Check-list of species of fishes known from the PhilippineArchipelago

of Sonki
Borbora

THE PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF SCIENCE
MONOGRAPHIC PUBLICATIONS ON FISHES

No. I. A CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES, by
David Starr Jordan and Robert Earl Richardson, 1909.

No. 23. GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE
CHINA SEA, by Albert W. Herre, 1927.

No. 24. POMACENTRIDAE OF THE PHILIPPINE IS-
LANDS, by Heraclio R. Montalban, 1927.

Reprinted 1965, for the Smithsonian Institution by T.F.H.
Publications, Inc., Jersey City 2, New Jersey, U.S.A.

For sale by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
Price per volume, cloth bound, $5.50

This reprint is the third in a publication program inaugu-
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at the Smithsonian Institution, the T.F.H. Fund "for research,
collection or purchase of fish specimens, exploration and publi-
cation of scientific reports related to aquarium fishes."

This edition is reprinted from the original without change
except that the color plates have been grouped together, and the
text has been reduced in size to enable this volume to match the
format of the previous T.F.H. reprints.

Errata for reprint of "The Philippine Bureau
of Science, Monographic Publications on Fishes"
The color plates do not represent an exact reproduction of the
originals because the inks used resulted in much greater intensity
of colors. In addition, color plates 27, 29, and 8 are slightly too
green; color plates 30, 3, 8, 17, and 19 a little too blue; and color
plates 28, 30, 3, 5, and 17 slightly too yellow. The frontispiece is
upside down and reversed. Figure 2 on color plate 27 is too dark
obscuring the color pattern.

CHECK-LIST OF THE SPECIES OF FISHES

KNOWN FROM THE PHILIPPINE

ARCHIPELAGO

BY

DAVID STARR JORDAN

AND

ROBERT EARL RICHARDSON

MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

BUREAU OF SCIENCE,

MANILA.

Publication No. 1.

(Actual date of publication January 20, 1910.)
2

CHECK-LIST OF THE SPECIES OF FISHES

KNOWN FROM THE PHILIPPINE

ARCHIPELAGO.

By DAVID STAEB JORDAN and ROBERT EARL RICHARDSO>

In the present paper is given a list of all species of fishes positively
known at the date of January 1, 1909, as inhabiting the waters of the
Philippine Archipelago. A complete bibliography of the ichthyology of
the Philippines is given in the Appendix.

The writers are indebted to Mr. Alvin Seale and to Mr. Richard Crit-
tendcn McGregor for important aid on the preliminary work of tho
preparation of this catalogue; 830 species are included, a large number,
which probably represents less than half of the actual fish fauna of these
Islands.

INTRODUCTION.

The list has been drawn up without reference to the lists of Elera,
Gogorza, and Palacky (noted in the bibliography). A list of those
species of Palacky's catalogue which are known on no other authority
than that of Palacky, Elera, or Gogorza, is appended at the conclusion of
the present check-list. In the present list the full reference to the original
description is given in case only of those species not noticed or described
in Giinther's Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum. In the
record of geographical distribution which follows the name of each species
admitted to the check-list, the name by which the species was designated
by an author is given only in case the specific name \ised was different
from the one here employed.

Class SELACHII.
Family ORECTOLOBID^E.

CHILOSCYLLIUM Miiller & Henle.

1. Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin). Manila (Gttnther, A).

Family CARCHARIID/E.

SCOLIODON .Miiller & Henle.

2. Scoliodon walbeehmii (Bleeker). Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

3. Scoliodon acutus (Riippell). Manila (Jordan & Scale, A).

Family SPHYRNTM).

3PHYRNA Rafinesque.

4. Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Family RHINOBATID^E.
RHYNCHOBATU3 MUller & Henle.

5. Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forskal). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Family DASYATIM).
DA8YATIS Rafinesque.

6. Dasyatis kuhli (MUller & Henle). Philippine Islands (Jordan & Seale, A);

Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

H1MANTURA Dumenl.

7. Himantura uarnak (Forskal). Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

TXENIURA MUller & Henle.

8. Taeniura lymma (Forskal). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

Family AfiTOBATID^E.
8TOASODON Cantor.

9. Stoasodon narinari (Euphrasen). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Class PISCES.
Family ELOPID^E.

ELOPS Linnaeus.

10. Elops hawaiiensis Regan. Manila (Jordan & Richardson); Bulan (Ever-

mann & Seale, A) (as E. saurua).

6 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Family MEGALOPID^E.
MEGALOPS Lace-pede.

11. Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet). Luzon (Peters, c) ; Negros (Jordan

& Scale.. B) ; Bulan (Evermann & Scale, A).

Family CHIEOCENTEID^E.
CHIROCENTRUS Cuvier.

12. Chirocentrus dorab (Forskal). Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A); Manila

(Jordan & Richardson) ; Mindanao (Smith & Scale) ; Bacon (Evermann
& Scale, A).

Family CHANID^.
CHANGS Cuvier.

13. Chanos chanos (Forskal). Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A); Manila (Jordan

& Richardson ) ; Manila ( Evermann & Scale, B ) . Zamboanga, Scale
& Bean.

Family CLUPEID^E.

STOLEPHORUS Lacepede. (Spratelloides Bleeker.)

14. Stolephorus gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel). Bacon (Evermann & Scale,

A) ; (?) Negros (Jordan & Scale, B, Stolephorus japonicus; see note
in Evermann & Scale, A).

15. Stolephorus delicatulus (Bennett). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

DUSSUMIERIA Cuvier & Valenciennes.

16. Dussumieria acuta Cuvier & Valenciennes. Manila (Kner).

17. Dussumieria elopsoides Bleeker. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Iloilo (Jordan

& Richardson).

18. Dussumieria hasseltii Bleeker. Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

AMBLYGASTER Bleeker. (Sardinia Poey.)

19. Amblygaster sirm (Riippell). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

20. Amblygaster clupeoides (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Bulan

(Evermann & Seale, A).

21. Amblygaster perforatum (Cantor). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

SAR D I N E LLA Cuvier & Valenciennes. ( Harengula Cuv. & Val ) .

22. Sardinella moluccensis (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Negros

(Jordan & Scale, B) ; Manila (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon; Bulan
(Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga, Seale & Bean.

23. Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker). Philippine Islands (Jordan & Seale, A);

Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

24. Sardinella sundaica (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Manila:

Aparri; Iloilo ( Jordan & 'Richardson ).

25. Sardinella vanicoris Jordan & Seale. Zamboanga (Seale & Bean) as Clupea

melanura, not of Cuvier.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 7

ILISHA Gray.

2i». Ilisha hcevenii (Sleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A); Manila (Jordan &
Richardson ) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Scale, A).

Family DOKOSOMATID^].
ANODONTOSTOMA Bleeker.

27. Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton-Buchanan). Cavite (Jordan & Scale,

A, var. selangkat) ; Negros (Jordan & Scale, B) ; Manila; Iloilo
(Jordan & Richardson); Mindanao (Smith & Soalo) ; Bacon (Ever-
n in mi & Seale, A).

KONOSIRUS Jordan & Snydi-r.

28. Konosirus thrissa (Osbeck). Philippine Islands (Giinther, Evermann &

Seale, A); Zamboanga (Seale & Bean). (Dorosoma nasiift (Bloch).)

Family ENGRAULID^.
ANCHOVIA Jordan & Evermann.

29. Anchovia commersoniana (Lace"pede). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Xe-

gros (Jordan & Seale, B).

30. Anchovia Hamilton! (Gray). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Manila; Iloilo

(Jordan & Richardson).

31. Anchovia boelama (Forskal). Cagayancillo; Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson) ;

Mindanao (Smith & Seale). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

32. Anchovia indica (Van Hasselt). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Bulan

(Evermann & Seale, A).

33. Anchovia setirostris ( Broussonet ) . Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).

Family SYNODOXTID^E.
TRACHINOCEPHALUS Gill.

34. Trachinocephalus myops (Forster). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

SY NODUS Gronow.

35. Synodus japonicus (Houttuyn). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson); Bulan;

1'ncon (Evermann & Seale, A, Synodus varius).

SAURIDA Cuvier & Valenciennes.

36. Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Cuyo

(Jordan & Richardson); Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

37. Saurida argyrophanes Richardson. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, Saurida

japonica) ; Manila (Jordan & Richardson) ; San Fabian (Evermann
& Scale, A).

38. Saurida badi (Cuvier). Xogros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Family ALEPOCEPHALID^E.
BATHYTROCTES Gunther.

39. Bathytroctes macrolepis Gunther. Sta. 198, north of Celebes (Giinthcr, B).

(Bathytroctes macrolepis Gunther, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, p. 225,
pi. LVII, fig. B; Xia. 198, north of Celebes.)

<S CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Family MALACOSTEID^.
MALACOSTEUS Ay res.

40. Malacosteus indicus Gunther. Sta. 214, near Philippine Islands (GUnther,

B). Malacosteus indicus Gunther, Ann. Mag. N. H., II, 1878, 181.

Family MYCTOPHIM).

MYCTOPHUM Rafinesque.

41. Myctophum gilbert! Evermann & Seale. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

Myctophum gilbcrti Evermann A Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,
1906, 55, fig. 1 ; Bulan, P. I.

LAMPADENA Goode & Bean.

42. Lampadena engraulis (Gunther). Sta. 200, Philippine Islands (Gttnther,

B).

Scopelus engraulis Gunther, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, p. 197, pi. LI, fig.
C; Sta. 200, Philippine Islands.

NANNOBRACHIUM Gttnther.

43. Nannobrachium nigrum Giinther. Sta. 214, south of Philippines. (Gunther,

B).

Nannobrachium nigrum Gttnther, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, p. 199, pi.
LI], fip. B; Sta. 2JJ/, south of Philippines.

Family STERNOPTYCHID^].
POLYIPNUS Gunther.

44. Polyipnus spinosus Giinther. Sta. 200, between Philippine Islands and

Borneo (Giinther, B).

Polyipnus spinosus Gunther. Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, p. 170; Sta.
200, between Philippine Islands and Borneo.

STERNOPTYX Hermann.

45. Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann. Sta. 214, Philippine Islands (Gunther, B).

Family EVERMANELLID^E.
OMOSUDIS Giinther.

46. Omosudis lowii Gunther. Sta. 214, south of Philippine Islands (Gttnther, B).

Onwsudis lowii, Gunther, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, p. 201, pi. LII, fig.
C. C'; Sta. 214, south of Philippine Islands.

Family HALOSATJEID^E.
HALOSAURUS Johnson.

47. Halosaurus medirostris Gunther. Sta. 207, west of Philippine Islands

(Giinther, B).

Halosaurus medirostris Gttnther, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, p. 239, pi.
LIX, fig. C; Sta. 207, west of Philippines.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Family SYMBRANCHID/E.
SYMBRANCHUS Bloch.

48 Symbranchus bengalensis (McClelland). Philippine Islands (Giinlher) ;
Luxon (Peters, C).

Family ANGUILLID^E.
ANGUILLA Thunberg.

4!». Anguiila mauritiana Bennett. Philippine Islands (Giinther) ; Tarlac (Ever-
niann & Seale, A) ; Calayan; Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson) ; Manila
(Sleeker, as Muroena maculata) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

."in. Anguiila manillensis (Bleeker). Manila (Bleeker). May not be different
from Antiiiilla mauritiana,.

Family LEPTOCEPHALID^E.

LEPTOCEPHALUS Gmelin.

51. Leptocephalus brevicaudus Peters.

A species of uncertain standing, Leptocephalus (Diaphanichthys) brevicau-
dus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 275; Masbate, Luxon;
a larva form of some conger eel.

UROCONGER Kaup.

52. Uroconger lepturus Richardson. Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

Family MUR^ENESOCID^E.
MUR/ENESOX McClelland.

53. Muraenesox cinereus (ForskAl). Philippine Islands (Giinther; Richardson,

A, (Congrus hamo) ;=Mura;nesox bagio fide Bleeker=cinere«s) Manila
( Jordan & Seale, A; Jordan & Richardson).

Family MYRIDyE.
MUR>CNICHTHYS Bleeker.

54. Mursenichthys gymnopterus (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

55. Murasnichthys macropterus Bleeker. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

56. Muraenichthys thompsoni Jordan & Richardson. Manila Bay (Jordan &

Richardson ) .

Mura'nichthys thompsoni Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish.,
XXVII, 237, 1908. Manila Bay.

Family OPHICHTHYIM).
OPHICHTHUS Ahl.

57. Ophichthus cephalozonus Bleeker. Philippine Islands (Giinther).

58. Ophichthus grandoculis (Cantor). Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

10 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

CIRRHIMUR/ENA Kaup.

This genus may be provisionally recognized for those ophichthyid eels which
have the maxillary teeth in bands, the lips fringed, and the dorsal inserted over
or behind the gill-opening.

59. Cirrhimuraena tapeinoptera (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A);

Manila (Jordan & Richardson).
CO. Cirrhimuraena nectura (Jordan & Scale) Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Jenkinsiella1 nectura Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXVI,
1906, 6-, fig. 1; Cavite, P. I.

PISOODONOPHIS Kaup.

61. Pisoodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson). Philippine Islands (Gunther;
Richardson, A) ; Manila; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

02. Pisoodonophis macgregori Jordan & Richardson. Manila (Jordan & Rich-
ardson ) .

Pisoodonophis macgregori Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish.,
XXVII, 238, 1908. Manila, P. I.

LEIURANUS Bleeker.

63. Leiuraniis lithinus Jordan & Richardson. Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

Leiuranus lithinus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVII,
239, 1908. Cuyo, P. I.

CCECULA Vahl. (Dalophis Rafinesque.)

64. Coecula mindora Jordan & Richardson. Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson).

Ccecula, mindora Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVII, 239.
1908. Mindoro, P. I.

Family MORINGUID^E.
MORINGUA Gray. (Aphthalmichthys Kaup.)

65. Moringua abbreviata (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Ticao (Jordan

& Richardson ) .

66. Moringua lumbricoidea Richardson. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

67. Moringua macrocephala (Bleeker). Luzon (Peters, C).

1 Microdonophis macgregori Jenkins (Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. XXII, 1902, p.
422), the type of Jenkinsiella Jordan & Evermann, with lips fringed, maxillary
teeth uniserial (fide Jenkins), and dorsal inserted far in advance of gill-openings
seems to be congeneric with Ophichthys (Cirrhimuraena) calamus Gunther, from
Australia. The orignal description of Cirrhimurcena (Jenkinsiella) nectura
(Jordan & Seale) erroneously states that the maxillary teeth are in a single
series. A reSxamination of the type proves that they are in broad bands. Of
the four species included by Dr. Gunther in the subdivision Cirrhimurcena, one,
Ophichthys playfairii Giinther, from Zanzibar, with the teeth in bands, the lips
fringed, and dorsal commencing "a short distance behind angle of mouth," appears
to be intermediate between Jenkinsiella (macgregori) and Cirrhimurcena as above
defined.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 11

Family
GYMNOTHORAX Bloch.

68. Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bleeker. Negros (Jordan & Scale. B).

69. Gymnothorax polyuranodon Bleeker. Palawan (Boulenger, A.).

70. Gymnothorax petelli (Bleeker). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

Murcena petelli Bleeker, Nat. Tijda., XI, 84, Java.— Giinther, Cat. VIII,

1870, 105.
Gymnothorax petelli Bleeker, Atlas, Muraen., 99, tab. XXXII, fig. 1. —

Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Coriim., XXV, 1905, 197; Samoa.
Murama interrupts Kaup, Apodes, 67, fig. 51, 1854; Red Sea.
Gymnothorax leucacme Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902. 427.

fig. 7. Honolulu.
Gymnothorax waialuce 8nydef, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902, 520,

pi. 6; Waialua, near Honolulu.

71. Gymnothorax richardsoni (Bleeker). Reefs near Cebu (Gfinther, A); San

Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A); Sibuyan (Jordan & Richardson).
Murcena richardsoni Bleeker, Nat. Tijds., Ill, 1852, 296; Wahai, Ceram,

Padang, Sumatra.

Gymnothorax richardsoni Bleeker, Atlas Mursen. 100, pi. XLTI, fig. 2.
Gymnothorax scoliodon Bleeker, 1. c., 101, pi. XL, fig. 2.
Gymnothorax ceramensis Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., I, 261 Ceram.— Atlas.

Mursen., 101, pi. XXXIII, fig. 3.
(?) Murcenophis lineatus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, 1830, 127, pi. II, fig. I;

Oualan. (Figure very poor; probably not the same species.)

72. Gymnothorax flavomarginatus (Rtippell). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

73. Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,
1906, 7, fig. 2; Cavite, P. I.

74. Gymnothorax afer Bloch. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

75. Gymnothorax litus (Richardson). Cuyo; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Rich-

ardson ) .

76. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl). Samar (Peters, C) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale,

B) ; Cagayancillo; Ticao (Jordan & Richardson).

77. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lace'pede). Manila (Kner, Gymnothorax cancel-

latus).

78. Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton-Buchanan). Luzon (Peters, C).

79. Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett) (G-. isingleenoides Bleeker) Zamboanga

(Seale & Bean).

ECHIDNA Forster.

80. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl). Reefs of Cebu (Gunther, A); Negros (Jordan &

Seale, B) ; Calayan ( Jordan & Richardson).

81. Echidna delicatula (Kaup). Negros (Jordan & Scale, B).

82. Echidna polyzona (Richardson). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

Murcena, polyzona Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ichth., Ill, 1845, 112, pi. 55,

fig. 11-14; no loc.
Echidna zonophcea Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII,

1902, 167; 1. c. XXIII, pt. I, 1903, 109, pi. 21; Hawaii.

Echidna vincta Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, 429; Hawaii.
Echidna obscura Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, 430, fig.

11; Honolulu.

12 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Echidna psalion Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, 431, fig.

12; Honolulu.
(1) Echidna Icihala Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, 428,

fig. 9. Honolulu.
( ?) Pcccilophis tritor Vaillant & Sauvago, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (3). HI 28".

1875; Hawaii.

UROPTERYGIUS Riippcll.
83. Uropterygius concolor Riippcll. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Family CYPKINID^E.
BAR BODES Bleeker.

83. (84). Barbodes quinquemaculatus (Scale & Bean). Zainboanga (Giinther,)
Mount Malindang, Zamboanga (Seale & Bean). (Karbodcs mcculatus
var. A. Giinther.)

85. Barbodes palawanensis Boulenger. Palawan (Boulenger, A).

Barbus palaicanensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) XV, 1895, 186;
Palawan, P. I.

86. Barbodes hemictenus Jordan & Richardson. Mindoro (Jordan & Richard-

son).

Jiarbodes licmictcnus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. XXVII,
242, 1908. Mindoro, P. 1.

RASBORA Bleeker.

87. Rasbora philippina Giinther. Pasananca, near Zamboanga (Giinther, A).

Jiasbora philippina Giinther, Shore Fishes Challenger, p. 54; Jfiver at
Pasananca, near Zamboanga, P. I.

88. Rasbora punctulata Seale & Bean. Zamboanga. (Seale & Bean).

89. Rasbora everetti Boulenger. Palawan (Boulenger, A).

Itasbora everetti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) XV, 1895, 187; Palawan,
P. I.

NEMATABRAMIS Boulenger.

90. Nematabramis everetti Boulenger. Palawan (Boulenger. A).

Nematabramis everetti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. N. H. (0) XV, 1895, 187;
Palawan, P. I.

91. Nematabramis alestes (Seale & Bean). Mcarnsiella alestcs1 (Seale &

Bean). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

DANGILA Cuvier & Valenciennes.

92. Dangila philippinia Heckel. Philippine Islands (Heckel, A).

Cyrene philippinia Heckel, Russegger's Reisen, I, 1025 ; Philippine Islands.

93. Dangila cyanopareia Heckel. Philippine Islands (Heckel, A).

Cyrene cyanopareia Heckel, Russegger's Reisen, I, 1025; Philippine Islands.

1 According to Mr. Seale, Mearnsiella alestes is probably a species of Nemata-
bramis.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 13

Family SILURID^E.
NETUMA Bleeker.

94. Netuma nasuta (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

95. Netuma thalassina (RUppell). Philippines (Jordan & Richardson); San

Fabian; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

TACHYSURUS Lac^pede. (Arius Cuv. & Val.)1

96. Tachysurus venosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, after figure of Mertens ) .

RITA Bleeker.

97. Rita manillensis ( Cuvier & Valenciennes ). Manila ( Cuvier & Valenciennes,

XV, 93).

HEMIPIMELODUS Bleeker.

98. Hemipimelodus manillensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Cuvier &

Valenciennes, XV, 192).

Family CLARIID^E.
CL ARIAS Gronow.

99. Clarias magur (Hamilton-Buchanan). Philippines, Jordan & Seale, A).

100. Clarias batrachus (Bloch). Luzon; Samar (Peters, C). (Clarias fuscus

Auct. )

101. Clarias nieuhofii Cuvier & Valenciennes. Philippine Islands (Giinther) ;

Luzon (Peters, C).

102. Clarias gilli Smith & Seale. Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

Clarias gilli Smith & Seale, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906, 74, fig.
a, b; Rio Grande, Mindanao, P. I.

Family PLOTOSIM3.

P LOTOS US Lac<§pede.

103. Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch). Philippine Islands (Giinther) ; Manila (Jor-

dan & Seale, A) ; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Jolo; Bacon (Ever-
mann & Seale, A ) . Zamboanga ( Seale and Bean ) .

Family BELONIDJE.
TYLOSURUS Cocco.

104. Tylosurus giganteus (Temminck & Schlegel). Cavite (Jordan & Seale,

A); Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Manila; Iloilo (Jordan & Rich-
ardson) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

105. Tylosurus leiurus (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Aparri (Jordan

& Richardson). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

1 It is perhaps not certain that Tachysurvs chinensis is a species of this genus,
as the description of Lac£pede, based on a Chinese painting, is not surely iden-
tifiable.

14 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

106. Tylosurus leiuroides (Sleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Sealc. A). Zani-

boanga (Seale & Bean).

107. Tylosurus caudimaculatus (Cuvier). Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

Family EXOCCETIMJ.
HEMIRAMPHUS Cuvier.

108. Hemiramphus quoyi (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan & Seale,

A); Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A); Manila (Evermann & Seale, B).

109. Hemiramphus limbatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cuyo (Jordan & Rich-

ardson).

110. Hemiramphus dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Bacon; Bulan (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

111. Hemiramphus neglectus Bleeker. Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).

112. Hemiramphus marginatus (Forskal). Bacon (Evermann & Seale. A) :

Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

113. Hemiramphus lutkei Cuvier & Valenciennes. Manila (Cuvier & Valen-

ciennes, record based on figure of Mertens) . Made a synonym of
Hemiramphus marginatus by Dr. Gilnther.

114. Hemiramphus cantoris Bleeker. Cavite (Jordan & Seale).

115. Hemiramphus cotnog Smith. Luzon (Smith)- Hemiramphus cotnoy,

Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Coimn... XXI. 1002, 170, fig.; /,. ttiihi, Luzon.
P. I.

ZENARCHOPTERUS (Jill.

116. Zenarchopterus philippinus Peters. Luxon; Samar (Peters, C) ; Bacon

(Evermann & Seale, A). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

Hemirhamphus (Zenarchopterus) philippinus Peters, Monatsber. Akad.
Wiss. Berl., 1868, 273; Luzon and Samar.

117. Zenarchopterus dispar (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan & Seale,

A) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

DERMATOGENYS Van Hasselt.

118. Dermatogenys viviparus Peters. Luzon; Samar (Peters, A).

Hemirhamphus (Dermal ogcnys) viviparus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss.
Berl., 1865, 132; Samar, P. I.

PAREXOCCETUS Bleeker.

119. Parexocoetus mento (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Jordan & Rich

ardson) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

CYPSELURUS1 Swainson.

120. Cypselurus simus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bacon; Bulan (Evermann &

Seale, A).

121. Cypselurus spilonotopterus (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Richardson)

(Exoccetus bahiensis Bleeker, probably not of Ranzani).

122. Cypselurus brachysomus (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

123. Cypselurus altipinnis (Cuv. & Val.) Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

1 Cypsilurus Swainson is plainly an error of transcription.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 15

Family ATHEEINID^.
ATHERINA Linnaeus.

124. Atherina lacunosa Forster. Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon (Jordan

& Seale, A). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean) (dark lateral band; no dark
on pectoral) . (It is not certain what the original of Atherina lacunosa
really is.)

125. Atherina temmincki (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Bulan;

Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

126. Atherina forskalii Riippell. Bulan; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

127. Atherina lineata Giinther. Cebu (Gunther, C).

Atherina lineata Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, 398; Cebu, P. I.

128. Atherina panatela Jordan & Richardson. Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

Atherina panatela Jordan & Richardson, Bull U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVII, 244,
1908. Calayan, P. I.

Family MUGILIM1.
MUGIL Linnteus.

129. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. Calayan (Jordan & Richardson). Manila, Kner

(Mugil cephalotus).

130. Mugil planiceps Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

131. Mugil sundanensis Bleeker. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Bacon (Ever-

mann & Seale, A) ; Manila (Evermann & Seale, B).

132. Mugil kelaartii Gunther. Philippine IslanSs (Gunther) ; Lu/on (Peters, C).

133. Mugil longimanus Giinther. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

LIZA Jordan & Swain.

134. Liza amarula (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Zamboanga. ( Seale & Bean ).

135. Liza waigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A). Zam-

boanga (Seale & Bean).

136. Liza oligolepis (Bleeker). Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

137. Liza troscheli (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Iloilo (Jordan &

Richardson) ; Manila (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Mindanao (Smith &
Seale). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

/ESCHRICHTHYS Macleay.

138. >€schrichthys goldiei Macleay. Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson).

JBschrichthys goldiei Macleay,, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1883, 5, fig.
1 & 2; Goldie R., New Guinea.

Family SPHYR^ENID^E.
SPHYR/ENA Linnaeus.

139. Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ;

Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A); Mindanao (Smith & Seale). Zam-
boanga (Seale & Bean).

140. Sphyraena jello Cuvier & Valenciennes. Manila (Jordan & Seale, A) ;

Negros ( Jordan & Seale, B ) Iloilo ( Jordan & Richardson ) ; Bacon ;
Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

16 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

141. Sphyraena langsar Bleeker. Bulan; Bacon; San Fabian (Evermann &

Scale, A).

142. Sphyraena snodgrassi Jenkins. Aparri (Jordan & Richardson). (Identi-

fication doubtful, probably 8phyr&na commersoni.)

Sphyrcena snodgrassi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899, 388, fig.
2; Honolulu, H. I.

Family POLYNEMIM!.
POLY DACTYL US Lacepede.

143. Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet) . Zamboanga (Scale & Bean).

144. Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & Scale. Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A);

Manila; Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & Scale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,
1906, 11, fig. 4; Cavite, Luzon, P. I.

145. Polydactylus sealei Jordan & Richardson, new specific name. (Polydactylus

opercularis Scale & Bean, Proc. U. S. N. M., 1907, 234, not of Gill.)
Zamboanga (Scale & Bean).

ELEUTHERONEMA Bleeker.

146. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw). Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

Family AULOSTOMID^E.
AULOSTOMUS Cuvier.

147. Aulostomuo chlnensis (Linnaeus). Philippine Islands (Lacgpede, fide Com-

merson).
(Aulostoma valentini Bleeker.)

Family FISTULARIIM).

FISTULARIA Linnaeus.

148. Fistularia petlmba Lac6pede. Cuyo; Lubang (Jordan & Richardson) ; San

Fabian; Bacon (Evermann & Scale, A) ; Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A).

149. Fistularia serrata Cuvier. Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A) ; Manila (Jordan

& Richardson) ; Bacon (Evermann & Scale, A).

Family CENTRISCID^E.
CENTRISCUS Limueus.

150. Centriscus scutatus Linnaeus. Philippine Islands (Giinther) ; Station 203,

Philippines (Giinther, A) ; Manila (Jordan & Scale, A).

/EOLISCUS Jordan & Starks.

151. /toliscus strigatus (Giinther). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson);

Bacon (Evermann & Scale, A).

Family SYNGNATHID^E.
SIPHOSTOMA Rafinesque.

152. Siphostoma schlegeli (Kaup). Zamboanga ( Scale & Bean ). (A Japanese

species, not to be expected to occur so far south. )

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE PISHES. 17

CORYTHROICHTHY8 Kaup.

153. Corythroichthys spicifer (Kaup). Manila; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A);

Aparri (Jordan & Richardson) ; Luzon (Peters, C) ; Samar; Leyte
(Peters, C, var. rivalis) .

154. Corythroichthys pullus Smith & Seale. Rio Grande, Mindanao (Smith &

Seale).

Corythroichthys pullus Smith & Seale, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906,
75, fig; Rio Grande, Mindanao, P. I.

155. Corythroichthys elerae Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Corythroichthys elerae Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVT,
1906, 57, fig. 2; Bacon, P. I.

156. Corythroichthys bleekeri Day. Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

DORYRHAMPHUS Kaup.

157. Doryrhamphus macgregori Jordan & Richardson. Calayan (Jordan &

Richardson).

Doryrhamphus macgregori Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish.,
XXVII, 246, 1908. Calayan, P. I.

CCELONOTUS Peters.

158. Coslonotus leiaspis (Bleeker). Mindoro; Sibuyan (Jordan & Richardson).

DORYICHTHYS Kaup.

159. Doryichthys spaniaspis Jordan & Seale. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Doryichthys spaniaspis Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906,
10, fig. 3 ; Cavite, P. I.

MICROPHIS Kaup.

160. Microphis pleurostictus Peters. Luzon (Peters, C; Gttnther) ; Palawan

(Boulenger, A).

161. Microphis caudatus Peters. Samar (Peters, C).

162. Microphis jagorii Peters. Samar (Peters, C).

GASTEROTOKEUS Heekel.

163. Gasterotokeus biaculeatus (Bloch). Philippine Islands (Gtlnther; Rich-

ardson, B) ; Leyte (Peters, C) ; Panay (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negros
(Jordan & Scale, B) ; Cuyo; (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon (Ever-
mann & Seale, A). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

HIPPOCAMPUS Linnams.

164. Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Mindoro (Jordan

& Richardson ) ; Zamboanga ( Seale & Bean ) .

165. Hippocampus aterrimus Jordan & Snyder. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A);

Negros (Jordan & Seale, B, Hippocampus kuda, not of Bleeker).
Hippocampus aterrimus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV,
1901, 14, pi. IX; Ishigaki, Riukiu.

166. Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson. Cuyo; (Jordan & Rich-

ardson).

Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVII,
247, 1908. Cuyo, P. I.
77344 2

18 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Family PEGASIDJE.

PARAPEGASUS Dumeril.

167. Parapegasus natans (Linnaeus). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

PEGASUS Linnaeus.

168. Pegasus volitans Linnaeus. (Pegasus draconis Linnaeus (1768) . Zamboanga

(Seale & Bean).

Family HOLOCENTRID^.
MYRIPRISTIS Cuvier.

169. Myripristis murdjan (Forskftl). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson);

Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

170. Myripristis microphthalmus Bleeker. Bacon; Bulan (Evermann A Seale,

A).

171. Myripristis pralinius Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A).

172. Myripristis macrolepis Bleeker. Zamboanga (Evermann & Seale, A).

Zamboanga ( Seale & Bean ) .

HOLOCENTRUS (Artedi.) Gronow.

173. Holocentrus ruber Lace"pede. Cagayancillo; Cuyo; Calayan (Jordan &

Richardson) ; Philippines (Giinther, Holocentrus rubrum) ; Panay
(Jordan & Seale, A, Holocentrus ruber) ; Manila (Kner, Holocentrus
rubrum). (Including the ontogenetic subspecies praslin found on coral
reefs.)

174. Holocentrus caudimaculatus Riippell. Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

175. Holocentrus lacteoguttatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Calayan (Jordan &

Richardson ) .

(Holocentrus lacteoguttatum , punctatissimum , and argenteum, Cuvier &
Valenciennes; diploxiphus Giinther; gracilospinis and gladispinis
Fowler ) .

176. Holocentrus microstomus Giinther. Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

177. Holocentrus cornutus Bleeker. Bacon; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A) ;

Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

178. Holocentrus sammara (Forskal). Cagayancillo ( Jordan & Richardson ).

Family SCOMBEID^E.
SCOMBER Linnams.

179. Scomber microlepidotus Riippell. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Manila;

(Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga,
(Seale & Bean).

180. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

RASTRELLIGER Jordan & J^***ow,

181. Rastrelliger brachysomus Bleeker. San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

182. Rastrelliger loo Cuvier & Valenciennes. Manila (Kner).

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 19

EUTHYNNUS1 Lutken.

183. Euthynnus pelamis (Linnseus). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

NESOGRAMMUS Evermann & Seale.

184. Nesogrammus piersoni Evermann & Seale. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

Nesogrammus piersoni Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI,
1906, 61, fig. 3; Bulan, P. I.

SCOMBEROMORUS Lac^pede.

185. Scomberomorus commersoni Lace"pede. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

186. Scomberomorus konam (Bleeker). Manila (Kner).

Family CAEANGID^.

SCOMBEROIDES Lacgpede.

187. Scomberoides tol (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Jordan & Richardson) ;

Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, Scomberoides toloo-parah, not of Riippell).
(Chorinemus moadetta Day, not of C. & V.)

188. Scomberoides toloo-parah (Ruppell). Cavite (Jordan & Richardson);

San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Mindanao (Smith & Seale) ;
Zamboanga, (Seale & Bean).

ELERIA Jordan & Seale.

189. Eleria philippina Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Eleria philippina Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905,

774, fig. 1 ; Negros, P. I.
(=Chorinentus tala Day, probably not C. & V.)

190. Eleria tala (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Manila;

lloilo (Jordan & Richardson); Mindanao (Smith & Seale). (Chori-
nemus tala & toloo C. & V.; (?) Scomber aculeatus Bloch). Zam-
boanga (Seale & Bean).

SERIOLA Cuvier.

191. Seriola nigrofasciata (Ruppell). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

192. Seriola dumerilii (Risso). Manila (Kner).

LACTARIUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

193. Lactarius lactarius (Bloch & Schneider). San Fabian (Evermann &

Seale, A).

MEGALASPIS Bleeker.

194. Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus). Bulan; Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A);

Manila (Jordan & Richardson); Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

DECAPTERUS Bleeker.

195. Decapterus macrosomus Bleeker. Bulan; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

196. Decapterus kurra Bleeker. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

'The genus Gymnosarda (nuda) with scaleless corselet is apparently distinct
from Euthynnus.

20 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

TRACHUROPS Gill.

197. Trachurops crumenophthalma (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A);

Manila; Lubang (Jordan & Richardson).

CAR A NX Lace>ede.

198. Caranx forsteri (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan & Scale, B) ;

Manila; Lubang; Iloilo; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

199. Caranx ignobilis {Forskal). Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A); Iloilo; Lubang

(Jordan & Richardson) ; Mindanao (Smith & Scale, Caranx carangus,
specimens said to have breast naked) ; Zamboanga (Scale & Bean)
as Caranx carangus.

200. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard. Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A) ; San

Fabian (Evermann & Scale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

201. Caranx boops Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

202. Caranx affinis Riippell. Cavite (Jordan & Richardson; Jordan & Scale, A,

Caranx hasselti, not of Bleeker).

203. Caranx hasselti Bleeker. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

204. Caranx cynodon Bleeker. Bacon (?) (Evermann & Seale, A).

205. Caranx brevis (Bleeker). Philippines (Evermann & Seale, A).

206. Caranx freeri Evermann & Seale. San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A) .

Caranx freeri Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI, 1906, 63,
fig. 4; San Fabian, P. I.

207. Caranx ophthalmotaenia (Bleeker). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

208. Caranx ire Cuvier & Valenciennes. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Manila;

Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

209. Caranx leptolepis Cuvier & Valenciennes. Manila (Cuvier & Valenciennes,

Caranx mertensi; based on figure of Mertens) ; Cavite (Jordan &
Richardson ) .

210. Caranx calla Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, Caranx

nigripinnis, not of Day) ; Manila; Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bulan
(Evermann & Seale, A).

211. Caranx djeddaba (Forskal). Manila (Jordan & Richardson); Philippines

(Evermann & Seale, A).

212. Caranx deani Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Cavite (Jordan

& Richardson).

Caranx deani Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, 776,
fig. 2 ; Negros P. I.

213. Caranx rastrosus Jordan & Snyder.

(Caranx rastrosus Jordan & Snyder, Bull. Carnegie Museum, 1908, IV,
p. 37, pi. 61, Formosa, Cavite).

214. Caranx armatus (Forskal). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Manila (Jordan

& Richardson) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

215. Caranx altissimus Jordan & Seale. Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

Caranx altissimus Jordan & Seale, Proc. Davenport Acad., X, 1905, 7, pi. 3;
Hong Kong.

216. Caranx halli (Evermann & Seale.) San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

Citula halli Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI, 1906, 65,
fig. 5, San Fabian, P. I.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 21

ULUA Jordan & Snyder.

217. Ulua richard*oni Jordan & Snyder. Cavite (Lung Coll. recorded as Caranx

plumbeus).

( Viva richardsoni Jordan & Snyder, Bull. Carnegie Museum, 1908, IV, p. 39,
pi. LI II: Formosa; Cavite.)

GNATHANODON Bleeker.

218. Gnathanodon speciosus (Forskal). Philippine Islands (Gunther) ; Cavite

(Jordan & Seale, A) Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga
(Seale & Bean).

A L EOT IS Rafinesque.

210. Alectis major (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Jordan & Richardson);
Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, Alectis ciliaris, not of Bloch). Zamboanga
(Seale & Bean) as Alectis ciliaris.

Zeus gallus Bloch, not of Linnseus; (?) Zeus virescens Lacepede; Oal-
Uchthys major Cuvier & Valenciennes; Scyris indica Riippell.

TRACHINOTUS Lacgpede.

220. Trachinotus bailloni (Lace^pede). Zamboanga (Evermann & Seale, A).

APOLECTUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

221. Apolectus niger (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Manila (Jordan &

Richardson).

Family BACHYCENTRID2E.

RACHYCENTRON Kaup.

222. Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus). Manila; Panay (Jordan & Seale, A,

Rachycentron pondicerianum) ; Manila (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bulan
(Evermann & Seale, A).

Family TEICHIURID^B.
TRICHIURUS Linnseus.

223. Trichiurus haumela (Forskul). Manila (Jordan & Richardson); San

Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, TrioMurtu
savala, not of Bleeker).

224. Trichiurus lajor Bleeker. Manila (Kner).

Family EQUULID^E.
LEIOGNATHU8 Lacepede.

225. Leiognathus caballus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila; Iloilo; Aparri

(Jordan & Richardson) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, Leiognathus
dussumieri, not of C. & V.) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A,
Leiognathus edentula). ( =Totah-Karah Russell ; (?) Scomber equula
Forskfil). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean) as L. edentula.

22 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

226. Leiognathus ensiferus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Jordan & Rich-

ardson ) ; Philippine Islands ( Gunther, A, Equula dussumieri; ( ? )
Mindanao (Smith & Seale,1 Leiognathus dussumieri).

(=Equula ensifera & dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes; Equula dussumieri,
Gunther; Equula edentula. Giinther, part). Zamboanga (Seale &
Bean) (as L. dussumieri).

227. Leiognathus coma (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Iloilo; Manila (Jordan &

Richardson) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A, Leiognathus dussu-
mieri, not of C. & V.).
(Equula coma Cuvier & Valenciennes, after Komah-Karah of Russell.)

228. Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Manila,

Aparri (Jordan & Richardson) ; San Fabian; Bacon (Evermann &
Seale, A) ; Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

229. Leiognathus fasciatus (Lac«?pede). Philippine Islands (Gunther; also A) ;

Manila ( Cuvier & Valenciennes, Equula longispinis, after drawing made
by Russian Expedition) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; San Fabian
(Evermann & Seale, A).

230. Leiognathus leuciscus (Gunther). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

231. Leiognathus virgatus Fowler. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

Leiognathus virgatus Fowler, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2) XII, 1904,
515, pi. XV, fig. 4; Padang, Sumatra.

232. Leiognathus stercorarius Evermann & Seale. Bulan (Evermann & Seale,

A).

Leiognathus stercorarius Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,
1906, 674fig. 6; Bulan, P. I.

233. Leiognathus edwardsi Evermann & Seale. San Fabian (Evermann &

Seale, A).

Leiognathus edwardsi Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,
1906, 68, fig. 7 ; San Fabian, P. I.

EQUULA Cuvier. (Deveximentum Fowler.)

234. Equula insidiator (Bloch). Manila (Kner) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ;

Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

235. Equula ruconia (Hamilton-Buchanan). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

GAZZA Riippell.

236. Gazza minuta (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Negros (Jordan &

Seale, B) ; Iloilo; Manila; Lubang (Jordan & Richardson) ; San
Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

237. Gazza tapeinosoma Bleeker. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

Family MENID^.
MENE Lacepede.

238. Mene maculata (Bloch). Panay (Jordan & Seale, A); Manila (Jordan &

Richardson).

1 Description by Smith & Seale not sufficient for determination. These writers
probably followed Gunther, in which case references fall in present synonymy.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 23

Family PEMPHEKIM3.

PEMPHERI8 Cuvier.

239. Pempheris oualensis Cuvier & Valenciennes. Calayan (Jordan & Rich-

ardson).

240. Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bacon; Bulan (Evermann

& Seale, A).

Family APOGONICHTHYIDJE.
AM I A Gronow. {Apogon Lac€ped6.)

241. Amia hyalosoma (Sleeker). Luzon (Peters, C) ; Calayan; Mindoro (Jor-

dan & Richardson).

242. Amia koilomatodon (Sleeker) . Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

243. Amia margaritophora (Sleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

244. Amia sangiensis (Bleeker). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

245. Amia monochroa (Bleeker). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

246. Amia novae-guinea (Valenciennes). Philippines (Jordan & Seale, A);

Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

247. Amia bifasciata (Rtippell). Philippine Islands (Gunther). (TAmia eliza-

bethce Jordan & Seale).

248. Amia quadrifasciata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan & Seale,

A ) ; Manila ( Jordan & Richardson ) ; Jolo ( Evermann & Seale, A ) .

249. Amia endekataenia (Sleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

250. Amia novemfasciata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan & Seale,

B ) ; Calayan ; Cuyo ; Ticao ( Jordan & Richardson ) ; Bacon ( Evermann
& Seale, A, Amia fasciata,1 not of White). Apogon fasciatus Peters,
C., Luzon, Samar, is doubtless A. novemfasciata. Zamboanga, as Amia
fasciata (Seale & Bean).

250a. Amia fraenata (Valenciennes). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

251. Amia savayensis (Giinther)-. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

252. Amia chrysopoma (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

253. Amia hartzfeldi (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

254. Amia kalloptera (Bleeker). Fuga (Jordan & Richardson),

255. Amia lateral is (Valenciennes). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

256. Amia bleekeri (Gunther). Bacon; San Fabian (Evermann <fe Seale, A).

257. Amia gilbert! Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Amia gilberti Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, 777,
fig. 3; Negros, P. I.

258. Amia cavitensis Jordan & Seale. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Amia cavitensis Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI, 1906, 16,
fig. 5; Cavite, P. I.

259. Amia jenkinsi (Evermann & Seale). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

Amia jenkinsi Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI, 196, 73,
fig. 9 ; Bulan, P. I.

260. Amia orbicularis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Palawan (Vaillant) ; Zam-

boanga (Seale & Bean).

1 If Mullus fasciatus White from Sydney is a species distinct from Apogon
fasciata Quoy & Gaimard, as it seems to be, the name novemfasciata of C. & V.,
although published later must supersede fasciata of Q. & G.

24 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

MIONORUS Krefft.

261. Mionorus glaga (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Manila (Jordan

& Richardson).

262. Mionorus mydrus (Jordan & Seale). Negros (Jordan & Seale, 6).

Mionorus mydrus Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, 778,
fig. 4; Negros, P. I.

APOGONICHTHY8 Bleeker. (Foa Jordan & Evermann.)

263. Apogonichthys fo Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Cavite

(Jordan & Seale, A) ; Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

Foa fo Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, 779,

fig. 5; Negros, P. I. (with figure of Fowleria brachygramma) .

ARCHAMIA Gill.

264. Archamia lineolata (Ehrenberg). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga

(Smith ft Seale).

265. Archamia macropteroides (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

266. Archamia bleekeri (Gunther). Bacon; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

PSEUDAMIA Bleeker.

267. Pseudamia polystigma (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

FOWLERIA Jordan & Evermann.

268. Fowleria mentalis (Evermann & Seale). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Apogonichthys mentalis Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,
1906, 74, fig. 10; Bacon, P. I. This species may not belong to this genus.

Family AMBASSID^E.
AMBASSISLacepede.

269. Ambassis urotasnia Bleeker. Calayan; Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson);

Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A); Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

270. Ambassis lungi 1 (Jordan & Seale). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Bacon

( Evermann & Seale, A ) . Zamboanga ( Seale & Bean ) .

Priopis lungi Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI, 1906, 18, fig. 6;
Cavite.

271. Ambassis kopsi (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Iloilo (Jordan

& Richardson).

272. Ambassis commersonii Cuvier & Valenciennes.

(Centrojwmus ambassis Lac6pede) Philippines (Gunther).

PRIOPIS Kuhl & Van Hasselt. (Lateral line interrupted.)

273. Priopis interruptus (Bleeker). Luzon; Samar (Peters, C) ; Cavite (Jor-

dan & Seale, A) ; Mindoro; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

274. Priopis buruensis (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Aparri (Jordan

& Richardson).

275. Priopis gymnocephalus (Lac^pede). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

276. Priopis urotaenia (Bleeker). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

*The lateral line in this species is really complete. It is therefore an
Ambassis not a Priopis.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 25

Family ACROPOMATID^E.
ACROPOMA Temminck & Scblcgel.

277. Acropoma philippinense Giinthcr. Sta. 201, Philippine Islands (Giinther,

A).

Acropoma philippinense Giinther, Shore Fishes Challenger, p. 51 ; Sta. 201,
Philippine Islands.

Family KUHLIID^E.

KUHLIA Gill.

278. Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Rio Baco, Mindoro; Aparri

(Jordan & Richardson).

279. Kuhlia rupestris (Lacepede). Samar; Leyte (Peters, C) ; Mindoro (Jordan

& Richardson). Zamhoanga (Scale & Bean).

280. Kuhlia malo (Cuv. & Val.). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean.)

Family SERRANID^E.
LATES Cuvier.

281. Lates calcarifer (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Zamboanga (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

NIPHON Cuvier & Valenciennes.

282. Niphon spinosus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

VARIOLA Swainson.

283. Variola louti (Forskfll). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

CEPHALOPHOLIS Bloch & Schneider.

284. Cephalopholis stigmatopomus (Richardson). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

285. Cephalopholis miniatus (Forskal). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

286. Cephalopholis argus (Bloch). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

287. Cephalopholis maculatus Seale & Bean). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

288. Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacepede). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

289. Cephalopholis urodelus (Forster). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

290. Cephalopholis boenack (Bloch). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

291. Cephalopholis sonnerati (Cuv. & Val.). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

292. Cephalopholis pachycentron (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bacon (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

293. Cephalopholis kendalli Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Cephalopholis kendalli Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI,
1906, 76, fig. 11; Bacon, P. I.

294. Cephalopholis obtusauris Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A).

Cephalopholis obtusauris Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI,
1906, 77, fig. 12; Bacon, P. I. Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

EPINEPHELUS Bloch.

295. Epinephelus merra Bloch. Philippine Islands (Gunther; Boulenger, B) ;

Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) (prob, not 8. merra of Day, which
prob.= Epinephelus megachir) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

26 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

296. Epinephelus hexagonatus (Bloch & Schneider). Philippine Islands

(Giinther). (Regarded as a synonym of Epinephelus merra by Bou-
lenger, Cat. I, 241.)

297. Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal). Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A); Negros

(Jordan & Seale, B) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga
(Seale & Bean).

298. Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Philip-

pine Islands (Giinther, Serranits suillus) . (Regarded as synonym of
Epinephelus tauvina by Boulenger.)

299. Epinephelus megachir (Richardson). Philippine Islands (Boulenger, B) ;

Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

300. Epinephelus diacanthus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Philippine Islands

(Gunther, A) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Cuyo; Cagayancillo (Jor-
dan & Richardson).

301. Epinephelus bontoides (Bleeker). Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

302. Epinephelus fasciatus (Forskal). Cebu (Boulenger, B) ; Bacon (Evermann

& Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

303. Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch). San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

(=8erranus albofuscus of Gunther).

304. Epinephelus nebulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Aparri (Jordan &

Richardson ) .

305. Epinephelus caeruleopunctatus (Bloch). Philippine Islands (Boulenger,

B).

306. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forskal). Philippine Islands ( Boulenger, B ).

307. Epinephelus undulosus (Quoy & Gaimard). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

CROMILEPTES Swainson.

308. Cromileptes altivelis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cebu (Boulenger, B) ;

Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Bacon
Evermann & Seale, A).

PSAMMOPERCA Richardson.

309. Psammoperca waigiensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bulan (Evermann &

Seale, A) ; Manila (Miiller & Troschel, Cnidon chinensis; Gunther,
after M. & T; Kner) ; Cebu (Boulenger, B).

GRAMMISTES Bloch & Schneider.

310. Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg). Philippine Islands (Gunther, Gram-

mistes orientalis, Boulenger, B) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ;
Palawan (Vaillant, Grammistes orientalis).

CENTROGENYS Richardson. (Myriodon Brisout de Barneville;
Gennadius Jordan & Seale.)

311. Centrogenys vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard). Panay (Jordan & Seale, A,

Gennadius stoliczte) ; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Cebu (Boulen-
ger, B).

The serranoid rather than scorpaenoid affinities of the Scorpene de
Vaigiou of Quoy & Gaimard (erroneously figured with lower pectoral
rays unbranched) seems to be beyond question. There also seems to
be no doubt that the Sebastes stoliczce of Day (=Gennadius stolicza,
Jordan & Seale) is identical with the present species of Quoy &
Gaimard, as subsequently admitted by Dr. Day and more recently
formally stated by Boulenger.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 27

PHAROPTERYX Riippell.

312. Pharopteryx nigricans (Riippell). Luzon (Peters, C), Plesiops cceruleoli-

neatus) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Calayan (Jordan & Richard-
son) ; Palawan (Vaillant, Plesiops corallicola) .

313. Pharopteryx melas (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Calayan (Jor-

dan & Richardson).

Family PKIACANTHIDJE.
PR I ACANTHUS Cuvier. (Plesiops Cuvier.)

314. Priacanthus cruentatus (Lace"pede). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

315. Priacanthus hamrur (Forskal). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A); Calayan

(Jordan & Richardson).

Family LUTIANID^E.
LUTIANUS Bloch.

316. Lutianus sebae (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A) ;

Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

317. Lutianus decussatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Philippine Islands (Giin-

ther) ; Manila (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ;
Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

318. Lutianus gibbus (Forskal). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Bacon (Ever-

mann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

319. Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal). Bacon; Zamboanga (Evermann & Seale,

A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

320. Lutianus russelli (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Cuyo; Iloilo

(Jordan & Richardson). Perhaps not distinct from Lutianus ful-
viflamma.

321. Lutianus luzonius Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Lutianus luzonius Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI, 1906,
80, fig. 13; Bacon, P. I.

322. Lutianus rivulatus (Cuv. & Val.). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

323. Lutianus monostigma (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bacon (Evermann &

Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

324. Lutianus amboinensis (Bleeker). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

325. Lutianus johni (Bloch). Philippine (Kner) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ;

Bacon ; Bulan ; Jolo ( Evermann & Seale, A ) .

326. Lutianus dodecacantho ides (Bleeker). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

327. Lutianus quinquelineatus (Bloch). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A); Ma-

nila; Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).

328. Lutianus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Bacon;

Bulan; Zamboanga (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale &
Bean).

329. Lutianus lineat.us (Quoy & Gaimard). San Fabian (Evermann & Seale,

A); Mindanao (Smith & Seale); Aparri; Lubang (Jordan & Rich-
ardson).

330. Lutianus marginatus (Cuv. & Val.). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

331. Lutianus chrysotaenia Bleeker. Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

332. Lutianus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider). Bulan (Evermann & Scale,

A) ; Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

28 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

333. Lutianus furvicaudatus Fowler. Bacon (Evermann & Scale, A).

Lutianus furvicaudatus Fowler, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philn., (2) XII, 1904,
525, pi. XVIII, lower fijf.; Padang.

334. Lutianuc lunulatu* (Mungo Park). Bacon; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

335. Lutianus erythropterus Bloch. (Not of Bleeker, \\\\ic\\ = Lutianus lineolata

RUppell). San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

The identity of Bloch's Lutianus erythropterus with the Mesoprion
annularis of Cuvier & Valenciennes seems to rest on the authority of
Dr. Day, who examined the types and found one of them "with the
distinct colors of the annularis." The description and figure of Bloch
give a far from adequate idea of what species was meant.

336. Lutianus lineolatus (RUppell). Bacon; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

(=ljutianus lineolatus of 1)&y=Lutianus erythropterus of BleeTcer; prob-
ably not Lutianus erythropterus of Bloch. as stated by Jordan & Seale,
Fishes Samoa, p. 264; see note on preceding species.)

337. Lutianus kasmira ForskAl). Fuga Island (Jordan & Richardson); Zam-

boanga (Seale & Bean).

338. Lutianus argent imaculat us (ForskAl). Calayan; Rio Baco, Mindoro;

Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

NEMIPTERUS Swainson (Synagris Giinther).

339. Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; San Fabian

(Evermann & Seale, A) ; Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

340. Nemipterus ovenii (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seal, A); Bulan (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

341. Nemipterus taeniopterus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Jordan &

Seale, A) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).
(Synagris notatus Day.)

342. Nemipterus isacanthus (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, A).

343. Nemipterus metopias (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

344. Nemipterus luteus (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

345. Nemipterus tolu (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

346. Nemipterus nemurus (Bleeker). Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A).

347. Nemipterus Worcester! Eyermann & Seale, A. Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A).

Nemipterus wwcesteri Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI,
1906, 81, fig. 14; Bacon, P. I.

GYMNOCRANIUS Klunzinger.

348. Gymnocranius lethrinoides (Bleeker). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A);

Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

PINJALO Bleeker.

349. Pinjalo pinjalo (Bleeker). San Fabian; (Pinjalo typus Bleeker) Bulan

(Evermann & Scale, A) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

It is not certain whether the name Ccesio pinjalo Bleeker 1850 is
older than the name Pinjalo typus, given by the same author at about
the same time.

OESIO Cuvier.

250. Caesio erythrogaster (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).
351. Caesio chrysozona Kuhl & Van Hasselt. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 29

352. Caesio ca-rulaureus (Lac^pede). Bacon; Zamboanga; San Fabian (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

353. Caesio cunlng (Bloch). Bacon; Zamboanga (Evermann & Seale, A).

354. Caesio lunaris (Ehrenberg). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

Family THERAPONIM).

THERAPON1 Cuvier.

355. Therapon cancellatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Samar; Leyte (Peters,

C) ; Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson).

356. Therapon quadrilineatus (Bloch). Manila (Kner; Jordan & Seale, A);

Bulan; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A); Cuyo; Lubang; Iloilo;
Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).

357. Therapon theraps (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Philippine Islands (Gtin-

ther) ; Philippines, Sta. 203 (Gtinther, A) ; Panay (Jordan & Seale,
A) ; Bulan; Bacon (Evermann &, Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale &
Bean).

358. Therapon jarbua (Forskal). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) : Negros (Jordan

& Seale, B) ; Bulan; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Manila
(Evermann & Seale, B) ; Mindanao (Smith & Seale) ; Manila; Cala-
yan; Ticao (Jordan & Richardson) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

359. Therapon puta (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A);

Bulan; Bacon; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Iloilo; Manila
(Jordan & Richardson).

360. Therapon brachycentrus (Peters). Luzon (Peters, C and D).

Therapon brevispinis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 258

Luzon, P. I.
Therapon brachycentrus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1869, 705

(substitute for Therapon brevispinis, preoccupied).

HELOTE8 Cuvier.

361. Helotes sexlineatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Manila (Kner; Jordan & Rich-

ardson ) .

POMADA8I8 Lacepede.

362. Pomadasls hasta (Bloch). Philippine Islands ( G iinther ); Mindanao

(Smith & Seale) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

363. Pomadasis maculatus (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); San Fabian

(Evermann & Seale, A); Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

364. Pomadasis argenteus (Lacepede). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Manilr

( Evermann & Seale, B ; Jordan & Richardson ) .

365. Pomadasis argyreus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Jordan & Rich-

ardson).
(= Pomadasis guoraka of Dav, not of Bleeker).

366. Pomadasis niger (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Cuvier & Valencien-

nes; Gunther).

SCOLOPSIS Cuvier.

367. Scolopsis vosmeri Bleeker. Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

368. Scolopsis ciliata (Lacgpede). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Negros (Jor-

dan & Seale, B).

Originally printed Terapon; an "error of transcription," later corrected to
Therapon.

30 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

369. Scolopsis bimaculatus (Riippell). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

370. Scolopsis monogramma (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Philippines, Sta. 203

(Gtinther, A) ; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

371. Scolopsis cancellata (C'uvier & Valenciennes). Bacon; Bulan (Evermann

& Seale, A) ; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Zamboanga (Seale &
Bean).

372. Scolopsis margaritifera (Cuvier & Velenciennes ) . Bacon; Bulan (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

373. Scolopsis bilineata (Bloch). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

374. Scolopsis luzonia Jordan & Seale. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Bacon;

San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

Scolopsis luzonia Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI, 1906, 23,
fig. 8; Cavite, P. I.

375. Scolopsis bulanensis Evermann & Seale. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

Scolopsis bulanensis Evermann & Seal'e, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI, 1906,
85, fig. 15; Bulan, P. I.

PENTAPUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

376. Pentapus vittatus (Bloch). Philippines (Jordan & Seale, A).

377. Pentapus setosus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bulan; Jolo (Evermann & Seale

A).

378. Pentapus caninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A) ; Cuyo; Cuyu (Jordan & Richardson).

379. Pentapus nemurus (Bleeker). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

PLECTORHYNCHUS Lacepede.

380. Plectorhynchus orientalis (Bloch). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

381. Plectorhynchus lineatus (Linnaeus) Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).

382. Plectorhynchus goldmanni (Bleeker). Jolo; San Fabian (Evermann &

Seale, A).

383. Plectorhynchus celebicus Bleeker. Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A).

384. Plectorhynchus chrysotaenia (Bleeker). Bulan ( Evermann & Seale, A ).

385. Plectorhynchus haematochir (Bleeker). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

SPILOTICHTHYS Fowler.

386. Spilotichthys pictus (Thunberg). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Bulan;

Jolo ( Evermann & Seale, A ) .

EUELATICHTHYS Fowler.

387. Euelatichthys crassispinus (Ruppell). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Ma-

nila (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Brown).

HAPALOGENYS Richardson.

388. Hapalogenys meyeni Peters. Manila (Peters, B).

Hapalogenys meyeni Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1866, 96; Ma-
nila, P. I.

Family SPAEID^E.
LETHRINELLA Fowler.

389. Lethrinella miniata (Forster) Zamboanga, (Seale & Bean).

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 31

LETHRINU8 Cuvier.

390. Lethrinus harak (Forskal). Bacon; San Fabian; Jolo (Evermann &

Seale, A) ; Zamboanga, (Scale & Bean).

391. Lethrinus bonhamensis (Giinther). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

392. Lethrinus amboinensis Bleeker. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

393. Lethrinus mahsena (Forskal). Philippine Islands (Giinther, D; Evermann

& Seale, A, Lethrinus hypselopterus) .

394. Lethrinus mahsenoides Ehrenberg. Philippine Islands (Giinther) ; Philip-

pines (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Evermann & Seale, A) ; Jolo (Evermann
& Seale, B) ; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson); Zamboanga, (Seale &
Bean).

395. Lethrinus moensii Bleeker. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Jolo (Ever-

mann & Seale, B) ; Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

396. Lethrinus ornatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

397. Lethrinus variegatus Ehrenberg. San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

398. Lethrinus nematacanthus Bleeker. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

399. Lethrinus jagorii Peters. Luzon (Peters, C). Lethrinus jagorii Peters,

Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Verl., 1868, 257; Luzon, P. I.

400. Lethrinus richardsoni Giinther. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Manila

(Kner, Lethrinus hamatopterus) .

(Not Lethrinus hcematopterus of Temminck & Schlegel). Zamboanga
(Seale & Bean).

401. Lethrinus xanthotaenia (Bleeker). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

SPARUS Linnaeus. (Chrysophrys Cuvier & Valenciennes).

402. Sparus calamara Russell. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

403. Sparus berda Forskal. Manila (Kner, Chrysophrys hasta) .

Family KYPHOSID^E.
KYPHOSUS Lacepede.

404. Kyphosus cinerascens (Forskal). Philippine Islands (Giinther, Pimelep-

terus tahmel) ; Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

Family
EMMELICHTHYS Richardson.

405. Emmelichthys leucogrammicus (Bleeker). Bulan; Bacon (Evermann &

Seale, A).

Family GEREID.E.
XYST/EMA Jordan & Evermann.

406. Xystaema punctatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Philippine Islands (Giin-

ther) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negros, (Jordan & Seale, B) ;
Calayan; Aparri; Iloilo; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean) ; (Jordan &
Richardson) ; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Samar (Peters, C,
Gerres filamentosus ) .

407. Xyxtaema kapas (Bleeker). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson); Bacon; Bulan;

Jolo ( Evermann & Seale, A ) ; Zamboanga, ( Seale & Bean ) .

32 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

408. Xystaema philippinum (Gunther). Philippine Islands (Giinther).

409. Xystaema baconensis Evermann & Scale. Bacon; Jolo (Evermann & Scale,

A).

Xystcema baconensis Evermann & Scale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI, 1906,
69, fig. 8; Bacon and Jolo, P. I.

410. Xystaema oyena (Forskal). Zamboanga (Scale & Bean).

PENTAPRION Sleeker.

411. Pentaprion longimanus (Cantor). Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A).

Family MULLIDJE.
UPENEUS1 Cuvier.

412. Upeneus barberinus (Lacepede). lloilo (Jordan & Seale, A); Negros

(Jordan & Seale, B) ; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson) ; San Fabian;
Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

413. Upeneus indicus (Shaw). lloilo (Jordan & Seale, A); Bacon; Bulan

(Evermann & Seale, A).

414. Upeneus malabaricus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Philippine Islands (Gun-

ther).

415. Upeneus chryseredros (Lacepede). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).
41(k Upeneus bifasciatus (LacSpede). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

417. Upeneus luteus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Jolo (Evermann & Scale, A).

418. Upeneus spilurus (Bleeker). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

419. Upeneus moana (Jordr.n & Seale). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zam-

boanga, (Seale & Bean).

Pseudupeneus moana Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish XXV, 1905.
274; Samoa.

MULLOIDES Bleeker.

420. Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

421. Mulloides vanicolensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Zamboanga (Evermann

& Seale, A).

422. Mulloides japonicus (Houttuyn). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

423. Mulloides samoensis Gunther. San Fabian ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) .

Mulloides samoensis Gunther, Siidsee, 57, pi. 43 fig. B; Apia, Samoa.

UPENOIDES Bleeker.

424. Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal). Philippine Islands (Gunther); Lubang;

lloilo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Mindanao (Smith & Seale) ; Zam-
boanga (Seale & Bean).

425. Upeneoides tragula (Richardson). Philippine Islands (Gunther); lloilo

(Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Cuyu; Cuyo
(Jordan & Richardson); Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

426. Upeneoides luzonius (Jordan & Seale). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A);

Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

Upeneus luzonius Jordan & Seale. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI, 1906, 26
fig. 9 ; Cavite, P. I.

1 Under the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Mullus
bifasciatus Lac6pede is the type of Upeneus.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 33

427. Upenoides sulphureus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan & Seale,

A) ; Manila (Jordan & Richardson) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale,
A).

428. Upeneoides sundaicus (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Family SCI^ENID^B.
UMBRINA Cuvier.

429. Umbrina dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ;

Manila (Jordan & Richardson) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

430. Umbrina russelli Cuvier & Valenciennes Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A);

San Fabian (Evermann & Sealc, A).

PSEUDOSCI/ENA Bleeker.

431. Pseudosciaena anea (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Manila (Jordan

& Richardson).

JOHN I US Bloch & Schneider.

432. Johnius belengeri (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Kner) ; San Fabian

(Evermann & Seale, A).

OTOLITHES1 (Cuvier) Oken.

433. Otolithes argenteus Kuhl & Van Hasselt. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

434. Otolithes leuciscus Gunther. Manila (Gunther, C).

Otolithus leuciscus Gunther, An. Mag. N. H., 1872, 398; Manila, P. I.

Family SILLAGINID^E.

SILLAGO Cuvier.

435. Sillago sihama (Forskal). Philippine Islands (Gunther); Cavite (Jordan

& Seale, A) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Manila; Aparri (Jordan
& Richardson ) .

436. Sillago macrolepis Bleeker. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

437. Sillago maculata Quoy & Gaimard. Manila (Kner).

Family PSEUDOCHROMID^E.
PSEUDOCHROMIS Rtippell.

438. Pseudochromis adustus Mttller & Troschel. Philippine Islands (Miiller

& Troschel, Gunther).

439. Pseudochromis tapeinosomus (Bleeker) Negros (Jordan Seale, B).

DAMPIERIA- Castelnau (1875). (Cichlops Mttller & Troschel,
preoccupied; Labracinus Schlegel, Gill.)

440. Dampieria spiloptera (Bleeker). Calayan; Fuga (Jordan & Richardson).

441. Dampieria melanotaenia (Bleeker). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson)-; Bulan

(Evermann & Seale, A).

442. Dampieria trispilos (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

1 This name first appeared in systematic zoology as Otolithes, not as Otolithus.
1 See Ogilby, Ann. Queensland Mus. 1908, p. 35.
77344 3

34 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Family OPISTHOGNATHLILE.

GNATHYPOPS Gill.

443. Gnathypops macrolepis (Peters). Philippine Islands, Sta. 201, 82 fathoms

(Gunther, A).

Opisthognathus macrolepis Peters, Monatsber, Ak. Wiss. Berl., 1866, 520;
Bangkok.

444. Gnathypops dendritica Jordan & Richardson. Cuyo (Jordan & Richard-

son).

Gnathypops dendritica Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVII,
262, 1908. Cuyo, P. I.

Family CHAMPSODONTID^E.
CHAMPSODON Gunther.

445. Champsodon vorax Gunther. Philippine Islands, Sta. 204, 115 fathoms

(Gunther).
Champsodon vorax Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 102; no loc.

Family CEPOLID^E.
ACANTHOCEPOLA Sleeker.

446. Acanthocepola abbreviata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan &

Seale, A).

Family OPHICEPHALID.E.

OPHICEPHALUS Bloch.

447. Ophicephalus striatus Bloch. Manila (Cuvier & Valenciennes, Coll M.

Mertens) ; Philippine Islands (Gunther) Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ;
Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Philippines (Evermann & Seale, A) ;
Siassi Island (Evermann & Seale, B) ; Lake Buhi, Luzon (Smith).

448. Ophicephalus melanosomus Bleeker. Balabac (Boulenger, A).

449. Ophicephalus melanopterus Bleeker. Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

450. Ophicephalus vagus Peters. Luzon; Samar; Leyte (Peters, C) ; Manila

(Gunther, A).

Ophicephalus vagus Peters, Monatsber, Ak. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 260; Luzon;
Samar; Leyte, P. I.

451. Ophicephalus maculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Manila P. I. (Kner).

Family ANABANTID^E.
AN ABAS Cuvier.

452. Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) Manila (Cuvier & Valenciennes, A.

scandens, after a drawing made by Russian Expedition) ; Philippine
Islands (Gunther, A. scandens); Luzon; Leyte (Peters, C) ; Negros
(Jordan & Seale, B) ; Sibuyan (Jordan & Richardson) ; Lake Buhi,
Luzon (Smith, A. scandens) ; Mindanao (Smith & Seale, A. scandens.)
This name is earlier than that of Perca scandens Daldorff, 1797.

Family POMACENTEID^.

PREMNAS Cuvier.

453. Premnas biaculeatus (Bloch). Philippine Islands (Gunther).

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 35

AMPHIPRION Bloch & Schneider.

454. Amphiprion boholensis Cartier. Bohol (Cartier).

Amphiprion boholensis Cartier, Verb. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 102; Bohol,
P. I.

POMACENTRUS Lac^pede.

455. Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cavite (Jordan &

Scale, A); Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A); (?) Palawan (Vaillant
/'. trillineatus) .

456. Pomacentrus trimaculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bacon; San Fabian

(Evermann & Seale, A).

457. Pomacentrus nigricans Lace"pede. Calayan; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Rich-

ardson ) .

458. Pomacentrus albofasciatus Schlegel. Calayan. (Jordan & Richardson).

459. Pomacentrus lividus (Forster) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

460. Pomacentrus chrysoposcilus Kulil & Van Hasselt. Cuyo (Jordan & Rich-

ardson; as Pomacentrus pristiger Cuv. & Val.).

461. Pomacentrus littoral is Kuhl & Van Hasselt. Cavite (Jordan & Richard-

son; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

462. Pomacentrus emarginatus Cuvier & Valenciennes; Negros (Jordan & Seale,

B., 7'. delurus) ; Ticao; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).
Poi.uiccntrus delurus Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII,

1905, 783, fig. 6; Xegros, P. I.

463. Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

464. Pomacentrus alexandrae Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A).
Pomacentrus alexandrce Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,

1906, 91, fig. 17; Bacon, P. I.

465. Pomacentrus popei Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Pomacentrus popei Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,
1906, 90, fig. 16; Bacon, P. I.

466. Pomacentrus philippinus Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A).

Pomacentrus philippinus Eve'-mann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI,
1906, 92, fig. 18; Bacon, P. I.

467. Pomacentrus punctatolineatus Cartier. Bohol (Cartier).

Pomacentrus punctatolineatus Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wttrzburg, 1873, 98;
Bohol, P. I.

468. Pomacentrus ovoides Cartier. Bohol; Cavite (Cartier).

Pomacentrus oroides Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wttrzburg, 1873, 98; Bohol;
Cavite, P. I.

469. Pomacentrus jerdoni Day. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

470. Pomacentrus fasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Philippine Islands (Giin-

ther ) ; Ticao ( Jordan & Richardson ) .

471. Pomacentrus taeniurus Bleeker. Bohol (Cartier, var.) ; Philippines (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

472. Pomacentrus pavo Bloch. Cebu (Cartier, var?).

ABUDEFDUF Forskal. (=Glyphiso<lon Lac£pede.)

473. Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Philippine Islands

(Giinther) ; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale &
Bean).

474. Abudefduf curacao (Bloch). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

36 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

475. Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Manila;

Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

476. Abudefduf sexfasciatus ( Lace"pede ) -1 Luzon (Peters, C).

(Glyphisodon caslestinus Cuv. & Val.)

477. Abudefduf dicki (Lienard). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

478. Abudefduf glaucus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cagayancillo; Ticao (Jordan

& Richardson); Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

479. Abudefduf amabilis (De Vis). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

480. Abudefduf unimaculatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan &

Seale, B); Calayan; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson); Bacon
(Evermann & Seale, A).

481. Abudefduf turchesius Jordan & Seale. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

482. Abudefduf bankieri (Richardson). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

483. Abudefduf cyaneus (Quoy & Gaimard). Bacon (Evermann Seale, A).

(Identification perhaps questionable.)
484 (485). Abudefduf xanthurus (Sleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

486. Abudefduf mutabilis (Cartier). Cebu (Cartier).

Glyphidon mutabilis Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 100; Cebu, P. I.

487. Abudefduf taenioruptus Cartier. Bohol (Cartier).

Glyphidon tcenioruptus Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 101; Bohol,
P. I.

488. Abudefduf cingulatus (Kner). Bohol (Cartier).

Glyphidodon cingulatus Kner, Sitsungsber. Ak. Wiss. Wien., Bd. 56, 725.
469. Abudefduf uniocellatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Philippine Islands (Giinther,
as Glyphidodon assimiUs) ; Luzon (Peters, C, Glyphidodon assimilis,
var.)

490. Abudefduf brownriggi (Bennett). Ticao (Jordan & Richardson).

491. Abudefduf antjerius (Kuhl & Van Hassett). Samar (Peters, C) ; Ticao;

Calayan (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ;
Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

492. Abudefduf zonatus ( Cuvier & Valenciennes ). Cagayancillo ( Jordan & Rich-

ardson ) ; Bacon ( Evermann & Seale, A ) .

493. Abudefduf sapphirus Jordan & Richardson. Ticao (Jordan & Richardson).

(Abudefduf sapphirus Jordan & Richardson Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVII,
264, 1908, Ticao, P. I.)

DASCYLLUS Cuvier.

494. Dascyllus melanurus Bleeker. Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

495. Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

496. Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riippell). Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

497. Dascyllus reticulatus Richardson. Bohol. (Cartier).

Family LABRID^E.
CHCERODON Bleeker.

498. Chcerodon anchorage (Bloch). Manila (Jordan & Scale, A); Bacon; Jolo

(Evermann & Seale, A) ; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

499. Chosrodon meander (Cartier). Cebu (Cartier).

Choerops meander Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wurzburg, 1873, 102; Cebu, P. I.
Probably the young of Chcerodon anchorago.

1 The identity of Labrus sexfasciatus Lace"pede with Abudefduf coelestinua noted
by Cuv. & Val., is recalled by Dr. Evermann.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 37

500. Choerodon macrodon Bleeker. Zamboanga (Scale & Bean).

501. Choerodon oligacanthus (Bleeker). lloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

502. Chcerops schoenleini (Agassiz). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).
603. Choerodon unimaculatus (Cartier). Cavite (Cartier).

Chccropa unimaculatus Cartier, Verb. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 102; Cavite,
P. I. (Probably equals V. schcenleini of Bleeker; not of Agassiz.)

504. Choerodon zamboangae (Seale & Bean). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

LEPIDAPLOIS Gill.

505. Lepidaplois mesothorax (Bloch & Schneider). Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A).

506. Lepidaplois macrurus (Lacepede). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

507. Lepidaplois bilunulatus (Lacepede). Zamboanga ( Seale & Bean ).

LABROIDES Bleeker.

508. Labroides paradiseus Bleeker. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

DUYM/ERIA Bleeker.

509. Duymaeria flagellifera Cuvier & Valenciennes. Samboangan (Giinther, A).

AMPHECES Jordan & Evermann.

510. Ampheces pterophthalmus (Bleeker). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

STETHOJULIS Giinther.

511. Stethojulis phekadopleura Bleeker. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Negros

(Jordan & Seale, B) ; Cuyo; Calayan (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon
(Evermann & Seale).

512. Stethojulis bandanensis (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale); Negros

(Jordan & Seale, B) ; Cuyo; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

513. Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett) Cuyo; Cuyu (Jordan & Richardson);

Palawan (Vaillant).

514. Stethojulis kalosoma Bleeker. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negros (Jor-

dan & Seale, B).

515. Stethojulis zatima Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Cuyo;

Calayan (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).
Stethojulis zatima Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905,
788, fig. 9; Negros, P.I.

PLATYGLOSSUS (Klein) Bleeker.

516. Platyglossus notopsis (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Calayan (Jordan & Rich-

ardson).

HALICHCERES Riippell.

517. Halichoeres scapularis (Bennett). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Bacon

(Evermann & Seale) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B, H. cymatogram-
mus) ; Palawan (Vaillant).

Halichoeres cymatogratnmus Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII,
1905, 786, fig. 8; Negros, P. I.

518. Halichoeres centiquadrus (Bleeker). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richard-

son).

519. Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Cagayancillo (Jordan &

Richardson ) .

38 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

>20. Halichoeres nigrescens (Bloch & Schneider). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A) ;
Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

521. Halichoeres purpurascens (Bloch & Schneider) Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A).

522. Halichoeres polyophthalmus (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A

as H. guttatua) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, H. argus) ; Negros
(Jordan & Seale, B, H. argus). (The early names for this species,
guttatus and argus were both preoccupied.)

523. Halichoeres leparensis (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

524. Haliohosres gymnocephalus (Bloch & Schneider). Philippine Islands

(Bleeker, H. modestus, specimens in Berlin Museum) ; Cuyo; (Jordan
& Richardson).
(H. modestus Bleeker; Platyglossus modestus Gunther.)

525. Halichoeres binotopsis Bleeker. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negros

(Jordan & Seale, B).

526. Halichoeres poscilus (Lay & Bennett). Luzon (Peters, C) ; Cavite (Jordan

& Seale, A) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale,
A) ; Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

527. Halichoeres opercularis (Gunther). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

528. Halichoeres nebulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cuyo; Cuyu (Jordan &

Richardson ) .

529. Halichoeres miniatus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Luzon (Peters, C) ; Negros

(Jordan & Seale, B) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Calayan (Jordan
& Richardson; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

530. Halichoeres pseudominiatus (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A);

Negros ( Jordan & Seale, A ) .

531. Halichoeres hyrtli Bleeker. Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

532. Halichoeres alternans (Cartier). Cebu; Panglao (Cartier).

Platyglossus alternans Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 104; Cebu
d Panglao, P. I.

533. Halichoeres ubayensis (Cartier). Bolo (Cartier).

(Platyglossus ubayensis Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 104; Bohol,
P. I.)

534. Halichoeres pseudogramma (Cartier). Bohol (Cartier).

(Platyglossus pseudogramma Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 103;
Bohol, P. I. (Name changed to P. pseudogrammicus by Palacky.)

535. Halichoeres reticulatus (Cartier). Cebu (Cartier).

Platyglossus reticulatus Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 104, Cebu,
P. I.

CHEILIO Lacepede.

536. Cheilio inermis (Forskal). Philippine Islands (Gunther). Negros (Jor-

dan & Seale, B) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Cuyo (Jordan &
Richardson ) ; Zamboanga ( Seale & Bean ) .

THALASSOMA Swainson. (Julis Gunther; not of Cuvier.)

537. Thalassoma dorsale (Quoy & Gaimard). Philippine Islands (Gunther);

Manila (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

538. Thalassoma giintheri (Bleeker). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

539. Thalassoma umbrostigma (Riippell). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

540. Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Bacon (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

541. Thalassoma truncatum Cartier. Cebu (Cartier).

(Julis truncatus Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wtirzburg, 1873, 104; Cebu, P. I.)

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 39

CH El LIN US Lacepede.

542. Che Minus digrammus (Lacepede). Romblon (Jordan & Richardson).

543. Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker. Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

544. Cheilinus trilobatus (Lacfyede). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Zam-

hoanga (Seale & Bean).

545. Cheilinus rostratus Cartier. Cebu (Cartier) ; Panay (Jordan & Seale, A).

(Cheilinus rostratus Cartier, Verb. Ges. Wiirzburg, 1873, 103; Cebu, P. I.)

546. Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

THALLIURUS Swainson.

547. Thalliurus chlorurus (Bloch). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A); Zam-

boanga (Seale & Bean).

NOVACULICHTHYS Bleeker.

548. Novaculichthys macrolepidotus (Bloch). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ;

Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).
54i>. Novaculichthys kallosomus (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

550. Novaculichthys taeniurus (Lace'pede). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richard-

son).

HEMIPTERONOTUS Lacepede.

551. Hemipteronotus pentadactylus (Lac6pedc). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A) .

Family ODACID^E.
PSEUDODAX Bleeker.

552. Pseudodax moluccanus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bobol (Cartier, spelled

moluccensis) .

Family SCARICHTHYID^K.
SCARICHTHYS Bleeker.

553. Scarichthys auritus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Cagayancillo (Jordan &

Richardson) ; Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamlx>anga (Seale &
Bean).

554. Scarichthys coeruleopunctatus (Riippell). Bacon; Bulan; Jolo (Ever-

mann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

CALOTOMUS Gilbert.

555. Calotomus genistriatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Zamboanga; Jolo (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

556. Calotomus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

557. Calotomus moluccensis (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Cuyo

(Jordan & Richardson).

CALLYODON Gronow. (Scarus Forskal; not of Gronow.)

558. Callyondon balinensis (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale A).

559. Callyodon oktodon (Bleeker). Zamboanga (Evermann & Seale, A).

560. Collyodon lacerta (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bulan; Bacon (Evermann &

Seale, A) ; Panay (Jordan & Seale, A).

561. Callyodon quoyi (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

40 CHECK-LIST OP PHILIPPINE FISHES.

562. Callyondon muricatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan & Seale,

B).

563. Callyodon margaritus (Cartier). Cebu (Cartier).

Pseudoscarus margaritus Cartier, Verh. Ges. Wttrzburg, 1873, 105; Cebu,
P. I.

564. Callyodon aeruginosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Kner).

565. Callyodon elerae Jordan & Seale. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Callyodon elerae Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI, 1906, 31,
fig. 11; Cavite, P. I.

566. Callyodon capistratoides (Bleeker). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richard-

son).

( Pseudoscarus dussumieri Bleeker. Not Scarus dussumieri (Cuvier &
Valenciennes ) . )

567. Callyodon latifasciatus Seale & Bean. Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

568. Callyodon niger (Ruppell). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

569. Callyodon macrorhinus (Bleeker). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

570. Callyodon rivulatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

571. Callyodon zonularis Jordan & Seale. Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

Family TOXOTID^E.
TOXOTE3 Cuvier.

572. Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas). Samar (Peters, C, Toxotes jaculator) ; Min-

doro (Jordan & Richardson); Palawan (Vaillant); Zamboanga (Seale
& Bean).

Family SCATOPHAGID^E.
SC ATOP HAG US Cuvier & Valenciennes.

573. Scatophagus argus (Gmelin). Luzon (Peters, C) ; Cavite (Jordan &

Seale, E) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Manila; Iloilo (Jordan &
Richardson) ; Bacon, San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Mindanao
(Smith & Seale) ; Zamboanga (Scale & Bean).

Family DREPANIDJ3.
DREPANE Cuvier & Valenciennes.

574. Drepane punctata (Gmelin). Philippine Islands (Giinther) ; Cavite (Jor-

dan & Seale, A) ; Manila; Lubang (Jordan & Richardson).

Family PLATACIM).
PL AT AX Cuvier.

575. Platax orbicularis (Forskal). Philippine Islands (Giinther, as Platans

vespertilio) ; Panay (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Ticao; Cagayancillo (Jordan
& Richardson) ; Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale &
Bean).

Family SCORPID^E.

MONODACTYLU8 Lacepede.

576. Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Aparri;

Iloilo; Calayan (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bulan (Evermann & Seale,
A).

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 41

Family CH^TODONTID^.
PARACH/CTODON Sleeker.

577. Parachaetodon ocellatus (Cuvicr & Valenciennes). Philippine Islands

(Gtinther, Chcctodon oligacanthus) ; Negros (Jordan & Scale, B).
(Chcetodon oligacanthus Bleeker.)

578. Parachaetodon biocellatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan &

Scale, A).

• GONOCH/ETODON Bleeker.

579. Gonochaetodon triangulum (Cuvier &, Valenciennes). Philippines (Jor-

dan & Scale, A) ; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

CH>CTODON Linnaeus.

580. Chaetodon setifer ForskAl. Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Palawan

(Villant).

581. Chaetodon auriga ForskAl. Bacon (Evermann & Scale, A).

582. Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch. Bacon (Evermann & Scale, A).

583. Chaetodon kleini Bloch. Manila (Jordan & Scale, A) ; Cagayancillo (Jor-

dan & Richardson).

584. Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier & Valenciennes. Cagayancillo (Jordan &

Richardson ) .

585. Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Manila (Jordan &

Scale, A).

586. Chaetodon citrinellus (Broussonet). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

587. Chaetodon trifasciatus Park. Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A) ; Cagayancillo

(Jordan & Richardson).

588. Chaetodon ornatissimus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Jordan &

Scale, A).

589. Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

590. Chaetodon octofasciatus Bloch. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

591. Chaetodon selene Bleeker. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

592. Chaetodon falcula Bloch. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

CHELMON Cuvier.

593. Chelmon rostratus (Linnaeus). Luzon (Peters, C) ; Cavite (Jordan &

Seale, A).

HENIOCHUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

594. Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus). Manila (Cuvier & Valenciennes), fide

Dussumier, as Heniochus macrolepidotus) ; Bacon; San Fahian (Ever-
mann & Seale, A) .
(Chcetodon macrolepidotus Linnaeus.)

595. Heniochus varius ( Cuvier & Valenciennes ). Bacon ( Evermann & Seale, A ).

HOLACANTHUS Lac^pcde.

596. Holacanthus bicolor (Bloch). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Cagayancillo

(Jordan & Richardson).

597. Holacanthus diacanthus (Boddaert). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

598. Holacanthus nicobariensis (Bloch & Schneider). Palawan (Vaillant).

42 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Family ZANCLID^E.

ZANCLUS Commerson) Lacepfede.

599. Zanclus cornutus (LinnoMis). Cagayancillo; Fuga (Jordan & Richarsoni.

Family HEPATIM].

HEPATUS Gronow 1765. (Teuthis Linnaeus 1766; Theutis Cuvier; Acanthuru*
Forskal, as restricted by Cuvier; Harpurus Forster; Acronitrus Gronow.)

600. Hepatus celebicus (Bleeker). Manila (Jordan & Scale, A); Bulan (Ever-

mann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

601. Hepatus olivaceus (Bloch & Schneider). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richard-

son ) .

602. Hepatus lineatus (Gmelin). Philippine Islands (Giinther) ; Cagayancillo

(Jordan & Richardson).

603. Hepatus dussumieri (Cuv. & Val.). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

604. Hepatus triostegus (Linnaeus). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

605. Hepatus matoides (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Calayan; Aparri (Jordan &

Richardson) ; Zamboanga; Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A).

606. Hepatus elongatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cagayancillo (Jordan &

Richardson).

CTENOCH/ETUS Gill.

607. Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Zamboanga (Evermann &

Seale, A).

COLOCOPUS Gill.

608. Colocopus lambdurus Gill. Zamboanga (Giinther, A) ; Acathurus hepatus

Giinther, Siidsee, 115, taf. 75; not Teuthis hepatus Linnaeus= a West
Indian species) Colocopus lambdurus Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884,
279 (after Giinther) ; Kings-mill I., Mauritius.

ZEBRASOMA Swainson.

609. Zebrasoma rhombeum (Kittlitz). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

MONOCEROS Bloch & Schneider.

(Naso Lace"pede; Naseus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Acanthurus Forskal in
part, not as restricted by Cuvier.)

610. Monoceros annulatus (Quoy & Gaimard). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

611. Monoceros tuberosus (Cuv. & Val). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

612. Monoceros lituratus (Forskal). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

613. Monoceros marginatus (Cuv. & Val). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

614. Monoceros unicornis (Forskal). San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

615. Monoceros olivaceus Solander. Philippine Islands (Giinther).

Family SIGANID^E.

SIGANUS Forskal. (Teuthis Gunther, not of Linnanis, as restricted
by Cuvier, or Gill.)

616. Siganus javus (Linnaeus). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Manila; Iloilo

(Jordan & Richardson) ; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

617. Siganus virgatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Philippine Islands (Gunther);

Panay (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon
( Evermann & Seale, A ) ; Zamboanga ( Seale & Bean ) .

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 43

618. Siganus lineatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Jordan & Scale, A);

Cuyo; Aparri (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bulan; Bacon (Evermann &
Seale, A).

619. Siganus oramin (Bloch & Schneider). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negroa

Jordan & Seale, B ) ; Aparri ; Cavite ( Jordan & Richardson ) .

620. Siganus marmoratus (Quoy & Gaimard). Manila (Jordan & Scale, A);

Calayan ( Jordan & Richardson ) .

621. Siganus vermiculatus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Philippine Islands (Giin-

ther ) ; Zamboanga ; Bacon ; San Fabian ( Evermann & Seale, A ) ; Zam-
boanga ; ( Seale & Bean ) .

622. Siganus tetrazonus (Bleeker). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

623. Siganus concatenatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan & Seale,

B).

624. Siganus corallinus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cagayancillo (Jordan &

Richardson ) .

625. Siganus rostratus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Fuga (Jordan & Richardson).

626. Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn). Bacon; Jolo; San Fabian (Evermann

& Seale, A) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

627. Siganus albopunctatus (Temminck & Schlegel). Philippine Islands (Giin-

ther) ; Manila (Kner).

LO Seale. (Lo Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXV,
1905, 360 (vulpinus).)

628. Lo unimaculatus Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Lo unimaculatus Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906,
99, fig." 19; Bacon, P. I.

Family TKIACANTHID.E.
TRI ACANTHUS Cuvier.

629. Triacanthus strigilifer Cantor. Philippine Islands (Gfinther) ; Negros

(Jordan & Seale, B).

630. Triacanthus oxycephalus Bleeker. Samar (Peters, C).

631. Triacanthus blochi Bleeker. Iloilo; Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

Family BALISTIM].
BALISTES (Artedi) Linnseus.

632. Balistes flavimarginatus Ruppell. Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson); Bacon

(Evermann & Seale, A).

633. Balistes niger Park. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

634. Balistes chrysopterus Bloch & Schneider. Fuga (Jordan & Richardson).

BALISTAPUS Tilesius.

635. Balistapus verrucosus (Linnaeus). Philippine Islands (Giinther) ; Zebu

(Giinther, A); Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson). Zamboanga
(Seale & Bean).

636. Balistapus undulatus (Park). Philippine Islands (Gunther, A); Cavite

(Jordan & Seale, A) ; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon
(Evermann & Seale, A) ; (= Balistes lineatus Bleeker).

637. Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon;

Zamboanga ( Evermann & Seale, A ) .

638. Balistapus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider). Calayan (Jordan & Rich-

ardson ) .

44 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Family MONACANTHID^E.
CANTHERINES Swainson.

639. Cantherines sandwichiensis (Quoy & Gaimard). Romblon (Jordan &

Richardson) ; Cebu (Giinther, A, Monacanthus pardalis.)

640. Cantherines macrurus (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Scales, B) ; Bacon;

Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A).

641. Cantherines tessellatus (Gunther). Philippine Islands, Sta. 204, 115 fath.

(Giinther, A).

MONACANTHUS Cuvier.

642. Monacanthus tomentosus (Linnaeus). Cuyo; Lubang (Jordan & Richard-

son) ; Panay; Manila (Jordan & Seale, A, M. nemurus, not of
Linnaeus); Palawan (Vaillant).

643. Monacanthus chinensis (Bloch). Manila (Jordan &' Seale, A); Negros

(Jordan & Seale, B) j Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bulan (Evermann
& Seale, A).

644. Monacanthus surothura Van Hasselt. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ;

(perhaps equals Monacanthus hajam Bleeker).

OS BECK I A Jordan & Evermann.

645. Osbeckia scripta (Osbeck). Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A).

ALUTERA (Cuvier) Oken.

646. Alutera monoceros (Osbeck). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

Family TETRAODONTID^.
SPHEROIDES (Lacepede) Dumeril.

647. Spheroides lunaris (Bloch). Philippine Islands (Gttnther, var. spadiceus) ;

Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) Manila;
Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, B) ;
Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

- 648. Spheroides ocellatus (Osbeck). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Negros
(Jordan & Seale, B).

649. Spheroides hypselogenion (Bleeker). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

650. Spheroides sceleratus (Forster). Philippine Islands (Giinther).

TETRAODON Linnaeus.

651. Tetraodon hispidus Linnreus. Manila; Panay (Jordan & Seale, A); Cuyo

(Jordan & Richardson).

652. Tetraodon reticularis Bloch & Schneider. Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A) ;

Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Lubang (Jordan & Richardson) ; Zam-
boanga (Seale & Bean).

653. Tetraodon nigropunctatus Bloch & Schneider. Bacon (Evermann & Seale,

A).

654. Tetraodon immaculatus Bloch & Schneider. Philippine Islands (Gunther,

var. virgata; Gunther, A) ; Manila (Proce") ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale,
A) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Lubang; Iloilo; Cuyu; Ticao (Jor-
dan & Richardson) ; Manila (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga
(Seale & Bean).

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 45

655. Tetraodon fluviatilis Hamilton-Buchanan. Philippine Islands (Giinther) ;

Manila (Proce1), T. nigroviridis=fluviatilis fide Bleeker, Atlas).

CHELONODON Mil Her.

656. Chelonodon patoca (Hamilton-Buchanan). Philippine Islands, Sta. 203,

(Gtinther, A) ; Manila (Jordan & Richardson) ; Mindanao (Smith &
Scale) ; Zamboanga (Scale & Bean).

CANTHIGA3TER Swainson.

657. Canthigaster compreesus (ProcS). Manila (Proce); Philippine Islands

(Gunther, Tetrodon striolatus) ; Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A) ; Negros
(Jordan & Seale, B) ; Philippines (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Zamboanga
(Evermann & Scale, B) ; Znmboanga (Seale & Bean).

658. Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Family DIODONTID^B.

DIODON Linnaeus.

659. Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus. Sulu Sea (Gunther, Diodon maculatus,

var.).

660. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus. Luzon (Peters, C) Diodon punctatus.

CHILOMYCTERUS Bibron.

661. Chilomycterus orbicularis (Bloch). Straits near Cebu (Gunther, A).

Family OSTKACIID^E.
OSTRACION Linnxus.

662. Ostracion tuberculatum Linnaeus. Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A); Jolo

(Evermann & Seale, A).

663. Ostracion gibbosum Linmpus. Cavito (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Jolo (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

664. Ostracion cornutum Linnsrus. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Negros (Jor-

dan & Seale, B).

Family GOBIID.E.
BOSTRYCHUS LacSpede.

665. Bostrychus sinensis (Lacepede). Manila (Kner).

VALENCIENNEA Bleeker.

666. Valenciennea muralis (Quoy & Gainmrd). Cuvier & Valenciennes. Phil-

ippine Islands (Gunther).

667. Valenciennea strigata ( Broussonet ) . Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

668. Valenciennea violifera Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Valenciennea violifera Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. XXV, 1905,

383; Samoa.
Valenciennea species, Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905,

794; Negros.

ELEOTRIS Gronow.

669. Eleotris fusca (Bloch & Schneider). Luzon, Samar (Peters, C) ; Palawan

(Boulenger, A) ; Sibuyan; Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).

46 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

OPHIOCARA Gill.

670. Ophiocara aporos (Bleeker). Samar (Peters, C) ; Palawan; Balabac

(Boulenger, A) ; Mindoro; Sibuyan (Jordan & Richardson).

671. Ophiocara porocephala (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Philippine Islands (Glin-

ther, Eleotris ophiocephalus) ; Luzon (Peters, C, E. ophiocephalus) ;
Calayan; Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).
( Not Eleotris ophiocephalus of Day. )

672. Ophiocara laglaizi (Sauvage). Manila (Sauvage, B).

Eleotris laglaizi Sauvage, Bull. Soc. PJiilomath., 1880, 54; Manila, P. I.

BUTIS Bleeker.

673. Butis butis (Hamilton-Buchanan). Philippine Islands (Giinther, in part);

'Palawan (Boulenger, A) ; Manila; Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson) ;
Negros (Jordan & Seale A, Butis leucurus) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale,
A, Butis leucurus); Bacon (Everniann & Seale, A, Butis leucurus);
Palawan (Vaillant).

Butis leucurus Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII. 1905, 794,
fig. 13; Negros.

674. Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker). Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson); Cavite

(Jordan & Seale, A, Butis serrifrons).

(Eleotris caperatus Cantor, Cat. Mai. Fishes, 1850, 1179; Sea of Pinang.)
(Prionobutis serrifrons Rutter, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, 84; Swatow,

China.)

675. Butis amboinensis, Bleeker. Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson). (Probably

not Eleotris amboinensis of Day.)

676. Butis prismaticus (Bleeker). Cuyo; Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

ODONTOBUTIS Bleeker.

677. Odontobutis obscurus (Peters). Znmboanga (Seale & Bean).

ASTERROPTERIX Rtippell. (Rrachyeleotris Becker.)

678. Asterropterix everetti Boulenger. Palawan (Boulenger, A).

(Asterropteryx everetti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XV, 186; Pa-
lawan, P. I.)

HYPSELEOTRIS Gill.

679. Hypseleotris cyprinoides (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan &

Seale, B).
(Not Eleotris cyprinoides of Giinther =Asterropteryx gilntheri Bleeker.)

680. Hypseleotris modestus (Bleeker). Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson).

PERIOPHTHALMUS Bloch & Schneider.

681. Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Ticao;

Aparri (Jordan & Richardson) ; Panay (Jordan & Seale, A, P.
chrysospilus) .

[We are unable to separate the nominal species of this genus and think
it doubtful if more than one can be defined.]

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 47

PERIOPHTHALMODON Gill.

682. Periophthalmodon schlosseri Bloch. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

SCARTELAOS Swainson.
(Boleops Gill).

683. Scartelaos viridis (Hamilton-Buchanan). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B,

fig.).

GNATHOLEPIS Bleeker.

684. Gnatholepis calliurus Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Onatholepis calliurus Jordan & Seale, Proc., U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905,

796, fig. 14; Negros.

685. Gnatholepis deltoides (Seale). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Gobius deltoides Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., I, 1901, No. 3, 125; Guam.
G8G. Gnatholepis (?) sternbergi J (Smith). Lake Buhi, P. I. (Smith); Zam-
boanga (Seale & Bean).

OPLOPOMUS Steindachner. (Centrogobius Bleeker; not
Oplopoma Girard.)

687. Oplopomus vergens Jordan & Seale. Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

Oplopomus vergens Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906, 44,
fig. IT; Camte.

RUPPELLIA Swainson. ( Paragobiodon Bleeker.) (Printed Ruppelia
and Rupellia by Swainson by an "error in transcription.")

688. Ruppellia echinocephala (Riippell). Cebu (Gunther, C).

689. Ruppellia melanosoma (Bleeker). Luzon (Peters, C) ; Manila (Jordan

& Seale, A, Paragobiodon ) .

D ROM BUS Jordan & Seale. (Drombus Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, 797 (palackyi).)

690. Drombus palackyi Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Zam-

boanga (Seale & Bean).
Drombus palackyi Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905,

797, fig. 15; Negros.

RHINOGOBIUS Gill. (Ctenogobius Jordan & Snyder, not of Gill;
Coryphopterus Gill; Porogobius and Acentrogobius Bleeker.)

691. Rhinogobius nebulosus (Forskal). Panay; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A,

R. nebulosus and lungi) ; Manila; Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).
Gobius criniger Cuvier & Valenciennes, and of Gunther and Day.
Rhinogobius lungi Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906, 41,

fig. 13; Cavite, P. I.

692. Rhinogobius caninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan & Seale,

B). Iloilo; Lubang (Jordan & Richardson).

1 Dorsal V-8; Anal 8; scales 25-26; cheeks and opercles covered with large
scales; teeth in upper jaw in three irregular rows; in lower jaw in a band, some
canine-like ; caudal bluntly rounded, not elongated ; tongue not described ; pectoral
rays not silk-like. (Smith.)

48 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

693. Rhinogobius baliuroides (Bleeker). Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).

694. Rhinogobius calderae (Evermann & Scale) . Mindanao (Evermann & Scale,

B).

Gobius caldercB Evermann & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, 511,
fig. 3; Caldera Bay, Mindanao. Since the publication of the original
description, Dr. Evermann has written us that the upper pectoral
rays of this species are not silk-like. It is evidently a Rhinogobius.

ZONOGOBIUS Bleeker.

695. Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan &

Scale, B).

CREISSON Jordan & Scale. (Creisson Jordan & Scale, Bull. U. S.
Bur. Fish. XXVI, 1906, 43 (validus).)

696. Creisson validus Jordan & Scale. Cavite (Jordan & Scale, A).

Creisson validus Jordan & Scale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906, 43, fig.
16; Cavite, P. I.

MISTICHTHYS Smith. (Mistichthys Smith, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish.,
XXI, 1901, 167 (luzonensis) .)

This genus seems to be chiefly distinguished by its very short and low
spinous dorsal. The teeth are curved and uniserial.

697. Mistichthys luzonensis Smith. Lake Buhi (Smith).

Mistichthys luzonensis Smith, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXI, 1901, 167, fig.;
Lake Buhi, P. I.

GOBI US (Artedi) Linnams.

698. Gobius ornatus Ruppell. Philippine Islands (Gilnther) ; Luzon (Peters,

C.) ; Ticao (Jordan & Richardson) ; Palawan (Vaillant).

699. Gobius oligolepis Bleeker. Luzon (Peters, C).

700. Gobius ophthalmotaenia Richardson; Panay (Jordan & Seale, A).

MAPO Smitt. (Mapo Smitt, Afh. Vet. Kong. Ak. Stockholm,
1899, 543 (soporator) .)

701. Mapo fuscus (Ruppell). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A.); Zamboanga (Seale

& Bean).
OoUus albopunctatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XII, 57,

1837 ; He de France.
Gobius soporator Cuv. & Val.

702. Mapo mearnsi Evermann & Seale. Mindanao (Evermann & Seale, B).

Mapo mearnsi Evermann & Seale. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906,
510, fig. 2; Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. I.

GLOSSOGOBIUS Gill.

703. Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton-Buchanan). Philippine Islands (Gunther);

Luzon; Leyte (Peters, C) ; Palawan (Boulenger, A) Bacon; San
Fabian; Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A) ; Mindanao (Smith & Seale) ;
Mindoro; Aparri; Iloilo (Jordan & Richardson).

Gobius giuris (Gunther), Cat. Fishes, III, 1861, 21 (in part only, Gobius
fasciato-punctatus (Richardson) being identical with Glossogobius
brunneus (Temminck & Schlegel) ) ; not Gobius giuris of Rutter, which
equals Glossogobius brunneus (Temminck & Schlegel) ; nor of Abbott,
which equals Rhinogobius giurinus (Rutter).)

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 49

704. Glossogobius biocellatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bacon (Evermann &

Seale, A) ; Mindanao (Smith & Scale).

705. Glossogobius obscuripinnis (Peters). Luzon (Peters, C).

Gobius obscuripinnis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 263;
Bicol R., Province of Albay, and creeks in Luzon.

706. Glossogobius aglestes Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Olossogobius aglestes, Jordan & Seale, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905,
798, fig. 16; Negros. This species has the short snout and coloration
(for the most part) of Glossogobius obscuripinnis Peters, and may not
be different.

707. Glossogobius pavo (Steindachner) . Philippine Islands (Steindachner, B).

Gobius pavo (Glossogobius?) Steindachner S. B. Ak. Wien., 1867, 715,
Philippine Islands.

Dorsal VI-1, 8. scales 31; head broad, depressed; lower jaw project-
ing; teeth in outer row in both jaws enlarged; pectoral without silky
rays; ventrals ("ventral-scheibe") half length of head; (This appar-
ently means that the ventrals are united.) Scales increasing in size
backward; upper part of head, behind eyes, scaled, as well as upper
part of opercle; rest of head naked, crossed lengthwise and crosswise
by (rows of) sensory pores; color gold brown, each side with four large
black spots. (Steindachner 1. c.)

ILL AN A Smith & Seale. (I liana Smith & Seale, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., XIX, 1906, 79, (cacabet).)

708. ! liana cacabet Smith & Seale. Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

Illana cacabet Smith & Seale, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906, 79, fig;
Rio Grande in Mindanao.

AWAOUS Steindachner.

709. Awaous ocellaris (Broussonet) . Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson).

710. Awaous grammepomus (Bleeker). Palawan (Boulenger, A).

711. Awaous lacrymosus ' (Peters). Quingoa R., in Luzon (Peters, C).

AMBLYGOBIUS Bleeker. (Amblygobius Bleeker, Arch. Neerl., 1875, 322
(sphinx). Odontogobius Bleeker, Arch. Neerl., 1875, 323 (bynoensis) .)

712. Amblygobius bynoensis (Richardson). Luzon (Peters, C) ; Negros, (Jordan

& Seale, B).

713. Amblygobius phalaena (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cagayancillo (Jordan &

Richardson ) .

714. Amblygobius sphinx ( Cuvier & Valenciennes ). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

EXYRIAS Jordan & Seale.

715. Exyrias puntang (Bleeker). Palawan (Vaillant).

We do not know whether this is the Gobius puntang of Bleeker,
Natuurk. Tydschr, Nederl Ind. Ill, page 692, or the G. puntang of
Bleeker, Riouw, page 486, said to be different species by Dr. Glinther.
Gobius puntang of Bleeker is said by Dr. Giinther to equal G. puntang-
oides Bleeker, Ceram. Ill, page 242 ( =Exyrias puntangoides of Jordan
& Seale, Samoa, p. 405).

1 Dorsal VI-I, 10; anal I, 10; Scales 52-55; eyes one eye apart; maxillary
to middle of eye; no canines; outer row of teeth enlarged; head naked behind
eyes except for a few scales on upper part of opercle and preopercle ; scales on nape
smaller; pectoral without silk-like rays. (Peters.)
77344 4

50 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

WAITEA Jordan & Scale. (Waited Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur.
Fish., XXV, 1905, 407 (mystacina).)

716. Waitea mystacina (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Aparri (Jordan & Richard-

son).

APARRIUS Jordan & Richardson. (Aparrius Jordan & Richardson,
Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1908, p. 278, (acutipinnis) .)

717. Aparrius acutipinnis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Mindanao (Smith &

Seale) ; Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, Rhinogobius ocyurus) ; Aparri

(Jordan & Richardson).
Rhinogobius ocyurus Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI, 1906,

42, fig. 14, Cavite, P. I.
Acentrogobius acutipinnis Smith & Seale, Proc. Bio, Soc. Wash., XIX,

1906, fig. 81; Mindanao, P. I.
Aparrius acutipinnis Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish, XXVI,

1908, p. 278; Aparri, P. I.
Gobius (Acentrogobius) acutipinnis Day, Fishes, India, 1878-1888, 292,

pi. LXI, fig. 2; seas of India to Andamans.

GOBIICHTHYS Klunzinger. (Pselaphias Jordan & Seale.) Gobiichthys
Klunzinger, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1871, 479 ( peter sii ).

* Except in the presence of a tentacle over the eye this genus does not differ
from Oxyurichthus Bleeker.

718. Gobiichthys tentacularis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan &

Seale, A, Oxyurichthys tentacularis) ; Iloilo; Aparri (Jordan & Rich-
ardson ) .

OXYURICHTHUS Bleeker.

The genus Oxyurichthus (belosso) differs from Gobiichthys Klunzinger
(Pselaphias, Jordan & Seale) in lacking a tentacle over the eye and
from Gobiichthys Girard, in having the upper teeth in a single series
and the tongue convex.

719. Oxyurichthus cristatus (Day). Iloilo (Jordan & Seale, A); San Fabian

(Evermann & Seale, A) ; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

720. Oxyurichthus papuensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Negros (Jordan &

Seale, B).

721. Oxyurichthus argulus1 (Peters). Luzon (Peters, C).

Gobius argulus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 263; Luzon,

P. I.
721a. Oxyurichthus (?) filifer Cuvier & Valenciennes. Palawan (Vaillant).

GOBIOSOMA Girard.

722. Gobiosoma marmoratum (Peters). Samar (Peters, C).

Gobiosoma marmoratum Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 267;
Samar, P. I. The generic relations of this scantily described species
are uncertain. It is doubtless not a Gobiosoma.

1 Dorsal VI-I, 12; anal 7; scales very small; canines in upper and lower
jaws; caudal pointed; near Gobius arabicus. (Peters.)

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 51

SICYOPTERUS Gill.

723. Sicyopterus taeniurus (Gunther). Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson).

724. Sicyopterus cynocephalus ( Cuvier & Valenciennes ). Palawan (Boulenger,

A).

TRYPAUCHENICHTHYS Bleeker.

725. Trypauchenichthys typus (Bleeker). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richard-

son).

CARAGOBIUS Smith & Scale. (Caragobius Smith & Scale, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., XIX, 1906, 81, (typhlops) .)

726. Caragobius typhlops Smith & Seale. Mindanao (Smith & Seale.)

Caragobius typhlops Smith & Seale, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906,
81, fig.; Rio Grande, Mindanao, P. I.

GOBIOIDES Lacepede.

727. Gobioides brachygaster (Giinther). Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).

Gobiidae: Species incertae sedis:

728. (Gobius) dispar Peters, Monatsber, Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 263; Luzon.

Dorsal VI-I, 7; anal I, 7; scales 23-30; in form like an Apogon; eyes
an eye apart; mouth large, maxillary to back of preopercle in males;
no canines; outer row of teeth enlarged. Habitat, lakes and rivers of
Luzon. (Peters.) Perhaps a Glossogobius.

729. (Gobius) viganensis, Steindachner, S. B. Ak. Wien, CII, 1893, 230; Philip-

pine Islands. Description not seen by us.

Family ECHENEID^B.
ECHENEIS Linnaeus.

730. Echeneis naucrates (Linnaeus). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A); Bulan

(Evermann & Seale, A).

Family SCOKPAENIM).

MERINTHE1 Snyder.

731. Merinthe nematophthalma (Gunther). Philippine Islands, Sta. 201 (Gun-

ther, A) .

LIOSCORPIUS Giinther.

732. Lioscorpius longiceps Giinther. Philippine Islands (Giinther, A).

Lioscorpius longiceps GUnther, Shore Fishes Challeng'er, p. 40, pt. XVII, fig.
C.; Ki. Islands.

SEBASTOPSIS Gill.

733. Sebastopsis marmorata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Manila (Kner).

734. Sebastopsis guamensis (Quoy & Gaimard). Calayan (Jordan & Richard-

son ) .
(=8ebastes polylepis Bleeker.)

735. Sebastopsis scabra (Ramsay & Ogilby). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A);

Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ; Bacon (Evermann &. Seale, A).

1 Listed as Merinthe Jordan & Evermann in Samoan Report. The name was
a MS. name of Jordan & Evermann, adopted by Snyder.

52 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

HYPOMACRU8 Evermann & Scale.

736. Hypomacrus albaiensis Evermann & Seale. Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Hypomacrus albaiensis Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXVT,
1906, p. 102, fig. 20. Bacon, Philippine Islands.

SCORPXENOPSIS Bleeker.

737. Scorpaenopsis novae-guineae (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan &

Seale, A) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

738. Scorpaenopsis cirrhosa (Thunberg). Panay (Jordan & Seale, A).

SEBASTAPISTES Gill.

739. Sebastapistes tristis (Klunzinger) . Panay (Jordan & Seale, A); Bacon

(Evermann & Seale, A).

740. Sebastapistes nuchalis (Giinther). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

Scorpcena nuchalis Giinther, Sudsee, I, 76; Rarotonga.

741 (742). Sebastapistes nivifer Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).
Sebastapistes nivifer Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII,
1905, 791, fig. 10; Negros, P.J.

SYNANCEIA Bloch & Schneider.

743. Synanceia horrida (Linna-us). Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

PTEROIS Cuvier.

744. Pterois zebra (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Bacon (Evermanu & Seale, A).

745. Pterois volitans (Linnceus). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A) .

DECTERIAS Jordan & Starks.

746. Decterias pusillus (Temminck & Schlegel). Panay (Jordan & Seale, A).

PARACENTROPOGON Bleeker.

747. Paracentropogon longispinis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Philippine Islands,

Sta. 203 (Gunther, A) ; Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

748. Paracentropogon indicus (Day). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

AMBLYAPISTUS Bleeker.

749. Amblyapistus crista-galli (Gunther). Philippine Islands (Gunther).

[Said by Bleeker (Mem. Spec. Insul. Scorpaen.) to be a synonym of A.
taenionotus '(C. V.)]

VESPICULA Jordan & Richardson, new genus, type Prosopodasys gogorzae (Jor-
dan & Seale). (Prosopopasys of Gunther, not of Cantor, who gives the
name Prosopodasys, as a substitute for Apistus, changed
on account of the prior Apistis. )

750. Vespicula gogorzas (Jordan & Seale). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Prosopodasys gogorzce Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1906,
792, fig. 11; Negros, P. I.

TETRAROGE Gunther.

751. Tetraroge barbata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Aparri (Jordan & Richard-

son).

CHECK-LIST OP PHILIPPINE FISHES. 53

Family PLATYCEPHALID^.
PLATYCEPHALUS Bloch.

752. Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, P. insi-

diator) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale, B, P. insidiator) ; Manila (Jordan
& Richardson) ; San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A, P. insidiator) ;
Manila (Evermann & Seale, B, P. insidiator) ; (equals Coitus insidiator
Forskal).

THY8ANOPHRY8 Ogilby. (Insidiator Jordan & Snyder.)

753. Thysanophrys isacanthus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Cavite (Jordan &

Seale, A).

754. Thysanophrys crocodilus (Tilesius). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, Platy-

cepffalus punctatus ) .

755. Thysanophrys bataviensis (Bleeker). Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A).

756. Thysanophrys macracanthus (Bleeker). Manila (Jordan & Seale, A);

San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

757. Thysanophrys tentaculatus (Riippell). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

ELATES Jordan & Seale.

758. Elates thompsoni Jordan & Seale. Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

Elates thompsoni Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI, 1906, 39,
fig. 12; Manila, P. I.

Family COTTID^.
TRACHYDERMUS Heckel. (Centridermichthys Richardson).

759. Trachydermus fasciatus1 Heckel. Philippine Islands (Heckel, B) ; Ma-

nila (Giinther, C). (=T. ansatus Richardson from China.)
Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel, Ann. Wiener, Mus., II, 1840, 160, pi. IX,
fig. 1, 2; Philippines.

Family TRIGLIM1,
LEPIDOTRIGLA Gtlnther.

760. Lepidotrigla eydouxi Sauvage. Manila (Sauvage).

Lepidotrigla eydouxi Sauvage, Nouv. Arch. Mus., 1878, 156; Manila, P. I.

Family DACTYLOPTERID^E.

EBISINUS Jordan &, Richardson.

761. Ebisinus cheirophthalmus (Bleeker). Manila; Cavite (Jordan & Seale,

A).

Family PLEURONECTID^.

PSETTODE8 Bennett.

762. Psettodes ei-umei (Bloch). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; San Fabian (Ever-

mann & Seale, A).

1 It is extremely improbable that this species, native in the mountain springs
of Kiusiu, Japan, and in China, is found in the Philippines.

54 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

PSEUDORHOMBUS Bleeker. (Ancylopsetta Gill).

763. Pseudorhombus javanicus (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A, P. polys-

pilos, not of Bleeker) ; Bui an (Evermann & Seale, A).

764. Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton-Buchanan). Cavite (Jordan & Seale,

A) ; Philippines (Giinther, A, P. russelli) ; Bulan (Evermann & Seale,
A, P. russellii), (=Platessa russelli Gray).

765. Pseudorhombus polyspilus (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A) ; Iloilo;

Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

766. Pseudorhombus neglectus (Bleeker). San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).

767. Pseudorhombus malayanus Bleeker. Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

768. Pseudorhombus palad Evermann & Seale. Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

Pseudorhombus palad Evermann & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906,
105, tig. 21, Bulan, P. I.

PLATOPHRYS Swainson.

769. Platophrys pantherinus (Ruppell). Aparri (Jordan & Richardson) ; Bacon

( Evermann & Seale, A ) .

770. Platophrys mancus ( Broussonet ) . Malanipa, near Zamboanga (Gunther,

A, Rhomboidichthys pavo).

SC/EOPS Jordan & Starks.

771. Scaeops poecilura (Bleeker). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

772. Scaeops orbicularis (Bleeker). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A).

773. Scaeops spilura (Gunther). Straits of Cebu (Gunther, A).

Rhomboidichthys spilurus Gunther, Shore Fishes Challenger, p. 53, pi.
XXI, fig. A.; Straits of Cebu, P. I.

Family SOLEID^E.
A MATE Jordan & Starks.

774. Amate hartzfeldl (Bleeker). Philippines (Evermann & Seale, A).

775. Amate thepassji (Bleeker). Mindanao (Smith & Seale).

PARDACHIRUS Gunther.

776. Pardachirus pavoninus (Lace"pede). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

SOLEICHTHYS1 Bleeker.

777. Soleichthys heterorhinos (Bleeker). Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

MICROBUGLOSSUS Gunther.

778. Microbuglosus humilis (Cantor). Cavite (Jordan & Seale, A); Manila

(Jordan & Richardson).

779. Microbuglossus ovatus (Richardson). Philippines, Sta. 203 (Gunther, A).

'Blkr., Enum. Spec. p. 183; for figure of the type (heterorhinos) see Day,
Fish. India, pi. XCII, fig. 5.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 55

SYNAPTURA1 Cantor.

780 (781). Synaptura sorcogonensis Evermann & Scale. Bacon (Everinann &

Seale, A) ; Manila; Lubang (Jordan & Richardson).

Synaptura sorsogonensis Evernmnn & Seale, Proc. U. S. Fish Comm., XXVI,
1906, 106, fig. 22; Bacon, P. I.

CYNOGLOSSUS Hamilton-Buchanan.

782. Cynoglossus sumatrensis (Bleeker). Ticao (Jordan & Richardson).

783. Cynoglossus sindensis Day. Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

784. Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson). Philippines, Sta. 203 (Gtinther, A)

Manila (Jordan & Seale, A).

785. Cynoglossus macrolepidotus (Bleeker). Manila (Kner).

Family PTEROPSARID^E.

PARAPERCIS Bleeker.

786. Parapercis hexophthalma (Ehrenberg). Philippines (Jordan & Seale, A) ;

Bacon ( Evermann & Seale, A ) .

787. Parapercis tetracantha (Lacepede). Calayan ( Jordan & Richardson ).

788. Parapercis cylindrica (Bloch). Philippine Islands (Gtinther) Cuyo (Jor-

dan & Richardson) ; Zamboanga (Seale & Bean).

Family BATRACHOIDID^E.
CORYZICHTHYS Ogilby.

789. Coryzichthys diemensis (Le Sueur). Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

Family CALLIONYMID^E.
CALLIONYMUS Linnaeus.

790. Callionymus sagitta Pa/lias. Manila (Jordan & Richardson).

791. Callionymus curvicornis Cuvier & Valenciennes. Philippine Islands, Sta.

201 (Giinther, A).

792. Callionymus calauropomus Richardson. Philippines, Sta. 204 (Gflnther,

A).

CALLIURICHTHYS Jordan & Fowler.

793. Calliurichthys reevesii (Richardson). Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A) .

SYNCHIROPUS Gill.

794. Synchiropus ocellatus (Pallas). Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

DACTYLOPUS Gill.

795. Dactylopus dactylopus (Bennett). Cavite, (Jordan & Seale, A).

irThe name Brachirus of Seranison belongs to thte closely allied genus Eury-
glossa, as restricted by Swain.

56 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE PISHES.

Family RHYACICHTHYID^.

RHYACICHTHYS Boulenger. (1'latyptera Kuhl & Van Hasselt,
preoccupied ) .

796. Rhyacichthys aspro (Kuhl & Van Hasselt). Samar; Leyte (Peters, C).

Family BLENNIIM1.
ENNEAPTERYGIUS Riippell.

797. Enneapterygius philippinus (Peters). Luzon (Peters, C) ; Calayan (Jor-

dan & Richardson).

Tripterygium philippinum Peters, Monatsber, Ak. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 269;
Luzon, P. I.

CRISTICEPS ( uvier & Valenciennes.

798. Cristiceps filifer Steindachner. Philippine Islands ( Steindachner, A).

Cristiceps filifer Steindachner, Archiv. per la Zoologia, vol. Ill, fasc 1,
1867, 199-200; Philippine Islands.

BLENNIUS Linnaeus.

799. Blennius thysanius Jordan & Seale. (. avite, (Jordan & Seale, A).

Blennius thysanius Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 1906, 47,
fig. 19; Cat/ite, /'. /.

HYPLEUROCHILUS Gill.

800. Hypleurochilus loxias Jordan &. Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Hypleurochilus loxias Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905,
802, fig. 20; Negros, P. I.

ALTICUS (Commerson) LacSpede.

801. Alticus periophthalmus (C'uvier & Valenciennes). Samar (Peters, C).

SAL ARIAS C'uvier.

802. Salarias edentulus (Bloch & Schneider). Negros (Jordan & Seale, B) ;

Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

803. Salarias rivulatus Riippell. Calayan (Jordan & Richardson).

804. Salarias fasciatus (Bloch). Philippine Islands (Giinther) ; Luzon (Peters,

C) ; Negros (Jordan & Seale. B) ; Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson) ;
Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

805. Salarias bilineatus Peters. Samar (Peters, C).

Salarias bilineatus Peters. Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berl., 1868, 269; Samar,
P. I.

806. Salarias dean! Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, -B) ; Calayan

(Jordan & Richardson, determination questionable).

Salarias deani Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, 799,
fig. 17; Negros, P. I.

807. Salarias undecimalis Jordan & Seale. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

Salarias undecimalis Jordan & Seale, Proc. L. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905,
800, fig. 18, Negros, P. I.

808. Salarias zamboangae Evermann & Seale. Mindanao (Evermann & Seale,

B).

Salaries zamboanga: Evermann & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI,
512, fig. 4; Mindanao, P. 1.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 57

809. Salarias holomelas Gflnther. Cebu (Giinther. C).

Salarias holomelas GHnther, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1872, 399; Cebu, P. I.

810. Salarias reyi Sauvage. Luzon (Sauvage, B).

Solaria* reyi Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) IV, 1880, 219; Luzon, P. I.
| No canines.]

811. Salarias montanoi Sauvage. Lu/.on (Sauvage, B).

tiaJarias montanoi Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) IV, 1880, 219; Luzon,
/'. /. [No canines.]

PETROSCIRTES Riippell.

812. Petroscirtes grammlstes Cuvier & Valenciennes. Bacon (Evermann &

Seale, A).

813. Petroscirtes eretes Jordan & Seale. Panay (Jordan & Seale, A); Manila

(Jordan & Seale A, /'. rulsus) ; Negros (Jordan & Scale, B) ; Cuyo

(Jordan & Richardson).
Petroscirtes eretes Jordan & Seale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns.. XXVIII, 1905,

801, fig. 19; Kegros, P. I.
Petroscirtes vulsus* Jordan & Seale, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm.? XXVI, 1906,

48, fig. 20; Manila, P. I.

Family CONGROGADID^.

CONGROGADUS Gtinther. (Machverium Richardson, Hierichthys
Jordan & Fowler.)

814. Congrogadus subducens (Richardson). Cuyo ( Jordan & Richardson ).

815. Congrogadus hierichthys Jordan & Richardson. Cuyo (Jordan & Rich-

ardson).

Congrogadus hierichthys Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish.,
XXVII, 1908, 285; Cuyo, P. 1.

Family FIERASFERID^.
FIERASFER Cuvier.

816. Fierasfer home! Richardson. Cavite (Jordan & Seale A).

ENCHELIOPHIS Miiller.

817. Encheliophis vermicular!* (Mailer). Philippine Islands (Miiller, Gttn-

ther). This fish is stated by Dr. Boulenger (Cambridge Nat. Hist.,
Vol. VII, 625) to be a larval Fierasfer.

Family BROTULID^E.
DINEMATICHTHYS Bleeker.

818. Dinematichthys iluocceteoides Bleeker. Ticao (Jordan & Richardson).

BROTULOPHIS Kaup.

819. Brotulophis argentistriatus Kaup. Sulu? (Kaup; Gtinther, after Kaup).

NEOBYTHITES Goode & Bean.

820. Neobythites macrops Giinther. Sta. 210 off Philippines (Giinther, B).

Neobythites macrops Giinther, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, p. 102, pi. XX,
fig. A; Sta. 2 JO off Philippines.

58 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

BATH YON US Gunther.

821. Bathyonus compressus Gtinther. Sta. 205, Philippine Islands (Gtinther.

B).
Bathyonus compressus Giinther, Ann. Mag. N. H., II, 1878, 20.

ACANTHONUS Gunther.

822. Acanthonus armatus Gunther. Sta. 205, Philippine Islands (GUnther, B).

Acanthonus armatus Gunther, Ann. Mag. N. H., 11 1878, 22.

Family BREGMACEROTID^).
BREGMACEROS Thompson.

823. Bregmaceros macclellandii Thompson. Philippine Islands (Gunther).

Family MACROURID^E.
TRACHONURUS Gunther.

824. Trachonurus villosus (Gunther). Sta. 214, South of Philippines (Giinther.

B).
Macrurus villosus Gunther, Ann. Mag. N. H., XX, 1877, 441.

BATHYGADUS Gunther.

825. Bathygadus multifilis Gunther. Sta. 214, South of Philippines (Giinther,

B).

Bathygadus multifilis Giinther, Deep Sea Fishes Challenger, p. 155, pi.
XLII, fig. B. ; Sta. 214, South of Philippines.

Family LOPHIID^E.

CHIROLOPHIUS Regan.

826. Chirolophius naresi (Giinther). Sta. 204, Philippine Islands (Gunther,

A); Philippines (Regan).

Lophius naresi Gunther, Shore Fishes Challenger, p. 56, pi. XXV; Sta.
204, Philippine Islands.

Family ANTENNARIID^E.
ANTENNARIUS (Commerson) LacSpede.

827. Antennarius hispidus (Bloch). Manila; Cavite; Panay (Jordan & Scale,

A).

828. Antennarius chironectes (Lac6pede). Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richard-

son).

829. Antennarius lithinostomus Jordan & Richardson. Cuyo (Jordan & Rich-

ardson ) .

Antennarius lithinostomus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish,
XXVII, 1908, 286; Cuyo, P. I.

PTEROPHRYNE Gill.

830. Pterophyne histrio (Linnaeus). Manila (Jordan & Scale, A).

SPECIES ATTRIBUTED TO PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.1

[These names are given on the authority of Potocfcy, Etera, or Gogorza; see below.]

CARCHARIID/E.
Hypoprionodon hemiodon (Miiller & Henle).

PRISTD/C.
Pristis perotteti (Miiller & Henle).

CLUPEID/E.

Sardinella fimbriata (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Sardinella zunasi (Bleeker).

ENGRAULID/E.

Anchovia tri (Bleeker).
Anchovia rhinorhyncha (Bleeker).

ANGUILLID/C.
Anguilla amboinensis Peters.

LEPTOCEPHALID>E.
Leptocephalus conger (Linnaeus).

OPHICHTHYID/E.

Ophichthus apical is (Bennett).
Pisoodonophis boro (Hamilton-Buchanan).
Chlevastes colubrinus (Bleeker).
Cirrhimuraena chinensis (Hamilton-Buchanan).

MUR/ENID/E.
Uropterygius marmoratus (Lac6pede).

SILURID/E.

Pseudarius falcarius (Richardson).
Pseudarius pidada (Bleeker).
Ariodes tonggol (Bleeker).

CLARIID/E.

Clarias melanodermus Bleeker.
Clarias macrocephalus Giinther.

BELONIDXE.

Tylosurus melanotus (Bleeker).
Tylosurus schismatorhynchus (Bleeker).

1 In this list generic names have, when necessary, been changed to make them
conform with the nomenclature of the preceding check-list.

59

60 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

EXOCCETID/E.

Hemiramphus commersoni Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Hemiramphu* georgii (Bleeker).

Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker).

MUGILID/E.

Mugil subviridis Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Liza melinoptera (Cnvier & Valenciennes).

SPHYR/ENID/E.

Sphyraena commersonii Cuvier & Valenciennes.
SYNGNATHID/C.

Corythroichthys cyanospilus (Bleeker).
Corythroichthys conspicillatus (Jenyns).

CARANGID/E.

Scomberoides sanctipetri (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Decapterus muroadsi (Temminck & Sclilegel).

TRICHIURID/e.
Trichiurus savala Bleeker.

EQUULID/C.

Leiognathus nuchalis (Temminck & Schlegel).
APOGONICHTHYID/E.

Amia orbicular is (Kuhl & Van Hasselt).

Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

AMBASSID/E.

Ambassis batjanensis Bleeker.

SERRANID/E.
Epinephelus celebicus (Bleeker).

LUTIANO/E.

Nemipterus nematophorus (Bleeker).
Caesio maculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

THERAPONID>E.

Therapon argenteus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Therapon ellipticus1 (Richardson).
Scolopsis bleekeri GUnther.
Pentapus nemurus (Bleeker).
Plectorhynchus chastodonoides (Lac^pede).

SPARID/C.

Lethrinus ramak (Forskal).
Monotaxis heterodon (Bleeker).

MULLID/E.

Upeneus pleurospilos (Bleeker).
Upeneoides moluccensis (Bleeker).

1 Originally described from rivers of West Australia. Richardson, Erebus and
Terror, p. 118.

CHECK-LIST OP PHILIPPINE FISHES. 61

SCI/CNID/C.

Pseudosciaena sina (Belanger).

POMACENTRID/C.

Pomacentrut chrysopoecllus Kuhl & Van Hasselt.
LABRID/E.

Choerodon macrodonta (Lacfipede).
Choerodon leucozonus (Bleeker).
Anampses godeffroyi Giinther.
Halichoeres schwartz ii (Bleeker).

SCARICHTHYID/e.
Callyodon chrysopomus (Bleeker).

8IQANID/C.

Siganus luridus (Rtippell).

TRIACANTHID>E.

Triacanthus strigilifer Cantor.

TETRAODONTID/C.

Sphaeroides oblongus (Bloch).
Tetraodon mappa Lesson.
Canthigaster papua (Bleeker).

BALISTID/E.

Balistes bursa Bloch & Schneider.

OSTRACIID>E.

Ostracion diaphanum Bloch & Schneider.
GOBIID/E.

Belobranchus belobranchus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Oxyeleotri marmorata (Bleeker).
Odontobutis obscura (Temminck & Schlegel).
Exyrias puntangoides (Bleeker).
Oplopomus oplopomus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(? Drombus) baliurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Rhinogobius cyanoclavis (Cantor).
Rhinogobius chlorostigmatoides (Bleeker).
(? Glossogobius) spectabilis (Giinther).
Parapocryptes nexipinnis (Cantor).
Pseudapocryptes borneensis (Bleeker).
Apocryptodon madurensis (Bleeker).

SCARPAENID/E.

Merinthe bandanensis (Bleeker).
Scarpaenopsjs diabolus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Sebastapistes strongius (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Centropogon robustus Giinther.
Centropogon fuscovirens (Quoy & Gaimard).
Amblyapistus taenionotus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

62 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

SOLEIDXE.

Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker).
Cynoglossus brachyrhynchus (Bleeker).

TRICHONOTID/E.

Trichonotus setigerus (Bloch & Schneider).
LOPHIID/E.
Lophiomus setigerus (Vahl).

LIST OF PAPERS CONTAINING ORIGINAL

RECORDS OR DESCRIPTIONS OF

PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Bleeker, Pieter. Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientates neerlandaises, t. I.-IX,

pp. 1246, pi. i-ccccxx. Amsterdam, 1862-1877.
Philippine species recorded or described:
Anguillidse 1

Labridtc 1

Localities represented :
Philippine Islands.
Manila.

Boulenger, George Albert (A). List of the Freshwater Fishes collected by Mr. A.
Everett on Palawan and Balabac. Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, ser. 6, XV, 1895, pp. 185-187.
Species recorded or described:
Muraenidae 1

Cyprinidse 3

Syngnathidse 1

Ophicephalidffi 1

Gobiidse 7

Localities represented :
Palawan.
Balabac.
Boulenger, George Albert (B). Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum.

Second edition. Vol. I. London, 1895.
Philippine species recorded or described:

Serranidae 9

Localities represented:
Philippine Islands.
Cebu.

Cartier, Oscar. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fische des philippinischen Ar-
chipels. Verhandlungen der physikalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft in
WUrzburg, 1873, pp. 96-106. Wiirzburg, 1873.
Species recorded or described:
Pomacentridae 9

Labridse 9

Scarichthyidee 2

Localities represented :
Cavite, Luzon.
Bohol.
Cebu.
Panglao.

63

64 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Curler, Georges et Valenciennes, Achille. Histoire nature! le des poissons, t.

1-22, pp. 8337, pi. l-vm+9-650. Paris, 1828-1846.
Philippine species recorded or described:
Siluridse 3

Exocoetidse 1

Carangida !

Equulidse 1

Hfemulidsp, 1

Ophicephalidac 1

Anabantidan 1

ChsetodontidsB 1

Locality represented:
Manila.

NOTE. — A majority of the above species are recorded on faith of
notes or drawings of Commerson, Dussumier, or Mertens. or of "mem-
bers of the Russian Expedition."

Elera, Castro de. Catalogo sistematico de toda la fauna de Filipinas. I, Verte-
brados, pp. 1-701 (Pisces, pp. 454-621). Manila, 1895.

A check-list of many species, based (chiefly) on specimens preserved in
the Museo de Santo Tomas de Manila; the identifications not always
trustworthy.

Evermann, Barton Warren, and Scale, Alvin (A). Fishes of the Philippine
Islands. Bulletin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, XXVI, 1906, pp. 49-110,
figs. 1-22. Washington, 1907.

Species recorded or described, 296, representing 89 families and 139
genera.

Localities represented:
Luzon —

San Fabian, Province of Pangasinan.
Bacon, Province of Sorsogon.
Bulan, Province of Sorsogon.
Tarlac.

Mindanao, Zamboanga.
Sulu Archipelago, Jolo.

Evermann, Barton Warren, and Scale, Alvin (B). Fishes collected in the Phil-
ippine Islands by Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, surgeon, U. S. Army. Pro-
ceedings U. S. National Museum, XXXI, 1906, pp. 505-512, figs. 1-4.
Washington, 1906.
Species recorded or described:

Chanidse

1

Mugilidse

2

Exocoetidse

1

Ophicephalidse

1

Lutianidae

1

Haemulidce

2

Sparidce

2

Acanthuridse

1

Platycephalidse

1

Tetraodontidae

2

Gobiidse

2

Blenniidae

1

CHECK-LIST OP PHILIPPINE FISHES. 65

Localities represented:
Luzon, Manila.

Mindanao, Caldera Bay at Zamboanga.
Si ass i.

Sulu Archipelago, Jolo.

Qogorza y Gonzalez, Jos6. Peces de las Islas Filipinas. Atlas de la Sociedad
Espanola de Historia Natural, XIV, pp. 72-74. Madrid, 1886.1

A check-list of many species, evidently largely a compilation; the
identifications not always trustworthy.

Gogorza y Gonzalez, Jos6. Datos para la Fauna Filipina. Anales de la Sociedad
Espanola de Historia Natural, XVII, pp. 247-303 (pisces, pp. 281-303).
Madrid, 1887.

A check-list of many species. Introduction contains a historical
sketch of collecting done up to year 1887.
Giinther, Albert. Catalogue of the fishes in the collections of the British Museum,

Vol. I-VIII. London, 1859-1870.

Philippine species recorded or described (with the exception of about a half
dozen species,1 on authority of Heckel, Kaup, or Mtiller & Troschel;
the following records based on specimens in the British Museum) :

Dorosomatidae

1

Symbranchidae

1

Anguillidse

1

Mursenesocidse

1

Ophichthyiid*

2

Clariidae

1

Plotosidae

1

Mugilidas

1

Centriscidae

1

Syngnathidae

1

Holocentridae

1

Carangidae

1

Equulidae

1

Apogonichthyidae

1

Ambassidae

1

Serranidae

5

Lutianidae

1

Haemulidas

3

Sparidae

2

Gerridae

2

Mullidse

3

Sillaginidae

1

Pseudochromidae

1

Ophicephalidffi

1

Anabantidae

1

Pomacentridae

4

Labridae

2

Drepanidae

1

Platacidie

1

1 Zool. Record, 1885, Pise. p. 16.

* These species are credited to their original recorders in the present check-list.
(J. & R.)

773

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Chaetodontidse 1

Acanthuridae 2

Siganidse 2

Triacanthidse 1

Tetraodontidae 5

Balistidae 1

Diodontidae 1

Gobiidae 5

Scorpaenidae

Pteropsaridae

Blenniidae

Fierasferidae

Brotulidse

Bregmacerotidae
Localities represented :

Philippine Islands.

Soolo (after Kaup;=Sulu).

Giinther, Albert (A). Report on the Shore Fishes procured during the voyage of
H. M. S. "Challenger" in the years 1873-1876. Voyage of H. M. S.
"Challenger," Zoology, I, pt. VI, 82 pp., 32 pi. London, 1880.
Philippine species recorded and described:

Hemiscylliidse 1

Mursenidae 3

Cyprinidae 2

Equulidae 2

Centriscidse 1

Acropomidae

Serranidae

Haemuliclae

Ophicephalidse

Champsodontidap

Ophicephalidae

Labridae

Monacanthidae 2

Tetraodontidae 2

Balistida? 2

Diodontidae 1

Scorpaenidse 3

Platycephalidae 1

Pleuronectidae 3

SoleidD2 2

Callionymidae 2

Lophiidae 1

Localities represented :

Luzon, Manila.

Reefs near Zebu (Cebu).

Samboangan ( =Zamboanga, Mindanao).

Pasananca, near Samboangan.

Malanipa, near Samboangan.

Stations 201, 203, and 204.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES. 67

Giinther, Albert (B). Voyage of H. M. S. "Challenger," Zoology, XXII, pp.

I-LXV + 335, 73 pi. London, 1887.
Philippine species recorded or described:
Alepocephalidse 1

Malacosteidse 1

Myctophidse 2

Sternoptychidae 2

Evermannellidse 1

Halosauridse 1

Brotulidse 3

Macrouridse 2

Localities represented:

Station 198, north of Celebes.

Station 200, between Philippine Islands and Borneo.
Station 205, off Philippines.
Station 207, west of Philippines.
Station 210, off Philippines.
Station 214, south of Philippines.

Giinther, Albert (C). Report on the Deep Sea Fishes collected by H. M. S.
"Challenger" during the years 1873-76. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, 1872, pp. 397-399. London, 1872.
Philippine species recorded or described:
AtherinidiE 1

Scisenidae 1

Gobiidse 1

Cottidse 1

Blenniid* 1

Localities represented :
Luzon, Manila.
Cebu.
Giinther, Albert (D). Fische der Siidsee. Bd. I, pp. 1-128, taf. 1-83. Journal

des Museums Godeffroy, Bd. II, Hft. III. Hamburg, 1873.
Philippine species recorded or described:

Sparidse, 1.
Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.

Heckel, Jacob. (A). Russegger's Reisen, I, 1025, 1840.
Philippine species recorded or described:

Cottidse, 2.
Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.
Heckel, Jacob. (B). Ann. Wiener Mus. II, 160, 1840 (Giinther, Cat. II, 169) or

1837 (Agassiz, Nomenclator Zoolog., Trachidermus ; Pise.).
Philippine species recorded or described:

Cottidse, 1.
Locality represented:
Philippine Islands.

68 CHECK-LIST OP PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Jordan, David Starr, and Richardson, Robert Earl. List of Fishes Collected in
the Philippines by Richard Crittenden McGregor. Bulletin U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries, XXVII, pp. 233-287, figs. 1-12. Washington,
1908.

Localities represented :
Calayan.
Fuga.
Luzon—

Aparri.
Manila.
Ticao.
Lubang.
Mindoro.
Sibuyan.
Romblon.
Cuyo.

Jordan, David Starr, and Seale, Alvin (A). Fishes of the Islands of Luzon and
Panay. Bulletin U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, XXVI, 1906, pp. 1-48,
figs. 1-20. Washington, 1907.

Descriptive list of 239 species.
Localities represented:
Luzon —
Manila.
Cavite.
Panay, Iloilo.

Jordan, David Starr, and Seale, Alvin (B). List of Fishes collected by Dr.
Bashford Dean on the Island of Negros, Philippines. Proceedings
U. S. National Museum, XXVIII, pp. 769-803, figs. 1-20. Wash-
ington, 1905.

Contains records or descriptions of 114 species.
Locality represented:

Negros.

Jordan, David Starr, and Snyder, John Otterbein. Description of three new
species of fishes from Formosa, Bulletin Carnegie Museum, 1908, IV,
No. 2. (Two of these species recorded from Cavite.
Kanp, J. J. Wiegmann's Archiv. 1858, p. 93.1
Philippine species recorded or described:

Brotulidse, 1.
Locality represented:

Island of Soolo (=Sulu).

Kner, Rudolf. Reise der osterreichiachen Fregette Novara urn die Erde in den
Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil, Bd. I, Fische, 1, 2, und S
Abtheilung, pp. 1-433, taf. i-xvi. Wien, 1865-1867.
Philippine species recorded or described:
Clupeidse
Muraenidae
Mugilidse
Holocentridse
Scombridse
Carangidffi
Trichiuridse

1 Fide Gtinther, Cat. IV, 376.

CHECK-LIST OP PHILIPPINE PISHES. 69

Equulidae 1

Serranidse 1

Lutianida 1

Haemulidse 2

Sparide 2

Sciaenidse 1

Sillaginidae 1

Ophiocephalidse 1

Scarichthyidae 1

Siganidac 1

Gobiidffi 1

Scorpsenidse 1

Soleids 1

Locality represented:

Manila.
Lacepede, Bernhard Germain Etienne. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tomes 5

Paris, 1798-1803.
Philippine species recorded or described:

Aulostomidse, 1.
Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.

JCiiller, Johannes. Abhandl. Berl. Akad., 1843, 153, 154.1
Philippine species recorded or described:

Fierasferidse, 1.
Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.

Mtiller, Johannes nnd Troschel, P. H. Horae Ichthyologicea. Berlin, 1845-1849.
Philippine species recorded or described:
Serranidae 1

Pseudochromidse 1

Localities represented:
Philippine Islands.
Manila.

Palacky, J. Die Verbeitung der Fische. Zweite Auflage, pp. 1-239, Prag, 1895.
Contains (pp. 228-23.0) a list of many species, apparently compiled
from authors for the most part, and not wholly trustworthy.

Peters, Wilhelm (A), tiber lebendig gebarende Arten der Fischgattung Hemi-
ramphus. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaf-
ten zu Berlin, 1865, pp. 132 and 133.
Philippine species recorded or described:

Exoccetidse, 1.
Locality represented:

Samar.
Peters, Wilhelm (B). Monatsberichte der Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften

zu Berlin, 1866, p. 96.
Philippine species recorded or described:

Hicmulidae, 1
Locality represented:
Manila.

1 Fide Gttnther, Cat. IV, 384.

70 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Peters, Wilhelm (C). tiber die von Hrn. Dr. F. Jagor in dem ostindischen
Archipel gesammelten und dem KSniglischen Zoologischen Museum
libergegebenen Fische. Monatsberichte der Konigl. Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1868, pp. 254-281.
Philippine species recorded or described:
Elopidae 1

Symbranchidae 1

Anguillidae 1

Leptocephalidae 1

Moringuidae 1

Muraenidae 3

Clariidae 2

Exocoetidae 1

Mugilida; 1

Syngnathidae 5

Apegonichthyidae 2
Ambassidae 1

Kuhliidae 1

Serranidae 1

Haemulidse 2

Sparidae 1

Gerridaj 1

Ophiocephalidae 1

Anabantidae 1

Pomacentridae 3

Labridae 2

Toxotidae 1

Ephippidae 1

Chaetodontidae 1

Triacanthidae 1

Diodontidae 1

Gobiidae 13

Callionymidae 1

Blenniidae 4

Localities represented:
Luzon.
Masbate.
Samar.
Leyte.

Peters, Wilhelm (D). Monatsberichte der Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften
zu Berlin, 1869, p. 705.

In this paper a new name is proposed for Therapon brevispinus Peters,
1868, from Luzon, preoccupied. (See Peters, C.)

Proc6, Marion de. Sur plusieurs esp6ces nouA'elles des poissions et des crustacfe
observers par M. Marion de Proce\ Bulletin des Sciences par la
Society Philomathique de Paris, 1822, pp. 129-134.
Philippine species recorded or described:

Tetraodontidae, 3.
Locality represented:

Manila.
Regan, C. Tate. A Revision of the Fishes of the Family Lophiidw. Annals and

Magazine of Natural History. Ser. 7, XI, 1903, pp. 277-285.
Philippine species recorded or described:
Lophiidse, 1.

CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE PISHES. 71

Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.
Richardson, Sir John (A). The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Erebus and

Terror. Fishes, pp. 1-139, pis. 60. London, 1844-1848.
Philippine species recorded or described :
Mursenesocidse 1

Ophichthyidae 1

Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.

Richardson, Sir John (B). Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and
Japan. Report of British Association for the Advancement of Science
for 1845, pp. 187-326. London, 1846.
Philippine species recorded or described :

Syngnathidae, 1.
Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.
Sauvage, H. E. (A). Nouvelles Archives du Museum d' Histoire Naturelle (2me

serie), I, 1878, p. 156.
Philippine species recorded or described :

Triglidffi, 1.
Locality represented :

Manila.
Sauvage, H. E. (B). Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, (7) IV, 1880

pp. 54 and 219.

Philippine species recorded or described :
Gobiidas 1

Blenniidse 2

Locality represented:
Luzon.
Manila.

Scale, Alvin, and Bean, Barton A. On a collection of fishes from the Philippine

Islands, made by Maj. Edgar A. Mearns, surgeon, U. S. Army, with

descriptions of seven new species. Proc. U. S. N. M., XXXIII 1907, pp.

229-248. 131 species from Zamboanga in Mindanao, 7 of them new.

Smith, Hugh M. Notes on five food fishes of Lake Buhi, Luzon, Philippine Islands.

Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission. XXI, 1901, pp. 167-171, 3 figs.
Species recorded or described:
Exocoetidse 1

Anabantidae 1

Ophiocephalidae 1

Gobiidse 2

Locality represented:

Lake Buhi, Province Camarines Sur, Luzon.

Smith, Hugh M., and Scale, Alvin. Notes on a collection of fishes from the
Island of Mindanao, Philippine Archipelago, with descriptions of new
genera and species. Proceedings Biological Society of Washington,
XIX, 1906, pp. 73-82, 5 figs.
Species recorded or described :
Chirocentridse
Dorosomatidae
Engraulidae
Clariidse
Syngnathidae
Mugilidae

72 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE FISHES.

Sphyraenidae 1

Carangidse 4

Equulidie 3

Ambassidse 1

Serranidaa 1

Lutianidae 2

Haenuilidae 2

Mullidse 1

Ephippid.T 1

Tetraodontidse 1

Anabantidie 1

Ophiocephalidas 1

Gobiidte* 5

Soleidse 1

Locality represented :

Rio Grande, Mindanao.
Steindachner, Franz (A). Ueber eine neue Cristiceps Art, von den Philippinen,

Archivio per la Zoologia, Vol. Ill, fasc. I, 1864, pp. 199-200.
Species recorded or described:

Blenniida?, 1.
Locality represented:

Philippines Islands.

Steindachner, Franz (B). Ueber eine neue Gobius-Art von den Philippinen
Ichthyologische Notizen (V), Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-
natur wissenschaft lichen Classe der Kaiser lichen Akademie der Wis-
senschaften. Wien, 1867, I Abth., p. 715.
Species recorded or described:

Gobiidaj, 1.
Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.

Steindachner, Franz (C). Ichthyologische Beitriige, XVI. Sitzungsberichte der
mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Aka-
demie der Wissenschaften. CII, 1893, p. 230. Wien.
Philippine species recorded or described:

Gobiidse, 1.
Locality represented:

Philippine Islands.
Vaillant, Leon. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'histoire naturelle. (3 serie)

V, 1893, p. 57.
Philippine species recorded:
Apogonichthyidae 1
Serranidae 1

Pomacentridse 1

Labridse 2

Toxotida 1

Chastodontidas 2

Monacanthidse 2

Labridae 1

Locality represented:
Palawan.

LIST OF LOCALITIES IN PHILIPPINE
ARCHIPELAGO.

Fishes have been recorded from the following localities by the authors
named in the preceding bibliography (omitting Elera, Gogorza, and
Palacky). The arrangement of the islands and provinces is from north
to south, as far as possible.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (Bleeker; Boulenger, B; Giinther; Giinther, D; Heckel, A &
B; Lacepede; Miiller; Miiller & Troschel; Regan; Richardson, A & B;
Steindaclmer, A? B? & C).

1. Calayan (Jordan & Richardson; McGregor Collection).

2. Fuga (Jordan &• Richardson).

3. Luzon (Peters, A & C; Sauvage, B).

Province of Cagayan:

Aparri (Jordan & Richardson).
Province of Pangasinan:

San Fabian (Evermann & Seale, A).
Province of Tarlac:

Tarlac (Evermann & Seale, A).
Province of Bulacan:

Calumpit (Peters, C).
Province of Cavite:

Manila (Bleeker; Cuvier & Valenciennes; Evermann & Seale, B;
Giinther; Gttnther, A & C; Jordan & Seale, A; Jordan & Rich-
ardson; Kner; Mailer & Troschel; Peters, B; Proc6; Sauvage,
A&B).

Cavite (Cartier; Jordan & Scale, A).
Province of Camarines Norte:

Lake Batu (Peters, C).
Province of Camarines Sur:

Lake Batu (Peters, C).

Lake Buhi (Smith).

Lebmann River (Peters, C).

Coral reef at Mambulao1 (Peters, C).
Province of Albay:

Legaspi (Peters, C).

Tibi (Peters, C).

Yassot River (Peters, C).
Province of Sorsogon:

Bacon (Evermann & Seale, A).

Bulan (Evermann & Seale, A).

