durable;  durabl 
dutiable :  dutiabl 
dwarfed :  dwarft 
dwell :  dwel 
dwelled:  dweld 
dwindle:  dwindl 
dwindled :  dtoindld 

eagle :  eagl 

eared :  card 

earl ;  erl 

early :  erly 

L-arn :  ern 

earned:  ernd 

earnest:  ernest 

earnings:  ernings 

earth :  erth 

earthen :  erthen 

earthling :  erthling 

earthly :  erthly 

eatable :  eatabl 

eaten:  eatn 

ebb :  eb 

ebbed:  ebd 

eclipse :  eclips 

eclipsed:  eclipst 

eclogue :  eclog 

'H.d  =  d:   d 

->'d  =  t:  -t 

edged :  edgd 

effable :  effabl 

effective :  effectiv 

effectual:  effectual 

effrontery :  effrunter>' 

effuse :  effuze 

effusive;  effusiv 

egg :  eg 

egged:  egd 

elapse  :  elaps 

elapned:  elapst 

elective :  electiv 

electrifiable :  electrifiabl 

electrize,  -ise;  electrize 

eligible  :  eligibl 

ellipse ;  ellips 

elusive :  elusiv 

embarked:  embarkt 

embarrassed:  emharrast 

embellished :  embellisht 

embezzle :  embezl 

embezzled:  embezld 

embossed  :  embost 

emboweled,  embowelled :  em- 

boweld 
embowered:  embowerd 
embroidered:  embroiderd 
embroiled :  embroUd 
emphasis :  emfasis 
emphasize :  emfasize 
emphatic :  emfatic 
employed :  employd 
empurple  ;  empurpl 
emulsive:  emulsiv 
enactive ;  enactiv 
enameled,  enamelled :  enam- 

rld 
encamped:  encampt 
encircle:  encircl 
encircled :  enrircld 


encompass :  encumpas 
encompassed:  encumpast 
encountered:  encotinterd 
encourage :  encurage 
encroached :  encroacht 
encumbered:  encumberd 
endeared:  endeard 
CBdeavor,   endeavour :    en- 

devor 
endeavored,      endeavoured : 

endevord 
endowed :  endowd 
endurable ;  endurabl 
enfeeble :  enfeebl 
enfeebled:  enfeebld 
enfeoff :  enfef 
enfeoffed :  enfeft 
engendered:  engenderd 
engine:  engin 
enginery :  enginry 
engrained :  engraind 
engulfed:  engulft 
enjoyed:  enjoyd 
enkindle ;  enkindl 
enough :  enuf 
enravished:  enravisht 
enriched:  enricht 
enroll,  enrol :  enrol 
enrolled:  enrold 
ensanguine:  ensanguin 
ensealed:  enseald 
entailed:  entaild 
entangle :  entangl 
entangled:  entangld 
entered :  enlerd 
entertained:  entertaind 
entrance,  v. :  entranse 
entranced :  entranst 
entrapped:  entrapt 
enunciative :  enunciativ 
enveloped:  envelopt 
envenomed :  envenomd 
epaulet,  epaulette :  epaulet 
ephemera :  efemera 
ephemeral ;  efemeral 
epigraph :  epigraf 
epilogue :  epilog 
epitaph :  epitaf 
equable:  equabl 
equaled,  equalled:  eq\t(dd 
equipped :  equipt 
equitable:  equltabi 
erasable :  erasabl 
ermine :  emiin 
erosive :  erosiv 
err:  er 
erred:  erd 
eruptive :  eruptiv 
eschewed :  eschewd 
established :  establisht 
estimable:  estimabl 
etch  :  ech 
etched :  echt 
euphemism:  eufemism 
euphemistic  :  eufemistic 
euphonic  :  eufonic 
euphony:  eufony 
euphuism:  eufuism 
evasive:  evasiv 
evincive :  evinciv 
evitable:  evitabl 
evolve :  evolv 
evolved:  evolvd 
examine:  examin 
examined:  examind 
exceptionable:  exceptionabl 
excessive :  excessiv 
excitable;  excitabl 
exclusive:  exclusiv 
excretive :  excretiv 
excursive:  excursiv 
excusable:  excuzabl 
excuse,  v. :  excuze 
execrable :  execrabl 
executive :  executiv 
exercise :  exercize 
exhaustible:  exhaustibl 
exorcise:  exorcize 
expansible:  expansibl 
expansive :  expansiv 
expelled:  expeld 
expensive:  expensiv 


expiable:  explabl 
explainable :  explainabl 
explained:  explaind 
expletive:  expletiv 
explicative:  explicativ 
explosive:  exploslv 
expressed:  exprest 
expressive:  expresaiv 
expugnable:  expugnabl 
expulsive:  expulsiv 
exquisite:  exquisit 
extensible:  extensibl 
extensive:  extensiv 
cxiinguished :  extinguisht 
extolled:  exiold 
extractive:  extractiv 
extricable:  extricabl 
eye;  ey 

factitive:  factitlr 

fagged :  fagd 

failed :  faild 

fallible :  fallibl 

faltered  :  falterd. 

famine:  famln 

famished:  famisht 

farewell :  farewel 

farmed :  farmd 

fascicle:  fascicl 

fashioned :  faskiond 

fashionable :  faahionabi 

fastened :  fastend 

fathered :  fatherd 

fathomed :  fathomd 

fathomable :  fathomabl 

fattened :  f attend 

favor,  favour :  favor 

favored :  favord 

favorite :  favorit 

fawned :  favmd 

feared :  feard 

feasible:  feasibl 

feather:  fether 

feathered :  fetherd 

feathery :  fethery 

febrile:  febril 

federative ;  federativ 

feeble :  feebl 

feign :  fein 

feigned :  fei}id 

feminine:  feminin 

fence:  lense 

fermentative:  fermentativ 

fertile :  f ertil,  -ile 

festive :  festiv 

fetch :  fech 

fetched :  fecht 

fevered :  feverd 

fiber,  fibre :  fiber 

fibered :  flberd 

fihrine  :  fibrin 

fickle:  fickl 

fiddle:  fidl 

fiddled :  fidld 

fidgetting :  fidgeting 

fierce:  flerse 

filched:  fiUht 

fill :  fil 

filled:  fild 

filliped :  fillipt 

filt4ired :  filterd 

fingered :  fingerd 

finished:  finishi 

fished :  fisht 

fissile:  fissil 

fixed :  fixt. 

fizz:  fiz 

fizzed :  fizd 

flagged :  fiagd 

flapped :  fiapl 

flashed:  flasht 

fUittened :  flattend 

flattered :  flatterd 

flavor,  flavour:  flavor 

flavored,  flavoured:  flavord 

flawed :  flawd 

fledged :  fledgd 

fleered:  fleerd 

fleshed :  flesht 

flexible :  flexibl 

flexile:  flexil 

flinched :  flincht 


flogged :  flogd 
floored :  floord 
floundered :  fUmnderd 
flourish :  flurish 
flourished :  fiurisht 
flushed:  fltisht 
flustered :  flusterd 
fluttered:  flutterd 
fluxed:  fluxt 
fluxible:  fluxibi 
foaled :  foald 
foamed:  foamd 
fobbed :  fobd 
focused :  focxtst 
foible  :  foibl 
foiled:  foUd 
followed :  foUovod 
fondle:  fondl 
fondled :  fondld 
fooled :  fodld 
forbade :  forbad 
forbidden :  forbidn 
forcible :  forcibl 
foregone:  foregon 
forehead:  forhed 
foreign:  foren 
foreigner:  forener 

forewarned :  forewarnd 
foi^ve:  forgiv 
forgiTeness:  forgivness 

forgone :  forgon 

formed :  forynd 

foiTOative:  forraativ 
formidable .  formidabl 
fosse,  foss:  foss 

fostered :  fo^erd 

fouled  ■  fould 
foundered :  /ounderd 

foxed:  foxt 

fragile:  fragil 

freckle :  freckl 

freckled:  fredkld 

freeze:  freez 

freshened:  fre^nd 

fribble:  fribbl 

friend:  frend 

frieze:  friez 

frightened :  frightend 

frill :  fril 

friUed:  frild 

frisked:  friskt 

frittered:  fritterd 

frizz:  friz 

frizzed:  frizd 

frizzle :  frizl 

frizzled :  fridd 

frolicked :  frdickt 

frolicsome:  frolicsum 

front:  frunt 

frowned :  frownd 

fugitive:  fugitiv 

fulfill,  fulfil :  fulfil 

fulfilled:  fid  fild 

full :  ful 

fuUed:  /lOd 

fulsome:  fulsum 

fumble:  furabl 

fumbled :  fumbld 

furbished :  furbisht 

furled:  furld 

furlough:  forlo 

furloughcd :  furloed 

furnished:  fumisht 

furthered :  furtherd 

furtive :  furtiv 

furze:  furz 

fuse:  fuze 

fuslbla:  fuzibl 

fusion :  fuzion 

fussed:  fust 

futile:  futil. -ile 

fuzz:  fuz 

gahbed:  gabd 
gabble:  gabl 
gabbled :  gabbld 
gaff:  gaf 
gaffle:  gafl 
gagged :  gagd 
gained:  gaind 
galled:  gaUd 
gamble:  gambl 


AMENDED   SPELLINGS 


gambled:  gambld 
j^amesome:  gamesum 
garble:  garbl 
garbled:  garbld 
gardened:  gardend 
gargle:  gargl 
gargled:  gargld 
garnered :  gamerd 
gashed:  gathX 
gasped:  gaspl 
gauze:  gauz 
gazelle,  gazel :  gazel 
gazette:  gazet 
gelatine, gelatin:  gelatin 
gendered:  genderd 
genitive :  genitiv 
gentle :  gentl 
gentleman :  gentlman 
genuine :  gennin 
geographer:  geografer 
geographic :  geografic 
geography:  geografy 
ghastlinesB :  gaatlines^ 
ghastly :  gastly 
ghost :  goat 
giggle :  gigl 
gill:  gil 
girdle :  girdl 
girdled :  girdld 
give:  giv 
given:  gicn 
gladsome :  gladsuni 
glearwtd :  gleamd 
gleaned:  gleand 
glimpse:  glimps 
glimpsed:  glimpsi 
Mistered :  glisterd 
glittered:  glitterd 
^o&tned :  gloomd 
glycerine,  glycerin :  glyce- 
rin 
glyph :  glyf 
gnarled:  gnarld 
gnawed :  gnawd 
gobble :  gubl 
gobbled :  gobld 
godhead :  godhed 
goggle :  gogl 
goggled :  gogld 
goiter,  goitre :  goiter 
gone :  gon 
good'by,   good-bye :    go<id- 

by 

gotten:  gotn 
govern:  gnrem 
gwoerned:  guvemd 
governess:  guvemess 
government:  guvernment 
governor:  guvemor 
grabbed:  grabd 
gralT:  graf 
grained:  graind 
granite :  granit 
grasped :  graspt 
grease,  r. :  greaz,  grease 
greased :  greazd^  greasl 
griddle :  gridl 
grieve :  griev 
grieved:  grievd 
grill :  gril 
griUed:  grUd 
gripped:  gript 
grizzle:  grizl 
grizzled:  grizld 
groomed :  groomd 
groove :  groov 
grooved:  groovd 
grouped :  group* 
groveled:  groreld 
growled:  growld 
grubbed :  grubd 
grudged :  grudgd 
grumble :  gnimhl 
grumbled:  grumUd 
guarantee:  garantee 
guaranty  .  garanty 
guard  :  gard 
guardian :  gardian 
guess:  geM 
guessed:  gest 
guest :  gest 
guild:  gild 


guilt:  gilt 
guilty:  gilty 
guise:  guize 
gulfed:  gvJJt 
gulped:  gvlpt. 
gurgle  :  gurgl 
gurgled :  gurgld 
gushed:  gusht 
guzzle:  guzl 
guzzled:  guzld 

habitable :  habitabi 
hacked:  ha^kt 
hackle :  hackl 
hackled:  hackld 
haggle  :  hagl 
haggled:  hagld 
hailed:  haild 
hallowed:  hallowd 
haltered:  halterd 
halve :  halv,  halvn 
halved:  halvd 
hampered:  hamperd 
handcuff:  handcuf 
handcuffed:  handcu^tt 
handsome :  handsum 
hanged:  hangd 
happed:  hapt 
happened:  happend 
harangue:  harang 
harangued :  harangd 
harassed :  haragt 
harlwr,  harbour :  harl>or 
karbored,   harboured :    har- 

bord 
harked :  harkt 
harmed :  harmd 
hamestied :  harnent 
harped:  harpt 
harroired :  karrowd 
hashed :  hasht 
hatch :  hach 
hatched:  hacht 
hatchment :  hachment 
haughty :  hauty 
hauled:  hauld 
have :  hav 

havock,  bavoL- :  havoc 
havocked :  havockt 
hawked:  hawkt 
head :  bed 
headache:  hedake 
headland :  hedland 
headlong :  hedlong 
healed :  heald 
health  :  belth 
healthy :  helthy 
heaped :  heapt 
heard:  ht'rd 
hearken :  barken 
hearkened:  harkend 
hearse :  herse 
hearsed:  herxt 
heart :  hart 
hearth  :  harth 
hearty :  harty 
heather:  hether 
heave :  heav 
heaved:  heard 
heaven  :  beven 
heaves :  heavs 
heavy :  bevy 
hedged:  hedgd 
heeled:  heeld 
heifer :  hefer 
heightened :  heightend 
hell :  hel 
helped :  hclpt 
helve :  helv 
hence :  henae 
hermaphrodite :    hermafro- 

dite 
hiccough,  hiccup:    hiccof. 

hiccup 
hiccoughed,  hiccupped :   hie- 

e(}ft,  hiccupt 
hidden :  hidn 
hill  :  hil 
hilUd :  hUd 
hindered :  hinderd 
hipped:  hipt 
hissed:  hist 


hitch :  hich 

hitched:  hicht 

hobble :  hobl 

homestead:  homested 

honey :  huney 

honeyed :  huneyd 

honied:  hunied 

honor,  honour :  honor 

honored,  honoured :  hmwrd 

honorable,  honourable : 
honorabl 

hoodwinked :  hoodwinkt 

hoofed:  hooft 

hooked:  kookt 

hooped:  hoopt 

hooping-cough :  hooping- 
cof 

hopped:  hopt 

homed :  hornd 

horography:  horografy 

horrible :  horribl 

horsed:  horst 

hortative :  hortativ 

hospitable :  hospitabi 

hough,  hock :  hock 

house,  V. :   houz 

hottsed :  hottzd 

housing :  houzing 

howled :  hmcld 

huff :  buf 

huffed:  huft 

hugged:  hugd 

humble:  humbl 

huvthled :  humbld 

humor,  humour :  humor 

humored,  humoured:  hu- 
nt ord 

humped :  humjtt 

husked:  hv^ 

bustle :  hustl 

huittled :  hustld 

hutch  :  hnch 

hutched :  hucht 

hydrography ;  hydrografy 

hydrophobia :  hydrofobia 

hyphen  :  hyfen 

hyphened :  hufend 

hypocrite :  hypocrit 

icicle  :  icicl 
ill:  il 

illative ;  illntiv 
illness:  iltiess 
illusive:  illusiv 
illustrative :  illustrativ 
imaginable :  iniaginabl 
imaginative  :  imaginativ 
imagine:  imagin 
imagined:  hnaifintl 
imbecile :  imbccil 
itnbittered:  imhitlcrd 
imbroicncd :  tmhrownd 
imitative:  imitntiv 
immeasurable :  inmieznrahl 
impaired:  impnird 
impassive  :  impassiv 
imj)eachfd:  impencht 
impelled :  impeld 
imperative :  imperativ 
imperilled :  imperild 
implacable :  implacabi 
impossible :  impossibl 
impovervfhed :  impoverisht 
impressed :  imprest 
impressive :  impressiv 
impulsive :  impnlsiv 
inaccessible:  inacceasilil 
inactive  :  inactiv 
incensed :  incenst 
incentive :  incentiv 
inceptive  :  inceptiv 
inclose :  incloze 
inclusive:  incluaiv 
increased :  increast 
incurrfd :  incurd 
indexed :  indext 
indicative :  indicativ 
iiulorsed:  indorst 
inferred :  i}\ferd 
infinite:  inflnit 
infixed :  infixt 
Inflective :  inflectiv 


inflexlve:  inflexiv 
informed:  iiiformd 
infuse :  infuze 
inked:  inkt 
inn :  in 
inned :  ind 

inquisitive :  inquisitiv 
installed:  installd 
instead:  insted 
instinctive :  instinctiv 
instructive ;  instructiv 
intelligible :  intelligibl 
interleave :  interleav 
interleaved:  interleavd 
interlitiked :  interlinkt 
intermeddle :  intemiedi 
interrogative:  interrogativ 
interspersed:  interspersf 
intestine :  intestiu 
introduction :  introduction 
intrusive:  intrusiv 
inurned:  imtnui 
invective :  invectiv 
inventive:  inventiv 
involve :  involv 
involved :  involvd 
inweave :  inweav 
inwrapped :  imtrapt 
iodine:  iodin,  -ine 
irksome:  irksuni 
irritative :  irritativ 
island  :  iland 
isle :  ile 
islet:  iiet 
itch :  ich 
itched :  icht 
iterative :  iterativ 

jabbered:  jabb^-rd 
jail,  gaol  :  jail 
jailed :  Jaild 
jammed  :  jamd 
Jarred :  jard 
jasmine :  jasmin 
jealous :  jelous 
jealousy :  jeltnisv 
jeered :  jeerd 
jeopard :  jepard 
jeopar<Iy  '■  jepardy 
jerked:  jerkt 
jessamiiie :  jessamin 
jibbed :  jibd 
joggle :  jogi 
joggled:  jogld 
joined :  joind 
jostle ;  josti 
/oiftled :  joxtlil 
j<)Unml  :  jurnal 
jtnirnalism  :  jurnalisrii 
journalist :  jurnaiist 
journey :  jurney 
jonrneijed :  jvrneyd 
joust,  just :  just 
judicative:  judicativ 
juggle:  jugl 
juggled :  jugld 
jumble :  jumltl 
jumblfd :  jvmbld 
jungle :  jungl 
justifiable:  justitlabl 
juvenile:  juvenil,  ile 

keelhauled :  keelhauld 
kettle:  ketl 
key,  quay :  key 
tridnopjied. :  kidnajtt 
kill:  kil 
killed :  Hid 
kindle  :  kindl 
kindled :  kindld 
kissed :  kist 
kitchen  :  kichcii 
knell :  knel 
kintckle :  knuckl 
knuckled  :  knuckld 

Ial)or,  labour :  labor 
labored,  labo}ired :  Inhord 
lacked :  lackt 
Iamb  :  lam 
latwhed:  lancht 
lajiguinhed:  Innguishf 


lapse  :  laps 

lapsed:  lapst 

lashed :  laskt 

latch:  lach 

latched :  lacht 

lathered :  laiherd 

laudable :  laudabJ 

laugh:  laf 

laughed :  loft 

laughable:  lafalil 

laughter  :  lafter 

launched:  launcht 

laxative :  laxativ 

lead  (metal) :  led 

leaden  :  leden 

league  :  leag 

leagued :  leagd 

leaked :  leakt 

leaned :  leand,  lent 

leaped,  leapt :  leapt,  lept 

leai'u :  lern 

learned :  lern-ed,  lernd 

learning :  lernuig 

learnt:  lernt 

leased:  least 

leather :  lether 

leathern  ;  lethern 

leave :  leav 

leaven  :  leven 

leavened :  levend 

leered:  leerd 

legible:  legibl 

legislative  :  legislativ 

lenitive :  lenitiv 

leopard :  lepard 

lessened :  lessend 

leveled,  levelled:  leveld 

leveling,  levelling:  level- 
ing 

lexicographer :  lexicogra- 
fer 

lexicogi*aphy :  lexicognify 

liable  :  liabl 

libeled,  libelled:  libeld 

libertine :  libertin,  -ine 

licenited :  licenat 

licked :  lickt 

lightened :  llghtend 

limb:  lim 

limped :  limpt 

lipped  :  lipt 

lisped:  lispt 

listened :  listend 

lithograph  :  lithograf 

lithogj-aphed :  lithograf t 

lithographer :  lithografer 

lithography  ;  lithografy 

little:  litl 

live :  liv 

lived :  livd 

livelong :  livhjiig 

loathsome :  loathsum 

locked:  lockt 

loitered:  loiterd 

looked:  lookt 

lofnned :  hmmd 

looped :  loopt 

looncd :  loost 

loosened :  loosend 

lopped:  lopt 

lovable :  luvable 

love:  luv 

loved :  luvd 

lovely  :  luvly 

lucrative :  lucrativ 

luflT:  luf 

luffed:  lujt 

lull :  lul 

lulled:  l>dd 

lumped:  lumpt 

lustre,  luster:  luster 

lymph:  lymf 

lymphatic :  lynifatic 

lyiirhed:  hfncht 

mailed:  matld 
maimed:  maimd 
maintained:  maintaind 
maize :  nuiiz 
mailed:  malld 
malleable ;  malluab) 
manacle  :  manaci 


maneuver,  manoeuvre :  ma- 
neuver 

maneuvered,  manoeuvred : 
maneuverd 

marched:  marcht 

marked:  markt 

marveled,  marvdled:  mar- 
veld 

marvelous,  marvellous : 
marvelous 

masculine :  masculin 

masked:  jnaskt 

massive:  massiv 

mastered:  inaMerd 

match :  mach 

matched:  macht 

materialise,  materialize : 
materialize 

meadow  :  medow 

meager,  meagre :  meager 

meant:  ment 

measles :  measls 

measurable  :  meznrabl 

measure:  mezure 

measured:  mezured 

meddle :  niedl 

meddled:  medld 

meddlesome :  medlsum 

medicine :  medicin 

meditative :  meditativ 

melancholy:  nielancoly 

memorable  :  memorabl 

memorialise,  memorialize ; 
memorialize 

mephitic :  metttic 

mephitis:  metltis 

mercantile :  mercantil,  -ile 

merchandise:  merchandize 

merchantable ;  merchant- 
abi 

inenhed:  mesht 

mensed:  ment 

metamorphose :  metamor- 
fose 

metamorplmsis :  metamor- 
fosis 

metaphysics :  nietafysics 

metre,  meter ;  meter 

mettle :  metl 

mettled :  metld 

mettlesome:  metlsum 

meuied:  mewld 

middle  :  niidl 

middling:  midltng 

mildewed :  mildewd 

mill :  mil 

milled:  mild,  milld 

mimicked :  mimickt 

miracle  :  miracl 

misbecome :  misbecum 

miserable :  miserab! 

misgive:  misgiv 

missile:  misail 

missive :  missiv 

mistletoe :  mistltoe 

misuse,  v.:  miauze 

mitre,  miter :  miter 

mocked:  mockt 

money:  muney 

monitive:  monitiv 

monk:  munk 

monkey:  niunkey 

monkish:  niunkish 

monograph:  monograf 

monologue:  monolog 

monosyllable:  ntonosyllabi 

moored:  nword 

mossed:  mont 

motive:  motiv 

mouse,  vr.  monz 

mouser:  mouzer 

movable:  movabl 

mowed:  moivd 

muddle:  mudl 

mnft :  muf 

muffed:  nntjt 

mufHu:  mufl 

muffled:  muffd 

mulched:  mulcht 

mumble:  mumbl 

}numbl€d:  mumbld 

munched:  muncht 


AMENDED   SPELLINGS 


murdered:  murderd 
murmured:  murmurd 
muscle:  niuscl 
mutable:  rautabl 
muzzle:  muzl 
muzzled:  miuUd 
myrtle:  myrtl 

nabbed:  riahd 

nailed:  noild 

naphtha:  naptha.  naftha 

narrative:  narrativ 

narrowed:  narrowd 

native:  nativ 

neared:  neard 

needle:  needl 

negative:  negativ 

nephew:  nevew,  nefew 

nephritic :  nefritic 

nerve:  nerv 

jierced:  nervd 

nestle:  nestl 

nestled:  nestld 

nettle:  netl 

neutralise, -ize:  neutralize 

newfangled:  newfangld 

uewfashioned:  newfashiond 

nibble:  nibl 

nibbled:  niUd 

nicked:  nickt 

nipple:  nipl 

nitre,  niter:  niter 

noddle:  nodi 

nominative:  nominativ 

notable:  notabl 

notch :  nooh 

notched:  nocht 

nourish:  nurish 

nourished:  nurisht 

nozzle,  nosle:  nozl 

nubile:  nubil 

null:  nul 

tmmb:  num 

numskull:  numskul 

nursed:  nurd 

nutritive:  nutritiv 

nuzzle:  nuzl 

nymph:  nymf 

oared:  card 
objective:  objectiv 
observable:  observabl 
observe:  observ 
observed:  observd 
obtained:  ohiaind 
obtainable:  obtainabl 
obtrusive:  obtrusiv 
occurred:  occurd 
odd:  od 

offence,  offense:  offense 
offensive:  offensiv 
offered:  offerd 
ogre,  oger:  oger 
olive :  oliv 
once:  onse 
ooze  :  ooz 
oozed:  oozd 
opened:  opei\d 
ophidian :  ofidian 
ophthalmic:  ofthalmic 
ophthalmy:  ofthaliny 
opposite:  opposit 
oppressed :  opprest 
oppressive  »oppressiv 
optative:  optativ 
oracle:  oracl 
orbed:  orbd 
ordered:  orderd 
organise,  organize:  organize 
orphan :  orfan 
orthosrrapher:  orthojrrafer 
orthographic:  orthograftc 
orthography:  orthografy 
ostracise,  ostracize:   ostra- 
cize 
f)utlive:  outliv 
outspread :  outspred 
outstretch :  outstrech 
fmtstretched :  outstrecht 
outwalked:  outwalkt 
overawe:  overaw 
overawed:  ocerawd 


overpassed:  overpast 
overspread:  overspred 
owe: ow 
owed:  ou'd 
ou*ned:  ow»d 
oxide,  oxid :  oxid 

packed:  packt 
pack-thread:  pack-thred 
paddle:  padl 
paddled :  padld 
padlocked:  padlockt 
pained:  paind 
paired:  paird 
palaeography :  palteografy 
palatable:  palatabl 
palatine:  palatin,  -ine 
palled:  palld 
palliative:  palliativ 
palmed:  palmd 
palpable:  palpabl 
paltered:  palterd 
pampered:  pamperd 
pamphlet:  pamflet 
pandered:  panderd 
paneled,  panelled:  paneld 
panicle:  panicl 
panicled:  panicld 
pantograph:  pantograf 
papered:  paperd 
parable:  parabl 
paragraph :  paragraf 
paragraphed:  paragraft 
paralleled:  paralleld 
paranymph:  paranymf 
paraphernalia:  parafernalia 
paraphrase:  parafrase 
paraphrast:  parafrast 
parboiled :  parboUd 
parceled,  parcelled :  parceld 
parched:  parcht 
pardonable:  pardonabl 
pardoned:  pardond 
parleyed :  parleyd 
parliament:  parlament 
parsed:  parst 
partible:  partibl 
participle:  participl 
particle:  particl 
partitive :  partitiv 
passed,  past:  past 
passable:  passabl 
passive :  passiv 
patch :  pach 
patched :  pacht 
patrolled:  patrold 
patterned:  patter nd 
imvilioned:  paviliond 
pawed:  pared 
pavmed:  pawnd 
payable:  payabi 
peaceable:  peaceabi 
peached:  peacht 
pealed:  peald 
pearl:  perl 
peasant:  pezant 
peasantiy:  pezantry 
pease,  peas:  peas 
pebble:  pebl 
peccable:  peccabi 
pecked:  j^^ckt 
pedagogue:  pedagog 
peddle:  pedl 
peddled:  pedld 
peddler:  pedler 
peduncle:  peduncl 
jieeled:  peeld 
peeped:  peept 
peered:  peerd 
pegged:  pegd 
pell:  pel 
l)ellicle:  pellicl 
pell-mell:  pel-mel 
penned:  pend 
pence:  pense 

jiencUled,  penciled:  pencild 
penetrable:  penetrabl 
penetrative:  penetratlv 
pensile:  pensil,  -ile 
pensimied:  jjensiond 
pensive:  pensiv 
people:  peple 


peppered:  pepperd 
perceivable;  perceivabl 

perceive:  perceiv 
perceived:  perceivd 
perceptible:  perceptibl 
perceptive:  perceptiv 
perched:  percht 
perfectible:  perfectibl 
perfective:  perfectiv 
perforative:  pei-forativ 
performed:  performd 
performable:  perfonnabl 
perilled,  periled :  perild 
periphery:  perifery 
periphrase :  perifrase 
periphrastic:  perifrastic 
perished:  perisht 
perishable:  perishabl 
periwigged:  periu-igd 
periwinkle:  periwlnkl 
perked:  perkt 
permeable:  penneabl 
permissible:  permissibl 
permissive:  permissiv 
perplexed :  perplext 
perquisite:  perquisit 
personable:  personald 
perspective:  perspectiv 
perspirable:  perspirabl 
persuadable:  persuadabl 
persuasive :  persuasiv 
pertained:  pertaind 
perturbed:  perturbd 
pervasive :  x>ervasiv 
perversive :  perversiv 
pervertible:  pervertibl 
pestered:  jyesterd 
pestle:  pestl 
petit,  petty:  petty 
petitioned:  petitinnd 
petrifactive :  petrifactiv 
ph:  f 

phaeton:  faetou 
phalansterian :  falansteriau 
phalanster>':  falanstei-y 
phalanx;  falanx 
phantasm:  fantasm 
pliantasmagoria:  fantasma- 

goria 
phantom :  fantom 
pharmacy:  farmacy 
pharynx:  farynx 
phase:  fase 
pheasant:  fezant 
phenix:  fenix 
plienomenal:  fenomenal 
phenomenon :  fenomenon 
phial,  vial:  flal,  vial 
pliilander:  fllander 
philanthropic:  filanthropic 
philanthropist :     filanthro- 

pist 
philanthropy:  filanthropy 
pbilhai'monic ;  filharmonic 
philippic:  filippic 
pliilologer:  fllologer 
philological:  filological 
philologist:  ftlologist 
philology  :  filology 
philomel:  fllomel 
philopena:  ftlopena 
philosopher:  filosofer 
philosophic ;  fliosofic 
philosophize:  ftlosoflzc 
philosophy:  fllosofy 
phlebotomy :  flebotomy 
phlegm :  flegm 
phlegmatic:  flegmatic 
phlox:  flox 
phoenix,    phenix:     foenix, 

fenix 
phonetic:  fonetic 
phonetist:  fonetist 
phonic:  fonic 
phonograph:  fonograf 
I)honographer:  fonograf er 
phonograpliic :  fonograflc 
phonography ;  fonografy 
phonologic;  fonologic 
phonologist:  fonologist 
phonology:  fonology 
phonotypy;  fonotypy 


phosphate:  fosfate 
phosphoric :  fosforic 
phosphorus:  fosforus 
photograph:  fotograf 
photographed:  fotograf t 
photographer:  fotografer 
photographic:  fotografic 
photography:  fotografy 
photometer;  fotometer 
photometry;  fotometry 
phrase:  fraae 
phraseology:  fraseology 
phrenologist :  frenologist 
phrenology:  frenology 
phrensy,  frenzy ;  frenzy 
phthisic:  tisic 
phylactery:  fylactery 
physic :  fysic 
physical :  fysical 
physicked:  fysickt 
physician  :  fysician 
physicist:  fysicist 
physics :  fysics 
physiognomist :     fysiogno- 

niist 
physiognomy :  fysiognomy 
physiologic :  fysiologic 
physiologist:  fysiologist 
physiology:  fysiology 
phytography:  fytografy 
phytology:  fytology 
picked:  pickt 
pickle:  pickl 
pickled:  pickld 
picnicked:  picnickt 
pilfered:  pUferd 
pill:  pil 

piUoived:  pillowd 
pimped:  pimpt 
pimple:  pimpl 
pimpled:  pimpld 
pinned:  pind 
pinched:  pincht 
jdnioned :  piniond 
jn'nked :  pinkt 
pinnacle:  pinnacl 
pintle :  pintl 
pioneered:  pioneerd 
pished:  pisht 
pitch  :  pich 
jntched:  picht 
pitcher:  picher 
pitchy;  pichy 
pitiable:  pitiabl 
placable:  placabl 
jilained:  plaind 
plaintiff:  plaintif 
plaintive:  plaintiv 
planned:  pland, 
planked:  plankt 
plashed :  jdasht 
}tlastered:  jilasterd 
plausible:  plausibl 
plausive;  plausiv 
2)layed:  playd 
pleasant:  plezant 
pleasurable:  plezarabl 
jtleasure:  plezure 
pledged:  pledgd 
pliable:  pliabl 
plough,  plow:  plow 
plover;  pluver 
plow ;  see  plough 
plowed:  plowd 
plowable:  plowabi 
plucked:  pluckt 
jiugged :  plugd 
plumb:  plum 
plumbed:  plumd 
plumber,  plummer:   plum- 

mer 
plumbing,  plumming 

plumming 
plumb-line :  plum-line 
plumped :  plumpt 
plundered :  plunderd 
poached  :  poacht 
poisoned :  poisond 
polished:  polisht 
polygraph :  polygraf 
pt^lygraphy  :  polygrafy 
polysyllable:  polysyllabl 


pommel,    pummel:    pum- 
mel 
pommeled:  pummeld 
pondered:  ponderd 
ponderable:  ponderabl 
pontiff;  pontif 
poodle:  poodl 
popped :  popt 
porphyritic:  porfyritic 
porphyry:  porfyry 
portable;  portabl 
portioned :  portiond 
portrayed:  portrayd 
positive:  positiv 
possessed:  possest 
possessive :  possessiv 
possible:  possibl 
potable:  potabl 
pottle:  potl 
pouched:  poucht 
poured :  pourd 
powdered:  powderd 
practicable :  practicabl 
practise:  practis 
practised:  practist 
pranked:  prankt 
prattle:  pratl 
prattled :  pratld 
prattler:  pratler 
prayed:  prayd 
preached :  preacht 
preamble:  preambl 
precative:  precativ 
preceptive:  preceptiv 
preclusive:  preclusiv 
preconceive:  preconceiv 
precursive:  precuraiv 
predestine:  predestin 
predestined:  predestind 
predetermine:  predetemiin 
predetermined :       predeter- 

mind 
predicable:  predicabl 
predictive:  predictiv 
preened :  preend 
pre-established :      pre-estab- 

lisht 
preferable:  preferabl 
preferred:  preferd 
preflgurative:  preflgurativ 
prefixed:  prefiod 
prehensile:  prehensil 
prelusive:  prelusiv 
premise,  premiss:  premis 
premise,  v.:  premize 
premised:  premized 
preordained :  preordaind 
preparative:  preparativ 
prepositive:  prepositiv 
prepossessed:  preposseM 
prerequisite:  prerequisit 
prerogative:  prerogativ 
prescriptive :  prescriptiv 
presentable:  presentabl 
preservative:  preservativ 
preserve:  preserv 
preserved:  preservd 
pressed:  prest 
presumable;  presuraabl 
presumptive:  presumptiv 
pretense,      pretence :    pre- 
tense 
preterit,  preterite :  preterit 
prevailed:  prevaild 
preventable:  preventabl 
preventive;  preventiv 
preyed:  preyd 
pricked:  prickt 
prickle;  prickl 
primitive :  primitiv 
principle :  principl 
principled:  principld 
prinked:  prinkt 
prisoned:  prisond 
pristine :  pristin,  -ine 
privative;  privativ 
probable :  probabl 
probativ:  probativ 
procreative:  procreativ 
procurable:  procurabl 
producible:  producibl 
productive:  productiv 


productiveness:  productiv- 

ness 
professed:  prof e A 
proffered:  profferd 
profitable:  profltabl 
progressed :  progrest 
progressive :  progressiv 
prohibitive;  prohibitiv 
projectile;  projectil 
prologue :  prolog 
prolonged:  prolongd 
promise:  promis 
promised:  promist 
promotive:  promotiv 
propped :  propt 
propagable:  propagabl 
propelled:  propeld 
prophecy:  profecy 
prophesy  :  profesy 
prophet:  profet 
prophetess:  profetess 
prophetic;  profetic 
prophylactic :  profylactic 
proportioned:  proportiond 
proportionable :  propoition- 

abl 
propulsive:  propulsiv 
proscriptive :  proscriptiv 
prospective:  prospectiv 
prospered:  prosperd 
protective;  protectiv 
protractive:  protractiv 
pi-otrusive:  protrusiv 
provable:  provabl 
provocative:  provocativ 
prowled:  prowld 
published :  puUisht 
puckered:  puckerd 
puddle:  pudl 
puddled:  pudld 
puddling;  pudling 
puerile :  pueril,  -ile 
puff:  puf 
puffed :  puft 
pull;  pul 
pidled:  puld 
pulsatile:  pulsatil 
pulsative:  pulsativ 
pulsed :  pulst 
pulverable :  pulverabl 
pumped:  pitmpt 
punned:  pund 
punched:  puncht 
punished:  putdsht 
punishable;  punishabl 
punitive:  punitiv 
purr:  pur 
purred :  purd 
purchasable:  purchasabl 
purgative:  purgativ 
purled:  purld 
purline,  purlin :  purlin 
purloined:  purloind 
purple:  purpl 
purpled :  purpld 
pursed:  purst 
purveyed:  purveyd 
pushed:  pusht 
putative:  putativ 
putrefactive :  putrefactiv 
puttered :  pvtterd 
puzzle:  pazl 
puzded :  puzld 

qtiacked:  quackt 
quadruple:  quadrupl 
quaff:  quaf 
quaffed:  quaft. 
quailed :  quatld 
qualitative :  qualitativ 
quantitative:  quantitativ 
quarreled,  quarrelled :  quar- 

reld 
quarrelsome :  quarrelsum 
quay,  key ;  key 
quell:  quel 
quelled :  queld 
quenched:  quencht 
queue,  cue:  cue 
quibble:  quibl 
quil>bled:  quibld 
quickened:  quicke7ui 


AMENDED  SPELLINGS 


quidtlle:  quidl 
quill :  quil 
quivered:  qviverd 

racked:  rackt 

raffle:  raft 

rajfled:  rafid 

railed:  raild 

rained:  raind 

raise:  raiz 

raised:  raizd 

rammed:  ramd 

ramble:  ranibl 

rambled:  rmnhld 

ramped:  rampt 

rancor,  rancour :  rancor 

ranked:  rankt 

rankle:  ranki 

rankled:  rankld 

ransacked:  ransackt 

ransmned:  ranmrnd 

rapped,  rapt :  rapt 

rapped:  ra^t 

rattle:  rati 

rattled:  ratld 

raveled,  ravelled:  raveld 

raveling,    ravelling :    ravel- 
ing 

raveTted:  racend 

ravished:  ravisht 

reached:  reacht 

read:  red 

ready:  redy 

realm:  relm 

reaped:  reapt 

reared:  reard 

reasonable:  reasonabl 

reasoned:  reasond 

rebelled:  rebeld 

receipt:  receit 

receivable:  receivabl 

receive:  receiv 

received:  reeeivd 

receptive:  receptiv 

recoiled:  recfnld 

recover:  recover 

recovered:  recuverd 

rectangle:  rectangl 

reddened:  reddend 

redoubt:  redout 

redreasive:  redressiv 

reductive:  reductiv 

reefed:  reefi 

reeked:  reekt 

reeled:  reeld 

re/erred:  re/erd 

reflective:  reflectiv 

reflexive:  reflexlv 

reformed :  reformd 

reformative:  reformativ 

refreshed:  refresht 

refusal:  refuzal 

refuse,  v.:  refuze 

regressive:  regressiv 

rehearse :  reherse 

rehearsed:  reherst 

reined:  reind 

rejoined:  rejoind 

relapse:  relaps 

relapsed:  relapst 

relative:  relativ 

relaxed:  relaxt 

released:  releast 

relieve:  reliev 

relieved:  relievd 

relinquished :  relinqxiisht 

relished:  relisht 

remained:  remaind 

remarkable:  remarkabl 

remarked:  remarkt 

remembered:  rememberd 

remiaslble:  remiasibl 

remunerative:  remunerativ 

rendered:  renderd 

renowned:  renownd 

repaired:  repaird 

reparable:  reparitbl 

reparative:  reparatlv 

repelled:  repeld 

replenished:  rrpleniJtht 

representative;  reprusenta- 
tiv 
443 


repressed:  repre^ 
reprieve :  repriev 
reprieved:  reprievd 
reproached :  reproacht 
reproductive:  reproductiv 
reptile:  reptil,  -ile 
republished:  repuhlisht 
repulsive :  repulsiv 
requisite:  requisit 
resemble:  resembl 
resembled:  resembld 
reserve:  reserv 
reserved:  reservd 
resistible:  resistibl 
resolve:  resolv 
resolved:  resolvd 
respective :  respectiv 
respite:  respit 
responsil»le:  responsibl 
responsive:  responsiv 
restive :  restiv 
restrained:  restraind 
restrictive :  restrictiv 
retailed :  retaild 
retained:  retaind 
retaliative :  retaliativ 
retentive:  retentiv 
retouch  :  retuch 
retouched :  retucht 
retrenched:  retrencht 
retributive :  retributiv 
retrievable :  retrievabl 
retrieve :  retriev 
retrieved:  retrievd 
retrospective :  retrospectiv 
returned:  returnd 
reveled,  revelled :  reveld 
reveling,  revelling :   revel- 
ing 
reversed :  reverst 
reversible:  reversibl 
revieiced :  reviewd 
revise :  revize 
revolve :  revolv 
revolved:  revolvd 
revulsive :  revulsiv 
rhyme,  rime :  rime 
rhymer,  rimer :  rimer 
ridden :  ridn 
riddle :  ridl 
riddled :  ridld 
riffraff:  rifraf 
rigged:  rigd 
rigor,  rigour :  rigor 
rill :  ril 

rime,  rhyme :  rime 
rimple :  rimpl 
rinsed :  rinst 
rijiened :  ripend 
ripple :  ripl 
rippled :  ripld 
rise,  r.i  rize 
risen:  rizn 
risible  :  risibl 
risked :  riskt 
rivaled,  rivalled :  rivald 
riven:  rit^n 

riveted,  Heetted :  riveted 
roared:  roard 
robbed:  robd 
rttcked :  rockt 
roUed:  roild 
rotled:  rold 
romped:  rowpt 
roofed:  rooft 
roomed:  roomd 
rose:  roze 
rotten  :  rotn 
rough  :  ruf 
roughen  :  rufen 
roughened :  rnfend 
roughening :  rufening 
rowed :  rowd 
rutf :  nif 
ruffed:  rufi 
rurtle :  nitl 
rundle  :  rundl 
rushed:  ntsht 
rustle :  rustl 
runtfed :  rwitld 

saber,  sabre :  saber 


sabered:  saberd 
sacked :  sackt 
saddened:  saddend 
saddle :  sadl 
saddled:  sadld 
sagged :  sagd 
sailed:  saild 

saltpetre,  -peter :  saltpeter 
salve :  salv 
salved:  salvd 
samphire  :  samflre 
sanative  :  sanativ 
sandaled  :  sandald 
sanguine  :  sanguin 
sapphire  :  safflre 
sardine  :  sardin,  -ine 
sashed:  sasht 
sauntered:  saunterd 
savior,  saviour:  savior 
savor,  savour:  savor 
savored,  savoured:  savord 
scalped:  scalpt 
scanned:  scand 
scarred:  scard 
scarce:  scarse 
scarcity:  scarsity 
scarfed:  scarf t 
scattered  :  scatterd 
scent,  sent;  sent 
scepter,  sceptre:  scepter 
sceptered,   sceptred  :  scep- 

terd 
sceptic,  skeptic:  skeptic 
scholar:  scolar 
scholastic:  scolastic 
school :  scool 
schooner:  scooner 
scimitar,  cimitar:  cimitar 
sciss4)r8:  ciss4:)ra 
scoff;  scof 
scoffed:  scoft 
scooped:  scoopt 
scorned:  scornd 
scoured:  scotird 
scourge:  scurge 
scrabble;  scrabl 
scramble:  scranibl 
scrambled:  scram'M 
scratch:  scrach 
scratched:  scracht 
scrawled:  scratrld 
screamed:  screamd 
screeched:  screecht 
screened:  screend 
screwed:  screicd 
scriblile:  scribl 
scribbled:  scribld 
scrubbed:  scritbd 
scuffle:  acufl 
scuffled:  scufld 
scull :  soul 
sculled:  scrdd 
scummed:  snund 
scurrile:  scurril 
scuttle:  scutl 
scuttled:  seuthf 
scythe,  sithe:  sithc 
sealed:  seald 
semned:  seamd 
search:  serch 
searched:  serrht 
seared:  seard 
seam^nable:  seasonabl 
sechisive:  seclusiv 
secretive:  secretiv 
sedative:  sedativ 
sciluctive:  seductiv 
seemed:  seemd 
seesawed:  seesawd 
seize :  seiz 
seized:  seizd 
sell :  sel 
selves:  selvs 
sensed:  seujtt 
sensible:  acnsibl 
sensitive:  sensitiv 
separable:  8ei)arabl 
separative:  separativ 
sepulcher,  sepulchre:    scp 

ulchcr 
sep^dchered,  sepulchred :  >t,-p 

ulchi-rd 


sequestered :  sequesterd 
seraph :  seraf 
seraphic:  serafic 
seraphim  :  serafim 
serve:  serv 
served:  servd 
serviceable:  serviceabl 
servile :  servil,  -ile 
sessile :  sessil,  -ile 
settle :  setl 
settled:  setld 
settlement :  setlnient 
seived :  sewd 
sextile:  sextil 
shackle :  shackl 
shackled:  shackld 
shadowed:  shadowd 
shall :  shal 
shambles:  shambls 
shar/)ened:  sharpend 
sheared:  sheard 
sheaves:  sheavs 
shell:  shel 
shelled:  sheld 
sheliered:  shelterd 
shelve:  sheXv,  shelvs 
shelved:  shelvd 
sheriff;  sherif 
shingle:  shingl 
shingled:  shingld 
shingles:  shingls 
shipped:  nhipi 
shirked:  shirkt 
shivered:  shiverd 
shocked:  shockt 
shopped:  shopt 
shortened :  shortend 
shove :  shuv 
shoved:  shuvd 
shoving:  shuving 
shovel:  shuvel 
shoveled:  shuveld 
showed:  showd 
shrieked:  shriekt 
shrill:  shril 
shrugged:  shrugd 
shuffle:  shufl 
shuffled:  shuffd 
shuttle:  shuttl 
siccative:  siccativ 
sickened:  sickend 
sieve:  siv 
sighed:  sighd 
signed:  signd 
significative:  signiflcativ 
sill :  sil 

silvered:  silverd 
simple :  sirnpl 
since:  sinse 
single:  singl 
singled:  siiigld 
sipped :  sipt 
siphon :  sifon 
sithe :  see  scythe 
sizable :  stzabl 
sketch:  skech 
sketched:  skechi 
skiff:  skif 
skill;  sktl 
skilled:  skild 
skimmed:  nldmd 
skinned:  sHnd 
skijyped:  sktpt 
skull:  skul 
skulled:  skuld 
slacked:  slackt 
slackened:  slacken'! 
slammed:  slamd 
slapj)ed:  nlopt 
slaughter;  slauter 
slaughtered:  slauterd 
sleeve:  sleev 
sleeved:  sleevd 
didden:  slidn 
slipped:  slipt 
xlivered:  sliverd 
sloiwhed:  sloucht 
slough:  sUif 
almighed :  sluft 
slumbered:  dumberd 
slurred:  durd 
smacked:  snmckt 


smashed:  mnasht 

smeared:  smenrd 

smell :  smel 

smelled:  smeld,  smelt 

smirked:  smirkt 

smoothed:  smoothd 

smuggle:  smngl 

smuggled:  smugld 

snaffle:  snafl 

snapped:  snapt 

snarled:  snarld 

snatch:  snach 

snatched:  snacht 

stieaked:  sneakt 

sneered:  sneerd 

sneeze:  sneez 

sneezed:  sneezd 

sniff:  snif 

sniffed:  snift 

snivel:  snivel 

sniveled,  snivelled:  snineld 

snooze:  snooz 

snoozed:  snoozd 

stiowed:  snoivd 

snubbed:  snubd 

snuff:  snuf 

snuffed:  snvft 

snuffle:  snufl 

snuffled:  snuffd 

snuggle:  snugl 

snuggled:  snugld 

soaked:  soakt 

soaped:  soapt 

soared:  soard 

sobbed:  sobd 

sobered:  sober d 

sodden :  sodn 

softened:  softend 

soiled:  soUd 

sojourn  :  sojurn 

sojourned:  sojurnd 

sojourner:  sojurner 

soldered:  solderd 

soluble:  solubl 

solutive:  solutiv 

solve:  solv 

solved:  solrd 

sombre,  8oml>er:  somber 

some:  sum 

-some:  -sum 

somebody:  sumbody 

somehow:  sumhow 

somersault,        sumersault: 

sumersault 
somerset:  sumerset 
something;  sumthing 
son :  sun 
sophism  :  soflsm 
sophist :  sofist 
sopliisticate:  sofisticate 
sophistry:  soflstry 
sophomore:  sofoniore 
fiophomoric :  sofomoric 
soured:  sourd 
source:  sourse 
southerly:  sutherly 
southern  :  suthcrn 
southron  :  suthron 
sovereign  :  soveren 
sovereignty:  sovercnty 
sowed:  sowd 
spanned:  spand 
spangle :  spangl 
spangled:  spangld 
spanked:  spankt 
sparred:  spard 
sparkle:  sparki 
sparkled:  sparkld 
sjHittered :  spattcrd 
speared:  sjteard 
gjjecked:  speckt 
speckle :  speckl 
sjjcikled:  speckld 
spectacle  :  spectacl 
spectacles:  s^jcctacls 
specter-,  spectre:  specti:r 
spell :  spel 
sj>eUed:  spcld 
spewed :  spewd 
sphenoid  :  sfenoid 
sphere :  sfere 
spherical  :  sferical 


spherics:  sferics 
spheroid  :  sferoid 
spherule :  sferule 
sphinx  :  sflnx 
spill :  spil 
spilled:  spild,  spilt 
spindle :  spindl 
spindled :  spindld 
spittle :  spitl 
splashed :  S]jlasht 
spoiled:  spoild,  spoilt 
sponge  :  spiinge 
sprained:  spraind. 
sprawled:  sprawld 
spread  :  spred 
spright :  sprite 
sprightly:  spritely 
spurred :  spurd 
spurned:  spurnd 
sputtered:  sputterd 
squandered:  squanderd 
squawled:  squawld 
squeaked:  squeakt 
squealed:  squeald 
squeeze :  squeez 
squeezed:  squeezd 
stacked:  stackt 
staff:  staf 
stained:  staind 
stalled:  stalld 
stammered:  stammerd 
stamped:  stampt 
stanched:  stancht 
starred:  stard 
startle :  startl 
startled:  sfartld 
starve :  starv 
starved:  starvd 
staged:  stayd 
stead  :  sted 
steadfast :  stedfast 
steady:  steily 
stealth:  stelth 
steamed:  steamd 
steeped:  steept 
steeple :  steepl 
steered:  steerd 
stennned:  stemd 
stenographer:  stenografcr 
stenographic:  stenograflc 
stenography:  stenografy 
stepped:  stept 
sterile :  steril 
stexved:  stewd 
stickle:  stickl 
stickled :  stickld 
stiff;  stif 
stiffened:  stiffend 
still :  stil 
stilled:  sfild 
stirred:  stird 
stitch  :  sticli 
stitched:  sticht 
stocked:  stockt 
stoniacli :  stnmac 
stomached:  sfumaet 
stomachic  :  stuniachic 
stooped:  stonpt 
stopped:  stupt 
stopple :  stopl 
stormed:  sturmd 
stowed:  stowd 
straddle :  stradl 
straddled:  stradld 
straggle  :  stragl 
straggled:  stragld 
strained:  straind 
strangle:  sfrangi 
strangled:  strangld 
strapped:  strapt 
streaked:  streakt,  streaked 
strengthened:  utrengthend 
stretch:  strech 
stretched:  sfrecht 
stricken:  driekn 
sin'pjjed:  stript 
striven:  strivn 
stroll:  strol 
strolled:  strolld.  strold 
stubble  :  stnbl 
stuff:  stuf,  stiffs 
stuffed:  stuft 


