Checklists
for the
CORINE Biotopes Programme
and its application in
the PHARE countries
of Central and East Europe;
including comparisons with relevant conventions and agreements
on the conservation of European species and habitats
REPORT
Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
under contract to
IUCN - The World Conservation Union
IUCN Project 9815 - EEC Biotopes
EU Technical Assistance Contract No. ZZ91110501-BO15
Version 2.0: July 1994
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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
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http://www. archive.org/details/checklistsforcor94wcmc
ine)
5
Contents
Background and project history
hell Project aim
.2._ Background and Terms of Reference
3. Sources of Information
.4_ Data confidentiality
5 Acknowledgements
ethodology - Explanatory notes/Guidelines for the checklists
] Background
2 Methodology - identification of CORINE Biotopes checklist species in the EU
member states
2.3 Methodology - identification of CORINE Biotopes checklist species in the
PHARE countries
2.3.1 Checklist of threatened animals
2.3.2 Checklist of threatened plants
2.3.3 General comments
N oe
Critical Review of the CORINE Biotopes species checklists
Sal Comments on CORINE Biotopes checklists for the PHARE countries
3.2 Comments referring to lower plants
3.3. Independent comments on overall CORINE Biotopes checklists species
3.4 Species lists provided to WCMC for the PHARE countries
Comparison of the CORINE Biotopes checklists with relevant lists in European and
global treaties and agreements
4.1 Types of species and habitats lists present in relevant lists in European and
global treaties and agreements
4.1.1 IUCN Global Red Lists
4.1.2 Bern Convention
4.1.3 Habitats Directive
4.1.4 Other European and regional classifications
4.1.4.1 Baltic Sea Region
4.1.4.2 Mediterranean
4.1.4.3 Commonwealth of Independent States - former Soviet
Union
4.1.5 Regional Processes for comparisons beyond Europe
4.1.5.1 Australia
ASM SoZ Canada
4.1.5.3 China
4.1.5.4 United States of America
4.1.6 Species-based approach to conservation
Comparisons with CORINE Biotopes checklist species
5.1 Comparison of threatened mammal species lists
5.1.1 Comparison with the Bern Convention
5.1.2 Comparison with the 1994 IUCN Red list
5.1.3 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
Seo)
5.4
Sco)
5.6
5.1.4 Comparison with the CITES Convention
Comparison of threatened amphibian and reptile species lists
5.2.1 Comparison with the 1994 IUCN Red List
5.2.2 Comparison with the Bern Convention
5.2.3. Comparison with Annex II and Annex IV of EC Habitats Directive
92/43/EEC
5.2.4 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
Comparison of threatened fish species lists
5.3.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List
5.3.2 Comparison with Annex II of the Bern Convention
5.3.3 Comparison with EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
5.3.4 Comparison with Council of Europe "Conservation of threatened
freshwater fish in Europe", Nature and Environment Series, no 46,
1991
5.3.5 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
Comparison of threatened invertebrate species lists
5.4.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List
5.4.2 Comparison with Appendix II of the Bern Convention
5.4.3. Comparison with Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/eec
5.4.4 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
Comparisons with the threatened bird species lists
5.5.1 Comparison with the IUCN Red List
5.5.2 Comparison with the CITES Convention
5.5.3 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
5.5.4 Comparison with the former USSR
Comparisons with the CORINE threatened plant lists
5.6.1 Comparison with IUCN threatened plants lists
5.6.2 Comparison with Bern Convention
5.6.3 Comparison with the Habitats Directive
5.6.4 Comparison with the CITES Convention
5.6.5 Comparison with the former USSR listings
Comparison of CORINE Biotopes habitats lassification with other European
classifications
6.1
6.2
6.3
CORINE Biotopes habitat classification
Differences with other European classifications
6.2.1 Habitats Directive
6.2.2 Council of Europe Map of the Natural Vegetation of the member
countries of the European Community and the Council of Europe
6.2.3 European Vegetation Survey
6.2.4 Nordic classification
6.2.5 Ramsar Convention
6.2.6 IUCN Marine Biogeographic classification
Other regional classifications relevant to Europe, the Palaearctic Realm and
beyond
6.3.1 Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union
6.3.2 People’s Republic of China
6.3.3 Australia
6.3.4 Canada
6.4 Proposed CORINE Biotopes Palaearctic and Global Habitats Classification
Conclusions
eal CORINE Biotopes: Threatened species lists
7.2. CORINE Biotopes: Habitat classification
Recommendations
Summary
8.1 Combined ecosystem and species-based biodiversity
8.2 Global Status of Threatened Species
8.3 National Status
8.4 Status in CORINE area
8.5 Range in CORINE Area
8.6 Conventions and agreements
8.7 Taxonomy of existing lists
8.8 Standard habitat classification
8.9 Marine and coastal
8.10 Encourage the extension of the CORINE Biotopes methodology to a wider
Europe
8.11 Other issues
8.11.1 CORINE Red Data Book
8.11.2 Responsibility
8.11.3 Data management and maintenance
8.12 Training workshops
Annexes
l List of European experts whose views were sought as part of the project
The proposed new criteria for listing species on the IUCN Red List (Mace et
al)
3 Criteria for listing species and habitats in wildlife treaties and agreements
relevant to Europe
4 EU CORINE Biotope checklists and proposed extension for the PHARE
countries
5) List of habitat classes in key European classifications
6 Countries covered by each of the Conventions
7
8
ine)
Checklist of species for the CITES Convention
Checklist of species for the Bonn Convention
9 Checklist of species for the Bern Convention
10 Checklist of species for the Habitats Directive
1] Checklist of habitats for the Habitats Directive
12 Inventory and Cartography of the Flora and Fauna of Europe (Harding, 1992)
Ie BACKGROUND AND PROJECT HISTORY
1.1 Project aim
The overall objective of the project was to support the extension of the CORINE Biotopes
programme into the PHARE countries of East and Central Europe through the provisions and
review of specific checklists and review of appropriate parts of the methodology. Candidate
checklists of animals and plants for the six PHARE countries of East and Central Europe
were to be prepared and recommendations made for extension of the process into a wider
Pan-Europe.
1.2. Background and Terms of Reference
The aim of the project was proposed in the Council of Europe/European Environment
Agency Task Force CORINE Biotopes meeting in December 1991, and specifications drawn
up in the following year.
In accordance with the contract, five tasks were identified in agreement with IUCN European
Programme:
l Preparation of a CORINE Biotope checklist of threatened species for six
PHARE countries;
iS)
Preparation of explanatory notes/guidelines for the checklists;
3 Comparison of CORINE Biotope checklists with other species and habitats
convention/treaty lists;
4 Independent review/comment of the CORINE Biotopes species and habitat
selection process;
5 Recommendations for the guideline checklist methodology to extend the
CORINE Biotopes programme to non EU countries.
The first draft checklists were submitted to IUCN in October 1992 as the Indicative checklists
for the PHARE countries of central and east Europe (1992) for plants and the Preliminary
draft list of species of conservation concern in the CORINE PHARE countries to be
considered for inclusion in the CORINE PHARE list of threatened species 1. Vertebrates,
excluding birds (1992). Avifauna were not included as Birdlife International were separately
preparing the bird checklist.
Subsequently the WCMC activities in 1993/94 included:
An assessment of existing draft WCMC checklists of threatened animals and
plants in the PHARE countries of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, Romania and Slovak Republic;
Review and incorporation of new information on Red Lists of animals and
plants in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the
Slovak Republic;
Where time available to review existing preliminary list from the Habitats of
the European Community, Central Europe and Northern Europe (1990), using
information readily available to WCMC and its collaborators;
Review and incorporation of information from national authorities and key
experts, including CORINE PHARE focal points;
Incorporation of relevant information into WCMC databases.
Analysis of material received in order to assess the extent to which the species
lists were compatible with the CORINE Biotopes checklists of the 12 EU
Member States (see methodology in CORINE Technical Handbook),
Completion of the animal and plant checklists in style and format requested
by the CORINE Biotope coordinators.
In February 1994 the final drafts were completed as CORINE Checklist of threatened plants
and animals for the European Union and the extension to the PHARE countries (1994)
Version 1. The lists included species in the existing checklists of threatened species
(Appendices F-K inclusive) published in the CORINE Biotopes Manual, Data Specifications -
Part 1 (EUR 12587/2 EN)(1991) plus additional species from the PHARE region.
These checklists were submitted to IUCN and the CORINE Coordinator at the EEA-TF and
presented at the February 1994 Expert Working Meeting of CORINE PHARE national
coordinators at DGXI, Brussels. The lists were then forwarded to PHARE national experts
for CORINE Biotopes for review, correction and update.
The methodology and checklists of species and habitats were subsequently sent out for
independent review to EU Member States CORINE coordinators, IUCN Commissions and
Programmes and other expert groups with requests for comment by 30 March 1994 (see
Annex 1 for lists of contacts).
The correspondence included the following:
Documentation on the methodology for CORINE Biotopes site selection at the
European Union level (CORINE Biotopes manual Methodology, (EUR 12587/1
EN);
Contents page illustrating habitat structure, introduction and a sample page of
habitat classes as the classification listed in the CORINE Biotopes manual,
Habitats of the European Community, Data Specifications - Part 2, (EUR
12587/3 EN)
Requests for comment were made on:
Criteria used to select sites.
Requested comments on the suitability of this methodology and whether it
could be applied to extend the classification to habitats also (or solely) found
in eastern and central Europe and the former Soviet Union.
Alternative classifications that are currently in use or which are being
proposed to cover the pan European region (whether a global vegetation
classification which is applicable to Europe or one designed specifically for
Europe itself).
Requests were made for comments about the relative merits of the various
systems.
Acknowledgements were received from all six countries of the PHARE region. Variable
amendments were received including long additional lists of species of national importance
from Hungary and Poland.
The final candidate Version | checklists of animal and plant species for the EU and PHARE
countries were incorporated into the listings and marked within the WCMC global databases
of threatened species. The habitats classification was reviewed for potential incorporation into
the WCMC site protection database.
In April 1994 additional comments were received from Marc Roekaerts, Ulla Pinborg and
Pierre Devilliers on CORINE designated areas, habitats and species, during an
IWRB/WCMC wetland information management workshop on 26 April and a WRI/WCMC
workshop on Biodiversity Indicators for Policy-Makers on 29 April 1994. Finally in June
1994 lists were encoded into the CORINE Biotopes database by ITE.
1.3 Sources of Information
In order to capture the fullest possible response within the given time frame under the IUCN
Terms of Reference a variety of institutions were contacted and data collection methods
employed. These included:
CORINE PHARE Biotopes teams
CORINE Biotopes teams in the European Union
Government departments and agencies (eg natural resources, wildlife,
fisheries, environment, parks)
. International intergovernmental organisations
Non-governmental organisations (NGO) and private voluntary organisations
Universities
Institutions
Botanic Gardens
Private individuals
Data on the species checklists and habitats was gathered using various methods such as:
Direct questioning through correspondence and interviews
Review of conventions, agreements and directives
Review of published documents and other material
Currently EC DGXI, European Environment Agency and the Council of Europe have
responsibility for CORINE development and assessments. WCMC worked closely with these
bodies and the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology of the UK and Institut Royal des Sciences
Naturelles de Belgique, in developing its assessment of the threatened species and habitats
and methodologies identified in their lists. WCMC also worked closely with relevant
regional organizations, principle collaborators included IUCN and its commissions and
programmes, and also WWF International. At the national level, WCMC collaborated
directly with the appropriate authorities, CORINE Biotopes natural coordinators focal and
independent species and habitats experts. See Annex 1 for lists of contacts.
1.4 Data confidentiality
Some organisations and individuals, particularly those outside government, were sensitive
about releasing information. Their confidentiality was maintained.
1.5 Acknowledgements
The successful completion of this project has only been possible through a committed team effort
by individuals and organisations from the European region and beyond.
Within Europe, the contribution of the IUCN European Programme is particularly acknowledged,
with a special thanks to Dr Zbigniew Karpowicz and Tiina Rajamets. Of equal importance is the
fundamental contribution of Michel Cornaert (European Commission), Marc Roekaerts (Council
of Europe), Dirk Wascher (European Environmental Agency Task Force), Eric Evrard
(PHARE/European Environmental Agency Task Force), Pierre Devillers (CORINE/Institut Royal
des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique), Dorian Moss (CORINE/Institute of Terrestrial Ecology of
the UK) and Ulla Pinborg (CORINE/National Forest and Nature Agency of Denmark). Also to
national CORINE/PHARE project coordinators G. Spiridonov/M. Mileeva, Department,
Protected Areas and Forests, Ministry of Environment (Bulgaria), Z. Podhajska/B. Kucera,
Cesky Ustat Ochrany Prirody (Czech Republic), T. Patkai, National Authority for Nature
Conservation, Ministry of Environment and Regional Policy (Hungary), M. Oltean, Romanian
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biology (Romania), A. Dyduch-Falniowska, Nature Protection
Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), and P. Gajdos, Institute of Landscape
Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (Slovakia) are acknowledged for their work in
coordinating national assistance on checklists and in leading the administration of the study within
each of the countries, respectively.
Thanks are also expressed to the following individuals and organisations, without whose efforts
the study would not have been possible: G. Sdderman, National Board of Waters and the
Environment (Finland), D. Richard, Secrétariat de la Faune et de la Flore, Museum National
d’Histoire Naturelle (France), H. Koeppel, Bundesforschungsanstalt fiir Naturshultz und
Landschaftsdkologie, Institut fiir Landschaftspflege und Landschaftsékologie, (Germany), C. O.
Criddain, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Office of Public Works (Ireland), M. Gobbi,
Commission for Environmental Impact Assessment, Servizio Conservazione Natura (Italy), J.
Thissen, National Reference Centre for Nature, Forests and Landscape (IKC-NBLF), section
Biogeographical Information Centre (Netherlands), M. Pancorbo Lopez, Coordinadora Proyecto
Hispanat, Institut Nacional Para La Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Subdireccion General de
Espaces Naturelles, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion (Spain), J. C. Simon
Zerzoso, Botanico Protecto Biotopes/CORINE, Institut Nacional Para La Conservacion de la
Naturaleza (Spain), A. Cuadrado Martin, Zoologigo Grupo Biotopes/CORINE, Institut Nacional
Para La Conservacion de la Naturaleza (Spain), C. Gdransson, Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency (Sweden), J. Hopkins, Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK).
Coordinating the study at the international level, as well as preparation of final outputs, was
brought about by the dedicated efforts of staff at WCMC. A special thanks is extended to Johanna
Sidey for her outstanding contribution towards project administration, data entry, and report
production. Particular mention goes to the following individuals: Graham Drucker (Project
Coordinator), Andrea Cole, Brian Groombridge, Harriet Gillett and Chris Magin along with
support from Richard Luxmoore and Jeremy Harrison. A special thanks is also reserved for
Kerry Walter, Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, for his efforts in designing the conventions
database, for his contribution to the development of the project and advise on comparable
programmes overseas.
Finally gratitude is extended to all those who participated in the project. Without the time and
interest of those who contributed by filling out questionnaires and/or by providing supporting
materials and comments, there simply would be no study. It is only hoped that the efforts of these
individuals is matched by a product that is of interest and real value.
Dn METHODOLOGY FOR THE CORINE BIOTOPES PROCESS
2.1 Background
Based on the recommendations in the Conference of the European Ministers of the Environment
(Lucerne, 1993) attempts have been increasingly been devised to identify important sites for
nature conservation at the pan European level. This is being seen as a practical method for
linking or networking areas of Europe’s natural heritage and ensure longterm sustainability of the
region.
Towards furthering this goal the European Union and Council of Europe initiated the CORINE
(Coordination of Information on the Environment) Programme. The first stages were undertaken
entirely within the European Community (European Union) countries alone as of from 1985. In
1991 the Programme was expanded to incorporate the six East European Countries of the
PHARE region (Strasbourg, 1991).
Data in CORINE are collected on a number of major themes: the geographic base (coastline,
regional boundaries, water pattern, slopes, settlements); nature ("biotopes" or sites of significance
for nature conservation, areas designated by statute); land (soils, climate, erosion risk, land
cover); air (emission, air quality); water (stream discharge, water quality) and socio-economic
data. Collection of data for each theme forms a separate project, and these activities are closely
coordinated by an advisory group which meets regularly in Brussels. Following compilation and
validation, the data are added to a Geographical Information System (GIS) at the Brussels office
of EC DG XI CORINE.
Overall the CORINE Biotopes Programme has the following objectives:
Systematically identify and list key national threatened species and
biotope types of European importance to ensure their future
conservation;
Improve the country-level and regional availability of environmental conservation
data; promote improved data quality by use of standard field techniques, habitat
classifications and protocols for data capture; and promote the ready flow of data
for in-country applications;
Develop regional communications and thematic databases on sites with regionally
important biotopes so as to assist the development of an integrated conservation
strategy for the region;
Provide the basis for a coordinated framework for species and ecosystem
conservation, development of regional databases, and promotion of cooperation
between the international community, EU Member States and the rest of Europe.
The overall objective of the current CORINE Biotopes programme after EU is to catalogue as
many as possible of the sites of nature conservation importance (Biotopes) in the PHARE counties
and European Union, whether or not they currently enjoy national or international protection
Status. For the purpose of site identification, objective criteria have been set up, based on the
presence of vulnerable or endangered species of plants or animals or of threatened habitats. A
Technical Handbook lists methodology and checklists of species which are recorded using the
standard Linnaean scientific nomenclature.
With the context of the PHARE extension work the actual task of site data collection using the
checklists, was initiated after training sessions held in ITE and Brussels. The last was in February
1994 with the PHARE Biotope team coordinators, each of whom was responsible for collation
of data for his or her country.
Most of the team members are representatives of national nature conservation bodies but in some
cases they are recruited from research institutes or universities. It is their duty to coordinate
information from their own data and from other sources such as regional authorities and
ornithological site registers and forward it to the CORINE coordinator in Brussels.
Dee Methodology - identification of CORINE Biotopes checklist species in the EU
member states
The existing methodology for the European Union to derive the CORINE Biotope species
checklists is found in CORINE Biotopes Manual, Data Specifications - Part 1] (EUR 12587/2 EN)
(1991).
The site selection criteria states that any vulnerable European species listed in Appendices F to
K of the CORINE Biotopes manual which are present on the site are listed in the site record. If
any of these species have been used as criteria for the inclusion of the site in the biotopes
inventory, this should be indicated for each such species using one of the following criterion:
= The site contains more than 1% of the Community population of the species, or
is one of only 100 sites or fewer in the EU where the species occurs;
* The site is one of only five sites or fewer in the region where the species occurs;
$$ One of the most important sites in the EU for the species;
$ One of the five most important sites in the region for the species;
a The species has been observed in the site but not recently.
In addition, where the information is available, species abundance is included as an estimate of
the number of individuals.
2.3 Methodology - identification of CORINE Biotopes checklist species in the
PHARE countries
Explanatory notes/guidelines for the species checklists extension to the
PHARE countries.
2.3.1 Checklist of threatened animals
The revised draft list of species for the PHARE extension comprises the original listing for
western Europe plus a selection of candidate species for East and Central Europe. The
methodology for determining the animal checklists is based on criteria as follows:
Globally-threatened species from the 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals,
which occur in any of the PHARE countries and which are not in the original
CORINE Biotopes checklist.
Regional threatened species from the UNECE European Red List, which occur
in the region and are not in the original CORINE Biotopes checklist.
Species listed in any of the national Red Books of the PHARE countries which
are not in the original CORINE Biotopes checklist, and which in independent
judgement may be regarded as rare or threatened in Europe.
Subspecies listed in national Red Books have not been included, and species have
not been included if ranked as threatened in one country but which are widely
distributed elsewhere in Europe and not significantly threatened at the regional
level. Some of the species included are threatened in Europe but widespread and
possibly not threatened outside Europe.
A few species endemic to the PHARE countries, or nearly so, have been added.
2.3.2 Checklist of threatened plants
The plant list consists of the original CORINE Biotopes checklists for the EU and approximately
100 additional threatened species from the PHARE region. The PHARE region plants checklist
was compiled using a combination of the following criteria:
Species listed as endangered (E) or vulnerable (V) at the national level in one or
more of the six countries.
Species listed as threatened at the global level. This includes IUCN "Threatened"
categories: "Endangered" (E), "Vulnerable" (V), "Rare" (R) and "Indeterminate"
(1).
Species that are threatened at a national level but whose global distribution is incompletely
known, have not been assigned a global threat category. The botanical taxonomic work for pan
European countries, the Flora Europaea (1962-1980, 1993) was used as basis to validate species
distribution within a European context.
2.3.3 General comments
1
See Annex 2 for information concerning the existing IUCN categories (also the
proposed new system, Mace et al, 1993).
No changes have been made to the existing CORINE biotopes checklist for the
EU member states species lists (Appendices F-K in the CORINE biotopes manual,
1(1)).
10
However it was recognised that revision of the taxonomy and content of these lists
was desirable.
Vertebrates have been reviewed more comprehensively than invertebrates because
more information is available. Invertebrates in the IUCN and the UNECE Red
Lists have been added. WCMC have recent and comprehensive national
invertebrate Red Lists only for Poland, Czech and Slovak Republics among the
PHARE countries; WCMC has suggested for inclusion (without attempting to
validate the taxonomy) those species which appear in both Red Lists. No
invertebrates have been added under criterion four (animal taxa), above.
No candidate species have been added from the latest Appendices to the
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (T-
PVS (93) 16), as this would also entail changes to the original CORINE Biotope
listings.
PHARE country animal species suggested for listing have been added after
species in the same family already listed; where families have been added these
appear after families already listed.
A second list of plant species for the PHARE countries was also produced from
the WCMC plants database; this list includes 700 species listed with IUCN
category "E" or "V" ("Endangered" or "Vulnerable") at a national level in one
or more of the six PHARE countries but for which we do not have a record of
the full global distribution.
In this Red list if the global distribution was not known to be complete, the global
threat category could not logically be assigned. This list was distributed to experts
in Europe to establish if any, or none, of these species in addition to the candidate
list should be included. Comments from these experts were incorporated in the
CORINE Biotope checklists where necessary.
3 CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CORINE BIOTOPES SPECIES CHECKLISTS
Requests for comment on the animal and plant lists and their methodology were sent Out to 86
individual experts and expert groups within the CORINE PHARE and EU framework and
through IUCN Commission and Programmes and wildlife/protected area agencies and thematic
working groups.
Selected responses include the following:
3.1 Comments on CORINE Biotopes checklists for the PHARE countries
Czech Republic
Ireland
Netherlands
Romania
UK
The draft selection of plants has been accepted without any special
comments under the criteria that it was produced. Only
recommendation is the re-evaluation of including Plantago atrata
Hoppe subsp. sudetica (Pilger) Holub. This is an endemic taxon
with distribution confined to the territory of the Czech Republic.
The inclusion of the PHARE countries on the CORINE biotopes
database demands the revision of the entire system so that
threatened species and sites from those countries are not simply
"tacked on" in a cumulative fashion. Are there, for instance, any
species on the existing lists which cannot properly be regarded as
threatened over the entire extended territory and which should,
therefore, be proposed for deletion? e.g. the inclusion of
Dryopteris aemula.
The proposed additional species, which occur also in the
Netherlands are no problem from the national point of view.
Dr. Dihoru believes that the candidate plant checklist is too poor
for Romania and gives some suggestions, both taxonomic and
giving more species.
Taxonomy of species is a problem. Many species regarded as
most important in countries are endemics. The endemic sub-
species become more of a problem because some species are
extremely variable, for example a sub-species of Thalapi alpestre
(caerulescens ssp. tatrense) is proposed on the list but in the UK
there are 5-6 very distinctive populations which could be classified
as endemic sub-species. The same may apply to many other
species such a Limonium spp.
The draft Plant "list 1" includes several taxa, which, though being
Carpathian or West-Carpathian endemics, are tied up with upland
and Alpine regions where they are not considered endangered,
some of them occur in a relatively large territory in Slovakia:
Cerastium arvense ssp. glandulosum, Dianthus praecox,
Sepervivum montanum ssp. carpaticum, Thlaspi caerulescens ssp.
12
tatrense, Larix decidua var. polonica, Euphrasia slovaca,
Laserpitium archangelica, Viola biflora, respectively are relatively
copious in the territory of their occurrence. Due to little data
about its localities, the inclusion of the taxa Larix decidua Mill.
car. polonica Racib. Oastenf. into the list causes problems.
3.2 Comments referring to lower plants
UK
The bryophytes, lichens and fungi on the CORINE biotopes
checklists are inadequate. The bryophytes have been given a
European RDB recently and there is a great deal known about the
European distribution of at least the macro-lichens and macro-
fungi. These should be represented.
3.3 Independent comments on overall CORINE biotopes checklist species
The following section comprises the feed back that this project has produced concerning the
original EU CORINE Biotopes species listing and proposed extensions elsewhere.
Finland
Ireland
Netherlands
Poland
UK
We propose that the checklists will be extended to cover the Baltic
States, Karelia and the Nordic Countries.
The need for taxonomic rigour is crucial so the list should cite a
taxonomic authority such as Flora Europaea and then adhere to it
tigidly or at least state explicitly where it has departed from and
why.
It is not very useful to have on the species lists species which are
widespread and common in agricultural and urban biotopes. The
CORINE Biotopes and the Habitats Directive for which CORINE
is a good instrument are site oriented, so inclusion of dispersed
species is not adequate in this framework.
As ‘concerns the checklists of species we believe that the analysis
of species distribution in their whole European range and that of
threats to them should be the main criteria taken into account. The
existing lists such as list of Bern Convention, EEC - CITES etc,
are based on different criteria and they should not be a base for
CORINE checklists. The CORINE Project has its own purposes
so it needs its own criteria, which will allow the identification and
conservation of pan-European species diversity.
Using threatened or endangered status in a single country can
create serious misunderstandings about the status of species, as in
an extreme case it could be the species is common in all other
countries. For example, the CORINE threatened plants lists
includes Silene vulgaris which I assume is rare in one or more
13
WWE International
Council of Europe
countries of the EU. However it is very abundant in several other,
including the UK.
We are concerned that many species on the UK Red Data Books
do not appear on the list and even species on Annex II of the
Habitat and Species Directive such as Gentianella anglica are not
on the list. It seems that the whole list needs some sort of revision
and a common set of standards applied across Europe. The
problem is that what is rare and qualifies for Red Data Book
status in one country may be quite common in another.. Perhaps
what is needed is a tabulation for Europe of RDB species with
endemics highlighted in some way. Users of the list would then
know whether the rarity extended throughout Europe or was
confined to particular areas or countries.
Selection of the taxa depends on the criteria used, perseverant
application of the criteria issuing from the all-European view can
result in the exclusion of several proposed taxa. Methodological
group of the project has got a difficult task to keep the list of
proposed species consistent.
The status "Rare" should not automatically be considered as
"Threatened". Need to identify true endemics to Europe because
many of the species already listed have a range that extends far
beyond Europe. It is possible and recommendable to make a link
between listed species and biotopes, especially feasible for plants
and invertebrates. He also makes the recommendation to include
both species and biotopes for all the EFTA countries, not just for
12 EU and 6 PHARE countries. A new list would therefore
correspond more directly with the appendices of the Bern
Convention and is more progressive in terms of the ongoing EU-
enlargement process.
The CORINE list is not a good point of departure for this exercise
or else the term "Threatened" should be dropped as there is a risk
of confusion with IUCN nomenclature. The CORINE list has
never been a threatened species list (in the [UCN sense) but rather
a list of species receiving particular conservation attention in the
EU (for whatever reason). To write a pan-European list the threat
category will have to be dropped with many species which receive
attention in the EU states but are not at all threatened on a
European scale (an example is given of the wolf). The Bern list
is a political list which contains many species which are not
threatened but that, nevertheless, it was thought that they should
be protected in the whole of Europe. Our exercise should be much
more defined. Which is your geographical framework of reference
EU and PHARE and/or other European states? Will Cyprus and
Turkey be included? The ex Soviet-Union, up to the Urals?
14
3.4 Species lists provided to WCMC for the PHARE countries
Bulgaria
Latest information in January 1994, Bulgarian Ministry of Environment
List of plant species which should be added to the CORINE Biotopes Programme
- 23 species.
Czech Republic
1979 Red List of flora in Czech Socialist Republic
Draft list of threatened species submitted to the CORINE Biotopes programme,
1992. No new updates had been prepared up to April 1994
Hungary
List of Threatened Plants (1984)
Draft list of threatened species submitted to the CORINE Biotopes programme,
1992. New updates had been prepared in March/April 1994
Poland
List of Threatened Plants (1986)
List of Threatened Plants in Poland (2nd edition, 1992)
Polish Red Data Book of threatened Plants (1994)
Romania
List of rare, endemic and threatened plants in Romania (1984)
Draft list of threatened species submitted to the CORINE Biotopes programme,
1992"
Draft list of threatened species on diskette (January 1994)
Slovakia
List of extinct, endemic and threatened taxa of vascular plants ...of Slovakia
Draft Red list of ferns and flowering plants of Slovakia (January 1994, 2nd draft)
4. COMPARISON OF THE CORINE BIOTOPES CHECKLISTS WITH RELEVANT
LISTS IN EUROPEAN AND GLOBAL TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS
The CORINE Biotopes species checklists have been developed as a mechanism for identifying
sites of importance for nature conservation at a European level. The lists are intended to
represent "indicator" species, to act as a tool or guide for site selection, rather than to be
exhaustive listings of all threatened species within the European context.
The stages within the WCMC project included the following:
to
4.1
Identification and acquisition of lists appended to global and regional treaties and
agreements relevant to Europe.
Includes comparison with the EU Habitats and Birds Directives, Bern Convention,
Bonn Convention, UNECE Red list, CITES, IUCN Global Red list, and where
relevant the Baltic Convention and UNEP Regional Seas Programmes and related
agreements.
Incorporation of relevant information within WCMC databases in standard format.
Analysis of material received in order to evaluate differences between CORINE
Biotopes checklists with other European Treaties and Agreements.
Sending out lists and analysis for independent review.
Preparation of comments and recommendations.
Types of species and habitat lists present in relevant European and global
Treaties and agreements
Within European lists of threatened or protected species are found, in addition to the CORINE
Biotopes Checklists, in the following:
IUCN Global Red Lists of Animals and Plants as held in the WCMC species
databases;
Habitats Directive;
Birds Directive;
Bern Convention;
Bonn Convention;
UNECE European Red List of globally threatened species;
Barcelona Convention and the Mediterranean Action Plan,
Baltic Sea Convention;
Red Data Book of the Baltic Region;
USSR Red Data Book;
National Red Data books for European countries;
CITES Convention Appendices;
Various legal instruments and agreements have used differing approaches to protect the listed rare
and endangered species of animal and plant. Aims and objectives range from protection from
wildlife trade, to protection only of migratory species, to identification of species under threat
at the regional level such as in the Mediterranean or Baltic Seas.
4.1.1 TUCN Global Red lists
The /UCN Red Lists of animals and threatened plants of the world are comprehensive global
compenda of species known to be threatened. The term threatened refers to taxa assigned a
relevant status category by IUCN. The Red List is based on information provided through the
IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups. Each species covered in the Red List is
assigned a threat category determined by review of the factors affecting it and the extent of the
effects these are having throughout its range. Key factors examined include changes in
distribution or numbers, degree and type of threat, and population biology. A new IUCN
classification has been prepared by Mace et al (1993)(see Annex 2).
4.1.2 Bern Convention
The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the Bern
Convention) places its heaviest emphasis on the protection of habitats, especially habitats of
species listed in the Appendices and endangered habitats.
There are four Appendices. Appendix I is reserved exclusively for "Strictly Protected Flora
Species", Appendix II for "Strictly Protected Animal Species", and Appendix III for "Protected
Fauna Species".