1 On map, Century Atlas, Mambulao appears to be in Camarines Norte, but is
not so stated by Peters.

73

74 CHECK-LIST OF PHILIPPINE PISHES.

4. Ticao (Jordan & Richardson).

5. Lubang (Jordan & Richardson).

6. Mindoro (Jordan & Richardson).

7. Sibityan (Jordan & Richardson).

8. Romblon (Jordan & Richardson).

9. Panay:

Iloilo (Jordan & Seale, A).

10. Cuyo (Jordan & Richardson).

11. Negros (Jordan & Seale, B).

12. Cagayancillo (Jordan & Richardson).

13. Bohol (Cartier).

13 (b). Panglao (Cartier).

14. Celu1 (Boulenger, B; Cartier; Gunther; Giinther, A & C).

15. Masbate (Peters, C) :

Between Masbate and Luzon ( Peters, C ) .

16. Samar (Peters, A & C) :

Loquilocum (Peters, C).

Lauang (Peters, C).

Coral reef east of Lauang (Peters, C).

Catbalogan (Peters, C).

Basey River at Calbigan (Peters, C).

Calbigan River (Peters, C).

17. Leyte (Peters, C) :

Tacloban (Peters, C).
Barauen River (Peters, C).
Lake Bito (Peters, C).

18. Mindanao:

Zamboanga 2 ( Gunther, A ; Evermann & Seale ) .
Zamboanga (Seale and Bean).

Caldera Bay at Zamboanga ( Evermann & Seale, A ) .
Pasananca, near Zamboanga ( Gunther, A ) .
Malanipa, near Zamboanga ( Gunther, A ) .
Rio Grande at Cotabato (Smith & Seale).

19. Palawan (Boulenger, A; Vaillant).

20. Balabac (Boulenger, A).

21. Sulu Archipelago:

Jolo (Evermann & Seale, A & B).
Siassi (Evermann & Seale, B).
Sulu8 (Kaup).
Sulu Sea (Gunther, after Kaup).

Spelled Zebu. "Spelled Samboangan. 'Spelled Soolo.

INDEX TO ESTABLISHED GENERA.

Abudefduf
Acantlionus

Page.
35
53

Calntomus
Cantherines
Canthigaster
Caragobius
Caranx
Centriscus
Centrogenys

Page.
30
44
45
51
20
10
20
23

Acanthocepola
Acropoma
jEoliscus

34
25
1C

^Eschrichthys

15
21
5<>
44

Alectis

Alticus
Alutera

41
34
0
39

Amate

54
24
52

Champsodon
Chanos

Ambassis
Amblyapistus

Amblygaster
Amblygobius
Amia

4!)
23

Cheilio
Chelmon

38
41
45

Amphiprion

35

5

Ampheces

37

Chilomycterus
Chirocentrus
Chirolophius

45
6
58

Anabas
Anchovia
An^uilla

34
7
9

36

Anodontostoma

7

Cirrhimuraena
Clarias
Coecula
Coelonotus

10

Antennarius
Aparrius

58
50

13
10
17
42

Apolectus

21

Apogonichthys
Archamia
Atherina

24
24
15

Congrogadus
Corythroichthys
Coryzichtbys
Creisson

57

17
55
48

Awaous

49

Balistes
Balistapus
Barbodes

43
43
12

Cristiceps
Cromileptes

56
26
42

Bathygadus

58

Bathvonus

58
7
5G
45

Cynoglossus

55

Bathytroctes
Blennius
Bostrychus

Cypselurus
Dactylopus

_ 14
55
33

Bregmaceros

58

Dangila

12

Brotulophis

57
46

Dasyatis
Dascyllus
Decapterus ...

Butis

36
19
. .. 52

Csesio

28

Callionymus

55

Calliurichthys

55

14

Callyodon ...

39

Dinematichthvs ...

57

75

76

INDEX.

Diodon

Page.
45

Page.
18

Doryichthys

17

Hypleurochilus

56

Doryrhamphua
Drepane

17

Hypomacrus ..,
Hypseleotris
Illana

52
46
49

40

Drombus »

47

Dussumieria
Duymaeria

(i
37

Disha

7

Johnius

33

Ebisinus

53

Konosirus
Kuhlia

„ 7
25

Echidna
Echeneis

11
51

Kyphosus

31

Elates

53

Labroides ...

37

Eleotris

19

Eleria
Eleutheronetna

.„,. 19 Lampadena
16 Latos

8
95

Elops
Emmelichthys
Enc^eliophis

31
57

Leiognathus

21

Leiuranus
Lepidaplois

10
37

Enneapterygius
Epinephelus

56
25

Lepidotrigla

53

Leptocephalus

!)

Eqiuila

22

Lethrinella

30
31

Euelatichthys

30

Euthynnus ^ ....
Exyrias

19
49

Lioscorpius
Liza
Lo

51
15
43

57

Fistularia

16
24

Lutianus
Malacosteu.s

27
8

48

Gasterotokeus
Gazza

17
22

Megalaspis

19

48

Megalops
Mene
Mftrint.hp

6
22
51

21

47

Gnathypops

34 ! Microbufflosus

54

Gobiichthvs

50

Microphis

17
24

Gobioides

51

Gobiosoma

50 ! Mistichtbva

48

Gobius

48

Monacanthus
Mrvnoofiros

44

42

41

Grammistes

26 '• Monodactylus

40

Gymnocranius

28 Moringua
11 Miiml

10

15

Halichceres

37

Mulloides

32

Halosaurus
Hapalogenys

8'
30

MurseAesox
Mursenichthys

9

9

Helotes

2»

Mvnt,r>T>hnm

8

Hemipimelodus

13 MvriDristis

18

Hemipteronotus
Hemiramphus

39
14
41

Nannob'racfrium

8

Nematabramis
Nemipterus

12

28

42

Neobythites

57

Himantura

5
17

19

Netuma
Niohon ....

13
25

Holacanthus ..

41

INDEX.

77

Page.

Novaculichthys 3'J

Odontobutis 46

Omosudis 8

Oplopomus 47

Opliicephalus 34

Ophichthus 9

Ophiocara , 46

Osbeckia 44

Ostracion ., 45

Otolithes 33

Oxyurichthus. 50

Paracentropogon 52

Parachaetodon 41

Parapegasus 18

Parapercis 55

Pardachirus 54

Parexocoetus 14

Pegasus 18

Pempheris 23

Pentaprion 32

Pentapus 30

Periophthalmus 46

Periophthalmodon 47

Petroscirtes 57

Pharopteryx 27

Pinjalo 28

Pisoodonophis 10

Platax 40

Platophrys 54

Platycephalus 53

Platyglossus 37

Plectorhynchus 30

Plotosus 13

Polydactylus _ 16

Polyipnus 8

Pomacentrus 35

Pomadasis 29

Premnas 34

Priacanthus 27

Priopis 24

Psammoperca - 26

Psettodes 53

Pseudamia 24

Pseudochromis ,* 33

Pseudodax 39

Pseudoscisena 33

Pseudorhombus 54

Pterois _ 52

Pterophryne 58

Rachycentron 21

Rasbora 1 12

Rastrelliger 18

Rita ..

Rhinogobius

Rhyacichthys

Rhyuchobatus

Page.
13
47

56

5

Ruppellia 47

j Salarias 56

i Sardinella 8

I Saurida 7

] Scaeops 54

I Scarichthys 39

j Scartelaos 47

j Scatophagus _ 40

Sooliodon 3

Scolopsis 29

Scomber 18

Scomberoidos 19

Seomberomorus 19

Scorpsenopsis _ 52

Sebastapistes 52

Sebastopsis 51

Seriola _ 19

Sicyopterus 51

Siganus 42

Sillago 33

Sipiiostoma 16

Soleichthys 54

Sparus 31

Spheroide. 44

Sphyrsena 15

Sphyrna — _ 5

Spilotichthys 30

Sternopiyx 8

Stethojulis 37

Stoasodon 5

Stolephorus 6

Symbranchus 9

Synancera 52

Syriaptura 55

Synchiropua 55

Synodus 7

Tachysurus 13

Tseniura 5

Tetraodon 44

Tetraroge 52

Thalassoma 38

Thalliums 39

Therapon 29

Thysanophrys 53

Toxotes 40

Trachinocephalus ,. 7

Trachihotus 21

Trachonurus 58

78

INDEX.

Tracburops

Page.
20

Page.

!)

53

12

Triacanthus
Trichiurus

43
21

Valenciennea
Variola

45
25

Trypauchenichthys

51

Vespicula

52

Tylosurus

13

Xystaema

31

Ulua

21

Zanclus ....

42

Umbrina

33

Zebrasoma

42

Upeneus

32

14

Upenoides ...

32

Zonoa-obius ...

48

o

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES
AND THE CHINA SEA

BY

ALBERT W. HERRE

MANILA

BUREAU OF PRINTING
1927

MONOGRAPHS OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE
MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

WILLIAM H. BROWN, Editor

R. C. MCGREGOR, Associate Editor

ANNA B. BANYEA, Copy Editor

Monograph 23
GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE CHINA SEA

By ALBERT W. HERRE
(Actual date of publication, September 15, 1927.)

CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS

INTRODUCTION _ 15

ORDER GOBIOIDEA 19

FAMILY RHYACICHTHYID.S 21

Genus 1. Rhyacichthys Boulenger 22

1. Rhyacichthys aspro (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) 22

Family Eleotridae 25

Genus 2. Asterropteryx Riippell 27

2. Asterropteryx everetti Boulenger 28

3. Asterropteryx semipunctatus Riippell 28

Genus 3. Eleotris (Gronow) Bloch and Schneider 29

4. Eleotris fusca (Bloch and Schneider) 30

5. Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker 33

Genus 4. Belobranchus Bleeker 35

6. Belobranchus belobrancha (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 36

Genus 5. Hypseleotris Gill 37

7. Hypseleotris agilis sp. nov 38

8. Hypseleotris cyprinoides (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 38

9. Hypseleotris bipartita sp. nov 39

10. Hypseleotris modestus (Bleeker) 41

11. Hypseleotris pangel sp. nov 42

Genus 6. Bostrichthys Dumeril - 43

12. Bostrichthys sinensis (Lacepede) 43

Genus 7. Gobiomorphus Gill 45

13. Gobiomorphus illotus sp. nov 45

Genus 8. Butis Bleeker 46

14. Butis amboinensis Bleeker 46

15. Butis butis (Buchanan Hamilton) 48

16. Butis gymnopomus Bleeker 51

Genus 9. Prionobutis Bleeker ~ 52

17. Prionobutis koilomatodon Bleeker 52

Genus 10. Odontobutis Bleeker 54

18. Odontobutis obscura (Schlegel) 55

Genus 11. Paloa g. nov - - 56

19. Paloa polylepis sp. nov 56

Genus 12. Boroda g. nov 58

20. Boroda albo-oculata sp. nov 58

21. Boroda expatria sp. nov 59

Genus 13. Bunaka g. nov 60

22. Bunaka pinguis sp. nov — 61

Genus 14. Ophiocara Gill - 65

23. Ophiocara aporos Bleeker 65

24. Ophiocara porocephala (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 69

3

4 CONTENTS

P.*e.

Genus 15. Eviota Jenkins 72

25. Eviota gymnocephalus Weber 72

26. Eviota sealei sp. nov 73

Genus 16. Oxyeleotris Bleeker 74

27. Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker 74

Genus 17. Valenciennea Bleeker 75

28. Valenciennea longipinnis (Bennett) 76

29. Valenciennea strigata (Broussonet) 78

30. Valenciennea muralis (Quoy and Gaimard) 79

31. Valenciennea violifera Jordan and Scale 80

Genus 18. Parviparma g. nov 81

32. Parviparma straminea sp. nov 82

Genus 19. Ptereleotris Gill 83

33. Ptereleotris dispersus sp. nov 83

FAMILY GOBIID^E 84

Genus 20. Mirogobius g. nov 91

34. Mirogobius stellatus sp. nov 92

35. Mirogobius lacustris sp. nov 93

Genus 21. Mistichthys H. M. Smith 95

36. Mistichthys luzonensis H. M. Smith 95

Genus 22. Redigobius g. nov 98

37. Redigobius sternbergi (H. M. Smith) 98

Genus 23. Macgregorella Seale 100

38. Macgregorella intonsa sp. nov 100

39. Macgregorella moroana Seale 102

Genus 24. Galera g. nov 103

40. Galera producta sp. nov 104

Genus 25. Gobius (Artedi) Linrueus 105

41. Gobius panayensis Jordan and Seale 106

42. Gobius cauerensis Bleeker 107

43. Gobius ornatus Ruppell 108

44. Gobius oligolepis Bleeker 110

Genus 26. Bathygobius Bleeker Ill

45. Bathygobius bravoi sp. nov 112

46. Bathygobius fuscus (Ruppell) 113

47. Bathygobius mearnsi (Evermann and Seale) 116

48. Bathygobius nox Bleeker 116

Genus 27. Chlamydes Jenkins 118

49. Chlamydes leytensis sp. nov 118

Genus 28. Tukugobius g. nov 119

50. Tukugobius bucculentus sp. nov 121

51. Tukugobius carpenteri (Seale) 122

52. Tukugobius philippinus sp. nov 124

Genus 29. Gnatholepis Bleeker 126

53. Gnatholepis puntangoides (Bleeker) 127

54. Gnatholepis calliurus Jordan and Seale 130

55. Gnatholepis volcanus sp. nov „ 131

56. Gnatholepis deltoides (Seale) 133

57. Gnatholepis davaoensis Seale 134

CONTENTS 5

Genus 29. Gnatholepis Bleeker— Continued. Page.

58. Gnatholepis gemmeus sp. nov 135

5JK Gnatholepis knighti Jordan and Evermann 137

Genus 30. Creisson Jordan and Scale 139

60. Creisson validus Jordan and Seale 139

Genus 31. Vaimosa Jordan and Scale., 141

61. Vaimosa dispar (Peters) 142

62. Vaimosa macrognathos sp. nov 145

63. Vaimosa microstomia Seale 146

64. Vaimosa piapensis sp. nov 147

65. Vaimosa rivalis sp. nov 149

66. Vaimosa bikolana sp. nov 151

67. Vaimosa sapanga sp. nov. 152

68. Vaimosa tessellata sp. nov 153

69. Vaimosa villa sp. nov 154

Genus 32. Glossogobius Gill 156

70. Glossobobius biocellatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 156

71. Glossogobius celebius (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 158

72. Glossogobius giurus (Buchanan Hamilton) 161

72a. Glossogobius giurus obscuripennis (Peters) 164

Genus 33. Oplopomus (Ehrenberg) Steindachner 166

73. Oplopomus oplopomus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 166

74. Oplopomus vergens Jordan and Seale 168

Genus 34. Cristatogobius g. nov 170

75. Cristatogobius lophius sp. nov. 170

Genus 35. Paragobiodon Bleeker 172

76. Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell) 172

77. Paragobiodon melanosomus (Bleeker) 174

78. Paragobiodon xanthosomus (Bleeker) 175

Genus 36. Rhinogobius Gill 176

79. Rhinogobius palackyi (Jordan and Seale) 178

80. Rhinogobius viridi-punctatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).... 179

81. Rhinogobius decoratus sp. nov. 181

82. Rhinogobius calderae (Evermann and Seale) 182

83. Rhinogobius hongkongensis Seale 184

84. Rhinogobius schultzei sp. nov 185

85. Rhinogobius caninus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 186

86. Rhinogobius baliuroides (Bleeker) 188

87. Rhinogobius multifasciatus sp. nov 190

88. Rhinogobius criniger (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 191

89. Rhinogobius suluensis sp. nov 193

90. Rhinogobius neophytus (Gunther) 195

Genus 37. Pandaka g. nov 196

91. Pandaka pusilla sp. nov 197

92. Pandaka pygmaea sp. nov 198

Genus 38. Zonogobius Bleeker 199

93. Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 200

Genus 39. Cingulogobius g. nov 201

94. Cingulogobius boulengeri (Seale) 2°1

6 CONTENTS

Pace.

Genus 40. Aboma Jordan and Starks 202

95. Aboma viganensis (Steindachner)....* 203

Genus 41. Aparrius Jordan and Richardson 204

96. Aparrius acutipinnis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 204

97. Aparrius moloanus sp. nov 207

Genus 42. Waitea Jordan and Scale 208

98. Waitea mystacina (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 208

Genus 43. Chonophorus Poey 210

99. Chonophorus genivittatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 211

100. Chonophorus lachrymosus (Peters) 212

101. Chonophorus melanocephalus (Bleeker) 216

102. Chonophorus ocellaris (Broussonet) 218

Genus 44. Tamanka g. nov 220

103. Tamanka siitensis sp. nov 220

104. Tamanka tagala sp. nov 222

105. Tamanka umbra sp. nov 223

106. Tamanka bivittata sp. nov 224

Genus 45. Amoya g. nov 225

107. Amoya brevirostris (Gunther) 226

Genus 46. Amblygobius Bleeker 227

108. Amblygobius inornatus sp. nov 228

109. Amblygobius perpusillus (Seale) 229

109o. Amblygobius perpusillus buanensis var. nov 230

110. Amblygobius linki sp. nov 231

111. Amblygobius bynoensis (Richardson) 232

112. Amblygobius insignis Seale 234

113. Amblygobius phalaena (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 235

114. Amblygobius sphynx (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 237

Genus 47. Cryptocentrus (Ehrenberg) Bleeker 239

115. Cryptocentrus cebuanus sp. nov 240

116. Cryptocentrus filifer (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 241

117. Cryptocentrus fontanesii (Bleeker) 242

118. Cryptocentrus vagus sp. nov 243

119. Cryptocentrus venustus Seale 244

Genus 48. Biat Seale 245

120. Biat luzonicus Seale 246

Genus 49. Oxyurichthys Bleeker 247

121. Oxyurichthys argulus (Peters) 249

122. Oxyurichthys amabilis Seale 250

123. Oxyurichthys microlepis Bleeker 251

124. Oxyurichthys papuensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 253

125. Oxyurichthys visayanus sp. nov 254

126. Oxyurichthys oculo-mirus sp. nov 256

127. Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema Bleeker 257

128. Oxyurichthys viridis sp. nov 260

Genus 50. Parapocryptes Bleeker 261

129. Parapocryptes (Paeneapocryptes) mindanensis sp. nov 262

130. Parapocryptes serperaster (Richardson) 262

Genus 51. Apocryptichthys Day 263

131. Apocryptichthys sericus sp. nov 264

CONTENTS 7

Pace.

Genus 52. Acanthogobius Gill , 266

132. Acanthogobius ommaturus (Richardson) 266

Genus 53. Synechogobius Gill 267

133. Synechogobius hasta (Schlegel) 267

Genus 54. Illana Smith and Seale 268

134. Illana cacabet Smith and Seale 269

Genus 55. Parachaeturichthys Bleeker 270

135. Parachaeturichthys polynema (Bleeker) 270

Genus 56. Lophiogobius Giinther 272

136. Lophiogobius ocellicauda Giinther 272

Genus 57. Amblychaeturichthys Bleeker , 274

137. Amblychaeturichthys hexanema Bleeker 274

Genus 58. Chaeturichthys Richardson 275

138. Chaeturichthys stigmatias Richardson 276

Genus 59. Apocryptodon Bleeker 277

139. Apocryptodon montalbani sp. nov 277

140. Apocryptodon sealei sp. nov. 278

141. Apocryptodon taylori sp. nov 279

Genus 60. Triaenopogon Bleeker 280

142. Triaenopogon barbatus (Giinther) 281

Genus 61. Tridentiger Gill 283

143. Tridentiger bifasciatus Steindachner 283

144. Tridentiger trigonocephalus (Gill) 286

Genus 62. Caragobius Smith and Seale 286

145. Caragobius typhlops Smith and Seale 287

Genus 63. Itbaya g. nov 288

146. Itbaya nuda sp. nov 288

Genus 64. Gobiosoma Girard 289

147. Gobiosoma insignum sp. nov 289

148. Gobiosoma marmoratum Peters 291

Genus 65. Gobiodon (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) Bleeker 291

149. Gobiodon fulvus sp. nov 292

150. Gobiodon hypselopterus Bleeker 293

151. Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes).... 294
Genus 66. Microsycidium Bleeker 295

152. Microsycidium atro-purpureum sp. nov... 296

153. Microsycidium formosum sp. nov 297

154. Microsycidium pulchellum sp. nov. 299

Genus 67. Sicyopterus Gill 300

155. Sicyopterus lacrymosus sp. nov. 303

156. Sicyopterus cynocephalus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 306

157. Sicyopterus crassus sp. nov 307

158. Sicyopterus fuliag sp. nov 309

159. Sicyopterus extraneus sp. nov 311

160. Sicyopterus panayensis sp. nov 313

FAMILY PERIOPHTHALMID.E J 316

Genus 68. Periophthalmus Bloch and Schneider 316

161. Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus) 316

Genus 69. Periophthalmodon Bleeker

162. Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas)

8 CONTENTS

Page.

Genus 70. Boleophthalmus Valenciennes 322

163. Boleophthalmus chinensis (Osbeck) 323

Genus 71. Scartelaos Swainson 324

164. Scartelaos viridis (Buchanan Hamilton) 325

FAMILY GOBIOIDID.E , 327

Genus 72. Brachyamblyopus Bleeker 328

165. Brachyamblyopus olivaceus sp. nov 329

Genus 73. Taenioides Lacepede 330

166. Taenioides caeculus (Bloch and Schneider) 331

167. Taenioides cirratus (Blyth) 333

168. Taenioides gracilis (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 334

Genus 74. Sericagobioides g. nov 335

169. Sericagobioides lighti sp. nov 336

FAMILY TRYPAUCHENID^E 337

Genus 75. Trypauchen Cuvier and Valenciennes 338

170. Trypauchen vagina Bloch and Schneider 338

Genus 76. Trypauchenichthys Bleeker 339

171. Trypauchenichthys typus Bleeker 340

Genus 77. Ctenotrypauchen Steindachner 341

172. Ctenotrypauchen microcephalus (Bleeker) 341

ADDENDUM 342

Rhinogobius maculipinnis (Fowler) 342

INDEX .. 345

ILLUSTRATIONS

FRONTISPIECE

Chonophonts lachrymosus (Peters). (Drawing by A. L. Canlaa.)
PLATE 1

FIG. 1. Rhyacichthys aspro (Kuhl and Van Hasselt). (Drawing by M.

L. Nievera.).
2. Asterropteryx semipunctatu* Riippell. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 2

FIG. 1. Eleotris fusca (Bloch and Schneider). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Belobranchus belobrancha (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing

by P. Bravo.)

3. Hypseleotris agilis sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 3

FIG. 1. Hypseleotris bipartite, sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Hypseleotris pangel sp. nov. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

3. Bostrichthys sinensis (Lacepede). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

4. Gobiomorphw illotus sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 4

FIG. 1. Butis butis (Buchanan Hamilton). (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

2. Prionobutis koilomatodon Bleeker. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

3. Paloa polylepis sp. nov. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

PLATE 5

FIG. 1. Boroda expatria sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Ophiocara aporos Bleeker. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

3. Ophiocara porocephala (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by

P. Bravo.)

PLATE 6

FIG. 1. Valenciennea longipinnis (Bennett). (Drawing by A. B. Esta-
nislao.)

2. Parviparma straminea sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Ptereleotris dispersus sp. nov. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

4. Mirogobius stellatus sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 7

FlG. 1. Mistichthys luzonensis H. M. Smith. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Macgregorella intonsa sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Galera producta sp. nov. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

4. Gobiiis ornatus Riippell. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

10 ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE 8

PIG. 1. Bathygobius bravoi sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

2. Bathygobius fuscus (Riippell). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Chlamydes leytensis sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

4. Tukugobius bucculentus sp. nov. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

PLATE 9

FIG. 1. Gnatholepis puntangoides (Bleeker). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

2. Gnatholepis calliurus Jordan and Scale. (Drawing by A. L. Can-

las.)

3. Gnatholepis gemmeus sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas. >

PLATE 10

FIG. 1. Creisson validus Jordan and Scale. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Vaimosa macrognathos sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

3. Vaimosa piapensis sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 11

FIG. 1. Vaimosa rivalis sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Vaimosa bikolana sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Vaimosa sapanga sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 12

FIG. 1. Vaimosa tessellata sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Vaimosa villa sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Glossogobius biocellatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by

P. Bravo.)

4. 'Glossogobius celebius (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by P.

Bravo.)

PLATE 13

FIG. 1. Cristatogobius lophius sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

2. Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Riippell). (Drawing by A. L. Can-

las.)

3. Rhinogobius decoratus sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

4. Rhinogobius caninus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by P.

Bravo.)

PLATE 14

FlG. 1. Rhinogobius multifasciatus sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Rhinogobius criniger (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by P.

Bravo.)

3. Rhinogobius suluensis sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

4. Rhinogobius neophytus (Giinther). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 15

FIG. 1. Pandaka pusilla sp. nov., female. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Pandaka pusilla sp. nov., male. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Pandaka pygmaea sp. nov. _ (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

ILLUSTRATIONS 11

PLATE 16

FIG. 1. Cingulogobius boulengeri (Seale). (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

2. Aparrius acutipinnis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by P.

Bravo.)

3. Aparrius moloanus sp. nov. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

4. Chonophorus genivittatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing

by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 17

FIG. 1. Chonophorus melanocephalus (Bleeker). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Chonophorua ocellaris (Broussonet). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Tamanka siitensis sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

4. Tamanka bivittata sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 18

FIG. 1. Amoya brevirostris (Giinther). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.^

2. Amblygobius perpusillus buanensis var. nov. (Drawing by A. L.

Canlas.)

3. Amblygobius insignis Seale. (After Seale.)

4. Amblygobius linki sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 19

FIG. 1. Amblygobius bynoensis (Richardson). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Cryptocentrus cebuanus sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

3. Cryptocentrus vagus sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 20

FIG. 1. Biat luzonicus (Seale). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Oxyurichthys microlepis Bleeker. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

3. Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema Bleeker. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

4. Parapocryptes mindanensis sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

PLATE 21

FIG. 1. Apocryptichthys sericus sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

2. Syneehogobius hasta (Schlegel). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

3. Ittana cacabet Smith and Seale. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

4. Parachaeturichthys polynema (Bleeker). (Drawing by J. L. Nie-

vera.)

PLATE 22

FIG. 1. Lophiogobius ocellicauda Giinther. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

2. Apocryptodon montalbani sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

3. Apocryptodon taylori sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

4. Triaenopogon barbatus (Giinther). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 23

FIG. 1. Caraffobius typhlops Smith and Seale. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Itbaya r.uda sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Microsycidium formosum sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

4. Microsycidium pulchellum sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

12 ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE 24

FlG. 1. Sicyopterus lacrymosiis sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Sicyopterus crassus sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 25

FIG. 1. Boleophthalmus chinensis (Osbeck). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

2. Scartelaos viridis (Buchanan Hamilton). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

3. Brachyamblyopus olivaceus sp. nov. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 26

FIG. 1. Taenioides gracilis (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by J. L.
Nievera.)

2. Sericagobioides lighti sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

3. Trypauchen vagina Bloch and Schneider. (Drawing by J. L.

Nievera.)

PLATE 27

FlG. 1. Glossogobius giurus (Buchanan Hamilton). (Drawing by M. L.
Nievera.)

2. Bunaka pinguis sp. nov. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

3. Gobiosoma insignum sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 28

FIG. 1. Macgregorella moroana Seale. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

2. Gobiodon hypselopterus Bleeker. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

3. Ophiocara aporos Bleeker. (Drawing by T. S. Espinosa.)

PLATE 29

FlG. 1. Gnatholepis knighti Jordan and Evermann. (Drawing by J. L.
Nievera.)

2. Tukugobius carpenteri (Seale). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

3. Oplopomus oplopomus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by P.

Bravo.)

PLATE 30

FIG. 1. Rhinogobius viridi-punctatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Draw-
ing by M. L. Nievera.)

2. Zonogobius semidoliatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by

A. L. Canlas.)

3. Amblygobius phalaena (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by

P. Bravo, from a color sketch by T. S. Espinosa.)

TEXT FIGURES

Page.

FlG. 1. Sicyopterus lacrymosus sp. nov.; a, right side of a tooth; b,
right side of a broken tooth, showing the relation of the
three cusps; c, reconstructed drawing, showing the dorsal
aspect of the tooth 304

ILLUSTRATIONS 13

Fife.

Pic. 2. Sicyopterus crassus sp. nov.; left side of a tooth 308

3. Sicyopterus fuliag sp. nov.; a, base of a tooth; 6, muscles of

attachment; c, broken cusps 310

4. Sicyopterus extraneus sp. nov.; left side of two teeth 312

5. Sicyopterus panayensis sp. nov.; upper lip 314

6. Ventral fins of Trypauchenidae ; a, Trypauchen vagina Bloch

and Schneider, x 1.5; 6, Ctenotrypauchen microcephalus

(Bleeker), X 2; c, Trypauchenichthys typus Sleeker, x 2.... 337

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE
CHINA SEA

By ALBERT W. HERRE
INTRODUCTION

This great group of fishes is of the first economic importance
in the northern end of Luzon, although in most parts of the earth
it is of no commercial value.

The gobies are small fishes, mostly carnivorous bottom dwell-
ers, living along or near the shore in shallow bays and estua-
ries, and also in fresh-water swamps, streams, and lakes.
Some species seem to be confined to coral reefs, others to the
tide pools of "stern and rock-bound" coasts; many kinds lie on
the sand, and some burrow in the mud between or below tide
levels. A few species spend much of their time out of the
water, chasing insects on the strand, on mud flats, or in the
mangrove swamps. Some cling to the rocks or gravelly bottom
in swift mountain streams, where few fishes are able to with-
stand the rush of water. While the habitat of the group is
mostly marine, several species live only in fresh water. Many
other species spend most of their life in fresh-water streams,
returning to the sea to spawn. The ascent of the streams by
innumerable hosts of the fry of these catadromous species
gives rise to a very important industry in the Philippines, and
it is through the study of and the attempt to conserve this
fishery that this monograph has been prepared.

During the months from October to March the ipon fisheries
are of great importance to the inhabitants of the coasts of the
Ilocano provinces and the northern coast of Luzon, especially
at the mouths of Abra, Abulug, and Cagayan Rivers. Ipon is
an Ilocano name for the fry of the various species of gobies
that spawn in the sea, but which spend most of their life in
the fresh-water streams of the interior. Ipon, or the fry of
gobies, occur also in noticeable quantity along the coast of Zam-
bales, at the mouths of the Agusan, the Cagayan de Misamis,
and the Rio Grande de Mindanao, and perhaps other places in
the Philippines, but it is only along the north and northwest
coasts of Luzon that they occur in such enormous quantities that

15

16 GOBIES OP THE PHILIPPINES

their capture and preservation form one of the chief resources of
the region and one of the most valuable sources of income.

Only a few species of gobies occur in sufficient quantity and
at the same time have a life history so modified and arranged
as to bring about the production of enormous quantities of ipon.
As far as is known at present, the chief but by no means the
only sources of ipon are the following species (their ordinary
Ilocano names are also given) : Chonophorus melanocephalus,
bukto and bunog; Eleotris melanosoma, virot; Glossogobius
giurus and Glossogobius celebius, bal-la; Ophiocara aporos; and
Sicyopterus lacrymosus, paliling. Two of these are eleotrids,
and three are gobies in the strictest sense.

During the months from August to February these species,
and many others, successively make their way down to the sea
and there lay their eggs.

From about the middle of September to the middle of March
vast shoals of tiny, more or less colorless or whitish, scaleless
gobies make their appearance at the mouthjs of Philippine
rivers, especially in northern Luzon. They are most abundant
for about three days after the full moon each month, when the
tides are highest.

Careful watch is kept, and when the first ipon are seen every
banca is launched and every effort is made to capture the tiny
fish. Huge nets with very fine mesh are used, and vast quanti-
ties of ipon are taken. The fish at this stage have a very del-
icate flavor and great numbers are eaten, either fried in oil
or cooked in various other ways.

People dwelling in the coast towns endeavor to capture as
much ipon as possible while the fish are still in the salt water
along the coast and at the mouths of the rivers. Cagayan River
is so large (about 6.5 kilometers broad and comparatively deep
at its mouth) that, in spite of the great toll of ipon taken,
many millions are able to escape capture and ascend the river.
In Abra River conditions are different. It is a broad, swift but
shallow, brawling stream, full of rock and gravel carried down
from the mountains that extend toward the sea within 6 to 8
kilometers of its mouth.

In this and similar streams the Ilocanos use several deadly
devices which will exterminate the ipon before many years.
Barricades and dams of loose stones, banana stems, and bam-
boo are constructed in such a way that the ascending ipon are
forced to follow them to an opening leading into a 6060, or
bamboo fish trap. The paed is a similar but less permanent

INTRODUCTION 17

deadly device ; it is merely a cloth fence strung across the river,
with bamboo fish traps placed in openings at intervals of 4 or
5 meters. No matter what the form of barricade, the luckless
ipon must enter the trap, since no other passage is available.
Were it not for occasional heavy rains in the mountains, which
cause floods, send floating logs and snags that knock holes in the
paed, or shift rock and gravel and alter channels, not a single
ipon could pass these barriers.

It cannot be too strongly emphasized nor stated too often that
the ipon industry is doomed to perish unless a sufficient number
of young are allowed to go in safety to the headwaters of the
rivers and reach maturity. If all calves were killed after
a while there would be no carabaos. The only way to maintain
a large and steady supply of ipon is to see that a sufficient
number escape to keep up the breeding stock.

Ipon move upstream very slowly and, if storms or other
unfavorable conditions arise, scarcely progress at all. Since
ipon are the young of several different kinds of gobies, and
their migrations spread over a long time, it would do no good
to establish a closed season for a month, as has been proposed.
The best plan is to fix a closed season of forty^eight consecutive
hours each week, during which time all ipon fishing should be
prohibited; all dams, barricades, and paed should have open
places for the free passage of fish, and all bobos should be taken
from the water during this intermission. If such a regulation
were strictly enforced the coast dwellers would be assured of
a permanent supply of ipon and the people of the interior would
have a much better supply of food fish in their streams than
they now have.

There is opposition on the part of some coast dwellers to any
sort of restriction or regulation of ipon fishing. To support
their unreasonable attitude they have invented a fantastic
theory .to account for the appearance of the vast swarms of
minute fish. They say that a mass of foam forms in the sea and
swells until it is like a great bubble. Within this the ipon are
formed, and when it rises to the top it bursts and releases them.
Of course, the fishermen along the rivers know better, and many
of them know, from a lifetime of keen observation, the times
of migration for the various species of ipon gobies, and can
recognize at a very early stage the tiny young of the more-im-
portant adult forms ; but, as long as this wild tale of spontaneous
generation receives credence, a campaign of education must
be carried on among the Ilocano people until all realize the truth

223798 2

18 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

about the origin of ipon and see the necessity for regulation
of the industry.

The ipon industry, properly regulated, could be as permanent
as the production of carabaos, hogs, chickens, or any other live-
stock industry, and would be a permanent asset of vast benefit
to future generations. Without such regulation, the increase
in population and the increased amount of fishing incident
thereto will soon see the extermination of ipon. When the
ipon enter fresh water they grow darker in color and their
flavor changes, until in some species the flesh is actually bitter.
Meanwhile the people capture as many as possible, using all
sorts of nets, and even dip them up with buckets as they crowd
along the river shores. The enormous surplus has been
handled since remote times by converting it into bagoong.

Bagoong is a sort of fish sauerkraut or fish silage, and was
invented by the Malays in remote antiquity. It is a cheap and
convenient method of preserving fish in the hot moist climate
of the rainy Tropics. Under various names it is known from the
Malay Peninsula throughout the East Indies. In the Philip-
pines it is called guinamos by the Visayans, but is more widely
known by the name bagoong than by any other.

To make bagoong a layer of salt is placed in a clean tight
vessel, then a layer of fish, then another layer of salt, and so on
until the vessel is filled. It is then covered tightly and set away.
Fermentation goes on just as in sauerkraut, until arrested by the
acids excreted by the fermentative bacteria. At the end of
a month the bagoong is ripe and ready to use. By that time
it possesses a powerful, penetrating, and characteristic odor
all its own; if clean and well made it is a wholesome article
of food which supplies the necessary protein as well as flavor
and pungency to the monotonous rice diet of the people.

Various kinds of small fishes and shrimps are used in making
bagoong, but by far the greatest amount is made from ipon.
In making bagoong huge, small-mouthed crockery jars are used,
holding from 37.5 to 75 liters each. In some Ilocano towns the
making of bagoong is conducted much like an old-time husking
or quilting bee, all the housewives gathering at the community
house to help one another in this important and very necessary
operation. When the jars are all filled and closed they are
stored beneath the community house for the bagoong to ripen.

A common method of closing the jar is binding the top with
banana leaves. If this is not well done, the splitting of the
dried leaves may allow flies to enter, or careless people may not .

GOBIOIDEA 19

close the top properly after taking out bagoong. The odor at-
tracts flesh flies which deposit eggs or maggots about the top,
and the maggots soon make an entrance through even very small
crevices. Bagoong is accordingly, in some hands, a nauseous,
wormy, semiputrid mass, unfit for human consumption. There
is no excuse for such conditions ; a little supervision by the local
health authorities and education of the ignorant would soon erad-
icate such evils.

The importance of the ipon fisheries may be gauged by the
fact that about half a million pesos worth of bagoong is pro-
duced annually in northern Luzon.

Gobies are exceedingly numerous in the tropical and temper-
ate zones, both in species and, in individuals. In temperate
regions they are not of economic importance and, so far as I am
aware, there are no vast runs of young up the rivers of coun-
tries with cool climates. Dr. B. W. Evermann informs me that
the run of young gobies is very noticeable in the streams of
Porto Rico, and they seem to occur more or less markedly
throughout the Tropics.

A few kinds of gobies attain a length of from 30 to 60 centi-
meters and are rather bulky for their length ; but most of them
are slender little fellows with a maximum length of about 10
centimeters, while many species never exceed 2.5 centimeters
when adult. One species found only in Lake Buhi, in southeast-
ern Luzon, is but 12.5 millimeters long when mature; another,
from the vicinity of Manila, is mature when 7.5 to 9.5 millimeters
long and is the smallest known fish. The Philippine gobies thus
include the smallest living vertebrates.

GOBIOIDEA

The chief characteristics of the order Gobioidea are the fol-
lowing :

The ventral fins are always present, thoracic in position, each
having one spine and five, rarely four, soft rays. The ventrals
are very close together, the inner rays the longer, and in by far
the greater number the two fins are completely joined to form
a single fin, which may vary from very short and rounded to
rather elongate; but, whether separated or fused into a func-
tional unit, the ventrals are used as a sucking disk, or organ, for
clinging to rocks or other objects. The spinous dorsal is nearly
always present, short, and is made up of feeble spines, or is
much less developed than the soft dorsal. There is no lateral
line, the gill openings are confined to the sides, and there is an

20 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

anal papilla. The papilla varies greatly in size and shape; in
many species it is long, slender, and pointed in the males, and
short, thick, and cylindrical or subglobose in the females. In
other species it is alike in both sexes. The preopercle is with-
out a bony stay; there are four gills. The gill membranes are
attached to the isthmus, the gill openings thus restricted to the
sides and sometimes very narrow. Pseudobranchise are present,
sometimes only in a rudimentary condition. Usually both air
bladder and pyloric caecse are wanting.

In the preparation of this monograph, I have carried on field
studies in practically every part of the Philippines, kept con-
siderable numbers of living specimens for several years in some
cases, and have examined thousands of individuals of each of
the species of economic importance. In addition, I have ex-
amined the entire collection of gobies at Leland Stanford Junior
University and in the United States National Museum.

Bleeker's Esquisse d'un systeme naturel des Gobioides and
Revision des especes insulindiennes de la sousfamille des Eleo-
triformes are invaluable to any student of the gobies, and espe-
cially of the Indo-Pacific forms. While investigating gobies in
the United States I was under great obligations to my teacher
and friend, David Starr Jordan, to J. 0. Snyder, of Stanford
University, and to Barton A. Bean, of the United States National
Museum.

Jordan's arrangement has been followed, according to which
six families and sixty-six genera of the gobioid fishes are known
to occur in the Philippines.

I have included in this monograph descriptions of most of the
gobies known to occur along the coasts of the China Sea and,
when not represented by Philippine material, have described
them as far as possible from material sent me by S. F. Light,
formerly of Amoy University, Amoy, China. I believe that most
of these species will ultimately be found to occur in Philippine
waters, when the Batan and Babuyan Islands, the northern and
northwestern coast of Luzon, and the west coasts of Palawan and
Balabac have been explored. I believe that at least two hundred
species of gobioid fishes will be found eventually in the Philip-
pines. I have excluded those gobies known as yet only from the
maritime waters of Borneo, Celebes, and the Moluccas, though
I fully believe all of them will eventually be collected in Philip-
pine waters. Such islands as Cagayan Sulu, Sibutu, and the
maze of reefs and islets about Sitankai are physically a part
of Borneo, while the Sarangani Islands and the southern and

RHYACICHTHYID./E 21

eastern coasts of Mindanao are laved by currents which travel
but a short distance from Celebes and Halmahera, with the
Sangir Islands and a multitude of reefs between to make still
easier the northward extension of their fish fauna.

This paper contains descriptions of seventy-seven genera, one
hundred seventy-three species, and two varieties, of which eleven
genera and eleven species are from the China Sea, with no spec-
imens as yet known from the Philippines. My assistants, H.
R. Montalban, ichthyologist of the Bureau of Science, and Jose
Montilla, have given me valuable aid in checking my own field
observations in the Ilocano provinces; and Mr. Montalban and
G. A. Lopez, collector of the bureau, have obtained large quan-
tities of material for study and comparison. I am also under
obligations to the provincial authorities of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos
Sur, and Abra for courtesies extended, and to many friends in
various parts of the Islands for both material and information.

The illustrations are the work of Pablo Bravo, Marcelino
Nievera, Antonino Canlas, and Jose Nievera, young Filipinos
who began work under great difficulties and who deserve much
credit for their perseverance in working upon such difficult
material.

The given length of specimens does not include the caudal fin
unless specifically so stated. The scales in transverse series
are counted from the origin of the second dorsal to that of the
anal, unless otherwise stated.

Key to the Philippine families of Gobioidea.

a1. Two separate dorsal fins.

b\ Ventrals widely separated- Rhyacichthyidse.

6*. Ventrals not widely separated.

c1. Eyes not stalked; base of pectorals not very muscular.

d1. Ventrals close together, but not united Eleotridse.

d1. Ventrals united to form a disk Gobiidse.

c*. Eyes very prominent and close together on short stalks; base of

pectorals very muscular ,. Periophthalmidae.

a1. Dorsals united more or less to form one fin; ventrals united.

e1. No cavity above the opercle Gobioididse.

e\ A cavity above the opercle Rliy*cichthyidae»

RHYACICHTHYID.E

This group of fresh-water fishes apparently includes but a
single genus, with only one definitely known species.

It is well characterized by the short, broad, depressed head
which, with the long, wide pectorals, forms a well-marked

22 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

triangle, and by the flat ventral surface of the head and anterior
part of the body. The ventrals are widely separated, and the
undersurface of the breast forms a broad, flat, smooth expanse
which is used as a sucking disk to attach the fish to rocks.

The trunk is subcylindrical anteriorly, becoming laterally
compressed toward the rear and strongly flattened on the caudal
peduncle; the scales are ctenoid and of medium size or larger.
The two dorsals are rather far apart. The eyes are of moderate
size and directed upward. The small mouth is on the underside
of the head behind the pointed snout, with a protractile upper
jaw; the preopercle is without spines. There are six branchios-
tegals with gill openings of medium width and four gills ; pseu-
dobranchiae of medium size are present ; there is no air bladder.

The Rhyacichthyidae have been grouped by various authors
with the gobies, the blennies, and the Callionymidae, or drag-
onets, but it is now definitely decided that they belong with
the gobies. Long ago Cuvier and Valenciennes saw that their
affinities were essentially with the eleotrids, in spite of the
fact that the position of their dorsals and ventrals is similar to
that in the Platycephalidae and in the European genus formerly
known as Aspro.

Genus 1. RHYACICHTHYS Boulenger

Rhyacichthys BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. VII 7 (1901) 267.
Platyptera (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist.

Nat. Poiss. 12 (1836) 239 (name preoccupied by Meigen, 1803, for

a genus of flies).

In addition to the characters given in the family diagnosis,
the genus is further distinguished by the very small teeth and
the smooth palate.

In 1873 Pieter van Bleeker based his Memoire sur la Faune
Ichthyologique de China upon a collection of Chinese paintings.
In this paper he described twenty-five new species, among them
Platyptera sinensis. So far as I am aware, it has not been
actually collected, and the characters given in Bleeker's diag-
nosis are scarcely sufficient to separate it from Rhyacichthys
aspro.

1. RHYACICHTHYS ASPRO (Kuhl and Van Hasselt)

PLATE 1, PIG. 1

Platyptera aspro (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) CUVIER and VALENCIENNES,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1836) 240, pi. 360; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes
Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 138; PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin
(1868) 268; GUNTHER, Fishe der Siidsee 2 (1876) 191; A. B. MEYER,
Ann., Soc. Espana Hist. Nat. 14 (1885) 31.

RHYACICHTHYS 23

Local names, pttingan, at Casiguran; delaposcan, at Gingog,
Misamis Province, Mindoro; Ilocano name, kampa.

Dorsal VII, 1-8; anal I, 8; tubules in the lateral line about 36;
scales in transverse series 11.

Depth from 4| to 5| times in the length; length of head
equals or slightly exceeds depth; the eye contained 2.2 to 2.4
times in snout, which is contained twice or a little less than twice
in head. The flat interorbital space a fifth broader than eye.

The forward part of head from tip of snout to preorbitals
forms an equilateral triangle; a very low crenulated ridge par-
tially encircles each eye, lying above and behind like a sort of
eyebrow, in the words of Cuvier and Valenciennes; the snout,
interorbital space and a broad triangle on nape, and the large
preopercles naked; a few small scales immediately behind eye;
the small opercle partially scaled, those on upper half very
small; the upper two-thirds of the muscular pectoral base cov-
ered with small scales; the upper half of pectoral covered for
three-eighths its length with small but conspicuous scales; the
basal half of caudal covered with small scales.

The very large pectorals extend beyond the posterior end of the
ventral and resemble those of the Scorpaenidae and the Cottidae ;
the dorsals about equal in height and length of base. The caudal
contained about 4.4 times in head and trunk and very slightly
lunate. The lateral line begins behind eye, and passes back in
a loop over the pectoral, then descends below first dorsal to the
lower fourth of the height ; between the two dorsals it makes a
downward loop and under the beginning of the second dorsal
rises to the center of the side and continues on to caudal fin.

The color in alcohol brown to yellowish, darkest on top of
head; the first dorsal has a black band near base and another
near margin, above which the free tips of the spines project;
the figure by Cuvier and Valenciennes shows the second dorsal
to have three transverse black bands, but in my specimens these
have disappeared ; the caudal is marked by transverse bars and
blotches of brown.

Here described from two specimens, 104 and 106 millimeters
in length, collected in a tributary of Agno River, Luzon. I
have also received a specimen, 88 millimeters long, obtained
from a mountain stream near Bugasong, Antique Province,
Panay.

Since writing the above I have received three specimens, 103
to 110 millimeters in length, from Mamator River near Casi-
guran, on the eastern coast of northern Luzon. There is a large

24 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

transverse blackish blotch in front of first dorsal; a broad
blackish crossband passes from base of first dorsal down side,
and a like one goes from second dorsal, while a third crosses
caudal peduncle; a black blotch is at the end of the caudal
peduncle just in front of base of caudal ; a series of five blackish
blotches extends along middle of side, the last forming a black
spot on base of caudal ; below them is a series of blackish spots
on each scale forming a series of longitudinal lines, leaving only
the pale or white belly, throat, and underside of head unmarked ;
snout and top of head marked with irregular spots and longitu-
dinal blackish stripes ; the first dorsal has a basal black band and
another broad one very close to the margin ; second dorsal, pecto-
rals, and caudal beautifully crossbarred by irregular blackish
bands or rows of spots; upper surface of ventrals dusky. I
have fifty-four handsome specimens marked like the preceding,
collected by Mr. F. Reveche, of San Jose, Antique Province,
Panay; they are from 48 to 86 millimeters long. A large speci-
men, 133 millimeters long, was collected in a creek at Bangui,
Ilocos Norte Province, in August, 1926. The species is said to
be common there in the hills. I also have two fine specimens
from barrio Cajulogan, Gingog, Misamis Province, Mindanao,
the larger 147 millimeters long.

This species was collected by Jagor at Loquilocon, Samar,
and in Burauen River, Leyte. Meyer collected it in Luzon,
probably at Santa Cruz, a town at the upper end of Laguna de
Bay, where he spent some time. In the reference cited the
locality is given as "Bahia de Manila," but this is undoubtedly
an error, since on page 7 he includes it in a list of ten species
obtained only in fresh water, while Manila Bay is salt water.

The species was originally described from Bantam, the west-
ernmost district of Java, and was collected afterward in Celebes
and the Solomon Islands. This is such a peculiar, discontinuous
distribution that it must also occur in many of the intervening
islands, and is certainly to be expected in Borneo. I am certain
that it must occur in all the large islands of the Philippines,
from Mindanao northward. I have seen what I believe to be
this species in the mountain streams near Malaybalay, Bukid-
non, but was unable to secure specimens. It lives in swift
mountain streams, clinging to the rocks and slipping around
and under them when disturbed, and is very difficult to dislodge
or collect. It seems to congregate particularly on large bowlders
which give it absolutely safe hiding places.

ELEOTRIDJE 25

ELEOTRID^E

In this group are included those gobies with the ventral fins
placed very near together but more or less disconnected, and
never united to form a single disklike or sucking organ for
attaching the fish to objects; the dorsal fins are separate or
united only at the base; the eyes are not stalked or unusually
prominent ; the body is more or less elongate, cylindrical or com-
pressed ; branchiostegals four to six, one or more of them ending
in an anterior spine in some genera ; the body may be scaled or
naked. An air bladder is present in most of the genera; ven-
trals 1-5 in our genera.

The eleotrids are abundant in East Indian waters, especially
in shallow bays and the mouths of rivers. Some of them are
exclusively marine reef dwellers, but the largest and economically
most important ascend rivers and enter lakes far beyond
the influence of the tides. While it is possible that some eleo-
trids are exclusively fresh-water, I have no evidence to that effect.
I believe that those found in fresh water spend at least part of
their lives in salt water, going down to the sea to spawn, no
matter how far in the interior they may dwell most of the time.
To this statement the genus Hypseleotris is probably an ex-
ception.

In this paper are described eighteen genera of eleotrids,
four of them new, and thirty-two species, of which eleven are
new. There is little doubt that a more extended search of the
coral reefs and the streams of Mindanao and Palawan will re-
veal at least a third more species than the number here given.

Most eleotrids are plainly colored and inconspicuous, but a
few species, especially coral-reef inhabitants, are very brilliantly
colored. One is our most beautifully colored fresh-water fish.
Many of them are able to change their color to a remarkable de-
gree, according to the character of the substratum and the
amount of light present. Such fishes as Eleotris fusca, Bunaka
pinguis, and species of Butis can alter their dorsal color from
blackish brown to clay gray or putty color ; in moderately strong
light the gray is confined to a broad band running lengthwise
on each side of the back from the snout to the tail, but with
stronger light the entire back becomes uniformly pale. With
other light conditions the whole back and sides may be marked
by longitudinal gray and blackish lines. By these means the

26 GOBIES OP THE PHILIPPINES

fishes become practically invisible from above, as they are
thus successfully hidden without having changed position.

Philippine Eleotridse.

[New generic names are printed in bold-faced type.]

Genus.

Species.

New spe-
cies.

Genus.

Asterropteryx

2

0

Odontobutis

Boroda

2

2

Ophiocara

Belobranchus

1

0

Oxyeleotris

Bostrichthys

1

0

Paloa

Bunaka

1

1

Parviparma

Butis

3

0

Prionobutis

Eleotris

2

0

Ptereleotris

Eviota

2

1

Valenciennea

Gobiomorphus

1

1

Hypseleotris

5

3

1 o

2 0
1 0
1 1
1 1
1 0
1 1
4 0

32 11

Key to the Philippine genera, of Eleotridse.

o1. Head armed with one or more spines.
6l. Angle of preopercle armed.

c*. With two to six stout teeth or spines Asterropteryx.

<?. With a single downward-curved sharp spine, more or less hidden.

Eleotris.

6*. Angle of preopercle not armed; one or two branchiostegals ending
anteriorly in a strong spine pointing forward and upward; upper

rays of pectoral silklike Belobranchus.

a2. Head unarmed.

d1. Species resembling cyprinid fishes, with head and body laterally

compressed Hypseleotris.

d*. Species gobiiform, not cyprinidlike.

e\ Teeth on vomer; a large ocellus on base of caudal fin.. Bostrichthys.
e*. No teeth on vomer.
/*. Head large; snout and cheeks with rows of skinny ridges, bearing

papillae or fibrils Gobiomorphus.

f. Head without skinny ridges and fibrils on snout and sides.
g1. Smooth to serrated bony crests on head.

h\ Scales 26 to 30; first dorsal with six spines.

t1. Head very long, pointed, prismatic, its height equal to its

breadth; lower jaw very prominent Butis.

f. Head short, obtuse, broader than deep; lower jaw hardly

projecting Prionobutis.

h\ Scales 36 to 46; first dorsal with six to eight, usually with

seven spines Odontobutis.

g*. No bony crests on head.

j1. Head large, broad, depressed; lower jaw prominent.

k\ First dorsal with five spines; four to six rows of teeth in
each jaw, outer ,row enlarged; 88 scales in longitudinal

series, 58 before first dorsal Paloa.

k1. First dorsal with six spines; 30 to 60 scales in longitudinal
series, 13 to 42 before first dorsal.

ASTERROPTERYX 27

I1. Four rows of teeth in each jaw, outer and inner rows en-
larged; 50 to 60 scales in longitudinal series, 32 to 42

before first dorsal Boroda.

P. Six to ten rows of small or minute teeth in each jaw, no

canines.

n?. Scales 56 to 58 in lateral series, 42 before first dorsal ;
a broad naked furrow above-«ye, separated from

it by a single row of small scales Bunaka.

m". Scales 30 to 40 in lateral series, 13 to 26 before first

dorsal Ophiocara.

f. Head not noticeably large, broad, and depressed.

n1. Very small fishes; ventrals long, narrow, with fringed

rays; lateral scales 20 to 30 Eviota.

n*. Fishes not excessively small when adult; ventrals of ordin-
ary shape ; scales 60 to 170.

o1. No canines ; scales ctenoid, 60 to 90 in lateral series, about
70 before first dorsal; soft dorsal and anal rays eight

to ten Oxyeleotris.

o1. Canines present.

p\ Scales ctenoid, 70 to 110 in lateral series; head naked,
few or no scales before first dorsal; one to several
pairs of lateral posterior canines in lower jaw; trunk,

head, or both, spotted or banded Valenciennea,

p2. Scales cycloid, 150 to 170 in lateral series; head mostly

naked; one or two pairs of canines present.
q\ Soft dorsal and anal of about ten rays; mouth nearly
vertical; eyes small; upper jaw with a pair of
median canines behind the other teeth.

Parviparma.

g2. Soft dorsal and anal of twenty or more rays; mouth
curved, oblique; eyes large; lower jaw with one
or two pairs of canines behind symphysis.

Ptereleotris.

Genus 2. ASTERROPTERYX Ruppell

Asterropterix RUPPELL, Atlas Reise nord. Afrika, Fische (1828) 138
(Asterropteryx on the plate that precedes the text).

The body rather short and deep, laterally compressed, and
covered with large ctenoid scales which extend to interorbital
space and cover the sides of the convex, pointed head; three to
six stout teeth or spines at angle of preopercle; the lower jaw
prominent, the mouth oblique, with several rows of teeth in each
jaw; teeth all small except those of the outer row which are
conspicuously longer and curved, the lateral ones often like ca-
nines; no teeth on vomer or palatines; the gill openings of
moderate width, the isthmus broad; first dorsal with six spines,
the third one excessively long and threadlike ; the second dorsal
and anal about equal iji length and height; caudal fin of mod-

28 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

erate length, its tip obtusely rounded; anal papilla well devel-
oped (not absent, as erroneously stated by Ruppell) .

Key to the Philippine species of Asterropteryx.

a1. Scales in lateral series, 27 or 28; pale olive brown A. everetti.

a2. Scales in lateral series, 24; body with blackish brown crossbands or
blotches; each scale with a brilliant blue spot A. semipunctatus.

2. ASTERROPTERYX EVERETTI Bouienger

Asterropteryx everetti BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. VI 15
(1895) 186.

Depth of body equal to length of head, 3J to 3§ times in total length.
Head longer than deep; diameter of eye equal to length of snout, 1 length
of head; interorbital width % to J length of head; maxillary extending to
below anterior border of eye. Dorsal VI, I, 9; longest rays of first dorsal
I to § length of head, of second dorsal § to |. Anal I, 11; longest rays
g to g length of head. Pectoral t length of head. 27 or 28 scales in a
longitudinal series, 8 or 9 between origin of dorsal and origin of anal. Pale
olive-brown; a small black humeral spot; caudal faintly barred; dorsals
black in the male, with round white spots, greyish in the female.

Total length 65 millim.

Six specimens from Palawan.

This species is nearest allied to A. compressus, Krefft, from Queensland.
\Botdenger, .]

This dull-colored little fish was collected by A. Everett during
his trip to Balabac and Palawan in 1889, and has not been ob-
tained since that time.

3. ASTERROPTERYX SEMIPUNCTATUS Ruppell

PLATE 1, FIG. 2

Asterropteryx semipunctatus RUPPELL, Atlas Reise nord. Afrika,

Fische (1838) 138, pi. 34, fig. 4; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus.

3 (1861) 132; JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 22 (1902) 500;

JORDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 23 (1903) 480;

JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 385, pi. 36,

fig. 1.

Eleotris cyanostigma BLEBKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 8 (1855) 452.
Eleotriodes cyanostigma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 15 (1858) 460.
Brachyeleotris cyanostigma, BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874)

306; Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 84.
Eleotris semipunctata GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 187,

pi. Ill, fig. D.

Samal name, Jmsung.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 to 11; anal I, 8 to 10; scales in lateral line
24; in transverse series from origin of second dorsal to anus 8.

2? ELEOTRIS 29

The body compressed, rather stout, the depth 2.9 to 3.2 in
the length; the head elongate, with convex upper and lower
profiles, and contained 3.5 times in length; the eyes of moderate
size, 10 times in the length or 2f times in head, and close
together, interorbital space 1.75 times in eye; the snout blunt,
shorter than eye, 3£ times in head; the caudal peduncle broad,
its least depth 5| to 6£ times in the length; the third dorsal
spine threadlike and excessively elongated, from £ to more than
| as long as head and body together, and in one specimen ex-
tending to posterior margin of caudal; the other spines all
flexible, not elongated, second and fourth about the same length,
the others, much shorter ; the second dorsal and anal approx-
imately equal in length and height, the last ray longest, those
of anal reaching well on to caudal, which is shorter than head.

This beautiful little eleotrid, which never reaches a length
of more than 50 millimeters, is highly ornamented in life. The
body is marked by large, irregular, blackish brown crossbands
or blotches, or lengthwise rows, while each scale is marked by
a small, circular, purplish blue spot of diamondlike brilliancy;
the dorsals, anal, and caudal are pale brown with fine blue dots ;
sometimes the region between the pectorals and the first dorsal
is thickly sprinkled with small blue dots.

Alcoholic specimens are pale brown with darker mottlings
and crossbars, and blackish to pale fins; the blue dots on the
scales are more or less visible.

Here described from sixteen specimens, ranging in length
from 25 to 35 millimeters, or about 42 millimeters over all for
the largest one. They were obtained at Sitankai ; Caldera Bay
near Zamboanga ; and Samal Island in the Gulf of Davao.

Originally described from the Red Sea, this species occurs
throughout the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans ;
it has been obtained at the Seychelles, the Cocos Islands, Port
Bowen in North Australia, and the Samoan, Society, Pelew,
and Hawaiian Islands.

Genus 3. ELEOTRIS (Gronow) Bloch and Schneider

Eleotris GRONOW, Zooph. (1763) 83.

Eleotris BIX)CH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichthy. (1801) 65.

Cvlius BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. 9 (1874) 303.

The body thick, robust, little elevated, cylindrical anteriorly,
compressed behind ; head flattened above, smooth, almost every-
where scaly; at lower angle of preopercle is a small, down-

30 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

ward-curved, more or less concealed spine; eyes small, placed
high up; mouth large, oblique, with projecting lower jaw, and
broad, rounded tongue ; the minute teeth are in bands of several
rows in each jaw, without canines ; those of outer row in upper
jaw larger; scales on sides ctenoid, 42 to 73; those before first
dorsal cycloid; 37 to 50 scales before first dorsal; the isthmus
broad. Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 8 or 9.

The species of this genus are usually small, one attaining
a length of about 260 millimeters. They are economically im-
portant from their seasonal abundance in the lower reaches of
rivers, at river mouths, and in shallow bays and inlets. They
range from Madagascar and the east coast of Africa throughout
the East Indies, north to the Riu Kiu Islands, and eastward in
Polynesia to the Society and the Hawaiian Islands.

Key to the Philippine species of Eleotris.

a1. Lateral scales 58 to 65; scales before first dorsal 48 to 50.... E. fusca.
a2. Lateral scales 48 to 52; scales before first dorsal 37 to 42 E. melanosoma.

4. ELEOTRIS FUSCA (Bloch and Schneider)

PLATE 2, PIG. 1

PeocUia fusca BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichthy. (1801) 453 (after

Cobitis pacifica Forster, MS.).
Eleotris fusca GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 125; PETERS,

Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 268; GUNTHER, Fische der

Siidsee 2 (1876) 188; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 313, pi. 65, fig.

7; BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. VI 15 (1895) 186; JORDAN

and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 274.
Eleot'ris nigra QUOY and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool.

(1824) 259, pi. 60, fig. 2 (scales in figure incorrect).
Culius fuscus BLEEKER, Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl. Akad.

Amsterdam 11 (1877) 40.

Bicol name, midug.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 8 or 9 ; there are from 58 to 65
scales (usually 60 or 62) from the gill opening to the caudal
fin, and from 16 to 19 between the origins of the second dorsal
and anal fins ; there are 12 to 14 scales in a transverse row at
the base of the caudal ; between the snout and the origin of the
first dorsal are from 49 to 50 rows of scales.

The thick, robust, wedge-shaped body is nearly cylindrical im-
mediately behind the broad low head, but the sides taper rapidly
posteriorly to caudal peduncle which is strongly compressed ; the
dorsal profile low and gently convex; the depth contained from
a trifle more than 4 to 4.7 times in length; the head large, its

ELEOTRIS 31

length 2.85 to 3 times in length, its breadth three-fourths of
or equal to its own length; the snout short and blunt, its length
4 to 4.4 times in head; the eyes small but conspicuous, lateral
but very high up, 6 to 6.8 times in head, 1.4 to 1.6 in snout,
and 1.8 to 2 times in the depressed interorbital space; the mouth
rather large, very oblique, with a strongly projecting lower jaw
which extends to upper profile; the maxillary usually extends
nearly or quite to front margin of eye, but sometimes may
reach to below middle of pupil. The minute, sharp-pointed
teeth in bands of several rows; those in outer row in upper
jaw widely spaced and twice as large as those behind them;
in lower jaw usually a few enlarged ones at front of outer row
and farther back a few scattered larger pointed teeth. There
is a furrow behind interorbital space which is continued back-
ward from behind eye above opercle to pectoral fin base. The
scales on sides of body ctenoid; from second dorsal forward to
snout the scales are cycloid, becoming smaller anteriorly; on
many specimens there are no scales forward of the rear fourth
of interorbital space; cycloid scales on breast and throat, pec-
toral bases, opercles, and more or less scattered over the pre-
opercles, their arrangement beneath the eyes varying greatly,
but this space largely naked on most of our specimens. On
sides of snout and below eyes are numerous raised lines of
minute warts, mostly radiating from the eyes, but with a few
cross lines; at lower angle of preopercle is a sharp downward-
curved spine, more or less concealed and less evident in the
larger specimens.

Two living specimens from Pasig River, Manila, each with a
length of 130 millimeters, or 165 millimeters over all, were,
like many gobies, variable in color, changing according to en-
vironment or when much disturbed. Usually of a velvety black-
ish brown, when exposed to direct light they would change the
dorsal surface to light gray, slightly mottled with longitudinal
blackish streaks; if exposed to strong light the back and sides
would become dull gray all over, the longitudinal dark rows
along the sides more or less evident, according to the intensity of
the light.

The color in alcohol varies from yellowish or pale brown to
blackish, each scale along the sides with a dark spot, the spots
forming longitudinal rows; all fins crossbarred with alternate
rows of dark and pale spots or irregular bars, though the mark-
ings usually disappear from the ventrals.

32

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

In addition to a large number of living specimens from Pasig
River, I have examined numerous alcoholic specimens, ranging
in length from 22 to 132 millimeters, from the following lo-
calities :

Agno River, Dagupan, Pangasi-
nan Province, Luzon, 1.

Baliuag, Bulacan Province, Lu-
zon, 1.

Cabatohan River, Zambales
Province, Luzon, 21.

Bataan Province, Luzon, 1.

Pasig River, Manila, Luzon, 6.

Rawis River, Legaspi, Albay
Province, Luzon, 2.

Yawa River, Legaspi, Albay
Province, Luzon, 3.

Aringay River, Legaspi, Albay
Province, Luzon, 3.

Arimbay River, Legaspi, Albay
Province, Luzon, 9.

Bacon, Sorsogon Province, Lu-
zon, 1.

Polillo, 1.

Tambo River, Ambil Island, 20.

Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 3.

Sibuyan, 3.

Mambugan swamp, San Jose de
Buenavista, Antique Prov-
ince, 39.

Mariri River, Antique Prov-
ince, 237.

San Jose, Antique Province, 10.

Villa, Iloilo Province, 8.

Jordan River, Guimaras^, 1.

Dumaguete River, Dumaguete,
Oriental Negros, 82.

Lasay, Siquijor, 2.

Anahawan and Cabalian, Ley-
te, 10.

Cagayan, Misamis Province, 1.

Titunod River, Kolambugan, La-
nao Province, 3.

Caldera Bay and George River,
Zamboanga Province, 3.

Rio Grande de Mindanao, near
Dulauan, Cotabato Prov-
ince, 2.

Saub River, Cotabato Prov-
ince, 3.

Balabac, 1.

Bancolid River, Jolo, 6.

Martin Ranch, Siasi, 2.

Buan Island, Sulu Province, 2.

Lapid Lapid and Lambog Riv-
ers, Tawitawi, 10.

Sitankai, 1.

The Bureau of Science collection contains a specimen from
Calcutta, India, determined by the celebrated student of Indian
fishes, Dr. Francis Day. I also place here two specimens from
Guam.

Jagor was the first to collect this fish in the Philippines, his
specimens coming from Lebmanan River, Luzon, and from Lo-
quilocon and Borongan, Samar. It was also obtained in Pala-
wan, by Everett, as recorded by Boulenger, and Jordan and
Richardson list it from Aparri, Luzon, and from Sibuyan, in
their study of R. C. McGregor's collection. The Aparri record
is a doubtful one, and probably belongs under Eleotris melfr-
nosoma.

The Agno River specimen probably came from some other
locality and this record is in my opinion also a doubtful one.

ELEOTRIS 33

Eleotris fused reaches maturity while still small. Collections
made on August 19, 1925, in Mambugan swamp, San Jose de
Buenavista, Antique Province, and from Miriri River in the
same province contained spawning females from 36 to 60 mil-
limeters long.

This retiring eleotrid is usually very dark colored in life and
lies among stones or on the bottom where it can be detected
only with difficulty. It is evidently a voracious and indis-
criminate feeder, specimens often being found with the stomach
filled with vegetable tissues as well as with mollusca, Crustacea,
and "other fishes. Young specimens are slenderer, while a
spawning female collected from Dumaguete River on March 11,
1922, is much stouter than the proportionate measurements given
for the species would indicate. According to Gunther, it reaches
a length of "ten inches," about 255 millimeters, but I have seen
no large Philippine specimens.

This fish is common in rivers near the sea throughout the
Philippines, south of and including the Manila Bay region. It
is of wide range, occurring from Madagascar and the rivers
of the east coast of Africa to Guam, and the Society Islands.

5. ELEOTRIS MELANOSOMA Bleeker

Eleotris melanosoma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852) 705;

GtiNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit Mus. 3 (1861) 126.
Culiiis melanosoma. BLEEKER, Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl. Akad.

Amsterdam 11 (1875) 43.

Ilocano name, virot.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 8 or 9; there are from 48 to 52
scales from the gill opening to the caudal fin and 14 or 15 in
a transverse series from the origin of the second dorsal to that
of the anal ; there are 10 or 12 scales in a transverse series across
the caudal peduncle and from 37 to 42 rows of scales between
the first dorsal and the interorbital space.

The shape of body and head like that of E. fusca but the
snout more elevated; the depth rather variable, 3.9 to 5 times
in the length ; the long, broad, low head contained from 3 to 3.2
times in the length, its breadth about 0.75 of its own length ; the
snout short and bluntly rounded, 4£ to 4.8 times in head; the
small conspicuous eyes very high up, lateral but almost looking
upward, 4.8 to 5.4 times in head, equal to or f of snout, and
1.5 to 1.8 times in the broad interorbital space, which is 2.9 to
3.4 times In head. The mouth large, oblique, the upper maxillary
usually extending to a point below the middle of eye but varying

34 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

from the first to the last third; the very small sharp teeth
nearly uniform in size, only those of outer row in upper jaw
larger and more widely spaced than the others.

The whole body except snout, lips, chin, and subopercles cov-
ered with scales, as in E. fused; on lower half of preopercles
the scales are minute or sometimes partially absent. The in-
terorbital furrow absent or inconspicuous but the furrow from
eye to pectoral is broad; the lines of warts below eye mostly
absent and those on cheeks and snout usually less developed than
in E. fusca, though they are prominent in the specimens from
Cagiguran. There is a sharp spine, curving downward and for-
ward, at lower angle of preopercle.

In life the color is very dark, blackish or greenish black. In
alcohol it varies from yellowish brown to blackish, the abdomen
paler. The top of head and back in front of dorsal darkest,
the sides of trunk much paler. Usually a small pale spot on
each scale along the side gives narrow longitudinal stripes of
dark and light, especially behind the pectorals and toward the
back. All the fins more or less regularly crossbarred with al-
ternate rows of dark and pale spots or lines, the markings
mostly disappearing in preserved specimens.

I have examined one hundred thirty-five specimens, ranging
in length from 21 to 86 millimeters, from Laoag River in Ilocos
Norte Province, and from Abra River in Ilocos Sur and Abra
Provinces; one from Agno River, Dagupan, Pangasinan Prov-
ince; one from Buguey, Cagayan Province; three from Kabulig
River, Casiguran, on the east coast of northern Luzon; one
from Malabon, Rizal Province; eight from Puerto Galera, Min-
doro ; ten from Naganahan River, near Puerto Galera, Mindoro ;
one from Iloilo, Panay ; one from Navalas, Guimaras Island ; and
one from Hongkong.

I also have a large number of specimens, from 18 to 36 mil-
limeters in length, part of a lot of ipon caught at Bangar, La
Union Province.

The Eleotris fusca recorded from Aparri by Jordan and
Richardson probably belongs to this species.

This little eleotrid is an important fish in the Ilocano streams
and furnishes a considerable quantity of ipon. Those from La-
oag River seem to feed almost exclusively on river snails and
frequently it is found that their stomachs contain several shells
or a shell of astonishingly disproportionate size. Apparently
the shells ultimately disintegrate or are greatly reduced in size

BELOBRANCHUS 35

by the corrosive action of the gastric juice, so that the fish can
rid itself of them eventually.

Elsewhere this fish is known from Sumatra eastward to Bor-
neo, Celebes, Batjan, Amboina, Ceram, Euro, and Timor.

Genus 4. BELOBRANCHUS Bleeker
Belobranchus BLEBKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 13 (1856) 300.

The elongate body cylindrical anteriorly, with a pointed to
obtuse flattened and scaleless head; one or two of the upper
branchiostegals terminate anteriorly in a sharp spine directed
upward and forward ; there are 58 to 70 scales in a longitudinal
series; the lower jaw prominent, the mouth oblique; the teeth
in several rows in each jaw, the outer row a little larger than
the others; no canines present; the gill openings separated by
a broad isthmus. Dorsal VI, 1-7 or 8 ; anal I, 7 or 8.

This remarkable genus is completely separated from related
eleotrids by the strong spine at the forward end of the first or
first and second branchiostegals, and by the completely naked
head. Only one species is definitely known, confined to the rivers
and estuaries of the East Indies.

6. BELOBRANCHUS BELOBRANCHA (Cuyier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 2, FIG. 2

Eleotris belobrancha CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1836) 183; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 127; A. B.

MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist Nat. 14 (1885) 30.
Belobranchus taeniopterus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 12 III 2

(1856-1857) 301.

Eleotris taenioptera GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 127.
Belobranchus.quoyi BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 12 III 2 (1856-1857)

300, nomen nudum; BLEEKER, Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl.

Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 53.

Dorsal VI, 1-7 or 8 ; anal I, 7 or 8 ; there are from 58 to 65
scales in a longitudinal series and 20 in a transverse series.

The elongate body cylindrical anteriorly and compressed pos-
teriorly, its depth 6 to 7 times in the length ; the length of the
depressed head 3.3 to 3.4 times in the total length ; the eye 3.5
to 6.5 times in head, according to age; the interorbital space
varies from half an eye diameter to 1£ times eye; the convex
snout twice as long as eye, or in the young but little longer; the
maxilla is shorter than the mandible and in young specimens
reaches to below the middle of eye or even farther; in older
specimens it is carried back to the posterior margin of eye or

36 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

a little beyond; a conspicuous groove extends from eye back-
ward above operculum; two longitudinal grooves on cheek, the
upper with an ascending branch, the lower one branching for-
ward on snout and above eye and continuous with the groove
from eye above operculum; the first or first and second bran-
chiostegals with a strong sharp conical spine at the forward
end beneath preopercle, and directed forward and upward ; the
branchial aperture vertical beneath, not produced upward and
forward; throat naked; scales of nape, base of pectorals, and
belly cycloid, those of the sides toward tail ctenoid; first dorsal
obtuse; the depth of body twice or more than twice the lowest
spine, second, third, and fourth longer than the others ; the ob-
tusely rounded soft dorsal much higher than spinous dorsal
but lower than body; anal subequal to the soft dorsal in form
and height ; the obtusely rounded pectoral not or scarcely longer
than the postocular part of head, its upper rays short and silk-
like; the ventrals shorter than the postocular part of head;
caudal obtusely rounded.

The color above dark yellowish to violet golden or deep olive,
beneath dark brown, golden, or yellow; numerous bands or
narrow stripes of dark brown along the series of scales from head
to tail; several brown streaks run from eye across opercle;
membrane of fins clear violaceous to dusky, with golden rays;
the young and half-grown have several golden crossbars or
few to many golden ocelli or spots; fins more or less golden
and, except the ventrals, variegated with brown, the dorsals and
anal with longitudinal stripes, and the pectorals and caudal
marked with irregular transverse bars ; above base of pectoral
commonly a large dark or red spot; older specimens and adults
have the body much clouded with brown; the fins much or not
at all variegated, the spinous dorsal commonly dusky below apex.

I have examined four specimens, 50 to 59 millimeters in length,
collected from Kabatohan River in the mountains east of Iba,
Zambales. They are fine types of what Bleeker originally de-
scribed as Belobranchus taenioptera, but which later proved to
be B. belobrancha in a young stage. This species reaches a
length of 180 millimeters and occurs in the rivers of Borneo,
Bali, Celebes, Bat j an, and Ceram. According to the citation
from A. B. Meyer he obtained it from Manila Bay, but on page
7 he gives it in a list of ten species of fishes obtained only in
fresh water, with Luzon as the locality. As Manila Bay is salt
water, it is evident that there is an error somewhere, as in the

HYPSELEOTRIS 37

case of Rhyacichthys aspro, already mentioned. His specimens
probably came from the hills east of Santa Cruz, at the upper
end of Laguna de Bay.

I received a fine specimen, 71 millimeters long, from Alabat
Island, and another, 118 millimeters long, from Cajulogan barrio,
Gingog, Misamis Province, Mindanao.

Genus 5. HYPSELEOTRIS Gill

Hypseleotris GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 15 (1863) 270.

These are fresh-water eleotrids, with the appearance and
habits of some cyprinid fishes, as Fim&vlus, They do not lie
on the bottom or attach themselves to objects as do most gobies
and eleotrids, but swim freely in the water.

The body oblong, rather short, laterally very much com-
pressed ; the head likewise laterally compressed, pointed, higher
than wide, its sides scaled, and without bony crests above; the
mouth oblique, with short jaws, the lower one prominent; the
slender awl-shaped teeth in several rows in each jaw, subequal,
without canines; the scales large, 23 to 32 in a lateral series;
the dorsals well separated, rather low; the caudal obtuse. Dor-
sal VI, 1-8 to 11 ; anal I, 9 to 11.

The anal papilla is characteristic of the genus, more or less
oblong or square, with notched or bilobed tip, often very large,
and in some species with revolute edges.

The genus occurs from the East Indies to Australia and the
tropical islands of the South Pacific.

Key to the Philippine species of Hypseleotris.

a1. Two brown stripes crossing cheek from eye to operculum; anal papilla

small H. agilis.

a*. No brown stripes on cheek.

61. Color uniform tawny; a blackish spot on upper pectoral base; anal

papilla large, notched H. cyprinoides.

b*. Color brown to gray; a dark crossbar on base of pectoral.
c1. No black median lateral line.

d1. Caudal clear to golden; dorsals clear in females; males with first
dorsal spotted with black; second dorsal deep black with
circular white spots; anal papilla with a lunate bilobed tip.

H. bipartita.

tP. Caudal crossbarred with brown or black; a large black spot on
lower half of caudal base; both dorsals crossbarred by rows of
pale and dusky spots; anal papilla small, slender, minutely

notched H. modestus.

c*. A blackish median lateral line; anal papilla very broad, long,
notched; first dorsal pale basally, remainder black; second dorsal
crossbarred pale and black H. pangel.

38 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

7. HYP8ELEOTRIS AGILIS sp. nor.

PLATE 2, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 9 or 10; there are 25 scales in a
longitudinal series, 10 in a transverse series, and 15 between
the tip of the snout and the first dorsal fin.

The body laterally compressed, its depth 3.5 to 4 times in
the length; the dorsal profile descends to snout in an almost
straight line; the head depressed, its length a little more than
3 to 3i times in the length; the eye from 4.4 to 4.8 times in
the head and as long as or a little less than the bluntly round
snout, which is sharply elevated above; the rounded interor-
bital space equals eye; the leant depth of caudal peduncle twice
in its own length (in one specimen T? of its length) ; the caudal
much shorter than head, 4.5 to 5 times in the length; the anal
papilla small and inconspicuous.

The entire body covered with rather large scales; those on
head and predorsal and preventral regions cycloid, the remain-
der ctenoid; s.Tiall cycloid scales on base of caudal; the scales
on top of head extend forward to base of hump on snout.

The color in alcohol yellowish, crossbarred with darker bands,
which form eight dark spots along middle of each side : two nar-
row diagonal dark brown stripes run from eye backward across
preopercle and on to operculum; a faint longitudinal stripe on
operculum and one from eye backward above preopercle and
opercle; the second dorsal irregularly ci'ossbarred with dark
brown; the other fins more or less faintly dotted with darker;
an indistinct dark crossbar on base of pectoral.

Here described from the type, No. 10143 Bureau of Science
collection, and thirteen cotypes, which I obtained from a creek
flowing into Lake Mainit, near the barrio of Mainit, Surigao
Province, Mindanao.

This little fish is like no other mentioned in the available lit-
erature. The diagonal stripes on the side of the head give it
a great resemblance to the young of Ophiocara aporos. The
specimens seen were playing about in the current of a small
creek, after the manner of Cyprinidse, very unlike the habit of
gobioid fishes.

Agilis, nimble.

8. HYPSELEOTRIS CYPRINOIDES (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Eleotris cyprinoides CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1836) 187.
Hypseleotris cyprinoides JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

28 (1905) 794.

HYPSELEOTRIS 39

Dorsal VI, 1-9; anal I, 9.

The body is compressed, its belly convex, its snout pointed, and its
mouth very small.

The greatest height, which is at the anus, is five times in the length;
this is also the measure of the head and the caudal. The thickness is
not more than half the height. The upper and lower lines of the profile
are almost straight and meet at an acute angle to form the snout. The
eye is more than a fourth of the length of the head ; it is less than an eye in
diameter from tip of the snout, and the mouth is not even that long. The
teeth are as fine as velvet. The dorsals are but little more than half the
height of the body.

The genital lobule is large, square, and notched. The scales are large;
one cannot count more than twenty-six or twenty-eight between the gill
and the caudal, and nine or ten from the back to the belly, wider than
long, finely ciliate, with fifteen fanlike rays which are visible at the
margin.

In alcohol this little fish is uniform tawny, with a blackish spot at the
top of the pectoral base, upon the dorsals traces of brown leave round
transparent spots. There are also traces of brown upon the caudal. [Cu-
vier and Valenciennes]

I have seen no specimens of this species, but Jordan and Scale
placed here "seven specimens in good condition," collected by
Dr. Bashford Dean on the southern coast of Negros. It is
known positively only from the Island of Bourbon, or Reunion,
in the Indian Ocean and, in the absence of authentic material
with which to make comparison, I doubt its occurrence in the
Philippines.

9. HYPSELEOTRIS BIPARTITA cp. nov.

PLATE 3, PIG. 1

Bicol name, maringyan.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 10 ; there are 27 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 8 in a transverse series, and 15 before the first
dorsal.

The body much compressed, pointed anteriorly, the dorsal and
ventral profiles much arched, the depth 3.36 to 3.64 times, the
head 3.42 to 3.67 times in the length; the short truncate snout
f the length of eye, 4.4 to 4.75 in head ; the eyes large, circular,
lateral, 2.7 to 3.5 times in head, the interorbital equal to snout ;
the mouth strongly oblique, the chin projecting boldly, the pos-
terior angle of maxillary considerably in advance of eye; the
least depth of caudal peduncle a trifle more than twice in its
own length and 2.2 times in the length of head; fourth spine
of first dorsal highest, 1.46 to 1.9 times in head; second dorsal
usually higher, the middle rays longest, or sometimes the pos-
terior rays as long, but not reaching caudal when depressed,

40 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

1.18 to 1.75 times in head; the anal is like the second dorsal,
both sharply angulate posteriorly, but is lower, its posterior
rays 1.5 to 1.8 times in head; caudal a little longer than head,
subtruncate, 3.27 to 3.9 in the length; the pointed pectoral 1.16
to 1.5 times in head; ventrals very narrow, elongate, with hair-
like tips, 1.16 to 1.4 times in head and often reaching the
elongate anal papilla, which is flattened or subcylindrical, with
a lunate, bilobed, and often expanded tip.

The color in alcohol uniform blackish or brownish gray, the
pale grayish -ground color everywhere minutely punctate with
exceedingly minute blackish dots, thus giving the general effect
stated ; there is a conspicuous black spot or very short vertical
bar at base of caudal, rather below its middle; a black band
of coarse dots more or less evident, extending from the shoulder
down across base of pectoral ; on many female specimens there
is a broad, vaguely defined, dark lateral band from axil of
pectoral to caudal; females have the fins nearly unmarked, the
dorsals and anal clear, the membranes lightly specked with mi-
nute dark dots, the anal often clear with a dusky border ; caudal
clear or yellowish, the posterior part blackish or with dusky
crossbars; pectoral clear, ventrals clear or golden.

Males have a very different color scheme; the upper half of
body, especially anteriorly, is often suffused with dark orange
red; the first dorsal deep black, with a clear or white basal
spot between first and third spines and fifth and sixth spines,
and a broad white crossband near top from first to third or
fourth spines, the tip above black ; sometimes there is a narrow
clear basal band instead of two spots; second dorsal intense
black with two to several circular white spots along base and
three to five circular white spots across upper part; sometimes
the spots coalesce to form bands; more rarely the fin is paler
and the spots or bands change position up or down or become
diagonal; the anal more or less golden or orange to clear, the
margin dusky to blackish ; or the anal may be golden anteriorly,
changing to white or clear posteriorly, the upper third blackish ;
caudal clear or golden, the posterior part blackish ; the pectoral
clear to lemon yellow, the ventrals yellow; anal papilla clear
yellow.

I have studied one male specimen, the type, 33.5 millimeters
long, from the creek at barrio Puru, Legaspi, Albay Province,
and a large series of males and females from Rawis River,
Legaspi, Albay Province. The twenty-seven males vary from
24 to 33 millimeters in length; the eighty females, from 22 to

HYPSELEOTRIS 41

37, many of them ready to spawn, specimens 22.5 millimeters
long being full of eggs ; they were collected February 3, 1926.
Bipartita, in two parts, in reference to the strongly differen-
tiated color patterns of the sexes.

10. HYPSELEOTRIS MODESTUS (Bleeker)

Eleotris cyprinoides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853) 277 (not

of Cuvier and Valenciennes or of Giinther).
Asterropteryx modestus BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 10 (1875)

111; Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877)

81.
Hypseleotris modestus JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bar. Fisheries

27 (1908) 276.

Tagalog name, lomog.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 or 10; anal I, 10 or 11.

There are 27 to 29 scales in a longitudinal series, 8 in a
transverse series from the second dorsal to the anal, and 5 in
a transverse series on the caudal peduncle.

The depth of the oblong compressed body contained 3.9 times
in the length, the head about 3.5 times; the dorsal and ventral
profiles both gently convex, with pointed head and small snout,
its tip slightly elevated so that the profile behind it is a little
concave; the snout very short, and contained 4.4 times in the
head; the eye prominent and larger, its diameter 3f times in
the head and \\ times in the interorbital space; the least depth
of caudal peduncle contained twice in its own length; the ven-
trals as long as or longer than the pectorals, extending be-
yond anus; the caudal fin broad, rather truncate, its length 3.8
times in the length; the anal papilla small, oblong, its tip mi-
nutely notched.

The color in alcohol uniform brown, belly paler ; a faint dark
crossbar on base of pectoral, and a small dark brown circular
spot on lower half of base of caudal fin ; the second dorsal and
caudal fins obscurely barred with pale brown, the other fins
colorless.

I have placed here a single specimen, 38 millimeters long,
collected in a brook near Taytay, Palawan. The species was
recorded also from Mindoro, by Jordan and Richardson. These
specimens do not agree exactly with Bleeker's account. His
three specimens from Singapore and Sumatra had 28 scales,
the Mindoro specimen, 29.

Since the above was written I have obtained three more spec-
imens, 28, 26, and 23 millimeters long, from Daguitan River,
Dulag, Leyte.

42 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Later, fifty-seven specimens, 19 to 55 millimeters in length,
were secured from Pansipit River just below its source at
Taal Lake. When fresh they were silvery gray, or the upper
half with a golden brownish sheen, the scales of the upper half
or two-thirds densely sprinkled with fine blackish specks; a
conspicuous vertical black bar, starting on the shoulder, con-
tinued down over the base of the pectoral; a large black
spot on the lower half of the caudal base; opercle with a large
black or violet-black spot; both dorsals and the caudal were
crossbarred by numerous alternate whitish or pale and black
or dusky spots ; the ventrals lemon yellow ; the other fins yellow-
ish clear, or partly dusky.

Still later, Mr. F. Reveche sent me from San Jose, Antique
Province, Panay, two fine specimens, 41 and 50 millimeters in
length ; in the larger one the anal papilla is wide with a lunate
tip. Also, Dr. P. B. Sivickis, of the University of the Philip-
pines, has given me a specimen, 27 millimeters long, from Puerto
Galera, Mindoro.

11. HYPSELEOTKIS PANGEL sp. nov.

PLATE 3, FIG. 2

Local name, pangel.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 10 ; there are from 27 to 29 scales
(usually 28) in a longitudinal series, 8 in a transverse series,
and 15 scales between the first dorsal and the tip of the snout.

The depth of the oblong, strongly compressed body about
3$ times in the length, its thickness about twice in the depth;
head laterally compressed and pointed, the dorsal profile de-
scending steeply in a nearly straight line from nape to snout, its
length 3£ to 3f in head and body together; the rounded snout
wider than its length, which is 3.5 to 4 times in head and equal
to or slightly more than an eye diameter ; the interorbital space
is about the same or slightly exceeds the snout ; the mouth small,
nearly vertical, with a prominent lower jaw; the maxillary does
not extend back as far as front margin of eye; the entire body,
except lips and chin, covered with scales ; those below eyes and
on top of head cycloid, the rest all ctenoid; the conspicuous,
anal papilla very broad and long with revolute edges and a
bilobed or notched tip. The dorsal spines low, the rays half
again or twice as long; the pectorals are long, reaching to
anal papilla, as do the pointed ventrals which are little if any
shorter; the caudal obtusely rounded, and contained 4 to 4.5
times in the length.

BOSTRICHTHYS 43

The color in alcohol very pale grayish brown, the scales punc-
tulated with minute dark specks, especially dorsally; on base
of pectoral the dots are larger and thicker, forming a cross-
bar; a blackish thin line is evident in some specimens, from
upper end of pectoral base along side to caudal; the spinous
dorsal pale basally, but the greater part of the fin black; the
soft dorsal crossbarred alternately with pale and dark, the pos-
terior free portion partly or entirely black ; the anal and caudal
more or less darkened by transverse rows of pale and dark
spots or specks.

I place here twenty specimens, from 32 to 47 millimeters in
length, believed to have been collected in Cavite Province. No
data were with them when found by me in the collection, except
a typewritten slip giving the native name.

From the Eleotris cyprinoides of Cuvier and Valenciennes
and "Asterropteryx" modestus of Bleeker this species seems to
differ in the presence of a dark lateral line, the black on the
dorsals, and in the proportions.

Genus 6. BOSTRICHTHYS Dumeril

Bostrichthys DUMERIL, Zool. Analyt. (1806) 120, 332.
Bostrychus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 3 (1802) 144 (preoccupied
by Bostrickus Geoffrey, 1762, for a genus of insects).

The body elongate, somewhat cylindrical forward, with com-
pressed sides posteriorly and broad, somewhat flattened head;
the eyes lateral, not prominent, of medium size; teeth very
small, in many rows on both jaws, without canines ; a patch of
similar teeth on vomer; the dorsal fins far apart; the base of
pectorals slightly muscular; gill openings rather large, with a
broad isthmus; the whole body, including head, covered with
small cycloid scales.

This genus apparently has but a single species, of wide dis-
tribution among the Indo-Australian islands.

12. BOSTRICHTHTS SINENSIS (Lacepede)

PLATE 3, FIG. 3

Bostrichthys sinensis GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1860) 125;

DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 309, pi. 65, fig. 4.
Bostrychus sinensis (LACEPEDE), Hist. Nat. Poiss. 3 (1802) 141, pi.

14, fig. 2; KNER, Reise Novara, Fische (1865) 186; BLEEKER, Versl.

Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 16; JORDAN and SEALB, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 29 (1905) 526; Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 382;

SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 9 (1914) 74.
Philypnus ocellicauda RICHARDSON, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Ichthy. (1844)

59.

44 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

PhiLypnus sinensis RICHARDSON, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Ichthy. (1845)

149, pi. 56, figs. 15 and 16.
Eleotris sinensis GUNTHBB, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 127;

Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 189.

Dorsal VI, 1-12 or 11; anal I, 8 or 9; scales in longitudinal
row 130 to 135 (140, according to Giinther).

The body elongate, the posterior half strongly compressed
laterally; the depth from 5.25 to 5.7 in the length, and a little
more or less than § of the length of the broad, low head ; the
greatest width of head equals its length from the forward margin
or middle of eye; the snout broad, blunt, rounded, its length
3.5 to 4 times in head; the eyes lateral, 5.1 to 5.8 in head;
interorbital space broad, flat or gently rounded, twice or nearly
twice eye; mouth wide, with thick lips and protruding lower
jaw; the maxillary reaches beyond middle or even beyond pos-
terior margin of eye; tube of anterior nostril £ to f of eye;
the teeth vary in size in different individuals, from velvety to
needlelike, but are always small and uniform ; the vomerine patch
also varies in size, but is never very large; the wide caudal
peduncle equals f to | of the depth.

The first dorsal low, second dorsal 1.5 times as high or more,
the posterior rays longest; anal shorter and a trifle lower than
second dorsal; the pectorals large, reaching well beyond the
ventrals, which scarcely extend halfway to anus; caudal broad,
rounded to wedge-shaped, 4 to 4.6 in the length.

The entire body covered with small cycloid scales, more or
less rudimentary on snout and top of head, small on cheeks,
larger on opercles, more or less irregularly arranged on trunk,
and becoming largest on caudal peduncle; scales extend upon
the caudal fin for half its length.

The color in alcohol brown, mottled, or streaked with fine lines
of darker brown or blackish, the underparts paler to whitish;
a large black eyespot with broad white margin at upper part of
base of caudal fin; dorsal and caudal fins with rows or bands
of dark brown spots.

Here described from eleven specimens, 70 to 114 millimeters
in length, collected at Coron, Busuanga, I obtained a specimen,
28 millimeters long, in a tide pool at the Martin ranch, Siasi,
and one, 104 millimeters long, at Cebu, and have also examined
numerous specimens from Hongkong, Amoy, Samoa, and other
localities.

This rather variable but very easily recognized fish may be
recognized at sight by the eyespot on the tail, no other Phil-

£3 GOBIOMORPHUS 45

ippine eleotrid having any similar recognition mark. It is said
to reach a length of "ten inches," about 255 millimeters. The
Cebu specimen, collected September 15, and a specimen, 96 milli-
meters long, collected in January, were both nearly full of ripe
eggs.

First described from the southern coast of China, it is known
to occur from Shanghai to the Fiji Islands in the South Pa-
cific, and through the East Indies to the Andaman Islands in
the Indian Ocean.

Genus 7. GOBIOMORPHUS Gill

Gobiomorphus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 15 (1863) 270.

Small, stout, short-bodied eleotrids having the snout and sides
of head marked by numerous rows of skinny ridges which bear
rows of fibrils or papillae; the small, slender, subequal teeth are
in four or five rows in each jaw, without canines ; cheeks naked
or with cycloid scales ; scales in lateral series, 30 to 43 ; isthmus
broad. Dorsal VI to VII, 9 to 11 ; anal I, 8 to 11.

IS. GOBIOMORPHUS ILLOTUS sp. nor.

PLATE 3, FIG. 4

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 30 scales in a longitudinal
series and 10 in a transverse series.

The body rather stout, laterally compressed, the dorsal profile
not elevated and nearly a straight line, the ventral profile very
little curved so that the two are nearly parallel, the depth 4f
times in the length; the head large, its breadth equal to the
depth of the body and its length contained 3.2 times in head and
trunk together ; the eyes large, high up, and very close together,
so that they gaze upward, their diameter 4.5 times in head
and equal to the blunt snout ; the interorbital space very narrow,
its breadth about 18 times in head and equal to about £ of an
eye diameter; a depressed space under anterior portion of eye
gives a pinched appearance to snout in contrast to the broad
head; the mouth is small, oblique, with a projecting chin, and
does not extend back as far as eye; the slender pointed teeth
are small to minute and in four or five rows in upper jaw, those
of outer row larger than the rest and widely spaced ; there are
four rows in lower jaw; the dorsal length of caudal peduncle
is i greater, the ventral length £ more than its own depth ; the
fins all of moderate height; the pectoral reaches to anal pa-
pilla and is longer than ventral, which does not reach anus ; the
caudal f as long as head.

46 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Only the snout and chin scaleless; the posterior half of body
covered with coarsely ctenoid scales; the forward half has cy-
cloid scales ; snout and sides of head have rows of skinny ridges
bearing more or less fibrillose papillae.

The color in alcohol pale brown, with the fins more or less
spotted and barred with blackish ; the papillae on head are dark
or blackish, giving the appearance of adhering dirt or trash.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 29 millime-
ters long, collected at Polillo by E. H. Taylor.

Illotus, dirty, in allusion to the appearance of the head.

Genus 8. BUTIS Bleeker
Butis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 11 (1856) 42.

The body moderately long to elongate, and more or less cy-
Kndrical anteriorly; the height of the very pointed prismatic
head equal to its breadth; the lower jaw very prominent; the
head scaled, with bony crests on the flat interorbital space and
around eyes; the temporal region smooth or scarcely scaled;
26 to 30 scales in a longitudinal series. The small, crowded
teeth are in several rows in the jaws, and of equal or nearly
equal size, or those of the outer row a little longer; there are
no canines.

The species included in this genus are all small fishes of both
fresh and salt water, living in shallow bays, estuaries, and the
lower reaches of rivers where they are more or less affected by
the tides. They lie on the bottom or attach themselves to any
object that will serve as a hiding place, their dark colors blending
with the environment so that they are almost invisible. All
our species agree in having a conspicuous black spot on the
base of the pectoral fin.

Key to the Philippine species of Butis.

a1. Interorbital region and preorpecle, including region below eyes, covered

with scales.
61. Scales of trunk without secondary scales; no scales between eye and

orbital ridge B. amboinensis.

6*. Scales of trunk with secondary scales; two or three rows of minute

scales between eye and orbital ridge B. butis.

a*. Interorbital region and preopercle scaleless; no secondary scales on
trunk B. gymnopomus.

14. BUTIS AMBOINENSIS Bleeker

Eleotris amboinensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 5 (1853) 343;
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 117.

Butis amboinensis BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. 8 (1860) 44;
Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1875)
66; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 276.

BUTIS 47

Tagalog name, bia sunog, or kaple, at Cavite.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 8 ; scales in a longitudinal series,
from opercle to caudal fin, 28 to 30; there are no secondary
scales; the number of scales between the first dorsal and the
interorbital space is variable, ranging from 14 to 19, usually
about 16.

The dorsal profile not so strongly arched as in B. butis and the
body more elongate-cylindrical, the depth contained from 5.6
to 6.2 times in the length ; the head long, low, nearly flat on top,
and contained 2.8 to 3 times in length; the snout broadly rounded,
its length 2.6 to 3 times in head and i or £ more than an eye
diameter; the eyes more on top of head than lateral, and con-
tained 4.4 to 5 times in head and equal or nearly equal to in-
terorbital space; the mouth large, oblique, with strongly
projecting lower jaw, the curved maxillary extending to front
margin of eye, or exceptionally a little beyond; the anterior
nostril small, with a short, thin-walled, flaccid tubule; the
posterior nostril much larger, open; least depth of caudal pe-
duncle from 2.8 to 3 times in its own length ; the short ventrals
reach about halfway to anal fin; the pectorals extend to anus
or to anal fin ; the rounded caudal about i as long as head and
trunk.

The very low orbital ridges smooth or nearly so, close to
margin of eye, and without scales on skin between eyes and
ridges; the preorbital ridges very low, short, and inconspicuous;
a wide naked band extends from snout along inner side of each
orbital ridge, the conical space between them more or less scaled,
and becoming almost naked posteriorly; the band continues
to the upper extremity of pectoral base; the entire body except
snout, lips, preorbital space,- and underside of head scaled ; the
scales on base of pectoral, breast, and midline of belly cycloid,
the rest all ctenoid. The cycloid scales all small to very small.

The color of alcoholic specimens varies from blackish brown
to yellowish brown ; six blackish crossbands more or less evident,
the first extending from base of first dorsal; a double black
stripe extends along each side from base of pectoral to caudal ;
a black stripe extends from snout, where it is often double,
through eye to opercle; each scale on side has a pale spot, the
spots forming longitudinal rows; behind interorbital space is a
large, more or less reddish brown spot ; in front of first dorsal is
an elongate pale spot extending along midline of predorsal space ;
vertical fins more or less blackish or barred, the membranes
black-dotted; upper part of caudal has a whitish band which is

48 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

broadest at rear; base of pectoral has a large dark spot with
a pale spot above and below it, the fin itself colorless; ventrals
more or less dusky to black, with pale outer margin.

I have examined thirty-two specimens of this fish, from 36
to 78 millimeters in length, from the following localities : Luna,
La Union Province; Santa Inez, Rizal Province; Manila; Libog
and Arimbay River, Albay Province; Baco River, Mindoro;
Naganahan River, Calapan, Mindoro ; San Jose and Mariri River >
Antique Province; Molo, Iloilo Province; Butuan, Agusan Prov-
ince; Placer, Surigao Province.

This small and obscure fish dwells in rivers not far from the
sea and occurs throughout the Philippines, as well as in Am-
boina, Celebes, and Bum. Day's Eleotris amboinensis I cannot
include here, since he himself is doubtful that his fish is iden-
tical with Bleeker's species.

15. BUTIS BUTIS (Buchanan Hamilton)

PLATE 4, FIG. 1

CheUodipterus butis BUCHANAN HAMILTON, Fishes Ganges 57 (1822)

367.
Eleotris humeralis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 246.
Eleotris butis CANTOR, Cat. Malayan Fishes (1850) 196; GUNTHER,

Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 116 (in part); DAY, Fishes of

India (1878) 315, pi. 67, fig. 3 (in part) ; VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch.

Mus. Ill 5 (1893) 57; BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. VI 15

(1895) 186.
Butis butis BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 62; JORDAN

and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 275; SEALE, Philip.

Journ. Sci. ,§ D 9 (1914) 74.
Butis leucurus JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28 (1905)

794, fig. 13; Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 40; EVERMANN and

SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 104.
Butis prismaticus JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27

(1908) 275 (not of Bleeker).

Ibanag name, pasel.

Dorsal VI, 1-7 or 8; anal I, 7 to 9. There are from 28 to 30
scales in a longitudinal series; very small accessory scales of
varying sizes are more or less abundant at the base of the
scales on the body, their number ranging from one to half a
dozen; 18 to 20 scales between first dorsal and interorbital
space.

The body strongly compressed behind, the part behind the
head subcylindrical ; the back arched, highest at origin of first
dorsal, the depth contained 4.6 to 5.2 in the length; the

BUTIS 49

profile descends very steeply toward front, and is slightly con-
cave from behind eyes to tip of snout; the head depressed, wide,
and very long, contained 2.7 to 3 times in length; the snout
long, 2$ to 3 times in head, and twice the diameter of an eye ;
interorbital space broad, thickly scaled, about 4 times in the
length of the head; the eyes high up but lateral, rather small,
and contained 1.25 to 1.5 times in interorbital space and 5.3
to 6 times in the length of the head; the mouth large, with
strongly projecting lower jaw, oblique, the curved maxillary
not reaching eye or extending to a point scarcely beyond an-
ttJrior margin; the anterior nostril very small with a corre-
spondingly small tubule; the posterior nostril much larger and
open or partly covered by a thin flap; the depth of caudal
peduncle from 7.5 to 8 times in the length and 1.9 to 2.1 times
in its own length; the short ventrals do not reach anus, the
pectorals extending beyond them, sometimes reaching anal fin;
the caudal broad, rounded, its length about 4 times in head and
trunk.

A low ridge, but little or not at all serrated, curves about
each eye, above and behind it and at some distance away, two
or three rows of small scales lying between it and the eye; the
preorbital ridges are very low and inconspicuous, serrate, and
approach each other very closely near tip of snout ; on the inner
side of the interorbital ridges is a broad naked or scaleless
strip which continues as a well-marked irregular line from end
of orbital ridge immediately behind eye to upper extremity of
pectoral base ; the entire body except tip of snout, lips, and chin
covered with scales; those on bases of pectoral and the region
in front of the ventrals cycloid, the rest all ctenoid. Inter-
orbital scales and those around eyes, on snout, and on throat
all small to very small.

The color of a living spawning female, 82 millimeters long,
taken from Pasig River several kilometers above its mouth, was
as follows : General color gray, with five or six blackish cross-
bands, obscure anteriorly but well defined on rear half of body ;
top of head was irregularly lined and mottled with grayish
and dusky; a blackish streak extended from snout through eye
to opercle; each scale had a pale spot, the spots forming longi-
tudinal rows along the sides; on base of pectoral were two
elongate pink spots with a much larger, nearly circular black
spot between them, the pectoral itself being colorless ; first dorsal
had greenish black and pale transverse blotches; second dorsal
was clear with dark spots basally and posteriorly ; ventrals and

50 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

anal had alternate rows of blackish and pale spots on the rays,
with a pink margin; caudal was pale at its base, with dark or
blackish rays and clear membrane.

Several living specimens, from 90 to 105 millimeters in length,
from the same locality, were dark olive green, with greenish
yellow on the lips, about the nostrils, and over a large part of
the preopercle. On the lower half of the body the longitudinal
rows of spots were brick red ; a broad, bright brick red margin
on ventrals and anal; in other respects the colors were as al-
ready given. The red colors were very noticeable owing to
the habit these fishes have of attaching themselves head down-
ward to the glass front of the aquarium. They prefer fasten-
ing themselves by their ventrals to vertical objects, such as
water pipes or rubber tubing, to lying on the bottom. In this
way they are fairly well concealed and out of the way of other
fish.

In alcohol the colors are similar, but the rows of white or
pale spots on the sides are more conspicuous until the lapse of
years makes the fish a more uniform yellowish brown ; the sides
of snout and cheeks covered with few to many dark brown or
black spots; the ventrals black with a pale or whitish outer
margin; the other fins black or very dark, except the caudal,
which has a whitish or pale band along its upper margin, this
widest toward the rear; the pink spots on the pectoral are
white or whitish.

The above description was written after many living speci-
mens had been examined, from Pasig River, Manila, and a large
number of alcoholic specimens, from 42 to 117 millimeters in
length, obtained at the following localities:

Abulug, Cagayan Province, Lu- Manila, Luzon.

zon. Laguna de Bay, Luzon.

Vigan, Ilocos Sur Province, Lu- Nasugbu, Batangas Province,

zon. Luzon.

Gulf of Lingayen, Luzon. Polillo.

San Fabian, Pangasinan Prov- Baco, Mindoro.

ince, Luzon. Capiz, Capiz Province.

Agno River, Dagupan, Panga- Iloilo, Iloilo Province.

sinan Province, Luzon. Dumangas, Leganes, Molo, Vi-
Orani and Orion, Bataan Prov- lla, and Zarraga, all of Iloilo

ince, Luzon. Province, Panay.

Obando and Baliuag, Bulacan Buenavista and Navalas, Gui-

Province, Luzon. maras Island.

Malabon, Rizal Province, Lu- Davao, Mindanao.

zon. Hongkong and Amoy, China.

Spawning females varied from 45 to 82 millimeters in length.

BUTIS 51

Many individuals are much darker in life than is the one
described from Pasig River, the general color being very dark
purplish brown, almost black. The margins of the soft dorsal
and anal and the upper and lower margins of the caudal are
also yellow in some specimens.

In the Bureau of Science collection is also a specimen from
India determined by the eminent authority on Indian fishes,
Dr. Francis Day. This agrees with Philippine specimens in
every respect except the size of the mouth. Day says, "The
maxilla reaches to below the middle of the eye," with which
statement his specimen agrees perfectly.

This species has been recorded previously from the "Phil-
ippine Islands;" Manila, Cavite, and Bacon, Sorsogon, Luzon;
Iloilo, Panay; Negros, Cuyo, and Palawan. It occurs from the
coast of Bengal eastward throughout the Indo-Australian Ar-
chipelago as far as New Guinea.

16. BUTIS GYMNOPOMUS Bleeker

Eleotris gymnopomus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853) 274.
Butis gymnopomus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 12 (1856) 215

(name only) ; Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam

11 (1877) 76.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 8 or 9 ; there are 26 to 28 scales
in a longitudinal series and 10 in a transverse series ; there are 14
scales between the first dorsal and the interorbital space; sec-
ondary scales are lacking.

The body elongate with arched dorsal profile, cylindrical an-
teriorly, and much compressed laterally on the posterior half;
the depth greatest at first dorsal, 4.75 to 5 times in the
length; the long head much depressed and 2.8 times in the
length; the broad rounded snout 2.7 to 2.8 times in the head;
the eyes contained 1.8 times in snout; the interorbital space
varies from a little more to a little less than an eye diameter;
mouth large, oblique, with projecting lower jaw, the maxillary
extending to or beneath anterior margin of eye; the teeth of
outer row in each jaw noticeably larger and more widely spaced
than the rest; nostrils as in B. a/mboinensis ; the orbital and
preorbital ridges very low, smooth, and inconspicuous ; the head
naked except on opercles and nape, with no interocular scales;
the rest of body scaled as in B. amboinensis ; the least depth
of caudal peduncle from 2.25 to 2.6 times in its length; the
ventrals about £ as long as the distance to the rather large
lanceolate genital papilla; the pectorals are much larger and
extend to the genital papilla or even to the anal fin; the soft

52 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

dorsal and caudal similar in outline, posterior rays greatly
elongated but not quite reaching caudal when depressed; the
caudal contained from 3.5 to 3.8 times in head and trunk.

In alcohol the color dusky gray to blackish, with a broad,
very dark brown lateral band extending from before eye, back
across its lower part, and on to base of caudal fin; in the La
Union specimens each scale had a pale or yellow spot, the spots
forming longitudinal rows; there is a black spot in the curve
of the interorbital ridge behind eye and a blackish crossbar
on base 6f pectoral ; a large black spot on basal or central por-
tion of spinous dorsal; the anal blackish with a narrow pale
margin; the caudal black, with a broad white upper margin,
widest posteriorly.

Here described from three specimens, 57 to 71 millimeters
in length, collected by G. A. Lopez in Daguitan River, Dulag,
Leyte, and three specimens, 52 to 61 millimeters in length,
collected by J. Montilla at Rabon, La Union Province. The
Bureau of Science collection also contains two small poor speci-
mens from Capiz, Panay, and an excellent specimen, 54 milli-
meters long, from Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur Province.

This well-marked species seems to have been recorded only
by Bleeker, who obtained it from Sumatra, Nias, Singapore,
Banka, Java, and Borneo. My specimens agree with Bleeker's
description except in the number of scales in a longitudinal
series, which he gives as about 30.

Genus 9. PRIONOBUTIS Bleeker

Prionobutis BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 305.
This genus is differentiated at once by the teeth and the form
of the head and body, which differ markedly from those of the
species of Butis, to which it is closely akin. The head is short,
obtuse, with convex profile and strongly elevated and serrate
bony crests. The lower jaw is but little or not at all projecting.
The teeth are in bands of several rows, those of the outer row
conspicuously longer ; no canines are present ; scales in a lateral
series 28 to 30.

17. PRIONOBUTIS KOILOMATODON Bleeker

PLATE 4, FIG. 2

Eleotris koilomatodon BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. 22 (1849) 21.
Prionobutis koilomatodon BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 10 (.1875)

105 (name only); Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 73.
Eleotris caperatus CANTOR, Cat. Malayan Fishes (1850) 197.
Eleotris caperata GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 1-17;

DAY, Fishesl of India (1878) 315.

PRIONOBUTIS 53

Prionobutis serrifrons RUTTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1897) 84.
Butis serrifrons JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 40.
Butis koilomatodon JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27,

(1908) 274.
Butis caperata SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. ,§ D 9 (1914) 74.

Dorsal VI, 1-8; anal I, 8; scales in lateral series, 28 to 30;
in transverse series, 9 or 10.

The body wedge-shaped, triangular in cross section, with
short, deep head and short, blunt snout; the depth contained

3.5 to 3.6 times, the head barely 3 to 3.2 times in the length;
the greatest breadth of head contained 1.25 to 1.35 times, and
its depth measured just behind eyes 1.6 to 1.8 times in the
length of head; the snout blunt, somewhat elevated anteriorly;
eyes contained from 4.3 to 5.4 times in head and from 1.2 to

1.6 times in snout, which is about 3.4 times in head; above and
behind each eye an irregular, bony, serrated ridge; between the
ridges is the depressed, flat or slightly concave and scaleless
interorbital space, which is equal to or 1.5 times an eye diam-
eter; in front of each eye two low serrated ridges which con-
verge at the front but do not meet; the region in front of first
dorsal is broad, elevated, covered with much smaller scales than
those on sides of trunk; the scales on belly and breast also
small ; those in front of ventrals are smallest and, unlike those
of rest of body, cycloid; small ctenoid scales on base of
pectoral, larger ones on opercle, and very small ones on posterior
part of upper half of cheek; the anterior part of upper half
has three or four short rows of very small papillae extending
at right angles to eye, with or without a few minute ctenoid
scales between their lower extremities; no scales between the
eyes and the crests above them. The mouth strongly oblique,
the maxillary not quite reaching a point under front margin
of eye; anterior nostril large, with a prostrate tubule which is
flaplike behind ; the posterior nostril smaller, with a small valve
on each side; in small specimens the maxillary may extend to
middle of eye; the depth of caudal peduncle contained from 1.8
times to twice in its length.

The soft dorsal and anal much higher than the spinous dor-
sal, the last rays of anal the longest; the ventrals reach almost
to anus or beyond it; the large pectorals extend beyond the
ventrals, in some cases as far as second or third ray of anal;
the caudal rather broad, rounded, its length from 3f to 4 times
in head and trunk.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown, with transverse dark
brown crossbars which run diagonally downward and back-

54 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

ward, one across the head behind the eyes, one above the pos-
terior part of the opercles, one between this and the first dorsal ;
a broad band at base of first dorsal divides on the sides of
body; two narrow bands from second dorsal, one on caudal
peduncle and one at base of caudal. There are some broad ir-
regular stripes on snout and cheeks; a white spot on each scale
on the sides, the spots forming longitudinal rows. The first
dorsal black; the rays of the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal al-
ternately barred with pale and dark brown, with dusky or black
membranes; the ventrals blackish; a large black spot on base
of pectoral with smaller pinkish or white spots above and below
it ; the pectorals dusky or faintly crossbarred.

Here described from six specimens from Amoy, China, rang-
ing in length from 86 millimeters (107 millimeters over all) to
45 millimeters. The largest two specimens are ripe males.

The color of a fresh specimen, collected from Pasig River, was
gray, with alternate light and dark longitudinal lines on sides
and with transverse dusky bands as previously described; the
fins were all black or blackish. The Bureau of Science collection
also contains specimens from Hongkong; from Malabon, a well-
known fishing town near Manila ; from Molo and from Zarraga,
Iloilo Province, Panay ; and from Navalas, a barrio of Buenavista,
Guimaras Island. I have collected it from Pasig River, several
kilometers from Manila Bay, and in the city markets of Manila,
the specimens having been caught in Manila Bay. This species
has been recorded from Cavite and from Iloilo, and undoubtedly
occurs throughout the Philippines, probably never beyond the
influence of salt water. Its geographical range is from the coast
of India and the Andaman Islands to Celebes and Amboina, and
northward on the coast of China at least as far as Am6y.

Genus 10. ODONTOBUTIS Bleeker

Odontobutis BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 305.

The body stout, not much compressed, the sides covered with
rather large ctenoid scales, 36 to 46 in a longitudinal series.
The large pointed and depressed head wider than high, scaled
above and on the sides, with wide flat crown; the interorbital
crests smooth and naked; the oblique mouth rather large with
projecting chin; the teeth fine, short, crowded in broad bands,
the external row little longer and without canines; the first
dorsal fin normally of seven spines. Dorsal VI-VIII, 1-8 to
10; anal I, 6 to 8.

ODONTOBUTIS 55

18. ODONTOBUTIS OBSCURA (Schlecel)

Eleotris obscura SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poissons (1847) 149, pi.

77, figs. 1-3; GUNTHBR, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 115; KNEB,

Zool. Reise Novara, Fische (1865) 185.
Odontobutis obscura .SLEEKER, Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl.

Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 56; JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 23 (1900) 370.
Odontobutis obscurus JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

24 (1901) 43; SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 33 (1908)

248.

Dorsal VII, 1-8; anal I, 7; there are 46 scales in a lateral
series, 16 in a transverse series.

The body thick, subcylindrical, and laterally compressed; the
large depressed head broader than the body, and contained 3
times in the length, the depth 5 times ; the snout a little longer
than eye, 3.7 to 4 times in head ; the eyes about 5£ times in head
and 1£ or 1.5 times in interorbital space; the oblique mouth
large, with a projecting lower jaw; the maxillary extends to
a point beneath pupil of eye; the anterior nostril has a thin-
walled tube but there is none on the posterior nostril ; the caudal
peduncle deep, its depth about 2f times in length of head; the
caudal fin broadly rounded, its length about 4f times in head
and trunk.

The entire body covered with scales except the very tip of
snout, the space in front of eyes, lips, and chin ; those on sides
are, ctenoid, the rest cycloid; the scales on forward part of
head, bases of pectorals, and throat small to very small. The
ventral fins much shorter than the long broad pectorals, which
extend to anal papilla or beyond; the first dorsal small, much
lower than second dorsal and anal.

The color in alcohol dark brown, with numerous obtusely
angled darker crossbands along sides, the interspaces paler ; two
obscure blackish circular spots at base of caudal; all the fins
are more or less crossbarred with brown and paler spots.

In the Bureau of Science collection are two specimens, 50 and
80 millimeters long, collected at Zamboanga by Maj. E. A.
Mearns and determined by Seale and Bean. Giinther gives the
number of scales in a lateral series as 36 to 40, while Jordan and
Snyder give 36, and Bleeker says 40. The scales in my specimens
agree in number and arrangement with Schlegel's figure. Ac-
cording to Bleeker the dorsal spines may vary from six to eight,
but seven is the usual number. The spines, fin rays, and scales
are evidently rather variable.

56 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

This fish is common in estuaries and river mouths in central
and southern Japan, where it reaches a length of 300 milli-
meters. It also occurs in Korea and along the coast of northern
China, and has been recorded from Java. It is apparently very
rare in the Philippines.

Genus 11. PALOA g. nov.

Dorsal V, 1-10; anal I, 8; scales in longitudinal series 85 or
more; before first dorsal 55 or more; six rows of teeth in upper
jaw, those of outer row much enlarged, stout, conical; the
remaining teeth minute except the four central ones of the
innermost row, which are enlarged and strongly curved back-
ward; in lower jaw is an outer row of a few widely spaced,
enlarged conical teeth, followed by three rows of minute teeth.

The robust body little elevated, laterally compressed, with
a large, wide, depressed head, full cheeks, oblique mouth, and
projecting chin; the eyes small, dorsolateral, the interorbital
space broad ; the vertical fins all low, the dorsals far apart, the
height of first dorsal less than half the depth of trunk; the
pectorals and ventrals narrow and short; the broad rounded
caudal much shorter than head; the entire body, except lips,
tip of snout, and ventral surface of head, covered with small
cycloid scales, which extend upon pectoral and caudal fins;
radiating from eyes and also running longitudinally and ver-
tically on cheeks are numerous lines of very minute papillae.

Pcdoa, from polo, the Visayan name of certain gobies. Gen-
eric type, P. polylepis sp. nov.

19. PALOA POLYLEPIS »p. HOT.

PLATE 4, PIG. 3

Dorsal V, 1-10 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 88 to 92 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 36 in a transverse series, and 58 to 62 before the
first dorsal.

The robust body subcylindrical anteriorly, the posterior part
strongly compressed laterally, the ventral profile gently convex,
dorsal profile nearly horizontal, its depth 4 times in the length ;
the large head very broad, much depressed, its length 3.4 times
in the total length, wider than the trunk, its greatest breadth
0.75 to 0.9 of its length and 0.25 more than its depth ; the snout
broad and rounded, its length 4 times in that of head ; the eyes
noticeably small, dorsolateral in position, more than 10 times
in head, 2.5 times in snout, and 3.5 times in the broad, some-
what depressed interorbital which is 2.85 times in head; the

PALOA 57

mouth strongly oblique or nearly vertical, the posterior extrem-
ity of maxillary under anterior portion of eye or much in
advance of eye; the lower jaw strongly projecting; the den-
tition is that given under the generic diagnosis; the cheeks
very full and round; radiating from eye, above and below it,
and on preopercle, are lines of minute papillae; the scalation
is given under the generic diagnosis, the posterior scales largest,
the scales on trunk irregularly arranged; scales extend upon
caudal for more than half its length.

The first dorsal very low, second and third spines longest,
and contained 3 times in the depth ; second dorsal low, posterior
portion highest, longest ray 0.6 of the depth; the anal shorter
than second dorsal, low, its longest ray a little shorter than
that of second dorsal; the pectoral rather small, a little shorter
than the small, rounded caudal, which is 0.6 the length of head ;
the ventrals small, narrow, their length equal to 0.6 of the
depth; the caudal peduncle deep, strongly compressed, its
depth 0.8 that of trunk, twice in head, and 1.1 times in its own
length.

The color in alcohol olive brown, very dark above, and
lighter on sides, becoming whitish on belly; a blackish brown
band runs from snout back above eye and along upper part of
side to caudal peduncle, where it converges downward toward
second band ; this starts behind eye, goes back above opercle and
above pectoral, curving slightly downward along the side, then
straight back to base of caudal; from axil of pectoral a
third band passes down along lower part of side, curving up-
ward posteriorly toward posterior end of middle band; from
interorbital region a blackish median band runs back to first
dorsal; the fins without special markings.

Here described from the type specimen, 68 millimeters in
length, obtained at the market in Iloilo, Panay. I have recently
received another specimen, 73 millimeters long, collected by F.
Reveche at San Jose, Antique Province, Panay. It differs from
the type in having more scales, 92 instead of 88 in lateral series,
and 62 before the first dorsal; the first dorsal also has a very
small sixth spine posteriorly. It has lost the longitudinal color
bands.

This eleotrid seems to be unique, its dentition, scales, and
color ,marks being unlike those of any others known to me.

Polylepis, in allusion to the many scales in a longitudinal
series.

58 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Genus 12. BORODA g. nov.

This genus is well differentiated from other Philippine eleo-
trids by the dentition, the very large broad head, and the
scalation.

The body wedge-shaped and laterally compressed, with very
large, wide, depressed head, and strongly projecting lower jaw;
four rows of teeth anteriorly in both jaws, the outer and inner
rows enlarged and more or less caniniform; the scales all cy-
cloid, or only those on sides of body ctenoid; from 50 to 60
scales in a lateral series and from 17 to 20 in a transverse
series ; the head entirely scaled, with from 32 to 42 scales before
first dorsal; the pores on head conspicuous; caudal broad,
rounded, much shorter than head, its basal portion scaled. Dor-
sal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 8 or 9. Generic type, B. expatria sp. nov.

Borod, a Visayan name for certain gobies.

Key to the species of Boroda.

a\ Scales in lateral series 50 to 52; before dorsal 32 to 34.. B. albo-oculata.
a2. Scales in lateral series 60; before dorsal 42 B. expatria.

20. BORODA ALBO-OCULATA sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 50 to 52 scales in a lateral
series from opercle to caudal, 17 or 18 in a transverse series,
and 32 to 34 scales before dorsal fin.

The thick, wedge-shaped body little elevated, the depth from
4.5 to 4.8 times in the length; the broad, low, depressed head
3 to 3.2 times in the length, its greatest breadth equal to the
depth of body; the eyes very high up, 5.2 to 5.5 times in
head ; the length of the wide blunt snout but little greater than
that of eye; the interorbital space broad, flat, 3.4 to 4.2
times in head ; the length of caudal a little more than half that
of head; the dorsal and anal low, without elongated rays; cau-
dal peduncle broad, laterally much compressed, and elongate,
its least depth more than twice in its length.

The mouth wide, strongly oblique, its maxillary angle extend-
ing beneath anterior portion of eyes, and with a projecting
lower jaw; the teeth in four rows anteriorly in each jaw; the
outer row in upper jaw fixed, enlarged, and widely spaced;
those of the remaining rows small, depressible, and of uniform
size; in lower jaw fixed enlarged teeth, irregularly disposed,
are distributed in both the outer and the inner rows, especially
far back; the other teeth small, uniform, and depressible.

There is a large pore on inner side of each nostril, one above
and one behind eye, the latter at origin of the groove running

BORODA 59

above operculum; two more farther back on this groove and
four on hind margin of preopercle; the entire body, except
lips, tip of snout, space between eyes and lips, and chin, covered
with scales; those on middle of sides, behind pectoral and back
to caudal ctenoid, and much larger than elsewhere; the remain-
der cycloid; scales extend upon the caudal fin but not on the
other fins; radiating downward from eye are a number of rows
of minute papillae, with very small scales between the posterior
ones.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown, dusky on top of head
and pale on belly, with narrow, alternating, longitudinal light
and dark lines along sides; the posterior half of trunk
vaguely marked with broad dark crisscross bands; two blackish
rounded spots on base of caudal, one on upper, the other on
lower part; the dorsals, anal, and caudal more or less cross-
barred with alternate rows of dark and light spots; the other
fins faintly marked with dusky specks ; the pupils of eyes notice-
ably white.

Here described from the type, No. 10577 Bureau of Science
collection, 86 millimeters long, and twelve cotypes, ranging in
length from 22 to 60 millimeters. They were collected in a
small fresh-water stream at Taytay, Palawan, by the Bureau
of Science expedition in May, 1913. The type is a female with
eggs, nearly ready for spawning.

Albus, white; oculatus, having eyes, or "eyed."

21. BORODA EXP ATRIA »p. nor.

PLATE 5, FIG. 1

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 9 ; scales in lateral series, from opercle
to caudal, 60; scales in transverse series, from origin of second
dorsal to that of anal, 20 ; scales from first dorsal to tip of snout
42.

The wedge-shaped body laterally compressed, with a broad,
flat caudal peduncle; the very large depressed head wider than
the trunk and contained from 2.4 to 2.7 times in the length;
the depth from 4.1 to 5 times in length, averaging about 4.6
times; the dorsal profile moderately convex, sloping anteriorly
almost in a straight line to interorbital space, then curving up
in a large hump on snout; the ventral profile nearly straight
(in the illustration a trifle too curved) ; the short snout is very
broad and rounded and equals the interorbital space; the eyes
rather prominent, very high up, and contained from 4.8 times
to, nearly 6 times in head, and equal to or 1.2 times in snout;
the mouth large, with a strongly projecting lower jaw; the

(5Q GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

angle of maxillary extends to a point beneath pupil; four rows
of teeth in upper jaw, those of outer row enlarged; the four
central teeth of inner row are much enlarged and point back-
ward; the outer row long, inner row short; the lower jaw has
four rows of teeth anteriorly, but only one or two rows pos-
teriorly; the teeth of outer row enlarged; those of inner row
also enlarged, the posterior ones being like stout pointed canines ;
as in related forms, the anterior nostril is tubulate but the
posterior one is entirely open; a large pore on inner side of
each nostril, one above and one behind eye, four on rear margin
of preopercle, and three above operculum on the groove running
from eye to top of gill opening; the entire body except lips, tip
of snout, and chin covered with cycloid scales, which also extend
upon pectoral and caudal fins; the fins all rather short, and
none have elongated or filamentous tips.

The color in alcohol brown, with darker diagonal and angled
crossbars on sides; each scale on side has an obscure pale spot,
the spots together forming definite longitudinal lines; second
dorsal has four rows of darker spots ; the other fins are uniform
brown.

Here described from the type, No. 11468 Bureau of Science
collection, 76 millimeters long, and five cotypes, ranging in length
from 65 to 144 millimeters. They were collected by Prof. A. L.
Day, formerly of the department of zoology of the University of
the Philippines, but he was unable to give me the exact locality
where they were obtained.

I also refer here sixteen specimens, one of them 46 millimeters
in length, the others all very much smaller, down to 16 milli-
meters in length. They were caught in Lake Manguao, May
23, 1913, by A. L. Day, and it is very likely that the type speci-
mens were obtained by him at the same time and place.

This strongly marked species is easily separated from other
Philippine eleotrids. The larger specimens were only half
covered with alcohol when they came into my possession, so
that they are black from oxidation and are in poor condition;
but their characters are so well differentiated that they cannot
be placed with anything else in the collection or in the literature.

Expatria, without a country, or homeless, in reference to
their unknown origin.

Genus 13. BUNAKA g. nov.

The wedge-shaped body very thick and robust, with a broad
depressed head and a deep caudal peduncle which is strongly

BUNAKA 61

compressed laterally. There are 55 to 60 scales in a lateral
series, 17 to 20 in a transverse series, and 40 to 45 between
the dorsal fin and the tip of the snout ; on each side of the scaled
interorbital space is a broad naked furrow, between which and
the eye is a single row of small scales; minute scales extend
upon the pectoral and caudal fins; the small villiform teeth in
broad bands in each jaw, without canines ; the teeth of the outer
and innermost rows may be slightly enlarged ; cheeks large, full,
completely scaled, with two or more longitudinal furrows; a
prominent groove runs from eye back to upper posterior angle
of opercles. The vertical fins low, the dorsals well separated.
Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 8 or 9. The pectoral very broad,
the caudal large and gently rounded. The gill openings wide,
the isthmus moderately broad.

This genus is easily separated from Eleotris by the absence of
a preopercular spine; from Ophiocara, it differs in scales and
teeth ; from Boroda it differs most in the character of the teeth ;
from both it differs in lacking pores on the head, and in the
arrangement of the scales and naked grooves on the head. The
genus is widely distributed in the Philippines, in rivers near
the sea. Generic type, Bunaka pinguis sp. nov.

Bunaka is from bunak, a Negrito name for the only species
known.

22. BUNAKA PINGUIS sp. nov.

PLATE 27, FIG. 2

Ilocano name, boto-bot; the Negrito name, in Nueva Vizcaya,
near Casiguran, is bunak.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 8 ; there are from 56 to 58 scales in
a longitudinal series from angle of opercle to caudal, and 17 in a
transverse series from origin of second dorsal to that of anal (one
specimen has 19 on one side) ; there are 42 scales before the
dorsal fin and 6 or 7 rows between the naked grooves on interor-
bital space; a single row of small scales between the eye and
the naked groove.

This is a very thickset and robust fish with a round, plump
body, depressed head, full cheeks, and the posterior third of
body strongly compressed laterally; the depth contained 4 to
4.6 times in the length; the head very large, its breadth equal
or almost equal to depth of body and its length contained 2.8
to 3 times in head and trunk together ; the eye 6.5 to 7.5 times
in head and 1.4 to 1.6 times in the low, broadly rounded snout;
the top of snout has a strong hump, behind which is a transverse

(J2 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

groove between eyes; the interorbital space contained 3.6 to 4
times in head and is 1.75 times to a little more than twice an
eye diameter; the oblique mouth very wide, with strongly pro-
jecting lower jaw; the angle of maxillary beneath middle of
eye; the small villiform teeth in broad bands, with eight to ten
rows in each band ; the outer and inner rows a little larger than
the others; a short row of stouter teeth in front of lower jaw.

The first dorsal very low, the second spine longest, and con-
tained twice in the depth of body; second dorsal low, its base
short, the posterior rays longest and about 1.7 in the depth;
anal farther back than second dorsal with a shorter base, but
higher, its longest rays about 1.4 in depth and extending farther
back than the dorsal rays when depressed ; the long, very broad,
rounded pectoral extends beyond the ventrals almost to or as
far as vent, and equals or almost equals the broad, gently rounded
caudal, which is 3.6 to 4 times in head and trunk; the caudal
peduncle very deep, its depth 1.5 to 1.66 times in its own length
and about 1.7 times in the greatest depth of trunk. The entire
body, except tip of snout, lips, and chin, covered with scales,
which extend upon pectoral and caudal fins ; those on sides from
head to tail are ctenoid; all others are cycloid; the scales on
cheeks and snout very small ; beginning on inner side of anterior
nostril a broad, naked furrow, marked by minute papillae and
separated from eye by a single row of small scales, extends back-
ward and curves around eye to a point opposite upper margin of
pupil; here it is joined by a similar but less noticeable furrow-
beginning below the forward margin of eye, and continues on
back along the side of head to a point above posterior angle of
operculum ; similar but much narrower grooves extend from the
furrow below eye diagonally backward upon cheek.

The color in alcohol varies from reddish brown to blackish,
above and on sides, with yellowish to whitish belly; the sides
marked by narrow dark longitudinal lines; a broad blackish
crossband on upper half of spinous dorsal ; the margin is clear
and the lower half has narrow alternate bands of blackish and
white; all the other fins crossbarred with numerous alternate
dark and light spots or stripes ; base of pectoral yellowish with
two large dark brown spots, the markings resembling those in
the genus Butis.

Here described from the type, No. 10594 Bureau of Science
collection, and three cotypes. The type is a male, 136 milli-
meters long, collected in March from Dumaguete River, Orien-

BUNAKA 63

tal Negros. A cotype, 167 millimeters long, from Pulangui Ri-
ver near Reina Regente, Cotabato Province, Mindanao, is a fe-
male; another cotype, 228 millimeters long, I collected from
Abra River, near Bangued, Abra Province; unfortunately the
viscera were accidentally removed, but it is probably a male.
The fourth specimen, a female with eggs fairly well developed,
was taken in Lapid Lapid River, Tawitawi, July 26, 1924. It
has the same length as the Abra specimen, but the depth is much
Jgreater (3.86 times in the length) than in the other specimens,
owing to nearness to the spawning season; the head is longer
than in the Abra specimen, the difference being in the longer
snout of the Sulu Archipelago specimen.

In addition to the above, I have obtained five specimens, 60
to 76 millimeters in length, from Kabatohan River, near Iba,
Zambales Province, and a very fine specimen, 137 millimeters
long, from Kabulig River, Nueva Vizcaya Province, near Casi-
guran, on the east coast of Luzon. I have just received three
specimens, 47 to 57 millimeters in length, from F. Reveche, San
Jose, Antique Province. These young specimens lack some of
the characters of mature specimens ; the caudal has a large black
basal band and behind it a very broad white band, with dark
bars on the rest of the fins.

During the latter half of 1925 and most of 1926 I have had
under continuous observation four large living specimens taken
from Pasig River by Mr. Thomas Gary Welch, at his residence
in Santa Ana, Manila, the largest one 207 millimeters long,
or 257 millimeters with the caudal fin, the others nearly as large.
Their colors are as follows : Above velvety dark brown, merging
into alternate longitudinal lines of dark brown and greenish gray
on the sides, the belly grayish- or gray with numerous longitu-
dinal lines of light brown; six broad, poorly defined, lighter-
colored dorsal crossbands, one on the head, one before the first
dorsal, one at the posterior part of the first dorsal, one at the
anterior and one at the posterior part of the second dorsal,
and one behind the second dorsal; the three under the dorsals
are most distinct; from the mouth a dark streak goes back
through the eye and divides, one branch going along the upper
margin of the opercle and a broader and more distinct one
backward and downward from the eye across the preopercle ; be-
tween these bands the snout is paler, with a central blackish
spot on the projecting lower lip as well as on the upper; the
lower sides and underpart of the head, especially around the

64 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

mouth and below the gills, are irregularly spotted and marked
with white or whitish; the base of the pectoral is conspicuously
marked with four large spots, a pinkish light brown and a vel-
vety dark brown one alternately; the spinous dorsal is crossed
by two broad dusky bands, and in some specimens is also banded
by pink or red ; the second dorsal is deep brown along the rays,
with colorless membranes ; the remaining fins are all crossbarred
by numerous alternate umber and pale spots; the base of the
caudal and its rays are dark velvety brown.

When the fish is much disturbed the crossbands become wider,
more distinct, and extend down the sides, or large pale blotches
appear on the sides, while the pale or greenish gray parts begin
to assume a pinkish or reddish hue, and the same color appears
on the fins.

When the fish is brought near a window or placed in a small
glass tank set upon a light-colored surface and in strong day-
light though not in direct sunlight, the whole dorsal region be-
comes a dull gray or gray clay color, often faintly suffused with
reddish; the sides are then blackish brown, more or less defi-
nitely marked by longitudinal lines of blackish and gray or in-
distinct pink; the snout, chin, sides, and entire underside of
the head are irregularly marked by pale whitish or pinkish spots
and short bars ; on the upper opercular region is a large, irreg-
ular, pinkish gray blotch with streaks running from it; the
base of the pectoral has a pink band and two large grayish pink
blotches on the base of the pectoral, surrounding and sharply
defining two large dark brown blotches; the first dorsal is
marked by three alternate stripes of pale red and two wide bands
of dark violet; the soft dorsal and anal are marked by alternate
stripes of pale red and dark brown, only the basal portion of
the membranes with color, their outer half colorless; the pecto-
ral rays are umber, the fin marked by numerous crossbars of
alternate whitish and brown; the caudal is velvety blackish
brown, with several cross stripes of pink on the basal half; the
ventral membranes are colorless, the rays cross marked by nu-
merous lines of alternate pale pink and light umber.

This is the largest Philippine goby known. Glossogobius
giurus is longer but not nearly so bulky, and the largest speci-
mens I have seen do not weigh as much as does this eleotrid.
Though so large and powerful it is very sluggish as a rule, lying
almost motionless in some dark corner hour after hour.

Pinguis, fat or plump.

> OPHIOCARA (J5

Genus 14. OPHIOCARA Gill

Ophiocara GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 15 (1863) 270.

The robust, wedge-shaped body more or less cylindrical ante-
riorly, and laterally compressed behind; the broad flat head
strongly depressed, thickly scaled above and on the sides, without
spines; the scales on top of head large, giving it something of
the appearance of the Ophicephalidse ; the scales of the trunk
ctenoid, 28 to 40 in a longitudinal series; the mouth large, ob-
lique, with prominent lower jaw, and six to ten rows of teeth
in each jaw; teeth small, no canines, those of outer row in
both upper and lower jaws larger than the rest; the posterior
margin of preopercle has two to five pores, conspicuous in some
species ; the isthmus is broad, the gill openings widely separated.
Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 7 to 9.

The Philippine species of this genus are very abundant and
one of them is of much economic importance in the Islands. The
members of the genus range from Madagascar and the east coast
of Africa eastward to the Caroline and Pelew islands.

Key to the Philippine species of Ophiocara,

a.1. Only two preopercular pores, rarely conspicuous; two dark diagonal
bands from eye to opercle; 13 to 17 predorsal scales O. aporos.

a*. Five preopercular pores, at least three conspicuous; no diagonal oper-
cular bands; 22 to 26 predorsal scales O. porocephala.

23. OPHIOCARA APOROS Bleeker

PLATE 5, FIG. 2; PLATE 28, FIG. 3

Eleotris aporos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 6 (1854) 59; GUNTHEB,

Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 109; PETERS, Monatsber. Akad.

Wiss. Berlin (1868) 268; BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. VI

15 (1895) 185.

Ophiocara aporos BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 33.
Ophiocara aporos JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27

(1908) 274.
Eleotris hoedtl BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 6 (1854) 496; GUNTHER,

Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 110.

Ophiocara hoedti BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 35.
? Eleotris laglaizei SAUVAGE, Bull. Soc. Philomat. VII 4 (1880) 64.

Bicol name, labanag; Tagalog, bangayngay; at Lake Taal,
palowon; Negrito name at Casiguran, simawar.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 8 to 10 ; there are 30 scales in a
longitudinal series and 10 or 11 in a transverse series; usually
there are from 13 to 15 scales before the dorsal fin, rarely 16
or 17.

22379J 5

66 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The wedge-shaped body strongly compressed laterally, with
a thin, broad caudal peduncle ; from the region before the dorsal
fin the dorsal profile descends steeply toward snout, so that the
anterior part of head is very much depressed; the depth con-
tained from 3.6 to 4.6 times in length, the shape of head and
body varying considerably with age; the length of head from
2.9 to a little more than 3 times in length, its breadth greater
than that of body and equal to or greater than the distance from
posterior margin of eye to that of opercle; the eye contained
5 to 5i times in head and twice in the broad, flat intercrbital
space; the snout short, blunt, and broadly rounded, its length
3.3 to 4 times, in head or 1.2 to 1.5 times eye; in large specimens
the head is longer and wider and the interorbital may be nearly
3 times the eye; the lower jaw strongly projecting, and mouth
oblique and large; the maxillary does not reach to eye in small
specimens but in large ones extends beyond front border of eye ;
the small teeth in broad bands of uniform size except those of
outer row in upper jaw, which are much larger and rather
widely spaced; on posterior edge of preopercle are two pores
which are sometimes large and conspicuous but ordinarily are
small and obscure; the groove from eye back over opercle con-
spicuous ; the entire body covered with scales except tip of snout,
lips, and chin; those on the sides and behind ventrajs ctenoid,
the rest cycloid ; those on nape as large as, or even larger than,
those on trunk; pectorals broad, rounded, and equal to or greater
than depth of body; the ventrals long and slender, extending
beyond pectorals to anus; the vertical fins comparatively low as
a rule, but the soft dorsal and anal may be elongated and pointed
posteriorly, the last rays reaching at least to base of caudal when
depressed; the last named broadly rounded, usually a little
shorter than head and rarely exceeding it in length; the anal
papilla broad and thick, with rounded or notched tip.

The color of a living specimen, 80 millimeters long, was as
follows : The general effect was dark green and gold, dark green
above and darkest on top of head ; the belly was whitish ; the chin
and branchiostegals were dark muddy green; there were two
irregular rows of large golden spots connected by crossbars along
the sides and extending on the caudal fin as elongate dashes ; two
dark green stripes passed from lower margin of eye to edge
of opercle and an indistinct but broader one went from pre-

OPHIOCARA 67

opercle to base of pectoral, where it bisected a large golden spot
and connected with a dusky transverse bar; the interspaces
between the stripes were golden; the soft dorsal had a row of
large golden spots, its posterior part black, and a pale yellow
line along its anterior upper margin; the anal had a similar
row of golden spots, a black spot above its posterior extremity,
and a narrow red stripe on its anterior lower margin; a large
black spot on base of caudal ; the eyes were very dark ruby red.

In alcohol the golden spots on the sides disappear, leaving
the interspaces as a broad black bar, often with a large terminal
black spot at base of caudal; rarely their disappearance gives
rise to a disconnected series of large black spots intermingled
with pale or whitish areas; the general color is usually blackish
above and pale beneath, but it may vary from nearly uniform
brown to pale green on the sides and back; the golden spots on
the fins become yellowish or whitish, or may disappear entirely.

In living specimens the number and size of the golden spots
vary, and they are sometimes interspersed with red or orange
spots; the dark green of the body may vary to pale green or
even steel blue; the soft dorsal may have two rows of golden
spots, sometimes on a blue or green membrane, and the spinous
dorsal may also be spotted ; the lateral stripes on the head may
be lavender or violet, and there may be green, violet, or lavender
markings on the sides and on the caudal fin.

This is one of the most brilliantly colored gobies and it is un-
questionably the handsomest of Philippine fresh-water fishes.
So far as I know, it is the only gorgeously colored fish living
almost permanently in the muddy dark-colored waters of the
Philippine lowland rivers. In the Bureau of Science aquarium
are three living specimens, the largest of which is 235 milli-
meters long at the time of writing, November, 1924 ; it measures
300 millimeters with the caudal fin included, and is thickset and
bulky, its depth being 65 millimeters.

Two of these specimens have been in captivity six years and
have about doubled in length during that time, though their
bulk has increased much more, proportionately ; when taken from
the water their brilliant golden and red colors disappear almost
entirely in a few moments, but return when replaced in the tank.
This species would make a very fine aquarium pet in the United
States and Europe.

gg GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

In addition to observing a great many living specimens, both
large and small, I have examined several hundred alcoholic speci-
mens, from 13 to 180 millimeters in length, mainly collected in
fresh water at the following localities :

Lake Paoay, Ilocos Norte Prov-
ince.

Karowan, Cagayan Province.

San Fernando, La Union Prov-
ince.

Kabulig River, Casiguran, Ta-
yabas Province.

Kabatohan River near Iba,
Zambales Province.

Pasig River, Manila.

Laguna de Bay.

Manang River, Antipolo, Rizal
Province.

Cayman Lake, Los Banos, La-
guna Province.

Molawin Creek, College of Agri-
culture, Laguna Province.

Balanak River, Pagsanjan, La-
guna Province.

Nasugbu, Batangas Province.

Lake Taal, Batangas Prov-
ince.

Pansipit River, Batangas Prov-
ince.

Alabat Island.

Mangso River, Albay Province.

Puru, Legaspi, Albay Province.

Tambo River, Ambil Island.

Calapan, Mindoro.

Naujan River, Mindoro.

Mambach and Subaan Rivers,
Lake Naujan, Mindoro.

A fresh-water stream, Tablas
Island.

Sibuyan.

River at Catarman, Samar.

Anahawan, Leyte.

Dumaguete River; Oriental Ne-
gros.

San Jose, Antique Province, Pa-
nay.

Cuyo.

Culion.

Taytay, Palawan.

Balabac.

Basilan.

Zamboanga, Mindanao.

Tatayan and Saub Rivers, south
coast of Cotabato Province,
Mindanao.

Lapid Lapid River, Tawitawi.

The Bureau of Science collection also contains a large speci-
men received from the museum at Calcutta, India.

This species apparently spawns about the first of September ;
my largest specimen, 225 millimeters long over all, collected in
a river on Tawitawi, July 26, 1924, had the ovaries distended
with eggs which were nearly fully developed.

Most of my specimens are the Ophiocara hoedti of Bleeker, dis-
tinguished by the presence of 13 to 15 scales before the dorsal
fin and by a black lateral band along each side. However, I
have gradations from those with 13 up to those with 17 scales
before the dorsal fin, and from those with an exceedingly dis-
tinct lateral bar to those in which it is almost or quite lacking.
I am therefore unable to separate O. aporos and O. hoedti. Nei-
ther can I agree with Gunther's statement in Fische der Sudsee

OPHIOCARA 69

that O. hoedti is the young of O. aporos, since specimens of the
same size may vary within the limits here given.

This species has been previously recorded in the Philippines
from Loquilocon and Basey River, Samar; Palawan; Balabac;
Mindoro ; and Sibuyan. It occurs in the sea and in f resh-water
lakes and streams from Sumatra to the Fiji Islands.

Sauvage described an eleotrid from Manila, under the name
Eleotris (Giurus) laglaizei. His imperfect diagnosis does not
agree with any fish known to me, but apparently comes nearest
to Ophiocara aporos. He gives the formula D. VI-1-6; A. 1-7;
1. lat. 30; his specimen was 135 millimeters long.

24. OPHIOCARA POROCEPHALA (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 5, FIG. 3

Eleotris porocephala CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 178.
Ophiocara porocephatus BLEEKER, Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl.

Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 30.
Ophiocara porocephala JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

27 (1908) 274.

Eleotris porocephalus DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 312, pi. 167, fig. 1.
Eleotris ophiocephaltis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861)

107; PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 268; SEALE

and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 33 (1908) 248.
Ophiocara ophiocephalus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1863)

270; BLEEKER, Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam

11 (1877) 29.
Eleotris porocephaloides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 5 (1853) 511;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 109.
Eleotris cantoris GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 108.

Bicol name, palu; Ibanag names, palace, baranog; local name
on Busuanga Island, paku.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 7 or 8; there are from 35 to 40
scales in a longitudinal series from the upper angle of the gill
slit to the caudal fin, and 12 to 14 in a transverse series from
the origin of the second dorsal to that of the anal; there are
from 22 to 26 rows of scales before the first dorsal. On the
snout is a large pore on the inner side of each nostril ; there are
two pores above each eye and a large pore is just behind each
eye; on the lower posterior margins of the preopercle are five
large pores, of which at least three are conspicuous; on the
supraopercular groove are at least three pores.

70 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The robust, wedge-shaped body has the dorsal profile but
little elevated and is very wide behind the flat depressed head,
which is still wider; the posterior half of trunk laterally com-
pressed, with a broad, laterally flattened caudal peduncle; the
depth from 4.1 to 4.8 times in length; the large head contained
2.8 times in the length ; snout contained about 3.5 times in head ;
the circular eye placed very high up and contained between 5
and 6 times in head and twice or nearly twice in the broad,
flat, interorbital space, which is contained 2.8 times in head;
mouth of moderate size, with prominent lower jaw; the cleft
of mouth extends to a point below front margin of eye, the end
of the maxillary to a point below center of pupil ; in the upper
jaw there are eight or ten rows of depressible villiform teeth
forming a wide band, with a few larger ones in the inner row
and six or eight rows on the lower jaw with a few larger ones
in the outer row; the anterior nostril has a well-developed
tubule; the posterior nostril has a membranous flap on its ante-
rior side; the entire body except tip of snout, lips, and chin
covered with rather large scales; the basal portion of caudal
also scaled; scales on head, nape, throat, and belly cycloid, on
the sides ctenoid; a large groove extends from eye to upper
posterior angle of opercle and a smaller one extends from mouth
back about halfway across preopercle; the second, third, and
fourth dorsal spines longest, with elongate, slender tips, their
height from half to two-thirds the depth of trunk ; posterior part
of second dorsal higher than first dorsal, fifth and sixth or sixth
and seventh rays usually with elongate, threadlike tips, the
latter much longer than any others ; the pectorals extend beyond
the rather short ventrals; the caudal fin broad and bluntly
rounded, its length less than that of head.