AMENDED  SPELLINGS 


Stumped:  sttimpt 
stuttered:  stutterd 
subjective:  subjectiv 
subjunctive:  subjunctiv 
submissive :  submissiv 
subtile :  subtil 
subtle :  sutl 
subtly :  sutly 
subversive :  subversiv 
successive :  successiv 
succor,  succour :  succor 
succored,  succoured:  succord 
succumb :  succum 
succumbed:  succumd 
sucked:  suckt 
suckle :  suckl 
suckled:  suckld 
suffered:  sufferd 
suffixed:  suffixt 
suffuse:  suffuze 
suggestive:  suggestiv 
suitable :  suitabl 
sulphate  :  sulfate 
sulphur :  sulfur 
sulphurate :  suHurate 
sulphuret :  suUuret 
sulphuric :  sulfuric 
■sulphurous :  sulfurous 
stimmed:  giimd 
sundered:  sunderd 
superlative :  superlativ 
supple :  supl 
suppressed:  supprest 
suppurative :  auppurativ 
surcingle:  surcingl 
surpassed:  surpast 
surprise:  surprize 
surveyed:  survey d 
swaddle :  swaddl 
sicagged:  sxcagd 
sicalloved:  swallowd 
swamped:  swampi 
swayed:  swayd 
sweat:  swet 
sweetened:  sweetend 
swell:  swel 
swelled:  sweld 
sweltered:  swelterd 
swerve :  swerv 
swerved:  swervd 
swollen,  swoln:  swdln 
swooned:  sicoond 
sylph :  sylf 
synagogue:  synagog 

tabernacle:  tabemacl 
tacked:  tackt 
tackle :  tackl 
tackled:  tackld 
tactile;  tactil 
tagged:  tagd 
talked:  talkt 
talkative :  talkutiv 
tanned:  tand 
tangible :  tangibl 
tapped:  tapt 
tapered:  taperd 
tarred:  tard 


tariff:  tarif 
tasked:  taskt 
tasseled:  tasseld 
tattered:  tatterd 
tattle :  tatl 
tattled:  tatld 
taxed:  taxt 
taxable :  taxabl 
teachable :  teachabl 
teemed:  teemd 
telegraph :  telegraf 
telegraphed:  telegraf t 
telegraphic  :  telegraflc 
telegraphy:  telegrafy 
telephone :  telefone 
telephonic:  telefonic 
tell:  tel 

tempered:  temperd 
temple :  tempi 
tenable :  tenabl 
tendered:  tenderd 
termed:  tertnd 
terrible :  terribl 
thariked:  thankt 
thawed:  thawd 
theater,  theatre :  theater 
themselves:  themselvs 
thence  :  thense 
thickened:  thickend 
thieve:  thiev 
thieved:  thievd 
thimble :  thimbl 
thinned:  thind 
thistle:  thistl 
thorough;  thuro 
though,  tho' :  tho 
thrashed:  thrasht 
thread :  thred 
threat ;  thret 
threaten  :  threten 
threatened:  thretend 
thrill:  thril 
thrilled:  thritd 
throbbed:  throbd 
thronged:  throngd 
throttle:  throtl 
throttled:  throtld 
through,  thro' :  thru 
throughout :  thruout 
thruvim^ed:  thrumd 
thumb:   thum 
thumbed:  thumd 
thumped:  thumpt 
thundered:  thunderd 
thwacked:  thwackt 
ticked:  tickt 
tickle:  tickl 
tickled:  tickld 
tierce:  tierse 
till:  til 

tillable  :  tillabl 
tilled:  tild 
tinned:  tind 
tingle :  tingl 
tingled:  tingld 
tinkered:  tinkerd 
tinkle :  tinkl 
tinkled:  tinkld 


tipped,  tipt:  tipt 
tipple:  tipl 
tippled:  tipld 
tipstaff :  tipstaf 
tiresome;  tlresura 
tisic ;  see  phthisic 
tittered:  titterd 
tittle  :  titl 
toiled:  toild 
toilsome:  toilsum 
tolerable :  tolerabl 
tolled:  tolld,  told 
ton :  tun 
tongue;  tung 
tongued:  tungd 
toothed:  tootht 
toothache :  toothake 
topographer ;  topograf er 
topography:  topografy 
topple :  topi 
toppled:  tojild 
tossed,  tost:  tost 
tottered:  totterd 
touch :  tuch 
touched:  tucht 
touchy;  tuchy 
tough :  tuf 
toughen :  tufen 
toughened:  tu/end 
towed:  towd 
toyed:  toyd 
traceable:  traceabl   , 
tracked:  trackt 
tractable ;  tractabl 
trafficked:  traffickt 
trailed:  traild 
trained:  traind 
tramped:  trampt 
trample;  trampl 
trampled:  trampld 
trance:  transe 
tranquillize,     tranquillise : 

tranquilize 
transferred:  transferd 
trani\formed :  transformd 
transfuse :  transfuze 
transmissive ;  transmissiv 
trapped:  trapt 
trapanned:  trapand 
traveled,  travelled:  traveld 
traveler,  traveller ;  traveler 
treacherous :  trecherous 
treachery :  trechery 
treacle :  treacl 
tread  :  tred 
treadle :  tredl 
treatise :  treatis 
treasure :  trezure 
treasurer :  trezurer 
treasury:  trezury 
treble :  trebl 
tremble:  trembl 
trembled:  tremUd 
trenched:  trencht 
trepanned:  trepand 
trespassed:  trespast 
trestle;  trestl,  tressel 
tricked:  trickt 


trickle :  trickl 
trickled:  trickld 
triglyph :  triglyf 
trill:  tril 
trilled:  trild 
trimmed:  trimd 
tripped:  tript 
triple :  tripl 
tripled:  tripld 
triumph  :  triumf 
trium.phed:  triumft 
triumphal :  triumfal 
triumphant :  triumfant 
trodden:  trodn 
trooped:  troopt 
trouble  :  trubl 
troubled:  truUd 
troublesome :  trublsum 
troublous :  trublous 
trough :  trof 
trucked:  truckt 
truckle  :  truckl 
truckled:  truckld 
trumped:  trumpt 
tucked:  tuckt 
tugged:  tvgd 
tumble  :  tumlil 
tumbled:  tumbld 
turned:  turnd 
turtle :  turtl 
twaddle ;  twaddl 
twanged:  twangd 
tweaked:  tweakt 
twelve :  twelv 
twill :  twil 
twilled:  txvild 
twinkle:  twinkl 
tioinkled:  tudnkld 
twirled:  twirld 
twitch :  twich 
twitched:  twicht 
tvMtered:  twitterd 
typographer:  typografer 
typographical :      typografi- 

cal 
typography:  typografy 

un-  (negativ prefix):  see  the 

simpl  forms, 
uncle :  unci 
unwonted :  unwunted 
use,  V. ;  uze 
usual :  uzual 
uterine :  uterin,  -ine 

vaccine :  vaccin,  -ine 
valuable :  valuabl 
valve :  valv 
vamped:  vampt 
vanished:  vanisht 
vanquished:  vanquisht 
vapor,  vapour :  vapor 
vapored,  vapoured:  vapord 
variable  :  variabl 
vegetable  :  vegetabl 
vegetative :  vegetativ 
vehicle:  vehicl 
veil:  veil 


veiled:  veild 
veined:  veind 
veneered:  veneerd 
ventricle  :  ventricl 
veritable:  veritabl 
versed:  verst 
versicle:  versicl 
vesicle:  vesicl 
viewed:  vietcd 
vigor,  vigour:  vigor 
vindictive:  vindictiv 
vineyard:  vinyard 
visible:  visibl 
vocative:  vocativ 
volatile;  volatil,  -ile 
vouched:  voucht 

wafered:  waferd 
wagged:  wagd 
wagered:  wager d 
waggle:  wagl 
waggled:  wagld 
wailed:  waUd 
waive;  waiv 
waived:  waivd 
walked:  walkt 
warred:  ward 
warble:  warbl 
warbled:  icarbld 
warmed:  warmd 
washed:  wa^fU 
watch:  wach 
watched:  wacht 
watered:  waterd 
waxed:  waxt 
weakened:  weakend 
wealth:  welth 
wealthy:  welthy 
u^eaTied:  weand 
weapon:  wepon 
weather:  wether 
weathered:  wetherd 
weave:  weav 
webbed :  webd 
weened:  weend 
welcome:  welcum 
welcomed:  welcumd 
well:  wel 
welled:  weld 
were:  wer 
wheeled:  wheeld 
wheeze:  wheez 
wheezed:  wheezd 
whence:  whense 
whimpered:  whimperd 
whipped:  whipt 
whir,  whirr:  whir 
whirred:  whird 
whirled:  whirld 
whisked:  whiskt 
whispered:  whisperd 
whistle:  whistl 
whistled:  whistld 
whizzed:  whizd 
whole:  hole 
wholesale:  holesale 
wholesum:  holesum 
wholly:  holely 


whooped:  whoopt 

will:  wil 

willed:  wUld,  wild 

willful,  wilful:  wilful 

wimble:  wimbl 

winged:  wingd 

winked:  loinkt 

winnowed:  vrinnowd 

wintered:  vrinlerd 

wished:  wisht 

witch:  wich 

witched:  wicht 

withered:  iciiherd 

withholden:  withkoldn 

women:  udmen 

won:  wun 

wonder:  wunder 

wondered:  umnderd 

wonderful:  wunderful 

wondrous:  wundrous 

wont:  wunt 

wonted:  wuuted 

worked:  workt 

worm:  wurm 

wormed:  wurmd 

worry:  wurry 

worse:  wurse 

worsliip:  warship 

worshiped,  worshipped:  wur- 

shipt 
worst:  wurst 
worth:  wurth 
worthless;  wurthleu 
worthy:  wurthy 
wrangle:  wrangl 
wrangled:  vrrangld 
wrapped:  wrapt 
wreaked:  wreakt 
wrecked:  wreckt 
wrenched:  wrencht 
wrestle:  wrestl 
wrestled:  wrestld 
wretch:  wrech 
wretched:  wreched 
wriggle;  wrigl 
wriggled:  wrigld 
wrinkle:  wrinkl 
wrinkled:  xcrinkld 
written:  writn 

xanthine:  xanthin 
xylography:  lylografy 

yawned:  yaumd 
yeaned:  yeand 
yearn:  yem 
yearned:  yemd 
yell:  yel 
yelled:  yeld 
yeoman :  yoman 
yerked:  yerkt 
young:  yung 

zealot:  zelot 
zealous:  zelous    ' 
zephyr;  zefyr 
zincography:  zincografy 
zoography:  zoografy 


LIST  OF  WRITERS  QUOTED  AND  AUTHORITIES  CITED 

IN  THE  DICTIONARY 


Cited  in  Diet,  as 

Aason,  Ivan  Aadreaa  (1813- ).    Norwegian  philologist.    ("Norsk  Ordbog," 

1873.)  Aa^en 

Abbot,  PranclsElllngWOOd  (1836- ).    American  philosophical  writer.  F.  E.  Abbot 

Abbot,  George  (1562-1633).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Abp.  Abbot 

Abbott,  Austin  (1831- ).    American  Jurist.  A.Abbott 

Abbott,  Benjamin  Vaugban  (1830 -1890).    American  Jurist.  Abbott 

Abbott,  Edwin  Abbott  (1838-  ).    English  clergyman,  Shaksperian  scholar. 

E.  A.  Abbott 
Abbott,  Lyman  (1835-  ).    American  clergyman,  author,  and  editor.  L.  Abbott 

Abbott,  Tbomas  KlngsmlU.  Contemporary  English  philosophical  writer.  T.K.Abbott 
Academy,  The  (1869-  ).    English  weekly  literary  review.  The  Academy 

Adair,  James  (18th  century).    American  writer  on  North  American  Indians. 

James  Adair 
Adams,  Artbur.    Contemporary  English  naturalist.  Adatiis 

Adams,  Charles  Frands,  Jr.  (1835  - ).    American  lawyer.  C.  F.  Adams,  Jr. 

Adams,  Charles  Kendall  (1835  -  ).     American  historical  writer.  C.  K.  Adams 

Adams,  F.  OttiwelL    British  diplomatic  official.  F.  0.  Adams 

Adams,  Henry  (1838- ).    American  historian.  H.Adams 

Adams,  Henry  0.    American  Jurist.     ("Juridical  Glossary,"  1886.)         Adams's  Gloss. 
Adams,  Herbert  B.  (1850- X    American  historical  writer.  II.  B.  Adams 

Adams,  John  (1785- 1826X    Second  President  of  the  United  States.  J.Adams 

Adams,  John  (^uincy  (1767-1848).    sixth  President  of  the  United  States. 

J.  Quiney  Adams 
Adams,  Samnel  (1722- 1803).    American  statesman.  S.  Adams 

Adams,  Sarah  Flower  (1805-1848).    English  hymn-writet.  S.  F.  Adams 

Adams,  Thomas  (died  after  1652).    English  divine.  T.  Adams 

Adamson,  Robert  (IS.52-  ).    Scottish  philosophical  writer.  Adamson 

Addis,  William  E    See  Catholic  Dictionary. 

Addison,  Joseph  (1672-1719).    English  essayist  and  poet.  Addison 

Addison,  Lancelot  (1682 -1703).     English  clergyman.  L.Addison 

Adventurer,  The  (1752- 1754X    English  literary  periodical.  Adventurer 

Adye,  Sir  John  Miller  (1819-  X  British  general  and  military  writer.      Sir  J.  M.  Adye 
Agardh,  Jakob  Oeorg  (ISia  - ).    Swe<li8h  botanist.  Agardh 

Agasslz,  Alexander  (1385  -  X    American  naturalist  A.  Agassiz 

Agassiz,  Louis  John  Rudolph  (1807  -  1873X    Swiss- American  naturalist. 

Agasgiz.  or  /..  Ayassiz 
Alnsworth,  Robert  (1060- 1743X    English  lexicographer.    ("Dictionary  of 

the  Latin  Tongue,"  173B,  1752,  etc.)  Aiwncorth 

Ainsworth,  William  Harrison  (1805- 1882X     English  novelist.  W.  it.  Ainxworth 

Aird,  Thomas  (1802- 1876X     .Scottish  poet.  Aird 

Airy,  Sir  Qeorge  Biddell  (ISOI  -  X    English  mathematician  and  astronomer.         Airy 
Airy,  Osmund  (184.'>  -  X     English  biographical  writer.  0.  Airy 

Aitken's  Scottish  Song. 

Akenside,  Hark  (1721- 1770X     English  poet.  Altenside 

Akers,  Elizabeth.    See  E.  A.  Allen. 

Alcott,  Amos  Bronson  (1799  -  1888X    American  educator,  philosopher,  and 

author.  A.  B.  Alcott 

Alcott,  Louisa  May  (1832 -1888X    American  author.  L.  M.  Alcott 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey  (IS.'W  -  X    American  poet  anil  novelist. 

T.  B  Aldrich,  or  Aldrich 

Alexander,  Annie  F.  Hector  (1825- X     British  novelist.  Mrs.  Alexander 

Alexander,  James  Waddell  (18IV1  -  18.^9X    American  clergyman.        J.  W.  Alexander 

Alexander,  John  Henry(1812-18«"X   American  sclentlflc writer.   ("Univer- 
sal Dictionary  of  Weights  and  Measures,"  18.50, 1867.)  J.  II.  Alexander 

Alexander,  Joseph  Addison  (1809-  ISCO).    American  clergyman,  conmien- 

tatijr,  and  Orientalist.  J.  A.  Alexamler 

Alexander,  Sir  William.    See  .Stirling. 

Alexander,  William  Lindsay  (1808-1884X     Scottish  theologian.         W.  L.  Alexander 
Alford,  Henry  (1810-  1871X     English  theologian  atnl  comincntat^jr.  Dean  Al/urd 

Alger,  William  Rounseville  (1822  -  X     Americin  clergyman  and  author.     W.  It.  Aljer 
Alienist  and  Neurologist  (1S8<)-  X     American  nuiu^erly  periodical. 

Alien,  and  Neurol. 
Alison,  Sir  Archibald  (17»2  -  1867X     British  historical  and  legal  writer.  Alixon 

Allen,  Alexander  Viets  Oriswold  (1841-  x    American  clergyman.        A,  V.  G.  Allen 
Allen,  Charles  Orant  Blatrflndle  (1848-  X    British  miscelhmeous  writer. 

Grant  Allen,  or  G.  Allen 
Allen,  Elizabeth  Akers  (18;!2-X    American  poet.  E.  A.  Allen 

Allen,  Richard  L.  (1803- 1869X   American  agriculturist.  Jt.  U  Allen 

Allen,  Timothy  Field  (18.37  -  X     American  physician.  T.F.Allen 

Alllbone,  Samuel  Austin  (isni -  1889X    American  bllillographer  and  author.   AUi'xine 
Allingham,  WUllam  (1»24    l^'-ox     British  poet.  Allitujham 

Allman,  George  James  (1812- X    British  naturalist.  Allmnn 

Allman,  George  Johnston  (1824  -  X     Irish  mathematician.  G.J.  Allman 

Allston,  Washington  (1779-  1«43X     American  painter  and  author.  Allxton 

All  the  Year  Round  (18.',9-  X    English  weekly  literary  periodical.    All  the  Year  Itourul 
Almanach  de  Gotba  (1764-  X    (lemian  animal  .statistical  record. 


Cited  in  Diet,  as 

American,  The  (1880  -  X     Weekly  periodical  (PhlladelphiaX  The  American 

American  Anthropologist  (1888- ).     Quarterly  periodical.  Amer.  Anthropologist 

American  (chemical  Journal  (1879-  X     Bimonthly  periodical.        Amer.  Chem.  Jour, 
American  Cyclopsedia,  Appleton's.  Amer.  Cyc,  or  Am.  Cyc. 

American  Journal  of  Archaeology  (i885  -  x    Quarterly  periodical. 

Amer.  Jour.  Archseol. 
American  Journal  of  Philology  (1880  -  X  Quarterly  periodical,  ^nier.  Jour.  Philol. 
American  Journal  of  Psychology  (1887-  x    Quarterly  periodical. 

Amer.  Jour.  Psychol. 
American  Journal  Of  Science  (1818- X    Monthly  periodical.  Amer.  Jmir.  Sd. 

American  Meteorological  Journal  (I884-  x    Monthly  periodical. 

Amer.  Meteor.  Jour. 
American  Naturalist  (1867- X     Monthly  periodical.  Amer.  Nat, 

Ames,  Fisher  (1758  -  1808X    American  statesman  and  orator.  Ames 

Ames,  Mary  Clemmer  (Mrs.  Hudson)  (1839- 1884X    American  author.        M.C.Ames 
Amhurst,  Nicholas  (1697  -  1742X    English  poet  and  publicist.  Amhurst 

Amos,  Sheldon  (18.37  ?-1886X    British  jurist  and  publicist.  S.Amos 

Ancient  and  Modem  Britons  (1884X    Anonymous.  Anc.  and  Mod.  Britons 

Ancren  Rlwle  ('  Rule  of  the  Anchoresses ')  (about  1210X     Anonymous  old  • 

English  work.  Ancren  Biwle 

Anderson,  Anthony  (died  1593).    English  theologian.  A.  Anderson 

Anderson,  Joseph.    Contemporary  Scottish  archa?ologist.  J.  Anderson 

Anderson,  Rasmus  BJom  (1846-  X    American  writer  on  .Scandinavian  sub- 
jects. R.  B.  Anderson 
Anderson,  William  C.  (1852- ).    American  legal  writer.    ("  Dictionary  of 

Law,"  1889.)  Anderson 

Andover  Review  (1884-  X    American  monthly  theological  periodical.      Andover  Rev. 
Andrews,  Ethan  Allen  (1787  -  1858X    American  classical  scholar  (editor  of 

Freund's  Latin  Lexicon,  1850,  etc.).  E,  A.  Andrews 

Andrews,  James  Pettit  (died  1797X    English  historian  and  antiquary.  Andrews 

Andrews,  Lancelot  (1566 -  1B26X    Bishop  of  Winchester.  Bp.  Andrews 

Angell,  Joseph  Kinnlcut  (1794  -  1867X    American  legal  writer.  Angell 

Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle.    English  annals  to  the  middle  of  the  12th  century. 

A.  S.  Chron. 
Angus,  Joseph  (1816-  X    English  clergyman,  writer  on  English,  etc.  Angus 

Annandale,  Charles.    Scottish  lexicographer.    See  Imperial  Dictionary. 
Annual  Review,  The  (IS02-1SO8X  Annual  Rev. 

Anson,  Lord  (George  Anson)  (1697-1762X     English  admiral  and  writer  of 

travels.  Lord  Anson 

Ansted,  David  Thomas  (1814  -  I88OX    English  geologist.  A  nsted 

Anstey,  Christopher  (1724-I8O6X    English  poet.  C.  Anstey 

Antljacobin,  Poetry  of  the  (1797-1798X 
Antiquities  of  Athens.    Stuart  and  Revett. 

Appleton's  American  Cyclopaedia.  Amer.  Cyc,  or  Am.  Cyc. 

Appleton's  Annual  Cyclopsedia  (isfil  -  ).  Appleton's  Ann.  Cyc. 

Appleton's  Cyclopsedia  of  American  Biography. 
Appleton's  Cyclopsedia  of  Applied  Mechanics. 
Arabian  Nights.     Lane's  and  iiurton's  editions  used. 

Arber's  English  Gamer.  Arher's  Eng.  Gamer 

Arber's  English  Reprints.  Arlier's  Eng.  Reprints,  ored.  Arber 

Arbuthnot,  John  (1()67-1736).    Scottish  physician  and  author.  Arlmthnot 

ArchseolOgia  (1770-  ).    Published  by  the  Society  of  Antl<iuarie3,  London.     Archseologia 

Archaeological  Association,  Journal  of  British.    See  Journal. 

Archaeological  Journal  (184.'i  -  ).    Published  (lUarterly  by  the  Archa-ologl- 

cal  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Archieot.  Inst.  Jour. 

Archseology,  American  Journal  of.    See  American. 

Arden  of  Feversham  (ir»!)2).     Anonymous  historical  tragedy.         Arden  of  Ferersham 

Argot  and  Slang,  Dictionary  of  (ISs?).     Edited  by  a.  Barrtre. 

Diet.  0/  Argot  ami  Slang,  and  Earr^re 

Argyll,  Eighth  Duke  of  (George  Douglas  Campbell)  (1823-  X  Scottish  states- 
man and  author.  Argyll 

Armin,  Robert.    English  actor  .and  poet.     ("A  Nest  of  Ninnies,"  1608.)  Armin 

Armstrong,  John  (1709?-1779X     British  poet,  essayist,  and  physician.  Armstrong 

Arnold,  Sir  Edwin  (18;12-  X     English  poet,  journalist,  and  Orientalist.    Edwin  Arnold 

Arnold,  Matthew  (1822- 1888X     English  critic  and  poet.  M.Arnold 

Arnold,  Richard  (died  1521?).     English  antiiiuary.     ("Arnold's  Chronicle, ' 

a  miscellany,  l.'iOS  ;  reprinted  1811.)  Arnold's  Chronicle 

Arnold,  Thomas  (1795-1842).     English  historian  and  educator. 

Arnold,  or  Dr.  Arnold 

Arnold,  Thomas  (1823- X    English  miscellaneous  writer.    (Sta  Catholic  Dic- 

tinnory.)  T.  Arnold 

Arnold's  Chronicle.    See  Arnold.  Richard. 

Arnway,  John  (UMl-lil'ia).     Knglish  clergyman.  Arnway 

Art  of  the  Old  EngUsh  Potter.    L.  M.  Solon. 

Arundel,  Thomas  (1.3,W-U14X     Archbisbup  of  Canterbury.  Ahp.  Arundel 

Ascham,  Roger  (1.'">15-1568X    English  scholar  and  author.  Ascham 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


ASb,  John  (died  177!>).    PInglish  lexicographer.    ("The  New  and  Complete 

Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  177S.)  A>!h 

Asllbumer,  Charles  Albert  (1854-1889).    American  geologist.  Anhburner 

Ashbumer,  John.     English  physician,  J.  Ashburner 

Ashmole,  Elias  (1B17-1092).     English  antiquary.  Ashmole 

Aahton,  John  (1834  -  ).     English  writer.  J,  Ashton 

Astle,  Thomas  (1735 - 1803).     English  antiquary.  Thomas  AsUe 

Athenseum,  The  (18'2S-  ).     English  weekly  literary  review.  Atheiia?inn 

Atkins,  John  (1(58.^-1757).    English  surgeon  and  traveler.  Alfnns 

Atkinson,  Edward  (1827  - ).    American  economist.  ■  E.  Aikinmn 

Atlantic  Monthly  (1857-  ).    American  monthly  literary  periodical.  The  Atlantic 

Atterbury,  Francis  (1602-1732).     Bishop  of  Rochester.      Atterbu-nt,  or  Bp.  Atterbiiry 
Atwater,  Lyman  HotchkiSS  (1813-1883).    American  clergyman  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  Atwater 
Aubrey,  John  (u:2G- 1007).     English  antiquary.  Aubrey 
Audsley,  George  Ashdown  (1838-  ).    See  W.  J.  Audsley. 
Audsley,  William  James.    Compiler  (with  G.  A.  Audsley)  of  "Dictionary 

of  .Architecture  and  the  Allied  Arts."  Audttley 

Audubon,  John  James  (1780-1851).    American  naturalist.  Audubon 

Austen,  Jane  (1775 -1817).     English  novelist.  Jane  Altgten 

Austin,  William  (1587-1634).    English  religious  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

Austin,  or  W.  Austin 
k  Wood,    .^ee  Wood. 
Ayenbite  of  Inw3rt,  The  (ahout  1340).    Translation  hy  Dan  Michel  of  a 

French  treatise.     (E.  E.  T.  S.)  Ayenbite  i./  Inwijt 

Ayliffe,  John  (1076 -1732).     English  jurist.  Ayliffe 

Aylmer,  John  (1.521  - 1594).     Bishop  of  London.  ^  Bp.  Aylmer 

Ayre,  John  (about  1837).    British  writer.  Ayre 

Aytoun,  William  Edmonstoune  (1813-1865).    .Scottish  poet  and  essayist.        Aytoun 

Babbage,  Charles  (1792-1871).    English  mathematician.  Babbage 

Bacon,  Francis  (Baron  Verulam,  Viscount  St.  Albans)  (1661  - 1626).    English 

statesman,  philosopher,  and  essayist.  Bacon 

Bacon,  Nathaniel  (1593-1660).    English  lawyer.  N.  Bacon 

Badcock,  John  (pseudonym  "  Jon  Bee  ").    Author  of  a  lite  of  Samuel  Foote, 

1830.  Jun  Bee 

Badeau,  Adam  (1831  -  ).    American  military  officer  and  author.  Badeau 

Badham,  Charles  David  (1S06-1S57).    English  naturalist.  Badham 

Badminton  Library  of  Sports  and  Pastimes.  Badminton  Library 

Bagehot,  Walter  (1826-1877).     English  economist  and  essayist.  Barjehot 

Bailey,  Nathan  (died  1742).  English  lexicographer  and  translator.  ("  Uni- 
versal Etymological  Dictionary,"  1721 ;  editions  used,  1727, 1731, 1733, 1749, 
1755.)  Bailey 

Bailey,  Philip  James  (1816  -  ).     English  poet.  p.  J.  BaUey,  or  Bailey 

Baillie,  Joanna  (1702-1851).    English  poet  and  dramatist.  J.  Bailiie 

Bain,  Alexander  (1818-  ).    Scottish  writer  on  philosophy,  rhetoric,  etc.  A.  Bain 

Bainbridge,  Christopher  (died  1614).    Cardinal  and  Archbishop  of  York. 

Card.  Bainbridge 
Baines,  Edward  (1774- 1848).    English  jonrnalist  and  author.  Baines 

Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton  (1823-1887).     American  naturalist.  S.  F.  Baird 

Baird,  WilUam  (1803-1872).    British  naturalist.  Baird 

Baker,  James  (1831- ).     British  military  officer  and  author.  J.  Baker 

Baker,  John  Gilbert  (1834  - ).    English  botanist.  J.G.Baker 

Baker,  Sir  Richard  (1568-1646).    English  chronicler.  Baker 

Baker,  Sir  Samuel  White  (1S21  -  ).     English  explorer  in  Africa.  Sir  S.  W.  Baker 

Baker,  Thomas  (16.56-1740).     English  antiquary.  T.Baker 

Baker,  William  Mumford  (1825-1883).    American  clergyman  and  novelist. 

W.  M.  Baker 
Balch,  William  Ralston.  Compiler  of  "Mines,  Miners,  and  Mining  In- 
terests of  the  United  States  in  1882."  Balch 
Bale,  John  (14!15-1563).  Bishop  of  Ossory,  Ireland,  and  dramatist.  Bp.  Bale 
Balfour,  Sir  Andrew  (lOSO-  1G94).  Scottish  physician  and  botanist.  Sir  A.  Balfour 
Balfour,  Sir  James  (1600-1657).  Scottish  antiquary  and  poet.  Sir  J.  Balfour 
Balfour,  James  (1705-1795).  Scottish  philosophical  writer.  Balfour 
Balfour,  John  Button  (1808  - 1884).  Scottish  botanist.  J.  H.  Balfour 
Ball,  Sir  Robert  Stawell  (1840  -  ).  Astronomer  royal  of  Ireland.  R.  S.  Ball 
Ballads,  English  and  Scotch  (1867-8;  edition  used,  1886-90).    Edited  by 

Francis  .James  (  hild.  Child's'  Ballads 

Ballantine,  James  (lsiis-1877).     Scottish  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

J.  Ballantine 
Bancroft,  Edward  (1744-1,821).     English  chemist  and  naturalist.  Ji.  Bancroft 

Bancroft,  George  (l>:0(i-1891).     American  historian.  Bancroft 

Bancroft,  Hubert  Howe  (1832-  ).     American  historian.  //.  Bancroft 

Bancroft,  Richard  (1.544-1610).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Bp.  Bancro.ft 

Banlm,  John  (179i- 1842).    Irish  novelist,  poet,  and  dramatist.  Banim 

Barbour,  John  (died  1395).    ScotlLsh  poet.  Barbour 

Barclay,  Alexander  (died  1552).     British  poet,  scholar,  and  divine. 

Alex.  Barclay,  or  Barclay 
Baret.     See  J.  Barret. 
Barham,  Richard  Harris  (1738-184.5).    English  clergyman,  author  of  " In- 

gol.lsby  Legends,"  Barham 

Baring-Gould,  Sabine  (1834-  ).    English  clergyman,  miscellaneous  writer. 

Baring-Goldd 
Barlow,  Alfred,     Unglish  writer.     ("History  and  Principles  of  Weaving," 

2.1  ed,  l57!i.)  A.  Barlow 

Barlow,  Joel  (1754V-1S12).     Ameiican  poet.  J.  Barlow 

Barlow,  Thomas  (1607-1601).     Illshoji  of  I.inc.dn.  Bp.  Harlow 

Barnes,  Robert  (l«6-  ).     Hritish  medical  writer.  /(.  Barms 

Barnes,  Thurlow  Weed  (1853  -  >    American  author  T.  »'.  Barnes 

Bamfleld,  Richard  (1574-1027).    English  poet.  Bamfcld 

Barr,  Amelia  Edith  (1831 -).    Ameiican  novelist.  A.  E.  Barr 

Barrere,  A.     ^'t:  .\riol  and  Uland. 


Barret  or  Baret,  John  (died  about  1580).     English  lexicographer.    ("An 

Alvearie,"  an  English-Latin  dictionary,  1678 ;  ed.  Fleming,  1580.)  Barret,  or  Baret 
Barrett,  Benjamin  Fisk  (I8O8-  ).  American  Swedenborgian  clergyman.  B.  F.  Barrett 
Barrett,  Eaton  Stannard  (1786- 1820).    British  poet  and  satirist.  E.S.Barrett 

Barrett,  William  Alexander  (1836-).     English  writer  on  music.    (See 

Staii\ei\] 
Barrington,  Daines  (1727-1800).    English  antiquai^  and  naturalist.  BarritujUm 

Barrtngton.Shute  (1734-1826).    Bishop  of  Durham.  Bp.  Barrington 

Barrough  or  Barrow,  Philip  (about  1690).    English  physician.  PhUip  Barrough 

Barrow,  Isaac  (10.30-1077).    English  divine  and  mathematician.  Barrow 

Barrows,  William  (1815- ).    American  clergyman.  W.  Barrows 

Barry  ComwalL    See  Procter. 

Barry,  Lodowlck.    British  dramatist  ("  Earn  Alley,"  1611).  L.  Barry 

Barry,  M.  J.    English  jjoet.  M.  J.  Barry 

Bartholow,  Roberts  (1831- ).    American  medical  writer.  Bartholow 

Bartlett,  John  (1820-  ).    American  editor  and  compiler.   ("Familiar  Quota- 
tions," 1855;  edition  used,  1882.) 
Bartlett,  John  Russell  (1805-1886).  American  author  and  compiler.  ("Dic- 
tionary of  Americanisms,"  1850;  edition  used,  1877.)  Bartlett 
Barton,  John.    English  botanist.                                                                   J.  Barton 
Bartram,  John  (1699-1777).    American  botanist.                                             Bartram 
Bastian,  Henry  Charlton  (1837  - ).    English  biologist  and  medical  writer.       Bastian 
Bastin,  Edson  Sewell  (1843  - ).    American  botanist.  Baetin 
Bates,  Samuel  Penniman  (1827-  ).    American  teacher  and  historical  writer. 

S.  P.  Bates 
Bates,  William  (I625- 1099).    English  theologian.  Bates 

Battle,  William  (1704-1776).    English  physician.  Battie 

Baxter,  Andrew  (died  1750).    Scottish  philosophical  writer.  A.  Baxter 

Baxter,  Richard  (1615-1691).    English  theologian.  Baxter 

Bayly,  Thomas  Haynes  (1797 -1839).    English  poet.  T.  H.  Bayly 

Bayne,  Peter  (1830-  ).    Scottish  essayist.  P.  Bayne 

Beaconsfleld,  Earl  of.    See  Disraeli. 

Beale,  Lionel  Smith  (1828- ).    English  physiologist.  L.  Beale,  or  Beale 

Beattie,  James  (1735-1808).    Scottish  poet  and  author.  Beattie 

Beaumont,  Francis  (died  I6I6).    English  dramatist.  Beaumont 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher.     English  dramatists.    (Francis  Beaumont  and 

.Tohn  Fletcher.)  Beau,  and  Ft. 

Beaumont,  Sir  John  (1583  ?-1627).    English  poet.  Sir  J.  Beaumont 

Beaumont,  Joseph  (1616-1699).    English  poet.  J.Beaumont 

Beckett,  Sir  Edmund  (Lord  Grimthorpe)  (1816-  ).    English  author.         Sir  E.  Beckett 
Beckford,  WilUam  (1759-1844).    English  writer  and  collector,  author  of 

'•  \athek. "  Beckford 

Becon,  Thomas  (about  1512-1567).    English  i{«former.  Beeon 

Beddoes,  Thomas  (1760-1808).    English  physician.  Beddoes 

Bedell,  William  (I.57I-I642).    Bishop  of  Kilmore  and  Ardagh,  Ireland.         Bp.  Bedell 
Bee,  Jon.    See  Badcock. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward  (1813-1887).    American  clergyman  and  author.    H.W.Beeeher 
Beecher,  Lyman  (1775-1863).     American  clergyman  and  author.  Lyman  Beecher 

Behmen,  Behme,  or  Boehme,  Jakob  (1576-1624).    German  mystic.  J.  Behmen 

Behn,  Aphra  (1640-1689).    English  writer  of  plays  and  novels.  Mrs.  Behn 

Behrens,  Julius  Wilhelm.    German  botanist.    Translation  by  A.  B.  Hervey 

and  R.  H.  Ward.  Behrens 

Belfleld,  William  T.  (1865-  ).    American  physiologist.  W.  T.  Belfield 

Bell,  ActOJL    See  A.  BrmUf. 

Bell,  Alexander  Melville  (I8I9-  ).    Scottish  writer  on  phonetics.  Melville  Bell 

Bell,  Currer.    See  C.  Bronte. 
Bell,  Ellis.     See  E.  J.  Bronte. 

BeU,  Thomas  (1792-1880).     English  naturalist.  T has.  Bell 

Bell,  William  (died  1839).    Writer  on  Scots  law.  BeU 

Bell's  British  Theatre  (London.  1797). 

Bellamy,  Charles  J.  (1852-  ).     American  journalist.  C.  J.  Bellamy 

Bellamy,  Edward  (18.50- ).    American  journalist  and  novelist.  E.  Bellamy 

Bellows,  Henry  Whitney  (1814-1882).     American  clergyman.  Bellows 

BelSham,  Thomas  (1760-1829).    English  clergyman.  Belsham 

Belsham,  William  (1763-1827).    English  historian  and  political  writer. 

W.  Belsham,  or  Belsham 
Benjamin,  Samuel  Greene  Wheeler  (1887- ).     American  miscellaneous 

writer.  S.  G.  W.  Benjamin 

Bennet,  Thomas  (1673-1728).    English  divine.  Bennet 

Benson,  George  (1699-1762).    English  divine.  Dr.  6.  Benson 

Benson,  Martin  (1689-1752).    Bishop  of  Gloucester.  Bp.  Benmm 

Benson,  Thomas.    English  lexicographer.    ("  Vocabularium  Anglo-Saxoni- 

cum."  1701.) 
Bentham,  George  (1800- 1884X    English  botanist.  6.  Bentham 

Bentham,  Jeremy  (1748-1832).  English  writer  on  politics  and  jurisprudence.    Bentham 
Bentinck,  Lord  George  (George  Frederick  Cavendish)  (1S02-184SX    English 

politician.  Lord  George  Bentinck 

Bentley,  Richard  (1662-1742).    English  classical  scholar.  Bentley 

Bentley,  Robert  (1821- ).    English  botanist.  R.  Bentley 

Benton,  Joel  (1SS2  -  ).    .American  essayist.  Joel  Benton 

Benton,  Thomas  Hart  (1782-1858).    American  statesman.  T.B.Benton 

Berger,  E.    See  E.  S.  Sheppard. 

Berington,  Joseph  (1746-1827).    English  Roman  Catholic  divine.  Berington 

Berkeley,  George  (1686-1763).    Bishop  of  Cloyne,  Ireland,  and  philosopher. 

Berkeley,  or  Bp.  Berkeley 
Berkenhout,  John  (died  1791).    English  physician,  naturalist,  and  miscella- 
neous writer.  Berkothout 
Bernard,  Richard  (died  1641).    English  Puritan  divine.                                R.  Bernard 
Bemers,  Lord  (John  Bourchier)  (1467-1533).     English  statesman,  translator 

of  Froissart's  "Chronicle,"  etc.  Bemers 

Bemers,  Juliana  (I5th  centm-y).   Reputed  English  writer  on  heraldry,  hunt- 
ing, and  tishing.  Juliana  Bemers 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Besant,  Walter  (1838- ).    English  novelist.  W.  Besant 

Bessey,  Charles  E.  (IfrfS  -  ).     American  botanist.  Bessey 

Betham-Edwards,  Matilda  Barbara  (1836-  ).   English  novelist  and  writer 

of  travels.  M.  Betham- Edwards 

Beverldge,  William  (1637-170s).    Bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  Bp.  Beveridge 

Beverley  or  Beverly,  Robert  (lersC'-ins).    American  historical  writer.         Becerley 
Bevis  or  Beves  of  Hampton  (Hamtoun)  (about  1320-133O).   Translation  of 

an  Anglo-Sorman  romance.  Beces  0/  Uamtoun 

Bible.     English  Authorized  (ICll)  and  Revised  (ISSI,  1884)  Veisions  ;  Middle 

English  Version  (about  1800);  Wyclif  (O.\ford,  about  13S4  ;  Purvey,  about 

1388) ;  Tyndale's  Bible  (1525) ;  Coverdale  (1535) ;  Bible  of  1551 ;  Geneva 

Version  (1560);  Douay  (and  Kheinis)  Version  (15S2,  1609-10). 
Bibllotheca  Sacra  (I841  -  ).   American  quarterly  theological  review.   Bibliutheca  Sacra 
Blckerstaff,  Isaac  (1736?-1812).    British  dramatic  writer.  Bickerstaff 

Blckerstetb,  Edward  Henry  (1825- ).    Bishop  of  Exeter.  Bickentelh 

Billroth,  Tbeodor  (I829  -  ).    Genuan  surgeon.  HUlroth 

Bingham,  Joseph  (1688-1723).    English  writer  on  ecclesiastical  antiquities.    Biiigham 
Birch,  Thomas  (1705-1766).    English  historian  and  biographer.  Birch 

Birdwood,  Sir  George  Christopher  Molesworth  (is32  - ).    Anglo  Indian 

writer  on  Eastern  subjects.  Birdwood 

Bishop,  Joel  Prentiss  (1814  -  ).    American  writer  on  law.  Binhop 

Black,  William  (1841-  ).     Scottish  novelist.  W.  Black 

Blackie,  John  Stuart  (1S09-  ).     Scottish  essayist  and  poet.  J.  S.  Blackie 

Blackmore,  Sir  Richard  (died  172:>).     English  poet  and  author.        Sir  11.  Blackmore 
Blackmore,  Richard  Doddridge  (18-25- ).    English  novelist.  U.  D.  Blackmore 

Blackstone,  Sir  William  (1723  - 1780).    English  jurist.  Blackstam 

Blackwall,  Anthony  (1674-1730).    English  classical  scholar.  BlackuaU 

Blackwood's  Magazine  (1817 -).    Scottish  monthly  literary  magazine. 

Blacku-ood'g  May. 
Blalkle,  William  (1843- ).    American  writer  on  physical  training.  Blailcie 

Blaine,  James  Gillespie  (183U-  ).    American  statesman.  J.  G.  Blaine 

Blatr,  Hugh  (1718  -  I80<J).    Scottish  preacher  and  critic.  Dr.  Illair,  or  //.  Blair 

Blair,  Robert  (1699 -1746).     Scottish  poet.  Blair 

Blake,  WlUiam  (1767- 1827).    English  poet  Blake 

Blamlre,  Susanna  (1747-1794).     English  poet.  Blamire 

Blanqui,  J^rOme  Adolphe  (1798-1854).    French  political  economist.  Ulanqui 

Blasema,  Pletro.     Italian  physicist.     ("Theoi-y  of  Sound,"  trans.,  1876.)         Blaserna 
Blesslngton,  Coimtess  of  (Marguerite  Power)  (1789  - 1849).  English  novelist. 

Lady  Blegsinyton 
Bloomfleld,  Robert  (1766  - 1823).     English  poet.  Bloomjield 

Blount,  Sir  Henry  (I602  - 1682).    English  traveler.  Sir  H.  Blount 

Blount,  Thomas  (1618-1679).     English  lexicographer.     ("Glossographia, " 

16,',6,  1670;  'A  Ij»w  Dictionary,"  1670.)  Blount 

Blundevllle,  Thomas  (lived  about  I.56O).     English  miscellaneous  writer.     Blundei'ille 
Blunt,  John  Henry  (18-23 -  1S84).  English  ecclesiastical  writer.   ("Dictionary 

of  Doctrinal  and  Historical  Theology,"  2d  ed.,  1872;  "Dictionary  of  Sects, 

Heresies,  and  Schools  of  Religious  Thought,"  18T4.)  J.  II.  Blunt,  or  Blunt 

Slant,  John  James  (171M-I855).    English  divine.  J.  J.  Blunt 

Blyth,  Edward  (1810-1873).    English  zoologist.  Blyth 

Boardman,  George  Dana  (18-28  -  ).     American  clergyman.  O.  D.  ISmrdwan 

Boat  Sailer's  Manual  (188«).    Edward  F.  (jualtrough. 

Boccallnl,  Trajano  (15S<>- 1613).    ItaUian  satirist.  Buccal! ni 

Boece.     See  Biietliiug. 
Boehme,  Jakob.     .See  Behmen. 

BoethiUS  or  Boece,  Hector  (died  ISWi).     Scottish  historian.  Boclhiua  or  Boecc 

Boker,  George  Henry  (l8-2;i- 1890).    American  iwet  and  dramatist.  (}.  II.  linker 

Bollngbroke,  Viscount  (llenry  St.  .John)  (1878-1751).    English  statesman, 

publicist,  and  philosopher.  liuUnyhroke 

Bolles,  Albert  8.  (1845  -  ).    American  flnancial  writer.  .1.  .S.  BoUeg 

Bonaparte,  Charles  LUCien  (I803  - 18;'»7).    French-American  ornithologist.     Ilouaparte 
Bonar,  Horatius  (1808  -  18"39).     Scottish  clergyman  and  hymn-writer.  //.  Boiuir 

Boner,  John  Henry  (1845-  ).     American  poet.  ./.  //.  Boner 

Bon  Gaultier  Ballads.  By  sir  Theodore  Martin  and  W.  E.  Aytoun.  Don  Oaulticr  Ballads 
Book  of  Saint  Albans.     A  collection  of  treatises  on  hunting,  fishing,  and 

heraldry,  attributed  U)  Juliana  Berners,  first  edition,  1486. 
Book  of  the  Knight  of  La  Tour  Landry.    Translation  (about  14.'iO)  of  a 

French  work  written  about  1372. 
Boole,  George  (1815-1864).    English  mathematician.  Boole 

Boone,  Thomas  Charles.     English  clergyman  and  nnscellaneous  writer 

(wrote  18-26-1848).  Boom 

Booth,  Mary  Louise  (IS-'fl-IS-slt).     American  author  and  translator.  M.  Boftth 

BoOthrold  or  Boothroyd,  Benjamin  (176»-1836).     English  Hebraist,  Boothroid 

Borde<'r  Boorde,  Andrew(I490V-1549).    English  physician  and  traveler.  Burde 

Borlase,  William  (1695-1772).     English  antiquary.  Borlam 

Bosc,  Ernest.     French  writer  on  architecture.     ("Dictionnaire  Raisonn6 

d'Architecturc,"  1877-1884.)  Bosc 

BOSWell,  James  (1710-179.5).     Scottish  author.    ("Life  of  Dr.  Johnson.")  Bosicell 

Bosworth,  Joseph  (1789- 1870).      English  AngloSaxon  scholar.     ("Anglo- 
Saxon  Dictionary,"  1838,  1848;  ed.  Toller,  1882.) 
Boucher,  Jonathan  (17:i8-1804).     English  clergyman  and  philologist.  Boucher 

Bourchler.    see  Berners. 

Bourne,  Henry  (161X1 -1 7.'«).    English  antiquary.  Bourne 

Boutell,  (JharleB(lsl2-1877V     English  aichieologist.  C.  Boulell,  or  Boutell 

Bouvler,  John  (1787    1851).     American  legal  writer.     ('A  Law  Dictionary," 

18:3;>,  etc.)  Buuvier 

Bovee,  Christian  Nestell  (18-20- ).     American  author.  Bocee 

Bowles,  Samuel  (18-26 -1878).     American  journalist.  S.  Bowles 

Bowrlng,  Sir  John  (1792-1872).     English  linguist,  writer,  and  traveler.    Sir  J.  Bmirlinj 
Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchison  (is-25-).     Scottish  clergyman  and 

essayist.  A.  K.  II.  Bojid 

Boyd,  Zachary  (died  16.'>:i).     Scotti.sb  clerKyman.  %.  Boj/d 

Boyesen,  HJalmar  HJorth  (1848  -  ).     Norwegian-American  author.  Boyesen 


Boyle,  Charles  (Fourth  Earl  of  Orrery)  (1676-1731).     English  author.  C.  Boyle 

Boyle,  Robert  (1627-1691).    British  physicist  and  chemist.  Boyle 

Boyse,  Samuel  (I708-1749).     British  poet.  S.  Boyse 

Brachet,  Auguste  (1844  -  ).     French  philologist.     ("Dictionnaire  Etymolo- 

gitiue  de  la  l.angue  Fran<;aise,"  1868  ;  trans,  by  Kitchin,  2d  ed.,  1878.) 
Bracton,  Henry  de  (died  1268).     English  jurist.  Braclon 

Braddon,  Mary  Elizabeth  (Mrs.  Maxwell)  (1837-  ).  English  novelist.  Miss  Braddon 
Bradford,  John  (died  1555).     English  Reformer.  J.  Bradford 

Bradford,  William  (15SS  - 1657).  American  colonial  governor  and  historian.  Bradford 
Bradley,  Francis  Herbert  (1846-  ).  English  philosophical  writer.  F.  II.  Bradley 
Bradley,  Henry.     Contemporary   English  le.\ieographer.     (See  J.  A.  II. 