A revision in 1991 added to the convention species which are at the greatest risk of extinction
ie. endangered plants and animals. Additional plant and animals species were added to the
Appendices which if the conservation measures were applied would also conserve habitats of
conservation importance and sites where other endemic and threatened plants are found. Other
additions were species which were not quite in the categories "Endangered" or "Vulnerable" but
were rapidly declining due to over-collection.
In the case of Appendix I Flora Europaea has been used throughout as the major taxonomic
reference point.
For a list of selection criteria for the Appendices see Annex 9.
17
4.1.3 Habitats Directive
The Council Directive on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (1992)
concerns the conservation of wild animals and plants and their habitats. Three Appendices list
threatened species of animal and plant of Community Concern.
Appendix II Animal and plant species of Community Interest whose conservation
requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation
Appendix IV Animal and plant species of Community Interest in need of strict
protection
Appendix V Animal and plant species of Community Interest whose taking in the wild
and exploitation may be subject to management measures
Criteria for species selection are listed in Article 1 as follows:
Species of Community interest means species which, within the territory referred to in Article 2,
are:
1) endangered, except those species whose natural range is marginal in that territory
and which are not endangered or vulnerable in the western palaearctic region: or
il) vulnerable, i.e. believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near
future if the causal factors continue operating; or
ill) rare, i.e. with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable,
but are at risk. The species are located within restricted geographical areas or are
thinly scattered over a more extensive range; or
iv) endemic and requiring particular attention by reason of the specific nature of their
habitat and/or the potential impact of their exploitation on their conservation
Status.
Such status are listed or may be listed in Annex II and/or Annex IV or V;
Priority species means species referred to in (g)(i) for the conservation of which the Community
has particular responsibility in view of the proportion of their natural range which falls within
the territory referred to in Article 2; these priority species are indicated by an asterisk (*) in
Annex II.
For details of the Bonn and CITES Conventions see Annexes 7 and 8.
4.1.4 Other European and regional classifications
4.1.4.1 Baltic Sea Region
The Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki
18
Convention)(1983) has provisions for species conservation. Priority species for conservation in
the Baltic Sea region are based on threatened species identified in national red lists for each
country of the circum-Baltic region.
In this case there are 16 geographical units:
Aland region, Finland
Finland excluding Aland
Leningrad region, Russia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Kaliningrad region, Russia
Poland
Germany (former East Germany)
Germany (Schleswig-Holstein)
Denmark
Sweden
The HELCOM Environment Committee started to develop a programme in nature conservation
as a first step in the implementation of Article 15 on nature conservation and biodiversity in the
new 1992 Helsinki Convention. The environment committee adopted a list of issues that it felt
should be included in the future work programme in nature conservation and biodiversity in the
baltic region. This includes a strategy and guidelines for the conservation of species, such as the
preparation of a comprehensive Red Data book on flora and fauna for the entire Baltic area. It
was published by the Swedish Threatened Species Unit, Uppsala (Sweden) in 1993. Taxa have
not been assigned threat categories for the Baltic region as a whole, but instead for each country.
Anthropogenic species are not included in the red list, listing only “truly native" taxa. For birds,
only regularly breeding species are generally considered for national/regional red list.
The Baltic States are currently involved in a range of national, regional and international
initiatives which aim to improve the conservation of biodiversity within their countries. One of
the key needs for each of these countries, is to collaborate in the collection of data and the
production of periodic reports on progress towards achieving the protection and sustainable
management of the Baltic.
4.1.4.2 Mediterranean
The Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (Barcelona
convention) adopted in 1985 covers 14 Countries of the Mediterranean Basin.
There are 10 priority targets including the protection of endangered marine species and in
particular monk seal and marine turtles. This was preceded by the Intergovernmental Meeting on
Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas in 1980 with the preparation by IUCN of List of rare
and threatened plants of the states of the Mediterranean basin, Mediterranean marine species in
possible need of protection, Threatened mammals of the Mediterranean, Preliminary list of
Mediterranean birds in need of special protection and the Preliminary list of amphibians and
reptiles of the Mediterranean Region, known or considered to be threatened.
19
These tend to be taxa considered to be threatened throughout their range, or taxa considered
threatened within their Mediterranean range.
4.1.4.3 Commonwealth of Independent States - Former Soviet Union
The former Soviet Union consisted of 16 republics which now all constitute separate and
independent countries under the CIS, including the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
(not members of the CIS), along with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia, Georgia, Kazakstan,
Kirghizia, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
Given the vast territory of the Union, it was found expedient to find a regional approach to
species conservation. The identification of objects requiring conservation both on a nationwide
scale and in individual areas and regions remained a high priority. Thus alongside the Red Data
Book of USSR (1978) republic level Red Data books have been compiled in many of the union
republics. In every region priority protection was given to species included in the Red Data Book
of USSR. About 10% of the USSR flora were identified and listed as rare and endangered.
For incorporation in the lists species had to meet one or more of several criteria:
: Protecting a species whose populations were threatened within the Soviet Union,
regardless of its presence in other countries;
Priority given to rare species threatened with immediate danger of extinction;
Species of real or potential economic value, particularly those with wild
populations which were rapidly declining.
So that conservation objectives would be distributed uniformly in the various regions of the
former Soviet Union, the committee strove to include species from all regions. It was recognized
nevertheless that such areas as the Caucasus and Central Asia had many more endemic species
than others.
These species tend to be narrow endemics, species on the edge of their range and species whose
populations are small in number. Range size, number, existing conditions, and vitality are taken
into account while identifying the species which need protection. Endemics with a narrow range
can also be listed as rare species. Plants with narrow ranges in the former USSR whose main
range was Outside the former Soviet Union were also ranked as rare. Species whose numbers and
distributions have decreased due to exploitation are also ranked as rare (Beloussova and
Denissova, 1981).
It was in this way that the overall federal strategy of flora was instigated throughout the region
(Tikhomirov, 1981).
The CIS republics have prepared their own national lists of threatened and endangered plant
species and embarked on official Red Data Books.
20
4.1.5 Regional processes for comparisons beyond Europe
A number of comparable activities are being undertaken to identify threatened species at a
regional or multi-state level either for Red List purposes or as indicators of important habitats
or sites of biodiversity importance.
4.1.5.1 Australia
Australia is a federation of six states and two self-governing territories. To document the species
research produced the volumes of Flora of Australia and Fauna of Australia (Dyne and Walton,
1987). The distribution and conservation status of species at a federal and state level has been
identified (Briggs and Leigh, 1988).
This process has a number of distinctive features specifically tailored to the Australian situation
and the basic threat categories accord with the IUCN Red Data book categories. The distribution
category of each species (indicated by numbers 1-3) is given in conjunction with the conservation
status (E, V, R, X or K). Thus:
] Species known only from the type collection;
2 Species with a very restricted distribution in Australia and with a maximum
geographic range of less than 100km;
3 Species with a range over 100km in Australia but occurring only in small
populations which are mainly restricted to highly specific and localised habitats.
In addition, there are the following categories: X Presumed Extinct, E Endangered, V
Vulnerable, R Rare (not threatened), K Poorly known, C population reserved, a adequately
reserved, t total population reserved, and + species with natural distributions outside Australia.
Regional distribution is based on one or more of 80 Australian regions. The criteria in which the
regions are based vary from one state to another. In most states the regions are largely based on
phytogeographical areas, although there are some obvious discrepancies between the states as
these regional boundaries rarely coincide across state borders. Regions in two Queensland and
northern territory are based on traditional pastoral districts, effectively natural floristic regions.
4.1.5.2 Canada
There are about 3,269 native species of vascular plants and about 884 introduced species. A rare
plants project, conducted by Argus er al. (1990) from the National Museum of Nature in Ottawa,
has provided lists and information on some 1,010 vascular plant taxa that are considered to be
nationally rare in Canada. The project, which is nearing completion, provides provincial lists of
rare plants and is available to the provincial Conservation Data Centres (Argus and Prior, 1990;
G. Francis, pers. comm., 1992).
4.1.5.3 China
In 1982 the China Plant Red Data Book was initiated under the auspices of the China National
21
Environmental Protection Agency and the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, and identifies
species throughout all provinces and autonomous regions. The work has been done on the basis
of extensive plant surveys. The conservation status endangered, rare and vulnerable are related
to, but not identical to, the IUCN Red List Categories. Each of the species are those under threat
of extinction throughout all or significant portions of their biological range, regardless of political
boundaries. In the Plant Red Data book 388 taxa are designated as threatened out of a country
total of 3,000 vascular plants species in danger of extinction.
A globally threatened species and linked habitats and protected areas database has been developed
by J. McKinnon.
4.1.5.4 United States of America
The Heritage Programs and Conservation Data Centers of the Nature Conservancy have identified
conservation priority ranking for American species at the global, national and state/subnational
levels. The methodology is described in the Natural Heritage Element Conservation Priority
ranking guidelines Excerpts from Biological and Conservation Data System On-line Help screens
(1994). The methodology involves a series of ranking of each species in an established matrix
(see below and TNC, 1994).
Species are identified on three sets of levels, globally, nationally, state level:
1 Critically imperiled globally/national/state;
2 imperiled globally/nation/state;
3 Rare or uncommon;
4 Widespread, abundant, and apparently secure, but with cause for long-term
concern;
5 Demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure.
In all cases the process includes a numeric range rank, taxonomic subdivision, and taxonomic
qualifiers.
The following table defines the various legitimate combinations of characters which can be used
as National and State Ranks.
ist Qualifier Breeding Success Breeding Qualifier
avon ne
[ert Jiechi rma ell
Sa Ee ae Meee Re
SP |r ee vie er
bie ie oe ae eS
extirpated
(ee cee aT || aaa a ED
22
Ranking is as follows:
N#/S# Numenc Rank: A numeric rank 1-5 of relative endangerment based primarily on the number of
occurrences of the element within the nation/state.
NI/SI Cntically imperiled in the nation/state because of extreme rarity or because of some factors making it
especially vulnerable to extirpation from the nation/state (typically 5 or fewer occurrences or very few
remaining individuals or acres)
N2/S2 Imperiled in the nation/state because of rarity or because of some factors making it very vulnerable to
extirpation from the nation (6-20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres)
N3/S3 Rare and uncommon in the nation/state (21-100 occurrences)
N4/S4 Widespread, abundant, and apparently secure in nation/state, with many occurrences, but the Element is
of long-term concern usually 100 or more occurrences)
NS/S5 Demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure in the nation/state, and essentially ineradicable under
present conditions
Other factors included in the ranking are “unranked, exotic, accidental, zero occurrences,
potential, reported, reported falsely, historical, extirpated, hybrid, synonym, breeding status,
qualifiers".
4.1.6 Species-based Approach to Conservation
The species-based approach to identification of biodiversity, developed by the Australian Nature
Conservation Agency (ANCA), and utilised in the technical appendix "Towards a Systematic
Approach for Identifying Gaps in the Australian System of Protected Areas" involved deriving
appropriate data sets to represent continental-level species biodiversity.
Three species groups were selected: eucalypts, land birds and butterflies. These groups were
selected because they were available in a form suitable for analysis. Two measures of diversity
were derived for each species group: species richness and endemism.
Species richness was defined as the number of species within each 1 degree grid cell. The
number of species of eucalypts, land birds and butterflies were summed for each 1 degree grid
cell, and mapped into five classes. A species was defined as endemic when it occurred in 10 or
less 1 degree grid cells, i.e. a restricted range species. The number of endemic species of
eucalypts, land birds and butterflies were summed for each | degree grid cell, and mapped into
five classes. Species richness and endemism for eucalypts, land birds and butterflies were
combined to produce a single map of species richness and endemism.
Data on the index of threat to species biodiversity was derived by comparing the data set on
averaged index of richness and endemism for species biodiversity with change in vegetation
type.
23
oe COMPARISONS WITH CORINE BIOTOPES CHECKLIST SPECIES
Data were incorporated into the WCMC species database and comparisons made between the
various listings. The ultimate aim of this comparison was to provide new methodological
guidelines to be followed in extending the CORINE Biotope list to Eastern Europe and in a wider
European context.
The following species lists were compared against the CORINE Biotopes checklist of threatened
animals: :
1994 IUCN Red List for animals
Appendix II (strictly protected fauna species), Bern Convention
Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
Annex I of the EC Birds Directive 79/409/EEC modified by Directive
85/411/EEC of the Council of 25 July 1985
UNECE European Red List of globally threatened species
Red Data book for the Baltic Sea Region
USSR Red Data book
National Red Data Books for European countries
Red Data Book for the Baltic Sea Region
Of the above, the UNECE European Red List of Globally Threatened Animals and Plants
comprised mainly of IUCN Red Lists of threatened species which are threatened with extinction
on a global scale. It is extracted from the IUCN threatened species data held at WCMC and so
in the comparisons below is equivalent to the IUCN Red lists. At the time of adoption by
UNECE in 1991 it comprised 60 mammals, 28 birds, 37 reptiles, 19 amphibians, 38 freshwater
fishes, 238 invertebrates and about 4,500 vascular plants. The lists were adopted by the UNECE
at its 46th session (1991) by decision D (46).
Summarised details of the other lists are present in the table and text below.
5.1 Comparison of threatened mammal species lists
This document compares the mammal species included on the CORINE checklist of threatened
species and those listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention with those species from the 12
European Union countries considered globally threatened by IUCN.
The stated selection criteria for the inclusion of mammals on the CORINE checklist are:
a) species considered "Endangered", "Vulnerable" or "Rare" in the following published sources:
24
Threatened mammals in Europe, C.J. Smit and A. van Wijngaarden (1976), Council of
Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 10
Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the Community,
J. Thornback, Nature Conservancy Council (1982).
b) species listed in Annex II of the Bern Convention.
5.1.1 Comparison with the Bern Convention
Examination of the lists shows that many species listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention are
not listed in the CORINE Biotopes checklists. There are several apparent reasons:
Some Annex II species do not occur in the 12 countries of the European Union
(e.g. Preromys volans, Sicista subtilis).
Some Annex II species occur in regions of the 12 countries which are not part of
the European Union (e.g. Plecotus teneriffae from the Canary Islands; and Ursus
maritimus from Greenland).
Taxonomic differences. E.g. Crocidura ariadne is listed on Annex II of the Bern
Convention, but not on CORINE. In a recent mammalian taxonomy (Wilson and
Reeder, 1993) it is considered part of C. suaveolens, which is widespread and
non-threatened.
CORINE Biotope checklists may not list introduced species. For example,
Erinaceus algirus = Atelerix algirus is on Annex II but not on the CORINE
Biotopes checklist: it is an introduced species in the Balearic Islands and
Mediterranean France and Spain.
Other Annex II species simply appear to have been omitted from CORINE, notably 12 Cetacean
species (e.g. Orcinus orca, Lagenorhynchus acutus); Pipistrellus maderensis from Madeira;
Nyctalus lasiopterus from the Azores (both Madeira and the Azores are autonomous regions of
Portugal, but belong politically and economically to the European Union).
5.1.2 Comparison with the 1994 IUCN Red list
MAMMALS Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist
1994 IUCN Red List
Bern Convention 35 34
Appendix II
EC Habitats Directive 50* 22
Annex II
* not including Ursidae and Microchiroptera
25
Many CORINE Biotopes listed taxa are also considered globally threatened by IUCN.
However, some globally threatened taxa present in the 12 European Union countries are not
included on CORINE, i.e.:
Ovis orientalis musimon (Listed as Rare by IUCN)
Ovis orientalis ophion (Listed as Vulnerable by IUCN)
These are sometimes considered to be part of Ovis ammon, which is listed on CORINE.
Balaenoptera physalus (Listed as Vulnerable by IUCN)
Twelve small Cetacean species (Listed as Insufficiently Known by IUCN) - all of these are
also on Annex II of the Bern Convention.
5.1.3 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) is not a
solely European Convention. Fourteen of the 19 species mentioned in Appendix I are not
native to Europe, for example Gorilla gorilla beringei, four species of gazelle and
Podocnemis expansa found in the Americas. Appendix II includes all species of Rhinolophida
and Vespertilionida bat, 5 and 24 are respectively indicated in the CORINE Biotopes list.
The marine mammals are incompletely listed in the CORINE Biotopes checklists, only seven
species being described. By comparison at least 15 species of Delphinidae have been listed
in the Bonn Convention including important populations of:
Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Lagenorhynchus acutus
Grampus griseus
Tursiops truncatus
Stenella coeruleoalba
Delphinus delphis
Orcinus orca
Globicephala melas
5.1.4 Comparison with the CITES Convention
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is
a global convention. The majority of the species are not found naturally in Europe,
exceptions include:
Appendix I:
Megaptera novaeengliae
Balaena mysticetus
Eubalaena species including E. mysticetus
26
Ursus arctos
Monachus monachus
Rupicapra rupricapra ornata
Important exceptions of species which are found in Appendix II but not on the CORINE
Biotopes list include the primate Macaca sylvanus from Gibraltar (UK).
5.2. Comparison of threatened amphibian and reptile species lists
The CORINE Biotopes guidelines indicate that its list of threatened species includes:
a) species considered "endangered", "vulnerable" or "rare" in the following published
sources:
Threatened amphibians and reptiles in Europe by R.E. Honegger (1978), Council of
Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 15.
Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the
Community, B. Groombridge, Nature Conservancy Council (1982);
b) species listed in Annex II of the Bern Convention;
Cc) endemic species or species with a very distinct Community distribution and classed
as vulnerable by Honegger (1978) and Nature Conservancy Council (1982);
d) species considered endangered by regional Red Lists covering their only or their main
area of distribution in the Community.
The following species lists were compared against the CORINE Biotope checklist of
threatened Amphibians and Reptiles.
1994 IUCN Red List
Appendix II (Strictly protected fauna species), Bern Convention
Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
REPTILES Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist
1994 IUCN Red List
Bern Convention 75 36
Appendix II
EC Habitats Directive 19 13
Annex II
2
AMPHIBIANS Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist
i ee ae
Bern Convention 42 23,
Appendix I]
EC Habitats Directive 12
Annex II
5.2.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List
Species listed in the 1994 IUCN Red List are considered globally threatened.
Results show that a total of 5 amphibian species and 3 reptile species mentioned upon the
1994 Red List have been omitted from the CORINE species checklist.
Five of the species are categorised by IUCN as "Rare"-
Discoglossus jeanneae
Discoglossus montalentii
Euproctus platycephalus
Salamandra lanzai
Podarcis pityuensis
and one "Vulnerable"-
Salamandra aurorae
5.2.2 Comparison with the Bern Convention
On initial examination, Annex II of the Bern Convention has many species which are not
mentioned in the CORINE Biotopes checklist. However, taxonomic changes have caused
much of the apparent dilemma.
Hydromantes genei is mentioned on the CORINE checklist. This form is now
usually regarded as three biological species:- Hydromantes flavus,
Hydromantes supramontes, Hydromantes imperialis. The generic name
Speleomantes is often applied. The biological species are mentioned in Annex
II, but not in the CORINE checklist.
Both Hyla meridionalis and Hyla sarda belong to the Hyla arborea group (D.
Frost, 1983), with Hyla sarda only recently being elevated from its status as
a subspecies of Hyla arborea. Hyla arborea is listed in the CORINE
checklist.
28
5.2.3
The omission of Rana italica from the CORINE checklist could be attributed
to its elevation from the subspecies Rana graeca italica to species status by
Picariello, Scillitani and Cretella in 1985.
Triturus dobrogicus and Triturus karelinii are included in the Triturus cristatus
group by Frost, 1983.
Comparison with Annex II and Annex IV of EC Habitats Directive
92/43/EEC
Species mentioned in Annex II of the Directive are "Animal and Plant species
of Community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special
areas of conservation".
Milos Viper, Vipera schweizeri is a rare snake that is endemic to Greece, yet
it is not mentioned by CORINE. It has recently been elevated from subspecies
rank.
Podarcis pityusensis Ybiza wall Lizard has also been omitted from the
CORINE Biotopes checklists, yet is mentioned in Annex II of the EC
Directive.
In Annex II of the Directive the genus Speleomantes is used instead of
Hydromantes as in the Bern Convention.
Discoglossus jeanneae and Discoglossus montalentii have both been omitted
from the CORINE Biotope checklists.
Species mentioned in Annex IV of the EC directive are ‘Animal and Plant species of
Community interest in need of strict protection.
5.2.4
Comparison with the Bonn Convention
Sea turtles are the only migratory species listed.
5.3
Comparison of threatened fish species lists
The CORINE Biotopes manual indicates the list of threatened species includes:
a) species considered "Endangered" in the following published sources:
Threatened freshwater fish of Europe, A. Lelek (1980), Council of Europe, Nature
and Environment Series, 18;
29
Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe, P.S. Maitland (1986), Council
of Europe, European Committee for the conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources;
Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the
Community; K.E. Banister, Nature Conservancy Council (1982);
b) species considered "Vulnerable" in the following published source:
Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the
Community, K.E. Banister, Nature Conservancy Council (1982);
c) species proposed for listing in Annex II of the Bern Convention (Maitland, loc. cit.);
d) species considered endangered by regional Red Lists covering their only or their main area
of distribution in the Community.
The following species lists were compared against the CORINE Biotopes checklist of
threatened fish.
1994 IUCN Red List
Appendix II (Strictly protected Fauna species), Bern Convention
Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
Council of Europe, "Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe",
Nature and Environment Series, no.46, 1991.
FISH Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist
7
tie... Sa
Bern Convention 4 3
Appendix I]
EC Habitats Directive
Annex II
5.3.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List
Species listed in the 1994 IUCN Red List are considered globally threatened.
A total of 28 fish species mentioned on the 1994 IUCN Red list have been omitted on the
CORINE checklist. Nine of which are "Rare", and five "Endangered". Many of the omitted
fish are from Greece and are included in the 1994 IUCN Red List of threatened species on
the basis of the Greek Red Data Book.
30
5.3.2 Comparison with Annex II of the Bern Convention
The European mudminnow Umbra krameri is the only species that has not been incorporated
into the CORINE checklist.
It occurs in some waters of Central Europe and can be found along the River Danube.
Therefore its distribution falls within the PHARE area. Because of its restricted distribution
and population decline it is considered "Vulnerable" in Europe.
5.3.3 Comparison with EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
Thirty nine species of fish with varying distribution throughout Europe are listed in the Red
List but not on the CORINE checklist. Two of them have a wide European distribution:
Lampetra planeri
Cottus gobio
However there are several fish with a limited distribution that should be considered for
inclusion in CORINE checklists. For example:
Cobitis conspersa
Cobitis larvata
Rutilus lemmingii
Rutilus macrolepidotus
Scardinius graecus
5.3.4 Comparison with Council of Europe, "Conservation of threatened
freshwater fish in Europe", Nature and Environment Series, no.46, 1991
Eudontomyzon danfordii is not mentioned in the CORINE checklist yet it can be found within
the Danube system and especially in the catchment of the River Tisza. It is regarded as
"Vulnerable" due to its restricted distribution.
It must be noted that Eudontomyzon gracilis considered by some to be conspecific with
Eudontomyzon danfordii, and Eudontomyzon mariae con-specific with Eudontomyzon
vladykovi (which is mentioned in the CORINE Biotopes checklist).
Both Acipenser guldenstaedti and Acipenser nudiventris occur in the River Danube (PHARE
region) and are considered "Vulnerable" and "Endangered" respectively. The CORINE
checklist fails to mention these two species and therefore should be considered for a revised
CORINE Biotopes checklist.
5.3.5 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
The Bonn Convention only list two species of fish, neither of which are listed in CORINE:
Pangasianodon gigas
Acipenser fulvescens
3
5.4 Comparison of threatened invertebrate species lists
CORINE Biotopes guidelines indicate that the checklist of threatened species includes:
a) species proposed for listing in Annex II of the Bern Convention in:
"Invertebrates in need of special protection in Europe", N.M Collins and S.M. Wells (1987),
Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series
b) species of 24 Rhopalocera appearing as "Endangered" or "Vulnerable" in the Community
according to information in:
J. Heath (1981), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 23;
c) species of Odonata considered "Endangered" or "Vulnerable" in:
The protection of dragonflies (Odonata) and their biotopes, J.van Tol and M.J.Verdonk
(1988), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, 38;
d) species of Odonata identified as "Vulnerable" in the Community by a preliminary analysis
of the group (CORINE Biotopes manual, 86-2.2)
The following species lists were compared against the CORINE Biotopes checklist of
Invertebrates:
1994 IUCN Red List
Appendix II (Strictly protected fauna species), Bern Convention
Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
INVERTEBRATES Total no. of species No. on CORINE list
1994 IUCN Red List 63
Bern Convention 71 67
Appendix II
5.4.1 Comparison with 1994 IUCN Red List
Many of the invertebrate species listed by IUCN are from the Canary Islands, Madeira and
the Azores. CORINE Biotopes list did not include any of the species from these islands.
Both Madeira and the Azores are autonomous regions of Portugal, but belong politically and
economically to the European Union, therefore invertebrate species ought be included in the
32
CORINE Biotopes checklists. Species such as Pseudanodonata complanata, Unio crassus,
and Austropotamobius torrentium are widespread throughout Europe and therefore are not
in the CORINE Biotopes checklist.
5.4.2 Comparison with Appendix II of the Bern Convention
Four species of Insecta have not been included in the CORINE Biotopes checklist.
Calopteryx syriaca
Coenagrion freyi
Cordulegaster trinacriae
Brachythemis fuscopalliata
Both Calopteryx syriaca and Brachythemis fuscopalliata have been recorded from the
Mediterranean coast of Southern Turkey and therefore only just border Europe. Coenagrion
freyi is confined to the small lakes of the Austrian and Swiss Alps, it is now extinct in
Germany. Coenagrion freyi is also found in Siberia and Manchuria, but is considered by
some to be a sub species of C. hylas.
5.4.3 Comparison with Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
Three species of Insecta have been omitted from the CORINE checklist:
Limoniscus violaceus
Lucanus cervus
Osmoderma eremita
The Hermit Beetle (Osmoderma eremita) has a sporadic distribution throughout Europe and
is considered "Endangered" in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Norway and
Sweden. (Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series, no.35, 1987). It has suffered
greatly from habitat destruction or intensive management of ancient woodlands for economic
purposes and appearances to be in serious decline throughout much of Europe.
5.4.4 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
The Convention lists no invertebrates in Appendix I and only one in Appendix II:
Danaus plexippus which is an American species.
5.5 Comparisons with the threatened bird species lists
The CORINE Biotopes checklist of threatened species includes:
Species listed in Annex I of Directive 79/409/EEC modified by Directive
35
85/411/EEC of the Council of 25 July 1985;
Species restricted to the Iberian peninsula and the Atlantic Islands, of
equivalent vulnerability to Annex I species
Birdlife International proposed the following species to be added to CORINE Biotopes lists
for the PHARE region:
Aquila nipalensis
Falco vespertinus
Anthropoides virgo
Glareola nordmanni
Limicola falcinellus
Tringa stagnatilis
Xenus cinereus
Strix uralensis
Melanocorypha leucoptera
5.5.1 Comparison with IUCN Red List
Birdlife International has drafted lists of globally threatened bird species in European the
forthcoming publication Birds in Europe: their conservation status in August 1994.
Of the species not found in CORINE checklists, two species of bird in Europe qualify as
globally threatened, according to the new IUCN Red List criteria (Mace et al, 1993), are
listed which are not found in the CORINE Biotopes checklist:
Chettusia gregaria
Loxia scotica
The latter is restricted to parts of Scotland in the UK.
5.5.2 Comparison with the CITES Convention
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is
a global convention. The majority of the species are not found naturally in Europe,
exceptions include one Appendix I species:
Falco peregrinus peregrinus
In addition there are a number of Appendix II species:
Pelecanus crispus
Branta ruficollis
Aquila chrysaetos
Chlamydotis undulata
all Falco species of which five have been listed in CORINE Biotopes checklists.
34
5.5.3 Comparison with the Bonn Convention
Only five of 24 species listed in Appendix I are also found in the CORINE checklist
including:
Pelecanus crispus
Haliaeetus albicilla
In Appendix II, 12 species and 9 families (with 57 species listed in CORINE) are identified.
The majority of species fall in the Accipitidae and Anatidae. Not uncommon European
migratory species have been listed in the Bonn Appendix II, including Meriops apiaster.
5.6 | Comparisons with the CORINE Biotopes threatened plant lists
This section compares the plant species included on the CORINE checklist of threatened
species with those listed on a number of Conventions and International Agreements.
The discussion is largely confined to vascular plants, since insufficient information was
readily available to compare listings of lower plant taxa.
The CORINE Biotopes manual indicates its list of threatened species includes:
a) species listed as "endangered" or "vulnerable" at the European level or in a
Member State of the European Community in the reports:
List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe, Threatened Plants
Committee (1982), Council of Europe, Nature and Environment Series 27;
Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the
Community, C. Leon, Nature Conservancy Council (1982);
b) species of orchids identified as particularly threatened in a preliminary
analysis of the group (CORINE Biotopes manual, 86-2.2).
Conservation of species of wild flora and vertebrate fauna threatened in the
Community, K.E. Banister, Nature Conservancy Council (1982);
The following species lists were compared against the CORINE checklist of threatened
plants.
WCMC database of threatened plants of the world
Appendix II (Strictly protected plant species), Bern Convention
Annex II, Annex IV, of the EC Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
UNECE European Red List of Globally threatened species
35
Red Data book for the Baltic Sea Region
USSR Red Data book
National Red Data books for European countries
CITES Convention species
Comparisons of the species on the CORINE Biotopes checklist and other Conventions and
Treaties identifies a number of species to be found on the IUCN Red lists, Bern Convention,
Habitats Directive and CITES but which are absent from the CORINE checklists, for
example:
Ceropegia chrysantha which is globally "endangered" and endemic to the Canary Islands.
Silene mariana which is endemic to Spain and globally "threatened".
A summary of the total number of species in each Treaty or Convention and the proportion
of those threatened is illustrated in the following table:
PLANTS Total no. of listed species Total no. of threatened
species
Habitats Directive 513 (492+)
Appendices
349
Bern Convention 420
Appendix II
ins a |
506
288
UNECE red lists 4500 4500
CORINE Biotopes
checklists (EU)
IUCN Red List in PHARE 3813
region
IUCN Red List in EU 5240 2015
region
IUCN Red List for pan 9492 2648
Europe (excluding the
<P Total number of species excluding lower plants
558
EEC CITES Appendix 535
724
EU)*
Notes
* Species found in the following countries: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Bosnia and
36
Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, European Russia, Finland,
Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovak
Republic, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the Ukraine.
5.6.1 Comparison with IUCN threatened plants lists
At least 70% of the CORINE Biotopes listed taxa are also considered globally threatened by
IUCN. 218 species are regarded as not threatened in the 12 European Union. These include:
Some CORINE Biotopes species are listed as extinct including Diplotaxis siettiana
once found in Spain.
Other CORINE Biotopes species have limited distribution and have become extinct over
much of their range. For example:
Marsilea strigosa is severely threatened, being "Endangered" in the EU and "Extinct"
in Russia.
Caldesia parnassifolia is "Extinct" in five countries and "Endangered" in most of its
range.
Bromus grossus with a total range of three countries, it is "Endangered" in
Switzerland but "Extinct" in Belgium and Luxembourg
Coleanthus subtilis is "Extinct" in Italy, Austria and Norway but "Endangered" in
Russia and "Rare" or "Vulnerable" in five other countries
Lythrum thesioides is "Extinct" in France, Hungary and Italy and "Vulnerable" in
Russia.
Luronium natans is not threatened in much of Europe but endangered in Denmark,
Norway and Sweden
A number of species are "Extinct" in one country and "Vulnerable" or "Indeterminate" in
the rest of Europe. For example:
Narcissus viridiflorus, Boletus satanas and Elatine alsinastrum (the latter of which was
doubtfully introduced in Denmark. However it is also found in China and Japan)
In other cases the species are "Extinct" in three countries and otherwise have a wide
distribution:
Marsilea quadrifolia which is threatened in 21 countries, it is "Indeterminate" or
"Vulnerable" in the eastern Palaearctic and known to be "Extinct" in Germany,
Poland and Switzerland;
37
Botrichium simplex which is "Extinct" in six countries and "Endangered" in 10 other
European countries. Hoewever it is also found in the USA where state categories
range from "Vulnerable" to "Unknown".