The color in alcohol commonly varies from yellowish to black-
ish brown, top of head and back darkest ; there are usually six
or more longitudinal rows of pearl-colored spots along each side,
a spot on each scale ; from mouth back to pectoral fin large pearl-
colored spots are also scattered ; fins all dark ; second dorsal and
caudal each marked by several transverse rows of white spots
or alternate rows of white and dusky spots ; the anal has a pale
margin which was probably red in life. Some specimens are
greenish, with about four very broad, dusky, greenish transverse
bands on back, in addition to the rows of light spots on sides.

OPHIOCAEA 71

I have studied the following specimens, ranging in length
from 39 to 163 millimeters :

Bangui, Ilocos Norte Province,
1.

Abulug, Cagayan Province, 2.

Buguey River, Mission, Caga-
yan Province, 5.

Obando, Bulacan Province, 1.

Polillo, 4.

San Miguel Bay, Camarines Sur
Province, 1.

Aringay River, Legaspi, Albay
Province, 6.

Naganahan River, Puerto Ga-
lera, Mindoro, 4.

Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 5.

Bintoan, Busuanga, 1.

Langbuan River, Busuanga, 5.

Tablas, 1.

Dumangas, Iloilo Province, Pa-
nay, 1.

Iloilo, Iloilo Province, Panay, 1.

Leganes, Iloilo Province, Pa-
nay, 1.

Villa, Iloilo Province, Panay, 4.

Navalas, Guimaras, 1.

Catarman, Samar, 2.

Taytay, Palawan, 2.

Balabac, 1.

Buan Island, Sulu Province, 1.

Bungau, Sulu Province, 1.

The specimen from Camarines Sur is the largest one, 212
millimeters over all, and is badly diseased, the skin being greatly
thickened and distorted with curious, large, flattened outgrowths
and great warty masses. These cover the head and protrude
from between the scales all over the body.

In addition, from Naganahan River, Puerto Galera, Mindoro,
I have eight specimens, 43 to 73 millimeters long, which are in
most respects typical of Ophiocara ophiocephalus of Bleeker.
The body has two broad whitish or yellowish crossbands, the
first passing from the anterior part of the second dorsal down-
ward and forward to the lower part of the body; the second
encircles the middle of the caudal peduncle; the base of the
caudal is marked by large spots of the same color as the bands.
A careful comparison fails to show any essential difference to
warrant the recognition of O. ophiocephalus, at least as far as
the Philippines is concerned.

Specimens collected at Davao in April and at Polillo in June
were spawning.

This species occurs in both fresh and salt water and is prob-
ably found throughout the Philippines, though apparently not
in as great abundance nor over such a wide range as is O. aporos.

This species was listed from Calayan and Mindoro by Jordan
and Richardson; as Eleotris ophiocephalus it was listed from

72 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Samar by Peters, from the "Philippine Islands" by Gunther,
and from Zamboanga by Scale and Bean. Elsewhere it occurs
throughout the East Indies, westward in the Indian Ocean to
the Seychelles, and eastward in the Pacific to New Ireland and
the Fiji and Caroline Islands.

Genus 15. EVIOTA Jenkins

Eviota JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 22 (1902) 501.

Very small eleotrids, 30 millimeters or less in length, with elon-
gate and laterally compressed body; the scales are ctenoid, 22
to 28 in longitudinal series, the head and body naked as far back
as the first dorsal, and not compressed into a keel; the mouth
oblique, with several rows of teeth in each jaw, those of outer
row larger and fewer in number; the large eyes much longer
than snout, dorsolateral in position, very close together ; the pre-
opercles entire; the ventrals long, narrow, more or less sickle-
shaped, their rays and the lower rays of pectoral fringed. Dor-
sal VI, 1-8 to 10 ; anal I, 7 to 9.

Some of the species of Eviota are among the smallest living
vertebrates. The members of this genus are abundant in the
coral reefs of the South Sea Islands, ranging northward to the
Philippines and southern Japan. They are difficult to collect
except by diving for coral masses, which are then broken up over
a cloth or the deck of a boat. Owing to their minute size they
are able to live in the intricate passages and crevices of coral,
where it is impossible to catch them by other means. Further
study is needed before their generic characters and position can
be more thoroughly defined. It is believed that careful collect-
ing will show the presence of a number of additional species of
this genus in the Philippines.

Key to the Philippine species of Eviota.

a1. Scales 25; eight dark spots along the side E. gymnocephalus.

a2. Scales 22; eight dark bands on dorsal and ventral surfaces.... E. sealei.

25. EVIOTA GYMNOCEPHALUS Weber

Eviota gymnocephalus WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exp. (1913) 452,
fig. 87.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 25 scales in a longitudinal
series and 7 in a transverse series.

The body compressed, its depth 5.5 in the length; the head
bluntly conical, hardly wider than high, its length 4.75 times in
the total length ; the large eyes, touch one another, their diam-
eter i or more of the length of head and twice as long as snout ;

EVIOTA 73

the mouth is oblique and the maxillary reaches below middle
of eye ; the teeth in several rows, those of outer row larger, few
in number, and widely spaced; the isthmus very broad. The
sides covered with ctenoid scales which extend forward to a line
from middle of first dorsal to base of pectoral ; beyond this they
become smaller and the anterior ones are cycloid; the head,
nape, and forward part of back naked. In one specimen the first
spine of first dorsal is distinctly elongated, so that it is greater
than the depth of the body ; those following diminish in length ;
the base of second dorsal hardly united to first, the rays all
divided and approximately equal and half the height of body;
the bluntly rounded caudal approximately 0.2 of total length;
the anal fin like the second dorsal; the pectoral approximately
equal to length of head, its upper rays undivided; the ventrals
separate, longer than head, their four rays so divided that the
whole fin is distinctly sickle-shaped.

The color is that of yellow sand ; from the lower part of pecto-
ral base to caudal fin are approximately eight translucent dark
spots, which are especially distinct along base of anal fin ; six are
plainly seen, but spots may be absent. In the middle of base
of caudal is a large dark spot. The caudal fin has rows of dark
spots. The head and nape have groups of small black dots.
In one specimen each scale had fine black dots or groups of dots,
especially along the back. The anal fin spotted with dark, the
dorsal less so. The ventrals and pectorals uniformly clear.

The description here given is taken from Weber's account.
He collected thirty-one specimens of this tiny fish at twelve
stations, from Sanguisiapo in the Sulu Archipelago, the coast of
Borneo, and eastward to Celebes, Saleyer, Sula Besi, Timor, and
Waigeu. His largest example was only 25 millimeters long.

26. EVIOTA SEALEI ap. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 22 scales in a longitudinal
series and 7 in a transverse series.

The body strongly compressed laterally, its depth 4£ times
in the length; the stout heavy head contained 3.25 times in the
length and its breadth equal to its greatest depth ; the large eyes
4 times in head and twice the length of the short, blunt, but
pointed snout ; the eyes are very high up but do not quite touch
each other ; the mouth strongly oblique, its cleft reaching below
anterior part of eye and angle of maxillary extending to below
center of pupil; the ventrals very long and narrow, extending
to anal fin; the first dorsal moderately elongated, its longest

74 GOBIES OP THE PHILIPPINES

spine a little less than the depth; the second dorsal and anal
similar in outline and rather low ; the caudal rounded and equal
to head in length ; the scales on sides ctenoid.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown, with eight or more dark
brown spots, made up of many fine specks, on head, and two sim-
ilar spots on base of pectoral ; two short dark brown bands over
nuchal region, and eight faint bands on ventral and dorsal sur-
faces which scarcely extend upon the sides ; a dark spot on side
of caudal peduncle; the dorsals, anal, and caudal marked by
dark punctulations, first dorsal distinctly barred.

Here described from the type and only specimen, No. 7372
Bureau of Science collection, 13 millimeters in length or 17
millimeters over all, obtained by Alvin Seale at Puerto Galera,
Mindoro. This minute fish seems to be distinct from the other
species of this genus known from the East Indies and Samoa.

Genus 16. OXYELEOTRIS Bleeker

Oxyeleotris BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat.
9 (1874) 302; Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam
11 (1877) 21.

The subelongate to elongate body is cylindrical anteriorly. The head
is acutely depressed above, densely scaled on the sides, not bearing spines.
The scales of the trunk are ctenoid, 60 to 90 in a longitudinal series. The
teeth in each jaw are in few rows, the upper jaw with a longer outer row,
the lower jaw with the outer row longer anteriorly and the inner row
conspicuously longer posteriorly, without true canines. The lower jaw is
prominent, the mouth oblique. The gill openings are separated by a medium
isthmus. Dorsal VI-I-8 to 10; anal I 8 to 9. [Bleeker.]

I have seen no specimen of this genus.

27. OXYELEOTRIS MARMORATA Bleeker

Eleotris marmorata BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852) 424;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 123; A. B. MEYER, Ann.,

Soc. Espana Hist. Nat. 14 (1885) 30.
Oxyeleotris marmorata BLEEKER, Rev. Especes Eleotriformes, Versl.

Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877) 22.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 -or 10; anal I, 8 or 9; there are 85 to 90 scales
in a longitudinal series and 22 to 25 in a transverse series ; about
70 scales between the first dorsal and the snout.

The elongate body cylindrical anteriorly, compressed poste-
riorly, its depth 5.5 to 6 times in its length ; the depressed pointed
head 3£ to 4 times in the length ; the profile of snout convex, the
supraorbital space concave; the eye from 7 to 9 times in length

VALENCIENNEA 75

of head, and 1.5 to 2.5 times in inter-orbital space; the lower
jaw prominent; the maxillary extends to below middle of eye
or stops just before posterior margin; the acute teeth in villi-
form bands, the outer row in upper jaw subequal and longer
than the rest; in the lower jaw the posterior teeth of outer row
and the inner row unequal, longer than the others, and in part
subcanine; the groove from eye above operculum conspicuous;
two or three grooves run obliquely from eye downward and
backward across cheek; above two widely separated longitu-
dinal grooves, united by two vertical, widely separated grooves ;
the scales on head, nape, and belly cycloid, those on sides ctenoid ;
the scales on preopercle and front of snout smaller than the
rest of the scales on head; the anal papilla compressed and
oblong ; the first dorsal anteriorly obtuse, the depth of body twice
or more than twice the shortest spine, the second and third
spines longer than the others; the second dorsal obtuse, poste-
riorly rounded to angulate ; the anal shorter but not or scarcely
lower than second dorsal, and rounded to angulate posteriorly;
the ventrals much shorter than the pectoral ; the caudal obtusely
rounded, longer than that part of the head behind eye.

The color above dusky green to dark olive brown, paler be-
neath ; the iris green, the margin of pupil golden ; the lower half
of head irregularly spotted with pale rose; the forward part
of body irregularly clouded and banded; posterior with three
irregular transverse rosy or yellowish bars or stripes; the first
dorsal very dark brown above, and sometimes also pale rose be-
low; the other fins pale rose variegated with dark brown to dusky
violet ; the second dorsal and anal marked by longitudinal brown
stripes, the pectorals, ventrals, and caudal with crossbars.

The above is taken from Bleeker's description in his Revision
des Especes Eleotriformes. Giinther states that alcoholic speci-
mens are yellowish, largely marbled with brown and with brown
stripes along the series of the scales.

This handsome species reaches a length of 460 millimeters and
inhabits the rivers and river mouths from Borneo to Sumatra.
Meyer collected specimens in Laguna de Bay, but there is no
other Philippine record.

Genus 17. VALENCIENNEA Bleeker

Valenciennea BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 11 (1856) 412; JORDAN
and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901) 42.

Valenciennesia BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 8 (1874) 372; Esq.
Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 307.

76 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

This genus has the general shape of Eleotris but lacks an
opercular spine and has no bony crests; the body moderately
elongate, the obtuse head but little depressed; the mouth of
medium size with subequal jaws; the upper teeth in one row,
or with rudimentary additional inner rows on the premaxilla-
ries; on the lower jaw they are in several rows, those of outer
row conspicuously longer and unequal in size, with one or more
lateral posterior canines on each side; the pharyngeal teeth
needlelike, erect, with slightly hooked tips; the body covered
with small ctenoid scales, 70 to 110 in a longitudinal series,
the head naked; there are six dorsal spines, more or less than
twice as high as the dorsal rays ; the caudal obtusely rounded to
lanceolate.

This genus includes five or six species of the East Indies and
South Pacific, some of them very handsome in life.

Key to the Philippine species of Valenciennea.

a1. Scales more than 100.
b\ Scales 105 to 110; dorsal VI, 1-12; anal 1, 12; five large ocellated spots

on the side V. longipinnis.

b\ Scales 105; dorsal VI, 1-18; anal I, 16 or 17; no ocellated spots on

side V. strigata.

a". Scales 90 or less.

c1. Scales 80 to 90; teeth in one row above; side of head with three or

four longitudinal roseate bands V. muralis.

c2. Scales 75; teeth in two rows above; side of head with six violet spots.

V. violifera.

28. VALENCIENNEA LONGIPINNIS (Bennett)

PLATE 6, FIG. 1

Eleotris longipinnis BENNETT, Zoology, Beechey's Voyage (1839)

Fishes, 64, pi. 20, fig. 3; GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee 2 (1875) 190;

WEBER, Fische, Siboga Exped. 57 (1913) 449.
Valenciennesia longipinnis SLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11

(1877) 93.
Eleotris muralis JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901)

42 (in part).

Dorsal VI, 1-12 ; anal I, 12 ; scales in a longitudinal series 105
to 110; in a transverse series, from origin of second dorsal to
anal, about 40.

The body elongate, low, subcylindrical, the posterior half
wedge-shaped and laterally compressed, the depth 4.8 to 5 times
in length ; the head large, 3.4 times in length, with large bulging
cheeks, elevated occipital region, and a well-developed, rounded,
fleshy nuchal ridge extending back to first dorsal; the snout
bluntly rounded, with convex profile, its length 2.5 times in
head; the eyes very high up, obliquely directed downward and

VALENCIENNEA 77

forward, and contained 5f to 6 times in head, 2£ times in snout,
and 1£ times in interorbital space; the jaws equal; the cleft
of mouth does not quite reach a point under middle of eye; the
teeth in upper jaw sharp and curved inwardly; those of lower
jaw of irregular size, but all rather small for the size of the fish ;
the head naked except for posterior half of the region above
opercle ; all the rest of body covered with finely ctenoid scales ex-
cept those on breast and belly which are cycloid ; the dorsals very
close together, the membrane of first being attached to first
spine of second dorsal ; the first dorsal rather high, third, fourth,
and fifth spines longer than body depth, all the spines but the
first two with threadlike tips ; the last ray of both second dorsal
and anal is elongated and extends upon base of caudal when
depressed; the pectoral rather short and obtusely rounded; the
caudal obtusely lanceolate to lanceolate, and contained about 2.9
times in length.

The color in alcohol pale yellowish brown, darker above and
paler on lower half; on the sides are five large ocellated ring-
like or hasplike brown spots with the upper side open and pro-
longed toward the back where they disappear ; the first concealed
by pectoral fin, the last just before base of caudal. In the middle
of each ringlike part is a large brown spot ; on the back are nine
short, dark brown transverse bars; the first above the margin
between preopercle and opercle, the second and widest above
the posterior margin of opercle and pectoral base ; the remaining
seven uniformly spaced, the last in advance of the fifth lateral
spot; on the sides are four longitudinal rows of spots, badly
faded by the preservative ; on side of head are three pearl-white
narrow bands with broad dark margins; the first ends at upper
end of gill opening; the lowest one begins at angle of mouth
and, like the second, extends upon base of pectoral ; on top of head
and snout are scattered dark spots; the first dorsal has about
seven narrow bands running diagonally upward and backward;
the second dorsal has three rows of ocellated spots; the anal
has a pearl-colored longitudinal band near its base; the caudal
decorated with large ocellated spots; the entire mouth and gill
cavity lined with purplish black.

This description is based upon two fine specimens, 120 and
124 millimeters long, or 167 and 161 millimeters long over all,
from Canigao, an islet off the southwest coast of Leyte.

This beautiful fish has been confused with V. muralis, but is
quite distinct, the number of scales being markedly different.
The only previous Philippine record is that of Weber, who col-

78 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

lected it at Sanguisiapo, an islet off the southeast coast of Tawi-
tawi. It is known to occur from the Riu Kiu Islands, where it
was discovered, to the Fiji Islands.

I have just received from San Juan, Siquijor Island, two
specimens, 94 and 62 millimeters long, respectively. The ocel-
lated rings on the sides and ten crossbands on the back were
of a very beautiful shade of violet-red; the pearly bluish white
bands on the sides of the head were bordered by red-violet.
In life this fish must be of extraordinary beauty.

29. VALENCIENNEA STRIGATA (Broussonet)

Gobius strigatus BROUSSONET, Ichthy. (1782) 1, Table 1.

Eleotris strigata BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801) 65; Cu-
VIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837) 189; GUNTHER,
Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 131; SLEEKER, Rev. Especes Eleo-
triformes, Versl. Akad, Amsterdam 11 (1877) 89; GUNTHER, Fische
der Siidsee 2 (1875) 190, pi. 3, fig. E.

Valenciennca strigata JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25
(1906) 383; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907)
104.

Dorsal VI, 1-18; anal I, 16 or 17; there are 105 scales in a
longitudinal series and 35 in a transverse series.

The elongate, laterally compressed body wedge-shaped, its
depth 4.75 or 5 times and the pointed head 3 to 4 times in the
length; the eyes lateral, their diameter 4 to 4.5 times in head,
and equal to or 1.5 times in the convex blunt snout; the interor-
bital space equal to or f of an eye diameter ; the jaws equal, the
maxillary extending to or failing to reach anterior margin of
eye ; the teeth in a single row, with two to four unequal canines
in upper jaw and four to six backward-curving canines in the
lower jaw, the other teeth smaller and more or less inclined to
form two rows. The head and nape naked, with very small
scales on sides of nape ; the scales on trunk soon slightly ctenoid.
The dorsal subcontinuous, second and third spines of first dorsal
excessively elongated, with threadlike tips, fourth and fifth much
shorter; the second dorsal and anal similar in height and out-
line, obtusely rounded anteriorly, acutely angled behind, their
posterior rays reaching the obtusely rounded caudal when de-
pressed.

In life the color greenish rose above, yellowish on sides and
pearly on belly, all fading to white in alcohol; a blue, dark-
edged band extends from angle of mouth to posterior margin
of opercle; there is a similar but smaller band on preoperculum
and another on suboperculum ; behind eye some circular spots

VALENCIENNEA 79

of like color ; the dorsals are crossed by a number of longitudinal
rose or red stripes and the caudal has a broad red longitudinal
band near upper and lower margins.

The above description is a compilation; I have not seen the
species. Two very small specimens from Bacon, Sorsogon, were
described by Evermann and Scale. This beautiful species occurs
from Java to Tahiti.

30. VALENCIENNEA MURALIS (Quoy and Gaimard)

Eleotris muralis Quoy and Gaimard, MS., CUVIER and VALENCIENNES,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837) 253, pi. 357; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes
Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 130; Fische der Sudsee 2 (1875) 189.

Valenciennea muralis JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24
(1901) 42 (in part).

? Eleotris lineato-oculatus KNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. 56 (1867)
720, pi. 3, fig. 1.

Valenciennesia muralis SLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 11 (1877)
96.

Dorsal VI, 1-12, but the soft rays varying from 11 to 15 ; anal
I, 12 ; there are 80 to 90 scales in a longitudinal series from the
gill opening to the base of the caudal fin and 25 to 30 between
the origins of the second dorsal and anal fins.

The body elongate, fusiform and subcylindrical, with caudal
peduncle laterally compressed; the depth contained from 5 to
nearly 5.5 times in the length; the head blunt, its length about
3.25 to 3£ times in the total length; the snout convex, bluntly
rounded, and contained 2.5 to 2.7 times in head; the eyes high
up, oblique, their longest diameter directed diagonally down-
ward and forward; they are contained 4$ to 6 times in head
and If or 2 times in snout; the interorbital space narrow, vary-
ing from £ to almost an eye diameter ; the mouth slightly oblique,
its gape extending to front margin of eye or a little more; the
jaws subequal, with broad fleshy lips, the upper lip protractile;
the teeth in one row in upper jaw, with three to five unequal,
large, curved teeth anteriorly on each side ; in the lower jaw the
teeth in two rows anteriorly, one row posteriorly ; the outer row
ends laterally in one or two canines ; beginning in front of dorsal
fin is a low, rounded, fleshy, median scaleless ridge, which ex-
tends forward a distance equal to that from tip of snout to pupil ;
the dorsal spines have threadlike endings, second, third, and
fourth prolonged much beyond membrane; the interspace be-
tween dorsals very short; the last dorsal ray much longer than
the rest; the large pectoral as long as head without opercle;
the ventrals small, and the rather broad, obtusely pointed cau-

gO GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

dal equals head in length. The head, bases of pectoral fins, and
breast naked ; the rest of body covered with ctenoid scales, very
small anteriorly but becoming larger posteriorly.

The color of body in life greenish rose above, diluted below
to rosy pearl ; on each side of head are three or four longitudinal,
slightly oblique, and more or less wavy red bands ; on each side
of upper half of trunk are two or three longitudinal roseate
bands, which may be broken into spots; sometimes there are
a few vertical red bands crossing these at right angles; there
are several narrow diagonal red bands On first dorsal, and a
black blotch at its summit between third and fourth spines ; the
second dorsal has two red lines running lengthwise, and the
caudal is decorated with red spots; the anal has a red line run-
ning along its base; a black mucous membrane lines the back
part of mouth.

In alcohol the red disappears and the general color is brown-
ish gray or light brown ; the bands on sides fade until often only
the lower one is visible while the red spots and bands on fins
vanish or but traces remain.

This handsome, trimly built little eleotrid is represented in
the Bureau of Science collection by twenty specimens, from 37
to 92 millimeters in length, from the following localities: Ban-
tayan Island; Puerto Princesa, Palawan; Balabac; Samal Is-
land, Davao Gulf; and Sitankai.

This species occurs throughout the East Indies and ranges
from the coasts of Ceylon and India to northern Australia and
to Vanicolo and the Fiji Islands.

31. VALENCIENNEA VIOLIFERA Jordan and Scale

Valenciennea violifera JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25
(1906) 383, pi. 52, fig. 2.

Head 3.45 in length; depth 5; eye 5 in head; Dorsal VI-I, 12; anal I,
12; scales 75; interorbital 5.50; snout 3.10.

Body elongate, compressed ; snout rounded ; mouth large, lips rather
thick, the angle of the jaws under middle of eye ; jawai with 2 rows of small,
curved, sharp-pointed teeth; opercle and preopercle entire; gillrakers short,
soft, with elongate point on lower limb; caudal peduncle strong, its depth
2.50 in head; origin of spinous dorsal on line with base of ventrals; third
and fourth spines of first dorsal slightly elongate, 1.14 in head; base of
soft dorsal equal to head, its longest ray about 2 in head; base of anal
1.20 in head, its longest ray 1.25 in base, its origin midway between base
of caudal and posterior margin of eye; pectoral 1.30 in head; ventral 1.90
in head; caudal rounded, equal to head.

Life colors of a specimen from Apia (very young), very pale blive,
with two faint livid blue lateral streaks connected with cross lines of th«
same color; fins all pale; dorsal tipped with black.

PARVIPABMA 81

An adult specimen from Pago Pago was light olive, mottled with pale
pinkish brown; a pinkish brown stripe from lower pectoral axil straight
to base of caudal; six violet spots darker edged, on side of head; one on
base of pectoral; dorsal light reddish, a jet black spot edged with white on
the tips of the longest spines; caudal pale, mottled light green and pink at
base; the larger examples have a black spot on upper part of caudal; blue
spots plainer; anal light yellow; pink brown at base and dark-edged, often
pink at base and edge; ventral and pectoral pale; pectoral without dark
in axil.

Color in spirits dull yellowish white with tint of brown; some specimens
show traces of 7 dusky blotches along back; five or six bluish white spots
on opercle and cheek; an indistinct brownish line from axil of pectoral to
caudal ; belly and cfiin bluish white ; third and fourth spines of dorsal tipped
with black ; spinous and soft dorsal with indistinct blue lines ; caudal (except
in young) with a black blotch on its upper middle portion; anal with narrow
dark line at margin and another near the base; some specimens show a
dusky tip to caudal; pectoral and ventral unmarked.

This handsome species is common in the crevices of the coral reefs about
Apia and Pago Pago. It seems to be distinct from the two species muralis
and sexguttata of the western Pacific. It has the head markings of the
latter with the body markings of the former.

Seven specimens from Pago Pago and 23 from Apia. Specimens also
from the island of Negros, P. I., collected by Dr. Bashford Dean. [Jordan
and Seale.]

The above is quoted from The Fishes of Samoa, by Jordan and
Scale, as I have no specimens for examination, though while
I was in the United States I saw some of those collected by
Dean on the south coast of Negros.

Genus 18. PARVIPARMA g. nov.

The elongate subcylindrical body is little compressed except
the posterior fourth, while the dorsal and ventral profiles are
nearly straight and parallel; the entire body covered with mi-
nute cycloid scales, more or less embedded and difficult to see,
about 165 in a lateral and about 40 in a transverse series; the
breast scaled over its posterior half; very small scales extend
upon pectoral and caudal fins and on head above opercle; the
remainder of head scaleless ; the cheeks crisscrossed by lines of
minute papillae ; the head rather short, broad, with a very heavy
lower jaw and nearly vertical mouth, with several rows of
teeth in each jaw ; in upper jaw outer row composed of relatively
large conical teeth ; then follow four or five rows of minute villi-
form teeth; behind these are two backward-pointing canines,
one on each side of median line; the outer row in lower jaw has
four large coarse teeth on each side of symphysis ; behind these
are four rows of minute teeth like those in upper jaw ; the eyes

82 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

small, partly superior and partly lateral; the interorbital space
broad, at least twice an eye diameter; the posterior margin of
preoperculum marked by large pores which are also noticeable
behind eye and beside each nostril; the vertical fins low, none
of the rays elongated; the dorsals well separated, the distance
between them greater than the length of the longest spine. Dor-
sal VI, 1-10 ; anal 1, 10. The pectorals and ventrals short, reach-
ing less than halfway to anus ; the caudal short and rounded.

The single species does not agree with any definition Known
to me. Type of genus, P. straminea, sp. nov.

Parvus, small ; pamna, a small shield ; in allusion to the small
scales.

32. PARVIPARMA STRAMINEA sp. nov.

PLATE 6, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 10; there are about 165 scales in a
longitudinal series and 38 to 40 in a transverse series.

The depth contained 6.5 times, the head 5 times in the length ;
the head wider than the trunk, its greatest breadth If in its
length ; the eye contained 6.5 times in head, and 2.5 times in the
broad, very gently convex interorbital space; the snout very
broad and blunt, its length 3.25 times in head and twice as great
as the diameter of eye; the mouth very oblique, with a thick,
heavy jaw and strongly projecting chin, giving a bulldoglike
appearance ; the dorsals widely separated, the length of base of
first dorsal about 0.625 of the distance between the two fins;
the caudal peduncle broad but not strongly compressed, its
greatest depth contained 1.375 times in its length; the broad
caudal fin rather short, its length equal to that of head ; the anal
papilla thin, short, and triangular. The other characters are
given under the generic description.

The general color in alcohol straw yellow, bleaching to nearly
white in front of ventrals, and darker on top of head and back ;
two parallel narrow brown bands extend along each side to base
of caudal, the upper one beginning a little way back of eye,
the other in the axil of pectoral ; the caudal marked with semi-
circular bars of pale and dark brown spots; the other fins
uniform pale brownish, like belly.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 65 milli-
meters long, collected by E. H. Taylor, in Saug River, a fresh-
water stream on the southern coast of Cotabato Province,
Mindanao,

Stramineus, straw-colored.

PTERELEOTRIS 83

Genoa 19. PTERELEOTRIS Gill

Ptereleotris GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 15 (1863) 271.

Dorsal VI, 1-24 to 32; anal I, 24 to 32, the scales minute,
cycloid, 150 to 170 in a longitudinal series; the sides of head
naked; the caudal mostly scaled.

The body elongate, laterally compressed, not elevated, eyes
large, mouth curved and oblique; the upper jaw has three rows
of teeth, the outer one much larger than the others; the prom-
inent lower jaw has one or two pairs of canines near the sym-
physis, the rest of the teeth small to minute; the gill openings
separated by a wide isthmus ; the lunate caudal as long as head ;
the dorsal and anal rays all undivided.

33. PTERELEOTRIS DISPERSUS sp. nor.

PLATE 6, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-24 to 25 ; anal I, 24 ; there are about 154 scales
hi a longitudinal series and about 42 in a transverse series.

The dorsal profile of the elongate, compressed body forms an
almost straight line from occiput to caudal fin; the ventral
profile gently curved, the greatest depth of body 6 times in its
length; the head 4.5 times in length; the full, circular eye high
up, its diameter 3.6 times in head, a little greater than the
blunt snout which goes 4 times in head; the interorbital space
a little more than an eye diameter and contained 3.2 times in
head ; the strongly curved, oblique mouth of moderate size, with
a projecting lower jaw ; the posterior extremity of the maxillary
under front margin of eye; three rows of teeth in upper jaw,
the outer one of large, conical, rather widely spaced teeth, the
other rows of very small teeth ; two pairs of canines near sym-
physis in lower jaw, with a few very small teeth behind these;
between and in front of the canines some similar but much
smaller teeth; the nostrils small and high up; the caudal pe-
duncle short and deep, its depth f more than its length; the
pectorals of moderate size and approximately equal to the slender
ventrals; the third dorsal spine longest, equal to or slightly
exceeding depth ; the tips of spines all elongated ; the soft dorsal
and anal both long and of similar shape; their anterior rays
longest and equal to depth ; the caudal lunate, and equal to head
in length.

The entire body covered with very small cycloid scales, which
extend forward on top of head as far as the line between opercle
and preopercle; the remainder of head and the isthmus naked;

84 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

the caudal scaled for most of its length and there are minute
scales on the base of the preopercle; a line of widely spaced
pores begins under anterior margin of eye and circles around
beneath and behind eye; from above the last one a line of small
dotlike warts crosses over to the other side ; there are two pores
on posterior margin of preopercle and one at its upper angle.

The color of the type in alcohol blackish brown ; the first dor-
sal, pectorals, and ventrals lighter brown, second dorsal and anal
blackish brown; the central rays of caudal brownish yellow,
the marginal rays blackish brown. The cotype pale brownish,
with dusky anal and second dorsal fins, and broad dusky upper
and lower margins to the caudal fin, leaving its middle area
pale ; the pectorals and ventrals pale, first dorsal pale anteriorly
with a dusky posterior portion.

Here described from two specimens, the type, 81 millimeters
long, collected at Santo Domingo de Basco, Batan Island, Ba-
tanes Province, and the cotype, 54 millimeters long, from the
south coast of Cotabato Province, Mindanao.

Dispersus, scattered, in allusion to its distribution.

GOBIID^E

THE TRUE GOBIES

This large, important, and difficult group comprises the typical
gobies and contains the great mass of gobioid fishes. It includes
those gobies in which the ventral fins are united to form a single
organ, nearly always entire, rarely notched; across the base
is a membrane, or frenum, which converts the united ventrals
into a kind of vacuum cup, or sucking disk, by means of which
the fish attach themselves more or less firmly to objects. The
ventrals are composed of one spine and four or five rays; they
may be long or short, pointed or rounded, even circular, with
entire, lobate, or incised margins, and the frenum may be thin
or thick, entire, crenate, lunate, or bilobed. The ventrals may
be attached only at the base or may be fastened to the belly
along their whole extent. In the species that live in mountain
torrents the ventrals are a very efficient organ of adhesion. The
spinous dorsal is present in all Philippine species, with from
three to nine spines, but the vast majority have six spines. The
dorsals are separate or may be united at their base, close to-
gether or far apart. The number of second dorsal and anal
rays varies from five to thirty, but the majority of species have
from eight to eleven. The pectorals are always well developed,

GOBIID>E 85

but never have a scaly muscular base used for locomotion on
land. The body may be covered with large to minute scales,
20 to 200, ctenoid or cycloid, or may be partially or wholly naked ;
it may be more or less elongate, cylindrical, or laterally com-
pressed; the eyes are not stalked or unusually prominent.

The teeth may be in one to many rows and may be fixed or
depressible, erect or horizontal, simple and pointed, caniniform,
or their tips enlarged, bilobed, or tricuspid, in either the upper
or the lower jaw or in both jaws. The lips may have a band
of movable teeth, but the palatines and vomer are without them
except in a Samoan genus, which has three vomerine teeth.

The character of the teeth is a good one for the limitation
of genera, but has been relied upon too much by Bleeker, since
many descriptions merely state "wide band of teeth" or "bands
of fine teeth," or similar, indefinite statements. The proper
observation of the teeth is a very difficult matter in many species,
and in the case of the smaller gobies involves the constant use
of the compound microscope. The characters given by Bleeker
in his Esquisse are often untenable, as he never saw the types
and merely compiled his definitions ; yet some of the genera thus
created are valid, but must stand on other characters than those
given by him.

The Gobiicte are abundant in and about coral reefs, rivers,
lakes, and mountain streams. A number of the small or minute
kinds living in lakes or brooks are exclusively fresh-water fishes ;
but the vast majority, including all those of much economic
importance, spawn in the sea, and the young ascend rivers and
dive in streams until mature. Indirect evidence is conclusive
that those which survive the perilous journey to the sea return
to their fresh-water haunts and continue to make the trip each
way every year as long as they live.

Most of the true gobies are dull or plain-colored little fishes,
their colors harmonizing so well with their surroundings that
they are nearly invisible when at rest. Like many other fishes,
many of them can change their markings or colors to suit the
amount of light or to match changes in their environment. Some
of them, however, are very beautifully colored and a few, es-
pecially of the coral-reef dwellers, are brilliantly colored. The
males of some of the catadromous species are also very hand-
some, at least during the breeding season, when their colors vie
in beauty and delicacy with those of the typical coral-reef fishes.
Practically all of them are bottom dwellers, at home on sand,

gg GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

gravel, or mud, but not habitually swimming freely in the open
waters of sea, river, or lake. Some species live in the interstices
of coral ; others hide under stones at or near tide mark, or dwell
in tide pools. So far as I am aware, none burrow in the mud
as do various species of the eel-like Gobioididae.

Luzon seems to be particularly rich in genera and species of
small lake and brook gobies, each geographical unit of the island
having species apparently limited to that particular watershed or
fluvial system. When the streams of all the large islands have
been as well worked as have those of parts of Luzon and Panay,
we may confidently expect a very large increase in the number
of Philippine species of Gobiidse known. However, no great in-
crease is to be expected in Mindanao, since over a large part of
the island Cyprinidse take the place of Gobiidae as brook dwellers.

There are described here forty-eight genera and one hundred
twenty-seven species of Gobiidae, of which ten genera and fifty-
four species are new. This large number is probably less than
three-fourths of the species actually occurring in the Philippines.

Gobiidas from the Philippines and the China Sea.

[New generic names are printed in bold-faced type.]

Genus.

Species.

New
species.

Genus.

Species.

Ne'
spec!

Aboma

1

0

Itbaya

1

1

Acanthogobius

1

0

Lophiogobius

1

0

Amblychaeturichthys

1

0

Macgregorella

2

1

Amblygobius

7

2

Microsycidium

3

3

Amoya

1

0

Mirogobius

2

2

Aparrius

2

1

Mistichthys

1

0

Apocryptichthys

1

1

Oplopomus

2

0

Apocryptodon

3

3

Oxyurichthys

8

3

Bathygobius

4

1

Pandaka

2

2

Biat

1

0

Parachaeturichthys

1

0

Caragobius

1

0

Paragobiodon

3

0

Chaeturichthys

1

0

Parapocryptes

2

1

Chlamydes

1

1

Redigobius

1

0

Chonophorus

4

0

Rhinogobius

12

4

Cingulogobius

1

1

Sicyopterus

6

5

Creisson

1

0

Synechogobius

1

0

Cristatogobius

1

1

Tarn a nk a

4

4

Cryptocentrus

5

2

Triaenopogon

1

0

Galera

1

1

Tridentiger

2

0

Glossogobius

3

0

Tukugobius

3

3

Gnatholepis

7

2

Vaimosa

9

7

Gobiodon

3

1

Waitea

1

0

Gobiosoma

2

1

Zonogobius

1

0

Gobius

4

0

—

Illana

1

0

127

54

GOBIIDJE 87

Key to the Philippine and China Sea genera of Gobiidse.

a1. Ventral fins not forming a short, rounded, cup-shaped disk more or less
adherent to belly; lower lip without a band of movable horizontal
teeth; lips never with bands of teeth.

61. First dorsal always with fewer than six spines.

c1. Body naked; first dorsal with four or five spines; teeth in one row
in both jaws, with an inner pair of canines behind symphysis

of lower jaw Mirogobius.

c-. Body scaled.

<F. Dorsal spines three, very low; head naked; teeth in one row; no

canines Mistichthys.

(f. Dorsal spines five; cheeks and opercles covered with large scales;
teeth in several rows Redigobius.

62. First dorsal with six or more spines.
e\ Body scaled.

f. Teeth all simple.
g\ No barbels.

k\ Conspicuous ridges and flaps of skin on top and sides and

underparts of head.
i1. Scales 38 to 48; pectoral and caudal not greatly elongate,

narrow, and pointed Macgregorella.

f. Scales 70; pectoral and caudal very narrow, pointed, and

elongate Galera.

h~. No conspicuous ridges and skinny flaps on top and sides of

head.

j1. Pectoral with free silky rays above.
k1. Sides of head naked.

P. Tip of tongue rounded Gobius.

P. Tip of tongue more or less notched Bathygobius.

fc2. Sides of head more or less scaled Chlamydes.

j*. No free silky rays on upper part of pectoral.

TO*. Ventrals very short, nearly circular but not adnate to
belly, with a thick bilobed or deeply crenate frenum;
head large, cheeks bulging, lips thick; first dorsal

spines seven or six; scales 36 to 44 Tukugobius.

m*. Ventrals not as above.

n1. Scales mostly large, ctenoid, not over 38; second dor-
sal and anal short, never more than 1—11.
o\ Caudal fin not lanceolate and greatly lengthened.
pi1. First dorsal with six spines.

ql. Sides of head more or less scaled.
i*. Cheeks and opercles covered with large scales.

Gnatholepis.

r*. Cheeks and opercles never both entirely cov-
ered with scales.

a1. Upper half only of cheeks and opercles cov-
ered with small scales Creisson.

a*. Cheeks naked; opercles covered with large
scales; 26 to 38 scales in a longitudinal
series ... ... Vaimosa.

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

<f. Sides of head naked, or with only a few small

scales on upper part of opercle.
f1. Tongue deeply notched, head depressed ante-
riorly; chin strongly projecting.

Glossogobius.
t*. Tongue truncate or rounded at tip; chin not

strongly projecting.

it1. Rear margin of preopercle toothed; first
spine of both dorsals hard, stiff, sharp-
pointed Oplopomus.

it2. Rear margin of preopercle never toothed;
dorsal spines never hard, stiff, sharp-
pointed.
v\ Head with a high thin skinny crest.

Cristatogobius.
v\ No thin high skinny crest on head.

w1. Head very deep, subglobose, body short,
plump; canines behind symphysis of

lower jaw Paragobiodon.

1V1. Head not subglobose; no symphysial

canines behind teeth in lower jaw.
x1. Gobies of ordinary size and appear^
ance; neither minute nor with nu-
merous pale or white vertical cross-
bands Rhinogobius.

«*. Either minute and plain, or small
and crossbanded with pale stripes.
y1. Body before dorsal naked.

z1. Color plain; adults minute, 7.5
to 16.5 millimeters long; scales
22; dorsal VI, 1-6 or 7; anal

I, 5 Pandaka.

z2. Color red or brown, seven or
eight vertical crossbands on

anterior half Zonogobius.

if. Body scaled before dorsal; twelve

vertical white crossbands from

snout to caudal.. Cingulogobius.

p2. First dorsal spines seven or eight; scales 28 or 29

in Philippine species Aboma.

o2. Caudal fin lanceolate and greatly lengthened.

aa1. Maxillary normal; scales 26 to 29 Aparrius.

oa1. Maxillary greatly prolonged backward; scales 36

to 38 , Waitea.

n2, Scales small to minute, 40 or more, mostly 50 or more
except in Aparrius, Tamanka, and Tukugobiug.

661. Ventrals very short, rounded, not adnate; frenum

thick, bilobed or deeply crenate; first dorsal
spines seven or six; scales 36 to 44.... Tukugobius

662. Ventrals and frenum of ordinary type.

GOBIIDvE 39

cc1. First dorsal spines six only.
tW1. Inner edge of shoulder girdle with two or more

fleshy flaps or papillae Chonophorus.

<W. No fleshy flaps or papillae on inner edge of

shoulder girdle.
eel. Caudal rounded or pointed, but not lanceolate

and elongated.

//*. Cheeks naked; opercles covered with small
scales; 38 to 54 scales in longitudinal
series; second dorsal and anal rays seven

or eight .. Tamanka.

ff. Cheeks and opercles both naked.
gg1. Scales ctenoid, 46 to 70.

hh*. Nape naked to first dorsal; scales 46
to 48; cheeks with two longitudinal

rows of papillae Amoya.

hh*. Nape scaled to eyes except in one
species; 52 to 70 scales in lateral
series; no longitudinal rows of pa-
pillae on cheeks Amblygobius.

gg2. Scales cycloid, 75 to 105; mouth large,
not opening widely, chin prominent.

Cryptocentrus-
ee*. Caudal lanceolate, much lengthened.

it1. Head and nape naked, with many conspic-
uous ridged lines and seams of papillae
on top and sides; body elongate; caudal
and pectoral very narrow, elongate,
pointed; scales 70; second dorsal I, 13;

anal I, 11 Galera.

if. Top and sides of head scaled, or naked and

smooth, without conspicuous papillate

ridged lines and seams.

jf: Lower jaw with two rows of teeth and

an inner row of stout curved canines;

scales 104; second dorsal I, 15; anal

I, 16 Biat.

jf. Inner row of teeth in lower jaw not ca-
nines.
fefe1. Teeth in lower jaw erect, not in one

row.

W: Scales 38 to 42; tongue notched; two
or three rows of teeth in each jaw ;
second dorsal I, 10 to 11; anal I, 9

to 11 Aparrius.

W. Scales 40 to 90; tongue rounded; one
row of teeth in upper jaw, two to
four rows in lower jaw; an ocular
tentacle in some species; second
dorsal I, 10 to 13; anal I, 10 to 14.
Oxyurichthys.

90 GOBIES OP THE PHILIPPINES

kk*. Teeth in lower jaw more or less hori-
zontal, in one row.

mm1. Teeth in lower jaw inclined out-
ward with a pair of symphysial
canines behind; scales 65 to 75;
no snout flap with teatlike pro-
jections; second dorsal with 12 to
27 rays; anal 13 to 26 rays.

Parapocryptes.

mm1. Lower jaw with long, blunt, hori-
zontal teeth, no symphysial ca-
nines; head very flat anteriorly;
scales 75 to 90; a pair of large
teatlike snout flaps hanging
down over mouth; second dorsal
with 24 to 26 rays; anal 23 to

26 rays Apocryptichthys.

cc1. First dorsal spines more than six.

nn\ Dorsal VIII, 1-14 to 18; scales 68 to 72; cheeks

more or less scaled Acanthogobius.

nn\ Dorsal IX or VIII, 1-18 or 19; scales 88 to 90;
cheeks entirely naked; posterior part very
slender and greatly elongated.

Synechogobius.
g*. Barbels on chin, or edge of lower jaw, or underside of head,

or on all of them.
oo1. First dorsal spines six.
pp1. Two fleshy barbels on chin; head naked; caudal rounded,

shorter than head, without an ocellus Illana.

pp1. Many small barbels under lower jaw; head scaled; caudal
pointed, much longer than head, a black ocellus near

its base , Parachaeturichthys.

oo*. First dorsal spines more than six.

qq1. First dorsal seven; head very large, broad, flat, with
many barbels on underside; first row of teeth in each

jaw entirely exposed Lophiogobius.

qq1. First dorsal eight; three pairs of barbels under lower

jaw.

rr1. Second dorsal I, 14 to 16; anal I, 12 to 13; scales 35 to

40; no fleshy papillae on inner edge of shoulder girdle.

Amblychaeturichthys.

rr4. Second dorsal I, 21 to 24; anal I, 17 to 19; scales 47 to
57; three fleshy papillae on inner edge of shoulder

girdle Chaeturichthys.

f. Teeth more or less bilobed or tricuspid.

88\ One row of teeth in each jaw, bilobed and more or less hori-
zontal in lower jaw, with a pair of postsymphysial canines.

Apocryptodon.
««'. Two rows of teeth in each jaw, the outer row tricuspid.

tt\ Sides of head with K*WS of barbels Triaenopogon.

tt*. No barbels on head Tridentiger.

MIROGOBIUS 91

€*. Body nearly or entirely naked.

uul. Posterior third with minute cycloid scales, the rest naked; eyes
minute, under the skin; dorsal and anal very long, continuous

with caudal Caragobius.

uu1. Entirely naked or a few barely visible scales at posterior end,

dorsal and anal not continuous with caudal.
vv1. Teeth in lower jaw tricuspid; an erect crest from tip of snout

to nape Itbaya.

vv*. Teeth all simple; no crest on head.

urw1. No symphysial canines in lower jaw; body spindle- or

tadpole-shaped Gobiosoma.

ww*. Canines behind symphysis of lower jaw.

xx1. Body very small, elongate, of ordinary shape; teeth in one

row; first dorsal spines four or five Mirogobius.

xx". Body very deep, oval, much flattened laterally; teeth in
two or more rows; first dorsal spines six.... Gobioddn.
a1. Ventral fins very short, nearly circular, cup-shaped, more or less adher-
ent to belly; teeth unlike those of other gobies; in upper jaw tri-
cuspid under microscope, or bicuspid or clavate; lower lip with a row
of movable, more or less horizontal teeth; lower jaw with symphysial
canines and a row of hooked teeth or canines.
yy*. Teeth of upper jaw more or less club-shaped, blunt, fixed, in one

row; scales 30 to 40 Microsycidium.

yy*. Teeth of upper jaw movable, curved, tricuspid in Philippine species;
scales 50 to 85 Sicyopterus.

Genus 20. MIROGOBIUS g. nov.

The body laterally compressed, with a robust blunt head, the
dorsals far apart; the mouth large, oblique, with a single row
of long, stout, widely spaced, curved teeth in each jaw and a
pair of postsymphysial canines in lower jaw, behind the outer
row; in one species the m'ales only have canines; the tongue
notched; the skin is naked or there may be a few tiny cycloid
scales at or near base of caudal fin; the caudal and pectoral
both rounded, shorter than head; the ventrals narrow, pointed,
shorter than head, not adherent to belly, with a broad frenum
which forms a subtubulate sucking disk ; the gill openings large,
extended forward along throat, the isthmus narrow, branchios-
tegals five. Dorsal IV or V, 1-7 ; anal I, 8 to 10.

In the combination of characters found in its fins, teeth,
and scaleless body this genus stands alone. Type of genus M.
stellatus sp. nov.

Mirus, wonderful.

Key to the Philippine species of Mirogobius.

a1. Anal I, 10; a pair of post-symphysial canines in lower jaw of both
sexes ; color darkened by many black stellate spots M. stellatus.

92 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

a*. Anal I, 8 or 9; post-symphysial canines present in lower jaw of males
only; females with minute, males with large teeth; color yellowish
white M- lacustris.

34. MIROGOBIUS STELLATUS sp. nov.

PLATE 6, FTG. 4

First dorsal usually IV, sometimes V ; second dorsal 1-7 ; anal
I, 10.

The body laterally compressed with elongate caudal peduncle
and large blunt heavy head, the dorsal profile slightly convex,
becoming much arched in ripe females, the depth 4.3 to 5.25
times in the length; the head 3.16 to 3.4 times in the length,
much wider than body, with full cheeks, its depth and breadth
equal to or the depth 0.1 greater than the breadth, approximately
0.75 of its length; the short snout bluntly rounded, equal to
eye, 3.6 to 3.875 times in head; the eyes lateral, very high
up, the broad interorbital space an eye diameter in width; the
mouth large, strongly oblique, its origin as high or nearly as
high as upper margin of eye, lower jaw prominent, projecting,
chin strongly oblique, posterior angle of maxillary beneath
front margin or middle of eye ; the teeth as given for the genus ;
the body naked, covered with a tough skin only, often lined in
such a way as to simulate the presence of scales, but neither
the lens nor the compound microscope reveals the presence of
any except on a few of the largest males, which may have from
two to several tiny cycloid scales at base of caudal or on caudal
peduncle; the first dorsal composed of four, or sometimes five,
very slender spines connected by a membrane, the first or the
second longest, about 0.75 of the depth and about twice in
head; the remaining spines little shorter except that the fifth
spine, if present, is much shorter; the second dorsal distant
from first, the spines of the latter reaching scarcely halfway
to the former; the second dorsal and anal of similar shape,
sharply angulate posteriorly, the rays of nearly uniform height
or the posterior rays elongate but never reaching base of caudal
when depressed, the two fins of equal height or more often
the second dorsal higher than the anal, 1.25 to 2 times in head,
usually about 1.66 times; the caudal bluntly rounded, 4 to
4.75 times in the length, never as long as head; the depth of
the long slender peduncle 2.3 to 2.7 times in its length, which
is f to 0.9 the length of head; the pectoral broad, rounded,
1.25 to 1.65 times in head; the ventrals small, narrow, usually

MIROGOBIUS 93

pointed, basal third subtubulate, 2 to 2.2 times in head, not
nearly reaching anal papilla, which is short, thick, and cylin-
drical in females, very elongate, slender, and pointed in males.

The color in alcohol varies from yellowish to whitish, more
or less thickly spattered over sides and dorsally with small
black stellate or dendritic spots, with a clear linear space left
running longitudinally from axil of pectoral to middle of caudal ;
the top of head, snout, and cheeks more or less blackish or black
marbled or spotted, lips black; some specimens not otherwise
different are nearly white, with the black spots on head and
body reduced to fine specks; the first dorsal is finely 'specked with
dusky or may be entirely colorless; the remaining fins, except
the colorless ventrals, more or less thickly dotted with fine black
specks.

I have examined one hundred ten specimens, ranging in length
from 12 to 21 millimeters, collected January 26, 1926, by G.
A. Lopez from the small mountain lake beside the sitio Lanigay,
Polangui municipality, Albay Province. This species reaches
maturity when about 15 millimeters long, females of that length
having the abdomen enormously distended with eggs ready to
spawn. Unlike most of the other minute Philippine gobies, this
species is firm and tough, its fins not readily breakable, and it
endures much handling without harm.

Stellatus, covered with stars.

35. MIROGOBIUS LACUSTRIS sp. nov.

Tagalog name, dolong.

Dorsal V (rarely IV), 1-7; anal I, 9 or 8.

The laterally compressed body has an elongate caudal peduncle,
with a large blunt heavy head in males, the head slenderer in
females, the dorsal profile slightly convex, the depth 4.4 to 4.8
times in the length; the head about 3.6 times in length, wider
than body ; the snout very wide and blunt in males, narrower but
equally blunt in females, equal to or slightly larger or smaller
than eye, 4.1 to 4.6 times in head ; the eyes high up, lateral, the
convex interorbital space more than an eye diameter in width;
the large mouth is strongly oblique, with prominent, projecting
lower jaw, the chin strongly oblique, the posterior angle of
maxillary beneath front margin or anterior portion of eye; in
males the teeth are long, stout, curved, widely spaced, those
of lower jaw all visible when mouth is closed ; a pair of canines
behind symphysis of lower jaw, back of outer row of teeth;

94 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

in females the teeth are minute, in one row only, without a
pair of inner canines in lower jaw, and with none of the teeth
visible when mouth is closed ; the skin naked, with fine longitu-
dinal striae; the first dorsal has five (rarely four) slender spines,
the first and second longest, the fifth very much shorter; the
first dorsal reaches less than halfway to second dorsal, the
anterior spines of the latter much longer and twice as stout as
the first dorsal spines, highest posteriorly except the last, which
is very short; the second dorsal and anal of similar shape, angu-
late posteriorly, falling far short of caudal when depressed, the
anal lower than second dorsal; the caudal subtruncate, shorter
than head ; the pectoral pointed, equal to or a little shorter than
head; the small narrow ventrals very short, with subtubulate
basal portion, about 2.66 times in head, reaching much less than
halfway to anal papilla, which is very short and thick in females,
threadlike and pointed in males.

The color in alcohol yellowish white or rich cream, the eyes
silvery blackish to steel gray ; most specimens have a few black
specks on snout and chin, and some have specks scattered over
back of head and a row along base of anal ; the fins all colorless,
but the caudal shows indications of being crossbarred by many
rows of minute specks.

This species is caught in large quantities in Laguna de Bay
near Calamba, Los Banos, Lumbang, Santa Cruz, and in fact
all around the lake shore during the rainy season. At other
times the shrimp fishermen catch the fish in limited quantities,
mixed with the common lake shrimp. It is probable that they
live on or near the bottom in the deeper parts of the lake, and
are only seen in large schools when they come to shoal water
along shore in the rainy season.

They are fried in cakes, cooked with vinegar, made into
sinagong, or stew, and pickled, and are a greatly esteemed
delicacy. At times they occur in the Manila market.

Mature adults vary from about 15 to over 19 millimeters in
length, the males averaging shorter than the females. The last
named are much distended when in spawning condition.

I am indebted to Miss Uichanco, biology instructor of the
University of the Philippines High School, and to Dr. L. B.
Uichanco, professor of entomology, College of Agriculture, Los
Banos, for calling my attention to this little goby, and to Doctor
Uichanco for securing for me a large series of specimens.

Lacustris, dwelling in lakes.

MISTICHTHYS 95

Genus 21. MISTICHTHYS H. M. Smith

Mistichthys H. M. SMITH, Science N. S. 15 (1902) 30; Bull. U. S.
Fish Comm. 21 (1902) 167.

The body elongate, compressed, head rather large ; dorsal fins
widely separated, the first very low, of three weak spines joined
by a membrane, the second dorsal high, with one spine and six
to eight branched rays; anal fin similar to second dorsal, I, 8
to 10; pectorals long, pointed; ventrals I, 5, coalescent, not
adnate to abdomen; caudal well developed, blunt or truncate;
a single row of rather long, curved, conical teeth in each jaw;
scales large, ctenoid, 20 to 25 in a longitudinal series, the head
naked ; gill membranes joined to isthmus ; a large genital papilla
in each sex; coloration plain; size minute, the males rather
smaller than the females.

A Philippine genus with but one singular species.

St. MISTICHTHYS LUZONENSIS H. M. Smith

PLATE 7, FIG. 1

Mistichthys luzonensis H. M. SMITH, Science N. S. 15 (1902) 30;
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 21 (1902) 167, 22 plates and 2 text figures.

Bicol name, sinarapan.

Dorsal III, 1-6 to 8 ; anal I, 8 to 10 ; there are 23 or 24 scales
in a longitudinal series and 6 in a transverse series.

The body elongated, subcylindrical anteriorly, posterior half
laterally compressed, dorsal profile nearly horizontal, belly con-
vex, depth 3.9 to 4.1 in length, females slightly deeper than males ;
the head large, gently convex above, round pointed, 3.3 times
in length ; the short, bluntly pointed snout gently curved or with
an anterior hump, its length % the diameter of eye; the eyes
large, lateral, 3.1 to 4 times in head ; the interorbital space about
twice in eye; the mouth large, strongly oblique, lower jaw
projecting, posterior angle of maxillary beneath anterior or
central part of eye; the body covered with readily deciduous
scales, which extend forward of first dorsal as far as posterior
margin of opercle, but head entirely naked; the dorsals far
apart, the distance between them a little less than half the length
of head ; the first dorsal low, of weak spines, their height varying
from less than half to more than an eye diameter; the second
dorsal and anal similar in shape, their origins opposite, but
base of anal longer ; the anterior rays of second dorsal twice as
long as the last two; the anal rays all about the same height
except the last two, which are much shorter; the longest rays

96 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

of vertical fins about f the length of head; the depressed fins
reach about halfway to caudal; the pointed pectorals reach as
far back as above anal papilla; the ventrals very small, slender,
pointed, extending much less than halfway to anus ; the caudal
large, nearly truncate, its length 0.75 to 0.875 that of head;
the anal papilla large and conspicuous, in males long, slender,
tapering, its length varying from a little less to much more than
an eye diameter ; the papilla in females twice as thick, and about
half as long, bluntly rounded.

In life these minute fish are transparent, the large eyes show-
ing the only color, black. Alcoholic specimens have the body
uniform whitish, with a few dark or black spots scantily sprin-
kled over sides, back, and head; the large prominent iris deep
black, the pupil white; the caudal faintly crossbarred by many
rows of minute dark brown specks; the other fins colorless; in
some specimens tip of snout black or dark ; there may be a faint
black vertical stripe under eye and a row of black or dark
brown spots at base, of anal.

Here described from many specimens collected by me in
Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur, Luzon, the only place where this
exceedingly interesting species occurs. The fins of my speci-
mens do not agree with Smith's figures.

This fish is probably next to the smallest known vertebrate,
having an average length of 12.5 millimeters, the males some-
what smaller than the females, averaging shorter and slenderer.
It is a little larger than P&ndaka pygmaea sp. nov. ; there are
several other species of fish nearly as short, notably of the
genus Eviota; but all of them, as far as I am aware, are bulkier.
Males are sometimes mature when under 10 millimeters in
length, their maximum size being 13.5 millimeters. Occa-
sionally one finds ripe females a little over 11 millimeters long,
while the largest I have examined are only 14 millimeters in
length.

This tiny goby occurs in vast numbers in the lake, from near
the shore line out to where the water is at least 10 or 12 meters
deep, and it breeds throughout the year. According to the in-
habitants of Buhi, the eggs float at the surface of the lake,
covering large areas, especially during sunny days in March
and April. Specimens collected by me in the latter part of
September, and by Mr. Alejo G. Arce in January, were breed-
ing. When hatched the young swim at first at the surface, but
after a short time go to the bottom to live.

MISTICHTHYS 97

I believe that sinarapan rise to the surface with the diurnal
movement of the plankton on which they feed. The unusual
method used to capture them is based on this habit and provides
a roosting place on which they gather in swarms. From time
immemorial they have been caught in large quantities by the
people living about the lake and are regarded by them as a
staple article of diet of superior delicacy. The right to catch
them is let by the municipality to the highest bidder, who then
has the exclusive fishing privilege for such part of the lake as
he has leased.

A full-grown bamboo stalk, 10 meters or more in length, is
cut, the butt sharpened, the branches removed except the three
or four uppermost twigs, and a palm leaf wrapped around the
topmost meter or two. The contrivance, called abung, is then
set firmly into the lake bottom where the water is deep enough
to leave a little of the tip and a spur of the palm leaf pro-
truding above the surface so the fisherman can find it easily.
During the day the sinarapan come to rest upon the palm leaf.
About the middle of the afternoon the fisherman goes out to the
abung which he has scattered about in his leasehold, and begins
to fish with a triangular net, or so/rap, made of sinamay, a kind
of cloth made of abaca fiber. The sarap is mounted on a Y-
frame of bamboo and with it the abung is swept from the bot-
tom of the palm leaf to the top, and usually from a half liter to
a liter of sinarapan are caught on each. The fish are dumped
into a large basket from which the water drains at once, leaving
what appears to be a mass of some strange wriggling, skipping,
transparent, insect larvae, in which the large black eyes are the
•only conspicuous part.

The sinarapan cannot be caught along shore, though they can
readily be seen there, because in the shallow water they are
protected by the dense masses of Potamogeton, water hyacinth,
algae, and other plants amid which they dwell, and where a net
cannot be used.

Mingled with the sinarapan and feeding upon them are larger
fishes of various kinds, so that occasionally eels, kotnog (Hemi-
ramphus cotnog H. M. Smith) , and several kinds of larger gobies
are caught when the fisherman sweeps his net over an abung.

Sinarapan are fried in oil, or boiled with vegetables, and have
a delicious flavor. When more are caught than the local market
demands the surplus is salted or dried in cakes and exported to
the neighboring towns in Camarines Sur and Albay Provinces.

98 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Lake Buhi is a beautiful expanse of water, of irregular bilobed
shape, about 50 meters in average depth, and about 4 or 5 kilo-
meters wide by 7 or 8 kilometers long. It lies at an elevation
of about 100 meters and is surrounded by lofty rugged moun-
tains, which along much of its coast line rise precipitously from
the shore. The lake is well supplied with a goodly variety of
fishes, some of them known from only Bicol River and its trib-
utaries, of which Lake Buhi is a feeder, but sinarapan occur
only in the lake.

Jagor was the first writer to notice these tiny gobies and he
stated that they were caught and eaten daily in enormous quan-
tities. His specimens, collected in November, 1859, were sent
to Doctor Peters of Berlin, along with other fishes from Buhi.
Peters evidently did not examine them closely and probably
thought they were the young of Gobius dispar, one of his new
species, also from Lake Buhi.

They received no further notice until the American occupation,
when Dr. Zeller and Dr. F. W. Richardson, of the United States
Army, stationed at Buhi, sent specimens to Dr. H. M. Smith, of
the Bureau of Fisheries, who described them as a new genus and
species. The Bureau of Science collection contains several thou-
sand specimens.

Genus 22. REDIGOBIUS g. nov.

This genus is established to receive Gobius sternbergi H. M.
Smith, a species described by him from Lake Buhi, Camarines
Sur Province, Luzon. It is said to have five first dorsal spines ;
in other respects it agrees with Gnatholepis. The published
figure bears a remarkable resemblance to female specimens of
Vaimosa dispar (Peters), except that it has scaled cheeks. Ex-
tensive collecting in Lake Buhi during the past year has failed to
reveal this fish there. It is known from only six specimens in
the United States National Museum, collected in 1901.

Redigo, reduced in number, in allusion to the reduced number
of dorsal spines.

37. REDIGOBIUS STERNBERGI (H. M. Smith)

Gobvus sternbergi H. M. SMITH, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 21 (1901)

169, with figure.
Gnatholepis (?) sternbergi JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Check List Phil.

Fishes (1910) 47.

Dorsal V, 1-7; anal I, 7; 25 or 26 scales in a longitudinal
series, 8 in a transverse series, and 12 before first dorsal.

REDIGOBIUS 99

The form elongate, rather robust, slightly compressed laterally,
the depth 4 times in length; the head large, about £ the length
(3.36 times, according to the figure), both the upper and the
lower profiles convex; the mouth rather small, terminal, nearly
horizontal, the posterior angle of maxillary not extending to a
vertical from anterior edge of pupil; the snout short and very
blunt, boldly convex, about 0.75 of an eye diameter in length;
the eye large, bulging, lateral, less than 4 in head; the inter-
orbital breadth one-half eye; the teeth in upper jaw in about
three irregular rows, those of outer row largest; teeth in lower
jaw in a band, some larger than others and caninelike; scales
large, those on sides, abdomen, and most of back finely ctenoid,
those on anterior part of back mostly cycloid ; posterior edges of
scales angular; opercle, preopercle, and top of head as far for-
ward as interorbital space covered with large cycloid scales;
the first dorsal highest anteriorly; the second dorsal and anal
similar in shape, the posterior rays longest, not nearly reaching
caudal when depressed, the next to the last ray of second dorsal
1.7 times in head, anal a little lower; the depth of caudal peduncle
twice in its own length, 2.27 times in head ; the broadly pointed
caudal as long as head; the pectorals long, the central rays
produced and extending back above origin of second dorsal ; the
ventrals long, reaching nearly or quite to vent.

Color in alcohol, head, sides, and back dusky, underparts
white; sides marked by about a dozen short, irregular, vertical,
blackish blotches, a prominent one above base of pectorals ; muz-
zle dark ; a dark area on opercle ; anterior dorsal pale at base,
blackish distally; second dorsal irregularly marked with dark
stripes; anal and caudal dusky; pectorals and ventrals plain.

Types (No. 50536, United States National Museum), six speci-
mens, 20 to 27 millimeters long, collected in Lake Buhi, by Dr.
F. W. Richardson, July 5, 1901.

The above description is compiled from Smith's account, plus
measurements taken from his figure.

Extensive collecting in Lake Buhi has failed to obtain this
fish. In general appearance and color markings the figure bears
a remarkable resemblance to female specimens of Vaimosa dispar
(Peters), which abounds in the lake. The opercles of Vaimosa
dispar often appear to be covered with scales, and only a critical
examination with lens and needle can demonstrate that they
are actually naked. If it were not for the five spines of the
first dorsal and the larger number of predorsal scales, I should
place this fish under V. dispar.

100 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Genus 23. MACGREGORELLA Scale

Macgregorella SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § A 4 (1909) 533.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 8 ; scales 36 to 50.

The body elongate, low, with broad flat depressed head; the
body covered with small cycloid scales, those near tail much
enlarged, not always regularly disposed, those in front of first
dorsal very small and extending forward to above anterior part
of opercles, or beyond this nearly to eyes; the sides of head,
snout, and nape behind eyes scaleless, or sides of head may be
scaled ; the pectoral bases and breast scaled ; the top, sides, and
underparts of head marked by a number of very noticeable
transverse and longitudinal ridges and elongated flaps of skinny
tissue, much as in Gobiomorphus ; no barbels, though a side view
may cause the short ridges below jaw to look like barbels; the
mouth small, oblique, with thick lips, fringed within; the teeth
very small, without canines, in three or four rows in each jaw,
outer row largest, tip of tongue rounded; the dorsals separate
but close together; the dorsals and anal not high, equal to or
not greatly exceeding depth ; the caudal sharp-pointed or round-
pointed, equal to or longer than head ; the pectoral without silken
rays above.

Obscure little reef-dwelling gobies with head of singular ap-
pearance. There are two closely related species.

Key to the Philippine species of Macgregorella.

a\ Scales 38 to 40 in a longitudinal series; sides of head naked.. M. intonsa.
a2. Scales about 48 in longitudinal series; sides of head scaled.. M. moroana.

38. MACGREGORELLA INTONSA sp. nov.

PLATE 7, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 8; there are 38 to 40 scales in a
longitudinal series, 14 in a transverse series, and about 14 before
the first dorsal.

The low, elongated, plump, and rounded body laterally com-
pressed only on posterior fourth, dorsal and ventral profiles
nearly horizontal and parallel, depth about 6.5 times in length ;
the head broad, flattened, 3.7 to 4 times in length, wider than
trunk, its depth 1.5 times in its breadth; the blunt snout nearly
horizonal, 3.66 times in head, a trifle longer than eye, which is
4 to 4.3 times in head; the eyes dorsolateral, gazing upward
more than to the side, the interorbital about half an eye diameter ;
the mouth small, very oblique, with a thick, protractile upper

MACGREGORELLA 101

lip, lower jaw prominent with projecting and nearly vertical
chin, posterior angle of maxillary concealed but considerably in
front of a vertical from anterior margin of eye; the upper jaw
has an outer row of enlarged teeth, followed by two or three
rows of fine teeth ; the lower jaw has an outer row of larger teeth
and two inner rows of very small teeth ; there are five perpendic-
ular and two longitudinal ridges or folds on cheek, several
short diagonal ridges and a long vertical one on opercle, and
a row of about a dozen beneath chin and along underside of
subopercle; on top of snout are several very short ridges and
behind each eye a transverse and two longitudinal ridges; in
front of and behind each eye and anteriorly and posteriorly on
interorbital are large pores with tumid, projecting, almost tubu-
late lips; three pores on the supraopercular groove and three
on the posterior margin of preopercle; the body covered every-
where with cycloid scales, except on sides and on top of the
back as far as posterior margin of preopercle ; the middle spines
of first dorsal longest, a trifle greater than the depth; the first
dorsal well in advance of second, barely reaching origin of
second dorsal when depressed; the second dorsal higher than
first, the next to the last ray longest, about 1.1 or 1.2 in head,
and about 1.4 times depth, the longest rays extending to caudal
when depressed ; the anal base much shorter than second dorsal,
its posterior rays longest and equal to or a little less in height
than second dorsal, not reaching caudal when depressed; the
caudal peduncle little constricted, its depth over 0.8 that of
body, and | of its own length on dorsal side or 0.625 on ventral
side; the broad, rounded pectoral equals head in length; the
length of the wide short ventrals equals the height of anal;
they fall far short of reaching anus, covering but 0.6 of the
distance; the anal papilla in males elongated, slender, and
pointed; in females very short, thick, and rounded.

The color in alcohol uniform chocolate brown, the fins con-
colorous or darker; the first dorsal mottled with darker; the
base of pectoral rays very dark brown with some small obscure
pale spots.

Here described from a male specimen, 52 millimeters long,
and a female, 40.5 millimeters long, collected near Saub on the
south coast of Cotabato Province, Mindanao.

I have just received from F. Reveche, of San Jose, Antique
Province, Panay, two fine male specimens, each 44 millimeters
in length; the median region before the dorsal is mostly naked,

102 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

the sides scaled forward as far as the opercle extends, in one
specimen about four rows directly in front of the dorsal, the
other approximately like the types.
Intonsa, unshorn, from the shaggy appearance of the head.

39. MACGREGORELLA MORGANA Scale

PLATE 28, FIG. 1
Macgregorella moroana SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. ,§ A 4 (1909) 533.

Dorsal VI, 1-10: anal I, 8; there are 48 to 50 scales in a
longitudinal and 16 in a transverse series.

The depth of the laterally compressed, elongate body 5.5 times
in length; the very large, broad, flat head 3.5 times in length,
triangular when viewed from above, its depth 1.5 times in its
breadth ; the snout convex, bluntly rounded, 3 times in head ; the
eyes close together, high up, their gaze directed upward, 4.8 in
head ; the interorbital very narrow, about 2.5 in eye ; the distance
from tip of snout to posterior margin of eye equal to postorbital
length of head; the mouth small, oblique, lower jaw projecting,
posterior angle of maxillary in advance of front margin of
eye; the lips are fringed within ; the upper jaw has a short outer
row of a few widely spaced, enlarged teeth and two rows of
minute teeth behind it; in lower jaw is a band of three rows
of pointed, slender, depressible teeth of uniform size; five per-
pendicular papillate ridges of folded skin on side of snout and
below eye, one on opercle, and a dozen below chin and
beneath subopercle; those on cheeks pocketlike, those beneath
head superficially resemble barbels ; the top of snout crossbarred
by similar short ridges; a short cross ridge behind each eye;
each nostril has a long flaccid tube; on the interorbital are
two prominent pores, one behind each eye, three on supraoper-
cular groove, and three on posterior margin of preopercle ; the
opercles and preopercles covered with scales embedded in the
skin and not easily seen ; those in upper posterior angle of pre-
opercle very small, the others much larger; those on opercle
deeply embedded and almost invisible; the dorsals separated,
rather low, the middle spines of first dorsal longest, about 1.55
in head; the first dorsal of nearly uniform height, the next to
the last ray a trifle the longest and scarcely exceeding first
dorsal, about 1.5 times in head; the anal base much shorter
than that of second dorsal, the rays longest posteriorly, 1.4
in head; the caudal peduncle short, its depth 0.8 of its length;
the caudal elongate, pointed, 1.4 times the length of head; 2.375
times in length of head and trunk ; the pectoral broad, pointed,

GALERA 103

equal to the length of head and extending to a point over anus;
the ventrals elongate, 1.2 in the length of head, not reaching
anus; the anal papilla very small, slender and pointed.

Color in life yellowish white, marbled and mottled with brown and
grayish; three irregular-shaped oblique dusky bands backward and down-
ward, one from spinous dorsal, two from soft dorsal; some dusky .stripes
on sides of head, one from snout to eye, another from eye to upper margin
of opercle, another from posterior margin of eye obliquely backward, two
others on lower sides of cheeks. Dorsal yellowish with dusky blotch in
lower central portion and some other slight shadings of dusky scattered
over the fin. Soft dorsal with about three oblique dusky bars, the middle
one most distinct, posterior tip of fin dusky. Caudal yellowish gray with
three dark bands triangular in shape, the angle pointing backward. Anal
yellow with throe dusky oblique bars, posterior tip of fin dusky. Ventrals
pinkish with slight blotches of dusky. Pectorals yellowish, a dusky irreg-
ular bar running out on upper half of fin. [Seale.]

The color in alcohol after seventeen years almost uniform
yellowish brown, the head mottled brown; the first dorsal pale
with a central dusky blotch ; the middle part of soft dorsal dark
brown, posterior tip blackish; the intervening part with cross-
bars of pale and dark brown spots; the caudal mottled dark
and pale brown; the pectoral crossbarred with pale and dark
brown spots ; the other fins specked with brown.

Here described from the type, 38 millimeters long, or 54
millimeters including tail, collected by Scale at Jolo.

Seale was mistaken in stating that there are no scales in
front of the dorsal and that the head is entirely naked.

I also place here a specimen collected by E. H. Taylor from
the coral reef at Odiongan, Tablas. In this one, a female, the
proportions are a trifle different. Scales in a longitudinal series,
50; length 44 millimeters; depth 6 times in length, head 3.66
times, caudal 3 times. In addition to the three rows of slender
needlelike teeth in the lower jaw mentioned before, there are
six longer and stouter fixed teeth in front of them ; in the upper
jaw there are three rows of minute teeth behind the enlarged
outer row; the scales on the cheeks and opercles are plainly
evident, the ridges and flaps less developed than in the type
specimen. The color is very close to that already given.
Genus 24. GALERA g. HOT.

Dorsal VI, 1-12 to 15; anal I, 10 to 12.

The body very long and slender, with exceedingly elongate
and pointed caudal, about twice in the length and more than
twice as long as head, and very elongate pointed pectoral, much
longer than head; the body covered with minute cycloid scales,

104 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

about 70 in a lateral series, which are entirely absent forward
of first dorsal, clear round the body; the head broad, flat;
mouth small, nearly vertical, wholly anterior to eyes, with pro-
jecting lower jaw and chin, teeth minute, in three rows in
each jaw, without canines; the tip of tongue rounded; on the
top and sides of head and underside of suborbital and maxilla
are short transverse, diagonal, and longitudinal seams rather
than ridges; large pores on head as follows: One before upper
anterior part of eye, one at posterior end of interorbital, and
a row of three from eye back to opercle ; the dorsals separated,
none of the spines or rays of the vertical fins elongated or
filiform; no silky rays above on pectoral; the gill openings
narrow, restricted, no wider than base of pectoral and extend-
ing slightly below it, the isthmus broad; branchiostegals five.

This genus is close to Gobionellus Girard, but does not agree
with Bleeker's diagnosis of that group. Galera differs in having
no scales forward of the dorsal, in the seams on the head, and
in the shape of the lower jaw. Generic type, Galera, producta
sp. nov.

Galera, from Puerto Galera, Mindoro, where it was collected.

40. GALERA PRODUCTA sp. HOT.

PLATE 7, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-13; anal I, 11; there are about 70 scales in
a longitudinal series and 18 or 20 in a transverse series.

The body slender and much elongated, the dorsal and ven-
tral profiles nearly parallel, laterally much compressed poste-
riorly, probably plump and rounded anteriorly in life, but now
much shriveled and wrinkled, the depth 7.6 times in the length ;
the head very broad, flat, 4.9 times in length, its breadth 0.8
of its length, 1.6 times its own depth, and much wider than body;
the snout very broad, blunt, with a median posterior hump
and two anterior lateral ones, four times in head ; the eyes dorsal,
upward gazing, equal to snout in length, postorbital length of
head a little more than the distance from tip of snout to posterior
rim of eye; the interorbital 2.5 times in eye; the mouth small,
oblique, with projecting lower jaw, the posterior angle of maxil-
lary not extending back as far as front margin of eye ; three rows
of minute teeth in each jaw, those of outer row larger than
the others and more widely spaced, all teeth slender, needle-
shaped, and more or less depressible; the body covered poste-
riorly with minute cycloid scales which disappear anteriorly,
head and body naked forward of origin of first dorsal; the
snout, sides, and top of head and nape marked by dark longitu-

GOBIUS 105

dinal and transverse lines of minute papillae; the dorsals well
separated, first dorsal low, barely reaching second dorsal when
depressed, third spine longest, a trifle more than depth; the
second dorsal nearly twice as high as first, of nearly uniform
height, equal to length of head, posterior rays reaching caudal
when depressed; the anal similar to second dorsal but much
shorter, its posterior rays longest, 0.8 of second dorsal, and not
reaching caudal when depressed; the depth of caudal peduncle
about 0.75 that of body and f of its own length; the caudal
exceedingly elongate, pointed, twice in the length; the pectoral
very long, pointed, extending back to a point above third anal
ray, half again as long as head and 3.26 times in length; the
ventral has a deep frenum and equals head in length, but falls
far short of anus, its length 1.6 times in the distance from its
axil to anus; the anal papilla thin, pointed.

The color in alcohol uniform yellowish brown, the ridges of
skin on head blackish; all fins except caudal, which is con-
colorous with body, are crossbarred by many rows of faint
brown spots.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 49 milli-
meters long, or 70 millimeters with the caudal fin, collected by
Mr. Alvin Scale at Puerto Galera.

Producta, elongated, in reference to the long-drawn-out body,
caudal, and pectoral.

Genus 25. GOBIUS (Artedi) Liniueus

Gobius ARTEDI, Genera (1738) 28; LINNAEUS, SYST. Nat., 10th ed.
(1758) 262.

This genus is recognized at once by having a naked head, the
upper rays of the pectoral converted to free silky filaments, and
the tip of the tongue rounded.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 to 11; ana*l I, 8 to 12; scales in a longitudinal
series 22 to 42.

The stout oblong body has the sides of the posterior half
compressed; the head is large, broad, moderately depressed,
with broadly rounded snout and convex profile; the eyes large,
high up, dorsolateral, close together, in anterior half of head;
the mouth of medium size, terminal or inferior, more or less
oblique, with thick lips which are usually if not always fringed
on the inside, and three or more rows of teeth in each jaw, those
of outer row in upper jaw always enlarged; the isthmus broad;
the body covered with ctenoid scales of moderate size, which
may extend forward to eyes in some species or in others may
be completely absent before first dorsal ; the sides of head always

106 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

entirely naked; the pectoral bases and breast scaled; the dorsals
not close together, the vertical fins all comparatively low, less
than the depth; the pectorals large, broad, the upper rays
converted to free silky filaments; the ventrals broad, rounded,
not adnate to belly; the caudal fin broad, rounded, blunt.

The members of this genus are mostly little fishes of shallow
bays and estuaries, some of them handsomely colored.

Key to the Philippine species of Gobius.

a1.' Scales 41 in a longitudinal series and 16 in a transverse series; color

grayish G. panayensis.

a'. Scales 28 or less.
b\ Scales 25 to 28.
c1. A pair of lateral canines in lower jaw; a violet vertical band

through eye to behind angle of mouth G. cauerensis.

c*. No canines; no band across eye and cheek; body with many length-
wise rows of blackish and pearl white dots; two rows of large

dark spots on lower half of body G. ornatus.

62. Scales in a longitudinal series 22; a violet black band from eye to
opercle; no canines G. oligolepis.

41. GOBIUS PANAYENSIS Jordan and Seale

Gobius pano,yensis JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907)
42, fig. 15.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 41 scales in a longitudinal
and 16 in a transverse series.

The body moderately elongate, compressed, the depth 4.25
times, the head 3.4 times in the length; the head broader than
deep, cheeks full and rounded, snout bluntly rounded, 3.6 times
in head ; the eyes large, oblique, very high up, dorsolateral, equal
to snout, close together, the interorbital space equal to pupil;
the mouth moderate, jaws equal, posterior angle of maxillary
under hind margin of pupil ; each jaw has wide bands of minute
teeth, without canines ; the tongue -bluntly rounded, entire ; the
head naked, scales above pectoral very small, those on caudal
peduncle much the largest; the dorsals continuous at base; the
origin of first dorsal posterior to origin of ventrals, the fin low,
the middle spines longest, twice in head; the second dorsal of
nearly uniform height, equal to first dorsal in height, the pos-
terior ray not reaching caudal when depressed; the anal low
anteriorly, the posterior rays elongate, twice as high as first
and twice in head, not reaching caudal when depressed; the
round-pointed pectoral 1.3 times in head; the broad rounded
caudal 1.15 times in head; the ventrals fall far short of the
slender, pointed, rather prominent anal papilla, 1.5 times in
head.

GOBIUS 107

The color of the type specimen in alcohol grayish, without dis-
tinctive markings; a black spot on first dorsal on upper part
between fifth and sixth spines, the rest of the fin dusky except
upper margin which is clear; pectorals and caudal uniform
gray; ventrals and anal blackish.

The above is taken from the original description by Jordan
and Scale ; they had one specimen, 2.45 inches long, from Iloilo,
Panay.

After Mr. Scale's departure from the Philippines the Bureau
of Science fish collection had no qualified custodian for a number
of years. Mr. Seale had collected a large series of specimens
from the following localities: Manila market, south coast of
Luzon, Siquijor, Zamboanga, Davao, Balabac, and Sitankai.
These specimens were all placed in one jar and all spoiled, so
that there are none now in the collection ; nor have I ever seen
anything in my own collections which could be this species.
There are several rough color sketches of this species among
those left by the late T. S. Espinosa, former Bureau of Science
scientific artist; one or two of them are evidently not G.
panayensis, although so labeled, but the others are just as evi-
dently correct. From Mr. Scale's field book I take the following
color notes:

Grayish olive, the top of the head black; first dorsal grayish olive, the
tip dusky ; second dorsal grayish fading into dusky, with a narrow yellowish
margin anteriorly; caudal, anal, and ventrals black; the upper part of the
pectoral yellowish, with short blackish cross bars fading into black on the
lower half of the fin.

Another specimen was olive, the first dorsal with a broad dusky band
through the middle; the lower two-thirds of the second dorsal dusky with
a row of dark dots and some dusky middle rays, the upper third dull yel-
lowish, tipped with grayish red; the caudal has slight indications of dusky
cross bars; the anal is white at the base, dusky at the tip; the ventral is.
black; the pectoral with a black centre and a light area surrounding this,
the tip dusky.

42. GOBIUS CAUERENSIS Bleeker

Gobius cauerensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853) 269; GUN-
THER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 41; WEBER, Fische, Siboga
Exped. (1913) 460.

Gobius ophthalmotaenia BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 7 (1854) 46;
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 37.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 to 12; anal I, 11 to 12; scales in a longitudinal
series 25 to 27.

The depth of the elongate, laterally compressed body contained
5.5 to 5.66 times, the head 4.5 to 4.66 times in the length; the
width of head is nearly equal to its depth and is twice in its

108 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

length; the snout obtuse, convex; the eyes very close together,
their diameter 3 to 4 times in length of head ; the mouth oblique,
jaws equal, posterior angle of maxillary before eye ; the outer row
of teeth in each jaw enlarged ; in the young there are canine teeth
in both jaws, in the adults there is a pair of lateral canines in
the lower jaw; the supraopercular groove conspicuous; the pre-
opercles, upper part of opercles, and crown of head scaled ; the
dorsals very close together, first dorsal lower than second, which
equals or is lower than depth of body; the pectoral obtusely
rounded, 4.25 to 4.33 times in length ; the caudal obtuse, convex,
about 5 times in length of body ; the ventrals reach anus, 4.75 to
5 times in length ; the anal scarcely lower than second dorsal.

The color green or olive, clouded with darker and dotted with
brown and bluish ; a violet-blue vertical band passes through eye
and down behind angle of mouth ; the snout and opercles covered
with yellow or blue dots ; in the young there are seven or eight
brown longitudinal bands, and a series of five circular brown
spots behind pectoral; the first dorsal has blackish spots ante-
riorly, yellow spots posteriorly; the second dorsal is brown
spotted; the pectoral and ventral fins reticulated with brownish
violet and minutely dotted with bluish, or may be yellow, dotted
with brown; the caudal has many brownish and blue dots, its
lower margin violet; the anal has a broad black margin.

The above description is compiled, as I have seen no specimens.
The measurements probably include the caudal fin, as Bleeker
in his earlier work gave the length from tip of snout to tip of
tail.

The only Philippine record is by Weber, who obtained speci-
mens at Sanguisiapo, an island in the Tawitawi group. Ac-
cording to him it is widely distributed in the Indo-Australian
Archipelago and the South China Sea. It lives upon the reefs,
at low tide hiding in the puddles left under coral masses.

The very apt name ophthalmotaenia, must be superseded by
cauerensis, as the latter, first described by Bleeker, is merely
the young of ophthalmotaenia.

43. GOBIUS ORNATUS Riippell

PLATE 7, FIG. 4

Gobius ornatus RUPPELL, Atlas Fische des Roten Meers (1828) 135;
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 21; PETERS, Monatsber.
Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 263; GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee 2
(1876-1881) 172, pi. Ill, fig. A; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 294,
pi. 63, fig. 1; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27
(1908) 277; VAILLANT, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Ill 5 (1893)
57.

GOBIUS 109

Gobius interstinctus RICHARDSON, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Ichthyology

(1844-1848) 3, pi. 5, figs. 3-6.
Gobius periophthalmoides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 1 (1851) 249.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 or 11; anal I, 8 or 9; there are 26 to 28
scales in a longitudinal series, 9 in a transverse series, and 10
or 12 before the first dorsal.

The robust body full and rounded or wedge-shaped anteriorly,
the posterior part much compressed laterally, the depth 4.6
times in the length; the head large, broad, pointed anteriorly,
3.4 to 3.6 times in length ; the breadth of head 1.3 to 1.5 times
in its length and a little more (about 10 to 12 per cent) than
its depth; the snout long, convex, 3.1 times in head; the eyes
very high up and close together, laterodorsal in position, 1.3
to 1.4 times in snout and 4.2 to 4.4 in head; the interorbital
contained 2.5 times in eye; the mouth inferior, with projecting
upper jaw and protractile upper lip, the thick fleshy lips fringed
on inner side, and the posterior angle of maxillary extending
beneath anterior part of eye or even beneath pupil; the teeth
all depressible, the outer row in each jaw enlarged and widely
spaced, followed by three rows of very small teeth; the body
covered with firm ctenoid scales, which are a little smaller
anteriorly, those on nape still smaller, extending to eyes and
curving a little forward between them; the remainder of head
naked; the base of pectoral and breast completely scaled; two
interorbital pores, three on the conspicuous supraopercular
groove, and three large pores on posterior margin of preopercle ;
the first dorsal low, 1.4 times in depth, well separated from
second dorsal and scarcely or not at all reaching it when de-
pressed; the second dorsal increases in length posteriorly, the
last ray reaching caudal when depressed, its length 0.875 of
or slightly exceeding depth; the anal base shorter than that of
second dorsal, the fin similar in shape to second dorsal but a
trifle lower, the last ray not reaching caudal when depressed;
the caudal rounded, shorter or longer than head; the pectoral
round pointed, a little longer or shorter than caudal but always
less than head, its tip over anal papilla; the ventrals broad,
with a deep cup formed by the broad frenum, £ or \ shorter
than pectoral and not extending beyond anus; the anal papilla
slender, pointed, leaflike in males, broader and thicker in
females.

The ground color of alcoholic specimens varies from whitish
to very pale brown, with many longitudinal rows of brown or
blackish spots and pearl white dots or spots; on lower half

HO GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

of body two rows of large dark brown or blackish spots, the
lower ones rounded, those of upper row elongated or rectan-
gular ; the dark spots on upper half of body all small ; the sides
and top of head sprinkled with dark brown or blackish spots;
the first dorsal diagonally marked with many rows of dark
brown or black spots and lines on the membrane, interspersed
with pearly white spots; the anterior half of first dorsal has
a broad yellow or white upper margin ; the second dorsal, caudal,
and pectoral crossbarred by many rows of black or brown spots,
alternating with white spots; the basal portion of anal faintly
brown crossbarred, with a dusky margin and a white marginal
line on tips of rays; the ventrals brown to black.

I have examined the following specimens, varying in length
from 18 to 79 millimeters:

Currimao, Ilocos Norte Prov- Canigaran, Palawan, 1.

ince, 5. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, 1.

Nalvo, Luna, La Union Prov- Cuyo, 1.

ince, 2. Zamboanga, Mindanao, 1.

Nasugbu, Batangas Province, 3. Davao, Mindanao, 1.

Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 6. Samal Island, Davao Gulf, 3.

Odiongan, Tablas", 7. Siasi, 4.

San Jose, Antique Province, Sitankai, 4.

Panay, 1.

The species has been listed previously from the "Philippine
Islands" by Gunther; from Paracale, Camarines Norte, by
Peters, and from Ticao by Jordan and Richardson.

This little goby, which in life well deserves the name ornate,
occurs throughout the Philippines and is not rare. It was
originally described from the Red Sea and is found from the
east coast of Africa eastward to Yap, the north coast of Aus-
tralia, and the Fiji and Samoan Islands.

44. GOBIUS OLIGOLEPIS Sleeker

Gobius oligolepis SLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 5 (1853) 508; PETERS,
Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 263.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 or 11 ; anal I, 11 or 12.

The body elongate compressed, the height 5.5 to 6 in the
length, the breadth about 1.5 in the height; the obtuse convex
head about 5 in body length; the breath of head 1.75, the
height about 1.5 in its length; the diameter of eye 3 or less in
length of head, less than half a diameter apart, placed in an-
terior halt of head ; the snout obtuse, soon convex ; the maxillae
equal, the upper one extending beneath posterior half of eye;

BATHYGOBIUS HI

the teeth in several rows in jaws, the external row much larger
than the inner rows in upper jaw, those of lower jaw scarcely
larger, no canines or caninelike teeth; the mouth slightly ob-
lique ; the oculoscapular groove conspicuous ; the head and nape,
back to first dorsal, entirely naked; about 22 large scales in a
longitudinal series; anal appendage oblong conical; the dorsals
basally approximate, the highest dorsal spines flexible, produced
anteriorly, scarcely higher than body; the soft dorsal obtuse,
angulate posteriorly, the first ray flexible ; the pectorals rounded,
the upper rays threadlike, 5* or less, the ventrals 6, the obtusely
rounded caudal about 3.8 in length of body; the anal not lower
than second dorsal, angulate posteriorly.

The color of body dilute green, with a violet-black band from
eye to operculum; a few violet-green spots on head and body,
those on sides large to medium, about nine, oblong, irregularly
transverse, and disposed in longitudinal series; the second dor-
sal dilute violet, the apex becoming yellow, with two or three
longitudinal black stripes; the other fins yellowish, the dorsal
and caudal rays spotted with violet; the ventrals violaceous in
the middle.

The above is a translation of Bleeker's original description.
It is given here because specimens collected by Jagor at Tibi,
Albay Province, Luzon, were determined by Peters as this
species.

According to Giinther it inhabits the coasts and rivers of
Java, Madura, and Sumatra.

Genus 26. BATHYGOBIUS Bleeker

Bathygobius BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 13 (1878) 58.
Mapo SMITT, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Vorh. (1899) 543.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 to 10; anal I, 7 to 8; scales in a longitudinal
series 35 to 42 ; the nape is always more or less scaled.

This genus agrees in most respects with Gobius, but the
tongue is more or less notched, instead of having the tip rounded.
In Bathygobius the tongue is not of uniform thickness, but the
central part of the tip seems as though it had been mortised
out and is much thinner than the sides, so that these not only
rise higher but seem to project farther forward than they
actually do. When seen from below, as in opening the mouth,
ordinarily, the tongue appears to be strongly notched. When
viewed from above and the tip flattened, it is seen to be more
or less notched, or subtruncate with indented tip. The scales
are a little smaller than in Gobius.

H2 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

I have been unable to get a copy of Bleeker's diagnosis of
this genus.

This group includes small dull-colored fishes of tide pools,
rocky, shallow, coastal waters, and river mouths. One of the
species is the most widely diffused of all gobies.

Key to the Philippine species of Bathygobius.

a1. Round black spots thinly sprinkled over trunk, head, and nape B. bravoi.
a2. No black spots on body as above.

b1. Sides with longitudinal rows of white spots; four or five dark brown
dorsal crossbands, six or seven dark brown lateral spots B. fuscus.
52. No white spots on sides.

c1. Color greenish or grayish; some indistinct marks on side; a dusky

blotch on posterior part Of first dorsal B. mearnsi.

c2. Color of body and fins uniform dark to blackish brown B. nox.

45. BATHYGOBIUS BRAVOI sp. nov.

PLATE 8, FIG. 1

Name at Cabalian, Leyte, amogu.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 ; anal I, 7 ; there are 36 or 37 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 13 in a transverse series, and about 16 before the
first dorsal.

The wedge-shaped body strongly compressed posteriorly, with
very broad head, the depth 4.5 in the length; the head 3 times
in length, its breadth equal to depth of body, and 0.2 more than
its own depth; the broad rounded snout 3.6 times in head;
the mouth terminal, slightly oblique, jaws equal, posterior angle
of maxillary beneath pupil; the outer row of teeth in upper
jaw enlarged, with three inner rows of very small teeth; in
lower jaw an outer row of larger teeth and two inner rows of
minute teeth ; the tongue notched ; the eyes very high up, latero-
dorsal in position, equal to snout, and in forward half of head;
the interorbital space narrow, 2.5 times in eye ; the body covered
with small scales a little larger posteriorly; those on nape ex-
tend to eyes and are very small; a few small scales on upper
margin of opercle ; the dorsals well separated, the height of first
equal to f the depth of body ; the second dorsal and anal a little
higher, 0.75 to £ of depth, reaching about halfway to caudal
when depressed; the caudal equal to the pointed pectoral in
length, about £ more than the depth and I of head; the pec-
toral reaches to a point beyond anus but not to anal fin; the
ventrals rather thin, broad, and short, extending halfway or
0.7 of the distance to anus.

The color in life was gray, with obscure darker crossbands
and black dots over back, harmonizing with the dead coral

BATHYGOBIUS 113

about. In alcohol the color is scarcely changed, the sides of
trunk, head, and nape thinly sprinkled with black spots, as in
Gobius sadanundio and shown in Bleeker's and Day's figures
of that species; the first dorsal has a dusky crossbar on basal
portion ; the second dorsal, caudal, and pectoral each crossbarred
with several rows of dark spots; the anal and ventrals dusky;
the prominent pupil of eye white.

Here described from two specimens, 26 and 27 millimeters
in 4ength, collected in a coral-reef pool at Romblon. From Go-
bius sadanundio, to which it is closest in dorsal and anal for-
mulae and in general coloration, it differs markedly in scalation.
The lack of white spots on the body and the black spots sprinkled
here and there separate it from Bathygobius fuscus.

I place here six specimens, 30 to 39 millimeters in length,
from Cabalian, Leyte; they differ in some respects but are
closest to the Romblon specimens. Dorsal VI, 1—9; each scale
darkened centrally, with black spots scattered thinly over body
and head and a large dark spot on opercle; the fins colored as
in the types, or second dorsal may have a broad dusky crossbar
near the middle. I also have another specimen, 35 millimeters
long, from the south coast of Cotabato Province, Mindanao;
dorsal VI, 1-9, anal I, 8.

I take pleasure in naming the species for one of my artists,
Pablo Bravo, who helped me capture the type specimens.

46. BATHYGOBIUS FUSCUS (Riippell)

PLATE 8, PIG. 2

Gobius fuscus RUPPELL, Atlas Reise, Fische (1828) 137.
Gobius punctUlatus RUPPELL, Atlas Reise, Fische (1828) 138.
Gobius nebulo-punctatus RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelt., Fische (1835) 139;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 26.
Gobius soporator CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 43; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 25; Fische

der Sudsee 2 (1876-1881) 172, pi. 110, fig. A; DAY, Fishes of India

(1878) 294, pi. 63, fig. 7.

Gobius padangensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 1 (1851) 249.
Gobius breviceps BLYTH, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (1858) 271.
Gobius homocyanus VAILLANT and SAUVAGE, Rev. Mag. Zool. Ill 3

(1875) 280.
Glossogobius giurus STREETS, Bull. U. S. JSfat. Mus. No. 7 (1877)

60 (not of Buchanan Hamilton).
Gobius sandvicensis GUNTHER, Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zoology 1

(1880) 60.
Mapo fuscus JORDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 23 l

(1903) 484, fig. 212; JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26

(1907) 43; SEALS and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 33 (1907) 248.

223793 8

114 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 36 to 38 scales in a longi-
tudinal series and 12 in a transverse series.

The somewhat elongate body wedge-shaped when viewed from
above, with strongly compressed sides and tapering caudal pe-
duncle, the depth 4.4 to 5 in the length; the head large, with
convex upper profile, 3.3 to 3.4 in the length, its breadth greater
than its depth and 1.4 to 1.5 in its own length; the broad blunt
snout equals or is 0.875 of eye, which is contained 3.5 to 3.875
times in head ; the eyes dorsolateral and very close together, the
interorbital half an eye diameter or less ; the mouth large, ter-
minal, with thick fleshy lips fringed on the inside, the posterior
angle of maxillary beneath pupil of eye; the outer row of teeth
in upper jaw enlarged and widely spaced ; behind it three rows
of much smaller teeth, the teeth of the last two minute ; in lower
jaw the outer row enlarged, but the teeth are a little smaller than
in outer row above; in forward half of jaw a broad band of
four rows of small teeth lies behind outer row, which continues
to posterior limit of mouth; in one specimen a pair of small
lateral canines terminates the inner band ; the body covered with
ctenoid scales, large posteriorly, becoming very small and
crowded before first dorsal, and extending on nape a little for-
ward of opercle, but not to eyes ; the head naked except on part
of nape ; the pectoral bases scaled and the breast partially scaled ;
there are small but conspicuous pores as follows : One in front
of eye, two on the interorbital space, one in the naked space
behind eye, one on posterior margin of eye at origin of supra-
opercular groove and three more on the groove, and two on
posterior margin of preopercle; the dorsals are separated, the
height of first 1.5 to 1.8 times in depth; the second dorsal and
anal similar in height and shape, the anterior rays shortest, the
posterior rays of Philippine specimens not reaching caudal
when depressed, 1.47 to 1.1 in depth; the pectoral broad, rounded,
the upper rays silky, its length equal to or slightly more than
depth; the ventrals broad, not quite reaching anus, equal to or
slightly less than depth, about a tenth less than pectoral; the
broadly rounded caudal a little less than head, 1.1 to 1.2 (not 2
in head as given by Jordan and Evermann), and more than the
depth.

The color of alcoholic specimens varies greatly, as indeed
is the case with living specimens; in some there is a series of
four or five broad, dark brown crossbands over back, with six

BATHYGOBIUS 115

or seven dark brown blotches along side; these are united by
a dark brown bar extending from upper base of pectoral to
middle of caudal base, terminating there in a large dark brown
spot; the snout dusky; a large dark brown spot on preopercle,
and a small black spot behind each eye; on the sides are six
to ten longitudinal rows of small white spots, one to a scale,
most distinct on lower half of body; the sides of head specked
with small white spots ; the first dorsal dark brown to blackish,
with a white margin above; the second dorsal heavily cross-
barred by four to many rows of brown spots; the upper two-
thirds of caudal heavily crossbarred by numerous rows of brown
spots; the pectoral faintly crossbarred in the same manner,
with two dark brown spots on its base; the anal and ventrals
dusky.

In specimens seventeen years in alcohol the brown crossbars
have faded very much, though they are still visible, and the ten
or twelve rows of small white spots are very evident, so that
they give the dominant color; the white spots are also very dis-
tinct on the opercles and preopercles, and the pectorals are
crossbarred by white spots. In other respects the markings are
as given above, but paler.

I have studied the following specimens, ranging in length
from 16 to 56 millimeters:

Tacloban, Leyte, 3. Bungau, Sulu Province, 3.

Kolambugan, Mindanao, 2. Sibutu, Sulu Province, 3.

Caldera Bay, Mindanao, 1. Sitankai, Sulu Province, 2.

Siasi, Sulu Province, 11. Balabac, Palawan, 1.

The Bureau of Science collection also has a specimen from
the Andaman Islands, received from the Indian Museum.

The species has been recorded previously from Cavite by
Jordan and Seale, and from Zamboanga by Scale and Bean.

Among the islands of the Sulu Archipelago it is abundant in
the shallow water of salt-water lagoons where it is more or less
exposed at low tide, when it seeks shelter in pools and holes
in the coral sand; it can evidently thrive in water of rather
high temperatures since the puddles in which it stays when
the tide is out soon become excessively warm.

It is the most widely distributed of gobies. I have been
unable to detect any valid differences between specimens from
India, the East Indies, Samoa and other South Pacific localities,
Marcus Island, the Hawaiian islands, and the West Indies.

116 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

47. BATHYGOBIUS MEARNSI (Evermann and Scale)

Mapo mearnsi EVERMANN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 31 (1907)
510, fig. 2.

Head 3.30 in length; depth 5; width of head much greater than its
depth, which is 1.80 in its length; cheeks prominent; D. VI, 10; A. 9;
scales 38, about 10 in vertical series; head without scales except on the
crown; eye 4 in head; snout 4; interorbital about equal to pupil; about
14 of the upper pectoral rays detached and silky; tongue emarginate, free
anteriorly; teeth small, in several rows.

Color in spirits, greenish or grayish; some very indistinct dusky mark-
ings on middle line of side; no white dots; dorsal blotched with dusky; a
dusky blotch on posterior part of spinous dorsal.

Two specimens, the type, Cat. No. 55624, U. S. N. M., a specimen 2.5
inches long, from Zamboanga, Mindanao, and a cotype, No. 1495, Bureau
of Fisheries, a specimen 1.55 inches long, from same place.

We take pleasure in naming this interesting species for Dr. Edgar A.
Mearns, U. S. Army, who collected the type. [Evermann and Seale.]

The above account is Evermann and Seale's original de-
scription, and no additional specimens have been collected. I
have seen the types and they appear distinct from Gobius fuscus.

Since the above was written I collected a fine plump specimen.
48 millimeters long, from a coral reef at Bungau, Sulu Province.
The color is greenish gray, everywhere densely punctulate with
dark specks, the head brown, with three transverse dark brown
bands across the back, these divided into two each on the sides;
the second dorsal and the upper three-fourths of the caudal
are crossbarred by numerous rows of small brown spots; the
pectorals and ventrals are finely punctulate with dark specks;
the eyes are large, prominent, about 3.6 times in the head; the
pores on the head are conspicuous; the posterior angle of the
maxillary extends to a point beneath the posterior margin of
the pupil; there are about thirteen rows of very small scales
before the first dorsal, extending as far forward as above the
posterior margin of the preopercle ; the large rounded caudal is
shorter than the head; the pectoral is longer than the caudal,
almost equal to the head, and reaches as far back as above the
origin of the anal.

48. BATHYGOBIUS NOX (Bleeker)

Gobius nox SLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 1 (1851) 248; GUNTHER,
Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 28.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal 1-8 ; there are about 35 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 16 in a transverse series, and 18 before the first
dorsal.

BATHYGOBIUS 117

The body elongate, wedge-shaped, the sides strongly com-
pressed posteriorly, the anterior part broad and rounded, the
depth 4.4 times in the length; the dorsal profile moderately
arched, the head convex, very broad with bulging cheeks, 4
times in length, its breadth equal to depth of body, a little more
than 0.7 of its own length and 1.44 times its own depth; the
convex, broad, bluntly rounded snout 4 times in head; the eyes
dorsolateral, looking upward as much as sideways, a little less
than snout, 4.5 in head, close together, the interorbital space
1.6 times in an eye diameter; the mouth terminal, oblique, the
lower jaw slightly projecting, the lips thick and fringed on the
inside, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath t the middle of
pupil ; the outer row of teeth in each jaw enlarged, with a band
composed of three rows of very small teeth behind; in lower
jaw also some enlarged teeth in posterior part of inner row;
the tongue notched; the body covered with ctenoid scales not
very regularly disposed, largest on caudal peduncle, with very
small scales before first dorsal as far as in line with anterior
margin of opercle ; the head naked ; the pectoral bases and breast
partially scaled ; pores distributed on head as in Gobius fuscus ;
the supraopercular groove prominent; the dorsals separated, the
second, third, and fourth spines of first dorsal longest, 2.25
times in head and 1.6 times in depth; the second dorsal and
anal similar in shape and height, the longest rays 1.8 times in
head and 1.3 times in depth, the anal base shorter than that
of second dorsal, the posterior ray of each reaching caudal when
depressed; the depth of caudal peduncle 0.7 of its own length
and £ of depth of body; the caudal round pointed, a little
longer than body depth, 1.3 times in head, 3.8 in length; the
pectoral broad, somewhat- pointed, equal to depth, and extending
to a point beyond anal papilla; the ventrals broad, 1.3 times
in depth and extending over f of distance to anus, their breadth
1.66 times in their own length.

The color in alcohol uniform dark brown over entire body
except head, which is entirely blackish brown; the fins concol-
orous, blackish or dark brown; a few blackish spots occur
on the membranes of second dorsal.

Here described from a male specimen, 53 millimeters long,
collected at Hongkong by Alvin Scale. Previously known only
from a few specimens collected by Bleeker on the coasts of
western Sumatra, Nias, and Solor. The Bureau of Science
specimen agrees in all essentials except that it has more scales
than Bleeker's specimens, which had about 30.

118 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Genus 27. CHLAMYDES Jenkins

Chlamydes JENKINS, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 22 (1903) 503.

This genus agrees with Gobius except for the presence of scales
on the sides of the head, the opercles and preopercles being
more or less completely scaled, and in the tongue being de-
cidedly notched. The cheeks are full and rounded, the teeth
in bands in each jaw, with the outer series in the upper jaw
enlarged; the ventrals are short, very broad, with a thick bi-
lobed frenum, forming a sucking disk like that of the gobies of
mountain torrents.

Previously known from a single specimen captured at Hono-
lulu by Dr. O. P. Jenkins.

49. CHLAMYDES LEYTENSIS sp. HOT.

PLATE 8, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 7 or 8 ; there are 36 to 38 scales
in a longitudinal series, 13 or 14 in a transverse series, and
about 22 before the first dorsal.

The body wedge-shaped, narrowed dorsally and broader below,
the sides of posterior half strongly compressed, the dorsal and
ventral profiles nearly parallel, the depth 4.5 to 4.9 times in
length; the large, broad, rather depressed head 2.75 to 3.1 times
in length; the cheeks full, the width of head 0.7 to 0.85 of its
length and about a half more than its depth ; the snout broadly
rounded, slightly convex, 3.5 to 4 times in head, and a little
more than eyes, which are almost on top of head, dorsolateral,
4 to 4.25 times in head; the postorbital portion of head equals
or slightly exceeds distance from snout to posterior margin of
eye; the interorbital region is ^ or £ an eye diameter; the
mouth terminal, with very thick, fleshy lips, fringed within,
slightly oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath middle
of pupil; the outer row of rigid teeth in upper jaw much en-
larged, followed by a band of three rows of fine depressible
teeth, the inner teeth larger than those of the other two; the
lower jaw has a band of three or four rows; anteriorly the
outer and inner rows enlarged ; posteriorly the inner row much
the largest, though not as large as the outer row in upper
jaw ; in one specimen there is a pair of small lateral canines in
lower jaw ; the scales before first dorsal are much smaller than
those on sides of body and extend forward to eyes, from which
they are separated by a mucus channel; the opercles covered
on upper half by tiny scales, which also may occur on upper

TUKUGOBIUS H9

margin of preopercle; a broad furrow, marked by a row of
minute papillae and covered by a fold, extends from behind
angle of mouth back across opercle ; there are conspicuous pores
on the head as follows: On snout, anterior margin of eye,
central and posterior interorbital, postorbital, three on the very
prominent supraopercular groove, and three on the posterior
margin of preopercle. The dorsals are far apart, the last spine
of first dorsal barely touching origin of second dorsal when de-
pressed ; the central spines of first dorsal longest, 0.7 to 0.8 of
depth, or 2.1 to 2.4 in head; the second dorsal angulate, the
longest rays 0.8 to 0.9 of depth, the last rays reaching caudal
when depressed ; the anal shorter, its longest rays about equal to
first dorsal, not reaching caudal when depressed ; the caudal pe-
duncle broad, its depth equal or nearly equal to its length and 0.7
of depth of body, and 2.3 to 2.4 in head ; the caudal truncate with
rounded corners, 3.6 in length ; the broad, pointed pectoral, con-
tained about 4 times in total length, is a trifle shorter than
the caudal and extends back to a point above the anal papilla;
the ventrals are as broad as long, 0.8 of depth, twice or more
than twice in head, and extend two-thirds of the distance to
anus ; the anal papilla short, slender, triangular, pointed.

The color in alcohol uniform deep blackish brown, or paler
and with a greenish tinge on belly; the fins all concolorous or
black.

Here described from three specimens, 44 to 49 millimeters
in length, from Cabalian, Leyte.

From Chlamydes laticeps, known from only a single specimen,
38 millimeters long, this species differs in the less-complete
scalation of the sides of the head, in the proportions, and in
the number of fin rays. In other respects it closely agrees, and
has the characteristic and peculiar cheek fold shown in the
figure of C. laticeps but not mentioned by Jenkins in his descrip-
tion.

Genus 28. TUKUGOBIUS g. nov.

Dorsal spines 6 or 7 ; head naked ; nape naked back to first dor-
sal or to above opercle with 12 or 14 rows of minute scales in
front of dorsal; scales in lateral series 36 to 44, in transverse
series 12 to 16; scales on sides ctenoid, becoming very small
and cycloid above pectoral and never extending forward of
opercle on nape ; base of pectoral and breast always naked ; belly
behind ventrals naked to anus or scaled; head large, broad,
with bulging cheeks, the mouth small, the upper lip noticeably

120 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

thick; the teeth in bands of four to six rows in each jaw, the
outer row largest, no canines; the tongue rounded; the dorsals
far apart, both dorsals and anal short and comparatively low;
the caudal rounded and shorter than head; the ventrals very
short and rounded, forming a nearly circular, powerful, adhesive
disk, with a characteristic thick, bilobed or deeply crenate fre-
num ; no flaps on shoulder girdle ; no silklike rays on pectoral.
Dorsal VI or VII, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 7, 8, or 9. Branchiostegals
5 ; the isthmus broad, the gill openings rather narrow.

This genus is remarkable among gobies for the enormous
size, comparatively speaking, of its eggs. A spawning female,
40 millimeters long, contained about 135 eggs, each from 1.5
to 2 millimeters in diameter. This is in marked contrast to
all other gobies I have examined, most of which lay a large num-
ber of very small eggs.

This is a group of small, dull-colored, inconspicuous gobies,
scarcely ever attaining a length of over 65 millimeters. They
inhabit mountain creeks exclusively, living among stones in the
swiftest water; species few, one probably generally distributed
over Luzon and the Visayas, the others apparently confined to
central and northern Luzon. One species lives at an elevation
of 1,000 to 2,000 meters. The species are very close and might
with some reason be lumped together in a single, very variable
kind. Tukugobius philippinus can be regarded as the parent
stock, the others being comparatively recent offshoots still in
process of evolution, and not yet completely separated by ab-
solutely fixed characters.

This genus is closely allied to Rhinogobius of authors, from
which it differs in the absence of canines and the absence of
scales on the breast and about the ventrals; from Aboma, to
which it is also close, it differs in the character of the spinous
dorsal, which may have either six or seven spines in the same
species, in the broad head with fat cheeks, and in the weaker
teeth; it likewise seems near to Bleeker's Hypogymnogobius,
but differs in scalation. If the first dorsal always had seven
spines, the species should be placed in Aboma, where I placed
the specimens first examined. Study of additional material
showed that this disposition was not tenable unless the diagnosis
of Aboma were altered which, in the absence of Mexican and
Japanese material for comparison, I did not feel justified in
doing. Generic type, T. carpenteri sp. nov.

Tuku, a Tagalog word for lizard ; one of the species is called
tuku ng bia (lizard goby) by the Tagalogs.

TUKUGOBIUS 121

Key to the species of Tukugobius.

a1. Dorsal spines usually seven; a naked area under ventrals; predorsal

scales 8 or 10 T. bucculentus.

a2. Dorsal spines six or seven.

b\ Belly partly or entirely naked back to anus; predorsal region naked

or with very few scales T. carpenteri.

V. Belly not naked behind ventrals; twelve to fourteen rows of pre-
dorsal scales T. philippinus.

50. TUKUGOBIUS BUCCULENTUS sp. nov.

PLATE 8, FIG. 4

Dorsal VII, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 8 or 9; there are from 40 to
44 scales in a longitudinal series and 14 to 16 in a transverse
series; in one specimen the first dorsal has eight spines and
some specimens have irregular scalation; 8 or 10 rows of minute
scales before the first dorsal.

The body little elevated, its posterior half strongly com-
pressed, and the depth 4£ to 5 times in length; the large head
is contained 3.1 to 3.4 times in length, and is broad, with bulging^
cheeks, its breadth 1.6 times to twice its depth; the eyes on
top of head, 5 to 5f times in head, 2 to 2.5 times in the convex,
broadly rounded snout, and close together, the interorbital space
about f an eye diameter; the mouth subterminal or inferior,
the lower jaw shorter than the upper, the posterior angle of
maxillary not extending to eye, except rarely; the upper jaw
has an outer row of enlarged teeth, with a broad band of four
or five rows of minute teeth behind it; the outer row in lower
jaw is of smaller teeth than the outer row above, with a band
of three or four rows behind it ; the caudal peduncle broad, its
depth two-thirds to one-half of its own length; under the ven-
trals and next its base is a small naked area ; small scales extend
forward as far as the region above the gill openings, leaving
the entire head, breast, base of pectorals, and region beside the
ventrals naked; the second and third spines of first dorsal
more or less elongate, with filiform tips, their length equal to
or nearly as great as depth; the second dorsal angulate pos-
teriorly, its height equal to depth of trunk beneath it; the anal
similar in outline but slightly lower; the rounded caudal
slightly exceeds pectoral in length and is $ to \ of length of
head; the ventrals are typical of the genus and extend much
less than halfway to anus.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown, with a more or less
evident, dark, longitudinal line or stripe along the middle of
each side; in some specimens there are traces of large dusky

122 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

spots along the sides; the interorbital space and top of snout
dusky grayish brown; the pupils white; all the fins more or
less blackish or dusky; a transverse dusky bar often present
on base of caudal.

Here described from the type, 62 millimeters long, and seven-
teen cotypes, 21 to 62 millimeters in length, from the creek at
Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya Province, Luzon, and twenty-eight
cotypes, 20 to 52 millimeters in length, from a creek at Dupax,
Nueva Vizcaya Province, Luzon. The largest Dupax specimen
has but 12 scales in a transverse row and 36 in a longitudinal
series; some of the others from Dupax also presented enough
differences to warrant considering them a separate species, but
every gradation between was also found. Most of the speci-
mens have from 40 to 42 scales in a longitudinal series.

The Bureau of Science collection also contains ten specimens
from Santa Fe, 16 to 27 millimeters long. I also place here
a specimen, 62 millimeters long, from Santa Fe, which has
but six dorsal spines and has all the dorsal spines elongated;
the second dorsal and anal are also more elongate posteriorly
than in any of the other specimens.

Since the above was written I have received some specimens
from barrio Diviguen, San Mariano, Isabela Province, and fifty
specimens from a creek on Mount Moises, Isabela Province.
This species evidently occurs throughout the Cagayan Valley.

This species is very close to Tukugobius carpenteri (Scale),
differing in having seven instead of six spines in the first dorsal,
in having scales before the first dorsal, and in the more com-
plete scalation of the belly.

Bucculentus, having full cheeks.

51. TUKUGOBIUS CARPENTERI (Scale)

PLATE 29, FIG. 2
Rhino ffobius carpenteri SBALB, Philip. Journ. Sci. § A 4 (1909) 535.

Kuchu, in Bontoc Igorot.

Dorsal VI (rarely VII), 1-8 or 9; anal I, 8; there are 36
to 40, usually 38, scales in a longitudinal series and 14 in a trans-
verse series.

The body low, plump, the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly
parallel, the depth 4.5 to 5 in length ; the large, broad, depressed
head 3 to 3.2 in length; the cheeks very full and rounded, the
width of head much more than that of body, 0.75 to 0.8 its
length, the depth | to f its width ; the convex, broadly rounded
snout 2.5 to 3 times in head; the obliquely set eyes very high

TUKUGOBIUS 123

up, laterodorsal, 4.5 to 5 times in head, 1.5 to 2 times in snout;
the interorbital 1.5 to 2 times in eye; the mouth oblique, with
large thick lips, the lower jaw slightly included, the posterior
angle of maxillary in advance of or beneath front margin of
eye; the outer row of teeth in upper jaw enlarged, slightly
recurved; the outer row in lower jaw of similar but much
smaller teeth; behind outer row in each jaw two or three rows
of minute teeth ; no canines ; the body covered with firm ctenoid
scales, largest posteriorly, those above pectoral becoming very
small toward angle of opercle, where they cease ; the entire head
naked and nuchal region naked down to posterior angle of
opercles and back to origin of first dorsal ; sometimes there are
a few scales before first dorsal; the pectoral bases scaleless
and the entire region about ventrals naked, including the breast,
the region between ventral and pectoral insertion, and a median
strip behind ventrals which may extend to anus; the dorsals
small and far apart, of equal height, or first dorsal with a
short filamentous tip on second spine, rarely equaling depth,
the longest spine or ray twice or a little less than twice in
head; the anal may equal but usually is less than second dorsal
in height ; the posterior rays of second dorsal and anal are longest
but do not reach caudal when depressed, the fins angulate or
round-angled posteriorly; the depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to
2.5 times in head and 0.6 to 0.7 of its own length; the caudal
broadly rounded, its length f to 0.8 that of head; the pectoral
broadly rounded, equal to or a little longer than caudal; the
ventrals typical of the genus, 2 to 2.5 in head, and reaching
less than halfway to anus; the small anal papilla short and
triangular.

According to Scale the color in life is "dull yellow-brown,
uniform whitish on under jaw, eyes blue, fins grayish, 2 an-
terior spines silvery white, rays of anal silvery white, caudal
washed with dusky at tip."

Alcoholic specimens are dull yellowish brown, the underside
of head paler; the fins somewhat dusky or clear. Some speci-
mens have the sides of the head thickly sprinkled with dark
brown specks.

Here described from Scale's four type specimens, and sixty-
nine cotypes collected by E. A. Mearns and W. D. Carpenter in
May, 1907, from Trinidad River at Baguio, at an approximate
elevation of 1,360 meters. These specimens range from 19 to 54
millimeters in length. I have also examined twenty-seven

124 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

specimens collected by E. H. Taylor and four specimens collected
by W. Schultze, all from the same locality, the largest 59 milli-
meters long. One of the cotypes and three of the Taylor
collection have seven dorsal spines.

I also place here two specimens collected by me from Rio
Chico, Bontoc, 41 and 46 millimeters in length; in these the
posterior margin of the caudal is white. Six young specimens,
each about 20 millimeters long, from Balete Pass, Nueva Viz-
caya Province, altitude 860 meters, also belong here.

52. TUKUGOBIUS PHILIPPINUS ep. nov.

Tagalog name, biang tuku (lizard goby).

Dorsal VI, or VII, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 7 or 8; 36 to 40 scales
in a longitudinal series, 12 to 14 in a transverse series, and 12
to 14 rows of scales before the first dorsal.

The body low, with nearly parallel dorsal and ventral profiles
or the belly a little protuberant, plump and subcylindrical an-
teriorly, wedgelike seen from above, laterally compressed poste-
riorly, the depth 4.4 to 5.5 in length ; the large, broad, depressed
head 3.2 to 3.66 in length, its upper profile descending at an
angle of about 45° to tip of snout; the cheeks fat, so that the
head is much wider than the body, its breadth f its length and
its depth 0.7 its width; the snout broadly rounded, 2.4 to 3
in head; the eyes dorsolateral, rather small, 5 to 5.5 in the
head in adults, 4 or less in those not fully grown, 1.3 to 2 times
in snout; the interorbital 1.5 to 2 in eye; the slightly oblique
terminal mouth low down, with large thick lips, the jaws equal
or the upper lip slightly projecting, the posterior angle of
maxillary beneath front margin of eye or scarcely reaching
it; the teeth of outer row in upper jaw curved and a little en-
larged; some distance behind are three rows of minute, sharp-
pointed teeth; in the lower jaw are three rows of very small
teeth, those of the outer row larger than the others and curved
outward ; the head and nape naked except for the minute scales
before first dorsal; the pectoral bases and the region down to
and including the breast naked; the belly scaled; the dorsals
small, far apart, approximately equal in height or first dorsal
a little higher, usually equal to depth, rarely exceeding it ; the
second and third dorsal spines usually have filamentous tips
but the first dorsal rarely reaches second dorsal when depressed ;
the short anal may equal but is usually a little less than second

TUKUGOBIUS 125

dorsal in height, the posterior rays of both somewhat elongate
and angulate, never reaching caudal when depressed; the depth
of caudal peduncle 2.3 to 2.5 times in head and 1.5 to 2 times
in its own length, which equals depth of body; the broadly
rounded caudal 3.5 to 3.75 in length and 0.8 to 0.9 as long as
head; the pectoral a little shorter than caudal, 0.7 to 0.8 of
head; the ventrals are typical of the genus, very short and
rounded, twice or more than twice in head and reaching less
than halfway to anus; the anal papilla small and triangular
in males, much broader and blunter in females.

The color in alcohol dark brown or blackish, clouded with
darker; five or six transverse bands more or less evident on
many specimens ; in the smaller specimens there is a black cross-
bar or spot on base of caudal ; the sides of head sprinkled with
minute, dark brown spots, which may extend upon pectoral
base ; ,all the fins more or less brown to blackish, the ventrals
palest, with traces on second dorsal of cross rows of darker
spots; the tips of the two anterior spines of first dorsal and
the tips of second dorsal rays usually silvery white; the tip of
caudal white.

Here described from fourteen specimens, 33 to 53 millimeters
in length, from Irid River, Santa Ines, Rizal Province, and
twenty-two cotypes, 30 to 60 millimeters long, from Banaban
River, Angat, Bulacan Province. Two of them are females,
40 millimeters long, ready to spawn; their eggs are few and
very large, 1.75 millimeters in diameter.

The Banaban River specimens have the ground color pale
yellowish or yellowish gray, with five broad, blackish, dorsal
crossbands which divide on the sides and form a series of
broad lateral bands or spots more or less united along the mid-
dle of the sides; the posterior bands may be divided so as to
form a series of zigzag bands, with the ground color forming
pale or golden spots dorsally and laterally between them ; there
is a black crossband at the base of the caudal with a trans-
verse black spot behind it; the sides of the head are sprinkled
with tiny, dark brown specks, which may extend upon the pec-
toral; the first dorsal is blackish, with the upper anterior part
silvery white; the other fins are more or less golden, with
blackish rays, or the membranes may be partly violet-red, and
with a white or golden margin; the second dorsal is obscurely
crossbarred with faint, dark brown dots; the pupils are white.

126 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Bureau of Science collection also contains the following
additional specimens, 22 to 60 millimeters long:

Nalvo, Luna, La Union Prov-
ince, 2.

Kalumpang River, Norzagaray,
Bulacan Province, 9.

Ibo Creek, near Angat River,
Bulacan Province, 5.

Irid River, Santa Ines, Rizal
Province, 9.

Nanang River, Antipolo, Rizal
Province, 4. One of these is

a female, 40 millimeters long,
the belly distended with enor-
mous eggs, 2 millimeters in,
diameter.

Hinagianan River, Camarines
Sur Province, 4.

Fabrica, Occidental Negros, 2.

San Jose, Leyte, 2.

Without locality label, 15 fine
specimens.

Three of the specimens from Irid River, Rizal Province, have
but five spines in the first dorsal ; in several of them the second
and third spines are greatly elongated, reaching beyond the
origin of the second dorsal when depressed.

Genus 29. GNATHOLEPIS Bleeker

Gnatholepis BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 318; JORDAN and

SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 394.

Hazeus JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901) 51.
Exyrias JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25

(1906) 405.

This genus is separated from all other small, slender gobies
without silky rays on the pectoral by having the cheeks en-
tirely and the opercles partly or entirely covered with large
scales. The dorsals are close together, not elevated, VI, 1-8
to 11; anal I, 8 to 11; the scales are moderately large, 24 to
32 in a longitudinal series ; the head is convex, the mouth oblique,
the tongue notched in our species, except in the subgenus
Exyrias, the body laterally compressed and moderately elongate ;
the caudal is rounded, shorter or longer than the head; the
teeth are in two to four rows in each jaw, fixed or depressible,
those of the outer row enlarged; a posterior canine may be
present in the lower jaw; exceptionally canines may be present
in the upper jaw in front of the other teeth; the gill opening
is of moderate width, not extended forward, the isthmus broad ;
no silky rays above on the pectoral.

Exyrias does not seem to me to be a well-founded genus,
though it might be considered a subgenus, separated by having
two conspicuous longitudinal grooves on the preopercle ; the tip
of the tongue is rounded, while in other Philippine species of
Gnatholepis it is notched. Some species of Gnatholepis else-
where are said to have it rounded.

GNATHOLEPIS 127

The authors of Exyrias failed to give a diagnosis of their
proposed genus, merely designating the type, Gobius puntan-
goides Bleeker. They further stated "This East Indian species,
not seen by us, resembles an Awaous, although figured as
having the cheeks fully scaled." I fail to find any resemblance
to any species of Chonophorus (formerly Awaous) known to
me, and the fleshy papillaB or flaps on the shoulder girdle, so
characteristic of Chonophorus, are totally lacking.

Coral-reef fishes, ranging from Japan through the East Indies
to Samoa and north again to Hawaii; the genus occurs also
in the West Indies.

Key to the Philippine species of Gnatholepis.

a1. Exyrias: Two prominent longitudinal grooves on cheek, dividing scales

into three groups , G. puntangoides.

a*. Gnatholepis: Cheek not as above.
b1. No line from eye across cheek.

c\ A prominent groove below upper row of scales on cheek; no

canines G. calliurus.

c2. No groove on cheek; large canines in lower jaw; outer teeth above

caniniform G. volcanus.

62. A vertical dark line from eye across cheek.
eP. Line not intersected.

e1. Anal I, 11, bluish; a large brown spot on cheek, from which two
diverging lines continue downward, forming the Greek letter

delta on lower side of head G. deltoides.

e". Anal I, 10, checkered with round black and white spots; black
line from eye to throat neither intersected nor divided.

G. davaoensis.
d2. Line from eye to throat usually intersected by one or two short

transverse lines.

/*. Side of head with pearly circular spots; body with vertical
stripes or longitudinal rows of pearly white spots; one or two
pairs of canines in front of upper jaw; scales 25 to 27; before

first dorsal, 8 G. gemmeus.

/*. No pearly spots or lines on head or body; no anterior canines in
upper jaw; scales 30; before first dorsal, 10 G. knighti.

53. GNATHOLEPIS PUNTANGOIDES (Bleeker)

PLATE 9, FIG. 1

Gobius puntang BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852) 692, not 2
(1851) 486; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 288, pi. 62, fig. 1; VAIL-
MNT, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Nat. Ill 5 (1893) 58.

Gobius puntangoides BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 5 (1853) 242;
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 19; Fische der Siidsee
2 (1875) 171, pi. 108, fig. A; MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist. Nat.
14 (1885) 29.

Exyrias puntangoides JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull. Bur.
Fisheries 25 (1906) 405.

128 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Bicol name, kamumbon; Cebu-Visayan name, burok.

Dorsal, VI, 1-10; anal, I, 9; there are 28 or 29 scales in a
lateral series and 9 or 10 in a transverse series; 10 or 11 scales
before first dorsal.

The deep, robust, oblong body laterally compressed, with
wide, flat, caudal peduncle ; the cheeks full and the region above
opercles elevated and laterally compressed; the dorsal profile
strongly convex, often with a marked rise behind eyes; the
depth 3.6 to 4.3 times in length; the head equals or is greater
than the depth, 3.2 to 3.75 in the length; the snout short, de-
scending in a very steep curve, its length '2.7 to 3 times in head ;
the oblique eyes high up, close together, dorsolateral in position,
3.8 to 4.5 times in head and 1.5 times in snout; the interorbital
space 0.5 to f an eye diameter in width; the mouth small,
slightly oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary not extending
beyond front of eye and usually not reaching its anterior mar-
gin; the anterior nostril has a short membranous tubule, the
posterior one is larger and open; above the last is a pore, and
there are two pores in interorbital space, the anterior one large
and conspicuous; the opercles and preopercles covered with
large scales, those on last named divided into three groups by
grooves bearing lines of fine papillae; large pores distributed
as follows : One behind middle of eye, one behind eye at origin
of conspicuous supraopercular groove and four more distributed
along its course, and three on posterior margin of preopercle;
the depth of caudal peduncle contained 1.7 to twice in length
of head ; the dorsal spines flexible, with more or less threadlike
tips, the first three longest, the second sometimes excessively
elongate, even extending to axil of second dorsal; the base of
anal shorter than that of soft dorsal, the two fins similar in
outline, with elongate posterior rays which reach base of caudal
when depressed, those of anal longest and greater than depth
of body at their base; the pectorals pointed, longer than the
broad ventrals, which extend to anal but not to the small pointed
anal papilla; the pointed caudal approximately half again as
long as head.

The color in alcohol varies from gray to blackish brown, paler
or yellow on belly; the snout and cheeks below eyes deep brown
to blackish and the nape nearly as dark; the scales along sides
each marked by a central pale or white spot, these forming longi-
tudinal rows; two or three rows of black spots more or less
evident along back below dorsal fins; all spots may disappear

GNATHOLEPIS 129

in old specimens; the dorsals, caudal, and pectorals are barred
by rows of dark spots; the anal is clear or has only traces of
longitudinal streaks; the ventrals are blackish; specimens from
Albay Province show four to eight narrow, vertical crosslines,
most prominent on the yellow belly ; the first dorsal crossbarred
by alternate rows of violet-brown and golden yellow spots; the
second dorsal, caudal, and pectorals barred by many rows of
dark spots; the anal is clear or has only traces of longitudinal
streaks; the ventrals blackish. In a specimen from Sandakan,
Borneo, the caudal and anal are crossbarred by many rows of
crimson spets.

In life the sides are spotted with rows of beautiful blue dots,
making this one of the handsomest of gobies.

From the following localities I have examined seventy-six spec-
imens, varying from 31 to 114 millimeters in length:

Ballesteros, Cagayan Prov-
ince, 1.

Buguey, Cagayan Province, 4.

Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 2.

Hundred Islands, Lingayen
Gulf, 5.

Polillo, 4.

Pinamalayan, Mindoro, 1.

Cebu, Cebu, 81.

Borongan, Samar, 1.

Lasay, Siquijor, 1.

Caldera Bay, Mindanao, 2.

Zamboanga, Mindanao, 3.

Pasay, Manila Bay, 1.
Balayan Bay, Batangas, 1.
Puru River, Legaspi, Albay

Province, 8.
Bacon, Sorsogon, 1.
Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 4.
Davao, Mindanao, 4.
Balabac, 1.

Jolo, Sulu Province, 2.
Bungau, Sulu Province, 17.
Sandakan, Borneo, 1.
Guindulman, Bohol, 2.

Meyer collected this species at Cebu, where it is common in
the market, and Whitehead obtained it in Palawan, as recorded
by Vaillant.

The descriptions by Bleeker, Day, and Gunther contain dis-
crepancies, the chief one being the presence or absence of ca-
nines. I find, in a series taken at one time and place, that there
is considerable variation in this respect. Only a few specimens
have teeth that can really be called canines, though in all of
them the posterior teeth of the outer row in the mandible are
more or less enlarged. In other specimens the caninif orm teeth
have evidently been broken out. The teeth of the outer row
in both jaws seem to be subject to much breakage or injury.

This goby occurs from the Andamans eastward throughout
the East Indies, to Shortland Island, one of the Solomon Islands,
and Ponape in the Caroline Islands.

223798 8

130 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

54. GNATHOLEPIS CALLIURUS Jordan and Scale

PLATE 9, FIG. 2

Gnatholepis calliurus JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28
(1905) 796, fig. 14.

Dorsal' VI, 1-10; anal I, 9; there are 28 to 30 scales in a
longitudinal series, 10 in a transverse series, and 9 or 10 before
the first dorsal.

The oblong, moderately elongate body laterally compressed,
the dorsal profile nearly horizontal to moderately arched, with
rounded belly and narrow dorsally, the depth 4.5 to 4.83 in
length (3.1 in one female about to spawn) ; the large head
narrowed anteriorly, with moderately convex profile and slightly
projecting lower jaw, and contained 3 to 3.2 times in length;
the snout short, with a large median hump, from 3.6 to 4.66
times in head, usually about 4 in adult specimens ; the full prom-
inent eyes high up, close together, dorsolateral in position, and
equal to or a little longer than snout, 3.5 to 4 in head; the
interorbital space very narrow, its breadth 5 times in eye; the
mouth oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary under anterior
part of eye; four rows of teeth in each jaw, those of outer
row largest and fixed, the others all depressible; the teeth of
fourth row next in size but very much smaller, and those of
the two inner rows minute; the teeth of outer row in upper
jaw much larger and more widely spaced than any of the
others; the tongue rounded; the cheeks covered by three rows
of large cycloid scales, with a prominent longitudinal groove
below upper row; the opercles naked below, with one or two
rows of cycloid scales along their upper margin; the rest of
body covered with large ctenoid scales, extending forward on
nape between posterior parts of eyes, except for a few cycloid
scales on anterior angle of breast ; the depth of caudal peduncle
2.25 to 2.5 times in head; the first dorsal small, the second
spine longest but not more than f of depth, the tips of the spines
but little or not at all extended beyond the membrane, seldom
reaching the origin of second dorsal when depressed; the first
ray of second dorsal equals the depth, the others progressively
increase slightly in length; the anal similar to second dorsal
but with a base about 0.75 as long as that of second dorsal,
its longest rays equal to depth; the pectoral is rather pointed,
about as long as caudal, and extends back as far as a point
above origin of anal; the pointed ventrals never quite reach
origin of anal, their length equal or nearly equal to the depth;
the caudal gently rounded or nearly truncate, its length less than

GNATHOLEPIS 131

head but greater than depth ; in males anal papilla long, slender,
and pointed, about 0.75 an eye diameter in length; in females
short, broad, cylindrical, round-tipped, its length less than
diameter of pupil.

The color in alcohol pale brown above, merging into white
beneath, with a whitish spot in the center of each brown scale,
the spots forming longitudinal lines; a large, nearly circular,
blackish spot on base of caudal peduncle and four similar but
much paler spots along median lateral line, the anterior one
beneath pectoral and in line with first dorsal ; in some specimens
these spots are connected by a blackish line; on the opercle,
in front of pectoral, is a large, dusky, iridescent silver spot;
the upper part of eye covered by a heavily pigmented blackish
band; the pupil white, the cornea with more or less blue iri-
descence; the dorsals and anal sprinkled with minute specks
of dark brown; the caudal dusky with several white crossbars
or rows of spots ; the ventrals and pectorals faintly marked with
dusky specks or the central part of the ventrals may be blackish ;
the base of pectoral marked with a dusky spot on upper part.

Here described from twelve female and five male specimens,
43 to 58 millimeters in length, obtained by me in the Manila
market in November, 1924. The smallest and the largest speci-
mens are females, and all the females are nearly ready to spawn,
one only being actually ripe.

The Bureau of Science collection also contains the following
specimens, ranging from 46 to 77 millimeters in length:

Manila, 2. Estancia, Panay, 1.

Cavite, Cavite Province, Lu- Zarraga, Iloilo Province, Pa-

zon, 4. nay, 1.

Capiz, Capiz, Panay, 10. Sandakan, Borneo, 5.
Pontevedra, Capiz Province, 6.

The Bureau of Science collection contains, in addition to the
above, ten specimens from Manila Bay, killed in 1917, by an
influx of "red water," or a plague of Peridinium.

This species was described by Jordan and Scale from speci-
mens collected by Dr. Bashford Dean on the southern coast
of Negros.

The six specimens from Pontevedra, Capiz, are all females
about ready to spawn, measuring 60 to 63 millimeters in length.
They were obtained August 3, 1925.

55. GNATHOLEPIS VOLCANUS sp. nov.

Dorsal 1-10; anal I, 11; there are 30 scales in a longitudinal
series, 9 in a transverse series, and 12 before the first dorsal.

132 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The elongate body laterally compressed, the dorsal profile
horizontal from the full rounded nape to the caudal, convex
anteriorly, the ventral profile horizontal to anal, then ascendant
to caudal, the depth 6 times in length ; the head narrowed above,
3.58 times in length; the snout narrowed, convex, 3.7 times in
head; the eyes large, very high up, laterodorsal, inclined to-
ward each other and their inner margins touching, looking up
as much as sideways, equal to snout; the mouth oblique, with
projecting chin, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath front
margin of eye; the teeth in upper jaw in four rows, the outer
row with »two or three pairs of stout, downward-pointed, some-
what curved canines anteriorly, the remaining teeth of outer
row of moderate size, widely spaced ; the next two rows minute ;
the fourth row has the anterior teeth much longer, slender,
pointed, inclined backward, and depressible, the remaining teeth
very small; the lower jaw has a short outer row of moderate
teeth, ending on each side in a stout curved canine; behind
this are two rows of small, slender, pointed teeth extending
far back; the tongue slightly crenate emarginate; four rows
of large scales on cheek, with a fifth row of small scales between
second and third rows; the opercles scaled on upper half; the
body covered with large, very finely ctenoid scales, those before
first dorsal smaller and extending forward to eyes; the tips of
second, third, and fourth dorsal spines elongated, threadlike,
the second a trifle the longest, 1.5 times the depth and 1.12
times in the head, reaching beyond base of third ray of second
dorsal when depressed; the second dorsal slightly lower than
depth, the posterior ray not reaching caudal when depressed;
the anal highest posteriorly, the last ray not quite reaching
caudal when depressed, the longest ray slightly exceeding depth ;
the depth of caudal peduncle !$• times in its length and 2£ times
in head; the caudal shorter than head, 4.54 times in length;
the pectoral rather narrow, pointed, the central rays longest,
almost equal to head, 3.8 times in length; the broad, round-
tipped ventrals have a wide, deep, but thin frenum, 1.4 times
in head, their tip not nearly reaching the very short, blunt,
cylindrical anal papilla.

Here described from a specimen, 100 millimeters in length,
collected by me in Lake Taal, Batangas Province, Luzon.
Several subsequent trips have failed to yield more specimens,
though the fish is well known to the fishermen. During certain
seasons it retires to deep water, and later trips have all been
made at those times.

GNATHOLEPIS 133

Volcanus, because a resident of the lake in which Taal Vol-
cano is located.

56. GNATHOLEPIS DELTOIDES (Scale)

Gobius deltoides SEALE, Occ. Papers Bishop Museum 1 (1901) 125;
JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28 (1905) 796.

Dorsal VI, 1-11 ; anal I, 11 ; there are 28 scales in a longitu-
dinal series and }0 in a transverse series; 10 or 12 scales before
the first dorsal.

The body elongate, compressed posteriorly, the depth in a
spawning female about 4 times in the length; the head 3.57
times in the length, with narrowed nape, the broad, blunt,
rounded snout 2.8 times in head and longer than eye, which is
3.5 times in head ; the eyes very high up, obliquely placed so that
they look up as well as laterally, close together, the interorbital
about 3 times in an eye diameter; the mouth small, terminal,
oblique, the jaws equal, the posterior angle of maxillary just
reaching a point below front margin of eye; in the upper jaw
the outer row has the teeth more widely spaced, with some com-
paratively large caniniform teeth in front; the other teeth
minute, in two rows anteriorly but only one posteriorly; in the
lower jaw three pairs of caniniform teeth in outer row, the
posterior ones stoutest and backward-curved, with an inner row
of teeth somewhat larger than those in upper jaw; the first
dorsal low, the tips of some of the spines slightly elongate, third
spine longest, 1.75 in head; the soft dorsal and anal angulate
posteriorly, the posterior portion longest and extending upon
caudal when depressed, the dorsal a little higher, its longest
ray 1.4 times in head; the round pointed caudal a trifle longer
than head, 3£ times in length; the pointed pectoral is slightly
shorter than head and extends beyond tip of ventrals.

The color in alcohol yellowish white, with six or seven red-
dish brown dorsal crossbars, alternating with blotches of like
color along sides ; on the upper part of eye a short black trans-
verse bar; below the pupil a small circular white spot beside
which a brownish black line begins and extends vertically
downward to a large brown spot on cheek ; from the lower edge
of this spot one line continues downward under head, and an-
other is directed obliquely forward and downward, the two thus
forming the Greek letter delta ; a dark brown diagonal line ex-
tends upward and backward across opercle, and a similar line
extends lengthwise on middle of pectoral base; the first dorsal
is marked, at least anteriorly, by three transverse rows of dark

134 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

brown spots; the caudal and pectorals crossbarred by many
rows of dark spots; the second dorsal marked by spots and
streaks of brown; the anal bluish; the ventrals bluish with
longitudinal rows of fine, dark brown specks on the membranes.

Of this distinct species I have one mature female specimen in
spawning condition, 50 millimeters long, collected by Jose Mon-
tilla, of the division of fisheries, at San Juan, Siquijor, March
10, 1926.

Originally collected by Scale at Guam, its presence elsewhere
has been more or less doubtful, but there can be no question of
the determination of this specimen from Siquijor.

57. GNATHOLEPIS DAVAOENSIS Seale

Gnatholepis davaoensis SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § A 4 (1909) 537.

Dorsal VI, 1-11; anal I, 10; "scales about 26 in lateral series."
The body elongate, the posterior part laterally compressed,
the upper and lower outlines of body about evenly and equally
curved, the depth 4.2 times, the head 3.75 times in length; the
bluntly rounded snout 3.75 times in head; the eyes equal to
snout, very high up, dorsolateral, close together, the interorbital
space a mere ridge; the. mouth oblique, the jaws equal, the pos-
terior angle of maxillary beneath front margin of eye; the
teeth in several rows in each jaw, those of outer one enlarged
and curved, with a large, recurved, posterior canine on each
side in lower jaw; the tongue strongly notched; the whole
fish covered with large thin scales, those on preopercle in three
rows; the longest spine of first dorsal 1.3 times in head and
equal to the longest ray of second dorsal ; the anal a little higher,
its longest ray equal to head; the rounded caudal 0.25 longer
than head; the ventrals very long, equal to caudal, their tips
reaching anal; the pectorals equal head.

The color dull yellowish gray with six dusky blotches along
the side, three or four distinct black dots at base of caudal, a
black band from eye to middle of throat, some scattered black
specks over body, and indistinct, dusky, dorsal crossbars; the
spinous dorsal grayish with several scattered dusky spots and ten
black dots on lower part of fin ; the soft dorsal grayish, the an-
terior part with faint, darker crossbars; the anal peculiarly
checkered with round black and white spots ; the caudal grayish,
with numerous indistinct brownish dots and several larger, dis-
tinct black spots on lower half of fin; the pectoral gray, the
ventral gray with a black margin.

GNATHOLEPIS 135

The foregoing description is adapted from Scale. His type,
45 millimeters long, obtained by him at Samal Island, in Davao
Gulf, Mindanao, is no longer in the Bureau of Science collection.

58. GNATHOLEPIS GEMMEUS sp. nor.

PLATE 9, PIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-11 or 12; anal I, 11; there are 25 to 27 scales
in a longitudinal series and 10 in a transverse series; 10 scales
before the first dorsal.

The elongate oblong body strongly compressed laterally, the
dorsal profile more or less gently arched, the greatest depth
4 to 4.6 in length ; the head of moderate size, broader than body
but deeper than wide, with convex anterior profile and nar-
rowed, almost ridgelike nape, its length about 3.5 times (3.46
to 3.7) in that of head and trunk together; the convex snout
short, blunt, 3 to 3.4 times in head ; the eyes high up, close to-
gether, dorsolateral in position, their length equal to or slightly
less than that of snout; the interorbital narrow, about 3.5 times
in eye; the mouth small, terminal, oblique, the jaws equal, the
posterior angle of maxillary extending or almost extending to
a point beneath front margin of eye ; in the upper jaw are two
rows of curved, depressible teeth, preceded by one or two pairs
of long, slender, inward-curved caniniform teeth on either side
of median line of jaw; in lower jaw are two rows of teeth, the
outer one of ten or twelve large, widely spaced teeth, termi-
nating in a pair of backward-curved canines ; the caudal pedun-
cle wide, 2.3 to 2.4 in head ; the first dorsal low, the tips of the
spines filamentous but not elongated, reaching second or third
ray of second dorsal when depressed, the longest 1.14 to 1.4
times in depth and 1.4 to 1.7 in head; the second dorsal and
anal approximately equal in height and equal to or higher
than first dorsal, the posterior rays reaching base of caudal when
depressed, 1.1 to 1.25 in depth and 1.3 to 1.5 in head; the caudal
truncate or with rounded corners, equal to or a trifle more or less
than head, 3 to 3.75 times in length; the pectoral and ventral
approximately equal in length, equal to or a trifle less than head
in length, and reaching to or beyond the small pointed anal
papilla or reaching anal.

The body covered with loosely attached, large, ctenoid scales
which extend forward to eyes; there are four rows of large
scales on preopercles and three on opercle ; the base of pectoral

136 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

also covered with large scales ; the teeth of these anterior scales
are easily rubbed off, so that they often appear to be cycloid;
no papillae or grooves on cheeks.

The color in alcohol varies from dark yellowish brown to very
pale yellowish brown ; along the sides are six broad, dark cross-
bands, the posterior ones large, circular spots in young speci-
mens; each band margined by a wide stripe of pearly white,
which with age breaks up, so that longitudinal rows of pearly
white spots are formed along the sides; a narrow dark brown
stripe passes vertically through eye and down across cheek;
sometimes it is crossed by one or two short transverse lines; a
longitudinal, faint, brown line passes across middle of opercle
and on across base of pectoral, where it is darker ; the preoper-
cles, opercles, and pectoral bases are marked by large circular
pearly spots ; the nape and sides below dorsal dotted with small,
dark brown spots; the first dorsal crossbarred by brown and
white spots; near base of sixth spine a circular blackish brown
spot and a paler one on basal part of fourth spine; the second
dorsal has dusky rays, with brown up-and-down streaks more or
less developed on the membrane; the anal crossed by two rows
of large, conspicuous, circular black spots, alternating with
white; the pectoral crossbarred by small brown spots; the ven-
trals dusky or specked with brown, or gray, with a dark brown
margin; there is a dark brown spot on base of caudal, followed
by several blackish spots, the rest of the fin more or less cross-
barred by small brown spots.

Here described from twenty-five specimens, most of them
faded and in very poor condition, ranging from 25 to 45 milli-
meters in length. The type is a specimen from Samal Island,
in Davao Gulf, Mindanao. There are seventeen other specimens
in the collection from the same locality, one from Davao and five
from Sitankai, Sulu Province. I place here also an aberrant
specimen from Dumaguete, Oriental Negros. In life this must
have been very handsome, as the pearly spots were probably
blue then.

This species is close to Gnatholepis knighti Jordan and Ever-
mann, but differs in dentition, scalation, and markings, and in
having a shorter snout and larger eye; from G. davaoensis
Seale it differs in dentition, and particularly in color markings.
In dentition it is unique among the Philippine representatives
of this genus.

Gemmeus, jeweled, in reference to the beautiful pearly spots.

GNATHOLEPIS 137

Since the above was written I received a gorgeously colored
male specimen, 38 millimeters long, from San Juan, Siquijor.
The tips of the second and third dorsal spines are filamentous,
1.2 times in the head; the second dorsal is high, the antepenul-
timate ray longest, 1.1 times in the head; the anal is similar but
lower, the longest ray equal to the first dorsal.