Murray.)  II.  Bradley 

Bradley,  Richard  (died  1T3-2).    English  botanist.  Bradley 

Bradstreet,  Anne  (1612"?- 167-2).     American  poet.  Anne  Bradstreel 

Brady,  Robert  (died  1700).    English  historian.  Brady 

Bramhall,  John  (1.594  - 1663).    Archbishop  of  Armagh,  Irelaiul. 

Bramhall,  or  Ahp.  Bramhall 
Bramston,  James  (died  1744).     English  poet.  Brampton 

Brand,  John  (1744-I8O6).    English  antiquary  and  topographer.  Brand 

Brande,  William  Thomas  (1788-1866).  English  chemist.  (See  next  entry.)  Brande 
Brande  and  Cox  (W.  T.  Brande  and  Sir  G.  W.  C^ox).  ("A  Dictionary  of  Sci- 
ence, Literature,  and  Art"  ;  edition  used,  1875.)  Brande  and  Cox 
Brassey,  Lady  (1S40  ?-1887).  English  writer  of  travels.  Lady  Brassey 
Br.ithwaite,  Richard  (died  1673).  English  poet  and  writer.  It.  Brathieaite 
Bray,  Thomas  (1656-1730).  English  divine.  Dr.  Bray 
Brayley,  Edward  Wedlake  (1773  -18,54).  English  archseologist  and  topog- 
rapher. Brayley 
Brende,  John  (li\'ed  about  1563).  English  translator.  J.  Erende 
Brerewood,  Edward  (died  I6I3).  English  mathematician  and  antiquary.  Brerewood 
Breton,  Nicholas  (about  1545-10-26).  English  poet.  Breton 
Brevint,  Daniel  (I6I6-I695).  English  controversialist  and  religious  writer.  Brevinl 
Brewer,  Antony  (lived  about  1655).  English  dramatist.  A.  Breuer 
Brewer,  E.  Cobham  (I8IO-  ).  English  clergyman  and  nnscellaneous  writer. 
("Dictionai-y  of  Phrase  and  Fable,"  21st  ed.,  1889;  "  Dictionary  of  Mira- 
cles," 1884.)  Brewer 
Brewer,  William  Henry  (1S28-  ).  American  chemist.  W.  II.  Brewer 
Brewster,  Sir  David  (1781-1868).  Scottish  physicist.  Brewster 
Bright,  John  (1811-1889).  English  statesman  and  orator.  John  Briylit 
Brlnton,  Daniel  Garrison  (1837- ).  American  ethnologist.  Brinton 
Bristed,  Charles  Astor  (I820-1874).    American  essayist  and  miscellaneous 

writer.  C.  A.  BrL-ited 

British  and  Foreign  Review  (1836-1844).  English  quarterly  literary  review. 

British  and  Foreign  Rev. 
British  Critic  (1793-1843).     English  High-church  periodical. 
British  Quarterly  Review  (1845- ).    English  quarterly  literary  review. 

British  Quarterly  Bev. 
Britten  and  Holland  (James  Britten  and  Robert  Holland).     ("A  Dictionary 

of  English  Plant  Names,"  1878-1888.)  Britten  and  Holland 

Britton,  John  (1771-1857).     English  anti(iuary  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Britton 

Brockett,  John  Trotter  (1788-184-2).     English  antiipiaiy.  Brockett 

Brockett,  Linus  Pierpont  (I820-  ).     American  historical  and  geographical 

writer.  L.  P.  Brockett 

Brome,  Alexander  (1020-I666).    English  poet  and  dramatist.  .1.  Brome 

Brome,  Richard  (died  1652?).     English  dramatist.  lirome,  or  R.  Bronie 

Bronte,  Anne  (pseudonym  "Acton  Bell  ")  (18-20  - 1849).  English  novelist.  A.  Bronte 
Bronte,  Charlotte  (Mrs.  A.  B.  Nicholl-s,  pseudonym  "t'urrer  Bell")  (1816- 

1855).     English  novelist.  Charlotte  Bronte 

Bronte,  Emily  Jane  (pseudonym  "Ellis  Bell  ")  (1818-1848).    English  novelist. 

E.  Bronte. 
Brooke,  Henry  (died  1783).     English  author.  Brooke,  or  //.  Brooke 

Brooke,  Lord  (Robert  Greville)  (Hi08-164;J).    English  general  and  author. 

Lord  Brooke 
Brooke,  Stopford  Augustus  (1832-  ).    English  clergyman  and  author. 

S.  A .  Brooke,  or  Stopford  Brooke 
Brooks,  Charles  William  Shirley  (1816-1874).  ICnglish  journalist,  dram- 
atist, and  novelist.  Shirley  Brooks 
Brooks,  Thomas  (1608- ]68(t).  English  I'm-itan  divine.  T.  Brooks 
Brooks,  William  Keith  (1848-  ).  American  naturalist.  U'.  A'.  Brooks 
Broome,  William  (16^9-1745).  English  poet.  ]V.  Broome 
Brougham,  Lord  (Henry  Brougham) (1779 -1868).    British  statesman,  orator, 

and  author.  Ilrouyhaui 

Broughton,  RhOda(1840- ).     English  novelist.  B.  Brouyhton 

Brown,  James  Baldwin  (18-20-1884).     English  clergyman.  Itec.J.  B.  Brown 

Brown,  John  (lSlO-1882).     Scottish  physician  and  author.  Dr.  J.  Brown 

Brown,  Thomas  (U- "Tom"  (1663-1704).     English  humorist.  Tom  Brown 

Brown,  Dr.  Thomas  (1778  - 1820).     Scottish  metai)hysician.  Dr.  T.  Brown 

Browne,  Edward  (1644  - 1708).     English  traveler.  E.Browne 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas  (1605  - 168-2).     English  physician  and  author.  Sir  T.  Browne 

Bro-wne,WUliam  (1591-1643-;).     English  poet.  W.  Browne 

Brownell,  Henry  Howard  (1820  - 1872).    American  poet.  //.  //.  Brownell 

Browning,  Elizabeth  Barrett  (180»?-I8fil).    English  poet.  Mr.i.  Browniny 

Browning,  Robert  (1812- 18^il).     English  poet.  Browniny 

Bruce,  James  (17:10-1794).     Scottish  traveler  in  Africa.  Bruce 

Bruce,  Michael  (1635-1693).     Scottish  clergyman.  .1/.  Briwe 

Brunne,  Robert  de  or  of  (Robeit  Maiming)  (ttist  part  of  14th  century). 

English  chriinicler  and  translat(»r.  It.  Brunw,  or  Roh.  of  Brunne 

Brush,  George  Jarvls  (1831- ).    American  mineralogist.  U.J.  Brush 

Bryant,  Jacob  (1715-1804).    English  atdiquary.  J.  Bryant 

Bryant,  William  CuUen  (1794-1878).    Amcrii:an  poet.  Bryant 

Bryce,  James  (1>-':1^-  ).     British  historiiral  and  political  writer.  J.  Bryce 

Brydone,  Patrick  (died  I8I8).    Scottish  traveler.  Brydone 

Bryskett,  Lodowlck  (about  1671-1611).    English  poet.  L.  Bryskett 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Bnclianan,  James  (1"91  -  186S).    t'if teenth  President  of  the  U  nlted  States.     Buchanan 
Buchanan,  Robert  Williams  (1841-  ).    Scottisli  poet  and  author.  R.  Buchanan 

Buck  or  Buc,  Sir  George  (died  1623).    English  liistoiian  and  poet.  Sir  G.  Buek 

Buck's  Reference  Handbook  of  Medical  Sciences  (1885-1889). 
Buckingliam,  Second  Duke  of  (George  Villiers)  (1627-1688).  Etiglish  states- 
man and  author.  Buckingham 
Buddngbamsliire,  Duke  of.    See  Sheffield. 

Buckland,  Francis  Trevelyan  (1826 -1880).    English  naturalist.         F.  T.  Buckland 
Buckland,  William  (ITSl  - 1866).    English  geologist.  Buckland 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas  (1821-1862).    English  liistorical  writer.  Buckle 

Buckman,  James  (1816-1884).    English  geologist  and  naturalist.  J.  Buckman 

Buckmlnster,  Thomas.   English  clergyman.    ("Right  Christian  Calendar," 

1570.)  BuckTfiingter 

Budgell,  Eustace  (1686-1737).    English  miscellaneous  writer.  Budgell 

Buffon,  (Seorges  Louis  Leclerc,Comte  de  (1707-1788).    French  naturalist.      Buffim 
Bull,  George  (1634-1710).    Bishop  of  St.  David's.  Bp.  Bull 

Bullein,Wllll£im  (1600? -1676).    English  pliysician.  Bullein 

Bullinger,  Heinrlch  (1604  - 1675).    Swiss  pastor  and  theological  writer.  Bxdlinger 

Bullokar,  John.    English  physician  and  lexicographer.    ("An  English  Ex- 
positor," 1616 ;  edition  used,  1041.)  Bullokar 
Bullokar,  WUliam  (al>out  1686).    English  grammarian.     ("Booke  at  Large 

for  the  .Amendment  of  Orthographic,"  etc.,  15S0.)  W.  Bullokar 

Bulwer.    See  Lytton. 

Bunner,  Henry  Cuyler  (1855- ).    American  author  and  journalist.  H.  C.  Bunner 

Bunyan,  John  (1628  - 1688).    English  preacher  and  allegorist.  Bunyan 

Burgersdicius,  Francis  (1590-1629).    Dutch  logician.    ("Logic,"  trans,  in 

1697.)  Burgergdicius 

Burgess,  James  W.    English  writer  on  coach-building  (1881).  J.  W.  Burgess 

Burgess,  Thomas  (1766-1837).    Bishop  of  Salisbury.  Bp.  Burgess 

Burgoyne,  John  (died  1792).    British  general  and  dramatist.  Burgoyne 

Burguy,  Oorges  Frid^rlc  (1823-1866).    French  philologist  ("Grammaire 

de  la  langue  d'Oil,"  2d  ed.,  1870).  Burguy 

Burke,  Edmund  (1729  - 1797).    British  statesman,  author,  and  orator.  Burke 

Burke,  Sir  John  Bernard  (I8I6- ).    English  writer  on  heraldry  and  gene- 
alogy. Burke's  Peerage 
Burleigh,  Lord  (William  Cecil)  (1620-1598).    English  statesman.  Lord  Burleigh 
Bum,  Robert.    British  military  officer.     ("Naval  and  Military  Dictionary 

of  the  French  Language,"  1842,  etc.)  Burn 

Bum,  Richard  (1709-1786).    English  jurist  and  antiquary.  Richard  Bum 

Bumell,  Arthur  Coke  (1840-1882).    English  Sauslirit  scholar.     (See  F«fe.) 

A.  C.  Bumell 
Burnet,  Gilbert  (1643  -1715).  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  historian.  Bp.  Burnet,  or  Burnet 
Burnet,  Thomas  (died  1715).    English  theological  writer.  T.  Burnet 

Burnett,  Frances  Hodgson  (1849-  ).    American  novelist.  F.  11.  Burnett 

Bumey,  Charles  (1726- I8I4).    English  musician  and  musical  writer.  I>r.  Burney 

Bumey,  Frances  (Mme.  D'Arblay)  (1762  - 1840).    English  novelist  and  diarist. 

Miss  Burney  (novels),  Mme.  D'Arblay  (diary) 
Bums,  Robert  (1759  - 1796).    Scottish  poet.  Burns 

Burrill,  Alexander  M,  (1807-1869).    American  lawyer.    ("Law  Dictionary 

and  Glossary,"  1860.)  Burrill 

Burroughs,  John  (1837- ).    American  author.  J.  Burroughs 

Burt,  Edward  (died  1765).     British  writer.  Burt 

Burton,  John  HUl  (I8O9-I88I).    Scottish  historian.  J.  11.  Burton 

Burton,  Sir  Richard  Francis  (1821-1890).    English  traveler  and  Arabic 

scholar.  li.  F.  Burton 

Burton,  Robert  (1677-1640).    English  writer.    ("Anatomy  of  Melancholy.")      Burton 
Bury,  Viscount  (William  Coutts  Keppell)  (1832- ).     Author  (with  O.  L. 

Hillier)  of  "Cycling"  (Badminton  Library).  Bury  and  Ilillier 

Busbnell,  Horace  (1802-1876).    American  theologian.  Bushnell,  OT  U.  BiMnell 

Butcher,  Samuel  Henry  (i860-  ).    Englisli  classical  scholar.  Butcher 

Butcher  and  Lang.    ("Translation  of  the  Odyssey,"  1879.)  Butcher  and  Lang 

Butler,  Alfred  Joshua  (1850- ).    English  writer.  A.J.Butler 

Butler,  Charles  (died  1647).    English  gramniiirian.  C.  Butler 

Butler,  Joseph  (IO92-I762).    Bishop  of  Durham,  author  of  "Analogy  of  Re- 
ligion." Butler 
Butler,  Samuel  (1612?-16!;0).    English  poet,  author  of  "Hudibras."              S.  Bxitler 
Butler,  William  Allen  (1825-  ).    American  lawyer  and  author.                 W.  A.  Butler 
Butler,  William  Archer  (died  1848).    Irish  clergyman,  and  writer  on  ethics 

and  philosophy.  Archer  Butler 

Bynner,  Edwin  Lassetter  (1842-  ).    American  novelist.  i'.  L.  Bynner 

Byrne,  Oliver.    American  writer  on  mechanical  subjects.  O.  Byrne 

Byrom,  John  (1692- I76;j).    English  poet.  Byrom 

Byron,  Lord  (<ieorge  Gordon  Noel  Byron)  (1788-1824).    English  poet.  Byron 

Cable,  (>eorge  Washington  (1844-  ).    American  novelist.  G.  If.  Cable 

Caird,  Edward.    Contemporary  Scottish  philosophical  writer.  E.  Caird 

Caird,  John  (1820-  ).    Scottish  theological  writer.  J.  Caird 

Calamy,  Edmund  (1600-1666).    English  clergyman.  Calamy 

Calderwood,  Henry  (1830-  ).    Scottish  philosophical  writer.  Calderuood 

Calhoun,  John  Caldwell  (1782-1850).    American  statesman.  Calhoun 

Calthrop,  Sir  Harry.    English  jurist.    ("  Customs  of  London,"  1612.)  Calthrop 

Calverley,  Charles  Stuart  (1831-1884).    English  poet.  C.  S.  Calverley 

Camden  Society  Publications.    Society  instituted  1838. 

Camden,  William  (1561  - 1023).    Englisli  antiquary  and  historian.  Camden 

Campbell,  Lord  (.lohn  Campbell)  (1779  -  I86I),  British  jurist  and  biographer. 

Lord  Campbell 
Campbell,  George  (1719-1796).  Scottish  tlieologian  and  writer  on  rhetoric.  G.  Campbell 
Campbell,  John  (1708-  1775).  Ssottish  writer  of  history,  travels,  etc.  Dr.  J.  Campbell 
Campbell,  John  Francis  (1822-I8».j).    Scottish  writer  on  Highland  life. 

J.  F.  Campbell 
Campbell,  Thomas  (1777-1844).    Scottish  poet.  Campbell 

Campin, Francis.  English  engineer.  ("Mechanical  Engineering,"  1863, 1885.)     Campin 


Campion,  Edjnund  (1640-1581).    English  Jesuit.  Campion 

Canes,  John  Vincent  (died  1672).    English  friar,  historical  writer.  Canes 

Canning,  George  (1770-1827).  English  statesman.  ("Anti-Jacobin  Ballads.")  Canning 
Capgrave,  John  (1393-1464).    English  chronicler  and  theologian.  Capgrave 

Car-Builder'B  Dictionary  (1884).    Matthias  N.  I'orney.  Car-Builder's  Vict. 

Carew,  George  (Earl  of  Totnes)  (1556-1629).    English  statesman.  O.Carew 

Carew,  Richard  (1656-1620).    English  antiquarian  and  poet.    ("Survey  of 

Cornwall.")  R.  Carew 

Carew,  Thomas  (1589? -1639).    English  poet.  Carew 

Carey,  Henry  (died  1743).    English  musician  and  poet.  Carey 

Carleton,  Will  (1845- ).    American  poet.  WillCarleion 

CarlUe,  Richard  (1790-1843).    English  freethinker.  R.  CarlUe 

Carlyle,  Thomas  (1796-1881).    Scottish  essayist  and  historian.  Carlyle 

Carmichael,  Mrs.  A.  C.  (wrote  1833).  Mrs.  Carmichad 

Camochan,  John  Murray  (1817-1887).    American  physician  and  writer. 

J.  M.  Camochan 
Carpenter,  PhUip  Pearsall  (1819-1877).  English  writer  on  natural  his- 
tory. P.  P.  Carpenter 
Carpenter,  William  Ben]  amin  (I8I3  - 1886) .  English  physiologist  and  nat- 
uralist. W.  B.  Carpenter 
Carpenter,'William  Lant  (died  1890).  English  scientific  writer.  W.  L.  Carpenter 
Carr,  WUliam  (17th  century).  British  writer.  W.  Carr 
Carruthers,  Robert  (1799-1878).  Scottish  miscellaneous  writer.  R.  Carruthers 
Carter,  Elizabeth  (1717-1806).  English  poet  and  translator.  Mim  Carter 
Cartwright,  William  (I6II  - 1613) .   English  dramatist,  poet,  and  clergyman. 

W.  Cartwright 
Carver,  Jonathan  (1732-1780).    American  traveler.  Carver 

Cary,  Alice  (1820-1871).    American  poet.  A.Cary 

Gary,  Henry  Francis  (1772-1844).    English  poet  and  translator.  Cary 

Cary,  Phoebe  (1824-1871).    American  poet.  P.  Cary 

Casaubon,  Isaac  (1559-1614).    English  classical  scholar.  Casavbon 

Cass,  Lewis  (1782-1866).    American  statesman.  L.  Cast 

Castle,  Egerton  (1858-  ).    English  miscellaneous  writer.  Bgerton  Cattle 

Catholic  Dictionary.    Edited  by  William  E.  Addis  and  Thomas  Arnold; 

American  edition,  1884.  Cath.  Diet. 

Cathollcon  Anglicum  (1483).   An  English-Latin  dictionary.    (E.  E.  T.  S.)    Calh.  Ang. 
Catlin,  George  (1796-1872).    American  traveler  and  painter.  Catlin 

Cavendish.    See  //.  Jones. 

Cavendish,  George  (1500-1561?).    English  biographer.  O.  Cavendish 

Cavendish,  Henry  (1731-I8IO).    English  chemist  and  physicist.  B.  Cavendish 

Cavendish,  Sir  Willlaiu  (died  1557).    English  politician.  Sir  W.  Cavendish 

Cawthom,  James  (1719-1761).    English  poet  Cawthom 

Caxton,  William  (died  1491?).    English  printer  and  translator.  Caxton 

Caxton  Society,  Publications  of.    Society  instituted  in  London,  1845. 
Cecil,  Richard  (1748-1810).    English  evangelical  divine.  R.  Ceexl 

Centlivre,  Susannah  (died  1723).    English  dramatist  and  actress.  Mrs.  Cenilivre 

Century,  The.    American  monthly  literai-y  magazine.     (Founded  in  1870  as 
"Scribner's  Monthly:  an  Illustrated  Magazine  for  the  People";  name 
changed  in  1881  to  "The  Century  Illustrated  Monthly  Magazine.")        The  Century 
Chalmers,  Thomas  (1780-1847).    Scottish  theologian.  ChaXmeri 

Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas  (died  1565).    English  diplomatist  and  translator.        Chaioner 
Chamberlayne  or  Chamberlalne,  Edward  (I6I6-1703).    English  publi- 
cist. Ckainberlayne 
Chamberlayne,  William  (1619-1689).    English  poet.                        W.  Chamberlayne 
Chambers,  Ephraim  (died  1740).    English  encyclopedist    ("Cyclopsedia," 

1st  ed.,  1728 ;  2d  ed.,  1738  ;  ed.  Rees,  1778-88.)  Chambers 

Chambers,  Robert  (1802-1871).    Scottish  publisher  and  author.  R.Chambers 

Chambers,  William  (I8OO-I883).    Scottish  publisher  and  author.  W.  Chambert 

Chambers's  Book  of  Days.    Edited  by  R.  Chambers. 

Chambers's  Cyclopaedia  of  English  Literature.  Chambers's  Cye.  Eng.  Lit 

Chambers's  Encyclopaedia.  Chambers's  Eneyc. 

Chambers's  Information  for  the  People. 

Chambers's  Journal  (I832-  ).  Scottish  weekly  literary  periodical.  Chambers's  Journal 
Channing,  William  EUery  (1780-1842).  American  theologian  and  philan- 
thropist Channing 
Chapman,  Alvan  Wentworth  (1809-  ).  American  botanist  A.  W.  Chapman 
Chapman,  George  (died  I634).  English  dramatist  and  poet  Chapman 
Charles  L  (1600-1649).  King  of  England.  ("Letters,"  etc.)  King  Charles  I. 
Chamock,  Stephen  (1628-1680).  English  Puritan  divine.  Chamock 
Chatham,  Earl  of  (William  Pitt)   (1708-1778).    English  statesman  and 

orator.  Lord  Chatham 

Chatterton,  Thomas  (1752-1770).    English  poet  Chattertan 

Chatto,  William  Andrew  (1799-1864).    Writer  on  wood-engraving.  Chatto 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey  (1340?-1400).   English  poet  (in  the  "Canterbury  Tales" 

the  Ellesmere  text  in  the  six-text  edition  has  been  preferred.)  Chaucer 

Cheke,  Sir  John  (1514  - 1557).    English  classical  scholar.  Sir  J.  Cheke 

Cheruel,  Pierre  Adolphe  (I809-  ).    French  historian.  Cheruel 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of  (Philip  Dormer  Stanhope)  (1694-1773).    English  poli- 
tician and  author.  Chesterjietd,  or  Lord  Chesterjidd 
Chester  Plays.    A  series  of  miracle-plays  assigned  to  the  close  of  the  14th 

century.  Chester  Plays 

Chettle,  Henry  (died  1607  T).    English  dramatist.  H.  Chettle 

Cheyne,  George  (1671-1743).    Scottish  physician  and  philosopher.  O.  Cheyne 

Child,  Francis  James  (1825- ).    American  critic  and  scholar.    SeeBaUadt. 
Child,  Sir  Josiah  (IfiSO  - 1699).    English  writer  on  trade.  Sir  J.  Child 

Chillingworth,  William  (1602-1644).    English  theologian.  Chillingwmrth 

Chilmead,  Edmund  (loio  - 1654).     English  mathematician  and  miscella- 
neous writer.  Chilmead 
Choate,  RufUs  (1799-1859).     American  jurist  and  statesman.                          R.  Choate 
Christian  Union  (1870-  ).    American  weekly  religious  periodical. 
Christison,  Sir  Robert  (1797  - 1882).    Scottish  physician  and  author. 

Sir  S.  Chrittiton 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Cliurcll  CyclopSBdia  (1886).    Edited  by  A.  A.  Benton. 

Canirchlll,  Charles  (1731  - 1764).    English  poet  and  satirist.  ChunhUl 

ChurclUIiau,  The  (1844-  ).    American  weelily  religious  periodical. 

Churcliyaxd,  Thomas  (died  1604).    English  poet  and  miscellaneoos  writer. 

Churchyard 
Churton,  Kalph  (1754-1831).    English  clergyman.  Churton 

Clbber,  Colley  (1671-1757).    English  dramatist  and  actor.  Cibber 

Caare,  John  (1793-1864).    English  poet.  Clare 

Clarendon,  Earl  of  (Edward  Hyde)  (1608?-1674).    English  statesman  and 

historian.  Clarendon 

Clarendon,  Earl  of  (Henry  Hyde)  (1638- 1709).    English  writer  of  memoirs. 

Lord  Henry  Clarendon 
Clark,  Daniel  Elnnear.    Contemporary  English  writer  on  engineering.      D.  K.  Clark 
Clark,  William  George  (1821-1878).    English  Shaksperian  scholar  (editor, 
with  W.  A.  Wright,  of  the  "Globe  Edition"  of  Shakspere,  1864;  edition 
used,  1887).  w.  a.  Clark 

Clarke,  Edward  Hammond  (1820-1877).    American  medical  writer.        E.  II.  Clarke 
Clarke,  Frank  Wigglesworth  (1847-  ).    American  chemist.  F.  W.  Clarke 

Clarke,  George  T.     (".Medieval  Military  Architecture  in  England.")  G.  T.  Clarke 

Clarke,  James  Freeman  (I8IO-I888).    American  clergyman  and  author.    J.F.Clarke 
Clarke,  Joseph  Thacher.    Contemporary  American  archaeologist.  J.  T.  Clarke 

Clarke,  Samuel  (1399-1682  or  1683).    English  clergyman.  S.  Clarke 

Clarke,  Samuel  (1675-1729).    English  clergyman  and  philosophical  writer.        Clarke 
Claus,  Karl  FriedrlchWUhelm  (1835- ).    German  zoologist.  Claui 

Clay,  Henry  (1777-1852).    American  statesman  and  orator.  H.Clay 

Clayton,  John  (about  1650).    English  law-writer.  Clayton 

Cleavelandorcieveland,  John  (1613-1658).    English  poet.  cieawland 

Cleaveland,  Parker  (1780-1858).    American  geologist  P.  Cleaveland 

Cleaver,  Robert  (died  1613).    English  Biblical  commentator.  BobeH  Cleaver 

Clemens,   Samuel   Langhome    (pseudonym    "Uark   Twain")    (1835- ). 

American  humorist.  Mark  Twain,  or  S.  L.  Clemens 

Clerke,  Agnes  H.    Contemporary  English  writer  on  astronomy.  A.  M.  Clerke 

Clifford,  William  Kingdon  (1845-1879).  English  mathematician  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  w.  K.  Clifford 
Clifton,  William  (1772-1799).  American  poet.  ai/ton 
Clough,  Arthur  Hugh  (1819-1861).  English  poet.  aouffh 
Cobbe,  Frances  Power  (1822- ).  English  writer.  F.P.Cobbe 
Cobden,  Richard  (1804-1865).  English  statesman  and  economist  Cobden 
Cockbum,  Lord  (Henry  Thomas)  (1779-1864).  Scottish  Judge.  Cockburn 
Cockeram,  Henry.    English  lexicographer.     ("The  English  Dictionary,  or 

an  Interpreter  of  Hard  Englisli  Words,"  1632 ;  edition  used,  1642.)  Cockeram 

Cogan,  Thomas  (I736-I8I8).     English  physician  and  philosophical  writer.     T.  Cor/an 
Coghan  or  (k>gan,  Thomas  (died  I6O7).     English  physician.  Coyhan,  or  Coyan 

Cokayne,  Sir  Aston  (1608-1684).     English  dramatist  Cokayne 

Coke,  Sir  Edward  (1552-1634).    English  jurist  Sir  E.  Coke 

Coleridge,  Hartley  (17%-1849).     English  poet  U.  Coleridge 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor  (1772-1834).    English  poet,  critic,  and  philoso- 

plier.  Coleridge 

Coles,  Abraliam  (1813-1891).    American  author  and  translator.  A.  Coles 

Coles,  Ellsha  (died  I68O).    English  lexicographer.    ("English  Dictionary," 

1677,  1717.)  Coles 

Collier,  Jane.    Engliah  writer.     ("Art  of  Tormenting,"  1753.)  Jane  Collier 

Collier,  Jeremy  (I650-I726).    English  nonjuring  clergyman  and  author. 

Jeremy  Collier 
Collier,  John  Payne  (1789-1883).    English  critic  and  Shaksperian  scholar. 

J.  P.  Collier 
ColllngWOOd.    See  WaiU.  CoUingwood 

Collins,  Mortimer  (I827-I87O).     English  miscellaneous  writer.  Mortimer  Collins 

Collins,  William  (1721-1759).    English  poet.  Collins 

Collins,  William  WlUde  (1824-1889).     English  novelist  W.  Collim 

Colman,  George  (1732-1794).    English  dramatist  Colvtan 

Colman,  George  (1762  - 1836).    English  dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

Colman  the  Younger 
Colquhoun,  Patrick  (1745-1820).    Scottish  statistician.  Colquhoun 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb  (died  1832).     English  author.  CMon 

Combe,  Andrew  (1797-1847).     Scottish  physiologist  A.  Combe 

Combe,  George  (17K8-18.')8).     Scottish  phrenologist  G.  Combe 

Combe  or  Coombe,  William  (1741-1823).    English  miscellaneous  writer.      W.  Cmiibe 
Comber,  Thomas  (1645 -1C99).     English  theological  writer.  T.  Comber 

Comeniu8,Johann  Amos  (1592-1670).    Muj avian  writer.  Comenius 

Compton,  Henry  (16.32-1713).     Illshcip  of  London.  Bp.Compton 

Cone,  Helen  Gray  (1869- ).     American  poet  II.  G.  Cone 

Congregationallst,  The  (1817-  )    American  weekly  religious  periodical. 

Cortgregationalist 
Congreve,  William  (1670    17i'.i).    Enslish  dramatist  Congreve 

Constable,  Henry  (1562-1613).     Knglish  poet  Constable 

Constitution  of  the  United  States  (1787). 

Consular  Reports,  United  States.  f .  S.  Cons.  Hep. 

Contemporary  Review  (IH66-  ).    Englisli  monthly  literary  periodicaL 

Contemporary  Rev. 
Conybeare,  William  Daniel  (1787-1867).    English  clergyman  and  geologist. 

Conybeare 
Conybeare  and  Howson  (William  John  Conybeare,  1815-1867  ;  J.  S.  How- 
son,  IslB-1886).     ("Life  and  Epistles  of  St  Paul,"  1851.)       Conybeare  and  Ilmeson 
Cook,  EIl2a  (died  1889).     English  poet  Eliza  Cnok 

Cook,  James  (1728- 177'J).     English  navigator.  Cook 

CJook,  Joseph  (1838- ).    American  lecturer  and  writer.  J.Cook 

Cooke,  George  Wingrove  (1814  -  1k65).     English  lawyer  and  author.     Wingrove  Cooke 
Cooke,  John  (early  part  of  17th  century).    English  dramatist  J.  Cooke 

Cooke,  JolmEsten  (18:i0- 1886).     American  novelist.  J.E.Cooke 

Cooke,  JOBiah  Parsons  (1H27-  ).     American  chemist.  J.  P.  Cooke 

Cooke,  Hordecai  Cubitt  (1826-  ).    English  botanist  M.  C.  Cooke 


Cooke,  Philip  Pendleton  (I8I6-I86O).    American  poet  P.  Pendleton  Cooke 

Cooke,  Rose  Terry  (I827-  ).    American  author.  R.  T.  Cooke 

Cooke  or  Cook,  William  (diedl824).  English  dramatist  and  general  writer.  W.  Cooke 
Cooley's  Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Receipts.  Cooley's  Cyc. 

Cooper,  James  Fenlmore  (1789-1861).  American  novelist.  J.  F.  Cooper,  or  Cooper 
Cooper,  John  Gilbert  (1723-1769).  English  poet  and  general  writer.  J.  G.  Cooper 
Cooper,  Thomas  (1517?-1594).    Bishop  of  Winchester,  and  lexicographer. 

("Thesaurus  Linguae  Romanse  et  Eritannicse,"  1565,  etc.)  Cooper 

Cope,  Edward  Drinker  (1840- ).    American  naturalist  E.  D.  Cope,  or  Cope 

Copland,  James  (1791-1870).    Scottish  physician.  Copland 

Copley,  John  (I577-I622).    British  religious  writer.  Copley 

Corbet,  Richard  (1582-1635).    Bishop  of  Norwich,  and  poet  Bp.  Corbet 

Comhill  Magazine  (i860-  ).    English  monthly  literary  magazine.  ComhiU  Mag. 

Cornish,  Joseph  (1750-1823).    English  theologian.  Cornish 

Cornwall,  Barry.     See  Procter. 

Comwallis,  Sir  Charles  (died  1629).    English  diplomatist  Sir  C.  Cormcallis 

Coryat  or  Coryate,  Thomas  (died  1017).    English  traveler.  Coryat 

Cosin,  John  (1594-1C72).     Bishop  of  Durham.  Bp.  Cosin 

Costard,  George  (1710-1782).    Englisli  writer  on  astronomy.  Costard 

Cotgrave,  Jolm  (lived  about  1666).     English  author.  J.  Cotgrave 

Cotgrave,  Randle  (died  1634 ?).  English  lexicograplier.  ("A  Dictionarie 
of  the  French  and  English  Tongues,"  1611  and  1632 ;  ed.  James  Howell, 
1650,  1660,  1673.)  Cotgrave 

Cotton,  Charles  (1630-1687).    English  poet  and  translator.  Cotton 

Cotton,  John  (1585-1662).     American  clergyman.  J.Cotton 

Cotton,  Nathaniel  (1705-I788).    English  poet  and  physician.  X.  Cotton 

Cotton,  Sir  Robert  Bruce  (1571-1631).    English  antiquary.  Sir  B.  Cotton 

Coues,  Elliott  (lf^42- ).    American  naturalist.  Coues 

Coulter,  John  Merle  (1861- ).    American  botanist  Coulter 

Court  and  Times  of  Charles  I.    By  Father  Cyprien  de  Oamache. 
Court  of  Love.    Middle  English  poem,  once  assigned  to  Chaucer.  Court  of  Love 

Cousin,  Victor  (1792-1867).     French  philosopher.  Cousin 

Coventry,  Henry  (died  1762).     English  religious  writer.  Coventry 

Coventry  Mysteries.    A  series  of  miracle-plays  assigned  to  the  15th  and  16th 

centuries.  Coventry  Mysteries 

Coverdale,  Miles  (1488-1568).    English  Biblical  translator.  Coverdale 

Cowell,  John  (1554-I6II).    English  jurist    ("The  Interpreter,"  a  law  dic- 
tionary, 1607;  edition  used,  1637.)  Cowell 
Cowley,  Abraliam  (1618-1667).    English  poet                                                 Cowley 
Cowper.WUllam  (1731-1800).    English  poet                                                  Courier 
Cox,  Sir  George  William  (1827-  ).    English  clergyman  and  historian.    See 

Brande  and  Cox.  Sir  G.  Cox 

Coxe,  Arthur  Cleveland  (1818- ).    Bishop  of  Western  New  York.  Bp.  Coxe 

Coxe,  William  (1747-1828).    English  historian.  Coxe 

Crabb,  George  (1778-1851).    English  scholar  and  author.  Crabb 

Crabbe,  George  (1754-1832).    English  poet  Crabbe 

(haddock,  Charles  Egbert.    See  Murfree. 

Craig,  John.  English  lexicographer.  ("  New  Universal  Etymological  Techni- 
cal Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  1847-49,  1852.)  Crai^ 
Craik,  Dinah  Maria  Mulock  (1826-1887).  English  novelist  Mrs.  Craik 
Craik,  George  Llllie  (1798-  I86OX  Scottish  writer  on  language  and  literature.  Craik 
Cranch,  Christopher  Pearse  (1813-  ).  American  poet  and  painter.  C.  P.  Crunch 
Cranch,  WUliam  (1769-1855).  American  jurist  Cranch 
Cranmer,  Thomas  (1489-1556).  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Cranmer 
Crashaw,  Richard  (ilied  1649).  English  poet  Crashaw 
Crawford,  Francis  Marion  (1854-  ).  American  novelist  F.  M.  Crawford 
Crawford,  Thomas  C.  (ls49-  ).  American  journalist  T.  C.  Craivford 
Crawfurd,  John  (1783-18<)K).  Scottish  traveler  and  Orientalist  J.  Crawfurd 
Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd  (1812-1878).  English  historian.  Sir  E.  Creasy 
(Jreech,  Thomaa  (1659-170(J).  English  translator.  Creech 
Critic,  The  (I88I-).  American  weekly  literary  periodical.  The  Critic 
Croft,  Herbert  (1603-1691).  Bishop  of  Hereford.  Bp.  Croft 
Croll,  James  (1821-1890).  .Scottish  physicist  J.  Croll,  or  Croll 
Croly,  George  (1780-1K60).  Irish  clergyman,  poet,  and  author.  Croly 
Cromek,  Robert  Hartley  (1770-  I8I2).  English  engraver  and  writer.  Cromek  liemains 
Crompton,  Hugh  (about  1657).  English  poet  Crompton 
Crookes,  WUliam  (1832- ).  English  chemist  W.  Crookes 
Cross,  Mrs.  J.  W.  (Mary  Ann  Evans;  pseudonym  "George Eliot")  (1819-1880). 

English  novelist  George  Eliot 

Crowe,  Mrs.  Catherine  (died  1876).     English  novelist  Mrs.  Crowe 

Crowe,  William  (I743-I829).    English  clergyman  and  poet.  W.  Crowe 

Crowley,  Robert  (died  1588).     Englisli  clergyman,  printer,  and  author.  Crowley 

Crowne,  John  (last  half  of  17tll  century).     English  dramatic  writer.  Crowne 

Cruikshank,  William  (1746-1800).     Scottish  anatomist  Cniikshank 

Cudworth,  Ralph  (1617-1788).     English  philosopher  and  theologian.  Cudu-orth 

Culley,  R.  S.  ("A  Jlanilbocik  of  Practical  Telegraphy,"  8th  ed.,  1885.)  B.  S.  Culley 
Culverwelor  Culverwell,  Nathaniel  (died  about  I66I).  English  theolo- 
gian. Culverteell 
Cumberland,  Richard  (I63I  ?-1718).  Bishop  of  Peterborough.  Bp.  Cumberland 
Cumberland,  Richard  (1732- 1811).  English  dramatist  Cumberland 
Cunningham,  Allan  (1784  - 1842).  Scottish  poet  and  author.  Allan  Cunningham 
Cunningham,  John  (1729-1773).  Irish  poet  J.Cunningham 
Cursor  Mundi  (about  1320).  Middle  English  poem.  Cursor  Mundi 
CJurtis,  George  Tlcknor  (I8I2-  ).  American  jurist  0.  T.  Curtis 
Curtis,  George  William  (1824-  ).  American  essayist  and  editor.  G.  W.  Curtis 
Curtis,  John.  English  entomologist  ("Farm  Insects,"  la.'iO.)  Curtis 
Curzon,  Robert  (Lord  Zouche)  (1810-1873).  English  traveler  and  scholar.  R.  Curzon 
Gushing,  Luther  Steams  (1803-1856).  American  jurist  Gushing 
Cust,  Robert  Needham  (1821- ).  English  philologist  R.  N.  Cust 
Cuvier,  Georges  Leopold  Chretien  Fr6d6ric  Dagobert,  Baron  (1769- 

1832).     French  naturaUst.  G.  Cuvier,  or  Cuvier 

Cyclopaedia,  English.  Eng.  Cyc. 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biography.    See  Appleton. 

Cyclopsedla  of  Biblical,  Tbeological,  and  Ecclesiastical  Literature. 

.See  McCUiittwk  and  Stronij. 
Cyclopaedia  of  Education.    Kiddle  ami  Scht- m. 
Cyclopaedia  of  Engllsli  Literature,  Chambers's. 
Cyclopaedia  of  Political  Science,  Political  Economy,  and  United  States 

History  (1881-1881).    Edited  by  John  J.  Lalur.  Cyc.  PMt.  Sci. 

Dalgamo,  George  (died  1087).    Englisli  writer  on  pasigraphy.  VaXgarnn 

Dall,  William  Healey  (1840  -  ).    American  naturalist.  Dall 

Dalrymple,  Sir  David.    See  Ilailes. 

Dalton,  John  Call  (1825-1889).     Ameiican  physiologist.  Dallon 

Dalton,  Michael  (died  about  1648).    English  lawyer.  U.  Dalton 

Dampler,  William  (16.)2-1715).    English  navigator.  Dumpier 

Dana,  Charles  Anderson  (1819- ).    American  journalist.  C.A.Dana 

Dana,  Edward  Salisbury  (1849-  ).    American  niiiieralogist.  E.  S.  Dana 

Dana,  James  Dwlght  (1813-  ).    American  mineralogist  and  geologist. 

Dana,  or  J.  D.  Daiui 
Dana,  Richard  Henry  (1787  - 1879).    American  poet.  R.  U.  Dana 

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  Jr.  (1815  - 1882).    American  jurist  and  author.    R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 
Daniel,  Samuel  (l'>ii2- 1019).    English  iioet,  Daniel 

Danlell,  Alfred,    t'ontemporary  Scottish  physicist.  A.  Danielt 

D'Arblay,  Mme.    See  Bunuy. 

Darcie  or  Darcy,  Abraham  (about  1626).    English  author.  Darcie 

Darlington,  William  (1782-186:)).    American  botanist.  DarlinyUm 

Darmesteter,  James  (1849-).     French  author  and  translator.  ./.  Darmejiteter 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert  (1809  - 1882) .    English  naturalist.  Darwin 

Darwin,  Erasmus  (1731-1802).    English  physician,  naturalist,  and  poet. 

Dr.  E.  Darwin 
Darwin,  Francis  (1848-  ).    English  naturalist.  F.  Darwin 

Davenant,  Charles  (1656-1714).    English  political  economist  and  publicist. 

C.  Davenant 
Davenant,  John  (157(i-li;41).     Bishop  of  Salisbury.  Davenant 

Davenajlt,  Sir  WUllam  (1006  - 1668).    English  dramatist  and  poet.    Sir  W.  Davenant 
Davids,  Thomas  William  Rhys  (1843- ).    English  Orientalist.  Ithys  Davids 

Davidson,  David.    British -writer.    ("Thoughts  on  the  Seasons,"  1789.)  Davidson 

Davles,  John  (died  1618).    English  poet.  Davies 

Davies,  Sir  John  (1569-1626).     Unglish  lawyer  and  poet.  Sir  J.  Davies 

Davles,  Thomas  Lewis  Owen.     English  clergyman  and  lexicographer. 

("Supplementary  English  Glossary,"  1881.)  Davies 

Davis,  Charles  Thomas  (1857  -  ).    American  technical  writer.  C.  1'.  Davis 

Davis,  Thomas  Osborne  (1814-1843).    British  poet  and  politician.  T.  Davis 

Davison,  D.    Translator  of  Schlosser's  History.  Davison 

Dawbeny,  H.    English  writer.     ("Historierelating  to  Cromwell,"  1659.)         Dawbeny 
Dawklns,  William  Boyd  (1838-  ),    English  geologist  and  ethnologist. 

W.  Boyd  Dawkins 
Dawson,  Sir  John  William  (1820- ).    Canadian  geologist.  Dawson 

De  Bary,  Hemrich  Anton  (1831-  ).    German  botanist.  De  Bary 

De  CandoUe,  Alphonse  (1806- ).    French  botanist.  De  CaiulnUe 

De  Colange,  L.     American  compiler,  editor  of  "Zell's  Encyclopajdia,"  1871, 

and  "The  American  Dictionary  of  Commerce/'  1881. 
Dee,  John  (1527-1(;08).    English  mathematieian  and  astrologer.  Dr.  John  Dee 

Defoe,  Daniel  (died  1731).     English  novelist  and  pamphleteer.  De/oe 

De  Kay,  Charles  (1848-  ).    American  author.  C.  De  Kay 

Dekker,  Thomas  (about  1370-1641).     English  dramatist.  Dckker 

De  La  Beohe,  Sir  Henry  Thomas  (1796  - 1855) .    English  geologist.    Sir  U.  De  La  Beche 
Delany,  Mary  (1700-1788).    Eiiglish  writer  of  memoirs.  Mrs.  Delany 

Delany,  Patrick  (died  ]7fi8).     Irish  divine.  Delany 

De  Lolme,  John  Louis  (died  1807).    English  lawyer  and  author.  De  Lohne 

De  Long,  George  Washington  (1844-1881).    American  explorer.  De  Lony 

Delta.     See  Moir. 

De  Mllle,  James  (1837-1880).    Canadian  educator  and  novelist.  J.  De  MiUe 

De  Morgan,  Augustus  (1806-1871).     English  mathematician  and  logician. 

De  Morgan 
Denham,  Sir  John  (1615-1669).    English  poet.  Sir  J.  Denham 

Deifison,  John  (died  1629).    English  divine.  J.  Denison 

Dennis,  John  (1(357-1734).     English  critic,  dramatist,  etc.  Dennis 

De  Qulncey,  Thomas  (1785-1859).    English  author.  De  Quincey 

Derby,  Fourteenth  Earl  of  (Edward  (ieoffrey  Smith  Stanley)  (1799-18(59). 

Englisli  statesman  and  author.  Derby 

Derham  (or  Durham ?),  William  (1657-1735).    English  divine.  Derham 

Dering,  Sir  Edward  (1598-1644).    English  politician  and  religious  writer. 

Sir  E.  Dering 
Descartes,  Ren6   (1596    16.50).     French  philosopher  and  mathematician. 

Trans.  l»y  Viitch.  Descartes 

De  Vere,  Sir  Aubrey  (1788-1846).    Irish  poet.  Aubrey  de  Vere 

De  Vere,  M.  von  Scheie.    See  Scheie. 

Dibdln,  Charles  (1745- 1814).     English  song-writer  and  dramatist.  C.  Dibdin 

Dibdln,  Thomas  Frognall  (1770- 1K47).    English  bibliographer.  Dibdin 

Dicey,  Albert  Venn  (I835-  ).    English  historical  writer.  A.  V.  Dicey 

Dicey,  Edward.     (>)ntemporary  Englisli  historical  writer  and  publicist.  E.  Dicey 

Dickens,  Charles  (1812-1870),    English  novelist.  Dickens 

Dictionaries.  I'or  general  linglish  dictionaries  (including  glo.ssaries  and 
dialectal  dictionaries),  see  Ash,  .V.  Bailey,  T.  Blount,  J.  Bnllokar,  Cocker- 
am,  E.  Coles,  Craifj,  T.  L.  O.  Davies.  Encyclopsedic,  Fallows,  Glossoyrapkia 
Anylicana  A'ora,  Ilalliwell,  Imperid,  Jamieson,  Jodretl,  Johnson,  Kersey, 
Latham,  Mason,  Minshev,  Nares,  New  English,  Suitall,  E.  rhiltips,  C. 
Richardson,  Seayer,  T.  Sheridan,  H.  II.  Smart,  Stortnonih,  J.  Walker,  N. 
Webster,  J.  E.  Worcester,  T.  Wriyht.  F'or  early  English-Latin  or  Latin- 
English  dictionaries,  see  Barret,  Catholicon  Awjlicum,  T.  Cooper,  Ilvrnmn, 
Uldmt,  Levins,  I'romptoriam  Parvnlorum,  Withal.  The  numerous  dic- 
tionaries of  foreign  languages  used  are  not  mentioned  in  this  list  unless 


they  have  been  specially  cited  (see  Cotgrave,  Diefenbach,  Diez,  God^froy, 
Grimm,  Lewis  ami  Short,  Liddell  and  Scott,  Littr^,  Scheler,  etc.). 

Dictionairy,  Catholic.    See  Catholic. 

Dictionary,  Commercial.  See  De  Colange,  J.  R.  McCuUoch,  McElrath.  and 
Sitnmonds. 

Dictionary,  Drapers*.     See  Drapers'  Dictionary. 

Dictionary,  Law.  See  W.  C.  Anderson,  Blount,  Bouvier,  BurriU,  Cowell,  Moz- 
ley  and  Whiteley,  Rapalje  and  Laurence,  and  J.  J.  S.  Wharton. 

Dictionary,  Mechanical.    See  E.  II.  Knight. 

Dictionary,  MedicaL  See  Dunylison,  Foster,  Quain,  and  Thomas,  also  Syd- 
enham Society's  Lexicon  and  Buck's  Handbook. 

Dictionary,  Mlcrographic.    Griffith  and  Henfrey. 

Dictionary,  Military.     See  Burn,  Farroic,  Knollys,  and  WUhclm. 

Dictionary,  Nautical  or  Naval    See  Burn,  Hamersly,  Totten,  and  A.  Youwj. 

Dictionary  of  Americanlam&  See  J.  R.  Bartlett,  J.  S.  Farmer,  Pickering, 
and  Scheie  de  Vere. 

Dictionary  of  Anonymous  Literature,    s.  Halkett  and  John  Lalng. 
Dictionary  of  Apiculture.    John  I'hin. 

Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words.    See  HaUivxU,  and  com- 
pare T.  Wright. 
Dictionary  of  Architecture,     see  Audsley,  Base,  Gwilt,  R.  Stuart,  and 

Weale. 
Dictionary  of  Art  and  Archaeology.    See  Mollett. 
Dictionary  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Mines.    See  Ure. 
Dictionary  of  Biography  and  Mythology.    J.  Thomas. 
Dictionary  of  Chemistry.    Hemy  Watts. 
Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities.    Smith  and  Chetham. 
Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography.    Smith  and  VVace. 
Dictionary  of  Dates.    See  llaydn. 
Dictionary  of  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing.    See  O'Neill. 
Dictionary  of  Electrical  Words.    E.  J.  Houston. 
Dictionary  of  Electricity.    See  Oreer. 

Dictionary  of  English  History.    Sidney  J.  Low  and  F.  8.  Pulling. 
Dictionary  of  English  Names  of  Plants.    See  Britten  and  UoUand,  W. 

Miller,  and  John  .Smith. 
Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,  Smith's. 
Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and  Mythology,  Smith's^ 
Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Geography,  Smith's. 
Dictionary  of  Hindu  Mythology.    See  J.  Dvuson. 
Dictionary  of  India.    See  Garrett. 
Dictionary  of  Islam.    Thomas  Patrick  Hughes. 
Dictionary  of  Miracles.    See  E.  C.  Brewer. 
Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians.    See  Sir  G.  Grotx. 
Dictionary  of  Musical  Terms.    Stainer  and  Barrett. 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography.    Edited  by  Leslie  Stephen  and  Sidney 

Lee.  Diet.  NaL  Biog. 