Of the 177 globally "endangered" CORINE Biotopes taxa 169 are country endemic. All
except two of these taxa are restricted to the Mediterranean and Macaronesia. The exceptions
include:
Stipa bavarica from Germany
Limonium recurvum from UK
A summary of the overlap between globally threatened plant species found in Europe (IUCN
criteria) with species listed in CORINE Biotopes checklists, international treaties and
agreements is illustrated below:
ELANTS 5 1 |.Eru Ese BLA) R) ie)
Habitats 2 1 146 105 | 88 3
Directive
Appendices
Bern Convention | 5 175 122 73 2
Appendix II
CORINE 177 | 242 10 3
Biotopes
checklists (EU)
IUCN Red List 14 53 199 | 102 | 1 2
in PHARE
region
IUCN Red List 273 | 427 124 27
in EU region
IUCN Red List
for pan Europe
(including
European
Russia)
5.6.2 Comparison with Bern Convention
Appendix I is reserved exclusively for plants. The original Bern Convention listed only 119
threatened species of higher plants, which at the time were the most acutely threatened with
extinction. The revision in 1991 was to add to the convention plants which are at the greatest
risk of extinction i.e. endangered plants.
38
PLANTS Total no. of species No. on CORINE checklist
Bern Convention 558 240
(Appendix I)
Examination of the lists shows that many species listed in the Appendix to the Bern
Convention are not listed in the CORINE Biotopes checklists.
A. Selected examples of Annex I species which are not listed in the CORINE
Biotopes list include the following range:
Asplenium hemionitis
Marsilea azorica
Ophioglossum polyphyllum
Alyssum pyrenaicum
Tris marsica
Crocus etruscus
Aquilegia pyrenaica
Cyclamen mirabile
Important species on the CORINE Biotopes list but not present on the Bern Convention
include:
Abies pinsapo
Apollonias ceballosi
Ocotea foetens
Persea indica
Drosera corsica
5.6.3 Comparison with the Habitats Directive
5.6 There are two Habitats Directive species listed as extinct and a further 146 as
endangered (138 of which are endemic).
Species listed in Appendix II but not included in the CORINE checklists
include:
Silene cintrana which is globally threatened as "Rare" in Portugal and Silene
mariana which is "Vulnerable" in Spain
39
Species listed in Appendix IV but not found in the CORINE checklists
include:
Iris luitanica
Euphorbia nevadensis
Species listed in Appendix V but not represented in the CORINE checklists
include:
Artemisia eriantha with global and west European status unknown but
threatened as "Rare" in a number of countries of eastern Europe.
5.7 Over 80% of the Habitats Directive species are endemic to single countries (or
to europe in some cases).
PLANTS Total no. of species No. on CORINE list
Habitats Directive 513 251
(Appendix II, IV, V)
5.6.4 Comparison with the CITES Convention
There are 49 CITES Appendix II species listed in CORINE Biotopes of which only
five endemic taxa are globally "Endangered".
Country endemic taxa listed in Appendix II are restricted to the southern member
states, barring Epipactis leptochila which is found in the UK.
A number of species found widespread in the Palaearctic are listed in CITES
Appendix II:
Eg. Cypripedium calceolus which is listed for the scarcity of subspecies in 27
countries. Globally it is not threatened, but has national status ranging from
SBD to "ES, MIN Aa Pt and "nt".
Liparis loeselii with unknown global status is listed in 60 countries in the
Palaearctic and Nearctic realms, 24 countries of Europe and 36 states and
provinces of the USA and Canada.
Proposed legislation from the EU lists around 585 individual species, eight families
and twelve genera, most of which are additional to the original CITES Appendices
species. This EU legislation proposes to go further than the CITES tealy
in the protection of species in trade. Two of the families found listed n te
proposed legislation that are very important for Europe are Orchidaceae and
Primulaceae. Genera such as Galanthus and Cyclamen are also proposed ble
included on the EEC CITES Annexes, the listing of which will ensure that
40
all the species of those genera are protected by the legislation.
5.6.5 Comparison with the former USSR listings
Species listed include those species endemic to specific regions such as the Caucasus, but also
those species whose primary ranges are further south or west, in Western/Central Europe,
China, Korea and Japan. The shrub Myrica gale is proposed for protection as is Platanus
orientalis although common in Northwest Europe and North America and in Southwest Asia
respectively.
4]
6. COMPARISON OF CORINE HABITATS CLASSIFICATION WITH OTHER
EUROPEAN CLASSIFICATIONS
During the last 200 years or more, attempts have been made to make a classification of the
natural environment. Attempts to classify ecological units are based on identification of the
species which occur in them along with a description of the physical characteristics of the
area. Most terrestrial ecosystems are generally identified on the basis of plant communities
with similar plant species composition and structure, phytosociological mechanism processes.
The main criteria used in the classification of vegetation are the floristic composition, the
dominance and relationship of species to each other, the structure of the community, the
general appearance or physiognomy and the periodicity of development and maturity of the
community.
There is no effective global habitat classification system. The present systems simplify and
combine community ecology and broad categories such as forest and wetland, independent
of species composition. Generally these use a combination of a general definition of habitat
type with a climatic description such as temperate grassland, or cold desert. Some systems
also incorporate global biogeography to take into account the floristic and faunistic
differences between regions of the world which may have very similar climate and physical
characteristics.
The global classifications include:
The classification of Biogeographical Provinces of the World (Udvardy, 1975)
The Ecoregions of the Continents (Bailey, 1989)
Major World Ecosystems (Olson, 1983)
For details see Global Biodiversity, Status of the Earth’s living Resources (WCMC, 1992).
The global classifications are too broad at the European scale. In Europe the CORINE
Biotopes habitat classification is one of the most widespread, covering the whole of the EU.
Proposals have been put forward in 1993 to extend the habitat classification process of
CORINE into the Palaearctic realm. In 1994 a draft outline was prepared for extension of
the process onto a global basis, by the Institut Royai des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique.
Other regional classifications in use in Europe include the Council of Europe Vegetation map
(1987), Habitats Directive (1992), Nordic Countries physical geographical regions (1983),
and former Soviet Union bioregions. The Bern Convention does not list habitats but obliges
all the parties to protect the habitats of wild flora and fauna species. The Convention also
insists that all endangered natural habitats must be protected, regardless of the species they
house.
Other proposals include the European Vegetation Survey (1992) and the parallel initiative,
the Vegetation Map of Europe, of which regional initiatives underway include those in
Central Europe based in Austria.
42
6.1 CORINE Biotopes Habitat Classification
The present typological list, as the Habitats of the European Community (1991) was
developed from the categories defined in Bioropes of significance for nature conservation
(1982) and adopted by the Adoption Committee of Directive 79/409/EEC.
The primary objective of the list is to act as a tool for the description of sites of importance
for nature conservation in Europe. All major communities are described, with the attempt
to emphasise the "extremely interesting but rare" natural or near-natural communities and the
widespread semi-natural communities, which result from a long history of extensive use by
man and domestic animals.
Three considerations guided the construction of the list:
Structure and the arrangement of units were chosen so as to keep a permanent
a flexible possibility to adapt the classification to needs for finer division of
the classes proposed;
The units were defined to be easily identified by those collecting data,
conservation decision-making and monitoring;
Attempt to ensure compatibility with other existing schemes.
The habitat classification is complemented by brief descriptions of the units of habitat and
of plants that they incorporate. These are intended primarily as a means of facilitating
identification by users: a secondary use is in drawing attention to sensitive taxa which the
units may host.
In the CORINE Biotopes classification, only natural, near-natural and sub-natural habitats
have been treated in detail. All of these have been regarded as being threatened, either
because they are rare and extremely localised or because they are dependent on extensive
agro-pastoral activities that no longer have a place in the economic fabric. The more
"artificial" habitats, which together probably cover the larger part of the territory of the
Community, have for the most part been described summarily.
The best-known phytosociological names and synonyms have been listed, regardless of
syntaxonomic or nomenclatural implications. Extensive use has been made of the recent
syntheses of Ellenberg (1988) and Oberdorfer (1990).
The phytosociological terms used in these definitions are indicative only and are meant to
facilitate identification of the unit: “allowance must be made for situations where the
definitions include implicit restrictions (for example ‘in particular’, ‘among others’) on their
use in formally distinguishing between the habitat unit and a phytosociological syntaxon".
Criteria for selection of habitat communities, have been designed to meet a number of
objectives, to ensure inclusion of habitats that are:
43
Capable of covering large enough surfaces to be important habitats for animal
species with high space requirements;
Physiognomically significant in the landscape;
Essential to the survival of distinctive populations of rare or sensitive species
of plants or animals;
Necessary constitute elements of larger ecosystems;
Remarkable because of the ecological processes they demonstrate or because
of their aesthetic value.
The level of definition reflects the differential conservation significance and needs of various
types of habitats.
The list is intended to be sufficiently flexible to allow the classification to be adjusted to meet
specific needs - for example, for sub-division of the agreed classes to record particular
localized features.
The list attempts to define ecological units that are easily identified by persons in charge of
data collecting, monitoring or conservation decision-making. It aims for compatibility with
other existing schemes, in particular with those that concern the whole European Community.
6.2 Differences with other European Classifications
In the CORINE Biotopes process a very wide range of types of vegetation are recorded, the
floristic composition of each plant community takes precedence over other criteria, such as
dominance and relationship to other species.
Compatibility was attempted in preparing the European Union classification. Primarily this
was based on the Council of Europe Classification of European Ecosystems designed by J.M
Géhu (1984) and the Map of the Natural Vegetation of the member countries of the European
Community and the Council of Europe (1987).
Specific comments follow, but the following general points apply:
The CORINE Biotopes hierarchical classification generally is regarded
inadequate for the coverage of the marine and tidal ecosystems.
This leads to very broad habitat types where effective identification and listing
of sites could prove difficult to implement.
CORINE Biotopes methodology does not cover river communities adequately.
In general wild rivers and their characteristic vegetation are threatened
throughout Europe.
Mosaics of different habitat units are difficult to classify in the CORINE
44
Biotopes classification and Agricultural land and Artificial Landscapes poorly
dealt with. However in the proposals for the extension to a Palaearctic
classification the cultural landscapes have been dealt with in greater detail (see
Appendices)
Difficulties in relating vegetation classifications have been identified. This is
primarily due to the differences in methodology, cf the European Vegetation
Survey (see below).
Table illustrating a comparison of European habitat classifications and divisions
units
Sle fo is is) | a
fo fs fo pa fe fr fo fs
NOTES
CORINE' CORINE Biotopes Palaearctic habitat units
Habitat? Habitats Directive listing of habitat units
CoE? Council of Europe Vegetation Classification and its vegetation units
A Coastal
B Non-Marine
Cc Scrub and Grassland
D Forest
E Bogs and Marshes
F Inland Rocks, Screes and Sands
G Deserts
H Agricultural Lands and Artificial Landscapes
I
Wooded Grasslands and Scrub
6.2.1. Habitats Directive
The Council Directive on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora
(1992) defines a natural habitat as a terrestrial or aquatic area distinguished by geographic,
abiotic and biotic features, being entirely natural or semi-natural.
Criteria for selection for listing of habitats include those which:
are in danger of disappearance in their natural range;
have a small natural range following their regression or by reason of their
intrinsically restricted area;
45
present outstanding examples of typical characteristics of one or more of the
five following biogeographical regions/: Alpine, Atlantic, Continental,
Macaronesian and Mediterranean.
Differences with CORINE Biotopes The hierarchical classification of habitats produced
through the CORINE Biotopes programme is the basis for the listing under the Habitats
Directive. However only 5% of the total number of units has been listed. Candidate habitats
have been removed from the list following selection by scientific and political experts.
Analysis of listed habitats in the Directive place the greater proportion (as with CORINE
Biotopes) within northwest Europe as opposed to the Mediterranean.
The weakest areas are the Marine and Freshwater Habitats. The freshwater habitats pose
problems of classification and the identity of some of the habitats listed on the Annex in
unclear.
In particular, the CORINE Biotopes habitat classification does not cover river communities
adequately, many of which are now threatened, including Riverine Forests.
The heathland units included omit some of the highly threatened and important lowland
heaths of Britain and Northern France.
6.2.2 Council of Europe Map of the Natural Vegetation of the member countries
of the European Community and the Council of Europe (1987)
The map of potential natural vegetation of the member states of the Council of Europe was
first prepared in 1979 and updated in 1987 in association with the Commission of the
European Communities. It depicts the composition and natural distribution of natural edaphic
and climax vegetation, actual or potential; the aim being to illustrate the ecological identity,
structure and diversity of Europe, its natural ecosystems and its phytocoenotic potential, as
one starting point from which to develop a rational policy for the conservation and
management of the environment, natural resources and wildlife.
The units represent ecological territories characterised by the predominance of natural or
subnatural primary vegetation, of which samples are still present. The vegetation types are
described with reference to the phytosociological system in widespread use in Europe, the
criterion being phytocoenotic composition in relation with the edapho-climatic environment.
However the primary vegetation has been replaced by forms of secondary, semi-natural or
artificial vegetation which are now dominant over the areas marked with the original potential
natural vegetation in areas which may now be totally used for agriculture, grazing and
forestry.
Differences with CORINE Biotopes The vegetation map is primarily concerned with
vegetation, and mostly with natural vegetation, rather than the broader habitat concept. In
essence the map illustrates potential vegetation cover as opposed to actual descriptions as in
CORINE. The CORINE Biotopes classification was constructed to be compatible with the
vegetation map.
46
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6.2.3 European Vegetation Survey
In March 1992 a European Vegetation Survey approach was launched, as a basis for
scientific research, a working scheme for other branches of environmental science and
decision making in the protection of the environment. The extent of the area is a geographic
concept and includes besides Europe proper also Iceland, Svalbard, European Russia,
Kazakhstan and Turkey, Aegean Cyprus and the Canary Isles. The proposal is a parallel
initiative to the Vegetation Map of Europe, coordinated by U. Bohn of Germany (Rodwell,
in litt., 1994).
The methodology vis based on phytosociology, with well-documented descriptions of all plant
communities. The intention is to include nation-wide plant association-mapping activities
within a larger framework of a phytogeographical mapping scheme. Key national vegetation
surveys underway include Austria, United Kingdom, Netherlands and Germany. The local
approach varies from country to country. The Dutch and German methodology attempts to
evaluate both old as well as new data to produce their surveys.
In the UK the need for a classification of plant communities was recognised for a proper
understanding of vegetation ecology. Classes, as the National Vegetation Classification, were
derived from sampling stands of vegetation and a systematic analysis of the results. Over
13,000 sample quadrats were collected ranging from 2m x 2m up to 50m x 50m according
to the scale of the vegetation. All vascular plants, bryophytes and macrolichens were
recorded using the Domin scale. Soil and anthropogenic influences were also noted.
Criteria include:
Name of syntaxon
Synonyms
Lists of constant species and characteristic national rarities
Details of floristics and structure for the community and any subcommunities
Habitat relationships
Zonations and successions
Affinities with vegetation types elsewhere in Europe
For every community and its sub-communities there is also a floristic table with constancy
values and domin ranges, the core of the entire classification
Differences with CORINE Biotopes The European Vegetation Survey attempts to undertake
detailed scientific descriptions of all plant communities, in much finer detail and at more
systematic levels than the CORINE approach. It has the advantage over the CORINE process
of considering the localised environmental factors such as edaphic and climatic aspects.
Conversion programmes for the UK NVC approach to CORINE process has been
undertaken.
6.2.4 Nordic classification
The aim of the Nordic classification has been :
47
to provide a survey of the natural conditions in the Nordic countries by means
of a physio-geographical division of regions
to use the present level of knowledge in structuring vegetation types and land
forms in the Nordic countries in order to evaluate the countryside in
connection with planning
to test systems for making inventories and processing and accounting for data
on natural conditions in connection with the material obtained.
The division of the Nordic countries into physical-geographical regions is based upon
parameters and variables that have been used in the evaluation of nature for planning. the
fundamental criterion for the limits have been the large vegetation zones. the limits are then
adjusted in relation to the geology and dominating land forms, the climatic conditions have
only been utilized to a limited extent as they normally coincide with the limits determined
by the vegetation. Thus the nordic countries are divided into 76 physical-geographical
regions. In most cases there are also sub-regions which have particular characteristics with
regard to individual vegetation types, land forms or climatic conditions. Up to 600 vegetation
types have been described, corresponding to the 5-10 types described in the phytosociological
literature, and grouped according to the following units:
Alpine vegetation
Forests
Mires
Seashore vegetation
Open grassland and heath vegetation
Marine vegetation
Differences with CORINE Biotopes Countries such as Denmark currently apply the Nordic
and the CORINE approaches, being a member of the Nordic Council and the EU. However
the legislative framework only relates to CORINE Biotopes. Conversions between the
approaches are poossible, however on a day to day basis comparison is regarded as not
appropriate. The Nordic approach includes area, physiognomy, soil conditions, climate,
characteristic species, number of species, landuse, and stability/successions.
6.2.5 Ramsar Convention
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
(1971) which covers coastal sites within its definition of wetlands, has a wetland typology
agreed by a meeting of the Contracting Parties (Regina, Canada, 1990). For example, those
elements included in the marine and coastal zone:
Salt marsh, rocky shores, sand/shingle, tidal mudflats, open sea, shallow marine,
marine (seagrass/kelp) beds and coastal saline/brackish lagoons.
Differences with CORINE Biotopes Currently underway is the Medwet programme of
IWRB which following the Tunisia scientific meeting of April 1994 intends to integrate a
48
wetland classification incorporating habitat elements from CORINE Biotopes and Ramsar
Conventions.
6.2.6 IUCN Marine Biogeographic Classification
Following the lead of the IUCN Regional Reviews for the [Vth World Congress on National
Parks and Protected Areas (Caracas, Venezuela, 1992), it was intended to develop a global
representative system of marine protected areas based on representing biogeographic variation
and biodiversity at all levels (ecosystem, habitat and species).
The basis of the IUCN marine classification system was applied from the "Classification of
coastal and marine environments" in Environmental Conservation (Hayden, Ray and Dolan,
1984). This system developed a zoophysiographic 2-dimensional classification of the world’s
ocean realms and marginal seas and archipelagos. This classification scheme involves relating
a classification of the physical environment to marine faunal provinces.
6.3 Other regional classifications relevant to Europe, the Palaearctic Realm
and beyond
6.3.1 Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union
Biodiversity conservation in Russia both at the federal and regional levels is within the
context of 14 distinct biogeographical regions or bioregions (Zabelin, 1994), and within the
wider former Soviet Union the system of physical and geographical regions totals 88
(Gvozdetsky et al, nd). The bioregions are distinguished by the geographical distribution of
species assemblages, climate, and certain physical features such as soils, geological and
geomorphological characteristics of the land, latitudinal zonality, altitudinal zonality, and
regionality.
The following bioregions have been identified for Russia:
Arctic
Kola-Karelian and Eastern European Forest
European Forest-Steppe, Steppe, and Caspian Semidesert
Ural Mountains
Greater Caucasus
Western Siberia Forest
Western Siberian Forest-Steppe and Steppe
Central Siberian
Altai-Sayansky
Baikal
Zabaikal
Yano-Kolymsky
Amur-Sakhalin
Kamchatka-Okhotsk Sea
49
The bioregion approach permits assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of the level of
protection in light of each bioregion’s unique set of landscape features, ecological dynamics,
threats, and patterns of biodiversity. Moreover, the biogeographical approach enables
tailoring of conservation strategies to the particular needs of each ecosystem. The
introduction of new criteria, such as the effect of anthropogenic factors upon individual
natural complexes have also been included.
6.3.2 People’s Republic of China
Biogeographically, China is situated in both the Palaearctic and Oriental Realms. China
contains an extensive range of natural ecosystems. With the single exception of equatorial
rain forest, every type of natural ecosystem found in the northern hemisphere is represented
in China. Divisions are based on the major vegetation and floristic regions of the republic
(McKinnon, in litt., 1993). The main ecosystems in China can be divided into several types,
such as forest, steppe, desert, farmland, wetland and marine ecosystems. For example the
Forestry ecosystems are divided into coniferous, broad-leaved and mixed coniferous and
broad-leaved forest:
Cold-temperate coniferous forests
Temperate mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest
Warm temperate deciduous broad leaved and coniferous forest
Subtropical evergreen and broadleaved and coniferous forest
Tropical rainforests and seasonal rainforests
Several biogeographic classification systems have been proposed for China but none have
been found acceptable to the participants during the development of the biodiversity
conservation action plan (GEF, 1993). Because such a classification provides an important
foundation for assessing and conserving a nation’s biodiversity, a biogeographic classification
system should be established for this purpose.
The system in China parallels that of the CORINE Biotopes Habitat classification as defined
in the CORINE Biotopes Palaearctic Habitats classification draft (1994).
6.3.3 Commonwealth of Australia
At the national level, the ANPWS (now ANCA) initiated the national index of ecosystems
programme in 1984 in order to assist the states and territories to adopt a systematic approach
to their protected areas network. The programme is reviewing the application of major
ecosystem Classifications covering Australia and developing methods and providing assistance
to state and territory agencies to identify and conserve major ecosystems within their
jurisdiction.
The national index of ecosystems project is being managed by the ERIN unit of ANPWS.
Currently different processes are underway although consensus on agreed national
classifications for vegetation will no doubt emerge in time through the application of
technology and standard data sets. At the state level different processes occur, from broad
level habitat priorities and legislation in Victoria to a tentative classification and assessment
50
of the threat conservation status of communities in New South Wales, to floristic data bases
at the regional, sub-regional and local phytogeographic scale to determine patterns and assess
conservation status.
6.3.4 Provinces of Canada
The natural regions concept was first adopted in 1971 as a basis for the systematic planning
of national parks, and was known as the National Parks System Plan. The principle of this
plan, now superseded by the Environment Canada 1990 systems plan, was to protect
Outstanding representative samples of each of Canada’s natural landscapes (Finkelstein,
1992). Of 48 "natural regions", the Canadian Parks Service (Parks Canada) defined 39
terrestrial and 29 marine regions, and, following the Endangered Spaces campaign of 1989,
the goal is to represent at least one national park in each region by the year 2000
(Government of Canada, 1991; Kun, 1981).
The 39 natural regions (terrestrial) defined by the Canadian Parks Service are broadly divided
into: Western mountains; interior plains; Canadian shield; Hudson Bay lowlands; St
Lawrence lowlands; Appalachians; Arctic lowlands; and High Arctic islands. Vegetation
ranges from: Arctic tundra, north of the tree line; Alpine tundra on western mountains above
the tree line; coniferous forest, covering about three-quarters of Canada, dominated by white
spruce and black spruce extending from Newfoundland to Alaska; a complex assemblage of
sub-Alpine, montane and coastal coniferous forest in British Columbia; grassland prairie of
various types in a narrow band across central and western Canada; between the prairie and
coniferous forest in the centre, a transition zone characterised by trembling aspen; between
the coniferous forest and the tundra, transitional Taiga, characterised by open spruce
woodlands with lichen ground cover; and in eastern Canada, around the Great Lakes region,
mainly deciduous forest predominated by maple, oaks and conifers (Davis et al., 1986:
Skoggan, 1978/ 1979).
The most recent ecological classification, the Ecological Land Classification System, is based
on identifying ecoregions and other levels of generalisation in a natural hierarchy: areas of
the earth’s surface characterised by distinctive ecological responses to climate, physiography
and hydrology as expressed by the development of vegetation, soils and fauna. Nationally,
about 177 ecoregions have been identified, and are divided into 15 less detailed "ecozones",
45 “ecoprovinces" and 5,400 more detailed "ecodistricts" (Rubec et al.., 1992; Wiken, 1986).
6.4 Proposed CORINE Biotopes Palaearctic and Global Habitat Classification
With the expansion of the CORINE process beyond the EU boundaries, it became inevitable
to restructure the classification to take into account the geo-political pan Europe and the
wider Palaearctic Realm, beyond the original area of interest.
In 1993 The Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique extended to central and
northern Europe the classification of habitats under the CORINE Biotopes project. Needs of
future consistency had encouraged the CORINE Biotopes team to develop the standard to a
wider palaearctic context and to insure its compatibility with a workable global system in
collaboration with Council of Europe and European Commission.
51
Originally it was deemed necessary both to verify any further possible extensions on the
Eurasian continent by immediate expanding the basic framework so as to encompass the
entire Palaearctic realm and to ensure that it could fit within a global system of habitat
classification that will in any case be necessary within the framework of the Biodiversity
Convention.
The extension of the habitats classification to cover the Palaearctic realm is ordered according
to the same methodology as that used for the CORINE Biotopes Habitats of the European
Community typology, the habitats of the Palaearctic realm include descriptions of the units
provided , these descriptions intended at facilitating identification by data collectors, and also
drawing attention to sensitive taxa present, comprise a phytosociological characterisation of
an indicative nature, brief ecological allocation, and lists of characteristic, differential or
conspicuous species.
The integrated system proposed rests on the matrix-use of two existing sets of upper category
describers, the Udvardy biogeographical realms and a list of upper units of habitats derived
from the 2-digit Corine categories on the other hand:
Palaearctic
Nearctic
Afrotropical
Indomalayan
Oceania
Australian
Antarctic
Neotropical
See Annex 5 for a complete lists of the proposed CORINE habitat units for the Palaearctic.
Higher habitat units within any realm are then designated by combination of a realm with that
of the Biotope class. Lower divisions are specified to each realm and not necessarily
homologous between units. The higher units were derived directly from the CORINE
Biotopes project and their extension to global applicability has largely drawn upon the
ecological analyses of Walter (1979) and Water and Breckle (1986, 1991) upon the
characterisation of major plant formations of the world by Rieley and Page (1990 and for
major marine habitats, upon the synthesis of Barnes and Hughes (1988).
The system works within Biogeographic realm but at the lower level the classification of
units would diverge preventing direct comparison of subunits across realms. Thus one could
compare juniper and cypress woods in Greece with the corresponding North American
equivalent, pinon-juniper woodlands, of central Arizona. However the lower unit hierarchy
would not permit direct comparison. Cosmopolitan homologies would be possible such as the
coral reef communities in the Afrotropical realm and Palaearctic realm.
In the current version of the preliminary draft Palaearctic Habitats classification, the habitat
units and subdivisions are usually still insufficiently detailed and have yet to be developed
further.
52
Us CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 |CORINE Biotopes: Threatened species lists
The CORINE Biotopes Project was designed as a form of gap analysis for
identification of sites of nature conservation importance at a regional level to “identify
and describe biotopes of major importance for nature conservation in the Community"
(CORINE Biotopes manual, methodology. EUR 12587/1). Of the four principal
selection criteria, two are concerned with habitat type and richness, two are
concerned with species. These last refer to:
The presence of threatened species of plants or animals,
The richness of a site for a taxonomic group.
The lists of threatened species to be recorded for site assessment purposes
(Appendices A-K in the biotopes manual) were based on the Annexes to the Bern
Convention, the IUCN world status categories and a variety of expert opinion.
These lists of threatened species may have been adequate for their original purpose
and within their original context, but some limitations are evident:
Because the threatened species lists are compiled from several sources,
there is no objective overall set of criteria for inclusion and some
precision will therefore be lost from the site assessment process,
A number of standard data sources used in developing checklists, such
as the Flora Europaea, may be out of date. For example, some of the
information on taxonomy and distribution has been superseded, or
excludes important geopolitical areas such as the Canary isles.
However these are certainly adequate to remain, at the present time at
least, as the standards for expanding the checklists to encompass the
whole of Europe.
If the CORINE methodology is extended progressively beyond the
original EU area, the original threatened species appendices will
provide a progressively less satisfactory basis for site assessment,
Because no firm criteria were drafted originally, modifying the
threatened species lists to take account of larger areas with more
countries can be inconsistent and excessively subjective.
General procedure
1 It is suggested that reasonably objective and consistent criteria be
developed that will allow the original lists to be revised as appropriate,
whether for the EU area or for any larger area to which attention may
be given in future.
35
2 Many of the species originally listed have a small part of their world
range in the EU area, and were considered threatened within the EU
mainly or entirely for this reason. As the area of concern enlarges, a
progressively larger part of the range of such species will be included,
to the point where they are no longer of special concern on the basis
of restricted range. The lists will therefore need to be revised by
adding or removing species.
3 A revised system for listing threatened species will need to take
account of differing levels of taxonomic expertise in different
countries, and the different availability of field survey data. Some
taxonomic groups are in themselves difficult to survey, record and
monitor.
4 Comparison of the CORINE Biotopes methodology for species
illustrates the wide diversity of techniques and criteria for selection
within a European and global context. Alternative rigorous approaches
such as those in Australia and the USA ought be reviewed in depth for
comparison of methodologies.
5 The development of the checklists ought take into account the proposed
IUCN global threatened species criteria (Mace et al, 1993) as
illustrated by their use for globally threatened European birds by
Birdlife International.
7.2 CORINE Biotopes: Habitat classification
The CORINE Biotopes habitat classification is based on floristic composition. Since the more
detailed and advanced quantitative descriptive approach, involving the precise measurement
of vegetational features such as density of population, cover, frequency, height, biomass,
age, structure, human impact, as well as soil type and climate, is not regarded as appropriate
for such large vegetational units as in a pan European context. Nor in many cases is the
knowledge available, as has been realised in the development of national campaigns under
the European Vegetation Classification, which is proving to be extremely time consuming
and costly.
CORINE Biotopes, with its increasing hierarchical composition, the more rigidly the detailed
community is defined the more site-specific it becomes hence:
The more limited its use in analysis and planning at a pan European
or global scale.
By contrast, very general habitat classifications based on forest, grassland, wetland are based
on the physical characteristics and appearances of an area, independent of species
compositions.
Difficult to define and delimit in a universally applicable way as they
cover such a wide range of possible conditions.
54
For any extension of the CORINE Biotopes habitats classification process into the rest of
Europe the following is recommended:
Use of the latest draft of the CORINE Biotopes Habitats classification
(1994) to cover the Palaearctic realm.
It covers the vegetation communities of the Nordic region, based on
compatibility with the Nordic classification, and extends into the whole
of the former Soviet Union.
With an absence of an effective alternative this draft list would be an adequate starting point
towards extending the CORINE process into the rest of Europe. However particular issues
that ought be looked at in further depth include:
Linking the floristic composition to edaphic, climatic and
anthropogenic factors
Linking or subdividing into European bioregions cf Russian Federation
system
Review increased linkage with the Bern Convention and its proposed
use as a framework to implement the Convention on Biological
Diversity within Europe.
55
8. RECOMMENDATIONS
Amongst the tasks which will be tackled by the newly established European Environment
Agency in Copenhagen (Denmark) will be the continuing development of CORINE (Article
2 of the Council Regulation on the establishment of the European Environment Agency).
Summary
This report effectively recommends that the CORINE Biotopes methodology is a suitable tool
for identification of sites of conservation importance on a regional scale.
Stages towards development of a pan European CORINE Biotopes system ought involve the
application of the existing CORINE Biotopes methodology with due concern for wider
biogeographical interests and needs. Key activities ought include:
1
Harmonisation of information on species and habitats information and
site identification, on a national or regional scale.
That extended methodologies incorporate lists of habitats and species
of relevant EU Directives, regional/global treaties and programmes.
The preparation of CORINE Biotope user manuals for the application
of the methodology to non EU States. Annexes will include amended
lists of habitats and species based on a standard methodology (see
below for recommended process).
The promotion of workshops for the transfer of the expertise and
standard methodologies to:
European Russia
Far East/Siberia
Central Asia
North Africa
Middle East
Arctic region
That a review of the existing checklists in the EU Member States is
undertaken and amendments incorporated into a more rational pan
European list.