The color in life was yellowish gray with four broad vertical
crossbands, of a very dark reddish violet or violet-brown hue,
most prominent on the ventral half, the first behind the pectorals,
the fourth near the posterior end of the second dorsal; a row
of about eight large circular spots on the side, the first at the
axil of the pectoral, the others high up on the side between or
above the crossbands, the last two on the middle of the side of
the caudal peduncle; the bands and spots all with a wide pearl
margin; the sides of the head and pectoral base are thickly
sprinkled with circular or elongate pearl spots; a red streak
along the supraopercular groove to beyond the pectoral, and
another one longitudinally across the opercle and base of the
pectoral ; a black band starts from the upper margin of the eye,
crosses the cheek diagonally behind the mouth, and meets its
fellow beneath the throat; the first dorsal is yellow with ir-
regular golden brown crossbars; behind the base of the fourth
and sixth spines is a small violet-red ocellated spot; the second
dorsal membrane is dark brown; the anal membrane is banded
by three rows of deep violet, alternating with two rows of
bright yellow spots, all more or less circular; the caudal is
crossbarred by many alternate rows of bright red and brown
spots; the ventrals have yellow membranes, densely sprinkled
with minute blackish specks.

59. GNATHOLEPIS KNIGHTI Jordan and Evermann

PLATE 29, FIG. 1

Gnatholepis knighti JORDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.
22 (1902) 204, pi. 58.

Dorsal VI, 1-11; anal I, 11; there are 30 scales in a longitu-
dinal series, 10 in a transverse series, and 8 before the first
dorsal.

The body short, strongly compressed laterally, the depth about
4.25 times in length, the dorsal profile nearly horizontal, the
ventral one convex, sloping up posteriorly to caudal, the head
3.45 or 3.5 times in length, deeper than broad, its breadth 0.875
of its depth, which is nearly equal to that of body and contained

138 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

1.37 times in its own length; the nape not rounded but appressed,
almost ridged; the snout convex, bluntly rounded, 3.1 times in
head and a little more than eye, which is 3.66 times in head ; the
eyes very high up, lateral, close together, the interorbital about
4 times in eye diameter; the oblique mouth small, with pro-
tractile upper lip, wholly anterior, the jaws equal, the posterior
angle of maxillary before front margin of eye ; the teeth of outer
row in upper jaw enlarged, hooked or curved, followed by an
inner row of minute depressible teeth; in the lower jaw is a
short row of small outer teeth, the posterior ones hooked, with
an inner row of erect, depressible, smaller teeth; the cheeks
entirely covered by three rows of scales, the opercles with four
rows ; the entire body scaled, including nape to eyes ; the depth
of caudal peduncle 2.2 times in head and about 0.8 of its own
length ; the caudal pointed, a little longer than head, 3.16 times
in length; the first dorsal low, £ of the depth, the middle spines
longest and reaching base of second dorsal ray when depressed ;
the spines of second dorsal of nearly uniform height, the next
to the last posterior ray longest, reaching well on to caudal when
depressed and equal to depth; the anal similar but lower, its
posterior ray f of the depth and reaching base of caudal when
depressed; the pointed pectoral is as long as head and extends
back to anterior part of anal ; the ventrals are pointed and reach
origin of anal.

The color in alcohol uniform yellowish, with a row of six large
brown spots on lower half along each side ; each scale on upper
half of body marked by a black dot, these forming longitudinal
rows ; a dark brown line crosses interorbital and iris and extends
below eye across cheek, where it is intersected by two short
lines which meet behind it; the dorsals, pectoral, and caudal
crossmarked by bars or small spots of brown ; the anal colorless,
the ventrals dusky.

Here described from a specimen, 38 millimeters long, collected
at Polillo by E. H. Taylor. Another specimen, 30 millimeters
long, from Nalvo, Luna, La Union Province, was whitish, the
markings about as above; the anal was boldly marked with al-
ternate rows of deep black and milk-white spots, two rows of
each kind.

A fresh specimen, collected by Alvin Scale and drawn by T.
S. Espinosa, was yellow, shading t>ff to bluish white on the belly,
with the scales of the head and trunk punctulated with groups of
fine dots and a row of large brown spots along the lower half of
the side ; on the lower part of the iris was a red spot, and in a

CREISSON 139

line behind it was a red spot on the preopercle and one on the
opercle ; a dark brown line crossed the upper part of the eye and
extended from the lower margin of the eye downward, inter-
secting twice a curved line behind the angle of the mouth; a
brown bar on the base of the pectoral ; the first dorsal was cross-
barred with brown, the second dorsal, pectoral, and caudal with
numerous rows of small brown spots ; the anal and ventrals were
dotted with very pale brown.

This species is common in the Hawaiian Islands, and has been
collected several times in the Philippines.

Genus 30. CREISSON Jordan and Seale
Creisson JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 43.

The authors state that "this genus is characterized by the
naked lower half of cheek and the scaleless interorbital region.
There are several rows of teeth in each jaw, the outer row
enlarged; scales on anterior part of the body and head small."

To this can be added body robust, compressed laterally, pro-
file convex. Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 7 or 8 ; there are 29 to
32 scales in a longitudinal series, 10 or 11 in a transverse series,
and about 17 before the first dorsal; there are four to six rows
of teeth at front of mouth in each jaw, which are reduced to two
or three on the sides ; the outer row more or less enlarged, with
a pair of lateral backward-curving canines in lower jaw; the
tongue truncate, not notched; the anterior nostril tubulate; the
caudal broad and rounded.

60. CREISSON VALIDUS Jordan and Seale

PLATE 10, FIG. 1

Creisson validus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907)
43, fig. 16.

Tagalog name, bia ng so/pa (brook goby) ; Visayan name at
Busuanga, sisigui.

Fins and scales as given under the genus.

The robust body laterally compressed, with well-arched back,
and the dorsal profile forming a bold curve from origin of
dorsal to tip of snout; the head full and rounded, the depth and
breadth approximately equal, and the predorsal region elevated
and swollen; the depth of body 3.8 to 3.9, the head 3.3 to 3.4
times in length; the snout short, blunt, rounded, 3.4 times in
head; the eyes high up, laterosuperior, obliquely placed, close
together, 1£ to 1.3 in snout; the convex interorbital space half
or a trifle more than half an eye diameter in breadth ; the oblique

140 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

mouth small, with projecting chin, and usually not extending
back as far as eye; rarely the posterior angle of maxillary under
forward margin of eye; the tongue truncate; the upper half of
preopercle, upper part of opercle, and base of pectoral covered
with small scales ; minute scales extend upon pectoral and caudal
rays; occasionally a specimen has a row of scales below midline
of papillae on preopercle; the cheeks swollen, and below the
scaled areas are one or more longitudinal lines of fine warts or
papillae and a marginal row on both opercle and preopercle; the
large, open, posterior nostril in front of middle of eye; above
it a large pore, and a large pore at both anterior and posterior
margins of interorbital space; large pores behind and beneath
eye, along supra-opercular groove, and on posterior margin of
preopercle ; about seventeen rows of scales before dorsal, smaller
than those on sides and extending to eyes and advancing into
interorbital space; the broad caudal peduncle contained twice
to 1.75 times in head ; the tips of second, third, and sometimes
fourth dorsal spines elongate, reaching soft dorsal when de-
pressed; in some specimens they become threadlike and greatly
elongate, so that they reach to posterior axil of soft dorsal, as
in the type of the species; the soft dorsal and anal similar in
outline, the posterior rays elongate, reaching base of caudal
when depressed, and longer than depth of body at their base ; the
base of anal approximately 0.75 as long as that of second dorsal;
the pectorals rather narrow and pointed, little longer than the
large broad ventrals, which sometimes extend to anus or even
to the long slender anal papilla; the length of the large broad
caudal equals or is greater than that of head.

The color in alcohol varies from greenish to reddish and
yellowish brown, much darker dorsally, becoming pale or whitish
underneath, with five large, dark brown or blackish spots along
middle of side, the last at base of caudal ; sometimes these are
connected by a dark bar; along the back are seven indistinct
dark brown crossbands, the last on top of the caudal peduncle;
sometimes the crossbands are reduced to a series of lateral spots
high up, with narrow brown stripes showing along middle of
back; the nape sprinkled with small brown spots and several
short dark brown lines lie behind eye and between it and origin
of first dorsal ; a dark brown line extends diagonally downward
from lower margin of eye to base of pectoral and another, more
horizontal one, from behind angle of mouth to base of pectoral;
the last two lines may be broken into oblong spots ; both dorsals
and caudal more or less marked or barred by large spots of dark

VAIMOSA 141

brown; the base of first dorsal may be yellow, especially ante-
riorly; the caudal tipped with a broad band of yellow or white,
delimited by a conspicuous dark brown line along its inner side ;
the other fins more or less dusky, or the ventrals may be yellow ;
the base of the first dorsal and the caudal marginal band
evidently yellow in life.

I have examined the following specimens, ranging in length
from 28 to 93 millimeters:

Mission, Cagayan Province, 4. Capiz, Panay, 1.

Calumpit, Bulacan Province, 4. Iloilo, Panay, 5.

Malabon, Rizal Province, 4. Dumangas, Iloilo Province, 5.

Manila, 3. Molo, Iloilo Province, 8.

Cavite, 18. Villa, Iloilo Province, 3.

Laguna de Bay, 4. Bintoan, Busuanga, 1.

Polo Plantation, Tanjay, Orien- Coron, Busuanga, 14.

tal Negros Province, 1. Cebu, 1.

San Jose, Antique Province, Pa- Cabalian, .Leyte, 2.

nay, 4. Davao, Mindanao, 10.

Most of these were compared with the type at Stanford Uni-
versity and, though there is some variation among them, all are
readily placed here.

This is a well-marked species previously known only from
the type specimen from Cavite.

Genus 31. VAIMOSA Jordan and Seale

Vavmosa JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fisheries
25 (1906) 395.

This genus is separated from Rhinogobius and Gnatholepis by
having the opercles covered with large scales, but the cheeks
naked ; the body is covered with large ctenoid scales, 26 to 38 in
a longitudinal series, extending forward on the nape to the eyes ;
the anterior ones usually large, rarely smaller than those on the
sides; the scales on the nape and opercles may appear cycloid
but the microscope shows them to be ctenoid ; the teeth are very
small to microscopic, in bands of three to five rows in each jaw,
without canines ; the tip of the tongue is rounded or subtruncate ;
the dorsals are separated, often widely, the vertical fins rather
short and low in our species, the caudal peduncle long; the caudal
longer or shorter than the head, variously shaped; no silky free
rays on the upper part of the pectoral.

Dorsal VI, 1-6 to 9, anal I, 6 to 8 ; branchiostegals 5.

A genus of small, sometimes handsomely decorated fishes,
living among the rocks and gravel of swift streams or in moun-
tain lakes, although at least one species also occurs in the sea.

142 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Species numerous in the Philippines, most of them confined to
a single lake, river system, or watershed.

Hitherto known only from the type species from Samoa.

Key to the Philippine species of Vaimosa.

a\ Scales, 26 to 30; 6 to 10 large scales before first dorsal.

6.1 Body and head much compressed laterally, as in the Apogonichthyidae ;
first dorsal with a clear band across middle; males with very large

mouth and maxillary greatly lengthened backward V. dispar.

b2. Body of ordinary goby shape.
c1. Mouth very large, extending beyond eye, both sexes with maxillary

extending to posterior angle of preopercle V. macrognathos.

c1. Mouth of ordinary size or small, the maxillary not lengthened back-
ward.
«F. Mouth inferior, snout more or less protuberant.

el. First dorsal with a basal black spot between fifth and sixth

spines; no circular black spots on caudal base V. microstomia.

e2. First dorsal with a black spot at top between fifth and sixth

spines; two conspicuous circular black spots on base of

caudal — - _ _. V. piapensis.

<P. Jaws equal, mouth not inferior.

/*. First dorsal deep black except first spine on anterior basal
part; opercle with a black spot divided by a white or pale

diagonal bar V. rivalis.

/*. First dorsal and opercle not as above.

g1. No longitudinal bands; a median lateral row of large black
spots; first dorsal all black or golden whitish with a
large black spot between fifth and sixth spines.

V. bikolana.

g1. Body with one or more prominent black or dark brown lon-
gitudinal bands or lines.

h1. A black bar on middle of side, from shoulder to base of
caudal; first dorsal clear with a black blotch on upper

posterior or central part V. sapanga.

h*. Four dark brown lateral lines from head to tail, inclosing
whitish spots separated by crosslines; a row of six dark
brown rectangular spots between the middle lines.

V. tessellata.
a*. Thirty-eight scales; 18 very small scales before first dorsal.... V. villa.

61. VAIMOSA DISPAR (Peters)

Gobius dispar PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 263.

Bicol name, irin-irin.

Dorsal VI, 1-7 ; anal I, 7 ; there are 28 to 30 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 8 in a transverse series, and 10 before the first
dorsal.

The body much compressed laterally, with arched back and
convex dorsal profile, the depth 3 to 3.5 in males, 3.6 to 4.25 in
females; the head laterally compressed, pointed when viewed

VAIMOSA 143

laterally, its length 2.85 to 3.16 in males, 3.1 to 3.3 in females;
the head deeper than broad, the depth f to 0.75 of its length;
the short, convex, bluntly rounded snout 3.25 to 4.1 times in head
in males, 4.2 to 5 times in females ; the eyes lateral, high up, the
upper rim flush with profile, 4 to 4.8 times in head, the post-
orbital part of head always more than the distance from tip of
snout -to posterior margin of eye; the interorbital from 0.5 to
0.8 an eye diameter ; the oblique mouth terminal, the jaws equal ;
in males the mouth very large, the posterior angle of maxillary
extending to posterior margin of eye or more often much far-
ther, upon preopercle; in females the mouth much smaller, the
maxillary extending usually to a point just back of anterior
margin of eye, rarely to middle of eye ; the outer teeth of upper
jaw slender, curved, enlarged, in a short row, followed by three
rows of minute teeth; in lower jaw about four rows of very
small slender teeth at forward end, reduced in number laterally,
the inner row much enlarged posteriorly, the others disappear-
ing ; the body covered with large ctenoid scales, slightly reduced
in size and becoming cycloid above opercles, extending forward
of dorsal to eyes, the anterior scales in the midline behind eyes
enlarged; the opercles covered with large cycloid scales, the
preopercles naked; the pectoral bases and breast scaled; the
dorsals well separated, the height of the spinous dorsal 2 to 2.5
times in head, in some specimens reaching second dorsal when
depressed, in others not, the middle rays longest; the second
dorsal and anal of similar shape,, of equal height or anal a little
the lower, the fifth and sixth rays usually longest; in males
the second dorsal 1.5 to 1.8 times in head, the anal 1.6 to 2 times;
in females the dorsal and anal usually equal, 1.8 times in head,
the ventrals thin, broad, about equal to anal in length, never
reaching anus; the pectoral thin, pointed, 1.2 to 1.4 times in
head, scarcely reaching to a point above anus; the depth of
caudal peduncle 1.8 to 1.95 in its own length in males, 2.1 to 2.2
in females; the tip of caudal gently rounded, its length 1.1 to
1.3 in that of head; the anal papilla very small, inconspicuous,
thin, flat, triangular in males, thick and rounded in females.

The color in alcohol varies from dark brown or blackish to
pale yellowish, with a black or dark brown spot on shoulder,
followed by a row of eight or ten closely spaced, more or less
poorly defined, dark spots which continue back to base of caudal ;
in males the sides and underpart of head strewn with white
spots or small irregular lines and bars; in females they show
indistinctly or are absent ; the top of snout and interorbital dark

144 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

brown; a small circular dark spot on posterior part of upper
margin of eye; the fins all brownish or dusky, the first dorsal
with a broad clear band across middle and upper margin also
clear; the second dorsal and anal with three clear crossbars.

Here described after an examination of two hundred five
specimens, ranging from 18 to 40 millimeters in length, the
males averaging much larger than the females; these fish were
picked out of masses of sinarapan, Mistichthys luzonensis, upon
which they were feeding when caught. Many of them had the
mouth greatly distended with sinarapan when captured, the
tails of as many as three or four protruding. Many of the males
were ripe and had the belly greatly swollen but none of the
females was in breeding condition.

The Bureau of Science collection also contains five specimens,
from 28 to 45 millimeters in length, collected by Alejo G. Arce,
at Lake Buhi.

Specimens were collected by Jagor at Lake Buhi and Lake
Bato, Camarines Sur Province, and two streams in either Albay
or Camarines, Kolab6s and Lebmanan.

This remarkable species is noticeable for its shape, unusual
in gobies, for the extraordinary mouth and jaws of the males,
and for the fact, also unusual in gobies, that the males average
larger than the females.

Since the above was written Mr. Lopez has collected exten-
sively in Camarines Sur Province, and I have examined three
hundred sixty-five additional specimens from Lake Buhi, from
15 to 40 millimeters in length. They were obtained January 24,
1926; many are gravid females ready to spawn. This species
reaches maturity when 24 millimeters or less in length ; the eggs
are numerous, rather large, greenish to whitish in color.

Many specimens had the underpart of the head black; the
pectoral is usually golden or golden with a black tip.

Mr. Lopez also obtained one hundred sixty specimens from
Lake Bato. From Buhi River, a tributary of Lake Buhi, he
obtained seventeen specimens, from 17 to 32 millimeters in
length, which present many differences from typical V. dispar.
They are more rotund, like ordinary gobies, the color is more
uniform golden yellow, the first dorsal has a broad blackish
band posteriorly from the top to the base, or in some the entire
upper and posterior part of the fin blackish. I therefore call
them variety aurea.

These recently collected specimens show a wider range of
scalation than do my previous specimens. The scales are often

VAIMOSA 145

27 or even 26 in longitudinal series, and the number before the
first dorsal may be as few as 6. All, however, show the marked
sexual dimorphism of the mouth.

62. VAIMOSA MACROGNATHOS sp. nor.

PLATE 10, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-7 ; anal I, 6 ; there are 24 scales in a longitudinal
series, 8 in a transverse series, and 7 before the first dorsal.

The body compressed laterally, the back arched, highest at
first dorsal, the ventral line nearly straight, the depth 4.3 to 4.5
times in the length; the head rather large, blunt, broader than
body tiut deeper than wide, 2.95 to 3 times in length; the snout
blunt, rather narrow, convex, 4.3 to 5 times in head and equal
to eye ; the eyes high up, oblique, dorsolateral, the gaze directed
partly upward as well as sideways; the interorbital about 2.3
to 2.4 times in eye ; the very large, oblique mouth terminal, with
protractile upper lip, the long sloping chin prominent but not
projecting, the gape extending beyond eye and the angle of maxil-
lary extending on preopercle nearly to its lower posterior angle ;
the upper jaw has an outer row of enlarged, curved, pointed teeth
and two inner rows of very minute teeth ; on the inner jaw are
three or four rows of teeth, some of them enlarged and hooked,
especially the outer and inner rows ; the body covered with large
scales, becoming smaller before first dorsal but the central ones
largest anteriorly; about five scales on opercle; the dorsals
rather far apart, the first spine of first dorsal elongate with
delicate threadlike tip, extending to second or third ray of second
dorsal when depressed, 0.7 to more than 0.9 the length of head ;
the second dorsal and anal short, of similar outline, rather high,
the posterior rays longest and sometimes touching base of caudal
when depressed, their height about the same, 1.46 to 1.75 times
in head ; the caudal peduncle long, its depth 1.75 to 2 times in its
length and 2.6 times in head ; the caudal pointed, a little shorter
than head; the pectoral broadly pointed, 1.3 to 1.45 in head; the
ventrals pointed, with incised margin, the frenum comparatively
large and thick, 1.3 to 1.4 in head, reaching the small anal pa-
pilla; this is thin and triangular in males, cylindrical and short
in females.

The color in alcohol yellowish gray, the upper half more or
less dusky, with traces of obscure, short, dark crossbands over
the back, and a broad blackish band from beneath pectoral to
base of caudal, and often extended upon it along its lower half ;
the sides of head covered with broad curved bands of dark olive

146 GOBIES OP THE PHILIPPINES

brown, the original ground color appearing between as curved
bands or rounded spots; a dark crossbar or spots at base of
caudal and several black crossbands or rows of black spots upon
it, the tip dusky ; the first dorsal more or less dusky, the elong-
ated tip of first spine black, and a black spot on upper mar-
gin behind third spine ; the second dorsal has two black or dusky
crossbands; the anal black, the ventrals black to nearly clear
with blackish center, and the pectorals clear or with dusky tips.

Here described from thirteen specimens, 15.5 to 31.5 milli-
meters long, from Lake Taal, Batangas Province, Luzon. They
ase closely related to V. dispar (Peters), but the number of
scales and the shape of the first dorsal are quite different. The
huge mouth and maxillary are a characteristic of both sexes,
instead of being confined to the males, as in V. dispar.

I also discovered in the Bureau of Science collection a female
specimen, 26 millimeters long, obtained in Momboc River, Lake
Naujan, Mindoro, by A. L. Day. It differs in having 26 scales
in longitudinal series, and the color markings of the body have
disappeared after twelve years in alcohol. It is uniform reddish
brown, with traces of darker markings on the side. The fins
are colored as in the types.

I likewise place here a specimen, 38 millimeters long, collected
by me under the wharf at Bungau, Sulu Province. It also has
26 scales in longitudinal series, and the head is much narrower
than in the other specimens. This is the only marine specimen
thus far known to me.

os, long; yvaflos, jaw.

63. VAIMOSA MICROSTOMIA Seale

Vaimosa microstomia SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. ,§ A 4 (1909) 538.

Dorsal VI, 1-7 ; anal I, 7 ; there are 27 scales in a longitudinal
series, 8 in a vertical series, and 7 before the first dorsal.

The body stout, broader than head, laterally compressed, the
upper and lower outlines about equally curved, the depth 3.5,
the head 3.8 times in length ; the convex snout bluntly rounded,
heavy, projecting beyond mouth, 5.25 times in head; the eye
high up, lateral, larger than snout, 3.75 times in head ; the inter-
orbital about half an eye diameter in breadth ; the mouth small,
inferior, the posterior angle of maxillary under anterior third
of eye ; the teeth minute, in a narrow band of three rows in each
jaw; the body covered with large ctenoid scales which extend
forward on nape to eyes; the opercles covered by nine or ten

VAIMOSA 147

large scales not of uniform size ; the cheeks crossed by two short
longitudinal lines of mucus pores ; the dorsals well separated, all
the vertical fins of the same height, 1.5 times in head; the second
dorsal and anal fall far short of reaching base of caudal when
depressed; the caudal peduncle very long, its depth twice in its
own length, 1.7 times in head ; the caudal broken and badly dam-
aged, but according to Scale was "rounded and considerably
longer than the head ;" the pectorals broad ; both pectorals and
ventrals are damaged, but when described by Seale they were
equal to the head in length; the anal papilla thick, cylindrical,
with rounded tip.

The color in alcohol yellowish, specked and blotched with
brown ; several large, broad, dark brown blotches on the median
line form a broken bar from under pectoral to tail ; seven short,
dark brown crossbars over back; a curved, broken, brown band
extends from shoulder back to top of caudal peduncle; a dark
bar extends from eye downward diagonally to lower margin of
preopercle; a large blackish spot on opercle; the spinous dorsal
has a large black spot on basal portion of fifth and sixth spines ;
soft dorsal crossbarred by six rows of small brown dots, the
caudal by eight brown lines; the other fins all yellowish.

This distinct species is only known from the type specimen,
32 millimeters long, No. 827 of the Bureau of Science collection,
collected at Malabon, Rizal Province, Luzon, by Alvin Seale in
July, 1909. It is a female distended with eggs.

64. VAIMOSA PIAPENSIS sp. nov.

PLATE 10, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-7 ; anal I, 7 ; there are 28 scales in a longitudinal
series, 8 in a transverse series, and 6 or 7 before the first dorsal,
the anterior one largest.

The body laterally compressed, with pointed head, the dorsal
profile nearly horizontal, the ventral profile but little curved,
the depth 4 to 4.8 times in the length; the head a little convex,
short, broad across opercles, 4.1 to 4.25 in length, the breadth
about equal to its own depth; the snout short, blunt, convex,
broadly rounded, 4f to 5.5 times in head and 2 to If times in eye,
which is 2.4 to 2.8 times in head; the eyes very high up, the
upper margin protruding above the profile line, dorsolateral, and
looking up as well as sideways, very close together ; the interor-
bital space 2.5 times in the eye diameter; the mouth small,
slightly oblique, the snout a little protuberant, the lower jaw
thin and weak and the mouth therefore somewhat inferior, the

148 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

posterior angle of maxillary beneath anterior third of eye ; in the
upper jaw an outer row of very small pointed teeth, behind
which are several rows of microscopic, pointed, erect teeth ; in the
lower jaw an outer row of erect pointed teeth as in the upper
jaw, with what under the microscope seem to be two similar
rows of slightly smaller teeth behind it; the head scaled to the
eyes, the opercular scales large, equal or nearly equal to those
adjoining on nape; the scales on base of pectoral smallest, those
on breast next in size ; the dorsals far apart, the anterior spines
longest, usually the second one longer than the rest, about 7
times in length, 1.5 to 1.8 times in depth, and 1.6 to 1.75 times
in head, none of the spines approaching second dorsal when de-
pressed; the second dorsal a trifle higher than first, the rays of
nearly uniform length, the posterior rays reaching less than
halfway to base of caudal ; the anal equals or is lower than first
dorsal in height ; the depth of caudal peduncle 2.25 to 2.6 times
in its own length ; the caudal somewhat pointed, longer than head,
about 3 or 3.2 times in the length ; the pointed pectoral equals or
slightly exceeds head in length; the ventrals thin, slender, 1.2 to
1.4 in head; the anal papilla small, somewhat pointed in males,
thick, round-pointed in females.

The color in alcohol light yellowish brown, the back cross-
banded with six broad bars of large, dark brown spots, the first
on the nape, the second before first dorsal; the third one is
most conspicuous and often descends as a dark bar diagonally
forward halfway down the side; four or five small, dark brown
blotches form a row along the middle of the side, with small,
dark brown spots sprinkled along the whole upper half of
body; on base of caudal are two conspicuous circular black
spots; on the upper posterior extremity of first dorsal between
fifth and sixth spines is a black blotch, the rest of the fin
clear or more or less specked with brown ; the second dorsal and
caudal conspicuously crossbarred by four or more rows of dark
brown spots; the other fins clear; below eye a broad brown
bar descends to a point behind angle of mouth ; the opercles and
the region behind eyes more or less brown specked or blotched.

Here described from twelve specimens, 21.5 to 29 millimeters
in length, six of them females, ready to spawn. They were
collected by me March 5, 1922, from Piapi Creek, Dumaguete,
Oriental Negros.

The Bureau of Science collection has three specimens, 19 to
27 millimeters long, collected by Alvin Seale in 1907 at Malabon,
a town on Manila Bay just north of Manila; eight specimens,

VAIMOSA 149

28 to 30 millimeters long, collected by H. R. Montalban at Capiz,
Panay; three specimens, about the same size, from Iloilo; and
twenty from Molo, Iloilo Province, Panay.

The collection contains eight specimens, 23 to 30 millimeters
in length, in atrocious condition, which evidently belong here;
they also came from Malabon in 1907. The scales vary from
25 to 28, and in the larger ones, which are males, the dorsal
spines and posterior dorsal rays are more or less elongated,
the spines reaching to the second dorsal and the posterior ray
almost touching the base of the caudal; in other respects they
are like the types. I also place here seven specimens in vile
condition and mostly denuded of scales, collected from Mariri
River, San Jose de Buenavista, Antique Province; they are
from 25 to 28 millimeters in length.

I list here also six specimens, 23 to 29 millimeters long, from
Molo, Iloilo; they are faded and most of them have lost the
characteristic spots on the base of the caudal ; the largest one is
a female, distended with eggs, which exude from the swollen
genital papilla.

Rather than call them new I refer here eight specimens from
Lake Taal, 12 to 19 millimeters in length; the scales are 26,
and there are several black markings not present in the type
specimens, including four black spots on the belly along the
base of the anal.

Piapensis, from Piapi Creek, the type locality.

65. VAIMOSA RIVALIS sp. nov.

PLATE 11, FIG. 1

Dorsal VI, 1-7 or 8; anal I, 7; there are 27 to 29 scales in
a longitudinal series, 8 or 9 in a transverse series, and 7 or 8
before the first dorsal, the anterior one or two larger than the
others.

The body elongate, much compressed laterally, the back strong-
ly arched, and highest at base of first dorsal, the depth 4.3
to 5 times (in one specimen 5.6) in length; the head moderately
convex, 3.4 to 3.65 times in length, its depth | or 0.1 less than
its breadth, which is 1.5 to 1.6 times in its own length; the small
convex snout round-pointed, 5 to 5.2 times in head; the eyes
large, lateral but high up, longer than snout, about 3 to 3.5
times in head, very close together, the interorbital width less
than the diameter of the small pupil, about 4 to 6 times in eye ;
the jaws equal, the mouth of moderate size, oblique, the lips
rather broad, thick, the posterior angle of the maxillary extend-
ing back to beneath anterior half of eye or front margin of

150 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

pupil; the very slender needlelike teeth in three rows in each
jaw, the inner row excessively minute, the other two rather
elongate and nearly uniform in size; the body scaled to eyes,
the scales on caudal peduncle a little smaller ; the opercle covered
with from three to five large scales; the dorsals moderately
far apart, the third spine of first dorsal longest, or the first
three of almost uniform length, about twice in head ; the second
dorsal and anal alike in shape and height, always higher than
first dorsal, the posterior rays longest, angulate, falling far
short of caudal when depressed, about 1.5 to 1.7 times in head ;
the caudal peduncle elongate, slender, its depth 1.9 to 2.2 times
in its own length, which equals or is 0.875 of head; the caudal
slightly rounded, sometimes equal to head but usually shorter,
3.5 to 4 times in length ; the long pointed pectoral equals or nearly
equals head, 3.5 to 3.8 times in length; the ventrals ovate, with
a broad frenum, 1.29 to 1.4 times in head, 4.6 to 5.1 times in
length ; the small anal papilla short, cylindrical in females, very
small and pointed in males.

The color in alcohol gray-brown, the scales on upper two-thirds
of body thickly punctate with dark specks, with a blackish band
along the side from beneath pectoral to base of caudal; on the
opercle is a conspicuous black spot, nearly circular, and divided
by a yellowish or whitish line crossing diagonally from upper
posterior part to lower anterior corner ; a black longitudinal bar
begins above angle of mouth and crosses check, slightly ascend-
ing as it does so ; the first dorsal deep black except first spine or
basal half of first and second spines, this anterior portion
golden ; the second dorsal vaguely crossbarred with darker spots
or it may be almost clear ; the caudal has a blackish crossbar on
its base and five or six dark crossbars on the rays; the anal
clear or golden, with a vague blackish or dusky margin; the
pectorals clear, the tips dusky, with a blackish spot on base;
the ventrals clear.

Here described from four specimens, 21 to 28 millimeters long,
the account checked by eleven additional specimens ranging down
to only 8 millimeters in length, all collected from Talakop Creek
at the foot of Mount Isarog, municipality of Calabanga, Camari-
nes Sur Province. In the small specimens the eyes are larger,
the snout shorter than as given in the description.

In addition to the above Mr. Lopez collected eight cotypes,
16 to 33 millimeters long, from Hinagianan River, Camarines
Sur Province, which agree in all essentials with the specimens
from Talakop Creek ; the color is more golden, the second dorsal,

VAIMOSA 151

anal, pectorals, and ventrals are mostly clear; the thick fleshy
lips are orange ; the eyes are farther apart in the large specimens,
the interorbital 2 in eye.

This is a very distinct and handsome species.

Rivalis, belonging to a brook.

66. VAIMOSA BIKOLANA sp. nor.

PLATE 11, PIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-7 ; anal I, 6 ; there are 26 scales in a longitudinal
series, 8 in a transverse series, and 7 before the first dorsal.

The body greatly compressed laterally, the back strongly
arched, the belly forming a long convex arch, deeply arched in
spawning females, the depth 3.2 to 3.46 times in length; the
head boldly convex with very full nape, 3.25 to 3.3 times in
length; the convex, bluntly rounded snout 0.72 to 0.75 of eye,
4.5 to 5.2 times in head; the large eyes placed obliquely and
very high up, their upper margin forming a hump in the dorsal
profile, 3.2 to 3.9 times in head ; no interorbital space, the margin
of the eyes touching ; the jaws equal, the mouth terminal, oblique,
the posterior angle of maxillary reaching a vertical from middle
of eye or, in males, extending beyond pupil but not beyond eye ;
the teeth in three rows in each jaw, the outer ones scarcely
enlarged ; the opercles covered by four large scales ; the dorsals
far apart, the first spine of first dorsal elongate, or the first
three spines may be of nearly the same length, all very slender,
reaching to or slightly beyond origin of second dorsal, 0.75 or
0.8 of head; the second dorsal much lower, of nearly uniform
height, the posterior rays falling far short of caudal when
depressed, 1.6 to almost twice in head; the anal like second
dorsal, equal to it in height or a tenth lower ; the caudal moder-
ately pointed, a little shorter than head; the pectoral and ven-
trals equal in length, long pointed, not reaching anus, 0.75 to
.0.875 as long as head.

The color in alcohol varies from whitish to blackish gray,
with four more or less evident, short, broad, dorsal crossbands
and a median lateral row of four prominent black spots ; a black
spot at tip of opercle and pectoral axil; two spots at base of
caudal; four short black crossbars on underside, two beneath
anal, and two on caudal peduncle; the scales on sides of body
more or less outlined with bands of dusky dots, their pale centers
forming longitudinal rows between blackish lengthwise lines;
the sides of head irregularly barred and spotted; females much
paler than males; the first dorsal black, or all golden whitish
-with a large black spot between fifth and sixth spines ; the second

152 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

dorsal alternately crossbarred with black and golden or clear;
the anal black; the caudal crossbanded alternately with black
and golden or clear; the pectorals clear or faintly dusky; the
ventrals black or blackish with a broad pale margin.

Here described from six specimens, 23 to 26 millimeters in
length, collected from the creek at barrio Puru, Legaspi, Albay
Province. The smallest specimens, 23 millimeters long, were
females ready to spawn, February 4, 1926.

Bikolana, a native of the Bicol provinces.

67. VAIMOSA SAPANGA sp. HOT.

PLATE 11, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-7; anal I, 7; there are 26 or 28 scales in a
longitudinal series, 8 in a transverse series, and 7 or 8 before
the first dorsal, the first one largest.

The body and head laterally compressed, the trunk moderately
plump, the dorsal profile convex, the ventral profile nearly hori-
zontal except in spawning females, when it is curved downward
as much as the back is upward, the depth 3.9 to 4.4 times in
length ; the upper profile of head convex, pointed in lateral view,
3.3 to 3.7 times in length; the head deeper than broad, the
breadth 0.8 of its depth ; the snout short, convex, rounded, about
5 times in head, and 1.5 to 1.6 times in eye; the eyes high up,
lateral, 3 times in head; the interorbital 3 times in eye; the
mouth moderately large, oblique, the jaws equal, the posterior
angle of maxillary beneath the middle or posterior margin of
pupil ; a narrow band of three rows of tiny erect needlelike teeth
in upper jaw and four rows of similar teeth in lower jaw; the
body covered with large ctenoid scales which apparently become
cycloid anteriorly and extend to eyes ; the opercle covered by five
large cycloid scales ; the supraopercular groove conspicuous ; the
dorsals well separated, the first spine or first, second, and third
spines longest, 1.5 times in head and 5.5 times in length, not
reaching second dorsal when depressed ; the second dorsal and
anal angulate posteriorly, the posterior rays longest but not
extending more than halfway to base of caudal, equal to or a
little lower than first dorsal, 1.5 to 1.7 in head and 5.5 to 6.25
times in length; the caudal peduncle as long as head, its depth
2.3 times in its own length; the caudal truncate, shorter than
or equal to head in length, 3.5 to 4 times in length; the broadly
pointed pectoral equals head in length and extends posteriorly
to a point above origin of anal ; the pointed ventrals f as long
as pectoral, 4.1 to 4.3 times in length; the anal papilla small,
thin, flat, triangular, larger in females than in males.

VAIMOSA 153

The color in alcohol whitish with a wide, vaguely limited,
black band from shoulder to base of caudal, and two similar
but narrow and much fainter black bands above, between it and
the dorsal fins, or all the scales above the middle band may be
lightly black margined, leaving the middle of each scale as a
whitish spot; the opercles and preopercles reticulated or diag-
onally marked by a few broad brown bands composed of minute
dots; a black blotch on upper part of. posterior or central
part of first dorsal, the remainder of fin clear except for a
black spot or two on the first spine ; three or four crossbars of
blackish brown dots on second dorsal and about five transverse
or diagonal blackish transverse bars on caudal; the anal and
ventrals blackish or dusky, the pectorals clear.

Here described from twenty-one specimens, 16 to 26 milli-
meters long, from Sapanga Creek, Angat, Bulacan Province,
Luzon. The larger specimens are adults, some of them females
ready to spawn at the date of their collection, September 24,
1925. I also collected four specimens, 15 to 22 millimeters in
length, from Gumay River, Pampanga Province, the coloration
of which is much darker. This little fish unquestionably occurs
in gravelly brooks throughout the whole region tributary to the-
northern part of Manila Bay.

I refer here a specimen, 25 millimeters long, collected by me
in the Tagmatay, a brook on the Allen ranch near Cagayan,
Misamis, Mindanao. The specimen is brown with a well-defined,
very dark brown band on the side from the axil of the pectoral
to the caudal.

Sapanga or sapa ng a is Tagalog for "the A brook," the local
name for the streamlet where the type specimens were collected.

68. VAIMOSA TESSELLATA ip. nov.

PLATE 12, FIG. 1

Dorsal VI, 1-6 ; anal I, 6 ; there are 26 scales in a longitudinal
series, 7 in a transverse series, and 7 before the first dorsal.

The head and elongate body laterally compressed, the dorsal
profile but little elevated, the depth 3.8 to 4.2 times in length;
the head 3.3 to 3.8 times in length, the depth greater than the
breadth, which is 1.5 to 1.8 times in length of head; the head
pointed, the ventral profile and convex snout converging; the
snout and eye approximately equal in length, each 3.5 to 3.7 times
in head ; the eyes very high up, lateral, the narrow interorbital
2.2 to 3 times in an eye diameter ; the mouth small, low, slightly
oblique, the jaws equal, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath
anterior third of eye; in the upper jaw are four rows of very

154 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

minute teeth, in the lower jaw a broad band of six rows in front,
with fewer rows on the sides posteriorly; the entire body covered
to the eyes with large, firm, ctenoid scales; five large scales
cover the opercle; the dorsals far apart, the fourth and fifth
spines of first dorsal longest, not reaching second dorsal when
depressed; the dorsals equal in height, 1.85 to 1.6 in head; the
anal a trifle higher than second dorsal but of the same shape,
angulate posteriorly, 1.7 to 1.4 in head; the second dorsal and
anal are placed forward with a long caudal peduncle, and fall
far short of caudal base when depressed; the depth of caudal
peduncle twice or more than twice in length of head and 2.4 or
2.5 times in its own length ; the caudal nearly truncate, shorter
than head, 4 to 4.3 times in length ; the pectoral broadly pointed,
longer than caudal and a trifle shorter than head; the ventrals
broad, with a deep lobulate frenum, extending nearly or quite
to anus, about 1.2 times in head.

The color in alcohol brown, with four darker brown longitud-
inal lines running along the side from head to tail, and inclosing
a series of whitish spots separated by fine crosslines; between
the two middle longitudinal lines is a series of six dark brown
rectangular spots ; five short, dark brown, dorsal crossbars, two
before first dorsal, one beneath it, two under second dorsal, and
one on top of caudal peduncle; the sides of head marked with
spots and bars ; a dark spot at upper posterior angle of opercle,
and two small blackish brown spots on base of pectoral and also
on base of caudal ; a large, deep black blotch across upper part
of first dorsal, the remainder of the fin clear ; the second dorsal
diagonally crossbarred by three rows of dark brown spots, the
caudal crossbarred by numerous rows- of similar spots ; the anal
brown, with a vertical blackish brown bar on each membrane;
the pectorals and ventrals unmarked.

Here described from five specimens, 23.5 to 38 millimeters in
length, one, a female, 34.5 millimeters long, nearly ready to
spawn. They were obtained by me May 26, 1921, from Titunod
River, a mountain torrent at Kolambugan, Lanao Province, Min-
danao.

Tessellatus, in allusion to the beautifully decorated and check-
ered sides.

69. VAIMOSA VILLA sp. nov.

PLATE 12, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-8 ; anal 1-8 ; there are 38 scales in a longitudinal
series, 12 in a transverse series, and 18 before first dorsal.

VAIMOSA 155

The body elongate, somewhat flattened before first dorsal,
laterally compressed, the head broad, plump-cheeked, a little
depressed anteriorly; the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly
parallel, the depth 5.5 times, the head 3.6 times in length; the
breadth of head exceeds a little the depth of trunk and is 1.25
times its own depth ; the profile concave between eyes, the snout
steep, 4.5 times in head and a little shorter than eye, which
is 3.85 times in head; the eyes very high up, dorsolateral in
position, close together, the interorbital 2.6 times in an eye
diameter; the mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw and chin very
slightly projecting, the lips thick, the posterior angle of maxil-
lary below middle of pupil; in the upper jaw is an outer row
of slightly enlarged teeth, followed by a band of either two or
three rows of minute teeth ; in the lower jaw is a broad band of
four rows of small, slender, erect teeth of uniform size; the
posterior half of body covered with large ctenoid scales; ante-
riorly they become smaller, those before first dorsal very much
smaller and passing into cycloid which extend to eyes, the one
extending into interorbital space large; about sixteen cycloid
scales on opercle; the dorsals far apart, the anterior and
middle spines longest, not nearly reaching second dorsal when
depressed, 1.6 times in depth and 2.5 times in head; the second
dorsal and anal of the same height, the posterior rays longest,
falling far short of caudal base when depressed, 1.3 times in
depth and twice in head; the broad caudal peduncle twice in
head and 1.6 times in its own length, which is 0.8 of the length
of head; the somewhat pointed caudal 0.95 of the length of
head or 3.8 times in total length; the broadly pointed pectoral
0.8 of the length of head and 4.5 times in total length; the
round-pointed ventrals are contained nearly 1.8 times in head
and fall very far short of reaching the very small cylindrical
anal papilla.

The color in alcohol greenish white, the sides irregularly
spotted with blackish brown, with about eight narrow elongate
spots in a row on the median lateral line, the last at base of
caudal; on top of head, nape, and upper sides are sprinkled
circular black dots; a blackish bar passes from eye diagonally
downward and forward over angle of mouth and across chin
to meet a similar one on the other side; a similar bar passes
from cheek to throat to meet its fellow from the other side;
two short bars go downward from eye to join the one on cheek ;
a black blotch on forward part of opercle and another on upper
part of pectoral base; two black bars on upper anterior part

156 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

of first dorsal; three crossbars of black dots on second dorsal
and eight on caudal, besides three spots at its base; the anal
dusky; the pectoral and ventrals dusky brown with narrow
white margin.

Here described from the type, 36 millimeters long, collected
at the town of Villa, Iloilo Province, Panay, and one cotype,
35 millimeters long, from Molo, Iloilo Province. This very well-
marked species is close to V. fontinalis Jordan and Seale, of
Samoa.

Villa, from the locality where it was collected.

Genus 32. GLOSSOGOBIUS Gill

Glossogobius GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859 (1860) 146.

The body elongate, with a large, broad, and anteriorly
depressed head; the chin strongly projecting, the mouth large,
oblique, and the tongue deeply notched or its tip is even bilobed ;
the teeth in about four rows in each jaw, those of outer row
much larger or caninif orm and fixed ; the other teeth all depress-
ible; the trunk covered with rather large ctenoid scales, 28 to
33 in longitudinal series in Philippine species, those on the nape
smaller ; the sides of head naked except for small scales on upper
part of opercle; the gill openings wide, with narrow isthmus;
branchiostegals 4 ; pseudobranchise well developed ; no free silky
rays on upper part of pectoral ; the dorsal and anal fins short,
the caudal large, nearly as long as head.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 to 10; anal I, 7 to 9.

This Oriental genus, distributed from the east coast of Africa
to Japan, includes the most valuable of the East Indian gobies.

Key to the Philippine species of Glossogobius,

a1. Scales, 14 to 17 before first dorsal.

61. A circular projection from upper iris into pupil of eye; two ocelli on
first dorsal G. biocellatus.

b*. No projection from iris into pupil; no ocelli on first dorsal G. celebius.
a3. Scales, 21 to 26 before first dorsal G. giurus.

70. GLOSSOGOBIUS BIOCELLATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 12, FIG. 3

Gobius biocellatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12
(1837) 55; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 20; DAY,
Fishes of India (1878) 289, pi. 63, fig. 8; WEBER, Siboga Exped.
Fische (1913) 470.

Glossogobius biocellatus EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries
26 (1907) 104; SMITH and SEALE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19
(1906) 81.

GLOSSOGOBIIJS 157

Glossogobius aglestes JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28
(1905) 798, fig. 16.

Bicol name, mulug; Tagalog, biang tulog (sleeping goby).

Dorsal VI, 1-9, rarely 8; anal I, 8; there are from 28 to 30
scales in a longitudinal row, 9 in a transverse series, and from
14 to 17 before the first dorsal.

The depth contained 5.2 to 6 times, the head 3 to 3.3 times
in length; the eyes dorsolateral in position, very close together,
and from upper margin of iris of each eye a circular extension
projects into pupil, as shown in the figure; the eyes contained 4.4
to more than 5 times in head and 1.2 to 1.5 times in the rather
sharp-pointed snout, which goes 3£ to 3f times in head; the
distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of eye less than
or rarely equal to the postorbital part of head; the lower
jaw strongly projecting, the mouth large, with the maxillary
extended to below rear margin of eye, or rarely only to below
center of pupil; the teeth similar to those of other Philippine
species, but the outer and inner rows larger proportionately
than in G. giwrus; except rarely, the naked interorbital space
does not extend posteriorly beyond rear margin of eyes, and
has a prominent anterior interorbital pore and a less conspicu-
ous posterior one; occasionally a very narrow or linear naked
space is behind eyes ; the head entirely naked except for a par-
tial or complete row of rather large scales along upper margin
of opercle; the longitudinal rows of papillae, so conspicuous on
preopercle of most species of this genus, are but little evident
and are either reduced in number and size or are absent.

The color of alcoholic specimens varies from yellowish brown
to dusky gray or blackish ; in some there are five broad crossbars
of dark brown over the back and down the sides; pupil of eye
white with a black circular extension from iris into it on upper
side; the first dorsal usually dark brown; on the upper part
is a very dark or black elongate spot between first and second
spines and a rounded black spot between fifth and sixth spines ;
it may have a very broad red band above and before it; across
the front half just beneath the first spot is a broad irregular
white bar, with usually one or two narrower white bars near
base; the other fins brown to blackish, more or less marked by
crossrows of alternate pale and dark spots; many specimens
have the lower side of head marked by rather large white spots,
forming the species Glossogobius aglestes Jordan and Scale;
sometimes specimens have small, circular, dark brown or black
spots sprinkled over the top of the head.

158

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

I have examined a great number of specimens, ranging in
length from 30 to 90 millimeters, from the following localities:

Mission, Cagayan Province.

Vigan, Ilocos Sur Province.

Agno River, Pangasinan Prov-
ince.

Subic, Zambales Province.

Malabon, Rizal Province.

Manila.

Lake Taal, Batangas Province.

Pansipit River, Batangas Prov-
ince.

Nasugbu, Batangas Province.

Arimbay River, Albay Province.

Puru, Legaspi, Albay Province.

Mangarin, Mindoro.

San Jose, Antique Province,
Panay.

Capiz, Panay.

Loboc, Iloilo Province, Panay.

Cebu, Cebu.

Dumaguete, Oriental Negros.

Lasay, Siquijor.

Cagayan, Misamis Province,
Mindanao.

Caldera Bay, Zamboanga Prov-
ince, Mindanao.

Zamboanga, Mindanao.

Rio Grande, Cotabato Province,
Mindanao.

Davao, Mindanao.

Samal Island, Davao Gulf, Min-
danao.

Balabac.

Hongkong.

This is a small species, and specimens from 56 to 60 millimeters
in length are sexually mature. It spawns in November and
December. Although widely distributed, it is not so abundant
as are some other members of the genus. It has been previously
listed from Bacon, Sorsogon Province, Luzon, by Evermann and
Scale; from the Rio Grande de Mindanao by Smith and Seale;
and under the name of G. aglestes from southern Negros by
Jordan and Seale.

It was originally described from Pondicherry, Hindustan, and
is known from the Sind eastward through the Malay Archipelago.

71. GLOSSOGDBIUS CELEBIUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 12, FIG. 4

Gobius celebins CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837)
56; BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 7 (1854) 317; WEBER, Siboga
Exped., Fische (1913) 468.

Gobius phaiosoma BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. 22 (1849) 30.

Gobius fusiformis BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. 22 (1849) 30.

Gobius pavo STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 55 * (1867)
715.

Vernacular names; Bicol, taporak; Ilocano, bal-la; Tagalog,
bia ng bato (rock goby) ; Calamianes Visayan, tabula.

Dorsal, VI, 1-8 or 9 ; anal I, 7 or 8 ; there are from 28 to 30
(32?) scales in a longitudinal row, 9 or 10 in a transverse series,
and from 14 to 17 before the first dorsal.

GLOSSOGOBIUS 159

The general appearance is that of G. giurus, but the head is
usually a little larger in proportion, with much fuller and
rounder checks, and from 2.7 to 3 times in the length; the eyes
nearly superior and usually close together, the interorbital space
varying from £ to f of an eye diameter ; their length 5.2 to 5.5
in head and a little less than 2 to 2.7 times in snout, which is
2 to 2.9 times in head; the distance from posterior margin of
eye to tip of snout usually greater than, rarely equal to, post-
orbital length of head; above eye is a low narrow bony
ridge which begins at the supraopercular groove behind eye;
the mouth large, with projecting lower jaw; the maxillary
extends back to a point below front margin of eye or even
center of pupil; in both jaws the outer row of teeth widely
spaced, large, strong, fixed; the other teeth all depressible, the
next two rows very small and sharp, the innermost row 'much
larger; the naked interorbital space extends backward beyond
eyes and contains a central pore and three more in the space
behind eyes, although often only the middle one of these is visi-
ble ; the head may be entirely naked or there may be three rows
of scales extending from upper inner corner of opercle, halfway
or entirely across to rear; on the preopercle are about five
parallel longitudinal lines of very fine papillae; one or two
similar diagonal lines more or less evident on opercle ; the lower
edge of preopercle, subopercle, and a line under lip fringed with
papillae, barely evident in some but large and fringelike in
others; in some specimens one or two or more of the lines on
preopercle are of similar coarse papillae; the fins are much as
in G. giurus, except that the males have the tips of the dorsal
spines and rays prolonged.

The color in life more or less yellowish, with dusky or blackish
spots on sides, the one at base of caudal plainest, and with short,
irregular, dusky crossbars or marblings on back; the ventrals
dusky to blackish; the pectorals, anal, and second dorsal each
with two longitudinal rows of dark spots; the caudal has many
crossrows of blackish or dark spots; the first dorsal mostly
clear, or golden yellow, with fine dusky specks, a large dark
spot posteriorly, and a row of dark spots on spines near margin
of membrane; sometimes there is a basal row of large dark
spots.

The color in alcohol varies from gray-brown to yellow-brown,
with markings as above described; the spots on the naked
top of head more or less reddish or brownish red ; the head and

160

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

back may be dark brown or blackish ; usually a dark brown bar
extends forward and downward from eye and a similar one
from eye diagonally across preopercle and opercle; the cheeks
often darkened by other bars and spots; the dorsals may have
the upper or anterior part golden yellow ; the caudal and second
dorsal crossbarred with blackish spots; the ventrals dusky to
clear.

I have examined living and alcoholic specimens, varying in
length from 12 to 108 millimeters, from the following localities :

Mission, Cagayan Province, 6.

Laoag River, Ilocos Norte, 94.

Pinacanawan River, Lamug,
Pena Blanca, Cagayan Prov-
ince, 4.

Dupax, Nueva Vizcaya Prov-
ince, 4.

Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya, 24.

Baguio, Benguet Subprovince,
9.

Bangar, La Union Province, 19.

Bauang Sur, La Union Prov-
ince, 1.

Gulf of Lingayen, 1.

Agno River, Pangasinan Prov-
ince, 1.

Gumay River, Pampanga Prov-
ince, 10.

Banaban River, Angat, Bulacan
Province, 3.

Kalingay brook, iron mine, An-
gat, Bulacan Province, 28.

Pinagsangkan River, Angat,
Bulacan Province, 8.

Angat River, Bulacan Province,
5.

Ibo Creek, Bulacan Province, 8.

Sapanga Creek, Angat, Bulacan
Province, 11.

Sibul Springs, Bulacan Prov-
ince, 5.

Calumpang River, Norzagaray,
Bulacan Province, 18.

Santa Ines River, Rizal Prov-
ince, 10.

Trig River, Rizal Province, 1.

Marikina River, Montalban, 4.

Manang River, Antipolo, Rizal
Province, 2.

Malabon, Rizal Province, 1.

Mayondon, Laguna de Bay, 1.

Molawin Creek, Los Banos, La-
guna Province, 6.

Balanak River, Pagsanjan, La-
guna Province, 2.

Lamul, Cavite Province, 8.

Lake Taal, Batangas Province,
80.

Lucban, Tayabas Province, 45.

Talakop Creek, Camarines Sur
Province, 4.

Bacon, Sorsogon Province, 1.

Polillo, 1.

Mambac River, Lake Naujan,
Mindoro, 8.

San Jose, Antique Province, Pa-
nay, 12.

Capiz, Panay, 3.

Dumangas, Iloilo Province, 1.

Zarraga, Iloilo Province, 1.

Concepcion, Busuanga, 1.

Dumaguete River, Dumaguete,
Oriental Negros, 1.

Siquijor, 3.

Daguitan River, Dulag, Leyte, 1.

Kolambugan, Lanao Province,
2.

Rio Grande de Mindanao, Cota-
bato Province, 1.

Davao, Mindanao, 3.

Taytay, Palawan, 2.

Balabac, 4.

This species does not grow to the size of G. giurus and matures
when still rather small. Specimens, 54 and 55 millimeters long,
collected in Santa Ines River in the mountains north of Laguna

GLOSSOGOBIUS 161

de Bay, Rizal Province, were full of eggs and ready for spawn-
ing. It spawns in October and November in the region near
Manila. Glossogobius celebius takes the hook eagerly, and I
have seen old men and women catch large strings of this species
in the mountain streams of Nueva Vizcaya. It is one of the
important ipon fishes. The Bureau of Science collection con-
tains ninety-two specimens of ipon, 20 to 30 millimeters in
length, collected by E. A. Mearns "3 miles up the Laoag River,"
which belong here.

This species is readily distinguished from other members of
the genus by the eyes, by the number of scales before the first
dorsal, and by the distance from the tip of the snout to the rear
margin of the eye being greater than the remaining length of
the head. Specimens with the papillae greatly developed on the
head and with very fat cheeks present a very different appear-
ance from the general run of the species, and only the presence
of intermediary stages enables one to determine them as G.
celebius. The Tagalog fishermen of Lake Taal differentiate this
species from G. giurus without hesitation.

Originally described from Celebes, it has also been recorded
from Nias, Amboina, Timor, Flores, New Guinea, and the Aru
Islands.

Although Steindachner's description of Gobius pavo omits
some characters used in my diagnosis, I have no hesitancy in
pronouncing his specimen an example of G. celebius.

72. GLOSSOGOBIUS GIURUS (Buchanan Hamilton)

PLATE 27, FIG. 1

Gobius giurus BUCHANAN HAMILTON, Acct. Fishes Ganges (1822) 51,
366, pi. 33, fig. 15; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 21
(in part); PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 263; A. B.
MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espafia Hist. Nat. 14 (1885) 29; BOULENGER,
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. VI 15 (1895) 185.

Glossogobius giunJLs EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26
(1907) 104; SMITH and SEALE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19
(1906) 79; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908)
277.

Gobnis spectabUis GUNTHER, Gat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 45;
MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espafia Hist. Nat. 14 (1885) 29.

Vernacular names: Bicol, ba-tug; Ibanag, bunog; Ilocano,
bala; Maguindanao, dolog: Tagalog, bia, biang puti (white
goby), polo; Tao Sug, kapalo; Calamianes Visayan, tabula.

Dorsal, VI, 1-9; anal, I, 8; there are 30 to 32 scales in a
longitudinal series, 9 or 10 in a transverse series, and 21 to 26
.before the first dorsal.

162 GOBIES OP THE PHILIPPINES

The elongate slender body laterally compressed, with a deep
flat caudal peduncle and a very large, wide, and long head which
is contained from 2.8 to 3.3 in length; the greatest depth from
5.2 to 5.6 times in length; the eyes partly superior and rather
small, less than an eye diameter apart, their length 6 to 8 times
in head and 2.5 to more than 3 times in snout, which is 3 or a
little more or less than 3 times in head ; the distance from tip of
snout to posterior margin of eye less than postorbital length of
head; the dorsal profile descends uniformly from first dorsal to
the tip of the smooth, convex snout, but in preserved specimens
the snout is usually flatter, with a hump near its tip; a bony
ridge begins at supraopercular groove and curves forward above
each eye, extending to region of nostrils; the naked inter-
orbital space is flat or slightly concave between the ridges, and
extends appreciably behind eyes; it contains a pore near the
center and another one a little behind each eye; the oblique
mouth large with strongly projecting lower jaw; the maxil-
lary extends backward as far as a point below front of eye or
even to front margin of pupil; in both jaws the outer row of
teeth is fixed, large, strong, and caninelike; then follow several
rows of fine, sharp, depressible teeth, the innermost one much
larger than the others ; at the sides these disappear, leaving only
the outer and inner rows of large teeth; the scales on nape
smaller than those on trunk ; the head naked except for three or
four rows of small scales on upper part of opercle ; four or five
parallel longitudinal seams or lines of very fine papillae on pre-
opercle ; the ventrals are very large and form an admirable suck-
ing disk; the pectorals are large and extend posteriorly beyond
ventrals ; the vertical fins of moderate size ; the caudal large, its
length nearly equal to that of head.

The ground color in life varies from pale fawn or buff to
yellowish, with a more or less golden glint on sides; there are
five large dark to black spots on sides, the last at base of caudal ;
alternating with them are five short, broad, dorsal crossbars
of similar color, the first one above the opercles, the second
including base of first dorsal; the head may be pale but usually
varies from brownish to black, with four or five pale longitudinal
lines on cheeks; usually a brown bar extends from lip upward
to eye and another one from eye diagonally across cheek; there
are two dark brown or blackish longitudinal bars on basal part
of pectoral in a pale or golden ground color; the dorsals and
caudal crossbarred by dark bands or rows of dark spots, those
on first dorsal but little developed, those on caudal stopping

GLOSSOGOBIUS

163

before lower margin is reached; the pectorals and anal clear,
the ventrals dusky, with a broad clear margin; the eye blue.
During the breeding season, at least, the anal papilla becomes
orange.

Specimens from Lake Buluan, and large specimens generally,
are darker; those from Lake Buluan are blackish over most of
the back and sides, with the fins also heavily pigmented.

Alcoholic specimens are much paler than living ones, as a
rule, but are otherwise similar. This species loses its coloration
very rapidly after death, and those in the markets are often uni-
formly pale yellowish to whitish.

I have kept under observation hundreds of living specimens
and have examined thousands in the markets ; I have also studied
the following alcoholic specimens, varying in length from 17
to 265 millimeters, or 349 millimeters with the caudal fin. The
localities represented in the Bureau of Science collection are :

Buguey, Cagayan Province, 2.

Tuguegarao, Cagayan Province,
5.

Barrio La Paz, Laoag, Ilocos
Norte Province, 7.

Abra River, Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Province, 7.

Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur Prov-
ince, 3.

Lingayen Gulf, La Union Prov-
ince, 5.

Agno River, Dagupan, Panga-
sinan Province, 11.

Angat River, Bulacan Province,
8.

Baliuag, Bulacan Province, 2.

Calumpang River, Norzagaray,
Bulacan Province, 3.

Calumpit, Bulacan Province, 13.

Salt-water fish pond, Bulacan
Province, 1.

Sibul Springs, Bulacan Prov-
ince, 1.

Malabon, Rizal Province, 1.

Manila market, 2.

Pasig River, Manila, 25.

Mayondon, Laguna de Bay, 10.

Balanak River, Pagsanjan, La-
guna Province, 4.

Bunkal River, Darakap, Zam-
bales Province, 2.

Talisay, Lake Taal, Batangas
Province, 8.

Lake Taal, Batangas Province,
74.

Pansipit River, Batangas Prov-
ince, 20.

San Miguel Bay, Camarines Sur
Province, 1.

Bicol River, Camarines Sur
Province, 2.

Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur Prov-
ince, 8.

Legaspi, Albay Province, 1.

Puru, Albay Province, 1.

Baco, Mindoro, 2.

Mamboc River, Lake Naujan,
Mindoro, 5.

Budbudan River, San Jose de
Buenavista, Antique Province,
3.

Mambugan swamp, San Jose de
Buenavista, Antique Province,
3.

Dumarao, Capiz Province, 2.

Dumangas, Iloilo Province, 9.

Villa, Iloilo Province, 2.

Iloilo, Iloilo Province, 4>

Navalas, Guimaras, 2.

Concepcion, Busuanga, 2.

Taytay, Palawan, 2.

Balabac, 1.

164 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Dumaguete River, Oriental Ne- Agusan River, Mindanao, 6.

gros, 2. Lake Buluan, Cotabato Prov-

Lasay, Siquijor, 1. ince, Mindanao, 6.

Daguitan River, Dulag, Leyte, Davao, Mindanao, 6.

1. Hongkong, 2.

Malabang spring, Malabang, Indian Museum, Ganges River,

Lanao Province, Mindanao, 1. and Bengal, India, 3.

Previous Philippine records are as follows: Giinther, "Philip-
pine Islands;" Peters, Lebmanan River, Luzon, and Lake Bito,
Leyte; Meyer, Laguna de Bay and Cebu; Boulenger, Palawan;
Evermann and Scale, San Fabian, Pangasinan Province, and
Bacon and Bulan, Sorsogon Province; Smith and Seale, Rio
Grande de Mindanao, Cotabato Province; Jordan and Richard-
son, Aparri, Mindoro, and Iloilo.

This goby is a valuable food fish in many localities, its size
and abundance making it an important market fish. It is much
the largest Philippine representative of the true gobies, but is
not nearly so bulky as some of the large eleotrids. It is also one
of the most important of the young fishes caught in northern
Luzon under the name of ipon.

It occurs in both fresh and salt water, but appears to reach
its maximum size in fresh-water lakes; my largest specimens
were caught in Lake Buluan. This goby is a bold and vigorous
biter and is angled for in nearly every lowland stream and
lake throughout the Islands.

Specimens that were kept in captivity a long time laid eggs
which they fastened to the concrete walls of the tank. In
nature the eggs are attached to the underside of rocks, near or
in the mouths of rivers where they are influenced by the tides.

This valuable species occurs from the east coast of Africa
eastward at least as far as Celebes and northward to Swatow,
China.

72a. GLOSSOGOBIUS GIURUS var. OBSCURIPINNIS (Peters)

Gobius obscuripinnis PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868)
263.

Oro-on in Bicol.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 7; there are 29 or 30 (29-33,
Peters) scales in a longitudinal series and 10 or 11 in a trans-
verse series; 20 or more scales in front of the first dorsal.

The trunk laterally compressed, the posterior part strongly
so, with very moderately curved dorsal and ventral profiles ; the
depth 4.5 to 5 times in length; the long broad head contained
about 3 times in length; the snout short, rounded, its length
3.1 to 3.4 times in head; the eyes partly superior and partly

GLOSSOGOBIUS 165

lateral, 1.9 to 1.5 in snout and 4.8 to 6 times in head; the inter-
orbital space equal to or 0.25 less than the diameter of an eye;
the mouth strongly oblique, with slightly projecting lower jaw,
and with the posterior end of maxillary reaching to front margin
of pupil; the teeth in four rows in each jaw, the fourth row
larger than the second and third, the outer row larger and
stronger than the fourth; the outer row fixed, the others all
depressible; the caudal peduncle rather wide, its least depth
twice or nearly twice in its length; the head naked except the
region behind eyes and a few rows of small scales on upper
part of opercle; the scales between dorsal fin and occiput much
smaller than those elsewhere; the longest rays of second dorsal
and anal equal, their length equal to depth of body; the rather
pointed caudal fin f of head in length.

The color in life a sort of golden brown, with a longitudinal
series of five or six large dark spots along each side, the last
one at base of caudal, and a series of five dark crossbars over
back; the first dorsal has a broad blackish crossband across its
middle, the base and upper part clear, or it may be crossbarred
with heavy spots ; the second dorsal strongly crossbarred by four
or five rows of black spots forming wavy lines; the caudal
heavily crossbarred by many alternate wavy black and yellow
bands on the upper two-thirds or three-fourths; the remaining
lower part uniform dusky ; the anal and ventrals dusky to black,
the pectorals dusky.

In alcohol the color is dusky yellowish with markings as in
life; the cheeks are marked by four or five longitudinal dark
brown bands, the body color appearing between as narrow pale
stripes; the pectoral is almost colorless, with a short blackish
bar on the upper part of its base; the ventral is blackish.

I have examined twenty-four specimens, from 45 to 90 milli-
meters in length, collected by me in Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur
Province. This species has previously been known only from
the specimens collected by Jagor in 1859 in Bicol River, Cama-
rines Sur Province, and Kalabos brook near Daraga, Albay. It
is apparently confined to that part of Luzon.

I refer here also four badly preserved specimens from Lake
Bato, Camarines Sur Province, collected by Alejo Arce, and five
excellent specimens from the same locality, collected by G. A.
Lopez.

Since writing the above I have studied a large series from
Lake Buhi, ranging in length from 22 to 105 millimeters. Most
of them are sufficiently different from G. giurus to be given

166 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

specific rank; especially is this true of the larger specimens.
However, I am of the opinion that G. obscuripinnis is not worthy
of more than subspecific rank, since there are specimens which
have some of the characters of both G. giurus and G. obscuripin-
nis.

Genus 33. OPLOPOMUS (Ehrenberg) Steindachner

Oplopomus (Ehrenberg MS.) STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss.
Wien 42 (1860) 291.

The body moderately elongate, laterally compressed, covered
with 26 to 32 scales in a longitudinal series; the head abruptly
convex anteriorly, entirely naked, or cheeks and nape may be
scaled; the posterior margin of preopercle toothed with from
one to five stout sharp spines, usually but one or two present,
the number often different on the two sides of the same fish;
the first spine of both first and second dorsals stiff, hard, stout,
and very sharp; the remaining spines of first dorsal flexible,
with elongate, threadlike tips; the teeth in three or four rows
in each jaw, the outer ones enlarged, the lower jaw with a pair
of lateral canines ; the tongue truncate ; the caudal shorter than
head; the isthmus wide; branchiostegals 4. Dorsal VI, 1-9
or 10 ; anal I, 9 or 10.

This genus includes two beautiful species, one of wide distri-
bution, the other thus far known only from the Philippines.
The number of spines on the preopercle is of no importance in
separating species, since they vary in size and number with
age and with the individual. No other Philippine gobies have
a hard sharp spine at the beginning of each dorsal.

Key to the Philippine species of Oplopomus.

a1. Head naked O. oplopomus.

a*. Nape scaled to eyes; cheek with five to seven rows of small scales.

O. vergens.

73. OPLOPOMUS OPLOPOMUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 29, FIG. 3

Gobius oplopomus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 50; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 15; Fische

der Siidsee 2 (1876) 170, pi. 110, fig. B.
Oplopomus pulcher EHRENBERG, Zool. Pise., pi. 9, fig. 6, footnote in

Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837) 50.
Gobius bitelatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 67; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 35.
Gobius notacanthus SLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 15 (1858) 210;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 35.
Oplopomus notacanthus STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss.

Wien 42 (1860) 290, 'pi. 1, fig. 2.

OPLOPOMUS 167

Dorsal VI, 1-9 or 10 ; anal I, 9 or 10 ; there are 28 to 30 scales
in a longitudinal series and 8 or 9 in a transverse series ; Stein-
dachner's specimens had 26 scales.

The body moderately elongate, laterally much compressed, the
depth nearly equal to length of head, 4.3 to 4.5 in length; the
head much deeper than wide, nearly as deep as body, its length
3.5 to 3.7 in total length; the convex snout short, blunt, steeply
descending, 3.75 times in head; the eyes very high up and
close together, equal to or slightly longer than snout; the inter-
orbital contained twice in eye; the mouth strongly oblique with
lower jaw a little projecting, the posterior angle of maxillary
under front margin of eye or extending to its anterior part;
the teeth in three rows in upper jaw, an outer row of enlarged
curved fixed teeth, and two rows of minute depressible teeth;
in the lower jaw a short row of enlarged teeth in front, termi-
nating laterally in a pair of backward-curving canines, and two
inner rows of minute depressible teeth; the body covered with
ctenoid scales, largest posteriorly, becoming minute above oper-
cles; the head entirely naked; the nape naked back as far as
above middle of opercles, the median region naked back almost
to first dorsal, with only a row or two of scales or none at all
directly in front of it; a stout spine on lower posterior margin
of preopercle, or more rarely there are two; the spines of first
dorsal, except first, elongated, with threadlike tips, the fifth or
fourth and fifth longest and equal to head ; the second dorsal and
anal of moderate height, the posterior rays f as long as head
and reaching base of caudal when depressed; the pectorals
broadly rounded, a little shorter than head; the long pointed
ventrals 0.8 as long as head and nearly or quite reaching anus;
the depth of caudal peduncle 2^ times in head or If in its own
length ; the round pointed caudal about 0.9 as long as head ; the
anal papilla small, slender, and pointed in males, short, thick,
and rounded in females.

The color markings of a fresh specimen were very beautiful ;
the body was pale yellowish green, with brilliant red, orange,
or blue ocelli on sides of trunk, one to a scale; there were five
blackish spots along middle of side, the first under pectoral, and
a sixth, circular one on base of caudal fin; the opercles were
marked by bright blue spots and the yellow cheeks by a few
large blue spots; the nape was pale orange red; above opercle
was a diagonal, short, blue bar ; the first dorsal was crossed by
a series of large red blotches, with yellow beneath them and a
bright yellow margin and a large black spot on upper posterior

168 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

angle ; the second dorsal was crossed by three rows of red ocelli,
its margin reddish brown; the anal had a basal row of large
blue spots, then a bar of red, another row of blue, then pinkish
yellow fading into a marginal band of red; the caudal had a
central band of red, with the upper margin red, the lower
black ; the anal was black.

In alcohol specimens fade to pale gray or to yellowish brown,
the ocelli and blue spots on head becoming pearly; the black
lateral spots remain, but the fins lose their brilliant coloration,
only the black remaining.

Here described from a specimen collected by me at Polillo
and three specimens collected by Seale at Cebu, Puerto Prin-
cesa, and Balabac. They range in length from 38 to 56 mil-
limeters.

This beautifully marked species was first collected by Ehren-
berg in the Red Sea ; later it was described under another name
by Bleeker from Goram. Steindachner described specimens
from "Insulae Philippinae," and Giinther recorded it from Ta-
hiti and the island of Maiao, which I take to be one of the small
islands of the New Hebrides. It is apparently not very com-
mon anywhere.

74. OPLOPOMUS VERGENS Jordan and Seale

Oplopomus vergens JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907)
44, fig. 17.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 or 10 ; anal I, 9 or 10 ; there are 28 to 30 scales
in a longitudinal series, 9 or 10 in a transverse series, and about
10 rows before the first dorsal.

The body elongate, laterally flattened, the ventral profile
arched, the upper much less so, the depth 3.8 to 4.3 times in
length; the depth of head much greater than its breadth, its
profile moderately convex, its length 3.4 to 3.7 times in total
length ; the blunt, steeply inclined snout 3.6 to 3.8 times in head ;
the eyes very high up, dorsolateral, obliquely set, their diam-
eter equal to length of snout; they are very close together, the
interorbital 2.5 times in an eye diameter; the mouth strongly
oblique, the lower jaw a little projecting, the posterior angle
of maxillary beneath or scarcely reaching front margin of eye;
the teeth of outer row in upper jaw fixed, enlarged, and slight-
ly curved inward ; behind them are two rows of minute depress-
ible teeth, the outer row in lower jaw short, the teeth larger
than in upper row, ending in one or two pairs of backward-

OPLOPOMUS 169

curving lateral canines ; behind are two or three rows of minute
depressible teeth ; the body covered with ctenoid scales, which are
largest posteriorly; the nape scaled to eyes, the scales becom-
ing much smaller anteriorly, the last few rows very small and
cycloid; there are from five to seven longitudinal rows or par-
tial rows of somewhat deciduous scales on preopercle, With
three or four longitudinal lines of very minute papillae sepa-
rating them, some of the rows being of comparatively large
scales, others of very small ones ; the upper part of opercle and
the bases of pectorals alsd scaled ; near the lower posterior angle
of preopercle are stout spines, ordinarily two but varying from
one to five, the two opercles often having a different number ; the
dorsals and anal of moderate height, the longest spines or rays
about f as long as head and never equal to depth; the fourth
and fifth spines longest, all the spines but the first with elon-
gated tips; the spine of second dorsal much shorter than the
rays, which are longest posteriorly, the last two or three reach-
ing caudal when depressed ; the anal is similar to the soft dorsal
but about {£ as high, the last rays the longest; the pectoral
rather broad, equal to or a little shorter than the broad, trian-
gular, pointed ventrals, which extend to anus or to anal papilla,.
and are approximately equal to depth; the depth of caudal
peduncle is approximately half the depth of body, and is £ of
its own length; the caudal broad, with a round pointed tip, and
approximately equal to depth ; the anal papilla very slender and
pointed in males, short, very broad, and round pointed in females,
The color in alcohol varies from yellowish white to reddish
yellow or brown, with five oblong black spots along middle of
side, the first beneath posterior part of pectoral, the last at base
of caudal and extended upon it; a series of about five smaller
rounded black spots on upper half of body in a longitudinal
series, beginning above opercle and running back; each scale
on upper half bears a small ocellated spot; a black or brown
spot on upper part of base of pectoral rays; two faint dark
longitudinal bands on cheeks, the upper one beginning at lower
margin of eye, the other behind angle of mouth ; the first dorsal
has a transverse row of circular black spots on the membranes
near base, and a blackish transverse line across second, third,
and fourth spines about a third of the distance from top, and
running out to tip of fourth spine; a black spot on posterior
tip of fin; the second dorsal has a basal row of circular black
spots on the membranes and two black crosslines on upper half;

170 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

the anal uniformly dusky, the ventral black or very dark; the
caudal has some large black spots on its base above and below
the median spot, and from three to six curved crossbars of
black spots on the remainder of the fin.

Here described from a specimen, 65 millimeters long, from
Nasugbu, Batangas Province, and twenty-five specimens, rang-
ing in length from 36 to 65 millimeters, from Iloilo, Panay. I
have five specimens from Inabanga, Bohol.

This species has been known heretofore only from the type
specimens described from Cavite by Jordan and Scale. The
original description is in error in stating "no canines."
Genus 34. CRISTATOGOBIUS g. nor.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 10.

This genus is separated at once from all other East Indian
gobies by the high, thin, skinny crest on its nape; from Lo-
phogobius Gill, of the West Indies and Florida, to which it is
closely allied, it is particularly separated by differences in den-
tition. The teeth are in four rows in each jaw, with a pos-
terior pair of large, curved canines in lower jaw, whereas in
Lophogobius there is but a single row of teeth in each jaw,
without canines.

Body rather slender, laterally compressed, covered with large
ctenoid scales, 28 to 30 in a longitudinal series, those on the nape
much smaller, cycloid; head naked, with rows of minute papillae
on its sides; fins small, dorsals separate, caudal pointed, longer
than head. Generic type, (7. lophius sp. nov.

Cristatus, having a comb.

75. CRISTATOGOBIUS LOPHIUS sp. nov.

PLATE 13, FIG. 1

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 10; there are 28 to 30 scales in a
longitudinal series and 10 in a transverse series.

The body rather slender, oblong, laterally compressed, with
arched dorsal profile, moderately broad caudal peduncle, the
depth 4.4 to 4.5 in length; the head much wider than body,
and contained 3.57 to 3.66 times in length; the snout short,
convex, 4.6 to 5 times in head, f to | of an eye diameter ; the
eyes high up, very close together, 3.4 to 3.5 times in head; the
interorbital space very narrow, almost linear ; the mouth nearly
vertical, with projecting chin, the posterior angle of maxillary
under anterior margin or anterior third of eye; the teeth in
four rows in each jaw, those of outer and inner rows enlarged,

CRISTATOGOBIUS 171

with a posterior lateral pair of large, backward-curved canines
in outer row of lower jaw ; the head naked ; there are two widely
separated rows of minute papillae crossing preopercle longitu-
dinally, and one running downward and backward on opercle;
on the nape a thin, high, skinny crest, beginning between pos-
terior part of eyes and extending back almost to origin of first
dorsal, its height more than half an eye diameter; there is a
large open pore on anterior part of interorbital space and an
inconspicuous one on posterior part; there are about four large
pores in the groove running back from eye above opercle, and
two large pores on posterior margin of preopercle; the sides
of body covered with rather loosely attached ctenoid scales;
the sides of nape more or less covered with very small cycloid
scales, a series of seven to ten forward of first dorsal, but not
extending more than halfway to eyes; the first dorsal small,
with flexible spines, the second and third longest, but less than
the depth; the second dorsal and anal alike in shape and height,
the height a trifle more than that of first dorsal but still less
than greatest depth of body, their posterior rays scarcely reach-
ing caudal when depressed; the pectorals and ventrals pointed,
equal in length, reaching origin of anal; the pointed caudal
& or | longer than head; the anal papilla slender, pointed,
almost threadlike.

The color in alcohol dark brown, with five or six paler cross-
bands on sides; on base of pectoral are two large black spots,
and scattered thinly over sides of head and forward half of
body are black dots; the nuchal crest deep chocolate brown;
the first dorsal dark brown, with a large blackish brown spot on
posterior part beyond fifth spine; the other fins are all plain
brown to blackish.

Here described from two specimens, 25 and 22 millimeters
in length, collected by me under the wharf at Bungau, Sulu
Province.

From Mr. F. Reveche, San Jose, Antique Province, Panay, I
have just received a fine adult male specimen, 36 millimeters
long, which differs in some respects from the above; the head
is 4.23 times in the length ; the tips of the first dorsal spines
are elongate, threadlike, 2.57 times in the length, 1.64 times the
depth; the second dorsal and anal are slightly less than the
depth, elongate and sharply angulate posteriorly, reaching the
caudal when depressed; the length of the pectoral equals that
of the head and is a tenth greater than that of the ventrals;

172 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

the crest on the nape is more strongly developed than in the orig-
inal specimens ; the color bluish slate, the fins all dusky, the first
dorsal with a posterior blackish basal spot; no black spots on
sides or pectoral base.

Lophius, from A6<£os, a crest.

Genus 35. PARAGOBIODON Bleeker

Paragobiodon BLEEKER, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. 4 (1873) 129.
Paragobiodon BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 309.

The body oblong ovate, with 22 to 24 firm ctenoid scales in
a longitudinal row, the head and nape naked back to first dorsal
fin; the height of the thick head less than twice the breadth;
the upper jaw may have one row of comparatively stout curved
teeth, or two rows, the inner ones very small, but not in several
rows as stated by Bleeker, "dentibus maxillibus pluriseriatis
fixis;" in the lower jaw there are two rows of teeth of about
equal size or outer row the larger, or an outer row of stout
teeth with two- inner rows of minute teeth ; two canines behind
symphysis; the mouth short and curved; the tongue round
pointed ; the gill openings do not extend under base of pectorals ;
the small dorsals very close together; the ventrals very short,
rounded, forming a cup-shaped disk, the frenum bilobed, unlike
the ventrals of any other fish.

This is a small group of insignificant little gobies, some of
them of strange appearance, abounding in the interstices of
coral heads and under rocks along shore.

Key to the Philippine species of Paragobiodon.

a1. Head more or less covered with short hairlike prickles P. echinocephalus.
a2. Head smooth.

b\ Color black; pectoral rays 21 or 22 P. melanosomus.

62. Color yellow; pectoral rays 19 P. xanthosomus.

76. PARAGOBIODON ECHINOCEPHALUS (Ruppell)

PLATE 13, FIG. 2

Gobius echinocephalus RUPPELL, Atlas, Fische des Rothen Meers
(1828) 136, pi. 34, fig. 3; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861)
34; Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 175, pi. 108, fig. D; Report Challen-
ger, Zoology, 1 (1880) Shore Fishes, 53.

Paragobiodon echinocephalus BLEEKER, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. 4 (1873)
129; JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25
(1905) (1906) 397.

? Paragobiodon melanosomus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries
26 (1907) 45.

PARAGOBIODON 173

Dorsal VI, 1-9 or 10 ; anal I, 9 ; pectoral rays 21 ; there are 23
or 24 scales in a longitudinal series.

The depth of the stout, short, plump body varies with age, 3
to 4 times in length, or less in the very young, which are deeper
proportionately; head deep and broad, with boldly convex pro-
file, its depth equal to or f of its length, which is equal to or
less than depth of trunk, and 3.3 to 4.8 times in length ; breadth
of head 0.7 to 0.8 its own length; the short snout equal to or
shorter than the circular eye, which is 3 to 3.5 times in head;
eyes lateral, the broad convex interorbital space 0.25 to 0.5 more
than eye diameter; mouth small, strongly curved downward
so that it is nearly vertical, lips thick, jaws equal, chin heavy,
square, and often projecting; entire head naked back to first
dorsal, more or less covered above, on opercles, and especially
beneath, with soft short prickles or fibrils which may become
hairlike; they may be scattered about very thinly, or may form
a dense beardlike mat, especially on underside of head ; ventrals
also often covered with similar prickles; dorsals very close to-
gether, or their base subcontinuous, low, first dorsal less than
half the depth; second dorsal higher, posterior rays elongate,
angulate, and equal to or slightly more than half the depth ; anal
similar to second, dorsal but lower ; in no case do dorsal and anal
reach caudal when depressed; caudal rounded, equal to distance
from front margin of eye to posterior end of head; pectoral
broad, its length equal to or greater than caudal; ventrals typi-
cal of the genus.

The color variable; some are uniform yellowish or brownish
yellow, witn paler fins ; others vary from dark brown to brown-
ish black, with black fins; the whole body may be dark or the
front part may be brownish red.

According to the artist T. S. Espinosa, a fresh specimen from
Zamboanga had the head of clear sepia, shading off to burnt
sienna ; the body, fins, and fibrils on the head ivory black. Two
specimens from Guindulman, Bohol, are black all over, except
the brownish red head.

The Bureau of Science collection contains the following
specimens, varying from 12 to 30 millimeters in length:

Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 22. Samal Island, Davao Gulf, 4.

Zamboanga, Mindanao, 1. Sitankai, 15.

Guindulman, Bohol, 2.

Giinther is the only author who has recorded this species
from the Philippines, the Challenger Expedition having obtained
it at Cebu. The Bureau of Science has a color sketch, made

174 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

from a fresh specimen at Zamboanga, where the Moros call it
tibak. The description by Jordan and Scale of P. melanosomus,
from Manila, would indicate that their specimen was P. echino-
cephalus.

This tiny and most extraordinary goby was first described
from the Red Sea, where it is common. It occurs on the coast
of Madagascar, in the China Sea, and southeastward to Samoa,
-Tahiti, and Tonga, an enormous range for such a feeble fish.

77. PARAGOBIODON MELANOSOMUS (Bleeker)

Gobius melanosoma, BLEEKER, Ceram, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852)
703; PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 265.

Paragobiodon melanosoma BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch.
Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 309; (?) JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur.
Fisheries 26 (1907) 45.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 10; pectoral 21 or 22; there are 23
or 24 scales in a longitudinal series.

The depth of the short thickset body 3.2 to 3.8 times in length ;
the head very large, broad and deep, its length greater than its
depth, 3 to 3.5 times in length; the breadth of head equals its
own depth and also that of body; the profile boldly convex, the
broad, short snout equals the circular eye, 2.75 to 3 times in
head; the eyes high up, the interorbital space little elevated,
equal to or 0.75 an eye diameter; the mouth small, curved,
strongly oblique; the teeth in upper jaw in two rows, the outer
much larger; in the lower jaw there are two rows of fine teeth
behind a short outer row of large teeth, with two canines be-
hind symphysis; the head and nape naked; the lower edge of
preopercle and sometimes of subopercle has a fringe of tiny
papillae, or tubercles; the rugae of throat may also be tuber-
culate ; the vertical fins all low, the tips of first dorsal elongated
into short threads, the height of both dorsals about f the body
depth; the anal a little lower; the caudal 0.75 as long as head.

The color of alcoholic specimens varies from black to dark
brown, with black fins. There is a tendency for specimens to
bleach to yellowish brown.

The Bureau of Science collection contains the following
specimens, from 16 to 23 millimeters in length: From Puerto
Galera, Mindoro, 2; and from Zamboanga, Mindanao, 4.

This species was collected by Jagor on a coral reef at Mam-
bulao, Camarines Norte, according to Peters.

The fish recorded under this name by Jordan and Seale was
P. echinocephalus, according to their description.

PARAGOBIODON 175

Parago biodon melanosomus has been recorded from Mada-
gascar to New Guinea; it is very close to P. echinocephalus.

78. PARAGOBIODON XANTHOSOMUS (Bleeker)

Gobius xanthosoma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852) 703.
Paragobiodon xanthosoma BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 13 (1878)

54.
Paragobiodon xanthosomus JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull.

Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 397.

Tnpug, name on Samal Island, Davao Gulf.

Dorsal VI, 1-9-10; anal I, 8-9; pectoral 19; there are 23
scales in a longitudinal series.

The body of this fish is slenderer than is that of its congeners,
the body being narrower and the head smaller, though the
depth is about the same, 3 to 3^ in the length; the head more
pointed than in the other species, 3.375 to 3.5 in length; the
depth of head a little less than its length and the breadth still
less, 1.2 to H times in its length; the snout 3.2 times in head
and equal to eye, which is high up; the interorbital space little
elevated and a little more than an eye diameter in breadth ; the
mouth small, nearly vertical; there are two rows of very small
teeth in each jaw, the outer one the larger, with a pair of post-
symphysial canines in lower jaw ; the lower margin of preopercle
and chin usually with a row of short tubercles; the vertical
fins small, their shape an'd height as in P. melanosomus; the
base of first dorsal continuous with second dorsal; the caudal
about f the length of head; the scales less firmly attached in
this species than in the others.

The color of alcoholic specimens uniform yellow, the fins all
clear.

A Samal Island specimen, sketched from life by T. S. Espi-
nosa, was uniform yellow, the fins and head pale yellow, with
pinkish buff on belly. Another one from the same locality was
grass green all over, with light yellow fins.

The Bureau of Science collection contains six specimens, 20
to 27 millimeters in length, from the following localities:
From Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, 1 ; from Samal Island, Davao
Gulf, 3; and from Sitankai, 2.

This species occurs in the Moluccas, New Guinea, and Samoa.
It is very close to P. melanocephalus, but differs in the number
of pectoral and anal rays, and in the shape and size of the head.

In his treatment of the fishes of the Siboga Expedition Weber
unites the three species under Gobius echinocephalus; this ap-
pears to me to be unwarranted, although the three species are
all very close.

176 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Genus 36. RHINOGOBIUS Gill

Rhinogobius GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1859) 145.
Drombus JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28 (1905) 797.

This genus seems to be a convenient catchall for a heteroge-
neous assemblage of small to medium-sized gobies not
conveniently placed elsewhere, and not having any decided
characters in common for convenient generic distinction.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 to 11; anal I, 7 to 9; scales in longitudinal
series 23 to 38.

The body may be slender and elongate or bulky and subcy-
lindrical anteriorly, laterally compressed, the head always rather
large, 3 to 4 times in length, convex above; the body covered
with ctenoid scales, largest posteriorly, the nape entirely naked
or partly scaled, or scaled to eyes, and the anterior scales very
small; the preopercles may be entirely naked and smooth, or
may have two to several longitudinal lines of minute papillae,
which may be connected by one to many crosslines and with few
or many radiating down and back from eye; the opercles are
naked and may also be lined as the preopercles sometimes are,
and may have a small patch of minute scales along upper margin';
the base of pectoral and breast scaled ; the mouth small to moder-
ate, oblique, the jaws equal or lower jaw projecting; the teeth
in bands of three to nine rows in eaoh jaw, those of outer row
enlarged and fixed; the lower jaw usually has a posterior pair
of canines and may have a pair at the center of the outer row ;
the tip of the tongue rounded or truncate ; the spines of first
dorsal may or may not have elongated threadlike tips; the dor-
sals close together, the second dorsal and anal short ; the pecto-
rals without silky rays above; the caudal varies from truncate
to round pointed, shorter than, equal to, or slightly more than
head.

The genus, as here defined, includes species which are un-
doubtedly widely divergent and which would seem to fall readily
into different genera ; but the numerous intergrading characters
prevent any real division according to any plan I can devise or
have found in the literature. Those with the body naked before
the first dorsal link with those scaled to the eyes, and the pres-
ence or absence of canines fails as a dividing character. Rhi-
nogobius neophytus may represent a divergent group, but even
that is doubtful.

The authors of Drombus stated "this genus differs from Rhi-
nogobius in the presence of mucus channels bearing cross lines
of minute cirri as in Gobiomorphus." Unfortunately, this char-

BHINOGOBIUS 177

acter is common to many species of Rhinogobius and presents
every stage of development, from those with none or with only
one or two lines across the cheeks, up to those with an exten-
sive and elaborate system of crisscross lines over the sides of
the head, so that at no place am I able to make a hard and fast
distinction. Species with or without a scaled nape, with more
or fewer scales and fin rays, may have the same complicated
system of lines on the cheeks or may have them equally smooth ;
the presence or absence of these papillae does not link with any
other character. From the other species of Rhinogobius one
•might separate Drombus palackyi and Drombus viridi-punctatus
by the dentition, but there hardly seems enough difference to
warrant the segregation.

I regard Rhinogobius as treated here and by other authors as
very unsatisfactory; probably many of the species should go to
Ctenogobius, of which Rhinogobius is probably a synonym, and
the rest should be distributed into new genera.

A genus of general distribution.

Key to the Philippine and China Sea species of Rhinogobius.
SECTION DROMBUS

a1. Nape scaled to eyes.

61. Teeth in six to nine rows in each jaw.
c1. Thirty-one lateral scales; 18 or 19 before first dorsal, not extending

to eyes-. R. palackyi.

c1. Thirty-four to 38 lateral scales; 30 to 32 before first dorsal, extend-
ing to eyes R. viridi-punctatus.

SECTION RHINOGOBIUS

b*. Teeth in three to five rows in each jaw.
d1. Not more than 10 scales before first dorsal.
e1. Lower jaw inferior.

f. Scales before first dorsal 6 to 8; in lateral series 26 to 28;
second dorsal 1-8; anal 1-8; six longitudinal brown lines;
five large black spots along middle of side; eight large brown
spots between fifth and sixth lines; a black ocellus between

first and second dorsal spines R. decoratus.

f. Scales before first dorsal 9; in lateral series 26; second dorsal
1-10; anal 1-9; sides with several longitudinal dusky bands
and rows of black spots; no black ocellus on first dorsal.

R. calderae.

e1. Jaws equal; scales before first dorsal 10; in lateral series 25;
second dorsal 1-11 ; anal I, 10 ; color brown, with about fourteen
small circles of darker brown along middle of sides.

R. hongkongensis.
d*. Scales before first dorsal 15 or more; lower jaw projecting.

223798 12

178 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

g1. Scales before first dorsal 15; in lateral series 29; second dorsal
1-8; anal I, 7; a dark brown spot on posterior part of opercle;

color unifonh brownish, no crossbands R. schultzei.

g\ Scales before first dorsal 16 to 23; in lateral series, 28 to 30;
second dorsal 1-9 ; anal I, 9 ; a large emerald or black spot above
angle of gill opening; five wide crossbars on back... R. caninus.
a2. Nape largely or entirely naked.

h1. Three rows of scales before dorsal; scales in lateral series 27 or 28;
transverse 7 or 8 ; first dorsal 1-8 ; anal I, 8 ; a dark bar from eye to

upper lip and under lower jaw to other side R. baliuroides.

h*. No scales before first dorsal.

11. Scales 28 to 30 in lateral series; transverse 9 to 12, first dorsal 1-9;

anal I, 9.
j1. Body encircled by ten to fourteen dark brown crossbands or black

lines R. multifasciatus.

f . Body not encircled by bands or lines.

fc1. Twelve transverse scales; four dark spots on sides; no longi-
tudinal dark lines; first dorsal with two rows of elongate

blackish spots R. criniger.

fc2. Nine transverse scales; five dark spots on side between two
brown lines running from pectoral axil to tail; first dorsal
dusky brown with a clear band near base R. suluensis.

12. Scales 23 or 24 in a lateral series, 7 in a transverse series; first

dorsal 1-8; anal I, 9; snout long, pointed; translucent in life,
whitish in alcohol, a vertical elliptical black spot at caudal base;
a black spot between first and second dorsal spines.. R. neophytus.

79. RHINOGOBIUS PALACKYI (Jordan and Scale)

Drombus palackyi JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28 (1905)
797, fig. 15.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 31 scales in a longitudi-
nal series, 14 in a transverse series, and 18 or 19 before the
first dorsal.

The body laterally compressed and wedge-shaped, heavy an-
teriorly, the head large and much wider than high, with full
rounded cheeks; the depth contained 4.4 to 4.8 times, the head
3 to 3.33 times in length; the short blunt convex snout equals
eye and is 3 to 3£ times in head; the eyes are placed high up,
looking upward as well as laterally, and are very close together,
the interorbital space almost covered by the tumid margin of
eyes; the oblique mouth small, with prominent chin, the angle
of maxillary falling short of, or extending to beneath anterior
margin of eye; the upper jaw has an outer row of enlarged
teeth followed by a narrow band of very fine teeth; the lower
jaw has an outer row of five or six enlarged teeth on each side,
terminating in a pair of lateral canines ; behind these is a band
of very fine teeth, the innermost row slightly enlarged; the

RHINOGOBIUS 179

naked preopercles and opercles marked by a few rows and
crossrows of minute papillae ; pores present on head as described
under D. viridi-punctatus ; the scales on nape are small, cycloid,
and do not extend to eyes, which have a bare scaleless area for
some distance behind them; the depth of caudal peduncle is 2£
to 2J times in head; the first dorsal low, with short threadlike
tips to spines; the dorsal and anal similar in outline, the base
of anal shorter than that of dorsal ; the posterior rays of dorsal
longer than those of anal and reaching base of caudal when
depressed; the caudal rounded and a trifle shorter than head;
the pectoral broad, round pointed, and longer than ventrals,
which do not reach anus.

The color of one old alcoholic specimen is brown with indis-
tinct darker crossbands on back and sides, small dark brown
spots on dorsal region and anteriorly, and pale centers to the
scales on the sides, especially posteriorly, these forming longi-
tudinal rows; the caudal crossbarred with rows of brown spots
and the ventrals blackish.

Another specimen is a bluish brown; the first dorsal has
a large blackish brown spot on its upper part between third
and fourth spines; the other fins brown, with darker brown
rays, the base of pectorals blackish brown.

Here described from two specimens, one 40 millimeters long,
collected at Malabon, a town on Manila Bay just north of the
City of Manila; and the other, 30 millimeters long, from Ma-
riveles, at the entrance to Manila Bay. Another excellent
specimen, 39 millimeters long, is without locality or other data.

The type was collected by Dr. Bashford Dean in southern
Negros.

I place here also five small specimens in very bad condition,
22 to 34 millimeters in length, collected at Kanoan, Siquijor,
in 1907, by Mr. Alvin Scale.

80. RHINOGOBIUS VIRIDI-PUNCTATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 30, PIG. 1

Gobius viridi-punctatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
12 (1837) 47; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 24; DAY,
Fishes of India (1878) 286, pi. 59, fig. 5, pi. 61, fig. 4, and pi. 63,
fig. 4.

Panay Visayan name, paid.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 9 or 8; there are 34 to 38 scales in
a longitudinal series and 12 in a transverse series ; there are 30
to 32 scales before the first dorsal.

130 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Viewed from above the body is robust, wedge-shaped, with
compressed sides, tapering to a broad but thin caudal peduncle ;
the dorsal and ventral profiles but little arched, the -depth 3.9
to 4.4 in length; the large head goes 3.38 to 3.6 in length, with
a convex, sharply descending profile and projecting jaw; the
cheeks very plump so that the width of head is equal to or
greater than its depth; the snout 3.8 to 4.2 times in head, and
but little longer than eyes; these are placed very high up and
close together, their gaze directed upward more than laterally,
their length 0.75 to « that of snout, and 4.2 to 4.6 times in
head; the width of the naked interorbital half or less than half
an eye diameter; the nape scaled to eyes and into interorbital
space ; the oblique mouth moderate, the lips fringed within, the
posterior angle of maxillary reaching a point below front margin
of eye or, more rarely, below middle of eye; the upper jaw has
a long outer row of enlarged, conical, fixed teeth, erect or pro-
jecting, followed by a band of six or eight rows of very fine
teeth ; the lower , jaw has a short outer row of enlarged teeth,
six or eight on each side, with a pair of canines at the symphysis
and a pair of posterior lateral canines; behind this row is a
band of about five rows of very fine teeth, followed by a long
inner row of enlarged stout conical teeth, the largest behind
symphysis; the large, rounded, naked preopercle marked by
several longitudinal and many crosslines of minute warts; a
few similar lines on opercle; a large pore above and midway
between nostrils; two large pores on interorbital space; two
pores behind eye, three more on supraopercular groove, and
three on posterior border of preopercle; the depth of caudal
peduncle contained about twice in head; the dorsal spines mod-
erately flexible, with short threadlike tips, the third one long-
est, its height 0.5 or f that of body; the base of anal much
shorter than that of second dorsal, both fins similar in outline,
their posterior rays elongate, those of anal a little the longer,
and usually reaching base of caudal when depressed, rarely
falling short of it; the caudal varies from rounded to pointed
but not lanceolate, its length usually a little greater than head ;
the broad rounded pectorals extend slightly beyond the broad
ventrals, sometimes as far as above anal opening; the anal pa-
pilla slender and pointed.

In life this is a goby of great beauty; the body and fins are
dusky gray, tinged with roseate, blue, and lavender; there is
a large, dark, emerald green shoulder spot, one nearly as large
before it on the side of the nape, and another behind it, and

RHINOGOBIUS 181

there are several smaller ones on the opercle and preopercle,
while many of the lateral scales have a central spot of the same
color; the anal has a basal green band and the second dorsal
and caudal each a submarginal one, the tips of the latter fins
lavender; the eye is blue.

In alcohol the color varies from dusky gray and dusky olive
green above and whitish below, to yellowish brown or dark
brown above and pale yellowish below; the beautiful spots and
fin markings all disappear, leaving traces of a lateral band of
dark blotches in some specimens, and in most specimens many
of the lateral scales have a white spot; the fins vary from
dusky to uniform brown, the caudal often with a few crossrows
of dark spots.

Here described from specimens, 44 to 117 millimeters long,
from the following localities:

Malabon, Rizal Province, 5. Dumangas, Iloilo Province, 6.

Manila market, 6. Villa, Iloilo Province, 1.

Calapan, Mindoro, 1. Buena Vista, Guimaras, 1.

Capiz, Panay, 1. Navalas, Guimaras, 2.

Molo, Iloilo Province (specimen Kanoan, Siquijor, 2.
aberrant, faded), 1.

This very handsome goby, originally described from Bombay,
ranges eastward through the East Indian Archipelago.

Gobius chlorostigma Bleeker, from Java, is probably the same
species.

81. RHINOGOBIUS DECORATUS sp. nov.

PLATE 13, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-8 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 26 to 28 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 8 or 9 in a transverse series, and 6 or 8 before the
first dorsal.

The elongate slender body subcylindrical anteriorly, the pos-
terior two-thirds laterally compressed, the depth 5 to 5.8 times
in length; the head rather small, gently convex and somewhat
pointed, 3.6 to 3.8 times in length ; the snout convex, rounded,
protuberant, 3.4 to 4 times in head ; the eyes very high up, dorso-
lateral and looking up as well as sideways, equal to snout; the
interorbital space very narrow, about 4 times in eye ; the mouth
very low down, nearly horizontal, the upper lip thick, protrac-
tile, the lower jaw inferior, the posterior angle of maxillary
beneath middle of eye; in upper jaw an outer row of slightly
enlarged teeth, and behind it two rows of minute teeth ; in lower
jaw a band of four rows of minute teeth, with a pair of lateral
canines, nearly horizontal and curved backward; the body

182 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

covered with large, firm, ctenoid scales which extend forward on
nape to eyes; the scales on breast and pectoral base cycloid;
the dorsals well separated, the first dorsal reaching origin of
second when depressed, second and third. spines longest, about
twice in head ; the second dorsal short, angulate posteriorly, the
last ray longest but not reaching caudal when depressed, 1.6
to 1.8 times in head; the anal like second dorsal, equal to or a
little less in height; the caudal round pointed, equal to or a
trifle longer than head; the caudal peduncle broad, its depth
1.6 to 1.8 times in its own length; the long round-pointed pec-
toral equals caudal and extends back to a point above origin of
anal; the ventrals long, broad, with serrated margin, the fre-
num broad and forming a deep cup, the tip of fin reaching anal
papilla or origin of anal, about 0.9 as long as head.

The color in alcohol pale whitish yellow, with six longitudi-
nal lines of brown running from top and sides of head back to
tail, the bottom line broken into spots posteriorly; along the
middle of the side is a row of five large black spots, the last
one on base of caudal ; below this, between fifth and sixth brown
lines, is a row of eight large brown spots; running back from
shoulder is a row of large, more or less circular black dots,
which end on top of caudal peduncle; above this is a less con-
spicuous row of smaller black spots running from eye to second
dorsal; between all these lines and spots the ground color of
body shows up as large and usually circular pale or whitish
spots arranged in six longitudinal rows; the first dorsal has a
black ocellus between first and second dorsal spines, with one
or two black spots on fifth spine; the second dorsal has three,
the caudal six crossbars of dark brown spots; the anal has a
basal row of blackish lines; the base of pectoral has two dark
brown longitudinal bars.

Here described from three specimens, 38 to 51 millimeters
long, collected by G. A. Lopez at Cabalian, Leyte.

This is a very handsome little fish and well deserves the name
decoratus, adorned.

82. RHINOGOBIUS CALDERAE (Evermann and Seale)

Gobius calderae EVERMANN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 31

(1907) 511, fig. 3.
Rhinogobius calderae JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Check List Phil. Fishes

(1910) 48.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 9; there are 26 scales in a longitu-
dinal series, 9 in a transverse series, and 9 before the first dorsal.

RHINOGOBIUS 183

The moderately plump body has nearly parallel dorsal and
ventral profiles, the posterior part laterally compressed, the
depth 5.4 times in length; the head 3.8 times in length, its
breadth f of depth of body, 0.6 of its own length, and slightly
more than its own depth; the steeply inclined, round-pointed
snout 3.3 times in head; the large eye a trifle more than length
of snout; the eyes very high up, laterodorsal in position, their
superior margins touching; the distance from tip of snout to
posterior margin of eye less than distance from eye to posterior
margin of opercle; the mouth small, inferior, the snout slightly
projecting, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath pupil of
eye; the teeth of outer row in upper jaw slightly enlarged,
with two rows of minute teeth behind them; in lower jaw four
rows of minute teeth, the outer one slightly enlarged; the tip
of tongue almost rounded, not emarginate; the body covered
with rather large ctenoid scales, those on nape cycloid, large,
and extending to eyes ; the head entirely naked except on nape ;
the bases of pectorals and the breast covered with large cy-
cloid scales; the first dorsal a little lower than depth of body,
the second and third spines longest; the second dorsal and anal
similar in shape and height, about f of body in height, and a
little lower than first dorsal, the posterior rays not longer than
the others and not nearly reaching caudal when depressed; the
caudal somewhat rounded at tip, equal to head in length; the
pectoral is 1.1 times length of head and extends back to a point
beyond anus but does not reach anal; the pointed ventrals are
0.9 length of head and extend to anus.

The color in alcohol whitish with several longitudinal dusky
bands and rows of black spots; one conspicuous row of
circular black spots extends from eye to top of caudal peduncle ;
a row of larger circular or quadrangular black spots extends
from pectoral to base of caudal; below this a row of smaller
black spots and two rows of small black spots along nape and
sides below dorsals; the dusky bands pale and inconspicuous; a
dusky stripe extends from upper lip back to base of pectoral,
ending in a black spot on pectoral ; the cheek marked by vertical
and longitudinal bars of fine brown dots; the dorsal spines
spotted black with a blackish transverse bar on the membrane,
near base ; the second dorsal crossbarred with four rows of black
spots; the caudal obscurely crossbarred with dark and pale,
with a few black spots scattered over the membrane; the ven-
trals and anal faintly marked with dusky.

Ig4 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

This species has a strong resemblance to Gobius ornatus,
with which it would be readily confused if it were not for the
pectorals.

Here described from two specimens, 31 and 38 millimeters
long, collected at the barrio of Nalvo, Luna, La Union Province,
Luzon. It has been previously known solely from the type
specimens collected at Caldera Bay, a few kilometers north of
Zamboanga, Mindanao.

83. RHINOGOBIUS HONGKONGENSIS Scale

Rhinogobius hongkongensis SEAJLB, Philip. Journ. Sci. ,§ D 9 (1914)
74, pi. 1, fig. 2.

Dorsal VI, 1-11; anal I, 10; there are 35 scales in a longitu-
dinal series, 9 in a transverse series, and 10 before the spinous
dorsal.

The body elongate, plump and rounded anteriorly, the pos-
terior half laterally compressed, the dorsal and ventral profiles
nearly horizontal and parallel, the depth 5.6 in length, greatest
anteriorly and tapering slightly to the long broad caudal pedun-
cle; the head large, broad, 4 times in length; the nape plump,
the groove above opercles prominent; the boldly convex snout

3.1 times in head; the eyes equal to snout, dorsolateral, placed
very high up and close together, their inner margins touching;
the mouth moderately large, low down, nearly horizontal, the
jaws equal, the posterior angle of maxillary extending to a
point beneath forward part of pupil; four rows of teeth in
upper jaw, those of first row larger, the others very small and
crowded; in lower jaw four rows of small, sharp pointed teeth,
the outer row of stouter enlarged teeth with a large, posterior,
recurved canine on each side; the body covered with ctenoid
scales, those on posterior half larger, the nape scaled to eyes;
the second spine of first dorsal longest, 1.75 times in head; the
soft dorsal longer than anal, the two fins alike in shape and
height, angulate behind, their posterior rays longest, about 1.5
times in head; the depth of caudal peduncle 2.33 times in head
and a little less than twice in its own length ; the rounded caudal

1.2 times in head; the pectoral pointed, slightly shorter than
head; the ventrals pointed, 1.4 times in head, their tips reaching
anus; the anal papilla small, slender, pointed.

The color in alcohol pale wood brown with a series of about fourteen
small, more or less complete circles of darker brown (sepia) along the
median line of sides, margin of scales on upper half of body also slightly
shaded with sepia; one or two narrow, paler, longitudinal lines above the

RHINOGOBIUS 185

row of median circles; a black line from posterior margin of eye to upper
base . of pectoral fin ; four or five blue spots on opercles and an irregular
brown blotch on cheek below eye; two brownish blotches on base of pectoral;
the dorsals crossbarred by four rows of brown spots ; the caudal crossbarred
by five rows of brown spots ; the anal shades into slate gray on outer third ;
the pectorals and ventrals pale yellowish brown. [Seale.]

I have examined Scale's type, No. 6474, 70 millimeters long,
and two cotypes, Nos. 6489 and 6541, of the Bureau of Science
collection, obtained by him from the market in Hongkong, China.
They are now in very bad condition and the color markings have
largely disappeared.

84. RHINOGOBIUS SCHULTZEI up. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 ; anal I, 7 ; there are 29 scales in a longitudinal
series, 9 in a transverse series, and 15 before the first dorsal.

The trunk strongly compressed laterally, with arched back and
horizontal ventrally, the depth 4.66 in length; the head large,
broad, depressed, its length 3 to 3.1 in head and trunk together ;
its breadth equal or almost equal to body depth, about § of its
own length, and greater than its depth which is half or less
than half its length ; the snout convex, bluntly rounded, contained
4 times in head; the eye equals snout and is in the forward
half of head; the interorbital two-thirds an eye diameter in
breadth; the mouth ' terminal, oblique, with thick lips and pro-
jecting chin, the posterior angle of maxillary extending to a
point beneath forward part of pupil ; three rows of teeth in upper
jaw, the outer row enlarged, and a band of four rows in lower
jaw ; there are no canines ; the tongue broad, truncate ; the body
covered with ctenoid scales, those in front of first dorsal smaller
and extending to eyes ; the remainder of head naked ; there are
two interorbital pores, one behind eye at the beginning of the
prominent supraopercular groove, and two on posterior margin
of preopercle; the dorsals far apart, the first one low, its height
one-half that of body; the second dorsal and anal short, an-
gulate posteriorly, the longest ray of second dorsal 0.75 to f of
depth, falling far short of caudal when depressed; the caudal
truncate with rounded corners, its length $ that of head and
a little more than that of pectoral which extends posteriorly to a
point above anal papilla; the ventrals short, round-pointed,
scarcely reaching anus, § as long as head.

The color in alcohol uniform brownish, paler beneath, with
a conspicuous dark brown spot on posterior part of opercle;
the first dorsal sprinkled with minute violet-brown specks form-

Igg GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

ing two crossbands ; the second dorsal and caudal crossbarred by
three or four irregular dark bands; there is a vertical bar of
violet-brown specks at base of pectoral rays; the other fins all
clear.

Here described from two specimens, 28 and 37 millimeters
in length, collected from the river at Fabrica, Occidental Negros,
by my colleague Mr. W. Schultze, entomologist of the Bureau
of Science, for whom I take pleasure in naming the species.

85. RHINOGOBIUS CANINUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 13, FIG. 4

Gobius caninus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837)
65; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 38; Fische der
Siidsee 2 (1876) 175, pi. 109, fig. C; A. B. MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana
Hist. Nat. 14 (1885) 29 (misprinted as G. cazinus).

Rhinogobius caninus JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28
(1905) 796; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908)
277; SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. % D 5 (1910) 285.

Gobius grandinosus VALENCIENNES, Voy. Bonite Poiss. (1842) 177,
pi. 5, fig. 4.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 9 ; there are from 28 to 30 scales in a
lateral series, 10 in a transverse series, and 16 or 23 scales before
the first dorsal.

The robust body laterally compressed, with a large broad
head ; the depth contained from 4.3 to 4.7 times, the head 3.3 to
3.6 times in length ; the eyes near dorsal profile, of medium size,
their diameter 4£ to 4£ times in head, twice as great as the
interorbital space, and about 0.75 as long as the blunt convex
snout; the mouth oblique with a slightly projecting lower jaw;
the posterior angle of maxillary sometimes extends Do beneath
anterior margin of eye ; the teeth very small and in fine bands ;
those of outer row enlarged and widely spaced, then follow two
or three rows of minute teeth and an inner row a little larger;
the lower jaw has one or two canines on each side at the end
of the short outer row ; the caudal peduncle rather short and deep,
its depth about 0.75 or 0.8 of its length.

The first dorsal usually low, about $ of depth of trunk, but
in specimens from Sandakan, Borneo, the spines have filamen-
tous tips, the third one especially being elongated until it may
equal the head in length; the second dorsal and anal elongated
and angulate posteriorly, the last rays in large specimens reach-
ing caudal; the pectorals extend beyond the broad ventrals and

RHINOGOBIUS 187

may reach anus; the caudal is obtusely rounded and is shorter
than or may equal head; the anal papilla very small.

The trunk covered with large scales which are finely ctenoid,
except on the ventral surface; before the dorsal the scales are
small and extend forward to eyes ; in some specimens there are
16 scales before dorsal; others, similar in other respects, have
23; the base of pectoral partially scaled and upper part of
opercle covered with fine scales; two or three rows of minute
papillae extend longitudinally across cheek, the larger one across
middle, a much smaller one (sometimes two) on lower part; a
similar line runs above the supraopercular groove from posterior
angle of opercle to eye, with a branch curving forward under eye ;
a vertical row on anterior -part of opercle and one or two short
crossrows; several large mucus pores on head as follows: One
a short distance from inner side of second nostril, one right
behind eye on supraopercular groove, two more on the same
groove farther back, and one at forward and one at posterior
end of interorbital space.

The color in life dark green above, paler below, the region
about the ventrals pearly ; five short, wide, black crossbars along
back, the first on head behind eyes, the second in front of first
dorsal, the third beneath first dorsal, the fourth and fifth under
second dorsal ; along the middle of the side five large black spots,
the last and most conspicuous on base of caudal; above angle
of gill opening is a large, brilliant, emerald green spot with a
narrow black margin; on sides of head are small green spots,
either in two rows or many small scattered ones; they may
extend upon the base of pectoral ; along the sides are longitud-
inal rows of golden green spots, a spot on each scale ; the dorsals
are marked by vertical black bars and have a golden band along
upper margin; the anal dusky, with two longitudinal rows of
white spots; the caudal blackish; the pectorals and ventral
dusky, the latter encircled by a white margin.

The color in alcohol brown above to very pale yellowish on
belly; the dorsal bands become dark brown and the large, lat-
eral, black spots fade more or less; the shoulder spot turns to
blue or black and the golden green spots fade to yellow or pearl,
or disappear entirely, while no trace remains of the spots on
the cheeks.

I have observed numerous living specimens of this brilliantly
decorated little goby, from the estuaries of Malabon. The above

Igg GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

description was written after examination of alcoholic spec-
imens, 38 to 106 millimeters in length, obtained from the follow-
ing localities :

Malabon, Rizal Province, 16. Iloilo, Panay, 7.

Manila, 2. Zarraga, Iloilo Province, 5.

Cavite, 2. Navalas, Guimaras, 4.

San Miguel Bay, Camarines Cebu, 1.

Sur Province, 1. Davao, 1.

Buhi River, Camarines Sur Balabac, 5.

Province, 1. Sandakan, Borneo, 15.

Guinobatan, Masbate, 1. Amoy, China, 2.

My largest specimens are spawning females, obtained June
30 ; the smallest spawning female is 75 millimeters long, collected
July 14. This species was recorded by Meyer from Cebu, by
Jordan and Seale from Negros, and by Jordan and Richardson
from Iloilo and Lubang Island. Undoubtedly it occurs through-
out the Philippines in bays and estuaries, but rarely in fresh
water. Elsewhere it is known along the China Sea from Amoy
southward, and in the East Indies.

All the Philippine specimens I have seen agree in having
the first dorsal lower than that in specimens from elsewhere,
without filiform tips, and nearly all have larger scales on the
nape. In other respects they are identical with those figured
and described by authors.

The Philippine form above mentioned may be called Rhino-
gobius caninus magnisquamatus, to distinguish it from the typi-
cal form, which seems to be rare in the Philippines.

86. RHINO GOBIUS BALIUROIDES (Bleeker)

Gobius baliuroides BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. 22 (1849) 26; GUNTHER,

Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 42.
Rhinogobius baliuroides JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

27 (1908) 276.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 27 or 28 scales in a longi-
tudinal series and 7 or 8 in a transverse series.

The body elongate, slender, the dorsal and ventral profiles
nearly parallel, the depth 5.2 to 5.6 times in length; the head
long, low, broad, its depth behind eyes about 0.8 its width, 3.7
to 3.9 in length; the snout short, 3.5 to 3.75 in head, equal to
eyes, which are laterodorsal in position, looking up as much as
sideways, and very close together, the interorbital space neg-
ligible; the mouth oblique, the upper lip above lower margin
of eye, the lower jaw projecting, the posterior angle of maxillary
extending to beneath or almost beneath front margin of eye;

RHINOGOBIUS 189

the teeth of outer row in upper jaw enlarged and widely spaced ;
behind them four rows of minute teeth ; in lower jaw four rows
of minute teeth with a short outer row of enlarged teeth, ter-
minating on each side in a stout backward-curved canine; the
body covered with ctenoid scales, the head naked; in front of
first dorsal about three rows of smaller scales, which curve down
to preopercular groove and forward along it a short distance,
the nape largely naked; the breast and pectoral bases covered
with cycloid scales; pores occur on head as in C. criniger; the
height of first dorsal is f to 0.9 the depth, the second dorsal
spine elongate with threadlike tip, its length a little more than
head, or even ^ longer; the posterior rays of second dorsal
elongate, equal to depth, the fin angulate posteriorly; the anal
similar in shape and nearly or quite as high ; the depth of caudal
peduncle 2.5 times in head and nearly twice in its own length;
the caudal a trifle shorter than head, about 4 times in length;
the pectoral about equal to depth; the ventrals equal or exceed
pectoral, and reach the slender, notched anal papilla or the anal
fin.

The color in alcohol brownish yellow, with five dark brown
lateral blotches along middle, the last on base of caudal; there
are five broad saddlelike crossbars, two predorsal, and one under
first dorsal, one under second dorsal, and one just behind it;
each of the bars under dorsal fins sometimes divided into two;
the head irregularly blotched with dark brown spots ; a dark bar
from eye to upper lip and continued on underside of lower jaw
to meet a similar one on the other side ; the'first dorsal has a very
broad blackish crossbar ; the second dorsal has four to six cross-
bars of blackish brown spots; the anal has a broad blackish
margin ; the pectoral has a circular brown spot on upper part of
base and several crossrows of small brown spots which usually
disappear ; the ventrals blackish ; the caudal conspicuously cross-
barred with about six rows of dark brown spots.

The Bureau of Science collection contains the following speci-
mens of this species :

Vigan, Ilocos Sur Province, 17. Kanoan, Siquijor, 1.

San Fabian, Pangasinan Prov- Cuyo, 1.

ince, 2. Cagayan, Misamis Province,

Malabon, Rizal Province, 9. 6.

South coast of Luzon, 1. Caldera Bay, Zamboanga Prov-

Molo, Iloilo Province, Panay, 1. ince, 1.

Dumaguete, Oriental Negros Davao, Mindanao, 7.

Province, 1.

190 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

They range in length from 26 to 56 millimeters.

This species has been previously reported from Aparri by
Jordan and Richardson. It was described originally from Ma-
dura. It is close to C. criniger but is readily distinguished by
its protruding lower jaw, well-developed canines which are
prominent even in very small specimens, the different scalation,
and the somewhat different color markings.

87. RHINOGOBIUS MULT1FASCIATUS sp. nov.

PLATE 14, FIG. 1

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 9 ; there are 28 scales in a longitudinal
series and 10 in a transverse series.

The body moderately full and rounded anteriorly, laterally
compressed on caudal peduncle ; the dorsal profile gently arched ;
the depth 3.8 to 4 times in length ; the head of moderate size, and
contained 3.45 to 3.55 times in length; the boldly convex snout
rather broad and rounded at tip, 3.4 to 3.75 in head; the eyes
high up, dorsolateral in position, oblique, equal to or 0.875 as
long as snout; the interorbital space varies from 0.25 to 0.5 an
eye diameter; the mouth moderately oblique, with equal jaws,
the posterior angle of maxillary extending to beneath front
margin of eye; the teeth of outer row in upper jaw slender,
sharp-pointed, enlarged ; behind this a band of about three rows
of minute teeth ; the lower jaw has a short row of enlarged teeth
in front, ending in a pair of lateral canines curved backward;
behind this is a band of four or five rows of minute teeth;
the body covered with large ctenoid scales, which become much
smaller above base of pectoral; the full rounded nape usually
naked as far as posterior margin of opercles, with a naked cen-
tral portion extending back as far as first dorsal; the breast
covered with large cycloid scales; the depth of caudal peduncle
from 2.3 to 2.5 times in head and 1.5 times in its own length;
the first dorsal small, the tips of the spines extended but little
beyond the membrane; the longest spines from 1.65 to 1.85 times
in head and about 1.5 times in depth; their tips may or may not
reach origin of second dorsal when depressed ; the second dorsal
and anal approximately equal the longest spines of first dorsal
in height, their posterior rays not reaching caudal when de-
pressed; the caudal subtruncate or round pointed, its length
equal to greatest depth of body; the pectorals and ventrals are
of the same length, about | of depth, and may extend to anus ;
the anal papilla inconspicuous, slender and pointed in males,
and very short, thick, and rounded in females.

RHINOGOBIUS 191

The color in alcohol yellowish gray, with ten to fourteen nar-
row vertical dark brown crossbands which become black lines
on belly; before first dorsal are two short, broad crossbands;
each scale on upper half marked by small dark brown or umber
spots, which form longitudinal rows on the sides; the naked top
of snout and head marked by numerous irregular spots of umber ;
a black or dark brown spot beneath eye between it and upper
lip; the first dorsal spine spotted alternately with black and
white ; there is a black or dark brown transverse bar on lower
part of first dorsal, ending posteriorly in a large black spot;
sometimes there is a second narrow dark bar above the first
one ; the second dorsal crossbarred with about four rows of very
dark spots; the membranes of anal more or less blackish, the
rays white ; the caudal has two rather large basal spots forming
an irregular crossband and about six crossbars of dark brown
spots, the posterior portion clear; the pectorals faintly cross-
barred by rows of dark spots, with a dark spot on upper por-
tion of base; the ventrals blackish.

Here described from 65 specimens, 25 to 54 millimeters in
length, collected in Iloilo, July 23, 1925. Specimens over 40
millimeters long are sexually mature and would apparently
spawn early in August, as many of the females when collected
were almost ready to spawn. These specimens came from the
mouth of Jaro River, where the water is salt.

88. RHINOGOBIUS CRINIGER (Cnvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 14, FIG. 2

Gobius criniger CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837)

62; RICHARDSON, Ichthyology, Voy. Erebus & Terror (1844) 2, pi.

1, figs. 3 and 4; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 29;

DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 288, pi. 62, fig. 2.

Ctenogobius criniger BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 13 (1878) 54.
? Gobius nebulosus FORSKAL, Descrip. Anim. 24 (1775) ; CUVIER and

VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837) 63.
Rhinogobius nebulosus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26

(1907) 41; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908)

276.
Rhinogobius lungi JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907)

41, fig. 13.

Ibanag name, laginlagen.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 9 ; there are 28 to 30 scales in a longi-
tudinal series and 12 in a transverse series.

The body wedge-shaped, robust anteriorly, the compressed
sides tapering rapidly back to caudal peduncle, the depth 4 to

192 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

4.3 in length; in adult specimens the width of the large thick
head equal to or greater than its depth behind eyes, its length
3.1 to 3.3 in head and trunk together ; the boldly convex snout
bluntly rounded, 2.6 to 3.4 in head; the oblique eyes very high
up but lateral, and equal to or 0.8 of length of snout ; the eyes
very close together, the interorbital space 3 to 4 times in
length of eye; the mouth low down, moderately oblique, rather
small, the lower jaw rather weak and equal to upper jaw or
sometimes barely projecting beyond it, the posterior angle of
maxillary beneath front margin of eye; there are four rows of
teeth in upper jaw, those of outer row enlarged, widely spaced,
the others very small ; the lower jaw has five rows, the outer one
short with enlarged teeth and a small lateral canine hardly
larger than the rest at its posterior extremity; the remaining
four rows all of very small teeth; the body covered with firm
ctenoid scales which become much smaller between pectoral and
first dorsal ; the entire head and nape naked back to first dorsal,
or there may be a few very small cycloid scales above opercle,
forward almost to eyes, with a few scattered scales just in front
of first dorsal; a double row of papillae crosses middle of prs-
opercle from front to back, with other rows above and below
more or less developed; there is a large open pore at anterior
extremity of interorbital space; the supraopercular groove
prominent; at its origin behind eye is a large pore, with one or
two pores behind it ; on posterior margin of preopercle are three
large pores ; the base of pectoral and breast covered with small
cycloid scales; the first dorsal rather low, a little less than f
depth of body, the tips of first four spines greatly elongated and
threadlike, longer than head and extending to base of fifth or
sixth ray when depressed; the second dorsal about as high as
first dorsal, the anal a little lower ; both second dorsal and anal
have elongated ray tips, their posterior rays longest, the fins
sharply angulate posteriorly, usually not reaching caudal when
depressed; the pectoral round pointed, of moderate size, its
length nearly equal to depth ; the ventrals are broad and do not
reach anus ; the depth of caudal peduncle approximately 0.75 its
length; the round-pointed caudal shorter than head, 3.6 to 3.8
times in length; the anal papilla small, slender and pointed in
males, subglobose in females.

The color in alcohol whitish brown to red brown, with three
large quadrangular brown or blackish brown spots on side and
a fourth, darker, and nearly circular spot at base of caudal ; on
the nape two broad brown crossbands, each more or less divided

RHINOGOBIUS 193

into two by vermiculate pale lines ; under the first dorsal a very
dark, broad, saddlelike crossband and two smaller, lighter ones
under second dorsal; a blackish brown spot extends from eye
to upper jaw ; beneath eye is a broad, irregular, vaguely defined
brown mark extending down behind mouth ; a wide diagonal dark
brown or blackish bar extends from shoulder downward across
opercle to lower posterior margin of preopercle; the upper half
or two-thirds of body irregularly blotched with dark brown
spots ; the upper part of eye covered by a blackish brown mark ;
the first dorsal has two rows of elongate blackish spots, its
elongate tips black; the second dorsal has four or five rows of
black spots running diagonally downward and backward; the
anal clear with a black margin; the caudal crossbarred by nu-
merous rows of small black spots; the pectoral has a couple of
brown spots on its base; the ventrals are blackish.

The Bureau of Science collection contains specimens as fol-
lows, ranging from 32 to 95 millimeters in length:

Buguey River, Mission, Caga- Dumaguete, Negros, 1.

yan Province, 5. Bantayan, 3.

Laguna de Bay, 7. Cebu, Cebu, 19.

Pasay, Rizal Province, 1. Cabalian, Leyte, 1.

Balayan Bay, Batangas Prov- Borongan, Samar, 2.

ince, 1. Cagayan, Misamis Province,

Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 2 (in Mindanao, 6.

bad condition). Balabac, 12.

Unisan, Tayabas, 8. Spring, Buan Island, Sulu Prov-

Capiz, Panay, 1. ince, 1.
Iloilo, Panay, 6.

This remarkably handsome goby, so distinct from all its con-
geners by reason of its naked head and nape and its striking
markings, has been previously recorded from the Philippines
from Aparri, Manila, Cavite, and Panay. It occurs from Zanzi-
bar to the East Indies and the northwest coast of Australia.

While it may be the Gobius nebulosus of Forskal, there is not
enough detail in his description to convince me that his species
is the same as friniger.

The people at Mission, near Buguey, Cagayan Province, say
that the flesh of this goby is poisonous.

89. RHINOGOBIUS SULUENSIS sp. nov.

PLATE 14, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 9 ; there are 28 to 30 scales in a longi-
tudinal series and 9 in a transverse series.

223798 18

J04 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The body slender, elongate, the dorsal profile very little el-
evated, the depth 5.35 to 5.5 times in length; the rather blunt,
somewhat convex head broader than body, 3.4 to 3.5 times in
length, its breadth equal to or a little less than its depth and
1.8 to 1.96 times in its own length; the snout short, steep, blunt,
3.6 to 4 times in head ; the eyes large, 3 to 3.33 times in head, very
high up, dorsolateral, their inner margins touching; the mouth
oblique, the jaws equal, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath
anterior part of eye or front margin of pupil ; the upper jaw has
an outer row of large, widely spaced, curved teeth and three rows
of minute teeth behind, which become two rows posteriorly;
the lower jaw has a short outer row of somewhat enlarged teeth
terminating at each side in a large curved canine or two ; behind
this is a broad but rather short band of four rows of small teeth ;
the tip of the tongue rounded; the body covered with large
ctenoid scales, which become smaller above pectoral base and
disappear anteriorly; the region before first dorsal and head
naked; on cheek are two parallel longitudinal lines of papillae;
any one or all of the first three dorsal spines may be elongated,
with threadlike tips, which extend well back on second dorsal
when depressed, 1.8 to 1.125 times in head; the second dorsal
lower, not reaching caudal when depressed, 1.66 to 2 times in
head; the anal a little higher than second dorsal, 1.5 to 1.96
times in head ; the depth of caudal peduncle a little more or less
than twice in its length; the pointed caudal 3.1 to 3.8 times in
length ; the pectoral extends back to a line perpendicular to anus,
1.3 to 1.4 times in head; the ventrals pointed, equal to or nearly
equal to pectoral; the anal papilla small, narrow, pointed in
males, subglobose in females.

The color in alcohol reddish brown with four rectangular
dark brown spots on the side, inclosed between two brown longi-
tudinal lines running from under pectoral to tail; at base of
caudal a fifth spot, more rounded, with one or two dark brown
spots immediately behind and often coalescing with it; over the
back are six short, broad, dark brown bands, the first two on
nape, the others under the dorsals ; the spaces between the cross-
bars more or less sprinkled with irregular short brown lines
and spots; a black spot or diagonal bar on opercle; some ir-
regular dark marks on sides of head; the first dorsal dusky
brown with a clear band near base; the second dorsal trans-
versely barred by three or four rows of brown spots ; the caudal
crossbarred by five or more rows of brown spots, those near
base much larger and darker ; the anal faint brown ; the pectoral

RHINOGOBIUS 195

clear, with a large, dark brown spot on upper part of its base;
the ventrals blackish, the margins paler.

Here described from six specimens, 25 to 35 millimeters in
length, collected by me at Bungau, Sulu Province. This hand-
some little fish is close to R. criniger, but presents marked
differences.

Suluensis, from Sulu.

90. RHINOGOBIUS NEOPHYTUS (Giinther)

PLATE 14, FIG. 4

Gobius neophytus GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee 2 (1875) 174, pi. 108,

fig. E.
Rhinogobius neophytus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25

(1906) 400, pi. 37, fig. 2.

Dorsal. VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 23 or 24 scales in a lateral
series and 7 in a transverse series.

The body slender, elongate, narrowed dorsally, the ventral line
but little curved, the back arched, the depth 4.85 in length ; the
head elongate, the upper profile convex, with long and pointed"
snout, imparting a very characteristic appearance, 3.2 times in
length ; the snout 3 times in head ; the eyes very high up, dorso-
lateral, large, protuberant, the upper margin extending above
the profile, equal to snout, very close together so that the inter-
orbital space is linear; the mouth oblique, with broad upper
lip and projecting lower jaw, the posterior angle of maxillary
barely extending back to a point beneath front margin of eye;
there is a band of four rows of very small, slender, pointed teeth
in each jaw, the outer row larger than the others; the head
entirely naked, as is the nape back to first dorsal; the rest of
the body, including pectoral bases and breast, covered with large
ctenoid scales loosely attached and easily lost; the dorsals well
separated, the first spine of first dorsal longest, equal to depth ;
the second dorsal and anal of the same shape and height, next
to the last ray longest and equal to 0.9 of the depth, falling
much short of caudal when depresed; the caudal peduncle long,
slender, its depth 2.25 times in its own length; the bluntly
rounded caudal a trifle shorter than head; the large pointed
pectoral equals caudal in length and extends to a point over
origin of third anal ray ; the ventrals 0.8 as long as head, their
tip touching origin of anal.

The color in alcohol whitish, with numerous scattered dusky
spots more or less definitely arranged in rows over head and
body, a median longitudinal row of larger spots, ending at base

196 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

of caudal in a conspicuous elliptical spot ; there is a black spot at
top of membrane between first and second dorsal spines, the rest
of the fin specked with black ; the second dorsal and caudal cross-
barred by several rows of faint blackish spots; the other fins
colorless.

Here described from a specimen, 34 millimeters long, collected
at Canigaran, near Puerto Princesa, Palawan, by R. C. Mc-
Gregor.

In life this delicate little fish is translucent, with spots of
dark orange and pure black. Our specimen is almost an exact
duplicate of the one figured by Jordan and Seale.

I have since discovered three specimens of this species in the
Bureau of Science collection. They were collected by Alvin Seale
at Puerto Galera, Mindoro, in 1912, and are in very bad condi-
tion, the scales almost entirely gone. They are all of the same
length, 40 millimeters.

This unique, easily recognized dwarf goby has been recorded
previously from Ponape of the Caroline Islands, and from the
Samoan and the Society Islands.

Genus 37. PANDAKA g. nov.

The minute gobies placed under this title are distinguished
by their teeth and fins. There are two rows of very small,
slender, pointed teeth in each jaw, or the upper jaw may have
three rows, the outer row in upper jaw larger and more widely
spaced, the inner row excessively minute; the two rows in lower
jaw of approximately equal size; the first dorsal short, well in
advance of second, the anterior rays highest; the second dorsal
and anal are both short and lower than first dorsal. Dorsal VI,
1-6 or 7; anal I, 5. The body covered with large, firm ctenoid
scales, about 22 in longitudinal series, the head and nape naked
back to origin of first dorsal ; the caudal round pointed, shorter
than head; the gill openings restricted, the isthmus broad, the
branchiostegals 5. Generic type, P. pusiUa, sp. nov.

Pandaka, a kind of dwarf, in several Filipino languages.

Key to the species of Pandaka.

a1. First spine of dorsal elevated, in males much elongated, equal to or much
greater than depth; body bulky, depth 3.6 to 4.1 in length which is
13 to 16.5 millimeters P. pusilla.

a*. First spine of dorsal not elevated, 1.25 times in depth; body much
slenderer, depth 4 to 4.8 in length in females, 5 to 5.6 in males; length
7.5 to 11 millimeters P. pygmaea.

PANDAKA 197

91. PANDAKA PUSILLA sp. nov.

PLATE 15, PIGS. 1 AND 2

Dorsal VI, 1-6; anal I, 6; there are 22 to 24 scales in a
longitudinal series and 7 or 8 in a transverse series.

The body stout, the sides of posterior half strongly com-
pressed, the dorsal profile arched, the depth 3.6 to 4.1 in length ;
the large head 3.1 to 3.5 times in length, its breadth a little
greater than its depth and about 0.75 of its own length; the
convex, broad, rounded snout a fourth of head and shorter than
eye, which is placed very high up on the side, its superior margin
flush with or projecting above the profile, 3 to 3.3 times in head ;
the distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of eye equals
or slightly exceeds the postorbital region of head ; the broad, flat,
interorbital space usually equals diameter of eye; the mouth
strongly oblique, the lower jaw projecting, the posterior angle
of maxillary extending beneath anterior third of eye; the teeth
in upper jaw in three rows, an outer row of enlarged, slender,
incurved teeth, the others minute; the lower jaw has two rows
of teeth about equal in size, not so large as outer row in upper
jaw ; the body covered with firm ctenoid scales of nearly uniform
size; the head, nape back to first dorsal, pectoral bases, and
breast naked; the dorsals well separated, the first or first and
second spines elongated; in males they are very long, often
extending beyond axil of second dorsal when depressed, or 2.3
times in total length; in females the first spine of first dorsal
is elevated but never reaches beyond base of first ray of second
dorsal when depressed, or about 3.7 times in total length; the
second dorsal and anal of approximately equal height and shape,
the posterior rays not elongated and falling far short of caudal
when depressed, the longest rays 5 to 6 times in length or about
§ the length of head ; the caudal broad, bluntly rounded, 0.7 as
long as head; the pectoral broad, rounded, 0.7 to 0.8 as long as
head; the ventrals elongate, pointed, extending to anal papilla,
which in males is long, tapering, pointed, and in females short,
thick, and rounded.

The color in alcohol nearly uniform yellowish brown, with
small, blackish brown dots sprinkled over entire body; careful
inspection from above shows them to be arranged in four broad
transverse bars over back ; a large red-brown quadrangular spot
between and behind eyes ; a large black spot at base of caudal ;
a smaller black spot on base of anal and two others on underside
of caudal peduncle ; in males there is a large black spot on basal

198 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

part of membrane between fifth and sixth dorsal spines; there
is a black spot on upper part of base of pectoral ; the dorsals and
anal faintly sprinkled with fine brown dots.

Here described from twenty-seven specimens, collected near
the shore at Sitankai, by Alvin Scale; twenty-two are males,
ranging in length from 13 to 16.5 millimeters, with an average
length of 14.6 millimeters; five are gravid females ready to
spawn, four of them 14.5 millimeters in length, the other one
15.5 millimeters. In both spawning males and females the belly
is protuberant, broad and rounded, while a few males are slen-
derer than given in the description. Although not much longer
than the sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis Smith) of Lake
Buhi, this tiny marine goby is very much bulkier and, even when
of the same length, is a much larger fish.

Pusillus, very little.

92. PANDAKA PYGMAEA sp. nov.

PLATE 15, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-6 or 7; anal I, 5; there are 22 scales in a lon-
gitudinal series and 6 in a transverse series.

The body moderately elongate, robust, wedge-shaped when
viewed from above, the males comparatively slender, the dorsal
and ventral profiles nearly straight; the females much stouter,
the dorsal profile little curved, the belly protuberant and the
ventral outline strongly arched, the depth 4 to 4.8 in length, in
males 5 to 5.6 ; the head large, blunt, the upper and lower profiles
converging and pointed when viewed from the side, 3.25 to 3.36
times in length in females, 3 times in males; the head much
broader than deep, the depth 0.6 of the breadth ; the snout very
short, broad, rounded, 6 to 6.6 times in head and 2 to 2.4 times
in eye; the large, full eyes lateral, 2.5 to 3.2 times in head;
the mouth very oblique, the lower jaw and chin projecting, the
posterior angle of maxillary extending beneath anterior part of
eye or to middle of pupil ; there are two rows of teeth in each
jaw, the outer one in upper jaw larger and more widely spaced,
the inner row very minute, like the teeth of a microscopic saw ;
the first dorsal low, much in advance of second dorsal, not reach-
ing second dorsal when depressed, the longest spine 1.25 times
in depth, and 1.5 times in head; the second dorsal and anal are
very low and extend not more than halfway to base of caudal,
the longest rays 0.75 the height of first dorsal; the depth of
caudal peduncle 2.2 of its own length and 2 to 2.5 times in depth ;

ZONOGOBIUS 199

the caudal about 1.1 to 1.5 times in head; the pectoral pointed,
1.33 to 1.5 times in head and 4 to 5 times in length; the ventrals
pointed, about as long as pectoral or longer ; the anal papilla very
short and rounded in females, longer and very slender in males.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown with a blackish brown
spot at base of caudal and four similar but smaller spots on
underside, the first under anterior part of anal fin, the second
immediately behind it, the third midway of caudal peduncle,
the fourth at base of caudal ; the top of head back to first dorsal
sprinkled with black dots, which also extend upon side of head;
over back are five broad, dark brown crossbands, at the begin-
ning and posterior part of both dorsals, and over caudal pedun-
cle; a small spot present at upper side of base of caudal; base
of pectoral also lightly spotted.

Here described from seventy-five specimens, 7.5 to 11 millk
meters in length. Adult males are less than 9 millimeters long ;
adult females, .with the belly distended with eggs, are from
10 to 11 millimeters long. The specimens were in a bottle with
fishes collected in 1907 in Malabon, but whether they also came
from there is uncertain.

This is unquestionably the smallest fish yet described, averag-
ing 2.5 or 3 millimeters less in length than the famed sinarapan
(Mistichthys luzonensls Smith) of Lake Buhi. I have examined
all the minute fish thus far known from Polynesia and North
America, and none is as tiny as this species.

Pygmaeus, dwarf.

Genus 38. ZONOGOBIUS Bleeker

Zonogobius BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 323.

The fishes of this genus are tiny gobies, plain or of uniquely
variegated coloration, with the large head and nape back to first
dorsal entirely naked ; the body covered with firm ctenoid scales,
22 to 30 in longitudinal series ; the mouth large, very oblique ; the
teeth slender, needle-pointed, in two or more rows in each jaw,
the outer row in upper jaw enlarged; the other teeth minute;
the dorsals separate, the spinous dorsal higher than second
dorsal; the caudal obtuse or rounded, shorter than head; the
pectoral has no silklike rays above.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 to 10 ; anal I, 7 or 8.

Bleeker was in error when he stated that each jaw has two
rows of teeth.

200 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

93. ZONOGOBIUS SEMIDOLIATUS (Cuvier and Vi

PLATE 30, FIG. 2

Gobms semidoliatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12
(1837) 51; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 31; Fische
der Siidsee 2 (1876-1881) 174, pi. 109, fig. H; DAY, Fishes of
India (1878) 295, pi. 59, fig. 6; WEBER, Fische, Siboga Exp. (1913)
462.

Zonogobius semidoliatus JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull.
Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 397, fig. 86; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28
(1905) 796.

Tatok-layam, name at Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 or 9; anal I, 7 or 8; there are 27 scales in a
longitudinal series and 9 or 10 in a transverse series.

The body strongly compressed laterally, with thick heavy head
equal to depth and 2.7 to 3 times in length; the short snout a
little less than eye, 3.5 to 4 in head; the eyes high up, dorsolat-
eral, 3xor a little less than 3 times in head; the interorbital
space about 3 times in eye ; the body covered with ctenoid scales,
the head, nape, breast, and pectoral base naked ; the large mouth
very oblique, almost vertical, with strongly projecting lower
jaw; the posterior angle of maxillary is beneath front margin
of eye or may extend a little beyond it; the teeth in upper jaw
in four rows, an outer row of enlarged teeth curved inward,
and three rows of minute teeth, with a group of larger teeth
in center behind middle of front row ; in the lower jaw there is
a band of three (four?) rows of very small teeth, followed by
an inner row of enlarged erect needlelike teeth ; the dorsals are
separated, the second, third, and fourth spines of first dorsal
elongated and threadlike, the longest spine 3 times in length,
equal to or a little less than head (according to Giinther's figure
it may equal half the total length) ; the second dorsal and anal
similar in shape, the posterior rays longest and reaching caudal
when depressed, about f depth; the caudal broadly rounded,
shorter than head ; the broad pectoral shorter than caudal ; the
long slender ventrals reach anal papilla.

The color of alcoholic specimens brown, with seven or more
conspicuous, broad, pale crossbands edged with dark brown on
anterior half of body ; the fins all uniformly colored except first
dorsal, which is crossbarred by rows of red spots.

A specimen sketched from life by T. S. Espinosa, was dark
wine red, with whitish crossbands on anterior half ; the fins paler
than body, and all, except ventral, crossbarred with many rows
of red spots.

CINGULOGOBIUS 201

The Bureau of Science collection contains one specimen from
Puerto Princesa, Palawan, and one from Sitankai, 18 and 19
millimeters long, respectively.

Mr. Scale obtained this species from Samal Island, Davao
Gulf, and it was recorded by Jordan and Seale from southern
Negros ; Weber obtained it also at Sanguisiapo, an island of the
Tawitawi group, Sulu Province.

This uniquely marked and easily recognized goby is found on
coral reefs from the Red Sea eastward throughout the East
Indies, and southeast in the Pacific Ocean to the Samoan and
Tonga Islands.

Genus 39. CINGULOGOBIUS g. nov.

This genus is very close to Zonogobius, from which it may be
at once distinguished by the nape being scaled instead of naked.

The body covered with very finely ctenoid scales, which extend
forward to eyes, their teeth visible only with a compound micro-
scope; the scales on sides of nape reduced in size; a few small
scales on upper part of opercle, the cheeks naked; fine scales
on breast and base of pectoral; the mouth large, oblique, with
three rows of teeth in upper jaw, two rows in lower, the outer
row in each enlarged and widely spaced, but without canines;
the tip of tongue free, subtruncate; the dorsals separate, the
first dorsal lower than second ; the caudal rounded, shorter than
head; no free silklike rays on upper part of pectoral.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 to 12; anal I, 9 to 11; gill openings wide,
extended forward, isthmus narrow; branchiostegals 4. Generic
type, Pleurogobius boulengeri Seale.

Cingidus, a girdle or belt.

94. CINGULOGOBIUS BOULENGERI (Seale)

PLATE 16, FIG. 1
Pleurogobius boulengeri SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § A 4 (1909) 536.

Dorsal VI, 1-11; anal I, 10; there are 28 or 30 scales in a
longitudinal series, 9 in a transverse series, and 8 before the first
dorsal.

The body strongly compressed laterally, with large heavy head,
the dorsal outline moderately convex, the ventral one slightly so,
the depth 3.75, the head 3 times in length; the head a little
broader than deep, its width 1.35 times in its length; the snout
convex, broad, gently rounded, shorter than eye, 4.5 times in
head; the eyes very high up, oblique, dorsolateral and gazing
up as well as sideways, very close together, 3 times in head ; the

202 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

interorbital space less than width of pupil; the mouth oblique
at an angle of about 45°, the lower jaw projecting, the posterior
angle of maxillary under front margin of eye ; the outer row in
upper jaw has enlarged, curved, widely spaced teeth, followed
by two rows of very small teeth, the middle ones of inner row
enlarged; the lower jaw has two rows, the outer one enlarged;
the dorsal spines slender, the second one longest, 2.25 times in
head, none reaching second dorsal when depressed; the second
dorsal and anal longest posteriorly, not reaching caudal when
depressed, higher than first dorsal, the longest dorsal ray 1.75
times in head, the anal a little lower, its longest ray 1.85 in
head; the caudal peduncle depth 2.5 times in head; the rounded
caudal 1.25 times in head; the pectorals round-pointed, a trifle
shorter than head; the ventrals 1.1 in head, not reaching the
short, thick, rounded anal papilla.

Color dark brown banded by 12 narrow white, dark-margined vertical
bands which completely encircle the body and are of much less width than
the interspaces; four of these bands are on the head, the first over the
snout just in front of eyes and down to angle of mouth, the second from
outer part of nuchal region down through eyes, the third and fourth from
nuchal region down sides of head, the fifth from origin of dorsal over
base of pectorals, the remainder at regular intervals on body, there being
one around the middle of caudal peduncle and another at base of caudal;
these last two indistincc. Vertical fins uniform dark grayish, pectorals
and ventrals yellowish white. [Seale.]

The type and sole specimen is No. 5505 of the Bureau of
Science collection, obtained by Alvin Scale at Puerto Princesa,
Palawan. Its length is 35 millimeters. It is now badly dam-
aged, most of the fins are broken, and the white bands much
faded. It must have been very handsome in life.

So far as I am aware, no such genus as Pleurogobius has ever
been published, and it is not recognized by Jordan in his work
on the genera of fishes. In the Bureau of Science accession
book the specimen was cataloged under the name of Pterogobius,
but from that genus it is far removed.

Genus 40. ABOMA Jordan and Starks

Aboma JORDAN and STARKS, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. II 5 (1895) 497.
This genus is distinguished by the presence of seven or eight
dorsal spines ; the head is naked, rounded in profile, narrow, not
depressed between the eyes; the mouth moderate, not very
oblique, the chin not very prominent, the tip of tongue not
notched, the outer teeth somewhat enlarged; dorsals and anal

ABOMA 203

short, no fleshy flaps on shoulder girdle, and no silklike rays on
pectoral.

Species rather numerous in Japan and several from the west
coast of Mexico ; all of them are small fishes of mottled coloration.

95. ABOMA VIGANENSIS (Steindachner)

Gobius viganensis STEINDACHER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. 1021 (1893)
230.

Dorsal VII, 1-9; anal I, 11; there are 28 to 29 scales in a longitudinal,
9 in a transverse series.