Dictionary  of  Old  English  Plays.    J.  O.  Ilalliwell. 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable.    See  E.  C.  Brewer. 
Dictionary  of  Pseudonyms.    William  Cushing. 
Dictionary  of  Racing  Terms.    J.  Cattanach. 
Dictionary  of  Religious  Knowledge.    Lyman  Abbott. 
Dictionary  of  Science  and  Technical  Terms,    w.  M.  Buchanan. 
Dictionary  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art.    See  Brande  and  Cox. 
Dictionary  of  Scientific  Tei-ms.    See  Rossiter. 
Dictionary  of  Sects,  Heresies,  etc    See  J.  II.  Blunt. 
Dictionary  of  Slang.     See  Argot,  Hotten,  and  C.  G.  Leland. 
Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  Smith's. 
Dictionary  of  Theology.    See  j.  H.  Blunt. 
Dictionary  of  Weights  and  Measures.    See  J.  B.  Alexander. 
Dlctlonnalre  de  Botanique.    SI.  H.  Baillon. 
Dictlonnaire  des  Antlquit6s  Grecques.    Daremberg  et  Saglio. 
Diefenbach, Lorenz  (1806-1883).  lierman  philologist.  ("Glossarium  Latino- 

Germanicuni,"  1857;  "Xovum  Glossiuium  Lutino-Germanieura,"  1867.) 
Dlez,  Friedrlch  Christian  (1794-1870).    German  philologist.     ("Etymolo- 

gisches  Worterbuch  der  romanischen  Sprachen,"  4th  ed.,  1878.) 
Dlgby,  George  (Earl  of  Bristol)  (1612-1677).     English  politician  and  writer.        Digby 
Dlgby,  Sir  Kenelm  (1603-1665).    English  diplomatist,  naval  officer,  and 

author.  Sir  K.  Digby 

Dllke,  Sir  Charles  Wentworth  (1843-  ).    English  politician  and  poblicist. 

Sir  C.  W.  DUke 
Disraeli,  Benjamin  (Earl  of  Beaeonsfield)  (1804-1881).    English  statesman 

and  novelist.  Disraeli 

D'Israell,  Isaac  (1766-1848).    English  man  of  letters.  /.  D'Israeli 

Ditton,  Hiunphrey  (1675-1715).    English  mathematician.  Ditton 

DiX,  Morgan  (1827- ).     American  clergyman.  Morgan  Dix 

Dixon,  James  Main.    British  compiler.    ("Dictionary  of  Idiomatic  English 

Phrases,"  1891.) 
Dixon,  Richard  Watson  (1833-  ).    English  church  historian  and  poet.    R.  W.  Dixon 
Dixon,  William  Hepworth  (1821-1879).    English  traveler  and  historical 

writer.  Hepie<nrth  Dixon 

Dobell,  Sydney  Thompson  (1824-1874).    English  poet.  S.  Dobell 

Dobson,  Austin  (1840-  ).    English  poet  and  critic.  A.  Dobson 

Doddridge,  Philip  (1702-1751).    English  divine  and  hymn-writer.  Doddridge 

Dodge,  Mary  Mapes  (1838-  ).    American  author  and  editor.  M.  M.  Dodge 

Dodsley,  Robert  (1703-1764).    English  bookseller,  poet,  and  author.  Dodtley 

Domestic  Cyclopaedia  (1878).    Todd  S.  Goodholme. 

Domett,  Alfred  (I8II-I887).    British  colonial  stjitesnian  and  poet  A.  Domett 

Don,  George  (1798-1856).    British  botanist,  Don 

Doime,  John  (1573-1031).    English  poet  and  divine.  Donne 

Dorr,  Julia  Caroline  Ripley  (1825-  ).    American  poet  and  novelist.      J.  C.  R.  Dorr 
Dorset,  Sixth  Earl  of  (Charles  Sackville)  (1637-1706).    English  poet  and 

patron  of  letters.  Lord  Dortt 


LIST  OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Doubleday,  Thomas  (1790-1870).    English  poet,  politician,  and  writer.      Doubleduy 

Douce,  Francis  (1757-1831).     English  antiquary.  Douce 

Douglas,  Gawln  or  Gavis  (died  15«).    Scottish  poet.  Gavin  Douglas 

Dowden,  Edward  (I813-  ).    English  critic.  Dowilen 

Dowell,  Stephen  (1833-  ),     English  historical  writer.  S.  Dowell 

Downing,  Calybute  (leoo-len).     English  divine.  Downinij 
Dowson,  John  (1820-18«1).     English  Orientalist.     ("Classical  Dictionary  of 

Hindu  Mythology,"  etc.,  1879.)  J.  Dowson 

Drake,  Sir  Francis  (died  1596).     English  navigator.  Sir  F.  Drake 

Drake,  Joseph  Rodman  (1793-1820).    American  poet.  J.  u.  Drake 

Drake,  Nathan  (17(56-1836).     English  physician  and  essayist.  X.Drake 

Drant,  Thomas  (died  1578?).     English  translator.  Drant 
Draper,  John  William  (I8II  - 188-2).    American  scientist  and  historian.    J.  W.  Draper 

Draper,  Sir  William  (1721-1787).    English  political  writer.  Draper 
Drapers'  Dictionary,  The.    Edited  by  S.  William  Beck. 

Drayton,  Michael  (1563-1631).     English  poet.  Drayton 

Dredge,  James.    Writer  on  electric  illumination.  Dredge 

Drone,  Eaton  Sylvester  (1842- ).    American  legal  writer.  Drone 

Drununond,  Alexander  (died  1769).    Scottish  traveler.  A.  Drummond 

Drummond,  Henry  (1851-  ).     Scottish  author.  H.  Drummond 

Dmmmond,  William,  of  Hawthomden  (1585- 1649).    Scottish  poet. 

Vrummmul,  or  Dr^tmmond  of  Haivthormien 
Dryden,  John  (1631-1700).    English  poet  and  dramatist.  Dryden 

Dublin  Review  (1836-  ).    Irish  quarterly  literary  review.  Dublin  Rev. 

Dublin  University  Magazine  (I833-I88O).    Irish  monthly  magazine. 

Dublin  Univ.  Mag. 
Da  Gauge,  Charles  du  Fresne,  Seigneur  (icio  - 1688).  French  philologist. 

("Glossarium  ad  Scriptores  Media  et  Inflniu.'  Latinitatis, "  1678;  edition 
used,  1883-1887.)  Du  Cange 

Doff,  Sir  Hountstuart  Elphlnstone  Grant  (I829-).    .Scottish  political 

writer.  Grant  Duff 

Sufferin,  Countess  of  (Helen  Selina  Sheridan)  (1807-1867).    English  pout. 

Countess  y/  Dufferin 
Dufferln,  Marquis  of  (Frederick  Temple  Hamilton  Blackwood)  (1826-). 

English  statesman.  Lord  Dufferin 

Dugdale,  Sir  William  (1605-1686).     English  antiquary.  Dugdale 

Duhring,  Louis  Adolphus  (I845-  ).    American  physician.  Dultring 

Dunbar,  William  (about  1460-1530).     Scottish  poet.  Dtinbar 

Duncan,  Peter  Blartin.    British  naturalist.  F.  M.  Duncan 

Dungllson,  Robley  (1798-1869).     American  physician.    ("A  Dictionary  of 

Medical  .Science,"  1833;  edition  used,  1874.)  Dunglison 

Dtmlap,  William  (1766-1839).    American  playwright  and  artist.  DuiJap 

Dunlop,  John  Colin  (died  1842).    Scottish  critic  and  author.  J.  Duutup 

Dimman,  Thomas.    English  physiologist.    ("Olossary  of  Biological,  Ana- 
tomical, and  Physiological  Terms,"  1879.)  Dumnan 
Dnnton,  John  (1659-173:1).    English  miscellaneous  writer.  Dunton 
Duppa,  Brian  (1588-1662).    Bishop  of  Winchester.                                        Bp.  Duppa 
D'Urfey,  Thomas  (I653-I723).     English  dramatist  and  song-writer. 

Tom  D'Urfey,  or  D'Urfey 
Durham.    See  Derham. 

Dury  or  Durie,  John  (1596-1680).     .Scottish  theologian.  Dury 

Dwlght,  Timothy  (17.52-1817).     American  theologian  and  poet  Dlriyht 

Dyce,  Alexander  (1798-1869).     English  clergyman  and  critic.  Dyce 

Dyer,  John  (died  1758).    English  poet.  Dyer 

Dyer,  Thomas  Henry  (I804  - 1888).    English  historian.  T.  11.  Dyer 

Earbery,  Matthias  (about  1700).    English  author.  Barbery 

Earle,  John  (1601 V-1665).     Bishop  of  Salisbury.  Bp.  Earle 

Earle,  John  (I824-  ).     English  philologist.  J.  Earle 

Early  English  Text  Society,  Publications  of.   Society  instituted  in  1864.     E.  E.  T.  S. 
Eaton,  Daniel  Cady  (1834  -  ).     American  botanist.  Eaton 

Echard,  Laurence  (1670?- 1730).     English  historian.  Echard 

Eclectic  Review  (1805-1868).     English  quarterly  literary  review.  Edecl.  Itev. 

Eden,  Richard  (died  1576).     Engli.sh  compiler  and  translator.  Jl.  Eden 

Eden,  Robert  (about  1750).    English  clergyman.  Eden,  or  Dr.  11.  Eden 

Edgeworth,  Maria  (1767-1849).     English  novelist  Miss  Edgeworlh 

Edgworth,  Roger  (died  1560).     English  Roman  Catholic  tlivine.  It^lger  Edgwortli 

Edinburgh  Magazine  (1817-1826).     Scottish  monthly  magazine.         Eilinhurgh  Mag. 
Edinburgh  Medical  Journal  (1855-  )  Edinburgh  .Med.  Jmir. 

Edinburgh  Review  (1«02-  ).     British  quarterly  literary  review.  Edinburgh  Her. 

Education  (I88I  -  ).     American  liimonthly  periodical.  Education 

Edwards,  Amelia  Blandford  (1831-  ).    English  novelist  and  archa'ologist. 

A.  B.  Edwards 
Edwards,  Bryan  (174:j-180<().     West  India  merchant  and  writer.  Bryan  Edwards 

Edwards,  Henry  Sutherland  (1828-  ).    English  journalist.  //.  S.  Edwards 

Edwards,  Jonathan  (1703-1758).    American  theologian  and  metaphysician.    Edwards 
Edwards,  M.  B.  Betham-.    See  Betham-Eduards. 

Edwards,  Richard  (died  15*J6).     English  dramatist  and  poet.  R.  Edwards 

Edwards,  Thomas  (1699-1757).     English  critic.  T.Edwards 

Eggleston,  Edward  (1837-  ).    American  novelist  and  historical  writer.      E.  Egglestun 
Ehrenberg,  Christian  Gottfried  (1795-187C).    German  naturalist  Ehrenberg 

Elkon  Basillke  (1(.49).     Work  relating  to  Charles  I.  Eikon  BatUike 

Eissler, ManueL  American  engineer.  ("The  ModernUigh  Explosives,  "1884.)       Eisslc- 
Eliot,  George.    See  Cross. 
Eliot,  John.    English  writer.     ( 'i)rtho-epia-GaUica,  Eliot's  Fruits  fur  the 

French,"  1593.)  Eliut 

Ellesmere,  Earl  of  (Francis  Egerton)  (1800-1857).  English  poet  and  politi- 
cian. Lord  Ellesmere 
Ellis,  Henry  (I721-I8O6).  American  colonial  governor  and  explorer.  //.  Elli'.i 
Ellis,  John.  Irish  divine  (wrote  about  1743).  Ellis 
EllWOOd,  Thomas  (I639-I71;)).  F.nglish  author.  T.  Ellwood 
Ellys,  Anthony  (1690-1761).     Bishop  of  .St  David's.                                            Bp.  Ellys 


Elton,  Sir  Arthur  Hallam  (1818-1883).    English  novelist.  Sir  A.  U.  Elton 

Elton,  Charles  Isaac  (1839-  ).     English  jurist  and  ethnologist.  C.  Elton 

Ely,  Richard  Theodore  (1854-  ).    American  political  economist.  /(.  T.  Ely 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas  (llOO.'- 1.546).  English  diplomatist,  author,  and  lexicog- 
rapher. ('*  The  Dictionary  [Latin-English]  of  Syr  T.  Eliot,  Knyght,"  1538, 
1545 ;  ed.  Cooper,  "Bibliotheca  Eliota;,"  15.50,  1552,  1559.)  Sir  T.  Elyot 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo  (1H(W-1882).     American  poet  and  essayist  Emerson 

Encyclopsedia,  Blackie's  Popular.  Pop.  Eneyc. 

Encyclopsedia,  Chambers's.    Edinburgh  editions,  I8GO-I8G8,  etc..  1888-  ; 

American  edition  ("I.ibrai'y  of  Universal  Knowledge"),  1880-188-2. 
Encyclopsedia,  Farrow's  Military.  Farrow 

Encyclopsedia,  Hamersly's  Naval.  Uamersly 

Encyclopsedia,  Religious,    see  Schaff-Uerzog. 

Encyclopsedia,  ZeU's  Popular.  Zell 

Encyclopsedia  Americana.  Encyc.  Amer. 

Encyclopsedia  Britannica.    Xinth  edition,  1875-1888.  Encyc.  Brit. 

Encyclopsedia  Metropolitana.  Encyc.  Metr. 

Encyclopsedia  of  Architecture.    See  Gu-ilt. 
Encyclopsedia  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  etc.    s>ee  Spans. 
Encyclopsedic  Dictionary  (1879- 1888).    Edited  by  Robert  Hunter. 

Encyc.  Diet.,  or  E.  D. 
Encyclopsedic  Medical  Dictionary.    See  F.  P.  Foster.  Encyc.  Med.  Diet. 

EndUcher,  Stephan  Ladislaus  (1804-1849).    Austrian  botanist.  Endlicher 

Engineer,  The  (18G5-  ).     English  weekly  periodical.  The  Engineer 

Engineering  (18G6- ).     English  weekly  periodical.  Engineering 

Engineering  News  (1874-  ).     American  weekly  periodical.  Engineering  News 

English  Cyclopsedia(l8.)4- 1862).    Charles  Knight.  Eng.  Cyc. 

English  Dialect  Society,  Publications  of.    Society  instituted  in  I87;i.  E.  D.  S. 

Ersklne,  John  (10'.l.'i-17C8).     Scottish  jurist  Erskines  Inst.,  or  Ersldne 

Eschscholtz,  Johann  Frledrioh  von  (1793-I8.S4).    German  naturalist  and 

traveler.  Eschscholtz 

Etherege,  Sir  George  (died  1691).    English  dramatist.  Etherege 

Eusden,  Laurence  (I688-1730).    English  poet.  Eusden 

Eustace,  John  ChetWOde  (died  1815).     English  antiquary.  Eustace 

Evans,  John  (1S23-  ).    British  antiquary.  Evans 

Evans,  Mary  Ann.    See  Cross. 

Evelyn,  John  (IG2O-I7OG).     English  author.  Evelyn 

Everett,  Edward  (1794-1865).     American  orator  and  statesman.  Everett 

Everett,  Joseph  David  (1831-  ).    English  physicist  J.  D.  Everett 

Ewing,  Juliana  Horatia  (1841-1885).    English  writer.  J.  II.  Eiving 


Faber,  Frederick  WlUiam  (I814 - 1863).    English  poet. 
Faber,  George  Stanley  (1773-1854).    English  theologian. 
Fabyan,  Robert  (died  1513).     English  chronicler. 
Fagge,  Charles  Hilton  (1K3S  -  I8SI).    English  medical  writer. 
Fairfax,  Edward  (died  l(;;i5).     English  translator  and  poet. 


Faber 

G.  S.  Faber 

Fabyan 

Fagge 
Fairfax 


Fairholt,  Frederick  William  (1814-18G(J).    English  antiquai-y  and  writer 

on  art.  Fairholt 

Faiths  of  the  World.    St.  Giles  Lectures,  Edinburgh.  Faiths  of  the  World 

Falconer,  William  (1732- 17('i9).     British  poet  Falconer 

Fallon,  S.  W.     ("  English-Hindustani  Dictionary,"  1879.)  Fallon 

Fallows,  Samuel  (1835- ).    American  bishop.   ("Supplemental  Dictionary," 

1K,S6.)  Fallows 

Fanning,  John  Thomas  (1837- ).    American  engineer.  Fanning 

Fanshawe,  Sir  Richard  (ICO8-I6G6).     English  diplomatist  and  poet.  Fanshawe 

Faraday,  Michael  (1791-1867).    English  physicist  Faraday 

Farindon,  Anthony  (1598- 1G58).    English  divine.  Farindon 

Farley,  James  Lewis  (1823-18S5).     English  writer  on  Turkey.  J.  L.  Farley 

Farlow,  William  Gibson  (1844- ).     American  botanist  Farlow 

Farmer,  Hugh  (1714-17S7).     English  theological  wi-iter.  //.  Farmer 

Farmer,  John  S.     English  compiler.    (''Dictionary  of  .Americanisms,"  1889.)    Fanner 
Farquhar,  George  (1G78-1707).    British  dramatist  Fanjuhar 

Farrar,  Frederic  William  (1831~).    English  elergynnm  and  theological 

writer.  Farrar,  ovF.  W.Furrar 

Farrow's  Military  Encyclopsedia  (1885).  Farrow 

Favour,  John  (died  l(;-23).     English  divine.  J.  Favour 

Fawcett,  Henry  (1833-1884).    English  statesman  and  political  economist.       Faweett 
Fawkes,  Francis  (17-20-1777).     English  poet  and  divine.  Fttwkes 

Featley,  Daniel  (1">82-1C45).     English  controversialist.  D.  Fentley 

Fell,  John  (1C25  -  16«G).     Bishop  of  OxtonL  Bp.  Fell 

Fellowes,  Robert  (1771-1847).    English  religious  and  miscellaneous  writer.     Fellowes 
Feltham,  Owen  (died  1068).     English  moralist  Feltham 

Felton,  Henry  (1679-1740).      English  divine.  Felton 

Fenton,  Elijah  (1G83-1730).     English  poet.  Fenlon 

Fergusson,  James  (1808- 188G).     British  writer  on  architecture.  J.  Fergussvn 

Fergusaon,  Robert  (1750-1774).     Scottish  poet  Fergusson 

Ferrar,  Nicholas  (I.592-IC37).     Engli,sh  religious  writer.  A'.  Ferrar 

Ferrars,  George  (died  1579).     English  i>olitician,  historian,  and  poet.  G.  Ferrars 

Ferrler,  James  Frederick  (180H-18U4).     Scottish  metaphysician.  Ferrier 

Ferrier,  Susan  Edmonstone  (17S2-1854).    .Scottish  novelist  Miss  Ferrier 

Flddes,  Richard  (1G71-1725).     English  divine  and  historian.  Fiddes 

Field,  The  (1H53-  ).     English  weekly  "country  gentleman's  newspaper."        The  Field 
Fielding,  Henry  (1707    17.)4).     English  novelist.  Fielding 

Fields,  James  Thomas  (IHI7-I88I).     American  publisher  and  writer,       J.  T.  Fields 
Filmer,  Edward  (about  17(K)).     English  diamatic  writer.  E.  Filiner 

Finch-Hatton,  Hon.  Harold  Heneage  (1S5(;-).    English  writer  on  Aus- 

tnilia.  Finch-Unttun 

Flnlay,  George  (1799-1875).    Englisli  historian.  Finlay 

First  Year  of  a  Silken  Reign,  The.    Andrew  W.  Tner  and  Charles  E.  Fagan, 
Fish,  Simon  (died  I.53I).     English  Reformer  and  pamphleteer.  S.  Fish 

Fisher,  George  Park  (I827-  ).     American  wiiter  on  church  history.  G.  P.  Fisher 

Fisher,  John  (died  1535).     Bishop  of  Rochester.  Bp.  Fisher 


15 


LIST   OP   WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Fisheries  and  nshlng  Industries  of  the  United  States.    Edited  by 

George  Browu  Goode,  1887.  FuherUs  of  IT.  S. 

Fiske,  John  (1842- ).    American  historical  and  philosophical  writer.  J.  Fuke 

Fitch,  J.  G.  (1824- ).    Englisli  writer  on  educational  subjects.  J.  G.  Fitch 

ntz-Geoffry,  Charles  (died  1038).    English  poet  and  divine.  Fili-Geoffry 

Fltz-Osbome,  Sir  Thomas.    See  W.  Melmoth. 

Fltzroy,  Rohert  (1805-1865).    British  admiral,  hydrographer,  and  meteor- 
ologist. Fitzroy 
Fleetwood,  WlUiam  (1656-1723).    Bishop  of  Ely.                                       Bp.  Fleetwood 
Fleming,  John  (1785-1857).    Scottish  naturalist.                                    I>r.  J.  Fleming 
Fleming,  William  (1794-1866).    Scottish  divine,  philosophical  writer,  and 

compiler.  Fleming 

Fletcher,  Giles  (died  1623).    English  poet  O.  Fletcher 

Fletcher,  John  (1579-1625).    English  dramatist.  J.  Fletcher,  or  Fletcher 

Fletcher,  Phlneas  (1682-1650).    English  poet.  P.  Fletclier 

Flint,  Austin  (1830- ).    American  medical  writer.  Flint 

Flint,  Charles  Louis  (1824-1889).    American  botanist.  C.  L.  Flint 

Horio,  John  (died  1625).     Italian-English  lexicographer.    ("A  Worlde  of 

Wordes,"  an  It;ilian  and  English  dictionary,  1598;  2d  ed.,  1611.)  Florio 

Flower,  William  Henry  (1831- ).    English  naturalist.  W.  H.  Flower 

Floyer,  Sir  John  (1649-1734).    English  physician.  Floyer 

FoUt-Lore  Society,  Publications  oC    Society  instituted  in  1877. 
Fonblanque,  Albany  (1793-1872).    English  journalist.  A.  FoiMamiue,  Jr. 

Fonblanque,  John  de  Grenier  (1760-1837).    English  jurist.  J.  Fonblanque 

Fonseca,  Pedro  3ozi  da  (died  1816).    Portuguese  philologist.  Fonseca 

Foote,  Samuel  (1720-1777).     English  dramatist  and  actor.  Foote 

Forbes,  Archibald  (1838-  ).    British  war  correspondent  and  miscellaneous 

writer.  Arch.  Forbes 

Forbes,  Edward  (1815-1854).    British  naturalist.  E.Forbes 

Forbes,  Henry  Ogg.    Contemporary  Scottish  traveler.  //.  0.  Forbes 

Forbes,  James  David  (1809-1868).    Scottish  scientist.  J.D.Forbes 

Forby,  Robert  (1759-1825).     English  clergyman  and  compiler.    ("Vocabu- 

lai-y  of  East  Anglia,"  1830.)  Forby 

Ford,  John  (1586 -after  1638).    English  dramatist.  Ford 

Fordyce,  Sir  William  (1724-1792).    Scottish  physician.  Sir  W.  Fordyce 

Foreign  (2uarterly  Review  (1827-1846).    English  quarterly  literary  re- 
view. Foreign  Quarterly  Rev. 
Forest  and  Stream  (1873- ).    American  weekly  periodical. 

Forney,  Matthias  N.    American  writer  on  mechanical  subjects.  Forney 

Forster,  John  (1812-1876).    English  journalist  and  essayist  Forster 

Forsyth,  Joseph  (1763-1815).    Scottish  traveler.  Forsyth 

Fortescue,  Sir  John  (13947-1476?).    English  jurist  Fortescue 

Fortnightly  Review  (1865-).    English  monthly  literary  periodical.    Fortnightly  Jiev. 
Forum,  The  (1886- ).    American  monthly  literary  periodical.  The  Forum 

Fosbrooke,  Thomas  Dudley  (1770-1842).    English  antiquary.  Fosbrooke 

Foster,  Frank  Pierce  (1841- ).    American  physician  and  editor.     ("An 

Illustrated  Encyclopiedic  Medical  Dictionary,"  1888-  .)  Encyc.  Med.  Diet. 

Foster,  John  (1770-1843).    English  essayist.  Foster 

Foster,  Michael  (1836-  ).     English  physiologist  M.  Foster 

Fotherby,  Martin  (died  1619).    Bishop  of  Salisbury.  Fotherby 

Fountainhall,  Lord  (Sir  John  Lauder)  (1646-1722).    Scottish  judge.        FuuiUainhall 
Fourcroy,  Antoine  Francois  de  (1755-1809).    French  chemist  Fourcroy 

Fowler,  Thomas  (1832-  ).  English  clergyman  and  writer  on  logic  and  phi- 
losophy. Fowler 
Fownes,  George  (1815-1849).  English  chemist  Foumes 
Fox,  Caroline  (1819-1871).  English  diarist  Caroline  Fox 
Fox,  Charles  James  (1749-1806).  English  statesman  and  orator.  Fox 
Foxe  or  Fox,  John  (1516-1587).  English  writer  ("the  martyrologist").  Foxe 
Frampton,  John  (about  1580).  English  merchant.  Frampton 
Francis,  Philip  (died  1773).  English  translator  and  general  writer.  P.  Francis 
Frainkland,  Edward  (1825-  ).  English  chemist  F.  Frankland 
Franklin,  Benjamin  (1700-1790).    .American  philosopher,  statesman,  and 

author.  Franklin 

Franklin  Institute,  Journal  of  the.    .See  Journal. 

Fraser,  Alexander  Campbell  (1819- ).    Scottish  philosophical  writer.  Fraser 

Fraser's  Magazine  (1830-1882).    English  monthly  magazine.  Eraser's  Mag. 

Freeman,  Edward  Augustus  (1823-  ).     English  historian.  E.  A.  Freeman 

Freneau,  Philip  (1752-1832).    American  poet  Freneau 

Ttere,  John  Hookham  (1769-1846).    English  diplomatist  and  writer.         J.  H.  Frere 
Frey,  Heinrich  (1822  -  ).    German  physician  and  naturalist  Frey 

Friswell,  James  Hata.  (1825-1878).    English  miscellaneous  writer.         Main  FrisweU 
Frost,  Percival  (1K17-).    English  mathematician.  Frost 

Frothingham,  Octavlus  Brooks  (1822-).   American  clergyman  and  author. 

0.  B.  Frothingham 
Froude,  James  Anthony  (1818- ).    English  historian.  Froude 

Frjrth  or  mth,  John  (1.503  - 1533).     English  Reformer  and  martyr.  Fryth 

Fulke,  William  (1538-1589).    English  I'uritan  divine.  Fulke 

Fuller,  Andrew  (1754-1815).    English  theologian.  A.  Fuller 

FuUer,  Margaret  (Marchioness  Ossoli)  (1810-1850).    American  author.    Marg.  Fuller 
FuUer,  Thomas  (l(W8-lfiCl).    English  theologian  and  historian.  FuUer 

Fumess,  Horace  Howard  (1833-  ).    American  Shaksperian  scholar.  Furness 

Galnsford,  Thomas  (died  1624V).    English  author.  T.  Oains/ord 

Gairdner,  James  (1828- ).    Scottish  historian.  J.  Gairdner 

Gallatin,  Albert  (1701  -  1849).    American  statesman.  Gallatin 

Galloway,  Robert  (lived  aljout  1788).    .Scottish  poet  Galloway 

Gait,  John  (1779-1839).    Scottish  novelist  Gait 

Galton,  Francis  (1822- ).    English  traveler  and  anthropologist  Francis  Gallon 

Ganot,  Adolphe  (1804- ).     French  physicist    Trans,  by  Atkinson.  Gaiwt 

Gardiner,  Stephen  (died  15.5.".).    Bishop  of  Winchester.  Bp.  Gardiner 

Gamer,  Robert.    British  naturalist.  11.  Gamer 

Oamett,  Richard  (1789-1650).    English  philologist  Gamett 


Garrard,  Eenner.    American  military  officer,  editor  of  "  Nolan'i  System  for 

Training  Cavalry  Horses,"  1862.  Garrard 

Garrett,  John.    ("Classical  Dictionary  of  India,"  1871-1873.)  Garrett 

Garrick,  David  (1717-1779).    English  actor  and  playwright  Garrick 

Garth,  Sir  Samuel  (1661-1719).    EngUsh  physician  and  poet  Garth 

Gascoigne,  George  (died  1577).    English  poet  and  dramatist  Oasarigne 

Gaskell,  Elizabeth  Cleghom  (1810-1865).    English  novelist  Mrs.  Gaskell 

Gauden,  John  (I6O6-I662).    Bishop  of  Worcester.  Bp.  Gauden 

Gay,  John  (1085  - 1732) .    English  i>oet  and  dramatist  Gay 

Gayarr^  Charles  Etlenne  Arthur  (I8O6- ).    American  historian.  Gayarri 

Gayton,  Edmund  (1608-1666).    English  humorist  Gayton 

Geddes,  Alexander  (1737  - 1802).    Scottish  Biblical  critic.  Geddes 

Geddes,  WUliam  Duguld  (1828-  ).    Scottish  cLissical  scholar.  Prof.  Geddes 

Gegenbaur,  Earl  (1826- ).    German  anatomist.  Oegettbaur 

GeiMe,  Sir  Archibald  (1835- ).    Scottish  geologist  GeOcU 

GeiMe,  James  (1839- ).    Scottish  geologist  J.  GeOcie,  or  Geliie 

Geneste,  John  (1764-1839).    ("Account  of  the  English  Stage,"  1832.)  GenesU 

Gentleman's  Magazine  (I73I-  ).    English  monthly  literary  magazine. 

Gentleman's  Mag. 
Gentleman's  Recreation  (1st  ed.,  1674).    By  Nicholas  (3oi.  Gmt.  Recreation 

Genung,  John  F.  (1850- ).    American  educator.  Genung 

Geological  Magazine  (1864-  ).    English  monthly  periodlcaL  Oeol.  Mag. 

Geological  Society,  Quarterly  Journal  of  (1845- ).    English  qaarterly 

periodical.  Quart  Jour.  Geol.  Soe. 

Gerardeor  Gerard,  John  (1545-1612).    English  surgeon  and  herbalist.  Gerarde 

Gesta  Romanorum  (I3th  century).    Collection  of  legends. 

Gibbon,  Edward  (1737-1794).    English  historian.  OMm 

Gibbs,  JoBlah  WUlard  (1790-I86I).    American  philologist  J.  W.  Oibbs 

Glfford,  John  (1758-1818).    English  miscellaneous  writer.  J.  Gifford 

Glfford,  Richard  (1725-1807).    English  clergyman  and  general  author.        R.  Gifford 
Gifford,  WUliam  (1756-1826).    English  editor,  critic,  and  satirist  Gifford 

Gilbert,  William  Schwenck  (1836  -  ).    English  librettist  and  ballad-writer. 

W.S.OObert 
Gilder,  Richard  Watson  (I844-  ).    American  poet  and  editor.  R.  W.  Gilder 

Gilder,  William  Henry  (1838-  ).    American  explorer  and  journalist.         W.  H.  Gilder 
Giles,  Henry  (I8O9-I882).     American  lecturer.  H.  OHet 

Giles,  Herbert.    British  consul  in  China.    ("Glossary  of  Reference,"  1878.)  GHet 

Gill,  Theodore  Nicholas  (1837- ).    American  naturalist  Gill 

Gillmore,Quincy  Adams  (1825-1888).   American  general  and  engineer.    Q.A.GHlmore 
GUly,  William  Stephen  (1789-1855).    EngUsh  clergyman.  GtUy 

Gilman,  Daniel  Coit  (1831-  ).    American  educator  and  author.  D.  C.  GUman 

Gilpin,  William  (1724-1804).    English  clergyman  and  general  writer.  W.  Gilpin 

Gindely,  Anton  (1829-  ).     Bohemian  historian.  A.  Gindely 

Gladstone,  William  Ewart  (1809-  ).    English  statesman  and  scholar.         Gladstone 
GlanvUle  or  Glanvlll,  Joseph  (1636-1680).    English  divine.  GlanviUe 

Glazebrook  and  Shaw.     ("Practical  Physics,"  I886.)  Glazebrook  artd  Shaw 

Glen,  William  (1789-1826).    Scottish  poet  W.  Glen 

Glennle,  John  S.  Stuart.    Contemporary  British  writer.  Stuart  Glennie 

Glossary,  JuridicaL    See  H.  C.  Adams. 
Glossary,  Nares's,    See  Nares. 

Glossary  of  Anglo-Indian  Terms.    See  Yvle  and  Bumell. 
Glossary  of  Architecture.    See  Oxford  Glossary. 
Glossary  of  Biological,  Anatomical,  and  Physiological  Terms.    See 

Dunman. 
Glossary  of  Liturgical  and  Ecclesiastical  Terms.    F.  G.  Lee. 
Glossary  of  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Terms.    R.  w.  Raymond. 
Glossary  of  North  Country  Words.    John  Trotter. 
Glossary  of  Terms  and  Phrases.    H.  Percy  Smith. 
Glossary  of  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  Dialect.    Thomas  Edmonston. 
Glossographia.    See  T,  Blount. 

Glossographia  Angllcana  Nova  (1707).  An  anonymous  English  dictionary. 
Glover,  Richard  (1712-1785).    English  poet.  Glover 

Godefroy,  Fr6d6ric  (1826- ).   French  scholar.   ("Dictionnaire  de  rAncienne 

Langue  Francjaise,"  1880.)  God^froy 

Godwin,  William  (1750-1836).    English  novelist  and  author.  Godwin 

(Joldlng,  Arthur  (1636?-1605?).    English  translator.  Golding 

Goldsmith,  Oliver  (1728-1774).    British  poet,  dramatist,  and  author.  Goldsmith 

Goldsmith's  Handbook  (I88I).    George  E.  Gee.  Goldsmith's  Handbook 

Good,  John  Mason  (1764-1827).    English  physician  and  author.  Good 

Goodale,  George  Lincoln  (1839-  ).    American  botanist  G.  L.  Goodale 

Goode,  George  Brown  (1851- ).    American  ichthyologist  Goode,  01  Broum  Goode 

Goodman,  Godfrey  (1583-1656).    Bishop  of  Gloucester.  Bp.  Goodman 

Goodman,  John  (about  I68O).    English  clergyman.  J.  Goodman 

Goodrich,  Chauncey  Allen  (1790-1860).    American  lexicographer,  editor 

of  "Webster's  Dictionary,"  1847  and  1859.  Qoodriek 

Goodrich,  Samuel  Gllswold  (1793-I86O)  (pseudonym  "Peter  Parley"). 

American  miscellaneous  writer.  S.  G.  Goodrich 

Goodwin,  John  (died  166.5).    EngUsh  clergyman  and  controversialist  Goodwin 

Googe,  Barnabe  (I54O-1594).    English  poet  Googe 

Gordon,  James  (1664-1746).    Scottish  Roman  Catholic  prelate.  Bp.  Gordon 

Gordon,  J.  E.  H.    Author  of  "Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  1880.  J.  E.  B.  Gordon 

Gordon-Cumming,  Constance  Frederica  (1837- ).     Scottish  writer  of 

travels.  C.  F.  Gordon-Cumming 

Gore,  Catherine  Grace  Frances  (1799-I86I).    English  novelist  Mrs.  Gore 

Gore,  (^orge  (1826-  ).    English  scientist  0.  Gore 

Gorges,  Sir  Arthur  (died  1625).   English  poet  and  author.    Sir  A.  Gorget,  or  A.  Oorgei 
Gorman,  Thomas  Murray.    Contemporary  English  psychological  writer, 

translator  of  Swedenborg.  T.  M.  Gorman 

Gosse,  Edmund  William  (1849-  ).    English  critic  and  poet  E.  W.  Goste 

Gosse,  Philip  Henry  (1810-1888).    English  zoologist  P.  H.  Goste 

Gotch,  Frederick  William  (I8O7  - ).    English  clergyman  and  author.  GotcJi 

Gough,  Richard  (1736-1809).    English  antiquary.  Oougk 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Oould,  AuSUStns  Addison  (I8O5-I866).    American  naturalist  A.  A.  Gould 

Q0W(  J.    Contemporary  English  historical  writer.  Gow 

OOWer,  John  (1325?-1«)8'').    English  poet.    ("Conlewio  Amantis,"  about 

1383-1393.)  Gmner 

Orafton,  Ricliard  (died  1572  7).    English  chronicler.  QraJUm 

Graham,  Thomas  (1805-1869).    Scottish  chemist.  Graham 

Orahame,  James  (I765-I8II).    Scottish  poet.  Grahame 

Grainger,  James  (died  1766).    British  poet  and  physician.  Grainger 

Grammont,  Memoirs  of  Count  de.    By  Anthony  Hamilton. 

Memmrs  of  Count  de  Granvmont 
Granger,  James  (1723-1776).    English  biographer.  J.  Granyer 

Granger,  Thomas  (about  1620).    British  religious  writer.  Granger 

Grant,  A.  C.    Contemporary  writer  on  Australia.  A.  C.  Grant 

Grant,  James  (1822-1887).    Scottish  novelist  and  historical  writer.  J.  Grant 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.  (1822-1885).     General,  and  eighteenth  President  of  the 

United  States.  U.  S.  Grant 

Granville,  George  (Lord  Lansdowne)  (1667-1735).  English  poet  and  drama- 
tist, Granville 
Orattan,  Thomas  Colley  (1792-1864).  Irish  novelist.  T.  C.  Grattan 
Graunt,  John  (1620-1674).  English  statistician.  Oraunt 
Graves,  Richard  (1715-1804).  English  novelist  and  poet.  Graves 
Gray,  Asa  (I8IO  - 1888).  American  botanist  A.  Gray 
Gray,  Elisha  (1835-  ).  American  inventor.  R  Gray 
Gray,  George  Robert  (1808-1872).  English  loologist  O.R.Gray 
Gray,  Henry  (I825?-1861).  British  anatomist  H.  Gray 
Gray,  John  Edward  (1800-1875).  English  naturalist.  J.  E.  Gray 
Gray,  Thomas  (1716-1771).  English  poet.  Gray 
Greeley,  Horace  (I8II-I872).  American  journalist  H.  Greeley 
Qreely,  Adolphus  Washington    (1844-  ).      American  officer  and  arctic 

explorer.  A.  W.  Greely 

Green,  John  Richard  (1837-1883).    English  historian.  J.  ll^Grem 

Green,  Matthew  (16%- 1737).    English  poet  M.  Green 

Green,  Thomas  wm  (1836-1882).     English  writer  on  ethics.  J*.  II.  Green 

Greene,  Robert  (died  1592).     English  dramatist,  poet,  romancer,  and  pam- 
phleteer. Greene 
Greener,W.W.    ("The Gun  and  its  Derelopment"  1858;  edition  used,  1881.) 

W.  W.  Greener 
Greenhlll,  Thomas  (1681-1740?).    English  writer.  Greenhill 

Greenwood,  WUllam  Henry.  English  technical  writer.    ("Steel  and  Iron," 

1884.)  W.  H.  Greenwood 

Greer,  Henry.    American  compiler.     ("A  Dictionary  of  Electricity,"  1883.)  Greer 

Greg,  William  Rathbone  (I8O9-I88I).    English  essayist  W.  R.  Greg 

Gregg,  William  Stephenson.    Contemporary  British  author.  W.  S.  Gregg 

Gregory,  George  (17.>4  -  I8O8).     English  clei-gyman  and  man  of  letters.         G.  Gregory 
Gregory,  George  (I790-I853).    English  physician.  Dr.  George  Gregorij 

Gregory,  John  (1607-1646).    English  clergyman  and  Orientalist.  J.Gregory 

Oreln,  Christian  Wilhelm  Michael  (i82.'i-i877).     German  philologist 

(•'Sprachschatz  der  Angelsachsischen  Dichter,"  1861-1864.) 
Qretton,  Phillips  (about  172.5).    English  clergyman.  Oretton 

Grevllle,  Charles  Cavendish  Folke   (1794-1865).     English  writer  of 

memoirs.  I'\dke  GreviUe,  or  Greville 

Grevllle,  Robert  Kaye  (1794-1866).    English  botanist  Kaye  Greville 

Grew,  Nehemlah  (1641-1712).    English  botanist  N.Orew 

Grew,  Obadlah  (1607-1689).    English  clergyman.  O.Orew 

Grey,  Zachary  (1688-1766).    English  critic  and  antiquary.  Z.Grey 

Griffith,  Edward  (1790-1868).    English  naturalist  E.  Griffith 

Griffith,  Matthew  (died  1665).    English  divine.  Matthew  Griffith 

Qrlmbald  or  Grlmoald,  Nicholas  (died  about  1.56:j).    English  poet  Griiiibald 

Orlmm,  Jacob  Ludwlg  (1785 -i«63),  and  Grimm,  Wilhelm  Karl  (1786- 

1859).    German  philologists.     ("Deutsches  Wbrterbuch,"  1854- .)  Grimm 

Grlndal,  Edmnnd  (died  1.58:)).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Abp.  Orindal 

Orlnnell,  George  Bird  (1849- ).     American  writer  on  sports.  G.  li.  Grinnell 

Grlsebach,  August  Helnrlch  Rudolf  (IHU- 1879).    German  botanist  Griieboxh 

Grose,  Francis  (17317-1791).    English  antiquary.     ("A  Classical  Dictionary 

of  the  Vulgar  Tongue,"  1785;  "A  Provincial  Glossary,"  1787.)  Grote 

Grote,  George  (1794-1871).     English  historian.  Grote 

Grove,  Sir  George  (1820- ).     English  engineer  and  editor.     ("Dictionary  of 

Music  and  Musicians,"  1879  - 1889. )  Grove 

Grove,  Sir  William  Robert  (1811- ).     English  physicist  W.  R.  Grove 

Guardian,  The  (1T13).     English  literary  periodical.  Guardian 

Guest,  Edwin  (1800-1880).     English  historical  writer  and  philologist  Guest 

Guevara,  Sir  Antonie  of  (1490?-lo45?).    Spanish  chronicler.    ( "Kamiliar 

Letters,'  trans,  by  Hellowes,  1.577.)  Gtievara 

Oulllaume,  E.    French  writer  on  art.  E.  GuUlaume 

Oullllm,  John  (1565-1621).     English  writer  on  heraldry.  Guiilim 

Gtinther,  Albert  Karl  Ludwlg  Qotthllf  (1830-  ).    German-British  zoiilo- 

(^at.  Gunther 

Gumall,  William  (1617-1679)      English  divine.  GurnaU, 

Oumey,  Edmund.    Contemporary  English  metaphysical  writer.  E.  Gumey 

Guthrie,  Thomas  (1803-1S73).     .Scottish  clergyman  and  philanthropist.  Guthrie 

Guthrie,  William  (1708-1770).     Scottish  historical  and  general  writer.         If'.  Guthrie 

Gnylforde  or  Guildford,  Sir  Richard  (died  16O6).    English  iKJiitician. 

Sir  II.  Guylforde 
Guy  Of  Warwick  (about  1314).     Middle  English  romance.  Guy  aj  Warwick 

Guyot,  Arnold  Henry  (1807-1884).     American  geographer.  Guyat 

Gwilt,  Joseph  (1784-1863).     English  architect  and  archKologist    ("An  En- 

cyclopwUa  of  Architecture,"  1842;  ed.  Papworth,  1881.)  Gwilt 

HaWngton,  William  (1605 -1664).     English  poet  Habington 

Hacket,  John  (1592- 1670).     Bishop  of  I.ichfleld  and  Coventry.  Bp.  Ilacket 

Haddan,  Arthur  West  (1816-1873).    English  clergyman,  writer  on  ecclesi- 


aatical  history,  etc. 


A.  W.  Haddan 


Hadley,  James  (1821-1872).    American  philologist  J.  Hadley 

Haeckel,Emst  Helnrlch  (1834- ).    German  naturalist  Uaeckel 

Haggard,  Henry  Rider  (1856- ).    English  novelist.  H.  R.  Haggard 

Halles,  Lord  (Sir  David  Dalrymple)  (1726-1792).    Scottish  jurist  and  histo- 
rian. Lord  Hailes 
Hakewill,  George  (1578-1649).    English  divine.  HakewiU 
Hakluyt,  Richard  (died  I6I6).    English  geographer.  Hakluyt 
Hakluyt  Society's  Publications.    Society  instituted  in  London,  1846. 
Haldeman,  Samuel  Stehman  (I8I2-I88O).    American  naturalist  and  phi- 
lologist.                                                                                                S.  S.  Haldeman 
Haldorsen,  BJom  (1724?-1794).    Icelandic  lexicographer.    ("Lexicon  Islau- 

dico-Latino-Danicum,"  ed.  Rask,  1814.) 
Hale,  Edward  Everett  (I822-  ).  American  clergyman,  historian,  and  nov- 
elist E.  E.  Hale 
Hale,  Horatio  (I8I7-  ).  American  ethnologist  and  philologist.  H.  Hale 
Hale,  Sir  Matthew  (1609-1676).  English  jurist  Sir  M.  Hale 
Hales,  John  (1.584-1656).  English  clergyman  and  critic.  Hales 
Hallburton,  Thomas  Chandler  (pseudonym  "Sam  Slick")  (1797-1865). 

British  American  judge  and  humorist.  Haliburton 

Halifax,  Earl  of  (Charles  Montague)  (1661-1715).  English  statesman.  Lord  Halifax 
Halkett,  Samuel  (1814-1871).  Scottish  compiler.  ("  Dictionary  of  Anony- 
mous Literature,"  continued  by  J.  Laing,  published  1881-1888.)  Halkett 
Hall,  Arthur  (died  1604).  English  translator  and  politician.  A.  Hall 
Hall,  Basil  (1788-1844).  Scottish  traveler.  B.Hall 
Hall,  Benjamin  Homer  (1830-).    American  writer,  compiler  of  "College 

Words  and  Customs."  B.  H.  Hall 

Hall,  Charles  Francis  (1821-1871).    American  arctic  explorer.  C.F.Hall 

Hall,  Edward  (died  1547).    English  liistorian.  Hall 

Hall,  Fitzedward  (1825-  ).    American-English  philologist 

Fitzedward  Hall,  or  F.  Hall 
Hall,  Granville  Stanley  (1845-  ).    American  educator.  G.  S.  Hall 

Hall,  Hubert.    Author  of  "Society  in  the  Elizabethan  Age,"  1886.  H.  Hall 

Hall,  John  (1627-1656).    English  poet  and  pamphleteer.  John  Hall 

Hall,  Joseph  (1574 -1656).     Bishop  of  Norwich.  Bp.  Hall 

Hall,  Marshall  (1790-1857).    English  physiologist  M.  Hall 

Hall,  Robert  (1764-1831).     English  divine.  It.  Hall 

Hall,  Mra  Samuel  Carter  (Anna  Maria  Fielding)  (1800-1881).    British 

writer.  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall 

Hallam,  Henry  (1777-1859).    English  historian.  Hallam 

Halleck,  Fltz-Greene  (1790-1867).     American  poet  Halleck 

Halleck,  Henry  Wager  (1815-1872).    American  general.  H.  W.  Halleck 

Halliwell  (later  Halllwell-Philllpps),  James  Orchard  (1820-1889).  Eng. 
lish  antiquary  and  Shaksperian  scholar.  ("A  Dictionary  of  Archaic  and 
Provincial  Words,"  1847,  etc.)  Halliwell 

Hallywell,  Henry  (about  I68O).    English  clergyman.  Hallgwell 

Halplne,  Charles  Graham  (pseudonym    "Miles  O'Reilly")   (1829-1868). 

American  humorist  and  poet.  Miles  O'Reilly 

Halsted,  George  Bruce  (1853- ).     American  mathematician.  Hoisted 

Halyburton,  Thomas  (1674-1712).     .'Scottish  theologian.  Halyburton 

Hamersly,  Lewis  R.   American  publisher.    ("Naval  Encyclopedia,"  1884.)    Hamersly 
Hamerton,  Philip  Gilbert  (1834- ).     English  artist  writer  on  art  and 

essayist.  P.  G.  Hamerton 

Hamilton,  Alexander  (1757-1804).     American  statesman.  A.Hamilton 

Hamilton,  Anthony  (died  17'20).     English  writer.         Memoirs  of  Count  de  Grammont 
Hamilton,  Lady  Claude.     Translator  of  a  life  of  Pasteur.  Lady  Claude  Hamilton 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth  (1758-1816).     British  miscellaneous  writer.         Eliz.  Hamilton 
Hamilton,  Leonidas  Le  Cencl.    ('ontemporary  American  writer.  L.  Hamilton 

Hamilton,  Walter  (about  I8I5).     British  geographer.  Hamilton 

Hamilton,  Sir  William  (1788-I866).    Scottish  metaphysician. 

Sir  W.  Hamilton,  or  Hamilton 
Hamilton,  Sir  William  Rowan  (I8O5  -  1865).     Irish  mathematician. 

Sir  W.  Rowan  Hamilton 
Hammond,  Charles  Edward  (1837-  ).    English  clergyman  and  writer  on 

liturgies.  C.  E.  Hammond 

Hammond,  Henry  (1605-1660).     English  divine.  Hammond 

Hammond,  William  Alexander  (1828  -  ).    American  physician  and  author. 

W.  A.  Hammond 
Hampole,  Richard  Rolle  of  (died  1349).     English  author.  Hampole 

Hampson,  R.  T.    Compiler  of  "Medil  .EvlKalendarium."  Hampson 

Handbooks,  South  Kensington  Museum.  S.  K.  Handbook 

Hanmer,  Jonathan  (1606-1687).    English  clergyman.  Hanmer 

Hanna,  William  (1808-1882).     Scottish  biographer  and  theological  writer.        Ilanna 
Hannay,  James  (1827-1873).     Scottish  novelist  and  man  of  letters.  Haiinay 

Hardinge,  George  (1743-181(j).    English  jurist  and  author.  G.  Hardinge 

Hardwick,  Charles  (1821-1859).     English  theologian.  Ilardivick 

Hardy,  Samuel  (1720-179:1).    English  clergyman  and  theological  writer.       5".  Hardy 
Hardy,  Thomas  (1840- ).    English  novelist  T.  Hardy 

Hardyng,  John  (1378-1465'.').     English  chronicler.  Ilardyng 

Hare,  Augustus  John  Cuthbert  (1834-  ).    English  writer  of  travels,  etc. 