The recommended activities towards developing and strengthening these goals include the
following:
PHASE 1 - DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY
8.1. Combined ecosystem and species-based biodiversity
The two component ecosystem and species- based CORINE Biotopes
56
methodology is a form of gap analysis to define major areas of interest for
biodiversity conservation at a regional level. As such it is one of the global
pioneers in developing supra-national site conservation techniques.
Unlike many national initiatives the CORINE Biotopes process is further
supported by international legislation (Habitats Directive) to protect those
species and habitats through a protected area network of Special Areas of
Conservation (Natura 2000).
Recommendations:
8.2
Undertake a _ detailed comparison of CORINE Biotopes
methodology with alternate activities worldwide.
Comparable ecosystem projects in Australia and Canada ought be
looked at in further detail, as well as those being devised for the
Circum Arctic region. This will be particularly necessary in the event
of the wider application of the CORINE Biotopes methodology in a
global context.
Review existing pan Holarctic systems.
Based on the above review for Canada and the Arctic, identify
mechanisms towards the development of a pan Holarctic and wider
Palaearctic (former USSR and Central Asia) CORINE Biotopes gap
analysis. Initial activities could involve participation in the Arctic
Environmental Database of WCMC, Scott Polar Research Institute and
Moscow State University, a programme which will eventually work
with UNEP towards a pan Arctic programme in Eurasia and the
Americas.
Global Status of Threatened Species
Recommendations:
Use IUCN Global Red List species in the standard methodology.
Whatever the geopolitical coverage of the CORINE Biotopes project,
all species present that are listed in the current IUCN Global Red Lists
of threatened animals and plants should be included (with the exception
of "Insufficiently Known" species, which are only suspected to be
threatened). These species are by definition globally threatened, and
systematic recording of their presence would contribute to site
assessment.
Use standard taxonomic works.
Extension of the checklists ought to use standard works as mentioned
57
8.3
8.4
in the methodology section, such as the Flora Europaea in the case of
plants. In the latter case it is a matter of high priority to incorporate
all the species data from this work into the WCMC database for the
forthcoming IUCN threatened plants of the world publication.
- Incorporate new IUCN threatened species criteria.
The new IUCN threatened species criteria of Mace et al (1993) ought
be incorporated into any selection of global red lists within Europe
wherever possible.
National status
Recommendations:
- Incorporate nation red list and country endemic species in standard
methodology.
Use of all animal species endemic to a single country, plant species at
the "endangered" and "vulnerable" level, and considered by
appropriate authorities to be threatened in that country should be
included. In principle, these species would appear in the IUCN global
Red List if considered threatened using IUCN status criteria, but in
practice, there is often some degree of mismatch.
- Promote preparation of national red lists in all European countries.
It would be preferable for all countries to generate national Red Data
Books or Red Lists, with a status category system modelled on the
IUCN system.
- Incorporate new IUCN threatened species criteria.
The new IUCN threatened species criteria of Mace et al (1993) ought
be incorporated into any selection of national red lists wherever
possible.
Status in CORINE area
Recommendations:
- Compile lists of "species in decline" in the major part of their
range.
Species and habitats which on sound evidence are demonstrably in
decline in the major part (>50%) of their range in the CORINE area
(irrespective of their global distribution area) should be recorded.
58
- Use revised IUCN threatened species category system.
The new IUCN category system of Mace et al (1993) in preparation
offers a suitable system for categorising species in relation to some
given area of the earth.
- Undertake prelimiaary compilation surveys of the status and
distribution of major habitat classes.
Further work is needed for habitats, however in the interim the
Council of Europe Vegetation map will go some way towards
supporting this goal. Collaboration with the Council of Europe ought
be sought.
- Identification of European threatened landscapes.
It is recommended to incorporate in the CORINE Biotopes
methodology the criteria for identification of threatened landscapes as
being developed by IUCN CESP. Subsequently lists of key threatened
landscapes ought be undertaken.
8.5 Range in CORINE area
Recommendations:
- Identify minimal range criteria for checklist species/habitats.
Species and habitats that have an extremely small range, and are
therefore at risk from chance factors, and are restricted to the
CORINE Biotopes area, should be recorded. What should be defined
as "an extremely small range" needs further discussion, and might
vary between taxonomic groups (it might, for example, be a mountain
peak of 5 ha for an insect, or a stream of 20 km for a fish).
59
8.6
8.7
Conventions and agreements
Recommendations:
- Strengthen the CORINE methodology through linking with
International/Regional Treaties and Agreements.
To the extent that the intention of the CORINE Biotopes project
remains to record for site assessment purposes those species considered
threatened, the CORINE lists should be modified at intervals to reflect
other current listings of threatened species and habitats associated with
major conventions and agreements in effect over all or a significant
portion of the CORINE area.
These ought include:
EU Habitats Directive
EU Birds Directive
Bern Convention (Appendix II)
Bonn Convention on Migratory Species (Appendix I).
For habitats these should include the Habitats Directive and Ramsar
Convention. The IUCN CNPPA has proposed the development of
legislation on the protection of European landscapes (1993), based on
the Cultural landscape criteria of the World Heritage Convention.
- Ensure compatibility of criteria.
The species taxonomy will in many instances require standardisation,
and it is also desirable to examine closely the criteria used in such
conventions in order to ensure the compatibility of lists.
Taxonomy of existing lists
Within the remit of this study no changes have been made by WCMC to the
existing CORINE Biotopes species lists for the EU (Appendices F-K in the
CORINE Biotopes manual, 1(1)).
Revision of the taxonomy and content of these lists is desirable. Some species
originally regarded as threatened would not now be regarded as threatened in
a wider Europe. Similarly, some species on Red Lists in eastern Europe would
not be regarded as threatened in a wider Europe. Recent taxonomic changes
to species in the EU area would result in new species being added to the
original CORINE Biotopes list.
60
8.8
8.9
Recommendations:
Undertake full review of existing species taxonomy.
Ensure further extension of activities adopt standard taxonomy.
The entire task of recording, evaluating status and assessing sites
would be much aided by adoption of standard taxonomic checklists.
Several possible sources exist. With specific regard for animal taxa,
it is strongly suggested that, because of continuing ambiguity and other
uncertainty over the limits and significance of many named subspecies,
only species-level populations be listed.
Standard habitat classification
Recommendations:
Continue to use and develop the revised CORINE Biotopes habitat
classification.
With the absence of any other recognised standard pan-European
habitat checklist, it is recommended to use the Provisional draft
Palaearctic habitats checklist and database (1993/1994) developed by
the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique.
Develop listings for cultural land/seascape habitat classes.
Particular needs of the existing CORINE Biotopes habitat classification
include the need to strengthen the cultural land/seascape classes.
Collaborate in other regional global/regional classifications relevant
to Europe.
Due regard ought be taken for any new developments under global
habitat classifications such as under UNEP/FAO, global Habitat
Indicators for Policy Makers as being developed by WRI, WCMC
and CORINE and regional initiatives such as the European Vegetation
Survey and the Circum Polar Vegetation mapping project. Close
association ought also be maintained with biodiversity initiatives in the
Russian Federation and China with WWF International, UNEP and the
World Bank.
Marine and coastal
Priority needs include the strengthening of all habitat and species information
relating to the marine and coastal ecosystems.
61
Recommendations:
- Devise a more detailed CORINE Biotopes marine and coastal
habitat classification.
As a first practical step towards strengthening the existing CORINE
Biotopes marine habitats it is recommended to review the paper
entitled "Classification of coastal and marine environments" (Hayden,
Ray and Dolan, 1984), which was used as the basis for the IUCN
classification system to be allied at a regional level.
- Review IUCN Biogeographic classifications for the marine
environment.
Review the biogeographic classification being developed for IUCN
CNPPA working groups including by members from the Great Barrier
Reef Marine Park Authority (Australia), and the new wetland
classification by IWRB in association with Birdlife International,
Ramsar Secretariat and WCMC.
PHASE 2 - Extension of the methodology
8.10 Encourage the extension of the CORINE Biotopes methodology to a wider
Europe
Priority recommendations include:
Nt Prepare users manual (including revised habitat and species checklists)
for application in the expanded CORINE Biotopes region.
Z Promote workshops for transfer of the expertise to a wider Europe.
3 Encourage the building of databases of species and habitats across
Europe using standard methodology based on, or interchangeable with,
the CORINE Biotopes classification.
Based on Recommendation 6 of the CORINE Biotopes Manual (1991) prepare
project proposals for the extension of the CORINE Biotopes methodology
into:
- European CIS, with priorities for the Russian Federation and the
Ukraine. To be undertaken in parallel with the country initiatives of
the IUCN East European Programme and biodiversity/protected area
programmes of the World Bank and WWF International in association
with the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Academy of Science,
UNESCO MAB and Moscow State University.
- Eastern Mediterranean, with priorities for Turkey, former
62
8.11
8.11.1
Yugoslavia and Albania. Secondary targets ought be for Cyprus,
Malta, Syria, Lebanon and Israel. To be undertaken in parallel with
the country initiatives of the IUCN East European Programme and
biodiversity/Specially Protected Area Mediterranean programmes of
the World Bank, UNEP Regional Seas Programme under the Barcelona
Convention, and national initiatives such as the important birds and
plants programmes of DHKD/FFPS/Birdlife International.
Southern Mediterranean, with priorities for Morocco, Tunisia and
Egypt. To be undertaken in parallel with the country initiatives of the
CORINE Landcover programmes in Morocco and Tunisia along with
activities of the IUCN North Africa Programme and
biodiversity/Specially Protected Area Mediterranean programmes of
the World Bank, WCMC, and UNEP Regional Seas Programme under
the Barcelona Convention, and the Medwet programme of IWRB.
Other issues
CORINE Red Data Book
Recommendations:
Promote the publication of a Red Data Book of threatened species
and habitats.
If an explicit and repeatable methodology could be developed,
publication of a CORINE Red Data Book of threatened species and
habitats, would serve as a useful source of information and raise public
and academic awareness of threatened species issues in the region.
This could be linked to the IUCN SSC Red Lists and the IUCN CESP
proposed Red Data book of globally threatened landscapes.
Promote the preparation of Red Data Books for the CIS and
Central Asia.
Priority needs for regional Red Data books include the northern
Palaearctic realm of the former Soviet Union (CIS) and Central Asia.
The regional checklist of threatened species, published as the USSR
Red Data book, is no longer in use following independence of the
various republics. However the need for regional-wide threatened
species lists are perhaps of greater urgency than previously.
63
8.11.2
"Responsibility"
Recommendations:
8.11.3
Develop species and habitats lists linked to country/regional
responsibilities"
It might be useful to record all species and habitats which have more
than 50% of their range within the CORINE Biotopes area; the
countries covered would by definition bear major responsibility for the
survival of such species and habitats. This is likely, however, to result
in excessively long lists, particularly if invertebrates, plants and
vegetation associations are covered comprehensively.
Data management and maintenance
Recommendations:
Ensure the continued maintenance of a central databank and
increase user access.
The master taxonomic checklists, lists of species of concern and
habitats should continue to be maintained centrally with the
development of continual on-line access (by Internet or similar means)
for all CORINE recorders and organisations.
Protocols for revising these lists at regular intervals must be
developed, to reflect changes in status or systematic position.
Much wider dissemination of the CORINE Biotopes information is
imperative, recommendations towards this could include:
Setting up a CORINE Biotopes Internet node providing access
to general information of the CORINE Programme, maps and
data.
New methods of multi-media information technology ought be
explored including CD-I.
Promote the development of education awareness
documentation relating to CORINE Biotopes.
8.12 Training workshops
Recommendations:
= Promote workshops to standardise methodology. Key workshop themes
ought review:
Development of the checklist methodologies
Habitat classifications in the wider Europe
Data transfer and wider dissemination
- Promote workshops to transfer expertise and assist with in-country
capacity building. Recommended priorities include:
Russian Federation
Central Asian Republics
Middle East/North Africa
Arctic Region
\europe\corine_94.rpt
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Checklists
for the
CORINE Biotopes Programme
and its application in
the PHARE countries
of Central and East Europe;
including comparisons with relevant conventions and agreements
on the conservation of European species and habitats
ANNEXES
Prepared by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
under contract to
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
IUCN Project 9815 - EEC Biotopes
EU Technical Assistance Contract No. ZZ91110501-BO15
Version 2.0: July 1994
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ANNEX 1: List of European experts whose views were sought as part of
the project
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ANNEX 1: List of European experts whose views were sought as part of the project
CORINE COORDINATORS IN THE PHARE
REGION
HUNGARY
* T. Patkai, National Authority for Nature
Conservation, Ministry of Environment
and Regional Policy
ROMANIA
* M. Oltean, Romanian Academy of
Sciences, Institute of Biology
POLAND
* A. Dyduch-Falniowska, Nature
Protection Research Centre, Polish
Academy of Sciences
SLOVAKIA
* P. Gajdos, Institute of Landscape
Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
BULGARIA
* G. Spiridonov, Ministry of Environment
CZECH REPUBLIC
* Z. Podhajska/B. Kucera, Cesky Ustat
Ochrany Prirody
EUROPEAN UNION CORINE
COORDINATORS
BELGIUM
* P. Devillers, Institut Royal des Sciences
Naturelles de Belgique
DENMARK
* U. Pinborg, National Forest and Nature
Agency, Ministry of Environment
FINLAND
* Guy Séderman, National Board of
Waters and the Environment
FRANCE
* D. Richard, Secrétariat de la Faune et de
la Flore, Museum Netional d’Histoire
Naturelle j
GERMANY
= H. Koeppel, Bundesforschungsanstalt fir
Naturshultz und Landschafts6kologie,
Institut fiir Landschaftspflege und
Landschaftsdkologie*
GREECE
B. Hallmann, Panagia
IRELAND
* C. O Criédain, National Parks and
Wildlife Service, Office of Public Works
ITALY
M. Gobbi, Commission for
Environmental Impact Assessment,
Servizio Conservazione Natura
LUXEMBOURG
G. Bechet, Section Ecologie, Musée
d’Histoire Naturelle
NETHERLANDS
* J. Thissen, National Reference Centre
for Nature, Forests and Landscape (IKC-
NBLF), section Biogeographical
Information Centre
PORTUGAL
C. Bernardes, Instituto de Conservagao
de Natureza, DSCN
SPAIN
te M. Pancorbo Lopez, Coordinadora
Proyecto Hispanat, Institut Nacional Para
La Conservacion de la Naturaleza,
Subdireccion General de Espaces
Naturelles, Ministerio de Agricultura,
Pesca y Alimentacion
* J. C. Simon Zerzoso, Botanico Protecto
Biotopes/CORINE Institut Nacional Para
La Conservacion de la Naturaleza
= A. Cuadrado Martin, Zoologigo Grupoo
Biotopes/CORINE, Institut Nacional
Para La Conservacion de la Naturaleza
SWEDEN
* C. Géransson, Swedish Environmental
Protection Agency
* J. Hopkins, Joint Nature Conservation
Committee
CORINE
D. Moss, Institute of Terrestrial
Ecology, Monks Wood
M. Roekaerts, Council of
Europe/European Environment
Agency Task Force
GENERAL HABITATS, SPECIES AND
CONVENTION REVIEW
A.
IUCN themes and programmes
J. McNeely - IUCN
A. Phillips, Commission on National
Parks and Protected Areas
S. Stuart, Species Survival Commission,
TUCN Secretariat
W. Strahm, Plants Officer, IUCN
Species Survival Commission
D. Elder, Coordinator of IUCN Marine
and Coastal Conservation Programme
J-Y. Pirot, Coordinator of IUCN
Wetlands Programme
D. Gilmour, Coordinator of IUCN
Forests Programme
H. Luneberg, Coordinator of IUCN
Commission on Ecosystem Management
D. Sheppard, Protected Areas Unit,
IUCN Secretariat
General species, ecosystems and
habitats
J. Massey-Stewart, London Initiative for
Russia
M. Sylven, Europe/Middle East
Regional Programme, WWF
International
G. Tucker, Dispersed Species Project
Coordinator, BirdLife International
P. Nowicki, European Centre for Nature
Conservation, European Habitats Forum
R. Paivinen, European Forestry Institute
J. Rodwell, Director, Unit of Vegetation
Sciences, Lancaster University
C. Waterton, Centre for Study of
Environmental Change, University of
Lancaster
J. Ribaud, Council of Europe
E. Fernandez-Galliano, Bern Convention
Secretariat, Council of Europe
D. Wascher, European Environment
Agency Task Force, EU
G. Whyles, European Policy Oficer, -
WWE International
INDEPENDENT ANIMAL EXPERTS
F. de Beaufort, Co-author of UNECE
report (1989): Mammiferes D’Europe.
Repartition, Populations et Niveau de
Responsabilities Nationales.
Paul Harding: European Invertebrate
Survey
Species Survival Commissions for animals
J. Gaisler, Member: Chiroptera
Specialist Group
S. Leatherwood, Chairman: Cetacean
Specialist Group
B. Nagy, Member: Orthopteroid
Specialist Group
P. Bouchet, Co-Chairman: Mollusc
Specialist Group
B. Pokryszko, Member: Mollusc
Specialist Group
R. I. Vane-Wright, Member:
Lepidoptera Specialist Group
K.F. Corbett, Chairman: European
Reptile and Amphibian Specialist Group
Z. Korsos, Member: European Reptile
and Amphibian Specialist Group
V. Lanka, Member: European Reptile
and Amphibian Specialist Group
C. Andrews, Chairman: Freshwater Fish
Specialist Group
S. Lovari, Chairman: Caprinae Specialist
Group
P.A. Racey, Co-Chairman: Chiroptera
Specialist Group
INDEPENDENT PLANT EXPERTS
Species Survival Commissions for plants
A.E. Salvo Tierra, Universidad de
Malaga, Departamento de Biologia
Vegetal, Spain, (Pteridophyte Specialist
Group)
R. Viane, Assistent, Lab. voor
morfologie, Systematiek der Planten -
Rijksuniversitiet, Belgium (Pteridophyte
Specialist Group)
W.C. Evertse, Lowland-Biotech,
Netherlands (Orchid Specialist Group)
Y. Veyret, Botaniste, Museum national
d’Histoire Naturelle, Loboratoire de
Phanerogamie, France (Orchid Specialist
Group)
B. Lojnant, Director, Consulting
Biologist, Lojnant-Consult, Denmark
(Orchid Specialist Group)
B. Du Puy, Botanic Gardens
Conservation International
HUNGARY
Z. Meszaros, Research Institute for Plant
Protection
L. Nemes, Botanical Garden University
Dr. Terpo, Department of Botany
A. Borhidi, Egyetemi Botanikus Kert
Hortus, Botanicus Universitatis
Z. Debreczy, Museum of Natural
History, Department of Botany
C. Moskat, Museum of Natural History,
Department of Zoology
ROMANIA
G. Dihoru, Laboratorul de Geobotanica
si Ecologie, Institutul de Biologie al
Acad.
BULGARIA
B. Kuzmanov, Institute of Botany,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
CZECH REPUBLIC
D. Dykyova, Institute of Botany,
Department of Hydrology
J. Hofman, Poradni Sbor pro Botanicke
Zahrady, Ministerstva Kultury
J. Holub, Czech Academy of Sciences,
Botanical Institute
J. Jenik, Institute of botany, Czech
Academy of Sciences
J. Vyskocil, Prazska Botanicka Zahrada
SLOVAKIA
S. Maglocky, Sav, Sienkiewiczova
POLAND
J. Fabiszewski, Dept. of Botany and
Plant Physiology, Agricultural Academy
K. Kukulczanka, Ogorod Sienkiewicza
23
A. Medwecka-Kornas, Institute of
Botany, Jagiellonian University
B.A. Molski, Botanical Garden, Polish
Academy of Sciences
D.L. Szlachetko, Gdansk University,
Department of Plant Ecology and Nature
Protection
B. Zemanek, Botanic Garden of
Jagiellonian University
H. Werblan-Jakubiec, Director, Hortus
Botanicus Universitatis Varsoviensis
Notes
J Kornas, Institue of Botany, Jagiellonian
University
R. Olaczek, Institute of Environmental
Biology, University of Lodz
K. Zarzycki, Instytut Botaniki, Komitet
Ochrony Przyrody, Polska Akademia
Nauk
J. T. Sicinski, Lodz University, Institute
of Environmental Biology, Dept of
Botany
C. Leon, former WCMC European
Threatened Plant Coordinator now at
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
P. Atkinson, Royal Botanical Gardens,
Conservation Unit Kew
J. Akeroyd, Flora Europaea Consultant
V. Haywood, Flora Europaea
K.S. Walter, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh
Responded to information requests
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ANNEX 2: The proposed new criteria for Listing Species on the IUCN Red
List (Mace et al)
The Development of New Criteria for Listing Species on the
IUCN Red List
G. Mace, N. Collar, J. Cooke, K. Gaston, J. Ginsberg, N. Leader-Williams,
M. Maunder and E.J. Milner-Gulland
IUCN has long felt the need to revise its Categories of Threat. A previous attempt to improve
definitions for the categories was based on a workshop held at the IUCN General Assembly in
Madrid in November 1984, and resulted in the publication, The Road to Extinction. However, new
developments in the field of conservation biology, especially the recognition of factors that
contribute towards extinction risks to species, now present the opportunity for the development
of more objective and scientifically-based methods. In 1988, the SSC started a new process by
inviting Dr. Georgina Mace to propose a new population-based system for the IUCN categories.
This resulted in a paper by Mace & Lande (Mace, G. M. & ®. Lande. 1991, Assessing extinction
threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN Threatened Species Categories, Conservation Biology 5,
148-157). The Mace-Lande criteria, as they are known within SSC, have been applied on an
experimental basis to a range of taxa through assessment programs by various SSC Specialist
Groups. The Mace-Lande criteria have been recognized as needing further development if they are
to be applied more widely; at present they are most appropriate for higher vertebrates. In addition,
other authors have proposed criteria based on patterns of distribution, or patterns of use rather
than on population characteristics alone, and some reconciliation of these approaches was needed.
Consequently during 1992, several activities were undertaken to propose new definitions for the
categories of threat, and new criteria for the inclusion of species in these categories.
The technical workshop
A technical workshop was held in London on November 9-11, 1992, aimed at addressing scientific
aspects of the listing process. The meeting was chaired by Simon Stuart, organized by Georgina
Mace and Simon Stuart and funded by CITES and the IUCN Inter-Commission Fund. Prior to the
meeting, several different experts were invited to prepare papers describing different options for
listing species. These included: options for distribution-based criteria (David Given), an overview
of the utility of various population and distribution variables in assessing extinction risk in different
major taxonomic groupings (John Lawton and staff of the Centre for Population Biology, Imperial
College at Silwood Park, London), options for management-based criteria (Justin Cooke), a review
of the application of Mace-Lande criteria (Georgina Mace) and an overview of the MASS system
(which combines population and distribution-based approaches) (Jahn MacKinnon).
The papers were circulated to all workshop participants in advance. There were 33 participants
at the workshop, representing a wide diversity of interests in SSC. Over the three days, a variety
of topics was covered, starting with a general discussion of the nature of the definitions and criteria
and the basis for a workable system. The use of the categories of Critical, Endangered, Vulnerable
and Susceptible, with decreasing levels of threat, were agreed upon, as well as some qualitative
definitions for each of them. Most of the time was spent in working groups representing major
taxonomic groupings (piants, invertebrates, lower vertebrates, higher vertebrates). These used the
background information and their own perspectives to develop criteria for each of the categories.
At the end of this process it became clear that the work of the invertebrate and lower vertebrate
working groups had converged substantially, and these were combined into one set of criteria. At
the conclusion of the workshop, therefore, there were three different sets of criteria, for higher
vertebrates, plants, and lower vertebrates and invertebrates. - As a result of their independent
origins, these sets of criteria contained some anomalies and inconsistencies, and a drafting group
was formed to develop the workshop output into a single coherent document that could be
forwarded to SSC. The drafting group members were chosen with at least one representative from
each of the working groups, to maintain continuity, and all were working in southeast England.
The Drafting Group
The drafting group met three times during December and January, following the technical
workshop, and developed draft criteria that were circulated back to all workshop participants in
January 1993. Comments received on this draft were considered at a final meeting held in
February. The following issues predominated discussions of the drafting group.
Consolidation of taxonomically based criteria into a single list. Following the London workshop,
the criteria were distinct for the major groups considered (higher vertebrates, lower vertebrates and
invertebrates, plants). There were felt to be two major problems with this. First that the different
groups did not always reflect stmilar life-forms, and therefore some taxa would be judged by
inappropriate criteria. Second, there were inconsistencies in the criteria applied across the major
taxonomic groups, which it would always be hard to minimize. It was felt that the system would
be simpler, with fewer potential contradictions, if the criteria could be consolidated into a single
list, even if this did make the list longer and more complex. There were many similarities between
the criteria developed for different groups, and a single list was compiled which is expected to
function similarly to any taxon-specific one for almost all cases.
Inconsistencies among criteria within and between categories. Once the consolidation process was
complete it became clear that there were still many potential inconsistencies between criteria within
each of the categories. One of the major problems was to match area/habitat based criteria to
population-based criteria. A slightly different approach was taken here, which involves the use of
range area and geographical extent, instead of measures of habitat specificity, because of the
insuperable difficulties in quantifying habitat type. This should present a workable system,
although extensive validation (see below) will be required in setting appropriate values.
A second concern here was the criterion based solely on population decline rates. Clearly this can
result in the listing of some very large, apparently secure populations, since there is no link to a
minimum population size. However, it was felt that the rates of decline included here were
significant enough that they should cause concern for almost all populations, and that linking this
to population size would exclude the listing of many populations with limited census data.
The nature of the ‘Susceptible’ category. As at the workshop, the inclusion of the ‘Susceptible’
category was the subject of much debate. Because it represents a low extinction risk it was hard
to develop good quantitative criteria for it, and the value of including it at all was discussed. It’s
main value is for highlighting taxa that are at risk simply because of their small range and
susceptibility to human activities. Thus, these taxa are not immediately threatened, but they need
identifying and listing in some way in order to highlight their potential extreme vulnerability. As
a result, Susceptible was included as a non-quantitative category, which does not fall on a
continuum with the other quantitative criteria and is only to be applied to taxa that do not qualify
for the other, quantitative criteria.
Dealing with poor data. The criteria have been developed in the full awareness that the quantity
of high quality population or distribution data is negligible for most species. It is hoped though that
even small amounts of data can be used to evaluate taxa against the criteria. However, there
comes a point at which the data quality/quantity is so poor that evaluation is not possible. In these
cases the ‘Insufficiently known’ category may be applied, but this does not now indicate
threatened status. If there were really so little information then it is probably unreasonable to
expect a listing as ‘threatened’.
Validation. All of the quantitative criteria in the draft criteria require validation, and as mentioned
above, there is particular concern about the area-based criteria. The drafting group made a strong
recommendation that before any general acceptance or application of new quantitative criteria they
should be validated by at least the following methods: (a) testing against independently derived
subjective criteria to see if some previously applied classes of endangerment are consistently under-
or over- represented; (b) testing for objectivity, i.e. do different classifiers (experts, non-experts
or whatever is appropriate) come up with the same categories for the same data?; (c) testing
against data on species’ extinctions and, where validated, against population models; (d) testing
to see if all groups of species can be successfully categorized using these draft criteria, and if not,
what modifications might need to be made.
Please note that these are craft criteria. We realize that they need more work. In particular, they
need constructive suggestions and positive input from you, the reader of this article. Our intention
is to end up with a new system of IUCN categories that commands as wide a level of support as
possible. This depends on your participation in this process at this stage. Your comments along
the following lines would be most helpful:
e Please indicate how. some of the species with which you are familiar would be
categorized under this draft system, and which criteria you used to categorize them.
To give some examples, you could say that the Imperial amazon is Critical (CR) under
Criterion A, or the black rhinoceros is Endangered (EN) under Criteria B2a and D1.
e How do these new ciassifications differ from existing more subjective classifications
(such as the current IUCN Categories of Threat)? Are the differences good or bad?
e Can you name any species that you feel is clearly threatened but which cannot be
classified under this system? Please state why it is that these species cannot be
classified, and what changes would be needed in the criteria so that they can be
successfully classified.
Please send your comments on the draft new categories by June 30, 1993 to: Dr. Georgina Mace,
Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K. Fax:
71-586-2870.
Draft IUCN Categories of Threat for Species
Preamble
This document presents the consolidated definitions and criteria prepared by the drafting group
from the taxonomically-based criteria that were developed by working groups for higher
vertebrates, lower vertebrates, invertebrates and plants at the London meeting in November 1992.
Please note that these are draft criteria and validation is required before they are applied. The
following points present important information on the use and interpretation of the criteria and
categories:
1. Taxonomic level. The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or belew the
species level, within any specified geographical or political area. The term ‘taxa’ as
used below applies to any level. In presenting the results of applying the criteria, the
unit and area under consideration should be made explicit. The categorization process
should only be applied to wild populations of species inside their natural range.
2: Implications of listing. Extinction is seen as a probabilistic or chance process. Thus a
listing in a higher.category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the time
frames under consideration more taxa listed here are expected to go extinct (without
effective conservation action) than taxa listed in the lower risk categories. However,
the fact that some taxa listed at high risk persist does not necessarily mean their initial
assessment was inaccurate.
3. Nature of the categories. The categories of Critical, Endangered, and Vulnerable are
nested. Thus all taxa listed as Critical qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and all
listed as Endangered qualify for Vuinerable. The ‘Susceptible’ category is distinct from
these in its emphasis, but implies a lower level of threat currently acting on the taxon.
The categories of Critical, Endangered, Vulnerable, and Susceptible together are
10.
11.
described as ‘threatened’.
Data quantity and quality. The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However, the
absence of high quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as
methods involving estimation, inference and projection are emphasized to be sufficient
throughout. One benefit of this process should be to increase the quantity and quality
of population and distribution data available for many taxa, which are an essential
component of conservation planning.
Uncertainty. The criteria shall be evaluated on the basis of the available evidence on
taxon numbers, trend and distribution, making due allowance for statistical and other
uncertainties. Therefore, where data are insufficient to determine with a high degree
of confidence, whether or not the criteria for a category of threat are met, the category
of higher threat shall be chosen. Where data are insufficient to assign a category, the
category of ‘Insufficiently known’ may be used. This does not however indicate
threatened status.
Conservation actions in the listing process. These criteria are to be applied to the
present situation for the taxon in question, whether or not conservation actions are
currently in place. Therefore, if past conservation action has been successful, a taxon
may not be listed, even though it would be if that action were to cease. An important
implication here is that a taxon may be deserving of conservation action even if it is not
listed as threatened.
Documentation. All taxon lists including categorization resulting from these criteria
should state the criteria that were operative in triggering the category. If more than
one criterion, or sub-criterion were met, then each should be listed. However, failure
to mention a criterion should not necessarily imply that the criterion was not met.
Therefore, should a re-evaluation indicate that the documented criterion is no longer
met, then down-listing should not automatically follow. Instead, the taxon should be
re-evaluated with respect to all criteria to indicate its status.
Threats and priorities. The category of threat does not necessarily represent the
priority for conservation action. The category of threat provides an assessment of the
likelihood of extinction under current circumstances. In contrast, a system for
assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors, such as the likelihood
that restorative action will be successful, political, economic and _ logistical
considerations, and perhaps the taxonomic distinctiveness of the taxon in question.
Re-evaluation. Evaluation of taxa against these criteria should not be seen as a single
event. As circumstances change, re-evaluation will be necessary, and listing of taxa
and their categories should stress the taxa for which re-evaluation should occur within
a short time frame, or under some specified circumstance. This is especially important
for taxa listed under Safe/Low Risk, but which are close to qualifying as Vulnerable or
Susceptible.