The compact body is strongly compressed,, the dorsal profile of the head
and back is arched like a bow, ascending to the origin of the first dorsal,
moderately so in an example that is 67 millimeters long, very little in one
of 48 millimeters, the depth 4 to 45 times in the length; the sides of the
head are plump, its length something more than 3.6 times in the total
length; the breadth of the head is nearly 1§ times, its height about H
times in its own length; the snout is about 3.5 times, the rather small
oval eyes about 4 times in the head; the interorbital is 0.5 the length of
the eye; the mouth is diagonal, the maxillary reaching to a little before
the middle of the eye, the length of the gape 5 of the length of the head;
there is a broad band of short, tender teeth in each jaw; in front of it in
the lower jaw is a short row of widely spaced, much larger, crooked teeth
of which the last are most strongly developed and with the points turned
backward, as in Rhinogobius caninus; in the upper jaw along the outer
margin of the dental band is a row of teeth a little stouter and longer, of
which the anterior central ones are a little larger than the lateral ones,
which reach back to the middle of the gape; the sides and top of the head
are completely scaleless back to the posterior end of the very narrow in-
terorbital; the scales on the nape back to the beginning of the first dorsal
and laterally to upper margin of the opercle and base of the pectoral are
about half as large as the scales on the caudal peduncle ; the large posterior
scales, and especially those below the Jbase of the first dorsal back the length
of the horizontally laid pectoral have their posterior margin mostly bluntly
angular with a sharply distinct angular tip, the rest as a rule with the
hind margin weakly arched; the second, third, and fourth spines of the
first dorsal have their tips elongated, threadlike, the second longest, nearly
equal to the head, the first § as long as the head, the last very short; with the
exception of the first ray, the second dorsal is of nearly uniform height
to the third from the end, which is about If times, the first scarcely more
than 3 times, the second contained more than 2.5 times in the head; the
anal is of uniform height to the third from the end, which is about .6 the
Jength of the head; the depth of the caudal peduncle is twice in the head
and somewhat less than twice in the depth of the body; the rounded caudal
is a little shorter than the head; the pectoral is about If times in the head;
the ventral is more than 15 times in the head, not reaching the anus, and
•with a broad frenum.

The ground color of the body is yellowish brown; a small narrow indigo
blue stripe along the hind margin of the opercle in the large example, in
the smaller it is spread out in spots; the scales on the upper posterior
half with small brown spots, forming tolerably regular longitudinal lines;

204 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

four large, dark brown spots along the upper middle of the side of the pos-
terior half of the trunk; three to four sharply denned indigo blue cross-
lines on the lower half of the body between the base of the pectoral and the
anus; the posterior one of these lines lies very close before the first of
the four large spots on the side of the trunk (in the larger example a large,
deep brown spot with indistinct margin lies between the upper margin
of the opercle and the center of the nape on the one side but is lacking on
the other side, while the smaller example lacks it on both sides) ; the ventral
is violet-gray, with a olear margin. [Steindachner.]

This species is known only from the two specimens described
by Steindachner, found by him in the Vienna Museum and col-
lected at Vigan, Ilocos Sur.

Genus 41. APARRIUS Jordan and Richardson

Aparrius JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 278.

The teeth are minute, in two or three rows in each jaw, with
or without small posterior canines in the lower jaw1; the notched
tongue short, adnate nearly to tip ; the tail very long and pointed ;
dorsal VI, 1-10 or 11, at least some of, the spines with elongated,
threadlike tips; the second dorsal short; anal I, 9 to 11; the
cheeks and opercles naked; the pectorals without silklike rays
above; scales in longitudinal series 26 to 42.

According to the authors, the teeth are "very fine, in bands
in both jaws." This genus is very close to Rhinogobius, differ-
ing in dentition, shape and length of caudal, and shape of tongue.

Key to the species of Aparrius.

a1. Scales 26 to 29; no black longitudinal bands on side A. acutipinnis.

a2. Scales 38 to 42; two black longitudinal bands on side A- moloanus.

96. APARRIUS ACUTIPINNIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 16, FIG. 2

Gobius acutipennis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 60.
Gobius acutipinnis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Rrit. Mus. 3 (1861) 44;

DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 291, pi. 61, fig. 2.
Acentrogobius acutipinnis SMITH and SEALS, Proc. Biol. Wash. 19

(1906) 81.
Aparrius acutipinnis JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

27 (1908) 278.
(?) Rhinogobius ocyurus JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

27 (1908) 42, fig. 14.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 or 11; anal I, 10 or 11; there are usually 27
(26 to 29) scales in a lateral series and 7 or 8 in a transverse
series.

APARRIUS 205

The body rather broad, much compressed from side to side;
the ventral profile more arched than the dorsal, which is nearly
horizontal, the depth 4£ to 4f times in length; the head broad,
deep, 3.25 to 3.5 times in length; the short blunt snout descends
abruptly, its length 3 to 3§ times in head ; the upper lip protrac-
tile; the mouth oblique, rather small, the lower jaw included;
the posterior angle of maxillary sometimes barely reaches front
margin of eye, but usually it extends to middle of eye or even
to its posterior margin ; in large males it is broad, the posterior
angle very prominent, extending beyond eye; the teeth of upper
jaw in two rows, the outer ones gently curved and slightly larger
than those of inner row; the lower jaw has two or three rows of
teeth, the third row1 is more or less imperfectly developed; the
eyes high up, very close together, laterodorsal, their diameter
0.75 of snout or sometimes equal to its length; the interorbital
space very narrow, its width £ or less that of eye; the entire
head naked, with no scales forward of dorsal fin or on
base of pectoral, except that the sides of nape may be partially
scaled; the caudal peduncle contained about twice in greatest
depth of body and 2.4 to 3 times in head; the tips of dorsal
spines all elongated, those of first five often threadlike and
longer than head, reaching to fourth or fifth ray of second
dorsal or even upon caudal peduncle when depressed ; the second
dorsal rays high, the longest ones greater than depth and ex-
tending upon caudal when depressed; the anal is much lower
and barely reaches or does not reach caudal when depressed;
the caudal elongate, pointed, the central rays much the longest
and easily broken, about 2.5 times in length when uninjured,
twice in some young specimens; the pectoral a little longer than
depth; the ventrals about the same length; both pectorals and
ventrals may extend back as far as origin of anal; the anal
papilla slender, pointed, almost threadlike.

The color in alcohol pale yellow, brownish yellow, or gray,
with a series of about five dark brown blotches along midlateral
line, the last and most conspicuous at base of caudal, and five
obscure, double, transverse lines over back ; a small, dark brown
spot between each two lateral blotches; two to four transverse
brown lines on predorsal region, or the nape marked by spots
and vermiculations ; a heavily pigmented blackish spot on top
of eye ; a conspicuous brown bar or black line passes from mid-
dle of lower rim of eye downward across preopercle to behind
angle of mouth; it may be straight or become curved in large

206 GOBIES OP THE PHILIPPINES

males with maxillaries produced backward; a dark spot or bar
on base of pectoral; the first dorsal spine alternately clear and
black-spotted ; the membrane of first and second dorsal and anal
dusky with minute dark specks ; the caudal faintly barred with
dusky bands ; the ventrals blackish with paler or white margins.

In fresh specimens, the lines and vermiculations before the
dorsal and the spots and marks on the dorsal part of the body
were dark red; the eye spot or bar on the iris was of the same
color; the band from the eye to the underside of the head was
black; the dorsals were crossbarred by rows of brown spots;
at least the upper half of the caudal was crossed by rows of
small dark spots ; the pectorals were golden ; the anal was golden
with a broad dusky margin.

Here described from a number of specimens, from 32 to 50
millimeters long. They are part of a lot of fifty-two specimens,
ranging down to a length of 18 millimeters, collected by me
from Abra River, Cauayan, Ilocos Sur Province. I have also
examined the generic type at Stanford University, and the
following specimens in the Bureau of Science collection :

Vigan, Ilocos Sur Province, 13. Bigaa and Arimbay Rivers,
Agno River, Dagupan, Panga- Albay Province, 35.

sinan Province, 10. Libog River, Albay Province,
Baliuag, Bulacan Province, 1. 18.

Subic, Zambales Province, 1. Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 1.

Lake Taal, Batangas Province, San Jose, Antique Province, 5.

56. Capiz, Capiz Province, 13.

Pansipit River, Batangas Prov- Molo, Iloilo Province, 9.

ince, 1. Villa, Iloilo Province, 1.

The largest specimens of this variable species are 66 milli-
meters long. I place here also a specimen, 52 millimeters long,
collected by Alvin Scale at Caldera Bay, Mindanao, in 1908.
It is in bad condition and differs from the others in having
small circular black spots scattered thinly over the entire head,
including the jaws, and the upper half of the body back to the
tail; other color markings have entirely disappeared, with the
exception of the conspicuous brown bar from the eye to the
lower margin of the preopercle.

This species was listed by Jordan and Richardson from Aparri,
at the northern end of Luzon, and by Smith and Seale from
Cotabato, Mindanao. The Rhinogobius ocyurns of Jordan and
Seale is probably this species.

This fish occurs from the coasts of India to the Philippines.

APARRIUS 207

•7. APARRIUS MOLOANUS sp. nov.

PLATE 16, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-10 or 11; anal I, 9 or 10; there are 38 to 42
scales in a longitudinal series and 13 or 14 in a transverse series.

The body elongate, plump, laterally compressed, the depth in
sexually mature males about 5 times in length, in ripe females
4.3 to 4.9 times; the head 4 to 4.3 in length; the very short,
convex, blunt snout from 3f to 4 times in head; the eyes high
up, dorsolateral, their gaze almost as much upward as sideways,
equal to snout; the interorbital space very narrow, 3 to 6 times
in eye; the small mouth oblique, the jaws equal, the posterior
angle of maxillary under anterior third of eye or anterior part
of pupil ; the minute teeth in two rows above and two or three
in lower jaw, with a pair of small, outward-curving posterior
canines in outer row ; the tongue very slightly notched ; the head
entirely naked; the trunk covered with ctenoid scales, largest
posteriorly, except on breast, pectoral bases, and nape, where
they are very small and cycloid ; the scales on nape do not extend
forward beyond opercles, about fifteen or sixteen rows in front
of first dorsal ; a pore on the anterior and one on the posterior
part of interorbital space, four in the supraopercular groove
running from eye to pectoral base, and three on the posterior
margin of preopercle; the dorsals well separated, their height
in general the same and a little more than f the depth of body ;
the second dorsal spine may have the tip elongated and thread-
like in males, when it may be longer than the head and extend
to third dorsal ray when depressed; the posterior ray of second
dorsal longest, reaching base of caudal when depressed; the
anal similar in shape, but with a shorter base, its height equal
to or seven-eighths that of second dorsal, but its posterior rays
never reaching caudal; the pectorals and ventrals pointed, of
equal length or the ventrals a little shorter, equal to or a little
shorter than head; the depth of caudal peduncle 0.6 of its own
length and If times in head; the caudal pointed, 2.7 to 2.8
times in length in males ; in females it may be as long or shorter,
to 3.3 times in length; the anal papilla small, slender, and
pointed in males, stout, rounded, and short in females.

The color in alcohol pale whitish, with two black longitudinal
bands on sides ; the first begins behind eye and extends back to
upper origin of caudal ; the other and wider band begins in axil
of pectoral and ends at middle of base of caudal ; on it are six

208 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

black spots, the last two very close together; from eye a black
bar extends diagonally downward behind angle of maxillary;
a black spot on opercle and a small one on upper margin of eye,
usually back of center; the pupil white; the first dorsal has a
dark band along its base, the first spine or all the spines alter-
nately black and light spotted ; there is a basal row of dark spots
on membranes of second dorsal or there may be three such
rows ; the outer half of anal blackish ; the pectoral has two black
spots on base, or a longitudinal bar above and a spot below;
the ventrals dusky, with whitish margin; the basal portion of
caudal black-spotted, its tip black.

Here described from twelve adult specimens, 41 to 48 milli-
meters in length, collected at Molo, Iloilo Province, Panay,
August 15, 1925. Four others were collected at Capiz, Panay,
one immature, 32 millimeters long, the others about 45 milli-
meters long.

A specimen, 47 millimeters long, has just been received from
Mr. F. Reveche, San Jose, Antique Province, Panay.

Genus 42. WAITEA Jordan and Seale

Waitea JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25
(1906) 407.

This genus is close to Gobionellus, according to its authors,
but is separated therefrom by having the maxillaries produced
backward to or almost to the lower posterior angle of the
preopercle. The large head and nape are naked, with the entire
region before the first dorsal naked or with a few very small
scales on posterior part; the mouth very large, the tip of the
tongue rounded; in the upper jaw an outer row of large teeth
and two inner rows of very minute teeth; in the lower jaw a
band of four rows of very small, slender, needlelike, depressible
teeth, the inner and outer rows the largest ; the pectoral without
silken rays above. Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 9. There are 36
to 38 scales in a longitudinal series, and 16 in a transverse series.

One species, known from Java, Samoa, and the Philippines.

98. WAITEA MYSTACINA (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Gobius mystacinus CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12
(1837) 94; GtJNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 48.

Waitea mystacina JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906)
407, fig. 94; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908)
279.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 9; there are 36 or 38 scales in a
longitudinal series and about 16 in a transverse series.

WAITEA 209

The head and body laterally compressed, the dorsal profile
nearly horizontal, the depth 4.6 to 4.7 times in length; the head
very large, pointed when viewed laterally, 2.6 to 3 times in
length, its depth equal to or a little greater than that of body;
the snout convex, with a small median hump, 4.25 times in head ;
the eyes lateral, 3.5 to 4.25 in head, high up, the upper margin
of eye flush with profile, the narrow interorbital 4 times in
eye; the distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of eye
less than postorbital length of head; the mouth very large,
oblique,, the upper jaw very slightly projecting, the upper lip
protractile, the maxillary very long and produced backward
across cheek to lower corner of preopercle, though angle of
mouth is below pupil or posterior part of eye; the teeth as
given under the genus ; the body covered with moderately large
ctenoid scales posteriorly, which become much smaller and less
regularly disposed anteriorly ; the dorsals separated, the anterior
rays of first dorsal highest, equal to or slightly exceeding depth,
extending to second or third ray of second dorsal when de-
pressed; the second dorsal high, the sixth and seventh rays
produced most and filamentous, 1.15 to 1.3 times in head and
extending upon caudal more than £ of its length; the anal
shorter and lower than second dorsal, the posterior rays elon-
gated, equal to depth ; the caudal peduncle narrow and short, its
depth a little more than half the depth of body and about 1.28
times in its own length; the caudal moderately pointed, 1 -f- to
1.3 times in head; the pectoral pointed, the central rays elongate,
equal to or 1.2 times in head; the ventrals narrow, 1.35 to 1.7
times in head, extending to anus ; the anal papilla minute, very
thin in the male; in the female it is very short, thick, and
rounded.

The color in alcohol yellowish gray, with broad dark cross-
bars, three showing distinctly on posterior half and running
diagonally forward and downward ; there are large circular spots
on the naked nape and extending back on each side below first
dorsal; the sides of head and pectoral bases sprinkled thickly
with oval or circular spots, largest on cheeks and very small
en pectorals; all these spots dark greenish olive; those on sides
of head are ocellated and were probably blue or pearl in life,
with a dark margin; small circular olive dots on sides beneath
pectoral ; the fins in our specimens are all black or violet-black.

Here described from a male and a female specimen, 45 and
46 millimeters long, respectively, collected at Iloilo, Panay.

210 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

This species was previously reported from Aparri, Luzon, by
Jordan and Richardson. It was obtained in Samoa by David
Starr Jordan, and was originally collected in Java by Kuhl and
Van Hasselt, whose specimen was described by Cuvier and Val-
enciennes.

My specimens are unmistakably the same fish as that show*i
in Jordan and Scale's figure 94, but the upper lip in their figure
has been extended so that the snout is unnaturally long; the
dorsal fins are unlike those of our specimens in shape, and the
caudal in their figure is greatly elongated and lanceolate. This
is probably correct for some specimens, since Weber gives the
shape as lanceolate. No author mentions the spots on head
and sides, but they are shown, though poorly, in the figure of
the Samoan example.

Genus 43. CHONOPHORUS Poey

Chonophorus POEY, Poissons de Cuba 2 (1860) 274 (replaces Awaous,

issued a few days later).
Awaous STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 42 (1860)

289; BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9

(1874) 320.

This group is separated from its congeners by the presence of
two or more small fleshy flaps, or papillae, on the inner margin
of the shoulder girdle, and by the peculiar physiognomy of some
species.

The robust body elongate, strongly compressed laterally, and
covered with 40 to 80 ctenoid scales in longitudinal series, 50
to 60 in Philippine species; they become cycloid and smaller on
the nape, extending forward to eyes, from which they are
separated by a mucus channel; the upper part of opercles, the
posterior part of preopercles, and the base of pectorals covered
with small cycloid scales; the head is large, with a long, convex
snout, a thick, protractile upper lip, a rather small oblique mouth,
and is naked except as above stated; three or more rows of
sharp pointed subequal teeth form a band in each jaw, without
canines, those of outer row erect and not longer than the others
in most species, though in some foreign representatives of the
genus the outer row may be enlarged ; the tongue broad, thick,
mostly adnate, with convex or subtruncate tip ; the gill openings
wide but not extended forward, restricted below, the isthmus
wide, with three fleshy flaps (in our species) on inner edge of
shoulder girdle; the dorsals well separated, the tips of first
dorsal often greatly elongated and threadlike ; the second dorsal
and anal similar in shape, the posterior rays more or less

CHONOPHORUS 211

elongated; the pectorals large, without silky rays above; the
ventrals are very well developed, long, broad, and pointed, and
form an exceedingly powerful adhesive organ ; the caudal broad,
truncate to pointed, and may be shorter or much longer than
head. Dorsal VI, 1-10 to 12 ; anal I, 10 or 11 ; branchiostegals 5.
A genus of medium-sized to large gobies, abundant in rocky,
gravelly, tropical rivers, of wide distribution in the Indo-Pacific
and tropical Atlantic regions. One of the species is a very im-
portant ipon goby in northern Luzon, and the adult is one of
the chief food fishes in the valley of Cagayan River.
Key to the Philippine species of Chonophorus.

a1. Sides with eight to twelve dark brown or blackish crossbars; no lines

from eye to margin of snout.

61. Ten or twelve narrow crossbars; a small, vertical, dark brown streak
on each scale on upper half of body; a broad dark bar from eye

diagonally behind maxillary C. genivittatus.

b". Eight or ten broad, crescentic crossbars; scales on upper half with
irregular dark spots; a large black spot beneath eye.

C. lachrymosus.

a*. Sides without eight to twelve crossbars; two lines from eye to margin
of snout.

c1. First dorsal lightly barred; no ocellus C. melanocephalus.

c2. First dorsal spotted with dark brown; a large, black, white-margined
ocellus on posterior half C. ocellaris.

99. CHONOPHORUS GENIVITTATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 16, FIG. 4

Gobius genivittatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 48; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 13; Fische

der Siidsee 2 (1876) 170, pi. 110, fig. C.
Awaous genivittatus FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1900) 517;

JORDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 23 (1903) 492

(fig. 218, after Gunther).

Dorsal VI, 1-10 or 11; anal I, 10 or 11; there are 50 to 52
scales in a longitudinal series, 14 in a transverse series, and
16 to 18 before the first dorsal.

The body elongate and laterally compressed, the large blunt
head much wider than trunk; the greatest depth varies from
3.5 to 4f times, the head 3.5 times in length; the snout wide,
blunt, and very convex in profile, its length 3 times in that of
head ; the rather small eyes high up, lateral, their length 4 times
in head and 0.75 that of snout; the distance from tip of snout
to rear margin of eye equals postorbital length of head ; the
interorbital space narrow, its breadth 0.5 to f that of eye; the
subterminal, thick-lipped oblique mouth rather small, with very
protractile upper lip ; the maxillary may not reach eye or may

212 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

extend beneath its anterior margin ; there is a large pore behind
eye at origin of supraopercular groove ; the scales on nape much
smaller than those on sides; the cheeks and opercles swollen,
smooth, and scaleless except for a few tiny scales at upper
inner angle of opercle; the first dorsal spines have filiform
tips which may be much elongated and equal to greatest depth
of body; the second dorsal and anal similar in outline, the
posterior rays longest, equal to or greater than the depth beneath
and extending to caudal, which is elongate, moderately pointed,
2.5 to 2.8 times in length; the ventrals large with a very broad
frenum, and equal in length to the wide, rounded pectoral.

The color in alcohol varies from pale greenish or nearly white
to pale or yellow-brown, with ten to twelve narrow dark brown
or blackish crossbars on each side and a small vertical dark
brown streak on each scale on upper half of body ; a broad, dark
brown bar extends from eye to lower edge of preopercle ; a short
dark bar on upper part of base of pectoral ; the dorsals marked
with irregular dark crosslines.

I have examined seventy-one specimens, ranging in length
from 32 to 84 millimeters, from the following localities :

Limbones Cove, Batangas Prov- Dumarao, Capiz Province, Pa-

ince, Luzon, 1. nay, 1.

Bigaa and Arimbay Rivers, Al- Lasay, Siquijor Island, 10.

bay Province, 38. Cagayan, Misamis Province,

Sibuyan Island, 1. Mindanao, 2.

San Jose, Antique Province, Pa- Balabac Island, 1.

nay, 17.

I also place here four specimens, about 34 millimeters each
in length, from Lasay, Siquijor, all in bad condition.

This handsome species occurs in the fresh-water streams of
the Society, Samoan, and Fiji Islands of the South Sea and, is
common in the Hawaiian Islands.

A female specimen, 45 millimeters long, taken in February at
San Jose, Antique Province, Panay, was ready to spawn.

100. CHONOPHORUS LACHRYMOSUS (Peters)

FRONTISPIECE

Gobius lachrymose PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868)
265; MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist. Nat. 14 (1885) 29.

Local names, biang tulis, and biang pakiu.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 10; there are from 52 to 55 scales
in a longitudinal series, and 12 or 13 in a transverse series;
18 or 20 scales before first dorsal.

CHONOPHORUS 213

The elongate body strongly compressed on sides, even in
spawning females, the posterior half of body especially flattened
laterally ; the dorsal profile moderately arched, the ventral profile
nearly horizontal; the depth from 4 to 4.4 times in length in
males, 3.7 to 3.8 times in females; the broad short head wider
than trunk, with boldly convex snout, and contained 4 to 4.2
times in length; the snout rounded, the anterior part nearly or
quite vertical, 2.8 to 3.25 times in head; the eyes high up,
dorsolateral, 5 to 5.8 times in head, 1.6 to 1.8 times in snout,
and 1.16 to 1.6 times in the full interorbital, which is ordinarily
arched and 3.6 to 4.2 times in head; the mouth rather small,
slightly oblique, the jaws equal, the lower jaw rather thin and
weak, the upper lip protractile; the posterior angle of maxillary
may extend from as far as beneath front margin to center of
eye, or even a little beyond ; four or five rows of minute to small,
more or less hooked teeth in each jaw, the outer row more or
less enlarged in males; a large pore behind middle of eye at
origin of supraopercular groove and one near middle of posterior
margin of preopercle; the scales before first dorsal become
smaller anteriorly; the sides of head, snout, and interorbital
naked, except for a few small cycloid scales present on upper
part of opercle, and a few small scales on posterior part of
preopercle; the tips of first dorsal spines threadlike and more
or less elongated, in females never equal to depth and usually
their length not more than 0.8 of depth; in males the tips of
third, fourth, and fifth spines may be very much elongated, up
to 1% times depth ; the second dorsal elevated, the posterior rays
longest and forming an acute angle which extends upon caudal
when depressed, the longest rays 0.8 to 0.86 as long as first
dorsal in males and equal to or longer than first dorsal in
females; the anal resembles second dorsal, which it almost or
sometimes equals in height; the pectoral of moderate breadth,
rounded in males, more pointed in females, equal to or a little
more or less than head in length ; the ventrals broad, with a wide
frenum forming a large deep vacuum cup for adhesion, about
equal to pectorals in females but falling far short of reaching
anus ; the ventrals perceptibly longer in males, extending to anus
or beyond; the caudal peduncle very much flattened laterally,
rather narrow to moderately wide, its depth varying from less
than 0.5 to 0.75 the length of head, and 1.25 to 1.6 in its own
length; the large caudal round pointed, its length about twice
that of head in males and approximately 1.3 to 1.4 times head

214 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

in females; the anal papilla elongate, slender, and pointed in
males; the female anal papilla short, thick, and more or less
cylindrical.

The color in alcohol brownish to yellowish brown above, fad-
ing to whitish or whitish yellow on belly; on the sides, begin-
ning immediately behind head, are eight or ten broad curved
dark brown bands, their concave side forward; the scales on
nape and upper part of body more or less irregularly flecked
with small, dark brown spots ; beneath eye is a large, irregular,
blackish brown spot extending downward toward corner of
mouth; on upper part of pectoral base a perpendicular blackish
brown or blackish violet bar; on males the first dorsal has two
black and two or three white crossbands boldly alternating on
basal half; the first two spines spotted alternately to their tips
with yellow and blackish or violet, and the remainder of the
fin boldly spotted and banded with the same contrasting colors;
the females have the same pattern but the colors are paler ; the
second dorsal has many narrow, longitudinal bands of black
and white alternating on basal half in males, on the whole fin
in females; the membrane in males reddish violet; the first
spine spotted alternately with black and yellow; the anal of
males is a beautiful cerise, with dusky blue along margin of
rays; the females have the anal bluish with whitish rays and
a white margin; the upper part of caudal more or less spotted
with light and dark; the marginal membranes reddish violet,
the central ones blue; the pectorals yellowish to colorless; the
ventrals dark dull blue to colorless. This must be a very hand-
some and strikingly colored goby in life.

Here described from eleven males, 100 to 130 millimeters in
length, and 20 females, 96 to 121 millimeters long, from Quingoa
River, Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon, the type locality.
The only specimens previously known were collected there by
Jagor in 1859, and from Manila Bay by A. B. Meyer in 1872.

This species evidently spawns in the latter half of September.
Our specimens are either nearly ready to spawn or have just
spawned. They were taken in a baclad, or fish corral, near
Calumpit, and were said by the people to have come down from
Angat River. From statements made by people at Norzagaray
it is evident that this fish lives in the upper Angat, a swift
mountain river with rock-strewn channel, and descends to tide-
water near Calumpit to spawn. Calumpit is in the delta of

CHONOPHORUS 215

Pampanga River, where the tides of Manila Bay make its lower
reaches salt, or at least brackish.

Chonophorus lachrymosus is related to C. genivittatus, but is
well separated from that species. It is to be expected in other
mountain streams flowing into the northern part of Manila Bay.

In the Bureau of Science collection is a specimen, 85 milli-
meters long, labeled Talacogon, Agusan Province, Mindanao,
1907, which I place here. Although it varies in some particulars
from the Quingoa River specimens and has lost all trace of the
characteristic crossbands, it is beyond doubt Chonophorus lachry-
mosus (Peters).

The body elongated, oblong, much flattened laterally, the
dorsal profile nearly horizontal, the belly gently curved; the
depth 5 times, the head 3.7 times in length; the snout wide,
convex, blunt, 3.28 times in head; the teeth in upper jaw
sharp, slender, widely spaced, in three rows; in lower jaw in
two closely crowded rows ; the eyes high up, lateral, their diam-
eter f of the length of snout and 3.82 times in head; the
interorbital space f as wide as eye; there are broad muciferous
channels above and behind eye and crossing over behind inter-
orbital, a large mucus pore behind eye, two pores behind pre-
opercular margin, and two above opercle; all the dorsal spines
elongated and threadlike, the third the longest, £ of total length
and reaching to base of sixth dorsal ray when depressed; the
second dorsal and anal of similar shape, both longest posteriorly ;
the last ray of second dorsal equal to head in length, the last
ray of anal more than greatest depth of body; the pectoral is
injured but was evidently equal to head in length; the ventrals
extend to anus and are a little longer than head ; the broad, flat,
caudal peduncle contained 2.3 times in head and 1.4 times in
its own length ; the caudal is damaged but was evidently slightly
longer than head; the long, slender, pointed anal papilla is
equal to the interorbital.

The color after nearly twenty years in alcohol uniform yel-
lowish, darker above and paler below, with a broad triangular
reddish brown spot extending from base of eye downward
across cheek; a reddish violet spot on upper part of pectoral
base ; the first dorsal marked by a broad, transverse, basal band
of violet-black, above which is a white crossbar and another
violet-black band; higher up are four other alternate white
and violet-brown spots; the second dorsal has a basal transverse

216 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

band of violet-black on the membranes; above this the mem-
branes are specked with minute reddish violet dots, the rays
all colorless; the anal, caudal, and ventral membranes also
faintly dotted with similar minute specks.

HI. CHONOPHORUS MELANOCEPHALUS <Ble«ker)

PLATE 17, FIG. 1

Gobius melanocephalus BLEEKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. 22 (1849) 33.
Gobius personatus BLEEKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. 22 (1849) 34; Nat.

Tijd. Ned. Ind. 1 (1851) fig. 4.
Gobius grammepomus BLEEKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. 22 (1849) 34; GiJN-

THER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 64; BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist. VI 15 (1895) 185.
Awaous personatus BLEEKER, Contrib. faune Ichthy. llle Maurice,

Verb. Akad. Amsterdam 18 (1879) 17.
Gobius litturatus Heckel MS., STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss.

Wien 42 (1861) 289, pi. 1, figs. 4 and 5.

Local names. — Bukto in Ilocano; bnnog and totot in Abra
Province; biang bato (rock goby) in Tagalog; batog in Bicol.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 or 10; anal I, 10; there are from 50 to 56
scales in a longitudinal series. 14 to 16 in a transverse series,
and 14 to 20 in front of the first dorsal.

The plump, wedge-shaped body laterally compressed, with a
large, very broad head, wider than body; the greatest depth at
nape above gill opening and 4.6 to 5.7 times in length; the head
from 2.9 to 3.8 in length ; the snout long, strongly convex, 2.3 to 3
times in head and equal to or but little shorter than postorbital
length of head ; the eye rather small, 5 to 6 times in head, 2.5 to 3
times in snout; the interorbital space equals or nearly equals
eye ; the mouth slightly oblique with a very large, thick, overhang-
ing upper lip and rather weak lower jaw; the physiognomy of
snout and mouth very characteristic ; the maxillary usually does
not extend to eye, but may reach beyond its anterior margin ; the
scales on nape extend nearly to eyes and are smaller than those
on sides; the rest of the head naked except for a few scales on
upper part of opercle ; a large pore above each eye and a larger
one in the central area behind eyes ; the tips of the spines of first
dorsal very little elongated, occasionally (in old males?) equal to
depth of body ; the second dorsal and anal of similar outline, the
anal lower than second dorsal, and both lower than body, their
posterior rays longest but not reaching caudal in any of my spec-
imens: the caudal broad, nearly truncate with rounded angles,
its length about 0.75 that of head ; the ventrals are broad, with a

CHONOPHORUS 217

strong frenum, and form a very powerful adhesive organ; the
pectorals broad, their length equal to or greater than that of
caudal but not quite that of head.

The color of living specimens from Saltan River was dusky
greenish with about eight broad, blackish crossbars over back,
the first between the opercles, the second over the pectorals in
front of first dorsal, two under first dorsal, three under second
dorsal, and one just before caudal; a series of irregular dark
blotches along middle of each side ; the head was irregularly mar-
bled with spots and lines ; two lines extended forward and down-
ward from eye to margin of snout ; there was a blackish spot at
upper posterior angle of opercle and a dark blotch on upper part
of base of pectoral; the first dorsal lightly barred and second
dorsal and caudal strongly crossbarred by many rows of dark
spots.

Alcoholic specimens fade to yellowish brown, with the mark-
ings as already described; the snout may become blackish and
many of the markings may fade, but the lateral blotches, espe-
cially the posterior ones, the pectoral and opercular blotches, and
the two lines on the snout, are always more or less evident.

Chonophorus melanocephalus presents considerable variation
in color, specimens from wide shallow streams being much paler
than those living under rocks in mountain torrents. It is an im-
portant food fish in Cagayan Valley, and is also one of the chief
ipon gobies of northern Luzon, ascending Cagayan River in Feb-
ruary and March. The flesh of the adults is sweet and savory.
Its horizontal ventral profile, broad fins, and powerful sucking
disk adapt it for life in the swiftest rivers, where it clings to th&
bottom under the shelter of bowlders. Its peculiar mouth is also
an adaptation for life as a bottom dweller as it nuzzles around
for food under the rocks.

In addition to large numbers examined in the field, I have
studied alcoholic specimens, ranging in length from 20 to 135
millimeters, from the following localities :

Laoag River, Bacarra, Ilocos Bangued, Abra Province, 15.

Norte Province, 8. Kalaba, Abra Province, 3.

Barrio La Paz, Laoag, Ilocos Bauang Sur, La Union Prov-

Norte Province, 33. ince, 11.

Laoag River, Laoag, Ilocos Nor- Buguey, Cagayan Province, li-
te Province, 13. Tuguegarao, Cagayan Province^

Laoag River, Ilocos Norte Prov- 3.

ince, 22. Lamug, Pinacanawan River, Ca-

Abra River, 5. gayan Province, 9.

218 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Karoan, Cagayan Province, 4. Arimbay River, Legaspi, Albay

Nayon, Ifugao Subprovince, 1. Province, 24.

Chico River, Calbayan, Kalinga Libog River, Albay Province, 7.

Subprovince, 8. Mangso River, Albay Province,

Saltan River, Limos, Kalinga 13.

Subprovince, 3. Yawa River, Albay Province, 1.

Kabulig River, Casiguran, Ta- Baco, Mindoro, 9.

yabas Province, 1. San Jose, Antique Province, Pa-

Pansipit River, Batangas Prov- nay, 6.

ince, 2. Amoy, China, 10.
Bigaa River, Legaspi, Albay

Province, 81.

This species was described by Heckel from Philippine material
and was listed by Boulenger from fresh water in Palawan.

Originally the species was described from Java under three
separate names by Bleeker but he afterward united them under
the name Gobius grammepomus. It has been found from the
Andamans, Ceylon, and Madras eastward to Celebes, Buru, and
Amboina, usually occurring in rivers. All my Philippine spec-
imens are from swift gravelly streams.

Chonophorus melanocephalus is very close to C. ocellaris, but
there is no difficulty in separating them and they are apparently
both valid species, although the first named presents a wide range
of variation,

102. CHONOPHORUS OCELLARIS (Broussonet)

PLATE 17, FIG. 2

Gobius ocellaris BROUSSONET, Cop. Encycl. Meth., Dec. Ichthy. (1782)
fig. 142; CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837)
74; GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 64; Fische der Siidsee
2 (1876) 177, pi. 108, fig. C.

Awaous ocellaris BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl.
Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 320; JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull.
Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 405; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur.
Fisheries 27 (1908) 277.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 10; scales in a lateral series 55, in a
transverse series 15; there are from 16 to 20 scales before the
first dorsal.

The wedge-shaped body plump and rounded, its width equal to
its depth, which is 4.2 to 4.4 in length ; the head large, 3 to 3.3
times in length, with a rather long, convex, abruptly descend-
ing snout which is from 2.3 to 2.5 times. in head; the snout
equals or is a trifle shorter than postorbital length of head;
the rather small eyes contained from 4.8 to 5& times in head
and 2 to 2£ times in snout; the interorbital space equal to or
a little less than an eye diameter; the upper jaw projects beyond

CHONOPHORUS 219

lower ; the mouth rather small, slightly oblique, with thick upper
lip ; the maxillary does not extend back to eye ; the roof of mouth
covered with conspicuous pendant papillae; the scales on nape
extend forward nearly to eyes and are but little smaller than
those on sides; the rest of the head naked except for a few
scales along upper margin of opercle; the tips of first dorsal
spines elongate and filiform, equal to depth of body; the sec-
ond dorsal and anal similar in outline, both lower than body,
exceptionally the posterior rays elongated sufficiently to reach
caudal, which is slightly rounded and shorter than head; the
ventrals large, with a broad disk.

The color of alcoholic specimens varies from pale to dark yel-
low-brown, with numerous short, irregular, dark brown marks
and blotches on upper half, which may form a series of cross-
bars over back; a row of large, dark brown or black rounded
spots extends along middle of each side, the last one at base of
caudal darker and more distinct than the rest; the sides of head
irregularly marked with dark brown lines or bands and spots,
two of the bands extending forward and downward from eye to
lip ; there is a dark blotch or black bar on base of pectoral ; the
first dorsal is spotted with dark brown and has a large, black,
white-margined ocellus on its posterior half; the second dorsal
and caudal crossbarred by four or more rows of dark brown
spots.

Here described from twenty-two specimens, ranging in length
from 31 to 111 millimeters, from the following localities: Pansi-
pit River, Batangas Province; Chicago, Baco River, Mindoro;
Naujan River, Mindoro; Sibuyan Island; San Jose, Antique
Province, Panay; Lasay, Siquijor; Cabalian, Leyte.

I have also twenty-five specimens, 19 to 26 millimeters in
length, from Bangar, La Union Province, where they were being
caught in large quantities in November as ipon, and used for
making bagoong.

This species has been previously recorded from Mindoro by
Jordan and Richardson. My specimens agree in all respects with
Giinther's description and figure except that they do not have the
cheeks or opercles scaled. Evidently this is a variable charac-
ter, as Jordan's Samoan specimens had only the upper part
scaled.

This well-marked and easily recognized species was first de-
scribed from Otaheite, and is known from the Samoan, Society,
and Fiji Islands; it also occurs on Mauritius and Rodriguez Is-
lands in the Indian Ocean.

220 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Genus 44. TAMANKA g. nov.

This genus is close to Vaimosa Jordan and Scale, from which
it is separated by the much smaller and more numerous scales
(38 to 54 in a longitudinal series), and by having many small
cycloid scales on the opercles instead of a few large ctenoid ones ;
the rest of the head is naked ; the nape is covered with very small
scales forward, at least to a point above front margin of opercles ;
the breast and pectoral base also scaled.

The body thick and robust or laterally compressed and slender,
with a large, broad head flattened on top ; the dorsals separated,
the dorsals and anal much lower than depth, the caudal broad,
rounded, shorter than head, with numerous, short, accessory
spines extending well up on caudal peduncle above and below;
the mouth large, oblique, not inferior, with thick lips minutely
fringed within; four or five rows of very small teeth in lower
jaw and a band of three or four rows of similar teeth in upper
jaw, with an outer row of larger, more widely spaced teeth ; no
canines present; the gill openings wide, with a rather broad
isthmus; the upper rays of pectoral not free and silky. Dorsal
VI, 1-7 or 8 ; anal I, 7 or 8 ; branchiostegals 5.

Type of the genus, Tamanka siitensis sp. nov.

Tamanka is the Tao Sug name for small gobies of the Gnatho-
lepis and Rhinogobius groups.

Key to the species of Tamanka.
a\ Scales 52 to 54.

b\ Body robust, uniform brown to black; scales before first dorsal 20

to 24 T. siitensis.

b*. Body slender, brownish yellow, with ten vertical crossbars; scales'1

before first dorsal 25 to 30 T. tagala.

a2. Scales 38 to 45.

e1. Color uniform dark brown, without bands or stripes T. umbra.

cj. Uniform brown, with two longitudinal dark brown bands T. bivittata.

103. TAMANKA SIITENSIS sp. nov.

PLATE 17, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-8 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 52 to 54 scales in a lon-
gitudinal series, 18 in a transverse series, and 20 to 24 before
the first dorsal.

The body thickset, robust, with a very large, broad, blunt,
dorsally flattened head, laterally compressed, the middle of the
back more or less arched, the ventral profile nearly straight but
the belly often protuberant, the depth 3.25 to 4 times in length ;
the length of head contained 2.44 to 2.6 times in entire length ;
the width of head accentuated by the full, rounded cheeks, 1.35

TAMANKA 221

to 1.6 times in its own length and 1.2 times its own depth;
the length of the very broad, rounded snout 3.25 to 3.85 times in
head ; the eyes high up, lateral, shorter than snout, in which they
are contained 1.2 to 1.6 times and 4.3 to 5 times in head ; the broad
flat interorbital a little wider than length of snout; the mouth
large, oblique, the thick protractile upper lip slightly projecting,
the chin full and somewhat prominent, the posterior angle of
maxillary beneath middle or posterior part of eye, the mouth
opened with difficulty in preserved specimens ; the teeth in outer
row of upper jaw very small but a little coarser and more widely
spaced than the others, closely followed by a wide band of three
or four rows of minute teeth; in lower jaw a wide band of five
rows of tiny teeth anteriorly, gradually reduced to three or two
posteriorly, none of them enlarged ; the body everywhere covered
with small scales, apparently cycloid because of the dense coat
of thick mucus covering the whole body but really ctenoid except
on nape, those before first dorsal a little smaller and extending
forward as far as above front margin of opercles, or centrally
a little more; the scales on opercles in seven or eight rows, the
scales about as large as those before first dorsal; minute scales
extend upon caudal a short distance; three lines of minute pa-
pillae extend from upper jaw horizontally across cheek and a
double line runs along lower and posterior margin of preopercle ;
a transverse line lies immediately behind preopercle on opercle;
the dorsals distinctly separated, the vertical fins all low, the
middle spines of first dorsal longest, 2 to 2.3 times in body depth ;
the second dorsal and anal of similar shape, all but the anterior
rays of nearly uniform height, more or less angulate posteriorly,
the second dorsal 1.5 to 1.8 in depth; the anal usually a little
higher, 1.5 to 1.75 in depth; the depth of caudal peduncle 2.8
to 3 times in head and 1.2 to 1.37 times in its own length; the
caudal fin very broadly rounded, its width equal to its length,
which is usually equal to the depth or a trifle more or less, 1.4
to 1.5 times in head ; the length of the broadly rounded pectoral
equals that of caudal and extends back to a point above anus,
or may reach to origin of anal fin; the ventrals very broad,
with a thick fleshy frenum forming a very deep suction cup,
their length 1.8 to 2 times in head, not extending to anus; the
anal papilla in males thick, triangular, pointed, f as long as
eye; in females it is thicker, much shorter, not pointed.

The color of very large males black to umber; younger ones
deep brown ; the fins black, with a series of white spots forming
a crossband near margin of first dorsal, and a white crossband

222 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

near margin of second dorsal; sometimes the ventrals have a
narrow pale or whitish margin along sides.

Here described from a series of males, 45 to 65 millimeters in
length; the type is No. 11452 Bureau of Science collection. I
have examined a series of one hundred thirty-six specimens, from
19 to 65 millimeters in length, collected by me in June, 1921,
from Lake Siit, a small, deep, fresh-water crater lake beside the
sea on the north coast of Jolo Island. A female specimen, 29
millimeters long, was much distended with eggs and about ready
to spawn. In small specimens the crossband on the dorsals may
be colorless instead of white.

The Bureau of Science collection also contains six typical
specimens, 31 to 54 millimeters in length, collected by me from
Titunod River, Kolambugan, Lanao Province, Mindanao.

Siitensis, from Lake Siit.

104. TAMANKA TAGALA sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-7 ; anal I, 7 ; there are 52 scales in a longitudinal
series, 16 in a transverse series, and 25 to 30 before the dorsal
fin.

The body slender, laterally compressed, with a large, broad,
dorsally flattened head, the dorsal and ventral outlines nearly
parallel, the back slightly arched, the depth 4.7 times, the head
3 times in length ; the head much broader than deep, the depth
1.44 times in the breadth, which is 1.37 in its length; the broad,
bluntly rounded snout 4.1 times in head; the eyes high up, lat-
eral, a tenth shorter than snout, and equal to interorbital ;
the mouth rather large, oblique, the jaws equal, the posterior
angle of maxillary beneath middle of eye; the teeth in upper
jaw in four rows, the outer one of large, widely spaced teeth,
the others minute; the lower jaw has a band of four rows of
minute teeth; the body everywhere covered with scales, largest
and ctenoid on sides and posteriorly, becoming smaller and
cycloid before first dorsal, where they extend forward beyond
a line above posterior margin of preopercles; the opercles cov-
ered with about seven rows of small cycloid scales ; the dorsals
widely separated, the first dorsal falling far short of touching
second dorsal when depressed ; the third spine longest, 1.44 times
in depth, 2.3 times in head; the second dorsal short, the fifth
ray longest, lacking much of reaching base of caudal when de-
pressed, equal to depth; the anal much lower, the posterior ray
longest, about 1.6 times in depth and 2.5 times in head; the
caudal peduncle large, its depth 1.67 times in its own length and

TAMANKA 223

2.14 times in head; the caudal round-pointed, badly damaged,
but evidently about 3.7 times in length; the pectoral longer
than caudal, round-pointed, 3.65 times in length and 1.2 times
in head ; the ventrals broadly pointed, scarcely reaching halfway
to origin of anal fin, less than depth and nearly 1.7 times in
head.

The color in alcohol very pale brownish yellow, with about ten
irregular brown or dark brown crossbars over back, each di-
viding into two bars which extend down the sides vertically;
a large, blackish brown spot on opercle; a blackish brown bar
on basal part of caudal; two broad brown bars cross cheek,
one behind eye, one behind mouth; a large black blotch on up-
per part of first dorsal, from third to fifth spines inclusive,
the second dorsal faintly specked with brown, the caudal cross-
barred with brown; the other fins uniform pale brown or like
the body.

Here described from the type specimen, 31 millimeters long,
No. 820 Bureau of Science collection, and a cotype, 33 milli-
meters long, No. 804 Bureau of Science collection, both collected
by W. D. Carpenter in July, 1907, at Malabon, Rizal Province.
The cotype is a female nearly ready to spawn, the body much
plumper therefore than in the type.

Since writing the above I discovered in the Bureau of Science
collection two tiny specimens, 13.5 and 21 millimeters long, col-
lected at Sitankai in 1908, by Alvin Scale.

Tagala, because native to a Tagalog province.

105. TAMANKA UMBRA sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-8 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 38 scales in a longitudinal
series, 12 in a transverse series, and 20 to 22 before first dorsal.

The elongate body low, much compressed laterally, the dorsal
profile horizontal or moderately convex, the head very large,
broad, depressed anteriorly and flattened above, the form wedge-
shaped, viewed from above, the depth 4.8 to 5.1 times, the head
2.6 to 2.7 times in length; the cheeks full, the breadth of head
much more than depth, 1.86 to 1.96 in its own length; the snout
broad, rounded, with a median bony hump and two smaller
lateral ones very close to it, the anterior part steep, 4 to 4.2
times in head; the eyes very high up, lateral, 5.25 to 5.5 times
in head; the broad interorbital space equal to or slightly more
than snout; the mouth large, strongly oblique, the jaws equal,
the posterior angle of maxillary beneath posterior margin of
pupil or even hind margin of eye, almost to lower border of pre-

224 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

opercle; the teeth of first row in upper jaw large and widely
spaced, closely followed by a band of very fine depressible teeth
in four rows; in lower jaw a band of four rows of erect needle-
like teeth of uniform size, slightly larger than inner teeth above ;
the scales largest posteriorly, becoming smaller anteriorly, those
before dorsal extending to a point above posterior margin of
preopercles; eight rows of small scales on opercles; the middle
spines of first dorsal longest, their tips prolonged, reaching
beyond origin of second dorsal, 2.33 to 2.5 times in head; the
second dorsal angulate posteriorly, the last spine longest but not
reaching caudal when depressed, 2.2 times in head; the anal
similar but a trifle lower; the caudal slightly rounded at tip,
shorter than head, 3.5 to 4 times in length ; the caudal peduncle
depth 1.5 to 1.7 times in its own length, which is equal to body
depth and 1.8 to 2.1 times in head; the pectoral pointed, a little
shorter than caudal, extending to a point above anus or anal
papilla; the ventrals pointed, their length a little more or less
than depth, 1.9 to 2 times in head; the anal papilla slender and
pointed in males, much broader and thicker in females.

The color in alcohol uniform dark brown; the first dorsal
irregularly blotched above with blackish brown, especially be-
tween third and fourth spines and posteriorly; the second dorsal
and anal brown, darker than body, with a black bar on the
membrane between each two rays, the bar broad above and ta-
pering downward, ending about halfway down; the other fins
all uniform brown, darker than body.

Here described from the type, No. 10600 Bureau of Science
collection, and six cotypes, varying in length from 42 to 60
millimeters. They were collected by Alvin Scale in 1910, in
Palawan.

Umbra, modern Latin for dark or olive brown.

106. TAMANKA BIVITTATA sp. nov.

PLATE 17, FIG. 4

Dorsal VI, 1-7 ; anal I, 7 ; there are 44 scales in a longitudinal
series, 13 in a transverse series, and about 22 before first dorsal.

The body rather stout, the posterior part laterally compressed,
the back convex, the depth 4.8 times in length ; the head broad,
blunt, 3.4 times in length, the cheeks bulging, its breadth 1.4
times its depth and 1.18 times in its length ; the mouth terminal,
oblique, the lower jaw slightly included, the posterior angle of
maxillary beneath middle of pupil; the scales on nape and on
side anterior to front portion of first dorsal are much smaller

AMOYA 225

than those posteriorly and extend forward nearly to eyes; the
dorsals rather far apart, the first dorsal low, the tips of the
spines threadlike, scarcely reaching origin of second dorsal
when depressed, 1.7 times in head; the second dorsal lower,
falling far short of caudal when depressed, about 2.3 times in
head ; the anal still lower, 2.5 times in head ; the caudal peduncle
broad, 1.7 times in its own length, over twice in head; the
caudal broadly rounded, 1.2 times in head ; the pectoral pointed,
about 1.55 times in head; the ventrals moderately broad with
rounded tip, 1.8 times in head.

The color in alcohol uniform brown, darker above on head,
the posterior half yellowish brown beneath; from above preo-
percle a dark brown, slightly convex band goes back to base of
caudal, continuing back on fin as a blackish line; a similar
band goes from under pectoral to base of caudal and on fin as
a blackish line ; the bands much more distinct on posterior half
of body; on the pectoral a blackish vertical mark; on the sides
of anterior half of trunk several vague dark crossbands; on
upper margin of caudal a black bar and below it a dark brown
lengthwise stripe ; the first dorsal light brown with a large black
spot on upper part of membrane between fifth and sixth spines ;
the second dorsal brown with darker markings; the other fins
uniform in color with body.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 29 milli-
meters long, collected by Prof. S. F. Light at Hoihow, Hainan.

Bis, twice; vittatus, banded.

Genus 45. AMOYA g. nov.

This genus is separated from Rhinogobius by the smaller and
more numerous scales (46 to 50 in a longitudinal series), and
by the teeth being in but two rows in each jaw.

Body plump, laterally compressed, little elevated, covered
with ctenoid scales, largest posteriorly, minute above opercles,'
the head and nape naked; longitudinal rows of papillae on pre-
opercle, and perpendicular and transverse rows on opercle ; head
with conspicuous pores; dorsals close together, low; caudal
pointed, longer than head, with well-developed short accessory
rays; pectoral pointed, without silky rays above; gill openings
vertical, narrow, restricted, isthmus broad. Dorsal VI, 1-10;
anal I, 9.

Generic type, Gobius brevirostris Giinther.

Amoya, from Amoy, China.

223798 15

226 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

107. AMOYA BREVIROSTRIS (Gunther)

PLATE 18, FIG. 1
Gobius brevirostris GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 41.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 9; there are 46 to 48 scales in a
longitudinal series and 16 in a transverse series.

The elongate, rather plump body laterally compressed, the
dorsal and ventral profiles nearly horizontal and parallel, the
depth 5.2 to 5.4 in the length; the head convex above, broader
than trunk, 4 to 4.1 times in length, its breadth equal to or
slightly exceeding its depth and 0.6 to 0.7 of its own length;
the snout broad, rounded, convex, equal to or exceeding eye,
3.25 to 3.8 in head; the mouth terminal, slightly oblique, the
jaws subequal or the lower very slightly prominent ; the posterior
angle of maxillary may extend back to a point beneath pupil ;
in each jaw are two rows of teeth, the outer enlarged, with a
lateral pair of canines in lower jaw; the eyes very high up,
dorsolateral, 4 times in head, close together, the interorbital £
to 0.25 an eye diameter; the eyes in forward half of head, the
distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of eye less than
postorbital length of head ; the body covered with ctenoid scales,
largest posteriorly, those along dorsal base much smaller and
becoming minute and disappearing above opercles; the head
and nape entirely naked and a central naked area extends back
to base of dorsal ; tiny scales on base of pectoral and on breast ;
conspicuous pores on head as follows: On snout beside pos-
terior nostril, two on interorbital, two behind eye, four on
supraopercular groove, and three on posterior margin of pre-
opercle; two parallel longitudinal rows of minute papillae across
middle of preopercle, and a perpendicular and a transverse row
on opercle; the first dorsal about equal to depth, the tip of
second spine elongated; the second dorsal a little lower than
the depth, the posterior ray longest and extending upon caudal
when depressed ; the anal still lower, the posterior ray not quite
reaching caudal when depressed; the somewhat pointed caudal
longer than the head, 3.25 to 3.6 times in length, the acces-
sory rays well developed and extending forward upon the broad
caudal peduncle, the depth of which is 0.75 or 0.8 of its own
length, and contained about twice in head ; the pointed pectoral
a trifle shorter than head, its tip not extending to a point above
anus; the ventrals broad, thin, much shorter than the distance
to anus, 0.8 to 0.9 of the depth; in males the anal papilla is
very small and slender, in females, subglobose.

AMBLYGOBIUS 227

The color in alcohol uniform brownish, with a faint, dark
brown, lateral band from axil of pectoral to base of caudal; a
large vague dusky spot on opercle ; the fins all uniform in colora-
tion, paler than body, the second dorsal with traces of dark
spots, the anal and caudal with blackish margins.

Here described from two specimens, 54 and 62 millimeters
long, collected at Amoy, China, by Prof. S. F. Light. Hitherto
Giinther's type in the British Museum, from "China," has been
the only specimen known.

Genus 46. AMBLYGOBIUS Bleeker

Amblygobius BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. ScL

Nat. 9 (1874) 322.
Odontogobius BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci.

Nat. 9 (1874) 323.

The compressed body varies from slender to rather deep,
usually the latter, with broad flat caudal peduncle; the body
covered with ctenoid scales with from 50 to 70 in a longitudinal
series, those on nape smaller than those on sides; rarely the
anterior scales may be cycloid or absent; the compressed blunt
head has a convex profile and is naked to posterior margin of
eyes or a trifle farther, except that the upper margin of opercle
may be more or less scaled; large pores on head as follows:
One near inner side of first nostril, two in a longitudinal row
on interorbital space, one behind upper part of eye, a row of
five along supraopercular groove, the first immediately behind
eye, a row of three on posterior margin of preopercle; the
mouth more or less oblique, with the teeth in each jaw in two
or more rows, those of outer row larger and fixed, with a stout,
backward-curving posterior canine on each side of lower jaw;
tongue rounded at tip ; isthmus broad ; the dorsals without sharp
spines, the tips of first dorsal more or less elongated; dorsal
VI, 1-11 to 16; anal I, 10 to 16; the second dorsal less than
twice as long as first; the caudal rounded-truncate; no silky
rays on upper part of pectoral.

This genus is composed of small, mostly deep-bodied gobies,
more or less banded or striped, often brilliantly colored and very
beautiful in life. It is confined to the East Indies and the south
Pacific Ocean.

Key to the Philippine species of Amblygobius.

a1. Body with longitudinal brown bands.

61. One band from eye back to beneath origin of first dorsal.. A. inornatus.
6*. With two or three longitudinal brown bands.

228 GOBIES OP THE PHILIPPINES

c1. No ocelli on nape; scales 55 to 60.

<f. Two longitudinal bands; five dorsal crossbands.. A. perpusillus.

A. perpusillus buanensis.

eP. Three longitudinal bands; no crossbands A. linki.

c*. A double row of circular, blue-edged, brown ocelli on nape; scales

65 to 70 A. bynoensis.

aa. Body with crossbands; no longitudinal bands.

e\ Scales 70; ten or eleven crossbands inclined backward and downward

at an angle of 70° A. insignis.

e\ Scales 50 to 55.
/*. Nape with two rows of dark red circular spots; crossbands wide

with narrow blue-black margins... A. phalaena.

/*. No rows of red spots on nape; crossbands not blue-margined; each
scale on side with a pearly spot A. sphynx.

108. AMBLYGOBIUS INORNATUS ap. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-11; anal I, 10; there are 68 scales in a longitudi-
nal series.

The depth of the low elongate body 6.45 times in length ; the
head 3.4 times in length, its breadth approximately equal to
its depth, 2.2 times in its length ; the narrow blunt snout convex,
4.5 times in head; the eyes dorsolateral, oblique, 4.09 times in
head, the interorbital very narrow ; the mouth oblique, the lower
jaw slightly projecting, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath
front margin of pupil; the teeth of upper jaw in three rows,
the outer row enlarged; in the lower jaw a short row of en-
larged teeth, terminating in a backward-curved canine, followed
by three more rows, the teeth of the middle rows minute, those
of the innermost row larger than the two middle ones ; the head
and nape naked back to first dorsal; the scales on posterior
half of body much larger than those on anterior portion; the
scales appear cycloid but are really ctenoid, their teeth minute
and very fragile; the first dorsal considerably in advance of
second, not reaching latter when depressed, the middle rays
longest, 2.25 times in head; the second dorsal and anal alike,
angulate posteriorly, not reaching caudal when depressed, equal
to first dorsal in height; the depth of caudal peduncle about 1.3
times in its own length, a trifle more than twice in head; the
narrow subtruncate caudal 3.875 times in length and f of head ;
the pointed pectoral and ventrals of the same length, 1.5 times
in head.

The color in alcohol uniform brown with an inconspicuous,
wide, dark brown band passing back from eye along upper part
of side and disappearing beneath origin of second dorsal ; the
first dorsal light brown basally, above this a wide, clear, hori-

AMBLYGOBIUS 229

zontal band, the remainder of the fin blackish brown ; the second
dorsal dark brown, vaguely crossbarred by two rows of pale
spots ; the caudal light brown, with crossbars of blackish brown ;
the anal light brown with a blackish margin; the pectorals are
the color of body ; the ventrals brown, the middle blackish brown.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 31 milli-
meters long, collected by me in a tide pool on the Martin ranch,
Siasi, Sulu Province.

Inornatus, unadorned.

109. AMBLYGOBIUS PERPUSILLUS (Seale)

Rhinogobius perpusillus SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § A 4 (1909) 534.

Dorsal VI, 1-13 ; anal I, 13 ; there are 56 scales in a longitudi-
nal series, about 20 in a transverse series, and 28 before the
first dorsal.

The body somewhat obiong, laterally compressed, the dorsal
and ventral outlines about equally curved, the depth 4 times,
the rather bluntly pointed head 3.85 times in length; the snout
4 times in head, the eye a little smaller, 3.85 times in head; the
interorbital broad, equal to snout; the mouth oblique, the lower
jaw very slightly projecting, the posterior angle of maxillary
under anterior margin of pupil; the teeth in two rows in each
jaw, those of outer row enlarged, curved, the outer ones in
lower jaw projecting; there is a large recurved posterior canine
on each side of lower jaw; the whole body covered with finely
ctenoid scales, those on nape much smaller and extending to
eyes; the upper part of opercle has about three rows of very
small scales, the rest of the head naked ; the first dorsal elevated,
the spines nearly uniform in length, twice in head; the dorsal
and anal of similar shape, the posterior rays longest, 1.5 times
in head ; the depth of caudal peduncle twice in head ; the slightly
rounded caudal and round-pointed pectoral each about equal
to length of head; the ventrals pointed, their length 1.2 times
in head.

Color in life a distinct whitish with a slight wash of yellow,
with three very dark brown stripes on each side, the first from
interorbital to dorsals and along their base, the second from
tip of snout to caudal, running along top of caudal peduncle, the
third a wide, heavy band from around lower lip across cheek
and upper base of pectoral to middle of caudal, where it ends
in a black spot on the rays of the middle of base; the lower
half of body uniform whitish, without marks; the dorsal
whitish crossed by a dark band on upper third ; the soft dorsal

230 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

grayish, darker on posterior part and with a dark bar near
top of fin ; the caudal yellowish with a dark brown line extending
on upper and lower margins; the anal yellowish at base, be-
coming dark on outer half; ventrals yellowish with slight
grayish shading; pectorals yellow.

"Color in alcohol is similar to above but is less bright."
(Seale.)

The above is modified from Scale's original description. His
type specimen, 45 millimeters long, from Zamboanga, has dis-
appeared. He had two other specimens, of which apparently
but one, No. 5106 Bureau of Science collection, 35 millimeters
long, collected in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, in 1908, is now in
existence. Of these Seale said "they may be a distinct form."

The Puerto Princesa specimen is in very poor condition, but
agrees with a fine one, 60 millimeters long, obtained from a
fresh-water spring on Buan Island, lying off the east coast of
Tawitawi. These two might be called variety buanensis.

109a. AMBLYOGOBIUS PERPUSILLUS BUANENSIS var. nov.

PLATE 18, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-14 ; anal I, 13 ; 58 scales in a longitudinal series,
20 in a transverse series, and about 22 scales before first dorsal.

The laterally compressed body oblong, deep, with protuberant
belly, the dorsal profile but little curved, the depth 4 times in
the length; the head blunt, its width a little less than its own
depth or the width of trunk; the anterior profile convex, its
length a little more than depth of body, 3.5 times in head and
trunk together; the short, broad snout equals eye in length,
and is contained 4.25 times in head; the eyes high up, oblique,
lateral, the broad interorbital equal to 0.75 of eye or snout;
the mouth oblique, rather small, terminal ; the posterior angle
of maxillary reaches just beyond front margin of eye; the outer
row in lower jaw has five short, thick teeth on each side, ter-
minating in a very large backward-curved canine ; the head naked
except for four rows of small scales on upper part of opercle;
the scales on nape are smaller than those on sides and extend
forward almost to margin of eyes; the base of pectoral scaled;
the depth of caudal peduncle about equals its length and is
2.4 times in length of head ; the broadly pointed caudal 3.6 times
in length of head and trunk; the first dorsal low, its height
1.36 times in depth of body ; the second dorsal and anal low, of
equal height, the posterior ray longest, 0.6 of depth of body;

AMBLYGOBIUS 231

the pectoral equals depth ; the ventral short, 1.36 times in depth,
its tip lacking six scales of reaching the short blunt anal papilla.
The color in alcohol dusky brownish above, very pale below;
a narrow, dark brown band runs around snout on upper lip
to eye, and from its posterior margin continues on back to
upper part of base of caudal, the posterior part very faint; a
similar band encircles chin, goes from corner of mouth across
preopercle and opercle to base of pectoral, where it apparently
stops, but really continues beneath pectoral back along middle
of side to a large, circular, blackish brown spot on base of
caudal; five wide blackish bands with indefinite margins cross
back and descend on sides, thus forming six oblong whitish spots
along middle of side, between the two longitudinal bands; each
scale on back and side has a more or less evident, small, central
whitish spot, these spots forming longitudinal rows; the top of
snout dark brown; the dorsals and anal brownish, the mem-
branes faintly specked with minute brown dots; the other fins
without distinctive markings.

110. AMBLYGOBIUS LINK I sp. nov.

PLATE 18, FIG. 4

Dorsal VI, 1-13; anal I, 12; there are 60 scales in a longitu-
dinal series and 16 in a transverse series.

The slender wedge-shaped body less elevated than in our other
species of Amblygobhis, its depth 4.7 times in length ; the head
broader than trunk, and contained 3.7 times in length ; the short,
blunt, convex snout equals eye and is contained 3.5 times in
head; the distance from tip of snout to posterior margin of
eye equals postorbital length of head; the breadth of the in-
terorbital space 0.75 that of snout or eye; the mouth strongly
oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary extending beneath cen-
ter of eye; the pores on head typical of the genus; the nape
covered with scales smaller than those on sides and there is a
small patch of tiny scales along forward part of upper margin
of opercle; the depth of caudal peduncle 1.25 times in its length;
the pectorals equal head and are longer than the ventrals, which
are about 0.7 of the distance from their origin to anus; the
caudal exceeds head in length; the fifth dorsal spine most
elongated, its length more than the greatest depth of body; the
second dorsal and anal similar in outline, their posterior rays
extending upon caudal when depressed and much longer than
depth of body beneath them.

232 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The color in alcohol uniform reddish brown with three choc-
olate brown longitudinal stripes on each side; the first extends
from above front of eye back on side of nape to fourth or fifth
ray of second dorsal and is then continued on fin as a basal
bar; the second passes around snout on upper lip, through eye,
and continues back with a slight upward slant to top of caudal
peduncle and on to upper part of caudal fin; the third passes
around chin to corner of mouth, slants upward across cheek
to base of pectoral where it apparently ends in a large spot,
but continues on from axil of pectoral as a broad lateral stripe
to base of caudal ; a diagonal dark stripe on lower part of cau-
dal ; the cheek band bordered above and below by rows of large
and more or less circular pearly spots; a dark blotch between
tips of fourth and fifth dorsal spines.

Here described from the type, 52 millimeters long, collected
by me under the wharf at Bungau, Sulu Province. The Bureau
of Science collection also contains a specimen, 35 millimeters
long, in poor condition, collected by Alvin Scale at Caldera Bay,
Mindanao.

Linki, in tribute to Capt. Francis Link, of Jolo, for his inde-
fatigable labors in advancing our knowledge of the Sulu Ar-
chipelago, and its fauna, flora, and people.

111. AMBLYGOBIUS BYNOENSIS (Richardson)

PLATE 19, FIG. 1

Gobius bynoensis RICHARDSON, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fishes
(1844-1848) 1, pi. 1, figs. 1 and 2; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit.
Mus. 3 (1861) 70; PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868)
266; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 284, pi. 61, fig. 3.

Gobius stenophthalmus SLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 1 (1851) 248,
fig. 7.

Odontogobius bynoensis BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch.
Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 323.

Amblygobius bynoensis JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
28 (1905) 795.

Dorsal VI, 1-14 to 16; anal I, 15 to 16; there are 65 to 70
scales in a longitudinal series and 26 in a transverse series
(not 16 as given by Day).

The somewhat elongate body laterally and also dorsally com-
pressed, the greatest depth behind pectorals and 4 to 4.4 times
in length ; the obtusely convex head 3.4 to 3.5 times in length ;
the eyes rather large and full, 3.8 to 4.8 times in head and
1.2 to 1.8 times in the strongly arched snout, which is 2.8 to
3 times in head; the interorbital space equals or nearly equals
eye; the mouth terminal, oblique, of moderate size, the angle

AMBLYGOBIUS 233

of maxillary reaching front margin of eye; there are two rows
of teeth in upper jaw, the inner one some distance behind the
much larger outer one; the lower jaw has three rows of teeth,
the outer one larger than the others, with a stout, curved ca-
nine on each side; the nape covered with very fine scales which
extend forward nearly to eyes; the rest of the head entirely
naked, with crossrows of very fine tubercles on opercles and
nape; a large pore lies on inner side of each anterior nostril,
and two similar ones are on midline of interorbital space ; begin-
ning immediately behind eye is a row of five large pores in
the supraopercular groove and a row of three on posterior
margin of preopercle; some of the tips of first dorsal spines are
more or less elongated, but there is much individual variation;
the second dorsal and anal low, similar in outline, their pos-
terior rays reaching caudal; the broad, rounded pectoral and
caudal approximately of the same length and equal or nearly
equal the length of head; the ventrals large but shorter than
pectoral.

In life the body is yellowish above, pearly beneath; there
are five to eight brownish violet crossbars over back to middle
of sides, the posterior ones very broad and extending nearly
to anal; a blue-edged, brownish violet band encircles snout and
passes through eye back as far as beneath middle of first dorsal,
widest posteriorly; a similar band extends across opercle and
terminates in a large spot on base of pectoral; on preopercle
is a similar narrow bar running diagonally downward and for-
ward; on the nape is a double row of circular, dark brown,
blue-edged ocelli ; the dorsal fins spotted with pearly white with
a violet marginal band; the anal has a similar margin; the
caudal has a brown spot on upper part of its base.

Alcoholic specimens pale brownish, with the brownish violet
markings becoming blackish, and the blue edgings and spots
becoming pearl white.

Here described from twelve specimens, 48 to 84 millimeters
long, from the following localities: Polillo; Busuanga; Bantayan
Islands; Canigao Island, Leyte Province; Balabac. The speci-
men from Balabac is the smallest and is referred here with some
doubt ; it is much faded and is somewhat aberrant.

Since the above was written I received four specimens, 38 to
65 millimeters in length, from Inabanga, Bohol.

This species was collected at Paracale by Jagor, and Jordan
and Scale listed it among the fishes collected by Bashford Dean
on the coast of southern Negros.

234 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Originally described from western Australia, this very beau-
tiful little goby has since been collected throughout the Malay
Archipelago to the Andaman Islands, but does not seem to be
abundant anywhere.

112. AMBLYGOBIUS INSIGNIS Scale

PLATE 18, FIG. 3

Amblygobius insignis SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 5 (1910) 116, pi.
2, fig. 1.

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 12; there are 70 scales in a longitu-
dinal series and about 30 in a transverse series.

The body subcylindrical in front, strongly laterally compressed
behind, narrowed dorsally, the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly
parallel, the depth about 5 times, the head 3.7 times in length;
the eyes as long as the short, blunt, convex snout, which is con-
tained 4 times in head ; the interorbital space very narrow, 4
to 6 times in eye; the mouth small, oblique, the posterior angle
of maxillary beneath front margin or forward third of eye;
the teeth of upper jaw in four rows, those of the outer one
much larger than the others, which are minute; in lower jaw
are three rows, the teeth of outer row much the largest,
five on each side, the last one a stout, curved canine; the pos-
terior ctenoid scales largest, becoming smaller anteriorly and
changing to cycloid near pectorals; the head and region for-
ward of dorsal entirely naked, a few small scales extending
above pectoral as far forward as posterior margin of opercle;
on nape is a low skinny crest extending forward from dorsal
nearly to eyes; the second dorsal spine longest, 0.75 or a little
more than 0.75 as long as head and equal to or slightly exceeding
depth; the second dorsal highest posteriorly, extending upon
caudal when depressed, the longest rays less than the greatest
depth of body; the anal similar but lower, the posterior rays
reaching base of caudal when depressed; the depth of caudal
peduncle 2.5 times in head; the rounded caudal about as long
as head; the broad pectorals approximately equal to caudal in
length; the ventrals short, about f as long as head, not nearly
reaching the short, broad, anal papilla.

The color in alcohol brown or yellowish brown, with about
ten or eleven oblique darker crossbands, running downward
and backward at an angle of about 70°; posteriorly they are
broader and very distinct, but below the spinous dorsal they are
indistinct and somewhat broken; two short, dark brown cross-

AMBLYGOBIUS 235

bands over nape; the preopercles, opercles, bases of pectorals,
and region back of eyes thickly sprinkled with small, dark brown
spots, which are likewise thinly scattered along sides; the sec-
ond dorsal has a series of short black stripes running downward
and forward near margin, on the membrane between the rays;
bands of body extend upon fin; the caudal crossmarked with
alternate blackish brown and pale bars; anal light brown, with
a broad dark margin ; ventrals dusky.

Scale stated that on his specimen "Two oblique narrow dusky
lines extend forward across cheeks and around the throat, the
anterior one just back of angle of jaw." With the lapse of
time these markings have disappeared.

Here described from two specimens, Scale's type, 46 milli-
meters long, from Bantayan Island, and one, 45 millimeters
long, from Polillo.

This species is very strikingly and characteristically marked,
and is quite unlike any other goby. In order to include it in
Amblygobius I have had to amend the generic diagnosis. Am-
blygobius insignis differs from the other members of the genus
in having cycloid scales anteriorly, a nuchal crest, and fewer
dorsal and anal rays. It probably should be made the type of
a new genus. Its color pattern is unique among gobies.

113. AMBLYGOBIUS PHALAENA (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 30, FIG. 3

Gobiiis phalaena CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12
(1837) 70; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 67; Fische
der Siidsee 2 (1876) 178, pi. Ill, fig. C.

Amblygobius phalaena JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull. Bur.
Fisheries 25 (1906) 405; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fish-
eries 27 (1908) 278.

Dorsal VI, 1-14 ; anal I, 14 ; there are from 50 to 52 scales in
a longitudinal series and 20 in a transverse series.

The body comparatively deep, oblong, laterally compressed,
with nearly parallel or similarly slightly arched dorsal and
ventral profiles and laterally compressed, rather bluntly rounded
head ; the depth contained 3.8 times, the head 3.5 times in length ;
the short, broad, convex snout contained 3.25 times in head;
the full round eye but little less in diameter than length of
snout, 3.5 to 4 times in head; the mouth moderately oblique,
rather small, the posterior angle of maxillary reaching as far
as anterior margin of eye; the full, broad interorbital space
equals or may slightly exceed eye; a large pore on inner side
and midway between nostrils, and two large pores on interor-

236 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

bital space, the anterior one the larger; a pore behind upper
part of eye and a row of five large pores along supraocular
groove, the first one immediately behind eye ; a row of three sim-
ilar pores along hind margin of preopercle; very fine scales,
much smaller than those on sides, cover nape as far as posterior
margin of eye; the upper part of opercle scaled but the rest
of head naked ; the depth of the broad, flat caudal peduncle equals
its length; the pectoral and caudal fins approximately equal
in length and equal to or greater than depth of body ; the length
of ventral varies from a little less to much more than pectoral
and extends to anus or even upon anal fin; the tips of third
and fourth dorsal spines more or less elongated, sometimes
much greater than depth of body; the second dorsal and anal
similar in outline, the dorsal highest, their posterior rays longest.

A specimen, collected by Alvin Seale at Sitankai, had the fol-
lowing colors in life: The general color was yellowish, washed
with greenish brown; across the body were five wide, brown
bands, each narrowly margined with blue-black; two rows of
dark red, circular spots on each side of nape; the cheeks with
short blue lines and rounded or oblong spots; a black spot
behind eye and a large, dark spot above upper posterior angle
of opercle, followed by several smaller spots; the first dorsal
with a black edge, some violet spots anteriorly and a large, dark
purplish spot between fourth and fifth spines ; the second dorsal
with a central crossbar of violet-brown, bordered by pearl white
dots on inner side; above it a yellowish band, bounded by a
black line, the tips of the rays violet ; a crossbar of violet-brown
on anal, bordered by pearl white dots, the margin of fin black ;
the caudal suffused with salmon, its posterior margin violet,
with a large black spot on upper part of basal portion and some
blackish violet spots scattered on distal portion; the pectorals
yellowish, with a horizontal blue bar on base.

Alcoholic specimens vary from greenish brown to light brown,
with body markings as above described but duller, the spots
on nape and head partially lost; the dorsal and anal fins much
darker, their delicate markings lost.

Here described from thirteen specimens, ranging in length
from 26 to 87 millimeters, from Puerto Galera, Mindoro; Ca-
balian, Leyte; San Juan, Siquijor; Sibutu and Sitankai, Sulu
Province.

A specimen, 40 millimeters long, from Canigaran, near Puerto
Princesa, Palawan, has five dark crossbands, the last one at

AMBLYGOBIUS 237

base of tail very narrow; on the first three the black marginal
lines extend only halfway down; the lower half of each of the
crossbands, except the fifth, bordered on each side by a wide,
pearly white band; on upper half of body these pearly bands
are continued as two pearly white spots; a dark blue band on
tip of snout from eye to eye; a wide blue band from angle of
mouth diagonally upward across preopercle and opercle, and
forming a horizontal bar on base of pectoral; between it and
eye a broad, pearly white band upward and backward to base
of pectoral, and a similar band below it and extending upon
base of pectoral; a dark blotch behind eye and another at up-
per posterior angle of opercle; the fins marked approximately
as in the Sitankai specimen. This specimen lacks the red spots
on nape, but agrees in essentials with A. phalaena.

Other Philippine localities are Cagayancillo, recorded by Jor-
dan and Richardson, and Samal Island in Davao Gulf, where
it was obtained by Scale.

I collected, on September 15, 1925, eleven specimens at Cebu,
65 to 108 millimeters long. They are all big-headed, thick,
robust fishes ; the largest two are spawning females, their depth
3 and 3.5 times in the length. I received seven more from
Tagbilaran, Bohol.

This very handsome goby occurs only in the sea. It was first
collected at Vanikolo, and occurs throughout the East Indies and
from the Pelew to the Samoan and Society Islands.

114. AMBLYGOBIUS SPHYNX (Cuvitr and Valenciennes)

Gobius sphynx CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837)

70.

Gobius sphinx GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 67.
Amblygobius sphynx BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 13 (1878) 54.
Amblygobius sphinx JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28

(1905) 795.

Dorsal VI, 1-14; anal I, 14; there are 52 to 54 scales in a
longitudinal series and 20 in a transverse series.

The body oblong, compressed, with convex anterior profile,
the depth equal to head and about 3.4 in length ; the short snout
is 3.45 to 3.6 in head and equals or very little exceeds eye,
which is 3.6 to 3.8 in head ; the interorbital space 4.4 to 4.7 in
head; the mouth rather large, strongly oblique, the angle of
maxillary reaching a point beneath front margin of pupil; the
teeth larger and more prominent than in A. phalaena; the pores
on head present as in A. bynoensis and A. phalaena, but they

238 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

are not very evident in our poorly preserved specimens ; the up-
per part of opercle scaled but the rest of the head naked; the
scales on nape a little smaller than those on sides; the depth
of the wide flat caudal peduncle a little greater than its length
and about 2.2 times in head; the length of caudal equals head
and is greater than that of pectoral; the ventrals usually do
not reach anus; the tips of dorsal spines more or less elongated,
the fifth one the longest and extending upon second dorsal when
depressed but only about f of the depth ; the second dorsal and
anal similar in outline, the dorsal the higher, their posterior
rays greater than the depth beneath them and extending upon
caudal.

The color of a living specimen collected at Tawang, Samal
Island, was pale greenish, becoming whitish below, with five
brown crossbands widest dorsally, a small blackish spot on up-
per part of caudal base, several large pearl white spots on side
below soft dorsal, and numerous, small, bluish white spots scat-
tered on sides in the crossbands ; the snout was dusky, the sides
of head marked with alternate irregular streaks of pink and
white; white spots on opercle, with brown marks on posterior
margin ; the first dorsal irregularly blotched and margined with
violet, the second dorsal with a basal series of pink spots, per-
pendicular stripes of pink alternating with white specks, and
a pink margin; the anal pinkish, spotted with white, and with
a pink margin; the ventrals similar to anal but paler and with-
out the pink margin; the pectoral lemon yellow, with a basal
pink vertical bar; the caudal with longitudinal pink stripes and
dark green margins.

In alcohol specimens are brown above and more or less sil-
very below, with five darker crossbands more or less evident,
and a small black spot on upper part of caudal base ; the scales
on sides each with a pearly spot, forming longitudinal rows;
the sides of head and base of pectoral covered with oblong to
circular, bluish or pearly spots; usually a blackish spot present
over upper posterior angle of opercle; the dorsal fins and anal
dusky, the original markings disappearing.

Here described from nineteen specimens, varying in length
from 30 to 84 millimeters, from the following localities :

Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 7. Samal Island, Davao, Minda-

Bacon, Sorsogon Province, 1. nao, 1.

Dumaguete, Oriental Negros, 5. Canigaran, Palawan, 1.

Cagayan, Misamis Province, Balabac, 2.
Mindanao, 2.

CRYPTOCENTRUS 239

I also place here a specimen in bad condition, 85 millimeters
long, collected at Jolo.

This species was recorded from southern Negros by Jordan
and Richardson and occurs throughout the East Indies to New
Guinea, where it was originally collected by Quoy and Gaimard.

Genus 47. CRYPTOCENTRUS (Ehrenberg) Bleeker

Cryptocentrus (Ehrenberg MS.) BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides,
Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 322; JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901) 72.

The body moderately elongate, covered with minute cycloid
scales, 75 to over 100 in a longitudinal series; the naked head
large, broad, narrowed above, blunt, with strongly convex snout,
the eyes high up and close together; the mouth large, oblique,
not opening readily, the maxillary extending beyond eye, the
chin prominent; the teeth in several rows in each jaw, rather
large, those of outer row enlarged, and a pair of more or less
well-developed canines posteriorly in lower jaw; the first dorsal
short, the spines flexible and sometimes filamentous; the second
dorsal longer than anal, both extending to base of caudal or
beyond when depressed; pectorals without silky rays above; the
ventrals long; the caudal round-pointed to somewhat acute, and
longer than head; the gill openings very broad, the isthmus
narrow. Dorsal VI, 1-10 to 20; anal I, 9 to 21; branchioste-
gals 4.

This genus comprises numerous species of brightly colored
gobies occurring from the Red Sea to southern Japan.

Key to the Philippine and China Sea species of Cryptocentrus.

a1. A black spot between first and second dorsal spines.

ft1. Spot near tip of membrane; 85 scales in longitudinal series, 32 in

transverse series C. cebuanus.

b2. Spot near base of membrane; 105 scales in longitudinal series, 40 in

transverse series C. filifer.

a2. No black spot between first and second dorsal spines.

c1. Body with five dark brown crossbands; 90 to 104 scales in longitudinal
series, 27 in transverse series; first dorsal pale brown; second dorsal

pale brown with yellow spots along base C. fontanesii.

c2. Body without five dark brown crossbands.

eP. About 75 longitudinal scales, 30 transverse scales; first dorsal deep
black from first to third spines inclusive; a large basal black
spot between spines 5 and 6; body uniform yellowish.... C. vagus.
d2. About 90 longitudinal scales, 27 transverse scales; first dorsal
purplish brown; sides of head with widely scattered blue or dark
brown spots; body light brown with a dark brown saddle from
back to belly C. venustus.

240 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

115. CRYPTOCENTRUS CEBIT ANUS sp. nov.

PLATE 19, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 10; there are about 85 scales in a
longitudinal series, 32 in a transverse series, and about 20 scales
in front of first dorsal.

The body elongate, strongly compressed laterally, the dorsal
profile horizontal, the greatest thickness a little more than half
the depth, which is contained 5.56 times in length; the head
large, its thickness equal to its depth, with short, blunt, steeply
descending snout and slightly projecting chin; the length of head
3.56 times in head and trunk together; the snout 0.2 of head
and shorter than the large, obliquely set eyes which are dor-
solateral in position, very close together, and 4£ times in head ;
the convex interorbital 0.25 of an eye diameter in breadth ; the
mouth large, oblique, the maxillary extending a little beyond
eye; teeth in four rows in each jaw, the posterior canines in
lower jaw small; in upper jaw some of the teeth in inner row
behind symphysis enlarged; the scales are closely set, distinct,
and extend forward upon nape as far as in line with front mar-
gin of opercle; the snout, cheeks, opercles, and naked space
behind eyes covered with lines of minute papillae ; the first dorsal
high, the tips of the spines not extended beyond the membrane,
the second spine longest and 0.2 greater than the depth; the
base of second dorsal much longer than that of anal, the fins
similar in outline, the posterior rays longest and greater than
the depth, both reaching caudal when depressed, the second
dorsal higher than anal; the depth of caudal peduncle 1.6 times
in depth and 2.5 times in head; the caudal pointed, its length
i of head and trunk; the broad, round-pointed pectorals exceed
depth very slightly; the slender, pointed ventrals longer than
pectorals, and 0.25 more than depth, but do not reach anus ; the
anal papilla short and bluntly rounded.

The color in alcohol reddish brown, with a lilac cast anteriorly,
becoming yellowish brown on posterior third; on sides are ten
( ?) crossbars of darker brown ; the bars on posterior third have
faded considerably, so that their number cannot be determined
exactly ; two similar short bands cross nape, one just in front of
first dorsal, the other above opercles ; a dark brown band crosses
behind eyes and divides, one part passing diagonally downward
and forward to posterior angle of maxillary, the other passing
back and down to opercle; below this is a large pale spot,
apparently pearly blue in life, covering most of preopercle ; the

CRYPTOCENTRUS 241

sides of head spotted with large, dark brown circular dots ; near
tip of membrane between first and second spines of first dorsal
a deep black spot ; the upper margin of caudal tip a broad black
line; no other markings left on caudal, second dorsal, anal, or
pectorals; the ventrals black centrally, fading to light brown
at outer margins.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 89 milli-
meters long, collected at Cebu by Prof. A. L. Day.

116. CRYPTOCENTRUS FILIFER (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Gobius filifer CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837)

80.
Gobius knutteli BREKKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. 3 (1858) 16, pi. 1,

fig. 2; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 73.
Cryptocentrus filifer JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24

(1901) 72, fig. 12.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 9; there are about 105 scales in a
longitudinal series and 40 in a transverse series.

The body moderately elongate, somewhat rounded or laterally
compressed, both profiles converging from origin of first dorsal
to caudal peduncle, the depth 5.1 to 5.4 times in length; the
head large, 3 to 3.3 times in length, broader than trunk but
deeper than wide ; its depth sometimes greater than that of body,
the blunt convex snout very steep, 4 times in head; the eyes
placed very high, lateral, 4.4 to 4.6 times in head and about
H times in snout; the interorbital space narrow, its breadth
about 3 times in eye; the gape of the large oblique mouth ex-
tends back to a point below posterior margin of eye or beyond,
the maxillary extending more than halfway across preopercle;
the teeth of upper jaw in four or even five rows anteriorly,
those of outer row more than twice as large as the others; in
lower jaw are five rows of slender teeth of nearly uniform
size, with a pair of rather small and easily lost lateral canines
in outer row; the scaleless head and nape marked by many
longitudinal and crosslines of minute papillae; the body covered
with minute cycloid scales, largest posteriorly, deeply embedded
in the skin and rather widely spaced anteriorly, their position
over most of body indicated by shallow pits; the first dorsal
very high, all the spines with more or less elongated tips, the
first or second spine longest, more than twice depth of body
and nearly half again as long as head; the second dorsal high
the posterior rays longest, equal to or greater than greatest depth
of body, extending upon caudal when depressed; 'the base of

242 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

anal much shorter, but its longest rays are higher than those
of second dorsal and extend to or upon caudal when depressed;
the depth of caudal peduncle 3.2 to 3.5 times in head ; the caudal
broad, with round pointed tip, its length a little more than
that of head; the pectorals are broad and rounded, and extend
back as far as posterior extremity of first dorsal ; the broad
ventrals reach the small triangular anal papilla.

In alcohol brown or yellowish brown, paler on throat
and belly ; the sides have four or five broad, dark brown, vertical
bands, the first under first dorsal, the last at base of caudal;
a short, broad, dark brown crossband on nape between pre-
opercles and another in front of first dorsal above pectoral base ;
the opercles and preopercles sprinkled with small pearly white
spots (said to be bright blue in life) ; the first dorsal has an
elongated black spot on lower part of membrane between first
and second spines; the second dorsal crossbarred by two rows
of large dark spots on membrane between rays; the anal has
a dark brown margin; the upper half of caudal crossbarred
by alternate rows of dark brown and white spots; the ventral
rays dark.

This strongly marked species is common about the rocky
coasts of southern Japan and China. Here described from sev-
eral specimens, from 80 to 98 millimeters in length, obtained
at Hongkong by Scale, and a fine specimen from Amoy, collected
by Light.

It may be expected along the western coast of northern Luzon.

117. CRYPTOCENTRUS FONTANESII (Bleeker)

Gobius fontanesii BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852) 764; GiJN-

THER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 74.
Gobius (Cryptocentrus) fontanesii WEBER, Fische Siboga Exped.

(1913) 474.
Oxyurichtus fontanesii FOWLER and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

62 (1922) 72.

Dorsal VI, 1-15; anal I, 16; there are 90 to 104 scales in a
longitudinal series, about 27 in a transverse series, and 30 be-
fore first dorsal.

The body slender, elongate, laterally compressed, the depth
6.3, the head 3.6 times in length; the depth of head twice in
its length; the convex, obtuse snout shorter than eye, 4.3 times
in head; the eye 4.8 times, the maxillary 2.4 in head, its pos-
terior extremity below middle of eye; the eyes very close to-
gether, high up, the interorbital 2.4 times in eye; the mouth
oblique, the outer teeth enlarged; one to four lateral canines

CRYPTOCENTRUS 243

on each side in lower jaw, the latter number typical; the scales
on posterior part of body much larger than anterior ones; the
dorsal fins higher than body in males, lower in females, the
third spine longest; the obtusely rounded caudal 3.5 times in
length; the rounded pectoral scarcely shorter than head; the
very large, broad, posteriorly pointed ventrals reach beyond
anus.

The color in alcohol reddish brown to dull brownish, with
five broad, obscure, dark brown crossbands or blotches, the first
at occiput, second at middle of spinous dorsal, the third and
fourth below soft dorsal, the fifth at base of caudal; the head
may have yellow dots on top; the fins all pale brown, the soft
dorsal with a series of yellow spots along its base; the margin
of anal dusky with a narrow pale or gray submarginal line.

The above description is compiled, as I have seen no authentic
specimens. Fowler and Bean had a specimen, 150 millimeters
long, from Cebu. Originally described from Celebes and Am-
boina, it is known westward to Java.

118. CRYPTOCENTRUS VAGUS sp. nov.

PLATE 19, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal, I, 10; there are about 75 scales in a
longitudinal series and 30 scales in a transverse series.

The body elongate oblong, flattened laterally, the head thicker
than body, the anterior dorsal and ventral profiles convex, the
depth 5 times, the head 3.14 times in length; the head rather
blunt, the lower jaw prominent, the short convex snout with a
large central hump; the snout contained 5.6 times in head and
1.2 times in eye diameter; the eyes are high up, dorsolateral,
4.66 in head, close together, the interorbital 3 times in eye ; the
mouth is large but does not open wide, strongly oblique, the
maxillary extending beyond eye to lower margin of preopercle ;
three rows of teeth above, and two rows in lower jaw, with
two pairs of canines back on either side from symphysis and
outside the rows of teeth; the body covered with rather easily
displaced scales posteriorly, smaller and closely adherent an-
teriorly, and disappearing above base of pectoral; no scales in
front of first dorsal; the head naked, without papillae or other
growths on the smooth cheeks, opercles, and nape; the cheeks
broad and evidently moderately full in life, the opercles narrow ;
the first dorsal very high, the second and third spines exceed-
ingly elongate with a fine, silklike tip, the second spine twice in
head and trunk together and reaching almost to base of caudal

244 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

when depressed; the second dorsal and anal similar in shape,
high, the posterior rays longest, extending beyond base of cau-
dal when depressed, 0.875 as long as head and 3.66 in length,
as is also the narrow pointed pectoral ; the narrow ventrals have
a wide, thin frenum and extend to the very small pointed anal
papilla, their length 1.4 in head and 4.4 in total length; the
caudal peduncle is 2.8 times in head and 1.6 times in its own
length; the much elongated and very narrow caudal 0.5 the
total length.

The color in alcohol is uniform yellowish, with a large dark
brown blotch on upper part of opercle; the pupil of eye white;
the membrane between first, second, and third spines of first
dorsal deep black; between fifth and sixth spines is a large
black spot on basal part of membrane; the remainder of the
fin is minutely specked with dusky, the basal half of the spines
black; the second dorsal and anal have a blackish margin, their
membranes gray with minute dusky specks ; the caudal brownish,
becoming dusky toward tip, the ventral blackish, the pectoral
colorless.

Here described from the type, 44 millimeters long, of unknown
origin, but from Mindoro or Mindanao.

Since writing the above a specimen, 35 millimeters long, has
been collected at Iloilo by Mr. H. R. Montalban. The snout
has been partly destroyed, but it is the same species as the type.

Vagus, wandering or vagrant.

119. CRYPTOCENTRUS VENUSTUS Seale

Cryptocentrus vennstus SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 9 (1914) 76,
pl. 2, fig. 2.

Dorsal VI, 1-9; anal I, 10; about 90 scales in a longitudinal
series, about 27 in a transverse series, and about 20 before first
dorsal.

The head and body laterally compressed, the depth 5.5, the
head 3.75 times in length; the head strongly convex, a little
broader than body, its width nearly f of its depth, which is
f of its length; the snout very steep, shorter than eye, 5 times
in head ; the large circular eyes very high up, lateral but looking
upward as well, 4.2 times in head, close together, the interor-
bital space 3 times in an eye diameter; the mouth large, the
gape extending to posterior margin of the large pupil, the pos-
terior angle of maxillary extending beyond posterior margin
of eye; there are five rows of teeth in each jaw, those of outer
row widely spaced and slightly enlarged, those of inner row

BIAT 245

horizontal, pointing inward, enlarged, the posterior ones very
much so, the inner rows minute ; the scales on forward portion
of body very small, becoming much larger posteriorly; they
extend before first dorsal as far as front margin of the very
narrow opercle ; the first dorsal high, the middle spines longest,
0.9 of the length of head ; the sixth spine separated by a con-
siderable space from fifth; Scale was in error in stating it to
have seven spines and the figure is incorrect in showing the first
spine as longest; there is a projecting filament of skin behind
sixth spine but no additional spine; the second dorsal and
anal sharply angulate posteriorly, the last or next to the last
ray longest, 1.5 times in head, or f its length; the caudal pointed,
3.25 times in the length and | longer than head; the rather
narrow pointed pectoral i as long as head; the ventrals have
a wide frenum forming a very deep cup, their length equal to
head, the narrow pointed tip reaching the small, conical anal
papilla.

The color, according to Seale, was light brown, with a wide,
dark brown saddle over back under first dorsal and extending
downward on sides and belly; a dark brown area along middle
of sides to base of caudal; a brownish area behind eyes and
one below them; about fifteen blue spots on sides of head and
base of pectoral ; the first dorsal and anal dark purplish, lighter
basally, and approaching black above; the ventrals dark pur-
plish; the second dorsal blackish basally and along margin, the
rest of the fin with three longitudinal rows of white spots and
two longitudinal lines of blackish spots; the caudal and pec-
torals uniform brown. After fifteen years in alcohol the mark-
ings have changed little; the second dorsal, however, is now
practically all brown and the spots on the sides of the head are
blackish brown.

The type and only specimen is a male, 80 millimeters long,
collected by Seale in Hongkong.

Genus 48. BIAT Seale

Biat SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. ,§ A 4 (1909) 532
The body elongate, the sides strongly compressed, the head
large, blunt, broad, the body deepest at origin of ventrals; the
mouth of medium size, oblique, with strongly projecting chin;
the upper jaw has an outer row of enlarged fixed teeth, some
of those in front caninelike, and four rows of very small de-
pressible teeth ; the lower jaw has two rows of small fixed teeth
and a short inner row of stout, backward-curved canines; the

246 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

body covered with ctenoid scales not very regularly arranged,
the posterior ones largest, becoming smaller anteriorly, and
passing into cycloid scales, those before first dorsal very small ;
there is a patch of minute scales on base of pectoral ; the oper-
cles, preopercles, snout, top of head, and nape scaleless back
as far as front margin of opercles; the tip of tongue convex,
adnate; the gill openings wide and carried forward to a line
below the preopercles, the isthmus rather narrow; the dorsals
close together, both lower than body ; the ventrals long, the cau-
dal longer than head, lanceolate; no silky rays on pectorals.
Dorsal VI, 1-15; anal I, 16; scales in a longitudinal series, 100
to 110.

But a single species is known.

120. BIAT LUZONICUS Seale

PLATE 20, FIG. 1
.Biat luzonica SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. ,§ A 4 (1909) 532.

Dorsal VI, 1-15; anal I, 16; there are 104 scales in a length-
wise series, 30 in a transverse series, and about 20 before first
dorsal.

The body elongate, oblong, strongly compressed laterally, the
greatest depth 5.1 in length; the head large, blunt, broad, its
width equal to its depth, and contained 3.8 times in length ; the
snout short, steep, rather broad, with a conspicuous median
hump, and contained 4.2 times in head; the eyes large, very
high up but lateral in position, almost equal to snout in length,
4.4 in head; the interorbital space very narrow, its breadth
less than £ that of eye; the mouth moderately oblique, with
projecting lower jaw, the posterior angle of maxillary reaching
to pupil; the upper jaw has five rows of teeth, those of outer
row much enlarged and fixed, about four in the forward part
caniniform and curved backward, the other four rows of very
fine, sharp-pointed, depressible teeth; the lower jaw has three
rows of teeth, apparently all fixed, the inner row much the
shortest, of about five stout, curved canines on each side; the
nostrils in front of middle of eye, the anterior one small, closed
(tubulate?), the posterior one larger and open; above and about
midway between is a large pore; a large pore at anterior and
one at posterior end of interorbital space; a pore behind upper
part of eye, one behind middle of eye at beginning of supraoper-
cular groove and three more along it, and three on posterior

OXYURICHTHYS 247

margin of preopercle; the scalation is given under the generic
description ; the tips of the dorsal spines slender and somewhat
elongate, the third and fourth longest but less than the depth;
the base of anal shorter than that of second dorsal, the fins
similar in outline; the second dorsal the highest, its longest
rays a little shorter than third dorsal spine ; the posterior rays
of second dorsal and anal reach caudal when depressed; the
depth of caudal peduncle 2.4 in head ; the damaged caudal slightly
exceeds the head in length, but Scale states it is almost 0.25
longer than head; the frenum of ventrals very broad, forming
a very deep cup and sucking disk; the ventrals long, reaching
anal; the pectorals broad and rather short, their length about
1.25 times in head ; the cylindrical anal papilla short, thick, and
blunt.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown, with five broad, dark
brown bands, without distinct margins, over back and sides,
and a spot of the same color on snout and interorbital space;
the first band crosses nape and descends upon opercle ; the sec-
ond is from middle of base of first dorsal to belly; the third
from anterior portion, the fourth the posterior portion of second
dorsal ; the fifth on basal portion of caudal fin ; there are traces
of a few pale spots on upper part of head behind eye; the
first dorsal, except anterior third, very dark brown ; the second
dorsal and caudal yellowish, the latter with a black band along
its lower margin ; the anal yellowish with very dark brown tips
to the rays; Scale says "with" two or three narrow submarginal
lines." Pectorals yellowish; ventrals dark brown.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 145 milli-
meters in length, collected in June, 1907, by Mr. W. D. Car-
penter, on the east coast of Luzon.

This fish is close to Gobius fontanesii Bleeker, but differs
from it in several important points. The species seems to be
unique.

Genus 49. OXYURICHTHYS Bleeker

Oxyurichthus BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci.

Nat. 9 (1874) 324.
Oxyurichthys BLEEKER, Versl. Med. Akad. Amsterdam II 9 (1875)

139.
Gobiichthys KUJNZINGER, Synopsis Fische des Rothen Meeres 2, Verb.

Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien 21 (1871) 479.
Pselaphias JORDAN and SEALE, Fishes of Samoa, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

25 (1906) 406.

248 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The spelling in the first citation is evidently a typographical
error, since Bleeker had used the correct form for at least
sixteen years prior to this, but I am unable to find any generic
diagnosis prior to the appearance of his Esquisse. The spelling
is correct in the type species given.

The body elongate, laterally compressed, the dorsal and ven-
tral profiles but little arched ; the head short, broader than trunk,
with blunt, strongly convex snout; the scales irregularly
arranged in most species, loosely attached, 40 to 90 in a longi-
tudinal series, ctenoid and larger posteriorly, passing into cy-
cloid on forward part of trunk, those on nape very small and
more or less disappearing, so that it may be nearly naked;
running forward from first dorsal is a low naked ridge, termi-
nating in a more or less evident skinny crest; above each eye
and curving behind it is a low, smooth, bony ridge, the interor-
bital space very narrow; the preopercles, snout, opercles, and
naked space behind eyes marked by furrows or rows of exces-
sively minute papillae, as shown in the figures; the mouth more
or less oblique, with projecting chin; the teeth fixed, pointed,
in onfc row in upper jaw in all Philippine species, and two to
four rows in lower jaw, without canines, at least the outer
row extending to posterior angle of mouth ; the tip of the tongue
convex, the isthmus broad; the dorsals contiguous or nearly so,
with elongate tips to spines and rays, some of the dorsal spines
often excessively long and threadlike; the pectorals without
silky rays above ; the lanceolate pointed caudal much elongated ;
the ventrals broad, with a very wide frenum, which forms a
very deep cup, or sucking disk, for attaching the fish to ob-
jects. Dorsal VI, L-10 to 13; anal I, 10 to 14.

I am unable to separate those species with a tentacle on the
eye under the generic name Gobiichthys. The various species
present every gradation in the development of an ocular ten-
tacle, from those with ordinary eyes or with a pigmented spot
or bar, on through those with a slight protuberance in its place,
up to species with a tentacle as long as the eye.

In counting the scales before the first dorsal, I have counted
those beside the median naked ridge, beginning opposite the
origin of the first dorsal forward as far as the scales extend.

This genus occurs from the coasts of Hindustan to Australia
and north to the southern coast of China and Formosa.

OXYURICHTHYS 249

Key to the Philippine and China Sea species of Oxyurichthys.

a1. No tentacle present; a black spot on eye above pupil.

61. Black-margined blue ocelli on head and body; pectorals and ventrals

with white dots O. argulus.

6*. No blue ocelli on head or body.
c1. Scales 48 to 50 in a longitudinal series.

d1. Twenty-one scales in a transverse series; no circular black spots

on scales O. amabilis.

<?. Fourteen to 16 scales in a transverse series; each scale on upper

half of body with a small circular black spot O. microlepis.

c*. Scales 75 to 80 in a longitudinal series.

e\ Depth 7 times in length; first dorsal low, scarcely exceeding

depth O. papuensis.

e1. Depth 5 to 5.4 times in length; first dorsal high, with elongated
threadlike tips; 25 scales in a transverse series.... O. visayanus.
a*. A tentacle present on upper part of eye.

/*. Scales 72 to 76 in a longitudinal series; tentacle very short, stout,

teatlike O. oculo-mirus.

/*. Scales 50 to 56 in a longitudinal series.

g1. Tentacle slender, pointed, 1.6 to 3 times in eye; scales 54 to 56; 20

to 23 before first dorsal on side of nape O. ophthalmonema.

g*. Tentacle very short, 2.5 to 5 times in eye; scales 52; 17 to 18 before
first dorsal on side of nape O. viridis.

121. OXYURICHTHYS ARGULUS (Peters)

Gobius argulus PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 266.
Oxyurichthus argulus JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Check List Phil. Fishes
(1910) 50.

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 12.

In its whole habit, in the shape of the body, in the teeth, and in
the form it is extraordinarily like Gobius arabicus, but is
unique in the coloring of the body and head with small blue,
black-margined ocelli, and white-dotted pectoral and ventral
fins, and in the much larger scales which are in only thirteen
rows between the end of the second dorsal and the anal.

On one specimen the first dorsal is dark with white longi-
tudinal lines, the second dorsal dark brown with a few white
dots and a clear margin, the anal black with numerous white
dots and a broad white base, the caudal uniform, dark, without
clear margin and unspotted. The second specimen has the first
dorsal as on the first specimen, the second dorsal with alternate
clear and dark, with oblique bands from above anteriorly to
below posteriorly, the anal colored as in the first example, and
the caudal with numerous perpendicular black crossbands.

250 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

They both lack the blue spots on the base of the pectoral and
the yellow submarginal band on the caudal which one usually
notices on G. arabicus.

Two examples from a coral reef at Paracale, Luzon (Peters) .

The above highly unsatisfactory description is all that we
know about this species. It is evidently an Oxyurichthys, but
the description is remarkable for what it omits rather than for
what it gives.

Gobius arabicus has "very small scales ; the height of the
body 7 times in the total length, the length of the head 4.5;
cheeks swollen, head as broad as high, but a third longer than
high; canine teeth in the upper and lower jaws; the second and
third dorsal spines higher than the body; caudal pointed, one-
fifth of the total." (Gunther.)

The "total length" probably includes the caudal fin.

122. OXYURICHTHYS AMABILIS Seale

Oxyurichthys amabilis SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 9 (1914) 76,
pi. 2, fig. 1.

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 13; there are 50 scales in a longitu-
dinal series, 21 in a transverse series, and 24 before first dorsal.

The body elongate, the head and trunk laterally compressed,
the dorsal profile of head convex, the dorsal and ventral outlines
tapering gradually from head to caudal peduncle, the depth 6
times in length; the head large, 4 times in length, the anterior
profile strongly convex, its breadth f of its depth, which is
scarcely more than 0.6 of its length ; the snout 3.3 times in head ;
the eyes very high up, dorsolateral in position, about 4 times
in head, their inner margins very close together and projecting
above dorsal outline of head, the interorbital space linear; the
teeth in upper jaw in one row, of moderate length, stout, some-
what curved ; in lower jaw there are two rows of very small teeth,
not one row as stated by Seale; the mouth large, oblique, the
posterior angle of maxillary beneath front margin of pupil; the
scales on posterior part of body large, those on anterior portion
much smaller, those in front of first dorsal very small and
extending forward to mucus channel behind eyes ; the first dor-
sal spine highest, a little more than 1.5 times in head, the
sixth spine separated from fifth by a wide interspace, all the
spines with elongate tips ; the second dorsal elongate posteriorly,
the central and posterior rays longest but the last two shorter,
about 0.6 of head or 1.64 times in head ; the anal angulate pos-
teriorly, gradually increasing in length from the front back-

OXYURICHTHYS 251

ward, next to the last ray longest, 1.9 times in head; the pos-
terior rays of second dorsal and anal extend upon caudal when
depressed; the very long pointed caudal 2.55 to 2.6 times in
length ; the broad pointed pectoral is a trifle shorter than head
and extends back beyond a line from anus; the ventrals are
from 0.74 to 0.87 of head and do not extend to the small flat
triangular anal papilla.

The color in alcohol uniform pale yellowish brown, lighter
beneath, the fins concolorous, the anal with a blackish margin;
the ventrals seem to have been dusky.

The type, 92 millimeters long, and two cotypes, 88 and 89
millimeters in length, were collected in the Hongkong market
by Alvin Scale and are now in the Bureau of Science collection.
A third cotype, formerly in the collection, is not now there.

123. OXYURICHTHYS MICROLEPIS Bleeker

PLATE 20, FIG. 2

Gobius microlepis BLEEKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. 22 (1849) 35; Nat. Tijd.

Ned. Ind. 7 (1854) 436; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861)

49.
Oxyurichthys microlepis BLEEKER, Enumeratio specierum piscium,

Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. 6 (1859) 120.
Oxyurichthus cristatus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26

(1907) 44; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907)

104; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 278;

SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 9 (1914) 75.

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 13; there are 48 or 50 scales in a
lateral series, 14 to 16 in a transverse series, and 16 or 18 scales
before first dorsal.

The body slender, elongate, much compressed laterally, the
head much broader than body, the dorsal line nearly straight
but the ventral line ascending posteriorly to tail, the depth 5.4
to 6.3 in length; the width of the head equal to its depth, its
length 3.9 to 4.4 in head and trunk together; the snout short,
blunt, boldly convex, and 3.3 to 3.8 times in head ; the eyes very
high up, more dorsal than lateral in position, equal to snout in
length, close together, the interorbital space equal to £ or less
of an eye diameter; no orbital tentacle; the mouth strongly
oblique, with thin projecting lower jaw, the posterior angle of
maxillary beneath middle of eye; there are 18 or 20 rather
widely spaced, moderately large teeth on each side of upper
jaw, and /two rows of much smaller teeth in lower jaw; the
opercles and preopercles scaleless, the latter with two length-

252 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

wise lines and several crosslines of exceedingly minute warts;
similar short longitudinal lines on the naked nape behind eyes, no
scales on base of pectoral; the scales on nape do not extend
forward beyond posterior margin of preopercle; from the first
dorsal to the scaleless portion a low, fleshy, scaleless ridge, or
crest, occupies the central part of nape ; the tips of all the dor-
sal spines, but especially the first, may be greatly elongated and
threadlike, up to 1.8 times in length of head and body together;
the second dorsal and anal about equal in the length of their
base, of similar outline, and both with much elongated tips tc
their rays, the posterior rays longest and reaching beyond base
of caudal when depressed; the depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to
2.5 in head ; the caudal greatly elongated and pointed, its length
1.8 to 2.3 in length of head and trunk; the long pectorals may
extend back beyond beginning of anal; the ventrals usually
short, but rarely reaching anus or the slender, conical, pointed
anal papilla.

The color in life dark greenish gray to golden above, pearly
beneath; each scale along back and upper half of sides has a
small, circular, black spot before its posterior margin; five or
six broad, rather vague, brown crossbands over back; alternat-
ing and often coalescing with them on the sides and lower half
is a series of similar indistinct bands; the sides of head irides-
cent greenish gold; the crest on nape tipped with black; on
upper part of eye, just within its margin, where a tentacle
occurs in some gobies, is a more or less circular black spot; the
eyes are lapis lazuli or green, with a pearly luster; below eye
is a large, irregular, blackish brown blotch ; the spinous dorsal
has two longitudinal, broad, irregular, pearly bluish bands on
basal portion; the spines crossbarred with black and the upper
part of membrane behind last spine is black; the soft dorsal
crossed by many lines of black spots ; the upper half of caudal
has many circular to oblong black spots on the membrane, the
lower half uniform violaceous, with yellow margin; the anal
violet-blue, with yellow margin; the pectorals more or less
violet; the ventrals deep violet, with a yellow base.

The color in alcohol similar but much paler, the yellow and
blue or violet disappearing, but the dusky crossbands and lat-
eral spots often more evident; the black scale spots and crest
distinct, as are the black spot above iris, the dark spot below eye,
and the black spots on dorsals and caudal; the pupil is white
and conspicuous; the large, very fat specimens from Obando
are golden above, the pectoral and caudal bases butter yellow.

OXYURICHTHYS 253

Here described from ninety-three specimens obtained in the
Manila market, most of them living, and six from Cebu. They
range in length from 38 to 82 millimeters. I have also examined
the following specimens:

Agno River, Dagupan, Panga- Pontevedra, Capiz Province, 3.

sinan Province, 6. Capiz, Panay, 3.

Obando, Bulacan Province (very Iloilo, Panay, 1.

fine, 84 to 102 millimeters in Dumangas, Iloilo Province, 1.

length), 10. Molo, Iloilo Province, 5.

Malabon, Rizal Province, 6. Zarraga, Iloilo Province, 89.

Manila Bay, Pasay, Rizal Prov- Navalas, Guimaras, 2.

ince, 4. Hongkong, 1.
Estancia, Panay, 1.

This slender little goby occurs in large quantities in the
Manila markets during November, December, and January,
being taken from the bangos ponds and estuaries about Mala-
bon. It agrees with Bleeker's long description in his diagnosis
of the new and little-known fishes of Java, except that he does
not mention the very characteristic spot above the iris of the
eye.

From Oxyurichthys cristatus Day this species differs in color,
in having no ocellus on the pectoral or the soft dorsal, and in sca-
lation. The probabilities are great that O. cristatus is no more
than a variety of 0. microlepis. An examination of the Philip-
pine specimens labeled O. cristatus, in the United States National
Museum and the Leland Stanford Junior University, shows them
to be identical with my material and to be distinct from Day's
O. cristatus.

This species occurs elsewhere on the coasts of the Malay Pen-
insula, Java, Madura, and in the China Sea.

124. OXYURICHTHYS PAPUENSIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Gobius papuensis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 80; GtJNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 49.
Gobius (Oxyurichthys) papuensis WEBER, Siboga Exped. Fische (1913)

476.
Gobiichthys papuensis JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

28 (1905) 796.
Oxyurichthus papuensis JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Check List Phil.

Fishes (1910) 50.

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 13; there are 75 to 80 scales in a
longitudinal series.

The height of body | of total length (without caudal),
the length of head 0.25; the head £ longer than high and i
higher than broad; the eyes very close together, their diameter

254 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

5 times in length of head ; the mouth oblique, the maxillary ex-
tending to below middle of eye; the teeth of outer series en-
larged; the very pointed caudal 0.25 of total length; the first
dorsal scarcely exceeds height of body; the rays of second dor-
sal equal to first or a little less, increasing in length poste-
riorly.

The color in alcohol grayish brown, clouded with darker;
there is a brown spot at base of caudal, another at base of
pectoral; the dorsal fins with fine reticulated brownish lines;
usually there are three lines under eye, and two longitudinal
ones upon jaw and opercle.

The above description is compiled, as I have had no speci-
mens for study. Jordan and Scale had three specimens from
the southern coast of Negros.

125. OXYURICHTHYS VISAYANUS sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 13; there are 75 to 80 scales in a
longitudinal series and about 25 in a transverse series.

The strongly compressed elongate body little elevated, the
dorsal and ventral profiles but slightly arched, the depth 5 to
5.4 times in length; the breadth of head greater than that of
body and 1.3 in its depth; this is 1.45 to 1.6 in its length, which
is 3.88 to 3.95 times in head and trunk together; the profile
is convex, the boldly curved snout 3^ to 3i times in head, and
with a median bony hump; the eyes dorsolateral, 4.75 times
in head and 1.5 times in snout; the narrow interorbital half
an eye diameter in breadth; the posterior angle of maxillary
extends to beneath pupil or posterior part of eye; about twenty
teeth on each side of upper jaw, in a single row, and three
rows in lower jaw, those of the inner one much the largest;
the entire head naked and the central part of nape scaleless
back to origin of first dorsal; in some specimens the entire
predorsal region is almost scaleless, only a few, minute, scat-
tered scales being present; on the nuchal ridge is a low, thin,
skinny crest; no scales on breast or pectoral bases; the spines
of first dorsal have produced tips which sometimes are excessive-
ly elongated and threadlike, up to 1.5 times the head for the
first and second spines; the second dorsal and anal long, high,
increasing in height posteriorly, but the last ray shorter than
the two preceding it, when depressed reaching far out on cau-
dal, the posterior rays usually shorter than head but sometimes
noticeably longer, the anal a little lower than the soft dorsal;
the very long, pointed pectoral is longer than head, sometimes

OXYURICHTHYS 255

almost a half longer, and extends to base of fifth anal ray; the
large pointed ventrals sometimes extend to anal and equal or
exceed head in length; the narrow caudal peduncle very short,
its depth 0.875 of its length and 2.7 times in head; the caudal
greatly elongated, the central rays with filamentous tips, 1.5 to
2.2 times in length and 1.75 to more than twice the length of
head ; the anal papilla elongate and pointed in males, short and
subglobose in females.

The color in alcohol gray or yellowish gray, with a series of
six oblong, blackish brown blotches along middle of side, the
first under pectoral, the last on base of caudal ; alternating with
these is a series of blackish dorsal blotches, the first in front of
spinous dorsal, the last on top of caudal peduncle ; on ventral side
a series of six blackish bands going upward from anal fin, the
first at second and third anal rays; a dark brown spot under
eye, and a small circular black spot on upper part of eye, directly
above pupil ; a dark brown crossband on the naked space behind
eyes, passing from the origin of one oculo-opercular groove to
that of the other; two brown longitudinal lines, the character-
istic papilla of the genus, on each cheek, and two similar ones
on opercle; a blackish diagonal bar on opercle, from upper
posterior region running downward and forward ; on upper part
of pectoral base a large, irregular, dark brown spot; the nuchal
crest blackish; the first dorsal dusky with one or two whitish
crossbars on upper part, the filamentous prolongations black;
the soft dorsal has four or five alternating crossbands of whit-
ish or clear and blackish spots and bands, the tips black; the
anal has a basal row of large black spots on the membranes, the
margin blackish; the basal portion of pectoral rays yellow, the
rest dusky; the ventrals more or less black; the upper half of
caudal has circular blackish spots on the membranes, the fin
black posteriorly.

Here described from twelve specimens, 52 to 75 millimeters
long, collected by me at Cebu, September 16, 1925. None of
them was in breeding condition.

This species recalls Gobius papuensis Cuvier and Valen-
ciennes, but is stouter, the depth one-fifth instead of one
seventh the length, has a characteristic eyespot not mentioned
by either Cuvier and Valenciennes or Giinther, the dorsal fins
are much higher, and the color markings are different. It dif-
fers strongly from the other Philippine members of the genus.

Visayanus, because a native of the Visayan Islands.

256 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

126. OXYURICHTHYS OCULO-MIRUS sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 13; there are 72 to 76 scales in a
longitudinal series, about 24 in a transverse series, and 17 to 20
scales before first dorsal.

The long, deep body strongly compressed laterally, the dorsal
profile nearly straight, the ventral profile but little curved and
tapering upward from origin of anal to caudal ; the depth from
5.1 to 6 times in length ; the width of head greater than that of
body but less than its own depth, its length 3.8 to 4.1 times in
head and trunk together; the length of the strongly convex,
blunt snout from 3 to 3.4 times in head; the eyes high up, dor-
solateral, close together, 3.9 to 4.4 in head; on posterior half of
upper part of eye the sclerotic coat forms a low fold which
culminates in a teatlike projection; the mouth strongly oblique,
with projecting lower jaw, the posterior angle of upper jaw
extending to a point below pupil of eye ; there are from twenty-
two to twenty-four rather widely spaced, fixed, pointed, slightly
curved teeth, in each half of upper jaw, extending posteriorly
to the extreme angle of mouth; in lower jaw are two rows of
much smaller and more closely set teeth which also extend back
to posterior angle of mouth; the base of pectoral, the nuchal
crest and a space behind eyes, the opercles, and preopercles all
scaleless; the snout, preopercles, and a naked space behind eyes
all marked by furrows ; the anterior nostril very far forward, low
down, covered by a very thin walled tubule ; the posterior nostril
large, open, and on a level with or below lower margin of eye;
the scales on trunk irregularly arranged, the posterior ones
largest, those on nape smallest; the naked nuchal portion sur-
mounted by a very low skinny fold ; the tips of the dorsal spines
threadlike, the longest spines equal to depth of body, the first
dorsal joined to second dorsal ; the base of second dorsal equals
that of anal in length, their outline is similar, and the posterior
rays of each reach beyond base of caudal when depressed; the
next to the last ray in each fin is longest, that of anal equal to or
slightly greater than the depth, that of second dorsal consider-
ably longer; the depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.3 in head;
the very long and pointed caudal contained 2.1 to 2.5 times in
head and trunk together ; the large, broad pectoral extends back
as far as above second ray of anal ; the tip of the ventrals may
reach the short, conical, pointed anal papilla.

The color in alcohol dusky gray above, with a more or less
yellowish cast, lighter below and white on belly; eight more or
less distinct, dusky crossbands extend from base of dorsal to

OXYURICHTHYS 257

belly or anal ; a broad dusky band, ill defined in most of my
specimens, extends along the side to the farther end of caudal
peduncle and ends in a large, transverse, blackish blotch; the
opercle is covered with irregular pearly spots and blotches and
has a wide, dark band running diagonally downward and for-
ward ; a more or less well-defined large, semicircular, dark brown
blotch on base of pectoral fin ; the teatlike ocular tentacle white ;
below eye is a small ill-defined dark patch; the skinny nuchal
crest brown ; the first dorsal marked by poorly defined dark cross
stripes and wider pale bands, the filiform tips black; the soft
dorsal barred by four dark crossbands alternating with lighter;
the anal and ventrals dusky lilac; the caudal without markings
except in one specimen, which shows that in at least the upper
half the membrane was dusky, sprinkled with pearly spots.

Here described from seven specimens, 84 to 132 millimeters
in length, collected by me in the market at Cebu.

I also place here three specimens, 76 to 105 millimeters in
length, collected by Alvin Scale ; one specimen is from Cebu, and
two are from Davao, Mindanao.

I have a specimen, 112 millimeters long, dredged from about
25 meters near San Nicolas lighthouse, Manila Bay, and two
specimens, 77 and 108 millimeters long, from Calape, Bohol.

Oculus, eye; mirus, astonishing.

127. OXYURICHTHYS OPHTHALMONEMA Sleeker

PLATE 20, FIG. 3

Gobius ophthalmonema ELEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 8 (1856-1857)

208; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 48; MEYER, Ann.,

Soc. Espana Nat. Hist. 14 (1885) 29.
Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. 6

(1859) 120.
Euctenogobius ophthalmonema GUNTHER, Fische der Sudsee 2 (1876-

1881) 180, pi. Ill, fig. B.
Pselaphius ophthalmonemus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

25 (1906) 406.
Oxyurichthys tentacularis JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 26

(1907) 45.
Gobiichthys tentacularis JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

27 (1908) 278; SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. .§ D 9 (1914) 76.

Dorsal VI, 1-1.2; anal I, 13; there are 54 to 56 scales in a
lengthwise series, 16 in a transverse series, and 20 to 23 before
first dorsal.

The body elongate, thick, plump, with rounded sides, the
greatest thickness 1.3 to 1.6 times in the depth, posteriorly
compressed, the dorsal profile nearly straight, the ventral one

223793 17

258 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

gently arched from chin to base of caudal, the depth 4.5 to 5.1
times in length; the head of moderate size, 3.5 to 3.8 times in
length, its breadth equal to its depth; the snout short, blunt,
convex, its length 3 to 3.5 times in head; the eyes dorsolateral,
high up, 4.16 to 4.8 times in head and 1.3 to 1.6 times in snout,
the posterior margin of eye about equidistant between tip of
snout and posterior extremity of head; on upper posterior part
of eye, just within the margin, is a slender, pointed tentacle,
an outgrowth of the sclerotic coat, its length 1.6 to 3 times in
diameter of eye; the interorbital space very narrow, its breadth
£ or a little more than i of eye; the posterior angle of maxil-
lary extends to a point beneath pupil or beyond ; there are about
twenty-five teeth on each side of upper jaw, in a single row;
the teeth of lower jaw in three or four rows; in the first in-
stance the two outer rows are minute, those of the innermost
one at least twice as large; when four rows are present both
the outer and the inner rows are larger than the middle ones ; the
opercles, preopercles, snout, and nape above the preopercles are
scaleless and marked by the lines characteristic of the genus;
a low scaleless ridge bearing a low skinny crest extends from
first dorsal forward on nape ; no scales on base of pectoral ; the
tips of the dorsal spines more or less threadlike, those of the
first four usually elongated and longer than head; sometimes
the first one is excessively long and threadlike, extending back
beyond posterior end of base of second dorsal; the first four
rays of second dorsal lower than body, but the rest all higher
than body, the second from the posterior end longest and equal
to head; the anal similar in shape but not quite so high, the
longest rays a little less than head; the posterior rays of both
dorsal and anal extend well upon caudal when depressed; the
depth of caudal peduncle 2i to 2f in head; the caudal elongate
and pointed, about 1.8 times in head and body together and a
little more or less than twice the length of head; the elongate
pointed pectorals may extend to above the third or fourth anal
ray; the ventrals may extend to origin of anal; the anal papilla
short, slender, pointed.

The color in alcohol dark reddish brown to whitish, with six
short, blackish brown crossbars on back and a row of five or
six large, blackish brown blotches along middle of side, the one
at base of tail darkest; the dorsal scales on anterior half may
each have a small dark bar or spot along posterior margin ; there
are traces of narrow crossbands extending from dorsal bars to

OXYURICHTHYS 259

belly between the lateral blotches and a dusky patch on top of
caudal penduncle; there is a dark brown or blackish blotch
under eye; the ocular tentacle red to blackish brown; the dor-
sal fins crossbarred by many, small, black, circular spots and
irregular marks; the pectorals crossbarred by black spots, at
least on lower half; a diagonal white bar on base of pectoral
has a broad, dark brown band above and a smaller one below it ;
the ventrals and anal blackish ; the upper half of caudal marked
by oblong black spots, the lower half dusky.

Here described from seventy-two specimens, 50 to 91 milli-
meters in length, from the zoological department of the College
of Agriculture at Los Banos. The specimens came from Manila
Bay at Pasay. While they differ from Bleeker's description
in some minor particulars, they agree in all essentials. Bleeker
states "orbita superne tentaculo," which Giinther renders "above
the orbit;" later Giinther, with a specimen before him, wrote
"Ein kurzes Tentakel iiber jedem Auge." In all gobies with
ocular tentacles that I have examined, whether in the Philip-
pines or elsewhere, the tentacles have always been an outgrowth
of the eye itself, and not placed above it. In a few specimens
from Panay only one eye has a tentacle.

In addition to the above I place here a number of specimens,
many in bad condition, but apparently all agreeing in scale
count ; in many of them the coloration is considerably faded or has
vanished, except on the fins. They are from 42 to 100 milli-
meters long. The list follows:

Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 12. Pontevedra, Capiz Province, 11.

Agno River, Dagupan, Panga- Iloilo, Iloilo, 5.

sinan Province, 48. Molo, Iloilo, 5.

Malabon, Rizal Province, 1. Villa, Iloilo, 5.

Pasig River, Manila, 1. Dumangas, Iloilo, 15.

Tondo, Manila, 1. Zarraga, Iloilo, 6.

Cavite, Cavite, 3. Navalas, Guimaras, 13.

Balayan Bay, Batangas Prov- Cebu, Cebu (good specimens),

ince, 1. 10.

San Jose, Antique Province, Pa- DaVao, Mindanao, 4.

nay, 5. Hongkong, 6.

Meyer collected this species at Cebu; it was recorded under
the name Oxyurichthys tentacidaris by Jordan and Scale from
Cavite and under the name Gobiichthys tentacidaris by Jordan
and Richardson from Aparri and Iloilo and by Scale from Hong-
kong. It occurs along the coast or in brackish water and in
fresh- water streams not far inland.

260 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The species is very closely related to O. microlepis Bleeker,
but is usually much thicker and plumper. Slender individuals,
on which the lateral spots have faded, have a remarkable re-
semblance to O. microlepis, but are readily distinguished by the
presence of the tentacle on the eye.

Originally described by Bleeker from Ternate, it has been
found in fresh water in the Fiji, Samoa, and Society Islands.

128. OXYURICHTHYS VIRID1S sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 13; there are about 52 scales in a
lateral series, 18 in a transverse series, and 17 or 18 scales
before first dorsal.

The body elongate, thin, with strongly compressed sides, its
greatest thickness twice in the depth, which is 5.4 to 6 times in
the length; the head 3.8 to 4 times in length, its breadth less
than its depth, 0.85 to 0.95 of the latter ; the snout short, blunt,
3.5 to 4 times in head ; the eye as long as snout or § as long ; the
tentacle on eye very short, its length 2.5 to 5 times in eye; the
posterior margin of eye a trifle nearer tip of snout than to
posterior extremity of head; the breadth of interorbital area
contained 2.5 times in eye; the oblique mouth moderately large,
the posterior extremity of maxillary reaching to middle of
pupil or beyond; there are eighteen or twenty teeth on each
side of upper jaw and two or three rows on lower jaw, the inner
row largest, the middle row smallest, if present; the teeth in
upper jaw much larger than those of lower jaw; the depth of
caudal peduncle is 2.1 to 2.3 times in head; the long pointed
caudal 1.8 to 2.1 times in head and body together; the dorsal
spines elongate, threadlike, the first one as long as or 0.2 longer
than head ; the penultimate posterior ray of second dorsal equals
the longest dorsal spines, the ultimate one much shorter; the
anal similar but lower, its posterior rays longer than body depth ;
the posterior rays of both anal and second dorsal extend well
upon caudal when depressed; the pointed pectoral may extend
back as far as first anal ray; the ventrals rather short, not
nearly reaching anus ; the anal papilla long, slender, and pointed.
In other respects it agrees with O. ophthcdmonema.

In life the color was pale yellowish gray, with about five
indistinct, dusky crossbands over back, the sides more or less
shot with golden green ; the head and inside of mouth were also
golden green; the eyes were lapis lazuli, with a deep red ten-
tacle ; a rounded blackish spot at base of caudal ; a whitish bar
on base of pectoral with a dusky bar above and below it.

PARAPOCRYPTES 261

In alcohol the green, blue, and red disappear, leaving the
general color as in life but paler; the dorsal spines and rays
are lightly crossbarred by dark spots; the lower half of the
pectoral is crossbarred by pale and dark spots; the membrane
of the ventrals, anal, and lower half of the caudal blackish.

Here described from four specimens obtained from the Manila
market, varying in length from 72 to 86 millimeters.

I also refer here fourteen specimens, 49 to 78 millimeters
long, from Navalas, Guimaras Island, and four from Capiz,
Panay.

Viridis, green.

Genus 50. PARAPOCRYPTES Bleeker

Parapocryptes BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 327.

The upper jaw has a single row of sharp-pointed, curved teeth,
some of them more or less caniniform, or it may have at the
center four enlarged, stout teeth, with a long row of small, sharp-
pointed teeth running back on each side; in the lower jaw is a
single row of small, slender, outward-inclined teeth, which may
terminate in one or two larger, almost caninelike teeth; behind
symphysis is a pair of canines; all teeth have entire tips; the
elongate body covered with small scales, much larger posteriorly,
65 to 75 in a longitudinal series, the body and head naked before
first dorsal, or the scales extending forward to eyes and over
opercles, where they are minute ; the first dorsal has six flexible
spines and is placed some distance before the long second dorsal,
which has from 12 to 30 rays ; the anal long, with 13 to 26 rays ;
the ventral fins are attached only at their bases ; no silky pectoral
rays; the caudal lanceolate; gill openings as wide as pectoral
base, the isthmus rather broad ; branchiostegals 4.

Species few, occurring in estuaries and the tidal reaches of
rivers along the coasts of Asia from India to China, and in the
East Indies.

This genus, as here limited, may be divided into two sections.
Paeneapocryptes is distinguished by the small number of dorsal
and anal rays, and by the naked head, nape, and adjacent parts.
True Apocryptes may be limited to those having more than 20
rays in the dorsal and anal fins.

Key to the China Sea and Philippine species of Parapocryptes.

a1. Paeneapocryptes: Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 13 P. mindanensis.

a2. Parapocryptes: Dorsal VI, 1-25 to 30; anal I, 26 to 29.... P. serperaster.

262 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

129. PARAPOCRYPTES <PAENEAPOCRYPTES) MINDANENSIS sp. nov.

PLATE 20, FIG. 4

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 13; there are about 70 scales in a
longitudinal series.

The depth of the slender elongate body 7.17 times in the
length ; the head large, blunt, wider and deeper than body, 3.75
times in length, its depth 1.76 times in its length, its breadth
0.9 of its depth ; the broad, bluntly rounded snout descends from
eyes in a bold curve, and equals eye, 3.8 times in head ; the eyes
very high up, dorsolateral, their inner margins a hair's breadth
apart; the mouth oblique, the lower jaw projecting, the enlarged
posterior angle of maxillary reaching beneath posterior part of
eye; the teeth in upper jaw of unequal size, some of them large,
hooked ; the teeth in lower jaw much smaller, none of them en-
larged, the postsymphysial canines minute; the head, nape back
to the first dorsal, breast, and base of pectorals naked; the
dorsals close together, the first spine of first dorsal much elon-
gated, with hairlike tip, a little longer than head, 3.66 times
in length; the second dorsal and anal approximately equal, the
posterior rays longest, 1.76 times in head, the fins reaching cau-
dals when depressed; the caudal peduncle 1.4 times in its length,
3^ times in head; the long, pointed caudal 2.5 times in length;
the pectoral 1.46 times in head; the pointed ventrals nearly
reach anus, 1.25 times in head.

The color in alcohol uniform very pale yellowish brown, with
a series of four light brown, elongate spots along middle of side,
and a large, nearly circular spot on base of caudal; at base of
each dorsal spine and ray is a brown spot; the first dorsal pale
brown, with a large, dark brown basal spot behind sixth spine ;
the second dorsal very pale brown; the anal clear with a dark
brown margin; the ventrals blackish, the outer margins pale;
the other fins clear.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 33 milli-
meters long, obtained on the south coast of Cotabato Province.

Mindanensis, from Mindanao.

130. PARAPOCRYPTES SERPERASTER (Richardson)

Apocryptes serperaster RICHARDSON, Ichthy. China, Report Brit. Ass.
Ad. Sci. 15 (1845) 206; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861)
82; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 300, pi. 6, fig. 2.

Dorsal VI, 1-25 to 27; anal I, 26; scales in a longitudinal series
65 to 70.

APOCRYPTICHTHYS 263

I place here a poor specimen, 52 millimeters long, collected
at Fu-chow, Fukien Province, China, by Light. Dorsal VI,
1-25 ; the scales numerous, their number uncertain as many have
been lost anteriorly, but between 70 and 80 in a longitudinal
series ; the scales on posterior half large, those before first dor-
sal very small, those on opercles minute, in many rows; the
cheeks, snout, and interorbital naked; the body elongate, sub-
cylindrical anteriorly, the posterior half laterally compressed,
the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly horizontal, the depth 8
times in length ; the robust head 4.33 times in length, its breadth
much more than that of body, greater than its own depth, 1.9 in
its own length; the truncated snout convex in profile, 4.6 times
in head and slightly more than eye, which is 4.8 times in head ;
the eyes dorsal, placed obliquely, very close together, the interor-
bital 2.66 times in an eye diameter; the mouth large, oblique,
the posterior angle of maxillary reaching below posterior margin
of eye; in upper jaw is a row of four enlarged, stout teeth and
beginning behind the two lateral ones is a long row of very small,
sharp pointed teeth; in lower jaw is a row of small semihori-
zontal teeth, the last two on each side a little larger, with a
pair of stout, divergent canines behind symphysis ; the first dor-
sal rather high, the fifth spine half as long as head, the tips of
the spines extending upon second dorsal when depressed; the
second dorsal and anal low, the posterior rays highest and ex-
tending upon caudal when depressed; the narrow elongate
pointed caudal 3 times in length and 1.4 times head; the pec-
toral broadly pointed, 1.5 times in head and 6.5 times in length ;
the ventrals broad, with pointed tip, 0.125 shorter than pecto-
rals, 7.42 times in length, 1.71 times in head.

The color in alcohol uniform yellowish brown.

This species occurs along the coast of southern China, west-
ward to Bengal. I believe it occurs on the Ilocano coast of the
Philippines, though I have no authentic specimens from there.

Genus 51. APOCRYPTICHTHYS Day

Apocryptichthys DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 302.
The body elongate, the flat head anteriorly depressed, the
mouth low down, very large, extending beyond eye; in upper
jaw is a single row of small, blunt, subcylindrical teeth, with
two or four long downward-curved pointed canines at front;
in lower jaw is a single row of rather long, blunt, horizontal
teeth of uniform size, with no canines behind symphysis ; no bar-

264 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

bels; a pair of large, pointed flaps hang from snout down over
mouth opposite eyes; the body covered with cycloid scales, 70
to 90 in a longitudinal series, rather large near base of caudal,
becoming very small on anterior half, minute anteriorly; the
predorsal region naked along median line or only apparently
naked with the scales deeply embedded in the skin, and difficult
to make out with a strong lens, becoming more prominent on
the bony occiput; the top and sides of head entirely covered to
eyes, not naked as stated by Day; the dorsals separate but
very close together, or their membranes more or less connected
basally; the first dorsal of six flexible spines, the sixth one
widely spaced from the first five; the second dorsal and anal
elongate, nearly reaching caudal but entirely distinct from it;
the caudal lanceolate, shorter than head; the ventrals united,
not adnate to belly; the pectorals moderate, pointed; the gill
opening small, about half as wide as pectoral base, beginning be-
fore lower half of pectoral and running diagonally forward, the
isthmus broad ; branchiostegals 5. Dorsal VI, 1-24 to 26 ; anal
I, 23 to 26.

Heretofore known only from the coast of Madras and the
Andaman Islands.

.131. APOCRYPTICHTHYS SERICUS sp. nov.

PLATE 21, PIG. 1

Dorsal VI, 1-24 to 26 ; anal I, 23 to 26 ; scales in a longitudinal
series 75 to 85, in a transverse series about 22 to 24.

The long, low body subcylindrical anteriorly, laterally com-
pressed on posterior half, the tail shorter than head and trunk
together, 42 to 44 per cent of total length, the depth 6:2 to 7.2
times in length; the low flat head depressed anteriorly, inclined
downward from nape to tip, its undersurface flat, 3.4 to 3.66
times in length; its breadth 1.8 to 2.18 times in its own length
and from a little more to nearly a half more than its own
depth; the snout short, truncate, 4.33 to 4.6 times in head, ex-
ceeding eyes which are £ or j of head, dorsal, prominent, from
f to more than an eye diameter apart; the upper lid of eye
wide, colored like the skin on top of head, the eyes in a large,
shallow, bony pit; a large angular, pointed, teatlike flap of skin
projects at each forward angle of snout opposite eye and hangs
down over lower jaw; the jaws equal; the very large mouth
commences below lower edge of eye, the posterior angle of
maxilla extending far beyond a vertical from posterior margin

APOCRYPTICHTHYS 265

of eye, up to at least two eye diameters beyond, the length of
maxilla 1.5 to 1.7 times in head; at the center front of upper
jaw a shallow notch with one or two very large curved canines
protruding downward beyond lower jaw like miniature walrus
tusks; running back from these along edge of jaw is a single
row of small teeth as given for the genus ; the teeth in lower jaw
embedded on the under, outer side, conspicuously visible when
the fish is turned over, their characters as given for the genus;
at symphysis is a hump fitting into the notch in upper jaw ; the
entire body covered with small cycloid scales, those on tail much
larger than those on trunk; the median predorsal region may
be practically naked, but a strong lens usually shows the presence
of very small scales deeply embedded in the skin; above the
preopercles they are more prominent, and extend forward to
the margin of the ocular pits ; the opercles and preopercles cov-
ered with minute scales to eyes; the snout and region below
eyes naked; the first dorsal entirely separated from second in
one specimen, but in the others more or less completely united ;
the sixth spine separated by a wide space from the rest of the
spines but the membrane continuous; the first spine very low,
the fifth and sixth longest, 3.5 to 4 times in head; the second
dorsal very long, ending just before caudal, the posterior rays
longest, a trifle higher than first dorsal, 2.7 to 3.5 times in head ;
the anal like second dorsal but lower, its last rays equal to first
dorsal in height; the caudal broadly lanceolate, 4.25 to 5.3 times
in length, from a little more than 0.5 to 0.75 the length of head ;
the pectorals broadly pointed, 1.5 to 1.8 times in head; the
round, pointed ventrals equal to or a little shorter than pectorals.

The color in alcohol dull bluish to brownish, paler beneath;
the smallest specimen shows seven or eight dorsal crossbands
posteriorly, the last at base of caudal, the first two near middle
of length and very vague; the top of head and predorsal
region marbled with many small, irregular, dark brown spots,
blotches, and lines; the upper lip blackish brown; there is a
large, deep violet-brown or bluish brown blotch on base of pec-
toral, extending upon rays, the remainder of the fin dusky to
yellowish ; on upper part of the elongated posterior second dor-
sal rays is a large black spot; the membrane of second dorsal
more or less brown between the rays; the caudal dusky with
pale margin above and below; the ventrals and anal yellowish.

Here described from four excellent specimens, 51 to 80.5 milli-
meters in length, from Amoy, China, and one specimen, 41 milli-

266 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

meters long, in poor condition, from Fu-chow, Fukien Province,
China, all collected by Light. The type is No. 11009 Bureau of
Science collection.

In general appearance this species is very close to Day's A.
cantoris; his figure, though poor, shows the characteristic form
of the head.

Sericus, Chinese.

Genus 52. ACANTHOGOBIUS Gill

Acanthogobius GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1859) 145.

The elongate body rounded, little compressed posteriorly; the
head large, wide, snout long, the mouth large, inferior; the
tongue truncate or very slightly notched; 48 to 72 scales in a
longitudinal series, the nape scaled, some rows of minute scales
on cheeks; dorsals separate, VIII, 1-14 to 18; anal I, 11 to 15;
caudal pointed or rounded, less than or equal to head; no silky
rays above on pectoral ; isthmus broad, the gill openings slightly
continued forward at their lower end; branchiostegals 4.

Rather large gobies, from the coasts of China and Japan.

132. ACANTHOGOBIUS OMMATURUS (Richardson)

Gobius ommaturus RICHARDSON, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Ichthyology, part
3 (1845) 146, pi. 55, figs. 1-4; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus.
3 (1861) 77; RENDAHL, Arkiv Zoologi 16 (1924) 23.

Acanthogobius ommaturus BLEEKER, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. 4 (1873) 128;
JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 29 (1906) 528.

Dorsal VIII, 1-16 to 18; anal I, 14 or 15; there are 68 to 72
scales in a longitudinal series and about 16 in a transverse
series.

The slender body much elongated, the rounded belly more
prominent than the dorsal profile; the depth 9 times in length
in large specimens, 6.5 in small ones ; the large broad head con-
tained 4.15 times in length, its depth equal to 0.75 its own width ;
the eye high up, partly dorsal and partly looking obliquely side-
ways, 5.7 to 5.8 times in head, twice in the convex snout, and
longer than the width of interorbital space; the mouth inferior,
the lower jaw shorter than the upper, the posterior maxillary
extremity reaching to beneath front margin of eye; the teeth
in several rows, the outer one enlarged ; the caudal peduncle
slender and elongated, its least depth 3| times in its length ; the
entire trunk and bases of pectorals scaled ; the head naked except
along nape, a few small scales below groove running from eye to
posterior angle of opercle, and a row or two of minute scales

SYNECHOGOBIUS 267

running horizontally across middle of cheek; below the last-
named is a row of minute beadlike pores and there is a pair of
similar rows on each limb of lower jaw ; the vertical fins of mod-
erate height, the caudal elongated, nearly or quite equal to head.

The color in alcohol yellowish, becoming whitish on belly; a
large dark spot at base of caudal and traces of ten similar spots
along middle of sides; the dorsals and caudal crossbarred by
rows of dark spots.

Here described from five specimens, 80 to 172 millimeters in
length, collected at Amoy, China, by Light.

This strongly marked species is known only along the coast
of China, north to the Gulf of Chihli, but is to be expected in
Formosa and the Batan Islands.

Genus 53. SYNECHOGOBIUS Gill

Synechogobius GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1863) 266.

This genus is distinguished by its elongate, almost eel-like
form, and by the presence of eight or nine first dorsal spines.

The head is very large, deeper and broader than the trunk,
which is strongly compressed, with a ribbonlike caudal peduncle ;
the mouth large, oblique, low, with two rows of coarse teeth
in each jaw ; the eyes large, dorsolateral ; the body covered with
minutely ctenoid scales, rather large posteriorly,, very small
before first dorsal and extending almost to eyes ; the upper part
of opercle covered with small scales ; the cheeks, snout, and inter-
orbital naked; the pointed caudal longer than head; the
pectorals and ventrals broad, the dorsals widely separated; the
gill opening large, inclined forward, the isthmus broad, bran-
chiostegals 4.

Dorsal VIII or IX, 1-18 or 19; anal I, 15 or 16; scales in a
longitudinal series 88 to 90.

A single species is known; it ranges from Nagasaki in south-
ern Japan to Swatow, China.

133. SYNECHOGOBIUS HASTA (Schlegel)

PLATE 21, FIG. 2

Gobius hasta SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Pisces (1842) 144, pi. 75,
fig. 1; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 78.

Synechogobius hasta BLEEKER, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. 4 (1873) 129; JORDAN
and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901) 102.

Dorsal IX, 1-18; anal I, 15; scales in a longitudinal series,
88; in a transverse series, 14.

268 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The body very elongate, with a notably elongate caudal pe-
duncle, very strongly compressed, especially the tail which is
|$ of the total, longer than head and trunk together, the depth
10.66 times in length ; the large, blunt, oblong head 4.8 times in
length, its breadth a trifle more than half its length and greater
than its depth, which nearly equals that of body ; the long, convex
snout broadly rounded, 2.8 times in head ; the eyes laterodorsal,
in a large bony pit, twice in snout and 5.7 times in head; the
interorbital 1& times in eye, 2£ times in snout; the mouth very
large, with thick lips, moderately oblique, the posterior angle of
maxillary beneath pupil of eye ; the teeth coarse, stout, not very
long, in two rows in each jaw, reduced to one row posteriorly, the
teeth in upper jaw a trifle lower than those below; the scales
as given for the genus ; the first dorsal of nearly uniform height,
the tips of the spines filiform, not quite equaling depth, 2.28
times in head, not reaching second dorsal when depressed; the
second dorsal longer posteriorly, the next to the last ray longest,
the last two rays with elongate tips, 1.9 in head; the anal similar
to second dorsal, but scarcely as high, the last two rays elongate,
2 in head; the depth of the long, slender, caudal peduncle 4.4
times in its own length, which is 0.1 longer than head, and 0.44
of the length of tail ; the long, narrow, pointed caudal fin 1.225
times the length of head and 3.9 times in total length; the pec-
torals pointed, a little more than 1.5 times in head; the ventrals
broad, round pointed, 0.6 of the length of head and reaching a
little more than halfway to anus ; the anal papilla long, conical.

The color in alcohol uniform light brownish, paler beneath,
the caudal blackish ; a pale lunate mark near base of caudal rays ;
the soft dorsal has four longitudinal rows of elongate brown
spots; the other fins uniform very pale yellowish.

Here described from a specimen, 192 millimeters long, or 242
millimeters including caudal fin. It was obtained at Amoy by
Light. This fish occurs from southern Japan to the coast of
southern China.

Genus 54. ILLANA Smith and Scale

lUana SMITH and SEALE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19 (1906) 79.
This genus is characterized especially by the presence of two
fleshy barbels on chin; the mouth small, oblique, with projecting
lower jaw; in upper jaw is a row of large, stout teeth, followed
by three rows of minute, depressible teeth; in lower jaw is an
outer row of stout teeth much smaller than those of upper jaw,

ILLANA 269

behind which are two rows of minute depressible teeth; no
canines; the body moderately elongate, compressed above, with
large ctenoid scales, 30 to 32 in a longitudinal series; the head
large, naked, with prominent longitudinal lines of minute warts
on cheeks. Dorsals VI, 1-9, the second spine of first dorsal
elongated ; anal I, 9 ; no silky rays on upper part of pectoral ;
the rounded caudal shorter than head.

Only a single species is known of this Philippine genus.

134. ILLANA CACABET Smith and Scale

PLATE 21, FIG. 3

Illana cacabet SMITH and SEALE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19
(1906) 80, with text figure.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 ; anal I, 9 ; there are 30 to 32 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 10 in a transverse series, and 13 before first
dorsal.

The body elongate, laterally compressed with long, slender
caudal peduncle, the dorsal profile well arched, descending in a
steep, nearly straight line from first dorsal to tip of snout, the
ventral profile nearly horizontal, the depth 6 in length ; the head
large, its breadth equal to body depth, blunt, with projecting
jaw, and contained 3.6 times in head; the eyes close together,
high up, obliquely dorsolateral in position, nearly as long as
snout, 1^ times in snout; the flat interorbital contained 2.25
times in eye; the caudal peduncle contained 10 times in length,
a little less than 3 times in head, and 2£ times in its own length ;
the plump naked cheeks crossed by five longitudinal rows of
minute papillae and warts on their lower half ; the lower margins
of preopercle and subopercle are fringed with fine papilla, and
on opercle is a similar row running diagonally backward and
downward ; the barbels on chin are very short, 2.5 times in eye ;
the anal papilla small, rounded, conical; in my specimen the
fins are too badly mutilated to show their original condition,
except the ventrals which reach beyond anal papilla almost to
origin of anal; the original description says, "spinous dorsal
with the second spine elongate, in males extending to or beyond
middle of soft dorsal; longest dorsal ray 1.6 in head; pectorals
1.1 in head; ventrals 1.35 in head; origin of anal fin midway
between tip of snout and base of caudal; base of anal 1.2 in
head, its longest ray 1.75 in head; caudal rounded, 1.1 in head."

The color in alcohol brown, with five large, dark reddish brown
spots along midline of side, the last at base of caudal; three

270 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

broad, indistinct, dark brown crossbands over back, the first
under posterior part of first dorsal and behind it, the second
under anterior part of second dorsal, the third under posterior
part of second dorsal and over anterior part of caudal peduncle ;
the interorbital space marked by irregular brown spots and
lines.

Here described from one of the cotypes, a specimen, 61 milli-
meters long, collected from the Rio Grande de Mindanao, Cota-
bato, Mindanao, in 1903, by Doctor Morse.

This unique species is known only from three specimens secured
by Doctor Morse ; the type and the other cotype are in the United
States National Museum.

Genus 55. PARACHAETURICHTHYS Bleeker

Parachaeturichthys BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 325;
JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901) 103.

The moderately elongate body covered with rather large
ctenoid scales; the head rounded in profile, not depressed above,
the eyes close together ; the body covered everywhere with large
scales, which extend forward upon interorbital space to posterior
part of snout and on cheeks, those on head, nape, and anterior
underparts cycloid, the rest ctenoid; the mouth oblique, of me-
dium size, the teeth simple, in narrow bands of about five rows
in each jaw, the outer ones enlarged, without true canines; the
chin bears many small barbels on each side along underside of
jaw; the dorsal fins short, separate; the pointed caudal much
longer than head, with a conspicuous black ocellus on upper part
near base; there are no free silklike rays on upper margin of
pectoral ; the isthmus broad, the gill openings narrow, not con-
tinued forward below; branchiostegals 4; dorsal VI, 1-10; anal
I, 9 ; scales in a longitudinal series, 28 to 32.

There is but one species known; it occurs along the coasts
of India, China, and southern Japan, and in the Philippines.