A.  J.  C.  Hare 
Harford,  John  Scandrett  (1785-1866).     English  biographer.  J.  S.  Harford 

Hargrave,  Francis  (1741  ?- 1821).     English  lawyer  and  antiquary.  Hargrave 

Harington,  Sir  John  (1561-1612).     English  poet  and  author.  Sir  J.  Uarington 

Harlelan  Miscellany.     ("  The  Harleian  Miscellany :  a  Collection  of  scarce, 
curious,  and  entei-taining  Pamphlets  and  Tracts,  .  .  .  selected  from  the 
Library  of  Edward  Ilariey,  second  Earl  of  Oxford,"  1744-1746, 1808-1813.)  Ilarl.  Misc. 
Harleian  Society,  Publications  of    Society  instituted  1H«9. 

Harman,  Thomas.     English  writer.     ("Caveat  for  Cursetors,"  1567.)  Harman 

Harmar,  John  (died  1670).     Knglish  classical  scholar.  Ilarmar 

Harper,  Robert  Goodloe  (1765-1825).     American  statesman.  R.  G.  Harper 

Harper's  Magazine  (1850-  ).     American  monthly  literary  magazine.      Harper's  Mag. 
Harper's  Weekly  (1857- ).    American  weekly  illustrated  periodical.   Harper's  Weekly 


LIST  OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Harrinston  or  Harington,  James  (I6II  -  167T)  .    English  political  writer. 

J.  HarriiMjton 
Harris,  James  (1709-1780).    English  writer  on  art,  philology,  etc.  Uarris 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler  (1848  -  ).     American  author.  J.  C.  Uarris 

Harris,  William  Torrey  (1835- ).    American  educator.  W.T.Uarru 

Harrison,  Mrs.  Burton  (Constance  Cary)  (1843-  ).    American  novelist. 

Mrs.  Burton  Harrison 
Harrison,  Frederic  (1831-  ).    English  writer  on  positivism,  etc.  F.  Harrison 

Harrison,  John  (al)out  1570-1600).    British  printer.  J.Harrison 

Harrison,  William  (1334-1593).    English  chronicler  and  historian.  Harrison 

Harsnet  or  Harsnett,  Samuel  (15C1-1631).    Archbishop  of  Yorlt.  Harsiiet 

Hart,  James  Morgan  (1839-  ).    American  author.  J.  M.  Hart 

Hart,  John  Seely  (1810-1877).    American  author.  J.  S.  Hart 

Harte,  Francis  Bret  (183i>-  ).    American  novelist  and  poet.  Bret  Harte 

Harte,  Walter  (1709-1774).    EngUsli  essayist  and  poet.  W.  Harte 

Hartley,  David  (1705-1757).    Enghsh  pliilosopher.  Hartley 

Hartllb,  Samuel  (about  1650).     Polisli-British  miscellaneous  writer.  Harttib 

Harvey,  Gahriel  (154.5? -1630).    English  poet.  G.  Harvey 

Harvey,  Gideon  (1640?-1700?).    English  physician.  Gideon  Harvey 

Harvey,  William  (1578-1657).    English  anatomist.  Harvey 

Harvey,  William  Henry  (I8II-I8O6).    British  Irotanist.  W.  H.  Harvey 

Hatherly,  S.  G.    Arclipriest  of  the  Greeli  Churcli,  writer  on  liturgies.  Hatherly 

Havelok  the  Dane  (about  1280).    Middle  English  poem.  Havelok 

Hawels,  Hugh  Reginald  (1838- ).     English  clergyman  and  miscellaneous 

writer.  Haweis 

Hawes,  Stephen  (died  1623?).    English  poet.  Haioes 

Hawes,  William  (1736-1808).  English  physician.   ("Premature  Death,"  1777.) 

W.  Hawes 
Hawkesworth,  John  (died  1773).     English  essayist.  Hawkesivorth 

Hawkins,  Henry  (1571?-1646).     English  translator  and  author.  H.  Hawkii^s 

Hawkins,  Sir  John  (1719-1789).   English  author  ("History  of  Music,"  1776). 

Sir  J.  Hawkins 
Hawkins,  Sir  Richard  (died  1622).     English  navigator.  Sir  R.  Hawkins 

Hawkins,  Thomas.  English  author.  ("Origin  of  the  English  Drama,"  1773.)    Hawkins 
Hawthorne,  Julian  (1846- ).    American  novelist.  J.Hawthorne 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel  (1804-1864).    American  novelist.  Hawthorne 

Hawtrey,  Edward  Craven  (1789-1862).    English  educator  and  poet.  Hawtrey 

Hay,  John  (1838-  ).    American  diplomatist,  journalist,  and  author.  John  Hay 

Hay,  William  (1695-1755).    English  politician.  W.  Hay 

Haydn,  Joseph  (died  1856).    English  compiler.     ("Dictionai-y  of  Dates," 

1841,  etc.)  Haydn 

Haydon,  Benjamin  Robert  (1786-1846).    English  painter.  B.  R.  Haydon 

Hayley,  William  (1745-1820).    English  poet,  W.  Uayley 

Hayne,  Paul  Hamilton  (1830-1886).     American  poet.  Pavl  Hayne 

Hayward,  Abraham  (1801-1884).    English  lawyer  and  essayist.  A.  Hayward 

Hayward,  Sir  John  (died  I627) .    English  historian.  Sir  J.  Hayward 

Hazlitt,  William  (1778-1830).     English  essayist  and  critic.  Hazlilt 

Head,  Barclay  Vincent  (1844- ).    English  numismatist.  B.  V.  Head 

Heam,  Lafcadio  (1850  -  ) .     American  autllor.  L.  Heam 

Heam,  William  Edward  (1826-1888).  Irisli-Australian  jurist  and  econo- 
mist. W.  E.  Heam 
Heath,  James  (1629-1664).  English  historian.  J.  Heath 
Heber,  Reginald  (1783-1826).  Bisliop  of  Calcutta.  Bp.  Heber 
Hedge,  Frederic  Henry  (1803-1890).  American  author.  F.  H.  Hedge 
Hegel,  GeorgWilhelm  Friedrich  (1770-1831).  German  philosopher.  Heyel 
Hellowes,  Edward.  English  translator.  (8ee  Guevara.)  Jlellowes 
Helmholtz,  Hermann  Ludwig  Ferdinand  (I821-  ).  German  physicist.  Hetmholtz 
Helps,  Sir  Arthur  (1813-187,5).  English  essayist.  Helps,  01  A.  Helps 
Hemans,  Felicia  Dorothea  (1793-1835).  Englisli  poet.  Mrs.  Hemans 
Hemsley,  WUllam  Betting  (1843- ).  English  botanist.  Uemsley 
Henderson,  Peter  (1823-1890).  American  agiicultural  writer.  Henderson 
Henfrey,  Arthur  (1819-1859).  English  botanist.  Hen.frey 
Henley,  John  (1692  - 1736).  English  orator  and  writer.  J.  Henley 
Henry,  Matthew  (1662-1714).  English  commentator.  il.  Henry 
Henry,  Patrick  (173«  -1799).  American  statesman  and  orator.  P.  Henry 
Henryson,  Robert  (1430?-1506?).  Scottish  poet.  Uenryson 
Henslow,  George  (1835-  ).  English  botanist.  G.  Henslow 
Henslow,  John  Stevens  (1796-1861).  English  botanist.  Henslow 
Herbert,  George  (1593-1633).  English  poet.  G.Herbert 
Herbert,  Lord,  of  Cherbury  (Edward  Herbert)  (1.583-1648).    English  phi- 

losoplier  and  historian.  Lord  Herbert 

Herbert,  Sir  Thomas  (1606-1682).    English  traveler.  Sir  T.  Herbert 

Herd,  David  (I732  -  I8IO).    Collector  of  Scottish  songs.  Herd 

Herrick,  Robert  (1-5111 -1674).    English  poet.  Herrick 

Herriok,  Sophie  Mcllvame  Bledsoe  (1837-  ).    American  editor  and  writer. 

S.  B.  Herrick 
Herschel,  Sir  John  Frederick  WUliam  (1792-1871).    English  astronomer. 

Sir  J.  Herschel 
Herschel,  Sir  WUllam  (1738-1822).  German-English  astronomer.  Sir  W.  Hcrxchel 
Hervey,  James  (1714-1738).     ICnglish  clergyman  and  devotional  writer.  Heney 

Hewitt,  John  (1807    lh78).     English  archa-ologist.  J.  Heuilt 

HewytorHewytt,  John  (died  16.58).     English  divine.  Heu-yt 

Hexham,  Henry.     );nglish  soldier  in  the  Netherlands,  and  lexicographer. 

("A  Largo  Netherdutch  and  English  Dictionarie,"  1658;  ed.  Manly,  1678.)     Hexham 
Heylln  or  Heylyn,  Peter  (I6OO-IO62).    English  theologian  and  liistorian.  Heylin 

Heywood,  John  (diwl  about  1380?).     English  dramatist  and  poet.  J.  Heywood 

HeyWOOd,  Thomas  (died  about  1630).     English  dramatist.  Heywood 

Hickes,  George  (I642- 171.5).     English  clergyman  and  philologist.  llickcs 

Hlckok,  Laurens  Perseus  (1798-1888).    American  clergyman  and  philo- 

Mjpliical  writer.  Hickok 

Hicks,  Francis  (1366-1631).     English  tran.slator.  F.  Hicks 

Hieron,  Samuel  (I572  -  I6I7).     English  clergyman  and  theological  writer.  Hieron 


Higden,  Ranulf  or  Ralph  (died  1364).    English  chronicler.     ("Polychroni- 

con,"  1327-1342,  trans,  by  John  Trevisa,  1387.)  Higden 

Higglnson,  Francis  (1588-1630).    English-American  Puritan  divine.        F.  Higyinson 
Higginson,  John  (1616-1708).    English  American  clergyman.  J.  Higgimon 

Higglnson,  Thomas  Wentworth  (18*23-).  American  essayist  and  his- 
torian. T.  W.  Higgintfon 
Hill,  Aaron  (1685-1750).  English  poet.  A.  Hill 
Hill,  Adams  Sherman  (1833- ).  American  writer  on  rhetoric.  A.S.Hill 
Hill,  David  J.  (1850-  ).  American  writer  on  rhetoric,  socialism,  etc.  1).  J.  Hill 
HiU,  Sir  John  (1716-1775).  English  writer.  Sir  J.  Hill 
Hill  or  Hylle,  Thomas  (lived  about  1590).     English  astrologer,  compiler, 

and  translator.  T.  Hill 

HUlhouse,  James  Abraham  (1789-1841).    American  poet  HUlhotue 

Hillier,  G.  L.     See  Bury. 

Hlnton,  Richard  J.    Contemporary  American  writer.  R.  J.  Hinton 

History  of  Manual  Arts  (I66I).  Hist.  Man.  Arts,  I66I 

History  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  (1848).    By  Charles  Eichard 

Weld.  Hist.  Roy.  Soc. 

Hitchcock,  Roswell  Dwlght  (1817-1887).    American  theologian  and  edu- 
cator. R.  J).  Hitchcock 
Hobbes,  Thomas  (1588-1679).    English  philosopher.  Hobbet 
Hoblyn,  Richard  Dennis  (1803-1886).    English  educational  writer.                 HMyn 
Hoccleve.     See  Occleve. 

Hodge,  Archibald  Alexander  (1823-1886).    American  theologian.  A.A.Hodge 

Hodge,  Charles  (1797-1878).    American  theologian.  C.Hodge 

Hodgson,  Frederick  T.    Contemporary  American  technical  writer.        F.  T.  Hodgson 
Hodgson,  Shadworth  Hollway.     contemporary    English   philosophical 

writer.  S.  H.  Hodgson 

Hodgson,  William  Ballantyne  (I815-I88O).    Scottish  educational  writer 

and  economist.  W.  B.  Hodgson 

Hofflnan,  Charles  Fenno  (1806-1884).    American  poet  and  author.       C  F.  Hoffman 
Hogg,  James  ("the  Ettrick  Shepherd  ")  (1770-1835).    .Scottish  poet.  Hogg 

Holden,  Edward  S.    See  Newcmnb  and  Holden. 

Holder,  William  (1616-1698).    English  writer.  Holder 

Hole,  Samuel  Reynolds  (I8I9-  ).     English  clergyman  and  author.  S.  R.  Bolt 

Hollnshed,  Raphael  (died  about  ISSO).    English  chronicler.  Holinthed 

Holland,  Frederic  May  (laiO  -  ).     American  author.  F.  M.  Holland 

Holland,  Sir  Henry  (1788  - 1873).    English  physician  and  writer.  Sir  H.  Holland 

Holland,  Joslah  Gilbert  (pseudonym  'Timothy  Titcomb ")  (1819-1881). 

American  editor,  poet,  and  novelist.  J.  G.  Holland 

Holland,  Lady  (Saba  Smith)  (died  1866).    English  writer,  biographer  of  her 

father,  Sydney  Smith.  Lady  Holland 

Holland,  Philemon  (1552-1637).    English  translator.  Holland 

HoUyband,  Claudius.    English  lexicographer,  author  of  a  French  and  Eng- 
lish diction.iry,  169.3.  HoUyband 
Holme,  Randle  (1627  - 1699).    English  genealogist  and  writer  on  heraldry. 

Randle  Holme 
Holmes,  Ablel  (1763-1837).    American  clergyman  and  historian.  A.  Holmes 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell  (I809-  ).    American  poet,  essayist,  and  novelist. 

O.  W.  Holme* 
Holmes,  Timothy.    Contemporaiy  English  medical  writer.  Holmes 

Hoist,  Hermann  Eduard  von  (1841- ).    German  historian.  H.  von  Hoist 

Holyday,  Barten  (1593-I66I).  English  clergyman,  dramatist,  and  trans- 
lator. Bolyday 
Home,  John  (1722-1808).  Scottish  dramatist.  J.  Home 
Hone,  William  (1780-1842).  English  pul)lisher  and  author.  Hone 
Hood,  Thomas  (1798-1845).  English  poet  and  humorist.  Hood 
Hook,  Theodore  Edward  (1788-1841).    English  novelist  and  miscellaneous 

writer.  T.  Hook 

Hook,  Walter  Farquhar  (1798-1875).    English  theologian  and  biographer.        Hook 
Hooker,  Sir  Joseph  Dalton  (1817- ).    English  liotanist.  J.D.Hooker 

Hooker,  Richard  (1554  V  -  16(X)).     English  theologian.  Hooker 

Hooker,  Sir  William  Jackson  (1785-1865).    English  botanist.  H'.  J.  Hooker 

Hoole,  John  (1727-1803).    English  translator.  Hoole 

Hooper,  George  (1640-1727).     Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells.  Bp.  Hooper 

Hooper,  Robert  (1773-1835).    Englisli  medical  writer.  Hooper 

Hopkins,  Ezekiel  (1633?- 1690).    Bishop  ot  Derry,  Ireland.  Bp.  Hopkins 

Hopkins,  Mark  (I8O2-I887).    American  clergyman,  educator,  and  writer  on 

intellectual  and  moral  pliilosophy.  Mark  Hopkins 

Hoppe,  A.    German  compiler.    ("Englisch-Deutsches  Supplement-Lexicon," 

1871,  1888.)  Boppe 

Horman,  William  (died  1535).    English  lexicographer.    ("Vulgaria  Puero- 

rum,"  1519.)  Horman 

Horn,  Frederlk  WinkeL    Danish  author.  Horn 

Home,  George  (1730-1792).     Bishop  of  Norwich.  Bp.  Home 

Home,  Thomas  Hartwell  (1780- 1862).     English  Biblical  scholar.  T.  H.  Home 

Homer,  Leonard  (1785-1864).    British  geologist  and  author.  Homer 

Horsley,  Samuel  (I733  -  ISOci).    Bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  Bp.  Horsley 

Hosmer,  James  Kendall  (1834-  ).    American  author.  J.  K.  Bosmer 

Hotten,  John  Camden  (1832-1873).    English  publisher,  compiler  of  "The 

Slang  Dictionary,  1869"  (ed.  1889  also  used).  Hotten,  or  Slang  Diet. 

Houghton,  Lord  (Richard  Moncliton  Milnes)  (1809  - 1885) .    English  poet  and 

author.  Lord  Houghton 

Howard,  Henry  (Earl  of  Northampton)  (1540-1614).    English  writer.  Howard 

Howe,  Julia  Ward  (I8I9-  ).    American  poet  and  author.  J.  W.  Bom 

Howell,  James  (died  I666).    English  traveler,  author,  and  lexicographer 

(editor  of  Cotgrave.  etc.).  Hoieell 

Howells,  William  Dean  (1837-  ).    American  novelist,  poet,  and  critic. 

W  D.  Howells,  or  HomUs 
Howltt,  Mary  (1799-1888).    English  author.  Mary  UowiU 

Howitt,  William  (1792-1879).     English  author.  W.  Hotciit 

Howson,  John  (1557? -1632).     Bishop  of  Durham.  Bp.  Boumm 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Hoyt,  Ralph  (1806-1878).     American  poet. 

Hudson,  Mary  Clemmer.    See  Ames. 

Hudson,  Thomas  (about  ifiOO).    English  poet. 

Hueppe,  Ferdinand.    Contemporary  German  bacteriologist. 

Hughes,  John  (I677  -172O).     English  poet  and  translator. 

Hughes,  Thomas  (1823-  ).    English  author. 


R.  Hoyt 

T.  Hudson 

Hueppe 

J.  Hughes 

T.  Hughes 


Huloet,  Richard.   English  lexicographer.    ("  Abecedarium  Anglico-Latinum 

pro  Tyrunculis,"  1552;  ed.  Higgins,  1572.)  Huloet 

Hume,  David  (1711-1776).    Scottish  philosopher  and  historian.  Hume 

Humphrey,  Heman  (1779-1861).     American  clergyman.  H.Humphrey 

Humphreys,  Henry  Noel  (I8IO-I879).    English  numismatist  and  antiquary. 

//.  N.  Humphreys 
Hunt,  James  Henry  Leigh  (17K4-18S9).    English  poet  and  essayist.  L.Hunt 

Hunter,  Henry  (17-11  -  1802).     Scottish  clergyman  and  author.  //.  Hunter 

Hunter,  Robert.    See  Eneyclopsdic  Dictionary. 

Hurd,  Richard  (1720-1808).     Bishop  of  Worcester.  Bp.  Hurd 

Hutcheson,  Francis  (1694-1746).     Irish  philosopher.  Huteheson 

Hutchinson,  Thomas  (1698-1769).     English  theologian.  T.  Hutchinson 

Hutchinson,  Thomas  J.  (1820-1885).     Uritish  author.  T.  J.  Hutchinson 

Huttou,  (Hiarles  (17.)7  - 1823) .     English  mathematician.  Hutton 

Button,  James  (1726-1797).     Scottish  geologist  J.  Huttnn 

Button,  Richard  Bolt.    Contemporary  English  critic.  S.  H.  Hutlon 

Buxley,  Thomas  Henry  (1823- ).    English  naturalist  Hurley 

Hyatt,  Alpheus  (1838-  ).    American  naturalist.  Hyatt 

Bylle,  Thomas.    See  Hill. 

Dive,  Jacob  (1705- 17fti).     English  printer.  J.  Hire 

niustrated  London  News  (1842-  ).  Englisli  weekly  illustrated  journal. 

III.  Lond.  yews 
Imperial  Dictionary.    Compiled  by  John  Ogilvie,  1850;  enlarged  edition, 

edited  by  Charles  Annandale,  1882.  imp.  Diet. 

Inchbald,  Elizabeth  (175:i-1821).     English  actress,  dramatist,  and  novelist. 

Mrs.  Inchbald 
Independent,  New  York  (1848-  ).    American  weekly  religious  journal. 

Xeir  York  Independettt 
Ingelow,  Jean  (1S20-  ).    English  poet.  Jean  Ingelow 

Inman,  Thomas,    contemporary  English  physician,  author  of  "Ancient  and 

Modem  Symlxilism."  Inman 

Innes,  Cosmo  (1798-1H74).    Scottish  historian  and  antiquaiy.  Cosmo  Inne^ 

Irving,  Washington  (1783-1859).    American  author.  Irving 

Jackson,  Helen  Hunt  (Helen  Maria  Fiske;  Mrs.  Helen  Hunt;  pseudonym 

"H.  H.")  (1S31-1885).     American  author.  Mrs.  II.  Jackson 

Jackson,  Thomas  (1579-1640).     English  divine.  T.Jackson 

Jacob,  Giles  (1686-1744).     Enghsh  legal  writer.  Jacob 

Jacolliot,  Louis  (1837- ).    French  philos^)pher  and  author.  Jacolliot 

JagO,  Frederick  W.  P.     English  compiler.     (A  Cornish  glossary,  1882.)  Jayo 

James,  A.  Q.  F.  Eliot.    English  writer.    ("Indian  Industries, "  1880.) 

A .  G.  F.  Eliot  James 

James,  George  Payne  Rainsford  (i80i-i8*;o).    Eniilish  novelist.       o.  P.  li.  James 
James,  Henry  (1811-1882).    American  theological  writer.  //.  James 

James,  Henry,  Jr.  (1843-  ).     American  jiovelist  and  critic.  //.  James,  Jr. 

James,  William  (1842- ).     American  philosophical  writer.  W.James 

Jamieson,  John  (17.59-1838).    Scottish  clergyman  and  lexicographer.    (".\n 

Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Scottish  Language,"  1808;  new  ed.,  1879- 

1882.)  Jamieson 

Janvier, TbomasAllibone  (1849- ).     American  novelist  T.A.Janrier 

Jarvls,  Charles   (died  alwut  1740).     English  jirintcr,  translator  of  "Don 

yiiixote."  Jarris 

Jay,  WUliam  (1769- 1*).3).     English  ckrgymnn.  Jay 

Jeaffreson,  John  Cordy  (1831  -  ).    English  no\t'list  and  miscellaneous  writer. 

Jeafreson 
Jebb,  Richard  ClaverhOUSe  (I841-  ).     English  classical  scholar.  It.  C.  Jebti 

Jefferson,  Joseph  (1829  -  ).     American  actor.  J.Jefferson 

Jefferson,  Thomaa  (1743-1826).    Third  I'resident  of  the  United  States.  Jefferson 

Jeffrey,  Lord  (Francis  Jeffrey)  (1773-18.50).    Scottish  judge  and  critic.  Jeffrey 

Jenkin,  Fleeming  (18b3-I8a")).     British  engineer  and  physicist.  Fleeming  Jrnkin 

Jenkins,  Edward  (1838- ).    British  author.  Jenkins 

Jenks,  Benjamin  (I646  - 1724).    English  religious  writer.  li.  Jenks 

Jennings,  Arthur  Charles  (1847-  ).     English  clergyman  and  ecclesiastical 

writer.  -1-  C.  Jennings 

Jenyns,  Leonard  (middle  of  I9th  century).   English  clergyman  and  natui-alist.    Jenyns 
Jenyns,  Soame  (1704  -  1787).     English  writer  and  politician.  .S'.  Jenyns 

Jerrold,  Douglas  William  (l ho:)-  18.57).    English  dramatist  and  humorist.    I).  Jerrold 
Jesse,  John  Heneage  (died  I874).    English  historical  writer.  J.  H.  Jesse 

Jevons,  William  Stanley  (18a')-1882).     English  j)olitical  economist  and 

philosophical  writer.  Jevons 

Jewell  or  Jewel,  John  (1522  -  I57I).     Bishop  of  Salisbnrj-.  Bp.  Jewell 

Jewett,  Edward  H.  iVf-m-  ).     English-Americaii  clergyman.  E.  H.  Jewett 

Jewett,  Sarah  Ome  (1h49-  ).    American  author.  S.  0.  Jexoett 

Jewitt,  Llewellyn  (1814-1886).     English  antiquary.  Jewitt 

Jewsbury,  Geraldine  EndSOr  (died  1880).     English  novelist.  MissJewsbury 

Jodrell,  Richard  Paul  (died  1831).     EngliMh  compiler.    ("  Philology  on  the 

English  Ijirignage,"  1820.)  Jodrell 

John,  Gabriel  (about  1700).     English  writer.  Galiricl  John 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Studies  from  Biological  Laboratory  of. 
Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science. 
Johnson,  (Hiarles  (dieil  1748).     English  ciraniatist.  C.  Johnson 

Johnson,  Edward  (I.599-  1672).     American  historia)!.  A'.  Johnson 

Johnson,  John  (16B2-172.'i).     English  divine.  J.  Johnson 

Johnson,  Samuel  (1649-  170:)).     English  controversialist.  .'iamiiel  Johnson 

Johnson,  Samuel  (1696-1772)      American  clergyman.  ti.  Johnson 


Johnson,  Samuel  (1709-1784).  English  lexicographer,  critic,  and  poet.  ("A 

Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  1755;  ed.  Todd,  1818.)  Johnson 

Johnson,  Thomas  (died  1644).    English  botanist.  T.  Johnson 
Johnston,  Alexander  Keith  (1804-1871).    Scottish  geographer. 

Johnston,  George  (died  1855).    British  naturalist.  G.  Joh?iston 

Johnstone,  Charles  (died  about  ISOO).     Irish  novelist  C.  JohiKtone 

Joly,  N.    French  physicist.    ("Man  before  Metals.")  y.  Joly 
Jones,  Henry  (pseudonym  "Cavendish  ")  (1831-  ).    English  writer  on  whist 

and  other  games.  Cavendish 

Jones,  Stephen  (1763-1827).    English  editor  and  compiler.  S.Jones 

Jones,  William  (1726-1800).    English  theologian  and  general  writer.  W.  Jones 

Jones,  Sir  William  (1746-1794).    English  Orientalist.  Sir  W.Jones 

Jonson,  Ben  (1.573?-1()37).    English  dramatist  and  poet.  B.  Jonson 

Jordan,  Thomas  (died  about  1685).    English  poet  and  dramatist.  Jordan 

Jortin,  John  (1698-1770).    English  clergyman  and  critic.  Jortiti 

Josseljrn,  John  (middle  of  17th  century).     English  traveler.  Josselyn 

Joule,  James  PresCOtt  (I8I8-I889).     English  physicist.  Joule 

Journal  of  Botany,  British  and  Foreign  (I862-).     English  monthly 

periodical.  Jour.  0/  Botany,  Brit,  and  For. 

Journal  of  Education  (1858-  ).    American  weekly  periodical.        Jour,  of  Education 

Journal  of  Mental  Science  (18.50-  ).  English  quarterly  periodical.   Jour,  o.f  Ment.  Set. 

Journal  of  Philology  (1868-  ).     English  half-yearly  periodical.  Jour,  of  Philol. 

Journal  Of  Science  (1864- ).     English  peiiodical.  Jour.o/Sci. 

Journal  of  Speculative  Philosophy  (1867  -  ).    American  quarterly  period- 
ical. Jour.  Spec.  Fhilos. 

Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  Society.  Jour.  Amer.  Oriental  Soc. 

Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute  (1871  -  ).    English  periodical. 

Jour.  Anthrop.  Inst. 

Journal  of  the  British  Archseological  Association  (1845-  ). 

Jour.  Brit.  Archa?ol.  Assoc. 
Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  (1826-  ).  American  monthly  periodical. 

Jour.  Franklin  Inst. 
Journal  of  the  IJnnean  Society  (I857-  ).    Society  founded  in  London  in 

1788.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Service  Institution  of  the  United  States 

(1881-  ).     American  quarteily  periodical.  Jour,  o.f  ilil.  Service  Inst. 

Journal  of  the  Royal  Microscopic  Society  (isco-  ).    Society  founded  in 

London  in  1839.  Jour.  Hoy.  Micros.  Soc. 

Journal  Of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Hellenic  Studies  (1880- ). 

English  half-yearly  periodical.  Jour.  Soc.  .for  Hellenic  Studies 

Journals,  American  (various).    See  American. 

Jowett,  Benjamin  (I8I7-  ).    English  scholar,  translator  of  Plato,  etc.  Jowett 

Joyce,  Robert  Dwyer  (1813-188:i).     Irish  poet.  /.'.  D.  Joyce 

Joye  or  Joy,  George  (died  1553  V).    English  Reformer  and  printer.  Joye 

Judd,  John  W.  (1840-  ).     English  geologist  J.  W.  Judd 

Judd,  Sylvester  (I8I3  -  18.53).    American  clergyman  and  novelist.  S.  Judd 

Jukes,  Joseph  Beete  (181! - 1869).    English  geologist.  Jtikes 

Julien,  Alexis  Anastay  (1840- ).    American  geologist  Julien 

Junius,  Franciscus  (Francois  du  Jon)  (1515-1602).     French  theologian.        F.  Junius 
Junius, Franclscua  (l.">89-1677).    German-English  philologist    ("Etymolo- 

gicinn  Anglicannm,"  ed.  Lye,  1744.)  Junilts 

Junius,  Letters  of.    Political  letters,  collected  edition,  1769-1772.         Junius  Letters 
Jimius,  R.     ("Cure  of  Misplision,"  1646.)  li.  Junius 

Kames,  Lord  (Henry  Home)  (1696-1782).    Scottish  judge  and  philosophical 

writer.  Lord  Kames,  or  Kamcs 

Kane,  Elisha  Kent  (1820-18.57).     American  arctic  explorer.  Kane 

Kane,  Richard  (alwut  1745).     British  offlcei',  writer  on  military  subjects, 

iiich.  Kane 
Kant,  Immanuel  (1724-1804).     German  philosopher.  Kant 

Kavanagh,  Julia  (182-1-1877).     British  novelist.  Kavanagh 

Kaye,  John  (1783-1,S,53),     Bishop  of  Lincoln.  Bp.  Kayc 

Keary,  C.  F.  (1849-  ).     English  ethnologist  and  historical  wiiter.  Keary 

Keats,  John  (1795-1821).     English  poet  Keats 

Keble,  John  (1792-18(;6).     English  clergyman  and  poet.  Kehle 

Keddie,  Henrietta  (pseudonym  "Sarah  Tytler").      Contemporaiy  English 

novelist  S.  Tytler 

Keepe,  Benry  (about  1680).     English  antiqua)->-.  AVc^w 

Kelghtley,  Thomas  (1789-1872).     British  historian.  Keightley 

Keill,  John  (I67I-I72I).     Scottish  astl-ono)ner  and  mathematician.  Kcill 

Kelham,  Robert  (last  half  of  18th  century).     English  antiquary.  Kelham 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne  (Mrs.  Pierce  Butler)  (1809-  ).     English  actress  and 

antlita-.  F.  A.  Kemble,  or  Fanny  Kemhlc 

Kemble,  John  Mitchell  (18i)7-1857).     English   Anglo-Saxon  scholar  and 

historian.  Kemhle 

Kempis,  Thomas  a  (Thomas  Hammeiken)  (died  1471).     Ileiman  mystic. 

Thomas  a  Kempis 
Kendall,  Timothy.     English  poet  (wrote  about  1577).  Kendall 

Kennan,  George  (1845- ).    American  traveler  and  authoi-.  G  Kennan 

Kennet,  Basil  (1674-1715).    English  antiquary.  Kennct 

Kennet,  White  (I6BO-I728).    Bish.jp  of  Peterborough.  Bp.  Kninet 

Kenrick,  William  (died  1779).    English  critic  and  lexicogi-apher.  Kenrick 

Kent,  Charles  (1823- ).     English  poet  and  journalist  C.  Kent 

Kent,  James  (17r,3-lK47).     American  jurist  Kent,  or  Chancellor  Kent 

Kent,  WUllam  Savllle.    Contempoi-ary  English  naturalist.  W.  S.  Kent 

Ker,  Robert  (1755  -  1h13).    Scottish  surgeon,  translator  of  Lavoisier,  etc.  li.  Ker 

Kersey,  John.     English  lexicogl-aphei-.     ("A  General  English  Dictioiniry," 

171)8.)  Kersey 

Kettlewell,  John  (1653-1695).     English  clcigyman.  Keltleurll 

Key,  Francis  Scott  (177;i-184H).     American  poet  Key 

Killan,  Cornells  (die<l  1607).   Dutch  philologist.   ("  Etymologicum  Teutoni(^re 

l.ingu.'e,"  1.598;  repr.  1777,  ed.  Hasselt) 


LIST  OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Eilllngbeclc,  Jotin  (about  171O).    English  clergyman.  KUlingheck 

Kimball,  Richard  Burleigll  (I8I6-  ).    American  author.  R.  B.  Kimball 

TflTighnnj  D.    British  legal  ivriter  (wrote  about  1830 - 1836).  Kinahan 

King,  Edward  (1848-  ).    American  journalist  and  author.  E.  King 

King,  Henry  (1591-1669).    Bishop  of  Chichester.  Bp.  King 

King,  Thomas  Starr  (1824-1864).    American  clergyman  and  author.  Starr  King 

King,  William  (1650-1729).    Archbishop  of  Dublin.  .  Abp.  King 

King,  WUliam  (1663-1712).     English  satirist.  W.  King 

King  Horn  (before  1300).  Middle  English  poem,  translated  from  French.  King  Horn 
Kinglaie,  Alexander  William  (1811-1891).  English  historian  and  traveler.  Kinglake 
Kingsley,  CJharlea  (1819-1876).  English  clergyman,  novelist,  and  poet.  Kingdey 
Kingsley,  Henry  (1830-1876).    English  novelist.  H.  Kingdey 

Kipling,  Rudyard  (1865- ).    English  novelist.  B.  Kipling 

Kirby,  William  (1769-1850).    English  entomologist  Kirl^ 

Kirby  and  Spence.    ("introduction  to  Entomology,"  1816-1826,  etc.) 

Kirby  and  Spence 
Klrwan,  Richard  (died  1812).    Irish  physicist  and  chemist.  Kirvxm 

Kitchener,  William  (17757-1827).    English  miscellaneous  writer.  W.  Kitchener 

KittO,  John  (1804-1854).    English  Biblical  scholar.  Kitto 

Klein,  Edward.    English  bacteriologist.    ("Micro-Organisms  and  Disease," 

I880.)  E.  Klein 

Kluge,  Frledrich  (1866- ).    German  philologist.    ("EtymologischesWorter- 

buch  der  Deutschen  Sprache,"  1881 ;  4th  ed.,  1888.) 
Knatohbull,  Sir  Norton  (1601-1684).    English  Biblical  critic.  KnatehbuU 

Knight,  Charles  (1791-1873).    English  author  and  editor.  Knight 

Knight,  Edward.    English  author.    ("Trj-all  of  Truth,"  1580.)  E.  Knight 

Knight,  Edward  Henry  (1824-1883).    American  mechanician  and  compiler. 

("Knight's  American  Mechanical  Dictionary,"  1873-1884.)  E,  IT.  Knight 

Knight,  Richard  Payne  (1760?-1824).  English  classical  scholar  and  anti- 
quary. B.  P.  Knight 
Knolles,  Richard  (died  leiO).  English  historian.  KnMea 
Knollys,  W.  W.  British  ofllcer.  ("Dictionary  of  Military  Terms,"  1873.)  Knollys 
Knox,  John  (1505-1572).  Scottish  Reformer.  Kn^)x 
Knox,  Robert  (died  about  1700).  English  naval  oSBcer.  B.  Knox 
Knox,  Vicesimus  (1762-1821).  English  clergyman  and  essayist.  V.  Knox 
Kollock,  Henry  (I778-I8I9).  American  divine.  Kollock 
Krauth,  (3harles  Porterfleld  (1823-1883).  American  theologian.  Krauth 
Krauth  and  Fleming  (C.  P.  Krautli  and  W.  Fleming).    ("Vocabulary  of  the 

Philosophical  Sciences,"  1881.)  Krauth-Fleming 

Kunth,  Karl  Sigismund  (1788-1850).    German  botanist.  Kunth 

Kurtz,  Johann  Heinrlch  (1809- ).    German  church  historian.  J.H.Kurtz 

Kyd,  Thomas  (lived  about  I68O).    English  dramatist.  Kyd 

Lac^pide,  Comte  de  (Bernard  Germain  Etienne  de  Laville)  (1756-1825). 

French  naturalist.  Lac^ptde 

Lacy,  John  (died  1681).    English  actor,  dramatist,  and  adapter.  J.  Lacy 

Ladd,  (Jeorge  Trumbull  (1842- ).    American  theologian  and  philosophical 

writer.  G.  T.  Ladd 

Laing,  Samuel  (first  half  of  19th  century).    Scottish  traveler.  Laing 

I.amb,  Charles  (1775-I834).    English  essayist  and  humorist.  Lamb 

Lamb,  Patrick  (about  I710).    British  writer  on  cookery.  Lamb's  Cookery 

Lambarde  or  Lambard,  William  (1636-1601).    English  lawyer  and  anti- 

quarj'.  Lambarde 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Historical  Society,  Publications  of.  .Society 

instituted  1828. 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Record  Society,  PubllcatiouB  of.    Society 

instituted  1878. 
Lancet  (1823- ).    English  weekly  medical  journal.  Lancet 

Lanclani,  Rodolfo  (1847- ).    Italian  archsoologist.  Lanciani 

Landon,  Letltla  Elizabeth  (Mrs.  Maclean;  pseudonym  "L.  E.  L.")  (1802- 

1838).    English  poet.  L.  E.  Landon 

Landor,  Walter  Savage  (1775-1864).    English  poet  and  author.  Landor 

Landsborough,  David  (1782-1854).    Scottish  naturalist.  Landsborowjh 

Lane,  Edward  William  (1801-1870).    English  Orientalist.  Lane 

Lang,  Andrew  (1844- ).    English  poet  and  essayist.  A.Lang 

Langbaine,  Gerard  (1656-1692).    English  collector  of  plays.  Langbaine 

Langhome,  John  (1735-1779).    English  translator  and  poet.  Langhome 

Langland  or  Langley,  William  (1332?-1400?)    English  poet.    See  Pien 

Plowman. 
Langtoft,  Peter  (about  1300).    English  translator  and  chronicler.  Langto/t 

Lanier,  Sidney  (1842-1S81).    American  poet  and  critic.  S.Lanier 

Lankester,  Edwin  (1814-1874).    English  naturalist.  Lankester 

Lankester,  Edwin  Ray  (1847-  ).    English  naturalist.  E.  R.  Lankester 

Lansdell,  Henry.  Contemporaiy  English  clergyman,  traveler,  and  author.  Lansdell 
Larcom,  Lucy  (1826-  ).     American  poet.  Lucy  Larcom 

Lardner,  Dionysius  (1793-1859).    Irish  physicist  and  mathematician.  Lardner 

Larlve  and  Fleury.  ("  Dictionnaire  Fran(;ais  Illustr^,"  1884-1889.)  Larive  et  Fletiry 
Larousse,  Pierre  Athanase  (1817-1875).    ftench  encyclopedist.    ("Grand 

Dictionnaire  Universelle  du  XIXe  Si^cle,"  1866-1878.)  Larovsse 

Laslett,  Thomas.    English  writer.    ("Timber  and  Timber-trees,"  1875.)  Laslett 

Lassell,  William  (1799^1880).     English  astronomer.  La^dl 

Latham,  P.  M.  (about  1840).     British  medical  writer.  P.  M.  Latham. 

Latham,  Robert  Gordon  (I812-I888).    English  philologist  and  ethnologist 

("Dictionai-y  founded  on  Todd's  .Johnson,"  1870).  Latham 

Lathrop,  George  Parsons  (18.'il- ).    American  author.  O.  P.  Lathrop 

Lathrop,  Joseph  (1731-1820).     American  clergyman.  J.  Lathrop 

Latimer,  Hugh  (died  15.55).    English  Reformer  and  martyr.  Latimer 

Latrellle,  Pierre  Andr^  (1762-I8.'i3).    French  naturalist.  LatreUle 

Laud,  William  (1573-1645).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Ahp.  Laud 

Lauder,  Sir  Thomas  Dick  (1784-1848).    Scottish  romancer,  etc.    Sir  T.  Dick  Lauder 
Laveleye,  Emlle  Louis  Victor  de  (I822-  ).     Belgian  economist  and  pub- 
licist.   Trans,  by  Goddard  H.  Orpen.  Laveleye 


Lavlngton,  George  (1683-1762).    Bishop  of  Exeter.  Bp.  Lavirtgton 

Law,  WUliam  (I686-I76I).    English  divine.  Law 

La'wrence,  George  Alfred  (1827-1876).    English  novelist.  Lawrerue 

Lawrence,  Sir  William  (died  1867).    English  writer  on  surgery.  W.  Laurence 

Layamon.    English  priest  and  poet    ("Brut,"  a  versified  chronicle,  about 

1205.)  Layamon 

Layard,  Sir  Austen  Henry  (1817- ).    English  archneologist  and  diplomatist      Layard 
Layoock,  Thomas  (1812-1876).    English  physician.  Laycock 

Lazarus,  Emma  (1849-1887).    American  poet  E.  Lazarux 

Lea,  Matthew  Carey  (1823-  ).    American  chemist  Lea 

Leach,  WUliam  Elford  (1790-1836).    English  naturalist  Leach 

LecTiJ,  WUliam  Edward  Hartpole  (1838-  ).    British  historian.  Lecky 

Le  Conte,  John  (1818-1891).    American  physicist.  Dr.  John  Le  Ccmte 

Le  Conte,  John  (1784-1860).    American  naturalist.  John  Le  Conte 

Le  Conte,  John  Lawrence  (1825-1883).    American  entomologist.         J.  L.  Le  Conte 
Le  Conte,  Joseph  (1823-  ).    American  geologist  and  physicist.  Le  Conte 

Ledyard,  John  (1751-1789).    American  traveler.  Ledyard 

Lee,  Frederick  George  (1832-  ).    English  ecclesiastical  writer.  F.  6.  Lee,  or  Lee 

Lee,  James  (died  1795).    British  botanist  J.  Lee 

Lee,  Nathaniel  (died  1692?).    English  dramatist  Lee 

Leechdoms,  Wortcunning,  and  Starcraft  of  Early  England.    Edited  by 

T.  0.  Cockayne,  1862.  A.  S.  Leerhdonw 

Legge,  James  (1816- ).    Scottish  Sinologist.  J.  Legge 

Leibnitz,  Gottfried  Wllhelm  (1646-  17I6).  German  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician. Leibnitz 
Leidy,  Joseph  (1823-1891).  American  naturalist.  Leidy 
Leigh,  Sir  Edward  (I6O2-I67I).  English  Biblical  scholar  and  theologian.  Leigh 
Leighton,  Robert  (1611-1684).  Archbishop  of  Glasgow.  Abp.  Leighton 
Leland,  Charles  Godfrey  (1824  -  ) .  American  author  and  compiler.  ("  Dic- 
tionary of  Slang,  Jargon,  and  Cant,"  1889-1890,  ed.  Barrfere  and  Leland.) 

C.  G.  Leland 
Leland,  John  (died  1652).    English  antiquary.  Leland 

Leland,  John  (1691-1766).    English  Christian  apologist  J.  Leland 

Leland,  Thomas  (1722-I786).    Irish  historian  and  classical  scholar.  T.  Ltiand 

Le  Maout  and  Decaisne.  French  botanists.   ("A  General  System  of  Botany," 

trans,  by  Mrs.  Hooker,  1876.)  Le  Maout  and  Deeaime 

LeNeve,  John  (1679?-1740?).    English  antiquary.  Le  Neve 

Lennox,  Charlotte  (I720-I804).    British  novelist  Charlotte  Lennox 

Leo,  Heinrich  (1799-1878).     German  historian  and  philologist  ("Angel- 

sachsisches  Glosaar,"  1877,  etc.). 
Leslie,  Charles  (1650?- 1722).     Irish  nonjuring  divine.  C.  LeMie 

Lesquereux,  Leo  (1806-1889).    Swiss-American  paleontologist  Legquereuz 

Lesson,  Ren^Primevire  (1794-1849).    French  naturalist  Lemon 

L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger  (I6I6-1704).    English  translator  and  pablicist 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange 
Letters  of  Eminent  Men.    From  the  Bodleian  collection  (London,  1813). 
IiOver,  Charles  James  (1806-1872).    Irish  novelist  Lever 

Levins,  Peter  (died  after  1687).  English  physician  and  lexicographer. 
("  Manipulus  "Vocabulorum :  A  Dictionarie  of  English  and  Latine 
Hordes,"  1670;  repr.  1867,  ed.  H.  B.  Wheatley  (E.  E.  T.  S.).)  Levins 

Lewes,  George  Henry  (1817-1878).    English  philosophical  writer.  G.  H.  Leujet 

Lewis,  Sir  George  ComewaU  (1806-1863).    English  statesman  and  author. 

Sir  G.  C.  Leurit 
Le'Wis,  John  (1675-1746).    English  theologian  and  biographer.  J.Lewie 

Lewis,  WUliam  Llllington  (about  1767).    British  translator.  W.  L.  Lewii 

Le'Wis  and  Short  (Charlton  Thomas  Lewis,  1834-  ;  Charles  Short,  1821-1886). 
American  lexicographers,  editors  of  "  Harper's  I.atin  Dictionary,"  1879. 

Lewie  and  Short 
Leyden,  John  (I775-I8II).     Scottish  poet  and  Orientalist  Leyden 

Library  of  Universal  Knowledge.    See  Encyclopaedia,  Chambers's. 
Llddell  and  Scott  (Henry  George  Liddell,  1811-  ;  Robert  Scott  1811-1887X 
English  lexicographers.   ("  A  Greek-English  Lexicon,"  1843 ;  7th  ed.,  1883.) 

Liddell  and  Scott 
Llddon,  Henry  Parry  (1829-1890).    English  clergyman  and  theologian.  Liddon 

Lightfoot,  John  (1602-1675).    English  Biblical  scholar.  Light/oot 

LightfOOt,  Joseph  Barber  (1828-1889).    Bishop  of  Durham.  Bp.  Light/oot 

Lilly,  John.    See  Lyly. 

LlUy,  WUliam  (1002-1681).    English  astrologer.  LiUy 

Lincoln,  Abraham  (1809-1865).    Sixteenth  President  of  the  United  states.     Lincoln 
Lindley,  John  (1799-1865).    English  botanist  Lindley 

Linnaeus,  Carolus  (Carl  Linn^)  (1707-1778).    Swedish  botanist.  Linnamt 

Linton,  WiUlam  James  (I812-  ).    English- American  engraver  and  author. 

W.  J.  Linton 
Linwood,  William  (about  1840).    English  classical  scholar.  Linwood 

Lister,  Martin  (died  about  1711).    English  naturalist  Litter 

LltligOW,  William  (1683? -1660?).    Scottish  traveler.  LOhgaw 

Littleton,  Adam  (I627-I694).    English  clergyman  and  lexicographer.    (A 

Latin  and  English  dictionary,  1678,  1684,  etc.)  Littleton 

Littleton  or  Lyttleton,  Sir  Thomas  (died  1481).    English  legal  writer.         Littleton 
Llttr^,  Maximillen  Paul  £mUe  (I8OI-I88I).    French  lexicographer  and 

philosopher.     ("Dictionnaire  de  la  Langue  Frani;aise,"  1863-1873.)  Littri 

Livingston,  Edward  (1764-1836).     American  statesman  and  jurist         E.  Livingston 
Livingstone,  David  (1813-1873).     Scottish  missionary  and  traveler.  Livingstone 

Lloyd,  Robert  (1733-1764).    English  poet  Lloyd 

Lloyd,  William  (1627-1717).    Bishop  of  'Worcester.  Bp.  Uoyd 

Lobel,  Matthias  de  (I.5.38-I6I6).    French  botanist  De  Lobd 

Locke,  John  (1632-1704).    English  philosopher.  Locke 

Locker-Lampson,  Frederick  (1821  -  ).    English  poet  F.  Locker 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson  (1794 -1854).    Scotch  critic,  biographer,  and  nov- 
elist Lockhart 
Lockhart,  CoL  Lawrence  W.  M.  (1832-1882).    English  novelist  and  Jour- 
nalist                                                                                         L.  W.  M.  Lockhart 


LIST  OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


ZiOCkWOOd,  T.  D.    Contemporar}'  British  writer  on  electricity.  T.  D.  Lockwood 

Lockyer,  Joseph  Norman  (1836-  ).    English  astronomer.  J.  N.  Lockyer 

LoCTine  (1595).    Anonymous  tragedy.  Locrine 

Lodge,  Henry  Cabot  (1850-  ).    American  historical  writer  and  politician. 

//.  Cabot  Lodge 
Lodge,  Thomas  (died  1625).    English  dramatist,  poet,  and  novelist.  Lodge 

Loo,  WUliam  (about  1620).    English  clergyman.  Loe 

Logan,  John  (17*8-1788).    Scottish  poet.  Logan 

Lommel,  Eugene.    French  scientist.    ("Nature  of  Light,"  trans.,  1876.)  Lommel 

London  Qoarterly  Eevlew  (1853  -  ).    English  quarterly  literary  review. 

London  Quarterly  Rev. 
Longfellow,  Henry  WadSWOrth  (1807-1882).    American  poet.  LongfeUow 

Longfellow,  Samuel  (1819-  ).    American  poet.  S.  Lomj/ellou- 

Longstreet,  Augustus  Baldwin  (1790-1870).  American  writer.  A.  B.  Longstreet 
lA>omls,  Alfred  Lebbeus  (1831-  ).    American  physician.  A.  L.  Loomis 

Loomls,  Ellas  (1811-1889).    American  mathematician  and  physicist.  Lomnis 

Lord,  Henry  (about  1630).    English  traveler.  U.  Lord 

Lotze,  Rudolf  Hermann  (1817-1881).    German  philosopher.  Hermann  Lotze 

Loudon,  John  Claudius  (1783-1843).  Scottish  agriculturist  and  botanist.  Loudon 
Loveday,  Robert  (second  half  of  17th  century).    English  writer.  Loveday 

LoTelace,  Richard  (1618-1658).    English  poet.  Lovelace 

Lover,  Samuel  (1797-1868).    Irish  novelist  and  poet.  S.  Lover 

Lowe,  Charles  (1848-  ).    English  historical  writer.  Lowe 

Lowell,  Edward  Jackson  (1845- ).    American  historical  writer.  E.  J.  Lovrell 

Lowell,  James  Russell  (1819-1891).    American  poet  and  essayist.  Lmvell 

Lowell.  Robert  Traill  Spence   (1816-1891).     American  clergyman  and 

author.  K.  Lmcell 

Lower,  Hark  Antony  (1813  - 1876).    English  antiquary.  Loxver 

Lowndes,  William  Thomas  (died  1843).    English  bibliographer.  Lowndes 

Lowth,  Robert  (1718-1787).    Bishop  of  London.  Bp.  Lowth 

Lubbock,  Sir  John  (1834-  ).    English  ethnologist,  naturalist,  and  politician. 