Transition rules. There are also some transition rules to govern the movement of taxa
between categories. These are as follows: (a) Aspecies may be moved from category
of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher
category has applied for 5 years or more; (b) If subsequent investigation shows that
the original classification is no longer appropriate as a result of new information or
revision of information used in the initial listing, the species may be transferred to the
appropriate category, or be removed from the categories altogether, without delay.
Definitions. Many terms in the criteria are defined in a specific way for the purposes
of classification. These are presented below and must be consulted before applying the
criteria.
Definitions
Continuing decline: A continuing decline is defined as a clear downward trend over a period
appropriate to the taxon or its habitat. In the case of population estimates and changes in habitat
a continuing decline will transcend normal fluctuations. Normal fluctuations are found in those
species populations and habitats that are characterized by regular or irregular cycles in abundance
or extent. Where evidence for a continued decline is presented an observed decline should be
shown not to be part of a normal fluctuation.
Extreme fluctuations: Extreme fluctuations occur in a number of species where population size
varies widely, rapidly and frequently. Extreme fluctuations are defined here as a variation of
greater than an order of magnitude around the mean population size.
Geographic extent: Geographic extent is defined as the area encompassing the known, inferred
or projected sites of occurrence of a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. This can often be
measured by a minimum convex polygon.
Generation length: Generation length is defined as the average age of parents in the population.
Location: Location defines a geographically distinct group of individuals.
Mature individuals: The number of mature individuals is defined as the number of individuals
known, estimated or inferred to be physiologically capable of reproduction. Where the population
is characterized by normal or extreme fluctuations, the minimum number should be used. ;
(Note: This measure is intended to count individuals physiologically capable of reproduction and
should therefore include, for example, plants which have lost their pollinators or animals which are
behaviorally or otherwise reproductively suppressed. Reproducing units within a clone should be
counted as individuals.)
Population: Population is defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon. For functional
reasons, primarily due to differences between life-forms, population numbers are expressed as
numbers of mature individuals only.
Quantitative analysis: A quantitative analysis is defined here as the technique of population
viability analysis (PVA), or any other quantitative form of analysis, which estimates the extinction
probability of a species or population based on the known life history and specified management
or non-management options. In presenting the results of quantitative analyses the structural
equations and the data should be explicit.
Range area: Range area is defined as the total area occupied by a taxon within its geographic
extent excluding cases of vagrancy. The criteria state specific cutoff points in km2, but clearly this
presents problems in scale of measurement. To avoid errors in classification, the range area should
be measured on grid squares of an appropriate scale. For example, for a classification of Critical,
the minimum grid size must be 10 km x 10 km or less.
Severely fragmented: Severely fragmented is defined as the case where tncreased extinction risks
to the taxon result from the fact that most individuals within a taxon are found in small and
relatively isolated sub-populations. This results in an increased probability that these small
populations will go extinct, with a reduced probability of recolonization.
Sub-populations: Sub-populations are defined as groups of individuals in the population between
which there is little exchange (typically 1 successful migrant individual or gamete per year).
The Categories
Extinct (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
Extinct in the Wild (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in Cultivation, in captivity or as a
naturalized population (or populations) outside the historic range. A taxon is presumed extinct in
the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal,
seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should
be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
Critical (CR)
A taxon is Critical when it is facing an extremely high probability of extinction in the wild in the
immediate future. A taxon is defined as Critical by any of the following criteria (A to E):
A. Population estimated to number less than 50 mature individuals.
B. Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals and to have both of
the following characteristics:
Ue Population structure in the form of ether of the following: (a) severely
fragmented i.e. no sub-population is known or estimated to contain more than
50 mature individuals; (b) found only at a single location.
Ze Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in e/ther of the following:
(a) number of mature individuals; (b) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat.
C. Geographic extent estimated to be less than 100 km? or range area estimated to be less
than 10 km?, and estimates indicating any two of the following:
ie Severely fragmented or found only at a single location.
2. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (a)
geographic extent; (b) range area; (c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (d)
number of locations; (e) number of mature individuals.
3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (a) geographic extent; (b) range
area; (c) number of locations.
D. Decline in population in the form of e/ther of the following:
1. An observed precipitous and continuing decline in the number of mature
individuals (typically more than 25% per year over 5 years).
2. A continuing decline as specified in D1 inferred or projected from any of the
following: (a) a decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (b) levels of
exploitation; (c) the effects of introduced species, pathogens, competitors, or
parasites.
ES Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50%
within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is the longer.
Endangered (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical but is facing a very high probability of extinction in
the wild in the near future. A taxon is defined as Endangered by any of the following criteria (A
to E):
Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals.
Population estimated to number less than 2,500 mature individuals and to have both
of the following characteristics.
te Population structure in the form of e/ther of the following: (a) severely
fragmented i.e. no sub-population is known or estimated to contain more than
250 mature individuals; (b) found only at a single location.
2. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in e/ther of the following:
(a) number of mature individuals; (b) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat.
Geographic extent estimated to be less than 5,000 km? or range area estimated to be
less than 500 km?, and estimates indicating any two of the following:
Ve Severely fragmented or found only at no more than two locations.
2. Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of the following: (a)
geographic extent; (b) range area; (c) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat; (d)
number of locations; (e) number of mature individuals.
3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (a) geographic extent; (b) range
area; (c) number of locations.
Decline in population in the form of e/ther of the following:
te An observed marked and continuing decline in the number of mature individuals
(typically more than 50% in total within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever
is the longer).
2. A continuing decline as specified in D1 inferred or projected from any of the
following: (a) a decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (b) levels of
exploitation; (c) the effects of introduced species, pathogens, competitors, or
parasites.
Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20%
within 20 years or 5 generations, whichever is the longer.
Vulnerable (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a high probability of
extinction in the wild in the medium-term future. The taxon is defined as Vulnerable by any of the
following criteria (A to E):
A.
B.
Population estimated to number less than 1,000 mature individuals.
Population estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and to have both
of the following characteristics.
1. Population structure in the form of either of the following: (a) severely
fragmented i.e. no sub-population is known or estimated to contain more than
1,000 mature individuals; (b) found only at a single location.
2. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in either of the following:
(a) number of mature individuals; (b) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat.
Ge Geographic extent estimated to be less than 20,000 km? or range area estimated to be
less than 2,000 km?, and estimates indicating any two of the following:
1 Severely fragmented or found at no more than five locations.
2. Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of the following: (a)
geographic extent; (b) range area; (c) area, extent, and/or quality of habitat; (d)
number of locations; {e) number of mature individuals.
3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (a) geographic extent; (b) range
area; (c) number of locations.
D. Decline in population in the form of either of the following:
Ve An observed continuing decline in the number of mature individuals (typically
more than a 50% in total within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the
longer).
2. A continuing decline as specified in D1 inferred or projected from any of the
following: (a) a decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (b) levels of
exploitation; (c) the effects of introduced species, pathogens, competitors, or
parasites.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10%
within 50 years or 10 generations, whichever is the longer.
Susceptible (SU)
A taxon is Susceptible when it does not qualify for any of the quantitative categories above, but
is of concern because its range area is restricted (typically less than 100 km?), and/or it is found
at few locations, which render it prone to the effects of human activities.
Safe/Low Risk (S/LR)
A taxon is Safe/Low Risk when it has been evaluated, and found not to qualify for any of the
threatened categories listed above. It may still be subject to levels of extinction risk well above
historical levels. When listing a taxon in this category, consideration should be given to stating a
time, or a set of circumstances, under which re-evaluation is recommended. This should help to
identify the taxa listed here that are most at risk.
Insufficienty Known (IK)
A taxon is Insufficiently Known when an evaluation of its Red List category has been attempted,
but available data are inadequate to assign a category.
Not Evaluated (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is not yet evaluated with respect to its Red List category.
ANNEX 3: Criteria for listing species and habitats in wildlife treaties and
agreements relevant to Europe
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ANNEX 3: Criteria for listing species and habitats in wildlife treaties and agreements
relevant to Europe
Convention on the Conservation of
European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
(Bern Convention)
The Bern Convention places its heaviest
emphasis on the protection of habitats,
especially habitats of species in the
Appendices and endangered habitats.
The original Bern Convention listed only 119
threatened species of higher plants, which at
the time were the most acutely threatened
with extinction.
The revision in 1991 added plants which are
at the greatest risk of extinction i.e.
endangered plants. Also plant species were
added to the appendix which if conservation
measures were applied would also conserve
habitats of conservation importance and sites
where other endemic and threatened plants
are found. Other additions were species
which were not quite in the categories
"Endangered" or "Vulnerable" but were
rapidly declining due to over-collection were
added to the appendix. They needed to be
protected to check their progression towards
the "E" and "V" status.
Flora Europaea has been used throughout as
the major taxonomic reference point for
plants.
The following is an extract from The Berne
Convention Revision of Appendix I flora
prepared in August 1990 by the Threatened
Plants Unit of WCMC.
Criteria
1. All higher plant taxa "Endangered" (sensu
IUCN Red Data Book categories) within
Europe, excluding those that are widespread
outside and which only marginally extend
into Europe.
Justification: These continue to be the taxa
closest to extinction in Europe and they
therefore remain top priorities for
conservation in the region. (Macaronesia is
treated separately under criterion 4.)
2. A selection of higher plant taxa which are
"Vulnerable" within Europe, excluding those
that are widespread outside and which only
marginally extend into Europe.
Justification: To include all “Vulnerable”
taxa would make the Appendix unworkable
because of its length. A selection, therefore,
of ’Vulnerable’ taxa will be made on the
basis of one or more of the following sub-
criteria:
i) Endemic to Europe or significant
proportion of world population present in
Europe; ii) Occurrence in a threatened
habitat type(s); iii) Genetic resource value,
e.g. wild crop relatives and taxa of
medicinal, scientific or other useful
value/potential; iv) High conservation
profile, to raise profile of the Appendix as a
whole (e.g. insectivorous taxa, orchids); v)
Occurrence in a site(s) of plant endemism
and/or diversity (e.g. plants from the Sierra
Nevada in Spain).
3.A small number of additional higher plant
taxa which require complete prohibition of
exploitation.
Justification: To conserve those plants
suffering from exploitation, commercial or
otherwise, e.g. taxa of Turkish Cyclamen or
Portuguese Narcissus. Although the taxa
concerned may still be quite widespread in
the wild, steps to conserve them need to be
taken now, to prevent them becoming
"Vulnerable" or "Endangered". This
criterion therefore allows the inclusion of
certain horticulturally popular plant groups,
especially alpines and orchids.
4. A selection of Plants of Macaronesia
Justification: Because of the very high
numbers of taxa (over 200) that would
qualify for the Appendix if these criteria
were adopted en bloc for the threatened
plants of Macaronesia, it is proposed that
Macaronesia is treated separately- This will
be done by applying more rigorously the
present criteria. Essentially, all Macaronesian
threatened taxa (i.e. not only those
"Vulnerable") will be selected using the sub-
criteria i-v of Criteria 2, in addition to
criteria 3, 5, 6 and 7.
5. "Extinct" higher plant taxa.
Justification: If these taxa re-appear in the
wild then some provision should be available
to protect them because it is highly probable
that their populations will be extremely small
and very vulnerable. Since the number of
known Extinct taxa across Europe is very
small, less then 20, the Appendix should
include them as far as possible.
6. Selected higher plant groups
demonstrating reproductive anomalies will,
in general, be excluded.
Justification: Certain groups which are
notoriously difficult to work with
taxonomically (e.g. Rubus, Taraxacum,
Hieracium), are just as difficult for the
conservationist. It is therefore proposed that
such groups are excluded, in general, from
the revised Appendix because of the
difficulties with their identification.
7.A small selection of threatened lower
plants.
Justification: Lower plants (mosses, lichens,
algae, fungi) have tended to be badly
neglected by conservationists, probably due
to limited knowledge about their
conservation status. Documentation,
however, is increasing both about their wild
populations and their conservation
requirements.
A small selection of them, therefore, is
proposed for inclusion in the Appendix to
represent their conservation
needs at an international level.
The IUCN Red Data Book Categories
The Red Data Book categories are used by
the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(WCMC) and the Species Survival
Commission (SSC) of IUCN - the World
Conservation Union to indicate the degree of
threat to individual taxa in their wild
habitats. They are used for both plants and
animals. Currently, over 30,000 taxa of
plants have been coded with other than "?"
at the world level.
Below are the formal definitions of the
categories. Note: There is a degree of
subjectivity to the application of these
categories, a subjectivity that will be
diminished by a thorough understanding of
and a strict adherence to these definitions.
Extinct (Ex)
Taxa that are no longer known to exist in the
wild after repeated searches of the type
localities and other known or likely places.
Endangered (E)
Taxa in danger of extinction and whose
survival is unlikely if the causal factors
continue operating. Included are taxa whose
numbers have been reduced to a critical level
or whose habitats have been so drastically
reduced that they are deemed to be in
immediate danger of extinction.
Vulnerable (V)
Taxa believed likely to move into the
Endangered category in the near future if the
causal factors continue operating. Included
are taxa of which most or all the populations
are decreasing because of over-exploitation,
extensive destruction of habitat or other
environmental disturbance; taxa with
populations that have been seriously depleted
and whose ultimate security is not yet
assured; and taxa with populations that are
still abundant but are under threat from
serious adverse factors throughout their
range.
Rare (R)
Taxa with small world populations that are
not at present Endangered or Vulnerable but
are at risk. These taxa are usually localised
within restricted geographic areas or habitats
or are thinly scattered over a more extensive
range.
Indeterminate (1)
Taxa known to be Extinct, Endangered,
Vulnerable, or Rare but where there is not
enough information to say which of the four
categories is appropriate.
Insufficiently Known (K)
Taxa that are suspected but not definitely
known to belong to any of the above
categories because of the lack of
information.
Out of Danger (O)
Taxa formerly included in one of the above
categories. but are now considered relatively
secure because effective conservation
measures have been taken. or because the
previous threat to their survival has been
removed.
Not threatened (nt) Taxa that are not in any
of the above categories.
No information (?) Taxa for which there is
no information.
In addition to the categories listed above,
occasionally "hybrid" categories such as
E/Ex are used.
Economic Commission for Europe,
‘European Red List or Globally Threatened
Animals and Plants’ United Nations, 1991
‘Recommendations to ECE Governments
on the application of the European Red
List
Conscious of the need to achieve the aim of
conserving the common European heritage of
wildlife, particularly globally threatened
animal and plant species, and promoting
therefore the implementation of the ECE
Declaration on conservation of Flora ,
Fauna and their Habitats, the Economic
Commission for Europe recommends that
ECE Governments:
1. Take account of the European Red List
when formulating, adopting, and
implementing priorities in conservation
policies and strategies, both at national and
international levels;
2. Implement appropriate protective
measures for species included in the
European Red List which are threatened
within their territory. For those species
which may not currently be threatened in a
particular country, populations should at
least be monitored so that conservation
measures may ne introduced as soon as
necessary;
3. Update or undertake the preparation of
comprehensive national Red Data Books
using the internationally accepted IUCN
status categories. Entries for species
appearing in the European Red list, for
which a country has a particular international
responsibility, should be annotated
appropriately. Particular attention should be
paid to the increasing volume of information
relevant to the conservation of lower orders
of invertebrates (e.g. reptiles, amphibians
and fish), invertebrate animals and plants;
4. Strengthen national programmes for
surveying and monitoring flora, fauna and
their habitats with particular emphasis on
species included in the European Red List,
and maintain national data bases of species
status and other environmental parameters,
as impacts on wildlife may provide early
warning of deleterious environmental
changes;
5. Identify, protect and provide for the
effective management of important habitats
for threatened species;
6. Collaborate to reintroduce threatened
species, where appropriate, from member
countries in which the species population is
stable and closely related genetically to
countries where the species has become
extinct, provided that the causal factors for
the species’ extinction are known and no
longer operate and that sufficient suitable
habitat is available to ensure the long-term
survival of a viable population.
7. Consider the possibilities offered by
direct manipulative methods, such as
artificial propagation, captive breeding,
restocking and translocation, so as to
enhance populations of threatened flora and
fauna bearing in mind the consequences from
ecological and genetic viewpoints, and that
such measures may bring about;
8. Strengthen cooperation so as to secure the
conservation of globally threatened species in
Europe. For this purpose, ECE
Governments should, inter alia:
a) Broaden participation in existing
international wildlife conservation
conventions bearing in mind that many
species on the European Red List are
included in annexes or appendices to such
conventions;
b) Promote the development of joint research
programmes concerning threatened plants
and animals, including migratory species,
and sharing nature conservation experience
particularly with regard to approaches to the
monitoring programmes and exchange of
information on population trends, especially
those of threatened species;
c) Ensure that relevant up-to-date species
status and trend data are sent to international
databases, such as those of the
UNEP/IUCN/WWE World Conservation
Monitoring Centre, ICBP and the
International Waterfowl and Wetlands
Research Bureau (IWRB), as well as to
relevant international scientific societies and
associations involved in nature conservation.
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES)
This is taken from W. Wijnstekers (1992),
The Evolution of CITES - A reference to the
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora, Third Edition.
1. Appendix I shall include:
all species threatened with extinction which
are or may be affected by trade. Trade in
specimens of these species must be subject to
particularly strict regulation in order not to
endanger further their survival and must only
be authorized in exceptional circumstances.
2. Appendix II shall include:
(a) all species which although not necessarily
now threatened with extinction may become
so unless trade in specimens of such species
is subject to strict regulation in order to
avoid utilization incompatible with their
survival; and (b) other species which must be
subject to regulation in order that trade in
specimens of certain species.
The criteria are known as the Bern criteria.
It was decided that in determining the
appropriate Appendix into which a species or
other taxon should be placed, the biological
and trade status of the taxon should be
evaluated together.
Appendix I criteria with regard to the
biological status:
To qualify for Appendix I, a species must be
currently threatened with extinction. Infor-
mation of any of the following types should
be required, in order of preference:
a) scientific reports on the population size or
geographic range of the species over a
number of years,
b) scientific reports on the population size or
geographic range of the species based on
single surveys,
c) reports by reliable observers other than
scientists on the population size or
geographic range of the species over a
number of years,
d) reports from various sources on habitat
destruction, heavy trade or other potential
causes of extinction.
Genera should be listed if most of their
species are threatened with extinction and if
identification of individual species within the
genus is difficult. The same should apply to
the listing of any smaller taxa within larger
ones. If most of the smaller taxa are not
threatened, but identification of individual
species is difficult, the entire larger taxon
should be placed on Appendix II.
Taxa listed in Appendix I because of
difficulty in separating them from
endangered forms within the same taxa,
should be annotated as such in the Appendix.
Appendix I criteria with regard to the trade
status: Species meeting the biological criteria
should be listed in Appendix I if they are or
may be affected by international trade. This
should include any species that might be
expected to be traded for any purpose,
scientific or otherwise. Particular attention
should be given to any species for which
such trade might, over a period of time,
involve numbers of specimens constituting a
significant portion of the total population size
necessary for the continued survival of the
species.
The biological status and the trade status of a
species are obviously related. When
biological data show a species to be declining
seriously, there need be only a probability of
trade. When trade is known to occur,
information on the biological status need not
be as complete. This principle especially
applies to groups of related species, where
trade can readily shift from one species that
is well-known to another for which there is
little biological information.
Appendix II criteria with regard to the
biological status:
To qualify for Appendix II, species need not
currently be threatened with extinction, but
there should be some indication that they
might become so. Such an indication might
be a decreasing or very limited population
size or geographic range of distribution.
Information on the biological status should
be one of the types required for Appendix I
species. Genera should be listed if some of
their species are threatened and identification
of individual species within the genus is
difficult. The same should apply to listing
any smaller taxa within larger ones.
Appendix II criteria with regard to the trade
status: Species meeting the biological criteria
should be listed if they presently are subject
to trade or are likely to become subject to
trade. The latter situation can arise where
heavy trade in one species is extended to
include similar species if demand grows or if
supplies of the one species are depleted.
The amount of trade that a species can
sustain without threat of extinction generally
will be greater for species in Appendix II
than for those in Appendix I, so there should
be evidence of actual or expected trade in
such a volume as to constitute a potential
threat to the survival of the species.
Appendix II serves in part as a monitoring
tool to gather such trade data.
a) that the criteria be interpreted as applying
where the population of a species in the wild
is known to be so low that, if it were to be
exploited in any way, it may be exterminated
before effective steps could be taken to save
it; and
b) that, however, if the addition of a species
to Appendix I would draw public attention to
its rarity, this be also taken into
consideration.
Also known as the ’Berne criteria’ are the
criteria laid down for the deletion of species
and other taxa from Appendices I and II.
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May
1992 on the conservation of natural habitats
and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats
Directive).
Criteria:
“g) species of Community interest means
species which, within the territory referred to
in Article 2, are:
i) endangered, except those species whose
natural range is marginal in that territory and
which are not endangered or vulnerable in
the western palaearctic region; or
ii) vulnerable, i.e. believed likely to move
into the endangered category in the near
future if the causal factors continue
operating; or
iii) rare, i.e. with small populations that are
not at present endangered or vulnerable, but
are at risk. The species are located within
restricted geographical areas or are thinly
scattered over a more extensive range; or
iv) endemic and requiring particular attention
by reason of the specific nature of their
habitat and/or the potential impact of their
exploitation on their conservation status.
Such status are listed or may be listed in
Annex II and/or Annex IV or V;
h) priority species means species referred to
in (g)(i) for the conservation of which the
Community has particular responsibility in
view of the proportion of their natural range
which falls within the territory referred to in
Article 2; these priority species are indicated
by an asterisk (*) in Annex II;’
Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Species of Wild Animals
(CMS)(as amended by the Conference of the
Parties in 1985, 1988 and 1991) (Bonn
Convention).
‘Article IV Migratory Species to be the
Subject of Agreements: Appendix II
1.Appendix II shall list migratory species
which have an un-favourable conservation
status and which require international
agreements for their conservation and
management, as well as those which have a
conservation status which would significantly
benefit from the international co-operation
that could be achieved by an international
agreement.
2. If the circumstances so warrant, a
migratory species may be listed both in
Appendix I and Appendix II.
3. Parties that are Range States of migratory
species listed in Appendix II shall endeavour
to conclude AGREEMENTS where these
would benefit the species and should give
priority to those species in an unfavourable
conservation status.
4. Parties are encouraged to take action with
a view to concluding agreements for any
population ir any geographically separate
part of the population of any species or
lower taxon of wild animals, members of
which periodically cross one or more
national jurisdiction boundaries.
5. The Secretariat shall be provided with a
copy of each AGREEMENT concluded
pursuant to the provisions of this Article.’