135. PARACHAETURICHTHYS POLYNEMA (Bleeker)

PLATE 21, FIG. 4

Chaeturichthys polynema BLEEKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. 25 (1853) 44,

fig. 4.
Gobius polynema GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 46;

DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 286, pi. 61, fig. 8.
Parachaeturichthys polynemus JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus. 24 (1901) 103; JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

29 (1906) 528.

PARACHAETURICHTHYS 271

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 9 ; there are 28 to 32 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 9 in a transverse series, and 16 to 19 before first
dorsal.

The body elongate, somewhat compressed, with deep, much
compressed caudal peduncle and large, broad head, the depth 5.1
to 5.5 times, the head 3.4 to 3.7 times in length ; the head broader
than deep, the blunt, broad convex snout 3.6 to 4 times in head ;
the eye equals or is slightly longer than snout; the eyes very
high up, dorsolateral, their gaze upward as well as sideways;
the interorbital 1.5 to 1.8 times in eye; the mouth slightly ob-
lique, the jaws equal, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath
anterior part of eye or front margin of pupil ; in upper jaw the
outer row is of enlarged, curved, caniniform teeth, followed by
a band of four rows of small, slender, depressible teeth, those
of the innermost row a little longer than the rest; the teeth of
lower jaw have the same arrangement, but those of outer row
are hardly as large as in outer row above, while those of the
inner band are coarser than those in upper jaw; rows of
slender barbels occur on underside of lower jaw, along median
line of chin and on the branchiostegal region ; the body covered
with rather deciduous scales, those on sides ctenoid, those on
nape, head, and anterior underparts cycloid, the scales extending
forward on head between eyes and almost to tip of snout; the
middle spines of first dorsal longest, extending upon second dor-
sal when depressed, 1.8 to 2 times in head; the second dorsal
and anal high, the latter slightly exceeding the former, angu-
late, the posterior rays longest, reaching caudal when depressed,
equal or nearly equal to depth, and 1.4 to 1.8 times in head ; the
depth of caudal peduncle 1.75 times in its own length, which
is equal to the depth ; the very long, pointed caudal £ longer than
head and 2.7 to 2.8 times in length; the pointed pectoral 0.1
longer than head; the ventrals broad, with a wide strong fre-
num, their margin incised, pointed, 1.3 times in head, the tip
never reaching anus; the anal papilla slender and pointed.

The color in alcohol dusky brown, paler below, without dis-
tinct markings; the fins all dusky or blackish; a large, black,
yellow-margined oval ocellus lies on basal part of caudal, just
below its upper margin.

Here described from a specimen, 51 millimeters long, collected
at Iloilo by Montalban in July, 1925, and seven specimens, 44
to 82 millimeters long, collected at Amoy, China, by Light.

272 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

This easily recognized species has heretofore been known only
from Madras, India, and the coasts of China and southern Japan.

Since writing the above I have obtained three specimens, 73
to 86 millimeters in length, dredged from Manila Bay near San
Nicolas lighthouse, at a depth of about 25 fathoms.

Genus 56. LOPHIOGOBIUS Gunther

Lophiogobius GUNTHER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. IV 12 (1873) 241.

Body rather elongate, covered with 36 to 40 scales of moderate
size, larger posteriorly, the caudal peduncle very slender; the
head large, depressed, the mouth wide, oblique, the lower jaw
large, prominent, projecting; the teeth of outer row in each jaw
rather large, subhorizontal, projecting, widely spaced, entirely
exposed, outside the thin lips; some distance within outer row
is another row of much smaller teeth pointing inward ; the tongue
large, broad, the tip nearly truncate; the palate smooth; the
sides of head papillate across cheeks, and an extraordinary
growth of barbels over the flat undersurface of head from chin
back to posterior margin of preopercle and running up the latter ;
the dorsals comparatively far apart; the ventrals not adherent
to belly; the gill openings wide, the isthmus narrow; branchios-
tegals 5. Dorsal VII, 1-15 or 16.

Gunther stated that the first spine of the dorsal is "stiff and
pungent." I do not find it so, it being merely a little less flexible
than the others, but otherwise similar. Gunther fails to men-
tion the remarkable development of barbels. I have seen no
specimens other than my own; there can be no doubt of their
belonging to this peculiar genus, which is known only from
the coasts of China and southern Manchuria.

136. LOPHIOGOBIUS OCELLICAUDA Gunther

PLATE 22, PIG. 1

Lophiogobius ocellicauda GUNTHER, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. IV 12
(1873) 241; EVERMANN and SHAW, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. IV 16
(1927) 120.

Ranulma fimbriidens JORDAN and STARKS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 31
(1906) 523, fig. 3.

Dorsal VII, 1-15 or 16 ; anal- 1, 16 or 17 ; there are 38 to 40
scales in a -longitudinal series, 12 in a transverse series, and
18 or 20 before first dorsal.

The long, low, slender body laterally compressed, the posterior
half very slender and low, the depth just before first dorsal
6.3 to 6.7 times, the depth of caudal peduncle 19.6 to 20
limes in length ; the head very large, broad, flat, depressed, tad-

LOPHIOGOBIUS 273

polelike, 3.1 or 3.2, exceptionally 3.06 times, in length, its breadth
1.5 to 1.7 times its depth and about 1.5 times in its own length;
the very broad, rounded snout 3.1 to 3.5 times in head; the eyes
very small, laterodorsal, set in a depression, 2.66 to 3 times in
snout, 2 to 2.4 times in interorbital, and 9 to 9.5 times in head
in older specimens, 5 or 6 times in younger ones, the eye in
anterior half of head, the postorbital much longer than preor-
bital; a low bony ridge on interorbital some distance above eye
is met at nearly a right angle by one behind eye which crosses
head, making a depression on central part of interorbital; the
mouth very large, oblique, beginning at upper profile on a level
with or above eyes, the lower jaw very prominent, projecting,
its tip as high as eye, the posterior angle of maxillary extending
downward to underside of head and very far back behind eye
nearly to posterior inferior angle of preopercle; the teeth as
given under the genus; the margin of the preopercle, the rami
of the jaws, and the branchiostegal margins and the whole flat
lower surface of chin fringed or thickly sprinkled with barbels ;
the scales posteriorly very large, gradually becoming smaller
anteriorly, those before first dorsal much smaller and extending
forward in line with anterior margin of opercles; the opercles
covered with small scales and there are four rows of scales on
upper posterior part of preopercles, these reduced to two rows
of larger scales beneath eye; a row of papillae crosses cheek
beneath the scales, its anterior part becoming barbels ; some bar-
bels present above angle of mouth ; the vertical fins low, approx-
imately of the same height, about 2.4 to 2.8 in head, the second
spine of first dorsal longest, not nearly touching second dorsal
when depressed, the anterior rays of second dorsal longest,
the posterior rays not reaching caudal when depressed; the
anal a little lower, the posterior rays usually longest and
reaching caudal when depressed; the depth of the attenuated
caudal peduncle 2.5 to 2.6 times in its own length; the caudal
small, elongate, pointed, a good deal shorter than head, 4 to
4£ times in the length; the large, broad, long-pointed pectoral
equals or nearly equals head; the ventrals large, broad, with
dactyliform, lobulate margin, 1.3 to 1.5 times in head.

The color in alcohol pale yellowish brown, darker above, paler
below; the scales on upper half margined with blackish specks,
which are arranged in irregular, vermiculated, broken bands on
top of head; on base of caudal rays is a large black, yellow-
margined ocellus, with three lunate black crossbands on fin
beyond it; the other fins all clear.

274 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Here described from six specimens, 76.5 to 91 millimeters in
length, collected by Light at Fu-chow, Fukien Province, China.

Hitherto known only from Giinther's original description of
specimens from Shanghai.

Genus 57. AMBLYCHAETURICHTHYS Bleeker

Amblychaeturichthys BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci,
Nat. 9 (1874) 324.

This genus is separated from Chaeturichthys by having a
smaller number of scales, fewer rays in the soft dorsal and
anal, and by the absence of fleshy papillae on the inner edge of
the shoulder girdle. The body laterally compressed, with 32 to
40 scales in a lateral series; the head is scaled and has three
pairs of small barbels under lower jaw; the teeth of upper jaw in
two rows, the outer ones enlarged, fixed, straight, awl-shaped;
those of lower jaw in three rows in front, two at sides, those of
outer row longest, straight, depressible, directed obliquely in-
ward ; the tongue truncate. Dorsal VIII, 15 to 17 ; anal I, 12 or
13 ; caudal pointed or rounded, a little more or less than head ;
no silky rays above on pectoral.

This group comprises a few small, plainly colored gobies from
the coasts of China and Japan.

137. AMBLYCHAETURICHTHYS HEXANEMA Bleeker

Chaeturichthys hexanema BLEEKER, Verh. Bat. Gen. 25 (1853) 43,

fig. 5; JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc; U. S. Nat. Mus. 23 (1901) 372.
Amblychaeturichthys hexanema BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides,

Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 325.
Gobius hexanema GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 77;

STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien 102 (1893) 237.
Chaeturichthys hexanemus JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus. 24 (1901) 106.

Dorsal VIII, 1-15 or 16; anal I, 12 or 13; there are about 38
to 40 scales in a lateral series and 14 or 15 in a transverse series.

The body subcylindrical anteriorly, soon much compressed
laterally, with thin, flat caudal peduncle; the head rather large,
blunt, its breadth equal to distance from tip of snout to rear
margin of eye; the dorsal and ventral profiles but little curved,
the greatest depth 5.8 times, the head 3.2 to 3.3 times in length ;
the eyes large, very high up but more lateral than superior, 3.5
to 3.6 in head and very close together, the interorbital space 0.2
to almost £ an eye diameter; the snout short, broadly rounded,

CHAETURICHTHYS 275

with a prominent median hump, its length 1.2 in eye and 4.2 to
4.4 in head ; the mouth oblique, the maxillary not quite extending
to a point under front edge of pupil; the body covered every-
where with scales except on snout, lower jaw, and throat, those
on opercles and preopercles smaller than elsewhere.

The longest dorsal spines contained twice in head; when de-
pressed the spines of first dorsal reach origin of second dorsal ;
the anal shorter than second dorsal, similar in outline and of
approximately the same height, the posterior rays longest and
equal to greatest depth of body; the depth of caudal peduncle
contained 3 times in head ; the pointed caudal a trifle longer than
head; the pectorals slightly exceed the ventrals in length, and
fall far short of reaching anus.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown, without distinctive
markings, the scales having been largely rubbed off; the tips of
dorsal spines blackish; the other fins all more or less dusky.

Here described from two specimens, 58 to 70 millimeters long,
collected at Fu-chow, Fukien Province, China, by Light. This
little fish is abundant throughout Japan, in bays and estuaries,
and was recorded by Steindachner from Swatow, China. It
may occur on the northwest coast of Luzon.

Genus 58. CHAETURICHTHYS Richardson

Chaeturichthys RICHARDSON, Zoology, Voy. Sulphur, Ichthyology,
(1844) 54; JORDAN and SNYDER, Gobioid Fishes of Japan, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901) 104.

The distinctive characters of this genus are the presence of
three small barbels on each side of lower jaw, the elongate 'dorsal
and anal, and the presence of three fleshy papillae on inner edge
of shoulder girdle. The moderately elongate body covered with
medium-sized cycloid scales very easily rubbed off; the head
broad, with arched profile, scaly cheeks, and eyes close together;
the mouth oblique, with truncate tongue, and pointed teeth in
two rows in each jaw, those of outer row longest, close together,
fixed, curved, and directed obliquely inward; the isthmus nar-
row, the gill openings continued well forward; the first dorsal
has 8 slender spines, the second dorsal 21 to 25 rays, the anal
I, 17 to 20 ; -the caudal is more or less pointed, longer than head ;
the pectorals pointed, without silky rays.

This genus includes a few species of medium-sized, dull-colored
gobies from the seas of Japan and China.

276 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

138. CHAETURICHTHYS STIGMATIAS Richardson

Chaeturichthys stigmatias RICHARDSON, Zoology, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes
(1844) 55, pi. 35, figs. 3-5; JORDAN and SNYDER, Gobioid Fishes of
Japan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901) 105; JORDAN and METC,
Cat. Fishes of Korea, Mem. Carnegie Mus. 6 (1913) 57.

Gobius stigmatias GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 78.

Dorsal VII, 1-21 or 22 ; anal I, 17 to 19 ; the scales are almost
all gone in my specimens but the scale pockets in the skin indi-
cate from 47 to 50 scales in a lateral series and 14 or 15 in a
transverse series. Gunther gives 53 scales, Jordan and Snyder
give 57, in a lateral series.

The body elongate, the posterior half much compressed
laterally; the head large, blunt, broad, its width equal to or
greater than its postorbital length; the eyes obliquely superior,
5.5 to 6 times in head and 1.5 to 1.7 times in the broadly rounded
snout; the interorbital space equal to or 0.25 greater than eye;
the mouth oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary extending
to middle or posterior part of eye ; there are two rows of teeth
in each jaw, those of outer row much the larger, caniniform,
and curving inward ; there are three fleshy papillae on inner edge
of shoulder girdle ; fine scales between first dorsal and eyes, and
on opercles and preopercles; the scales on body become larger
posteriorly.

The dorsals widely separated, the first dorsal not reaching
second when depressed; the dorsal rays become longer poste-
riorly, and reach caudal when depressed; the anal shorter and
lower and its rays do not reach caudal ; the very long pointed
caudal exceeds head and may be nearly twice as long; the short
accessory dorsal and ventral rays of caudal grow far forward
on caudal peduncle; the pectorals are pointed and sometimes
extend to vent; the ventrals free except at base.

Alcoholic specimens usually pale, due to the loss of scales,
but where they are present the top of head, back, and upper
part of sides are spotted and mottled with groups of dark brown
specks; the first dorsal has a large black spot from sixth spine
to hind margin; the second dorsal, anal, pectorals, and caudal
black or crossbarred by dark spots.

Here described from eight specimens, 96 to 135 millimeters
in length, collected during the summer of 1923, at Amoy, China,
by Light. Three of them are females ready to spawn, with
greatly distended bodies; they are from 106 to 108 millimeters
in length. I also have a specimen, 51 millimeters long, in bad
condition, obtained by Light at Pu-chow, Fufcien Province,
China.

APOCRYPTODON 277

This species occurs on the coasts of China, Korea, and Tsu-
shima, a Japanese island in the Strait of Korea. It may be ex-
pected in the Batan Islands and along the northwestern coast
of Luzon.

Genus 59. APOCRYPTODON Bleeker

Apocryptodon BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci.
Nat. 9 (1874) 327.

This genus is distinguished by the teeth of the lower jaw,
which are in one row, deeply bilobed, and more or less hori-
zontal ; those of upper jaw are also in one row but are more or
less bluntly conical to caninelike, and erect; there are two ca-
nines in lower jaw behind symphysis. The elongate body covered
with 40 to 60 small scales in a longitudinal series, which are
larger posteriorly or along the middle of the sides, and are very
easily rubbed off in some species; the dorsal fins may be very
close together or well separated. Dorsal VI, 1-22; anal I, 21
or 22.

The genus occurs from the coasts of India to New Guinea.
The type is Apocryptodon madurensis, from Java and Madura.

Key to the Philippine species of Apocryptodon.

o\ A black line along side from pectoral to caudal; scales about 56, before

first dorsal 24 A. montalbani.

a*. No lateral band.

61. Head and sides with conspicuous small black spots; scales 52, before

first dorsal 22 A. sealei.

6*. Body and nape with crossbars; spots on sides of head and pectorals;
scales 60, before first dorsal 34 A. taylori.

139. APOCRYPTODON MONTALBANI sp. nov.

PLATE 22, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-21 ; anal I, 21 ; there are 56 scales in a longitudinal
series, 16 in a transverse series, and 24 before first dorsal.

The elongate subcylindrical body low, the dorsal profile very
little elevated and nearly parallel with the ventral profile; the
depth contained 7.3 times in body; the head large, broad, its
width equal to depth and greater than that of trunk; the short
snout convex, with a median terminal hump, 4.8 times in head;
the eyes dorsolateral, upward gazing, close together, 0.8 of snout
and 6 times in head ; the interorbital space 8 times in head ; the
oblique mouth large, the lower jaw included, the posterior angle
of maxillary extending beyond eye to lower margin of preopercle ;
there are twenty -four teeth in upper jaw, the anterior ones long
and curving downward outside over lower jaw; the lower jaw

278 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

has twenty-four bifid teeth, inclined outward and not extending
as far back as upper teeth; the entire head except interorbital
and snout closely covered with scales, those on nape extending to
eyes; those on cheeks do not extend entirely over the space be-
neath eyes ; the depth of caudal peduncle twice its own length and
contained 3 times in head; the vertical fins all low, the longest
spines equal to depth of trunk; the height of second dorsal and
anal 0 of depth; the pectoral rather pointed, its length f that
of head ; the ventrals are pointed, their origin apparently anterior
to that of pectoral, which they equal in length, and extend two-
thirds of the distance to the cylindrical, round-topped anal pa-
pilla; the elongate, pointed caudal a little longer than head, 3^
times in length.

The color in alcohol silvery gray, with numerous small, cir-
cular, black dots scattered over sides of head and trunk, partic-
ularly on upper half; a median longitudinal black line extends
from axil of pectoral to base of caudal; along it are five faint,
black blotches, the last and most distinct at base of caudal ; the
dorsal and anal rays dusky ; the pectoral blackish, its lower mar-
gin white; the caudal crossbarred by four rows of dark spots,
the elongated tip black.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 44 milli-
meters long, collected by my colleague Mr. H. R. Montalban, at
Zarraga, Iloilo Province, Panay.

140. APOCRYPTODON SEALEI sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-21 ; anal I, 22; there are 52 scales in a longitudinal
series, 18 in a transverse series, and 22 before first dorsal.

The elongate, laterally compressed body low, the dorsal and
ventral profiles nearly horizontal and parallel, inclined toward
each other posteriorly, the depth 5.77 times in length; the head
broad, flattened above, 3.7 times in length, its breadth greater
than its depth and about 1.68 times in its own length; the convex
snout almost vertical anteriorly, 3.8 times in head; the eyes
oblique, dorsal, a trifle more than 1.2 times in snout and 4.66
times in head; the interorbital very narrow, 3 times in eye and
14 times in head; the large mouth very slightly oblique, low
down, the lower jaw included, the posterior angle of maxillary
reaching lower posterior angle of preopercle, the gape itself ex-
tending beyond eye ; there are ten conspicuous but rather small
conical teeth on each side in upper jaw, curving downward out-
side the lower jaw, which has fourteen small, bilobed, outward-
inclined, and nearly horizontal teeth on each side, not extending

APOCRYPTODON 279

back as far as upper teeth ; the canines behind symphysis small ;
the body and head covered with cycloid scales, largest along mid-
dle of sides, smaller dorsally, and extending forward on nape
to eyes, those on opercles very small ; on cheeks they are larger
and do not extend forward of posterior third of eyes ; the pectoral
base naked but there are a few scales along base of pectoral
rays; the dorsals well separated, the first dorsal spines with
elongate, threadlike tips, reaching second dorsal when depressed,
the third one longest, lower than body and 1.75 times in head;
the second dorsal lower than first, the posterior rays apparently
shorter, the longest rays about 1.8 times in depth and 2.8 times
in head; the anal equals second dorsal, but is lower anteriorly;
the caudal peduncle very short, its depth twice its length and 2.8
times in head ; the pointed caudal very badly damaged, equal to
head; the rounded pectoral and ventrals equal in length, 1.55
times in head and almost twice in the distance to origin of anal.

The color in alcohol pale brown, whitish under head, with
numerous conspicuous small black spots along the side, from
snout to caudal base; along middle of side are five large, in-
conspicuous brown spots, the last at base of caudal, tnade up
of fine punctulations but little darker than the ground color of
body; the pectoral base and lower part of its rays covered with
spots similar to those on sides of body; the posterior margin of
lower half of pectoral broadly margined with reddish brown, the
membrane with dark bars of the same color; the caudal and
second dorsal show that they were crossbarred with dark brown
spots, now almost entirely gone.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 52 milli-
meters long, with damaged fins, collected by Alvin Scale, at
the Manila market in 1908.

This species is nearest to Bleeker's Apocryptes glyphisodon,
but a comparison with his original description shows it to be
quite distinct.

I take pleasure in naming this species for Mr. Alvin Scale,
long-time student of Philippine fishes.

141. APOCRYPTODON TAYLORI sp. nov.

PLATE 22, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-22; anal I, 21; scales in a longitudinal series
about 60, before first dorsal 34.

The body subcylindrical anteriorly, laterally compressed to-
ward tail, with a large blunt head much wider than body, and
with the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly parallel; the depth

280 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

contained a little more than 6 times, the head 3.77 times in
length; the short snout very wide, convex, then almost truncate
in front, 4.5 times in head; the eyes dorsal, prominent, approx-
imately equal to snout, and very close together, the interorbital
space less than half an eye diameter ; the horizontal mouth ter-
minal, low down, the lower jaw somewhat included. The poste-
rior angle of maxillary beneath hind margin of eye; eighteen or
twenty teeth in upper jaw, vertical, strong, extending a little
farther back than in lower jaw, which has sixteen strongly bifid
teeth inclined outward; the snout and sides of head naked, the
nape covered with very fine scales, the anterior ones scattered;
the depth of caudal peduncle equals distance from dorsal to
base of caudal but is 2.5 times greater than distance from anal
to caudal; the narrow pointed pectorals equal the ventrals in
length; the dorsal spines equal depth; the soft dorsal and anal
similar in outline, their rays equal in length, shorter than the
dorsal spines ; the lanceolate caudal equals the length of head ;
the posterior scales on sides of body are larger than those ante-
riorly and are easily dislodged.

The color in alcohol yellowish, with underside of head and
belly muddy gray; circular dark brown spots on sides of head
and base of pectoral ; a series of irregular brown spots and cross-
bands along sides of body ; the tips of pectorals black ; margins
of vertical fins and caudal more or less dusky or blackish.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 34 milli-
meters long, collected at Odiongan, Tablas, by Edward H. Tay-
lor, an authority on Philippine Reptilia, for whom I take pleasure
in naming this distinct species.

This is close to A. secdei sp. nov., but the scalation is different
and the color markings also differ. In default of more material
the gap between them is too great to warrant placing them
together.

Genus 60. TRIAENOPOGON Bleeker

Triaenopogon BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 312.

This genus is recognized at once by the presence of con-
spicuous fringes of barbels along the edge of the preorbital and
suborbital regions and on the lower jaw and margin of the
preopercle, and by the possession of two rows of teeth in each
jaw, the outer tricuspid, the inner smaller, simple, pointed.

The body robust, with a very broad, low head, 35 to 40 scales
in a longitudinal series, the head and nape scaleless except for
a few rows before first dorsal and above opercle; the vertical

TRIAENOPOGON 281

fins all low ; there are no free silky rays on pectoral ; the caudal
rounded, shorter than head; the gill openings rather wide but
not extended forward, the isthmus broad; branchiostegals 4.
Dorsal VI, 1-10 or 11 ; anal I, 9 to 11.

A single species is known from the coasts of China and Japan ;
specimens in the Vienna Museum are from the Philippines or
Celebes.

142. TRIAENOPOGON BARBATUS (Giinther)

PLATE 22, FIG. 4

Triaenophorichthys barbatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3

(1861) 90.
Tridentiger barbatus STEINDACHNER, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien

80 l (1879) 151.
Triaenopogon barbatus JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24

(1901) 111, fig. 23; RENDAHL, Arkiv Zoologi 16 (1924) 25.
Triaenopogon japonicus RENDAHL, Arkiv Zoologi 16 (1924) 27.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 9 ; there are 38 scales in a longitudinal
series, and 15 in a transverse row in my specimens; Giinther
found 35 in the length, Jordan and Snyder 36, and Rendahl gives
35 and 12 for the number in longitudinal and transverse series.

The body robust, the posterior part strongly compressed lat-
erally, more rounded anteriorly, with a very large, broad, de-
pressed head, the dorsal profile arched, highest before first
dorsal, the ventral profile nearly horizontal ; the depth 4.1 to 4.5
times, the head 3 or 3.1 times in length; the cheeks very much
wider than the narrow opercles and very bulging, making the
breadth of head much greater than its depth and 0.85 to 0.91
of its own length; the edge of suborbital has a row of barbels
with a shorter row beneath it, both extending across cheek more
than halfway; the lower jaw has a double row of barbels which
continue upward, one along margin of preopercle and one on
anterior margin of opercle ; there is a barbel beside the tubulate
anterior nostril; a fleshy flap behind eye conceals a large pore;
two similar flaps above opercle likewise conceal large pores;
the snout broad, bluntly rounded, 3.25 to 3.5 times in head;
the eyes small, very high up, dorsolateral, and looking up as
much as laterally, a little more than twice in snout, far
apart, 2 to 2.25 times in the broad, flat, interorbital space; the
mouth moderately large, broad, slightly oblique, the lips thick
and fleshy, the posterior angle of maxillary reaching a point
below middle of eye or beyond, in some extending much past eye ;
in most of my specimens the lower jaw projects, though other
authors state the jaws are equal; the teeth are in two rows in

282 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

each jaw, those of outer row tricuspid, and set alternately so
that they can almost be said to form two rows; the inner row
is some distance behind, of simple, sharp, small but stout teeth;
the head entirely naked; the body covered with ctenoid scales
which are smaller above pectoral base and extend forward of
first dorsal, greatly reduced in size as far as above posterior
margin of preopercle; the first dorsal low, the central spines
longest, not reaching second when depressed, 2.5 to 2.9 times in
head and twice to 1.66 times in depth; the second dorsal and anal
alike in shape and height, the anal shorter than dorsal, not
touching base of caudal when depressed, higher than first dorsal,
2 to 2.33 times in head, and 1.4 to 1.7 times in depth; the depth
of caudal peduncle is 1.33 to 1.6 times in its own length and varies
from a little more than 10 to 15 per cent of total length; the
caudal of moderate size, rounded, the accessory spines extending
well up on caudal peduncle, 1.3 to 1.5 times in head and 4.1 to 4.5
times in length; the broad, round-pointed pectoral equals or is
greater than depth, and is a trifle longer than caudal, which
equals or is slightly less than depth ; the ventrals nearly as broad
as long, semicircular, with a fleshy frenum, 1.6 to 1.85 times in
head, falling far short of anus; the anal papilla thin, slender,
pointed in males; in females it is stout, subcylindrical, with a
bifid point.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown or olive brown, with
vaguely defined, blackish vertical or diagonal crossbars as fol-
lows: A short bar on. top of head a little behind eyes, a larger
one a little back of this, and a third one above pectorals ; a fourth
bar passes under posterior half of first dorsal ; the fifth crosses
under middle of second dorsal, the sixth just behind it, the last
two inclined diagonally forward; there is a dark circular spot
below eye and a dark blotch from eye diagonally back upon
cheek; a large dark spot on base of pectoral and one on upper
and one on lower pa.rt of caudal base ; the first dorsal crossed by
one or two broad diagonal blackish crossbands or the whole fin
may be blackish except basal part of first three spines ; in some
specimens the anterior third of second dorsal is whitish with
longitudinal rows of dusky spots on membrane, and upper mar-
gin blackish; the rest of the fin blackish; in others the second
dorsal is barred alternately with whitish and blackish bands,
the membranes everywhere specked with dark dots; the caudal
obscurely barred with five or six rows of dark spots ; the pecto-
rals crossbarred by numerous rows of blackish spots; the ven-
trals dull yellow.

TRIDENTIGER 283

Here described from fifteen specimens, 40 to 81 millimeters
long, the larger specimens in spawning condition. They were
collected at Amoy, China, by Light, late in the summer of 1922.

Rendahl's separation of the Japanese specimens as a distinct
species will not stand. The depth of the caudal peduncle and
the number of crossbars on the first dorsal, the characters upon
which he made the separation, are worthless for this purpose,
as my specimens show.

Steindachner showed long ago that this species is variable
in color.

This peculiar-looking goby occurs along the coast of China and
in Tokyo Bay, Japan, and Steindachner's specimen came from
"Celebes or from the Philippines." I have no doubt that it does
occur here.

Genus 61. TRIDENTIGER Gill

Tridentiger GILL, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York (1858) 16.

The robust body little compressed, subcylindrical, covered with
ctenoid scales of moderate size ; the head broad, naked, more or
less flattened above, with blunt snout, the mouth moderately
oblique, the lower jaw somewhat prominent, the cheeks usually
bulging; the teeth rather large, in two rows in each jaw, those
of outer row tricuspid, the inner row smaller, simple, pointed ;
the tongue rounded at tip; the eyes of medium size, rather far
apart; there are no barbels on head, and no free silky rays on
pectoral ; the dorsals low, the caudal rounded, shorter than head ;
the gill openings narrow, the isthmus broad; branchiostegals 4.
Dorsal VI, 1-10 to 12 ; anal I, 9 or 10 ; there are 54 to 58 scales
in a longitudinal series and 16 to 22 in a transverse series.

Species few, on the coasts of Siberia, Japan, and China, south
to Hongkong, and in all probability occurring in the northern
Philippines.

Key to the species of Tridentiger occurring in the China Sea.

a1. Body with two conspicuous longitudinal blackish bands; longitudinal
scales 54 to 56; transverse scales 16 to 20 T. bifasciatus.

a*. Color uniform brown; longitudinal scales 55 to 58; transverse scales 16
to 22 T. trigonocephalus.

143. TRIDENTIGER BIFASCIATUS Steindachner

Tridentiger bifasciatus STEINDACHNER, Sltzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien

83 1 (1881) 190, pi. 7, figs. 2 and 2a; JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1901) 117, fig. 25; SfiALE, Philip. Journ. Sci.

§ D 9 (1914) 77; RENDAHL, Arkiv Zoologi 16 (1924) 27, fig. 1.
Tridentiger ioturus JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23

(1900) 373.

284 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Dorsal VI, 1-11 or 12 ; anal I, lo ; there are 54 to 56 scales in
a longitudinal series, 18 to 20 in a transverse series, and 20 or
more before first dorsal.

The body laterally compressed, the back moderately arched,
the belly a little less so, the head more or less depressed, the depth
3.9 to 4.2, the head 3.25 to 3.5 times in length; the breadth of
head varies greatly according to the tumidity of the cheeks, in
my specimens ranging from 60 to 90 per cent of its own length ;
the head may be very broad and flat above, or may be more or less
convex and pointed; the snout bluntly rounded, 4 to 4.1 times in
head; the eyes small, lateral, 5 to 5.8 times in head; the interor-
bital equals or is a half greater than eye; the mouth slightly
oblique, the jaws equal, the upper lip thick, the posterior angle of
maxillary approximately beneath middle of eye; the teeth are
as given for the genus, the middle cusp of the three-pointed teeth
largest; the last three teeth on each side of inner row in lower
jaw enlarged; the scales largest on the sides posteriorly, those
before first dorsal very small and extending forward on nape to
a line above middle of preopercle ; the second spine of first dorsal
longest, the posterior rays reaching origin of second dorsal when
depressed, 1.9 to 2 times in head; in adult males, the tips of the
spines elongated ; the second dorsal and anal equal to first dorsal
or the anal slightly lower, the middle rays longest, the fins not
reaching caudal when depressed; the caudal peduncle deep, 2.1 to
2.3 times in head and nearly as deep as long; the caudal bluntly
rounded with accessory spines growing well up on caudal
peduncle, its length 4.1 to 4.2 times in total, 0.8 to 0.9 the length
of head; the broad, round-pointed pectoral a little longer than
caudal, equal to or 0.9 the length of head; the ventrals broad,
rounded, with a thick frenum, about 1.5 times in head; the
anal papilla large, broad, flat, triangular in males; in females
subcylindrical, tumid, with a faintly bilobed tip.

The color in alcohol dull olive brown, paler beneath, with two
broad, black, lateral bands, the upper one beginning on tip of
snout, passing over upper part of eye, and extending back below
dorsals to upper base of caudal; the lower one begins at pos-
terior margin of eye and runs directly back across cheek, ap-
parently ending in a dark spot at upper angle of pectoral base,
but continues beneath back to middle of caudal base; the first
dorsal varies from entirely black to nearly colorless, with only
the upper margin darkened; the second dorsal varies from
uniform dusky or blackish to those with three vague crossrows of
brownish spots; the anal dusky with a pale outer margin; the

TRIDENTIGER 285

caudal has an upper and lower blackish spot at the end of the
longitudinal bands, and numerous (five to eight) crossbars of
dark spots, usually only those near base clearly defined; the
pectoral and ventrals uniform yellowish.

Here described from seven specimens from Amoy and thirteen
from Fu-chow, Fukien Province, China, collected by Light; they
vary in length from 33 to 67.5 millimeters. A female, 55 milli-
meters long, is enormously distended with eggs about to be
spawned. The Bureau of Science collection also contains four
typical specimens, 33 to 44 millimeters long, collected by Scale
at Hongkong. On them the lower color band continues on the
caudal fin for half or all its length. In one of the adult males
from Fu-chow the two longitudinal bands are connected by six
or seven crossbands on the sides of the body.

The Bureau of Science collection also has twenty-four spec-
imens, 39 to 64 millimeters in length, collected by the Albatross
at Shiogama, Rikuzen, Japan.

This species was originally described from near Vladivostok,
and is known from the coasts of Japan and China.

144. TRIDENTIGER TRIGONOCEPHALUS (Gill)

Triaenophorichthys trigonocephalus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

(1859) 195; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 89.
Tridentiger trigonocephalus RENDAHL, Arkiv Zoologi 16 (1924) 27.

Dorsal VI, 1-11 or 12 ; anal 1, 10 or 11 ; there are 56 to 58 scales
in a longitudinal series, 22 in a transverse series, and about 28
before first dorsal.

The robust body rounded anteriorly, the posterior two-thirds
laterally compressed, the dorsal outline but little elevated or
slightly convex, depressed anteriorly, the depth 4.8 to 5 times
in length; the head very broad, low, flat, with enormously
developed cheeks on the larger specimens, 3.25 times in length;
the breadth of head always exceeds its depth, being 0.5 to 0.6
more than the latter, and 0.75 to more than 0.9 of its own length ;
the snout short, bluntly rounded, 3.5 to 4 times in head; the
eyes almost on top of head, looking up as well as laterally, 1.25
to 1.5 times in snout and 4.75 to 5.2 times in head ; the flat inter-
orbital equals or is a little wider than eyes; the mouth rather
small, oblique, the jaws equal, the lips fleshy, especially the
upper one so that the lower jaw appears inferior, the posterior
angle of maxillary beneath middle of eye or extending as far
as posterior margin ; the teeth are as given for the genus, those
of outer row densely crowded; the body covered with small,

286 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

closely set scales, which become much smaller before first dorsal,
and extend forward above opercles as far as above middle of
preopercles; the scales and fins more or less obscured by a
heavy coat of mucus ; the second and third spines of first dorsal
longest, 1.8 to 2 times in head; the second dorsal and anal alike
in shape, approximately equal to first dorsal in height, not touch-
ing base of caudal when depressed; the caudal peduncle broad,
short, its depth equal to or exceeding its length and 2.1 times
in head ; the obtusely rounded caudal 3.78 to 4 times in length ;
the round pointed pectoral equals or slightly exceeds caudal ; the
rounded ventrals as broad as long, about 1.7 to 1.8 times in head;
the anal papilla large, pointed, triangular.

The color in alcohol brown or dusky brown, the fins all blackish
or the first dorsal pale at base, the first spine with black spots,
the rest of the fin blackish ; the second dorsal may be pale ante-
riorly along base; the pectoral always has a broad yellowish
or whitish crossbar near base, and is narrowly margined with
the same color.

Here described from six specimens, 64 to 85 millimeters in
length, collected at Fu-chow, Fukien Province, China, by Light.
I also have seven specimens, 50 to 80 millimeters long, collected
on the mainland near Amoy, by Light, May 4, 1923; a female,
65 millimeters long, was ready to spawn when taken.

This species is known only along the China coast from Hong-
kong northward. It may well occur in the Batan Islands or
on the Ilocano coast of Luzon.

Genus 62. CARAGOBIUS Smith and Seale

Caragobius SMITH and SEALE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19 (1906)
81.

The body elongate, laterally compressed, only the posterior
third covered with minute cycloid scales; the remainder, in-
cluding the large, oblong, heavily built head, naked; the chin
heavy, rounded, protruding ; the mouth small and* very oblique ;
there are two rows of depressible teeth in each jaw, the outer
one of widely spaced, long, slender, pointed teeth, those of inner
row minute ; no canines ; the tip of the tongue rounded ; the tiny,
widely spaced eyes on top of head, underneath skin; the gill
openings narrow, restricted, with wide isthmus; the dorsal fin
and anal long, low, and continuous with caudal, which is shorter
than head ; the pectorals short, broad, and rounded ; the ventrals
completely united, moderately long, pointed, with a thin frenum
of medium width.

CARAGOBIUS 287

According to the original description there is "a small pore
above each gill opening which opens into a cavity separate from
gill cavity." A careful examination of seven specimens fails to
reveal the existence of any such pore or cavity where the skin
is unbroken. The skin is easily torn and might then seem to
have a pit as described above.

145. CARAGOBIUS TYPHLOPS Smith and Scale

PLATE 23, FIG. 1

Caragobius typhlops SMITH and SEALE, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
19 (1906) 81, with text figure.

Dorsal VI, 1-28 or 29; anal I, 33 or 34.

The body slender, elongate, much compressed laterally, with
large, almost quadrangular head; the upper and lower profiles
nearly horizontal, tapering gradually toward caudal ; the greatest
depth 6.7 to 9 times, the head 5.3 to 5.5 times in length; the head
very broad, its width equal to or five-sixths of its depth, which
is equal to or 0.6 of the depth of body ; the snout short, convex,
very wide and blunt, 3£ to 3| times in head; the mouth nearly
vertical, with a very heavy, projecting, blunt lower jaw; the
eyes are black dots under the skin ; the interorbital space broad,
3£ to 5 times in head, equal to or 1.5 times in snout; the caudal
peduncle narrow, its depth 3.3 to 5 times in head; the dorsals
connected, the dorsal and anal low ; the caudal probably pointed,
shorter than and apparently about 2 in head ; the pectorals very
broad, rounded, 2 to 2.5 in head ; the ventrals pointed, equal to
or a little more or less than depth, 0.55 to 0.8 of head; anal
papilla short, round tipped.

The color in alcohol uniform yellowish, becoming whitish orr
belly and underside of head or uniform yellowish gray poste-
riorly, the anterior third bluish gray.

Here described from seven specimens, 35 to 54 millimeters in
length, collected by Doctor Morse in 1903, from the Rio Grande
de Mindanao, at Cotabato. They are cotypes ; the type is in the
United States National Museum.

Owing to the distorted condition of the specimens and the
mutilated condition of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins the de-
scription is necessarily imperfect. In the original description
the depth is given as 2, which is evidently a typographical error.
The probabilities are that the depth is about 7 times in the
length in life. This is a unique species, not to be confused with
anything else.

288 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Genus 63. ITBAYA g. nov.

This genus is distinguished by its entire lack of scales, by the
possession of an outer row of enlarged tricuspidate teeth in the
lower jaw, and by its erect skinny crest on the front of the head.

The body is elongate, laterally compressed, the head blunt,
scales wanting; the teeth are in bands of four or five rows in
both jaws, the outer row enlarged and simple in the upper jaw,
three-pointed in the lower jaw, without canines; the vertical
fins all low, the dorsals well separated, the caudal shorter than
head; no free silky rays on upper part of pectoral; the gill
openings narrow, restricted, the isthmus tolerably wide; bran-
chiostegals 4. Dorsal VI, 1-12 or 13 ; anal I, 8. Generic type,
I. nuda, sp. nov.

Itbaya, from Itbayat Island, the type locality.

146. ITBAYA NUDA sp. nov.

PLATE 23, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-12; anal I, 8.

The depth of the elongate, compressed body 6 times in the
length ; the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly horizontal, tapering
gradually to base of tail; the head blunt, with a conspicuous
crest beginning on nape behind eyes and running forward to
tip of snout, 4.18 times in length ; the depth of head almost equals
that of body, its breadth f of its depth ; the boldly convex snout
4 times in head; the eye lateral, a trifle shorter than snout, 4.5
times in head; the interorbital breadth 0.6 that of eye; the
mouth small, slightly oblique, low down, the upper lip rather
thick, the lower jaw a little shorter than upper, the posterior
angle of maxillary beneath anterior third of eye; in upper jaw
is an outer row of slightly enlarged pointed teeth, followed by a
band of three rows of minute teeth; in lower jaw is a short
outer row of enlarged tricuspid teeth, the middle cusp longest;
behind this is a wide band of four rows of minute pointed teeth ;
the first dorsal is low, not reaching second dorsal when depressed,
the second and third spines longest, f of the depth and 2.25 times
in head ; the second dorsal of almost uniform height, the posterior
ray reaching caudal base when depressed, the central rays a
trifle longer and a little higher than first dorsal, 1.95 in head;
the anal as high as but much shorter than second dorsal, the
posterior ray falling far short of reaching caudal ; the depth of
caudal peduncle equal to height of first dorsal, 2.25 times in
head; the caudal bluntly rounded, a little shorter than head,
4.37 times in length ; the pointed pectoral equals caudal ; the ven-

GOBIOSOMA 289

trals are pointed, with dissected, sharp-lobulate margins, and
extend less than halfway to the minute anal papilla.

The color in alcohol uniform deep, dull olive brown, paler
under head; the first dorsal has a brown crossband near upper
margin, the basal half of fin minutely specked with dark ; a dark
band along upper margin of second dorsal ; the anal and caudal
plain brown, the pectorals and ventrals a little paler.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 18.8 milli-
meters long, from Itbayat, one of the Batan Islands, north of
Luzon. This remarkable little goby possesses a unique combina-
tion of characters.

Nudus, naked.

Genus 64. GOBIOSOMA Girard

Gobiosoma GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1858) 169.

The body entirely naked, short and plump or elongate and
cylindrical; the head cylindrical or laterally compressed, with
convex or pointed snout ; the mouth horizontal, medium to large ;
the teeth small, in several rows in each jawr without canines ;
there are no barbels or papillae on head in our species ; the first
dorsal has five to seven spines, six in Philippine species; the
second dorsal and anal low and short, ending some distance be-
fore the rounded caudal. Dorsal VI, 1-9 or 10; anal I, 9.

These naked gobies are small, easily recognized fishes of
shallow bays and the mouths of rivers. They lie on the gravelly
bottom, where their colors blend exactly with their environment.
The species are mostly American.

Key to the Philippine species of Gobiosoma.

a1. Dorsal VI, 1-9; body tadpole-shaped, with three dark crossbands.

G. insignum.

a1. Dorsal VI, 1-10; body spindle-shaped, brown with darker marbling.

G. marmoratum.

147. GOBIOSOMA INSIGNUM sp. nov.

PLATE 27, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-9; anal I, 9.

The body tadpolelike because of the rounded protuberant
belly, the depth 4 to 4.25 times in the length; the dorsal profile
nearly horizontal, the head convex, laterally compressed, wedge-
shaped viewed from above, 3.4 to 3.6 times in length ; the snout
short, convex, steeply descending, 3f to 4.5 times in head; the
eye rather small, high up, not conspicuous, equal to or a little

223793 19

290 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

less than snout, 3f to 5 times in head; the interorbital space
narrow, about 3 times in eye; the large oblique mouth terminal,
with equal jaws, the upper lip protractile, the posterior angle
of maxillary free and produced backward, reaching to posterior
margin of eye or nearly an eye diameter beyond; the tongue
notched ; the teeth slender, erect, pointed, in three rows in each
jaw, the outer row in lower jaw short with widely spaced teeth,
the outer row in upper jaw shorter than the other two; the
dorsals well separated, the first dorsal small, low, the longest
spines 2.25 to 2.5 times in depth ; the second dorsal and anal low,
equal in height, their longest rays 1.6 to 2 times in depth; the pec-
torals and ventrals are equal in length, with pointed tips, and
equal or exceed the length of head ; the f renum broad and strong,
the ventrals more or less tubulate; the caudal peduncle slender,
its depth about 3 times in that of body; the caudal truncate,
shorter than head, 4.3 to 4.8 times in length ; the anal papilla very
short and blunt.

The color in alcohol whitish with three broad, brown crossbars
over back, running diagonally forward down sides to belly ; the
first under first dorsal, the second under second dorsal, and the
third immediately behind second dorsal ; a wide, brown blotch or
crossband in front of first dorsal, above base of pectoral ; a series
of brown or black reticulations on lower half of body behind
pectoral; between all these bands the body is sprinkled with
minute brown specks, leaving the ground color as a series of
white spots and dots; the cheeks and the region behind eyes
more or less dotted with small, dark brown spots; the first
dorsal marked by two brown to black longitudinal bands or
two or three rows of deep brown spots ; the second dorsal cross-
barred by four rows of dark brown spots ; on base of caudal is
a white spot surrounded by a broad, dark brown band; behind
this are two large white spots near upper and lower margins;
the remainder of fin crossbarred by large brown spots ; the pec-
toral crossbarred by three or four rows of large brown spots;
the ventrals and anal colorless.

This strikingly beautiful little goby is here described from ten
specimens, 24 to 40 millimeters in length, collected by me in
March in Dumaguete River, Oriental Negros. The clear b';i-
liant coloration of this plump little fish harmonizes exactly \,ith
the gravel and sand in which it lies.

I have recently received thirty-eight specimens, 11 to 36 milli-
meters in diameter, from Bangar, La Union Province, Luzon.
All those over 30 millimeters in length were ready to spawn at

GOBIODON 291

the date of collection, November 12. Where the types were
white these were clear yellow, while the large, blackish brown
band on the base of the caudal contained no white spot; in
other respects they were identical.

As this copy leaves my hands Mr. F. Reveche, of Antique Prov-
ince, sends me four handsome specimens, 38 to 44 millimeters in
length; they are ready to spawn, February, 1926.

Insignis, distinguished, in reference to its handsome colora-
tion.

148. GOBIOSOMA MARMORATUM Peters

Gobiosoma marmoratum PETERS, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868)
267.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 9.

Body spindle-shaped, scaleless; the height in the length as
1 : 5, the head length in the same as 1:4. The eyes are near
together and are hardly an eye diameter from the tip of the
snout. Teeth in narrow rows, those of the outer row .long.
Brown with darker marbling, with a dark spot in front of the
base of the caudal fin. (Peters.)

Peters's specimens were collected by Jagor at Loquilocon,
Samar.

The above description is my translation of that given by Peters.
It is possible that my G. insignum is a synonym, but Peters's
description is too brief to make certain without an examination
of his type. The porportions and color of G. insignum are
apparently different from those of Peters's species, and there is
a difference of one ray in the second dorsal.

Genus 65. GOBIODON (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) Bleeker

Gobiodon (Kuhl and Van Hasselt) BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 1 1
(1856) 407.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 to 11; anal I, 8 or 9.

This is a group of very small, naked fishes with the dorsals
united more or less completely, but always connected, at least
at the base; the teeth are in two or more rows in each jaw,
with two to four comparatively large canines behind the sym-
physis of the lower jaw; the gill openings are vertical, not ex-
tending below the pectorals; branchiostegals 4.

The body short, deep, oval, strongly compressed, with a broad,
deep, and boldly arched profile, the head not much broader than
the body, and short, rather strong fins. The leathery skin is en-
tirely bare or may have scales so rudimentary that they resemble
minute pits. Large pores with tumid lips are conspicuous on

292 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

the head as follows: One by the posterior nostril, four in the
interorbital space, two behind the eye, three on the supraoper-
cular groove, and three or more on the posterior edge of the
preopercle. Some species have the body covered with a very
thick slime, which is hardened by alcohol into a firm false skin,
entirely concealing the true skin.

Fifteen or more species have been described, at least half of
them probably not valid. The colors are rather variable, and
the earlier descriptions omitted details so that, without compar-
ison with the types, it is impossible to be certain what they
were.

These little fishes abound in the coral reefs of the Indian and
Pacific Oceans.

Key to the Philippine species of Gobiodon.

a1. Second dorsal with 11 rays; no crosslines on head; a conspicuous black

spot at upper angle of opercle G. fulvus.

a*. Second dorsal with 10 rays; head with four or more crossbands; no spot

on opercle.

b1. Four canines on each side of lower jaw; first or first and second
dorsal spines longest, higher than second dorsal; a black-edged,

blue stripe on base of dorsals and anal G. hypselopterus.

62. One canine on each side of lower jaw; first dorsal a fourth lower than
second; no basal stripe on vertical fins G. quinquestrigatus.

149. GOBIODON FULVUS sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-11 ; anal I, 8 or 9 ; pectoral 18 or 19.

The naked body oblong-ovate, much flattened laterally, the
depth 2.4 to 2.6 times in length; the upper profile convex, the
front of head nearly vertical, the head 3.8 to 4.1 in length, its
depth greater than its length, 2.8 to 3.6 times in total length;
the head little wider than body, its breadth 1.7 to 2.1 in its own
length; the snout rather variable in length, 2.6 to 4 times in
head; the small eyes placed very near front margin of profile,
4 to 6 times in head; the interorbital space narrow, rising high
above eyes, which it equals in width; the mouth small, curved,
oblique to nearly horizontal, the posterior angle of maxillary
beneath middle or latter part of eye; there are two rows of
teeth in each jaw, with one or two canines 071 each side of lower
jaw behind symphysis ; the teeth of outer row larger and more
widely spaced than those in inner row, which are excessively mi-
nute ; the first dorsal low, 0.6 to 0.8 of height of second dorsal and
a little more than half (0.53) the depth of body; the height of
second dorsal § to 0.86 of depth of body ; the anal equals second

GOBIODON 293

dorsal in shape and height, but is shorter; the rounded caudal
only a little shorter than head, and the broad rounded pectoral
just a little shorter than caudal; the ventrals slender, delicate,
half or nearly half as long as head.

The color in alcohol uniform pale brown, with a conspicuous
blackish brown spot at upper posterior angle of opercle ; a broad,
pale yellow band runs along base of both dorsals and anal ; the
outer portion of dorsals, anal, and caudal clear, or tinged with
dusky.

Here described from seventeen specimens, 18 to 36 millimeters
in length, from Calapan, Mindoro.

Two specimens, each 31 millimeters long, from Maricaban Is-
land, in Verde Passage, Batangas Province, were a beautiful
clear orange color when collected.

Fulvus, tawny or brownish yellow.

150. GOBIODON HYPSELOPTERUS Bleeker

PLATE 28, FIG. 2

Gobiodon hypselopterus BLEEKER, Gobioid. species insulind. novae, Arch.
Neerl. Sci. Nat. 10 (1875) 120.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 9; pectoral 19; caudal VII, 15-VII.

The depth of the naked oblong compressed body 2.6 times
in length; the head deep, the dorsal and ventral profiles both
strongly convex, 3.4 times in length, its depth a tenth more than
its length; the head a little thicker than the trunk, its breadth
twice in its own length ; the snout rather broad, blunt, descending
steeply, 3.6 times in head, shorter than eye which is very high
up and 2.85 times in head; the interorbital contained 1.7 times
in eye ; the mouth small, horizontal, the posterior angle of maxil-
lary beneath forward third of eye ; four canines on each side of
lower jaw; the pores on head conspicuous, more or less elevated,
with two rows on margin of preopercle; the first or first and
second dorsal spines longer than the others, 0.25 higher than
second dorsal and 0.61 of the depth of body; the second dorsal
goes a trifle more than twice in depth ; the anal as high as first
dorsal and shorter than second dorsal; the caudal bluntly
rounded, its length equal to that of head; the broadly rounded
pectoral 0.2 longer than head; the small ventral i the length of
head.

The color in alcohol uniform brown, with darker fins; the
upper posterior angle of opercle deep black ; two vertical stripes
from eye, one from nape to opercle, and one from shoulder above
pectoral down across base of fin ; on base of both second dorsal

294 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

and anal is a longitudinal stripe ; according to Bleeker all these
lines are blue, but they have lost their original color in alcohol.

Here described from a specimen, 34 millimeters long, collected
at Calapan, Mindoro. It has been previously known from Blee-
ker's description, based on specimens from the Moluccas.

I place with the above four specimens, 26 to 35 millimeters
in length, collected in November, 1925, from a coral head at
Canigaran, near Puerto Princesa, Palawan. The largest two
were clear lemon yellow, with dusky yellow fins and pale blue
stripes on the head ; the others were dusky yellow, with blackish
fins ; on the base of the dorsals and anal was a blue stripe edged
with a deep black line above and below. The other color mark-
ings and the dentition are as in the Calapan specimens already
described. These specimens do not agree in every particular,
but are all of the same species. In the two smaller Palawan
specimens the first dorsal is lower than the second.

151. GOBIODON QUINQUESTRIGATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Gobius quinquestrigatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

12 (1837) 101.
Gobiodon quinquestrigatus BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 10 (1875)

117; WEBER, Fische Siboga Exped. (1913) 454.
Gobiodon ceramensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 88.

Daing sahasa, Samal name at Zamboanga.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 8 ; pectoral 17.

The naked body short, deep, much flattened laterally, its
depth 2.75 in length; the head deep, with equally convex dorsal
and ventral profiles, 3 times or a trifle more in length, the
depth a little more or less than length; the head much thicker
than trunk, its breadth 1.75 to 1.88 in its own length; the
horizontal mouth small, the posterior angle of maxillary ex-
tending beneath the forward half or center of eye; the two
canines in lower jaw very small; the snout very convex, 3.5
to 3.75 in head; the eye rather small, high up, equal to snout,
the convex interorbital equal to or 0.75 of an eye diameter ; the
pores on head very conspicuous; the low dorsals continuous,
the first dorsal 0.75 as high as second, which goes twice in
depth; the first or first and second spines of first dorsal not
higher than the rest; the anal as high as second dorsal but
shorter; the length of the rounded caudal equals the pectoral
and is f of head.

The color in alcohol brown or yellowish brown, the head
paler, becoming whitish on throat ; there are five nearly vertical

MICROSICYDIUM 295

pearl white lines on head, inclined backward, the first descending
from forward part of eye ; the second starts above rear margin
of eye and passes down behind pupil to throat; the third and
fourth cross the cheeks; the fifth crosses base of pectoral; be-
hind angle af pectoral is a sixth, very short line ; all these lines
tend to disappear in alcohol ; the fins are all uniform dark brown.

Here described from three specimens, 20 to 23 millimeters
in length, collected by me at Dumaguete, Oriental Negros.

I also place here thirty-nine specimens, from 16 to 29 milli-
meters in length, collected at Puerto Galera, Mindoro. In life
these specimens were uniform wine red; the vertical lines on
the head were opalescent blue. After some years in alcohol,
they vary in color from uniform clear brownish yellow to dark
brown with paler head, very light throat, and dark brown or
blackish fins; in some of the specimens there are ten or twelve
lines, six or seven on the head and the rest on the trunk behind
the angle of the pectoral; in a few cases no traces are left of
the crosslines on the head. They also vary in shape, especially
that of the head, but are all connected by intermediate stages,
so that they cannot be separated. The Bureau of Science col-
lection also contains two faded specimens from Zamboanga,
Mindanao, and two from Sitankai, Sulu Province.

I include here also two clear yellow specimens from Zam-
boanguita, Oriental Negros, 28 and 31 millimeters long, which
each have a small, light brown spot on the upper posterior angle
of the opercle, but agree in other respects.

A specimen, 33 millimeters long, from Cabalian, Leyte, is
uniform dark red-brown, with a small, blackish brown spot
on the upper posterior angle of the opercle; the fins are larger
and higher than in any other Gobiodon in the collection. It
seems to be intermediate between G. hypselopterus and G. quin-
questrigatus, having the pectoral count of the former ; the head
stripes are so faded as to be largely illegible.

According to Weber this species is confined to the Indo-Aus-
tralian Archipelago.

A color sketch from life by T. S. Espinosa, of a specimen
from Zamboanga, shows the lines on the head lavender, mar-
gined with wine red. The specimen is no longer in the collec-
tion.

Genus 66. MICROSICYDIUM Bleeker

Microsicydium BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Nat. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci.
Nat. 9 (1874) 314.

296 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

As defined by Bleeker, the genus would not include the Phil-
ippine species or the Society Island species described by Stein-
dachner. I therefore amend his diagnosis to read as follows:

The teeth of upper jaw slender, more or less club-shaped,
obtuse, closely crowded together in a single row ; the lower jaw
has two rows, the outer teeth needlelike, more or less embedded
in a movable band fastened to inner margin of lower lip; the
inner row composed of a few, backward-curved caniniform teeth
of nearly equal size. The body elongate, low, cylindrical ante-
riorly, with obtuse head and convex snout, the mouth inferior,
with thick lips, the tip of the tongue rounded ; there are no
barbels on lower jaw; the scales are large, ctenoid, 30 to 40 in
a longitudinal series, the head and' forward part of trunk naked,
or the nape more or less covered with cycloid scales nearly to
eyes; tip of tongue rounded; dorsals small, well separated;
caudal rounded, equal to or longer than head; the ventrals
form a circular disk, free, or but slightly attached to belly; the
upper rays of pectoral are not free and silky. Dorsal V or
VI, 1-7 to 11; anal I, 8 to 11.

This genus is known elsewhere from Cejebes and the Society
Islands.

Key to the Philippine species of Microsicydium.

a1. Color uniformly dark, without longitudinal bands, scales 36; dorsal VI,

1-9 or 10; anal I, 9 or 10 M. atro-purpureum.

a*. Head and body with longitudinal bands.

61. Scales 38; dorsal VI, 1-7; anal I, 8 M. formosum.

b*. Scales 30; dorsal VI, 1-9; anal 1-10 M. pulchellum.

152. MICROSICYDIUM ATRO-PURPUREUM sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-9 or 10; anal I, 9 or 10; there are 36 scales in
a longitudinal series, 10 in a transverse series, and about 10
before first dorsal.

The body low, elongate, slender, the dorsal and ventral pro-
files nearly parallel, the posterior half laterally compressed, the
top of head and nape broad and more or less flattened, the
depth 6.18 times in length; the head 4.5+ times in length;
its depth and breadth approximately equal, about 1.75 times
in length of head; the snout broad, blunt, rounded, projecting,
3.75 times in head; the eyes very high up, dorsolateral, equal
to snout and to the wide, flat interorbital ; the mouth inferior,
with weak lower jaw, nearly horizontal, the posterior angle

MICROSICYDIUM 297

of maxillary concealed and extending beneath anterior half of
eye; the outer row of teeth in lower jaw is horizontal and
projects beyond lip so that it is plainly visible; the inner row
composed of three hooked canines on each side, the anterior
ones largest; the scales before first dorsal extend forward to
opposite posterior margin of opercles; the dorsals far apart,
the fourth spine of first dorsal longest, -barely touching origin
of second dorsal when depressed, a little greater than depth;
the second dorsal and anal of similar shape, the posterior rays
longest and equal to longest first dorsal spine but not reaching
caudal when depressed; the caudal peduncle broad, its depth
about 1.9 times in head and 1.8 in its own length; the caudal
broad, nearly truncate, 1.2 times head; the pectoral broad,
pointed, nearly as long as head ; the broad short ventrals reach
less than halfway to the slender pointed anal papilla.

The color in alcohol everywhere dark purplish brown, with
sides of head purplish black and a large violet-black spot cover-
ing base of pectorals ; the dorsals, anal, and forward two-thirds
of caudal deep velvety black; the pectorals concolorous with
body; the ventrals and posterior third of caudal colored like
body, with a narrow lateral margin of white.

Here described from the type specimen, 34 millimeters long,
from Irid River, Santa Ines, Rizal Province.

I place here also three immature specimens, 23 to 28 milli-
meters long, from Bangar, La Union Province. They are much
paler, being uniform dark slate color all over.

Ater, black; purpureus, purple.

153. MICROSICYDIUM FORMOSUM sp. nov.

PLATE 23, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-7 ; anal I, 8 ; there are 38 scales in a longitudinal
series, 10 in a transverse series, and 13 or 14 rows of scales
before first dorsal.

The body low, slender, elongate, cylindrical anteriorly, the
diameter equal to or greater than the depth, laterally compressed
from second dorsal back, the depth 5.7 in length; the head
flat above, broad, its depth two-thirds of its width, and con-
tained 4.4 times in length; the convex snout bluntly rounded,
4.5 times in head; the circular eyes high up, lateral, equal to
snout, as is also the broad interorbital ; the mouth rather small,
slightly oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary beneath an-

298 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

terior third of eye; the upper jaw has a single row of immov-
able, thickly crowded, small, brownish teeth; the lower 'lip has
a row of horizontally placed minute teeth, which do not reach
the surface of the membrane in which they are thickly set;
behind these on jaw are two pairs of very small, hooked, slender
canines, near symphysis; the scales large, ctenoid, becoming
cycloid on nape, where they are smaller and extend forward
nearly to eyes, to a point over middle of opercles; the caudal
peduncle depth 2.5 times in head and 1.75 times in its own
length ; the dorsals far apart, the distance between them almost
equal to length of base of first dorsal, small, equal in height
which is 1.4 times in depth and 1.8 in head; the anal slightly
higher than second dorsal, 1.27 in depth; the second dorsal and
anal do not reach base of caudal when depressed; the pectoral
rather broad, a seventh longer than depth of body and 5 times
in length ; the ventrals short, forming a free, deep, circular cup,
attached only at base, its length equal to height of dorsal, the
distance from its tip to the small notched anal papilla 1.4 times
its own length; the caudal rounded, equal to head in length.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown with blackish brown
longitudinal stripes as follows: The widest one passes around
tip of snout and back across cheeks upon base of pectoral;
then from beneath pectoral it passes along middle of side to base
of caudal ; just beyond its posterior end is a large, circular, black
spot, surrounded by a broad white band ; the second band passes
around the brow, across upper part of eye and back along the
side to upper end of base of caudal; it is connected with its
fellow by two crossbands on caudal peduncle; a third, narrow
stripe begins a short distance behind upper margin of eye and
passes back along dorsal region as far as posterior end of second
dorsal, the latter part of it more or less obscure; from upper
margin of eye a line curves inward and backward beside the
median line of nape to base of first dorsal ; a few blackish spots
on posterior part of first dorsal ; three transverse rows of black-
ish spots on second dorsal ; the anal has a single row of blackish
marginal spots; the central part of caudal marked by elongate
blackish spots, in addition to the large spot on base already
mentioned ; the basal part of pectoral has a few blackish brown
spots.

Here described from the type and only specimen, 40 milli-
meters long, collected in the Titunod, a small stream near

MICROSICYDIUM 299

Kolambugan, Lanao Province, Mindanao. It lives in stony,
brawling hill creeks, where numbers of specimens were seen.
It is difficult to secure, as it slips into crevices between the
rocks at the least sign of danger. It is evidently related to
Sicydium elegans Steindachner, from the Society Islands, but
is separated by differences in the scalation, fins, and color.
Formosum, beautiful.

154. MICROSICYDIUM PULCHELLUM sp. nov.

PLATE 23, FIG. 4

Dorsal VI, 1-9; anal I, 10; there are 30 scales in a longitu-
dinal series, 9 in a transverse series, and 8 before first dorsal.

The depth of the slender, elongate body 6.4 times in length,
the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly horizontal and parallel;
the head rather short, 4.7 times in length, its breadth 1.58 times
in its length and 1.26 times its own depth; the snout short,
blunt, wide, steeply descending to its tip, concave, 4 times in
head; the eyes very high up, dorsolateral, a little longer than
snout, 3.77 times in head ; the interorbital breadth equals length
of snout, the mouth small, slightly oblique, the posterior angle
of maxillary beneath anterior part of eye; the upper jaw has
a single row of small, immovable, closely set, colorless teeth
with brownish tips; the lower jaw has a pair of hooked canines
near symphysis, and fastened to lip is a horizontal row of slen-
der, colorless teeth projecting well beyond its margin; the large
ctenoid scales become cycloid in front of first dorsal and extend
as far as above middle of opercle; the dorsals far apart, the
third spine of first dorsal longest and equal to 0.88 of the depth,
1.54 times in head, the spines of first dorsal falling far short
of second dorsal when depressed; the anterior rays of second
dorsal longest, 0.9 the depth, and lacking much of reaching
caudal when depressed; the anal similar to second dorsal but
lower, its longest ray but 0,8 the depth; the caudal round
pointed, 1.1 times head and 4.2 times in length; the pectoral
long, pointed, 1.6 times depth, 1.18 times head, and 4 times in
length; the ventrals broad, rounded, 0.5 the length of pectoral.

The color in alcohol uniform pale sandy yellow, lighter under
head; a broad, dark brown band passes around snout on upper
lip and extends back below eye to base of pectoral where it
terminates in a darker blotch; beneath pectoral it continues as
a broader brown band to base of caudal ; beginning behind eye

300 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

a narrower paler band continues back along upper part of side
to upper edge of caudal base; on basal part of caudal is a con-
spicuous, blackish brown, rounded spot; the other fins are all
colorless, the anal with some brown spots along its base.

Here described from the type, 32 millimeters long, collected
by me in Dumaguete River, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros. An-
other specimen, 28 millimeters long, collected at the same time
and place, has a bluish pearly band around snout on upper lip,
back over lower part of eye to base of pectoral, ending in a bluish
pearly spot; the caudal is conspicuously crossbarred with six
dark brown bands, its tip blackish, and a dark brown spot at its
base ; the dorsals are brown, the second dorsal crossbarred with
darker spots; the anal is brown with a blackish margin.

This species is close to Steindachner's Sicydium elegans, from
the Tonga Islands.

Pulchellus, beautiful little.

Genus 67. SICYOPTERUS Gill

Sicyoptems GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1860) 101; BLEEKER,
Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 313; Revision des Sicydinii, Versl.
Akad. Amsterdam II 9 (1876) 272.

Sicydium GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 91 (pro parte) ;
GRANT, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1884) 152 (pro parte).

The teeth in upper jaw of singular shape, small, closely ap-
pressed in a single row, movable, attached by ligaments, strongly
curved, their tips projecting from the gum, honey colored and
tricuspid in Philippine species, bicuspid in a Samoan species.
The form and arrangement of the cusps of the teeth are al-
together different from the two types of tricuspid teeth de-
scribed and figured by Grant in the exceedingly valuable paper
cited above. Behind the outer visible row of teeth lie numerous
parallel rows of young teeth or buds hidden in the gum, their
tips disproportionately large and coarsely trident-shaped, the
prongs of uniform size; as the teeth of the first row are worn
out or broken they are replaced by the buds next in line; the
shape of the teeth, both cusps and basal portion, or root, varies
in the different species, each having its characteristic pattern.

The body low, the dorsal but little elevated, convex or flattened
anteriorly, the ventral profile nearly horizontal, thick, rounded,
only the posterior part laterally compressed, the caudal peduncle
deep, the head usually large, blunt, broader than deep, with a

SICYOPTERUS 301

long convex or nearly perpendicular, obtusely rounded snout,
thick upper lip, and an inferior mouth, very low down and usually
nearly horizontal. The body densely covered with rather small
ctenoid scales, 50 to 85 in a longitudinal series, which extend
forward on nape nearly to eyes, and back upon caudal fin and
basal part of pectoral; the head naked except for those on
nape; the scales may be of nearly uniform size, or those on
middle of trunk may be larger to much larger than those an-
teriorly and on caudal peduncle, or those on belly and neck may
be smaller to much smaller than the rest, which are of about
equal size.

The upper lip may be (a) entire, (b) with a median more or
less linear cleft, (c) with a median and two lateral clefts each
halfway to angle of mouth and about opposite eye, or (d) with
the whole lip crenulate-dentate and with two small lateral clefts
nearer angle of mouth than middle of lip. The lateral clefts
in (c) are shaped like a sac, or alveolus, with a narrow mouth
and rounded subcircular margin; the inner margin of upper
lip may be entire, rugose, or covered with tubercles or papillae;
in Philippine species with (b) and (c) types of cleft lips the
median fissure has a long conspicuous papilla beneath it, and
stouter shorter papillae or large tubercles beneath the lateral
clefts. The lower lip has a row of slender, more or less pointed,
horizontal teeth, their tips alone visible as a rule; behind sym-
physis of lower jaw is a pair of large, stout, recurved canines;
on each side is a row of four to eight curved teeth, more or less
enlarged, the middle ones usually small, the posterior ones
usually rather large.

The dorsals are well separated, VI (V or VII), 1-10 or 12,
the spines of first dorsal elongate in many species, often exces-
sively so, their tips free and threadlike or the fin membrane
carried to the tips of the elongate spines ; the second dorsal and
anal moderate or low, angulate posteriorly; the caudal rounded,
longer or shorter than head. The ventrals very characteristic,
forming a short, thick, semicircular, powerful sucking cup, in
many species broader than long, more or less adherent to belly,
the frenum thick. The gill openings of moderate width, not
extended forward, the isthmus broad; branchiostegals 4; no air
bladder.

In Grant's paper, which is apparently the only general study
ever made of the group, twenty-four species are described under

302 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

the generic name Sicydium. This name can be limited to those
members of the group without enlarged teeth at the symphysis
of the mandible, and under it can be placed the first seven species
described by Grant.

Of the remainder, two species have been placed by other
authors under Bleeker's genus Microsicydium. This leaves fif-
teen species which, with Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka), two
species from Ceram described by Beaufort, and the five new
species now presented, make up the genus Sicyopterus as here
understood.

The various species range from Japan to Samoa and the Society
Islands, and from Hawaii to Burmah and the Isle of Reunion,
their center of distribution being in the East Indies.

The diagnoses by Gill and Bleeker are incorrect and un-
satisfactory, not being based on a critical examination of the
teeth under a high power of the microscope. Under a simple
lens the tricuspid teeth appear simple or perhaps bifid. Guiche-
not's genus and Bleeker's subgenus Cotylopus, if based on
the supposed bilobed character of the teeth, cannot stand, for
the teeth are really tricuspid. However, Cotylopus and Jordan
and Evermann's genus Sicyosus are probably valid through the
presence of other characters.

These dull-colored, inconspicuous fishes abound in bowlder-
strewn mountain streams where the current is moderately swift.
They love to lie above large rocks where they bask in the sun-
light, protected by a shallow stratum of rippling water. Here
they nibble at minute algas, ready to slip out of sight beneath
the bowlder at the first movement made by man or bird. Al-
though authors state they are "confined to fresh waters near
the sea," they really go down to the sea to spawn, in common
with many other fresh-water gobies. Their fry, which ascend
the Ilocano and Cagayan streams, form one of the most im-
portant sources of ipon during the autumnal months. In both
Mindanao and Luzon they ascend to an altitude of 1,000 meters
or more.

The Philippine species, with the exception of one record from
Palawan by Boulenger (of which I have seen no authentic
representative), include three sections of the genus; one with
the upper lip entire, one having a type of cleft upper lip close
to that found in Sicyopterus stimpsoni Gill, from Hawaii, but

SICYOPTEEUS 303

different in detail, and one unlike any hitherto described, with
two lateral clefts and the whole lip margin more or less den-
ticulate-crenulate.

The superficial resemblance between quite divergent species
of Sicyopterus is very great and it is only possible to separate
some of them by a critical examination of the lips, supplemented
by a microscopic examination of the teeth. The differences in
the mouth and teeth, together with the scale count, may be
relied upon to separate species almost identical in general ap-
pearance and color markings.

Key to the Philippine species of Sicyopterus.

a*. Upper lip entire; scales 65 in a longitudinal series, 16 to 18 in a trans-
verse series, and 25 to 30 before first dorsal S. lacrymosus.

a2. Upper lip cleft.

61. Upper lip with a very slight median cleft and no lateral clefts; lon-
gitudinal series of scales 75 to 80, transverse, 17.... S.- cynocephalus.
b*. Upper lip with two lateral clefts; a median cleft absent or present.
c1. Upper lip with two lateral alveoluslike clefts opposite eyes and
with a median cleft; papillae or tubercles on gum beneath it.
<P. Scales more than 65 in a longitudinal series.

e1. About 75 scales in a longitudinal series, 20 in a transverse

series, 26 to 32 before first dorsal S. crassus.

e2. Seventy scales in a longitudinal series, 20 to 22 in a transverse

series, 36 to 40 before first dorsal S. fuliag.

d2. Fifty-five to 57 scales in a longitudinal series, 14 or 15 in a

transverse series, 14 to 16 before first dorsal.... S. extraneus.

c2. Upper lip with two narrow lateral clefts, not saclike, and no median

cleft; lip margin denticulate-crenate; no papillae or tubercles on

gum beneath it....—- S. panayensis.

155. SICYOPTERUS LACRYMOSUS sp. nov.

PLATE 24, FIG. 1

Ilocano name, paliling.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 10 ; there are 65 scales in a longitudi-
nal series, 16 to 18 in a transverse series, and 25 to 30 before
first dorsal.

The body robust, laterally compressed, the dorsal and ventral
profiles nearly horizontal, the depth 4.8 to 5.1 times in length;
the broad blunt head 4 to 4.17 times in length, flat above, its
breadth slightly exceeding its depth arid 0.75 to 0.9 of its own
length; the snout full, rounded, protuberant, 2.2 to 2.6 times
in head; the eyes small, lateral but very high up so that their

304

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

gaze is partly upward, 1.66 to 2.3 times in snout and 4.5 to
5.3 times in head; the flattened interorbital 1.66 to 2 times eye;
the mouth low, inferior, the upper lip entire, thick and fleshy,
its inner margin more or less rugose but neither papillate nor

FIG. 1. Sicyovterua lacrymosua sp. nov. ; a, right side of a tooth ; 6, right side of a broken
tooth, showing the relation of the three cusps ; c, reconstructed drawing, showing the dorsal
aspect of the tooth.

tuberculate; the posterior angle of maxillary beneath anterior
margin or pupil of eye ; the teeth in upper jaw have the cusps all
erect, the central cusp much larger than the others, with broadly
rounded tip, the other cusps acute, the basal part of teeth with
a different shape from that of other species (see text figure) ;
on outer edge of lower lip is a row of simple horizontal mi-
croscopic teeth, usually covered with a thick coat of slime and
therefore invisible; besides the pair of stout, recurved canines
at symphysis of lower jaw there are six or eight curved white
teeth on each side, the last two much larger and stronger than

33 SICYOPTERUS 305

the others; the scales largest along middle of sides, smaller on
posterior half of caudal peduncle and beneath pectoral, much
reduced in size before first dorsal, extending forward on nape
nearly to eyes; the scales behind ventral very small, none in
front of it; the dorsals well separated, the third and fourth,
or second, third, and fourth spines with elongated and thread-
like tips, sometimes excessively lengthened, the fourth always
longest; sometimes all the spines may have more or less elon-
gated tips ; the first dorsal always extends to second dorsal when
depressed and the fourth spine may reach almost to posterior end
of base of second dorsal, and is contained from 4.25 to 2.3 times
in length of head and trunk; the second dorsal low, the middle
rays longest, their tips extended much beyond the membrane,
sometimes elongate and the rays then equal to or exceeding depth
but typically about $ to 0.8 the depth, 1.77 times in head or
exceptionally equal to head, rarely touching the accessory caudal
rays when depressed and typically falling much short of caudal
base ; the anal lower, the posterior rays longest but always fall-
ing far short of caudal when depressed, 1.4 to 1.85 in depth
and 1.4 to 2.2 times in head; the caudal peduncle wide, 1.25 to
1.5 times in its own length; the caudal varies from somewhat
pointed to rounded, 3.9 to 4.5 times in length, usually a little
shorter than head but sometimes slightly exceeding it; the
pointed pectoral equals caudal; the ventrals nearly circular,
often broader than long, 1.85 to 1.95 times in head and 2.3
tc 2.66 times in distance to anus.

The color in alcohol dull brownish gray, which may change
to yellowish brown in specimens long kept; there are about
seven blackish double dorsal crossbars, the four posterior ones
running diagonally forward down the side, the anterior ones
short, the first one on nape; the belly and throat white.

The top and sides of snout marbled with darker; the front
of snout and upper lip more or less purplish dusky; a conspic-
uous deep black spot or bar, as wide as eye at its upper end,
beginning on lower margin of eye and extending downward
to above posterior angle of maxillary; a vague dusky blotch on
opercle; a blackish bar begins under pectoral and passes back
along side to tip of caudal fin, which is all black with a narrow
pale margin above and below; the lateral band often disappears
in old specimens ; the first dorsal clear, the posterior part mar-
bled with irregular, wavy, dark longitudinal lines, or irregular
spots ; the rays of second dorsal dusky greenish, the membranes

306 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

covered with many dusky spots ; the anal whitish with a narrow
dusky margin; the pectoral blackish margined by yellowish or
whitish; the ventrals white or faintly yellowish.

Here described from nine type specimens, 47 to 68 millimeters
long, from Abra River, Bangued, Abra Province; nineteen co-
types, 50 to 63 millimeters long, from Laoag River, Ilocos
Norte Province, the largest one of which is a female with eggs
about half developed, and one cotype, 58 millimeters long, from
Titunod River, Kolambugan, Lanao Province, Mindanao; after
five years in alcohol it is deep brown, the markings blackish
brown.

The Bureau of Science collection also contains specimens, 25
to 76 millimeters long, as follows:

Buguey River, Cagayan Prov- Bangar, La Union Province,

ince, 18. 130.

Laoag River, Ilocos Norte Prov- Dumaguete River, Oriental Ne-

ince, 16. gros Province, 4.

Abra River, Ilocos Sur Prov- Zamboanguita, Oriental Negros

ince, 1. Province, 1.

In addition to the above, I have -a couple of thousand fry of this
species, 15 to 25 millimeters long, caught at the mouth of Abra
River, Ilocos Sur Province, and Bauang River, La Union Prov-
ince, or purchased as ipon at Vigan, Ilocos Sur Province. In all
probability this species is also present in our other catches of
ipon ; but, in fishes less than 15 to 18 millimeters long, scales are
not usually present, the teeth are not properly developed, and
the species of most ipon cannot be determined with exactitude in
the present state of our knowledge. Specimens, 15 to 20 milli-
meters long, have the characteristic crossbands, and the posterior
part of the body is scaled as far forward as iri line with the hind
end of the first dorsal; all forward of this line is still naked;
the spot below the eye is also present.

This little fish is a very important source of ipon along the
Ilocano coast during the period from the last of August to
December, about three months, the exact dates fluctuating ac-
cording to weather conditions and other factors.

This species is close to Sicyopterus longifilis Beaufort.

Lacrymvsus, tearful.

156. SICYOPTERUS CYNOCEPHALUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Sicydium cynocephalum CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
12 (1837) 134, pi. 352; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861)
94; GRANT, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1884) 166; BOULENGER, Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. VI 15 (1895) 185.

SICYOPTERUS 307

Sicyopterus cynocephalus BLEEKER, Versl. Med. Akad. Amsterdam

II 9 (1876) 275.
Sicydium parvei (non Bleeker) GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3

(1861) 94.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 or 11; anal I, 10 or 11; there are 75 to 80
scales in a longitudinal series and about 17 in a transverse
series.

The depth about 5 times, the head 4.5 times in length; the
width of head rather greater than height and about f of length ;
the diameter of eye 6 times in head and half the interorbital
space; the posterior angle of maxilla beneath posterior margin
of eye ; the upper lip has a very slight median cleft, with a small
papilla beneath it ; a row of small papillae on gum beneath
upper lip; the horizontal teeth of lower lip conspicuous; the
scales on sides of body larger than those on caudal peduncle
and much larger than those on anterior part of body and occi-
put; the first dorsal higher than body, the third spine produced
into a short filament; the second dorsal not so high as body;
the caudal contained 4.33 times in length; the pectoral longer
than head.

The color above deep violet or greenish violet or dark green,
below whitish or yellowish, with six or seven more or less in-
distinct, broad, oblique, brownish or darker crossbands ; a brown
spot below eye ; the dorsal and anal fins orange, the second dorsal
sometimes with large, regularly disposed brown spots on rays;
the anal has a broad violet or brown margin; the caudal olive
with the superior and inferior edges yellow ; the pectoral yellow-
edged.

The above description is compiled, as I have seen no authentic
specimens. Boulenger listed this species among those collected
by Whitehead in Palawan. It is an East Indian species, occur-
ring from Sumatra to the Moluccas, and is "found in fresh wa-
ters 3000 feet above the level of the sea." According to Bleeker
it attains a larger size than does any other species of the genus ;
his largest specimens were 160 millimeters in length.

157. SICYOPTERUS CRASSUS sp. nov.

PLATE 24, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-11; anal I, 10; there are about 75 (73 to 76)
scales in a longitudinal series, 20 in a transverse series, and
26 to 32 before first dorsal.

The thick, heavy, rounded body laterally compressed only at
posterior part, the dorsal and ventral profiles nearly parallel,

308

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

the head and nape slightly convex or nearly flat above, the depth
4.6 to over 5 times in length; the head very large, though not
very long, depressed anteriorly, 4 to 4.28 times in length, its
breadth a little more than its depth and 78 to 82 per cent of
its own length; the snout long, convex, broadly rounded, 2 to
2.3 times in head; the eyes lateral, very high up, their upper
margin even with upper profile, 3 to 4 times in snout, and 6.66
to 9 times in head; the flat interorbital usually equal to or
may be 1.25 times in snout; the mouth slightly oblique, the
upper lip with a median cleft behind which is a conspicuous,

long-pointed papilla and with a
median saclike or alveoluslike
incision on each half of lip,
each with a stout but rather
short papilla behind it, the
inner margin of lip with rugose
tubercles; the posterior angle
of maxillary may be under an-
terior or posterior margin of
eye; the teeth in upper jaw in
a closely packed row, their
honey yellow tips long and
pointed; the central cusp long,
its tip curved backward, very
acute in lateral view, the lat-
eral cups much smaller, sharp
pointed, erect, as shown in the
figure; on lower lip is a row
of simple, pointed, horizontal
teeth set close together ; besides
the hooked canines at symphy-
sis there are six to eight stout conical teeth on each side of lower
jaw, the middle ones small, the others almost or quite as large
as the symphysial teeth ; posteriorly from a line drawn opposite
fifth dorsal spine the scales are comparatively large and of
uniform size; anteriorly from this point the scales are much
smaller, becoming very small on nape; the axil of pectoral, the
belly beneath the ventrals, and the breast in front of them all
naked; the dorsals well separated, the first dorsal elevated, the
third spine longest, the tips more or less elongated and thread-
like, 3.2 to 4.6 times in length ; the second dorsal has the poste-
rior rays pointed, angulate, extending upon base of caudal when

FIG. 2. Sicyoptervs crassus sp.
side of a tooth.

SICYOPTERUS 309

depressed, 1.37 to 1.47 times in head; the anal similar in shape
but the anterior rays higher or the fin may be of uniform height,
the posterior rays not reaching caudal when depressed, 1.7 to
1.75 times in head ; the depth of the large caudal peduncle about
$ the length of head and more than its own length, which is
0.75 to 0.8 per cent of the depth; the broad rounded caudal
is 3.5 to 4 times in length and exceeds head; the pectoral very
broad, rounded to somewhat triangular, pointed, equal to head ;
the ventrals wider than long, 1.7 to 1.95 times in head and 2.3
to 2.8 times in the distance to the very short, thick anal papilla.

The color in alcohol uniform dull brownish gray, paler on
sides and posteriorly, whitish beneath, darker and brownish
plum color on snout and cheeks ; the first dorsal clear, the spines
brownish gray; the second dorsal crossbanded by four or five
diagonal rows of dull brown bars on lower three-fourths of
spines only, the membranes colorless, the fin with a broad, red-
dish brown margin; the anal dull gray wfth a broad violet
blackish margin ; the caudal yellowish gray with a broad violet
blackish posterior margin; the pectorals are gray, but seem to
have been yellowish with a pale violet margin; the ventrals
whitish.

Here described from five specimens, 97 to 128 millimeters in
length, collected by Taylor in Craan River, on the southern
coast of Cotabato Province.

Crassus, fat or burly.

158. SICYOPTERUS FULIAG sp. nov.

Ibanag name, fuliag.

Dorsal VI, 1-10 ; anal I, 9 or 10 ; there are 70 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, 20 to 22 in a transverse series, and 36 to 40
before first dorsal.

The low, rounded body laterally compressed on posterior
fourth, the depth 5.3 to 5.8 times in length ; the broad head and
nape slightly convex, the snout depressed, the underside flat
as far back as and including ventrals, 4.2 to 4.37 times in length ;
the breadth of head 0.25 to 0.5 more than its depth and 70 to
85 per cent of its own length; the snout depressed, nearly ver-
tical in front, very broad, gently rounded, 2.2 to 2.3 times in
head ; the small eyes lateral but very high up, their gaze upward
as well as sideways, 3 to 3| times in snout and 6f to 8 times
in head; the broad flat interorbital space a little less than
snout, 2.4 to 2.5 times in head, and 2.7 to 3.3 times eye; the

310

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

mouth horizontal, wide, the broad, fleshy, upper lip with three
clefts, a linear one at the middle, and a baylike or saclike one
on each side halfway to corner of mouth, the inner margin of
lip tuberculate; the posterior angle of maxillary before or be-
neath front margin of eye; behind the middle cleft a short
nipplelike papilla, and a short, very stout one below each lateral
cleft ; the teeth in upper jaw in a closely packed row, their honey
yellow tips composed of three cusps, the middle one longest

with rounded tip, the others short-
er and very sharp pointed, the
tips projecting very little beyond
the gum; on outer edge of gums
of lower lip is a row of simple,
horizontal, widely spaced teeth;
in addition to the pair of strong
canines at symphysis, the inner
row has four to six teeth on
each side, the last two enlarged,
caniniform, and usually as
large as the anterior canines;
below base of first dorsal and
anteriorly the scales are much
smaller than those posteriorly,
those on nape very small and ex-
tending nearly to eyes; the body
beneath and in front of ventrals
and in axil of pectoral naked ; the
dorsals well separated, the first
dorsal elevated, the first four or
five spines elongated but united,
the membrane extending to their
tips, the third or second and third
longest, 2.9 to 4 times in length
but usually just a little longer
than head; the second dorsal low, pointed posteriorly, the pos-
terior ray sometimes elongate and then touching base of caudal,
1.25 to 2 times in head; the anal like second dorsal but lower,
the posterior ray never touching base of caudal; the depth of
the broad caudal peduncle equals or exceeds its length, 1.25
to 2 times in head ; the truncate or slightly rounded caudal equals
or more often slightly exceeds head; the very broad, pointed
pectoral may equal head but is usually shorter, 1.2 to 1.25 in

FIG. 3. Sicyopterus fuliag sp. nov. ; a,
base of a tooth ; b, muscles of attach-
ment ; c, broken cusps.

SICYOPTERUS 311

head; the ventrals broader than long, twice or nearly twice in
head, and 3 or nearly 3 times in the distance to the very short,
thick, rounded anal papilla.

The color in alcohol dusky olive brown, paler to yellowish
or whitish beneath, with about seven blackish crossbars, wider
than the interspaces, which descend to belly and are most
apparent on posterior half; a forward-curved, heavy black line
descends from eye to angle of mouth; a more or less waved
heavy black line crosses interorbital from eye to eye, terminat-
ing in a black spot on upper eye margin ; in front of it are two
similar lines and behind it is another line or series of dashes;
the first dorsal uniform dull olive brown; the second dorsal
pale olive, with numerous crossbars of dusky brown lines or
spots, running diagonally downward and backward; the caudal
uniform with the body color, the tip darker; the anal very
dark olive brown ; the pectoral blackish with a narrow yellowish
margin; the ventrals yellowish.

Here described from the type and cotypes, seven specimens,
from 72 to 105 millimeters in length, collected by me from
Pinacanawan River, at Lamug, a barrio in the mountains east
of Tuguegarao, Cagayan Province.

Since writing the above I received twenty-eight specimens,
82 to 140 millimeters long, from the same river, collected at
the barrio of Karoan.

This is an important ipon goby in the Cagayan Valley.

159. SICYOPTERUS EXTRANEUS sp. nov.

Sicyopterus taeniurus JORDAN and RICHARDSON (not of Giinther),
Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 279.

Dorsal VI, 1-11; anal I, 10; there are 55 to 57 scales in a
longitudinal series, 14 or 15 in a transverse series, and 14
to 16 before first dorsal.

The low, plump, nearly cylindrical body laterally compressed
on posterior third, the nape and head more or less flattened,
the depth of body usually equal to its breadth, 5 to 5.4 (4.7 in
a gravid female), the head 4.2 to 4.375 times in length; the
head rather small, its depth 75 to 85 per cent of its breadth,
which is 0.7 to 0.75 of its own length ; the snout convex, rounded,
comparatively narrow, 2.16 to 2.5 times in head ; the small eyes
lateral, but high up and able to gaze up as well as sideways,
2 to 2.6 times in snout, 5 to 6 times in head, and 1.75 to 2.3
times in interorbital, which is less than snout; the low inferior

312

GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

mouth horizontal, the wide upper lip with three clefts, the middle
one very narrow and short with a large bulbous papilla, the
lateral ones shaped like a sac, or alveolus, each with a thick,
tubercular papilla beneath it, the inner margin of lip tuber-
culate; the posterior angle of maxillary extends beneath pupil
of eye ; the teeth of upper jaw have the central cusp very large,
broad, inward-curved, the tip rounded in face view; the lateral
cusps almost or quite as long as the middle one, incurved, very
acute (see text fig. 4) ; the horizontal teeth of lower lip very
slender, sharp-pointed, widely spaced ;
from three to six stout, curved teeth
on each side of lower jaw, all smaller
than the large symphysial canines;
the scales of almost uniform size,
those on caudal peduncle and before
first dorsal somewhat smaller, only
the last few anterior rows on nape
much reduced in size; the dorsals
well separated, the first moderately
elevated, the membrane extending to
tip, the third spine longest, equal
to depth; the second dorsal low, 1.3
to 1.6 times in depth, 1.5 to 1.9 times
in head, angulate, pointed posteriorly,
the last ray barely reaching caudal
base; the anal similar but a little
lower, the anterior rays longest, 1.6
to 2 times in depth and 2 to 2.25
times in head, the pointed posterior
ray usually falling short of caudal
base when depressed; the depth of
caudal peduncle equals its length;
the bluntly rounded caudal equals
head; the pectoral has an elongate round-pointed tip, approxi-
mately equal to depth, 1 to 1.3 in head; the ventrals broader than
long, 1.75 to 1.85 in head and 2.75 to 3 times in distance to anal
papilla; this is very small, short, and thick in males; larger,
subglobose, with notched tip in females.

The color in alcohol dull dark brown, paler beneath and
whitish under head and on belly, with seven broad, vertical
crossbands, the last three most distinct, the first before first
dorsal; a faint indistinct black bar runs along middle of side
to tip of caudal ; a narrow blackish band near upper and lower

FlG. 4. Sifyopterus extraneus
op. nov. ; left side of two teeth.

SICYOPTERUS 313

margins of caudal, converging and joining middle band at tip,
leaving the upper and lower parts of tip clear; a black or dark
brown forward-curved band extends from eye to angle of mouth ;
a blackish stripe runs around lower margin of snout; the first
dorsal uniform dusky brown ; the second dorsal dull dark brown,
vaguely crossbarred with darker indistinct spots; the anal
blackish or dull brown with a violet blackish* margin ; the pec-
torals the color of body, the ventrals pale yellowish.

Here described from three female and two male specimens,
60.5 to 74 millimeters in length, collected at Cabalian, Leyte,
May 28, 1921. The largest specimen is a female nearly ready
to spawn.

I place here a specimen, 60 millimeters long, collected in 1909
from Cagayan River, Misamis Province, Mindanao, at an al-
titude of 250 meters. It has faded to yellowish brown, but the
crossbands and caudal markings are very distinct. It agrees
with the Leyte specimens in scalation, teeth, lips, and fins.

Jordan and Richardson had two small specimens, one from
Mindoro and one from Sibuyan, which they called S. taeniurus,
which is however quite distinct, having but one median cleft
on upper lip and having no crossbars but being uniformly
colored.

Extraneus, a stranger.

160. SICYOPTERUS PANAYENSIS sp. nov.

Dorsal VI, 1-10; anal I, 10; there are 64 to 66 scales in a
longitudinal series, 18 or 20 in a transverse series, and 24 to 26
before first dorsal.

The body low, plump, nearly cyclindrical, below first dorsal
its breadth equal to its depth, only caudal peduncle laterally com-
pressed, gently convex from first dorsal to tip of snout, the
depth 4.6 to 5 times in length; the blunt head rather low, flat
above, 4.1 to 4.3 times in length, its breath f to more than 0.9 its
length and 0.25 or more greater than its depth; the snout pro-
tuberant, bluntly rounded, 2.125 to 2.25 times in head ; the small
eyes high up, lateral, 5.5 to 6 times in head, 2.5 to 2.66 times
in snout; the broad, flat interorbital equals snout; the low in-
ferior mouth almost horizontal, the posterior angle of maxillary
beneath pupil ot eye; the upper lip very broad, especially pos-
teriorly ; it has no median cleft but has a small, narrow, curved
cleft on each side nearer posterior end, of lip than middle ; the
margin more or less denticulate-crenate ; the inner side of lip
and gum smooth, without papillae or tubercles ; the teeth of upper

314 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

jaw inward-curved with a large broad median cusp with a
chisel edge, the two lateral cusps much smaller and sharp-
pointed ; the horizontal teeth of lower lip slender, sharp-pointed,
widely spaced, often entirely concealeu, :nd never showing well
in my specimens ; there are five or six stout, curved teeth on each
side of lower jaw, all smaller than the pair of large symphysial
canines ; the scales of nearly uniform size except those on caudal
peduncle and forward of a line intersecting the origin of first
dorsal, which are smaller, those on nape and belly much smaller ;
the tips of all the first dorsal spines more or less elongate, the
second, third, and fourth longest and extending beyond origin or
to fourth or fifth ray of second dorsal when depressed, longer
than head, 3.95 to 4.3 times in length; the second dorsal 1.33 to
1.5 times in head, ^ to § as high as first dorsal, angulate poste-
riorly, not reaching caudal when
depressed, the middle rays long-
est; the anal like second dorsal
but only f or 0.75 as high; the
depth of caudal peduncle equals
its length or is 0.75 its length,
1.65 to 1.8 times in head; the
caudal truncate to bluntly round-
ed, a little more or less than
head ; the pectoral broadly ovate-
pointed, 4.7 to 4.93 times in

FIG. 5. Sicyopterusjanayensis .p. nov. ; Jength> JJ t() J g timeg jn hea(j .

the ventrals broader than long,
1.8 times in head and 2.3 to 2.5 in the distance to anus.

The color in alcohol uniform bluish gray to brownish or black-
ish gray, with eight or nine broad brown or blackish dorsal
crossbands, two before first dorsal, the last just before caudal
fin, the underparts white ; the pectoral dusky with a broad white
margin; the caudal dusky, the upper and lower margins white,
with a more or less distinct vertical dark band on its base; the
membrane of second dorsal and posterior part of first dorsal
thickly sprinkled with small, elongate, dark spots ; the anal whit-
ish with a broad dusky margin ; the ventrals white.

Here described from six specimens, 71 to 74 millimeters in
length, collected by F. Reveche at San Jose, Antique Province,
Panay.

PERIOPHTHALMID.E 315

PERIOPHTHALMIDvE

The members of this family are separated from the other
gobioid fishes by the structure of the ventral fins, the eyes, and
the pectoral fins.

The latter have a long, scaly, and very muscular base, which
enables them to use the fins as organs of locomotion on land ; by
means of them, together with the aid given by the elongate,
slender, muscular body, they can make surprising leaps, and
progress with astonishing speed over rough, stony ground as
well as on smooth muddy or sandy beaches.

The ventral fins are more or less united, or entirely separate,
with a thick muscular base, enabling them to cling with consid-
erable force to perpendicular surfaces. The eyes are very close
together, on short thick stalks, by means of which they may be
elevated for purposes of observation, or they may be drawn in
flush with the head ; the outer eyelid is very well developed.

The body elongate, laterally compressed to subcylindrical, the
head large, broad, and deep, abruptly convex or truncate ante-
riorly; the body densely covered with small scales, 50 to more
than 100, which extend upon the tip and sides of head, or the
scales may be very small or rudimentary; the teeth in the jaws
are in one or two rows, conical, fixed; there are three large
patches of pharyngeal teeth> partly needlelike, partly coarser,
and conical; the dorsal fins are separate, the first fan-shaped,
highest anteriorly; the caudal is lanceolate or obliquely rounded
and in some genera has the lower margin obliquely truncated;
the gill openings are rather narrow, the isthmus broad; bran-
chiostegals 5.

Tropical shore fishes of wide distribution. Some of the spe-
cies soon drown if placed in deep water from which they cannot
emerge, at least in part. Four genera occur in the Philippines.

Key to the China Sea genera of Periophthalmidas.

a1. Teeth erect in both jaws.

b\ Scales small, 75 to 100, first dorsal X-XV, the ventrals divided, merely

united at base Periophthalmus.

62. Scales larger, 50 to 60, first dorsal 0-XV, the ventrals nearly com-
pletely united in adults, separated in the young Periophthalmodon.

a2. Teeth horizontal in lower jaw, the ventrals united.

c\ Scales 60 to 100, dorsal V, 1-23 to 27; teeth in lower jaw with dilated
tips, truncated or slightly emarginate or lobate.. Boleophthalmus.

316 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

c.2 Scales microscopic; dorsal V or VI, 1-24 to 26; teeth in lower jaw
acute, simple, or medium size Scartelaos.

Genus 68. PERIOPHTHALMUS Bloch and Schneider

Periophthalmus BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801) 63.

The teeth erect and in a single row in both jaws, some of them
stout, conical, and resembling canines; two large oval patches
of pharyngeal teeth above and a triangular one below, each
with few to many rows of fine, sharp to coarser conical teeth;
the ventrals more or less suborbiculate, united basally; the pec-
torals long, with very large muscular scaly bases, which the
fish is able to use as legs or arms; the dorsal spines flexible,
variable in number, the dorsals far apart; the entire body cov-
ered with a greatly variable number of small cycloid or minutely
ctenoid scales, which extend forward of eyes and on sides of
head to snout, the anterior scales minute.

There is apparently but a single polymorphic species, varying
greatly in size, coloration, scale count, and fins, but all inter-
grading so that the ten or more named members of this genus
are probably all of the same species. It is one of the most ex-
traordinary of all fishes, and detailed accounts of- its habits may
read like an extravaganza to one who has never seen it perform-
ing on some mud flat or beside some jungle-embowered tidal
creek.

161. PERIOPHTHALMUS BARBARUS (Linneus)

PLATE 24, FIG. 3

Gobius barbarus LiNNJEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766) 450.
Periophthalmus papilio BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801)

63, pi. 14 (caudal fin bad) ; CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.

Poiss. 12 (1837) 143, pi. 353 (caudal fin bad).
Periophthalmus koelreuteri BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801)

65; GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 97; DAY, Fishes of

India (1878) 303, pi. 64, fig. 8; MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist.

Nat. 14 (1885) 29; HICKSON, A Naturalist in North Celebes (1889)

30-32, colored frontispiece.
Periophthalmus barbarus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 25

(1906) 393, fig. 1; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28 (1905) 794; JORDAN

and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 276.
Periophthalmus chrysospilus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

26 (1907) 41.

Bicol name, tambasakan; Ilocano, banasak; Tao Sug, tamin-
dak; Tagalog, talimosak; Visayan, tambasakan, at Romblon ; ta-
masak, in Leyte and Panay; mud skipper.

PERIOPHTHALMUS 317

No attempt is here made to cite the exceedingly voluminous
synonymy or the many papers upon the life and habits of this
incredible little fish.

Dorsal X-XV, 1-11; anal I, 10; scales in a longitudinal series
76 to 100, in a transverse series 24 to 26.

The body elongate, laterally compressed, the dorsal and ven-
tral profiles tapering back to caudal, the depth 5.2 to 5.9 in
length (4.75 in gravid females) ; the head very large and broad,
3.3 to 3.8 times in length, its breadth 0.75 to 0.8 of its length, and
1 to 1.2 times its depth, which equals or nearly equals that of
body ; the large broad blunt snout nearly vertical, its length 2.25
to 2.35 times in head; the snout ends in a broad, loose, lobulate
flap almost concealing upper lip, and with two terminal sensory
lappets which hang below mouth ; the eyes as given for the genus,
1.6 to 2.16 times in snout and 3.1 to 4.8 times in head, the inter-
orbital space exceedingly narrow ; the horizontal mouth inferior,
almost ventral, the lips thick and fleshy, the upper lip trilobate,
the lateral lobes large flaps covering that portion of mouth be-
neath them, the central lobe almost concealed by the snout flap
already mentioned, so that only its margin shows, its inner
surface covered with sensory papillae; the lower lip rugose-
papillate within the central portion, with a large, thick, lateral
flap at each corner, connecting with the one above which conceals
it; the teeth and scales as given for the genus; the first or first
and second spines of first dorsal longest, sometimes reaching
second dorsal when depressed, highly variable in length, 1.5
times in head and equal to or a little more or less than depth;
the second dorsal lower, the posterior rays longer, angulate, not
reaching caudal when depressed, 1.9 times in head; the anal
shorter and much lower, the two rays before the last longest,
2.8 to 3 times in head, 1.9 to 2.2 times in depth; the depth of
caudal peduncle 0.6 to 0.66 of its length, which is 1.66 to 1.9
times in head ; the rather narrow caudal equals or is a little more
or less than head, the tip moderately rounded; the shorter rays
on lower side near base have pointed, free, thick, and rather
rigid tips ; on the upper side short accessory spines advance for-
ward on caudal peduncle for some distance; the thick, power-
fully muscled base of pectoral makes up a third of its length,
the whole fin equal to or longer than head ; the ventrals more or
less separated but never united except basally, thick, flat, suborT
bicular, but the width much more than the length, which is twice
or more than twice in the distance to anal papilla and 1.7 to

318 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

1.9 in head; in males the anal papilla elongate-ellipsoid, thin,
flat; in females the anal papilla is remarkable in shape, large,
flat, suborbicular, with a deeply notched apex.

The color of this remarkable species is exceedingly variable;
in life it is often gray or olive brown, with white, blue, sil-
very, brown, or black spots and dots, the light spots usually
on head; the first dorsal brown or dusky violet, with a black
or dark brown transverse band near and parallel to the white
margin ; the first spine white and white spots may be scattered
over basal and posterior part of fin; the second dorsal has a
white upper margin; below this is a wide black crossband,
edged below by a narrow white band; the rest of the fin red-
dish brown, brown, or black, sprinkled with white dots and
spots; the pectoral and caudal marked by numerous crossbars
of brown dots; the lower or ventral rays of caudal yellowish
or whitish; the anal and ventrals whitish or colorless.

Other specimens pale bluish green to bluish brown, with
eight to ten dark or blackish brown bands over back and run-
ning diagonally forward and downward on sides, the head more
or less dotted with bluish; the fins as already given, except that
the dorsal fins may have a decided yellow instead of white color
on them ; the second dorsal often has the margin colorless, then
a white stripe, a broad black band, and another white stripe;
the rest of the fin brown, sprinkled with white.

The color in alcohol is not greatly different, the bright sil-
ver, white, or blue spots fading, and the whole fish becoming
browner, the spots on the pectoral and caudal less evident.

This extraordinary creature has excited curiosity from time
immemorial. Its strange habits, so unfishlike, its astonishing
acrobatic feats of agility, its ability to send its eyes aloft and
keep one fixed on the human observer while the other rotates
in its conning tower and scans the countryside for prey or foe,
its enterprise in leaving the water and capturing its crusta-
cean and insect food on land, its habit of leaping along the
surface of the water and then taking refuge on land instead
of at the bottom of a pool — all these and many other singular
traits have caused it to be observed and studied by the ordinary
tourist as well as by the fisherman and naturalist. One of
its favorite attitudes is to cling to some rock or lie on the shore
line with only the tail end of its body in the water. Exper-
iment and observation have shown that it can obtain sufficient

PERIOPHTHALMUS 319

oxygen in this way to satisfy its needs, thus enabling it to keep
all the rest of its body, including its gills, out of the water in-
definitely.

Sir Francis Day expresses it well when he says : "They climb
on to trees and large pieces of grass, leaves, and sticks, hold-
ing on by their pectoral fins exactly as if they were arms. Now
and then they plant these firmly as an organ of support, the
same as one places one's elbows on a table, then they raise
their heads and take a deliberate survey of surrounding objects."

This fish is very common in all parts of the Philippines,
abounding on rocky reefs, mud flats, in mangrove swamps, and
muddy estuaries, equally at home in them all. Though occa-
sionally seen for sale in the markets, it is not ordinarily caught
by the fishermen, except as it may be taken with other and more-
desirable fishes.

The Bureau of Science collection contains the following spec-
imens, though ordinarily we purposely refrain from taking this
fish:

Malabon, Rizal Province, 14. Dumaguete, Oriental Negros

Olongapo, Zambales Province, 1. Province, 11.

Limbones Bay, Batangas Prov- San Jose, Antique Province,

ince, 1. Panay, 3.

Ambil Island, 2. Busuanga, 2.

Puerto Galera, Mindoro, 2. Balabac, 10.

Romblon, 12. Zamboanga, Mindanao, 1.

Tablas, 4. Davao, Mindanao, 1.

Aroroy, Masbate, 4. Siasi, Sulu Province, 1.

Guinobatan, Masbate, 1. Bungau, Sulu Province, 21.

Port Sula, Cagraray Island, Sitankai, Sulu Province, 1.

Albay Province, 3. Amoy, China, 8.

Japan, 1.

These specimens range in length from 30 to 102 millimeters.
Several specimens, 90 to 100 millimeters long, are breeding fe-
males, nearly ready to spawn, all of them taken in midsummer.
It has been recorded previously in the Philippines from Aparri,
Luzon, and from Ticao, Panay, Negros, and Cebu.

Specimens reach a length of 250 millimeters, though I have
seen none of more than 150 millimeters from the Philippines,
and the usual length is not more than half of that. The species
occurs from the coast of China and Japan to northwestern
Australia, east to the Pelew and Samoan Islands, west to the
Red Sea and the Seychelles, and on the west coast of Africa at
Sierra Leone and southward in the Tropics.

320 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Genus 69. PERIOPHTHALMODON Bleeker

Periophthalmodon BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 326.

The teeth in upper jaw in two rows, the outer one with ca-
nines present anteriorly, the inner row sometimes wanting; in
lower jaw there is a single row, of which part may be canines ;
the pharyngeal teeth in few rows, most of them strong and coni-
cal. The ventrals united in adults, separate in the young; the
first dorsal exceedingly variable, spines 0 to XV, second dorsal
I, 11 or 12 ; the pectorals have an exceedingly thick, long, mus-
cular base, the fin scaled for more than half its length ; the scales
are moderate, 48 to 60 in a longitudinal series, cycloid, not
smaller anteriorly except on the sides of head and on snout.

Jordan, in his work on the genera of fishes, states that Pe-
riophthalmodon is a synonym of Periophthalmus, as restricted
by Gill. As I am unable to get a copy of Gill's paper, I have
followed what seems to me to be Schneider's arrangement,
as restricted by Bleeker, vide Bloch and Schneider, Systema
Ichthyologica.

162. PERIOPHTHALMODON SCHLOSSERI (Pallas)

Gobius schlosseri PALLAS, Spicilegia 8 (1769) 3, pi. 1, figs. 1-4.
Periophthalmus schlosseri BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801)

64; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 100; DAY, Fishes

of India (1878) 304, pi. 66, fig. 4.
Periophthalmodon schlosseri JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

26 (1907) 40.
Periophthalmus freycineti CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.

Poiss. 12 (1837) 148.

Dorsal 0, XV, 1 to 12 ; anal 1, 12 ; there are 48 to 60 scales in a
longitudinal series and 16 to 20 in a transverse series.

The variety named P. freycineti by Valenciennes is most-
characteristic of this species in the Philippines and is repre-
sented in the Bureau of Science collection by a fine male spec-
imen, 101 millimeters long, collected at Iloilo; it has 4 dorsal
spines, the base of the first dorsal very short, scales in longitu-
dinal series 49, in transverse 16. The following description is
based upon this specimen :

Body plump, laterally compressed, the depth 5.3 times in
length; the subcylindrical head somewhat flattened dorsally, 3.8
times in length, its breadth equal to depth of body and slightly
more than its own depth, 1.6 times' in its own length; the con-
vex snout nearly vertical anteriorly, bluntly rounded, 2.6 times
in head and twice the prominent, stalked, erectile eyes; the

PERIOPHTHALMODON 321

lower part of snout terminates in a broad, loose, crenately lobed
flap of skin, which has two long, teatlike sensory tabs hanging
down over the upper lip, which is broad, fleshy, rugose-
papillate within; the lower lip rather thin, but with a thick
fleshy flap at each angle, connecting with upper lip ; the mouth
low, horizontal, the posterior angle of maxillary concealed, be-
neath middle of eye; the teeth of upper jaw in two rows, the
anterior ones of outer row large, stout, erect, caninif orm ; those
of inner row few, small, concealed in the gum and difficult to
make out, largely wanting; the teeth in lower jaw similar to
those in upper jaw, but smaller, only two near the symphysis at
all* caninif orm; the entire body covered with scales which ex-
tend forward on cheeks and snout, those below and anterior to
nape much smaller; the other scales comparatively large, those
on nape not reduced in size ; the pectorals scaled for two-thirds or
more of their length and the caudal covered basally with rather
large scales for a third of its length ; the height of first dorsal 2.6
times the length of its base, 1.77 times in the depth of body, and
2.2 times in the length of head; the second dorsal low, angu-
late and pointed posteriorly, 2.1 times in depth and 3.2 in head ;
the anal of nearly uniform height, the posterior rays longest,
angulate, pointed, 1.9 in depth and 2.9 in head; the depth of
caudal peduncle 0.7 of its own length, and 2.66 times in head;
the round-pointed caudal equals head ; the pectoral shorter than
head, in which it goes 1.2 times, its tip elongate-pointed; the
thick fleshy ventrals United for two-thirds their length, with a
thick, well-developed frenum, about twice in head and nearly
1.9 times in distance to anal papilla, which is small, somewhat
spatulate, and considerably in advance of anal fin.

The color in alcohol bluish black on head and upper surface
of body, with numerous, black, longitudinal lines on sides, ex-
tending downward to margin of belly and running back to caudal,
the underparts whitish, probably green in life; the first and
second dorsals black, with a narrow, white, upper margin; the
anal uniform in color with belly; the caudal nearly black, the
lower margin pale ; the pectoral dusky greenish.

A male specimen, 68 millimeters long, from Perez, Bondoc
Peninsula, Tayabas Province, with 11 spines in first dorsal and
58 scales in a longitudinal series, was brownish, with seven dark
brown, dorsal crossbands, running diagonally forward to middle
of side, the first one before first dorsal ; a similar dark brown bar
on nape, curved forward above opercle nearly to eye; black line

223793 21

322 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

along middle of side from angle of pectoral to caudal ; the first
dorsal brown, with upper margin white, under it a black cross-
band, and beneath that a narrow clear stripe; on posterior basal
region are circular white spots; the second dorsal brown with a
darker, submarginal crossband, the lower part brown spotted;
the caudal has eight crossrows of brown spots ; the pectoral uni-
form pale brown, the anal and ventrals colorless.

The scale count, dorsal spines, and color of this remarkable
fish vary greatly. In many specimens the color scheme of the
dorsals is like that of Periophthalmus barbarus.

The Bureau of Science collection contains also six specimens,
58 to 85 millimeters in length, from Odiongan, Tablas, which I
place here, though with some misgivings. They have the large
scales and general appearance of P. schlosseri, but have only
one row of teeth in each jaw while the dorsal fin and body colors
are much like those of P. barbarus. In the males the first dorsal
spine is much elongated.

Jordan and Seale recorded a specimen from Cavite, but in
general this species has been overlooked by all collectors, largely
because of its close similarity to Periophthalmus barbarus in
habits and habitat. What has been said about the last-named
species applies to the present species, and it probably occurs all
along our coasts, though less plentifully than P. barbarus.

Owing to its great variability five or more specific names have
been applied to this mud skipper, but no attempt is here made
to give all of its synonymy.

It ranges from the coasts and estuaries of Bengal eastward
through the East Indies. It reaches a length of 230 millimeters
or more.

I received, since the above was written, three very fine speci-
mens through the kindness of Mr. Detrick, manager of the Polo
Coconut Plantation at Tanjay, Oriental Negros. The largest
one is 175 millimeters long and is very bulky; the smallest, 132.

Genus 70. BOLEOPHTHALMUS Valenciennes

Boleophthalmus Valenciennes in CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist.
Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837) 149.

The teeth in upper jaw conical, sharp, simple, in a single row,
the front ones curved canines; in lower jaw is a single row of
horizontal teeth dilated above, their tips truncate or slightly
emarginate or obliquely lobed ; behind these on each side of sym-
physis is a strong canine. The scales small to very small, 60 to
100 in a longitudinal series, extending forward upon head, and

BOLEOPHTHALMUS 323

covering half or more than half of pectoral. The dorsals far
apart, V, 1-23 to 27, the first dorsal higher than long ; the second
dorsal more than twice to three times as long as first; the ven-
trals completely united; the lower margin of caudal obliquely
truncated; the gill openings narrow, the isthmus broad; bran-
chiostegals 5.

This genus includes a few species of the coasts of southern
and eastern Asia and the East Indies, northward to Japan. In
habits they are like Periophthalmus. According to Day these
mud dwellers rapidly drown if placed in deep water.

163. BOLEOPHTHALMUS CHINENSIS (Osbeck)

PLATE 25, FIG. 1

Apocryptes chinensis OSBECK, Aman. Acad. (1754) 29, fig. 23; Voy.

China (1T71) 200.

Gobius pectinirostris GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 1 (1788) 1200.
Boleophthalmus pectinirostris GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3

(1861) 102.
Boleophthalmus chinensis JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

24 (1901) 47; SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 9 (1914) 74.

Dorsal V, 1-23 or 24; anal I, 23 or 24.

The depth of the elongate, laterally compressed body 5.5 to
5.75 times in length, the dorsal profile nearly horizontal ; the head
large, broad, flattened above, 3.8 to 3.85 times in length, its
breadth equal to the body depth and 0.25 more than its own
depth; the steeply inclined snout bluntly round-pointed, about
3.75 times in head ; the eyes covered above with skin like that of
head, 5 times in head and 1.33 times in snout; the interorbital
space very narrow, a linear furrow ; the mouth strongly oblique,
the upper lip thick, especially posteriorly, and partly concealed
by two lateral snout flaps, the posterior angle of maxillary ex-
tending almost to or even beyond hind margin of eye ; the tip of
the tongue rounded, adherent ; three or four enlarged canines on
each side of center of upper jaw, the teeth posterior to these
sharp-pointed, very small ; in lower jaw the central teeth simple
with rounded tips ; laterally they are broader at the tips, notched
or obliquely lobate, the posterior side of the cutting edge lowest ;
the head and body back to first dorsal, or even beyond, covered
with rather conspicuous, conical tuberculate papillae ; posteriorly
the body is covered with rather large cycloid scales which become
much smaller anteriorly, and continue forward on nape to eyes,
but are very sparse and disappear upon cheeks; the dorsals
rather far apart, the spines of first dorsal long, slender to fila-
mentous, the second and third projecting beyond the membrane

324 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

for half their length, longer than head and reaching far along
second dorsal when depressed; the second dorsal elongate, its
base extending almost to caudal, low, its height 0.75 the depth of
body, and twice or nearly twice in head, the posterior rays
reaching far out on caudal when depressed ; the low anal likewise
has a very long base, the posterior rays a little the longer, 2.5
to 3 times in depth, 3.75 to 4 times in head; the caudal peduncle
very short, its depth about 2.8 to 3 times in head, about twice
in depth, and twice its own length; the caudal narrow, sharply
rounded to acute, equal to or a little shorter than head, the lower
margin obliquely truncate: the pectoral acutely pointed, its
muscular scaled base nearly half its length, 1.4 to 1.8 times in
head ; the short ventrals a third or half as long as head and about
2.5 times in the distance to anus; the anal papilla small,
elongate-triangular, pointed.

The color in alcohol bluish gray or slate to brown, paler
beneath; the first dorsal blue slate or bluish, with many white
spots, which may form short horizontal lines ; the second dorsal
has the same ground color, with from four to seven longitudinal
rows of elongate white spots; the caudal with elongate, oval, or
round white spots between the rays; the other fins pale, un-
spotted.

Here described from three specimens, 96 to 115 millimeters
in length, collected by Light at Amoy, China. The Bureau of
Science collection also contains five specimens, a little smaller,
collected by Scale at Hongkong.

This species ranges from Burma to Japan. It may well occur
along the Ilocano coast of Luzon.

Genus 71. SCARTELAOS Swainson

Scartelaos SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fishes 2 (1839) 279.

Dorsal V or VI, 1-24 to 26; anal I, 23 to 25.

The anterior teeth of upper jaw unequal, awl-shaped canines,
curved inward; in lower jaw the teeth are horizontal, simple,
medium in size, acute; the scales small to microscopic and
rudimentary, few, not conspicuous or else absent on head and
forward part of trunk ; the body elongate, the dorsals far apart,
the spinous dorsal more than 3 times as high as the length of
its base, the base of second dorsal more than 5 times the length
of that of first; the caudal long, pointed, its lower margin
obliquely truncated ; the muscular base of pectorals shorter and
less developed than in the other Philippine genera ; the ventrals

SCARTELAOS 325

completely united; the narrow restricted gill openings begin
about opposite middle of pectoral base and extend very little
below it; the isthmus broad; branchiostegals 5.

A small group of slender, half-burrowing mud dwellers,
confined to the coasts of tropical Asia and the Malay Archipelago.

164. SCARTELAOS VIRIDIS (Buchanan Hamilton)

PLATE 25, FIG. 2

Gobius viridis BUCHANAN HAMILTON, Fishes Ganges (1822) 42, 366,

pi. 32, fig. 12.
Boleophthalmus viridis CuviER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

12 (1837) 160; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 104;

DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 307, pi. 66, fig. 5.
Scartelaos viridis BLEEKER, Esq. Syst. Gobioides, Arch. Neerl. Sci.

Nat. 9 (1874) 328; JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28

(1905) 794, fig. 12.
Boleophthalmus aucupatorius RICHARDSON, Voy. Sulphur, Ichthyology,

part 3 (1845) 148, pi. 62, figs. 1-4.

Dorsal V, 1-25; anal I, 25.

The body very low, elongate, subcylindrical, the dorsal and
ventral profiles nearly horizontal but tapering gradually toward
each other from head to caudal, the depth 8.75 to 10 times in
length ; the head low, broad, nearly rectangular, 4.3 to 4.5 times
in length, much wider than trunk, its breadth greater than its
own depth and about 0.1 more than the depth of body, 1.8 to 2
times in head; the convex snout broadly rounded, 3.6 to 4 times
in head; its lower margin ends in a broad, loose, lunately lobed
flap, with an elongate nipplelike extension on each side below
eye; the eyes very close together, the upper lid like the skin of
head, the wide lower lid whitish, the pit in which they lie when
not elevated large, the diameter of eye about 1.4 times in snout
and 5.75 to 6.5 times in head; the large mouth low, horizontal,
the lower jaw shorter than the upper, the posterior angle of
maxillary beneath hind margin of eye or beyond; there are
twelve or fourteen prominent, pointed, downward-projecting
teeth in upper jaw, with several much smaller teeth posterior
to them; in lower jaw there are twenty-four to thirty small,
pointed, horizontal or nearly horizontal teeth ; the curved canines
behind symphysis much larger than any of the other teeth;
beneath point of chin a small barbel, and running back on each
ram us of jaws a row of much smaller barbels; the minute but
readily visible scales of posterior region become much smaller
and more widely spaced anteriorly, usually disappearing by the

326 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

time a line is reached even with the origin of second dorsal;
the skin of head and anterior part dorsally finely rugose; the
vertical fins densely enveloped in thick skin in our specimens;
the dorsals widely separated, the base of first dorsal very short,
4 or 5 times in its height ; the first dorsal much elongated, the
central spine much the longest, 3.6 to 3.8 times in length, about
2.5 times the depth, the thick skin envelope often extending
to its tip; the very elongate second dorsal highest posteriorly,
the last ray often connected with caudal by a membrane, 3.33
times in head; the anal similar but a little lower, but never
connected with caudal, at least in my specimens, about 4 times
in head; the depth just before caudal about twice in greatest
depth of body; the lanceolate caudal sharply oblique on lower
margin, 3 times in length; the muscular pectoral base much
shorter than in our other representatives of this family, the
fin rounded, 1.66 to 1.9 times in head and 7.3 to 8.2 times in
length ; the pointed ventrals equal the pectorals and are contained
twice in the distance to anal papilla; in males this is small,
somewhat pointed ; in females it is very thick, subglobose.

The color in alcohol slaty blue to brownish, paler to whitish
on belly, darker to brown dorsally; our specimens show no
trace of the green color mentioned by other authors; upon
head, both sides of pectoral bases, dorsals, and sides of body
are some small circular black spots widely separated ; on all our
specimens there are four to six short, transverse, brownish
black bars on lower half of each side, the first below interspace
between the two dorsals, the last approximately below middle
of second dorsal ; the upper part of caudal diagonally crossbarred
by numerous (eight or more) black bands or rows of closely
placed black dots, the lower part of fin white, its tip black.

Here described from eight specimens in the Bureau of Science
collection ; they range in length from 86 to 102 millimeters, and
were collected by H. R. Montalban as follows : Seven at Navalas,
Guimaras, and one at Zarraga, Iloilo Province.

The Bureau of Science collection also contains four very
fine specimens, 67 to 102 millimeters in length, collected by Light
at Amoy, China, in May, 1922. They are drab slate above; the
upper margin and tip of caudal are purplish slate; they lack
the lateral crossbands of the Philippine specimens.

The only previous Philippine record is from southern Oriental
Negros, the specimens collected by Dr. Bashford Dean and
determined by Jordan and Seale.

GOBIOIDID^E 327

This species was originally described from the Ganges, and oc-
curs throughout the East Indies and north on the China coast to
Woosung.

GOBIOIDID^E

This group comprises all those elongate, more or less eel-
shaped or ribbon-shaped gobies that lack a pouchlike blind
sac on each side of the head above the opercle; the second
dorsal and anal are long, low, united more or less with the
caudal or ending at its base; the dorsals are united except in
one genus, Trypauchenopsis Volst, and in many species the
dorsals and anal are concealed under an envelope of thick,
tough skin. The body may be cylindrical, but is more often
laterally compressed, often strongly so, and may be naked or
more or less covered with minute rudimentary cycloid scales;
the head is more or less quadrangular to cylindrical, obtuse,
with heavy, protruding lower jaw, the mouth large, oblique to
nearly vertical; the sharp-pointed teeth may be in one, two, or
several rows, those of the outer row more or less enlarged,
curved, often f anglike ; a pair of stout canines is present behind
the symphysis of the lower jaw in some genera; except in the
genus Paragobioides, the eyes are small to minute, laterodorsal
to dorsal, covered with skin, distinct to invisible, sometimes rep-
resented by orbital fossae; the pectorals are usually small and
rounded, but may be elongate and pointed ; the ventrals may be
separate, but are usually completely united to form a disk, often
large, rarely small. The gill openings are small to medium,
vertical or nearly so, usually narrow, not extended forward,
the isthmus broad.

Fishes of sandy beaches, estuaries, and rivers near salt water,
from India to southern Japan and throughout the East Indies
to Polynesia.

The assignment of the genera of this group is very unsatis-
factory. S. L. Hora has published in the Records of the Indian
Museum for 1924 a valuable and suggestive paper on the eel-
shaped gobioid fishes, placing those with pouchlike cavities in the
subfamily Trypaucheninae, the others in the subfamily Tae-
nioninse. He defines the genera for his first subfamily, but
refuses to discuss the limits of the genera in the Taenioninae.

Without a large amount of material from widely divergent
localities and some study of the types, it is likewise impossible
for me properly to limit the genera of the Gobioididae. The
genus Taenioides, to which I refer most of the Philippine species,

328 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

is particularly ambiguous. In his Esquisse Bleeker evidently
defined some of the genera without having examined the teeth,
although he based his divisions primarily upon the dental
characteristics. It seems to me that the genera of the Gobi-
oididae should be based upon the character of the teeth, the fins,
and the eyes. Unfortunately, authors in general have given
the teeth scant attention, anything from one to many rows being
described as a "band of fine teeth" when they are not the outer
row.

In the following key are given the genera that by reason of
some outstanding character cannot be questioned, and also those
that I have studied and defined for the purpose of this work;
the omitted genera need to be revised by some one with access
to type material.

Key to some genera of the family Gobioididx.

a1. Dorsals separate Trypauchenopsis.

a*. Dorsal continuous.

b1. Ventrals separate; eyes large -- Paragobioides.

b2. Ventrals united; eyes small to minute.
c1. No true canines.

dl. One row of teeth in each jaw Tyntlastes.

d*. Two or more rows of teeth in each jaw, the outer row enlarged.

e*. Two rows of teeth in upper jaw, two or more in lower jaw;

small to minute scales present, at least at base of caudal; no

barbels Brachyamblyopus.

e*. More than two rows of teeth in each jaw; body naked; barbels

present on chin Taenioides.

c2. A pair of stout canines behind symphysis of lower jaw.
f. Two rows of teeth in each jaw ; pectoral long, pointed, equal to or
longer than head; caudal very long, pointed; ventrals large,
long, pointed; at least posterior half of body ribbonlike.

Sericagobioides.

The genus Trypauchenophrys Franz is unquestioned, but as
I have been unable to obtain a copy or an abstract of his paper
I cannot group it with the preceding.

Genus 72. BRACHYAMBLYOPUS Bleeker

Brachyamblyopus BLEEKER, Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 329.

The teeth in two to several rows in lower jaw, two rows above,
the outer row in each jaw enlarged, long, pointed, inward-curved,
fixed or depressible, without true canines and without postsym-
physial canines in lower jaw. The body elongate, laterally
compressed, the depth 7 to 10 times in length, the head com-

BRACHYAMBLYOPUS 329

pressed to subcircular, obtuse, the breadth and depth about equal,
with convex dorsal profile, the tip of snout low, the lower jaw
very heavy, prominent, without barbels, the mouth oblique. The
eyes very small to minute, immersed, more or less visible, never
conspicuous. The low dorsals and anal united with the elongate
pointed caudal, but not covered with thick, tough skin, the rays
visible. The body may be covered with small, half-immersed,
sparsely scattered scales, larger posteriorly, or it may be smooth
and naked, except for minute scales near base of caudal. Dorsal
VI, 1-28 to 32 ; anal I, 27 to 33 ; the pectorals very short, rounded,
the ventrals small. The gill openings narrow, vertical, the isth-
mus wide; branchiostegals 5, according to Bleeker.
Species few, in the East Indies.

165. BRACHYAMIJLYOPUS OLIVACEUS up. nov.

PLATE 25, FIG. 3

Dorsal VI, 1-30 to 32; anal I, 29 to 32.

The body elongate, laterally compressed, the depth 7.3 to 8.3
times in length, the tail £ longer than head and trunk together ;
the large blunt head has a convex profile, downward-curved
anteriorly and almost depressed, 5 to 5.5 times in the length,
its depth and breadth approximately equal, 0.6 to f its length;
the low broad snout 3.6 to 4 times in head; the minute eyes
distinctly visible, laterodorsal, the convex interorbital 0.6 to 0.8
of snout, 5 to 6 times in head; the lower jaw very large, heavy,
and strongly projecting, the large oblique mouth at an approx-
imate angle of 45°, the lips comparatively thin, without fleshy
flaps at the corners ; from ten to sixteen enlarged, erect, pointed
teeth at outer edge of upper jaw, their 'tips inward-curved;
behind them is a single row of small, slender, pointed teeth; in
lower jaw is an outer row of ten to fourteen enlarged, long,
curved, pointed, depressible teeth, inclined inward ; behind them
is a row of similar teeth, from half to less than half their size;
no barbels, papillae, pores, or ridges on head; the skin smooth,
naked, with small, circular cycloid scales barely visible to the
naked eye at base of caudal, and extending forward about one-
third the distance to anus ; the dorsals and anal continuous with
caudal, not densely enveloped in skin; the caudal narrow, very
elongate, pointed, easily broken, 3.6 to 4.5 times in length, much
longer than head ; the pectoral very broad, rounded, 2.15 to 2.75
times in head; the small, narrow ventrals 1.6 to 2.2 times in
head, 8.7 to 10.2 times in length.

330 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The color in alcohol dull, dark olive brown, paler on head ; the
fins uniform pale yellowish.

Here described from seven specimens, 41 to 55 millimeters
in length, collected at La Libertad, Oriental Negros, by a student
from Silliman Institute. I have another specimen, 62 milli-
meters long, collected in the strait between Iloilo and Negros, by
another Silliman Institute student.

This species is close to Amblyopus urolepis Bleaker, but he de-
scribes this as having several rows of teeth in each jaw and with
conspicuous scales on the tail posteriorly. The scales on my
specimen can be made out only with the aid of a lens, merely
showing to the naked eye as a minute patch at the base of the
caudal. The species might be made the type of a new genus.

Olivaceus, olive colored.

Genus 73. TAENIOIDES Lacepede

Taenioides LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 2 (1798) 580; BLEEKER, Arch.
Neerl. Sci. Nat. 9 (1874) 330.

The body elongated, nearly cylindrical and eel-shaped or more
or less laterally compressed, naked ; the dorsal fin very long, the
anterior part of five slender spines, then a single spine in the
middle of an interspace, followed by the second dorsal, 1-40 to
52 rays ; the anal also very long, I, 36 to 48 rays ; the dorsals and
anal may be continuous with caudal, separated by a notch only,
or completely free from it, and may be covered by a thick, tough
skin which entirely obscures the spines and rays, or the fins may
be without a skin covering; the head cylindrical to oblong and
nearly four-sided, usually flattened above; the mouth oblique to
very oblique or almost vertical, the lower jaw and chin very
prominent, bearing barbels ; the tip of the tongue rounded ; there
is a short outer row of long, curved, stout teeth in each jaw; be-
hind these is a long, rather narrow band of small or very small
sharp teeth ; there are no canines behind symphysis in lower jaw ;
the eyes on top of head, very small to minute, inconspicuous, in
some species covered by skin, in some entirely concealed; the
pectorals are small, short, rounded, without silky rays above ; the
ventrals completely united, not adnate to belly, usually broad
and long; the gill openings narrow, the isthmus broad; bran-
chiostegals 4 (5, according to Bleeker).

These little fishes with elongate body and bulldoglike lower
jaw are often taken for eels by the uncritical, who are deceived
by their serpentine appearance. They are found along sandy

TAENIOIDES 331

beaches, in estuaries, the lower reaches of fresh-water rivers,
and in lakes, from the eastern coast of Hindustan through the
Indo-Australian Archipelago and north to China and southern
Japan.

Key to the Philippine species of Taenioides.

a1. Dorsal and anal entirely separate from caudal; color leaden to blackish;

caudal black, elongate, with threadlike tip T. caeculus.

a2. Dorsal and anal more or less connected with caudal; color pink to

yellowish brown, never blackish.
6l. A deep notch at junction of dorsal and anal with caudal; sides and top

of head with many sensory ridges; caudal yellow T. cirratus.

b". Dorsal and anal continuous with caudal; no sensory ridges on head;
caudal brown to blackish brown T. gracilis.

166. TAENIOIDES CAECULUS (Bloch and Schneider)

Caepola caecula BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801) 241, pi.

54.

Amblyopus caeculus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 133.
Gobioides caeculus DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 318, pi. 68, fig. 1.
Taenioides caeculus WEBER, Siboga Exped., Fische (1913) 486; REN-

DAHL, Arkiv Zoologi 16 (1924) 31.

Dorsal VI, 42; anal 38 in our specimens; dorsal VI, 40 to
44 ; anal 38 to 45.

The body stout, the anterior half subcylindrical, the posterior
half thin, laterally compressed, the depth at origin of dorsal
14 times in length; the tail 1.85 times as long as head and
trunk together; the thick, blunt, subcylindrical head 6.6 times
in length; its depth equals that of body; its breadth slightly
exceeds its depth and is about 1.9 times in its own length; the
wide snout horizontal above, blunt, its tip very broadly arched,
4 times in head; the small eyes. invisible, covered by thick skin,
their position made out with difficulty, the interorbital space
about 1.8 times in snout, 6.4 times in head; the mouth large,
oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary reaching a perpendicular
just before eyes; the lips thick, fleshy, expanded into broad pads
at angles of mouth ; there are twelve large, erect, inward-curved
teeth in outer row above, ten below, about equal in size; some
distance behind outer row above is a narrow band of two rows
of small pointed teeth ; the inner band in lower jaw much larger,
of three complete, four partial rows, the teeth larger and coarser
than those in inner band above; the chin very prominent, con-
vex, with three pairs of short coarse barbels below symphysis,
its sides very coarsely rugose with thick folds of skin, each

332 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

bearing a row of sensory papillae; the top of snout, ocular re-
gion, and sides of head covered with long ridges bearing
sensory papillae; beginning above base of pectoral and running
back along middle of side to tail is a row of very short, vertical
bars of sensory papillate pores; the dorsals and anal each
densely enveloped in very thick, tough skin, and completely sep-
arated from caudal, which is narrow, with elongate-rounded
tip, a little shorter than head, about 7.3 times in length; the
small rounded pectorals about 3 times in head; the ventrals
very large, broad, with a narrow, strong frenum, longer than
caudal, 7 times in length.

The whole body blackish brown, the head more or less bluish
gray, especially beneath; the caudal black, its upper and lower
margins whitish; the other fins all whitish.

Here described from a fine specimen, 212 millimeters long,
collected during stormy weather in October, 1924, at Dumaguete,
Oriental Negros.

I place here two small specimens, 90 -and 122 millimeters in
length, from Villa, Iloilo Province, Panay. They are dull lead
color, the wormlike body plump and rounded back to caudal
fin, which is black, very narrow, elongate, with threadlike tip.
I also determine as this species a specimen, 180 millimeters long,
from Hoihow, Hainan, one from Amoy, 125 millimeters long,
and one from Fu-chow, Fukien Province, China, length 130 mil-
limeters, collected by Light. A small specimen, 67 millimeters
long, taken in Pansipit River, just below Lake Taal, belongs
here, as do also three dusky pinkish specimens from Pampanga
River, 55, 105, and 110 millimeters long; the caudal is very
elongate.

Six specimens, 45 to 75 millimeters long, from Ambulong,
Lake Taal, were received after the above was written.

This species is very close in many respects to T. cirratus, but
is usually to be recognized at a glance by the color and the
differences in its fins. In very small specimens the eyes are dis-
tinctly visible. It occurs in both salt and fresh water, from the
coast of Bengal to the Indo-Australian Archipelago and southern
China. According to Day it varies much in color, but is mostly
of a leaden hue; "it is exceedingly vicious and when captured
snaps at everything near it ; should its tail be touched it springs
round and anything it seizes it holds on to in the most determined
manner."

TAENIOIDES 333

167. TAENIOIDES CIRRATUS (BIyth)

Amblyopus cirratus BLYTH, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal 29 (1860) 147.
Gobioides cirratus DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 318, pi. 69, fig. 4.
Amblyopus brachygaster GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861)

134.
Taenioides brachygaster JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries

27 (1908) 279.

Dorsal VI, 1-42 to 46; anal I, 42 to 45.

The depth of the stout, cylindrical, elongate body 15.6 to 16
times length ; the tail 1.9 to 2 times as long as head and trunk
together, its posterior third more or less laterally compressed;
the stout, blunt head flattened above, oblong, 7.85 to 8.3 times
in length, wider than body or its own depth, which equals or is
0.1 less than that of body; its depth 1.2 to 1.25 in its breadth,
which is 1.65 to 1.75 times in its own length; the snout very
broad, its tip convex, 3.5 times in head; the eyes very small,
mere black dots beneath the skin, the interorbital space f or a
little less of the length of snout; the mouth strongly oblique,
the posterior angle of maxillary extending about 0.75 the distance
to a perpendicular from eye; the lips very much enlarged at
angle of mouth, each with a broad, fleshy flap, the upper one
especially with a fringe of sensory papillae ; there are six strong,
erect, slightly in ward -curved, prominent teeth forming the outer
row in lower jaw, projecting over upper lip; in upper jaw is
an outer row of ten to twelve nearly horizontal, downward-
curved teeth, a little smaller than those in outer row of lower
jaw; the small inner teeth in each jaw in a long, narrow, lunate
band of four rows, placed some distance behind the enlarged
outer row; the chin prominent, vertical, with three pairs of
barbels and usually a single one between the middle pair; the
sides of chin, snout, cheeks, lower edge of preopercle, ocular
region, opercles, and sides of nape back to gill opening covered
with thick ridges of sensory papillae; from upper end of gill
opening to base of caudal is a median lateral row of prominent,
short, transverse, vertical papillate pores; the dorsals and anal
each enveloped in a thick, tough skin, and separated from cau-
dal by a deep, well-marked notch ; the short, broad, rounded pec-
torals 2.65 to a little less than 3 times in head and 22.3 to 23.3
times in length ; the broadly lanceolate caudal 8.85 to 9.5 times
in length, and always shorter than head; the broad, rounded
ventrals 1.32 to 1.47 times in head, 11 to 11.5 times in length;
the anal papilla truncate-cylindrical to subglobose.

334 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

The color in alcohol yellowish brown with a pinkish red sheen ;
in life evidently pink; the sensory pores along the side sur-
rounded by blue; the dorsals, anal, and caudal yellow; the pec-
torals and ventrals pinkish to yellowish ; the anal papilla orange.

Here described from three specimens, 168 to 177 millimeters
long, dug out of the sandy Pasay beach, Manila Bay.

A female specimen, 182 millimeters long, collected in the
Manila market by Seale, July 20, 1907, is full of eggs. The
Bureau of Science collection also contains a small specimen, 85
millimeters long, from Lake Naujan, Mindoro.

This species was recorded from Aparri, Luzon, by Jordan
and Richardson. It was first described from the Hugli, at Cal-
cutta, and is distributed through the East Indies.

168. TAENIOIDES GRACILIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 26, FIG. 1

Amblyopus gracilis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12

(1837) 125; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 134.
Gobioides gracilis DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 378.

Dorsal VI, 1-44 to 51 ; anal I, 41 to 47 ; ,30 pores in a lateral
series from posterior angle of nape to base of caudal.

The elongate, laterally compressed tail 2 to 2.2 times as long
as head and trunk together, the trunk short, subcylindrical, its
depth 14.7 to 18.6 times, the broad, flat, rather rectangular
head 8.4 to 9.5 times in total length without caudal ; the breadth
of head a little more than its depth up to 0.3 more than its depth
and 1.7 to 2.3 times in its own length; the snout very broad,
horizontal, its tip gently rounded, 3.75 to 4 times in head; the
tiny but perfectly distinct eyes on top of head, far apart, the
interorbital space 4.3 to 5 times in head ; the mouth very markedly
oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary extending to lower mar-
gin of preopercle and about half distance to eyes; the lips thin,
the lateral flaps rather narrow, not fleshy, their fringe of sensory
papillae very little developed; sixteen teeth in outer row above
and ten in outer row below; the chin very prominent, strongly
oblique, with two longitudinal rows of three pairs of small bar-
bels and a median barbel between the middle pair; the dorsals
and anal low, enveloped in very thick skin, continuous over both
dorsals, and continuous with caudal, without a notch at their
junction with the latter; the caudal small, pointed, 8 to 9 times
in length; the small rounded pectoral 2.5 to 3.5 times in head

SERICAGOBIOIDES 335

and 27 to 34 times in length; the ventrals long, broad, pointed,
1.2 to 1.3 times in head, 10 to 12 times in length.

The color in alcohol yellowish brown, finely punctulated with
rather sparsely scattered dots of darker brown; the caudal
darker to blackish brown, the other fins pale yellowish.

Here described from seven specimens, 160 to 190 millimeters
in length, purchased in the Manila market. They came from
a bangos fish pond at Malabon. Sometimes they are caught in
large numbers when the fish ponds are drained.

The Bureau of Science collection also contains a specimen,
212 millimeters long, in poor condition, obtained by Seale from
the Manila market in 1907.

This species was originally described from Pondicherry, In-
dia, and is distributed throughout the East Indies. I have no
doubt it occurs all through the Philippine Archipelago.
Genus 74. SERICAGOBIOIDES g. nov.

In both jaws there is an outer row of six or eight (ten?)
widely spaced, large, fixed, curved teeth, set outside the lip so
that the teeth and their roots are visible when the mouth is
closed, the teeth interlocking and covering the opposite lip
when the mouth is shut; behind outer row in each jaw is a
much longer row of very short, stout, conical teeth extending
almost to posterior angle of mouth ; behind symphysis of lower
jaw, inside inner row of teeth, is a pair of short, strong canines;
the body elongate, ribbonlike, the dorsals and anal continuous
with caudal, covered with a thin skin, the sixth dorsal spine
separated from the five preceding and from second dorsal; the
pectoral very long and pointed, equal to or exceeding head and
longer than the large pointed ventrals, which are slightly shorter
than head and partly adnate to belly; the long pointed caudal
1.5 to 2 times the oblong head; the tip of the thick tongue
rounded; there are no barbels, sensory ridges, or papillae on
head; the eyes very small, laterodorsal, distinct; the body ap-
parently naked anteriorly, with rudimentary scales embedded in
skin on posterior half, but with a strong lens widely scattered
scale pits can be made out along upper part forward to an-
terior end of trunk; the gill opening vertical, as wide as pec-
toral base, the isthmus broad, branchiostegals 5. Dorsal VI,
1-39 to 49; anal I, 38 to 44. Vertebrae 8 + 22.

This genus is separated by its elongate pectorals, ventrals, and
caudal, and by the presence of but two rows of teeth in each

336 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

jaw, with a pair of symphysial canines in lower jaw. It is
altogether probable that Amblyopus taenia, Giinther belongs here,
as it has these fins elongate also and agrees in most other re-
spects ; the inner teeth are not described.
Sericus, of the Chinese.

169. SERICAGOBIOIDES LIGHTI sp. nor.

PLATE 26, FIG. 2

Dorsal VI, 1-39 to 44 ; anal I, 38 to 43.

The body very elongate, thin, ribbonlike, all the vertebrae
visible, its depth 14 to 14.9 times in length, the tail 1.75 to 1.8
times head and trunk together; the angular bony head sub-
quadrangular, 7.4 times in length, 1.7 times in trunk, its depth
greater than its breadth and 0.1 greater than that of body; the
top of head horizontal, the snout short, convex, with a median
sharp hump, its tip broadly rounded, 3.4 times in head; the
very small but distinctly visible eyes laterodorsal, each at the
bottom of a broad shallow pit, the interorbital space nearly
1.4 times in snout, 4.7 to 4.8 times in head ; the mouth very large,
strongly oblique, the lips thickened posteriorly, the long, curved
chin prominent, the posterior angle of maxillary extending well
beyond a vertical from eye; the teeth as given for the genus;
the head naked, the body apparently so, the caudal third thickly
covered with minute scales invisible to the naked eye; these
practically disappear on anterior half of body but a lens reveals
the presence of scattered scale pits- as far forward as the region
above basal part of pectoral ; the narrow, elongate, pointed cau-
dal 4.3 to 4.5 times in length, 1.64 to 1.74 times head; the broad
pectoral very long, pointed, equal to or 1.13 times head, 6.6 to
7.4 times in length; the ventrals large, long, pointed, with a
strong frenum, attached to belly for over a third of the length,
1.13 to 1.07 times in head and 8 to 8.4 times in length.

The color in alcohol very pale brown or gray-brown, the oper-
cles and predorsal region darker brown; the dorsals, anal, and
caudal with violet-brown or blackish brown margins, the pos-
terior half of caudal the same color ; the other fins all pale.

Here described from two specimens, 112 and 126 millimeters
long, collected at Amoy, China, by Prof. S. F. Light, for whom
I take pleasure in naming the species. The Bureau of Science
collection also contains eleven additional specimens from the
same locality, 74 to 120 millimeters in length. These present
no differences except that some have the body a little rounded

TRYPAUCHENID^E

337

and the dorsal and anal rays are fewer ; the types have 42 to 44
rays in the second dorsal, 41 to 43 in the anal.

This species is close to Amblyopus taenia Gunther, from which
however it is very distinct.

TRYPAUCHENID.-E

This group includes those elongated, scaled, laterally com-
pressed fishes with a blind pit or pouchlike cavity on each side,
above the opercle.

The long body and short blunt head are both laterally com-
pressed, the anterior profile steeply convex; the whole body
covered with cycloid scales of moderate size or small, but always
well developed and in one genus extending to eyes and on sides
of head; the eyes lateral, distinct, but very small; the mouth
rather small, oblique, the heavy lower jaw prominent, the chin

FIG. 6. Ventral fins of Trypauehenide ; a, Trypauchcn vagina, Bloch and Schneider, X 1.5 ;
b, Ctenotryvanchen microcephalu* (Bleeker). X 2 ; c, Trvpauchenichthyt tyjnu (Sleeker).
X 2.

without barbels; the teeth in narrow bands, in one genus with
canines in both jaws; the dorsals continuous, the dorsals and
anal low, confluent with or narrowly separated from caudal;
the small ventrals may be united, entire, forming a disk, or
more or less notched, or united only at base; the gill openings
narrow to moderate, vertical, the isthmus very broad; bran-
chiostegals 4. Dorsal VI, 1-40 to 60; anal I, 38 to 50.

Four genera are recognized, of which two are thus far known
from the Philippines. Common along sandy coasts and in mud-
dy estuaries from India to Southern Japan.

338 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

Key to the genera of Trypauchenidse.

a1. Ventrals completely united, forming a funnel-shaped disk; teeth slender,

in several rows, the outer ones enlarged Trypauchen.

a2. Ventrals with notched tip or separated to base.
61. Ventrals separated to base; teeth as in Trypauchen.

Trypauchenichthys.
b2. Ventrals united but notched posteriorly.

c1. No canines Ctenotrypauchen.

c2. Canines present in both jaws Amblyotrypauchen.

Genus 75. TRYPAUCHEN Cuvier and Valenciennes

Trypauchen CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837)
116.

The entire fish is strongly compressed laterally, the body
elongate, tapering from before backward, the head rather short
but deep, with a very heavy, deep lower jaw which is more or
less protruding; above opercles is a deep blind pit not com-
municating with gill cavity ; the eyes lateral, minute, in shallow
pits, covered with skin and more or less invisible; teeth in two
or three rows in each jaw, the outer row enlarged; the dorsals
continuous, the sixth spine of first dorsal separated by an in-
terspace from the anterior five and from second dorsal ; the
anal and second dorsal many-rayed, confluent with caudal ; ven-
trals united to form a disk; without spines; scales small, cy-
cloid; the gill openings wide, the isthmus broad.

170. TRYPAUCHEN VAGINA Bloch and Schneider

PLATE 26, FIG. 3

Trypauchen vagina BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801) 73,
No. 20 ;| CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 12 (1837) 115,
pi. 351; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 3 (1861) 137; DAY, Fishes
of India (1878) 320, pi. 68, fig. 2; SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § D 9
(1914) 77; RENDAHL, Arkiv Zoologi 16 (1924) 30.

Dorsal VI, 1-40 to 49; anal, I, 40 to 48; there are 72 to 76
scales in a longitudinal series in my specimens, 80 to 85 accord-
ing to Day.

The entire fish strongly compressed, the dorsal and ventral
profiles tapering posteriorly from just behind head to base of
caudal, the depth 9 to 9.2 in length ; the head appressed dorsally,
with a bony median ridge, short, deep, and heavy anteriorly,
the depth 5 to 6.25 in length; the snout convex, short, 3.7 to
4 in head; the eyes invisible, covered with skin, their presence
indicated by a dark spot in the bottom of the shallow orbital
pit; the width of the high bony interorbital ridge about f the

TRYPAUCHENICHTHYS 339

length of snout ; the mouth curved, somewhat oblique, the lower
jaw deep, very large, the jaws subequal or the lower jaw strong-
ly protruding and the upper jaw included, the posterior angle
of maxillary beneath or scarcely reaching eye ; the teeth of outer
row in each jaw coarse, stout, conical, widely spaced, and more
or less curved; behind them is a row of much smaller teeth or
the lower jaw may have two rows anteriorly; the entire body
covered with small cycloid scales, larger and somewhat elongate
and overlapping posteriorly, smaller, four-sided, not imbricate
but separated anteriorly, with their central part more or less
depressed; the head naked but irregularly spotted with minute
pits which may contain rudimentary scales, though I could de-
tect none ; the first dorsal very low, 6.5 times in head ; the second
dorsal low also but higher centrally and posteriorly, twice as
high as first, 3.25 times in head; the anal is like second dorsal
and equals it in height ; the caudal more or less pointed, 4.5 to 6
times in length, always longer than head; the pectorals small,
weak, 2.6 to 3 times in head; the narrow, pointed ventrals
equal the pectoral in length.