Sir  J.  Lubbock 
Luce,  Stephen  Bleecker  (1827-  ).  American  admiral.  ("Text-book  of  Sea- 
manship," 1884.)  Lxice 
Ludlow,  Edmund  (1620?-1693).  English  Parliamentarian  general.  Ludlow 
Lyall,  Sir  Alfred  Comyns  (1835- ).  Anglo-Indian  official  and  writer.  Lyall 
Lydgate,  John  (about  1370-1460).  English  poet  Lydgate 
Ije,  Edward  (died  1767).    English  philologist.    ("Dictionarium  Saxonico 

et  Oothico-Latinum,"  ed.  Manning,  1772.)  Lye 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles  (1797  - 1875).    Scottish  geologist.  Sir  C.  Lyell 

Lyly  or  Lilly,  John  (1553?-:C06?).     English  dramatist,  and  author  of  "Eu- 

phues."  Lyly 

Lyndsay  or  Lindsay,  Sir  David  (died  about  LOSS).  Scottish  poet.  Sir  D.  Lyndmy 
Lyric  Poetry,  Specimens  of  (1274  - 1307).  Edited  by  Wright.  Spec.  0/  Lyric  Poetry 
Lyte,  Henry  Francis  (1793-1847).    British  religious  poet  Lyte 

Lyttelton,  Lord  (George  Lyttelton)  (1709-1773).    English  statesman  and 

author.  Lord  Lyttelton 

Lytton,  Earl  of  (Edward  Robert  Bulwer  Lytton)  (pseudonym  "Owen  Mere- 
dith ")  (1831  -  ).    English  poet  and  diplomatist  Owen  Meredith 
Lytton,  Lord  (Edward  George  Earle  Lytton  Bulwer  Lytton)  (1803-1873).  Eng- 
lish novelist,  dramatist,  poet,  and  politician.  Bulwer 

Macatllay,  Lord  (Thomas  Babington  Macaulay)  (1800-1859).    English  his- 
torian, essayist,  poet,  and  politician.  Macaulay 
KeCarthy,  Justin  (1830-  ).    Irish  politician,  historian,  and  novelist         J.  McCarthy 
McCarthy,  Justin  Huntly  (i860-  ).    Irish  historical  writer.                J.  H.  McCarthy 
HcCUntOck,  Sir  Francis  Leopold  (I8I9-  ).    British  arctic  explorer.           McClintock 
HcCUntOCk  and  Strong  (John  McCTintock,  I8I4  - 1870 ;  James  Strong,  1822  -  ). 
("Cyclopedia  of   Biblical,  Theological,  and  Ecclesiastical  Literature," 
188:1-1887.)                                                                                        McCliidock  and  Strong 
McCormick,  Robert  (1800-189O).     English  explorer.                                /(.  McCurmick 
McCosh,  James  (1811  -  ).    Scottish-American  philosopher.  McCosh 
HcCullOCh,  James  Melville  (1801-1883).    .Scottish  clergyman,  compiler  of 

educational  works.  J.  M.  McCuUoch 

M(!CullOCh,  John  Bamsay  (1789 -1864).  .Scottish  political  economist  ("Dic- 
tionary of  Commerce  and  (kimmercial  Navigation,"  18:12 ;  edition  used. 
1882.)  McCuUnch 

MacDonald,  Oeorge  (1824- ).    Scottish  novelist  Geo.  MacDunald 

Macdougall,  P.  L.  British  military  writer.  ("Theory  of  War,"  1856.)  Maedougall 
McElrath,  Thomas  (ISO7-I888).     American  lawyer,  publisher,  and  banker. 

(■'A  Dirtionary  of  Words  and  Phrases  used  in  Commerce,"  1H71.)  McElrath 

Macgllllvray,  William  (17%- 18.W).    .Scottish  naturalist  MacgiUivray 

Machin,  Lewis.    English  dramatist    ("The  Dumb  Knight, '  l<i08.)  Machin 

Mackay,  Charles  (1814-1889).    British  poet  and  journalist  C.  Mackay 

Mackenzie,  Henry  (I745-I83I).    Scottish  novelist,  essayist,  and  dramatist. 

//.  Mackenzie 
Mackintosh,  Sir  James  (1766-1832).    Scottish  philosopher  and  historian. 

Sir  J.  Mackintosh 
Macklln,  Charles  (died  1797).    British  dramatist  and  actor.  Macklin 

Maclagan,  Alexander  (1811-1879).     British  poet  a.  Maclagan 

McLennan,  John  Fergus  (1827 -issi).  Scottish  historical  writer.  ,/.  F.  McLennan 
Macloskie,  George  (1834- ).    British  naturalist  Macloskie 

McMaster,  Guy  Humphrey  (1829-1887).    American  poet.  G.  II.  McMaster 

McBIaster,  John  Bach  (1H.52- ).     American  historian.  J.  B.  McMaster 

Macmillan's  Magazine  (1869-  ).    English  monthly  literary  magazine. 

Macmillan'g  Mag. 
Macready,  William  Charles  (1793-1873).    English  actor.  Macready 

Madison,  James  (1751  -18.')C).     Fourth  President  of  the  I'nited  States.  Madison 

Madox,  Thomas  (died  alxmt  1726).     English  antiquary.  Madox 

Magazine  of  American  History  (1877-  ).  Monthly  magazine.  Mag.  Ainer.  Ilisl. 
Mahan,  Dennis  Hart  (IHO2-  1871).     American  military  engineer.  Mahan 

a,  Mllo  (1819-1870).    American  clergyman  and  church  historian.       Dr.  Mahan 


Mahony,  Francis  (pseudonym  "Father  Prout")  (1805-1866).    Irish  author. 

Father  Proui 
Maine,  Sir  Henry  James  Sumner  (I822-I888).  English  jurist  and  political 

writer.  Maine 

Maiden,  Henry  (18007-1876).    English  writer.  H.  Maiden 

Mallet,  David  (died  1765).    Scottisii  poet  and  dramatist  Mallet 

Mallet,  Robert.    English  writer  on  earthquakes.  R.  Mallet 

Mallock,  William  HurreU  (1849- ).    English  author.  W.  B.  Mattock 

Malmesbury,  William  of.    See  William. 

Malone,  Edmund  (1741-1812).    Irish  antiquary  and  Shaksperian  scholar.         Malone 
Malory,  Sir  Thomas  (15th  century).    British  romancer.  Sir  T.  Malory 

Mandeville,  Bernard  de  (died  1733).    English  poet  and  satirist.        B.  de  Mandeville 
Mandeville,  Sir  John  de  (died  1372?).    English  traveler.  Mandeville 

Mann,  Edward  C.    ("  Manual  of  Psychological  Medicine,"  1883.)  E.  C.  Mann 

Mann,  Horace  (1796-1869).    American  educator.  H.  Mann 

Manning,  Henry  Edward  (I8O8-  ).    English  cardinal.  Card.  Manning 

Manning,  Robert,  of  Brunne.    See  Brunne. 

Mannyngham,  Thomas  (died  1722).    Bishop  of  Chichester.  Bp.  Mannyngham 

Mansel,  Henry  Longueville  (1820-1871).     English  clergj-nmn  and  philo- 
sophical writer.  DeanMansel 
March,  Francis  Andrew  (1826-  ).    American  philologist         March,  or  F.  A.  March 
Markham,  Albert  Hastings.    English  naval  officer  and  arctic  explorer. 

A.  H.  Markham 
Markham,  Gervase  (about  1670-1655).    English  soldier  and  poet.  G.  Markham 

Marlowe,  Christopher  (1564-1593).    English  dramatist.  Marlmve 

Marmion,  Shakerley  (1602-1639).    English  dramatist,  poet,  and  soldier.      Mannion 
Marryat,  Frederick  (1792-1848).    English  novelist  Marryat 

Marsden,  William  (1754-1836).    British  Orientalist  and  numismatist.       W.  Marsden 
Marsh,  Anne  Caldwell  (died  1874).    English  novelist  Mrs.  Marsh 

Harsh,  George  Perkins  (I8OI-I882).    American  philologist  and  diplomatist. 

G.  P.  Marsh 
Marsh,  Herbert  (1757-1839).     Bishop  of  Peterborough.  Bp.  Marsh 

Marsh,  James  (I794-I842).    American  divine  and  educator.  J.  Marsh 

Harsh,  Othniel  Charles  (ISSl-  ).    American  naturalist  0.  C.  Marsh 

Marshall,  John  (1756-1835).    American  jurist  Marshall 

Marston,  John  (1.574?-1634?).     English  dramatist  Marstmi 

Martin,  Edward  (about  1662).    English  ecclesiastical  writer.  E.Martin 

Martin,  Sir  Theodore  (1816-  ).    British  biographer,  translator,  and  poet 

Theo.  Martin 
Martin,  Thomas  (died  1584).    English  ecclesiastical  writer.  T.  Martin 

Martlneau,  Harriet  (1802-1876).    English  historian,  economist,  and  nov- 
elist H.  Martiiieau 
Martlneau,  James  (I8O6-  ).    English  clergyman  and  philosophical  writer. 

J.  Martlneau 
Martinus  Scriblerus  (1741 7}    Satire  by  Arbuthnot,  Pope,  and  others. 

Martinug  Scriblerus 
Martjm,  John  (1699-1768).    English  botanist.  Martyn 

Marvel,  Ik.    See  D.  G.  Mitchell. 

Marvell,  Andrew  (1621-1678).    English  poet  and  statesman.  Marvell 

Marvin,  Charles  (1854-1891).    British  traveler  and  author.  C.  Marvin 

Mascart  and  Joubert.     ("Treatise  on  Electricity  and  Magnetism,"  1883, 

trans,  by  Atkinson.)  Mascart  and  Joubert 

Mason,  Creorge  (died  180C).  English  lexicographer.  (Supplement  to  John- 
son's Dictionary,  1801.)  Mason 
Mason,  John  (10OO?-1072).  New  England  soldier  and  historian.  J.  Mason 
Hason,  John  Hltchell  (1770-1829).  American  clergyman.  J.M.Mason 
Mason,  Lowell  (17i)2-1872).  American  musician.  Lowell  MaJfon 
Mason,  William  (1725-1797).  English  poet  W.Mason 
Massey,  Gerald  (1828-  ).  English  poet  G.  Massey 
Massinger,  Philip  (1584-1640).  English  dramatist  Masninger 
Masson,  David  (1822-  ).  Scottish  biographer  and  critic.  D.  Masson 
Masters,  Maxwell  Tylden  (1833- ).  English  botanist  Masters 
Mather,  Cotton  (1G63-172H).  American  clergyman  and  historical  writer.  C.  Mather 
Mather,  Increase  (16,19-1723).  American  clergyman.  Increase  Mather 
Mathews,  William  (I8IH-  ).  American  miscellaneous  writer.  W.  Mathews 
Mathias,  Thomas  James  (died  1k:i5).  English  miscellaneous  writer.  T.  J.  Mathias 
Maty,  Matthew  (I7I8-I771;).  English-Dutch  medical  writer.  Maty 
Matzner,  Eduard  Adolf  Ferdinand  (1805- ).   German  philologist   ("Alt- 

englischc  Sprachproben,  ncbst  einem  Glossar,"  1867-1891,  still  untinished.)    Matzner 
Maudsley,  Henry  (18,15-).     English  physiologist  Maudsley 

Maunder,  Samuel  (died  1849).    English  compiler  of  "Treasuries."  Maunder 

Maundrell,  Henry  (died  alwut  1710).    English  traveler.  Maundrell 

Maurice,  John  Frederic  Denison  (IHO5-I872).     English  clergyman  and 

author.  Maurice 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine  (I8OG  - 1873) .  American  naval  officer  and  physi- 
cal geographer.  Maury 
Maxwell,  James  Clerk  (1831  -1879).  Scottish  physicist  Clerk  Maxwell 
May,  Thomas  (died  1650).  English  historian  and  dramatist  May 
May,  Sir  Thomas  Erskine  (IJird  Farnborough)  (1816-1886).  English  con- 
stitutional historian.  Sir  E.  May 
Hayhew,  Henry  (1H12-1887).  English  journalist  and  litterateur.  Mayhem 
Masme,  Jasper  (1004-1672).  English  clergyman  and  dramatist  Jasiter  Mayne 
Mayne,  John  (17.59-1830).  Scottish  poet  J.  Mayne 
Mayne,  Robert  Gray.     English  surgeon,  compiler  of  a  medical  lexicon 

(1854).  R.  G.  Mayne 

Mede,  Joseph  (1586-1638).    English  clergyman  and  Biblical  critic.  J.  Mede 

Medhurst,  Walter  H.  (1796  - 1857).  English  missionary  and  Sinologist    W.  II.  Medhurst 
Medical  News  (1842- ).     American  weekly  periodical.  Med.  News 

Meehan,  Thomas  (1820-  ).    American  botanist  Meehan 

Melmoth,  Courtney.    See  Pratt. 
Melmoth,  WlUiam  (pseudonym  "Sir  Thomas  Fitz-Osborne")  (1710-1799). 

EngUsh  author.  W.  Melmoth,  or  Sir  Thomas  Filz-Osborne 


LIST   OF  WRITERS   AND  AUTHORITIES 


Helton,  John.    English  writer  (wrote  about  1609-1(')20).  J.  Helton 

Melville,  George  John  Whyte  (1821-1878).    Scottish  novelist.  Whyte  Melville 

Melville,  Herman  (1819-1891).     American  novelist  and  traveler.  H.  Melville 

Mendez,  Moses  (died  1758).     English  poet.  Mendez 

Meredith,  Mrs.  Charles.    Englisli  poet  and  writer  on  Tasmania. 

Jtfrs.  Charles  Meredith 
Meredith,  George  (1828- ).    English  novelist  and  poet.  G.Meredith 

Meredith,  Owen.    See  Lytton. 

Merivale,  Charles  (1808  -  ).    English  clergyman  and  historian.  Merivale 

Merriam,  George  S.  (1843-  ).     American  publisher  and  writer.  6.  S.  Merriam 

Merrick,  James  (1720-1709).    English  poet.  J.  Merrick 

Merrifield,  Mrs.  (about  1850).     English  writer  on  art.  Mrs.  Merrifield 

Meston,  William  (died  1745).     Scottish  poet.  W.  Mestmi 

Metrical  Romances.    See  Jiitson  and  Weber. 

Meyriclc,  Sir  Samuel  Rush  (1783- 1848).    English  antiquary.  Meyrick 

Mickle,  William  Julius  (1734-1788).     Scottish  poet  and  translator.  Micklc 

Middleton,  Conyers  (1683-17.'>0).  English  scholar  and  controversialist.  C.  Middtetan 
Middleton,  Thomas  (died  1027).     Englisli  dramatist.  Middleton 

Miege,  Guy.  Frencli-English  lexicographer.  ("  The  Great  French  Dictionary, " 

loss.)  Mieiie 

Miklosich,  Franz  von  (I813-  ).    Slavic  philologist.  MikloHch 

Mill,  James  (1773-1H;iG).  Scottish  liistorian,  economist,  and  philosoplier.  Jawen  Mill 
Mill,  John  (1045-1707).     English  clergyman  and  Biblical  scholar.  J.  .Mill 

Mill,  John  Stuart  (1800-1873).     English  philosopher  and  economist.  ./.  S.  Mill 

Miller,  CincinnatUS  Hiner  (pseudonym  "Joaquin  Miller")  (1841-  ).  Ameri- 
can poet.  Joaquin  Miller 
Miller,  Hugh  (1802-1856).  Scottish  geologist  and  author.  Ihigh  Miller 
Miller,  Philip  (1091-1771).  English  botanist.  P.Miller 
Miller,  William.  ("  Dictionary  of  English  Names  of  Plants,"  1884.)  W.  Miller 
Miller,William  Allen  (1817-1870).  English  chemist.  W.  A.  Miller 
Milman,  Henry  Hart  (1791-1808).  English  historian.  Milman 
Milne,  John  (1855  -  ).  ScUtish  geologist.  Miln^ 
Milne-Edwards,  Henri  (1800-1885).  French  naturalist.  Milne-Edwards 
Milner,  Joseph  (1744-1797).  English  ecclesiastical  historian.  Milner 
Milton,  John  (1008-1674).  English  poet  and  author.  Milton 
Minchin,  George  M  ("rniplanar  Kinematics,"  I882.)  Minchin 
Mind  (1876-  ).  Britisli  quarterly  pliilosophical  review.  Mind 
Minot,  Lawrence  (14th  century).  English  poet  and  author.  Minot 
Minsheu,  John.    Englisli  lexicographer.    ("  The  Guide  into  Tongues,"  1617  ; 

2d  ed.,  1625.)  Minsheu 

Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border.    Sir  Walter  Scott.  Border  Mimtrelsy 

MintO,  WUliam  (1845  -  ) .     Scottish  critic.  Minto 

Mirror  for  Magistrates,  The.    .\  collection  of  satirical  poems,  first  pub- 
lished about  1559-1574.  with  an  induction  liy  Sacltville.  Mir.  for  Mwjx. 
Mitchell,  Donald  Grant  (pseudonym  "lis  Marvel")  (1822- ).    American 

novelist  and  essayist.  D.  G.  Mitchell 

Mitchell,  Silas  Weir  (1829- ).    American  medical  writer.  S.  Weir  Mitchell 

Mitford,  A,  B.    British  diplomatic  official  in  Japan.  A.  B.  Mit/ord 

Mitford,  John  (IT8I  - 1859  ?).    English  author  and  editor.  J.  Mit/ard 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell  (1786-1855).    Englisli  author.  Miss  Mit/ord 

Mitford,  William  (1744-1827).     English  historian.  Mitford 

Mi vart,  St.  George  (1827- ).    English  biologist.  Mimrt 

Moir,  David  Macbeth  (pseudonym  "Delta")  (1798-1851).     Scottish  physi- 
cian, jioet,  and  novelist.  D.  M.  Moir 
Mollett,  J.  W.     Editor  of  "  Dictionary  of  Art  and  Arcliseology,"  1883.  Mollett 
Monhoddo,  Lord  (James  Burnett)  (1714  - 1799).    Scottish  jurist  and  pliiloso- 

plier.  Monboddo 

Monmouth,  Earl  of  (Henry  Carey)  (1.596-1661).    English  historian  and 

translator.  Monmmtth 

Monroe,  James  (1758-1831).    Fifth  President  of  the  United  States.  Monroe 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley  (1690  ?-l702).  Englisli  author.  Ladii  M.  W.  Montagu 
Montague,  George  (died  1815) .    Englisli  naturalist.  G.  Montaijue 

Montague,  Walter  (middle  of  17th  century).  English  religious  writer.  W.  Montague 
Montaigne,  Michel  de  (1533-1.592).     French  essayist.  Montaigne 

Montgomery,  James  (1771-1854).     Scottish  poet.  Montgomerg 

Montgomery,  Robert  (1807  - 1855).    Englisli  poet.  R.  Montgomery 

Monthly  Review  (1749-184.S).     English  monthly  literary  review.  Monthly  Kev. 

Montrose,  Marquis  of  (.lames  Graham)  (1012-1050).    Scottisli  general  and 

poet.  Munirosc 

Moore,  Charles  Herbert  (1«40-  ).  American  writer  on  architecture.  C.  //.  Moure 
Moore,  Edward  (1712-17.57).     English  writer.  E.Moore 

Moore,  John  (17:i0'.'-1802).     Scottish  descriptive  writer  and  novelist.  J,  Moore 

Moore,  Thomas  (1779-18.52).    Irish  poet.  Monre 

More,  Hannah  (1745  - 1833).     Englisli  moralist.  Mrs.  II.  M<:rc 

More,  Henry  (IB14-IO87).    Englisli  philosoplier  and  poet.  Dr.  II.  More 

More,  Sir  Thomas  (1478?- 1535).  Englisli  statesman  and  philosopher.  .Sir  T.  More 
Morell,  John  D.  (1815-  ).  Englisli  educational  and  pliilosopliical  writer.  ./.  D.  Morell 
Morgan,  Lady  fSydncy  Owensoii)  (died  1859).  Irish  novelist  and  writer.  Lady  Morgan 
Morgan,  Lewis  Henry  (IH18~1S81).     American  anthropologist.  L.  II.  Morgan 

Morgans,  William.     ^'■  .Manuiil  of  Mining  Tools."  1871.) 

Morier,  James  (dicil  1k49).     En;.'lisli  novelist  and  traveler.  Morier 

Morley,  Henry  (I822  -  ).    Engli.-ih  wi iter  on  literature.  H.  Morlry 

Morley,  John  (IH38-  ).     English  critic  and  statesman,  ,/.  Morley 

Morris,  George  P.  (IK02  -  1864).     American  poet  ami  journalist.  G.  P.  Morris 

Morris,  George  Sylvester  (1840-1SH9).  American  writer  on  philosophy.  G.  S.  Morris 
Morris,  Richard  (IWiii-  ).     Englisli  philologist.  /;.  Morris 

Morris,  William  (I834  -  ).     English  p.Mt.  WitUam  Morris 

Morrison,  Richard  James  (psenilonym  'Ziilkid")  (about  1835).     English 

astn.l..-(;r.  Zadkiel 

Morse,  John  Torrey  (1k40     ).     American  historical  a]icl  legal  writer.  ./.  T.  Morse 

Morte  d'Arthur.     .Middle  English  romance,  compiled  and  translated  from 

the  Kreiicli  liy  Sir  Tlionias  .Mah)ry  in  1485.  Mnrlc  d' Arthur 


Mortimer,  John  (died  1736).    English  miscellaneous  writer.  Mortimer 

Morton,  Nathaniel  (1613-1685).    American  historian.  N.Morton 

Morton,  Thomas  (1564-1669).    Bishop  of  Durham.  Bp.  Morton 

Morton,  Thomas  (1764-1838).    English  dramatist.  Morton 

Moseley,  Walter  Michael  (about  1792).  British  writer  on  archery.  W.  M.  Moeeley 
Mosheim,  Johann  Lorenz  von  (I694-I755).  German  ecclesiastical  his- 
torian. Mosheim 
Motherwell,  William  (1797-1836).  Scottish  poet.  MotherweU 
Motley,  John  Lothrop  (1814-1877).  American  historian.  MoOey 
Motteux,  Peter  Anthony  (1660-ni8).    French-English  author  (translator 

of  llabelais).  Motteux 

Moule,  Thomas  (1784-1851).    English  antiquary.  Moule 

Moulton,  Louise  Chandler  (1835-  ).    American  poet  and  writer.  L.  C.  Moultmt 

Mountagu,  Richard  (1578-1641).    Bishop  of  Norwich.  Bp.  Mountagu 

Mourt,  (Seorge.     (Mourt's  Relation  of  the  Plymouth  Plantation,  1622.)  Mourt 

Mowry,  Sylvester  (1830-1871).    American  explorer.  Mowry 

Moxon,  Charles.    English  mineralogist  (wrote  about  18;J8).  Moxon 

Moxon,  Joseph  (I627-  about  1700).    English  hydrographer.  J.  Moxon 

Mozley,  James  Bowling  (1813-1878).    English  theologian.  J.  B.  Mozley 

Mozley  and  Whlteley  (Herbert  Newman  Mozley  ;  George  Crispe  Whiteley). 

English  editors.     ("A  Concise  Law  Dictionary,"  1876.)  Mozley  and  Whiteley 

Mueller,  Ferdinand  von  (1825- ).    German  botanist.  Mueller 

Muhlenberg,  William  Augustus  (1796-1877).    American  clergyman  and 

hymn-writer.  Muhlenberg 

Mulford,  Ellsha  (1833-1885).     American  clergyman  and  author.  E.  Mul/ord 

Mulhall,  Michael  G.  (1836-  ).    Irish  statistician.  MulhaU 

Miiller,  Carl  OtfHed  (1797-1840).    German  archaeologist  and  Hellenist.    CO.  Mutter 
Miiller,  EduardF.  H.  L.  (1836- ).    German  philologist.    ("  Etymologisches 

Worterbiich  dcr  englischen  Sprache,"  1878-1879.)  E.  Miiller 

Muller,  Friedrich  Max  (1823- ).    German-English  philologist.  Max  Miiller 

Mullock,  John  Thomas  (18fl()-1869).    Roman  Catholicbishopof  St  John's, 

Newfoundland.  Mullock 

Mulock,  Dinah  Maria.    See  Craik. 

Munday,  Anthony  (1553  7-1633).    English  poet  and  dramatist.  Manday 

Miintz,  Eugene.    FYench  technical  writer.  MUntz 

Murchlson,  Sir  Roderick  Impey  (1792-1871).    British  geologist  Murchison 

Mure,  William  (1799-1860).     Scottish  critic  and  scholar.  W.  Mure 

Murfree,  Mary  Noailles  (pseudonym  "Charles  Egbert  Craddock  ")  (1850?-  ). 

American  novelist.  M.  A'.  Murfree 

Murphy,  Arthur  (died  1805).    Irish  dramatist  and  general  writer.  A.  Murphy 

Murray,  Alexanders.  (1841- ).    Scottish  archaeologist.  A.  S.  Murray 

Murray,  James  Augustus  Henry  (1837- ).    Scottish  philologist,  editor 
(with  11.  Bradley)  of  "A  New  English  Dictionary  on  Historical  Princi- 
ples," 1884-  .  J.  A.  H.  Murray 
Musgrave,  Sir  Richard  (1758  ?-l818).    Irish  historical  and  political  writer. 

Sir  R.  Musgrave 
Myers,  Frederick  William  Henry  (1843-  ).    English  contemporary  phil- 
osophical writer.  F.  W.  H.  Myen 

Nabbes,  Thomas  (died  about  1645),    English  poet  and  dramatist.  Ndbbe» 

Naime,  Lady  (Carolina  Oliphant)  (1766-1845).    Scottish  poet.  Lady  Nairne 

Napier,  Sir  William  Francis  Patrick  (1785-1860).    British  historian  and 

general.  Napier 

Nares,  Robert  (1753-1829).    English  clergyman,  critic,  and  compiler.    (*'A 
Glossary  or  Collection  of  Words,  Plirases,  Names,  and  Allusions  to  Cus- 
toms, Proverbs,"  etc.,  1822;  ed.  Halliwell  and  Wright,  1859.)  Nam 
Nash,  Thomas  (1564?-1601?).    English  dramatist,  poet,  and  pamphleteer. 

Sash,  or  Naehe 
Nation,  The  (1865- ).    American  weelcly  literary  periodical.  The  Nation 

National  Review  (1855-1864).    English  quarterly  literary  review.  National  Rev. 

Natural  History  Review.  Nat.  Hist  Rev. 

Nature  (1809- ).     English  weekly  scientific  periodical.  Nature 

Naunton,  Sir  Robert  (died  16a3?).    English  statesman.  Sir  R.  Natinton 

Neal,  John  (I793-I876).    American  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Neal 

Neale,  John  Mason   (I8I8-I866).      English    ecclesiastical   historian   and 

hymnologist.  J.  M.  Neale 

Neill,  Edward  Duffleld  (1823- ).    American  educator  and  author.  NeiU 

Nelson,  Robert  (165i;-1715).    English  religious  writer.  R.  Nelson 

Newcomb,  Simon   (1835-  ).      American  astronomer,  mathematician,  and 

economist.  A"«r<!oni6 

Newcomb  and  Holden  (Simon  Newcomb;  Edward  B.  Holden).  ("Astron- 
omy," 18M5.)  Neicconib  atui  Holden 
Newcome,  William  (1729-1800).  Archbishop  of  Armagh,  Ireland.  Abp.  Newvome 
Newcourt,  Richard  (died  1716).  English  church  historian.  Netceourt 
New  England  Journal  of  Education  (1858-  ).  Neic  Eng.  Jour,  of  Education 
New  English  Dictionary  (18S4-  ).    Edited  by  J.  A.  H.  Murray  and  H. 

Bradley.  A'.  E.  D. 

Newman,  Francis  William  (I805- ).    English  scholar.    ("Dictionary  of 

Modern  Arabic,"  1871.)  !■'■  W.  Newman 

Newman,  John  Henry  (1801-1890).   English  cardinal  and  theologian.    J.H.Nevman 
New  Mirror  (184:1-1845).     American  periodical.  N err  Mirror 

New  Monthly  Magazine  (1>14-  ).  English  literary  periodical.  Neu  Monthly  Mag. 

New  Princeton  Review  (1S86-  ).    American  bimonthly  review.     New  Pritxceton  Rev. 
New  Testament,  Cambridge  (1683).  Cambridge  N.  T. 

Newton,  Alfred  (1829-  ).     English  naturalist.  A.  Neulon 

Newton,  Charles  Thomas  (1816- ).    English  archaeologist.  C.  T.  Neicton 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac  (1042-1727).     English  mathematician  and  philosopher.        Neuion 
Newton,  John  (1725-1807).     English  clergyman  and  poet.  J.  Newton 

Newton,  Thomas  (1704-1782).    Bishop  of  Bristol.  Bp.  Newton 

New  York  Medical  Journal  (1865-  ).  N.  r.  Med.  Jour. 

New  York  Medical  Record  (i860-  ).  N.  Y.  Med.  Record 

Nichol,  John  (I833-  ).     Scottish  poet  and  author.  J.  NicM 


LIST  OF  "WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


NlChOl,  Jolm  Prlngle  (1804-1859).    Scottish  utronomer.  Prof.  Nichol 

Nicholls,  Mrs.  A.  B.    See  Charlotte  BrotUe. 

Nlcholla,  Thomas  (about  1550).    English  translator.  Nicholls 

Nichols,  James  Robinson  (1819-1»88).    American  chemist  and  scientific 

writer.  J.  R.  Nichols,  or  Nichols 

Nichols,  John  (>lied  1826).    English  antiquary.  Nichols 

Nicholson,  Henry  Alleyne  (1844  -  ).    Scottish  geologist  and  zoologist. 

//.  A.  Nicholson 
Nicholson,  William  (died  1815).    English  scientist.  Nicholson 

Nicholson,  William  (1782-1849).    Scottish  poet.  W.Nicholson 

Nicolay,  John  George  (1832- ).    American  author.  J.  O.  Nicolay 

Nlcoll,  Robert  (1814-1837).    Scottish  poet.  NicoU 

Nicolson,  William  (1663-1727).    Archbishop  of  Cashel,  Irelan<l.  Bp.  Nicolgon 

Niles's  Register  (1811-1849).    American  weekly  periodical.  NUes's  Reijister 

Nineteenth  Century,  The  (1877-  ).    English  monthly  review.        Nineteenth  Century 
Noble,  Mark  (died  1827).    English  antiquary.  M.  Noite 

Noble,  Samuel  (1779-1853).    English  Swedenborgian  minister.  Noble 

Noctes  Ambrosiaiue.    By  John  Wilson.  Noctes  A  mbrosiaiue 

Nolan,  Lewis  Edward  (died  1854).    English  officer  and  writer  on  cavalrj- 

tactics.    (See  Garrard.)  Nolan 

Horden,  John  (died  about  1626).    English  topographer  and  poet.  Norden 

Normandy,  Alphonse  (died  1864).     English  chemist.  Normandy 

Norris,  John  (1657-1711).    English  philosopher.  Norrit 

North,  Christopher.    See  J.  Wilson. 

North,  Lord  (Dudley  North)  (1804  - 1677).     English  biographer.  Lord  North 

North,  Hon.  Roger  (1651-1733?).    English  biographer.  Roger  North 

North,  Sir  Thomas  (1530J-16O5?).    English  translator.    (Plutarch,  1379.)  North 

North  American  Review  (1816- ).     American  literary  review.  N.A.Rev, 

North  British  Review  (1844-1871).    Scottish  quarterly  literary  review. 

North  British  Rev. 
Northbrooke,  John.  English  clergyman  (wrote  about  1570-1600).  J.  Northbrooke 
Norton,  Charles  Eliot  (1827- ).     American  scholar  and  writer.  C.  E.  Norton 

Norton,  John  (1606- 166;J).    English-American  clergyman.  John  Norton 

Norton,  John  (1651-1716).    American  clergyman.  J.Norton 

Norton,  Thomas  (16th  century).    English  poet,  dramatist,  and  translator.    T.  Norton 
Notes  and  Queries  (1849-  ).    English  weekly  periodical.  N.  and  Q. 

Nott,  Joslah  Clark  (1804-1873).    American  ethnologist.  Nott 

Numismatic  Clironicle  (1838-  ).    English  quarterly  perio<licftl.  Nianis.  Chron. 

Nuttall's  Standard  Dictionary  (ed.  James  Wood,  1890). 

03rien,  Fits  James  (1828-1862).    Irish-American  author.  Fitz  James  O'Brien 

Occleve  or  Hoccleve,  Thomas  (1370?-1450?).    English  poet  and  lawyer.  Occleve 

Octavlan,  Romance  of  the  Emperor  (i4th  century).     Middle  English 

poem.  Oetacian 

Octovlan  Imperator  (14th  century),    Middle  English  poem.  Octovian 

CCurry,  Eugene  (1796-1862).    Irish  historian  and  antiquary.  O'Curry 

0' Donovan,  Edmond  (1838-1883).    British  Journalist  and  author.  O'Donnran 

OT)onovan,  John  (died  1861).    Irish  archsBologist.  J.  0' Donovan 

Ogllvle,  John  (1797-1807).    Scottish  lexicographer.  See /mperia/ DurfwjMir!/.       OyUvie 
0'Keefe,Jolm  (1747-1833).    Irish  dramatist  O'Keefe 

Oldham,  John  (16.53-1683).    English  poet  and  satirist.  Oldham 

Oldys,  William  (died  1761).    English  biographer.  Oldys 

Oliphant,  Laurence  (1829-1888).     English  author.  f,.  Oliphanl 

Oliphant,  Margaret  Wilson  (1828- ).  Scottish  novelist  and  historian.     .Vr*.  Oliphanl 
Ollphant,  Thomas  Laurence  Kington  (I83i- ).    English  philologist  and 

author.  Oliphant 

OHelll,  Charles.    ("  Dictionary  of  Dyeing  and  Calico  Printing,"  1862,  etc.)         O'Neill 
OlMlly,  Edward.    Irish  lexicographer.    ("An  Irish-English  Dictionary," 

18«4.)  O'Reaiy 

O'Reilly,  John  Boyle  (1844-1890).    Irish-American  Journalist  and  poet.    J.B.O'Reilly 
O'Reilly,  Miles,    see  Ilatpine. 
Orm  or  Ormin  (12th  century).    English  monk.    ("  Ormulum,"  a  series  of 

homilies  in  verse,  about  1200:  ed.  White,  1852.)  Ormulum 

Ormerod,  George  (178S-1H73).    English  county  historian.  Ormerod 

Orton,  James  (IH30-I877).    American  naturalist.  ./.  Orton 

Osbom,  Henry  Stafford  (1823- ).     American  educator  and  writer.  ll.S.Osbiym 

Osborne,  Francis  (died  1659).     English  moralist.  Osborne 

Ossoli,  Marchioness  (Margaret  Fuller).     See  Fuller. 

Otway,  Thomas  (1651-1685).     English  dramatist.  Otimy 

Outred,  Marcelline  (about  I.58O).    Biblical  conmientator.  Otitred 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas  (l.?81-1613).     English  poet  and  courtier.  Sir  T.  Overbury 

Owen,  John  B.  (1787-1872).    English  philosophical  writer.  J.Owen 

Owen,  Sir  Richard  (1S04-).    English  naturalist,  anatomist,  and  paleon- 
tologist. Oiivn 
Owl  and  Nightingale  (about  12.50).     Middle  English  poem,  ascribed  to 

Nicholas  de  liuildford. 
Ozenham,  Henry  Nutcombe  (I829-I888).     English  essayist  and  religious 

writer.  '/.  A'.  Oxenham 

Oxford  Glossary  of  Architecture  ( 1 850) .  Oxford  Glass. 

Oxlee,  John  (I779-I8.54).     English  clergyman  and  theological  writer,  J.  Ozlee 

Ozell,  John  (died  1743).     English  translator.  Ozell 


A.  S. 


Packard,  Alpheus  Spring  (1839-  ).     American  naturalist. 
Pace,  David  (18H  -1879).    Scottish  geologist. 
PaClt,  Ephralm  (1575- 1647).    English  clergyman. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat  (1773-18II).    American  poet.  R. 

Paine,  Thomas  (1737-I809).    English-American  writer. 
Paley,  William  (I743-I8O5).     English  clergyman,  theologian,  and  moralist. 
Palfrey,  John  Gorham  (1796-I88I).    American  historian. 
Palgrave,  Sir  Francis  (I788-1S61).     English  historian.  flir  F. 

Palgrave,  Francis  Turner  (1824- ).    English  poet  and  critic.  F.T. 

Palgrave,  William  Glfford  (1826- 188K).     Knglish  traveler.  w.a. 

444 


Packard 

Page 

F.  Poifit 

T.  Paine 

T.  Paine 

Paley 

Palfrey 

Palgrave 

Palgrave 

Palgrave 


Pallas,  Peter  Simon  (174I-I8II).    German  naturalist  and  traveler.  Pallas 

Palliser,  Frances  Bury  (1806-187a).  English  writer  on  lace,  etc.  Mrs.  Burii  Palliser 
Pall  Mall  Gazette  (1865-  ).    English  daily  newspaper.  Pall  Mall  Gazette 

Palmer,  A.  Smythe.    English  philological  writer.  A.  S.  Palmer 

Palmer,  Edward  Henry  (1840  - 1882).    English  scholar.    ("Persian  Diction- 
ary," 2d  ed.,  1884.)  E.  H.  Palmer 
Palmer,  John  Williamson  (1825-  ).    American  author  and  editor.  J.  W.  Palmer 
Palmer,  Ray  (1808-1887).    American  clergyman  and  hymn-writer.  Ray  Palmer 
Palmer,  William  (1803  ?-  ).    English  clergyman  and  theological  writer. 

William  Palmer 
Palmer,  WUUam  (1811-1879).     English  writer  on  the  Greek  Church.  W.  Palmer 

Falmerston,  Viscount  (Henry  John  Temple)  (1784-1865).     British  states- 
man. Palmerston 
Palsgrave,  John  (died  1554).    English  grammarian.    ("Lesclarcissement  de 
la  Langue  Francoyse,"  1530 ;  reprinted  as  "  L'Eclaircissement  de  la  Langue 
I'Yan<;aise,"  ed.  G^nin,  1852.)  Palsgrave 
Paris,  Comte  de  (Louis  Philippe  Albert,  Piince  d'OrWans)  (1838-  ).     French 

historian  and  soldier.  Cmnte  de  Paris 

Parke,  Robert  (end  of  leth  century).    English  writer.  R.  Parke 

Parker,  Martin.    English  writer.    ("  The  Nightingale,"  1632.)  M.  Parker 

Parker,  Matthew  (1504-1576).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  A  bp.  Parker 

Parker,  Samuel  (1640-1687).     Bishop  of  0.\ford.  Bp.  Parker,  or  Parker 

Parker,  Samuel  (died  1730).    English  theological  writer.  S.  Parker 

Parker,  Theodore  (I8IO-I86O).  American  clergyman  and  author.  Theodore  Parker 
Parker,  W.  Kitchen  (1823  - 1890).  English  anatomist  and  physiologist.  W.  E.  Parker 
Parker  Society  Publications.    Society  instituted  at  Cambridge,  England, 

in  1840. 
Parkman,  Francis  (1823-  ).    American  historian.  F.  Parkmaii 

Parley,  Peter.    See  Goodrich. 

Pamell,  Thomas  (1679-1717).    Irish  poet.  Parnell 

PsuT,  Samuel  (1747-1826).    English  scholar.  Pan- 

Parsons,  Thomas  William  (I819-  ).  American  poet  and  translator.  T.  W.  Parsons 
Pascoe,  Francis  P.  (I8I3-  ).    British  naturalist.  Paseoe 

Pasteur,  Louis  (I822-  ).    French  physician  and  chemist.  Pasteur 

Paston  Letters.    A  collection  of  English  letters  (1422-1509) ;  ed.  (iairdner, 

1872-187.5. 
Paterson,  James  (1828-  ).    English  legal  writer.  J.  Paterson 

Patmore,  Coventry  Kearsey  Deighton  (I823-  ).  English  poet.  Coventry  Patmore 
Patrick, Simon  (1626-1707).    Bishop  of  Ely,  and  religious  writer.  Bp.  Patrick 

Patterson,  Robert  Hogarth  (I821-I886).  Scottish  financial  writer.  R.  II.  Patterson 
Pattison,  Mark  (I8I3-I884).    English  clergyman  and  author.  Mark  Patlison 

Paiton,  Sir  Joseph  (1803-1865).    English  gardener  and  architect.    (■■  Botani- 
cal Dictionary,"  1840, 1868.)  Paxton 
Payn,  James  (I830-  ).     English  novelist.                                                                 J.  Payn 
Payne,  John  (I843-  ).    British  poet  Payne 
Payne,  John  Howard  (1792-I8.52).    American  poet  and  playwriglit. 

J.  Howard  Payne 
Peacham,  Henry  (beginning  of  17th  century).    English  author.  Peacham 

Peacock,  Thomas  Love  (1783-1866).     English  novelist  and  poet.  Peacock 

Pearce,  Zachary  (1690-1774).  Bishop  of  Rochester,  and  commentator.  Bp.  Pearce 
Pearson,  Charles  Henry  (1830- ).    English  historical  writer.  C.  II.  Pearson 

Pearson,  John  (1612-1686).    Bishop  of  Chester.  Bp.  Pearson 

PecOCk,  Rejrnold  or  Reginald  (about  1390- 1460).  Bishop  of  Chichester.  Bp.  Pecock 
Peel,  Sir  Robert  (1788-1850).     English  statesman.  .'fir  R.  Peel 

Peele,  (Jeorge  (1538-1598).     English  dramatist.  Peele 

Pegge,  Samuel  (1731-1800).    English  antiquary.  I'egge 

Peile,  John  (1838-  ).    English  philologist  Peile 

Peirce,  Benjamin  (1778-1831).    American  author.  Peirce 

Peirce,  Benjamin  (I809- I88O).    American  matheniaticiaii.  B.  Peirce 

Peirce,  Charles  Sanders  (1839-  ).  American  mathematician  and  logician.  C.  S.  Peirce 
Penhallow,  D.  P.  (1851- ).    American  botanist  I'enhallow 

Penn,  William  (1644-1718).    Founder  of  Pennsylvania.  Penn 

Pennant,  Thomas  (1726-1798).     English  naturalist  Pemmnt 

Pennecuik,  Alexander  (1652-1722).  Scottish  physician,  botanist,  and  p(jet.  Prnnecuik 
PenneU,  Elizabeth  Robins.    Contemporary  American  writer.  K.  /(.  I'ennell 

Pennell,  Joseph,     contemporary  American  artist  and  writer.  ,/.  PenneU 

Pepys,  Samuel  (163.! -170:)).    English  diarist  Pepys 

Percival,  James  Gates  (1796-18.50).    American  poet.  J.G.  Vercical 

Percy,  John  (1817-1889).     English  metallurgist  J.Percy 

Percy,  Thomas  (1729?-1811).     Bishop  of  Dromore.  Ireland.     ("Keliqucsof 

Ancient  English  Poetry,"  1765.)  Bp.  Percy,  and  Percy'"  Reliques 

Percy  Society  Publications.    Society  instituted  in  London  in  1840. 
Pereira,  Jonathan  (I8O4-I8O3).     Englisii  physician  and  chemist  Pereirn 

Perkins,  Charles  Callahan  (1823-1886).     American  writer  on  art  C.  C.  Perkins 

Perkins,  William  (16.58-1602).     English  divine.  PerHns 

Perry,  Thomas  Sergeant  (1845-  ).     American  literary  historian.  T.  S.  Perry 

Perry,  William.     Scottisli  lexicograplier.     ("Royal  Standard  English  Dic- 
tionary," 1775.)  Perry 
Peters,  Charles  (died  1777).    English  clergyman.                                                Peters 
Pett,  Sir  P.  (second  half  of  17th  century).     English  writer.  Petl 
Petty  or  Fettle,  Sir  William  (1623  -1687).     English  political  economist 

Petty,  or  Sir  W.  Pettie 
Phaer,  Thomas  (died  1.56fl).    British  translator  of  Virgil,  etc.  Phaer 

Phelps,  Austin  (1820-1890).     American  clergyman  and  author.  A.  Phelps 

Phelps,  Elizabeth  Stuart  (Mrs.  Ward)  (1844- ).     American  novelist  and 

poet.  E.  S.  Phelps 

Philips,  Ambrose  (died  1749).     Englisii  poet  atid  dramatist.  Philips 

Philips,  John  (1676-1708).     English  poet  J.Philips 

Philllmore,  Joseph  (1776-18.5.5).     English  jurist  Phillimure 

Philllps,Edward(16.30-1698?).  English  lexicographer  and  compiler.  ("The 
New  World  of  Words,  or  aGencral  English  DictionaiT,"  1658,  etc. :  revised 
ed.,  1706:  editions  used,  1678,  1706.)  F.  Phillips,  or  Phillips 


i 


LIST  OF   WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


PhlUlps,  John  (1800-1874).     English  geologist  Phillipt 

PlUUlps,  Samuel  (1815-1854).    English  critic  and  novelist.  S.  Phillips 

PMlllps,  Wendell  (1811-1884).    American  orator  and  reformer.  W.  Phillips 

PMlOlOglcal  Society,  Dictionary  of.     The  "New  English  Dictionary" 

(see  J.  A,  H.  Murray). 
Philosophical  Magazine  (1798- ).   British  monthly  scientific  periodical.  PhUo8.Mag. 
Phin,  John  (1832- ).   Scottish-American  publisher  and  writer.    ("Dictionary 

of  Apiculture,'  1884.)  Phin 

Piatt,  Sarah  Morgan  Bryan  (1836- ).    American  poet.  Mrs.  Pitut 

Pichardo,  Est^ban  (1799-1879).    Cuban  lexicographer.    ("Diccionario  Pro- 
vincial de  Vozes  Cubanas,"  1836;  3d  ed.,  1862.) 
Pickering,  John  (1777-1846).    American  lawyer  and  compiler.     ("A  Vo- 

cabulai-y  "'  of  alleged  or  supposed  Americanisms,  1816).  Pickering 

Pickering,  Timothy  (1745-1829).    American  statesman.  T.Pickering 

Pierce,  Thomas  (died  1691).    English  theologian  and  controversialist.  T.  Pierce 

Piers  the  Plowmans  Crede.    Middle  English  poem  (about  1394). 

Piers  Plowinan's  Crede 
Plerpont,  John  (1785-1866).    American  clergyman  and  poet.  Pierponl 

Piers  the  Plowman.   Poem  by  William  Langland  (text  A,  about  1362 ;  text  B, 

about  1377;  text  C,  about  1393;  edition  used,  Skeat's  of  1886).  Piers  Plowman 

Plnkerton,  John  (1758-1826).    Scottish  antiquarian,  historian,  and  poet.      Pinkerton 
Plnkney,  Edward  Coate  (1802-1828).     American  poet.  Pinkney 

PiOZZi,  Mrs.  (Hester  Lynch  Salusbury ;  Mrs.  Thrale)  (1741  ?- 1821).    English 

writer.  Mrs.  Piozzi 

Pitscottie,  Robert  Lindsay  of  (16th  century).    Scottish  chronicler.  Pitseottie 

Pitt,  Cairistopher  (1699- 1748).    English  translator  and  poet.  C.  Pitt 

Pitt,  William  (I759-I8O6).    English  statesman.  W.  Pitt 

Planch^,  James  Robinson  (17%-1880).     English  antiquary  and  dramatist.     Planchi 
Plaj'falr,  Sir  Lyon  (I8I9-  ).     British  chemist,  scientist,  and  economist.  Play/air 

Plot,  Robert  (died  16%).    English  naturalist  and  antiquary.  Plot 

Plumbe,  S.  (first  half  of  19th  century).    British  medical  writer.  S.  Plumbe 

Plumtree  or  Plumtre,  Robert.    English  writer  (wrote  about  1782).  Plumlree 

POCOCk,  Edward  (I6O4-I69I).    English  Orientalist.  Pocock 

Pococke,  Richard  (1704-1765).    English  traveler.  Pococke 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan  (1809-1849).     American  poet  and  romancer.  Poe 

Political  Songs  (about  1264-1327).    Edited  by  Wright,  1839. 

PoUock,  Sir  Frederick  (1845- ).    English  jurist.  F.  Pollock 

Pollok,  Robert  (1798-1827).    Scottish  poet.  Pollok 

Pomfret,  John  (1667-1703).    English  poet.  Pom/ret 

Pope,  Alexander  (1688-1744).    English  poet.  Pope 

Pope,  Walter  (died  1714).    English  physician  and  author.  W.Pope 

Popular  Encyclopaedia,  Blaokle's.  Pop.  Encyc. 

Popular  Music  of  the  Olden  Time,    chappell. 

Popular  Science  Monthly  (I872-  ).     American  periodical.  Pop.  Sci.  Mo. 

Popular  Science  Review  (I862-I88I).    English  quarterly  periodical.      Pop.  Sci.  Rev. 
Person,  Richard  (1759-1808).    English  classical  scholar  and  critic.  Porson 

Porter,  Ebenezer  (1772-1834).     American  educator.  E.Porter 

Porter,  Noah  (I8II-  ).    American  educator  and  philosophical  writer,  editor 

of  "  Webster's  Dictionary,"  editions  of  1864  and  1890.  A".  Porter 

Porteua,  Beilby  (1731-1808).    Bishop  of  London.  Bp.  Porteus 

Potter,  Francis  (1594-1678).     English  clergyman.  E.  Potter 

Potter,  John  (1674  -1747).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  classical  scholar.      Abp.  Potter 
Poulsen,  V.  A.    Danish  chemist.     ("Botanical  Micro-Chemistry,"  1884.)  Paulsen 

Pownall,  Thomas  (died  I8O5).     English  colonial  governor  and  antiiiuary.         Pownall 
Praed,  Mrs.  Campbell  Mackworth  (1852-  ).    Writer  on  Australia. 