ANNEX 4: EU CORINE Biotope checklists and proposed extension for the
PHARE Countries (Version 1 of February 1994)
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ANNEX 4: EU CORINE Biotope checklists and proposed extension for the PHARE Countries
(Version 1 of February 1994)
Note + denotes those additional proposed species for the PHARE extension countries only
F CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED MAMMALS
Nyctalus leisleri
ORDER Vespertilio murinus +
FAMILY
Genus species MOLOSSIDAE
Tadarida teniotis
INSECTIVORA
TALPIDAE
Galemys pyrenaicus
SORICIDAE
Sorex caecutiens +
Neromys anomalus +
Neomys fodiens +
CHIROPTERA
RHINOLOPHIDAE
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Rhinolophus hipposideros
Rhinolophus euryale
Rhinolophus blasii
Rhinolophus mehelyi
VESPERTILIONIDAE
Myotis daubentonii
Myotis nathalinae
Myotis capaccinii
Myotis dasycneme
Myotis mystacinus
Myotis brandtii
Myotis emarginatus
Myotis nattereri
Myotis bechsteinii
Myotis myotis
Myotis blythi
Plecotus auritus
Plecotus austriacus
Miniopterus schreibersii
Barbastella barbastellus
Pipistrellus nathusii
Pipistrellus kuhli
Pipistrellus savii
Eptesicus serotinus
Eptesicus nilssoni
Eptesicus murinus
Nyctalus noctula
Nyctalus lasiopterus
RODENTIA
SCIURIDAE
Sciurus anomalus
Castor fiber
Spermophilus suslicus +
CASTORIDAE
Castor fiber
CRICETIDAE
Cricetus cricetus
Microtus oeconomus
Microtus tatricus +
ZAPODIDAE
Sicista betulina
HYSTRICIDAE
Hystrix cristata
MURIDAE
Cricetulus migratorius +
Mesocricetus newtoni +
Spalax graecus +
Spalax microphthalmus +
Nannospalax leucodon +
(= Spalax leucodon)
Pitymys tatricus +
GLIRIDAE
Muscardinus avellanarius +
Dryomys nitedula +
Myomimus roachi +
CETACEA
BALAENOPTERIDAE
Sibbaldus musculus
Megaptera novaeengliae
BALAENIDAE
Eubalaena glacialis
Balaena mysticetus
DELPHINIDAE
Delphinus delphis
Tursiops truncatus
PHOCAENIDAE
Phocaena phocaena
CARNIVORA
CANIDAE
Canis lupus
Canis aureus +
URSIDAE
Ursus arctos
MUSTELIDAE
Mustela lutreola
Lutra lutra
Vormela peregusna*
VIVERRIDAE
Genetta genetta
FELIDAE
Lynx lynx
Lynx pardina
Felis sylvestris
PINNIPEDIA
PHOCIDAE
Monachus monachus
Phoca vitulina
Halichoerus grypus
ARTIODACTYLA
CERVIDAE
Cervus elaphus corsicanus
BOVIDAE
Capra pyrenaica
Capra aegragus
Rupicapra rupicapra
(ssp. ornata, cartusiana, balcanica)
Ovis ammon
* addition to list proposed by Mr Hallmann
G CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED BIRDS
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus species
GAVIIFORMES
GAVIIDAE
Gavia stellata
Gavia arctica
Gavia immer
PODICIPEDIFORMES
PODICIPEDIDAE
Podiceps auritus
PROCELLARIIFORMES
PROCELLARIIDAE
Pterodroma (mollis) madeira
Pterodroma (mollis) feae
Bulweria bulwerii
Calonectris diomedea
Puffinus puffinus mauretanicus
Puffinus assimilis
HYDROBATIDAE
Pelagodroma marina
Hydrobates pelagicus
Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Oceanodroma castro
PELECANIFORMES
PELECANIDAE
Pelecanus onocrotalus
Pelecanus crispus
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
Phalacrocorax (aristotelis) desmarestii
Phalacrocorax pygmeus
CICONIIFORMES
ARDEIDAE
Botaurus stellaris
Ixobrychus minutus
Nycticorax nycticorax
Ardeola ralloides
Egretta garzetta
Egretta alba
Ardea purpurea
CICONIIDAE
Ciconia nigra
Ciconia ciconia
THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Plegadis falcinellus
Platalea leucorodia
PHOENICOPTERIDAE
Phoenicopterus ruber
ANSERIFORMES
ANATIDAE
Cygnus (columbianus) bewickii
Cygnus cygnus
Anser (albifrons) flavirostris
Anser erythropus
Branta leucopsis
Branta ruficollis
Tadorna ferruginea
Marmaronetta angustirostris
Aythya nyroca
Oxyura leucocephala
FALCONIFORMES
PANDIONIDAE
Pandion haliaetus
ACCIPITRIDAE
Pernis apivorus
Elanus caeruleus
Milvus migrans
Milvus milvus
Haliaeetus albicilla
Gypaetus barbatus
Neophron percnopterus
Gyps fulvus
Aegypius monachus
Circaetus gallicus
Circus aeruginosus
Circus cyaneus
Circus macrourus
Circus pygargus
Accipiter gentilis arrigonii
Accipiter nisus granti
Accipiter brevipes
Buteo buteo insularum
Buteo buteo rothschildii
Buteo rufinus
Aquila pomarina
Aquila clanga
Aquila heliaca
Aquila chrysaetos
Hieraaetus pennatus
Hieraaetus fasciatus
FALCONIDAE
Falco tinnunculus dacotiae
Falco naumanni
Falco columbarius
Falco eleonorae
Falco biarmicus
Falco peregrinus
Falco pelegrinoides
Falco cherrug*
GALLIFORMES
TETRAONIDAE
Bonasa bonasia
Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus
Lagopus mutus helveticus
Tetrao tetrix tetrix
Tetrao urogallus
PHASIANIDAE
Alectoris graeca saxatilis
Alectoris graeca whitakeri
Alectoris barbara
Perdix perdix italica
Coturnix coturnix confusa
Coturnix coturnix conturbans
GRUIFORMES
TURNICIDAE
Turnix sylvatica
GRUIDAE
Grus grus
RALLIDAE
Porzana porzana
Porzana parva
Porzana pusilla
Crex crex
Fulica cristata
Porphyrio porphyrio
OTIDIDAE
Tetrax tetrax
Chlamydotis undulata
Otis tarda
CHARADRIIFORMES
HAEMATOPODIDAE
Haematopus moquini meadewaldoi
RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Himantopus himantopus
Recurvirostra avosetta
BURHINIDAE
Burhinus oedicnemus
GLAREOLIDAE
Cursorius cursor
Glareola pratincola
CHARADRIIDAE
Charadrius morinellus
Pluvialis apricaria
Hoplopterus spinosus
SCOLOPACIDAE
Philomachus pugnax
Gallinago media
Numenius tenuirostris
Tringa glareola
Phalaropus lobatus
LARIDAE
Larus melanocephalus
Larus genei
Larus audouinii
Gelochelidon nilotica
Sterna caspia
Sterna sandvicensis
Sterna dougallii
Sterna hirundo
Sterna paradisaea
Sterna albifrons
Chlidonias hybridus
Chlidonias niger
Chlidonias leucopterus*
ALCIDAE
Uria aalge ibericus
COLUMBIFORMES
PTEROCLIDAE
Pterocles orientalis
Pterocles alchata
COLUMBIDAE
Columba palumbus azorica
Columba trocaz
Columba bollii
Columba junoniae
CUCULIFORMES
CUCULIDAE
Clamator glandarius*
STRIGIFORMES
STRIGIDAE
Bubo bubo
Nyctea scandiaca
Glaucidium passerinum
Asio flammeus
Aegolius funereus
CAPRIMULGIFORMES
CAPRIMULGIDAE
Caprimulgus europaeus
CORACIIFORMES
ALCEDINIDAE
Alcedo atthis
CORACIIDAE
Coracias garrulus
PICIFORMES
PICIDAE
Picus canus
Dryocopus martius
Dendrocopos major canariensis
Dendrocopos major thanneri
Dendrocopos medius
Dendrocopos leucotos
Dendrocopos syriacus
Picoides tridactylus
PASSERIFORMES
ALAUDIDAE
Chersophilus duponti
Melanocorypha calandra
Calandrella brachydactyla
Calandrella rufescens
Galerida theklae
Lullula arborea
MOTACILLIDAE
Anthus campestris
LANIIDAE
Lanius collurio
Lanius minor
Lanius nubicus*
TROGLODYTIDAE
Troglodytes troglodytes fridariensis
TURDIDAE
Cercotrichas galactotes
Luscinia svecica
Saxicola dacotiae
Oenanthe leucura
SYLVIIDAE
Acrocephalus melanopogon
Acrocephalus paludicola
Hippolais olivetorum
Sylvia sarda
Sylvia undata
Sylvia rueppelli
Sylvia nisoria
Sylvia conspicillata bella
Phylloscopus collybita exsul
Regulus teneriffae
MUSCICAPIDAE
Ficedula parva
Ficedula semitorquata
Ficedula albicollis
SITTIDAE
Sitta krueperi
Sitta whiteheadi
EMBERIZIDAE
Emberiza cineracea
Emberiza hortulana
Emberiza caesia
FRINGILLIDAE
Fringilla coelebs ombriosa
Fringilla teydea
Loxia scotica
Bucanetes githagineus
Pyrrhula murina
Carduelis cannabina nana
CORVIDAE
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
* addition proposed by Mr Hallmann
H CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus species
AMPHIBIA
Mertensiella (Salamandra) luschani
Salamandrina terdigitata
Chioglossa lusitanica
Triturus cristatus
Triturus italicus
Triturus montandoni +
PLETHODONTIDAE
Hydromantes genei
Hydromantes italicus
PROTEIDAE
Proteus anguinus
SALIENTIA
DISCOGLOSSIDAE
Bombina variegata
Bombina bombina
Discoglossus pictus
Discoglossus sardus
Alytes obstetricans
Alytes cisternasii
Alytes muletensis
PELOBATIDAE
Pelobates cultripes
Pelobates fuscus
Pelobates syriacus
Pelodytes punctatus
BUFONIDAE
Bufo calamita
Bufo viridis
HYLIDAE
Hyla arborea
RANIDAE
Rana arvalis
Rana dalmatina
Rana latastei
REPTILIA
TESTUDINES
TESTUDINIDAE
Testudo hermanni
Testudo graeca
Testudo marginata
EMYDIDAE
Emys orbicularis
Mauremys caspica
DERMOCHELYIDAE
Dermochelys coriacea
CHELONIIDAE
Caretta caretta
Lepidochelys kempii
Chelonia mydas*
Eretmochelys imbricata*
SQUAMATA (SAURIA)
GEKKONIDAE
Phyllodactylus europaeus
Cyrtodactylus kotschyi
AGAMIDAE
Agama Stellio
CHAMAELEONTIDAE
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
LACERTIDAE
Algyroides marchi
Algyroides fitzingeri
Lacerta lepida
Lacerta viridis
Lacerta agilis
Lacerta monticola
Lacerta horvathi
Gallotia simonyi
Gallotia atlantica
Podarcis sicula
Podarcis melisellensis
Podarcis lilfordi
Podarcis muralis
Eremias arguta +
SCINCIDAE
Ablepharus kitaibelii
AMPHISBAENIDAE
Blanus cinereus
SQUAMATA (SERPENTES)
COLUBRIDAE
Coluber hippocrepis
Coluber rubriceps +
Elaphe situla
Elaphe quatuorlineata
Elaphe longissima
Natrix tessellata
Natrix natrix cetti
Coronella austriaca
Macroprotodon cucullatus
VIPERIDAE
Vipera ursinii
(including rakosiensis +)
Vipera berus
Vipera aspis
Vipera xanthina
Vipera lebetina
Vipera ammodytes*
Vipera latastei*
BOIDAE
Eryx jaculus +
* addition proposed by the Council of Europe
I CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED FISH
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus species
CYCLOSTOMATA
HYPEROARTIA
PETROMYZONIDAE
Eudontomyzon (mariae) vladykovi
Eudontomyzon mariae +
Eudontomyzon danfordi +
Eudontomyzon gracilis +
Lampetra fluviatilis
Petromyzon marinus
PISCES: PALAEOPTERYGII
CHONDROSTEI
ACIPENSERIDAE
Acipenser sturio
Acipenser naccarii
Acipenser gilldenstaedti +
Acipenser nudiventris +
Acipenser ruthenus +
Acipenser stellatus +
PISCES: NEOPTERYGII (TELEOSTE1)
ISOSPONDYLI
CLUPEIDAE
Alosa alosa
Alosa fallax
Clupeonella cultriventris +
(= C. delicatula)
SALMONIDAE
Salmo salar
Salmo trutta (native populations)
Hucho hucho
Salvelinus alpinus
COREGONIDAE
Coregonus albula
Coregonus autumnalis
Coregonus lavaretus
Coregonus nasus
Coregonus oxyrhynchus
Coregonus peled
Coregonus pidschian
THYMALLIDAE
Thymallus thymallus
UMBRIDAE
Umbra krameri +
OSTARIOPHYSI
CYPRINIDAE
Abramis ballerus
Abramis sapa
Alburnoides bipunctatus
Aspius aspius
Chalcalburnus chalcoides
Cyprinus carpio (native populations)
Gobio uranoscopus
Rutilus frisii
Barbus peloponensis
Leuciscus idus
Leuciscus souffia
Pararhodeus ghigii
Rhodeus sericeus
Rutilus pigus
Rutilus frisii
Leucaspius delineatus +
Phoxinus percnurus +
(=Moroco percnurus)
Pelecus cultratus +
Gobio albipinnatus +
Gobio kessleri +
COBITIDAE
Misgurnus fossilis
Cobitis aurata +
Cobitis elongata +
Cobitis romanica +
Nemacheilus angorae +
SILURIDAE
Siluris glanis
MICROCYPRINI
CYPRINODONTIDAE
Aphanius iberus
Valencia hispanica
ANACANTHINI
GADIDAE
Lota lota
PERCOMORPHI
BLENNIIDAE
Blennius fluviatilis
PERCIDAE
Gymnocephalus schraetzer
Zingel zingel
Zingel asper
Zingel streber
Percarina demidoffi +
Gymnocephalus baloni +
Romanichthys valsanicola +
Stizostedion marinum +
Stizostedion volgense +
GOBIIDAE
Benthophiloides brauneri +
Benthophilus stellatus +
Pomatoshistus caucasicus +
(= Knipowitschia caucasicus)
Pomatoshistus longecaudatus +
(= Knipowitschia longicaudata)
Gobius kessleri +
(= Neogobius kessleri)
Gobius syrman +
(= Neogobius syrman)
Proterorhinus marmoratus +
J CHECK-LIST OF THREATENED INVERTEBRATES
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
Genus species
CNIDARIA
HEXACORALLIA
ACTINARIA
EDWARDSIIDAE
Nematostella vectensis
MOLLUSCA
GASTROPODA
ARCHAEOGASTROPODA
NERITIDAE
Theodoxus transversalis +
MESOGASTROPODA
VIVIPARIDAE
Viviparus acerosus +
HYDROBIIDAE
Belgrandiella komenskyi +
Paladilhia hngarica +
Sadleriana pannonica +
MELANOPSIDAE
Fagotia esperi +
BASOMMATOPHORA
LYMNAEIDAE
Myxas glutinosa
PLANORBIDAE
Segmentina nitida
STYLOMMATOPHORA
SUCCINEIDAE
Catinella arenaria
Oxyloma sarsii
VERTIGINIDAE
Vertigo angustior
Vertigo geyeri
Vertigo genesii
Vertigo moulinsiana
PUPILLIDAE
Leiostyla abbreviata
Leiostyla cassida
Leiostyla corneocostata
Leiostyla gibba
Leiostyla lamellosa
ENDODONTIDAE
Discus guerinianus
Discus defloratus
ARIONIDAE
Geomalacus maculosus
Arion vejdorskyi +
CLAUSILIIDAE
Balea perversa
HELICIDAE
Helix pomatia
Helix subplicata
Elona quimperiana
Caseolus calculus
Caseolus commixta
Caseolus sphaerula
Discula leacockiana
Discula tabellata
Discula testudinalis
Discula turricula
Geomitra moniziana
Chilostoma cingulellum +
Chilostoma rossmaessleri +
COCHLICOPIDAE
Cochlicopa nitens +
VALLONIIDAE
Spelaeodiscus tatricus +
Vallonia declivis +
Vallonia enniensis +
LIMACIDAE
Deroceras fatrense +
BIVALVIA
EULAMELLIBRANCHIA
MARGARITIFERIDAE
Margaritifera margaritifera
Margaritifera auricularia
UNIONIIDAE
Pseudanodonta complanata +
Unio crassus +
ANNELIDA
HIRUDINEA
GNATHOBDELLAE
HIRUDINIDAE
Hirudo medicinalis
ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
ODONATA
COENAGRIIDAE
Coenagrion armatum
Coenagrion caerulescens
Coenagrion hastulatum
Coenagrion hylas
Coenagrion lunulatum
Coenagrion mercuriale
Coenagrion ornatum
Coenagrion scitulum
Nehalennia speciosa
Ischnura genei
Cenagrion tenellum
LESTIDAE
Sympecma fusca
Sympecma braueri
Lestes dryas
CORDULEGASTERIDAE
Cordulegaster bidentatus
Cordulegaster boltonii
Cordulegaster heros
GOMPHIDAE
Gomphus flavipes
Gomphus graslini
Gomphus simillimus
Gomphus vulgatissimus
Ophiogomphus cecilia
Onychogomphus costae
Onychogomphus forcipatus
Onychogomphus uncatus
Lindenia tetraphylla
AESHNIDAE
Boyeria irene
Aeshna caerulea
Aeshna subarctica
Aeshna viridis
Anaciaeschna isosceles
Brachytron pratense +
CORDULIIDAE
Oxygastra curtisii
Somatochlora arctica
Somatochlora flavomaculata
Epitheca bimaculata
Macromia splendens
LIBELLULIDAE
Sympetrum depressiusculum
Sympetrum nigrifemur
Leucorrhinia albifrons
Leucorrhinia caudalis
Leucorrhinia dubia
Leucorrhinia pectoralis
Leucorrhinia rubicunda
ORTHOPTERA
TETTIGONIIDAE
Saga pedo
Baetica ustulata
Gampsocleis glabra +
ACRIDIDAE
Odontopodisma rubripes +
DICTYOPTERA
BLATTIDAE
Apteromantis aptera
MANTIDAE
Mantis religiosa +
TRICHOPTERA
HYDROPSYCHIDAE
Hydropsyche tobiasi
LEPTOCERIDAE
Oecetis tripunctata +
LEPIDOPTERA (RHOPALOCERA)
HESPERIIDAE
Syrichtus tessellum
Heteropterus morpheus
Carterocephalus palaemon
Borbo borbonica
Syrichtus cribellum +
PAPILIONIDAE
Papilio hospiton
Papilio alexanor
Zerynthia polyxena
Zerynthia rumina
Archon apollinus
Parnassius apollo
Parnasslus phoebus
Parnassius mnemosyne
PIERIDAE
Pieris ergane
Pontia chloridice
Elphinstonia charlonia
Colias palaeno
Colias libanotica
Colias myrmidone
Colias balcanica
Leptidea morsei +
LYCAENIDAE
Callophrys avis
Lycaena helle
Lycaena dispar
Cupido lorquinii
Turanana panagea
Maculinea alcon
Maculinea rebeli
Maculinea arion
Maculinea teleius
Maculinea nausithous
Pseudophilotes bavius
Scolitantides orion
Plebejus pylaon
Vacciniina optilete
Agriades pyrenaicus
Plebicula golgus
Polyommatus eroides +
NYMPHALIDAE
Apatura iris
Apatura ilia
Apatura metis
Limenitis populi
Neptis sappho
Vanessa indica
Fabriciana elisa
Brenthis hecate
Boloria aquilonaris
Proclossiana eunomia
Melitaea trivia
Melitaea deione
Mellicta britomartis
Euphydryas maturna
Euphydryas aurinia
Argyronome laodice +
Neptis rivularis +
Nymphalis vau-album +
Nymphalis xanthomelas +
SATYRIDAE
Melanargia arge
Oeneis glacialis
Erebia eriphyle
Erebia christi
Erebia sudetica
Erebia calcaria
Coenonympha tullia
Coenonympha hero
Coenonympha oedippus
Lopinga achine
DANAIDAE
Danaus plexippus
NOCTUIDAE
Syngrapha microgamma +
SATURNIIDAE
Saturnia pyri +
GEOMETRIDAE
Eupithecia gelidata +
Gnophus obscurata +
HEPIALIDAE
Hepialus carna +
LEPIDOPTERA (HETEROCERA)
LASIOCAMPIDAE
Eriogaster catax
Phyllodesma ilicifolia
SATURNIIDAE
Graellsia isabelae
Saturnia pyri +
SPHINGIDAE
Hyles hippophaes
Proserpinus proserpina
COLEOPTERA
CARABIDAE
Calosoma sycophanta
Carabus intricatus
Carabus olympiae
Osmoderma eremita
DYSTICIDAE CHLOROPERLIDAE
Dytiscus latissimus Xanthoperla apicalis +
Graphoderus bilineatus
Agabus clypealis + NEUROPTERA
MANTISPIDAE
BUPRESTIDAE Mantispa styriaca +
Buprestis splendens
ASCALAPHIDAE
CUCULIDAE Libelloides macaronius +
Cucujus cinnaberinus
MYRMELEONTIDAE
CERAMBYCIDAE Acanthaclisis occitanica +
Cerambyx cerdo Dendroleon pantherinus +
Morimus funereus Distoleon tetragrammicus +
Rosalia alpina Myrmeleon formicarius +
HYMENOPTERA CRUSTACEA
FORMICIDAE DECAPODA
Formica rufa ASTACIDAE
Formica aquilonia
Formica lugubris
Formica polyctena
Formica pratensis
Formica uralensis +
MEGACHILIDAE
Anthidium montanum +
EPHEMEROPTERA
AMETROPODIDAE
Ametropus fragilis +
HEPTAGENIIDAE
Arthroplea congener +
LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE
Choroterpes picteti +
PALINGENIIDAE
Palingenia longicauda +
PLECOPTERA
CAPNIIDAE
Capnopsis schilleri +
TAENIOPTERYGIDAE
Brachyptera braueri +
PERLODIDAE
Tsogenus nubecula +
Isoperla obsucura +
Astacus astacus
Austropotamobius pallipes
Austropotamobius torrentium +
ANOSTRACA
BRANCHINECTIDAE
Branchinecta paludosa +
AMPHIPODA
GAMMARIDAE
Echinogammarus ischnus +
ARACHNIDA
ARANAEA
PISAURIDAE
Dolomedes plantarius
HEXATHELIDAE
Macrothele calpeiana
ATYPIDAE
Atypus muralis +
CHECKLIST OF THREATENED
PLANTS
ALISMATACEAE
Caldesia parnassifolia
Damasonium minimum
Echinodorus repens
Luronium natans
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Galanthus reginae-olgae
Leucojum nicaeense
Leucojum vernum ssp. carpaticum +
Narcissus scaberulus
Narcissus viridiflorus
APOCYNACEAE
Rhazya orientalis
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex perado ssp. platyphylla
ARACEAE
Dracunculus canariensis
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Caralluma burchardii
Caralluma europaea
Ceropegia ceratophora
Ceropegia krainzii
ASPIDIACEAE
Diplazium caudatum
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium jahandiezii
BALANOPHORACEAE
Cynomorium coccineum
BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis maderensis
Gymnospermium altaicum ssp. odessanum
BETULACEAE
Betula humilis
BOLETACEAE
Boletus satanas +
BORAGINACEAE
Anchusa aggregata
Anchusa crispa
Buglossoides gastonii
Cerinthe glabra ssp. tatrica +
Echium acanthocarpum
Echium auberianum
Echium callithyrsum
Echium cantabricum
Echium gentianoides
Echium giganteum
Echium handiense
Echium pininana
Echium simplex
Echium wildpretii ssp. wildpretii
Elizaldia calycina
Lithodora oleifolia
Macrotomia densiflora
Myosotis rehsteineri
Omphalodes littoralis ssp. gallaecica
Omphalodes littoralis ssp. littoralis
Omphalodes luciliae
Onosma elegantissima
Onosma psammophila
Onosma pseudarenaria +
Onosma tornensis +
Solenanthus albanicus
Solenanthus stamineus
Symphytum cycladense
CALLITRICHACEAE
Callitriche pulchra
CAMPANULACEAE
Asyneuma giganteum
Azorina vidalii
Campanula aizoon ssp. aizoon
Campanula canariensis
Campanula forsythii
Campanula gelida +
Campanula moravica +
Campanula morettiana
Campanula petraea
Campanula sabatia
Campanula xylocarpa +
Musschia wollastonii
Physoplexis comosa
Symphyandra samothracica
Trachelium asperuloides
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Lonicera hellenica
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Arenaria controversa
Arenaria hispida
Arenaria peloponnesiaca
Arenaria provincialis
Bufonia teneriffae
Cerastium alsinifolium +
Cerastium arvense ssp. glandulosum +
Cerastium sventenii
Dianthus gallicus
Dianthus gratianopolitanus
Dianthus langeanus
Dianthus praecox +
Dianthus praecox ssp. lumnitzeri +
Dianthus pulviniformis
Dianthus pungens
Dianthus rupicola
Dianthus serotinus +
Gypsophila papillosa
Loeflingia tavaresiana
Minuartia glaucina +
Minuartia pichleri
Minuartia stojanovii
Moehringia grisebachii +
Moehringia jankae +
Moehringia papulosa
Moehringia tommasinii
Petrorhagia grandiflora
Polycarpaea smithii
Saponaria chlorifolia
Silene diclinis
Silene haussknechtii
Silene hifacensis
Silene holzmannii
Silene lagunensis
Silene linicola
Silene orphanidis
Silene rothmaleri
Silene velutina
Silene vulgaris
Spergularia azorica
CHENOPODIACEAE
Bassia hirsuta
Corispermum canescens +
Corispermum marschallii
Halimione pedunculata
Halopeplis amplexicaulis
Kochia saxicola
Microcnemum coralloides
Salicornia veneta
CISTACEAE
Cistus heterophyllus
Cistus osbeckiafolius
Helianthemum alypoides
Helianthemum bystropogophyllum
Helianthemum stipulatum
Helianthemum teneriffae
Helianthemum tholiforme
Tuberaria major
COLLEMATACEAE
Collema dichotomum +
COMPOSITAE
Achillea barbeyana
Achillea horanszkyi +
Achillea ochroleuca +
Achillea umbellata
Anacyclus alboranensis
Andryala crithmifolia
Andryala levitomentosa +
Anthemis gerardiana
Anthemis glaberrima
Argyranthemum callichrysum
Argyranthemum coronopifolium
Argyranthemum haematomma
Argyranthemum hierrense
Argyranthemum lidii
Argyranthemum maderense
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum ssp.
succulentum
Argyranthemum sventenii
Argyranthemum winterii
Artemisia argentata
Artemisia granatensis
Aster pyrenaeus
Asteriscus schultzii
Atractylis arbuscula
Atractylis preauxiana
Buphthalmum inuloides
Calendula maderensis
Calendula suffruticosa ssp. maritima
Carduus baeocephalus
Carduus bourgeaui
Carduus myriacanthus
Carduus squarrosus
Carlina diae
Centaurea aegialophila
Centaurea alba ssp. princeps
Centaurea baldaccii
Centaurea balearica
Centaurea corymbosa
Centaurea heldreichii
Centaurea horrida
Centaurea jankae +
Centaurea kalambakensis
Centaurea kartschiana
Centaurea lactiflora
Centaurea leucophaea ssp.
pseudocoerulescens
Centaurea linaresii
Centaurea megarensis
Centaurea niederi
Centaurea parlatoris
Centaurea peucedanifolia
Centaurea poculatoris
Centaurea pontica +
Centaurea procumbens
Centaurea pumilio
Cheirolophus arboreus
Cheirolophus arbutifolius
Cheirolophus duranii
Cheirolophus ghomerythus
Cheirolophus junonianus
Cheirolophus massonianus
Cheirolophus satarataensis ssp. satarataensis
Cheirolophus sventenii ssp. sventenii
Cheirolophus webbianus
Cirsium latifolium
Crepis canariensis
Crepis crocifolia
Erigeron nanus +
Evacidium discolor
Evax rotundata
Gonospermum gomerae
Helichrysum gossypinum
Helichrysum monogynum
Helichrysum sibthorpii
Hieracium chaunotrichum +
Hypochoeris oligocephala
Inula helvetica
Jurinea cyanoides
Jurinea taygetea
Lactuca palmensis
Lamyropsis microcephala
Leontodon boryi
Leontodon microcephalus
Leontodon siculus
Leuzea cynaroides
Ligularia sibirica
Logfia neglecta
Lugoa revoluta
Nananthea perpusilla
Nolletia chrysocomoides
Onopordum nogalesii
Pulicaria burchardii
Pulicaria canariensis
Reichardia famarae
Santolina elegans
Santolina oblongifolia
Senecio alboranicus
Senecio appendiculatus
Senecio auricula
Senecio bollei
Senecio congestus
Senecio hadrosomus
Senecio hermosae
Senecio lopezii
Senecio multiflorus
Serratula lycopifolia
Sonchus bornmuelleri
Sonchus bourgeaui
Sonchus canariensis
Sonchus gandogeri
Sonchus gummifer
Sonchus imbricatus
Sonchus radicatus ssp. gummifer
Sonchus ustulatus ssp. maderensis
Sventenia bupleuroides
Taeckholmia microcarpa
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum
Tolpis crassiuscula
Wagenitzia lancifolia
CONVOLVULACEAE
Convolvulus argyrothamnos
Convolvulus canariensis
Convolvulus diversifolius
Convolvulus lopez-socasi
Convolvulus massonii
Convolvulus perraudieri
Ipomoea stolonifera
CRASSULACEAE
Aeonium balsamiferum
Aeonium cuneatum
Aeonium gomeraense
Aeonium nobile
Aeonium saundersii
Aeonium sedifolium
Aeonium smithii
Aichryson brevipetalum
Aichryson dumosum
Crassula aquatica
Greenovia aizoon
Greenovia dodrentalis
Monanthes adenoscepes
Monanthes anagensis
Monanthes niphophila
Sedum aetnense
Sedum hierapetrae
Sempervivum montanum ssp.
carpaticum +
CRUCIFERAE
Aethionema cordatum
Alyssum borzaeanum +
Alyssum fastigiatum
Alyssum leucadeum
Alyssum montanum ssp. brymii +
Alyssum robertianum
Barbarea sicula
Biscutella divionensis
Biscutella neustriaca
Biscutella rotgesii
Biscutella vincentina
Boleum asperum
Brassica bourgeaui
Brassica glabrescens
Brassica insularis var. ayliesii
Brassica macrocarpa
Brassica souliei
Capsella thracica +
Coronopus navasii
Crambe arborea
Crambe gigantea
Crambe scoparia
Crambe sventenii
Descurainia gonzalezii
Diplotaxis ibicensis
Diplotaxis siettia
Diplotaxis vicentina
Erucastrum palustre
Erysimum arbuscula
Erysimum pieninicum +
Guiraoa arvensis
Hesperis inodora
Hesperis oblongifolia +
Hesperis vrabelyiana +
Hormathophylla pyrenaica
Hutera leptocarpa
Hutera rupestris
Hymenolobus procumbens
Iberis arbuscula
Iberis sampaiana
Tonopsidium acaule
Tonopsidium albiflorum
Tonopsidium savianum
Tsatis lusitanica
Isatis platyloba
Lepidium cardamines
Parolinia intermedia
Rhynchosinapis johnstonii
Schivereckia podolica +
Sinapidendron angustifolium
Sinapidendron rupestre
Sisymbrium matritense
Sisymbrium supinum
Thlaspi caerulescens ssp. tatrense +
Thlaspi schudichii +
Vella pseudocytisus
CUPRESSACEAE
Juniperus cedrus
Juniperus drupacea
Tetraclinis articulata
CYPERACEAE
Carex baldensis
Carex calderae
Carex camposii
Carex canariensis
Carex durieui
Carex grioletii
Carex malato-belizii
Carex perraudieriana
Carex pirinensis +
Carex trinervis
Eleocharis carniolica
Eriophorum gracile
DATISCACEAE
Datisca cannabina
DIPSACACEAE
Knautia velutina
Pterocephalus brevis
Pterocephalus porphyranthus
Pterocephalus virens
DROSERACEAE
Drosera rotundifolia var. corsica
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Dryopteris aemula
ELASTRACEAE
Maytenus dryandri
ELATINACEAE
Elatine alsinastrum
Elatine hexandra +
Elatine hungarica +
ERICACEAE
Arbutus canariensis
Erica scoparia ssp. azorica
EUPHORBIACEAE
Euphorbia azorica
Euphorbia bourgeauana
Euphorbia bravoana
Euphorbia corsica
Euphorbia handiensis
Euphorbia hierosolymitana
Euphorbia lambii
Euphorbia mellifera
Euphorbia ruscinonensis
FRANKENIACEAE
Frankenia pulverulenta +
GENTIANACEAE
Centaurium rigualii
Centaurium scilloides
Gentiana ligustica
Gentianella austriaca ssp. fatrae +
Gentianella lutescens ssp. carpatica +
Gentianella uliginosa
Ixanthus viscosus
Lomatogonium carinthiacum
GERANIACEAE
Erodium chrysanthum
Geranium humbertii
Geranium maderense
GESNERIACEAE
Jankaea heldreichii
Ramonda nathaliae
Ramonda serbica
GRAMINEAE
Aira provincialis
Antinoria insularis
Bromus grossus
Bromus moesiacus +
Calamagrostis scotica
Coleanthus subtilis
Cornucopiae cucullatum
Deschampsia argentea
Deschampsia maderensis
Deschampsia setacea
Festuca domax
Festuca jubata
Lolium lowei
Phalaris maderensis
Poa riphaea +
Saccharum spontaneum
Sesleria heuflerana ssp. hungarica +
Stipa austroitalica
Stipa bavarica
Stipa danubialis +
Stipa dasyphylla +
GROSSULARIACEAE
Ribes sardoum
GUTTIFERAE
Hypericum aciferum
Hypericum hircinum ssp. cambessedesii
Hypericum jovis
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Trichomanes speciosum
ILLECEBRACEAE
Herniaria algarvica
Herniaria canariensis
Herniaria maritima
IRIDACEAE
Crocus robertianus
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes boryana
Isoetes brochonii
Isoetes malinverniana
Isoetes tenuissima
JUNCACEAE
Ebingeria elegans
Luzula canariensis
LABIATAE
Ballota frutescens
Bystropogon canariensis
Bystropogon origanifolius
Dracocephalum austriacum
Lavandula rotundifolia
Micromeria pineolens
Micromeria rivas-martinezii
Micromeria taygetea
Moluccella spinosa
Nepeta dirphya
Nepeta sphaciotica
Origanum dictamnus
Origanum scabrum
Pycnanthemum incanum
var.incanum +
Salvia broussonetii
Sideritis cabrerae
Sideritis cystosiphon
Sideritis discolor Ononis maweana
Sideritis infernalis Oxytropis campestris ssp. tatrae +
Sideritis kuegleriana Teline benehoavensis
Sideritis macrostachya Teline linifolia
Sideritis marmorea Trifolium saxatile
Sideritis nervosa Vicia capreolata
Sideritis nutans Vicia portosanctana
Sideritis penzigii Vicia scandens
Sideritis pumila Vicia sicula
Stachys brachyclada Vicia sparsiflora
Stachys spreitzenhoferi
Teucrium abutiloides LENTIBULARIACEAE
Teucrium francisci-werneri Pinguicula bohemica +
Teucrium heterophyllum
Thymus camphoratus
Thymus carnosus LILIACEAE
Thymus cephalotos Allium grosii
Thymus plasonii Allium longanum
Thymus richardii ssp. ebusitanus Allium obtusiflorum
Allium suaveolens
LAURACEAE Androcymbium psammophilum
Apollonias ceballosi Androcymbium rechingeri
Ocotea foetens Asparagus fallax
Persea indica Asparagus nesiotes
Asphodelus bento-rainhae
LEGUMINOSAE Bellevalia hackelii
Anagyris latifolia Colchicum arenarium +
Anthyllis lemanniana Colchicum borisii +
Astragalus algarbiensis Colchicum cousturieri
Astragalus aquilanus Colchicum davidovii +
Astragalus arenarius Colchicum fominii +
Astragalus centralpinus Dracaena draco
Astragalus dasyanthus + Fritillaria involucrata
Astragalus maritimus Lilium pomponium
Astragalus physocalyx + Muscari gussonei
Astragalus verrucosus Narthecium scardicum
Chamaecytisus nejceffii + Ornithogalum orthophyllum ssp.