The color in alcohol pinkish brown to gray or bluish brown,
the head often paler, the fins yellowish or whitish.

Here described from eleven specimens, 69 to 162 millimeters
long, from Amoy, China, collected by Light. I have also a fine
specimen from Hoihow, Hainan Island, and three from Fu-chow,
Fukien Province, China, also collected by Light. From Hong-
kong I have two poor specimens, each about 62 millimeters
long, collected by Scale. From Calcutta I have a specimen, 127
millimeters long, collected and named by Sir Francis Day.
While I do not doubt the occurrence of this fish in the Philip-
pines, I have seen no specimens from the Islands.

This fish is abundant on the coasts of India and southern
China and in the East Indies.

Genus 76. TRYPAUCHENICHTHYS Bleeker

Trypauchenichthys BLEEKER, Dert. Bijdr. Vischf. Borneo, Act. Soc.
Sci. Indo'-Neerl. 8 (1860) 63; HORA, Rec. Ind. Mus. 26 (1924) 159.

The chief feature separating this genus from Trypauchen,
which it otherwise closely resembles, is the form and structure
of the ventral fins. In Trypauchenichthys the ventral fins are
divided to the base and completely separated, and have but
four soft rays each, the outermost being altered to a broad, flat
spine, not shorter than the next two adjoining rays; the two

340 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

inner rays are well developed in my specimen; according to
Hora the two innermost are very small and rudimentary or the
fourth ray may be absent; the body is elongate, compressed,
as is the naked head ; the minute eyes are more or less invisible,
covered with skin; two rows of teeth in each jaw, the outer
enlarged; the dorsals and anal are as in Trypauchen; the scales
are small, cycloid, larger than in Trypauchen; the gill opening
is of moderate width, very much wider than the pectoral base.
But a single species is known.

171. TRYPAUCHENICHTHYS TYPUS Bleeker

Trypauchenichthys typus BLEEKER, Dert. Bijdr. Vischf. Borneo, Act.
Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. 8 (1860) 63; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus.
3 (1861) 138; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. Bur. Fisheries 27
(1908) 279.

Dorsal VI, 1-51 ; anal I, 49 ; scales in a longitudinal series 56.
According to Bleeker the dorsal is VI, 56 to 59, anal I, 49 to 51,
the scales 50 to 55.

The entire fish is strongly compressed laterally, the dorsal and
ventral profiles nearly horizontal, tapering gradually to caudal,
the depth 7.11 times in length; the top of head compressed to
a narrow bony ridge, the snout convex, the lower jaw heavy,
protruding, larger than upper jaw and snout, the length of head
5.65 times in total length ; the depth of head a little less than
that of trunk, 0.75 its own length, and 0.5 more than its own
breadth, which is twice in length of head; the snout low, short,
blunt, 4 times in head; the eyes invisible, covered with skin
at the bottom of the shallow pit in which they lie, separated
by a high, narrow, interorbital ridge, its breadth f the length
of snout; the mouth oblique, the posterior angle of maxillary
beneath eye; the teeth in two rows in each jaw, those of outer
row curved inward and much larger than the small fine teeth
of inner row; the head, predorsal .region, and before ventrals
naked; the rest of the body covered with small cycloid scales
of nearly uniform size ; the dorsals and anal low, the first dorsal
lower than the second, the longest rays 2.77 times in depth and
about 3.5 times in head; the anal equals second dorsal; the
caudal narrow, pointed, 5.75 in length; the pectorals very small,
weak, 3 times in head ; the small ventrals completely separated,
very narrow, pointed, 4 times in head.

The color in alcohol uniform dull brown, with a purplish
tinge, the head grayish, the caudal golden brown.

CTENOTRYPAUCHEN 341

Here described from a good specimen, 69 millimeters long,
collected by R. C. McGregor at Cagayancillo, one of the Ca-
gayan Islands in the Sulu Sea. Jordan and Richardson had
a specimen collected by Mr. McGregor at the same time and
place.

This species has been collected at only two other places, as
far as I know. Bleeker had two specimens, 113 and 127 milli-
meters long, from a salt-water river at Sungi-duri, Borneo.
McGregor was the next to collect it, and Hora states (1924)
that Dr. Annandale "recently obtained two fine examples of the
same species in the Tale Sap, Siam."

Genus 77. CTENOTRYPAUCHEN Steindachner

Ctenotrypauchen STEINDACHNER, Sitzsungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 55
(1867) 530.

This species has been collected at only two other places, as
separated by the structure of the ventral fins and the high, comb-
like keel, or sharp ridge, along the median line of the back
part of head ; the small ventrals are more or less notched, with
four or five rays, and form a sort of funnel; the many-rayed
second dorsal and anal are confluent with caudal; the minute
eyes scarcely visible; two rows of teeth in each jaw.

A small genus, with one species each in China, Japan, and
the East Indies.

172. CTENOTRYPAUCHEN MICROCEPHALUS (Bleeker)

Trypauchen microcephalus BLEEKER, Dert. Bijdr. Vischf. Borneo, Act.
Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl. 8 (1860) 62; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit.
Mus. 3 (1861) 137.

Dorsal VI, 1-45 to 50 ; anal I, 43 to 44 ; scales in a longitudinal
series, 65 ; ventral, 1 to 4.

The body laterally compressed, its depth nearly 9 times in
length ; the large head more strongly compressed than the trunk,
with a sharp ridge along median line above, 6.33 times in
length, its depth greater than that of body, or its own breadth,
the latter twice in its own length; the snout steeply inclined,
3.66 times in head; the eyes minute, covered with skin, the in-
terorbital elevated, 2.2 times in snout; the skin of head deeply
pitted, giving it a reticulated appearance; the mouth strongly
oblique, the chin and lower jaw very prominent, projecting,
the posterior angle of maxillary extending beyond eye; there

342 GOBIES OF THE PHILIPPINES

are two rows of teeth in each jaw, those of outer row enlarged,
widely spaced, those of inner row very much smaller and slender,
all teeth more or less inward-curved ; the head, predorsal region,
belly, and sides above and below pectoral base naked ; the scales
on body deciduous, cycloid, those below first dorsal smaller than
elsewhere ; the dorsals and anal low, not continuous with caudal,
the first dorsal very low, the others nearly uniform but the
posterior part perhaps a little longer, the second dorsal 2.4
times in head, 1.6 times in depth, the anal still lower, 3 times
in head, 2 times in depth; the caudal small, narrow, the end
broken, about 10 times in length; the pectorals small, 3 times
in head; the narrow ventrals notched for half their length, the
tips divergent, about 3.5 times in head.

The color in alcohol uniform yellowish, the head grayish, the
fins yellowish.

Here described from a specimen, 76 millimeters long, col-
lected at La Libertad, Oriental Negros.

Hitherto known only from a single specimen, 120 millimeters
long, collected from a salt-water river at Sungi-duri, Borneo,
and described by Bleeker.

ADDENDUM
RHINOGOBIUS MACULIPINNIS (Fowler).

Drombus maculipinnis FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70 (1918)
69, fig. 27.

Dorsal VI, 1-9; anal I, 7; scales 23 in lateral series, plus 3
on caudal fin; in transverse series, 7; 6 (?) before first dorsal.

Head 3; depth 3.6; head width 1.4 in its length; head depth
at occiput 1.6 ; mandible 3£ ; first dorsal spine slightly less than
head; eighth dorsal ray If; last anal ray 1.4; least depth of
caudal peduncle 2.1; pectoral 1; ventral 1.4; snout 3f in head;
eye 4.5 ; maxillary 3.5 ; interorbital about 2 in eye.

Head large, cheeks and lower sides greatly and evenly swollen
backward; eye moderate, superior, largely directed upward;
mouth small, mandible broad, protruding ; teeth in rather broad
villif orm bands ; head scaly, with numerous transverse cutaneous
narrow areas on cheek, side of head, and snout ; cutaneous flap
nearly equal to pupil in length on each side of snout tip ; caudal
elongate, ending in median point; first dorsal spines elongate,
flexible; pectoral large, reaching little beyond anal origin; ven-
tral fins united for their basal halves, reaching anus.

ADDENDUM 343

Color jn alcohol dark chocolate brown, with bases of scales
dusky to blackish and paler spots, producing a mottled appear-
ance; fins all blackish or dusky brown, barred or spotted with
whitish ; cutaneous areas on head dark. Length 50 millimeters.
Type, No. 47549, A. N. S. P., from Philippine Islands.

The above description is taken from Fowler, as I have seen
nothing like this fish. Fowler created a new subgenus, Ulcigo-
bius, based on the higher spinous dorsal, the larger scales, and
the very conspicuous pores on the sides of the head. He says
nothing in his specific description of the pores, and the figure
shows none. He says "head scaly," but the figure has the
opercles and cheeks naked.

INDEX

[Names of new genera and species are printed in boldface; vernacular names
are printed in italic.]

Aboma. 202.

viganensis, 20S.
Acanthogobius, 266.

ommaturus, 266.
Acentrogobius acutipinnis, 204.
acutipennis, Gobius, 204.
acutipinnis, Acentrogobius, 204.

Aparrius, 204.

Gobius, 204.
Addendum, 342.
acilis, Hypseleotris, 38.
aglestes, Glossogobius, 167.
mlbo-oculaU, Boroda, 58.
amabilis, Oxyurichthys, 260.
Amblychaeturichthys, 274.

hexanema, 274.
Amblygobius, 227.

bynoensis, 282.

inornatus, 228.

insignis, 234.

linki, 231.

perpusillus. 229.

perpusillus buanensis, 230.

phalaena, 236.

sphinx, 237.

sphynx, 237.
Amblyopus brachygaster, 338.

caeculus, 331.

cirratus, 383.

gracilis, 384.
amboinensis, Butis, 46.

Eleotris, 46.
Amogu, 112.
Amoya, 225.

brevirostris, 226.
Aparrius. 204.

acutipinnis, 204.

moloanus, 207.
Apocryptes chinensis, 323.

serperaster, 262.
Apocryptichthys, 263.

•ericas, 264.
Apocryptodon, 277.

montalbani, 277.

sealei, 278.

taylori. 27*.
aporos, Eleotris, 66.

Ophiocara, 66.

argulus, Gobius, 249.

Oxyurichthus, 249.

Oxyurichthys, 249.
aspro, Platyptera, 22.

Rhyacichthys, 22.
Asterropterix, 27.
Asterropteryx, 27.

everetti, 28.

modestus, 41.

Bemipunctatus, 28.
atro-purpnrenm, Micros icy dium, 296.
aucupatorius, Boleophthalmus, 826
Awaous. 210.

srenivittatus. 211.

ocellaris, 218.

personatus, 216.

Bala, 161.

baliuroides, Gobius, 188.

Rhinogobius, 188.
Bal-la, 168.
Banasak, 316.
Bangavnaav, 66.
Baranog, 69.
barbarus, Gobius, 316.

Periophthalmus, -316.
barbatus, Triaenophorichthys, 281

Triaenopogon, 281.

Tridentiger. 281.
Bathygobius, 111.

bravse, 112.

fuscus, 118.

mearnsi, 116.

nox, 116.
Batoa, 216.
Ba-tug. 161.
belobrancha, Belobranchos. 86.

Eleotris, 36.
Belobranchus, 36.

belobrancha, 35.

quoyi, 36.

Ueniopterus, 35.
Bia, 161.

nn bato, 158.

ng sapa, 189.

sunoo, 47.
Biang bato, 216.

pofciu, 212.

putt, 161.

345

346

INDEX

Biany— Continued.

tuku, 124.

tulis, 212.

tulog, 167.
Biat, 246.

luzonica, 246.

luzonicus, 246.

bifasciatus, Tridentiger, 283.
bikolana, Vaimosa, 151.
biocellatus, Glossogobius, 156.

Gobius, 156.

bipartita, Hypseleotris, 39.
bitelatus, Gobius, 166.
bivittata, Tamanka, 224.
Boleophthalmus, 322.

aucupatorius, 325.

chinensis, 323.

pectinirostris, 323.

viridis, 325.
Borod, 58.
Boroda, 58.

albo-oculata, 58.

expatria, 59.
Bostrichthys, 43.

sinensis, 43.
Bostrichus, 43.
Bostrychus, 48.

sinensis, 43.
Boto-bot, 61.
boulengeri, Cingulogobius, 201.

Pleurogobius, 201.
Brachyamblyopus, 328.

olivaceus, 329.

Brachyeleotris, cyanostigma, 28.
brachygaster, Amblyopus, 333.

Taenioides, 333.
bravae, Bathygobius, 112.
breviceps, Gobius, 113.
brevirostris, Amoya, 226.

Gobius, 226.

buanensis, Amblygobius perpusillus, 230.
bucculentus, Tukugobius, 121.
Bukto, 216.
Bunak, 61.
Bunaka, 60.

Pinxuis, 61.
Bunog, 161, 216.
Bvrok, 128.
Butis, 46.

amboinensis, 46.

butis, 48.

caperata, 53.

gymnopomus, 51.

koilomatodon, 53.

leucurus, 48.

prismaticus, 48.

serrifrons, 53.
butis, Butis, 48.

Cheilodipterus, 48.

Eleotris, 48.
bynoensis, Amblygobius, 232.

Gobius, 232.

Odontogobius, 232.

cacabet, Illana, 269.
caecula, Caepola, 331.
caeculus, Amblyopus, 331.

Gobioides, 331.

Taenioides, 331.
Caepola caecula, 331.
calderae, Gobius, 182.

Rhinogobius, 182.
calliurus, Gnatholepis, 130.
caninus, Gobius, 186.

Rhinogobius, 186.
cantoris, Eleotris, 69.
j caperata, Butis, 53.

Eleotris, 52.
caperatus, Eleotris, 52.
Caragobius, 286.

typhlops, 287.
carpenteri, Rhinogobius, 122.

Tukugobius, 122.
cauerensis, Gobius, 107.
cebuanus, Cryptocentrus, 240.
celebius, Glossogobius, 158.

Gobius, 158.

ceramensis, Gobiodon, 294.
Chaeturichthys, 275.

hexanema, 274.

hexanemus, 274.

polynema, 270.

stigmatias, 276.
Cheilodipterus butis, 48.
chinensis, Apocryptes, 323.

Boleophthalmus, 323.
Chlamydes, 118.

leytensis, 118.
Chonophorus, 210.

genivittatus, 211.

lachrymosus, 212.

melanocephalus, 216.

ocellaris, 218.

chrysospilus, Periophthalmus, 316.
Cingulogobius, 201.

boulengeri, 201.
cirratus, Amblyopus, 333.

Gobioides, 333.

Taenioides, 333.
Cobitis pacifica, 30.
Contents, 3.

crassus, Sicyopterus, 307.
Creisson, 139.

validus, 139.
criniger, Ctenogobius, 191.

Gobius, 191.

Rhinogobius, 191.
Cristatogobius, 170.

lophius, 170.

cristatus, Oxyurichthus, 251.
Cryptocentrus, 239.

cebuanus, 240.

filifer, 241.

fontanesii, 242.

fontanesii, Gobius, 242.

vagus, 243.

venustus, 244.

INDEX

347

Ctenogobius criniger, 191.
Ctenotrypauchen, 341.

microcephalus, 341.
Culius, 29.

fuscus, 30.

melanosoma, 33.
oyanostigma, Brachyeleotris, 28.

Eleotriodes, 28.

Eleotris, 28.

cynocephalum. Sicydium, 306.
cynocephalus, Sicyopterus, 306, 307.
cyprinoides, Eleotris, 38, 41.

Hypseleotris, 38.

D

Daino sahasa, 294.
davaoensis, Gnatholepis, 134.
decoratus, Rhinogobius, 181.
deltoides, Gnatholepis, 133.

Gobius, 133.
dispar, Gobius, 142.

Vaimosa, 142.
dispersus, Ptereleotris, 83.
Dolog, 161.
Dolong, 93.
Drombus, 176.

maculipinnis, 342.

palackyi, 178.

echinocephalus, Gobius, 172.

Paragobiodon, 172.
Eleotridse, 26.

Eleotriodes cyanostigma. 28.
Eleotris, 29.

amboinensis, 46.

aporos, 65.

belobrancha, 35.

butis, 48.

cantoris, 69.

caperata, 52.

caperatus, 52.

cyanostigma, 28.

cyprinoides, 38, 41.

fusca, 30.

gymnopomus, 51.

hoedti, 65.

humeralis, 48.

koilomatodon, 52.

laglaizei, 65.

lineato-oculatus, 79.

longipinnis, 76.

marmorata, 74.

melanosoma, 33.

muralis, 76, 79.

nigra, 30.

obscura, 55.

ophiocephalus, 69.

porocephala, 69.

porocephaloides, 69.

porocephalus, 69.

semipunctata, 28.

Eleotris— Continued.

sinensis, 44.

strigata, 78.

taenioptera, 35.

Euctenogobius ophthalmonema, 257.
everetti, Asterropteryx, 28.
Eviota, 72.

gymnocephalus, 72.

sealei, 73.

expatria, Boroda, 59.
extraneus, Sicyopterus, 311.
Exyrias, 126.

puntangoides, 127.

F

fllifer, Cryptocentrus, 241.

Gobius, 241.

fimbriidens, Ranulina, 272.
fontanesii, Cryptocentrus, 242.

Gobius, 242.

Gobius (Cryptocentrus), 242.

Oxyurichtus, 242.
formosum, Microsicydium, 297.
freycineti, Periophthalmus, 320.
Fuliag, 309.

fuliag, Sicyopterus, 309.
fulvus, Gobiodon, 292.
fusca, Eleotris, 30.

Peocilia, 30.
fuscus, Bathygobius, 113.

Culius, 30.

Gobius, 113.

Mapo, 113.
fusiformis, Gobius, 158.

Galera, 103.

products, 104.
gemmeus, Gnatholepis, 135.
genivittatus, Awaous, 211.

Chonophorus, 211.

Gobius, 211.
giurus, Glossogobius, 113, 161.

Gobius, 161.

pbscuripinnis, Glossogobius, 164.
Glossogobius, 156.

aglestes, 157.

biocellatus, 156.

celebius, 158.

giurus, 113, 161.

giurus obscuripinnis, 164.
Gnatholepis, 126.

calliurus, 130.

davaoensis, 134.

deltoides, 133.

gemmeus, 135.

knighti, 137.

puntangoides, 127.

sternbergi, 98.

volcanus, 131.
Gobiichthys, . 247.

papuensis, 253.

tentacularis, 267.

348

INDEX

Gobiidffi, 84.
Gobiodon, 291.

ceramensis, 294.

fulvus, 292.

hypselopterus, 293.

quinquestrigatus, 294.
Gobioidea, 19.
Gobioides caeculus, 331.

cirratus, 333.

gracilis, 384.
Gobioididce, 327.
Gobiomorphus, 45.

illotus, 45.
Gobiosoma. 289.

insignum, 289.

marmoratum, 291.
Gobius, 105.

acutipennis, 204.

acutipinnia, 204.

argulus, 249.

baliuroiden, 188.
barbarus, 816.

biocellatus, 166.
bitelatus, 166.
breviceps, 118.
brevirostris, 226.
bynoensis, 282.
calderae, 182.
caninus, 186.
cauerensis, 107.
celebius, 158.
criniger, 191.
deltoides, 133.
dispar, 142.
echinocephalus, 172.
fllifer, 241.
fontanesii, 242.
fuscus, 118.
fusiformia, 158.
genivittatus, 211.
giurns, 161.
grammepomus, 216.
grandinosus, 186.
hasta, 267.
hexanema, 274.
homocyanus, 118.
interstinctus, 109.
knutteli, 241.
lachrymosuB, 212,
litturatus, 216.
melanocephalus, 216.
melanoBoma, 174.
microlepis, 251.
mystacinus, 208.
nebulo-punctatus, 118.
nebuloBus, 191.
neophytus, 195.
notacapthuB, 166.
nox, 116.
obscuripinnis, 164.
ocellaris, 218.
oligolepis, 110.
ommaturuB, 266.
ophthalmonema, 267.

Gobius — Continued.

ophthalmotaenia, 107.

oplopomus, 166.

ornatus, 108.

padangensis, ' 113.

panayensis, 106.

papuensis, 258.

pavo, 158.

pectinirostris, 828.

periophthalmoides, 109.

personatus, 216.

phaiosoma, 158.

phalaena, 285.

polynema, 270.

punctillatus, 113.

puntang, 127.

puntangoides, 127.

quinquestrigatus, 294.

sandvicensis, 113.

schlosseri, 820.

semidoliatus, 200.

soporator, 113.

spectabilis, 161.

sphinx. 287.

sphynx, 287.

stenophthalmus, 232.

sternbergi, 98.

stigmatias, 276.

strigatus, 78.

viganensis, 203.

viridi-punctatus, 179.

viridis. 825.

xanthosoma, 175.

(Cryptocentrus) fontanesii, 242.

(Oxyurichthys) papuensis, 258.
gracilis, Amblyopus, 334.

Gobioides, 334.

Taenioides, 334.
grammepomus, Gobius, 216.
grandinosus, Gobius, 186.
gymnocephalus, Eviota, 72.
gymnopomus, Butis, 51.

Eleotris, 51.

H

hasta, Gobius, 267.

Synechogobius, 267.
Hazeus, 126.
hexanema, Amblychaetnrichthys, 274.

Chaeturichthys, 274.

Gobius, 274.

hexanemus, Chaeturichthys, 274.
hoed\i, Eleotris, 65.

Ophiocara, 65.
homocyanus, Gobius, 113.
hongkongensis, Rhinogobius, 184.
humeralis, Eleotris, 48.
Hypseleotris, 37.

•Kills, 38.

bipartita, 39.

cyprinoides, 88.

modestus, 41.

pangel, 42.
hypselopterua, Gobiodon, 298.

INDEX

349

Illana, 268.

cacabet, 269.

illotus, Gobiomorphus, 45.
Illustrations, 9.
inornatus, Amblygobius, 228.
insignis, Amblygobius, 284.
insignum, Gobiosoma, 289.
interstinctus, Gobius, 109.
intonsa, Macgregorella, 100.
Introduction, 15.
ioturus, Tridentiger, 283.
Irin-irin, 142.
Itbaya, 288.

nuda, 288.

japonicus, Triaenopogon, 281.

Kampa, 23.

Kamumbon, 128.

Kapalo, 161.

Kaple, 47.

knighti, Gnatholepis, 137.

knutteli, Gobius, 241.

koelreuteri, Periophthalmus, 316.

koilomatodon, Butis, 53.

Eleotris, 52.

Prionobutis, 52.
Kuchu, 122.
Kusung, 28.

It

Labanag, 65.
lachrymosus, Chonophorus, 212.

Gobius, 212.

lacrymosus, Sicyopterus, 303.
lacustris, Mirogobius, 93.
Laginlagen, 191.
laglaizei, Eleotris, 65.
leucurus, Butis, 48.
leytensis, Chlamydes, 118.
lights, Sericagobioides, 336.
lineato-oculatus, Eleotris, 79.
linki, Amblygobius, 231.
litturatus, Gobius, 216.
Lomog, 41.
longipinnis, Eleotris, 76.

Valenciennea, 76.

Valenciennesia, 76.
Lophiogobius, 272.

ocellicauda, 272.
lophius, Cristatogobius, 170.
lungi, Rhinogobius, 191.
luzonensis, Mistichthys, 95.
luzonica, Biat, 246.
luzonicus, Biat, 246.

Macgregorella, 100.
intonsa, 100.
moroana, 102.

macrognathos, Vaimosa, 145.
maculipinnis, Drombus, 342.

Rhinogobius, 342.
Mapo, 111.

fuscus, 113.
mearnsi, 116.
Maringyan, 39.
marmorata, Eleotris, 74.

Oxyeleotris, 74.
niarmoratum, Gobiosoma, 291.
mearnsi, Bathygobius, 116.

Mapo, 116.
melanocephalus, Chonophorus, 216.

Gobius, 216.
melanosoma, Culius, 33.
Eleotris, 33.
Gobius, .174.
Paragobiodon, 174.

melanosomus, Paragobiodon, 172, 174.
iricrocephalus, Ctenotrypauchen, 341.

Trypauchen, 341.
microlepis, Gobius, 251.
Oxyurichthys, 251.
Microsicydium, 295.

atro-purpureum, 296.
formosum, 297.
pnlchellnm. 299.
microstomia, Vaimosa, 146.
mindanensis, Parapocryptes (Paeneapocryp-

tes), 262.
Mirogobius, 91.
lacustris, 93.
stellatus, 92.
Mistichthys, 95.

luzonensis, 95.
modestus, Asterropteryx, 41.

Hypseleotris, 41.
moloanns, Aparrius, 207.
montalbani, Apocryptodon, 277.
moroana, Macgregorella, 102.
Mud skipper, 316.
multifasciatus, Rhinogobius, 190.
Mulug, 30, 157.
muralis, Eleotris, 76, 79.
Valenciennea, 79.
Valenciennesia, 79.
mystacina, Waitea, 208.
mystacinus, Gobius, 208.

N

nebulo-punctatus, Gobius, 113.
nebulosus, Gobius, 191.

Rhinogobius, 191.
neophytus, Gobius, 195.

Rhinogobius, 195.
nigra, Eleotris, 30.
notacanthus, Gobius, 166.

Oplopomus, 166.
nOx, Bathygobius, 116.

Gobius, 116.
nuda, Itbaya, 288.

350

INDEX

O

obscura, Eleotris, 55.
Odontobutis, 55.
obscuripinnis, Glossogobius giurus, 164.

Gobius, 164.

obscurus, Odontobutis, 55.
ccellaris, Awaous, 218.
Chonophorus, 218.
Gobius, 218.
ocellicauda, Lophiogobius, 272.

Philypnus, 43.

oculo-mirus, Oxyurichthys, 256.
ocyurus, Rhinogobius, 204.
Odontobutis, 54.
obscura, 55.
obscurus, 55.
Odontogobius, 227.
bynoensis, 232.
oligolepis, Gobius, 110.
olivaceus, Brachyamblyopus, 329.
ommaturus, Acanthogobius, 266.

Gobius, 266.
Ophiocara, 65.
aporos, 65.
hocdti, 65.
ophiocephalus, 69.
porocephala, 69.
porocephalus, 69.
ophiocephalus, Eleotris, 69.

Ophiocara, 69.

ophthalmonema, Euctenogobius, 257
Gobius, 257.
Oxyurichthys, 257.
ophthalmonemus, Pselaphius, 257.
ophthalmotaenia, Gobius, 107.
Oplopomus, 166.

notacanthus, 166.
oplopomus, 166.
pulcher, 166.
vergens, 168.
oplopomus, Gobius, 166.

Oplopomus, 166.
ornatus, Gobius, 108.
Oro-on, 164.
Oxyeleotris, 74.

marmorata, 74.
Oxyurichthus, 247.
argulus, 249.
cristatus, 251.
Papuensis, 253.
Oxyurichthys, 247.
amabilis, 250.
argulus, 249.
microlepis, 251.
oculo-mirus, 256.
ophthalmonema, 257.
Papuensis, 253.
Papuensis, Gobius, 253
tentacularis, 257.
viridis, 260.
visayanns, 254.
Oxyurichtus fontanesii, 242

pacifica, Cobitis, 30.
padangensis, Gobius, 113.
(Paeneapocryptes) mindanensis, Parapocryp-

tes, 262.
Paku, 69.
Palace, 69.
palackyi, Drombus, 178.

Rhinogobius, 178.
Paliling, 303.
Palo, 56, 161.
Palo, 179.
Paloa, 56.

polylepis, 56.
Palawan, 65.
Pain, 69.
panayensis, Gobius, 106.

Sicyopterus, 313.
Pandaka, 196.
pusilla, 197.
pygmaea, 198.
pangrel, Hypseleotris, 42.
Pangel, 42.

papilio, Perrophthalmus, 316.
Papuensis, Gobiichthys, 253.
Gobius, 253.

Gobius (Oxyurichthys), 253.
Oxyurichthus, 253.
Oxyurichthys, 253.
Farachaeturichthys, 270.
polynema, 270.
polynemus, 270.
Paragobiodon, 172.

echinocephalus, 172.
melanosoma, 174.
melanosomus, 172, 174.
xanthosoma, 175.
xanthosonms, 175.
Parapocryptes, 261.
serperaster, 262.

(Paeneapocryptes) mindanensis, 262.
parvei, Sicydium, 307.
Parviparma, 81.

straminea, 82.
Pasel, 48.
pavo, Gobius, 158.
pectinirostris, Boleophthalmus, 323.

Gobius, 323.
Peocilia fusca, 30.
Periophthalmidse, 315.
Periophthalmodon, 320.

schlosseri, 320.

periophthalmoides, Gobius, 109.
Periophthalmus, 316.
barbarus, 316.
chrysospilus, 316.
freycineti, 320.
koelreuteri, 316.
papilio, 316.
scholosseri, 320.
perpusillus, Amblygobius, 229.
buanensis, Amblygobius, 230.
Rhinogobius, 229.

INDEX

351

personatus, Awaous, 216. Rhinogobius-Continued.
Gobius, 216. nebulosus, 191.

phaiosoma, Gobius, 158.

neophytus, 195.

phalaena, Amblygobius, 235.

ocyurus, 204.

Gobius, 235.

palackyi, 178.

philippinus, Tukugobius, 124.
Philypnus ocellicauda, 43.

perpusillus, 229.
schnltzei, 185.

sinensis, 44.

suluensis, 193.

piapensis, Vaimosa, 147.

viridi-punctatus, 179.

Pilingan. 23.

Rhyacichthyidse, 21.

pingnis, Bunaka, 61.

Rhyacichthys, 22.

Platyptera, 22.

aspro, 22.

aspro, 22.

rivalis, Vaimosa, 149.

Pleurogobius boulengeri, 201.

polylepis, Paloa, 56.

s

polynema, Chaeturichthys, 270.

Gobius, 270.

sandvicensis, Gobius, 113.

Parachaeturichthys, 270.

sapanga, Vaimosa, 152.

polynemus, Parachaeturichthys, 270.

Scartelaos, 324.

porocephala, Eleotris, 69.

viridis, 325.

Ophiocara, 69.

schlosseri, Gobius, 320.

porocephaloides, Eleotris, 69.

Periophthalmodon, 320.

porocephalus, Eleotris, 69.

Periophthalmus, 320.

Ophiocara, 69.

schultzei, Rhinogobius, 185.

Prionobutia, 52.

sealei, Apocryptodon, 278.

koilomatodon, 52.

Eviota, 73.

serrifrons, 53.

semidoliatus, Gobius, 200.

prismaticus, Butis, 48.

Zonogobius, 200.

producta, Galera, 104.

semipunctata, Eleotris, 28.

Pselaphias, 247.

semipunctatus, Asterropteryx, 28.

Pselaphius ophthalmonemus, 257.

Sericagobioides, 335.

Ptereleotris, 83.

light!, 336.

dispersus. 83.

serious, Apocryptichthys, 264.

pulchellum, Microsicydium, 299.

serperaster, Apocryptes, 262.

pulcher, Oplopomus, 166.

Parapocryptes, 262.

punctillatus, Gobius, 113.

serrifrons, Butis, 53.

puntang, Gobius, 127.

Prionobutis, 53.

puntangoides Exyrias, 127.

Sicydium, 300.

Gnatholepis, 127.

cynocephalum, 306.

Gobius, 127.

parvei, 307.

pusilla, Pandaka, 197.

Sicyopterus, 300.

pygmaea, Pandaka, 198.

crassus, 307.

cynocephalus, 306, 307.

Q

extraneus, 311.

quinquestrigatus, Gobiodon, 294.
Gobius, 294.
quoyi, Belobranchus, 35.

fuliag, 309.
laorymosus, 303.
panayensis, 313.
taeniurus, 311.

B

siitensis, Tamanka, 220.

Simawar, 65.

Ranulina fimbriidens, 272.

Sinarapan, 95.

Redigobins, 98.

sinensis, Bostrichthys, 43.

sternbergi, 98.

Bostrychus, 43.

Rhinogobius, 176.

Eleotris, 44.

baliuroides, 188.

Philypnus, 44.

calderae, 182.

Sisigui, 139.

caninus, 186.

soporator, Gobius, 113.

carpenteri, 122.

spectabilis, Gobius, 161.

criniger, 191.

sphinx, Amblygobius, 237.

decoratus, 181.

Gobius, 237.

hongkongensis, 184.

sphynx, Amblygobius, 237.

lungi, 191.

Gobius, 237.

maculipinnis, 342.

stellatus, Mirogobius, 92.

multifasciatus, 190.

stenophthalmus, Gobius, 232.

352

INDEX

sternbergi, Gnatholepis, 98.

Gobius, 98.

Redigobius, 98.
stigmatias, Chaeturichthys, 276.

Gobius, 276.

straminea, Parviparma, 82.
strigata, Eleotris, 78.

Valenciennea, 78.
strigatus, Gobius, 78.
suluensis, Rhinogobius, 193.
Synechogobius, 267.

hasta, 267.

Tuku, 120.

ng bia, 120.
Tnkugobius, 119.

bucculentus, 121.

carpenteri, 122.

philippinns, 124.
typhlops, Caragobius, 287.
typus, Trypauchenichthys, 340.

U

umbra, Tamanka, 223.

T

vagina, Trypauchen, 338.

Tabula, 158, 161.

vagus, Cryptocentrus, 243.

Taenioides, 830.

Vaimosa, 141.

brachygaster, 333.

bikolana, 151.

caeculus, 331.

dispar, 142.

cirratus, 333.

macrognathos, 145.

gracilis, 334.

microstomia, 146.

taenioptera, Eleotris, 35.

piapensis, 147.

taeniopterus, Belobranchus, 35.

rivalis, 149.

taeniurus, Sicyopterus, 311.

sapanga, 152.

tagala, Tamanka, 222.

tessellata, 153.

TaUmosak, 316.

villa, 154.

Tamanka, 220.

Valenciennea, 75.

biviltata, 224.

longipinnis, 76.

siitensis, 220.

muralis, 79.

tagala, 222.

strigata, 78.

umbra, 223.

violifera, 80.

Tamanka, 220.

Valenciennesia, 75.

Tamasak, 316.

longipinnis, 76.

Tambasakan, 316.

muralis, 79.

Tamindak, 316...

validus, Creisson, 139.

Taporak, 158.

venustus, Cryptocentrus, 244.

Tapug, 175.

vergens, Oplopomus, 168.

Tatok-layam, 200.

viganensis, Aboma, 203.

taylori, Apocryptodon, 279. Gobius, 203.

tentacularis, Gobiichthys, 257.

villa, Vaimosa, 154.

Oxyurichthys, 257.

violifera, Valenciennea, 80.

tessellata, Vaimosa, 153.

viridi-punctatus, Gobius, 179.

Totot, 216.

Rhinogobius, 179.

Triaenophorichthys barbatus, 281.

viridis, Boleophthalmus, 3251

trigonocephalus, 285.

Gobius, 325.

Triaenopogon, 280.

Oxyurichthys, 260.

barbatus, 281.

Scartelaos, 325.

japonicus, 281.

Virot, 33.

Tridentiger, 283.

visayanus, Oxyurichthys, 254.

barbatus, 281.

volcanus, Gnatholepis, 131.

bifasciatus, 283.

ioturus, 283.

w

trigonocephalus, 286.

Waitea, 208.

trigonocephalus, Triaenophorichthys, 285.

mystacina, 208.

Tridentiger, 285.

X

True gobies, 84.

Trypauchen, 338.

xanthosoma, Gobius, 175.

microcephalus, 841.

Paragobiodon, 175.

vagina, 338.

xanthosomus, Paragobiodon, 175

Trypauchenichthys, 339.

Z

typus, 340.

Zonogobius, 199.

Trypauchenidse, 337.

semidoliatus, 200.

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BUREAU OF SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 23.]

BUREAU OF SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 23.]

BUREAU OF SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 23.]

PLATE 17.

BUREAU OF SCIENCE MONOGRAPH

BUREAU op SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 23. 1

PLATE 19.

BUREAU OP SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 28.]

PLATE 20.

BUREAU OF SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 23.]

PLATE 21.

BUREAU OP SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 23.]

BUREAU OP SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 23.]

PLATE 23.

BUREAU OF SCIENCE MONOGRAPH '23.]

PLATE 24.

BUREAU OF SCIENCE MONOGRAPH 23.]

PLATE 25.

POMACENTRiD^E OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

BY

HERACLIO R. MONTALBAN

MANILA

BUREAU OF PRINTING
1927

MONOGRAPHS OF THE BUREAU OF SCIENCE
MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

WILLIAM H. BROWN, Editor

R. C. MCGREGOR, Associate Editor

ANNA B. BANYEA, Copy Editor

Monograph 24
POMACENTRID.E OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

By HERACLIO R. MONTALBAN
(Actual date of publication, April 20, 1928.)

CONTENTS

Page.

ILLUSTRATIONS 5

INTRODUCTION 7

FAMILY POMACENTRHXE 8

DAMSEL FISHES 8

Genus Amphiprion Bloch and Schneider 9

Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus) 10

Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort 12

Amphiprion percula (Lacepede) 14

Amphiprion bifasciatus (Bloch) 15

Amphiprion perideraion Bleeker 16

Amphiprion akallopisos Bleeker 17

Genus Premnas Cuvier _ 18

Premnas biaculeatus (Bloch) 18

Genus Dascyllus Cuvier 20

Dascyllus melanurus Bleeker 20

Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus) 21

Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riippell) 23

Dascyllus marginatus (Riippell) 24

Dascyllus caudofasciatus sp. nov 26

Genus Acanthochromis Gill 27

Acanthochromis polyacanthus Bleeker 27

Genus Chromis Cuvier 28

Chromis xanthurus Bleeker 29

Chromis xanthochir Bleeker 30

Chromis scotochilopterus Fowler 31

Chromis ternatensis Bleeker 32

Chromis dimidiatus (Klunzinger) 33

Chromis caeruleus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 34

Genus Cheiloprion Weber 35

Cheiloprion labiatus (Day) 36

Genus Pomacentrus Lacepede 37

Pomacentrus lividus (Forster) 39

Pomacentrus albofasciatus Schlegel and Miiller 40

Pomacentrus nigricans (Lacepede) 41

Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch) 43

Pomacentrus violascens Bleeker. 44

Pomacentrus bankieri (Richardson) 45

Pomacentrus taeniurus Bleeker 46

Pomacentrus bifasciatus Bleeker 47

Pomacentrus philippinus Evermann and Scale 48

Pomacentrus tropicus Seale 49

Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker 50

Pomacentrus popei Evermann and Seale 51

Pomacentrus alexanderae Evermann and Seale 51

3

4 CONTENTS

Genus Pomacentrus Lacepede — Continued. Page.

Pomacentrus grammorhynchus Fowler 52

Pomacentrus elongatus Scale 54

Pomacentrus dorsalis Gill 55

Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 56

Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker 58

Pomacentrus simsiang Bleeker 59

Pomacentrus chrysopoecilus Schlegel and Miiller 61

Pomacentrus notophthalmus Bleeker 62

Pomacentrus prosopotaenia Bleeker 63

Pomacentrus trimaculatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 64

Pomacentrus melanochir Bleeker 66

Pomacentrus fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes 67

Pomacentrus breviceps (Bleeker) 68

Pomacentrus ovoides Cartier 69

Pomacentrus albolineatus sp. nov 70

Pomacentrus opisthostigma Fowler... 71

Pomacentrus tablasensis sp. nov 72

Genus Daya Bleeker 73

Daya jerdoni (Day) 73

Genus Hemiglyphidodon Bleeker 74

Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon (Bleeker) 75

Genus Abudefduf Forskal 76

Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal) 77

Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 79

Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch) 80

Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus) 81

Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 83

Abudefduf curacao (Bloch) 85

Abudefduf aureus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 87

Abudefduf leucogaster (Bleeker) 88

Abudefduf coracinus Seale 89

Abudefduf philippinus Fowler 89

Abudefduf dickii (Lienard) 91

Abudefduf leucozona (Bleeker) 92

Abudefduf lacrymatus (Quoy and Gaimard) 93

Genus Chrysiptera Swainson 94

Chrysiptera melas (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 95

Chrysiptera xanthurus (Bleeker) 96

Chrysiptera xanthonotus (Bleeker) 97

Chrysiptera oxyodon (Bleeker) 98

Chrysiptera uniocellatus (Quoy and Gaimard) 99

Chrysiptera parasema (Fowler) 100

Chrysiptera cyaneus (Quoy and Gaimard) 101

Chrysiptera assimilis (Giinther) 102

Chrysiptera turchesius (Jordan and Seale) 103

Chrysiptera amabilis (De Vis) 104

Chrysiptera brownriggii (Bennett) 105

Chrysiptera rex ( Snyder ) 110

Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Ill

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE 1

FIG. 1. Amphiprion polymnus (Linnaeus). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)
2. Chrysiptera amabilis (De Vis). (After Jordan and Seale.)

PLATE 2

FIG. 1. Amphiprion frenatus Brevoort. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)
2. Amphiprion percula (Lacepede). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 3

FIG. 1. Amphiprion bifasciatus (Bloch). (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)
2. Pomacentrus philippinus Evermann and Seale. (Drawing by A.
L. Canlas.)

PLATE 4

FlG. 1. Amphiprion perideraion Bleeker. (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)
2. Pomacentrus tropicus Seale. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 5

FIG. 1. Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon (Bleeker). (Drawing by A. L.

Canlas.)
2. Dascyllus trimaculatus (Ruppell). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 6

FIG. 1. Dascyllus caudofasciatus sp. nov. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)
2. Acanthochromis polyacanthus Bleeker. (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 7

FIG. 1. Abudefduf lacrymatus (Quoy and Gaimard.) (Drawing by A. L.

Canlas.)
2. Chromis dimidiatus (Klunzinger) . (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 8

FIG. 1. Abudefduf coelestinus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by

J. L. Nievera.)

2. Chromis caeruleus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by J. L.
Nievera.)

PLATE 9

FIG. 1. Cheiloprion labiatus (Day). (Drawing by M. L. Nievera.)

2. Pomacentrus albofasciatus Schlegel and Miiller. (Drawing by A.
L. Canlas.)

5

g ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE 10

FIG. 1. Chrysiptera assimilis (Giinther). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)
2. Pomacentrus pavo (Bloch). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 11

FIG. 1. Pomacentrus chrysopoecilus Schlegel and Miiller. (Drawing by A.

L. Canlas.)

2. Pomacentrus popei Evermann and Seale. (Drawing by J. L.
Nievera.)

PLATE 12

FlG. 1. Pomacentrus melanochir Bleeker. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Pomacentrus trimaculatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. (Drawing by
A. L. Canlas.)

PLATE 13

FIG. 1. Pomacentrus breviceps (Bleeker). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Pomacentrus fasciatus Cuvier and Valenciennes. (Drawing by P.
Bravo.)

PLATE 14

FIG. 1. Pomacentrus albolineatus sp. nov. (Drawing by W. S. Atkinson.)
2. Pomacentrus tablasensis sp. nov. (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

PLATE 15

FIG. 1. Daya jerdoni (Day). (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

2. Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal). (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

PLATE 16

FIG. 1. Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes.) (Drawing

by J. L. Nievera.)
2. Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch). (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

PLATE 17

FlG. 1. Abudefduf Curasao (Bloch). (Drawing by J. L. Nievera.)

2. Abudefduf saxatUis (Linnaeus). (Drawing by T. S. Espinosa.)

PLATE 18

FIG. 1. Abudefduf coracinus Seale. (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

2. Abudefduf leucozona (Bleeker). (Drawing by P. Bravo.)

PLATE 19

FIG. 1. Chrysiptera parasema (Fowler). (Drawing by A. L. Canlas.)
2. Chrysiptera melas (Cuvier and Valenciennes). (Drawing by J.
L. Nievera.)

POMACENTRID^] OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

By HERACLIO R. MONTALBAN
INTRODUCTION

This paper deals with the Pomacentridae, as represented in
the waters of the Philippine Archipelago. It contains a sys-
tematic record of their characteristics, relationships, and present
distribution, based largely upon the material collected under
the authority of the Philippine Bureau of Science. It is the
result of research performed at Stanford University, and con-
tinued in the Bureau of Science laboratory. Since my return
to Government service many changes became necessary and
they have been incorporated in the present paper based largely
on new material, and on additional information concerning
the habits and distribution of the fish. I have had the oppor-
tunity of examining in the Stanford University museum speci-
mens from other regions for comparative study, and have
availed myself of the privilege of using its working library. Al-
most all the illustrations were made in the Bureau of Science,
and were drawn mostly from fresh and from living specimens.

The Philippine Archipelago is composed of over seven thou-
sand islands lying wholly north of latitude 4° 30' north. The
coast line is very irregular, presenting every conceivable variety
of topography, and is more or less fringed with growing coral
reefs which afford favorable haunts for fishes.

Of the approximately one hundred twenty known species
of the family, seventy-eight are represented in Philippine waters.
Three of them, believed to be new to science, are here described.

The Pomacentridse, or damsel fishes, belong with those fishes
which from their habits may be termed coral fishes. They are
found in greatest abundance in company with other small fishes,
such as chsetodonts and Apogonichthyidae, feeding chiefly upon
very small marine animals and upon algae. Many of them are
brilliantly colored, the development and distribution of color
being apparently dependent upon the agencies of climate and
environment, and varying much with age in some species.

In spite of their bright coloration, many species of this family,
because of their small size, escape from their enemies by hiding

g PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHXE

in coral and rock crevices. A coral head brought to the surface
will often yield many specimens when broken into fragments.

The living specimens in the Bureau of Science aquarium have
given me excellent opportunities to study their mode of life in
captivity; they were taken in bobos, or small bamboo traps, at
Calapan, Mindoro, which locality has furnished about twenty-
five species. Many of the examples listed in this paper were
collected by Dr. Albert W. Herre by the use of dynamite, or by
means of the fish poison called tubli. Some of the material has
been collected by me, when I have had the opportunity to observe
the habits of the living fish in their natural surroundings.

The pomacentrids, although used as food, are not highly
esteemed and are not caught in sufficiently large quantities to
be of any economic importance. They are often caught in the
muro-ami (a type of trap net recently introduced into the Is-
lands by Japanese fishermen) along with chaetodonts, hepatids,
siganids, acanthurids, scaroids, labroids, balistids, and others
found in the neighborhood of coral reefs. Not infrequently
small quantities are obtained by the use of the dip net, the cast
net, or the beach seine and, rarely, a few enter the fish corrals
along with some of the important food fishes.

In this paper the scales in longitudinal series are counted to
the base of the caudal fin, and the scale on the lateral line is
not included in counting those in transverse series. The length
of the body is measured from the tip of the snout to the base
of the caudal rays. The diameter of the eye is given longi-
tudinally in all cases.

I wish to express my indebtedness to Dr. David Starr Jordan
for his reading of the original manuscript, and to Prof. John
Otterbein Snyder, of Stanford University, and Dr. Albert W.
Herre, chief of the division of fisheries, Philippine Bureau of
Science, for assistance in various ways and for supervision over
the preparation of this paper.

POMACENTRIDS

DAMSEL FISHES

Local names: Aroro baybay, Ilocano; las-las, tibu, tibuk, or
ulan-idan, Tao Sug and Samal ; baro-baro, pa-ata, paiata, palata,
idan-ulan, or puyong dagat, Visayan.

Body compressed, short or elongate, covered with ctenoid
scales of varying size. Teeth in the jaws small and feeble,
either conical or incisorlike; none present along the roof of
mouth. Lateral line ceasing before the posterior end of dorsal
fin. Spinous and rayed dorsal continuous, even or notched,

AMPHIPRION 9

both equally well developed; anal with two spines, the soft por-
tion similar to the rayed dorsal; both dorsal and anal scaly at
base, sometimes the spinous dorsal naked; ventral thoracic,
with a single spine and five rays, the outer rays longest and
more or less produced into filaments. Branchiostegals 5 to
7; gills 3^; pseudobranchiae and air vessel present; pyloric
appendages few. Vertebrae 12 + 14 = 26.

Marine fishes chiefly from the tropical seas of the Indian
and Pacific Oceans, with several representatives from the West
Indies, and a few from Japan and the Mediterranean Sea.

Key to the Philippine genera of Pomacentridse.

o\ Scales small, 45 to 72 in lateral series.

6\ Orbital ring serrated Amphiprion.

6*. Orbital ring not serrated but armed with two very strong spines.

Premnas.
a1. Scales large or moderate, not more than 30 in lateral series.

c*. Teeth conical; caudal fin with two or more free spines on each margin

of base.
cP. Hind edge of preopercle serrated.

el. Teeth in a villiform band; dorsal spines 11 or 12 Dascyllus.

e*. Teeth in a double series; dorsal spines 16 or 17.... Acanthochromis.

d'. Hind edge of preopercle entire Chromis.

c*. Teeth compressed; base of caudal fin without any free spines.
f. One or more of the opercles serrated.

01. Preopercle only and, generally, the orbital ring serrated.

h\ Lips thick, swollen, and completely reversed outward around

mouth Cheiloprion.

h*. Lips not as above Pomacentrus.

g\ Opercles excepting the interopercle serrated; orbital ring entire.

Daya.

f. None of the opercles serrated.
f. Teeth in a single series.

f. Gill rakers very numerous, over 70 present on first arch.

Hemiglyphidodon.

f. Gill rakers few, about 28 or less present on first arch.

Abudefduf.
t*. Teeth in a double series Chrysiptera.

Genus AMPHIPRION Bloch and Schneider

Amphiprion BLOCH and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801) 47, 200;

ephippium.
ProchUus (Klein, Piscis Missus 5: 60, nonbinomial) , BLEEKER, Nat.

Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 20; ephippium.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with small roughish scales,
about 45 to 60 in a longitudinal series; lateral line ending
under the posterior end of soft dorsal. All the opercles and the
orbital ring serrated, the denticles on the opercular and sub-

10 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^B

opercular bones very long. Teeth in a single semes, small and
conical. Dorsal fin continuous, even or notched, with 9 to 11
spines.

Brightly colored pomacentrids, occurring from the Red Sea
and east coast of Africa through the seas of India to the Malay
Archipelago and western parts of the Pacific.

Key to the Philippine species of Amphiprion.

a\ Dorsal fin nearly even, not notched, the posterior spines not very much

lower than the anterior rays.

ft1. Body with three distinct pearl white crossbands; caudal lunate.

A. polymnus.
b*. Body with a single transverse band; caudal rounded in the young

and subtruncate in the adult A. frenatus.

a2. Dorsal fin deeply notched, the posterior spines very much shorter than

the middle or some of the anterior ones.
e1. Interorbital space naked.

d1. Caudal markedly rounded; body with three permanent crossbands.

A. percula.

<F. Caudal subtruncate; body with three vertical bands which vary
relatively in size with age, the last one disappearing almost

entirely A. bifasciatus.

c-. Interorbital space scaly.

e1. A pearl white vertical band across the opercles A. perideraion.

e*. No pearl white vertical band on the opercles A. akallopisos.

AMPHIPRION POLYMNUS (Linnaeus)

PLATE 1, FIG. 1

Perca polymna LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 1 (1758) 291.
Amphiprion polymnus BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801) 203;

CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5 (1830) 297; BLEEKER,

Nat. Verh. Roll. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 28; JORDAN and SNY'DER,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1902) 598; JORDAN and SEALE, Proc.

Daven. Acad. Sci. 10 (1905) 13, pi. 7; WEBER, Fische der Siboga

Exped. (1913) 336.
Prochilus polymnus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 400, figs. 7

and 8.
Amphiprion chrysopterus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 301; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 8; JORDAN and

DICKERSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 34 (1908) 611, fig. 4.
Amphiprion japonicus SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica (1846) 66.
Amphiprion chrysargurus RICHARDSON, Ichth. China (1846) 254.
Amphiprion boholensis CARTIER, Verh. Phys. Med. Ges. Wiirzburg

(1873) 96.
Amphiprion ephippium GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 224,

pi. 122, figs. D and C.
Amphiprion snydtri ISHIKAWA, Proc. Dept. Nat. Hist. Tokio Nat.

Mus. 1 (1904) 11, pi. 5.

AMPHIPRION 11

Dorsal X, 15 to 17; anal II, 12 to 15; scales in lateral series
45 to 52 ; with tubules 33 to 42 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 8 or 9; between lateral line and vent 19 to 23.

Body oblong, the dorsal and ventral outlines equally elevated,
the latter more evenly arched, the deepest part of body at origin
of dorsal fin 1.9 to 2.1 in length; head 3 to 3.3; depth of caudal
peduncle 5.6 to 6.5. The evenly convex interorbital 2.7 to 3.1
in length of head; the circular eye 3.1 to 3.6; the rounded
snout 2.8 to 3.2, shorter than maxillary, which is contained 2.5
to 2.8 in head. Mouth very oblique, lower jaw slightly pro-
jecting, the maxillary ending posteriorly below front edge of
orbit. Preorbital terminating in a strong spine, which is pre-
ceded by a shorter one; orbital serrated; opercle with radiating
ridges which end in spines.

Head naked on snout, orbital ring, interorbital space, and
posterior limb of preopercle; base of vertical fins covered by
a low sheath of scales. Third and fourth dorsal spines highest;
the last spine higher than the one preceding but lower than
first dorsal ray. Caudal lunate; both pectoral and ventral fins
extending to vent.

Alcoholic specimens either brownish or blackish, very much
darker posteriorly and above toward the fins, with three milk
white, black-edged transverse bands; the first from nape to
interoperculum, touching hind edge of orbit ; the second from the
last two dorsal spines and the first two dorsal rays to origin
of anal, not extending upward into margin of dorsal fin; the
third on posterior half of caudal peduncle. Caudal, anal, ven-
tral, and pectoral yellow, and in some cases the last three fins
edged with black. In other specimens the anal is chocolate
brown, narrowly edged with white.

Here described from thirty-three examples, varying from 19 to
89 millimeters in length. They were collected at the following
places: Calapan, Mindoro; Tablas Island; Guindulman, Bohol;
Dumaguete, Oriental Negros; Cagayan de Misamis and Zam-
boanga, Mindanao; and Bungau, Sibutu, Sitankai, and Tango
Islands, Sulu Archipelago. Three females, each 79 millimeters
in length, collected at Calapan in January, 1923, are about ready
to spawn. The Bureau of Science collection has two examples,
collected by Mr. Alvin Seale at Hongkong.

This species has been previously reported from the Philip-
pines by Bleeker. Cartier's account of a specimen from Bohol
reveals the identity of his species with Amphiprion polymnus.

12 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^

In the Bureau of Science aquarium are four living specimens
which are colored as follows: Chocolate brown above and be-
hind, gradually passing into orange yellow on the lower parts
including the pectorals, anal, and ventrals; caudal fin and an-
terior portion of head lemon yellow; side of body traversed by
three bright, dark-edged, pearl white bands, the last one of
which covers caudal peduncle; dorsal fin chocolate brown, the
rayed portion narrowly edged with white; anal fin tipped
narrowly with brown.

A fresh specimen, collected by Morden Brown at Tablas Is-
land, had the upper and posterior portions of the trunk deep
chocolate brown, which passed into yellowish orange on the
lower parts, and into reddish orange anteriorly and on head ;
spinous dorsal light chocolate brown, the rayed portion much
darker and narrowly tipped with whitish; pectoral yellowish
orange; ventral and anal orange red, the former with a narrow
brown edge anteriorly and the latter on all of the outer portion ;
caudal fin yellow ; three pearl white, black-edged bands traverse
the side of body, the last one on the caudal peduncle.

This widely distributed species is known from Zanzibar and
Mozambique on the east coast of Africa, through the Indian
Ocean and Malay Archipelago, northward to the south of Japan
and China, and southward to northern Australia.

AMPHIPRION FRENATUS Brevoort

PLATE 2, FIG. 1

Amphiprion frenatus BREVOORT, Exped. Japan (1856) 263, pi. 6, fig.

3; GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 11 (1859) 148; DAY, Fishes

of India (1878) 378, pi. 80, fig. 2; JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 22 (1900) 752.

Amphiprion tricolor GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 8.
Prochilus polylepis BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

22; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 401, fig. 6.
Prochilus ephippium BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

23, in part; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 401, fig. 1.
Prochilus macrostoma BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2

(1877) 25; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 401, fig. 5.
Prochilus melanopus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

26; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 401, fig. 7.

Dorsal IX or X, 17 to 19 ; anal II, 14 to 16 ; scales in lateral
series 47 to 49 ; with tubules 31 to 38 ; between lateral line and
origin of dorsal 9 ; between lateral line and vent 17 to 21.

Body oblong, its depth 1.7 to 1.9 in length; head 3 to 3.1;
depth of caudal peduncle 5.6 to 5.9. The convex interorbital 2.9
to 3.2 in length of head; the small round eye 4 to 4.1; the snout

AMPHIPRION 13

arid maxillary equal in length, each 2.8 to 2.9 in head. Mouth
oblique, lower jaw slightly projecting, posterior end of maxillary
not quite touching vertical through anterior edge of orbit. A
single row of small, conical teeth present. Preorbital above hind
end of maxillary wider than half diameter of eye. Orbital ring
and vertical edge of preopercle strongly serrated, the anterior
spine of the former larger but not much longer than the rest
of the serrations. Opercle, subopercle, and interopercle with
radiated ridges ending in spines.

Small scales covering head and body; interorbital, snout, or-
bital ring, and outer portion of opercle naked. Dorsal fin nearly
even, the posterior spines having almost the same height; soft
dorsal and anal pointed posteriorly and about equal in height;
caudal slightly emarginate in the adult and rounded in the
young.

Brownish black in alcohol, lighter on chin and breast ; a pearl
white band edged with black descending over the opercles
immediately behind eye; caudal, pectoral, ventral, and vertical
fins yellowish.

The above account is based upon five specimens, ranging
from 59 to 95 millimeters in length, two of which were collected
at San Fernando, La Union, and the others at Calapan, Min-
doro.

Two living specimens in the Bureau of Science aquarium,
taken at Calapan, Mindoro, have the sides black which passes
into bright orange red toward anterior portion of head, and
toward breast, belly, vertical fins, and caudal; base and outer
portion of ventral black, the rest of the fin orange red; anal
spines black; pectoral bright orange red; the transverse band
behind eye bright pearl white, edged in front and behind with
black. A fresh specimen obtained at Tablas Island had the
sides black, fading into deep carmine red on anterior portion of
head and on breast, and toward the outward portions of dorsal,
anal, and caudal fins; base of pectoral black, the remaining
portion carmine red; ventral spine and rays black, the mem-
branes reddish; a bright, pearl white, black-edged transverse
band just behind eye.

All the examples I have examined are fairly large and have
the pearl white transverse band on each side of head. Because
of the presence of this band I have placed this species as dis-
tinct from Amphiprion ephippium. Although the specimens
differ somewhat in the width of the vertical band and in the

14 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^

number of the dorsal spines, they probably all belong to the
same species.

This species, which is new to the Philippines, occurs from
Madagascar and the Andamans to the Malay Archipelago,
northward to the Riu Kiu Archipelago and southward to Aus-
tralia.

AMPHIPRION PEHCULA (Lacepede)

PLATE 2, FIG. 2

Lut Janus percula LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 4 (1803) 239, 248.
Amphiprion percula CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 298; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 6; Fische der Siidsee

2 (1876) 225, pi. 124, fig. A; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 379, pi.

80, fig. 4; WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 335.
Prochilus percula BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

33; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 400, fig. 2.
Anthias polymna var. BLOCK, Ichth. 9 (1797). 91, pi. 316, fig. 3.

Dorsal XI, 15 or 16; anal II, 12 to 14; scales in lateral series
50 to 60 ; with tubules 33 to 42 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 9 ; between lateral line and vent 23 to 28.

Body oblong, moderately compressed, deepest below third and
fourth dorsal spines, being 2 to 2.4 in length; head 3 to 3.2;
depth of caudal peduncle 5.3 to 6.4. The narrow, almost flat
interorbital 3.5 to 4 in length of head; the small circular eye
3.3 to 4.3, situated high up on side of head ; the rounded snout
2.7 to 3.1, its tip lower than the inferior margin of orbit; the
maxillary 2.4 to 2.7, or slightly longer than snout. Mouth
oblique, jaws even; teeth in a single row, their edges rather
blunt. Greatest width of preorbital more than half the diameter
of eye, its posterior edge serrated; suborbital and preopercle
with radiating ridges which terminate in spines.

Top of head, snout, orbital ring, and outer margins of oper-
cular bones naked. Dorsal spines moderately high, the third
and fourth highest, while the posterior ones are very low.
Dorsal fin deeply notched, its rayed portion and that of anal
equal in height; caudal rounded; both pectoral and ventral fins
rounded and extending to vent.

Color in alcohol -ranges from light yellowish brown to dark
brown, with three pearl white, black-margined crossbands; the
first concave anteriorly across hind portion of head; the second
angularly pointed in front from posterior dorsal spines to origin
of anal fin; the third around caudal peduncle; spinous dorsal
and ventrals edged with black; soft dorsal and other fins with
black and white margins.

AMPHIPRION 15

The description given is from a large number of specimens,
22 to 59 millimeters long, taken at the following localities :

Calapan, Mindoro 88

Bantayan Island 7

Zamboanga and Basilan Island 13

Samal Island 10

Sitankai Island and Jolo, Sulu Archipelago 9

Of this list of examples thirteen are ripe females, 45 to 59
millimeters in length, collected in April, 1923 ; May, 1909 ; July,
1908; and December, 1925.

There are in the Ateneo de Manila museum one example from
Capas, Balayan Bay, Batangas, and several from Surigao. The
first Philippine record of this species is of one specimen, col-
lected by Weber at Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago.

This fish is well known for its small size and beautiful bright
coloration, the three milk white transverse bands being very
well marked. The ground color of the living specimens in the
Bureau of Science aquarium varies from orange red to light
carmine red, crossed by three bright, transverse, pearl white
bands which are edged in front and behind with black; all the
fins colored similarly to body; spinous dorsal and ventrals
margined with jet black; the rayed dorsal and other fins with
a white edge and a submarginal band of jet black.

A common reef-dwelling species, occurring from the seas of
India and China, through the Indo-Australasian Archipelago,
to Australia and Melanesia.

AMPHIPRION BIFASCIATUS (Bloch)

PLATE 3, FIG. 1

Anthiaa bifasciatus BLOCK, Ichth. 9 (1797) pi. 316, fig. 2.
Amphiprion bifasciatus BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801)

204; CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5 (1830) 294;

GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 3; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 379,

suppl., 800.
Holocentrus bifasciatus BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801)

567.
Prochilus bifasciatus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl, Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

31; Atlas Ichth. (1878) pi. 400, figs. 4, 5, and 6.
Lutjanus jourdin LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 4 (1803) 191, 235.
Amphiprion laticlavius CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 296, pi. 132, fig. 1.
Amphiprion intermedius SCHLEGEL and MULLER, Overz. Amphi. Verh.

Nat. Ges. Ned. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 18.

Dorsal X, 14 or 15 ; anal II, 12 or 13 ; scales in lateral series
47 to 50 ; with tubules 37 to 41 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 8 ; between lateral line and vent 18 to 20.

Ig PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^!

Body oblong, deepest at about the origin of dorsal fin, being
2.2 to 2.3 in length ; head 3.1 to 3.3 ; depth of caudal peduncle
5.6 to 6.5. The broad, strongly and evenly convex interorbital
2.8 to 3.1 in length of head; the circular eye 2.6 to 3.4; the short,
rounded snout 2.9 to 3.3, or shorter than maxillary which is
contained 2.5 to 2.6 in head. Mouth very oblique, lower jaw
slightly projecting, tip of snout a little lower than inferior
margin of eye. Teeth conical and uniserial, those in front
slightly curved. Preorbital terminating posteriorly in a short
spine; suborbital with a rather indistinct denticulation ; all the
opercular bones serrated.

Snout, orbital ring, interorbital space, and edges of preopercle
naked; rest of head covered with small scales. A deep notch
between the spinous and the rayed dorsal; dorsal spines low
and stout, the third the highest. Soft dorsal rounded; rayed
anal slightly angular; caudal slightly convex; pectoral and ven-
tral equal in length, the former ending before vent.

Chestnut brown in alcohol, with two or three milk white cross-
bands ; the first descending from nape to subopercular bone, cov-
ering most of opercle and touching anteriorly hind margin of
orbit; the second band descending from base of the last three
dorsal spines and anterior dorsal rays to below the lateral line,
and continued posteriorly through the upper portion of dorsal
rays ; the third band, if present, occupying upper half of caudal
peduncle. A good series of specimens would show a decidedly
marked shortening of the second band and a gradual disappear-
ance of the third. Ground color of fresh specimens blackish
brown, with yellowish wash in front, below, and on pectoral fin.

Of this species I have examined eight examples, 43 to 78 milli-
meters in length, from Bauang Sur, La Union; Atimonan, Ta-
yabas; Calapan, Mindoro; and Estancia, Panay. A female
specimen collected at Calapan in March, 1924, is 60 millimeters
long and is nearly ready to spawn. There are two specimens
from Cebu, Cebu, and one from Corregidor Island in the Ateneo
de Manila museum.

This species is found from the Andamans, throughout the
East Indies, to New Guinea.

AMPHIPRION PERIDERAION Bleeker

PLATE 4, FIG. 1

Amphiprion perideraion BLEEKER. Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 8 (1855) 437;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 9.
Prochilus perideraion BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

37; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 400, fig. 1.
Amphiprion perideraeus GUNTHER, Fische der Stidsee 2 (1876) 226.

AMPHIPRION 17

Dorsal X, 16 ; anal II, 12 to 14 ; scales in lateral series 45 to
47; with tubules 35 to 37; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 7 or 8 ; between lateral line and vent 20 to 22.

Dorsal outline of head almost straight ; body oblong, its depth

2.2 to 2.4 in length; head 3.2 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle

5.3 to 6.5. Interorbital space slightly convex, nearly as wide
as length of snout, which is contained 3 to 3.3 in length of head ;
eye 3.3 to 3.6 in head. Mouth small, strongly oblique, the lower
jaw slightly projecting; maxillary 2.5 to 3 in head, extending
posteriorly to below anterior edge of orbit. Teeth conical, in
a single series. Suborbital provided with a large, strong spine
on anterior part, which is followed by a row of shorter ones;
posterior limb of preopercle bluntly serrated. Subopercular,
interopercular, and opercular bones with radiating ridges ter-
minating in sharp spines.

Snout, orbital ring, and chin naked; dorsal fin with a low
notch superiorly: fourth dorsal spine highest. Rayed dorsal
and anal fins slightly angular; the other fins rounded; ventral
shorter than pectoral and ending at anterior margin of anus.

Yellowish orange in alcohol, an indistinct light dot on the
center of each scale; a pearl white longitudinal band running
along the median of head and continued backward along base
of dorsal fin to back of caudal peduncle ; all the fins yellowish.

The six specimens above described were collected at Calapan,
Mindoro, and range in length from 34 to 55 millimeters.

Three living specimens in the Bureau of Science aquarium,
obtained at Calapan, Mindoro, are orange yellow, with a bright,
pearl white line along the back from over the head, through
base of dorsal fin to top of caudal peduncle, and with a vertical
band of like color across the opercles. The light spot on each
scale is hardly visible.

This species, which has not been previously listed from the
Philippines, is found in the East Indies, Amboina, and the Palau
Islands.

AMPHIPRION AKALLOPISOS Blecker

Amphiprwn akallopisos BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853) 281.
Amphiprion akallopisus GtJNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 10; DAY,

Fishes of India (1878) 380.
ProchUus akallopisus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

35; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 400, fig. 3.

Dorsal X, 16; anal II, 12; scales in lateral series 56; with
tubules 34 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 7 ; between
lateral line and vent 19.

]_g PHILIPPINE POMACENTRIOE

Body oblong, with the anterior dorsal profile nearly straight ;
depth 2.4 in length; head 3.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6.4.
Interorbital space slightly convex, 3.3 in length of head, or
about as wide as length of snout or diameter of eye. Maxil-
lary extending posteriorly to below front edge of orbit, its length
greater than the width of the interorbital space. Teeth in a
single row, conical, with blunt tips. Suborbital with pointed
spines; posterior edge of preopercle with few blunt serrations;
the other opercular bones with radiating ridges which terminate
in sharp spines.

Scales on top of head extending to above front edge of orbit ;
none on orbital ring and preopercular edges. Dorsal fin with a
slight notch superiorly. Spinous dorsal rather low, the fourth
spine highest.

Yellowish orange in alcohol, with a light center on each scale ;
a trace of the blue line present on middle of forehead, at base
of dorsal fin, and on back of caudal peduncle.

Described from a single specimen, 45 millimeters in length,
collected at Calapan, Mindoro.

This species, which is new to the Philippines, is known from
the coasts of Priaman, Bouro, Ceram, and Amboina. It closely
resembles Amphiprion perideraion Bleeker, and differs from it
in the absence of the vertical pearl white band on the opercles.

Genus PREMNAS Cuvier

Premnas CUVIER, Regne Anim. ed. 1 (1817) 106; biaculeatus.

Body ovate, compressed. Each jaw with a series of small,
conical teeth. All the opercles serrated; orbital ring with two
strong spines. Scales small, about 66 to 72 in longitudinal
series; lateral line ending below the posterior portion of soft
dorsal. Dorsal fin continuous, notched, with 10 spines.

Only a single species is known of this genus.

PREMNAS BIACULEATUS (Bloch)

Chaetodon biaculeatus BLOCK, Ichth. 7 (1797) 7, pi. 219, fig. 2.
Premnas biaculeatus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 6 (1854) 105;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 10; BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl.

Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 17; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 402, figs. 7 and

9; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 380, pi. 80, fig. 5; WEBER, Fische der

Siboga Exped. (1913) 334.
Premnas trifasciatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 304.
Premnas simicinctus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 307, pi. 133, fig. 1.

PREMNAS 19

Dorsal X, 16 to 18 ; anal II, 14 to 16 ; scales in lateral series
66 to 72 ; with tubules 46 to 54 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 12 to 14 ; between lateral line and vent 28 to 32.

Body oblong, 1.9 to 2 in length; head 2.9 to 3; depth of
caudal peduncle 4.9 to 5.4. Interorbital space wide, evenly
arched, and contained 3.5 to 3.7 in length of head; diameter of
the small round eye 4.9 to 5 ; snout, which is about as long as the
maxillary, contained 2.8 to 3 in head. Tip of snout rounded,
away below the horizontal passing through lower edge of orbit.
Mouth slightly oblique, jaws about equal ; posterior end of maxil-
lary a little behind vertical through anterior margin of eye; a
single row of conical teeth present. Preorbital ending in a
strong spine, its greatest width almost equal to the eye's di-
ameter; suborbital with a much longer spine; all the opercles
serrated.

A naked area on interorbital space, snout, and chin; outer
edges of preopercle, subopercle, and opercle unsealed. Second,
third, and fourth dorsal spines highest, each being almost twice
in head. Rayed dorsal and anal fins slightly angular; caudal,
pectoral, and ventral fins rounded, the last-named two ending
at base of anal spines.

In alcohol the color varies from dull yellow to chocolate brown,
with three black-edged, white crossbands, which are wider
superiorly; the first band, convex posteriorly, crossing over
hind portion of head to subopercle ; the second descending from
the last three dorsal spines to origin of anal fin ; the third around
caudal peduncle ; the last two bands slightly curved and angularly
produced forward along middle part, this process being absent in
some examples ; all the bands named vary in length with age.

The Bureau of Science collection contains seven specimens,
35 to 108 millimeters long, from Calapan, Mindoro; Bantayan
Island; Inabanga, Bohol; Surigao, Mindanao; and Bungau,
Tango, and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago. The only pre-
vious record of this species from the Philippines is that of
Giinther.

In the Bureau of Science aquarium there is a fairly large
living specimen, which is deep cherry red, traversed by three
brilliant pearl white bands; pectoral is narrowly edged with
whitish and has a harrow submarginal band of black; all the
other fins are narrowly edged with black.

Easily recognized by the two strong sharp spines directed pos-
teriorly from orbital ring and by the three well-defined, milk
white, vertical bands.

2Q PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID.E

This species ranges from the seas of India throughout the
East Indian Archipelago to New Guinea.

Genus DASCYLLUS Cuvier

Dascyllus CUVIER, Regne Anim. ed. 2 (1829) 91, aruanus; also written

Dascillus.
Tetradra'chmum CANTOR, Malayan Fishes (1850) 241, aruanus.

Body ovate or nearly orbicular. Teeth villiform, small and
conical, in a narrow band, with an outer series of somewhat
larger ones. Scales 26 or less in longitudinal series; lateral
line ceasing below the soft dorsal fin. Preopercle and sometimes
the orbital ring and opercular bone serrated. Dorsal fin not
notched, with 12 or 13 spines ; caudal fin with two or more free
sharp spines on each margin of base.

This widely distributed genus occurs from the Red Sea and
east coast of Africa through the seas of India and the Malay
Archipelago to Polynesia and New Zealand.

Key to the Philippine species of Dascyllus.

o\ Median dorsal spines longer than the rest; body with three distinct

black crossbands.

61. First two bands vertical; caudal fin with a large black blotch.

D. melanurus.

V. First two bands oblique; caudal fin without a black blotch D. aruanus.
oj. Premedian dorsal spines longer than the others.

c*. Body with milk white spot on each side D. trimaculatus.

c*. Body without any milk white spot.

ef. Body with one or two broad crossbands D. marginatus.

d*. Body not banded D. caudofasciatus.

DASCYLLUS MELANURUS Bleeker

Dascyllus melanurus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 6 (1854) 109; GiJN-
THER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 12; Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 23»>,
pi. 124, fig. C; BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 149.

Tetradrachmum melanurus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. (1878) pi. 409, fig.
1.

Dorsal XII, 11 to 13; anal II, 12 or 13; scales in lateral series
25; with tubules 16 or 17; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body ovate, rather deep, 1.6 to 1.7 in length; head 2.6 to 3;
depth of caudal peduncle 5.3 to 5.9. Interorbital space slightly
and evenly arched, rather broad, 2.5 to 2.7 in length of head;
eye rounded and large, 2.7 to 3 in head ; snout blunt and short,
3.4 to 3.8 or shorter than maxillary which is contained 2.8 to 3.1
in head. Mouth very oblique, jaws equal, the posterior end of
maxillary under or a little before front margin of eye. Teeth

DASCYLLUS 21

in a narrow band, villiform, those on outer set large and con-
spicuously pointed. Width of preorbital at angle of mouth less
than half an eye diameter; suborbital narrow, finely serrated;
posterior and inferior edges of preopercle denticulated.

Head everywhere covered with rough and thick ctenoid scales.
Dorsal spines rather strong and elevated, decreasing in height
posteriorly from the fourth. Soft dorsal pointed; soft anal
rounded; caudal forked, with two prominent spines on each
margin of base ; both pectoral and ventral extending to anus.

Ground color of alcoholic specimens dull yellow, with three
broad, black crossbands, the first running vertically from crown
of head through eye to chin, leaving a yellowish area on anterior
portion of head, the second band descending from the first four
dorsal spines toward anterior half of ventrals, the third cross-
ing body from the soft dorsal to the anal fin. Caudal yellowish
at base and on upper and lower margins, the remainder black;
pectoral blackish, with a dusky wash at base; ventrals black;
posterior rays of vertical fins tipped with yellow.

Here described from thirty-six specimens, 13.5 to 48 milli-
meters long, from Puerto Galera and Calapan, Mindoro; Cani-
garan, Palawan; Samal Island and Cotabato, Mindanao; and
Basbas and Sibutu Islands, Sulu Archipelago. A female ex-
ample, 44 millimeters long, taken at Calapan in January, 1923,
is in near-breeding condition; two others, 36 and 39.5 milli-
meters in length, obtained at Canigaran in November, 1925,
are ripe females.

This species has been reported from Cagayancillo by Jordan
and Richardson. It is known throughout the East Indies east-
ward to the Carolines and Melanesia.

DASCYLLUS ARUANUS (Linneus)

Chaetodon aruanus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 1 (1758) 464;
BLOCK, Ichth. 6 (1799) 45, pi. 198, fig. 2.

Lut janus aruanus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 4 (1803) 720.

Pomacentrus aruanus RUPPELL, Fische des Rothen Meers (1828) 39.

Dascyllus aruanus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5
(1830) 325; BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 6 (1854) 108; GUNTHER,
Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 12; Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 235, pi. 124,
fig. B; MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist. Nat. 14 (1885) 12; JORDAN
and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 290; 26 (1907) 27;
FOWLER and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62 (1922) 49.

Chaetodon araneus BENNETT, Fishes of Ceylon (1834) 17, pi. 17.

Tetradrachmum arcuatum CANTOR, Cat. Malay. Fishes (1850) 241;
BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 147; Atlas Ichth. 9
(1878) pi. 409, fig. 6.

22 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRULE

Tetradrachmum aruanum DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 381, pi. 80, fig.
6; WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 357.

Dorsal XII, 11 to 13; anal II, 11 or 12; scales in lateral series
25 or 26; with tubules 15 to 18; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3 or 4; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate and slightly elevated, dorsal outline deeper than
the ventral; depth of body 1.6 to 1.8 in length; head 2.7 to 3.2;
depth of caudal peduncle 5.5 to 6.1. The wide, slightly and
evenly convex interorbital 2.5 to 2.9 in length of head ; the large,
rounded eye 2.5 to 3; the short, slightly rounded snout 3 to 3.7
or shorter than maxillary, which is contained 2.7 to 3.1 in head.
Mouth strongly oblique, jaws equal, maxillary extending poste-
riorly to below anterior margin of orbit. Width of preorbital
at hind end of maxillary less than half diameter of eye; sub-
orbital, and the edges of the preopercular and opercular bones
strongly denticulated.

Head covered everywhere with strong, rather thick ctenoid
scales. Dorsal spines growing lower consecutively toward the
last from the sixth, which is as high as the preceding one. Soft
dorsal pointed; rayed anal rounded; pectoral extending to anal
opening; ventral ending at origin of anal fin; caudal deeply
forked, with two prominent and sharp spines on each of the
upper and lower margins of base.

Body yellowish, with three black crossbands, the first running
obliquely from origin of spinous dorsal through eye to chin
and jaws, leaving a yellowish area in front of head, the second
slightly curved, descending from base of fifth to the eighth dor-
sal spine through base of and under pectoral fin to ventrals, the
third crossing vertically the vertical fins and the posterior por-
tion of trunk ; membranes of spinous dorsal blackish ; pectorals,
caudal, and tips of soft dorsal and anal fins yellow.

This easily recognizable fish is rather common in the Philip-
pines, and numerous specimens, ranging from 11 to 53 milli-
meters long, were collected at the following places: Manila;
Cavite, Cavite; Puerto Galera, Baco, and Calapan, Mindoro;
Bantayan Island and Cebu, Cebu; Puerto Princesa and Cani-
garan, Palawan ; Tagbilaran, Bohol ; San Juan, Siquijor Island ;
Zamboanguita, Oriental Negros; Cagayan de Misamis, Zam-
boanga, Davao, and Samal Island, Mindanao; and Tandubas,
Bungau, Bilatan, Sibutu, and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago.
It apparently breeds throughout the year, since a number of the
above examples, collected in nearly every month in the year,
were found on examination to be ripe females.

DASCYLLUS 23

It has been recorded previously in the Philippines by Meyer
from Cebu; by Jordan and Scale from Cavite; by Weber from
Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago; and by Fowler and Bean from
Zamboanga.

A widely distributed species, ranging from the east coast of
Africa through the seas of India, China, and the Indo-Malayan
Archipelago to Polynesia and New Zealand. Day observes that
it is numerous at the Andamans, Nicobars, and Burma, but
much rarer in western than in eastern India.

DASCYLLUS TRIMACULATUS (Ruppell)

PLATE 5, FIG. 2

Pomacentrus trimaculatus RUPPELL, Fische des Rothen Meers (1828)

39, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Dascyllus trimaculatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 330; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 13; Fische der Siidsee

2 (1876) 236; JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25

(1906) 290; 26 (1907) 27
Tetradrachmum trimaadatum BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 409,

fig. 6; DAY, Fishes of India, Suppl. (1888) 801.

Dorsal XII, 13 to 16 ; anal II, 13 or 14 ; scales in lateral series
26; with tubules 18 to 20; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 4; between lateral line and vent 11.

Body very deep and much compressed, subcircular in form,
dorsal profile a little more elevated than the ventral; deepest
portion of body below anterior dorsal spines, 1.5 to 1.7 in length;
head shorter than deep, 3.1 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle 5.3
to 6. Interorbital space strongly convex and steep, its width
2.5 to 3 in length of head ; eye large and rounded, contained 2.5
to 3; the blunt snout 3.1 to 3.5 or slightly shorter than maxil-
lary, which is contained 2.8 to 3.3 in head. Mouth very oblique,
jaws equal, the maxillary ending posteriorly below front border
of orbit; the conical teeth in a villiform band. Width of pre-
orbital at angle of mouth a trifle greater than half the diameter
of eye; the narrow orbital ring minutely serrated, as is the
preopercle; posterior edge of opercle armed with a flat spine
above and minute teeth below.

Head and body entirely covered with scales; base of vertical
fins with a rather high sheath of scales. The strong dorsal
spines decreasing in height posteriorly from the third. Soft dor-
sal angular and rayed anal rounded; caudal emarginate, with
rounded lobes and two prominent free spines on each margin
at base ; pectoral ending above anus ; ventral extending to base
of anal spines.

24 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Ground color of alcoholic specimens blackish, with two large
pearl white spots; one, which is indistinct or absent in older
specimens, on top of head; the other, which disappears with
age, on lateral line below the- seventh, eighth, and ninth dorsal
spines. Caudal, anal, and ventral fins blackish; spinous dorsal
broadly margined with blackish; rayed dorsal and pectoral
slightly brownish; each scale of body with a dark edge; lips
also dark.

The above description is based upon thirty-one specimens, 17
to 101 millimeters in length, obtained at Monja Island, Corre-
gidor; Calapan, Mindoro; Tablas Island; Puerto Princesa, Pa-
lawan; Cagayan de Misamis and Zamboanga, Mindanao; and
Sibutu and Tambagaan Islands, Sulu Archipelago. Five ex-
amples taken in April, 1922, at Monja Island, which measure
35 to 101 millimeters in length, are nearly ready to spawn.

Ten living specimens at the Bureau of Science aquarium are
dusky purplish, with a dark edge on each scale and brassy re-
flection below; there is a pearl white spot on top of head and
another on lateral line on each side of body; soft dorsal and
anal are blackish, while the spinous portions and the other
fins are slightly lighter.

Previously reported in the Philippines from Manila by Jordan
and Scale. A widely diffused species occurring from the Red
Sea and east coast of Africa throughout the seas of India and
the Indo-Australasian Archipelago to Polynesia.

DASCYLLUS MARGIN ATUS (Riippell)

Pomacentrus marginatus RtiPPELL, Fische des Rothen Meers (1828)

38, pi. 8, fig. 2.
Dascyllus marginatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 329, pi. 133, fig. 2; GUNTHER, Cat. Pishes 4 (1862) 14.
Dascyllus xanthosoma BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 2 (1851) 247;

GtiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 14; Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 237,

pi. 124, fig. C.
Tetradrachmum marginatum DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 381, pi.

79, fig. 7.

Helioses reticulatus RICHARDSON, Ichth. China (1846) 254.
Dascyllus reticulatus C ARTIER, Verh. Phys. Med. Ges. Wiirzburg (1873)

97,
Tetradrachmum reticulatum WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913)

356.

Dorsal XII, 13 to 16; anal II, 12 to 15; scales in lateral series

25 or 26; with tubules 18; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 4 or 5; between lateral line and vent 11.

DASCYLLUS 25

Body very deep and much compressed, nearly orbicular in
outline; the deepest portion of body at anterior dorsal spines,
1.5 to 1.6 in length; head 3 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle
5.4 to 6.1. The steep, evenly convex interorbital 2.4 to 2.9 in
length of head; the large, circular eye 2.3 to 3.1; the short,
blunt snout 2.8 to 3.4, and nearly as long as or shorter than
maxillary, which is contained 2.8 to 3.1 in head. Cleft of mouth
almost vertical, jaws even, the maxillary ending posteriorly
below or a little before front margin of eye; teeth subequal,
the outer ones large, conical, and slightly curved. Orbital ring
finely denticulated, its width at posterior end of maxillary less
than half an eye diameter; inferior and posterior margins of
preopercle serrated; opercle armed behind with a flat, blunt
spine, below which are some fine teeth.

Head and body everywhere covered with closely set ctenoid
scales; rayed dorsal and anal with a moderately high sheath
of scales at base. Dorsal spines strong, decreasing gradually
in height from the second to the last. Vertical fins about equal
in height; caudal emarginate, with two prominent and free
spines on each margin of base; pectoral falcate, about as long
as head and extending to anus; ventral slightly longer than
pectoral, its tip at base of anal spines.

Ground color in spirits dark violet brown with a dark border
to each scale, and a blackish band passing from in front of and
at base of the first three spines toward the ventrals, this band be-
coming less distinct in older specimens ; another blackish cross-
band may be present between the rayed vertical fins. Front of
eyes, lips, and chin black; caudal darker on upper and lower
margins; spinous dorsal, anal, and ventrals black.

There are in the Bureau of Science collection thirty-five speci-
mens, measuring from 19 to 85 millimeters long, which form
the basis of this description. They were obtained at Puerto
Galera and Calapan, Mindoro; Cabalian, Leyte; Cagayan de
Misamis and Zamboanga, Mindanao; and Tambagaan, Bungau,
and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago. Included among them
are five ripe females, 25 to 62 millimeters long, taken at Calapan,
Cabalian, and Cagayan de Misamis, in January, May, and Sep-
tember, respectively, thus indicating that they breed throughout
the year.

Three living specimens in the Bureau of Science aquarium are
purplish brown, with a silvery luster on the center of each scale ;
a blackish transverse bar behind head and a second one, rather

2g PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHLE

indistinct, between the rayed dorsal and anal ; dorsal fin entirely
chocolate brown, as is the ventral; anal fin chocolate brown near
base and lighter on outer portion; caudal colored similarly to
body.

Cartier first recorded this species in the Philippines from
Bohol as Dascyllus reticulatus, and Weber from Sanguisiapo,
Sulu Archipelago, as Tetradrachmum reticulatum.

This fish, well distinguished from Dascyllus trimaculatus by
the absence of the milk white spots, is rather common from
the Red Sea and east coast of Africa through the Mauritius and
the Andamans to south China and the Indo-Australasian
Archipelago.

DASCYLLUS CAUDOFASCIATUS sp. nov.

PLATE 6, FIG. 1

Dorsal XII, 11 to 13; anal II, 10 or 11; scales in a lateral
series 27; with tubules 17 or 18; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate and compressed, with the profiles about equally
elevated, its depth 2.1 to 2.2 in length; head 3.2 to 3.3; depth
of caudal peduncle 6.2 to 6.4. Interorbital space evenly convex,
its width equal to maxillary or an eye diameter, which is 2.7
to 2.8 in head; the short, bluntly rounded snout 3.4 to 4.3 in
length of head and about twice the width of preorbital at pos-
terior end of maxillary. Eye circular; mouth small, with even
jaws and oblique gape; teeth conical, in a villiform band; pos-
terior end of maxillary behind anterior edge of orbit. Orbital
ring entire; only the vertical limb of peopercle serrated.

Scales on top of head extending almost to tip of snout ; orbital
ring and the rest of head completely covered with scales; ver-
tical fins with a low basal sheath of scales ; cheek with four rows
of scales. Lateral line ending posteriorly below anterior half
of the rayed dorsal. Dorsal spines decreasing in height pos-
teriorly from fourth or fifth, which is a little lower than the
second anal spine; rayed portions of dorsal and anal rounded;
caudal fin forked, with the lobes equally produced and with two
free spines on each margin of base; pectoral fin 3.7 to 4 in
length of body and ending above anus; outer ray of ventral
longest and reaching to base of anal spines.

In alcohol the ground color varying from brownish to black-
ish brown, slightly darker on top of head and back; ventrals
and spinous dorsal blackish, the color of the latter extending
to the tips of the anterior rays leaving the rest of the fin brown-
ish; anterior two-thirds of anal blackish and the remaining

ACANTHOCHROMIS 27

portion whitish; caudal whitish excepting the upper and lower
borders which are broadly blackish; pectoral whitish.

Here described from thirteen specimens, 45 to 54 millimeters
in length, collected by Dr. Albert W. Herre at Tambagaan,
Bungau, and Sibutu Islands, all of Sulu Archipelago.

This species differs from the other members of this genus in
having a blackish longitudinal band on each caudal lobe, and
only the hind limb of the preopercle serrated.

Genus ACANTHOCHROMIS Gill

Acanthochromis GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 15 (1863) 224;
polyacanthus.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with finely ctenoid scales,
about 28 to 31 in longitudinal series; lateral line ter-
minating below base of anterior dorsal rays. Orbital ring and
preopercle serrated. Teeth in a double series, conical, those
in outer row larger. Dorsal fin continuous and even, with 16
or 17 spines.

This genus is separated from Chromis by the serrated orbitals
and preopercle, and the greater number of dorsal spines; it
differs from Dascyllus in the presence of a double series of teeth
and of a greater number of dorsal spines also.

ACANTHOCHROMIS POLYACANTHUS Bleeker

PLATE 6, FIG. 2

Dascylliis poly acanthus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 9 (1855) 503;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 15; WEBER, Fische der Siboga

Exped. (1913) 357.
Acanthochromis polyacanthus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet.

2 (1877) 151; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 410, fig. 7.

Dorsal XVI or XVII, 14 or 15; anal II, 15 or 16; scales in
lateral series 28 to 31; with tubules 19 to 23; between lateral
line and origin of dorsal 6 or 7; between lateral line and vent
13 or 14.

The deep oblong body 1.8 to 1.9 in length, with the back
and the abdomen about equally elevated; head 3.2 to 3.5 in
length of body, its profiles nearly at right angles with each
other; depth of caudal peduncle nearly twice in length of head
or 6.6 to 7 in that of body. Interorbital space evenly and
strongly arched, its width 2.5 to 2.8 in head and much wider
than the length of the bluntly rounded snout, which is 3 to 3.9
in head; eye circular and moderate in size, its diameter 2.6 to
3.2 in head and slightly longer than maxillary which ends pos-

2g PHILIPPINE POMACENTRIOE

teriorly behind anterior edge of orbit and is contained 2.8 to
8.4 in head. Mouth slightly oblique, jaws even, teeth conical
and in a double series, those in the outer much larger than
those in the inner. The lower edge of orbital ring distinctly
serrated ; width of preorbital at posterior end of maxillary less
than half of eye diameter; both lower and vertical edges of
preopercle serrated; opercle unarmed.

Scales finely ctenoid and moderate in size; portion of snout
in front of nostrils, anterior half of preorbital, and the entire
suborbital naked. Dorsal spines growing higher consecutively
toward the last which is about as long as the ventral or the sec-
ond anal spine ; rayed portions of the vertical fins produced along
the middle into a point ; caudal fin deeply forked, with the upper
lobe slightly the longer; pectoral fin longer than head, its tip
above base of anterior anal rays ; outer ray of ventral produced
into a filament, which extends to base of anal spines.

Ground color in alcohol varying from brownish to blackish ;
body and fins with scattered black spots, which become rather
indistinct in some individuals; all the fins colored similarly to
body.

Here described from fifteen specimens, 58 to 89 millimeters
in length, collected by Herre at Sibutu and Sitankai Islands,
Sulu Archipelago.

This species, not hitherto known from the Philippines, occurs
elsewhere on the coasts of Sangir, Batavia, and Amboina.

Genus CHROMIS Cuvier

Chromis CUVIER, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. (1815) 353; chromis.
Heliases CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5 (1830) 495;

insolatus; also written Heliastes.

Furcaria, POEY, Memorias Cuba 2 (1860) 194; puncta^-multilineatus.
Ayresia COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (1863) 73; punctipinnis.

Body ovate or oblong, compressed. None of the opercles ser-
rated. Teeth conical, in two or more series. Scales moderate
in size, 27 or less in longitudinal series; lateral line ending
under the posterior portion of soft dorsal ; spinous dorsal scaly
or naked; suborbital and lower jaw scaly, the former somewhat
adnate to the cheek. Dorsal fin with 12 or 13 spines; each
caudal lobe with two or more free sharp spines at base.

Although this genus is found in all tropical seas, it also extends
northward to Japan and the Mediterranean, and southward to
the coasts of Chile.

CHROMIS 29

Key to the Philippine species of Chromis.

a\ Dorsal spines 13.

b\ Caudal peduncle bright yellow, this yellow area separated abruptly
from the ground coloration; each caudal lobe without a longitudinal

band C. xanthurus.

6*. Caudal peduncle not yellow; each lobe of caudal with a dark longi-
tudinal band.

c1. Longitudinal band on caudal fin broad and rather ill defined.

C. xanthochir.

c-. Longitudinal band on caudal fin narrow and well marked.

C. scotochilopterus.
a'. Dorsal spines 12.

d1. Spinous dorsal scaly; no bluish streak across preorbital.

e1. Caudal fin with a blackish brown longitudinal stripe on each lobe.

C. ternatensis.

e". Caudal fin uniformly whitish C. dimidiatus.

cf. Spinous dorsal naked; a short bluish streak across preorbital.

C. caeruleus.

CHROMIS XANTHURUS Bleeker

Heliases xanthurus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 6 (1854) 107;

GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 62.
Chromis xanthurus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

159; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 405, fig. 5.

Dorsal XIII, 10 or 11; anal II, 10 or 11; scales in lateral
series 27; with tubules 16 to 18; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body ovate, upper and lower profiles equally curved and
tapering behind toward end of tail ; deepest part of body at about
the middle of ventral, 1:9 to 2 in length; head 3 to 3.4; depth
of caudal peduncle 5.9 to 6.5. Interorbital space strongly con-
vex, slightly bulging on top of head, rather broad, 2.7 to 2.9 in
length of head; eye circular, large, contained 3.1 to 3.5; the
short, blunt snout 3.5 to 3.8 in head ; maxillary 2.9 to 3.1, ending
posteriorly to almost the front edge of pupil. Mouth very
oblique, jaws about equal ; front teeth of lower jaw strong and
conical and a series of small ones behind them. Preorbital
very narrow, its width at angle of mouth scarcely one-third the
diameter of eye; suborbital adnate to cheek; opercle ending in
a large flat spine.

All parts of head scaled. Fourth and last dorsal spines the
highest. Soft dorsal and anal pointed along the middle, the
former more or less produced into a filament; caudal deeply
forked, armed superiorly and inferiorly at its. base with three
sharp and prominent spines.

3() PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Color in alcohol violet-brown, with a faint blackish spot on
each scale; caudal peduncle and fin bright yellow, the line of
demarcation between this color and that of body rather abrupt ;
dorsal, anal, and ventral fins dark violet-brown, and the posterior
rays of the first two tipped with white ; axil of pectoral dark ; an
irregular blackish blotch occupies the center of the middle caudal
rays.

I have examined in the Bureau of Science collection fourteen
specimens, 97 to 106 millimeters in length, obtained at the fol-
lowing localities: Monja Island, Corregidor; Hamilo, Batangas;
Baco and Calapan, Mindoro; Sibuyan Island; New Washington,
Capiz; and Bungau Island, Sulu Archipelago. The largest of
these is a male, and the others are females in near-breeding
condition, collected in March, 1926 ; April, 1922 ; July, 1925 ; and
October, 1921.

This species, which is new to the Philippines, was originally
described from Banda Neira by Bleeker. He recorded it also
from Singapore, and Weber collected three specimens at Beo,
Karakelang Island.

CHROMIS XANTHOCHIR Bleeker

Heliases xantlwchir BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 2 (1851) 248;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 62.
Chromis xanthochir BLEEKER, Nat. Verb Roll. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

158; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 402, fig. 5.

Dorsal XII, 11; anal II, 10 or 11; scales in lateral series
26; with tubules 15 to 18; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 9.

Dorsal and ventral profiles of the ovate body equally and
evenly arched; greatest depth 2.2 to 2.5 in length; head 3.2
to 3.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6.6 to 7. Diameter of the
large, round eye about equal to the width of the strongly
convex interorbital, 2.8 to 3.2 in length of head; the short,
slightly pointed snout 3.4 to 4, its tip on a line with center of
pupil ; maxillary 2.7 to 3, extending posteriorly well behind an-
terior margin of orbit. Width of preorbital at angle of mouth
less than half diameter of eye. Teeth in front strong and con-
ical; one or more series of small ones behind. Suborbital ad-
nate to cheek ; opercle with a flat spine behind.

Head and body completely scaled. Dorsal spines rather slen-
der, the middle ones highest. Soft dorsal and anal highest along
the middle, the former more pointed; caudal deeply cleft, with

CHROMIS 31

the lobes produced and two accessory spines at base of each
lobe free and sharp ; both pectoral and ventral fins end at vent.

Greenish violet in alcohol, with silvery reflections which are
more noticeable on lower portion of lateral surfaces ; each scale
with a dark edge; anterior dorsal and anal rays dusky, the
posterior ones pale; dusky portion of caudal fin forming a
broad, rather ill-defined longitudinal band on each lobe, middle
rays pale ; pectoral pale, ventral more or less washed with dusky ;
a blackish transverse band immediately behind preopercle and
a yellowish violet spot at axil of pectoral.

Here described from ten specimens, 70.5 to 77 millimeters
long, collected at Calapan, Mindoro; New Washington, Capiz;
Bogo, Cebu ; Placer, Surigao ; and Sibutu Island, Sulu Archipel-
ago. Six of these are females in a near-breeding state, collected
in July, 1926, and September, 1925.

Apparently not common in the Philippines, this being the first
record of the species here. It is known only from the East
Indies.

CHROMIS SCOTOCHILOPTERUS Fowler

Chromis scotochilopterus FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70
(1918) 61, fig. 24.

Dorsal XIII, 11; anal II, 11; scales in lateral series 26; with
tubules 18 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 9.

Body well compressed, contour ellipsoid; greatest depth at
middle of belly, 2 in length; head 3.1 to 3.3; depth of caudal
peduncle 6.3 to 6.8. Interorbital space strongly convex, rather
wide, its width greater than length of snout or diameter of eye ;
snout rounded, shorter than the diameter of the large circular
eye, which is 3.2 to 3.3 in head. Cleft of mouth very oblique;
maxillary equal to or slightly longer than width of interorbital
space, its posterior end below anterior edge of orbit; teeth short
and conical, in two rows.

Scales completely covering head, also present on the dorsal fin.
Middle dorsal spines higher than the rest, but much lower than
the strong second anal spine. Soft dorsal and anal about equal
in height; caudal deeply cleft, with the lobes more or less pro-
duced; the three anteriormost accessory spines on each caudal
lobe sharp and prominent; outer ray of ventral produced into
a filament, which extends beyond anal opening.

32 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRIDjE

Ground color of fresh specimens uniformly dull violet brown,
becoming slightly lighter on the lower parts. Spinous dorsal
dark violet-brown, as were the anterior rays of the vertical fins,
the rest yellowish; caudal with a well-defined upper and lower
border of dark violet-brown, the rest of the fin yellowish; pec-
toral yellowish; ventrals lightly washed with violet-brown. A
dark spot superiorly at base of pectoral. In alcohol the violet-
brown color has become blackish brown and the yellowish color
has disappeared.

Here described from thirteen specimens, 31 to 107 millimeters
long, collected at Tagapula and Sayan Islands, Samar; Gigan-
tangan Island, Leyte ; New Washington, Capiz ; and Tambagaan
and Bungau Islands, Sulu Archipelago.

This species has been previously recorded by Fowler from
specimens marked "Philippine Islands." Although it is closely,
allied to Chromis xanthochir Bleeker, it differs in having a nar-
rower and more strongly defined dark band on each caudal lobe.

CHROMIS TERNATENSIS Bleeker

Heliases ternatensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 10 (1856) 377;

GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 63.
Chromis ternatensis BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

161; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 403, fig. 4; WEBER, Fische der Siboga

Exped. (1913) 359.
Chromis philippinue FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70 (1918)

63, fig. 25.

Dorsal XII, 10 or 11; anal II, 10 or 11; scales in lateral series
26; with tubules 16; between lateral line and origin of dorsal
3; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body deep and much compressed, deepest at base of ventrals,
upper profile more elevated than the lower; depth of body 1.9
to 2 in length; head 3.2 to 3,4; depth of caudal peduncle 6.7
to 6.9. Diameter of the large, round eye 2.8 to 2.9 in length
of head and equal to the width of the strongly arched interor-
bital or the length of the maxillary; snout short, 3.5 to 3.6 in
head. Mouth strongly oblique, jaws even; two series of conical
teeth in each jaw. Suborbital adnate to cheek and extremely
narrow.

Head and body completely scaled; spinous dorsal also cov-
ered with scales. Of the dorsal spines, the middle ones the
highest. Rayed dorsal slightly rounded and soft anal angular;
caudal deeply notched, with the lobes more or less produced into
filaments and with three well-developed spines at base of each
lobe; ventral shorter than pectoral, its tip at origin of anal fin.

CHROMIS 33

Fresh specimens brownish violet above, this color gradually
fading into orange yellow below ; the longitudinal stripe on each
lobe of caudal brownish violet.

Ground color in alcohol brown, becoming darker on the back;
each scale with a yellowish spot and dark edge; vertical fins
violaceous ; caudal with a dark blackish brown longitudinal stripe
on each lobe. There is no bluish line in front of orbit.

The above account is of thirty-four specimens, 32 to 59 milli-
meters long, taken at Cabalian, Leyte ; and at Tambagaan, Tawi-
tawi, Sibutu, Bungau, and Siasi Islands, Sulu Archipelago. One
of the examples, 37 millimeters in length, obtained in June,
1921, at Siasi, is in near-spawning condition.

This species has been recorded previously from the Philip-
pines by Fowler, as Chromis philippinus.

I can find but little difference between Chromis amboinensis
and this species, and it is probable that the former is an adult
stage of Chromis ternatensis. It was first described by Bleeker
from three specimens collected in Ternate. It is known to
occur also in Goram; Booroo; and Beo, Karakelang Island.

CHROMIS DIMIDIATUS <KIuniin»er)

PLATE 7, PIG. 2

Helioses dimidiatus KLUNZINGER, Fische des Rothen Meets 2 (1871)
629; GiiNTHER, Fische der Sudsee 2 (1876) 237, pi. 125, fig. E.

Dorsal XII, 12; anal II, 12; scales in lateral series 26; with
tubules 17 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3 ; between
lateral line and vent 9.

Depth of the ovoid body 2 in length; head 3.2, with the
profiles evenly arched and equally elevated; depth of caudal
peduncle 6.4, or 7.2 in length. The broad, evenly arched in-
terorbital 2.8 in head; the large, circular eye 2.3; the short,
rounded snout 4.1, or shorter than maxillary which is contained
3.5 in length of head. Cleft of mouth oblique, jaws even, the
maxillary terminating posteriorly behind front edge of the eye's
orbit; teeth in double series, those in front strong and conical.
Preorbital very narrow, its width above angle of mouth less than
one-third the eye diameter; opercle unarmed behind.

Head and body completely scaly; vertical fins with a rather
high sheath of scales. Middle dorsal spines highest, the last
one higher than the second anal spine. Both rayed dorsal
and anal rounded; caudal forked, with the lobes produced into
filaments ; pectoral fin longer than head, terminating above base

34 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRIDjE

of anal spine; outer ray of ventral produced into a filament,
which extends to base of anterior anal rays.

Fresh specimen dark dusky brown; posterior half of the
rayed dorsal, posterior third of soft anal, caudal peduncle, and
caudal fin whitish, this coloration abruptly marked off from
the ground color of body; ventrals and the rest of the vertical
fins colored similarly to body; pectoral a little lighter and with
a large black blotch at its base.

The coloration has not changed much in alcohol.

Here described from the only example present in the Bureau
of Science, which measures 45 millimeters in length. It was
collected by Herre at Bungau Island, Sulu Archipelago, and
this is the first record of the species in the Philippines.

CHROMIS CAERULEUS (Curler and Valenciennes)

PLATE 8, PIG. 2

Heliases caeruleus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 372; BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 8 (1855) 455.
Chromis caeruleus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25

(1906) 290, pi. 44, fig. 1.
Heliases frenatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 373.
Heliases lepisurus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 373.
Chromis lepisurus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

164; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 403, fig. 7.

Glyphisodon bandanensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 2 (1851) 248.
Heliases lepidurus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 63; Fische der

Siidsee 2 (1876) 238, pi. 128, figs. C and D; DAY, Fishes of India

(1878) 389, pi. 82, fig. 1.
Chromis lepidurus WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 358.

Dorsal XII, 9 or 10; anal II, 9 to 11; scales in lateral series
25; with tubules 14 to 16; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 2; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body ovate, profiles evenly curved from tip of snout to pos-
terior portion of caudal peduncle, dorsal outline more strongly
arched than ventral ; depth of body 2 to 2.3 in length ; head 2.9
to 3.3 ; depth of caudal peduncle 6.6 to 7.6. The strongly convex
interorbital 2.7 to 3.3 in length of head ; the circular eye 2.8 to
3.2; the slightly rounded snout 3.2 to 3.5, its tip on a level
with lower margin of orbit; maxillary 2.2 to 2.6, being longer
than width of interorbital, its posterior end below anterior
margin of eye or slightly behind it. Mouth large, very oblique,
jaws equal; teeth in two rows in each jaw, small and conical.
Orbital ring narrow and adnate to cheek.

CHEILOPRION 35

Head and body completely scaly; spinous dorsal naked. Dor-
sal spines decreasing in height posteriorly from the third, which
is higher than the second anal. Soft dorsal and anal slightly
rounded and of about the same height ; caudal deeply cleft, with
the lobes more or less produced and with the three anteriormost
accessory spines on each margin of its base free and sharp. Pec-
toral and ventral fins of nearly the same length, the former
extending to above anus and the latter with the outer ray pro-
duced into a filament which reaches to base of anal spines.

Ground color in life greenish, passing into silvery along belly ;
scales of head and sides with blue spots ; caudal fin greenish and
the other fins grayish; spinous dorsal having a narrow outer
margin of blackish ; pectoral with a blackish longitudinal stripe
superiorly and a spot of similar color at its base and axil; iris
golden.

Violet blue in alcohol with silvery luster all over, the ground
color becoming lighter on the lower parts ; each scale with a pale
bluish sp.ot; all the fins more or less washed with violet,
spinous dorsal having a blackish outer edge; pectoral with a
blackish axillary spot which extends over superiorly at base and
with a blackish band along upper rays; caudal with upper and
lower margins brownish ; lips violet in front ; a short bluish line
in front of orbit.

Of this species I have examined in the Bureau of Science
collection over one hundred specimens, the largest of which is
66 millimeters in length. It evidently breeds throughout the
year, as several of them are ripe females, collected in different
months. The specimens are from the following localities:
Puerto Galera and Calapan, Mindoro ; Bantayan Island ; Cabalian,
Leyte; Canigaran, Palawan; Surigao, Samal Island, and Zam-
boanga, Mindanao; and Tambagaan, Basbas, Bungau, Sibutu,
and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago.

This species has been listed by Weber from Sanguisiapo, Sulu
Archipelago, and is common from the Andamans, through the
Indo-Australasian Archipelago, Micronesia, and the Carolines,
to the South Seas.

Genus CHEILOPRION Weber

Cheiloprion WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 342; labiatits.

Body ovate, compressed. Suborbital and the vertical margins

of preopercle finely serrated. Teeth in two rows of uniform

height, with slightly rounded tips. Lips thick and swollen, with

outward radiating papillae drawn together into visible furrows,

gg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRIDJE

completely reversed outward all around the mouth uncovering
the teeth. Scales 26 in longitudinal series; lateral line ending
under the hind portion of the rayed dorsal; dorsal spines 13,
scaly, with rounded and lobed membranes; head completely
scaled excepting the lips, orbital ring, and the space between the
nostrils and tip of snout.

This genus is distinguished from Dichistodus of Bleeker in
having the two rows of teeth in each jaw of equal length, and
from both Dichistodus and Pomacentrus in the strangely devel-*
oped lips. It is known only- from the Nicobars, Andamans, Phil-
ippines, and Karakelang Island, one of the Moluccas. It probably
occurs throughout the intervening territory but has been over-
looked by collectors, as it lives in the interstices of coral.

There is but a single species representing this genus.

CHEILOPRION LABIATUS (Day)

PLATE 9, FIG. 1

Pomacentrus labiatus DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 384, pi. 81, fig. 2,

as Pomacentrus labiosus.
CheUoprion labiatus WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 342,

fig. 73; FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70 (1918) 53.

Dorsal XIII, 13 ; anal II, 13 ; scales in lateral series 26 ; with
tubules 18 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate, the outlines equally arched; depth 1.8 to 2 in
length; head 2.6 to 2.8; depth of caudal peduncle 6.2 to 6.7.
The wide, convex interorbital space 2.6 to 3 in length of head,
wider than length of maxillary, which is greater than that
of snout; the blunt snout 3.1 to 3.4 in head or about as long
as diameter of eye ; preorbital at angle of mouth less than half
an eye diameter; maxillary extending posteriorly to a little
before front edge of orbit. The extremely large and thick lips
covered with outward radiating papillae drawn together into dis-
tinct furrows, and completely turned back around mouth, thus
exposing the teeth. Teeth in two rows of equal length in each
jaw, minute, strongly compressed laterally, of uniform height,
with slightly rounded tips. Suborbital bone and posterior mar-
gin of preopercle with fine denticulations.

Scales on top of head extending to nostrils, those at base of
dorsal fin high ; orbital ring naked. Middle and posterior dorsal
spines about equal in height; soft dorsal pointed; rayed anal

POMACENTRUS 37

a little rounded; ventrals extending to origin of anal; caudal
slightly forked, with the lower lobe a little shorter than upper.

Blackish brown in alcohol, lighter on chest and opercular
bones. Usually a bluish white spot is present on the center of
each scale in the row above the lateral line, and some scattered
bluish white spots on each side of head and on anterior portion
of body below lateral line. All the fins have a deeper color
than the body has.

Here described from eleven examples, 33 to 58 millimeters
long, from Calapan, Mindoro; Canigaran, Palawan; and Sibutu
Island, Sulu Archipelago. The only other record of this species
from this country is that by Fowler, of two specimens labeled
"Philippine Islands." It was originally described from the An-
damans and Nicobars by Day, and later recorded from Beo, in
Karakelang Island, by Weber. In his account of the fishes of
the Siboga Expedition, Weber places the species under a sepa-
rate genus, distinguished from any others by the enormously
developed lips which are puffed out and covered with radiating
papillae.

Genus POMACENTRUS Lacepede

Pomacentrus LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 4 (1803) 508; pavo.
Pristotis RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische (1838) 128; cyano-

stigma.
Pseudopomacentrus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

40; littoralis.
Parapomacentrus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

65; polynema.
AmJblypomacentrus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

68; breviceps.
Eupomacentrus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 73;

lividus.
Brachypomacentrus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

73; albifasciatus.

Body compressed, oblong or ovate, with not more than 27
scales of moderate size in lateral series. Lateral line ending
before posterior end of soft dorsal. Teeth in one or two series,
compressed, entire or slightly emarginate. Dorsal fin contin-
uous', even, with 12 to 14 spines. Only the vertical limb of the
preopercle and generally the orbital bones serrated.

Species numerous ; found about the coral reefs in the tropical
seas of both hemispheres, but abundant in the Indian seas and in
Polynesia..

38 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Key to the Philippine species of Pomacentrus.

a\ Dorsal spines 12.

ft1. Scales on top of head stopping above the nostrils P. lividus.

b\ Scales on top of head extending almost to tip of snout.

c1. Body with a light crossband P. albofasciatus.

c1. Body without a light crossband , P. nigricans.

a2. Dorsal spines 13.

<P. Orbital ring smooth or indistinctly serrated.
e1. Teeth truncate.

71. Orbital ring naked P. pavo.

f. Orbital ring scaled.
g1. Vertical limb of preopercle scaled.

ft1. Anal fin almost wholly dusky; dusky color on dorsal fin ex-
tending to fourth ray P. violascens.

h*. Anal fin entirely yellowish; dusky color on dorsal fin ex-
tending to second ray P. bankieri.

g1. Vertical limb of preopercle >naked P. taeniurus.

e2. Teeth slightly rounded at tips P. bifasciatus.

d". Orbitals distinctly serrated.

il. Anterior denticulation of orbital enlarged and followed by a notch.
?. Scales on top of head extending to tip of snout; vertical fins with a

rather high basal sheath of scales.

fc1. A large black spot at base of pectoral and another at axil of fin.

P. philippinus.
/c2. Base or axil of pectoral without any black spot.

P. Teeth in double series; a very small black spot superiorly at

axil of pectoral and another above operculum.
m1. Some bluish lines along forehead; bluish spots on opercles;

caudal lobes slightly pointed P. tropicus.

ra2. No bluish lines or spots on head; a light vertical streak

on each scale; caudal lobes rounded P. moluccensis.

P. Teeth in a single series; no black spots anywhere on body.

P. popei.

f. Scales on top of head not extending to tip of snout but stopping in
front of nostrils; a low sheath of scales occupying base of
vertical fins.
w1. Teeth in a single series.

p1. Axil of pectoral entirely black P. alexanderae.

p". Axil of pectoral pale P. grammorhynchus.

n2. Teeth in double series.

q1. Body oblong, rather elongate P. elongatus.

g2. Body ovate, not elongate.

r1. Caudal fin yellow, this coloration abruptly marked from

the ground color P. dorsalis.

r2. Caudal fin yellow, this color gradually merging in the

ground color.

s1. A black spot on top of caudal peduncle.... P. tripunctatus.
s2. No black spot on top of caudal peduncle.

tV Anus black... P. amboinensis.

t\ Anus not black P. simsiang.

POMACENTRUS 39

»'. Orbital ring evenly serrated.
tt1. Inferior limb of preopercle scaly; scales on top of head extending

to before front edge of eye.
v\ Body with dark or white marks.
w1. Body with white spot or band.

a1. Body with a large white round spot along back but without

any dorsal ocellus P. chrysopoecilus.

«J. Body with a white transverse band and a dark ocellus.

P. notophthalmus.
w'. Body with dark blotches.

y1. Body with two wide dark blotches and a large blackish

violet spot on axil of pectoral P. prosopotaenia.

y*. Body with three dark blotches but without any axillary

spot on pectoral P. trimaculatus.

v*. Body without dark or white marks P. melanochir.

u*. Inferior limb of preopercle naked; scales on top of head extend-
ing to above front rim of eye.
z1. Body with yellow crossbands; teeth in double series, those on

outer row neither contiguous nor truncate P. fasciatus.

z2. Body with dark crossbands; teeth in a single series, closely set

and more or less truncate P. brevieeps.

P. ovoides.
a*. Dorsal spines 14.

aa1. Teeth with emarginate edges; body with a series of white transverse

lines P. albolineatus.

oo*. Teeth with rounded edges; body without a series of white transverse

lines.
bbl. Pectoral with a rather large black spot covering almost entirely

its base; anal uniformly deep brown P. opisthostigma.

bb*. Pectoral with a small black spot superiorly at its base and axil;
posterior third of anal black and the remaining portion whitish
or whitish violet P. tablasensis.

POMACENTRUS LIVIDUS (Forater)

Chaetodoy lividus FORSTEB, Des. Anim. Licht. (1844) 227.
Eupomac'tntrus lividus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2

(1877) 73; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 403, fig. 5.
Pomacentrus lividus GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 228, pi.

124, fig. F; JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906)

283; WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 340.
Pomacentrus cyanospilus MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist. Nat. 14

(1885) 34.

Dorsal XII, 15 or 16; anal II, 12 to 14; scales in lateral series
25; with tubules 16 to 18; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body markedly oblong, dorsal profile deeper than ventral
and more arched anteriorly than posteriorly; depth of body
2 to 2.1 in length; head 2.8 to 3; depth of caudal peduncle 5.7 to
7.3. The wide, evenly convex-jnterorbital 2.7 to 3.4 in length of

40 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRUXE

head; diameter of the small, circular eye 3.3 to 4.3 or shorter
than width of preorbital at angle of mouth in large specimens ;
the long, slightly pointed snout 2.5 to 3, longer than maxillary,
which is contained 3.1 to 3.6 in head. Cleft of mouth oblique,
jaws even, tip of snout more inferior than lower margin of
eye; teeth in two rows, those in outer row short and having
slightly emarginate edges. Lower edge of suborbital and poste-
rior edge of preopercle strongly serrated ; opercle armed behind*
with two sharp spines.

Head naked on snout in front of nostrils and on edges of
preopercle; base of vertical fins with a high sheath of scales.
The last three dorsal spines almost equal in height. Middle
rays of the vertical fins produced into a point; caudal emar-
ginate, with the lobes broad and rounded; pectoral rounded, its
tip within two scales from the point above anus; outer ray of
ventral filamentous, ending behind at anus.

Brown or violet-black in alcohol, with scattered dots on head
and a whitish spot on each scale of trunk, the spots on trunk
forming more or less longitudinal series. In many of the ex-
amples a large dusky blotch is present at base and axil of the soft
dorsal fin, and in the very young it is in the form of an -ocellus
edged anteriorly with bluish white. Pectoral yellowish, having
a dark axillary spot which is absent in some specimens ; all the
other fins dusky.

Here described from forty-two examples, 20.5 to 97 milli-
meters long, collected at Puerto Galera and Calapan, Mindoro;
Bulan, Sorsogon ; Canigaran, Palawan ; and South Ubian, Sibutu,
and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago. This species has been
previously recorded in the Philippines by Jordan and Seale from
Negros Island.

In all the specimens examined the number of dorsal spines is
twelve. I have examined also in the Bureau of Science collec-
tion some examples obtained by Seale at Guam> which are much
lighter in coloration than those from the Philippines.

This species occurs from the Red Sea and east coast of Africa
throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific seas to the islands of the
South Seas.

POMACENTRUS ALBOFASCIATUS Schlegel and Mailer

PLATE 9, FIG. 2

Pomacentrus albofasciatus SCHLEGEL and MULLER, Overz. Amphi. Verb.
Nat. Ges. Ned. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 21; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4
(1862) 19; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 384, pi. 80, fig. 9; JORDAN

POMACENTRUS 41

and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 282; JORDAN and

RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 262.
Eupomacentru* albofasciatus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet.

2 (1877) 75; Altas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 403, fig. 6.
Pomacentms scolopsis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 26; Fische der

Siidsee 2 (1876) 227, pi. 125, figs. A and B.

Dorsal XII, 16; anal II, 12; scales in lateral series 28; with
tubules 20 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3 ; between
laferal line and vent 9.

Body ovate, upper profile from origin of dorsal to snout
an even curve, depth 2.1 in length; head 3; depth of caudal
peduncle 6.3. Interorbital space slightly convex, its width
equal to length of snout, which is 3.1 in head or slightly longer
than diameter of round eye; snout rounded, with its tip on a
level with inferior margin of eye; mouth oblique; maxillary
ending posteriorly below front margin of orbit; teeth in two
rows, with slightly emarginate edges. Orbital ring at end
of maxillary nearly half as wide as the length of eye diameter;
preopercle finely serrated ; opercle with a flat blunt spine behind.

There are no scales on the outer edges of preopercle ; a rather
high sheath of scales at base of vertical fins. Posterior half of
dorsal spines of nearly the same height. Soft dorsal and
anal highest along the middle, the former rounded and the latter
angular ; caudal forked ; pectoral not quite reaching vent ; ventral
extending to base of anal spines, its outer ray produced.

In alcohol the color is olive brown, with a light brown streak
at the edge of each scale. The broad light vertical band across
middle of body between the posterior dorsal spines and the
anterior anal fin is rather distinct; the blue lines on sides of
head absent; a large, oblong, black spot occupying base of last
dorsal rays, and another one present superiorly at base of pecto-
ral. Ventrals and vertical fins blackish; outer portion of
caudal pale.

The above account is that of two specimens, in the Stanford
University museum, collected by R. C. McGregor at Calayan
Island, Cagayan Province, as recorded by Jordan and Richard-
son.

This species is rather rare in the Philippines and is found
from the Andamans throughout the Indo-Australasian Archi-
pelago to Palau Islands and Samoa.

POMACENTRUS NIGRICANS (Lacepede)

Holocentrus nigricans LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 4 (1803) 332, 367.
Pomacentrus nigricans JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

42 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHLE

25 (1906) 281; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries
27 (1908) 262.

Pomacentrus scolopseus QUOY and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie, Zool. 2
(1824) 398.

Dorsal XII, 17; anal II, 13; scales in lateral series 26; with
tubules 21 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3 ; between
lateral line and vent 10.

Upper profile of head more strongly arched than the ven-
tral; the deep compressed body 1.9 in length; head 3.2; depth
of caudal peduncle 6.5. Interorbital space evenly convex, as
wide as the length of snout, which is 3.1 in length of head;
mouth small, almost horizontal ; maxillary 3.6 in head or as long
as diameter of eye, its posterior end below front edge of orbit.
Teeth in a double series, truncate. Width of preorbital at pos-
terior end of maxillary nearly equal to half diameter of eye;
suborbital and preopercle evenly and strongly denticulate ; oper-
cle ending in a flat spine.

Scales completely cover head and body, those on orbital ring
and snout well embedded in the skin; a very high sheath of
scales covers base of vertical fins. Dorsal spines evenly grad-
uated posteriorly, the last one the highest. Rayed dorsal and
anal bounded ; caudal with the lobes rounded ; pectoral short, not
reaching vent; outer ray of ventral prolonged into a filament,
which extends to base of anal spines.

Blackish brown in alcohol; a large black spot at base of last
dorsal rays; a very distinct one superiorly at base of pectoral,
extending into axil; a rather faint spot on most of the scales
of body ; an indistinct bluish streak on suborbital.

The above account is based upon a Samoan specimen, 98 milli-
meters long, which I examined at Stanford University Museum,
there being no Philippine example available. Jordan and Rich-
ardson examined several specimens collected by McGregor at
Calayan Island, Cagayan Province, and at Cagayancillo, Cagayan
Islands.

This species appears to be close to Pomacentrus lividus, from
which it is distinguished by a narrower preorbital and by the
scaly orbital ring. It cannot be regarded as identical with
Pomacentrus albofasciatus, because the latter has no scales on
the inferior and posterior edges of preopercle. It is rather un-
common in the Philippines and is known to range from the
Okinawa Islands throughout the Indo-Australasian Archipelago
and the islands of the tropical Pacific to Polynesia.

POMACENTRUS 43

POMACENTRUS PAVO (Bloch)

PLATE 10, FIG. 2

Chaetodon pavo BLOCK, Ichth. 6 (1787) 44, pi. 198, fig. 1.

Pomacentrus pavo LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 4 (1803) 508; RUPPELL,
Fische des Rothen Meers (1828) 37; CUVIER and VALENCIENNES,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5 (1830) 310; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 23;
Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 227, pi. 124, fig. E; BLEEKER, Nat.
Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 42; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 408,,
fig. 9; JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906)
279, pi. 40, fig. 1; WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 336.

Pomacentrus pavo var. ? CARTIER, Verh. Phys. Med. Ges. Wurzburg
(1873) 99.

Dorsal XIII, 13 or 14; anal II, 13 to 15; scales in lateral
series 26 ; with tubules 16 to 18 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body elongate, dorsal and ventral contours similar, being low
even curves from tip of snout to caudal peduncle; depth 2.5
to 2.8 in length; head 3.2 to 3.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6.7
to 7.5. The convex interorbital 3.3 to 3.8 in length of head;
diameter of the large, round eye 2.7 to 3.3 or longer than
snout, which is contained 3.8 to 4 in head ; maxillary 3 to 3.3 in
head, extending posteriorly a little behind front edge of orbit.
Cleft of mouth almost horizontal, lower jaw slightly in advance
of upper; teeth in two rows, compressed and truncated. Pre-
orbital very narrow, its width at posterior end of maxillary
about a third of eye diameter; suborbital indistinctly dentic-
ulate ; preopercle finely toothed at its hind margin ; opercle with
two flat spines behind.

Scales on top of head extend forward to a little distance behind
nostrils ; orbital ring naked. Dorsal spines increasing in height
posteriorly. Dorsal and anal fins angular and about equal in
height. Caudal emarginate, with the lobes slightly pointed;
pectoral and ventral equal in length, both extending to anal
opening.

Deep blue in alcohol, yellowish on belly and fins; each scale
with a brownish vertical streak; belly and base of vertical fins
with bluish dots. A large black spot above operculum ; a smaller
one in axil of pectoral; two short dark bands in front of each
eye, one across snout and the other on preorbital.

The foregoing account is taken from thirty examples, 17.5
to 52.5 millimeters long, collected at Calapan, Mindoro; Puerto
Princesa, Palawan; Surigao and Cagayan de Misamis, Min-
danao; and Sitankai Island, Sulu Archipelago. This fish un-

44 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID.E

doubtedly spawns the year round, since a number of the above
examples, collected in different months, were found to be in
near-breeding condition.

Living specimens in the Bureau of Science aquarium, taken at
Calapan, are deep blue, this color passing into bright lemon yel-
low on the underparts and on anal, caudal peduncle, and fin;
first spine and outer edge of anal bluish black; outer edge of
caudal fin grayish; posterior dorsal rays yellow; ventral fin
yellow, its spine bluish violet; a black spot at origin of lateral
line and another superiorly at base of pectoral.

Pomacentrus pavo var.? Cartier is probably this species.

This very handsome little fish is abundant in the Indo-Aus-
tralasian Archipelago, and ranges from the Red Sea and the
east coast of Africa to Polynesia.

POMACENTRUS VIOLASCENS Bleeker

Pristotis violascens BLEEKER, Contr. Ichth. Sumb. Journ. Ind. Arch.

2 (1848) 637.
Pomacentrus violascens BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 12 (1856)

222; GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 20; BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl.

Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 46; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 408, fig. 6.
Dascyllus xanthurus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned, Ind. 4 (1853) 117.
Tetradrachmum xanthurus BLEEKER, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. 1 (1863) 250.

Dorsal XIII, 10 or 11 ; anal II, 10 or 11 ; scales in lateral series
26; with tubules 17 or 18; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body oblong and slightly elongate, its profiles equally elevated ;
depth of body 2.3 to 2.4 in length ; head 3.1 to 3.3 ; depth of caudal
peduncle 6.1 to 6.2. Interorbital space evenly arched, 3 to 3.2
in head ; the large, round eye 3 to 3.6 ; snout shorter than maxil-
lary, which is 2.8 to 3 in head. Mouth oblique, jaws even,
tip of snout slightly higher than lower margin of orbit; teeth
biserial, those in outer row truncate. Preorbital slightly
notched in front; suborbital smooth; opercle with a large flat
spine and two closely opposed small ones.

Head and body everywhere covered with scales. Dorsal spines
increasing in height posteriorly. Middle rays of vertical fins
and lobes of caudal more or less produced into filaments ; pectoral
fin extending to anus, and ventral at origin of anal fin.

Violet-brown in alcohol, with a bluish vertical streak on each
scale; dorsal fin darker than ground color to fourth ray, the
remaining portion yellow; anal entirely dusky or with the last
rays yellowish ; caudal peduncle yellow posteriorly, the fin simi-

POM ACEN THUS 45

larly colored, with the upper and the lower edges partly or
entirely dusky. A bluish spot in axil of pectoral and another
one at origin of lateral line.

I have examined five specimens in the Bureau of Science col-
lection, measuring 38 to 53.5 millimeters long, from Siaton,
Oriental Negros, and Cagayan de Misamis, Mindanao. I have
also examined an example from Siquijor, which is now in the
museum of Stanford University. There is an example, 58 milli-
meters long, from Hongkong in the Bureau of Science collection.

This species is very close to Pomacentrus taeniurus, but is
easily distinguished by the yellow area on the tail, by the ill-
defined dusky band on each caudal lobe, and by the scaly edges
of the preopercle. It is apparently not very abundant in the
Philippines, and is common only in the Indo-Australasian Archi-
pelago from Sumatra to Ceram.

POMACENTRUS BANKIERI (Richardson)

Glyphisodon bankieri RICHARDSON, Ichth. China (1846) 253; GUN-

THER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 54.
Parapomacentrus bankieri BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet.

2 (1877) 67; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 408, fig. 8.
Abudefduf bankieri EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

26 (1907) 92.

Dorsal XIII, 10 or 11; anal II, 11; scales in lateral series 26;
with tubules 15 to 18 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal
3; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body oblong, rather elongate, depth 2.4 to 2.7 in length ; head
3.1 to 3.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6.1 to 6.7. Interorbital
space strongly convex, 3 to 3.2 in length of head; the large,
round eye 2.8 to 3.4 ; the short, rounded snout 3.5 to 4.3 ; maxil-
lary 2.6 to 3. Mouth almost vertical, lower jaw slightly in
advance of upper; a single series of distinctly notched teeth
on each jaw. Preorbital very narrow; vertical edge of pre-
opercle indistinctly serrated.

Head and body completely scaled. Dorsal spines slender, in-
creasing in height toward behind. Soft dorsal and anal angular;
caudal deeply forked, the longest rays of each lobe filamentous ;
outer ray of ventral fin produced into a filament, which extends
to origin of anal fin.

Brownish violet in alcohol; head, back, and caudal peduncle
with round bluish spots ; each scale on the lower parts of body
with a bluish vertical streak ; dorsal fin dusky to the second ray,
the remaining portion yellowish ; caudal yellowish, with the up-
per and lower rays partly dusky ; the other fins yellowish, a large

4($ PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHLE

blackish spot at origin of lateral line, a second one at axil of
pectoral, and a third, small spot superiorly at base of pectoral.

Here described from eight specimens, 19 to 53.5 millimeters
long, from Bacon, Sorsogon; Larena, Siquijor Island; and Ca-
gayan de Misamis, Mindanao. The example from Bacon has
already been recorded by Evermann and Scale.

Gunther places this species under the genus Glyphisodon, but
in the five examples cited above there is a weakly developed den-
ticulation along the angle of the preopercle.

This species is evidently not common in the Philippines,
though it occurs from the coast of China throughout the East
Indies to New Guinea.

POMACENTRUS TAENIURUS Bleeker

Pomacentrus taeniurus BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl. 1 (1856)
51; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 22; var., CARTIER, Verb. Phys.
Med. Ges. Wiirzburg (1873) 100; BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats.
Wet. 2 (1877) 47; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 408, fig. 2; EVERMANN
and SEALS, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 89.

Dorsal XIII, 10 or 11 ; anal II, 10 or 11 ; scales in lateral
series 26; with tubules 16 to 18; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3 or 4; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body oblong, rather elongate; depth 2.4 to 2.7 in length;
head 3.3 to 3.4; depth of caudal peduncle 6.3 to 6.9. The
strongly convex interorbital 2.9 to 3.2 in length of head; the
large circular eye 2.8 to 3.3; snout 3.4 to 3.9, or shorter
than maxillary, which is contained 2.7 to 3.1 in head. Mouth
small and oblique; posterior end of maxillary below anterior
border of eye; teeth in two rows, their edges truncate. Preor-
bital with a shallow notch anteriorly, its width at posterior
end of maxillary less than half diameter of eye; lower edge
of suborbital not serrated ; the vertical limb of preopercle finely
denticulated; opercle armed behind with two flat spines.

Head completely scaled excepting posterior limb of preopercle.
Dorsal spines increasing in height toward behind. Middle rays
of soft dorsal and posterior rays of soft anal filamentous ; caudal
deeply forked, the longest rays of each lobe filamentous. The
short pectoral ends before anal opening, and the filamentous
ray of ventral extends to base of anal spines.

Color in alcohol violet-brown, with a pearl-colored spot on
each scale. A large dark spot above gill opening and a smaller
one superiorly at base and axil of pectoral. Membranes of
spinous dorsal narrowly edged with brown ; pectoral and poste-

POMACENTRUS 47

rior portion of dorsal and anal yellowish ; caudal with a distinct
dark violet stripe on each lobe, the middle rays yellowish.

Here described from eighteen specimens, 29.5 to 67 milli-
meters long, from Buguey, Cagayan Province; Guinobatan,
Masbate ; Culion Island ; Tacloban, Leyte ; Bantayan Island ; Ma-
lampaya Sound and Puerto Princesa, Palawan; and Tambagaan
and Bungau Islands, Sulu Archipelago. The species has been
previously recorded by Cartier from two specimens taken in
Ubay, Bohol ; by Bleeker and by Evermann and Seale from speci-
mens labeled "Philippine Islands." The lone specimen from
Bantayan is now in the museum of Stanford University.

In the absence of scales on the vertical edge of preopercle
and of the yellow color on the posterior portion of the tail,
this species differs from Pomacentrus violascens Bleeker, which
it resembles closely.

It is well distributed in the Indo-Australasian Archipelago.
Elsewhere it is known from Fate and -Tahiti.

POMACENTRUS BIFASCIATUS Bleeker

Pomacentrus bifasciatu* BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 6 (1854)
330; GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 18; Fische der Sudsee 2 (1876)
226; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 383.

Dichistodus bifasciatus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2
(1877) 88; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 401, fig. 3.

Dorsal XIII, 13; anal II, 13; scales in lateral series 25; with
tubules 16 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 10.

Body oblong, 2 in length; head 3; depth of caudal peduncle
5.8. Interorbital space very slightly convex, its width 3 in
length of head, or equal to length of maxillary; diameter of
eye as long as snout, which is 3 in head. Jaws equal, the cleft
of the small mouth oblique, maxillary extending posteriorly to
below anterior edge of orbit; teeth biserial, compressed, with
slightly rounded tips. Preorbital above angle of mouth less
than half diameter of eye; edges of preorbital and suborbital
smooth; preopercle denticulated behind.

No scales on snout, orbital ring, and vertical limb of pre-
opercle. Middle dorsal spines higher than posterior ones. Soft
portion of dorsal and anal slightly pointed; caudal a little
emarginate, with the lobes rounded ; tip of pectoral above anus,
ventral reaching origin of anal fin.

Ground color yellowish brown, with two large black cross-
bands, one of which descends from front of spinous dorsal to

48 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID>E

opercles, and the other covers posterior dorsal spines and fades
out below lateral line. Each side of head with traces of some
bluish lines; all the fins yellowish.

Here described from a small specimen, 32 millimeters long,
taken at Culion Island.

This is the first Philippine record of this species, which is
known to occur elsewhere from the Andamans throughout the
Indo-Australasian Archipelago to the Marshall Islands.

POMACENTRUS PHILIPPINUS Evermann and Scale

PLATE 3, FIG. 2

Pomacentrus phUippinus EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur.
Fisheries 26 (1907) 91, fig. 18.

Dorsal XIII, 13 or 14; anal II, 12 to 14; scales in lateral
series 26 ; with tubules 17 or 18 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3 or 4 ; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate, dorsal and ventral outlines similar and evenly
arched, depth 2 to 2.1 in length ; head 3.5 to 3.6 ; depth of caudal
peduncle 6.3 to 6.8. The width of the strongly arched interor-
bital 2.7 to 2.8 in length of head, slightly exceeding eye diameter,
which is 2.9 to 3 in head ; snout contained 3.3 to 4.3 in head ;
maxillary 3.2 to 3.3, ending posteriorly below anterior margin
of orbit or a little beyond it. Mouth oblique, jaws even, tip of
snout on a level with lower margin of eye; each jaw with a
series of very small teeth. Suborbital coarsely serrated, the
anterior denticulation appearing to be enlarged ; opercle with two
flat spines behind, the upper one of which is scarcely noticeable.

Scales on top of head extending to tip of snout; orbitals and
rest of head scaly, both dorsal and anal fins having a high
sheath of scales at base. Dorsal spines increasing in height
posteriorly. Soft vertical fins slightly rounded; caudal emar-
ginate ; both pectoral and ventral fins extending to vent.

Fresh specimens blackish violet, with a yellowish vertical
streak on each scale; caudal fin yellow toward base and poste-
rior rays of vertical fins similarly colored; a large black spot
at outer and inner base of pectoral, and a large yellow area
at axil.

An old alcoholic specimen purplish brown, with a light ver-
tical streak on each scale; vertical fins blackish excepting the
posterior rays, which are abruptly yellowish; ventrals also
blackish, the rest of the fins dusky ; pectoral with a large black
spot entirely covering inner base, and a yellow area at axil.

POMACENTRUS 49

I described this species from a cotype, 50 millimeters long,
from Bacon, Sorsogon, which is in the museum at Stanford
University, and from five other specimens, 60 to 68 millimeters
long, collected September, 1925, at Bogo, Cebu, one of which
is a female about ready to spawn. The type specimen is in
the United States National Museum.

POMACENTRUS TROPICUS Scale

PLATE 4, PIG. 2

Pomacentrus tropicus SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. § A 4 (1909) 617,
pi. 12, fig. 1.

Dorsal XIII, 14; anal II, 14; scales in lateral series 25; with
tubules 17 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3 ; between
lateral line and vent 9.

Body oblong, its greatest depth at origin of ventrals, 2 to
2.2 in length; head 3.1 to 3.3; depth of caudal peduncle 6.3
to 6.6. Interorbital space convex, contained from 2.6 to 2.8
in length of head ; the diameter of the large, round eye 2.8 to
3.1, or equal to length of maxillary; snout slightly pointed and
a little shorter than maxillary, its tip a little below the horizontal
line passing through lower margin of orbit. Mouth almost
horizontal, jaws equal, maxillary terminating posteriorly below
front edge of eye; teeth in a double series, with rounded tips.
Suborbital ring and preopercle strongly serrated, the former
with the anterior denticulation enlarged and followed by a cleft;
opercle with two flat spines behind.

Scales on top of head extending to tip of snout; suborbital
naked ; base of vertical fins with a high sheath of scales. Dor-
sal spines increase in height posteriorly. Soft dorsal and anal
slightly pointed; caudal slightly emarginate, with the lobes
pointed; both pectoral and ventrals extending past vent, the
latter with the outer ray filamentous.

Colors of fresh specimens are as follows: Top of head from
tip of snout to base of spinous dorsal blackish ; eye above edge
of pupil also blackish, and rest of body bright orange yellow.
Two short pearl white lines in front of each eye, another one
on suborbital, and a few spots similarly colored on opercles.
A black spot on shoulder, and a smaller one superiorly at base
of pectoral ; a pearl white line from each side of belly to anal
fin. Outer edge of anterior anal rays and of spinous dorsal
black; anus black.

223796 4

50 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRULE

Almost uniform brownish yellow in alcohol, with whitish
spots on opercles and cheeks, two short bluish lines in front of
eyes, and an indistinct bluish stripe extending into anal rays
from each side of belly ; a black dot present above opercle, and
a smaller one superiorly at axil of pectoral. All the fins yel-
lowish; ventral, anal, and spinous dorsal tipped with dusky.

Here described from eight examples, 16 to 69 millimeters
long, from Sialat Point, Catanduanes Island; Cebu, Cebu; and
Tambagaan, Sibutu, and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago.
The largest one, collected by Seale and Canonizado at Sitankai,
is the type specimen, No. 4737, now in the Bureau of Science
collection.

Contrary to Scale's account, this species has two rows of
teeth.

POMACENTRUS MOLUCCENSIS Bleeker

Pomacentrus moluccensis BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853)

118; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 30; BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl.

Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 56; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 402, fig. 3;

EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 89;

WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 337.
Pomacentrus hebardi FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70 (1918)

46, fig. 18.

Dorsal XIII, 14; anal II, 13; scales in lateral series 25; with
tubules 18 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3 ; between
lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate, its depth 2.1 in length; head 2.9; depth of
caudal peduncle 6.7. The convex interorbital space 4 in head,
as wide as diameter of eye or length of snout. Mouth oblique ;
jaws equal ; the maxillary, which is shorter than eye, ends pos-
teriorly below anterior edge of orbit; teeth in each jaw in two
series, with the edges slightly rounded. Anteriormost tooth of
suborbital enlarged and followed by a notch; opercle with two
flat spines behind.

Only the orbital ring and posterior limb of preopercle naked ;
scales on top of head extending almost to tip of snout. Hind
dorsal spines highest. Rayed dorsal more pointed than anal;
lobes of the emarginate caudal fin rounded ; pectoral and ventral
extending beyond anal opening.

Yellowish brown in alcohol, with a light narrow vertical
streak on most of the scales ; a small brown spot above opercle
and another one superiorly at base of pectoral ; the light longi-
tudinal line on anal fin has undoubtedly faded out.

Here described from a single specimen, 35 millimeters long,
from Bantayan Island. This species has been recorded formerly

POMACENTRUS 51

from Bacon, Sorsogon, by Evermann and Seale ; and an example
from the "Philippine Islands" has been described by Fowler
as Pomacentrus hebardi.

It is rather uncommon in the Indo-Australasian Archipelago,
where it is known to occur.

POMACENTRUS POPEI Evermann and Seale

PLATE 11, FIG. 2

Pomacentrus popei EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries
26 (1907) 90, fig. 16.

Dorsal XIII, 14 or 15 ; anal II, 14 ; scales in lateral series 25
or 26; with tubules 18; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3 ; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body deep, 1.9 to 2 in length ; head 3 to 3.1 ; depth of caudal
peduncle 6.4 to 6.8. Interorbital convex, 2.9 to 3 in head ; snout
3.2 to 3.4 or about as long as maxillary, with the tip horizontally
in front of lower margin of orbit ; eye 2.6 to 3.2. Jaws equal in
length, their posterior ends vertically below front edge of eye;
teeth blunt and compressed, in a single series. Suborbital
serrated, the first tooth enlarged and followed by a notch ; opercle
with a flat weak spine behind.

Preorbital and suborbital bones naked; scales on top of head
extending to tip of snout; vertical fins with a high sheath of
scales along base. Posterior dorsal spines highest, about as
high as second anal spine. Soft dorsal more angular than soft
anal ; caudal emarginate, with the upper and lower lobes eaual
in length; pectoral and ventral reaching vent, the first ray of
the latter more or less produced.

Uniformly yellowish in spirits, with a faint dusky margin on
spinous dorsal and soft anal.

The Bureau of Science collection has two specimens, 37.5 and
48 millimeters long, which are here described. They are from
Surigao and Cagayan de Misamis, Mindanao. The larger one,
from the latter place, is a ripe female, collected in September,
1907.

This species was originally described by Evermann and Seale
from the type specimen, No. 55903, from Bacon, Sorsogon,
which is now in the United States National Museum.

POMACENTRUS ALEXANDERAE Evermann and Seale

Pomacentrus alexanderae EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish-
eries 26 (1907) 90, fig. 17.

52 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Dorsal XIII, 13 or 14; anal II, 13 or 14; scales in lateral
series 26 ; with tubules 16 to 19 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 4; between lateral line and vent 10.

Anterior profile rounded, body oblong, depth 1.9 to 2 in
length; head 3 to 3.4; depth of caudal peduncle 6.4 to 6.7. In-
terorbital space strongly convex, 2.8 to 3 in length of head ; snout
and maxillary about equal in length, each slightly shorter than
diameter of eye, which is 2.6 to 3.3 in head. Mouth small, slight-
ly oblique; jaws equal; maxillary ending posteriorly below an-
terior margin of orbit; teeth in a single row in each jaw. Or-
bital ring above angle of mouth less than half diameter of eye,
its outer edge denticulated, the first tooth enlarged and separated
from the rest by a notch ; opercle with a single spine at its hind
margin.

Orbital ring naked; scales on top of head extending to nos-
trils. Dorsal spines increasing in height posteriorly, the last
one as high as second anal spine. Soft dorsal and anal, angular,
about equal in height; pectoral and ventral of the same length,
both extending to origin of anal ; caudal emarginate, the lobes
pointed.

Ground color in alcohol blackish brown, lighter on the lower
parts; pectoral fin whitish with a large black spot completely
covering its base and axil ; the rest of the fins colored similarly
as body; spinous dorsal with a black margin.

Of this species I have examined in the Bureau of Science
Collection fourteen specimens, 47 to 78 millimeters long, from
Cabalian, Leyte; and Tambagaan, Bungau, Sibutu, and Sitankai
Islands, Sulu Archipelago; also a cotype, 61 millimeters long,
collected by C. J. Pierson at Bacon, Sorsogon. The smallest
of the specimens, taken at Cabalian in May, 1921, is a female
in near-breeding condition.

I have also examined another cotype of this species in the
museum of Stanford University. Of the other cotypes there is
one each at the Philadelphia Academy of National Sciences Mu-
seum, the United States National Museum, and the Indiana
University Museum. The type, No. 55919, is in the United
States National Museum.

POMACENTRUS GRAMMORHYNCHUS Fowler

Pomncentrus grammorhynchus FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
70 (1918) 44, fig. 17.

Head 3§; depth li; D. XIII, 15, I; A. II, 15, I; P. II, 16, II; V. I, 5;
tubes in upper arch of lateral line 18, and pores in straight section to
caudal base 9; 3 scales between spinous dorsal origin and lateral line,

POMACENTRUS 53

and 10 below 1.1. to spinous anal origin; 23 predorsal scales; head width
II in its length; head depth about II; snout 3; maxillary 32; interorbital
21; first dorsal spine nearly 4; thirteenth dorsal spine li; eighth dorsal
ray 18; second anal spine 2; sixth anal ray It; least depth of caudal
peduncle II; ventral spine 11.

Body robust, compressed, contour rather deeply ellipsoid, with greatest
depth well over median region, predorsal slightly trenchant just before
dorsal, otherwise edges convex, and profiles alike. Caudal peduncle com-
pressed, length g its least depth.

Head robust, moderately compressed, sides moderately convex, upper
profile at first convex, then concave at occipital and predorsal bulging
distinctly convexly. Snout convex over surface and in profile, length half
its width. Eye rounded, little elevated, and hind pupil edge nearly midway
in head length. Mouth broad, gape short, oblique, and jaws about even.
Lips fleshy, rather narrow. Maxillary extends slightly beyond nostril,
though not nearly to eye, and slips below preorbital. Teeth rather slender,
somewhat compressed, pointed, crowded close to form an even cutting-edge
in a single row. No teeth on mouth roof or on tongue. Inner buccal folds
broad. Tongue thick, fleshy, apparently free in front. Nostril small pore
about midway in snout length. Interorbital evenly convex. Preorbital
broad, width about 11 in eye, ends behind in broad posteriorly directed
spine. Lower suborbital and hind preopercle edges serrate, serrae on latter
graduated longer below, and lower preopercle edge entire. Opercle with
2 blunt and inconspicuous spines, upper concealed by scales.

Gill-opening forward about opposite front eye edge. Rakers 6 + 13,
lanceolate, about half length of filaments and latter 1J in eye. Pseudo-
branchiae long as gill-filaments. Branchiostegal membrane short fold over
short and constricted isthmus.

Scales finely ctenoid, largest over middle of side of trunk and become
much smaller all about edges, in lengthwise rows parallel with upper arch
of lateral line. All larger scales narrowly imbricated. All fin bases scaly.
Short scale between ventral bases about \ length of spine. Suprascapula
with 3 blunt points. Exposure of humeral scale little larger than pupil.
Axillary ventral scale broad, pointed, \ length of spine. Cheek with 3
rows of scales. Suborbitals, preorbital, snout edge, lips and chin naked.
Upper arch of 1.1. extends below front dorsal rays, concurrent with upper
limit of squamation on dorsals. Tubes large, simple, and each extending
well over scale exposure. Pores in straight section small, inconspicuous,
simple or double irregularly, and not on caudal base.

Spinous dorsal origin about opposite that of pectoral, spines all more or
less subequally high, edge of fin notched and slight cutaneous flap behind
each spine tip. Soft dorsal inserted about last third in space between upper
hind preopercle edge and caudal base, fin rounded with median rays longest.
Anal inserted about midway between pectoral origin and caudal base, first
spine about J of second. Soft anal similar to soft dorsal. Caudal deeply
emarginate, upper lobe much larger, 3i in combined head and trunk. Pec-
toral broad, about long as upper caudal lobe, reaches hind edge of vent and"
upper rays longest. Ventral inserted close behind pectoral base, reaches
anal, and spine slightly over half length of fin.