Mrs.  Campbell  Praed 
Praed,  Winthrop  Mackworth  (1802-1839).    English  poet.  Praed 

Pratt,  Samuel  Jackson  (pseudonym  " Courtney  Melmoth ")    (1749-1814). 

English  poet  and  novelist.  C.  Melmoth 

Preble,  George  Henry  (1816-1885).    American  admiral.  PreMe 

Preece  and  Sivewright.    ("Telegraphy,"  1876.)  Preece  and  Sivetvright 

Premature  Death.    See  if.  Ilawes.  Premature  Death 

Prescott,  {Jeorge  Bartlett  (1830-  ).     American  electrician.  G.  B.  Prescott 

Prescott,  William  Hlckllng  (1796-1859).    American  historian.  Prescott 

Preston,  Harriet  Waters  (about  1843-  ).    American  author  and  translator. 

H.  W.  Preston 
Preston,  Margaret  J.  (about  I825-  ).     American  poet.  M.  J.  Preston 

Preston,  Thomas  (died  1598).    English  writer  of  plays.  T.Preston 

Preston,  Thomas  Arthur  (1833-  ).    English  clergyman  and  botanist.     T.  A.  Preston 
Price,  Sir  Uvedale  (I747-I82!)).     English  ess.iyist.  Sir  Ucedale  Price 

Prichard,  James  Cowles  (17867-1848).   English  ethnologist  and  physiologist. 

J.  C.  Prichard 
Prideaux,  John  (1578-1650).     Bishop  of  Worcester.  Prideaux,  or  Dr.  Prideaux 

Priestley,  Joseph  (1733-1804).     English  physicist,  theologian,  and  philoso- 
pher. Priestley 
Prior,  Sir  James  (1790-1869).    Irish  biographer.                                          Sir  J.  Prior 
Prior,  Matthew  (1664-1721).     English  poet.  Prior 
Prior,  Richard  Chandler  Alexander  (1809?-).     English  physician  and 

author.  P.  C.  A.  Prior 

Proceedings  of  American  Society  for  Psychical  Research. 

Proc.  Amer.  Soc.  Psychical  Research 
Proceedings  of  English  Society  for  Psychical  Research. 

Proc.  Soc.  Psychical  Research 
Procter,  Adelaide  Anne  (1825-1864).     English  poet.  A.A.Procter 

Procter,  Bryan  WaUer  (pseudonym  "  liarry  Cornwall  ")  (died  1874).    Eng- 
lish poet.  Barry  Cornwall,  or  B.  W.  Procter 
Procter,  Francis.    English  clergyman,  writer  on  ecclesiastical  history,  etc.    F.  Procter 
Proctor,  Richard  Anthony  (1837-1888).     English  astronomer.  R.  A.  Proctor 
Promptorium Parvulorum  (atK>utl440).  An  English-Latin  dictionary,  ed. 

Way,  1S4:)-1865.  Prompt.  Pare. 

Prout,  Father,    see  Mahuny. 
Prynne,  William  (160«-1669).     English  politician  and  piiniphleteer.  Prynne 


Pugin,  Augustus  WelbyNorthmore  (1812-1882).    English  architect.  Puffin 

Puller,  Timothy  (died  1693).    English  clergyman.  T.  Puller 

Punch  (1841-  ).    English  weekly  comic  periodical.  Punch 

Purchas,  Samuel  (I577-  about  1628).    English  clergyman  and  compiler  of 

travels.  Purchas 

Pusey,  Edward  Bouverie   (I8OO-I882).      English  clergyman  and  Anglo- 

Catholic  writer.  Putey 

Puttenham,  George  (died  about  leoo).    English  critic  and  poet  PutUnham 

Qualn,  Sir  Richard  (1816-1887).  British  anatomist  ("Dictionary  of  Medi- 
cine," 1883.)  ^MOtn 
Quarles,  Francis  (1592-1644).  English  poet  Quarlet 
(2uarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical  Science  (1853- ).  Quart.  Jour.  Micros.  Sd. 
Quarterly  Journal  of  the  Geological  Society  (1845  - ).  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc. 
Quarterly  Review  (1809-  ).  English  quarterly  literary  review.  Quarterly  Rev. 
Quin,  Life  of  Mr.  James  (English  actor,  1693-1766).    Anonymous  work, 

1766.  lA/e  of  Quin 

Quincy,  Edmund  (I8O8-I877).    American  biographer.  E.  Quincy 

Quincy,  John  (died  1723).    English  medical  writer.  Quiney 

Quincy,  Josiah  (1772-1864).    American  statesman.  J.  Quincy 

Quincy,  Josiah  (1802-1882).    American  writer.  Josiah  Quiney 


Rabenhorst,  Ludwig  (I8O6-  ).    Glerman  botanist 
Rae,  John  (1845-  ).    English  economist 
Rae,  W.  Eraser  (1835- ).    British  author. 
Rainbow,  Edward  (I6O8  - 1684).    Bishop  of  Carlisle. 


Rabenhant 

Rae 

W.  F.  Rae 

Bp.  Rainbme 


Raleigh,  Sir  Walter  (I552-I6I8).  English  statesman,  explorer,  and  his- 
torian. Raleigh 
Rambler,  The  (1750-1752).  English  periodical,  edited  by  Dr.  Johnson.  RanMer 
Ramsay,  Allan  (1686-1758).  Scottish  poet  Ranaa^ 
Ramsay,  Sir  Andrew  <3rombie  (I8I4  -  ).  Scottish  geologist  A.  C.  Ramiag 
Ramsay,  Edward  B.  (1793-1872).  Scottish  clergyman  and  author.  E.  B.  Ramtttj^ 
Ramsay,  Sir  George  (1800-1871).  British  political  economist  G.  Ramti^ 
Randolph, Bernard.  English  writer  of  travels  (wrote  aboatl686-1689).  B.Randolph 
Randolph,  John  (1773-1833).  American  statesman.  J.  Randolph 
Randolph,  Thomas  (1605-1634).  English  poet.  Randolph 
Ranke,  Leopold  von  (1795-1886).  German  historian.  Von  Ranke 
Rankine,  William  John  Macquom  (I820  - 1872).  Scottish  engineer.  RanUne 
Rapalje  and  La'wrence  (Stewart  Rapalje;  Robert  L.  Lawrence).  ("Dic- 
tionary of  English  and  American  Law,"  1883.)  Rapalje  and  Lawrence 
Rai)er,  Matthew.  British  antiquary  (wrote  alwut  1764-1787).  M.  Raper 
Ravenscroft,  Edward  (last  half  of  17th  century).    English  dramatic  writer. 

B.  Raventero/l 
Ravenscroft,  Thomas  (atmut  l,'i82  - 1630).    English  composer  and  editor  of 

music  and  songs.  Ravenscroft 

Rawlinson,  George  (I815-  ).    English  historian  and  editor.  G.  Rawliuson 

Rawlinson,  Sir  Henry  Creswicke  (I8IO-  ).   English  geographer  and  Orien- 
talist. Sir  H.  Rawlinton 
Ray,  John  (1628-1705).    English  naturalist  and  philologist.  Bay 
Raymond,  Henry  Jarvls  (1820-1869).    American  journalist  and  author. 

If.  J.  Raymond 
Raymond,  Rosslter  Worthington  (1840-  ).    American  mining  engineer. 

R.  W.  Raymond 
Read,  Thomas  Buchanan  (1822-1872).    American  poet  T.  B.  Read 

Reade,  Charles  (1814-1884).    English  novelist  C.  Reade 

Reade,  John  Edmund  (died  1870).    English  poet  J.  E.  Reade 

Reber,  Franz  von  (1834-  ).    German  art  historian.  Reber 

Recorde,  Robert  (1500?-1558).    English  mathematician.  Recorde 

Redding,  Cyrus  (1785 -1870).    English  journalist  Redding 

Redhouse,  Sir  James  William  (1811- ).     English  orientalist    ("Turkish 

Dictionary,"  2d  ed.,  1880.)  Redhoute 

Rees,  Abraham  (1743-1825).   English  encyclopedist    ("Cyclop(edia,"1803- 

1819.    Compare  E.  Chambers.)  Rees 

Reeve,  Thomas  (middle  of  17th  century).    English  clergyman.  Reeve 

Reeves,  John  (1762-1829).    English  lawyer.  Reeves 

Reid,  Mayne  (1818-1883).     Irish-American  novelist  Mayne  Reid 

Reld,  Thomas  (1710-1796).    Scottish  philosopher.  Rod 

Reid,  Thomas  Wemyss  (1842- ).     English  journalist  T.  W.  Reid 

Rein,  Johann  Justus  (1835-  ).    German  geographer  and  naturalist  J.  J.  Rein 

Reliquiae  Antiquae.    Edited  by  Halliwell  and  Wright,  1841-1843.  Rel.  Aniig. 

Reliquiae  Wottonlanaa  (1651).    Collected  by  Sir  H.  Wotton.       Religuise  Wottoniamt 
Rennie,  James  (died  1867).    English  clergyman  and  naturalist  Renmt 

Reresby,  Sir  John  (first  part  of  18th  century).     English  politician  and 

traveler.  Sir  J.  Rere^ 

Reynolds,  Edwatrd  (1599-1676).    Bishop  of  Norwich.  Bp.  Reynolds 

Reynolds,  John  (17th  century).    English  merchant  and  writer.  J.  Reynolds 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua  (1723-1792).     English  painter.  Sir  J.  Reynolds 

Reynolds,  J.  Russell  (18'28- ).    English  anatomist  and  physiologist     J.R.Reynolds 
Rhelms  Translation  of  the  New  Testament.  Rheims  N.  T. 

Rhodes,  .Albert  (1840-  ).    American  essayist  A.  Rhodes 

Rhys,  John  (1840- ).    Welsh  philologist  Rhys 

Rlbton-Tumer,  C.  J.    Contemporary  English  writer.     ("  Vagrants  and  Va- 
grancy," 1887.)  Ribton-Tumer 
Rich,  Bamaby  (about  I6OO).     English  soldier  and  author.  Bamaby  Rick 
Richard  Coer  de  Lion  (about  1325).    Middle  English  poem.             Rich.  Coer  de  Lion 
Richardson,  Benjamin  Ward  (1828-  ).    English  physician  and  scientist 

B.  W.  Richardson 
Richardson,  (3harles  (1775-1865).    English  lexicographer.     ("A  New  Dic- 
tionary of  the  English  Language,"  1836-1837;  editions  used,  1836-1837 
and  1839.)  C.  Richardson,  or  Richardson 

Richardson,  John  (died  1654).    Bishop  of  Ardagh,  Ireland.  Bp.  Richardson 

Richardson,  Sir  John  (1787  - 1865).    Scottish  naturalist.  Sir  J.  Richardson 


LIST  OF   WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Blchardson,  Jonathan  (died  174S).  English  painter  and  art  critic.  J.  Richardson 
Richardson,  Robert  (about  1820).  English  physician  and  traveler.  R.  Richardson 
Richardson,  Samuel  (1689-1761).    English  novelist.  Richardson 

Richardson,  WilHam  (1743- 1814).    Scottish  essayist.  W.Richardson 

Richard  the  Redeless  (1399).    Middle  English  poem  ascribed  to  William 

Langland;  ed.  Slceat,  1886. 
Rlchthofen,  Earl,  Baron  von  (1811- ).    German  philologist.    ("Altfrie- 

sisches  Worterbuch,"  1840.) 
Riddell,  Henry  Scott  (17987-1870?).    Scottish  poet,  II.  Scott  Riddell 

Rlddell,  Mrs.  J.  H.  (Charlotte  E.  L.  Cowan)  (18S2-  ).  Irish  novelist.  Mrs.  Riddell 
Ridley,  Nicholas  (died  1655).  Bishop  of  London,  Reformer,  and  martyr.  Bp.  Ridley 
Riley,  (Jharles  Valentine  (1843- ).    American  entomologist.  C.  y.  Riley 

Riley,  James  Whitcomb  (1853- ).    American  poet.  J.W.Riley 

Ripley,  Cieorge  (1802-1880).    American  author.  G.Ripley 

Ritson,  Joseph  (1752-1803).    English  antiquary  and  critic,  editor  uf  "An- 
cient English  Metrical  Romances  "  (1802).  Ritson 
Rivers,  Earl  of  (Antliony  Woodville)  (died  1483).     English  courtier  and 

writer.  Lord  Rivers 

Robert  of  Gloucester  (about  1280).    English  chronicler.  Robert  o.f  Gloucester 

Robertson,  Frederick  WUliam  (1816-1853).  English  clergyman.  F.  W.  Robertson 
Robertson,  Cieorge  Croom  (1842-  ).    Scottish  philosophical  writer. 

Prof.  G.  C.  RoberUon 
Robertson,  James  Craigie  (1813-1882).    English  clergyman  and  church 

historian.  J.  C.  Robertson 

Robertson,  William.    ("Fhraseologia  Oeneralis,  English  and  Latin  Phrase- 

Booli, '  1681.) 
Robertson,  WllliAm  (1721-1793).    Scottish  historian.  Principal  Robertson,  or 

W.  Robertson 
Robinson,  Frederick  William.    Contemporary  English  novelist.  F.W.Robinson 

Robinson,  Henry  Crabb   (1775-1867).     English  lawyer,  journalist,  and 

diarist.  Crabb  Robiitson 

Robinson,  John  (1575? -1625).    English  clergyman.  J.  Robinson 

Robinson,  PhUlp  Stewart  (1849- ).    Anglo-Indian  author.  P.Robinson 

Robinson,  Ralph.    English  translator  of  More's  "  Utopia  "  (1551).  R.  Robinson 

Rochester,  Earl  of  (John  Wllmot)  (died  1680).  Englisii  poet  and  courtier.  Rochester 
Rock,  Daniel  (1799-1871).    English  writer  on  ecclesiastical  vestments.  Rock 

Rodwell,  J.  M.    English  clergyman,  translator  of  the  Koran  (1862).  Rodivtll 

Rogers,  Daniel  (1673-1652).    English  Puritan  divine.  D.  Royers 

Rogers,  Henry  (1806-1877).    English  philosophical  writer.  H.  Royers 

Rogers,  James  Edwin  Thorold  (1823-1890).    English  political  economist. 

Thorold  Rogers 
Rogers,  John  (l.")00?-1555).    English  Reformer  and  martyr.  John  Royers 

Rogers,  John  (1679-1729).    English  clergyman  and  controversialist.  J.  Royers 

Rogers,  Samuel  (1763-1855).    English  poet.  Royers 

Rogers,  Thomas  (died  1616).    English  religious  writer.  T.  Rogers 

Roget,  Peter  Hark  (1779  -  1869).     English  miscellaneous  writer.  Roget 

Rolando,  Ouxnian.    Writer  on  fencing.     ("Modem  Art  of  Fencing,"  edited 

and  revised  by  J.  S.  Forsyth,  1822.)  Rolando 

Bolle,  Richard,  of  Hampole.    See  llampde. 

Rollins,  Alice  Wellington  (1847-  ).    American  author.  A.  W.  Rollins 

Romanes,  George  John  (1848-  ).    English  naturalist.  a.  J.  Romanes 

Romaont  of  the  Rose,  The  (13th  and  14th  centuries).     Middle  English 

translatiun  (often  ascribed  to  Chaucer)  of  a  French  poem.  Rinn.  of  the  Rose 

Romllly,  Sir  Samuel  (1757-1818).     English  statesman  and  jurist.  Romilly 

Rood,  Ogden  Nicholas  (ISSl-  ).     American  physicist.  0.  S.  Rood 

Roosevelt,  Robert  Barnwell  (1829-  ).    American  politician  and  author. 

R.  B.  Roosevelt 
Roosevelt,  Theodore  (ln.'Mi-  ).     American  politician  and  author.  T.  Roosevelt 

Roquefort,  Jean  Baptiste  Bonaventure  (1777-1834).    French  scholar. 

("Glossaire  de  la  Langue  Romane,"  1808-1820.)  Roquefort 

Roscher,  Wilhelm  (1817  -  ).    German  political  economist.  W.  Roscher 

Roscoe,  Sir  Henry  Enfleld  (1833  -  ).    English  chemist.  H.  E.  Roscoe 

Roscoe,  William  (1753-1831).    English  historian.  Roscoe 

Roscoe  and  Schorlemmer  (Sir  H.  E.  Roscoe ;  C.  Schorlemmer).  ( "  A  Trea- 
tise on  Chemistry,"  1877-1884.)  Roscoe  and  Schurteinmer 
Roscommon,  Earl  of  (Wentworth  Dillon)  (died  1685).  English  poet.  Roscommon 
Rose,  Joshua.  Technical  writer.  ("Complete  Practical  Machinist,"  1885.)  J.  Rose 
Rosenbusch,  Karl  H.  F.  (1836- ).  German  mineralogist.  Rosenbusch 
Ross,  Alexander  (1590-1654).  Scottish  divine.  Ross 
Ross,  Alexander  (1699-1784).  Scottish  poet.  A.  Ross 
Ross,  Denman  W.     ("  Early  History  of  Landholding  among  the  Qermana," 

1883.)  V.  W.  Ross 

Ross,  Sir  James  Clark  (1800-1862).   English  navigator  and  scientiflc  writer. 

.S'ir  J.  C.  Ross 
Ross,  W.  A.    British  military  officer.     ("The  Blowpipe,"  1884.)  W.A.Ross 

Rossetti,  Christina  Oeorgina  (I8:i0-  ).    English  poet.  C.  0.  Rossetti 

Rossetti,  Gabriel  Charles  Dante  (known  as  Uante  Gabriel  Rossetti)  (1828- 

1882),     English  poet  and  painter.  D.  G.  Rossetti 

Rossetti,  William  Michael  (1829  -  ) .  English  critic,  biographer,  and  trans- 
lator. W.  M.  Rossetti 
Rossiter,  William.  Compiler  of  "  Dictionary  of  Scientiflc  Terms."  1879.  Rossiter 
Roughley,  Thomaa.  ("  Jamaica  Planter's  Guide,"  1823.)  T.  Rouyhley 
Rous,  Francis  (about  IWJO).  English  poet.  Row 
Rowcroft,  Charles  (died  1856?).  English  novelist.  C.  Roucm/t 
Rowe,  Nicholas  (1674  ?-1718).  English  dramatist  and  poet.  Roue 
Rowlands,  Samuel  (died  16:i4  ?).  English  poet  and  satirist.  Roulands 
Rowley,  William  (first  half  of  17th  century).  English  dramatist.  Rowley 
ROXburghe  Ballads  (15«7-1700).     Edited  by  J.  F.  Collier,  1847.        Roxburghe  BuUads 

Royal  Society  of  London,  History  of  the  (1848).  lUsi.  Roy.  Society 

Ruskin,  John  (1819- ).     English  critic  and  writer  on  art.  Rusldn 

RlUsell,  Irwin  (1853-1879).     American  author  Irwin  Russell 

RUMell,  Patrick  (1726-1805).     .Scottish  physician.  P.Russell 


Russell,  W.  Clark  (1844-  ).    English  novelist.  W.  C.  Rtusell 

Russell,  WiUlam  Howard  (1821  -  ).    British  journalist  and  author.  W.  U.  Russell 

Rust,  George  (died  1670).     Bishop  of  Dromore,  Ireland.  Bp.  Rust 

Rutherford,  Samuel  (died  1661).    Scottish  divine.  Rutherford 

Rutley,  Frank  (1812-  ).    English  mineralogist.  Rutley 

Ruxton,  George  Frederick  (died  1848).    English  traveler.  Ruxton 

Rycaut,  Sir  Paul  (died  17(X)).    English  diplomatist  and  historian.  Rycaut 

Ryder,  J.  A.    Contemporary  American  naturalist.  J.  A.  Ryder 

Rymer,  Thomas  (died  1713?).    English  antiquary.  Rymer 

Sabine,  Sir  Edward  (1788-1883).    English  general  and  physicist.  Sir  E.  Sabine 

Sachs,  Julius  von  (1832- ).    German  botanist.  Sachs 

Sackville,  Thomas  (Eail  of  Dorset)  (1636-1608).  English  poet  and  drama- 
tist. SackviUe 
Sadler,  John  (1616-1674).  English  political  writer.  J.  Sadler 
Sage,  John  (1652-1711).  Scottish  bishop.  Bp.  Sage 
St.  John,  James  Augustus  (1801-1876).  British  traveler  and  author.  J.  A.  St.  John 
St.  John,  Pawlett  (first  part  of  18th  century).  English  clergyman.  P.  St.  John 
St.  Nicholas  (1873-  ).  American  monthly  magazine  for  children.  St.  Nicholas 
Salntsbury,  George  Edward  Bateman  (1845- ).  English  critic.  G.  Saintsbury 
Sala,  George  Augustus  (1828-  ).    English  journalist  and  miscellaneous 

writer.  G.  A.  Sala 

Salkeld,  John  (1576-1669).    English  clergyman  and  theological  writer.  Salkeld 

Salmon,  George  (I8I9-  ).    Irish  clergyman  and  mathematical  and  theologi- 
cal writer.  Salmon 
Bancroft,  William  (1616-1693).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.                    Abp.  Sancroft 
Sanders  or  Saunders,  Richard  (second  half  of  17th  century).    English 

astrologer.  R.  Sanders 

Sanderson,  Robert  (1587  - 1663  ?).    Bishop  of  Lincoln.  Bp.  Sanderson 

Sandys,  Edwin  (1519-1588).    Archbishop  of  York.  Abp.  Sandys 

Sandys,  Sir  Edwin  (1561? -1629).    English  writer  of  travels.  Sir  E.  Sandys 

Sandys,  George  (1677-1644).    English  poet.  Sandys 

Sanford  or  Sandford,  James  (second  half  of  16th  century).  English  trans- 
lator. Sai\ford 
Sanitarian,  The  (1873-  ).  .American  monthly  periodical.  The  Sanitarian 
Sankey,  W.  H.  0.  Alienist.  ("Mental  Diseases,"  1866.)  Sankey 
Sargent,  Charles  S.  (1841- ).  American  botanist.  C.S.Sargent 
Sargent,  Epes  (I8I3?- 1880).  American  editor  and  author.  Epes  Sargent 
Sargent,  Nathan  (1794-1875).  American  journalist.  N.Sargent 
Saturday  Review  (1865-  ).  English  weekly  periodical.  Saturday  Rev. 
Savage,  Marmlon  W.  (died  1872).  British  novelist.  M.  W.  Savage 
Savage,  Richard  (1U9G-1743).  English  poet.  Savage 
Savlle,  Sir  Henry  (1549-1622).  English  antiquary.  Sir  H.  Savile 
Saxe,  John  Godfrey  (1816-1887).  American  poet  and  humorist.  J.G.Saxe 
Sayoe,  Archibald  Henry  (1846-  ).  English  Orientalist.  A.  11.  Sayce 
Scammon,  Charles  M.  (1826-  ).  American  navigator.  C.  M.  Scammon 
Schade,  Oskar,    German  philologist.     ("Altdeutsches  Worterbuch,"  1872- 

1S82.)  Schade 

Schaff,  Philip  (1819- ).    Swiss-American  ecclesiastical  historian  and  theo- 
logian. Schaff 
Schaff-Herzog  (Philip  Schaff,  1819- ,;  Johann  Jakob  Herzog,  1805-1882).  ("A 
Kfligioiis  Enoyclopajdia,  based  on  the  Real-Encyklopadie  of  Herzog,  Plitt, 
and  Hauck,"  1882-84.)                                                                              Schaff-Herzog 
Scheie  de  Vere,  Maximilian  von  (1820- ).    German  American  scholar. 

("Americanisms,"  1872.)  Scheie  de  Vere 

Scheler,  Jean  AugusteUdalric  (1819- ).    Belgian  philologist.    ("Diction- 

naire  d'Etymologie  Frani^aise,"  2d  ed.,  1873.)  Scheler 

Schlmper,  Wilielm  Phlllpp  (I8O8-I88O).    German  geologist  and  paleon- 
tologist. Schimper 
Schley,  Winfleld  Scott  (1839- ).     American  naval  officer  and  writer  on 

arctic  explorations.  Schley 

Schllemann,  Heinrich  (1822-1890).    German  archteologlst.  Schliemann 

Schlosser,  Friedrich  Christoph  (1776-1861).    German  historian.    Trans. 

by  D.  Davison.  Schlosser 

Schmidt,  Alexander  (I8I6- ).  German  Shaksperian  scholar.  ("Shake- 
speare Lexicon,"  1876.)  Schmidt 
Schouler,  James  (1839-  ).  American  historian  and  legal  writer.  J.  Schoulcr 
Schreiner,  Olive.  Contemporary  South  African  author.  Olive  Schrciner 
Schuyler,  Eugene  (1840-1890).  American  diplomatist.  E.Schuyler 
Science  (1 883- ).  American  weekly  scientific  periodical.  Science 
Scientiflc  American  (1845-  ).  American  weekly  scientiflc  periodical.  Sci.  Amer. 
Sclater,  Philip  Lutley  (182<l-  ).  English  naturalist.  P.  L.  Sclaler 
Sclater,  William  (died  1G26).  English  theologian.  W.  Sclater 
Scotsman,  The  (1817- ).  ."Scottish  daily  newspaper.  >  The  Scotstnaji 
Scott,  Sir  George  Gilbert  (1811-1878).  English  architect.  G.G.Scott 
Scott,  John  (1638-1694).  English  divine.  J.Scott 
Scott,  John  (died  1783).  English  poet  and  author.  John  Scott 
Scott,  Joseph  Nicol  (died  alMut  1774).    English  clergyman,  physician,  and 

lexicographer  (editor  of  Bailey's  Dictionary,  1764).  J.  -V.  Scott 

Scott,  Michael  (1789-1836).    Scottish  novelist.  M.Scott 

Scott,  Thomas  (1747-I82I).     English  Biblical  commentator.  T.Scott 

Scott,  Sir  Walter  (1771  - 1832).    Scottish  poet  and  novelist.  Scott 

Scott,  William  (about  163S).     English  writer  W.  Scott 

Scribner's  Magazine  (I887  -  ).  American  monthly  literary  periodical.    Scribner's  Mag. 
Scudder,  Horace  Elisha  (1838  -  ).    American  editor  and  historical  and  mis- 
cellaneous author.  //.  E.  Scudder 
Scudder,  Samuel  Hubbard  (1837-  ).     American  naturalist.  S.  H.  Scudder 
Seager,  John.     English  clergyman  and  grammarian.     ("A  Supplement  to 

l>r,  .lolinsun's  Dictionary,"  1819. )  Seager 

Sears,  Edmund  Hamilton  (I8IO-I876).     American  clergyman.  E.  II.  Sears 

Seeker,  Thomas  (I693-I768).     Archbishop  of  canterbury.  Seeker 

Sedgwick,  Catherine  Maria  (1789-1867).    American  novelist.  Miss  Sedgwick 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Sedley,  sir  Cliarles  (1639-1701).    English  dramatist  and  poet.  Sedley 

SeebOlUU,  Frederic  (ISaO  -  ).    English  historical  writer.  F.  Seebohm 

Seebohm,  Heary  (1832- ).     British  naturalist.  Seebohm 

Seeley,  Jolin  Robert  (1834-  ).    English  historian  and  philosopher.  J.  E.  Seeley 

Seelye,  Julius  Hawley  (18*24-  ).    American  philosophical  writer.  J.  H.  Seelye 

Seemaim,  Berthold  (18-25-1871).    Cierman-Engllsli  naturalist.  Seemann 

Selss,  Joseph  Augustus  (1823- ).    American  theologian.  Seitts 

Selby,  Frldeaux  John  (died  18<J7).    English  naturalist.  Selby 

Seidell,  Jolin  (1584-1654).    English  statesman  and  jurist  Selden 

Serenius,  Jacobus.    Swedish-English  clergyman  and  scholar.     ("Dictiona- 

rium  Suet!iieo-.4nglo-Latinum,"  1741.)  Serening 

Settle,  Elkanah  (1648-1723).    English  dramatist,  poet,  and  politician.  Settle 

Sewall,  Samuel  (1652-1730).   English-American  jurist  and  historical  writer.       Sewall 
Seward,  Anna  (1747-1809).    Englisli  poet.  Anna  Seward 

Seward,  William  (1747-1799).    English  writer.  W.  Seward 

Sewel,  William  (about  1654-17251.    English  lexicographer.     ("ACorapleat 

Dictionary,  Dutch  and  English,"  1691 ;  5th  ed.,  1754;  ed.  Buys,  1766.)  Seioel 

Sewell,  George  (died  1726).    English  miscellaneous  author.  O.  Sewell 

Sliadwell,  Charles  (died  1726).    English  dramatist.  C.  Shadwell 

Shadwell,  Thomas  (1640-1692).    English  dramatist  and  poet.  Shadtrell 

Shaftesbury,  Third  Earl  of  (Anthony  Ashley  Cooper)  (1671-1713).    Eng- 
lish moralist.  Shaftesbury 
Shairp,  John  Campbell  (1819-1885).    Scottish  critic  and  poet.                J.C.Shairp 
Shakespeare  Society,  Publications  of.    Society  instituted  in  London  in 

1840. 

Shakspere,  William  (I564-I6I6).  English  dramatist  and  poet  (tolio,  1623 
(Bootli's  reprint,  1864);  Knight's  ed.,  1838-43  (Amer.  ed.,1881);  Globe  ed., 
1874;  Furness's  Variorum  ed.,  beginning  1877.  Globe  edition  generally 
used;  quartos,  variorum  editions,  and  others  consulted).  Shak. 

Shakspere  Society,  New,  Publications  of.    Society  instituted  in  London 

in  1842. 
Shaler,  Nathaniel  Southgate  (1841- ).  American  geologist  and  author.    N.S.Shaler 
Sharp,  John  (1644-1714).    ArchlMshop  of  York.  Abp.  Sharp 

Sharp,  William  (1856-  )     English  critic.  W.  Sharp 

Sharpe,  James  B.  (lived  about  1820).    British  medical  writer.  Sharpe- 

Sharpe,  John.    English  clergyman,  translator  of  William  of  Malmesbury's 

writings  (1815).  J.  Sharpe 

Sharpe,  Samuel  (I799-I88I).    English  Egyptologist  and  Biblical  scholar.      S.  Sharpe 
Shaw,  Albert  (1857-  ).    American  political  economist  and  journalist.  A.  Shaw 

Shaw,  Peter  (died  1763).    English  physician  and  writer  on  chemistry.  /'.  Shaw 

Shaw,  Thomas  Budd  (1813-1862).    English  writer  on  English  literature. 

T.  B.  Shaw,  or  Shaw 
Shedd,  William  Greenough  Thayer  (I820-  ).    American  clergyman  and 

theologian.  Shedd 

Sheffield,  John  (Duke  of  Buckinghamshire)  (1649-1721).    English  poet  and 

writer.  Sheffield 

Shell,  Richard  Lalor  (1791  - 1851).    Irish  politician  and  writer.  SheU 

Sheldon,  Richard  (beginning  of  17th  century).    English  clergyman.  Sheldon 

Shelford,  Robert  (beginning  of  17th  century).    English  religious  writer.         Shel/ord 
Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe  (1792-1822).    English  poet.  Shelley 

Shelton,  Thomas  (beginning  of  17th  century).    English  translator.  Shelton 

Shenstone,  William  (1714-1763).    English  pastoral  poet.  Shemlone 

Shepard,  Thomas  (1605-1649).    English- American  clergyman.  T.  Shepard 

Sheppard,  Elizabeth  Sara  (pseudonym  "E.  Berger")  (1830-1862).    Eng- 
lish novelist.  E.  S.  Sheppard 
Sherburne,  Sir  Edward  (1618-1702).    English  translator.                 Sir  E.  Sherburne 
Sheridan,  Philip  Henry  (1831-1888).    American  generaL                     P.H.Sheridan 
Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley  Butler  (I75I-I8I6).     Irish  dramatist  and 

orator.  Sheridan 

Sheridan,  Thomas  (1721-1768).    Irish  actor  and  lexicographer.    ("A  Com- 
plete Dictionai-y  of  the  English  Language,"  1780;  4th  ed.,  1797.)  T.  Sheridan 
Sherlock,  Thomas  (1678-1761).     Bishop  of  London,                                       Bp.  Sherlock 
Sherman,  William  Tecumseh  (1820-1891).    American  general.          W.  T.  Sherman 
Sherwood,  Robert.    English  lexicographer.    ("A  Dictionary,  English  and 

French,"  appended  as  an  index  to  Cotgrave's  French  dictionary,  1632.)       Sherwood 
Shlnn,  Charles  Howard  (1852- ).    American  author.  C.  U.  Shinn 

Shipley,  Orby  (1832-  ).    English  clergyman  and  ecclesiastical  writer.  0.  Shipley 

Shirley,  Sir  Anthony  (about  1565  - 1630).    English  traveler.  Sir  A.  Shirley 

Shirley,  James  (1596-1666).     English  dramatist.  Shirley 

Shorter  Catechism,  Westminster  Assembly's  (1647).  Shorter  Catechimn 

Shorthouse,  Joseph  Henry  (1834- ).    English  novelist.  J.  H.  Shorthouse 

Shuckford,  Samuel  (died  1754).    English  historian.  Shuck/ord 

Sibbald,  Sir  Robert  (died  1712).    Scottish  naturalist  and  antiquary.       Sir  It.  Sibbald 
Slbbes,  Richard  (1577-1635).    English  clergyman.  B.  Sibbes 

Sibley,  Ebenezer  (about  ISIW).    English  physician  and  writer  on  astrology.         Sibley 
Sldgwick,  Alfred.    Contemporary  English  philosophical  writer.  A.  Sidyieick 

Sidgwlck,  Henry  (1838- ).    English  philosophical  writer.  U.  Sidgtnck 

Sidney  or  Sydney,  Algernon  (1622?-1683).    English  republican  statesman, 

and  writer  on  government,  etc.  Algernon  Sidney 

Sidney  or  Sydney,  Sir  Henry  (died  1586).    English  statesman.  Sir  H.  Sidney 

Sidney  or  Sydney,  Sir  Philip  (1.554-1586).  English  poet,  author,  and  sol- 
dier. Sir  P.  Sidney 
Slgoumey,  Lydla  Huntley  (17S1-1865).  American  poet.  L.  H.  Si'ioumey 
Silliman,  Benjamin  (1779- 1H64).  American  scientist.  SiUiman 
Sllllman,  Benjamin  (1816-188.5).  American  chemist.  B.  Silliman 
Silversmith's  Handbook  (1885).  (leoige  E.  Gee.  SilvemmilKs  Handbook 
Silver  Sunbeam,  The.  A  treatise  on  photography.  J.  Towler,  1879.  Silver  Sunbeam 
Simmonds,  Peter  Lund  (1814  -  ).    Englisli  eonmiercial  writer.    ("  Dictionary 

of  Trade  Produets,"  etc.,  1858,  1872.)  Simmonds 

Simms,  William  Gllmore  (18(16-1870).     American  novelist,  poet,  and  his- 
torical wiitei.  w.  <J.  .Simmt 
Sinclair,  Sir  John  (17.54  -  1835).     Scottish  politician  and  autlior.              Sir  J.  Sinclair 


Sinnett,  A.  P.  (1840- ).  English  joomalist  and  writer  on  theuaophy.  A.  P.  Siimett 
Skeat,  Walter  William  (1836- ).  English  phUologlst.  ("An  Etymological 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  1882;  2d  ed.,  1884;  "A  Concise 
Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  1884;  "Concise  Die 
tionary  of  Middle  English'  (ed.  Mayhew  and  .Skeat),  1888;  "A  Moeso- 
Gothic  Glossary,"  1868,  etc.)  Skeat 

Skelton,  John  (died  1629).    English  clergyman  and  poet.  Sketton 

Skelton,  Joseph  (first  half  of  19th  century).    English  antiquary.  J.  Skelton 

Skelton,  Philip  (1707-1787).    Irish  theological  writer.  Philip  Skdion 

Skinner,  John  (1721  -  I8O7).    Scottish  clergyman,  poet,  and  church  historian. 

Skinner,  or  Bev.  J.  Skinner 
Skinner,  Robert  (died  1670).    Bishop  of  Worcester.  Bp.  Skinner 

Skinner,  Stephen  (1623-1667).     English  lexicographer.     ("Etymologicon 

Lingufie  Anglican*,"  1671.)  Skinner 

Sladen,  Douglas  (1856-  ).    English-Australian  writer.  D.  Sladen 

Slang  Dictionary,  The.    See  Hotten.  SUmg  Diet. 

Slick,  Sam.    See  Haliburton. 

Smalridge,  George  (1663-1719).    Bishop  of  BristoL  Bp.  Snudriige 

Smart,  Benjamin  Humphrey  (1787  7-1872';).  English  lexicographer  and 
philosopher.  ("A  New  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,"  1836.)  Smart 

Smart,  Christopher  (1722-1770).    English  poet  C.  Smart 

Smellie,  William  (1740?-1795).    Scottish  naturalist,  editor  of  Ist  edition  of 

"Encyclopaedia  Britannica."  W.  Smellie 

Smiles,  Samuel  (I8I6  ?-  ).    Scottish  biographer  and  moralist.  S.  Smiles 

Smlth,Adam  (1723-1790).  Scottish  political  economist  and  philosopher.  Adam  Smith 
Smith,  Albert  (1816-1860).    English  novelist  and  humorist  Albert  Smith 

Smith,  Alexander  (1830-1867).    Scottish  poet.  Alex.  Smith 

Smith,  Charles  John.    English  clergyman  and  grammarian.     ("Synonyms 

Discriminated,'  1879.)  C.  J.  Smith 

Smith,  Edmund  (1688-1710).    English  poet  E.Smith 

Smith,  George  Bamett  (1841- ).  English  journalist  and  author.  (/.  Bamett  Smith 
Smith,  Goldwin  (1823- ).  English-Canadian  historian  and  publicist  Goldwin  Smith 
Smith,  Henry  Boynton  (1815-1877).    American  theologian.  H.  B.  Smith 

Smith,  Horace  (1779-1849).    English  poet  and  humorist  H.  Smith 

Smith,  James  (1775-1839).    English  poet  and  humorist  James  Smith 

Smith,  Sir  James  Edward  (1759-1828).    English  botanist  J.E.Smith 

Smith,  John  (16797-1631?).    English  traveler,  and  writer  and  compiler  of 

travels.  Capt.  John  Smith 

Smith,  John.  English  writer.  ("Solomon's  Portraiture  of  Old  Age,"  1666.)  Dr.  J.  Smith 
Smith,  John.  (A  Dictionary  of  Popular  Names  of  Economic  Plants,  1882. )  John  Smith 
Smith,  Philip  (died  1885).     English  classical,  ecclesiastical,  and  general 

writer.  p.  Smith 

Smith,  R.  Bosworth.  Contemporary  English  historical  writer.  B.  Boeworth  Smith 
Smith,  Samuel  Stanhope  (1750-1619).    American  theologian.  S.S.Smith 

Smith,  Sydney  (1771-1845).  English  clergyman,  wit,  and  essayist.  Sydney  Smith 
Smith,  Sir  Thomas  (died  1577).    English  statesman  and  author.  Sir  T.  Smith 

Smith,  Thomas  Roger  (I83O-  ).    English  writer  on  architecture.  T.  B.  Smith 

Smith,  William  (1711  - 1787).     English  translator.  Dean  Smith 

Smith,  William  (I8I3  -  ).    English  scholar,  and  editor  of  various  dictionaries 

(especially  classical  and  Biblical).  Dr.  W.  Smith,  or  Smith 

Smith,  William    Robertson  (184«-  ).      Scottish  Biblical  critic.  Oriental 

scholar,  and  editor.  W.  B.  Smith 

Smollett,  Tobias  George  (1721  -  1771X    British  novelist  and  historian.  Smollett 

Smyth,  Charles  Piazzi  (1819- ).    British  astronomer.  Piaai  Smyth 

Smyth,  William  Henry  (1788-1865).  English  admiral  and  astronomer.  AdmiralSmyth 
Soley,  James  Russell  (i860-  X    American  writer.  J.  R.  Soky 

Sollas,  W.  Johnson  (1849-  ).    English  scientist  W.  J.  SoUat 

SomervlUe,  William  (died  1742).     English  poet  Somerville 

Somner,  William  (died  1669).     English  antiquary  and  philologist    ("Dic- 

tionarium  Saxonico-Anglico-Latinum,"  1659.)  Somiter 

Sophocles,  Evangelinus  Apostolides  (I8O7  - 1883).  Greek- American  classi- 
cal scholar.  ("Greek  Lexicon  of  the  Roman  and  Byzantine  Periods," 
1870.)  Sophodes 

Sop'With,  Thomas  (about  1830).    English  writer.  Sopmth 

Sorley,  William  Ritchie.  Contemporary  English  philosophical  writer.  W.  B.  Soriey 
Soule,  Richard (1812 -1877).  American  compiler.  ("Dictionaryol Synonyms.")  Soule 
South,  Robert  (1633-1716).    English  divine.  South 

Southern  or  Sotherne,  Thomas  (1660-1746).    Irish  dramatist  Southern 

Southey,  Robert  (1774-1843).    English  poet  and  author.  Southey 

South  Kensington  Museum  Handbooks.  S.  K.  HaiuUm* 

Southwell,  Robert  (I.56O-1595).     English  poet  and  theological  writer.  Southwell 

Spalding,  John  (died  about  1670).    Scottish  historian.  Spalding 

Spectator,  The  (1711-1712).    English  literary  periodical.  Spectator 

Spectator,  The  (1828- ).     English  weekly  periodical.  Spectator 

Speed,  John  (died  1629).    English  historian  and  topographer.  Speed 

Spelman,  Sir  Henry  (1562-1641).  English  antiquary.  ("GloeaariomArchalo- 

logicuni, "  1626  - 1664. )  Spelman 

Spence,  Joseph  (1699-1768).    English  critic.  J.  Spe>ux 

Spencer,  Herbert  (1820-  ).    English  philosopher.  H.  Spencer 

Spencer,  John  (1630-1695).    English  Biblical  critic.  J.Spencer 

Spenser,  Edmund  (died  1599).    English  poet  Spenter 

Spiers,  Alexander  (died  1869).     English-French  philologist    (A  French  and 

English  dictionary,  1840;  29th  ed.,  1884.) 
Spofford,  Harriet  Elizabeth  Prescott  (I835-  ).    American  novelist  and 

poet  •  ;/.  P.  Spoford 

Spons'  Encyclopaedia  of  Industrial  Arts,  Manufactures,  etc 

Spans'  Encye.  Manuf. 
Sportsman's  Gazetteer  (1883).    Charles  Hallock. 
Spottiswoode,  William  (1825  - 1883) .    English  mathematician  and  physicist 

Spottiswoode 
Sprague,  Charles  (1791-1875).     American  poet  Spragye 


LIST   OP   WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Sprague,  WlUiam  Buell  (1795-1876).  American  clergyman  and  author.  W.  B.  Sprague 
Sprat,  Thomas  (1636-1713).    Bishop  of  Rochester.  Bp.  Sprat 

Spring,  Gardiner  (1785-1873).    American  clergyman.  Oardiner  Spring 

Sporrell,  WllUam.    Welsh  publisher  and  lexicographer.    ("  A  Dictionary  of 

the  Welsh  Language,"  1848;  3d  ed.,  18C6.)  Spurrell 

Stacliihouse,  Thomas  (died  1752).     English  clergyman  and  author.  Staekhouae 

Stafford,  Anthony  (died  1641).    English  religious  writer.  Stagard 

Stalner,  Sir  John  (1840-  ).    English  writer  on  music,  and  composer  (editor, 
with  W.  A.  Barrett,  of  "A  Dictionary  of  Musical  Terms  "). 

SUii-ner,  or  Stainer  and  Barrett 
Standard,  The  (1853-  ).    American  weekly  periodical.  The  Standard 

Standard  Natural  History  (1884-1885).    Edited  by  John  SterUng  Klngsley. 

Stand.  Sat.  Higt. 
Stanhope,  Lady  Hester  (1776-1839).    English  trsTeler.  Lad g  Stanhope 

Stanhope,  Fifth  Earl  (Philip  Henry  Stanhope, Viscount  Mahon)  (1805-1875). 

English  historian.  Lord  Stanhope 

Stanlhurst,  Richard  (died  1618).     Irish  priest,  historian,  and  translator.     Stanihnrgt 
Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn  (1815-1881).    English  clergyman  and  theologi- 
cal and  historical  writer.  A.  P.  Stanley 
Stanley,  Henry  Morton  (1840- ).   Welsh-American  traveler  in  Africa.    H.M.Stanley 
Stanley,  Thomas  (1625-1678).    English  poet,  translator,  and  philosophical 

writer.  T.  Stanley 

Stansbury,  Howard  (1806-1863).    American  surreyor.  H.  Stansbury 

Stapleton  or  Stapylton,  Sir  Robert  (died  1666).  English  poet  and  trans- 
lator. Stapytton 
Stapleton,  Thomas  (I.535-1598).  English  Roman  Catholic  writer.  T.  Stapleton 
Stapleton,  Thomas  (1806?- 1850).  English  antiquary.  Stapleton 
Statesman's  Tear  Book  (1864  -  ).  English  statistical  annual. 
Btedman,  Edmund  Clarence  (1833-  ).  American  poet  and  critic.  Stedman 
Steele,  Sir  Richard  (16727-1729).  Irish  essayist  and  dramatist  Steele 
Steevens,  George  (I736-I8OO).  English  Shaksperian  commentator.  Steetena 
Stephen,  Henry  John  (1787  ?- 1864).  English  jurist.  Stephen 
Stephen,  Sir  James  (1789-18S9).  English  historical  writer.  Sir  J.  Stephen 
Stephen,  Sir  James  Fitxjames  (1829- ).  English  jurisU  J.F.Stephen 
Stephen,  Leslie  (1832-  ).  English  critic,  editor  (with  Sidney  Lee)  of  "Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography,"  188S-  .  Letlie  Stephen 
Stephens,  Alexander  Hamilton  (1812-1883).  American  statesman.  A.H.Stephens 
Stepney,  George  (166.1-1707).  English  diplomatist  and  poet.  Stepney 
Sterling,  John  (isoe-  1844).  Scottish  essayist  and  poet  Sterling 
Sternberg,  George  Bliller  (1838-  ).  American  surgeon.  G.  M.  Stervhtnj 
Sterne,  Laurence  (1713-1768).  English  clergyman  and  humorist  Sterne 
Stemhold,  Thomas  (died  1549).  English  versifler  of  the  Psalms.  Stemhold 
Stevens,  John  (died  1726).    English  leiicographer.     ("A  New  Spanish  and 

English  Dictionary,"  1706.)  Steteru 

Steyens,  John  Austin  (1827- ).    American  historical  writer.  J.A.Stetem 

Stevenson,  Robert  Lotlis  (I8SO-  ).    Scottish  novelist  Ji.  L.  Stevenson 

Stewart,  Balfour  (1828-1887).    Scottish  physicist  B.Stewart 

Stewart,  Dugald  (17K1- 1828).    Scottish  philosopher.  D.Stewart 

Stiles,  Henry  Reed  (1832-  ).  American  physician  and  historical  writer.  H.  Ji.  Stiles 
Still,  John  (alxjut  1543-1607).  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  dramatist  Bp.  Stm 
Stills,  Charles  Janeway  (1819-  ).    American  historical  writer.  StUl^ 

Stmingfleet,  Edward  (1635-1699X     Bishop  of  Worcester.  StUlingfleet 

Stirling,  James  Hutchinson  (1820- ).  Scottish  philosopher.  J.  Hutchinson  Girling 
Stirling,  Earl  of  (William  Alexander)  (1667  ?-1640).    Scottish  poet  Stirling 

Stockton,  Francis  Richard  (1834-  ).    American  novelist.  F.  R.  Stockton 

Stocqueler,  Joachim  Haywood.    British  military  writer.  Stocqueler 

Stoddard,  Charles  Warren  (1843-  ).  American  poet  and  author.  C.  W.  Stoddard 
Stoddard,  Urs.  R.  H.  ( K.I  izabeth  Barstow)  (1823  -  ) .  American  author.  E.  B.  Stoddard 
Stoddard,  Richard  Henry  (1825  -  ).  American  poet  and  author.  R.  II.  Stoddard 
Stoddart,  Sir  John  (1773-1856).     English  miscellaneous  writer.  Sir  J .  Stoddart 

Stokes,  David  (middle  of  17th  century).     English  Orientalist  and  Biblical 

scholar.  D.  Stokes 

Stokes,  Sir  George  Gabriel  (1819- ).    British  mathematician  and  physicist        Stx)kes 
Stonehenge.    .See  J.  H.  Walsh. 
Stormonth,James(1825-1882).  Scottish  lexicographer.  ("Etymological  and 

Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  1871 ;  7th  ed.,  1882.)      Stormonth 
Storrs,  Richard  Salter  (1821- ).    American  clergyman.  R.  S.  Stom 

Story,  Joseph  (177'.)-1845).    American  Jurist  Story 

Story,  WilUam  Wetmore  (I8I9-  ).     American  sculptor  and  author.  W.  W.  Story 

Stoughton,  William  (1632-1701).    Governor  of  Massachusetts.  Stoughton 

Stout,  George  Frederick.  Contemporary  English  writer  on  metaphysics.  G.  F.  Stout 
Stow,  John  (1525-1605).     English  antiquary.  Stow 

Stowe,  Harriet  Beecher  (1812- X    American  novelist  H.  B.  Stowe 

Stowell,  Lord  (William  Scott)  (1746-1836X     English  jurist  Lord  Stouell 

Strachey,  William  (first  part  of  17th  century).    American  colonist  and  writer 

of  travels.  W.  Strachey 

Strangf ord.  Viscount  (Percy  Sraythe)  (1825  - 1869)  English  writer.  Lord  Strangford 
Strasburger,  Eduard  (1844- ).    German  botanist  Strasburger 

Stratmann,  Francis  Henry  (died  1884).  German  philologist  ("  A  Dictionary 
of  the  Old  English  Language,"  3d  ed.,  1878;  revised  ed.,  "  A  Middle-Eng- 
lish Dictionary,"  ed.  U.  Bradley,  1891.)  Stratmann 
Street,  Alfred  Billings  (I8II  -I88I).  American  poet.  A.  B.  Street 
Streeter,  Edwin  W.  (1833- ).  British  writer  on  precious  stones.  B.W.Streeter 
Strickland,  Agnes  (1806  - 1874).  English  historical  writer.  Mitt  Strickland 
Strutt,  Joseph  (1T42-1802).  English  antiquary.  StnM 
Strype,  John  (1643- 1737).  English  ecclesiastical  biographer.  Strype 
Stuart,  Moses  (1780  - 1852).  American  theologian  and  Hebraist.  M.  Stuart 
Stuart,  Robert  English  writer.  ("Dictionary  of  Architecture,"  IHM.)  K.  Stuart 
Stubbes,  Philip.  English  writer.  ("Anatomic  of  Abuses,"  1583.)  Stubbes 
StUbbS,  William  (1825  -  ).  Bishop  of  Oxford,  and  historian.  Stubbs 
Student,  The  (16.'.fl).  student 
Stukeley,  William  (1687  -  17M).     EnglUh  antiquary.                                           Stukeley 


Suckling,  Sir  John  (about  1609-1042).     English  poet  Suckling 

Sullivan,  William  Kirby  (18227-1890).    Irish  Celtic  scholar.  W.  K.  Sullimn 

Sulllvant,  William  Starling  (1803-1873).    American  botanist  W.  S.  SuUimnt 

Sully,  James  (1842-  ).    English  psychologist.  J.  Sully 

Sumner,  (jharles  (1811-1874).     American  statesman  and  orator.  Sumner 

Sumner,  William  Graham  (1840- ).  American  political  economist  W.G.Sumner 
Surrey,  Earl  of  (Henry  Howard)  (died  1547).    English  poet.  Surrey 

Surtees  Society  Publications.    Society  instituted  at  Durham,  1834. 
Swainson,  William  (1789-1866?).    English  naturalist.  Swainson 

Swan,  John.    English  writer.    ("Speculum  Mundi,"  1635.)  Swan 

Swedenborg,  Emanuel  (I688-1772).     Swedish  naturalist  mathematician, 

and  theologian.  SwedenJbtyrg 

Swift,  Jonathan  (I667- 1745).  Irish  clergyman,  satirist,  humorist,  and  pub- 
licist. Swift 
Swift,  Zephaniah  (1759-1823).  American  jurist.  Z.  Swift 
Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles  (1837- ).  English  poet  and  essayist  Swinburne 
Swinburne,  Henry  (1752?-ieo3).  English  traveler.  H.  Swinburne 
Swlnton,  William  (1833-  ).  American  historical  writer  and  journalist.  W.  Swinton 
Sydenham  Society's  Lexicon.     ("  The  New  Sydenham  society's  Lexicon 

of  Medicine  and  the  Allied  Sciences,"  1878  -  .)  Syd.  Soc.  Lex. 