Cytisus aeolicus psammophilum +
Dorycnium spectabile Ruscus streptophyllus
Genista holopetala Scilla dasyantha
Lathyrus pancicii + Scilla haemorrhoidalis
Lotus berthelotii Scilla maderensis
Lotus callis-viridis Semele androgyna
Lotus kunkelii Semele gayae
Lotus leptophyllus Tulipa goulimyi
Lotus maculatus Tulipa rhodopea +
Lotus mascaensis Tulipa undulatifolia
Lygos raetum
Medicago heyniana
Medicago Strasseri LINACEAE
Ononis christii Linum leonii
Ononis cossoniana
Ononis masquillierii LORANTHACEAE
Viscum cruciatum
LYCOPODIACEAE
Diphasiastrum complanatum ssp. issleri
LYTHRACEAE
Lythrum flexuosum
Lythrum thesioides
MALVACEAE
Hibiscus palustris
Lavatera mauritanica
Lavatera phoenicea
MARSILEACEAE
Marsilea quadrifolia
Marsilea strigosa
Pilularia globulifera
MYRSINACEAE
Heberdenia excelsa
Pleiomeris canariensis
NAJADACEAE
Najas flexilis
Najas marina +
OLEACEAE
Jasminum azoricum
Picconia excelsa
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium lanceolatum
Botrychium matricariifolium
Botrychium multifidum
Botrychium simplex
Botrychium virginianum
ORCHIDACEAE
Barlia metlesicsiana
Cephalanthera cucullata
Cephalanthera epipactoides
Coeloglossum viride
Comperia comperiana
Cypripedium calceolus var. calceolus
Cypripedium planipetalum
Dactylorhiza baumanniana
Dactylorhiza cambrensis
Dactylorhiza coccinea
Dactylorhiza foliosa
Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. so6ana +
Dactylorhiza graeca
Dactylorhiza kalopissii
Dactylorhiza sphagnicola
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri ssp. lapponica
Epipactis albensis +
Epipactis condensata
Epipactis cretica
Epipactis greuteri
Epipactis leptochila var. dunensis
Epipactis phyllanthes
Goodyera macrophylla
Hammarbya paludosa
Herminium monorchis
Himantoglossum adriaticum
Liparis loeselii
Malaxis monophyllos
Ophrys biancae
Ophrys biscutella
Ophrys carbonifera
Ophrys catalaunica
Ophrys fuciflora ssp. candica
Ophrys fuciflora ssp. oxyrrhynchos
Ophrys lunata
Ophrys pallida
Ophrys splendida
Orchis boryi
Orchis laxiflora ssp. palustris
Orchis punctulata
Orchis sancta
Orchis scopulorum
Orchis spitzelii ssp. nitidifolia
Pseudorchis frivaldii
Serapias nurrica
Serapias olbia
Spiranthes aestivalis
PAEONIACEAE
Paeonia cambessedesii
Paeonia clusii ssp. rhodia
Paeonia parnassica
PALMAE
Phoenix theophrasti
PAPAVERACEAE
Fumaria occidentalis
Fumaria reuteri
Papaver rupifragum ssp. rupifragum
Papaver tatricum +
Rupicapnos africana
PINACEAE
Abies cephalonica +
Abies nebrodensis
Abies pinsapo vat. pinsapo
Larix decidua var. polonica +
PITTOSPORACEAE
Pittosporum coriaceum
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago atrata ssp. carpatica +
Plantago famarae
Plantago leiopetala
Plantago maderensis
Plantago malato-belizii
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Armeria pseudarmeria
Armeria rouyana
Armeria soleirolii
Armeria welwitschii
Limonium albidum
Limonium aragonense
Limonium arborescens
Limonium asterotrichum +
Limonium bourgeaui
Limonium brassicifolium
Limonium calcarae
Limonium companyonis
Limonium cordatum
Limonium dendroides
Limonium fruticans
Limonium imbricatum
Limonium inarimense ssp. inarimense
Limonium japygicum
Limonium johannis
Limonium laetum
Limonium macrophyllum
Limonium macropterum
Limonium panormitanum
Limonium papillatum
Limonium paradoxum
Limonium parvifolium
Limonium perezii
Limonium preauxii
Limonium puberulum
Limonium recurvum
Limonium redivivum
Limonium remotispiculum
Limonium sibthorpianum
Limonium spectabile
Limonium tenoreanum
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala helenae
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum praelongum
Rumex rupestris
POLYPORACEAE
Fomitopsis rosea +
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton rutilus
PRIMULACEAE
Androsace mathildae
Androsace obtusifolia +
Coris hispanica
Cyclamen fatrense +
Primula allionii
Primula apennina
Primula vulgaris ssp. balearica
Primula wulfeniana ssp. baumgarteniana+
Soldanella villosa
PSILOTACEAE
Psilotum nudum
PTERIDACEAE
Pteris cretica
Pteris dentata
Pteris serrulata
PYROLACEAE
Pyrola rotundifolia ssp. maritima
RANUNCULACEAE
Aconitum firmum ssp. firmum +
Aconitum firmum ssp. moravicum +
Aconitum lasiocarpum +
Aconitum napellus ssp. corsicum
Adonis cyllenea
Adonis distorta
Aquilegia alpina
Aquilegia bernardii
Aquilegia bertolonii
Aquilegia cazorlensis
Aquilegia kitaibelii
Aquilegia ottonis
Callianthemum kerneranum
Clematis elisabethae-carolae
Consolida samia
Delphinium oxysepalum +
Garidella nigellastrum
Garidella unguicularis
Helleborus lividus ssp. lividus
Pulsatilla hungarica +
Pulsatilla patens
Pulsatilla subslavica +
Ranunculus cacuminis
Ranunculus fontanus
Ranunculus revelieri
Ranunculus weyleri
RESEDACEAE
Reseda decursiva
Reseda scoparia
RHAMNACEAE
Rhamnus glandulosa
ROSACEAE
Bencomia brachystachya
Bencomia caudata
Bencomia exstipulata
Bencomia sphaerocarpa
Chamaemeles coriacea
Cotoneaster nummularia
Geum heterocarpum
Marcetella maderensis
Potentilla arcadiensis
Potentilla delphinensis
Potentilla goulandrii
Rosa mandonii
Sorbus hazslinszkyana +
Sorbus maderensis
Sorbus sudetica +
Spiraea crenata
RUBIACEAE
Asperula saxicola
Galium litorale
Galium stojanovii +
Galium sudeticum +
Galium viridiflorum
RUTACEAE
Ruta microcarpa
Ruta oreojasme
Ruta pinnata
SAMBUCACEAE
Sambucus palmensis
SANTALACEAE
Kunkeliella canariensis
Kunkeliella psilotoclada
Kunkeliella subsucculenta
Thesium ebracteatum
SAPOTACEAE
Sideroxylon marmulano
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga berica
Saxifraga florulenta
Saxigraga moschata ssp. dominii +
Saxifraga moschata ssp. kotulae +
Saxifraga tombeanensis
Saxifraga valdensis
Saxifraga wahlenbergii +
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Euphrasia marchesettii
Euphrasia slovaca +
Isoplexis chalcantha
Tsoplexis isabelliana
Kickxia urbanii
Linaria algarviana
Linaria ficalhoana
Linaria flava
Linaria hellenica
Linaria lamarckii
Linaria ricardoi
Linaria thymifolia
Linaria tonzigii
Melampyrum bohemicum +
Melampyrum ciliatum
Odontites holliana
Pedicularis sudetica ssp. sudetica +
Scrophularia anagae
Scrophularia calliantha
Scrophularia smithii ssp. smithii
Sibthorpia peregrina
Verbascum anisophyllum +
Verbascum cylleneum
Verbascum davidoffii +
Verbascum jankaeanum +
Verbascum litigiosum
Verbascum purpureum +
Verbascum reiseri
Verbascum syriacum
Veronica oetaea
Veronica stamatiadae
SELAGINACEAE
Globularia ascanii
Globularia sarcophylla
Globularia stygia
SOLANACEAE
Atropa baetica
Mandragora officinarum
Solanum lidii
Solanum trisectum
Solanum vespertilio
TAMARICACEAE
Tamarix boveana
THEACEAE
Visnea mocanera
THYMELAEACEAE
Daphne petraea
Daphne rodriguezii
Thymelaea thomasii
TRAPACEAE
Trapa natans
TYPHACEAE
Typha minima
Typha shuttleworthii
ULMACEAE
Zelkova cretica
UMBELLIFERAE
Ammi procerum
Angelica heterocarpa
Apium repens
Athamanta cortiana
Berula erecta +
Bunium brevifolium
Bupleurum bourgaei
Bupleurum capillare
Bupleurum dianthifolium
Bupleurum elatum
Bupleurum falcanum ssp. dilatatum +
Bupleurum handiense
Bupleurum kakiskalae
Eryngium alpinum
Eryngium barrelieri
Eryngium spinalba
Eryngium viviparum
Ferulago asparagifolia
Heracleum minimum
Imperatoria lowei
Laserpitium archangelica +
Laserpitium longiradium
Monizia edulis
Naufraga balearica
Oenanthe conioides
Oenanthe divaricata
Oenanthe pteridifolia
Petagnia saniculifolia
Petroselinum segetum
Peucedanum coriaceum
Pimpinella anagodendron
Pimpinella bicknellii
Rouya polygama
Seseli leucospermum
Thorella verticillatinundata
URTICACEAE
Gesnouinia arborea
VALERIANACEAE
Centranthus trinervis
VIOLACEAE
Viola athois
Viola biflora ssp. biflora +
Viola cheiranthifolia
Viola delphinantha
Viola hispida
Viola jaubertiana
Viola palmensis
Viola paradoxa
Viola sfikasiana
WOODSIACEAE
Cystopteris sudetica
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ANNEX 5: Lists of habitat classes in key European classifications
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ANNEX 5: Lists of habitat classes in key European classifications
a) Habitat units identified in the CORINE Biotopes habitat check-list for the EU and the
proposed CORINE Biotopes Habitats of the Palearctic (Devilliers, 1994)
Coastal and Halophytic Communities
Oceans and Seas
Sea Inlets
Tidal Rivers and Estuaries
Mud Flats and Sand Flats
Salt marshes, Salt Steppes and Gypsum
Scrubs
Coastal Sand Dunes and Sand Beaches
Shingle Beaches
Cliffs and rocky Shores
Islets and Rocky Stacks
Machair
Non-Marine Waters
Coastal Lagoons
Standing Fresh Water
Standing Brackish and Salt Water
Running Water
Scrub and Grassland
Heath and Scrub
Sclerophyllous Scrub
Phrygana
Dry Calcareous Grasslands and Steppes
Dry Siliceous Grasslands
Alpine and Subalpine Grasslands
Humid Grasslands and Tall Herb
Communities
Mesophile Grasslands
Forests
Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests
Coniferous Woodland
Mixed Woodland
Alluvial and very wet Forests and Brush
Broad-leaved Evergreen Woodlands
Bogs and Marshes
Raised Bogs
Blanket Bogs
Water-fringed Vegetation
Fens, Transition Mires and Springs
Inland Rocks, Screes and Sands
Screes
Inland Cliffs and Exposed Rocks
Eternal Snow and Ice
Inland Sand Dunes
Caves
Volcanic Features
Deserts
Polar Deserts
Continental Deserts and Semi-Deserts
Subtropical Deserts and Semi-Deserts
Cool Coastal Deserts
Agricultural Land and Artificial
Landscapes
Improved Grasslands
Crops
Orchards, Groves and Tree Plantations
Tree Lines, Hedges, Rural Mosaics
Urban Parks and Large Gardens
Towns, Villages, Industrial Sites
Fallow Land, Waste Places
Mines and Underground Passages
Industrial Lagoons and Reservoirs, Canals
Wooded Grasslands and Scrub
Parklands
Bocages
Wooded Steppe
Wooded Tundra
Treeline Ecotones
Savannas
Wooded Deserts and Semi-Deserts
b) Habitat Classes in the Habitats
Directive
Coastal and Halophytic habitats
Open sea and tidal areas
Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches
Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt
meadows
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt
marshes and salt meadows
Salt and gypsum continental steppes
Coastal sand dunes and continental dunes
Sea dunes of the Atlantic, North Sea and
Baltic coasts
Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast
Continental dunes, old and decalcified
Freshwater habitats
Standing water
Running water
Temperate Heath and Scrub
Sclerophyllous scrub (Matorral)
Sub-Mediterranean and temperate
Mediterranean arborescent matorral
Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush
Phrygana
Natural and semi-natural grassland
formations
Natural grasslands
Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland
facies
Sclerophyllous grazed forests (dehesas)
Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows
Mesophile grasslands
Raised Bogs and Mires and Fens
Sphagnum acid bogs
Calcareous fens
Rocky Habitats and Caves
Scree
Chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes
Other rocky habitats
Forest
Forests of Temperate Europe
Mediterranean deciduous forests
Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests
Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests
Mediterranean mountainous coniferous
forests
c) Habitat Classes in the Council of
Europe/CEC Map of the Natural —
Vegetation of the member countries of the
European Community and the Council of
Europe (1987)
Geobotanical divisions
Boreal domain
Atlantic domain
Alpine domain
Mediterranean region
Anatolian domain
Vegetation
Edaphic Azonal vegetation
Coastal halophytic vegetation
Coastal dunes
Maritime polders
Fresh-water marshes
Fluvial plains
Minerotrophic fens
Raised bogs with sphagnum moss
Blanket bogs
Boreal peatlands
Zonal Vegetation: Boreal Europe
Arctic heathlands and Oro-Caledonian zone
Subarctic heathlands and forests
Boreal spruce forests
Boreal mixed forests
Montane Boreo-Atlantic heathlands
Temperate Europe vegetation
Acidophilous oakwoods and oligotrophic
heathlands _
Mesotrophic mixed oakwoods
Thermophilous mixed oakwoods
Hill and submontane beechwoods
Montane beech and beech-fir forests
Montane and subalpine conifer forests
Alpine zone
Pontic domain vegetation
Pontic vegetation
Subpontic vegetation
Pontic alpine zone
Mediterranean vegetation
Thermo-Mediterranean zone
Meso-Mediterranean zone
Supra-Mediterranean zone
Oro-Mediterranean conifer zone
Alti-Mediterranean zone
Pre-steppe and steppe vegetation of
Anatolia
Steppe woodland
Treeless steppes
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ANNEX 6: Countries covered by each of the Conventions
mile nei otto foes vamos ime S42:
ANNEX 6: Countries covered by each of the Conventions
CORINE = Coordination of
Information on the Environment
covers the 12 European Union
Countries -
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United
Kingdom
PHARE = initially Poland and
Hungary Assistance for Restructuring
Economy, now encompasses -
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic
BERN CONVENTION = so far there
are 29 contracting parties -
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom -, and
three non-member states - Burkino Faso,
Romania and Senegal
BONN CONVENTION = the 12 EU
countries plus: Argentina, Australia,
Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Chile,
Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Guinea,
Hungary, India, Israel, Mali, Monaco,
Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Saudi
Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa,
Sri Lanka, Sweden, Tunisia, Uruguay
and Zaire.
There are also nine Signatories to the
Convention:
Central African Republic, Chad, Cote
d’Ivoire, Greece, Jamaica, Madagascar,
Paraguay, Togo and Uganda.
24 member states of the Council of
Europe:
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom
and three non-member states - Burkino
Faso, Romania and Senegal.
3. CITES parties relevent to this
project
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Commonwealth of Independent States,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
United Kingdom
4 UN-ECE
The European Red List of Globally
Threatened Animals and Plants includes
species occurring in the European
member countries of the EU, including
the whole territory of Turkey and the
European part of "Russia". The eastern
boundary runs along the eastern Ural
Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian
Sea and the Kuma and Manych rivers.
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ANNEX 8: Checklist of species for the Bonn Convention
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APPENDIX I AND APPENDIX II OF THE CONVENTION ON THE
CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS (CMS)
(as amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988 and 1991)
APPENDIX I
Interpretation
1. Migratory species included in this Appendix are referred to:
a) by the name of the species or subspecies; or
b) as being all of the migratory species included in a higher taxon or designated part thereof.
2. Other references to taxa higher than species are for the purposes of information or classification only.
3. The abbreviation "(s.1.)" is used to denote that the scientific name is used in its extended meaning.
4. An asterisk (*) placed against the name of a species indicates that the species, or a separate
population of that species, or a higher taxon which includes that species is included in Appendix II.
MAMMALIA
CHIROPTERA
Molossidae Tadarida brasiliensis
PRIMATES
Pongidae Gorilla gorilla beringei
CETACEA
Balaencpteridae Balaenoptera musculus
Megaptera novaeangliae
Balaenidae Balaena mysticetus
Eubalaena glacialis \ 1/
Eubalaena australis /
CARNIVORA
Felidae Panthera uncia
PINNIPEDIA
Phocidae Monachus monachus *
PERISSODACTYLA
Equidae Equus grevyi
ARTIODACTYLA
Camelidae Vicugna vicugna * (except Peruvian populations) 2/
Cervidae Cervus elaphus barbarus
Bovidae ‘Bos sauveli
Bos grunniens
Addax nasomaculatus
Gazella cuviert
Gazella dama
Gazella dorcas (only Northwest African populations)
Gazella leptoceros
1/ Formerly listed as Eubalaena glacialis (s.1.)
2/ Formerly listed as Larna vicugna * (except Peruvian populations)
AVES
PROCELLARIIFORMES
Diomedeidae Diomedea albatrus
Procellariidae Pterodroma cahow
Pterodroma phaeopygia
PELECANIFORMES
Pelecanidae Pelecanus crispus * : ’
Pelecanus onocrotalus (only Palearctic populations)
CICONIIFORMES
Ardeidae Egretta eulophotes
Ciconiidae Ciconia boyciana
Threskiornithidae Geronticus eremita
ANSERIFORMES
Anatidae Chloephaga rubidiceps *
FALCONIFORMES
Accipitridae Haliaeetus albicilla *
Haliaeetus pelagicus *
GRUIFORMES
Gruidae Grus japonensis *
Grus leucogeranus *
Grus nigricollis *
Otididae Chlamydotis undulata * (only Northwest African populations)
CHARADRIIFORMES
Scolopacidae Numenius borealis *
Numenius tenuirostis *
Laridae Larus audouinii
Larus leucophthalmus
Larus relictus
Larus saundersi
Alcidae Synthliboramphus wumizusume
PASSERIFORMES
Parulidae Dendroica kirtlandii
Fringillidae Serinus syriacus
REPTILIA
TESTUDINATA
Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas *
Caretta caretta *
Eretmochelys imbricata *
Lepidochelys kempii *
: Lepidochelys olivacea *
Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea *
Pelomedusidae Podocnemis expansa * (only Upper Amazon populations)
CROCODYLIA
Gavialidae Gavialis gangeticus
PISCES
SILURIFORMES
Schilbeidae Pangasianodon gigas
APPENDIX II
Interpretation
1. Migratory species included in this Appendix are referred to:
a) by the mame of the species or subspecies; or ;
b) as being all of the migratory species included in a higher taxon or designated part thereof.
Unless otherwise indicated, where reference is made to a taxon higher than species, it is understood
that all the migratory species within that taxon could significantly benefit from the conclusion of
AGREEMENTS.
2. The abbreviation “spp.” following the name of a Family or Genus is used to denote all migratory
species within that Family or Genus.
3. Other references to taxa higher than species are for the purposes of information or classification only.
4. The abbreviation “(s.1.)" is used to indicate that the scientific name is used in its extended meaning.
5. An asterisk (*) placed against the name of a species or higher taxon indicates that the species, or a
separate population of that species, or one or more species included in that higher taxon is included
in Appendix I.
MAMMALIA
CHIROPTERA
Rhinolophidae R. spp. (only European populations)
Vespertilionidae V. spp. (only European populations)
CETACEA
Platanistidae Platanista gangetica
Pontoporiidae Pontoporia blainvillei
Iniidae Inia geoffrensis
Monodontidae Delphinapterus leucas
Monodon monoceros
Phocoenidae Phocoena phocoena (North and Baltic Sea, western North Atlantic, and
Black Sea populations)
Neophocaena phocaenoides
Phocoenoides dalli
Delphinidae Sousa chinensis
Sousa teuszii
Sotalia fluviatilis
Lagenorhynchus albirostris (only North and Baltic Sea populations)
Lagenorhynchus acutus (only North and Baltic Sea populations)
Lagenorhynchus australis
Grampus griseus (only North and Baltic Sea populations)
Tursiops truncatus (North and Baltic Sea, western Mediterranean, and
Black Sea populations)
Stenella attenuata (eastern tropical Pacific population)
Stenella longirostris (eastern tropical Pacific populations)
Stenella coeruleoalba (eastern tropical Pacific and western Mediterranean
populations)
Delphinus delphis (North and Baltic Sea, western Mediterranean, Black
Sea and eastern tropical Pacific populations)
Orcaella brevirostris
Cephalorhynchus commersonii (South American population)
Cephalorhynchus heavisidii
Delphinidae
Ziphiidae
PINNIPEDIA
Phocidae
PROBOSCIDEA
Elephantidae
SIRENIA
Dugongidae
ARTIODACTYLA
Camelidae
Bovidae
PELECANIFORMES
Pelecanidae
CICONIIFORMES
Ciconiidae
Threskiornithidae
Phoenicopteridae
ANSERIFORMES
Anatidae
FALCONIFORMES
Cathartidae
Pandionidae
Accipitridae
Falconidae
GALLIFORMES
Phasianidae
GRUIFORMES
Gruidae
Otididae
Orcinus orca (eastern North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific
populations) : :
Globicephala melas (only North and Baltic Sea populations) 3/
Berardius bairdii
Hyperoodon ampullatus
Phoca vitulina (only Baltic and Wadden Sea populations)
Halichoerus grypus (only Baltic Sea populations)
Monachus monachus *
Laxodonta africana
Dugong dugon
Vicugna vicugna* 4/
Oryx dammah
Gazella gazella (only Asian populations)
AVES
Pelecanus crispus *
Ciconia ciconia
Ciconia nigra
Platalea leucorodia
Plegadis falcinellus
Ph. spp.
A. spp. *
C. spp.
Pandion haliaetus
A. spp. *
F. spp.
Coturnix coturnix cotumix
Grus spp. *
' Anthropoides virgo
Chlamydotis undulata * (only Asian populations)
Otis tarda
3/ Formerly listed as Globicephala melaena (only North and Baltic Sea populati
4/ Formerly listed as Lama vicugna * oy i ee ae
CHARADRIIFORMES
Recurvirostridae
Phalaropodidae
Burhinidae
Glareolidae
Charadriidae
Scolopacidae
Laridae
CORACIIFORMES
Meropidae
Coraciidae
PASSERIFORMES
Muscicapidae
TESTUDINATA
Cheloniidae
Dermochelyidae
Pelomedusidae
CROCODYLIA
Crocodylidae
ACIPENSERIFORMES
Acipenseridae
LEPIDOPTERA
Danaidae
R. spp.
P. spp.
Burhinus oedicnemus
Glareola pratincola
Glareola nordmanni
C. spp.
S. spp. *
Sterna dougallii (Atlantic population)
Merops apiaster
Coracias garrulus
M. (s.l.) spp.
C. spp. *
D. spp. *
Podocnemis expansa *
Crocodylus porosus
PISCES
Acipenser fulvescens
INSECTA
Danaus pledppus
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ANNEX 9: Checklist of species for the Bern Convention
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Council of Europe
Conseil de l'Europe ,*xy
Strasbourg, 2 July 1993 T-PVS (93) 16
[S:\TPVS93\TPVS16A.93]
CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE
AND NATURAL HABITATS
CONVENTION RELATIVE A LA CONSERVATION DE LA VIE SAUVAGE
ET DU MILIEU NATUREL DE L’EUROPE
APPENDICES TO THE CONVENTION
ANNEXES A LA CONVENTION
Secretariat Memorandum , Note du Secrétariat Général
prepared by the établie par la
Directorate of Environment Direction de 1l/Environnement
and Local Authorities et des Pouvoirs Locaux
This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy.
Ce document ne sera plus distnbué en reumon. Priere de vous munir ce cet exemplaire.
AIN Ce a
APPENDIX VANNEXE I
ie
STRICTLY PROSEECTED FLORA SPECIES
ESPECES DE FLORESTRICTEMENT PROTEGEES
PTERIDOPHYTA
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium hemionitis L.
Asplenium jahandiezii (Litard.)Rouy
BLECHNACEAE
Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm.
DICKSONIACEAE
Culcita macrocarpa C.Pres]
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Dryopteris corleyi Fraser-Jenk.
Polystichum drepanum (Swartz) C.Presl
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Hymenophyllum maderensis
Trichomanes speciosum Willd.
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes azorica Durieu ex Milde
Isoetes boryana Durieu
Isoetes malinverniana Ces. & De Not.
MARSILEACEAE
Marsilea azorica Launert
Marsilea batardae Launert
Marsilea quadrifolia L.
Marsilea strigosa Willd.
Pilulana minuta Durieu ex.Braun
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium simplex Hitche.
Ophioglossum polyphyllum A.Braun
SALVINIACEAE
Salvinia natans (L.) All.
GYMNOSPINACEAE
Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei
ANGIOSPERMAE
AGAVACEAE
Dracaena draco (L.) L.
ALISMATACEAE
Alisma wahlenbergii (O.R.Holmb.) Juz.
Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl.
Luronium natans (L.) Raf.
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Leucojum nicaeense Ard. :
Narcissus longispathus Pugsley
Narcissus nevadensis Pugsley
Narcissus scaberulus Henriq.
Narcissus triandrus L.
Narcissus viridiflorus Schousboe
Sternbergia candida B.Mathew & Baytop
APOCYNACEAE i
Rhazya orientalis (Decaisne) A.DC.
ARACEAE
Arum purpureospathum Boyce
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia samsunensis Davis
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Caralluma burchardii N.E.Brown
Ceropegia chrysantha Svent.
BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis maderensis Lowe
BORAGINACEAE
Anchusa crispa Viv. (inclu. A. litoreae)
Echium gentianoides Webb ex Coincy
Lithodora nitida (H.Ern) R Fernandes
Myosotis azorica H.C.Watson
Myosotis rehsteineri Wartm.
Omphalodes kuzinskyana Willk.
Omphalodes littoralis Lehm.
Onosma halophihim Boiss. & Heldr.
Onosma proponticum Aznav.
Onosma troodi Kotschy
Solenanthus albanicus (Degen et al.)
Degen & Baldacci
Symphytum cycladense Pawl.
CAMPANULACEAE
Asyneuma giganteum (Boiss.) Bornm.
Azorina vidalii (H.C.Watson) Feer
Campanula damboldtiana Davis
Campanula lycica Sorger & Kit Tan
Campanula morettiana Reichenb.
Campanula sabatia De Not.
Jasione lusitanica A.DC.
Musschia aurea (L-f.) DC.
Musschia wollastonii Lowe
Physoplexis comosa (L.) Schur
Trachelium asperuloides Boiss. & Orph.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Sambucus palmensis Link
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Arenaria nevadensis Boiss. & Reuter
Arenaria provincialis Chater & Halliday
Dianthus rupicola Biv.
Gypsophila papillosa P-Porta
Herniaria algarvica Chaudri
Herniaria maritima Link
Moehringia fontqueri Pau
Moehringia tommasinii Marches.
Petrocoptis grandiflora Rothm.
is montsicciana O.Bolos Rivas Mart.
Petrocoptis pseudoviscosa Fernandez Casas
Saponaria halophila Hedge & Hub.-Mor.
Silene furcata Raf. subsp. angustiflora (Rupr.) Walters
Silene haussknechtii Heldr. ex Hausskn.
Silene hifacensis Rouy ex Willk.
Silene holzmannii Heldr. ex Boiss.
Silene mariana Pau
Silene orphanidis Boiss.
Silene pompeiopolitana Gay ex Boiss.
Silene rothmaleri Pinto da Silva
Silene salsuginea Hub.-Mor.
Silene sangaria Coode & Cullen
Silene velutina Pourret ex Loisel.
CHENOPODIACEAE
Beta adanensis Pamuk. apud Aellen
Beta trojana Pamuk. apud Aellen
Kalidiopsis wagenitzii Aellen
Kochia saxicola Guss.
Microcnemum coralloides (Loscos & Pardo) subsp.
anatolicum Wagenitz
Salicornia veneta Pignatti & Lausi
salsola anatolica Aellen
Suaeda cucullata Aellen
CISTACEAE
Helianthemum alypoides Losa & Rivas Goday
Helianthemum bystropogophyllum Svent.
Helianthemum caput-felis Boiss.
Tuberaria major (Willk.) Pinto da Silva & Roseira
COMPOSITAE
Anacyclus latealatus Hub.-Mor.
Anthemis glaberrima (Rech.f.) Greuter
Anthemis halophila Boiss. & Bal.
Argyranthemum lidii Humphries
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum (L.F.) Lowe subsp.
succulentum (Lowe) Humphries
Argyranthemum winterii (Svent.) Humphries
Artemisia granatensis Boiss.
Artemisia insipida Vill.
Artemisia laciniata Willd.
Artemisia pancicii (Janka) Ronn.
Aster pyrenaeus Desf. ex DC.France,
Aster sibiricus L.
Atractylis arbuscula Svent. & Michaelis
Atractylis preauxiana Schultz Bip.
Carduus myriacanthus Salzm. ex DC.
Carlina diae (Rech.f.) Meusel & Kastener
Centaurea alba L. subsp. heldreichii (Halacsy) Dostal
(Centaurea heldreichii Halacsy)
Centaurea alba L. subsp. princeps (Boiss. & Heldr.)
Gugler (Centaurea princeps Boiss. & Heldr.)
Centaurea attica Nyman subsp. megarensis
(Halacsy & Hayek) Dostal (Centaurea
megarensis Halacsy & Hayek)
Centaurea balearica J.D.Rodriguez
Centaurea borjae Valdes-Berm. & Rivas Goday
Centaurea citricolor Font Quer
Centaurea corymbosa Pourret
Centaurea hermannii F Hermann
Centaurea horrida Badaro
Centaurea kalambakensis Freyn & Sint.
Centaurea kartschiana Scop.
Centaurea lactiflora Halacsy
Centaurea niederi Heldr.
Centaurea peucedanifolia Boiss. & Orph.
Centaurea pinnata Pau
Centaurea pulvinata (G.Blanca) G.Blanca
Centaurea tchihatcheffii Fich. & Mey.
Crepis crocifolia Boiss. & Heldr.
Crepis granatensis (Willk.) G.Blanca & M.Cueto
Crepis purpurea Willd. Bieb.
Erigeron frigidus Boiss. ex DC.
Helichrysum gossypinum Webb
Helichrysum sibthorpii Rouy
Hymenostemma pseudanthemis (Kunze) Willd.
Hypochoeris oligocephala (Svent. & D.Bramwell) Lack
Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Reichenb.
Jurinea fontqueri Cuatrec.
Lactuca watsoniana Trelease
Lamyropsis microcephala (Moris) Dittrich & Greuter
Leontodon boryi Boiss. ex DC.
Leontodon microcephalus (Boiss. ex DC.) Boiss.
Leontodon siculus (Guss.) Finch & Sell
Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass.
Onopordum carduelinum Bolle
Onopordum nogalesii Svent.
Pericallis hadrosomus Svent.
Picris willkommii (Schultz Bip.) Nyman
Santolina elegans Boiss. ex DC.
Senecio elodes Boiss. ex DC.
Senecio nevadensis Boiss. & Reuter
Sonchus erzincanicus Matthews
Stemmacantha cynaroides
Sventenia bupleuroides Font Quer
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum (Webb) Schultz Bip.
Wagenitzia lancifolia (Sieber ex Sprengel) Dostal
~~
CONVOLVULACEAE
Convolvulus argyrothamnos Greuter
Convolvulus caput-medusae Lowe
Convolvulus lopez-socasi Svent.
Convolvulus massonii A.Dietr.
Convolvulus pulvinatus Sa‘ad
Pharbitis preawdi Webb
CRASSULACEAE
Aeonium gomeraense Praeger
Aeonium saundersii Bolle
CRUCIFERAE
Alyssum akamasicum B.L.Burtt
Alyssum pyrenaicum Lapeyr. (Ptilotrichum pyrenaicum
(Lapeyr.) Boiss.)
Arabis kennedyae Meikle
- Biscutella neustriaca Bonnet
Boleum asperum (Pers.) Desvaux
Brassica glabrescens Poldini
Brassica hilarionis Post
Brassica insularis Moris
Brassica macrocarpa Guss. ;
Braya purpurasceus (R.Br.) Bunge
Coincya rapestris Rouy (Hutera rupestris P. Rarta)
Coronopus navasii Pau
Crambe arborea Webb ex Christ
Crambe igata DC. ex Christ
Carpe even Pestora ex Bearaw:deiGanding
Diplotaxis ibicensis (Pau) Gomez-Campo
Diplotaxis siettiana Maire
Erucastrum palustre (Pirona) Vis.
Iberis arbuscula Runemark
lonopsidium acaule (Desf.) Reichemb.
lonopsidium savianum (Caruel) Ball ex Arcang.
Murbeckiella sousae Rothm.
Parolinia schi cides Svent.
Uae wisn eeucanae Valdes & Castroviejo
(S. matritense P.W.Ball & Heywood)!
Sisymbrium confertum Stev.
Sisymbrium supinum L.
Thiaspi cariense A.Carlstrom
CYPERACEAE
Eleocharis carniolica Koch
DIOSCOREACEAE
Borderea chouardii (Gaussen) Heslot
DIPSACACEAE
Dipsacus cephalarioides Mathews & Kupicha
DROSERACEAE
Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.
ERICACEAE
Erica scoparia L. subsp. azorica (Hochst.) D.A.Webb
EUPHORBIACEAE
Euphorbia handiensis Burchard
Euphorbia lambii Svent.
Euphorbia margalidiana Kuhbier & Lewejohann
Euphorbia nevadensis Boiss. & Reuter
Euphorbia stygiana H.C.Watson
GENTIANACEAE
Centaurium rigualii Esteve Chueca
Centaurium somedanum Lainz
Gentiana ligustica R. de Vilm. Chopinet
Gentianella anglica (Pugsley) EF.Warburg
GERANIACEAE
Erodium astragaloides Boiss. & Reuter
Erodium chrysanthum L’Herit. ex DC.
Erodium paularense Fernandez-Gonzalez & Izco
Erodium mupicola Boiss. 5
Geranium maderense Yeo
GESNERIACEAE
Jankaea heldreichii (Boiss.) Boiss.
Ramonda serbica Pancic
GRAMINEAE
Avenula hackelii (Henriq.) Holub
Bromus bromoideus (Lej.) Crepin
Bromus grossus Desf. ex DC.
Bromus interruptus (Hackel) Druce
Bromus psammophilus P.M.Smith
Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidl
Eremopoa mardinensis R.Mill
Gaudinia hispanica Stace & Tutin
i is tuberosa Romero-Zarco Cabezudo
Puccinellia pungens (Pau) Paunero
Stipa austroitalica Martinovsky
Stipa bavarica Martinovsky & HScholz
Tee subalpestre (Hartm.) Neuman
GROSSULARIACEAE
Ribes sardoum Martelli es
HYPERICACEAE i
Hypericum aciferum (Greuter) N.K.B.Robson
Hypericum salsugineum Robson & Hub.-Mor.
IRIDACEAE
Crocus abantensis T.Baytop & Mathew
Iris marsica Ricci & Colasante
LABIATAE
Dracocephalum austriacum L.
Micromeria taygetea P.H.Davis
Nepeta dirphya (Boiss.) Heldr. ex Halacsy
Nepeta sphaciotica P.H.Davis
Origanum cordifolium (Auch. & Montbr.)
Vogel (Amaracus cordifolium Montr. & Auch.)
Origanum dictamnus L.
Origanum scabrum Boiss. & Heldr
Phlomis brevibracteata Turrill
Phlomis cypria Post
Rosmarinus tomentosus Huber-Morath & Maire
Salvia crassifolia Sibth. & Smith
Sideritis cypria Post
Sideritis cystosiphon Svent.