Color in alcohol largely chocolate-brown above and posteriorly, head,
breast and belly anteriorly paler or faded in appearance. Iris slaty.

54 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Dorsals and anals blackish-brown. Caudal pale brownish. Pectoral brown-
ish, with large blackish-brown blotch, nearly large as eye on base mostly
above. Ventral blackish-brown, rays and spine pale. Dusky line from
snout tip to eye.

Length 115 mm.

Type, No. 47,518, A. N. S. P.

Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadel-
phia.

Allied with P. nielanopterus Bleeker, but differs in the presence of the
dark line from the eye to the snout.

An exact copy of Fowler's original description is reproduced
above, there being no example of this species available for
examination in the Bureau of Science collection.

POMACENTRUS ELONGATUS Scale

Pomacentrus elongatus SEALE, Philip. Journ. S<-i. § A 4 (1909) 518,
pi. 12, fig. 2.

Dorsal XIII, 13 or 14; anal II, 13 or 14; scales in lateral
series 26; with tubules 18; between lateral line end origin of
dorsal 4 ; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body elongate, dorsal outline evenly curved from tip of snout
to caudal peduncle, ventral outline similar to dorsal ; depth 2.2
to 2.3 in length; head 3.3 to 3.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6.7
to 7. Interorbital space convex, its width 3.1 to 3.3 in length
of head ; snout rounded, 3 to 3.1 in head or a little longer than
maxillary, which is contained 3.3 in head; eye rather small,
its diameter 3.8 in head. Mouth slightly oblique, jaws equal,
posterior end of maxillary below anterior edge of orbit; two
series of teeth in each jaw. Suborbital strongly denticulate,
first tooth enlarged and followed by a wide shallow notch;
opercle with two flat spines behind.

Scales on top of head extending to nostrils, leaving a naked
space near tip of snout; orbital ring also naked; vertical fins
with a rather high sheath of scales at base. Dorsal spines
slender, becoming higher to the last; second anal spine higher
than last dorsal. Soft vertical fins about equal in height, with
their tips angular; caudal emarginate, with the lobes pointed;
pectoral almost as long as head, its tip above vent; ventrals
extending to origin of anal, its first ray filamentous.

Deep brown in alcohol, with a black spot above opercle, a
bluish line above orbit, another one superiorly behind eye, a
short one across preorbital, and several rather indistinct bluish
spots on cheeks. Ventrals blackish, the other fins brownish.

POMACENTRUS 55

The above description is that of an example, 83 millimeters
long, from Tanjay, Oriental Negros, and of a type, 59 milli-
meters long, collected at Limbones Cove at the entrance to
Manila Bay.

POMACENTRUS DORSALIS Gill

Pomacentrus dorsalis GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1859) 147;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 29; SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

42 (1912) 504.
Pomacentrus emarginatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.

Poiss. 5 (1830) 316; LESSON, Voy. Coquille, Zool. (1830) 189; Atlas

Poissons (1826) pi. 28, fig. 1.
Pomacentrus chrysurus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 317; MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist. Nat. 14 (1885) 34.
Pomacentrus trilineatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 406, fig. 2.
Pomacentrus delurus JORDAN and SEALE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28

(1905) 783.

Dorsal XIII, 14 or 15; anal II, 14 or 15; scales in lateral
series 25 ; with tubules 17 or 18 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3 or 4 ; between lateral line and vent 9 or 10.

Body ovate, dorsal profile of head slightly more arched than
ventral; depth of body 2 in length; head 2.8 to 3.1; depth of
caudal peduncle 6.3 to 6.7. Interorbital space evenly convex,
3.3 to 4 in length of head; snout short, 3.4 to 3.7, and shorter
than either maxillary or diameter of eye, its tip on a level with
lower margin of orbit; eye 2.6 to 3.5 in head; maxillary 2.9
to 3.5. Mouth small, jaws even, the posterior end of maxillary
under or a little before front edge of eye ; teeth biserial in each
jaw. Orbital ring with the anterior denticulation enlarged and
followed by a notch, its width at hind end of maxillary less than
diameter of pupil ; preopercle distinctly serrated.

A very narrow naked area near tip of snout ; orbital ring and
vertical limb of preopercle also naked. Dorsal spines increasing
in height toward the last. Soft vertical fins slightly rounded;
caudal emarginate; tip of pectoral a little before vent, ventrals
extending beyond it.

Ground color varying from dusky green to yellowish brown
in alcohol, with obscure light spots. In the young there is a
large, blue-edged, black ocellus along the middle of the fourth
to the eleventh dorsal ray A distinct black spot at origin of
lateral line but none on top of caudal peduncle. The small dark
spot at base of pectoral has faded in many of the specimens.
There is a short bluish streak in front of eye, and a longer one
immediately below orbit. Anal and ventrals blackish; dorsal

gg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRIIWE

fin colored similarly as body; caudal yellow toward base, this
yellow area abruptly and sharply marked from the ground color.

Twenty-five examples, 42.5 to 53.5 millimeters long, have been
examined, from Paraoir, Balaoan, La Union ; Puerto Galera and
Calapan, Mindoro ; Culion Island, Canigaran, and Balabac Island,
Palawan; Surigao, Mindanao; and Sibutu and Sitankai Islands,
Sulu Archipelago. Two specimens from Negros have been
described by Jordan and Scale as Pomacentrus delurus.

This species is known elsewhere from Amboina, and the seas
of China and Japan.

POMACENTRUS TRIPUNCTATUS Cuvler and Valenciennes

Pomacentrus tripunctatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
5 (1830) 315; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 33; JORDAN and
SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1902) 604; EVERMANN and
SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 89; VAILLANT, Nouv.
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 5 (1893) 57.

Pomacentrus vanicolensis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
5 (1830) 316.

Pomacentrus littoralis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
5 (1830) 318; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 32; EVERMANN and
SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 89; JORDAN and RICH-
ARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908) 263.

Pomacentrus trilineatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
5 (1830) 321; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 25; BLEEKER, Nat.
Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 61 (in part) ; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878)
pi. 406, fig. 6; DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 382; JORDAN and SNYDER,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23 (1901) 753; WEBER, Fische der Siboga
Exped. (1913) 337; AHL, Blatter der Aquarien- und Terrararien-
kunde 36 (1925) with one text figure.

Pomacentrus biocellatus RUPPELL, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische (1835)
127, pi. 31, fig. 3.

Pomacentrus katunko BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1862) 169.

Pomacentrus punctatolineatus CARTIER, Verh. Phys. Med. Ges. Wiirz-
burg (1873) 98.

Pomacentrus dimidiatus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet 2
(1877) 63; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 406, fig. 8.

Dorsal XIII, 13 to 15 ; anal 13 to 16 ; scales in lateral series
25; with tubules 15 to 19; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3 or 4 ; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body generally ovate, the form, however, varying with age;
depth contained 1.9 to 2.1 in length; head 2.9 to 3.4; depth
of caudal peduncle 6 to 6.9. Interorbital strongly convex,
slightly narrower than length of snout and contained from 3
to 4.2 in head; snout rather rounded in very large individuals
and slightly pointed in smaller ones, its length varying from 2.6
to 3.7 in length of head or slightly greater than diameter of

POMACENTRUS 57

eye, which is contained 2.8 to 3.9 in head; mouth small, nearly
horizontal ; jaws even ; maxillary ending posteriorly before front
margin of orbit; teeth in two rows, with the tips slightly
rounded. Orbital ring at angle of mouth slightly wider than
half diameter of eye ; anteriormost tooth of suborbital enlarged
and followed by a notch ; posterior edge of preopercle distinctly
serrated.

Scales on head extend to nostrils, leaving a narrow naked
space near tip of snout ; no scales on orbital ring or on hind edge
of preopercle. Dorsal spines evenly graduated toward the last,
which is the highest. Pectoral shorter than ventral and not
reaching vent ; soft vertical fins slightly rounded ; caudal distinct-
ly emarginate.

Deep yellowish brown in alcohol, lighter behind and below;
each scale in the young with one or more bluish dots, which
become less distinct in the adult. Three black spots, one at
origin of lateral line, another superiorly at base of pectoral,
and the third on caudal peduncle, appear to be a distinctive
character. In very large individuals the whitish spot im-
mediately behind soft dorsal, which indicates the presence of
the black spot on the tail, is absent. The ventral and vertical
fins are usually darker, and the other fins lighter than the
ground coloration. In the very young the bluish lines on top
and sides of head are rather wide and are continued backward
as a mass of spots toward a dark ocellus, which covers most of the
posterior dorsal spines and anterior rays. In slightly older
specimens the lines are narrower and some of the spots are
absent, while the dorsal ocellus is reduced in size, sometimes
occupying the anterior third of soft dorsal or covering the last
one or more spines and a few anterior dorsal rays. In the next
stages most of the blue spots are absent and there appears to
be no connection between the ocellus and the lines. In a 45-
millimeter example this ocellus is absent and the lines on the
head, which gradually disappear with age, are very narrow.

I have examined in the Bureau of Science collection ninety-
eight specimens, 23 to 100 millimeters long, from the following
localities: Balaoan, La Union; Atimonan, Tayabas; Taal Lake;
Puerto Galera and Calapan, Mindoro; Bacon, Sorsogon; Culion
Island and Malampaya Sound, Palawan; Estancia, Panay; Bo-
rongan, Samar; Bantayan Island and Cebu, Cebu; Tagbilaran,
Bohol; Siquijor, Siquijor Island; Cagayan de Misamis, Samal
Island, and Zamboanga, Mindanao; and Sitankai Island, Sulu
Archipelago. Thirteen specimens, 45 to 55 millimeters, from

gg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Calapan, are ripe females ; two, 55 and 61 millimeters, collected
January, 1921, are ripe males; 3 from Puerto Galera, 54 to 57
millimeters, March to May, 1912, are ripe females. Four of the
specimens from Malampaya Sound and Zamboanga, measuring
from 67.5 to 100 millimeters in length, and taken in October,
1910, and June, 1925, respectively, are females about ready to
spawn. It is also interesting to note that a ripe female, 65 mil-
limeters long, was collected in February, 1922, at Lake Taal,
which is a fresh-water lake.

This species has been recorded before in the Philippines from
Bohol by Cartier; from Bacon by Evermann and Seale; from
Cavite by Jordan and Seale and by Jordan and Richardson ; and
from Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago, by Weber. The specimens
constitute an interesting series and show every intermediate
variety in form and color. The chief character, upon which
this species is based, is the presence of three black spots;
namely, one above the operculum, another on top of the tail,
and a third on the anterior dorsal rays and partly on the pos-
terior dorsal spines. Pomacentrus dimidiatus Bleeker, for ex-
ample, represents a stage in this series in which the dorsal ocellus
is small and confined to the last dorsal spine and the first two or
three dorsal rays.

This species is very common in the Indo-Pacific regions from
the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa to the South Sea
islands.

POMACENTRUS AMBOINENSIS Bleeker

Pomacentrus amboinensis BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam 2 (1868)
334; Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 58; Atlas Ichth. 9
(1878) pi. 406, fig. 7; WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 339.

Dorsal XIII, 14 or 15; anal II, 14 or 15; scales in lateral
series 26 ; with tubules 17 to 19 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 4; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate and compressed, with upper and lower profiles
about equally arched, depth 2.1 in length; head 3.2 to 3.3 in
length of body; depth of caudal peduncle about twice in length
of head or 6.5 to 6.7 in that of body. Interorbital space evenly
convex, about as broad as length of maxillary, which is 3.1 to
3.3 in head; eye circular, superior, its diameter 2.9 to 3.2 in
head; the short, bluntly rounded snout 3.2 to 3.5 in length of
head ; width of preorbital at posterior end of maxillary about a
third of eye diameter. Mouth small and slightly oblique, jaws
even ; teeth in a double series, with slightly rounded edges ; max-
illary ending posteriorly below anterior edge of orbit; orbitals

POMACENTRUS 59

serrated, with first tooth enlarged and followed by a notch ; pos-
terior edge of preopercle distinctly serrated; opercle with a
flat spine behind.

Scales on top of head extending to in front of nostrils ; orbital
ring and vertical limb of preopercle naked. Dorsal spines in-
creasing in height toward the last, which is 1.7 in head ; second
anal spine as high as last dorsal ; the rayed portions of dorsal and
anal fins slightly angular; caudal fin emarginate, with the upper
lobe slightly the more produced; pectoral slightly shorter than
head, its tip above anterior edge of anus; outer ray of ventral
produced and reaching to behind anus.

Fresh specimens bright yellow in color, with pearl white spots
scattered on each side of head and breast; a short pearl white
line in front of each eye and a longer one just below it on
suborbital; all the fins colored similarly to body; anal with
two pearl white longitudinal lines; caudal and spinous portion
of dorsal edged with blackish ; a large black spot superiorly at
base of pectoral and a smaller one at origin of lateral line ; anus
black.

Ground color yellowish brown in alcohol, the pearl white
markings on head and breast becoming dull ; the two white longi-
tudinal lines on anal nearly faded out.

Here described from two specimens, 58 and 60 millimeters
long, from Bantayan Island and from Sitankai Island, Sulu Ar-
chipelago.

This species, which is new to the Philippines, is known else-
where only from Banda and Amboina.

POMACENTRUS SIMSIANG Bleeker

Pomacentrus simsiang BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 11 (1856) 90;

GilNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 22.

Pomacentrus bankanensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 26.
Pomacentrus trilineatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 406, figs.

1, 3, 4, and 5.
Pomacentrus taeniometopon BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852)

283; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 25.
Pomacentrus burroughi FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70

(1918) 44, fig. 17.

Dorsal XIII, 13 to 15; anal II, 13 to 15; scales in lateral
series 25 ; with tubules 15 to 19 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate, depth varying from 2 to 2.2 in length ; depth of
caudal peduncle equal to or slightly less than length of head,
which is 2.9 to 3.3 in that of body. Eye round, diameter ranging

g0 PHILIPPINE POMACENTBID^J

from 2.9 to 3.3 in head, larger in younger specimens, propor-
tionately, than in older ones ; interorbital space strongly convex,
3.2 to 3.7 in head ; snout 3.1 to 4, with its tip on a level with lower
margin of orbit; mouth small, maxillary ending posteriorly be-
low front edge of eye and contained 3 to 3.5 in head. Teeth
in a double series, with the tips rounded; orbital ring with
the anteriormost serration enlarged and separated from the
rest by a notch ; width of preorbital at angle of mouth narrow,
being slightly less than half an eye diameter; preopercle with
distinct serrations behind.

The narrow area between tip of snout and nostrils naked;
orbital ring and vertical limb of preopercle also unsealed. Dor-
sal spines gradually increasing in height posteriorly, the last
one being higher than the second anal spine. The soft vertical
fins slightly rounded; caudal slighly emarginate; pectoral ex-
tending to above anus; ventrals reaching origin of anal fin.

Yellowish green to yellowish brown in alcohol ; caudal yellow-
ish toward base, this yellow area not abruptly set off from the
ground color; head with some bluish longitudinal lines along
forehead; upper parts of body and sides of head with spots of
similar color. There is a black spot above opercle and a light
center on most of the scales of body. With the exception of
the opercular spot, the above color markings become indistinct
with age. The lines on head are continued in the form of spots
toward the dark blue-edged ocellus along the dorsal fin. In the
very young this ocellus is merely a large irregular dark blotch
surrounded by numerous, more or less connected, bluish white
spots, and covers a large portion of the rayed dorsal. In older
specimens the ocellus is smaller and more regular in form, with
a distinct ring around it. In some examples the ocellus is on the
middle rays, in others it is slightly more anterior or posterior.
There is a black spot superiorly at base of pectoral but none on
top of caudal peduncle. Some examples have one or more light
longitudinal lines along anal fin.

I have examined in the Bureau of Science collection over a
hundred specimens, 22 to 69 millimeters long, coming from the
following localities: Hundred Islands, Pangasinan; Limbones
Cove, Batangas; Puerto Galera, Mindoro; Bacon, Sorsogon;
Guinobatan, Masbate; Borongan, Samar; Estancia, Panay; Ban-
tayan Island and Cebu, Cebu; Cabalian, Leyte; Tagbilaran, Bo-
hol ; Canigaran, Puerto Princesa, and Balabac Island, Palawan ;
and Siasi and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago. Two speci-
mens from Balabac Island, measuring 46 and 49 millimeters

POMACENTRUS 61

long, are ripe females; the larger specimen was collected in
May, 1921, and the smaller one in September, 1925.

Fowler's Pomacentrus burroughi is evidently this species,
which is separated from Pomacentrus tripunctatus Cuvier and
Valenciennes by the absence of the black spot on the caudal
peduncle.

This species is found throughout the East Indies, and ranges
northward to the China Sea.

POMACENTRUS CHRYSOPOECILUS Schlecel and Muller

PLATE 11, FIG. 1

Pomacentrus chrysopoecilus SCHLEGEL and MULLER, Overz. Amphi.
Verb. Nat. Ges. Ned. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 21, pi. 5, fig. 3; SLEEKER,
Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852) 284; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862)
20; MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist Nat. 14 (1885) 34*.

Dichistodus chrysopoecilus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Roll. Maats. Wet. 2
(1877) 84; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 406, fig. 9.

Pomacentrus pristigir JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish-
eries 27 (1908) 263.

Dorsal XIII, 13 to 15; anal II, 13 or 14; scales in lateral
series 26 ; with tubules 17 or 18 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 4; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body oblong, rather thick and elongate; dorsal profile deeper
than ventral, more arched anteriorly; greatest depth of body
2.1 to 2.3 in length; head short, 3.2 to 3.4; depth of caudal
penducle 5.6 to 6.2. Snout long, slightly pointed, 2.5 to 2.9 in
length of head, being longer than the width of the strongly
arched interorbital, which is equal to or greater than length of
maxillary; eye round, rather small, its diameter contained 3.6
to 4.5 in head, or shorter than maxillary. Mouth slightly
oblique, its angle well in front of eye; tip of snout well below
inferior margin of orbit; teeth compressed, slightly pointed, in
a single series. Width of preorbital at posterior end of maxil-
lary more than half diameter of eye; suborbital and preopercle
strongly and evenly serrated; opercle with a single flat spine
behind.

Scales on top of head advancing to front edge of orbit, leaving
a naked space from there fo tip of snout; the rest of head and
body well covered with large ctenoid scales. Dorsal spines
growing consecutively higher to the last, which is as high as
second anal spine. Soft dorsal and anal rounded and about
equal in height; caudal very slightly emarginate, the lower lobe
shorter and more rounded than the upper; pectoral not quite
reaching vent ; ventral longer than pectoral, its tip at vent.

(J2 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Color in alcohol dark brown, with a large white spot on the
back between lateral line and base of seventh and eighth dorsal
spines. A large black spot above operculum; a bluish trans-
verse streak on each scale; a white line on suborbital. Ventral
and anal blackish.

The above account is based upon fifty-one examples, 33 to 125
millimeters in length, coming from the following localities:
Puerto Gal era, Mindoro; Canigaran, Palawan; Tagbilaran,
Bohol; Clarendon Bay, Balabac Island; Samal Island and
Zamboanga, Mindanao; and Sibutu and Sitankai Islands, Sulu
Archipelago.

Previously known in the Philippines from an example col-
lected by A. B. Meyer in Cebu, and from another one recorded
from Cuyo by Jordan and Richardson as Pomacentrus pristigir.
According to the authors, the Cuyo specimen had the following
life colors : Body dull dark-green ; fins dark brown ; a line under
each eye and a spot in front of eye; some spots on top of head
of a rich violet color; opercles faintly washed with violet.

This well-marked species is known only from the East Indies.

POMACENTRUS NOTOPHTHALMUS Bleeker

Pomacentrus notophthalmus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853)
137; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl. 1 (1856) 51; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes
4 (1862) 20; JORDAN and SEALB, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25
(1906) 280.

Dichistodus notophthalmus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet.
2 (1877) 82; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 401, fig. 4, and pi. 402,
fig. 4.
Pomacentrus suluensis SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. ,§ A 4 (1909) 519.

Dorsal XIII, 13 to 15 ; anal II, 13 or 14, scales in lateral series
26; with tubules 17 or 18; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 4; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate, dorsal outline slightly deeper than ventral ; depth
of body 2 in length; head 2.9 to 3; depth of caudal peduncle
5.7 to 6. Interorbital convex, 3.3 to 3.7 in length of head, about
as wide as length of snout, which is contained 3.3 to 3.4 in head ;
eye round and fairly large, its diameter about as long as maxil-
lary, which is contained 3 to 3.1 in -head and ends posteriorly
below anterior edge of orbit. Mouth oblique, jaws equal, tip
of snout slightly pointed and on a level with inferior margin of
eye; two rows of compressed and slightly pointed teeth in each
jaw. Width of preorbital at angle of mouth almost equal to
half the orbit's diameter ; lower edge of orbital and vertical limb

POMACENTRUS 63

of preopercle strongly serrated; opercle armed behind with
two flat spines.

Area between nostrils and tip of snout naked; orbital and
posterior edge of preopercle also naked. The middle dorsal
spines highest. Soft vertical fins slightly rounded ; caudal emar-
ginate, with the lobes rounded ; pectoral ending above anal open-
ing, ventral extending beyond it.

Brownish in alcohol, with a pearl-colored vertical band de-
scending below the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines, and
with a second pearl white crossband through the soft vertical
fins in very young examples. A large blackish blotch on the
ninth, tenth, and eleventh dorsal spines near base. Spinous
dorsal narrowly edged with black; ventral and anal dusky; the
other fins yellowish. A dark round spot superiorly on opercle;
a short bluish white line in front of eye and another immediately
under orbit ; pearly white dots scattered on cheek ; an indistinct
light spot or streak on each scale.

Here described from eight specimens, 21 to 38.5 millimeters
long, coming from Cuyo; Samal Island, Mindanao; and Sibutu
and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago. A careful examination
of Pomacentrus suluensis Scale shows that it is only the young
of the present species, with the serration of the suborbital still
undeveloped.

This species is found in small numbers in the Indo-Australa-
sian Archipelago and in the islands of the South Seas. Jordan
and Scale have recorded it from the islands of Woodlark, Fate,
and New Hebrides.

POMACENTRUS PROSOPOTAENIA Sleeker

Pomacentrus prosopotaenia BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852)

67; GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 23; FOWLER and BEAN, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus. 62 (1922) 45.
Dichistodus prosopotaenia BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2

(1877) 80; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 407, fig. 8.
Pomacentrus n. sp. C ARTIER, Verb. Phys. Med. Ges. Wiirzburg (1873)

100.

Dorsal XIII, 13 or 14; anal II, 13 or 14; scales in lateral
series 25 or 26; with tubules 16 to 18; between lateral line
and origin of dorsal 4; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body markedly oblong, upper profile of head steep and very
slightly arched ; depth 2 to 2.1 in length ; head 3.3 to 3.4 ; depth
of caudal peduncle 5.7 to 6.2. Interorbital strongly convex, 3.1
to 3.4 in length of head ; snout long, slightly pointed, 2.6 to 2.8,

(J4 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

its tip away below the horizontal line passing through lower
edge of orbit; maxillary short, 3.2 to 3.3, ending in front of eye;
eye small and round, 3.4 to 4.2. Cleft of mouth almost horizon-
tal, jaws even; width of preorbital at angle of mouth greater
than half diameter of eye; teeth biserial, compressed, with
slightly rounded tips. Suborbital and hind edge of preopercle
strongly serrated; opercle terminating in a large flat spine.

Scales on head extend to the bluish line between the orbits,
the area below and in front of this line naked; orbitals and
inferior limb of preopercle also naked. Dorsal spines increas-
ing gradually in height to the last. Rayed dorsal and anal fins
angular ; caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes rounded ; pectoral
and ventral about equal in length, both ending at vent.

Ground color in alcohol yellowish olive, dusky below the soft
dorsal and on anterior half of body. Each scale with a bluish
vertical streak; head, anterior portion of trunk, and base of
vertical fins irregularly dotted with blue. A bluish white line
in front and between eyes; another from orbit, convergent at
snout; a third one across suborbital; one or two more or less
broken lines on cheek; a small black spot above opercle. Axil
of pectoral entirely blackish violet; anal tipped with grayish
and provided with a bluish longitudinal line near margin.

The above description is based upon an examination of six
fairly large specimens, 75 tp 118.5 millimeters long, obtained
at Bantayan Island and at Sitankai Island, Sulu Archipelago.
The only previous Philippine records of this species are from
Zamboanga by Fowler and Bean, and from Cebu by Cartier as
Pomacentrus n. sp.

This species appears close to Pomacentrus trimaculatus Cuvier
and Valenciennes, agreeing with it in the general form of the
body and in some details of color pattern, but differing from it
in having a slightly deeper body and a large black spot at the
axil of the pectoral. With the exception of the broad dark
band on the anterior half of the body, the examples above
described agree with Bleeker's figure.

The species is known from the coast of Singapore throughtiut
the East Indies to New Guinea.

POMACENTRUS TRIMACULATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes

PLATE 12, PIG. 2

Pomacentrus trimaculatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss. 5 (1830) 320; SCHLEGEL and MULLER, Overz. Amphi. Verh.
Nat. Ges. Ind. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 20, pi. 4, fig. 2; BLEEKER,
Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853) 481; GtiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862)

POMACENTRUS 65

19; Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 227; DAY, Fishes of India (1878)
382, pi. 80, fig. 10; JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

25 (1906) 280; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

26 (1907) 89.

Dichistodus trimaculatus SLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2
(1877) 79; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 404, fig. 5.

Dorsal XIII, 13 or 14 ; anal II, 13 or 14 ; scales in lateral series
26; with tubules 15 to 18; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 4 ; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body oblong, a little elongate, profiles similar; depth 2.1 to
2.3 in length; head 3.1 to 3.4; depth of caudal peduncle 5.5 to
6.1. Interorbital space strongly convex and moderately wide,
being 3.2 to 3.8 in length of head or a little wider than the
diameter of the small, round eye, which is contained 3.8 to 4.1
in head; snout long and slightly pointed, decidedly longer
than either maxillary or diameter of orbit, being 2.5 to 2.9
in head, its tip below the horizontal line passing through
inferior margin of eye. Mouth small, almost horizontal; max-
illary 3.2 to 3.5 in head, ending posteriorly a trifle behind nos-
trils, teeth in a double series, compressed, with slightly rounded
tips. Width of preorbital above posterior end of maxillary
nearly equal to diameter of eye; suborbital and posterior
edge of preopercle strongly and evenly serrated; opercle with a
flat spine behind.

Snout in front of nostrils, orbital ring and vertical limb of
preopercle bone naked. Dorsal spines evenly graduated to the
last, which is as high as second anal spine. Rayed dorsal and
anal slightly angular and of nearly the same height; ventral
longer than pectoral, ending opposite vent.

Color in spirits yellowish, with three large blackish spots
along back; one at origin of dorsal fin; the second below the
seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth spines; the third at the base
of the last dorsal rays; the last two spots disappearing below
lateral line. A light band on nape ; two bluish lines across inter-
orbital; another along suborbital, extending into more or less
connected dots on preorbital; some scattered bluish spots on
sides of head and on scales of vertical fins, and a narrow trans-
verse streak of the same color on each scale of body. Anal witn
a longitudinal stripe along the middle, dorsal with two. A dark
blotch surrounding vent and none on axil of pectoral.

The fourteen Bureau of Science specimens above described
measure 41 to 120 millimeters in length, and were collected at
Puerto Galera, Mindoro; Busuanga Island; Halsey Harbor, Cu-

gg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID.-E

lion Island ; Cebu, Cebu ; Tagbilaran, Bohol ; Zamboanga, Minda-
nao; and South Ubian and Tango Islands, Sulu Archipelago.
The species was first known in the Philippines from Bacon,
Sorsogon, and from San Fabian, Pangasinan, as recorded by
Evermann and Seale.

This species, easily recognized by the three large dark blotches
on the upper parts of the body and by a large dark area around
the vent, ranges from the Andamans eastward throughout the
East Indies, New Guinea, and Micronesia, and northward to the
coast of China.

POMACENTRUS MELANOCHIR Bleeker

PLATE 12, FIG. 1

Pomacentrus melanochir BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2
(1877) 49; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 408, fig. 4.

Dorsal XIII, 10; anal II, 14; scales in lateral series 26; with
tubules 17 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 9.

Body ovate-oblong, slightly elongate; profiles about evenly
arched; depth 2.5 in length; head 3.4; depth of caudal peduncle
6.6. Interorbital space strongly arched, wide, 3.4 in length of
head; maxillary as long as eye diameter, each equal to width
of interorbital ; snout short and rounded, 4 in head. Cleft of
mouth very oblique, lower jaw projecting, maxillary ending
posteriorly in front of orbit; teeth in two rows, compressed and
truncate. Suborbital and posterior edge of preopercle strongly
denticulate, the width of the former behind angle of mouth
about a third of eye diameter; opercle armed behind with two
flat, sharp spines.

Scales on head extending to nostrils; orbitals and edges of
preopercle naked; dorsal and anal fins with a low sheath of
scales at base. Dorsal spines increasing in height posteriorly,
the last one higher than the second anal spine. Soft dorsal and
anal about equal in height, forming posteriorly acute angles;
caudal deeply forked, with the lobes pointed; ventral slightly
longer than pectoral, the latter extending to base of anal spines.

Color in alcohol brownish violet, with a light vertical streak
on each scale ; vertical fins and ventrals blackish ; spinous dorsal
with darker margin; pectoral and caudal fins yellowish, the
former a little paler and with a large blackish blotch covering
its base and axil. There is an indistinct dark spot at origin of
lateral line.

POMACENTRUS 67

Described from a single specimen, 66 millimeters long, from
Cabalian, Leyte, which is the first recorded from the Philippines.
In the arrangement of scales on the head, in the general form
of the body, and in color markings, this species is closely related
to Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan and Starks, of Japan.

Known in the East Indies from Bali, Flores, Timor, Euro, and
Amboina.

POMACENTRUS FASCIATUS Cuvier and Valenciennes

PLATE 13, FIG. 2

Pomacentrus fasciatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5
(1830) 320, pi. 134; SCHLEGEL and MULLER, Overz. Amphi. Verb.
Nat. Ges. Ned. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 20, pi. 4, fig. 1; GUNTHER,
Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 19; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur.
Fisheries 27 (1908) 263.

Dichistodus fasciatus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1863) 214;
BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Roll. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 86; Atlas Ichth.
9 (1878) pi. 401, fig. 8.

Dorsal XIII, 13 or 14; anal II, 13; scales in lateral series 26;
with tubules 17 to 19 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal
4; between lateral line and vent 10.

Upper and lower profiles of body similar, being regular
curves Irom tip of snout to tail; depth 2.1 to 2.2 in length; head
3.1 to 3.4; depth of caudal peduncle 5.6 to 6.4. Interorbital
space strongly arched, 3.1 to 3.4 in length of head ; eye circular,
rather small, its diameter 3.3 to 4.3, or shorter than the blunt,
rounded snout, which is 2.8 to 3.4 in head. Mouth small,
slightly oblique; maxillary 2.9 to 3.4 in head, its posterior end
a little before eyes; tip of snout lower than inferior margin of
orbit; teeth rounded, noncontiguous, in two series in each jaw.
Suborbital coarsely denticulated, the width of preorbital at end
of maxillary greater than two-thirds eye diameter; opercle
armed behind with two flat spines.

Top of head scaly to front rim of orbit, leaving snout entirely
naked; orbitals and edges of preopercle also naked. Dorsal
spines increasing in height toward behind. Soft dorsal and anal
rounded, of nearly the same height; caudal very slightly emar-
ginate; pectoral ending before anus and ventrals extending to
origin of anal fin.

Dark brown in alcohol, becoming lighter toward the lower
parts, with four yellow crossbands; one on the nuchal region,
the second from front part of dorsal fin to behind axil of
pectoral, the third across posterior dorsal spines, the fourth at
axil of soft dorsal. A black spot above operculum ; two parallel

gg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID.E

series of black specks along sides of body, originating from
opercle between lateral line and base of pectoral ; in some spec-
imens a third series also present just below lateral line; the
three series of spots absent in very young individuals. Pecto-
ral dusky at base and yellowish outward ; all the other fins dusky ;
most of the scales of body with a yellowish streak or spot. In
some specimens there is a light longitudinal line on anal fin.

Described from twenty-three specimens, 21 to 111 millimeters
in length, collected at the following localities': Paoay and Curri-
mao, Ilocos Norte; Iba, Zambales; Polillo Island; Bantayan Is-
land; Canigaran, Palawan; Balabac, Balabac Island; Canigao
Island, Leyte; Zamboanga, Mindanao; and Tubigan, Jolo, Ta-
witawi, Bungau, Sibutu, and Saluag Islands, Sulu Archipelago.
The example from Saluag Island, 111 millimeters in length, is
a ripe female, collected in September, 1925.

I have examined several specimens at Stanford University
Museum, from Bantayan, Canigao, and Bungau Islands. Giin-
ther listed an adult specimen from the "Philippine Islands;"
Jordan and Richardson reported two specimens from Ticao Is-
land; and Max Weber collected eleven from Sanguisiapo, Sulu
Archipelago.

This fish, well marked by four yellow vertical bands on the
head and body and by two or three longitudinal series of black
spots on the sides, is evidently widespread in the Philippines.
It occurs elsewhere in the East Indies from the coast of Singa-
pore to the Moluccas.

POMACENTRUS BREVICEPS (Bleeker)

PLATE 13, FIG. 1

Amblypomacentrus breviceps BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet.

2 (1877) 69; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 404, fig. 7.
Glyphidodon breviceps GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 42.

Dorsal XIII, 10 or 11; anal II, 11 or 12; scales in lateral
series 25 ; with tubules 15 to 17 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body oblong and elongate, deepest at base of first three dorsal
spines, being 2.2 to 2.6 in length; head 3 to 3.6; depth of caudal
peduncle 6.1 to 7. Interorbital narrow, slightly convex, 3.2 to
4.1 in length of head ; eye fairly large, circular, 2.6 to 3 ; snout
short and rounded, 3.5 to 4.9. Cleft of mo.yith almost vertical,
lower jaw slightly projecting, maxillary terminating posteriorly
behind anterior edge of eye and contained 2.8 to 3.4 in head; only
one row of truncate and closely set teeth in each jaw. Preorbital

POMACENTRUS 69

narrow, less than half an eye diameter at its widest part; sub-
orbital and vertical limb of preopercle very finely serrated.

Scales absent on snout, chin, suborbital, and edges of pre-
opercle; a low sheath of scales covering base of vertical fins.
Dorsal spines increase in height to the fourth, the rest about
equal in height. Fifth and sixth dorsal rays filamentous, as
are also the seventh and eighth anal rays; caudal lobes ending
in filaments; the short pectoral fin ending before anal opening;
outer ray of ventral fin extending to base of anal spines.

Yellowish brown in alcohol, with a silvery reflection on each
scale and three broad brown crossbands; the first descending
from crown of head through orbit and preopercle, the second
broader than the light space before it, under origin of dorsal
fin and the first six dorsal spines ; the third below the last three
dorsal spines and the rayed portion of dorsal; a large dusky
blotch on base of caudal; soft dorsal and caudal with numerous
light specks, which assume a bandlike arrangement.

Of this species there are twenty-six specimens in the Bureau
of Science collection, 21 to 50.5 millimeters in length, from the
following localities: Subic and Olongapo, Zambales; Nasugbu,
Batangas ; Concepcion, Busuanga Island ; Estancia, Panay ; Ban-
tayan Island and Cebu, Cebu; Cuyo and Puerto Princesa,
Palawan; and Tagbilaran, Bohol. The above number includes
fifteen ripe females, 28 to 50.5 millimeters long, collected Jan-
uary 13, 1924 ; May, 1907 ; and October 1, 1907. A number of
specimens from Olongapo and Puerto Princesa are in the mu-
seum of Stanford University.

This species is recognizable by the three broad dark cross-
bands on the body. A comparison of Philippine specimens with
those from Sandakari, Borneo, reveals no specific differences.

This fish is known only from the Indo-Australasian Archi-
pelago.

POMACENTRUS OVOIDES Cartier

Pomacentrus ovoides CARTIER, Verb. Phys. Med. Ges. Wiirzburg
(1873) 98.

Dorsal XIII, 12; anal II, 13; lateral line 30; transverse LJ.

The height of the body is a little Jess than 2.5 in the length without
caudal, the length of head slightly less than 4. The diameter of eye is
greater than the length of snout.

The caudal is forked, the lobes are acute and produced into filaments.
The vertical fins are brown, vehtrals blackish; dorsal and anal bright at
base, especially toward the posterior end, with indication of whitish dot-
like spots. The preorbital is not toothed. Color of body brownish, clear

70 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID.E

on the belly, the scales with bright edges. Forehead blue, with bright
blue spots on the opercles. A round black spot above the origin of pectoral.

The body has a regular ellipsoid form, while the profile of the head
forms part of the oval outline of the body.

"From Bohol and Cavite.

Two specimens, 10 and 9 centimeters long.

The above account is a translation of Cartier's original de-
scription. This species appears to be very closely related to
Pomacentrus breviceps, from which it differs in the smoothness
of its suborbital.

POMACENTRUS ALBOLINEATUS sp. nov.

PLATE 14, FIG. 1

Dorsal XIV, 14; anal II, 15; scales in lateral series 26;
with tubules 15 or 16 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal
3 ^between lateral line and vent 11.

Body oblong and deep, much compressed, anterior dorsal
profile steep and very slightly arched; depth of body 1.9 in
length; head 3.1; depth of caudal peduncle 6.7. Interorbital
space almost flat, 2.7 in length of head or almost as wide as the
diameter of the large round eye which is contained 2.6 in head ;
the short, bluntish snout 3.4 in head, its tip on a level with
inferior margin of orbit; maxillary a little longer than snout
and contained 3.2 in head, its posterior end slightly behind
anterior edge of eye. Mouth small and oblique, jaws even;
teeth in a single row, compressed, with the cutting edges emar-
ginate. Preorbital narrow, its greatest width scarcely half an
eye diameter ; suborbital with indistinct serras below ; preopercle
denticulated behind, serrse well developed near the angle ; opercle
armed at its hind margin with a flat spine.

Scales finely ctenoid, very thin and weak, rather loosely im-
bricated ; those covering head extending to nostrils ; none present
on orbital ring or on vertical limb of preopercle; a low sheath
of scales covering base of vertical fins; cheek with three lon-
gitudinal rows of scales, the lowest row on inferior limb of
preopercle. Lateral line ending posteriorly below origin of soft
dorsal. Dorsal spines increasing in height posteriorly, the last
one about as high as second anal spine. Soft vertical fins
slightly rounded; caudal emanginate; both pectoral and ventral
extending to vent.

Ground color in alcohol light yellowish brown ; scales on body
with white transverse lines near base, these lines appearing
to be continuous with the tranverse rows of scales ; each scale at

POMACENTRUS 71

base of anal fin with a white spot; anal opening jet black; all
the other fins yellowish; pectoral with a dusky axillary spot.

Known from only two specimens, one of which is in the
collection of the Bureau of Science and the other at Stanford
University Museum. They measure 37 millimeters each, and
were collected by Dr. Albert W. Herre at Bungau Island, Sulu
Archipelago, in 1921.

This species is distinct from the other members of this genus
in having a series of white transverse lines across the body.

POMACENTRUS UPISTHOSTIGMA Fowler

Pomacentrus opisthostigma FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70
(1918).

Dorsal XIV, 14; anal II, 15; scales in lateral series 26; with
tubules 15 or 16; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3;
between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ellipsoid and well compressed, with back and abdomen
equally arched, greatest depth 1.9 to 2 in length ; head 3 to 3.2 in
length of body, with upper outline slightly more convex than
lower; depth of caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.3 in length of head or 6.6
to 6.9 in that of body. Interorbital space evenly convex and as
wide as eye diameter, which is 2.9 to 3.2 in head ; snout bluntly
pointed and rather short, 3.2 to 3.4 in length of head and a
little longer than maxillary which is contained 3.4 to 3.6 ; width
of preorbital behind maxillary less than half eye diameter. Eye
circular and a little elevated, its anterior edge above posterior
end of maxillary. Mouth small and slightly oblique, jaws about
even; the simple small teeth compressed and in a single series.
Orbital ring distinctly serrated, first tooth enlarged and followed
by a notch; only the hind limb of preopercle serrated; opercle
armed with two flat spines behind.

Orbital ring, edges of preopercle and portion of snout in front
of nostrils naked, and rest of head covered with scales. Dorsal
spines evenly graduated to the last, which is the highest and
1.5 to 1.6 in head; second anal spine lower than last dorsal
spine; soft dorsal and. anal rounded; caudal fin a little emar-
ginate; pectoral fin as long as head and reaching anus; outer
ray of ventral produced into a filament which extends behind
anal opening.

Color in alcohol brown, paler on belly and lower surface of
head ; each side of head with some scattered pearl white spots ;
two fine pearl white lines converging at snout, present on top
of head, and a short one in front of each eye; dorsal fin deep

72 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

brown, the spinous portion black-edged; anal fin deep brown;
caudal, pectoral, and ventral fins brownish, a black spot at origin
of lateral line and a rather large, wedge-shaped, black mark at
base of pectoral ; anus black.

The above description is of two examples, 40 and 51.5 milli-
meters in length, collected at Bungau Island, Sulu Archipelago.

This species has been previously recorded by Fowler, from
three specimens labeled "Philippine Islands."

POMACENTRUS TABLASENSIS .p. n.v.

PLATE 14, FIG. 2

Dorsal XIV, 18; anal II, 15; scales in lateral series 26; with
tubules 15 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 10.

Body ellipsoid, compressed, slightly elongate, with both dorsal
and anal profiles about equally elevated; depth of body 2.1 in
length; head 3.2; caudal peduncle rather deep and strongly
compressed, its least depth 1.8 in length of head or 6.3 in that
of body. Interorbital space evenly convex, 3,2 in length of head
or as wide as length of eye diameter or of maxillary; snout
3.3 in head, its tip on a level with lower margin of eye. Mouth
small and a little oblique; teeth in a double series in each jaw,
their cutting edges rounded. Orbital ring rather coarsely ser-
rated; first tooth enlarged and separated from the others by
a notch ; posterior end of maxillary below anterior edge of orbit ;
least width of preorbital & in length of snout ; vertical limb of
preopercle distinctly serrated; opercle armed with a flat spine
behind.

Scales on each side of body moderately large, those on top of
head extending to a little in front of nostrils, leaving a narrow
naked space behind upper jaw; vertical fins with a low basal
sheath of scales; orbital ring and vertical edge of preopercle
unsealed ; cheek with four longitudinal rows of scales. Lateral
line ending posteriorly below origin of rayed dorsal. Middle
dorsal spines of about equal height and slightly lower than the
last spine, which is 1.7 in length of head and as high as second
anal; both rayed dorsal and anal rounded; caudal emarginate,
with rounded lobes, the upper one slightly the longer; the broad
pectoral about as long as head, its posterior end above anus;
ventral extending to base of anterior anal rays, its spine as long
as second anal and its outer ray produced into a filament.

Ground color of a fresh specimen brownish violet, passing
into whitish below, and into yellowish posteriorly below the

DAYA 73

rayed dorsal and on the caudal peduncle; dorsal fin brownish
violet, with a blackish edge to the spinous portion; caudal
slightly yellowish near base and brownish outwardly; posterior
third of anal black, remaining portion whitish ; pectoral slightly
grayish with a small black spot superiorly at its base and axil ;
eye golden yellow, with a tinge of brownish violet above.

In alcohol the ground color is yellowish brown, fading into
whitish below; dorsal fin yellowish brown; tail and base of
caudal yellowish, rest of the fin grayish; anal black on its
posterior third and whitish violet on the remaining portion;
pectoral and ventral grayish, the former with a small black
spot superiorly at its base and axil.

Here described from a single specimen, 95 millimeters long,
collected by Mr. M. Brown, August 5, 1926, at Tablas, the
largest island in Romblon Province.

Genus DATA Bleeker

Daya BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 71; jerdoni,
Body oblong, elongate. Teeth In a single series, the middle
ones short and large, almost flattened. Preopercle finely ser-
rated as are the angle of opercle and the contiguous portion of
subopercle; orbital ring entire. Scales of moderate size, about
30 or less in a longitudinal series; lateral line ceasing below
soft dorsal fin. Dorsal fin continuous, not notched, with 13
spines.

I am obliged to separate this genus from Pomacentms, from
which it differs in the serration of the opercular and sub-
opercular bones.

There is apparently but a single species, which is rare on
the coast of India and in the seas of the Indo-Australasian Ar-
chipelago.

DATA JERDONI (Day)

PLATE 15, no. 1

Pomacentrus jerdoni DAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1873) 237; Fishes of
India (1878) 383, pi. 80, fig. 7; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S.
Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907) 89.

Daya jerdoni WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 344.
Dorsal XIII, 12 or 13; anal II, 12 to 14; scales in lateral
series 28 to 30; with tubules 19 to 21; between lateral line
and origin of dorsal 6; between lateral line and vent 10.

Dorsal and ventral outlines of the oblong, elongate body
similar; depth 2.5 to 2.6 in length; head 2.9 to 3.6; depth of
caudal peduncle 7.1 to 8. Interorbital space with a low de-
pression extending forward to tip of snout, its width contained

74 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHXE

3 to 3.7 in length of head; snout 3.5 to 3.7 in head, being
shorter than the diameter of the large round eye which is con-
tained 3.1. Mouth large, almost vertical; jaws subequal; max-
illary longer than width of interorbital or diameter of eye, its
posterior end below front margin of orbit; teeth compressed,
in a single series. Orbital ring entire, adnate to cheek; ver-
tical limb of preopercle, angle of opercle, and the contiguous
portion of subopercle serrated; opercle armed with two flat
spines behind.

Scales on top of head extending to above anterior edge of
pupil, leaving a naked space from there to tip of snout; pre-
orbital and vertical edge of preopercle naked. Sixth and seventh
dorsal spines highest. Soft vertical fins pointed posteriorly;
caudal lobes produced, the upper one longer; pectoral as long
as ventral and ending before vent.

Yellowish olive in alcohol, becoming lighter on the lower
surface; seven series of white spots across gill opening; an
unbroken line in front of eye, four more or less broken ones
below it. Base of pectoral with a blotch superiorly, pectoral
and ventral yellowish, the other fins dusky; dorsal and anal
with light lines and spots ; a row of light lines along the center
of the scales on the sides.

Described from four specimens, 31 to 91 millimeters long,
from Bulan, Sorsogon, and from Olongapo, Zambales. The two
examples from Bulan are part of a number collected by C. J.
Pierson, as recorded by Evermann and Seale, and those taken
from the other locality in May, 1907, are females in near-spawn-
ing condition. A third specimen from Olongapo is now in the
museum of Stanford University.

This species has been reported also from the Philippines by
Max Weber, who obtained an example with a dredge in 13
meters of water at Tonquil Island, Sulu Archipelago. By the
same method he collected on the Borneo Bank another specimen.
No other record of the species has been reported elsewhere in
the East Indies.

This species, distinct in having the angle of the opercle and
the contiguous portion of the subopercle serrated, was originally
described by Day from Madras, India.

Genus HEMIGLYPHIDODON Bleeker

Hemiglyphidodon BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

91; plagiometopon.
Ctenoglyphidodon FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70 (1918)

59; melanopselion.

HEMIGLYPHIDODON 75

This genus is separated from Abudefduf by its very numerous
and exceedingly long gill rakers, over 70 being present on the
first arch, a character which I consider of generic value. It has
a single series of flattened, more or less notched teeth, and
entire opercular and orbital bones in common with Abudefduf.

Only one species is known and it is confined to the Indo-Aus-
tralasian Archipelago.

HEMIGLYPHIDODON PLAGIOMETOPON (Bleeker)

PLATE 5, FIG. 1

Glyphisodon plagiometopon BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 3 (1852)

67; GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 51; BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl.

Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 103; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 410, fig. 4.
Abudefduf melanopselion FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70

(1918) 59, fig. 23; FOWLER and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62

(1922) 49.

Dorsal XIII, 12 or 13; anal ft, 13 to 15; scales in lateral
series 26 ; with tubules 15 to 18 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 4 or 5 ; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body oblong and deep, anterior profile oblique, slightly
arched; depth of body 1.9 to 2 in length; head 2.7 to 3.1; depth
of caudal peduncle 6.3 to 6.9. Interorbital space strongly con-
vex, rather wide, being 2.7 to 3.2 in head or a little narrower
than the length of the long, slightly pointed snout, which is con-
tained 2.4 to 2.9 in head; cleft of small mouth oblique, jaws
equal; maxillary 3.1 to 3.5 in head, its posterior end a little
behind nostrils; eye rounded, its diameter 3.3 to 4.1 in head;
teeth in a single series, with the tips truncate. Gill rakers very
long and numerous, 35 + 45 on first arch. Width of preor-
bital at angle of mouth about f eye diameter; orbitals and
preopercle with entire edges; opercle armed behind with a
flat spine.

Head everywhere covered with scales excepting part of snout
in front of nostrils, orbital ring, and posterior edge of pre-
opercle; dorsal and anal fins with a low basal sheath of scales.
Dorsal spines increasing in height to behind. Soft dorsal and
anal slightly pointed; caudal obliquely truncated; pectoral ex-
tending to anus; ventrals reaching origin of anal fin, its two
outer rays about equal in length.

Color in alcohol brown, with a bluish vertical streak on each
scale of body; a bluish curved line on suborbital, some bluish
dots on head and on base of vertical fins. All the fins dusky,
the pectoral somewhat paler than the rest and having a blackish
spot at base.

76 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

The foregoing account was taken from eight examples, 87 to
122 millimeters long, coming from Bantayan Island; Samal
Island and Zamboanga, Mindanao; and Bato Bato, Tawitawi,
and Sitankai Islands, Sulu Archipelago. The two examples col-
lected at Zamboanga in March, 1923, are females nearly ready
to spawn.

Eight fresh examples, 29 to 55 millimeters long, obtained at
a public market in Cebu, Cebu Province, are colored as follows :
The ground color of large specimens yellow, with a shade of
blackish violet on head and all the fins; the small examples
blackish violet in front and above, bright orange yellow below
and behind including the posterior dorsal rays, the caudal, and
the ventrals and having a blackish violet spot at base of pectoral,
and another at base of the last dorsal rays. Two pearl white
lines radiating from eye toward upper jaw, the first one uniting
with an opposite line at tip of snout and the other crossing pre-
orbital ; a third line of the same color present on orbital ring ;
one or more longitudinal series of pearl white spots on pre-
opercle, and some scattered ones on the rest of the head and
at base of vertical fins; each scale on lower half of sides with
a pearl white vertical streak.

This species was first noted from the "Philippine Islands" by
Fowler, and from Cebu by Fowler and Bean as Abudefduf
melanopselion. Elsewhere it is found on the coasts of Singa-
pore, Japan, and New Guinea.

Genus ABUDEFDUF Forskal

Abudefduf FORSK!L, Descr. Anim. (1775) 59; sordidus.
Glyphisodon LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 4 (1803) 542; moncharra;

also spelled Glyphidodon.

Stegastes JENYNS, Voy. Beagle (1842) 63; imbricatus.
Euchistodus GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1862) 145; declivi-

frons.
Amblyglyphidodon BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

92; aureus.

Body short and deep, compressed, with about 28 scales or less
in a longitudinal series. Lateral line interrupted before pos-
terior end of soft dorsal. Teeth in a single series, entire or
notched at tips. Gill rakers not very numerous, about 28 or
less being present on the first arch. A single dorsal fin with
12 or 13 spines. None of the opercles serrated, orbital ring
entire.

ABUDEFDUF 77

This large genus, which is represented in the Philippines by
thirteen species, is found in all tropical seas, extending north-
ward to the latitude of Madeira in the Atlantic and of California
in the Pacific, southward to the latitudes of New Zealand and
South Australia.

Key to the Philippine species of Abudefduf.

a1. Body ovate-oblong, with black crossbands.

61. Snout naked; the black crossbands wider than the interspaces.
c*. Body with six black crossbands; a large black blotch on anterior

dorsal spines and another on tail A. sordidus.

c2. Body with seven black crossbands; no black blotch on either the

spinous dorsal or the tail A. septemfasciatus.

b*. Snout scaled; the black crossbands not wider than the interspaces.
d1. Scales on top of head extending to nostrils.

e\ Body with seven black crossbands A. bengalensis.

e\ Body with five black crossbands A. saxatilis.

eP. Scales on top of head extending to tip of snout; body with five
black crossbands; each lobe of caudal fin with a black longitudinal

stripe A. coelestinus.

a5. Body subcircular, with or without black crossbands.

/*. Body with three black crossbands A. curacao.

f. Body without black crossbands.

g\ Soft dorsal and anal uniformly yellow A. aureus.

g*. Anterior dorsal and anal rays blackish A. leucogaster.

a*. Body markedly oblong, without any black crossbands.

h\ Edges of teeth nearly pointed A. coracinus.

A*. Edges of teeth truncate or notched.

t1. Dorsal spines 13 A. philippinus.

i*. Dorsal spines 12, rarely 13.

?. Dorsal spines increasing in length posteriorly; a black vertical

band between the soft vertical fins A. dickii.

f. Middle dorsal spines longest; no black vertical band between the

soft vertical fins.

A?. Spinous dorsal and back of tail with a large dark spot; body

with a pearl white transverse band in the young..A. leucozona.

ft*. Spinous dorsal and back of tail without any dark spot; body

without any pearl white band. A. lacrymatus.

ABUDEFDUF SORDIDUS (Fonkil)

PLATE 15, FIG. 2

Chaetodon sordidus FORSKAL, Descr. Anim. (1775) 62, No. 87; BLOCK
and SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. (1801) 230.

Glyphisodon sordidus RUPPKLL, Fische des Rothen Meers (1828) 34,
pi. 8, fig. 1; CUVIER an«' VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5 (1830)
349; BLEEKER, Verh. Eat. Gen. 21 (1847) 16; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes
4 (1862) 41; Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 231 ; BLEEKER, Nat. Verh.

7g PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 95; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 410, fig. 5;
DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 385, pi. 83, fig. 1.

Abudefduf sordidus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries. 25
(1906) 284; JORDAN and JORDAN, Mem. Carnegie Mus. 10 (1922) 68.

Dorsal XIII, 13 to 15; anal II, 12 to 15; scales in lateral
series 26 ; with tubules 21 or 22 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 5 ; between lateral line and vent 14.

Body deep and much compressed, With the dorsal outline
deeper than ventral ; greatest depth of body at origin of dorsal
fin, 1.8 to 1.9 in length ; head 2.6 to 3 ; depth of caudal peduncle
5.2 to 5.3. Interorbital space 3 to 3.4 in length of head and
as wide as length of either snout or maxillary ; the large, round
eye 2.7 to 2.8 in head. Mouth almost horizontal; teeth very
narrow and slender, uni serial in each jaw. Gill rakers 7 + 17
on first arch. Orbital ring very narrow; posterior margin of
opercle with two flat spines.

Scales on top of head advancing as far as front margin of
orbit, leaving a naked space from there to tip of snout ; no scales
on orbital ring and edges of preopercle. Fourth to eighth dor-
sal spines highest, last dorsal spine higher than preceding one.
Vertical fins obtusely rounded; caudal deeply forked; pectoral
ending above anus; ventral extending to base of second anal
spine, its first ray filamentous.

Color in alcohol yellowish brown, with six blackish, rather
indistinct transverse bands which are much wider than the inter-
spaces between them; the first band descending from origin of
dorsal fin; the next three from the spinous dorsal; the fifth
below anterior rays of dorsal fin; the last one across caudal
peduncle, with its upper portion in the form of a large black
spot., A black spot superiorly at base of pectoral and some
minute dark spots scattered all over body. Anterior portion
of spinous dorsal black ; outer rays of ventral and of other fins
dusky.

Of this well-marked species I have examined thirteen exam-
ples, 21 to 50 millimeters long, taken at Luna and Balaoan,
La Union; Puerto Galera, Mindoro; Camiguin Island, Cagayan
Province ; and Bungau Island, Sulu Archipelago. The presence
of a large black spot on the tail and of another on each anterior
dorsal spine distinguishes the species from Abudefduf septem-
fasciatiis.

This species ranges from the Red Sea and east coast of Africa
eastward to Samoa and Hawaii and northward to China, For-
mosa, and Okinawa Islands.

ABUDEFDUF 79

ABUDEFDUF SEPTEMFASCIATUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 16, FIG. 1

Glyphisodon septemfasciatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss. 5 (1830) 346; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 40; Fische der
Siidsee 2 (1876) 230; BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2
(1877) 97; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 409, fig. 5; pi. 81, fig. 7; DAY,
Fishes of India (1878) 386, pi. 81, fig. 7.

Abudefduf septemfasciatus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish-
eries 25 (1906) 285; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish-
eries 26 (1907) 93; SEALE and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 33
(1908) 385; WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 247.

Dorsal XIII, 13; anal II, 12; scales in lateral series 27; with
tubules 19 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 11.

Body ovate-oblong, compressed, elevated, its depth 2 in
length; head 2.8; depth of caudal peduncle 5.8. The convex
interorbital 3.2 in length of head, as wide as length of snout;
diameter of eye and maxillary equal in length, each contained
3.5 in head. Jaws even, cleft of mouth almost horizontal;
teeth compressed in a single series, with the incisors emarginate.
Gill rakers 8 -f 15 on first arch. Width of orbital ring above
angle of mouth less than half diameter of eye.

Scales absent on orbitals, chin, and edges of preopercle ; snout
and anterior portion of interorbital space also naked. Fourth,
fifth, and sixth dorsal spines highest, equal to second anal
spine. Soft dorsal produced into a point; anal rounded; caudal
unequally forked, the upper lobe longer; tip of pectoral above
anus ; ventral fin reaching origin of anal, its first ray filamentous.

Ground color in alcohol lemon yellow, with seven blackish
crossbands which are wider than the interspaces between them ;
the first, rather indistinct, across head ; the second across neck ;
the third, fourth, and fifth below spinous dorsal; the sixth
from anterior dorsal rays to base of anal; the last one around
caudal peduncle. Spinous dorsal with a dark margin; base of
caudal with a conspicuous black spot superiorly.

The above account is that of an example, 58 millimeters long,
collected at Paraoir, Balaoan, La Union. I have examined also
four others, 28 to 82 millimeters in length, from Guam, which
are in the Bureau of Science collection.

This species has been reported previously from the "Philip-
pine Islands" by Giinther; from Bulan, Sorsogon, by Evermann
and Scale ; and from Zamboanga, Mindanao, by Scale and Bean.
Outside of the Philippines, it occurs throughout the Red Sea

gO PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHLE

and the Indian Ocean, and from the islands of the Western
Pacific to the Paumotus. It is rather widespread and common
in the Indo-Australasian Archipelago.

ABUDEFDUF BENGALENSIS (Bloch)

PLATE 16, FIG. 2

Chaetodon bengalensis BLOCH, Ichth. 5 (1787) 82, pi. 213, fig. 2.

Glyphisodon bengalensis CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
5 (1830) 342; BLEEKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. 21 (1847) 11; GUNTHER,
Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 41; BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2
(1877) 99; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 407, fig. 4; DAY, Fishes of
India (1878) 387, pi. 83, fig. 3.

Abudefduf bengalensis WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 344.

Dorsal XIII, 12 to 14; anal II, 12 or 13; scales in lateral
series 27 ; with tubules 20 to 22 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 5 ; between lateral line and vent 12.

Body elevated, much compressed, deepest at about anterior
portion of spinous dorsal, 1.6 to 1.8 in length; head 2.8
to 3.1, its upper profile very steep and almost straight; caudal
peduncle strongly compressed, very short and deep, its depth
contained 4.2 to 5.8 in length of body. Interorbital space broad,
moderately convex, contained from 2.8 to 3.2 in length of head ;
the circular, fairly large eye 3.3 to 3.8; the blunt snout 2.9
to 3.4, its tip not quite on a level with lower margin of eye;
maxillary 3.2 to 3.6 or a little shorter than snout. Mouth
slightly oblique, jaws equal; teeth in a single row, having emar-
ginate edges. Gill rakers on first arch 22 or 23. Width of
preorbital at posterior end of maxillary nearly equal to half
diameter of orbit; opercle armed behind with two flat spines.

The naked area on head includes snout in front of nostrils,
orbital ring, and edges of preopercle ; a low scaly sheath at base
of vertical fins. Fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines highest.
Soft dorsal and anal fins produced along the middle, forming
acute angles; caudal fin forked, with rather broad lobes.

Body olive brown in alcohol, with seven blackish crossbands,
which are a little narrower than the interspaces between them ;
the first, rather indistinct, across head ; the second from the first
two dorsal spines to axil of pectoral ; the third from the fourth
and fifth dorsal spines to belly; the fourth from the eighth and
ninth spines to anus ; the fifth from the last dorsal spines to the
anterior anal rays; the sixth between the middle of soft dorsal
and the posterior portion of rayed anal; the seventh in the
form of a blotch on posterior half of caudal peduncle and on
base of fin. A black margin on anal fin, that of the spinous

ABUDEFDUP 81

dorsal continued on the anterior rays; a dark spot superiorly
at base of pectoral.

Here described from sixteen examples, 30 to 114 millimeters
long, collected at Taylon and Tanao Islands, Camarines Norte;
San Miguel Bay, Camarines Sur ; Halsey Harbor, Culion Island ;
Puerto Princesa, Palawan; Placer and Cagayan de Misamis,
Mindanao; and Sitankai Island, Sulu Archipelago. The spec-
imens mentioned above are identical with two examples from
Hongkong, which are now in the Bureau of Science collection.

This species differs from Abudefduf septemfasciatus in having
narrower bands and a dark blotch at the base of the caudal fin.
It has not been recorded from the Philippines heretofore, is
abundant in the Gulf of Bengal and on the coast of the Anda-
mans, and is rarely known from the Malay Archipelago.

ABUDEFDUF SAXATILIS (Linns us)

PLATE 17, FIG. 2

Chaetodon saxatUis LlNN-iEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758) 276.
Glyphisodon saxatUis RUPPELL, Fische des Rothen Meers (1828) 35;

GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 229, pi. 126, fig. A (not var.

coelestina) ; JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24 (1902)

608; JORDAN and EVERMANN, Proc.*U. S. Nat. Mus. 25 (1903) 352.
Abudefduf saxatUis JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 26

(1907) 28; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

27 (1908) 263.
Glyphisodon coelestinus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 38 (not the

variety); BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 101;

Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 408, fig. 5; DAY, Fishes of India (1878)

386, pi. 83, fig. 2, not of Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Dorsal XIII, 12 or 13; anal II, 12 or 13; scales in lateral
series 27, with tubules 20 to 23 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 5 or 6 ; between lateral line and vent 12.

Body deep, much compressed, dorsal outline more elevated
than ventral, which is pretty evenly curved from snout to
caudal peduncle; depth of body 1.7 to 2 in length; head 3 to
3.3; depth of caudal peduncle 5.4 to 6.4, or greater than its
length. Interorbital space broad, strongly convex, 2.4 to 3 in
length of head ; eye circular, its diameter 3.1 to 3.8 ; the short,
rounded snout nearly as long as maxillary, which is contained
3 to 3.5 in head. Mouth oblique, jaws equal, hind end of
maxillary scarcely reaching the point below anterior margin of
orbit ; teeth in a single series, compressed, some of the incisors
notched. Gill rakers on first arch 24 or 25. Preorbital narrow,
its width at angle of mouth less than half diameter of eye;
opercle ending in a flat spine.

32 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHXE

Snout in front of nostrils, preorbital, and both inferior and
posterior edges of preopercle naked. Middle dorsal spines of
nearly uniform height, being as high as the last. Middle rays
of soft dorsal and anal fins produced into a point ; caudal deeply
forked, with the lobes pointed and falcate; both pectoral and
ventral extend to vent.

Color in alcohol brownish olive, with silvery reflection; body
with five black transverse bands, which are as wide as the
interspaces between them; the first descending from the front
of spinous dorsal to axil of pectoral ; the second extending down-
ward from the fifth, sixth, and seventh spines to about the
middle of ventral fin; the third descending from the tenth,
eleventh, and twelfth spines to base of anal spines; the fourth
occupying the space between most of the base of rayed dorsal
and the posterior third of soft anal ; the fifth covering the middle
portion of tail. Head dusky, darker on snout, chin, and inter-
orbital space; vertical fins blackish excepting the edges of the
rayed portions, which are pale; caudal dusky at base and on
upper and lower margins, pale at tips of rays; ventral and
pectoral with a little dusky color, the latter fin with a large
black spot on upper half of its base.

The above description is based upon sixty-five individuals, 17
to 125 millimeters in length, collected at the following places :
Santo Domingo de fiasco, Batan Island I

Paoay, Ilocos Norte 1

Nalvo, Luna, La Union 21

Paraoir, Balaoan, La Union 3

Iba, Zambales 1

Monja Island, Corregidor (125 millimeters long, a ripe fe-
male, collected April, 1922) 1
Calapan, Mindoro 5
Legaspi, Albay 2
Despujols, Tablas 3
Sayan Island, Samar (106 and 121 millimeters long, both

ripe females, collected February, 1925) 2

Tagapula island, Samar 1

Halsey Harbor, Culion 1

Cabalian, Leyte (119 millimeters long, a ripe female, col-
lected December, 1922) 1
Dumaguete and Siaton, Oriental Negros 12
Siquijor 1
Balabac Q
Tawitawi and Bungau Islands, Sulu Archipelago 3
There are in the Bureau of Scienrp several examples, col-
lected at Wakanoura, Japan, and Codd Island, Amoy, which
agree in characters with the Philippine specimens.

ABUDEFDUF 83

This species has been previously recorded in the Philippines
by Jordan and Scale from Manila, and by Jordan and Richard-
son from the same locality and Calayan Island.

Ground color of living specimens in the Bureau of Science
aquarium is lemon yellow, which is much brighter above; the
fourth transverse band is between the bases of the middle soft
dorsal and anal fins; top of head above eyes slightly blackish;
a black spot at base of pectoral; upper and lower margins of
caudal fin narrowly washed with blackish ; membranes of spinous
dorsal edged with blackish.

This species is easily distinguished from Abudefduf coelestinus
(Cuvier and Valenciennes) by its deeper bddy; by the absence
of black stripes on the caudal ; by the naked area on the snout,
orbitals, and limbs of preopercle ; and by the more anterior posi-
tion of the fifth band on the tail. The examples at hand differ
from American individuals in the number and relative width of
the crossbands. It is probable that the original description of
this species by Linnaeus was based upon an East Indian spec-
imen, but the name has been applied to both the Asiatic and the
American representatives.

It is apparently widely distributed in the Philippines, and is
known to inhabit the entire Indo-Pacific region from the Red
Sea and the east coast of Africa to the Austral and Hawaiian
Islands northward to China, Formosa, and Japan.

ABUDEFDUF COELESTINUS (Curier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 8, FIG. 1

Glyphisodon coelestinus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 347, pi. 135; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 38, var.;

PETERS, Mon. Konig. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 271; GUNTHER,

Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 229, pi. 126, fig. B; BLEEKER, Nat.

Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 101.
Abudefduf coelestinus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

25 (1906) 285; SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42 (1912) 505;

FOWLER and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62 (1922) 48.

Dorsal XIII, 11 or 12; anal II, 12 or 13; scales in lateral
series 28 ; with tubules 20 or 21 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 5; between lateral line and vent 12.

Profiles evenly curved and equally elevated ; body rather deep,
1.8 to 2 in length; head 2.1 to 3.4; caudal peduncle short, depth

5.6 to 6.2. Interorbital space strongly convex and rather broad,

2.7 to 3.3 in length of head, or slightly broader than length of
maxillary, which is contained 2.9 to 3.4 in head; eye rounded,
3.1 to 3.9 in head; the short and rounded snout contained 3.1

g4 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRiaE

to 3.6. Mouth rather small, strongly oblique, jaws equal; tip
of snout on a level with lower margin of orbit; maxillary ex-
tending posteriorly at anterior edge of eye or slightly before it;
teeth in a single row, compressed and rather blunt. Gill rakers
8 or 9 + 17 on first arch. Orbital ring very narrow, its width at
angle of mouth less than half diameter of orbit; opercle with
a flat spine at its hind margin.

Head and body completely scaly. Fifth, sixth, seventh,
and thirteenth dorsal- spines highest. Rayed dorsal and anal
similar, produced along median into a point; caudal deeply
notched, lobes falcate and rather pointed ; pectoral ending above
vent; ventral fin extending to origin of anal fin.

Brownish violet in alcohol; body crossed by five blackish
transverse bands, which are nearly as broad as the interspaces
between them; the first one from nape to base and partly to
axil of pectoral; second from base of fourth to seventh dorsal
spines to middle of ventral fin; third from base of last four
dorsal spines to origin of anal fin; fourth between middle of
soft dorsal and posterior portion of anal; fifth on hind part
of caudal peduncle. Head dusky, especially on interorbital
space, chin, and lips; spinous dorsal dusky; the soft vertical
fins similarly colored at base, the outer portion of rays
pale; caudal with a blackish streak on each lobe; pectoral and
ventral more or less dusky, the former fin with a large spot at
axil and another one at base.

Here described from the following examples, varying from
14 to 120 millimeters in length:

Nalvo, Luna, La Union 6
San Miguel Bay, Camarines Sur (a ripe male and 2
ripe females, 104 to 107 millimeters long, collected

December, 1918) 4

Calapan, Mindoro 1

Masbate 4

Halsey Harbor, Culion 2

Bogo, Cebu 2

Cabalian, Leyte 2

Canigaran, Puerto Princesa, Palawan 4
Placer, Surigao (one, a ripe female, 105 millimeters in

length, collected September, 1907) 2

Cagayan de Misamis and Zamboanga, Mindanao 6
Tawitawi, Bungau, and Sibutu, Sulu Archipelago (29
to 177 millimeters long, one a ripe female, and the

others' ripe males, all collected in August, 1924) 10

There is also in the Bureau of Science collection a specimen
from Guam, measuring 29 millimeters long.

ABUDEFDUP 85

The first Philippine record of this species is that of Peters
from the southern coast of Luzon. It has been reported also by
Fowler and Bean, from Cebu, Cebu.

Living specimens in the Bureau of Science aquarium are
colored as follows: Ground color bluish, fading into yellowish
white below; fourth black crossband descending from middle
dorsal rays through middle portion of soft anal ; remaining por-
tion of rayed dorsal yellowish ; spinous dorsal edged with black ;
transverse band on caudal peduncle united with the black longi-
tudinal stripe on upper lobe of caudal fin; anal spines and
anterior rays blackish as is also top of head; base of pectoral
black.

According to Cuvier and Valenciennes the true Abudefduf
coelestinus has a broad blackish band near the margin of each
lobe of the caudal fin. Gunther and Bleeker regard this as
identical with one that has the caudal plain. An examination
of the specimens at hand shows that some are females and some
males, proving that this particular color pattern is not a sex
character. A comparison has been made with Abudefduf sazo-
tilis under which I place those with the caudal unstreaked, and
Abudefduf coelestinus seems to differ in having a less deep body,
in the presence of scales on all parts of the head, and in the
more posterior position of the last vertical band.

Apparently common in the neighborhood of coral reefs in
the Philippines. Elsewhere it occurs from the Red Sea east-
ward to Polynesia,

ABUDEFDUF CURASAO (Bloch)

PLATE 17, FIG. 1

Chaetodon Curasao BLOCH, Ichth. 5 (1787) 106, pi. 212, fig. I.
Abudefduf curayao EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. fisheries

26 (1907) 93; FOWLER and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62 (1922)

48.
Glyphisodon curassao CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 352.
Glyphisodon trifasciatus BLEEKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. 21 (1847) 19;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 42; Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876)

231; BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 105; Atlas

Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 410, fig. 3.
Glyphisodon smaragdinus BREVOORT, Exped. Japan (1856) 264, pL

6, fig. 3.

Dorsal XIII, 11 to 13; anal II, 12 to 14; scales in lateral series
25; with tubules 16 or 17; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 10.

gg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^E

Body subcircular, greatly compressed, depth 1.6 to 1.7 in
length; head 3 to 3.5; depth of caudal peduncle 5.8 to 6.3. In-
terorbital wide, convex, and slightly bulging, 2.5 to 2.8 in length
of head ; eye large and circular, 2.5 to 3.1 ; snout short, pointed,
8 to 3.8, shorter than maxillary, which is contained 2.7 to 3.1
in head and ends posteriorly behind front margin of orbit.
Mouth oblique, jaws equal; teeth uniserial, those in front with
sharp cutting edges, and those on sides more or less notched.
Gill rakers about 27 on first arch. Preorbital with a shallow
notch in front, its greatest width less than half diameter of
eye; suborbital very narrow.

Head and body completely covered with scales. Middle dorsal
spines highest, but lower than second anal spine. Soft dorsal
angular, its height almost equal to length of head ; anal rounded ;
caudal forked, with the lobes pointed; ventral fin much longer
than pectoral, its outer ray produced into a long filament which
reaches base of anterior anal rays.

Brownish olive in alcohol, with three black, rather ill-defined
crossbands, wider above and formed by black spots on the cuta-
neous sheaths of the transparent scales; the first one below
the anterior dorsal spines, the second one from the posterior
dorsal spines to vent, and the third between the soft dorsal and
anal. Spinous dorsal, anterior two-thirds of anal, and upper
and lower margins of caudal blackish, the remainder of these
fins yellowish ; pectoral pale, ventrals a little dusky.

Here described from thirty-five specimens, 37 to 85 millimeters
in length, obtained at the following places : Sialat Point, Catan-
duanes Island; Puerto Galera and Calapan, Mindoro; Bacon,
Sorsogon; Bantayan Island and Bogo, Cebu; Cabalian, Leyte;
and Tawitawi, Bungau, and Sibutu Islands, Sulu Archipelago.
A single specimen, 71 millimeters long, collected at Sialat Point
in September, 1925, and two others, each 75 millimeters in
length, taken at Cabalian in December, 1922, are females about
ready to spawn. The example from Bacon has been recorded
before by Evprmann and Seale. Fowler and Bean also listed
this species, from Zamboanga.

A living specimen at the Bureau of Science aquarium is yel-
lowish with bluish black spots on some of the scales of head and
trunk, forming ill-defined transverse bands which become lighter
and narrower on the lower parts. The number and nature
of these bands, together with the subcircular shape of the body,
the slender dorsal spines, and the long strong second anal spine,
make this species distinct from the others.

ABUDEFDUF 87

It is known from the East Indies, and ranges eastward
through New Guinea to Shortland Island and northward to
the Riu Kiu Archipelago.

ADUDEFDUF AUREUS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Glyphisodon aureus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 353; SCHLBGEL and MULLER, Overs. Amphi. Verb. Nat. Ges.

Ned. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 22, pi. 5, fig. 1; CUVIER, Regne Anim.

111. ^Poiss. (1840) pi. 33, fig. 1; BLEEKER, Labr. Cten. (1847) 21;

GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 45; BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Roll.

Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 109; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 405, fig. 4.
Abudefduf aureus WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 348.

Dorsal XIII, 12; anal II, 14; scales in lateral series 24 to 26;
with tubules 15 to 18 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal
4; between lateral line and vent 10 or 11.

Body subcircular, strongly compressed, its depth contained
1.5 to 1.6 in length; head 2.9 to 3.2; depth of caudal peduncle
5.7 to 6.1. Interorbital strongly convex, rather broad, 2.6 to 2.9
in length of head ; eye large and circular, 2.5 to 3.2 ; snout short
and blunt, 3 to 3.3 ; maxillary 3 to 3.4. Teeth in a single series,
those in front small and scarcely emarginate. Gill rakers on
first arch 27. Preorbital with a distinct notch above maxillary,
its width at angle of mouth less than half an eye diameter.

Scales extending forward to tip of snout, also covering orbital
ring and preopercular limbs. Middle dorsal spines lower than
the thirteenth. Soft portion of dorsal and anal fins produced
into a point; caudal forked, having pointed lobes; pectoral fin
reaching base of anal spines and ventral extending to base of
anterior anal rays.

Uniformly yellowish brown in alcohol, without any blackish
marking anywhere except on outer edge of membranes of spinous
dorsal.

Here described from eleven specimens, 62 to 108 millimeters
long, collected at Calapan, Mindoro; Gaspar Island, Marinduque;
Tablas Island; Tagapula Island, Samar; New Washington,
Capiz ; and Cabalian, Leyte. An example, 104 millimeters long,
obtained at Gaspar Island in March, 1925, and a slightly smaller
one, taken at Cabalian in May, 1921, are females about ready
to spawn.

This species is new to the Philippines and is known elsewhere
in the Indo-Australasian Archipelago from Java, Celebes, Am-
boina, and Banda.

38 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRUWE

ABUDEFDUF LEUCOGASTER (Bleaker)

Glyphisodon leucogaster BUSBKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. 21 (1847) 20;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 46; BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl.

Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 108; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 407, fig. 6;

DAY, Fishes of India (1878) 388, pi. 81. fig. 3.
Abudefduf leucogaxter FOWLER and BEAN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 62

(1922) 48.

Dorsal XIII, 11 or 12; anal II, 12 to 14; scales in lateral
series 24 to 26 ; with tubules 15 or 16 ; between lateral line and
origin of dorsal 4 ; between lateral line and vent 9 or 10.

Body strongly compressed, subcircular in outline, its depth
1.6 to 1.8 in length; head 2.8 to 3.2; depth of caudal peduncle
6 to 6.6. Interorbital space broad, its width 2.5 to 2.9 in length
of head ; eye rounded and rather large, 2.6 to 3.3 ; snout shorter
than eye, 3.1 to 3.4 in head or nearly as long as maxillary which
is contained 2.9 to 3.3 in head. Teeth compressed, in a single
series, the incisors short and very small. Gill rakers on first
arch 27 or 28. Preorbital very narrow, having a shallow notch
in front.

Head and body completely covered with scales. Middle dorsal
spines as high as the last. Soft dorsal angular; the rayed anal
rounded ; caudal forked, with the lobes pointed ; pectoral extend-
ing to origin of anal fin; ventral longer than pectoral, its first
ray filamentous.

Yellowish brown in alcohol, with scattered blue dots in the
young. Base and axil of pectoral with a prominent black spot
superiorly; posterior two-thirds of soft dorsal and hind third
of rayed anal yellowish, the other portions of the fins blackish ;
upper and lower margins of caudal washed with blackish.

I have examined twenty-two specimens, 40 to 90 millimeters
long, coming from Calapan, Mindoro; Cabalian, Leyte; and
Jolo, Bungau, and Sibutu Islands, Sulu Archipelago. Two of
the specimens from Cabalian, collected in May, 1920, are females
about ready to spawn.

In the Bureau of Science aquarium there are three living
specimens, which are dark brown merging into golden yellow
on belly and with a silvery center to each scale; caudal peduncle
yellowish as is the fin with the exception of the middle rays which
are whitish ; posterior portion of rayed dorsal and anal yellowish ;
ventrals yellowish, pectoral whitish.

This species was first recorded in the Philippines from Zam-
boanga, Mindanao, by Fowler and Bean, and is known to occur
from the Red Sea, east coast of Africa, and the Nicobars to the
Indo-Australasian Archipelago.

ABUDEFDUP 89

ABUDEFDUF CORACINUS Semle

PLATE 18, FIG. 1

Abudefduf coracinus SEALE, Philip. Journ. Sci. | A 4 (1909) 521,
pi. 13.

Dorsal XIII, 13 ; anal II, 13 ; scales in lateral series 26 ; with
tubules 18 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 11.

Body markedly deep and compressed, its depth contained 1.9
to 2 in length; ventral outline of body deeper than dorsal;
anterior dorsal profile from tip of snout to origin of dorsal very
oblique and slightly convex; head 3.2 to 3.4 in length of body;
depth of caudal peduncle 5.5 to 5.7. Interorbital space strongly
arched, wider than length of snout, 2.6 to 2.7 in head; eye
round, small, its diameter 3 to 3.8 ; maxillary 2.9 to 3.3 in length
of head and about as long as the rounded snout, which is
horizontally in front of inferior border of orbit. Mouth small,
oblique, jaws equal ; maxillary not reaching anterior margin of
eye; teeth in a single series, with rounded tips. Gill rakers
on first arch 22. Preorbital above angle of mouth nearly half
as wide as interorbital.

Body covered with large, weakly ctenoid scales. Snout naked
below and in front of nostrils ; orbital ring also naked. Dorsal
spines increasing in height posteriorly, the last one 1.7 to 1.8
in length of head. Soft dorsal and anal rounded, their middle
rays highest ; caudal scarcely emarginate, with the lobes rounded ;
pectoral rounded, 1.8 to 2 in depth of body, its tip within two
scales from vent; ventral extending to vent, with the outer
ray produced.

According to Seale the color of this fish in life is uniform
dark brown or blackish. Its color in alcohol is blackish brown ;
a blackish spot at axil of pectoral.

Here described from the type and three other specimens,
measuring 58 to 99 millimeters long. The type was collected
at Sitankai Island, and the others were collected at Sibutu Island,
both in the Sulu Archipelago.

In the general form of the body and the relative size of the
scales, this species is nearest to Abudefduf rhomcdeus Snyder,
but differs from it in having the orbital ring naked.

ADUDEFDUF PHILIPPINUS Fowl.r

Abudefduf philippinus FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70 (1918)
54, fig. 21.

90 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHXE

Head 2g; depth It; D. XIII, 11; A. II, 12; P. I, 14; V. I, 5; tubes
in upper part of lateral line 17, and pores in straight section 7; 3 scales
above lateral line to spinous dorsal origin and about 8 scales below in
vertical row to spinous anal origin; about 14 predorsal scales; head
width 1§ its length; head depth 1; snout 3J; eye 24; maxillary 34; interor-
bital 21 ; third dorsal spine 2 ; thirteenth dorsal spine 2i : fifth dorsal
ray lg?; second anal spine 1§; fifth anal ray 1$; least depth of caudal
peduncle 2i; caudal li; pectoral IS; ventral 1TV

Body well compressed, contour orbicular, deepest midway in length,
predorsal with slight median keel and other edges convexly rounded.
Caudal peduncle compressed, length 1J in its least depth.

Head moderate, well compressed, evenly constricted above and below,
profiles similarly inclined. Snout convex over surface, very slightly so
in profile, length g its width. Eye large, close to upper profile, and hind
pupil edge nearly midway in head length. Mouth well inclined, gape mod-
erate, and jaws about even. Maxillary extends back slightly beyond front
eye edge, though not quite to that of pupil, upper edge entirely slips
below preorbital. Row of moderate, even, rather crowded, compressed
incisors in each jaw, end of each tooth truncate, and whole forms even
cutting-edge. No teeth on tongue or mouth roof. Tongue depressed,
pointed, free. Inner buccal folds broad. Lips fleshy, moderately wide.
Nostril slightly behind middle in snout length. Interorbital convex.
Preorbital width 31 in eye. Hind preopercle edge slopes well forward,
so that angle would fall nearly opposite center of eye, and like lower
preorbital and suborbital edges, entire.

Gill-opening forward opposite front pupil edge. Rakers 7 + 16, lan-
ceolate, longest about long as gill-filaments or 3 in eye. Pseudobranchiae
slightly longer than gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly constricted, tren-
chant, branchiostegal membrane moderately broad across.

Scales finely ctenoid, narrowly imbricated, in even lengthwise rows,
smaller along body edges. Fins all scaly basally. Suprascapula thin,
entire, small. Cheek with 4 rows of scales. Opercle with moderate
scales, small on interorbital, and still smaller on upper part of snout.
Moderate scales on suborbitals and preorbital. Chin, lips, and narrow
strip on front of snout naked, though mandible scaly. Scaly ventral
flaps damaged. Lateral line with upper branch curving up at first,
and then largely concurrent with upper limit of general squamation on
dorsal fins, and ends below soft dorsal origin. Tubes simple, large, extend
nearly over first half in scale exposure. Pores in horizontal section
inconspicuous, small, and one in middle of each scale exposure, not on
caudal base.

Spinous dorsal inserted opposite pectoral origin, spines rapidly grad-
uated up to third, then subequal, fin edge well notched. Soft dorsal
origin nearly at last third between upper hind preopercle edge and caudal
base, rays graduated up to sixth and seventh, which form sharp point
behind. Spinous anal inserted well before soft dorsal, first spine about
3 in second, or fin origin nearly midway between ventral origin and caudal
base. Soft anal like soft dorsal. Caudal (damaged) apparently little
emarginate behind. Pectoral reaches anal. Ventral inserted below mid-
dle of pectoral base, nearly reaches soft anal origin, and spine nearly
3 fin length. Vent close before anal.

ABUDEFDUF 91

Color in alcohol largely faded dull brownish generally, predorsal, head
above and front of back with traces of darker mottlings. Fins all pale
uniform brownish. Iris slaty.

Length 41 mm. (caudal tip damaged).

Type, No. 47,531, A. N. S. P.

Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Phila-
delphia.

No. 47,532, paratype, same data. It shows: Head 21; depth It; D
XIII, 11; A. II, 12; tubes in upper arch of 1.1. 17 and pores in straight
portion 7; snout 31 in head; eye 2; maxillary 3; interorbital 21, length
36 mm.

Apparently falls within the subgenus Amblyglyphidodon Bleeker, and
without much in common with the four East Indian species Bleeker de-
scribes.

The above is Fowler's original description.

ABUDEFDUF DICKII (Lienard)

Glyphisodon dickii LIENARD, Dix. Rapp. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maurice

(1839) 35; BLHEKER, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. 1 (1863) 274; GUNTHER,

Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 232, pi. 125, fig. C; BLEEKER, Nat.

Verh. Roll. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 115; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi.

409, fig. 7.
Abudefduf dicki JORDAN and SEALS, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25

(1906) 285, pi. 41, fig. 2; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur.

Fisheries 27 (1908) 263.
Glyphisodon unifasciatus KNER and STEINDACHNER, Sitz. Akad. Wiss.

Wien (1867) 375.

Dorsal XII, 17; anal II, 14; scales in lateral series 28; with
tubules 21 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3 ; between
lateral line and vent 11.

Dorsal profile deeper than ventral, upper outline of head
very steep; greatest depth of body 2 in length; length of head
3.2; depth of caudal peduncle 5.8. Interorbital space rather
wide, 2.8 in head ; eye rounded, its diameter as long as maxillary,
which is 3.7 in head; snout almost as long as width of inter-
orbital, 2.8 in head, with its tip lower than inferior margin
of orbit; teeth uniserial, with notched edges. Gill rakers about
23 on first arch. Greatest width of preorbital greater than half
diameter of eye.

Head covered entirely with scales; base of vertical fins with
a rather high sheath of scales. Dorsal spines increasing in
height posteriorly; second anal spine equal in height to last
dorsal. Soft dorsal and rayed anal produced along the middle,
forming acute angles; caudal deeply forked, with the lobes
rounded; pectoral ending before vent; first ray of ventral pro-
longed into a filament, which terminates at base of anal spines.

02 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHXE

Color in alcohol dark orange brown, with a blackish streak
at edge of each scale ; a black transverse band between anterior
portion of soft dorsal and base of anal rays ; behind this band
the color is dull yellowish orange covering caudal peduncle and
fin, and posterior dorsal and anal rays. Ventral blackish, pec-
toral yellowish orange.

Here described from a single specimen, 74 millimeters in
length, which I examined in the museum of Stanford Univer-
sity. It was collected by R. C. McGregor at Cagayancillo,
Cagayan Isla ids, as recorded by Jordan and Richardson.

This species, originally known from the Mauritius, occurs also
in the East Indies where few representatives were taken. It
is well known at Guam, Ponape, and Samoa.

ABUDEFDUF LEUCOZONA (Bleeker)

PLATE 18, FIG. 2

Glyphisodon leucozona BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 19 (1859) 338;

GtfNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 49; Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet.

2 (1877) 112; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 407, fig. 2.
Abudefduf leucozona WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 349.

Dorsal XII, 15 ; anal II, 12 ; scales in lateral series 25 ; with
tubules 20 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 10.

Body deep, 1.9 in length; dorsal outline more elevated than
ventral; head 2.8; depth of caudal peduncle 6. Eye large and
round, diameter 3.3 in length of head, or as long as the pointed
snout; mouth small and almost horizontal; jaws equal; the
maxillary, which ends posteriorly under anterior edge of orbit,
3.7 in head or equal to width of interorbital space; teeth in a
single row, compressed, and notched. Gill rakers 19 on first
arch. The orbital ring behind angle of mouth less than half
diameter of eye.

Preorbital in front of eye and margins of preopercle naked,
rest of head scaly; vertical fins with a high scaly sheath
at base. The fifth, sixth, and seventh spines highest, being
higher than second anal. Soft dorsal and anal about equal in
height; caudal emarginate with the lobes rounded; pectoral end-
ing above vent, its upper rays longest; first ray of ventral
fin produced into a filament, which extends to base of anal spines.

Yellowish brown in alcohol, with a white vertical band de-
scending from sixth, seventh, and eighth dorsal spines ; a largp
dark ocellus edged with white at base of last three dorsal spines
and above lateral line ; another dark spot on back of tail imme-

ABUDEFDUF 93

diately after dorsal fin; a small one superiorly at base of pec-
toral. Ventrals and tips of soft anal dusky, the fins yellowish.

The specimen above described is 32 millimeters in length and
was obtained at Balabac Island, Palawan. In coloration this
species resembles Chrysiptera brownriggii (Bennett), but is
easily distinguished by its deeper body.

This is the first Philippine record of this species; it is rare
in the rest of the Indo-Australasian Archipelago, from whence
only it is known.

ABUDEFDUF LACRYMATUS (Quoy and Gaimard)

PLATE 7, FIG. 1

Glyphisodon lacrymatus QUOY and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie, Zool. 2
(1824) 388, pi. 62, fig. 7; CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss. 5, (1830) 478; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 49; Fische der
Siidsee 2 (1876) 232, pi. 125, fig. D; SLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Roll.
Maats. Wet. 2 (1877) 111; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 404, fig. 6.

Abudefduf lacrymatus SEALE, Polyn. Ethnol. Nat. Hist. 1 (1901) 83;
JORDAN and SEALB, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906) 285.

Dorsal XII or XIII, 15 to 17; anal II, 12 or 13; scales in
lateral series 25 ; with tubules 18 or 19 ; between lateral line and
origin of dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 10.

Dorsal outline deeper and more arched than ventral; body
short and deep, contained 1.8 to 1.9 in length; head 2.9 to 3.1;
depth of caudal peduncle 6.1 to 6.6. Interorbital space 3 in
head; eye circular, 3 to 3.3; mouth rather small, horizontal,
lower jaw slightly included; snout 3.2 to 3.4 in head and about
as long as maxillary, with the tip slightly pointed and not quite
on a level with lower margin of orbit; teeth in a single series,
compressed, with notched edges. Gill 'rakers on first arch 23.
Width of preorbital above posterior end of maxillary greater
than half diameter of eye; opercle provided with a flat spine
behind.

Head and body completely scaled; base of vertical fins with
a rather high sheath of scales. Posterior dorsal spines highest.
Rayed dorsal and anal equal in height; caudal forked, with the
lobes a little pointed, the upper one slightly the longer. Pectoral
not reaching anal opening; ventral about as long as head, its
firs,t ray filamentous.

Fresh specimens deep brown with sapphire spots scattered
over body and vertical fins; tail yellow; dorsal with a broad
blackish margin ; pectoral with a black spot at base.

Brownish in spirits, with small, scattered, bluish white spots ;
posterior dorsal rays, caudal peduncle, and fin yellowish ; spinous

94 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRHXE

dorsal dusky on outer portion ; pectoral whitish, with a blackish
spot across its base; anal and ventrals dusky.

The above account is from seven examples, 43 to 65 milli-
meters long, taken at Tagbilaran, Bohol; Canigaran, Palawan;
and Tambagaan, South Ubian, Bungau, and Sitankai Islands,
Sulu Archipelago. Two specimens from Guam, which I have
examined, in the Bureau of Science collection, agree in every
respect with the Philippine representatives.

This species has not been noted previously from the Philip-
pines. It occurs in almost all parts of the Indo-Australasian
Archipelago, whence it ranges eastward to Samoa.

Genus CHRYSIPTERA Swainson

Chrysiptera SWAINSON, Nat. Hist. Fish. 2 (1839) ; azureus; not
Chrysoptera Latreille (1885), a genus of Lepidoptera.

Paraglyphidodon BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)
116; bonang.

Glyphidodontops BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)
128; cyaneiis=:azureiM.

Body oblong or ovate, deep or elongate. Scales large or
moderate in size, about 26 or less in longitudinal series; lateral
line interrupted before the end of soft dorsal fin. Teeth in a
double series, compressed, with entire edges. A single dorsal
fin with 13 spines. Orbital ring and all the opercular bones
entire.

Under Chrysiptera Bleeker recognizes two genera: Paragly-
phidodon, with the body rather deep, teeth more or less rounded,
and the snout scaly ; and Glyphidodontops, with the body oblong
or slightly elongate, the teeth more or less truncate, and the
snout naked. It differs from Abudefduf in the presence of two
rows of teeth.

Thirteen species of this genus are known to occur in the
Philippines ; it is widely distributed from the Red Sea and. the
east coast of Africa to Polynesia.

Key to the Philippine species of Chrysiptera.
o\ Body markedly oblong and deep; snout scaly.

61. Orbital ring and vertical limb of preopercle scaly.

c1. Body and fins uniformly blackish brown C. melas.

c1. Ventrals and anterior portion of anal black.

d1. Spinous dorsal and some of the anterior dorsal rays edged with
the blackish color; side of head with two dark vertical bands.

C. xanthura.

d2. Dorsal fin and head without mark of any kind.... C. xanthonota.
6*. Orbital ring and vertical limb of preopercle naked C. oxyodon.

CHRYSIPTERA 95

a2. Body ovate-oblong, more or less elongate; snout naked.
e\ Suborbital naked.

f1. Scales on top of head extending to above front rim of eye.

gl. Middle dorsal spines shorter than or about as long as posterior

ones C. uniocellata.

g*. Middle dorsal spines longer than posterior ones.
h1. Head with some dark streaks in front.

•t\ Each scale of body with a dark vertical streak.... C. parasema.
f. Scales of body dotted,

/. Each scale indistinctly dotted with white C. cyanea.

j*. Each scale with one or two black dots C. assimilis.

h*. Head without any dark lines in front C. turchesius.

f. Scales on top of head extending to above nostrils.

kl. Body with three yellow crossbands; dorsal fin without any ocelli.

C. amabilis.

/c*. Body with a single yellow crossband, present only in some in-
dividuals; dorsal fin with two dark ocelli in the young.

C. brownriggii.
e*. Suborbital scaly.

P. A small black spot at origin of lateral line C. rex.

P. Body unmarked C. glauca.

CHRYSIPTERA MELAS (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

PLATE 19, FIG. 2

Giyphisodon melas CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 353; ScHLEGEL and MULLER, Overz. Amphi. Verh. Nat. Ges.

Ned. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 23, pi. 5, fig. 2; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes

4 (1862) 45.
Paraglyphidodon melas BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2

(1877) 123; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 404, fig. 4.
Chrysiptera melas JORDAN and SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24

(1902) 605.
Giyphisodon ater CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 473.
Giyphisodon violascens BREVOORT, Exped. Japan (1856) 264.

Dorsal XIII, 13 or 14; anal II, 12 or 13; scales in lateral
series 26 ; with tubules 16 or 17 ; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 4; between lateral line and vent 11.

Body oblong, rather deep, contained 1.8 to 2 in length; the
short head 3.1 to 3.5; caudal peduncle short, depth 5.8 to 6.4.
Interorbital strongly arched, 2.4 to 2.8 in length of head, slightly
bulging on top of head; eye small, circular, 3.2 to 4.3; snout
blunt, 2,8 to 3.1 in head or slightly longer than maxillary, which
is contained 3 to 3.4 in head. Teeth in two series, very narrow,
scarcely compressed. Width of preorbital at posterior end of
maxillary a trifle greater than half diameter of orbit.

Head and body completely covered with large ctenoid scales.
Dorsal spines low, very strong, becoming higher posteriorly.

gg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRIDjE

Soft dorsal and anal rounded, and of about the same height;
pectoral not reaching vent; caudal slightly emarginate.

Uniformly blackish brown in alcohol, with very light greenish
reflections.

Here described from thirteen specimens, 68 to 147 millimeters
in length. They were collected at Sialat Point, Catanduanes
Island; Puerto Galera and Calapan, Mindoro; Surigao, Samal
Island, and Zamboanga, Mindanao; and Tambagaan, Bungau,
and Sibutu Islands, Sulu Archipelago. In the Bureau of Science
aquarjum are eight living examples, which are deep rich violet
throughout with no mark of any kind on the body.

This species, which is now recorded for the first time from
the Philippines, ranges from the Red Sea through the East
Indies to the New Hebrides.

CHRYSIPTERA XANTHURA (Sleeker)

Glyphisodon xanthurua SLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 5 (1853) 345;

GUNTHEB, Cat. Pishes 4 (1862) 47.
Paraglyphidodon xanthurus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet.

2 (1877) 122; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 405, fig. 3.
Abudefduf xanthurus EVERMANN and SEALS, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

26 (1907) 92.

Dorsal XIII, 14; anal II, 13; scales in lateral series 25; with
tubules 17; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4; between
lateral line and vent 10.

Upper and lower outlines of head nearly straight and almost
at right angles with each other; body deep and oblong, 1.9 in
length; head 3.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6.3. Interorbital
space broad, strongly convex, and 2.6 in length of head; snout
rounded, as long as eye diameter, which is 3.5 in head. Jaws
even, cleft of mouth slightly oblique; maxillary, which is a
trifle shorter than snout, extends posteriorly a little before
anterior margin of orbit; two rows of bluntish teeth present.

Head with scales everywhere except on symphysis of lower
jaw. Posterior dorsal spines highest. Middle rays of soft
dorsal and anal forming acute angles; caudal emarginate; pec-
toral as long as ventral, longest above and extending to above
anus.

Brownish orange in alcohol, with a blackish violet edge on
spinous dorsal and on anterior portion of soft vertical fins.
Pectoral with a brown axillary spot superiorly. A bluish line
extending from tip of snout to front of orbit; two dark vertical
bands on each side of head, one below orbit and the other im-
mediately behind preopercle.

CHRYSIPTERA 97

In the Bureau of Science collection is a single specimen, 72
millimeters long, which is described above. It is one of the
eleven examples obtained at Bacon, Sorsogon, as reported by
Evermann and Scale.

Outside of the Philippines, it is known from the coasts of
Flores, Sangir, Amboina, and Ceram,

CHRYSIPTERA XANTHONOTA (Sleeker)

Glypkisodon xanthonotus SLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 18 (1859)

357; GtiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 48.
Paraglyphidodon xanthonotus BLEEKER, Nat Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet.

2 (1877) 126; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 404, fig. 3.

Dorsal XIII, 13; anal II, 13; scales in lateral series 24; with
tubules 15; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4; between
lateral line and vent 11.

Body oblong, slightly elevated; profiles similar, equal in depth;
depth of body 1.7 to 1.8 in length ; head 2.9 to 3.2 ; depth of cau-
dal peduncle 5.5 to 6. The slightly convex interorbital 3 to 3.2
in length of head ; the large eye 2.6 to 2.7, high up on head ; snout
3.5 to 3.8 ; maxillary 3.3 to 3.5, its posterior end below anterior
margin of orbit. Mouth slightly oblique, jaws even; teeth very
narrow and pointed, in two series. Suborbital ring less than
half an eye diameter at its greatest width; opercle ending
behind in a large flat spine.

Head and body covered everywhere with scales; base of
dorsal and anal fins with a moderately high sheath of scales.
Dorsal spines becoming higher toward the last. Soft vertical
fins produced along the middle into a point; caudal emarginate,
pectoral pointed superiorly, its tip above origin of^anal; ventral
extending to base of second anal spine, its outer ray filamentous.

In life the lower three-fourths of body, the posterior dorsal
rays, and caudal are dark violet; upper part of head, back,
and dorsal fin clear yellow; caudal fin has a yellow stripe on
its upper and lower margins ; the ventrals have a blackish violet
spot between first and second rays ; the anal has a large blackish
violet blotch on outer portion of its anterior rays, the remaining
portion varying from pale violet to clear yellow posteriorly.

Violet yellow in alcohol ; anal blackish anteriorly, ventral simi-
larly colored, with the tip whitish; upper and lower margins
of caudal paler.

This species is easily identified by its deep body, and by the
persistent deep blackish violet color on the ventral and anal
fins. Known for the first time in the Philippines, from two

gg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID^EJ

specimens, 30 and 48 millimeters long, obtained in Surigao
and Zamboanga, Mindanao. Elsewhere reported only from
Bawean Island, off the north coast of Java.

CHRYSIPTERA OXYODON (Bleeker)

Glyphisodon oxyodon BLEEKER, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl. 3 (1858)

14; GiiNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 44.
Paraglyphidodon oxyodon BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2

(1877) 127; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 404, fig. 2.

Dorsal XIII, 13 ; anal II, 13 ; scales in lateral series 25 or 26 ;
with tubules 16 or 17 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal
4; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body oblong and deep, 1.9 to 2 in length, with dorsal and
ventral outlines equally elevated; head 2.8 to 3.1 in length
of body; depth of caudal peduncle 5.7 to 5.9. Interorbital
space a little arched, contained 3 to 3.4 in length of head, or
as wide as the diameter of the large, round eye or the length
of maxillary; snout 3.4 in head, its tip slightly pointed and
on a level with inferior margin of orbit. Teeth in two series,
those on upper jaw slender, compressed, and pointed, some of
those on lower lobate. Greatest width of preorbital half dia-
meter of eye ; opercle ending in a flat spine.

Scales entirely covering head, except from nostrils to tip
of snout, orbitals, and limbs of preopercle; a moderately high
basal sheath of scales on vertical fins. Dorsal spines evenly
graduated toward the last, which is the highest. Soft dorsal and
anal rounded and produced along the middle; caudal slightly
emarginate, with the lobes rounded ; pectoral terminating before
vent; outer ray of ventral produced into a filament, which
reaches origin of anal fin.

Color in alcohol brownish violet, with four bluish white ob-
lique bands: The first from below origin of spinous dorsal
to and around tip of snout; second from origin of soft dorsal
to below lateral line; third from top of tail ending below base
of dorsal rays; fourth running backward across opercles from
chin. A fifth vertical band, pearl white in color, around body
through belly and dorsal spines, appearing as a dull whitish
blotch scarcely noticeable in some specimens; a brownish spot
superiorly at base of pectoral.

The four specimens above described were taken at Sitankai
Island, Sulu Archipelago. They range from 31 to 75 millimeters
in length. This species is very striking on account of the
arrangement of its bands and because of the nature of its

CHRYSIPTERA 99

teeth. It is one of the most beautiful pomacentrids seen among
the coral reefs, which are its favorite haunts. With the excep-
tion of the milk-white vertical streak, the specimens referred
to resemble Bleeker's figure.

There is no previous record of this species from the Philip-
pines. Hitherto known only from the Celebes Sea.

CHRYSIPTERA UNIOCELLATA (Quoy and Gaimard)

Glyphisodon uniocellatus QUOY and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie, Zool. 2
(1824) 393, pi. 64, fig. 4; CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.
Poiss. 5 (1830) 360; SCHLEGEL and MULLER, Overz. Amphi. Verb.
Nat. Ges. Ned. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 23; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4
(1862) 52; Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 234, pi. 128, fig. A (not
of Bleeker).

Abudefduf uniocellatus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries
25 (1906) 288, pi. 43, fig. 2.

Dorsal XIII, 11 to 13; anal II, 11 to 13; scales in lateral
series 25; with tubules 16; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3 ; between lateral line and origin of anal 10.

Body ovate, slightly elongate, with dorsal and ventral profiles
similarly and evenly curved; depth 2.8 to 2.9 in length; head
3.1 to 3.2; depth of caudal peduncle 6 to 6.5. Interorbital
space slightly convex, 3.4 to 4.2 in head ; eye large and round,
diameter 2.8 to 2,9, longer than snout which is 3.4 to 5 in head,
or maxillary which is contained 2.8 to 4.5 in head. 'Mouth
very small, almost horizontal, with the jaws equal; tip of snout
nearly on a level with lower edge of pupil; maxillary extending
posteriorly past below front margin of orbit; teeth very narrow,
in a double series. Greatest width of preorbital about a third
of eye diameter; opercle with two flat spines behind.

No scales on snout, orbitals, or limbs of preopercle. Middle
and posterior dorsal spines nearly the same height. Soft vertical
fins angular, produced along the median; caudal subtruncated,
with rounded lobes ; pectoral terminating above vent ; outer ray
of ventral produced into a filament, which extends to origin of
anal fin.

Color of alcoholic specimens bluish, with one or two yellow
spots on each scale; a dark band along middle of nape and of
forehead; a wide one convergent at snout, passing through eye,
to origin of lateral line ; a third one across preorbital and upper
jaw. A small round black spot occupies base of last three dorsal
rays and the axil of the fin. Pectoral light violet, the outer
portion of the other fins yellowish.

100 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID.E

Here described from six specimens, 19 to 35.5 millimeters long,
collected at Despujols, Tablas Island; Tacloban, Leyte; Port
Canoan, Siquijor Island ; and Zamboanguita, Oriental Negros.

This species, not heretofore recorded from the Philippines,
is known to occur in the Indo-Australasian Archipelago and in
Polynesia, excluding Hawaii.

CHRYSIPTERA PARASEMA (Fowler)

PLATE 19, FIG. 1

Abudefduf parasema FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70 (1918)
56, fig. 22.

Dorsal XIII, 11 ; anal II, 12 ; scales in lateral series 26 ; with
tubules 14 to 16; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3;
between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ellipsoid and well compressed, its depth 2 to 2.1 in
length; head 3 to 3.1, moderately large, with dorsal and ventral
profiles similar; depth of caudal peduncle 6.3 to 6.7. Inter-
orbital space convex, 3 to 3.2 in length of head; eye large,
rounded, its diameter 2.4 to 2.8, or longer than snout, which
is 3.3 to 3.4 in head ; mouth small, slightly oblique, jaws about
even; maxillary 3 to 3.4 in head, and reaching posteriorly to
below front edge of eye; tip of snout on a level with lower
margin of orbit; teeth in two series, those in front with trun-
cate edges, those behind small, slender, and with rounded or
slightly pointed tips. Preorbital slightly notched in front, its
width at posterior end of maxillary about one-third eye diameter ;
opercle armed behind with a flat spine.

Scales on top of head extending to nostrils, leaving the space
from ther* to tip of snout naked ; both preorbital and suborbital
naked ; vertical limb of preopercle also unsealed. Middle dorsal
spines highest. Soft vertical fins rounded and nearly the same
height; caudal emarginate with the lobes slightly rounded, pec-
toral moderate, rather broad, reaching origin of anal fin ; ventral
extending to base of anal spines.

Fresh specimens violet blue, contrasting with the bright lemon
yellow of the caudal peduncle and the anterior portion of fin;
caudal fin dusky outwardly ; the other fins dark brown, excepting
pectoral which is pale; each side of head with three oblique,
bluish white streaks and many spots ; scales of body with vertical
bluish white streaks and edged with dusky.

Ground color in alcohol brownish violet; caudal peduncle
and anterior portion of fin yellowish; caudal fin dusky on its
outer half; vertical fins dusky brown; pectoral pale; ventrals

CHRYSIPTERA 101

dusky ; three oblique bluish white streaks on each side of head ;
each scale on head with a bluish white spot; scales on body
with bluish white vertical streaks and edged with blackish; a
dusky spot at base and axil of pectoral.

The above description is of three specimens, 29 to 36 milli-
meters in length, collected by Albert W. Herre at Tawitawi
and Bungau Islands, Sulu Archipelago.

This species has been recorded from the "Philippine Islands"
by Fowler.

CHRYSIPTERA CYANEA (Quoy and Gaimard)

Glyphisodon cyaneus QUOY and GAIMARD, Voy. Uranie, Zool. 2 (1824)

392, pi. 64, fig. 3.
Glyphidodontops cyaneus BLEEKER, Nat. Verh. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2

(1877) 130; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 409, fig. 2.
Abudefduf cyaneus EVERMANN and SEAUB, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

26 (1907) 92.
Glyphisodon azureus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 369; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 53.

Dorsal XIII, 12 or 13; anal II, 12; scales in lateral series 25;
with tubules 17 or 18 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal
8 ; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body ovate-oblong, the profiles equally elevated, depth of
body 2.2 to 2.3 in length ; head 3.1 to 3.2 ; depth of caudal pedun-
cle 6.5 to 6.8. Interorbital space strongly arched, 3.1 to 3.8
in length of head; eye round and fairly large, diameter 2.8
to 3.3, longer than snout which is contained 3.3 to 3.7 in head ;
maxillary long, 2.8 to 3 in head, extending posteriorly consid-
erably behind vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Mouth
slightly oblique, lower jaw a little included; teeth biserial in
each jaw, with blunt tips. Width of preorbital at posterior
end of maxillary about one-third diameter of eye; opercle with
two flat spines at its hind edge.

Scales on top of head stopping at front rim of orbit; none
on orbital ring or on edges of preopercle ; a low sheath of scales
at base of vertical fins. Middle dorsal spines highest. Soft
dorsal and anal almost angular; pectoral shorter than anal and
almost reaching vent.

Color in spirits brownish violet; the bluish color apparently
has faded out; two short lines on head, one in front of eye
meeting the other line on the opposite side at tip of snout, and
the other across preorbital; all the fins yellowish.

Described from two examples, 32 and 34 millimeters long,
which have been recorded from Bacon, Sorsogon, by Evermann
and Seale, and from four others, 42 to 54 millimeters long, which

1Q2 PHILIPPINE POMACENTKIDJE

were collected by E. H. Taylor at the southern coast of Cotabato
Province.

Contrary to the account of Evermann and Seale, the specimens
in the Bureau of Science collection and the one in the museum
of Stanford University show very well two yellowish streaks
on the anterior portion of the head and the dull yellow color
on all the fins, thus removing any doubt as to their identity. All
the specimens agree with the figure and description of Quoy and
Gaimard.

This species is known only from the Indo-Australasian Archi-
pelago and the Friendly Islands.

CHRTSIPTERA ASSIMILIS (Gunther)

PLATE 10, PIG. 1

Glyphisodon assimilis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 52; PETERS,
Mon. Konig. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1868) 271, var.

Glyphisodon uniocellatus SLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853) 119;
not of Quoy and Gaimard.

Glyphidodontops uniocellatus SLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 410,
fig. 6.

Abudefduf sapphirus JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish-
eries 27 (1908) 264, fig. 10.

Dorsal XIII, 11 to 13; anal II, 12 or 13; scales in lateral
series 26; with tubules 16 or 17; between lateral line and origin
of dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body rather elongate, with dorsal and ventral profiles sim-
ilar; depth contained 2 to 2.3 in length; head 3.1 to 3.4; depth
of caudal peduncle 6.1 to 6.6. Interorbital space convex, its
width 3 to 3.6 in length of head; eye circular, contained 2.7
to 3.3; snout rather short, only 3.4 to 4 in head; maxillary 2.8
to 3.3, extending posteriorly beyond anterior margin of orbit.
Mouth oblique, jaws equal; teeth in a double series, with
rounded edges. Orbital ring very narrow, its width at posterior
end of maxillary scarcely half diameter of eye; opercle with
two flat spines behind.

No scales on snout, orbitals, or preopercular limbs. Middle
dorsal spines higher than posterior ones. Rayed dorsal and
anal rounded; caudal slightly emarginate, with the lobes
rounded; pectoral terminating above vent; outer ray of anal
prolonged and extending to origin of anal.

Color in alcohol varying from deep blue to yellowish brown,
with one or two black dots on each scale, which have faded in
some of the specimens; a blackish violet streak along middle
of nape and forehead; another one from origin of lateral line,

CHRYSIPTEKA 103

through eye to snout, meeting that of the other side; and
a third one crossing preorbital and upper jaw. A hori-
zontal series of specks of similar color across cheek. A
round black spot, if present, occupies the base of the middle
dorsal rays. In some examples, the outer portion of caudal
and soft vertical fins is yellowish blue, and in others blackish.

The above account is based upon forty-six examples, varying
from 16.5 to 46 millimeters in length. They were collected at
the following localities : Nalvo, Luna, La Union ; Calapan, Min-
doro; Apo Reef, off the coast of Mindoro; Bantayan Island;
Canigaran, Palawan; and Sibutu and Sitankai Islands, Sulu
Archipelago. A single specimen, 32 millimeters long, taken
at Canigaran in November, 1925, is a ripe female.

This species has been previously recorded by Gunther from
one specimen marked "Philippine Islands," and by Jordan and
Richardson from six examples collected by R. C. McGregor at
Ticao Island, as Abudefduf sapphirus.

Living specimens in the Bureau of Science aquarium are deep
sky blue, with two blackish violet streaks on each side of head
and a longitudinal band of the same color on top of head; the
fins lighter than the ground color. Vertical and caudal fins of
those having a black spot at base of some of the dorsal rays
edged with blackish; in some specimens all the fins uniformly
bluish, without blackish markings of any kind; in others the
vertical fins with blackish margins and the caudal uniformly
bluish or partially edged with blackish.

Gunther observes that there is considerable variation in the
color pattern of the caudal fin, which is also exhibited in my
examples and, in view of this fact, I cannot accept Abudefduf
sapphirus as a distinct species. The dorsal spot in Chrysiptera
assimilis is more anterior than in Glyphisodon uniocellatus Quoy
and Gaimard.

This species is found in the Indo-Australasian Archipelago to
the east of Borneo.

CHRTSIPTERA TURCHESIUS (Jordan and Scale)

Abudefduf turchesius JORDAN and SEAIJ:, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries
26 (1907) 28, fig. 10; SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42 (1912) 505.

Dorsal XIII, 11 or 12; anal II, 13; scales in a lateral' series
25; with tubules 15 to 17; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3; between lateral line and vent 10.

Body ovate-oblong, compressed, the depth 2.3 to 2.5 in length;
head 3 to 3.3 ; depth of caudal peduncle 6.3 to 6.6. Width of

104 PHILIPPINE POMACENTREkE

the strongly arched interorbital 3.2 to 3.8 in head, or less than
length of eye diameter, which is 2.8 to 4.5 in head; snout 3.5
to 3.7 in length of head, its tip on a level with inferior margin
of orbit; maxillary 3.1 to 3.6, its posterior end below front mar-
gin of orbit. Mouth slightly oblique, jaws even; teeth in two
series, very closely appressed, their tips blunt. Preorbital at
angle of mouth as wide as a third of eye diameter ; opercle armed
behind with two flat spines.

The space from front margin of eye to tip of snout unsealed ;
orbital ring and both inferior and vertical limbs of preopercle
also naked. Middle dorsal spines a trifle higher than posterior
ones. Rayed anal higher than soft anal, both fins rounded and
produced along the middle; caudal obliquely truncate, with the
upper lobe slightly longer ; pectoral scarcely reaching vent ; outer
ray of ventral produced into a filament, which touches base of
anal spines.

Deep blue in alcohol, lighter on the lower parts, each scale
with a lighter margin; all the fins colored same as body, with
the outer portion somewhat lighter.

I have examined in the Bureau of Science collection four
specimens, 36 to 45.5 millimeters long, taken at Calapan, Min-
doro. This species was originally described by Jordan and Seale
from Cavite, Cavite.

Contrary to the diagnosis of the authors, this fish has two
rows of teeth. J. O. Snyder recorded a number of examples
from Okinawa Islands, where it is very common in the pools.

CHRYSIPTERA AMABILIS (De Vis)

PLATE 1, PIG. 2

Glyphisodon amabilis DE Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (1883) 353.
Abudefduf amabilis JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25

(1906) 287, pi. 42, fig. 1; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur.

Fisheries 27 (1908) 264.
Glyphisodon brovmriggii var. xanthozona GUNTHER, Fische der Siid-

see 2 (1876) 234, pi. 127, fig. D; not Glyphisodon xanthozona of

Bleeker.

Dorsal XIII, 11 or 12 ; anal II, 12 ; scales in lateral series 26 ;
with tubules 17 to 19 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal
3; between lateral line and vent 8.

Body ovate-oblong, its depth 2.4 to 2.5 in length; head 3.3
to 3.4, its profile convex above and slightly less beneath; depth
of caudal peduncle 6.3 to 6.5. Interorbital space convex, rather
narrow, 3.2 to 3.4 in head; diameter of eye 2.6 to 2.7, about
as long as maxillary, which ends posteriorly below front edge

CHRYSIPTERA 105

of orbit; snout equal to width of interorbital space. Teeth in
two rows with slightly rounded edges. Greatest width of or-
bital ring scarcely half diameter of eye; opercle with two flat
spines behind.

No scales on the area between nostrils and tip of snout;
none on orbitals, edges of preopercle, and chin. Middle dorsal
spines as high as posterior ones. Soft anal slightly higher and
more pointed than rayed dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate;
ventral ending at vent.

Fresh specimens, dusky olive, with three- crossbands ; the first
one over the opercle yellowish orange, and two others above vent
and across caudal peduncle lemon yellow. Ventrals and anal
dusky ; soft dorsal and caudal dusky at base and yellowish orange
outward; spinous dorsal with a very narrow blackish margin;
pectoral very slightly washed with yellow, with a dusky blotch
at base ; the opercular flap above the larger spine blackish.

Here described from four specimens, 32.5 to 45 millimeters
long, collected at Paraoir, Balaoan, and Bauang Sur, La Union.
I have examined in the museum of Stanford University three
other examples of this species, collected by R. C. McGregor at
Calayan Island, as recorded by Jordan and Richardson.

Giinther regards this species as Glyphisodon brownriggii var.
xanthozona, from which the species above described differs in
the relative position of the second vertical band on the body.
It differs also from xanthozona of Bleeker in having fewer
crossbands and in the absence of a distinct dark blotch at the
base of some of the dorsal rays.

This species is known throughout the tropical Pacific Islands.

CHRYSIPTERA BROWNRIGGII (Bennett)

Chaetodon brownriggii BENNETT, Fishes of Ceylon (1828) 8, pi. 8.
Glyphisodon brownriggii CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 362; GUNTHER, Fische der Siidsee 2 (1876) 232, pi. 127,

figs. B, C, E.
Abudefduf brownriggii JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur.

Fisheries 27 (1908) 264; WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913)

352.
Abudefduf brownriggii var. zonatus WEBER, Fische der Siboga Exped.

(1913) 353.
Glyphisodon unimaculatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.

Poiss. 5 (1830) 358; SCHLEGEL and MULLER, Overz. Amphi. Verb.

Nat. Ges. Ned. Overz. Bezitt. (1839) 23, pi. 6, fig. 1; BLEEKER, Nat.

Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853) 284; GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 51.
Glyphidodontops unimaculatus BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet.

2 (1877) 140; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 407, fig. 5.

106 PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID>E

Abudefduf unimaculatus JORDAN and SEALB, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
28 (1905) 784; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

26 (1907) 93; JORDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

27 (1908) 263; Weber, Fische der Siboga Exped. (1913) 354.
Glyphisodon leucopomus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 359.
Glyphisodon antjerius CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5

(1830) 360; BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 8 (1855) 454; GUNTHER,

Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 50; MEYER, Ann., Soc. Espana Hist. Nat. 14

(1885) 34.
Abudefduf antjerius JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries

25 (1906) 287, pi. 42, fig. 2; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur.

Fisheries 26 (1907) 93; JORDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Bur.

Fisheries 27 (1908) 264; SNYDER, Proc. U. -S. Nat. Mus. 42 (1912)

419; FOWLER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 70 (1918) 54.
Glyphisodon biocellatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 361.
Glyphidodontops zonatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss.

5 (1830) 361; BLEEKER, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Wet. 2 (1877)

138; Atlas Ichth. 9 (1878) pi. 407, fig. 3.
Abudefduf zonatus JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25

(1906) 286; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 26

(1907) 92; JORDAN and EVERMANN, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 27

(1908) 263.

Glyphisodon punctulatus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat.

Poiss. 5 (1830) 362.
Glyphisodon xanthozona BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 4 (1853) 283;

GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 43.

Glyphisodon rossii BLEEKER, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 7 (1854) 48.
Glyphisodon dispar GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 53.
Glyphisodon modestus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes 4 (1862) 55.
Glyphisodon mutabUis CARTIER, Verh. Phys. Med. Ges. Wiirzburg

(1873) 100.
Glyphisodon taenioruptus CARTIER, Verh. Phys. Med. Ges. Wiirzburg

(1873) 101.
Glyphisodon cingulatus var. near n. sp. ? CARTIER, Verh. Phys. Med.

Ges. Wxirzburg (1873) 101.
Glyphidodontops modestus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. 9' (1878) pi. 403,

fig. 9.

Dorsal XIII, 11 to 14; anal II, 11 to 13; scales in lateral series
25; with tubules 16 to 19; between lateral line and origin of
dorsal 3 ; between lateral line and vent 9.

Body ovate-oblong; upper profile of head slightly more arched
than lower; depth of body 2 to 2.3 the length; head 3 to 3.4 or
about twice the depth of caudal peduncle. Interorbital space
convex and narrow, equal to or a trifle narrower than diameter
of eye, which is 3 to 3.7 in length of head. Snout 3 to 3.6 in
head, its tip not quite on a level with inferior edge of eye;
maxillary contained 3 to 3.4, ending posteriorly a little before

CHRYSIPTEKA 107

front margin of orbit; in large specimens snout and maxillary
about equal in length, each slightly longer than eye, while in
the young the eye is relatively much larger in proportion. Jaws
even, forming an almost horizontal gape; teeth in two rows,
rather slender, with rounded tips. Width of preofbital at hind
end of maxillary about half diameter of eye; opercle with two
flat spines behind.

Snout, orbital ring, and both vertical and inferior edges of
preopercle naked; scales on top of head extending only to
nostrils. Dorsal spines evenly graduated to the last, which is
the highest. Soft portion of dorsal and anal rounded; caudal
slightly emarginate with the lobes rounded; pectoral about as
long as ventral and ending slightly before anus; outer ray of
ventral more or less produced, extending to anal opening.

My total of one hundred twenty-eight examples of various
sizes divides naturally into three excellent parallel color series.
These show well the gradual variation of color markings due to
age and their striking gradation in the different series. The
young in all the series have bluish lines on the head, convergent
at the snout, and all show that there are two distinct dark ocelli
edged with blue, one under the last dorsal spines and the other
at the base of the posterior rays. These color markings are
absent in adult individuals. The lines on the head seem to dis-
appear first, followed by the first dorsal ocellus. The ground
color in alcohol of all the specimens varies from yellowish brown
with purplish wash to dusky olive; a light or vertical streak
on each scale; pectoral, caudal, and posterior rays of dorsal
yellowish, the last two fins having a dark edge; ventrals and
anal blackish. The yellowish crossband on body, absent in one
series, appears to be persistent in all the stages of the other
two, and these two series differ from each other in the presence
in one of them of a light colored spot on top of the caudal pe-
duncle immediately after the dorsal fin.

The color in alcohol of various specimens is as follows :

Twenty-eight specimens, 22 to 54 millimeters long, which I
collected at the same time at Nalvo, Luna, La Union, represent
an interesting series to show the gradual changes of color mark-
ings due to age. Ground color in alcohol greenish olive, each
scale with a light vertical streak or spot ; anal blackish, pectoral
pale, soft dorsal slightly dusky, caudal yellowish toward the
base and tipped with dusky. The second dorsal ocellus is per-
sistent in all the stages, and the first one absent in individuals
over 35 millimeters in length. The bluish lines on head are

lQg PHILIPPINE POMACENTRIDvE

present in specimens up to 43 millimeters long. In the very
young these lines are wide and long, being continued to the
first dorsal ocellus, while in the older examples they are
narrower and shorter. There is a short bluish line in front
of eye and a much longer one on the suborbital of all the speci-
mens. No yellowish vertical band is present on body.

Belonging also to the above series are fifty-seven examples,
20 to 57 millimeters long, coming from Currimao, Ilocos Norte ;
Luna and Paraoir, La Union ; Nasugbu, Batangas ; Puerto Galera
and Calapan, Mindoro; Bacon, Sorsogon; Despujols, Tablas;
Cabalian, Leyte; Canigaran, Palawan; Port Canoan and Lazi,
Siquijor; Balabac Island; and Cotabato Province, Mindanao.
They are brownish olive in alcohol, with a light vertical streak
or spot on each scale. A short bluish line is present in front of
eye, and a longer one on suborbital. There is persistent at the
base of the last dorsal rays in all stages a black spot, which
appears to be continued on the axil of the fin. Pectoral, caudal,
and hind portion of rayed dorsal yellowish white, the last two
fins with a blackish edge. Anal and ventrals blackish, caudal
peduncle light posteriorly. In a specimen, 36 millimeters long,
the second dorsal ocellus appears as a small spot, and the bluish
lines on top of head are very fine. In smaller individuals there
are two dorsal ocelli, and the bluish lines are usually present
and well marked. These lines may also be present in some
individuals up to 57 millimeters long.

The second series consists of twenty-three specimens, 25 to
68 millimeters long, coming from Currimao, Ilocos Norte ; Nalvo,
Luna, La Union; Polillo Island; Cebu, Cebu; San Juan, Siquijor
Island; Canigao Island, Leyte; Balabac Island, Palawan; and
Cotabato Province, Mindanao. They are dusky olive, with a
rather indistinct light crossband on body and well-marked blue
lines on top of head in very young specimens. Pectoral, caudal,
and soft dorsal pale, the last two fins tipped with dusky. Indi-
viduals less than 47 millimeters in length have two dorsal ocelli,
and one, 50 millimeters long, has the second ocellus at the
base of the last dorsal rays. None in this series has a light
spot at the axil of the dorsal fin. A specimen from San Juan,
Siquijor Island, has the pectoral and caudal orange yellow.

Thirty examples, 23 to 84 millimeters long, from San Fer-
nando, La Union; Bulan, Sorsogon; Canigaran and Balabac
Island, Palawan; Samal Island, Mindanao; and Cagayan Sulu,
Sitankai, and Saluag Islands, Sulu Archipelago, compose the
third series. The ground color is yellowish brown in alcohol

CHRYSIPTERA 109

with a well-marked lemon yellow transverse band on body, a
light spot or streak on each scale, and a yellow dot immediately
behind the rayed dorsal. In examples up to 35 millimeters long1
the two black dorsal ocelli and the bluish lines on the head are
present, the latter color marking being absent in the rest of the
individuals. The two dorsal ocelli are to be found in specimens
up to 46 millimeters in length. An example, measuring 50
millimeters long, has the second ocellus only, and larger ones
do not have any of the dorsal ocelli.

Of the examples above described, forty-nine have spawned or
are in near-breeding condition. They range from 35 to 85
millimeters in length, and were collected at the following local-
ities:

Currimao, 1 ripe female.

Nalvo, 6 ripe females.

Paraoir, 1 ripe female.

Calapan, 8 ripe females, 2 ripe males, and 3 spent females.

Cebu, 1 ripe female.

Canigao Island, 2 ripe females and 1 ripe male.

Port Canoan, 1 ripe female.

Lazi, 1 ripe female.

Canigaran, 1 ripe female.

Balabac, 3 ripe females and 3 ripe males.

Samal Island, 4 ripe females.

Cotabato Province, 3 ripe females.

Sitankai Island, 4 ripe females.

Saluag Island, 1 ripe female and 3 spent females.

This fish breeds throughout the year, since the specimens re-
ferred to above were collected at all seasons.

Previously this species has been recorded in the Philippines
from Cebu by Meyer; from Cebu and Bohol by Cartier; from
Negros by Jordan and Scale; from Calayan and Cagayancillo by
Jordan and Richardson; from Bacon by Evermann and Scale;
from Sanguisiapo, Sulu Archipelago, by Weber ; and from "Phil-
ippine Islands" by Fowler.

The Bureau of Science aquarium specimens are yellowish
brown, slightly darker on posterior half of body, including caudal
peduncle and anal fin. Ventrals blackish and the rest of the
fins lemon yellow. There is a black spot at base of last dorsal
rays.

It appears that this species undergoes, considerable change in
coloration, so that a great many species have been described.
Some of my specimens, for example, which have the bluish lines
on the head, the light vertical band on the body, and the two

UO PHILIPPINE POMACENTRID.E

dark ocelli on the dorsal fin, show that the Abudefduf antjerius
and Abudefduf zonatus of Jordan and Seale are identical. The
original Chaetodon brownriggii Bennett is undoubtedly the
young of the present species.

This widely distributed species is known to occur from the
Red Sea and the east coast of Africa throughout the Indo-Aus-
tralasian Archipelago to Polynesia.

CHRYSIPTERA REX (Snyder)

Abudefduf rex SNYDER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 36 (1909) 601, pi. 64,
fig. 3.

Dorsal XIII, 13; anal II, 13; scales in lateral series 24; with
tubules 15 and 16 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 3 ;
between lateral line and vent 10.

Body moderately elongate, dorsal and .ventral contours simi-
lar; depth 2.1 to 2.2 in length; head 3.1 to 3.2; depth of caudal
peduncle 6.2. Interorbital space convex, 3.3 to 3.9 in length of
head; snout 4; mouth slightly oblique, with the jaws equal;
maxillary, which is contained 3.4 to 3.8 in head, is equal to
diameter of eye and ends posteriorly a little behind anterior
edge of orbit ; teeth in a double series, compressed, with pointed
tips. Greatest width of preorbital less than half eye diameter.

Head completely scaled excepting portion of snout in front of
nostrils. Dorsal spines increasing in height posteriorly, the last
one about as high as second anal spine. Soft vertical fins an-
gular ; caudal notched ; pectoral shorter than head ; ventral much
longer, its outer ray produced into a filament which extends to
base of anterior anal rays.

Color in alcohol brownish, with a light dot at center of each
scale. A narrow bluish line from front of orbit to snout, and
appearing to unite with that on the other side; a short one
across preorbital; a row of bluish dots more or less connected,
directly below eye. Opercle and preopercle with some bluish
spots, and origin of lateral line with a small black dot; all the
fins yellowish white.

Here described from two specimens, 31 and 38 millimeters
long, obtained at Sitankai Island, Sulu Archipelago. Contrary
to Snyder's diagnosis, this species has two rows of teeth. The
Philippine examples are identical with the Japanese represent-
atives that I examined at Stanford University.

This species which has not been noted previously from the
Philippines, was originally described by Snyder from specimens

CHRYSIPTERA HI

collected at Naha, Okinawa Islands, where it is well represented
in the tide pools.

CHRYSIPTERA GLAUCA (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Glyphisodon glaucus CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 5
(1830) 353; JORDAN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 25 (1906)
286; EVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 26 (1907)
93; JORDAN and RICHARDSON, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries 27 (1908)
264.

Dorsal XIII, 14; anal II, 15; scales in lateral series 25; with
tubules 18 ; between lateral line and origin of dorsal 4 ; between
lateral line and vent 9.

Body ovate-oblong, dorsal outline a low even curve from snout
to caudal peduncle, ventral outline similar to dorsal; depth of
body 2.1 in length ; head 3.3 ; depth of caudal peduncle 6.5. Inter-
orbital space strongly arched, its width 2.8 in length of head and
nearly equal to the diameter of the large round eye, which is con-
tained 2.6 in head; snout rounded and rather short, 4 in head,
its tip above lower edge of orbit ; maxillary slightly longer than
snout and contained 3.2 in head, its posterior end on a ver-
tical line with front margin of eye. Cleft of mouth very oblique ;
jaws even, teeth conical, in two rows in each jaw. Width of pre-
orbital at posterior -end of maxillary about a third of orbit's
diameter; opercle with a blunt, flat spine behind.

Head completely scaled; base of the rayed dorsal and anal
with a low sheath of small scales. Middle dorsal spines higher
than posterior ones. Soft dorsal and anal pointed and equal
in height; caudal emarginate; pectoral and ventral fins nearly
equal in length and both extending to vent.

Uniformly grayish brown in alcohol, with no spots or bands
anywhere on head and body ; all the fins yellowish.

One specimen that I examined in the Bureau of Science collec-
tion is 39.5 millimeters in length and was collected by C. J.
Pierson at Bacon, Sorsogon, as recorded by Evermann and Scale.
Three specimens have also been reported from Cagayancillo,
Cagayan Islands, and from Ticao Island by Jordan and
Richardson.

This species was originally described from Guam and is
known from the East Indies northward to the Okinawa Islands.
It has been recorded also from Samoa.

INDEX

Abudefduf, 76.
amabilis, 104.
antjerius, 106.
aureus, 87.
bankieri, 45.
bengalensis, 80.
brownrireii. 10B.
brownriggii zonatus, 106.
coelestinus, 88.
coracinus, 89.
cura;ao, 86.
cyaneus, 101.
dicki. 81.
dickii, 91.
lacrymatus, 93.
leucogaster, 88.

melanopselion, 75.

parasema, 100.

philippinus, 89.

rex, 110.

sapphirus, 102.

saxatilis, 81.

septemfasciatus, 79.

sordidus, 77, 78.

turcheeius, 103.

unimaculatus, 106.

uniocellatus, 99.

xanthurus, 96.

zonatus, 106.
Acanthochromis, 27

polyacanthus, 27.
akallopisos, Amphiprion, 17.
akallopisus, Amphiprion. 17.

Prochilus, 17.
albofasciatus, Eupomacentrus, 41.

Pomacentrus, 40.
albolineatns, Pomacentrus, 76.
alexanderae, Pomacentrus, 51.
amabilu. Abudefduf, 104.

Chrysiptera, 104.

Glyphisodon, 104.
Amblyglyphidodon, 76.
Amblypomacentrus, 87.

breviceps, 68.

amboinensis, Pomacentrus, 68.
Amphiprion, 9.

•kallopisos, 17.

akallopisjjs, 17.

bifasciatus, 15.

boholensis, 10.

chrysargurus, 10.
223796 8

species are printed in boldface.]

Amphiprion — Continued.

chrysopterus, 10.

ephippium, 10.

frenatus, 12.

intermedius, 16.

japonicus, 10.

laticlavius, 15.

percula, 14.

perideraeus, 16.

perideraion, 16.

polymnus, 10.

snyderi. 10.

tricolor. 12.
Anthias bifasciatus, 15.

polymna, 14.
antjerius, Abudefduf, 106.

Glyphisodon, 106.
araneus. Chaetodon, 21.
arcuatum, Tetradrachmum, 21.
aruanum, Tetradrachmum, 22.
aruanus, Chaetodon, 21.

Dascyllus, 21.

Lutjanus, 21.

Pomacentrus, 21.
assimilis, Chrysiptera, 102.

Glyphisodon, 102.
ater, Glyphiaodon, 96.
aureus, Abudefduf, 87.

Glyphiaodon. 87.
Ayresia, 28.
azurens, Glyphisodon, 101.

B

bandanensis, Glyphisodon, 84.
bankanensis, Pomacentrus, 69.
bankieri, Abudefduf. 46.

Glyphisodon, 46.

Parapomacentrus, 46.

Pomacentrus, 45.
bengalengis, Abudefduf, 80.

Chaetodon, 80.

Glyphisodon, 80.
biaculeatus, Chaetodon. 18.

Premnms. 18.
bifMeUtu. Amphiprion, 16.

Anthias, 16.

Dichistodus, 47.

Hokxsenfacus, 16.

Pomacentrus, 47.

Prochilus. 15.

bioc«Uatu», Glyphiaodon, 106.
56.

118

114

INDEX

boholensis, Amphiprion, 10.
Brachypomacentrus, 37.
breviceps, Amblypomacentrus, 68.
Glyphidodon, 68.

Pomacentrus, 68.
brownriggii, Abudefduf, 105.

Chaetodon, 105.

Chrysiptera, 105.

Glyphisodon, 105.

xanthozona, Glyphisodon, 104.

zonatus, Abudefduf, 105.
burroughi, Pomacentrus, 59.

Contents, 3.

coracinus, Abudefduf, 89.
Ctenoglyphidodon, 74.
cura?ao, Abudefduf, 85.

Chaetodon, 85.
curassao, Glyphisodon, 85.
cyanea, Chrysiptera, 101.
cyaneus, Abudefduf, 101.

Glyphidodontops, 101.

Glyphisodon, 101.
cyanospilus, Pomacentrus, 39.

caeruleus, Chromis, 34.

Heliases, 34.

raudofasciatus, Dascyllus, 26.
Chaetodon araneus, 21.
aruanus, 21.
bengalensis, 80.
biaculeatus, 18.
brownriggii. 105.
Curasao, 85.
lividus, 39.
pavo, 43.
saxatilis, 81.
sordidus, 77.
Cheiloprion, 35.
labiatus, 36.
Chromis, 28.

caeruleus, 34.
dimidiatus, 33.
lepidurus, 34.
lepisurus, 84.
philippinus, 32.
scotochilopterus, 31.
ternatensis, 32.
xanthochir, 30.
xanthurus, 29.

chrysargurus, Amphiprion, 10.
Chrysiptera, 94.
amabilis, 104.
assimilis, 102.
brownriggii, 105.
cyanea, 101.
glauca, 111.
melas, 95.
oxyodon, 98.
parasema, 100.
rex, 110.
turchesius, 103.
uniocellata, 99.
xanthonota, 97.
xanthura, 96.
chrysopoecilus, Dichistodus, 61

Pomacentrus, 61.
Chrysoptera, 94.
chrysopterns, Amphiprion, 10.
chrysurus, Pomacentrus, 55.
cingulatus, Glyphisodon, 106.
coelestinus, Abudefduf, 83.
Glyphisodon, 81, 83.

Damsel fishes, 8.
Dascillus, 20.
Dascyllus. 20.

aruanus, 21.

raudofasciatus, 26.
"marginatus, 24.

melanurus, 20.

polyacanthus, 27.

reticulatus, 24.

trimaculatus, 23.

xanthosoma, 24.

xanthurus, 44.
Daya, 73.

jerdoni, 73.

delurus, Pomacentrus, 55.
Dichistodus bifasciatus, 47.

chrysopoecilus, 61.

fasciatus, 67.

notophthalmus, 62.

prosopotaenia, 63.

trimaculatus, 65.
dicki, Abudefduf, 79.
dickii, Abudefduf, 91.

Glyphisodon, 91.
dimidiatus, Chromis, 33.

Heliases, 33.

Pomacentrus, 56.
dispar, Glyphisodon, 106.
dorsalis, Pomacentrus, 65.

E

elongatus, Pomacentrus, 54.
emarginatus, Pomacentrus, 55.
ephippium, Amphiprion, 10.

Prochilus, 12.
Euchistodus, 76.
Eupomacentrus, 37.

albofasciatus, 41.

lividus, 39.

fasciatus, Dichistodus, 67.

Pomacentrus, 67.
frenatus, Amphiprion, 12.

Heliases, 34.
Furcaria, 28.

INDEX

115

glaaca, Chrysiptera, 111.
glaucus, Glyphisodon. 111.
Glyphidodon, 76.

breviceps, 68".
Glyphidodontops, 94.

cyaneus, 101.

modestus, 106.

unimaculatus, 106.

uniocellatus, 102.

zonatus, 106.
Glyphisodon 76.

amabilis, 104.

antjerius, 106.

assimilis, 102.

ater, 96.

aureus, 87.

azureus, 101.

bandanenais, 34.

bankieri, 45.

bengalensis, 80.

biocellatufl, 106.

brownriggii, 106.

brownriggii zanthozona, 104.

cingulatus, 106.

coelestinus, 81, 83.

curassao, 86.

cyaneus, 101.

dickii, 91.

dispar, 106.

glaucus, 111.

lacrymatus, 93.

leucogaster, 88.

leucopomus, 106.

leucozona, 92.

melas, 96.

modestus, 106.

mutabilia, 106.

oxyodon, 98.

plagiometopon, 76.

punctulatus, 106.

rossii, 106.

saxatilis, 81.

septemfasciatus, 79.

smaragdinus, 86.

sordidns, 77.

taenioruptus, 106.

trifasciatus, 86.

unifasciatus, 91.

unimaculatus, 105.

unioceUatus, 99, 102.

violascens, 96.

xanthonotus, 97.

xanthozona, 106.

xanthurus, 96.
grammorhynchus, Pomacentrus, 62.

hebardi, Pomacentrus, 60.
Heliases, 28.

caeruleus, 34.

Heliases— Continued.

dimidiatus, 33.

frenatus, 34.

lepidurus, 34.

lepisurus, 34.

reticulatus, 24.

ternatensis, 32.

xanthochir, 30.

xanthurus, 29.
Heliastes, 28.
Hemiglyphidodon, 74.

plagiometopon, 75.
Holocentrus bifasciatus, 16.

nigricans, 41.

I

Illustrations, 6.
intermedius, Amphiprion, 16.
Introduction, 7.

japonicus, Amphiprion, 10.
jerdoni, Daya, 73.

Pomacentrus, 73.
jourdin, Lutjanus, 16.

katunko, Pomacentrus, 56.

labiatus, Cheiloprion, 36.

Pomacentrus, 36.
labiosus, Pomacentrus, 36.
lacrymatus, Abudefduf, 93.

Glyphisodon, 93.
laticlavius, Amphiprion, 15.
lepidurus, Chromis, 34.

Heliases, 34.
lepisurus, Chromis, 34.

Heliases, 34.
leucogaster, Abudefduf, 88.

Glyphisodon, 88.
leucopomus, Glyphisodon, 106.
leucozona, Abudefduf, 92.

Glyphisodon, 92.
littoralis, Pomacentrus, 56.
lividus, Chaetodon, 39.

Eupomacentrus, 39.

Pomacentrus, 39.
Lutjanus aruanus, 21.

jourdin, 15.

percula, 14.

M

macrostoma, Prochilus, 12.
marginatum, Tetradrachmum, 24.
marginatus, Dascyllus, 24.

Pomacentrus, 24.
melanochir, Pomacentrus, 66.
melanopselion, Abudefduf, 75.
melanopus, Prochilus, 12.

116

INDEX

melanurus, Dascyllus, 20.

Tetradracbmum, 20.
melas, Chrysiptera, 95.

Glyphisodon, 96.

Paraglyphidodon, 95.
modestus, Glyphidodontops, 106.

Glyphisodon, 106.
moluccensis, Pomacentrus, 50.
mutabilis, Glyphisodon, 106.

nigricans, Holocentrus, 41.

Pomacentrus, 41.
notophthalmus. Dichistodus, 62.

Pomacentrus, 62.

opisthostigma, Pomacentrus, 71.
ovoides, Pomacentrus, 69.
oxyodon, Chrysiptera, 98.

Glyphisodon, 98.

Paraglyphidodon, 98.

Paraglyphidodon, 94.

melas, 96.

oxyodon. 98.

xanthonotus, 97.

xanthurns, 96.
Parapomacentrus, 87.

bankieri, 46.
parasema, Abudefduf, 100.

Chrysiptera, 100.
pavo, Chaetodon, 48.

Pomacentrus. 43.
Perca polymna, 10.
percula, Amphiprion, 14.

Lutjanus, 14.

Prochilus, 14.

perideraeus, Amphiprion, 16.
perideraion, Amphiprion, 16.

Prochilus, 16.
Philippine, Abudefduf, 89.

Chromis, 82.

Pomacentrus, 48.
plagiometopon, Glyphisodon, 75.

Hemiglyphidodon, 76.
polyacanthus, Acanthochromis, 27.

Dascyllus, 27.
polylepis, Prochilus, 12.
polymna, Anthias, 14.

Perca, 10.
polymnus, Amphiprion, 10.

Prochilus, 10.
Pomacentridie, 8.
Pomacentrus, 87.

albofasciatus, 40.

albolineatus, 70.

alexanderae, 51.

amboinensis, 58.

aruanus, 21.

bankanensia, 59.

Pomacentrus — Continued.

bankieri, 45.

bifasciatus, 47.

biocellatus, 56.

breviceps, 68.

burroughs, 59.

chrysopoecilus, 61.

chrysurus, 65.

cyanospilus, 39.

delurus, 56.

dimidiatus, 56.

dorsalis, 55.

elongatus, 54.

emarginatus, 66.

fasciatus, 67.

grammorhynchus, 62.

hebardi, 50.

jerdoni, 78.

katunko, 66.

labiatus, 36.

labiosus, 36.

littoralis, 56.

lividus, 89.

marginatus, 24.

melanochir, 66.

moluccensis, 50.

nigricans, 41.

notophthalmus, 62.

opisthostigma, 71.

ovoides, 69.

pavo, 48.

philippinus, 48.

popei, 51.

pristigir, 61.

prosopotaenia, 63.

punctatolineatus, 66

scolopseus, 42.

scolopsis, 41.

simsiang, 59.

suluensis, 62.

tablasensis, 72.

taeniometopon, 59.

taeniurus, 46.

trilineatus, 56, 66, 69.

trimaculatus, 23, 64.

tripunctatus, 66.

tropieus, 49.

vanicolensis, 66.

violascens, 44.

sp., 63.

popei, Pomacentrus, 61.
Premnas, 18.

biaculeatus, 18.

simicinctus, 18.

trifasciatus, 18.
pristigir, Pomacentrus. 61.
Pristotis, 37.

violascens, 44.
Prochilus, 9.

akallopisus, 17.

bifasciatus, 15.

ephippium, 12.

macrostoma, 12.

melanopus, 12.

INDEX

117

ProchiluB— Continued.

percula, 14.

perideraion, 16.

polylepis, 12.

polymnus, 10.
prosopotaenia, Dichistodus, 63.

Pomacentrus, 63.
Pseudopomacentrus, 37.
punctatolineatus, Pomacentrus, 56.
punctulatus, Glyphisodon, 106.

reticulatum, Tetradrachmum, 24.
reticulatus, Dascyllus, 24.

Heliases, 24.
rex, Abudefduf, 110.

Chrysiptera, 110.
rossii, Glyphisodon. 106.

sapphirus, Abudefduf, 102.
saxatilis, Abudefduf, 81.

Chaetodon, 81.

Glyphisodon, 81.
scolopaeus, Pomacentrus, 42.
scolopsis, Pomacentrus, 41.
scotochilopterus, Chromis, 81.
septemfasciatus, Abudefduf, 79.

Glyphisodon, 79.
simicinctus, Premnas, 18.
simsiang, Pomacentrus, 59.
smaragdinus, Glyphisodon, 86.
snyderi, Amphiprion, 10.
sordidus, Abudefduf, 77, 78.

Chaetodon, 77.

Glyphisodon, 77.
Stegastes, 76.
suluensis, Pomacentrus, 62.

tablasensis, Pomacentrus, 72.
taeniometopon, Pomacentrus, 59.
taenioruptus, Glyphisodon, 106.
taeniurus, Pomacentrus, 46.
ternatensis, Chromis, 32.

Heliases. 32.
Tetradrachmum, 20.

arcuatum, 21.

aruanum, 22.

marginatum, 24.

melanurus, 20.

reticulatum, 24.

trimaculatum, 23.

xanthurus, 44.

tricolor, Amphiprion, 12.
trifasciatus, Glyphisodon, 85.

Premnas, 18.

trilineatus, Pomacentrus, 55, 66, 69.
trimaculatum, Tetradrachmum, 28.
trimaculatus, Dascyllus, 23.

Dichistodus, 65.

Pomacentrus, 23, 64.
tripunctatus, Pomacentrus, 56.
tropicus, Pomacentrus, 49.
turchesius, Abudefduf, 103.

Chrysiptera, 103.

unifasciatus, Glyphisodon, 91.
unimaculatus, Abudefduf, 106.

Glyphidodontops, 106.

Glyphisodon, 106.
uniocellata, Chrysiptera, 99.
uniocellatus, Abudefduf, 99.

Glyphidodontops, 102.

Glyphisodon, 99, 102.

tranicolensis, Pomacentrus, 56.
riolascens, Glyphisodon. 96.

Pomacentrus, 44.

Pristotis. 44.

xanthochir, Chromis, 30.

Heliases. 80.
xanthonotus, Chrysiptera,, 97.

Glyphisodon. 97.

Paraglyphidodon. 97.
xanthosoma, Dascyllus, 24.
xanthozona, Glyphisodon, 106.

Glyphisodon brownriggii. 104.
xanthura, Chrysiptera, 96.
xanthurus. Abudefduf, 96.

Chromis, 29.

Dascyllus, 44.

Glyphisodon, 96.

Heliases, 29.

Paraglyphidodon, 96.

Tetradrachmum, 44.

zonatus, Abudefduf. 106.

Abudefduf brownriggii, 105.
Glyphidodontops, 106.

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