Sydney.    See  Sidney. 

Sylvester,  Joshua  (1563-1618).     English  translator.  Sylvester 

Symonds,  John  Addlngton  (1840- ).    English  essayist  J.  A.  Symonds 

Tait,  Peter  Guthrie  (1831  -  ).    Scottish  physicist  Tail 

Talfourd,  Sir  Thomas  Noon  (1795  - 1854).    English  lawyer,  poet,  dramatic 

writer,  and  essayist.  Talfourd 

Tannahlll,  Robert  (1774-1810).    Scottish  poet  Tannahill 

Tate,  Nahum  (1652  - 1715).    Irish  poet  and  dramatist.  Tate 

Tate,  Ralph.    Contemporary  English  naturalist  if.  Tale 

Tatham,  John  (middle  of  17th  century).  English  poet  and  pageant  writer.  J.  Tathavi 
Tatler,  The  (1709-1711).     English  literary  periodical.  Taller 

Taussig,  Frank  W.  (18.59- ).     American  political  economist  Taussig 

Taylor,  Alfred  Swalne  (1806-1880).     English  medical  writer.  A.  S.  Taylor 

Taylor, Bayard  (1825-1878).    American  poet,  translator,  writer  of  travels, 

and  novelist  B.  Taylor 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry  (I8OO  - 1886).  English  dramatist,  poet  and  author.  Sir  H.  Taylor 
Taylor,  Isaac  (1787-1865).  English  philosophical  and  theological  writer.  Is.  Taylor 
Taylor,  Isaac  (1829- ).     English  clergyman  and  philologist.  Tsaac  Taylor 

Taylor,  Jeremy  (1613-1667).    Bishop  of  Down  and  Connor,  Ireland.  Jer.  Taylor 

Taylor,  John  (l,'i80-1654).     English  poet  ("the  Water  Poet").  John  Taylor 

Taylor,  John  (died  1761).     English  clergyman  and  theological  writer.  J.  Taylor 

Taylor  or  Tailor,  Robert  (lived  about  1614).     English  playwright  R.  Taylor 

Taylor,  William  (1765  - 1836).    English  translator  and  author.  W.  Taylor 

Teall,  J.  J.  Harris.    British  writer  on  petrography.  Teall 

Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review  (1872).    English  weekly 

scientific  periodical.  Elect.  Rer.  (Eng.) 

Temple,  Sir  William  (1628  - 1699).  English  statesman  and  author.  Sir  H'.  Temple 
Ten  Brink,  Bemhard.  German  author.  ("Early  English  Literature,"  1883.)  Ten  Brink 
Tennant,  William  (1786  ?  - 1848).    Scottish  poet  and  philologist  Tennant 

Tennent,  Sir  James  Emerson  (1804-1869).  Irish  politician  and  miscel- 
laneous author.  Sir  J.  K  Tennent 
Tennyson,  Lord  (Alfred  Tennyson)  (1809- ).  English  poet  Tennyson 
Teonge,  Henry.  Chaplain  in  British  navy.  ("  Diary,"  1675-1679.)  Henry  Teonge 
Terry,  Edward  (died  about  1660),  English  traveler.  F.  Terry 
Testament  of  Love  (about  I4OO).  Middle  English  poem,  at  one  time  as- 
signed to  Chaucer.  Testament  of  Love 
Thackeray,  Anne  Isabella  (Mrs.  Richmond  Ritchie)  (1838-  ).     English 

author.  Miss  Thackeray 

Thackeray,  William  Makepeace  (I8II  - 1«63).  English  novelist  and  critic  Thackeray 
Thaxter,  Cella  Laighton  (iKiO- ).    American  poet.  C.  Tkaxter 

Thearle,  S.  J.  P.     Englisli  writer.     ("  Naval  Architecture,"  1873.)  Thearlr 

Therapeutic  Gazette  (1877  -  ).  American  medical  periodical.  Therapeutic  Gazette 
Thlrlwall,  Connop  (1797  - 1875).  Bishop  of  St  David's  and  historian.  Bp.  Thirlwall 
Thiselton-Dyer,  T.  F.  English  clergyman  and  writer  on  folk-lore.  Thisellon-Dyer 
Thom,  William  (1799-1860).     .Scottish  poet  W.  Thorn 

Thomas,  Edith  Matilda  (1854  -  ).     American  poet.  Edith  M.  Thomas 

Thomas,  Joseph  (I8II  -  ).  American  physician  and  encyclopedist.   ("  A  Com- 
plete Pronouncing  Medical  Dictionary,"  1856.)  J.  Thmnas 
Thomas,  Theodore  Galllard  (1831- ).     American  physician.  Thomas 
Thompson,  Maurice  (1844-  ).    American  miscellaneous  writer,  author  (with 

William  Thompson)  of  "  Archery."  M.  and  W.  Thmnpson 

Thompson,  SUvanuS  Phillips  (ISSl-  ).     English  physicist.  S.  p.  Thnmiison 

Thompson,  William  (died  about  1766).     English  poet  W.  Thompson 

Thorns,  William  John  (I8O3-I885).  English  antiquary  and  writer  on  folk- 
lore, first  editor  of  "Notes  and  (Queries."  W.  J.  Thorns 
Thomson,  Sir  (Charles  Wyville  (1830-1882).  Scottish  scientist.  Sir  C.  W.  Thomson 
Thomson,  James  (1700-1748).  Scottish  poet.  Thomson 
Thomson,  Mowbray.  English  officer.  ("Story  of  Cawnpore,"  1869.)  M.  Thomson 
Thomson,  William  (1819-1890).  Archbishop  of  York.  Abp.  Thomson 
Thomson,  Sir  William  (1824-  ).    Scottish  physicist  and  mathematician. 

Sir  W.  Thomson 
Thoreau,  Henry  David  (1817-1862).    .American  author.  Thoreaii 

Thoresby,  Ralph  (1658-1725).    English  antiquary.  Thoresby 

Thornton  Romances  (about  1440). 

Thorold,  Anthony  Wilson  (1825- ).     Bishop  of  Wimhester.  A.  W.  Thorold 

Thorpe,  Benjamin  (died  I87O).     English  Anglo-Saxon  scholar.  Thnri>e 

Thorpe,  Thomas  Bangs  (1H15- 1878).  American  artist  and  journalist  T.  B.  Thvrjie 
Thrale,  Hester  Lynch.    See  Pimzi. 

Throckmorton,  Sir  John  Courtnay  (about  18(K)).     Knglish  writer  Throckmorton 

ThUrlOW,  Lord    (Edward    Thnrlow)    (1732-180ii).     English   statesman   and 

Jurist.  Lord  Thurluu 


27 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Thorston,  Robert  Henry  (1839-  ).    American  engineer.  Thurston 

Tliynn or  Thynne,  Francis  (died  about  1611).    English  antiquary.  Thynn 

Tibblts,  Edward  T.    Englisli  pliysician.     ("Medical  Fasliions,"  1884.)      E.T.TibbiU 
Tlcdtell,  Thomas  (I686-I740).    English  poet  and  translator.  TickeU 

Ticknor,  George   (179I-I871).    American  scholar.     ("History  of  Spanish 

Literature,"  1863.)  Ticknor 

Tldball,  John  Caldwell  (1825-  ).    American  general  and  military  writer.         Tidball 
Tillotaon,  John  (1()30- 1694).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Tiltotson 

Times,  The  (1788-  ).     English  daily  newspaper.  Times  (London) 

Tlndal,  Nicholas  (1087-1774).    English  translator.  Tindal 

Tindal  or  Tindale,  WilUam.    See  Tyndale. 

Titcomb,  Sara  Elizabeth.    American  writer.  S.  E.  Titiomb 

Titcomb,  Timothy.    See  J.  G.  Holland. 
Todd,  Henry  John  (died  1846).    English  clergyman  and  author,  editor  of 

Johnson's  Dictionary  (1818).  Todd 

Todhunter,  Isaac  (1820-1884).    English  mathematician.  Todhunter 

Toilet,  George  (died  1779).    English  critic.  T(dlet 

Tom  Iris  or  Tomldns,  Thomas  (17th  century).    British  dramatist.  T.  Tomkis 

TomUns,  Harold  Nuttall  (beginning  of  19th  century).    English  legal  writer.    Tomlins 
Tomlinson,  Charles  (I8O8-  ).    English  physicist.  C.  TmtUnson 

Tooke,  John  Home  (1736-1812).    English  philologist  and  politician.         Harm  Tooke 
Tooke,  William  (1744-1820).    English  historian  and  miscellaneous  writer.  Tooke 

Tooker,  William  (died  I62O).    English  clergyman.  Tooker 

Toplady,  Augustus  Montague  (I740-I778).    English  clergyman  and  hymn- 
writer.  Toplady 
Topsell,  Edward  (about  I6OO).    English  naturalist.  TopseU 
Torkington,  Sir  Richard  (about  1517).    Writer  of  memoirs.                         Torkitigton 
Totten,  Benjamin  J.  (1806-1877).    American  naval  olBcer.     ("Naval  Tertr 

book  and  Dictionary,"  1841 ;  revised  ed.,  1864.)  Totten 

Tourg^e,  Albion  Winegar  (1838-  ).   American  novelist,  lawyer,  and  lecturer.   Tourgie 
Toumefort,  Joseph  Pitton  de  (1656-1708).    French  botanist.  Tourneforl 

Tourueur,  Cyril  (beginning  of  17th  century).    English  dramatist.  Tourneur 

Towneley  Mysteries.    A  series  of  miracle-plays  acted  at  Wakefield,  assigned 

to  the  end  of  the  13th  centuiy.  Towneley  Mysteries 

Trapp,  John  (1601-1699).    English  clergyman  and  Biblical  commentator.      J.  Trapp 
Trapp,  Joseph  (1679-1747).    English  poet.  Trapp 

Treasury  of  Botany,  Maunder'S.    Edited  by  John  Lindley  and  Thomas  Moore. 

Trern.  0/  Bot. 
Treasury  of  Natural  History,  Maunder'S.  Treas.  of  Nat.  Hist. 

Trench,  Richard  Cheneviz  (1807-1886).    Archbishop  of  Dublin,  miscel- 
laneous writer.  Abp.  Trench,  or  Trench 
Trevelyan,  Sir  George  Otto  (1838-  ).    English  politician  and  author.  Trevelyan 
Trevisa,  John  de.    English  clergyman,  translator  of  Higden's  "  Polychroni- 

con  "  (1387).  Trevisa 

Trollope,  Anthony  (I8I5-I882).    English  novelist.  Trdlope 

Trollope,  Frances  Milton  (died  1863).    English  novelist.  Mrs.  Trollope 

Trollope,  Thomas  AdOlphUB  (I8IO-).    English  novelist  and  historian. 

T.  A.  Trollope 
Trowbridge,  John  (1843-  ).    American  physicist.  J.  Trowbridge 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend  (I827- ).  American  novelist,  poet,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  J.  T.  Trowbridge 
Trumbull,  Benjamin  (1735-182fl).  American  historical  writer.  B.  Trumbull 
Trumbull,  Gurdon  (1841-  ).  American  ornithologist  and  artist.  O.  Trumbull 
Trumbull,  Henry  Clay  (1831-  ).  American  religious  writer.  U.  C.  Trumbull 
Trumbull,  James  Hammond  (I821  -  ).  American  philologist  and  histori- 
cal writer.  J.  Hammond  Trumbull 
Trumbull,  John  (I750-I83I).  American  lawyer  and  poet.  J.  Trumbull 
Tryon,  George  Washington  (1838-1888).  American  conchologist.  Tryon 
Tucker,  Abraham  (1705-1774).  English  philosophical  writer.  A.  Tucker 
Tucker,  Josiah  (1711-1799).  English  clergyman  and  political  writer.  Tucker 
Tuckerman,  Bayard  (18.55-  ).  American  critic.  J5.  Tuckerman 
Tuckerman,  Edward  (1817-1886).  American  botanist.  E.  Tuckerman 
Tuckerman,  Henry  Theodore  (1813-1871).  American  author.  H.  T.  Tuckerman 
Tuer,  Andrew  W.  (1838-  ).  British  author  and  publisher.  Tuer 
Tuke,  Sir  Samuel  (died  1673).  English  dramatist.  Tuke 
Tulloch,  John  (I823-I88C).  Scottish  clergyman  and  theological  writer.  TvUoch 
Ttmstall,  Cuthbert  (1475? -1,559).  Bishop  of  Durham.  Bp.  Tunstall 
Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar  (1810-1889).  English  writer.  Tupper 
Turberville,  George  (lived  about  1530-1694).  English  poet.  TurbervUle 
TumbuU,  Richard  (about  1600).  English  clergyman.  R.  Tumbull 
Turner,  Edward  (1797-1839?).  English  chemist.  E.Turner 
Turner,  Sir  James  (last  half  of  17th  century).    English  writer  of  niilltaiy 

essays.  Sir  J.  Turner 

Turner,  Sharon  (1768-1847).    English  historian.  S.Turner 

Tusser,  Thomas  (died  about  1580).    English  pastoral  poet.  Tttsser 

Twain,  Mark.    ^>ce  Clemens. 

Twining,  Thomas  (1734-1804).    English  translator  and  writer.  Ticinitig 

Twisden  or  Twysden,  Sir  Roger  (1597  - 1672).    English  antiquary.      Sir  R.  Timsden 
Tyers,  Thomas  (1720-1787).    EnglLsh  miscellaneous  writer.  Tyers 

Tyler,  Moses  Coit  (1835- ).     American  critic.  M.C.Tyler 

Tylor,  Edward  Burnett  (1832-  ).    English  archaeologist  and  ethnologist.    E.  B.  Tylor 
Tyndale  or  Tindale,  William  (died  1536).    English  Keformer,  translator  of 

the  Bible.  Tyndale 

Tyndall,  John  (1820- ).    British  physicist.  Tyndall 

Tyrwhitt,  Thomas  (1730-1786).    English  antiquary  (editor  of  Chaucer).        Tyrwhitt 
Tytler,  Sarah.    See  Keddie. 

Udall,  John  (died  1592).    English  ncmconformist  divine.  J.  If  dull 

Udall,  Nicholas  (1.506?-1556?).     English  dramatist  and  translator.  Udall 

Ueberweg,  Frledrich  (1826-1871).    (ierman  philosopher.  Ueberweg 

Underwood,  Lucius  Marcus  (18.53- ).    American  botanist.  Underwood 

Upton,  Emory  (1839-  18S1).    American  general  and  military  writer,  Upton 


Ure,  Andrew  (1778-1857).  Scottish  physician  and  chemist.  ("Ure's  Dic- 
tionary of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Mines  " ;  7th  ed.,  by  E.  Hunt  and  F.  W. 
Eudler,  1878.)  Ure 

UrCLUhart,  Sir  Thomas  (middle  of  17th  century).    Scottish  mathematician, 

translator  of  Rabelais.  Urquhan 

Ussher  or  Usher,  James  (1580-1656).    Archbishop  of  Armagh.  Abp.  Ussher 

Valenciennes,  Achille  (1794-1865).    French  naturalist.  Valeneiennet 

Valentine,  Thomas  (lived  about  1645).    English  clergyman.  Valentine 

Vanbrugh,  Sir  John  (1666?-1726).    English  dramatist  and  architect  Vanbrugh 

Van  Dyke,  John  Charles  (18,56-  ).    American  author.  J.  C.  Van  Dyke 

Vani6ek,  Alois,     Bohemian  philologist.    ("Griechisch-LatelniflchEtymolo- 

gisches  Worterbuch,"  1877.)  Vaniiet 

Vasey,  George  (1822- ).    American  botanist  Vatey 

Vaughan,  Henry  (1621-1693?).    British  poet  B.  Vaughan 

Vaughan,  Rice  (second  half  of  17th  century).    British  legal  and  economic 

writer.  Rice  Vaughan 

Veltch,  John  (I829-I886).    Scottish  philosophical  writer.  Veiteh 

Venn,  John  (1834-  ).    English  logician.  J.  Venn 

Vergil,  Polydore  (died  1565).     Italian-English  ecclesiastic  and  historian.  Vergil 

Verstegan,  Richard  (died  about  1635).    English  antiquary.  Verttegan 

Very,  Jones  (I8I3-I88O).    American  poet.  Jonet  Very 

Vicars,  John  (1682-1652).    English  religious  writer.  Vieart 

Vieyra,  Antonio.    Portuguese  lexicographer.     (A  Portuguese-English  dic- 
tionary, 1805,  1860, 1878,  etc.)  Vieyra 
VigfUBSOn,  Gudbrand  (1827-1889).    Icelandic-English  philologist     ("An 
Icelandic-English  Dictionary,  based  on  the  MS.  Collections  of  the  late 
Richard  Cleasby"  (1797-1847),  1874.)                                                             Vigfutson 
Vincent,  William  (1739-1816).    English  clerg>man  and  scholar.                   W.  Vincent 
Vines,  Sydney  Howard  (1849- ).    English  botanist  Vines 
ViOllet-le-Duc,  Eugene  Emmanuel   (1814-1879).      French   archaeologist 

and  architect.  VioUet-le-Duc 

Vives,  John  Louis  (1492-1540).    Spanish  theologian.  Vita 

Wackemagel,  Earl  Heinrich  Wilhelm  (I8O6  - 1869).    German  philologist. 

("  Altdeutsches  Handworterbuch,"  5th  ed.,  1878.)  Waektma^ 

Wahl,  William  H.  (1848-  ).    American  technical  writer.  W.  H.  Wahl 

Waltz,  Theodor  (1821-1864).      German  anthropologist  and  philosopher. 

Trans,  by  CoUingwood.  IVaitz 

Wake,  William  (1657-1737).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Abp.  Wake 

Wakefield,  Gilbert  (I766-I8OI).    English  theologian  and  scholar.  Waiefidd 

Wakefield  Plays.    Same  as  Towneley  Mysteries. 

Walker,  Anthony  (about  1630- 1700).    English  miscellaneous  writer.  A.  Walker 

Walker,  Francis  Amasa  (1840-  ).    American  political  economist.  F.  A.  Walker 

Walker,  John  (1732-1807).  English  lexicographer.  ("A  Rhyming  Diction- 
ary," 1775 ;  "A  Critical  Pronouncing  Dictionary,"  1791.)  Walker 
Wallace,  Alfted  Russell  (I822-  ).  English  naturalist  A.  R.  Wallace 
Wallace,  Donald  Mackenzie  (1841-  ).  Scottish  traveler  and  author.  D.  M.  Wallace 
Wallace,  Horace  Binney  (I8I7-I852).  American  jurist  and  author.  H.  B.  Wallace 
Wallace,  Lewis  (1827-  ).  American  general  and  novelist.  Lew  Wallace,  or  L.  Waltace 
Wallace,  Robert  (1831-  ).  Scottish  clergyman  and  politician.  R.  Wallace 
Wallace,  William  (1843-  ).  English  philosophical  writer.  W.  Wallace 
Wallack,  Lester  (I820-I888).  American  actor.  Lester  WaUack 
Waller,  Edmund  (1605-1687).  English  poet  Waller 
Wallis,  John  (I6I6-I703).  English  mathematician  and  theologian.  Wallis 
Walpole,  Horace  (Fourth  Earl  of  Orford)  (1717  - 1797).    English  novelist  and 

miscellaneous  writer.  WalpoU 

Walpole,  Sir  Robert  (Earl  of  Orford)  (1676-1745).  English  statesman.  Sir  R.  Walpole 
Walsall,  Samuel  (about  I6I6).    English  clergyman.  Walsall 

Walsh,  John  Henry   (pseudonym   "  Stonehenge ")    (1810-1888).    English 

writer  on  sporting  and  miscellaneous  subjects.  J.  H.  Walsh,  or  Stonehenge 

Walsh,  Robert  (about  1830).    English  clergyman  and  writer  of  travels.  R.  WaWt 

Walsh,  William  (1663-1708?).    English  poet  Walsh 

Walton,  Izaak   (1693-1683).    English  miscellaneous  writer.     ("Complete 

Angler,"  16,53.)  L  Walton 

Wandesforde,  Christopher  (Viscount  Castlecomer)  (1592-1640).    English 

politician.  Wande^orde 

Warburton.Eliot  Bartholomew  George(1810-1862).  Irishauthor.  Eliot  Warburton 
Warburton,  William  (1698-1779).  Bishop  of  Oloucester.  Warburton,  or  Bp.  Warburton 
Ward,  Adolphus  William  (1837- ).    English  historical  writer.  A.W.Ward 

Ward,  Mrs.  E.  S.    See  Phelps. 
Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry  (Mary  Augusta  Arnold)  (1851-  ).    English  novelist. 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward 
Ward,  James.    Contemporary  English  philosophical  writer.  J.  Ward 

Ward,  John  (1679?-1768).    English  miscellaneous  writer.  John  Ward 

Ward,  Lester  Frank  (1841  -  ).     American  botanist  and  geologist.  L.  P.  Ward 

Ward,  Nathaniel  (died  1662).    English-American  clergyman.  N.  Ward 

Ward,  Robert  Plumer  (1765-1846).    English  politician  and  miscellaneous 

writer.  R.  Ward 

Ward,  Samuel  (1677-1639).    English  clergyman.  S.  Ward 

Ward,  Seth  (1617  ?-1689).    Bishop  of  Salisbury.  Bp.  Ward 

Ward,  Thomas  (1652-1708).     English  Roman  Catholic  controversialist.  T.Ward 

Ward,  W.  (beginning  of  18th  century).    British  biographer.  W.  Ward 

Wardrop,  James  (died  1869).    Scottish  surgeon  and  surgical  writer.  Wardrop 

Ware,  William  (1797-1852).    American  clergyman  and  author.  W.Ware 

Ware,  William  Robert  (1S32-  ).    American  architect  W.  R.  Ware 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley  (1829-  ).  American  essayist  and  editor.  C,  D.  Warner 
Warner,  WUliam  (died  1609).    English  poet  Warner 

Warren,  Henry  White  (1831  -  ).    American  bishop  and  astronomical  writer. 

H.  W.  Warren 
Warren,  Samuel  (1807-1877).     English  novelist  and  legal  writer.  Warren 

Warton,  Joseph  (1722-1800).     English  poet  and  critic.  J.  Warton 


LIST  OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 


Warton,Thomaa  (1728-1790).    English  poet  and  critic  T.  Warton 

Wasllllieton,  George  (1732  - 1799).  First  President  of  the  United  States.  WaghingUin 
WasMngtou,  Joseph  (end  of  17th  century).  English  legal  writer.  J.  Washitvjton 
Waterhouse,  Edward  (1619-1670).  English  clergyman  and  antiquary.  Waterhouse 
Waterland,  Daniel  (1683-1740).    English  theologian.  Waterland 

Waters,  Robert  (1835- ).    American  educator.  S.  Waters 

Watson,  Robert  (1730-1781).    Scottish  historical  writer.  B.Watson 

Watson,  Sereno  (1826  -  ).    American  botanist  S.  WaUon 

Watson,  Thomas  (died  1582).    Bishop  (Roman  Catholic)  of  Lincoln.  Bp.  Watson 

Watson,  Sir  Thomas  (1792-1882).    English  physician.  Sir  T.  Watson 

Watson,  William.  English  author.  ("Amical  Call  to  Kepentance,"  1691.)  W.Watson 
Watt,  James  (1736-1819).    Scottish  inventor  and  physicist.  J.  Wati 

Watts,  Henry  (1825-1884).    English  chemist  and  editor.    ("  A  Dictionary  of 

Chemistry,"  1863,  etc.)  WatU's  Diet,  o/  Chem.,  or  H.  Watig 

Watts,  Isaac  (1674-1748).  English  clergyman,  theologian,  and  hymn-writer.  Watts 
Waugh,  Edwin  (1818-1890).    English  poet.  Wavgh 

Weale,  John  (died  1862).    English  publisher  and  editor.     ("Dictionary  of 

Terms  in  Architecture,  etc.,"  1849;  4th  ed.,  edited  byEobert  Hunt,  1873.)         WeiUe 
Webbe,  Edward  (about  1590).    English  traveler.  E.  Wehbe 

Webbe,  William  (end  of  ISth  century).    English  critic  and  poet.  W.  Webbe 

Weber,  Henry  William  (1783-1818).    English  writer  (editor  of  "Metrical 

Eomaiices,"  1810).  Weber 

Webster,  Daniel  (1782 -18o2).    American  statesman  and  orator.  V.  Webster 

Webster,  John  (died  about  1654).    English  dramatist.  Webster 

Webster,  Noah  (1758-1843).    American  lexicographer  and  author.     ("An 
American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  1828 ;  ed.  Goodrich,  1847  ; 
ed.  Porter,  1864 ;  "  Webster's  International  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage," ed.  Porter,  1890.)  .V.  Webster 
Wedgwood,  Henslelgh  (1805-1891).   English  philologist.   ("A  Dictionary  of 

English  Etymology,"  3d  ed.,  1878;  "Contested  Etymologies,"  1882.)  Wedgwood 

Weed,  ThurlOW  (1797  - 1882).    American  journalist  and  politician.  T.  Weed 

Weeden,  William  Babcock  (1834  -  ).    American  author.  W.  B.  Weeden 

Weever,  John  (died  1032).    English  antiquary.  Weever 

Weigand,  Frledrlch  Ludwig  Karl  (1804-1878).     German  pliilologist. 

("Deutsches  Worterbuch,"  4th  ed.,  1881.)  Weigand 

Weir,  Harrison  William  (1824  -  ).    English  artist  and  author.  Harrison  Weir 

Wells,  David  Ames  (1828- ).     American  economist.  D.A.Wells 

Wells,  J.  Soelberg  (1824 - 1879).    English  ophthalmologist.  J.  S.  Wells 

Welsh,  Al£red  wit  (igso  -  ).     American  educator  and  author.  Welsh 

West,  Gilbert  (died  1756).    English  poet  and  religious  writer.  West 

Westfleld,  Thomas  (died  1644).     Bishop  of  Bristol.  Bp.  Westfield 

Westminster  Assembly's  Shorter  Catechism  (1647).  Shorter  Catechism 

Westminster  Confession  of  Faith  (I64fi).  West.  Con/,  of  Faith 

Westminster  Review  (1824-  ).  English  quarterly  literary  review.  Westminster  liev. 
Westwood,  John  Obadiah  (1805-  ).    English  entomologist.  Westwood 

Whalley,  Peter  (1722  - 1791).    English  clergyman  and  editor.  Whalleg 

Wharton,  Francis  (1820-1889).     American  Jurist.  F.Wharton 

Wharton,  Henry  (1664-1695).     English  antiquary.  //.  Wharton 

Wharton,  J.  J.  S.    English  legal  writer.     ("Law  Lexicon,"  1846-48;  7th  cd., 

1883.)  Wharton 

Whately,  Richard  (1787  - 1863).    Archbishop  of  Dublin.  Whatelg 

Whately,  William  (1583-1639).    English  Puritan  divine.  W.  Whately 

WheatlyorWheatley,  Charles  (1686-1742).    English  clergyman.    ("II1U9 

tratlon  of  Kook  of  Common  Prayer.")  Wheatty 

Wheatstone,  Sir  Charles  (1802-1875).    English  physicist.  WheatsUnte 

Wheeler,  J.  Talboys  (1824-  ).     English  scholar  and  historian.  J.  T.  Wheeler 

Wbeler  or  Wheeler,  Sir  George  (1650-172;)':).  English  antiquary.  .iir  G.  Wheler 
Whetstone,  George  (end  of  leth  century).  English  soldier  and  poet.  (J.  Whetstone 
WheweU,  William  (1794  - 186«).  English  scientinc  and  philosophical  writer.  Whemll 
Whlchcote,  Benjamin  (1610-1683).     English  clergyman  and  moralist.  Whicheote 

Whipple,  Edwin  Percy  (1819-1886).    American  critic.  Whipple 

Whiston,  William  (1667-1752).    English  theologian,  philosophical  writer. 

and  translator.  Whiston 

Whitaker,  Alexander.    American  colonist  and  author.    ("Good -News  from 

Virginia,"  1613.)  A.  Whitaker 

Whitaker,  John  (died  1808).  English  clergyman  and  historical  writer.  J.  Whitaker 
Whitaker,  Tobias.  English  physician.  ("  Blood  of  the  Grape,"  16:iH.)  T.  Whitaker 
Whitby,  Daniel  (1638-1726).    English  theologian.  Whitby 

White,  Andrew  Dickson  (1832-  ).    American  historical  writer  ami  diplo- 
matist. A.  D.  White 
White,  Gilbert  (I72O-I793).     English  natorallst.     ("Natural  History  and 

Antiquities  of  Selbome.")  Gilbert  White 

White,  John  (l.')90-1645).     English  political  writer  John  White 

White,  Richard  Grant  (1821-1886).    American  author.  II.  G.White 

Whitehead,  Paul  (niO-  1774).     English  poet  and  satiilst.  /'.  Whitelicad 

Whitehead,  William  (1715-1788).     English  poet  and  dramatist.  IC.  Whitehead 

Whitelock,  'Whitelocke,  or  Whitlock,  Bulstrode  (iC05-i67ii).    English 

statesman  and  lawyer.  Whitelock,  or  Whitlock 

Whitglrt,  John  (1530?- 1604).    Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  Ahp.  Whitgijt 

Whiting,  Nicholas.    English  writer.    ("Histor)'  of  Albino  and  Bellania, ' 

1637.)  Whitini) 

Whitlock,  Richard.     English  writer.     ("Zootombi,"  1C54.)  It.  WhiUoek 

Whitman,  Sarah  Helen  (1803-1878).    Ameikan  poet.  S.  11.  Whitman 

Whitman,  Walt  (I8I9-  ).     American  poet.  Wall  Whilmiin 

Whitney,  Adeline  Dutton  Train  (I824-  ).     American  novelist  and  poet. 

Mrs.  Whittle!) 
Whitney,  Joslah  Dwlght  (1819- ).    American  geologist.  ./.  D.  Whiincn 

■Whitney,  William  Dwlght  (I827  -  ).     American  philologist.  Whilneii 

Whlttier,  John  Greenleaf  (1807- ).     /.merlcan  poet.  WMttier 

Wlckllffe,  John.    See  Wydif. 

Wllbour,  Charles  Edwin  (1833  -  ).     American  Egyptologist.  C.  K.  WUhoiir 

Wider,  Alexander  (I«2:i-  ).     .American  physician  and  juurnalist.  A.  Wilder 


Wilder,  Burt  Green  (1841-  ).    American  naturalist.  B.  G.  Wilder 

Wilhelm,  Thomas,    American  military  officer.    ("A  .Military  Dictionary  and 

Gazetteer,"  1881.)  Wilhelm 

Wilkes,  John  (1727-1797).    English  politician.  Wilkes 

WiUdns,  John  (1014-1672).     Bishop  of  Chester.  Bp.  WUUm 

WUklnson,  James  John  Garth  (1812- ).    English  author.  J.  J.G.Wilkinson 

Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Gardner  (1797-1875).    English  Egyptologist. 

St;-  J.  G.  Wakinson 
WiUet,  Andrew  (1562-1021).    English  clergyman  and  theological  writer.  Willet 

William  of  Malmesbury  (died  1142?).  English  historian.  William  of  Malmesbury 
Williams,  Sir  Charles  Hanbury  (1709-1769).    English  diplomatist  and 

autlior.  Sir  C.  U.  Williams 

Williams,  Helen  Maria  (1702-1827).    English  poet  and  author.  H.  M.  Williams 

Williams,  John  (1582-1650).     Archbishop  of  York.  Abp.  Williams 

Williams,  Monler  (I8I9-  ).     English  Orientalist.  M.  Williams 

Williams,  Sir  Roger  (died  1.595?).    English  military  writer.  Sir  R.  Williams 

Williams,  Roger  (1599?-1683?).    American  colonist.  Roger  Williams 

Williams,  Samuel  (1748-1817).    American  clergyman  and  author.  S.  Williams 

WUllams,  Samuel  Wells  (I8I2-I884).    American  Sinologist.  S.  Wells  Williams 

Williamson,  Thomas  (beginning  of  19th  century).     Anglo-Indian  writer 

on  held  sports.  T.  Williamson 

WUlls,  Nathaniel  Parker  (I8O6- 1867).  American  poet  and  author.  A'.  P.  Willis 
WUlmott,  Robert  Arls  (1809?-1863).    English  writer  on  literature.  WUlmott 

WUlughby,  Francis  (1635-1672).    English  naturalist.  Willughby 

Wilson,  Arthur  (died  about  1652).    English  historical  writer.  A.  Wilson 

Wilson,  Daniel  (1778-1858).     Bishop  of  Calcutta.  Bp.  Wilson 

Wilson,  Sir  Daniel  (I8I6-  ).    Scottish-Canadian  archa!ologist.  Sir  D.  Wilson 

Wilson,  George  (1818-1859).    Scottish  chemist  and  physiologist.  G.  WUson 

Wilson,  Horace  Hayman  (1780-1800).    English  Orientalist.    ("Glossary  of 

Judicial  and  Revenue  Terms  ...  of  British  India,"  1855.)  Wilson 

Wilson,  Joxm  (pseudonym  " Christopher  North  ")  (1785  - 1854).   Scottish  critic 

and  poet.  Prof.  WUson,  or  J.  Wilson 

Wilson,  Jolm  (end  of  17th  century).    English  dramatic  writer.  John  Wilson 

Wilson,  John  Leighton  (I8O9-I886).    American  missionary.  J.  L.  Wilson 

WUson,  Robert  (last  half  of  loth  century).    English  dramatist.  R.  Wilson 

Wilson,  Sir  Thomas  (died  1581).  English  writer  on  logic  and  rhetoric.  Sir  T.  Wilson 
Wilson,  Woodrow  (1856- ).    American  historical  writer.  W.  WUson 

Wlnchell,  Alexander  (1824-1891).    American  geologist.  Winchell 

Winkworth,  Catherine  (18'29- 1878).     English  translator.  C.  Winkworth 

Winslow,  Edward  (I595-I655).  American  colonial  governor  and  author.  Winslow 
Winslow,  Forbes  (1810-1874).  English  physician  and  medical  wilter.  Forbes  Wimlou- 
Winter,  William  (1836-  ).    American  critic  and  poet.  W.  Winter 

Winthrop,  John  (1588- 1049).  American  colonial  governor  and  historian.  Winthrop 
Wtnthrop,  John  (1714-1779).     American  physicist.  J.  Winthrop 

Winthrop,  Theodore  (1828-1861).     American  novelist.  T.  Winthrop 

Winwood,  Sir  Ralph  (1504? -1617).     English  diplomatist.  Sir  R.  Winwood 

Wirt,  William  (1772-1834).    American  lawyer.  Wirt 

Wise,  John  (1652-1725).    American  clergyman  and  controversialist.  J.  Wise 

Wiseman,  Nicholas  (1802-1805).    English  cardinal.  Card.  Wiseman 

Wiseman,  Richard  (last  half  of  17th  century).    English  surgeon.  Wiseman 

Wiser,  D.  F.  (1802-  ).    Swiss  mineralogist.  D.  F.  Wiser 

Withal  or  Withals,  John  (middle  of  16th  century).  English  lexicographer. 
("A  Shorte  Dictionarie  in  Latin  and  English,"  printed  without  date  by 
Wynkyn  de  Worde;  later  editions.  1,554,  1559,  etc.)  Withals 

Wither,  Cieorge  (1588-1607).     English  poet.  Wither 

Wits'  Recreations  (1654).     Collection  of  poems.  Wits'  llecreations 

Wodhul  or  Wodhull,  Michael  (I74O- I8I6).    English  poet  Woilhull 

Wodroephe,  John.    English  grammarian.     ("True  Marrow  of  the  French 

Tongue, '  1623.)  WodroeiJhe 

Wodrow,  Robert  (IO79-1734).    Scottish  ecclesiastical  historian.  Wodrow 

Wolcot  or  Wolcott,  John  (pseudonym  "Peter  Pindar")  (1738-1819).  Eng- 
lish satirist.  Wolcot 
Wolcott,  Roger  (1679-1767).  American  colonial  governor  and  author.  Roger  Wolcott 
Wolfe,  Charles  (1791  - 18)3).  Irish  poet.  Wolfe 
Wollaston,T.  Vernon  (1822-1878).  British  naturalist.  Wollaston 
WoUaston,  William  (1059-1724).  English  theological  writer.  W.  Wollaston 
WoUe,  Francis  (1817- ).  American  botanist.  Wolle 
Wolsey,  Thomas  (1471?-1.530).  English  cardinal  and  statesman.  Wolsey 
Wood,  Alphonso  (1810-1881).  American  botanist  A.Wood 
Wood  or  k  Wood,  Anthony  (10:)2  - 1695).  English  antiqnai  y.  Wimd,  or  rt  Wood 
Wood,  Mrs.  Henry  (1814-1887).  English  n<ivellst  Mrs.  II.  Wood 
Wood,  Horatio  C.  (1841-  ).  American  physician  and  naturalist.  //.  C.  Wood 
Wood,  John  (Jeorge  (1827-1889).  English  clergyman  and  naturalist.  J.  G.  Wood 
Wood,  Shakespeare.    ("Guide  to  Ancient  and  Modern  Rome,"  1875.) 

Shakesjteare  Wood 
Wood,  William  (died  1039).     New  England  colonist  atid  writer.  W.  Wood 

Woodall,  John  (first  part  of  17th  century).     English  surgeon.  Woodall 

Woodward,  Charles  J.  (1838-  ).     English  physicist.  C.  J.  Woodward 

Woodward,  John  (1605-1728).    English  naturalist  Woodward 

Woodward,  Samuel  P.  (lH21-lHn5).     English  geologist  and  conchologist 

.S.  P.  Woodtt'ard 
Woodworth,  Samuel  (17ai- 1842).    American  poet.  S.  Woodu-orth 

Woolman,  John  (1720-1772).     American  preacher  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 

(".lounial,"  177,5.)  John  Woolman 

Woolsey,  Theodore  Dwiqht   (1801-1889).     American  writer  on   intenia- 

tional  law  and  classical  scholar.  Woolse.'/ 

Woolaon,  Constance  Fenimore  (1848?- ).    American  novelist  C.  F.  Woolson 

Woolton,  John  (died  1.5'.HV).     I'.ishop  of  Exeter.  Bp.  Woolton 

Worcester,  Joseph  Emerson  (1784 -1«65).   American  lexicographer.  ("Dic- 
tionary of  the  English  Language,"  1H60;  with  supplement,  ISHl.)  Worcester 
Worcester,  Marquis  of  (Ldward  Somerset)  (looi  ?- 10(17).    English  Bcienti.st 

Marquis  of  Worcester 


LIST   OF  WRITERS  AND  AUTHORITIES 

Wordsworth,  Caiarles  (1806  -  ).    Bishop  of  St.  Andrews,  Scotland.      Bp.  Wordsworth  YaireU,  William  (1784-1856).     English  naturalist.                                               Yarrell 

Wordswortll,  Clirlstoplier  (1807-1885).    Bishop  of  Lincoln.       Bp.  Chr.  Wordsworth  Yates,  Edmund  Hodgson  (1831- ).    English  journalist  and  novelist. 

Wordsworth,  William  (1770-1850).    English  poet.                                       Wordsworth  E.  Yates,  or  E.  U.  Yates 

Workshop  Receipts  (1883-1885).     By  E.  Spon,  R.  Haldane,  and  C.  G.  W.  Yelverton,  Sir  Henry  (15fi6-1630).    English  jurist.                              Sir  U.  Yehertm 

Look.                                                                                                    Workshop  Receipts  Yonge,  Charles  Duke  (1812- ).     English  classical  scholar  and  historical 

Worthington,  John  (1618- 1671).    English  theologian.                                 Worthington  writer.                                                                                                            C.  D.  Yonge 

Wotton,  Sir  Henry  (1568-1639).     English  poet.    ("Reliquiie  Wottonianic,"  Yonge,  Charlotte  Mary  (182.3- ).   English  novelist  and  historical  writer.    Mist  Yonge 

a  collection  of  lives,  letters,  and  poems,  appeared  in  1651. )                   Sir  H.  Wotton  York  Plays.    A  series  of  mystery  plays  performed  in  the  Uth,  15th,  and  16th 

Wotton,  Henry.    English  clei-gyman  (wrote  about  1672).                                 H.  WoUon  centuries,  Oxford  ed.,  1885.                                                                            York  Plays 

Wotton,  William  (1666-1726).     English  scholar.                                              W.  Wotton  Youatt,  WilUam  (1777-1847).     English  veterinary  surgeon.                                  YauaU 

Woty,  William.    English  poet  (wrote  1761-1774).                                                  Woty  Youmans,  Edward  Livingston  (1821-1887).    American  scientist.                 Youmarm 

Wrangham,  Francis  (1770?- 1843).    English  scholar  and  poet.                    Wrangham  Young,  Arthur  (died  1769).    English  clergyman.                                     Dr.  A.  Youttg 

Wjren,  Matthew  (1.585-1667).     Bishop  of  Ely.                                                     Bp.Wren  Young,  Arthur  (1741-1820).    English  traveler  and  agricultural  writer.    ArthurYmmg 

Wright,  Thomas.    English  author.    ("Passions  of  the  Mind,"  1601 ;  2d  ed.,  Young,  Arthur.     English  naval  official.    ("Nautical  Dictionary,"  1863.)         A.  Young 

10O4.)                                                                                                                  T.  Wright  Young,  Charles  Augustus  (1834- ).     American  astronomer.                      C.  A.  Young 

Wright,  Thomas  (1810-1877).     English  antiquary  and  lexicographer.    ("A  Young,  Sir  Charles  George  (1795-1869).     English  writer  on  heraldry.    Sir  C.  Young 

Dictionary  of  Obsolete  and  Provincial  English,"  1857;  "  Anglo-Saxon  and  Young, Edward  (1684  ?-1765).  English  poet.  ("Night Thoughts,"  1742-1746.)       Young 

Old  English  Vocabularies,"  1857-73;  2d  ed.  by  Wiilcker,  1884.)                        Wright  Young,  John  (1835- ).     Scottish  naturalist                                                        J.Young 

Wright,  William  Aldis  (1831-  ).    English  scholar  and  editor.                  IT.  A.  Wright  Yule,  Sir  Henry  (1820-1889).    British  Orientalist.                                               H.  Yule 

Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas  (1503-1642).    English  poet  and  diplomatist.                          Wyatt  Yule  and  Bumell  (Sir  Henry  Yule ;  Arthur  Coke  Bumellji    ("A  Glossary 

Wyche,  Sir  Peter.    English  translator  (wrote  1664-1669).                           Sir  F.Wyche  of  Anglo-Indian  Colloqnial  Words  and  Phrases,"  1886.)                    Yule  and  Bumell 
Wycherley,  William  (1640? -1715).    English  dramatist.                                Wycherleg 

Wyclif  or  Wickliffe,  John  (died  1384).     English  Reformer,  translator  of  the  ZadMeL    See  Morrison. 

Bible.                                                                                                                       Wyclif  Zell's  Popular  Cyclopssdia  (1871X     Edited  hy  L.  De  Colange.                                  Zell 

Wyntoun,  Wynton,  or  Winton,  Andrew  of  (last  part  of  Uth  and  first  of  Ziegler,  Ernst  (1849- ).    Swiss  anatomist.                                                          Ziegler 

15th  century).    Scottish  poet.                                                                           Wyntoun  Ziemssen'S  Cyclopedia  of  Medicine.                                                                Ziemssen 

III  the  foregoing  list  of  authorities  those  titles  ham  been  generally  omitted  which  are  cited  in  the  Dictionary  in  full  or  in  a  self-explanatory  form  —  esj>r- 
cially  the  titles  of  daily  newspapers,  of  numerous  scientific  periodicals,  and  of  "  Proceedings"  and  "  Transactions"  of  learned  societies. 


SUPPLEMENTAEY  NOTE  TO  PREFACE. 

DURING  the  publicatiou  of  the  dictionary  but  one  change  has  occurred  in  the  staff  of  specialists  men- 
tioned in  the  preface  issued  with  the  first  part.  AVhile  the  proofs  of  "T"  were  coming  from  the  press, 
Dr.  James  K.  Thacher,  who  had  labored  upon  the  dictionary  from  its  beginning,  died,  leaving  his  work 
upon  the  last  letters  of  the  alphabet  unfinished.  The  task  of  completing  it  was  taken  up  by  Dr.  Thomas  L. 
Stedman,  and  has  been  carried  through  by  him. 

The  dictionary  has  also  i-eceived  additional  aid  from  many  others  not  mentioned  in  the  preface.  Help 
has  thus  been  given  most  notably  by  Prof.  Charles  A.  Young,  in  many  important  definitions  (in  particular 
those  of  the  words  .sun,  solar,  telescope ^  and  lens)  and  in  continuous  criticism  of  the  final  proofs;  by  Pi'of. 
Thomas  Gray,  of  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  in  electrical  definitions ;  by  Mr.  George  E.  Cm-tis,  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  and  Prof.  Cleveland  Abbe,  in  definitions  of  meteorological  terms ;  by  Mr.  Edward  S. 
Burgess,  Mr.  E.  S.  Steele  of  the  National  Museum,  Mr.  F.  V.  Coville  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agi-iculture,  Prof.  N.  L.  Britton  of  Columbia  College,  and  the  late  Dr.  J.  I.  Northrop,  also  of  Columbia,  in 
botany;  by  Mr.  Leicester  Allen,  in  definitions  of  mechanical  terms ;  by  Prof.  S.  W.  Williston,  of  the  University 
of  Kansas,  in  medi(iine  and  physiology ;  by  Dr.  Theobald  Smith,  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agi-ieiil- 
ture,  in  veterinary  pathology  and  surgery;  by  Lieut.  Arthur  P.  Nazro,  in  naval  and  nautical  definitions;  by 
Capt.  John  W.  Collins,  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission,  in  material  relating  to  fishing  and  the  fisheries; 
by  Prof.  William  H.  Brewer,  of  Yale  University,  in  many  definitions,  particularly  those  of  the  gaits  of  horees; 
by  Mr.  A.  D.  Risteen,  in  certain  mathematical  definitions ;  by  Rev.  George  T.  Packard,  in  the  preliminary 
arrangtMuent  of  certain  literary  material ;  by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson,  in  the  definitions  of  the  names  of  various 
ff)rnis  of  verse;  by  Prof.  Douglas  Sladen,  in  the  collection  of  Australian  provincialisms  and  colloquial- 
isms ;  and  in  various  special  matters  by  Dr.  Edward  Eggleston,  Mr.  George  Kennan,  Mr.  George  W.  Cable, 
Mr.  G.  W.  Pettes,  and  many  others.    . 

The  staff  of  editorial  assistants  has  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  Miss  Kathai"ine  G.  Brewster,  and 
of  Rev.  G(H)rge  M' Arthur,  to  whom  special  recognition  is  due  for  his  efficient  revision  of  the  final  proofs. 

Gctolier  1st,  18i)l. 


BINDING  SECT.  JUL  c  b  woo 


PE 
1625 

1889a 
vit.2U 


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Full text of "The Century dictionary : an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language: prepared under the superintendence of William Dwight Whitney"

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