Sideritis discolor (Webb ex de Noe) Bolle
Sideritis incana L. ssp. glauca (Cav.) Malagarriga
Sideritis infernalis Bolle
Sideritis javalambrensis Pau
Sideritis marmorea Bolle.
Sideritis szrrata Cav. ex Lag.
Teucrium charidemi Sandwith
Teucrium lepicephalum Pau
Teucrium turredanum Losa & Rivas Goday
Thymus aznavourii Velen.
Thymus camphoratus Hoffmanns. & Link
Thymus carnosus Boiss.
Thymus cephalotos L.
LEGUMINOSAE
Anagyris latifolia Brouss. ex Willd.
Anthyllis hystrix Cardona, Contandr. & E Sierra
Astragalus algarbiensis Coss. ex Bunge
Astragalus aquilanus Anzalone
Astragalus centralpinus Braun-Blanquet
Ge
Astragalus macrocarpus DC. subsp. lefkarensis
Agerer-Kirchoff & Meikle
Astragalus maritimus Moris
Astragalus tremolsianus Pau
Astragalus verrucosus Moris
Cytisus aeolicus Guss. ex Lindl.
Dorycnium spectabile Webb & Berthel.
Genista dorycnifolia Font Quer
Genista holopetala (Fleischm. ex Koch) Baldacci
Glycyrrhiza iconica Hub.-Mor.
Lotus azoricus P.W.Ball
Lotus callis-viridis D.Bramwell & D.H.Davis
Lotus kunkelii (E.Chueca) D.Bramwell et al.
Ononis maweana Ball
Oxytropis deflexa (Pallas) DC. ssp. norvegica Nordh.
Sphaerophysa kotschyana Boiss.
Teline rosmarinifolia Webb & Berthel.
Teline salsoloides Arco & Acebes.
Thermopsis turcica Kit Tan, Vural & Kiciikodu
Trifolium pachycalyx Zoh.
Trifolium saxatile All.
Trigonella arenicola Hub.-Mor.
Trigonella halophila Boiss.
Tzigonella polycarpa Boiss. & Heldr.
Vicia bifoliolata J.D.Rodriguez
Vicia dennesiana H.C.Watson
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Pinguicula crystallina Sibth. & Sm.
Pinguicula nevadensis (Lindb.) Casper
LILIACEAE
Allium grosii Font Quer
Allium vuralii Kit Tan
Androcymbium europaeum (Lange) K.Richter
Androcymbium psammophilum Svent.
Androcymbium rechingeri Greuter
Asparagus lycaonicus Davis
Asphodelus bento-rainhae Pinto da Silva
Chionodoxa lochiae Meikle
Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss.
Colchicum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.
Colchicum corsicum Baker
Colchicum cousturieri Greuter
Colchicum micranthum Boiss.
Fritillaria conica Boiss.
Fritillaria drenovskii Degen & Stoy.
Fritillaria epirotica Turrill ex Rix
Fritillaria euboeica (Rix Doerfler) Rix
Fritillaria gussichiae (Degen & Doerfler) Rix
Fritillaria obliqua Ker-Gawl.
Fritillaria rhodocanakis Orph. ex Baker
Fritillaria tuntasia Heldr. ex Halacsy
Muscari gussonei (Parl.) Tod.
Ornithogalum reverchonii Lange
Scilla morrisii Meikle
Scilla odorata Link
Tulipa cypria Stapf
Tulipa goulimya Sealy & Turrill
Tulipa praecox Ten.
Tulipa sprengeri Baker
LYTHRACEAE
Lythrum flexuosum Lag.
Lythrum thesioides M.Bieb.
MALVACEAE
Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb.
MYRICACEAE
Myrica rivas-martinezii Santos.
NAJADACEAE
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk & W.L.Schmidt
Najas tenuissima (A.Braun) Magnus
ORCHIDACEAE
Cephalanthera cucullata Boiss. & Heldr.
Comperia comperiana (Steven) Aschers. & Graebner
Cypripedium calceolus L.
Dactylorhiza chuhensis Renz & Taub.
Goodyera macrophylla Lowe
Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich.
Ophrys isaura Renz & Taub.
Ophrys kotschyi Fleischm. & Soo
Ophrys lunulata Pari.
Ophrys lycia Renz & Taub.
Orchis scopulorum Summerh.
Platanthera obtusata (Pursh) Lindl. subsp.
oligantha (Turcz.) Hulten
Spiranthes aestivalis (Poiret) L.C.M. Richard
PAEONIACEAE
Paeonia cambessedesii (Willk.) Willk.
Paeonia clusii F.C.Stern subsp. rhodia (Stearn)
Tzanoudakis
Paeonia parnassica Tzanoudakis
PALMAE
Phoenix theophrasti Greuter
PAPAVERACEAE
Papaver lapponicum (Tolm.) Nordh.
Rupicapnos africana (Lam.) Pomel
PITTOSPORACEAE
Pittosporum coriaceum Dryander ex Aiton
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Armeria pseudarmeria (Murray) Mansfeld
Armeria rouyana Daveau
Armeria soleirolii (Duby) Godron
Armeria velutina Welv. ex Boiss. & Reuter
Limonium anatolicum Hedge
Limonium arborescens (Brouss.) Kuntze
Limonium dendroides Svent.
Limonium spectabile (Svent.) Kunkel & Sunding
Limonium sventenii Santos & Fernandez Galvan
Limonium tamaricoides Bokhari
POLEMONIACEAE
Polemonium bcreale Adams
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum praelongum Coode & Cullen
Rumex rupestris Le Gall
PRIMULACEAE
Androsace cylindrica DC.
Androsace mathildae Levier
Androsace pyrenaica Lam.
Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr.
Lysimachia minoricensis J.D.Rodriguez
Primula apennina Widmer :
Primula egaliksensis Wormsk.
Primula glaucescens. Moretti
Primula palinuri Petagna
Primula spectabilis Tratt.
Soldanella villosa Darracq
RANUNCULACEAE
Aconitum corsicum Gayer
Adonis cyllenea Boiss., Heldr. & Orph.
Adonis distorta Ten.
Aquilegia bertolonit Schott
Aquilegia kitaibelii Schott
Aquilegia ottonis subsp. taygetea (Orph.) Strid:
Aquilegia pyrenaica DC. subsp. cazorlensis
(Heywood) Galiano & Rivas Martinez
(Aquilegia cazorlensis Heywood)
Consolida samia P.H.Davis
Delphinium caseyi B.L.Burtt
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Miller
Ranunculus fontanus C. Pres]
Ranunculus kykkoensis Meikle
Ranunculus weyleri Mares
RESEDACEAE
Reseda decursiva Forssk.Gibraltar
ROSACEAE
Bencomia brachystachya Svent.
Bencomia sphaerocarpa Svent.
Chamaemeles coriacea Lindl.
Crataegus dikmensis Pojark
Dendriopoterium pulidoi Svent.
Potentilla delphinensis Gren. & Godron
Pyrus anatolica Browicz
RUBIACEAE
Galium globuliferam Hub.-Mor. & Reese
Galium litorale Guss.
Galium viridiflorum Boiss. & Reuter
RUTACEAE
Ruta microcarpa Svent.
SANTALACEAE
Kunkeliella subsucculenta Kammer
Thesium ebracteatum Hayne
SAPOTACEAE
Sideroxylon marmulano Banks ex Lowe
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga berica (Beguinot) D.A.Webb
Saxifraga cintrana Kuzinsky ex Willk.
Saxifraga florulenta Moretti
Saxifraga hirculus L.
Saxifraga portosanctana Boiss.
Saxifraga presolanensis Engl.
Saxifraga tombeanensis Boiss. ex Engl.
Saxifraga valdensis DC.
Saxifraga Vayredana Luizet
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Antirrhinum charidemi Lange
Euphrasia azorica H.C.Watson
Euphrasia grandiflora Hochst.
Euphrasia marchesettii Wettst. ex Marches.
Isoplexis chalcantha Svent. & O’Shanahan
Linaria tursica B.Valdes & Cabezudo
Lindernia procumbens (Krocker) Philcox
Odontites granatensis Boiss.
Verbascum afyonense Hub.-Mor.
Verbascum basivelatum Hub.-Mor.
Verbascum cylleneum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Kuntze
Verbascum degenii Hal.
Verbascum stepporum Hub.-Mor.
Veronica oetaea L.-A.Gustavsson
SELAGINACEAE
Globularia ascanii D.Bramwell & Kunkel
Globularia sarcophylla Svent.
Globularia stygia Orph. ex Boiss.
SOLANACEAE
Atropa baetica Willk
Mandragora officinarum L.
Solanum lidii Sunding
THYMELAEACEAE
Daphne petraea Leybold
Daphne rodriguezii Texidor
Thymelea broterana Coutinho
TRAPACEAE
Trapa natans L.
TYPHACEAE
Typha minima Funk
Typha shuttleworthii Koch & Sonder
ULMACEAE
Zelkova abelicea (Lam.) Boiss.
UMBELLIFERAE
Angelica heterocarpa Lloyd
Angelica palustris (Besser) Hoffman
Apium bermejoi Llorens
Apium repens (Jacq.) Lag.
Athamanta cortiana Ferrarini
Bunium brevifolium Lowe
Bupleurum capillare Boiss. & Heldr.
Bupleurum dianthifolium Guss.
Bupleurum handiense (Bolle) Kunkel
Bupleurum kakiskalae Greuter
Eryngium alpinum L.
Eryngium viviparum Gay
Ferula halophila H.Pesmen
Ferula latipinna Santos
Laserpitium longiradium Boiss.
Naufraga balearica Constance & Cannon
Oenanthe conioides Lange
Petagnia saniculifolia Guss.
Rouya polygama (Desf.) Coincy
Seseli intricatum Boiss.
Thorella verticillatinundata (Thore) Briq.
VALERIANACEAE
Centranthus trinervis (Viv.) Beguinot
VIOLACEAE
Viola athois W.Becker
Viola cazorlensis Gandoger
Viola cryana Gillot
Viola delphinantha Boiss.
Viola hispida Lam.
Viola jaubertiana Mares & Vigineix
BRYOPHYTA
BRYOPSIDA: ANTHOCEROTAE
ANTHOCEROTACEAE
Notothylas orbicularis (Schwein.) Sull.
BRYOPSIDA: HEPATICAE
AYTONIACEAE
Mannia triandra (Scop.) Grolle
CEPHALOZIACEAE
Cephalozia macounii (Aust.) Aust.
CODONIACEAE
Petalophyllum ralfsii (Wils.) Nees et Gott. ex Lehm.
FRULLANIACEAE
Frullania parvistipula Steph.
GYMNOMITRIACEAE
Marsupella profunda Lindb.
JUNGERMANNIACEAE
Jungermannia handelii (Schiffn.) Amak.
RICCIACEAE
Riccia breidleri Jur. ex Steph.
RIELLACEAE
Riella helicophylla (Mont.) Hook.
SCAPANIACEAE
Scapania massalongi (K.Muell.) K-Muell.
BRYOPSIDA: MUSCI
AMBLYSTEGIACEAE
Drepanocladus vernicosus (Mitt.) Warnst.
BRUCHIACEAE
Bruchia vogesiaca Schwaegr.
BUXBAUMIACEAE
Buxbaumia viridis (Moug. ex Lam. & DC.)
Brid. ex Moug. & Nestl.
DICRANACEAE
Atractylocarpus alpinus (Schimp. ex Milde) Lindb.
Cynodontium suecicum (H.Arn. & C_Jens.) I-Hag.
Dicranum viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb.
ECHINODIACEAE
Echinodium spinosum (Mitt.) Jur.
FONTINALACEAE
Dichelyma capillaceum (With.) Myr.
FUNARIACEAE
Pyramidula tetragona (Brid.) Brid.
HOOKERIACEAE
Distichophyilum carinatum Dix. & Nich.
MEESIACEAE
Meesia longiseta Hedw.
ORTHOTRICHACEAE
Orthotrichum rogeri Brid.
POTTIACEAE
Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum (Sergio) M.Hill
SPHAGNACEAE
Sphagnum pylaisii Brid.
SPLACHNACEAE
Tayloria rudolphiana (Garov.) B.S.G.
THAMNIACEAE
Thamnobryum fernandesii Sergio
-8-
APPENDIX IV/ANNEXE II
STRICTLY PROTECTED FAUNA SPECIES
ESPECES DE FAUNE STRICTEMENT PROTEGEES
VERTEBRA TES/VERTEBRES
Mammals/Mammiféres Bovidae
INSECTIVORA Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
Erinaceidae Rupicapra rupicapra ornata
Erinaceus (Aethechinus) algirus Ovibos moschatus
Soricidae
Crocidura ariadne CET, ACEA
Crocidura cypria Delphinidae
Crocidura canariensis Orcinus orca
Talpidae Pseudoroa crassidens
Desmana pyrenaica (Galemys pyrenaicus) Grampus griseus
Globicephala melaena
MICROCHIROPTERA Delphinus delphis
all species except Tursiops truncatus (tursio)
Pipistrellus pipistrellus Lagenorhynchus acutus
toutes les espéces a I’exception de Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Pipistrellus pipistrellus Steno bredanensis
Stenella coeruleoalba
RODENTIA Phocaenidae
Sciuridae Phocaena phocaena
Sciurus anomalus Ziphiidae
Citellus citellus Hyperoodon rostratus
Pteromys volans (Sciuropterus russicus) Mesoplodon mirus
Cricet idae Mesoplodon bidens
Cricetus cricetus Ziphius cavirostris
Microtidae Balaenopteridae
Pitymys bavaricus (Microtus bavaricus) Sibbaldus (Balaenoptera) musculus
Zapodidae Megaptera novaengliae (longimana, nodosa)
Sicista betulina Balaenidae
Sicista subtilis Eubalaena glacialis
Hystricidae Balaena mysticetus
Hystrix cristata
Birds/Oiseaux
CARNIVORA
Canidae GAVIIFORMES
Canis lupus Gaviidae 5
Alopex lagopus all species/toutes les espéces
Ursidae
all species/toutes les espéces PODICIPEDIFORMES
Mustelidae Podicipedidae
Lutreola (Mustela) lutreola Podiceps griseigena
Lutra lutra Podiceps auritus
Gulo gulo Podiceps nigricollis (caspicus)
Felidae Podiceps ruficollis
Felis silvestris (catus)
Lynx pardina (pardellus) PROCELLARIIFORMES
Pantera pardus Hydrobatidae
Pantera tigri all j
SL gris species /toutes les espéces
Odobenus. rosmarus Procellariidae
Phocidae Bulweria bulwerii
Monachus monachus Procellaria diomedea
Puffinus puffinus
ARTIODACTYLA aaa ;
arditie Puffinus assimilis baroli
Cervus elaphus corsicanus
Pterodroma madeira
Pterodroma feae
PELECANIFORMES
Phalacrocoracidae
Phalocrocorax pygmaeus
Pelecanidae
all species/toutes les espéces
Ardea purpurea
Casmerodius albus (Egretta alba)
Egretta garzetta
Ardeola ralloides
- Bulbucus (Ardeola) ibis
Nycticorax nycticorax
Ixobrychus minutus
Botaurus stellaris
Ciconiidae
all species/toutes les espéces
Threskornit hidae
all species/toutes les espéces
Phoenicopteridae
Phoenicopterus ruber
ANSERIFORMES
Anatidae
Cygnus cygnus
Cygnus bewickii (columbianus)
Anser erythropus
Branta leucopsis
Branta muficollis
Tadorna tadoma
Tadorna ferruginea
Marmaronetta (Anas) angustirostris
Somateria spectabilis
Polysticta stelleri
Histrionicus histrionicus
Bucephala islandica
Mergus albellus
Oxyura leucocephala
FALCONIFORMES
all species/toutes les espéces
.GALLIFORMES
Tetraonidae
Tetrao urogallus cantabricus
GRUIFORMES
Turnicidae
Turnix sylvatica
Gruidae
all species/toutes les espéces
Rallidae
Porzana porzana
Porzana pusilla
Porzana parva
Crex crex
Porphyrio porphyrio
Fulica cristata
Otitidae
all species /toutes les espaces
Sterna paradisaea (macrura)
Sterna dougallii
Sterna albifrons
Sterna sandvicensis
COLUMBIFORMES
Pteroclidid
all species/toutes les espéces
Columbidae
Columba bollii
Columba junoniae
CUCULIFORMES
Cuculidae
Clamator glandarius
STRIGIFORMES
all species /toutes les espéces
CAPRIMULGIFORMES
imulgidae
sane species /toutes les espéces
Apus unicolor
CORACIIFORMES
Alcedinidae
Alcedo atthis
Ceryle rudis
Halcyon smyrnensis
Meropidae
Merops apiaster
Coraciidae
Upopa epops
PICIFORMES
all species /toutes les espéces
PASSERIFORMES
Alaudidae
Calandrella brachydactyla
Calendrella rufescens
Melanocorypha bimaculata
Melanocorypha calandra
Melanocorypha leucoptera
Melanocorypha yeltoniensis
Galerida theklae
Chersophilus duponti
Eremophila alpestris
Hirundmidae
all species /toutes les espéces
Motacillidae
all species/toutes les espaces
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotus barbatus
Laniidae
all species/toutes les espéces
Bombycillidae
Bombycilla garrulus
Cinclidae
Cinclus cinclus
Troglodytidae
Troglodytes troglodytes
Prunellidae
all species/toutes les espaces
Saxicola torquata
Saxicola dacotiae
Oenanthe oenanthe
Oenanthe pleschanka (leucomela)
Oenanthe hispanica
Oenanthe isabellina
Oenanthe leucura
Oenanthe finischii
=10)=
Cercotrichas galactotes
Monticola saxatilis
Monticola solitarius
Sylvtinae
all species /toutes les espéces
Regulinae
all species/toutes les espéces
Vie
all species/toutes les espéces
Sittidae
all species /toutes les espéces
Certhtidae
all species/toutes les espéces
Emberizidae
Plectrophenax nivalis
Calcarius lapponicus
Fringillidae
Carduelis chloris
Carduelis carduelis
Carduelis spinus
Carduelis flavirostris
Carduelis cannabina
Carduelis flammea
Carduelis hornemanni
Serinus citrinella
Serinus serinus
Serinus pusillus
Loxia curvirostra
Loxia pityopsittacus
Loxia leucoptera
Loxia scotica
Pinicola enucleator
Carpodacus erythrinus
Rhodopechys githaginea
Coccothraustes coccothraustes
Fringilla teydea
Ploceidae
Petronia petronia
Montrifringilla nivalis
Sturnidae
Sturmus unicolor
Sturnus roseus
Oriolidae
Oriolus oriolus
Corvidae
Perisoreus infaustus
Cyanopica cyanus
Nucifraga caryocatactes
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
Pyrrhocorax graculus
Reptiles
TESTUDINES
Testudinidae
Testudo hermanni
Testudo graeca
Testudo marginata
Emydidae
Emys orbicularis
Mauremys caspica
Dermochelyidae
Dermochelys coriacea
Chelontidae
Caretta caretta
Lepidochelys kempii
Chelonia mydas
Eretmochelys imbricata
SAURIA
Gekkonidae
Tarentola delalandii
Tarentola boettgeri
Tarentola angustimentalis
Tarentola gomerensis
Phyllodactylus europaeus
Cyrtodactylus kotschyi
Agamidae
Agama stellio
Chamaeleontidae
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
Lacertidae
Algyroides nigropunctatus
Algyroides moreoticus
Algyroides fitzingeri
Algyroides marchi
Ophisops elegans
Lacerta lepida
Lacerta parva
Lacerta princeps
Lacerta viridis
Lacerta schreiberi
Lacerta trilineata
Lacerta agilis
Lacerta monticola
Lacerta bedriagae
Lacerta horvathi
Lacerta graeca
Lacerta dugesi
Gallotia (Lacerta) simonyi
Gallotia galloti
Gallotia stehlini
Podarcis muralis
-11l-
Amphibians/Amphibiens
CAUDATA
Salamandridae
Salamandra atra
Salamandra (Mertensiella) luschani
Salamandrina terdigitata
Chioglossa lusitanica
Euproctus asper
Euproctus montanus
Euproctus platycephalus
Triturus cristatus
Triturus montandoni
Triturus italicus
Plethodontidae :
Hydromantes genei
Hydromantes flavus
Hydromantes supramontes
Hydromantes imperialis
Hydromantes italicus
Proteidae ;
Proteus anguinus
ANURA
Discoglossidae
Bombina variegata
Bombina bombina
Discoglossus pictus
Discoglossus galganoi
Discoglossus sardus
Discoglossus jeanneae
Alytes obstetricans
Alytes cisternasii
Alytes muletensis
Pelobatidae
Pelobates cultripes
Pelobates fuscus
Pelobates syriacus
Pelodytes caucasicus
Bufonidae
Bufo calamita
Bufo viridis
Arthropods/Arthropodes
INSECTA
Mantodea
Apteromantis aptera
Odonata
Calopteryx syriaca
Sympecma braueri
Coenagrion freyi
Coenagrion mercuriale
Aeshna viridis
Stylurus (= Gomphus) flavipes
Gomphus graslinii
Ophiogomphus cecilia
Lindenia tetraphylla
Cordulegaster trinacriae
Oxygastra curtisii
Macromia splendens
Brachythemis fuscopalliata
Leucorthinia albifrons
Leucorrhinia caudalis
Leucorthinia pectoralis
Carabus olympiae
Dytiscus latissimus
Graphoderus bilineatus
Osmoderma eremita
Buprestis splendens
Cucujus cinnaberinus
-12-
SALMONIFORMES
Umbridae 2
INVERTEBRATES/INVERTEBRES
Cerambyx cerdo
Rosalia alpina
Papilio hospiton
Papilio alexanor
Zerynthia polyxena
Parnassius apollo
Parnassius mnemosyne
Apatura metis
Fabriciana elisa
Euphydryas (Eurodryas) aurinia
Melanargia arge
Erebia christi
Erebia sudetica
Erebia calcaria
Coenonympha hero
Coenonympha oedippus
Lopinga achine
Lycaena dispar
Maculinea arion
Maculinea teleius
Maculinea nausithous
Plebicula golgus
Hypodryas maturna
Eriogaster catax
Hyles hippophaes
Proserpinus prosperpina
ARACHNIDA
Aranene
Macrothele calpeiana
Caseolus calculus
Caseolus commixta
Caseolus sphaerula
-13-
-14-
APPENDIX IVANNEXE II
PROTECTED FAUNA SPECIES
ESPECES DE FAUNE PROTEGEES
‘VERTEBRATES/VERTEBRES
mals/Mammiferes ARTIODACTYLA
rg Suidae
Sus scrofa meridionalis
Cervidae
Basra all species /toutes les espéces
Erinaceus europaeus Bovidae
Soricidae Ovis aries (musimon, ammon)
all species /toutes les espéces Capra ibex
Capra pyrenaica
MICROCHIROPTERA Rupicapra rupicapra
Vespertilionidae
Pipistrellus pipistrellus
Birds/Oiseaux
DUPLICIDENTATA All species not included in Appendix II with the
7 exception of :
Lepus timidus Toutes les espdces non incluses dans I’annexe II a
Lepus capensis (europaeus) V'exception de :
Larus marinus
RODENTIA Larus fuscus
Scaurdae Larus argentatus
Sciurus vulgaris Columba palumbus
Marmota marmota Passer domesticus
Castoridai Sturnus vulgaris
Castor fiber Garrulus glandarius
Gliridae Pica pica
all species/toutes les espéces Corvus monedula
Microtidae Corvus frugilegus
Microtus ratticeps (oeconomus) Corvus corone (corone and/et cornix)
Microtus nivalis (librunii)
Microtus cabrerae Reptiles
CETACEA .
All species not mentioned in Appendix II/
Toutes les espéces non mentionnées a l’annexe I
CARNIVORA
Mustelidae
Meles meles
Mustela erminea
Mustela nivalis
Putorius (Mustela) putorius
Martes martes
Martes foina
Vormela peregusna
Viverridae
all species/toutes les espéces
Felidae
Lynx lynx
Phocidae
Phoca vitulina
Pusa (Phoca) hispida
Pagophilus groenlandicus (Phoca groenlandica)
Erignathus barbatus
Halichoerus grypus
Cystophora cristata
All species non included in Appendix II
Toutes les espéces non incluses dans |’annexe II
Amphibians/Amphibiens
All species not included in Appendix II
Toutes les espéces non incluses dans I’annexe I
Fish/Poissons
PETROMYZONIFORMES
Petromyzonidae
Eudontomyzon hellenicum
Eudontomyzon mariae
Eudontomyzon viadykovi
Lampetra fluviatilis
Lampetra planeri
Lampetra zanandreai
Petromyzon marinus
ACIPENSERIFORMES
Acipenser ruthenus
Acipenser stellatus
Acipenser sturio
Huso huso
CLUPEIFORMES.
Clupeidae
Alosa alosa
Alosa fallox
Alosa pontica
SALMONIFORMES
Coregonidae
Coregonus
all species /toutes les espéces
Thrymallidae
Hucho hucho
Salmo salar (*)
CYPRINIFORMES
Cyprinidae
Abramis ballerus
Abramis sapa
Abramis vimba
Alburnoides bipunctatus
Alburnus albidus
Aspius aspius
Barbus bocagei
Barbus comiza
Barbus meridionalis
Barbus microcephalus
Barbus peloponesis
Barbus plebejus
Barbus sclateri
Barbus steindachneri
Chalcalburnus chalcoides
Chondrostoma genei
Chondrostoma kneri
Chondrostoma lemingi
Chondrostoma lusitanicum
Chondrostoma nasus
Chondrostoma phoxinus
Chondrostoma polylepis
Chondrostoma soetta
Chondrostoma toxostoma
Chondrostoma willkommi
Gobio albipinnatus
Gobio kessleri
Gobio uranoscopus
Leucaspius delineatus
Leucaspius stymphalicus
Leuciscus illyricus
Leuciscus lucumotis
Leuciscus microlepis
Leuciscus polylepis
Leuciscus pyrenaicus
Leuciscus soufia
Leuciscus svallize
Leuciscus turskyi
Leuciscus ukliva
Pachychilon pictum
Pelecus cultratus
-15-
Phoxinellus adspersus
Phoxinellus hispanicus
Pseudophoxinus marathonicus
Pseudophoxinus stymphalicus
Rhodeus sericeus
Syngnathidae
Syngnathus abaster
Syngnathus nigrolineatus
Pungitius hellenicus
Tuntitius platygaster
Cottus poecilopus
Myoxocephalus quadricornis
PERCIFORMES
Percidae
Gymnocephalus baloni
Gymnocephalus schraetzer
Stizostedion volgense
Zingel zingel
Zingel streber
Blenniidae
Blennius fluviatilis
() The provisions for this appendix shall not apply to salmon in sea waters.
Les dispositions pour cette annexe ne s‘appliquent pas aux saumons dans les eaux marines.
=16-
Gobiidae Padogobius panizzai
Gobius fluviatilis Padogobius martensi
Gobius kessleri Pomatoschistus canestrini
Gobius nigricans Pomatoschistus microps
Gobius ophiocephalus Pomatoschistus minutus
Gobius syrman Proterorhinus marmoratus
Gobius thressalus
INVERTEBRATES/INVERTEBRES
ARTHROPODS/ARTHROPODES MOLLUSCS/MOLLUSQUES
i GASTROPODA .
INSECTA Stylommatophora
Coleoptera Helix pomatia ©
Lucanus cervus
Lepidoptera BIVALVIA
Graellsia isabellae Unionida
Margaritifera margaritifera
Decapoda Microcondymaea compressa
Astacus astacus
Austropotamobius pallipes ANNELIDS/ ANNELIDES
Austropotamobius torrentium
HIRUDINEA
Arhynchobdellae
Hirudo medicinalis
ANNEX 10: Checklist of species for the Habitats Directive
* u
1
No L 206/22
- Official Journal of the European Communities
5
ps
——
ANNEX II
ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES OF COMMUNITY INTEREST WHOSE CONSERVATION REQUIRES
(a)
THE DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION
Interpretation
Annex Il follows on from Annex | for the establishment of a consistent network of special areas of
conservation.
(b) The species listed in chis Annex are indicated:
(c)
— by the name of the species or subspecies. or
— by the body of spenes belonging to a higher taxon or to a designated part of that taxon.
The abbreviation ‘spp.’ after the name of a family or genus designates all the species belonging to that family or
genus. ,
Symbols
An astensk (*) before the name of a species indicates that the species is a prionty species.
Most species listed in this Annex are also listed in Annex IV.
Where a species appears i this Annex but does not appear in either Annex IV or Annex V, the species name is
followed by the symbol (o); where a species which appears in this Annex also appears in Annex V but does not
appear in Annex IV, its name 1s followed by the symbol (V).
(a) ANIMALS
VERTEBRATES
MAMMALS
IN!
SECTIVORA
Tualpidac
Galemys pvrenaicus
CHIROPTERA
Rhinok »phidac
Rhinolophus blasi
Rhinwwophus eur ale
Rhinoiophus terrumequinum
Rhinolophus hipposideros .
Rhinolopnus mchely:
Vesperulonidac
Barbastella barbastellus
Mimopterus schreibersi
Mvous bechstern
Myons blythi :
Mvous capaccinn
Mion dasvcneme
Mvons emarginatus
Mvous mons
RODENTIA
Scuridae
Spermophuus citellus
Castondue
Castor fiber
Mucrotidae
Miucrocus cabrerae
*Microtus oecunomus arenicola
Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/23
2257292:
Dee eee eS ee
CARNIVORA
Siam Canidae
*Canis lupus (Spanish populations: only those south of the Duero; Greek populations: only those south of
the 39th parallel)
Ursidae
*Ursus arctos
Mustelidae
Lurra lutra
Mustela lutreola
Felidae
Lynx lynx
*Lynx pardina
Phocidae
Halichoerus grypus (V)
*Monachus monachus
Phoca vitulina (V)
ARTIODACTYLA
Cervidae
*Cervus elaphus corsicanus
Bovidae
Capra aegagrus (natural populations)
*Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
Ovis ammon musimon ‘natural populations — Corsica and Sardinia) ~
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
*Rupicapra ornata
CETACEA
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
REPTILES
TESTUDINATA
Testudinidae
Testudo hermann
Testudo graeca
Testudo marginata
Chelonudae
“Caretta caretta |
Emydidae
Emvys orbicularis
Mauremvys caspica
Mauremys leprosa
+ SAURIA Sree SN ecg
Lucertidae
Lacerta monnicola
Lacerta schreiberi
Gallotia galloti insulanagae
*Gallona simonyi
Podareis lilford:
Podarcis pitvusensis
Semeidae
Chalcides occidental
Gekkomdae
Phyllodactvlus europacus
OPHIDIA
Colubridac
Elaphe quatuorlinecata
Elaphe situla
Pb leafs Ps Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/25
Coregomdae
*Coregonus oxyrhynchus (anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea)
CYPRINIFORMES
Cyprinidae
Alburnus vulturius (0)
Alburnus albidus (0)
Anaecypns hispanica
Aspuus aspius (0)
Barbus plebejus (V)
Barbus meridionalis (V)
Barbus capito (V)
Barbus comiza (V)
Chalcalburnus chalcoides (0)
Chondrostoma soezta (0) <
Chondrostoma polylepis (0)
Chondrostoma genei (o)
Chondrostoma lusitanicum (0)
Chondrostoma toxostoma (0)
Gobio albipinnatus (0)
Gobio uranoscopus (0)
Iberocypris palaciosi (0)
*Ladigesocypns ghigii (o)
Leuciscus lucomonis (0)
Leuciscus souffia (0)
Phoxinellus spp. (o)
Rutilus pigus (0)
Rutilus rubilio (0)
Rutilus arcasii (0) s
Rutilus macrolepidotus (0)
Rutilus lemmingi: (o)
Rutilus fmesn meidingen (0)
Rutilus alburnoides /o}
Rhodeus sericeus amarus (0)
Scardinmius praecus («)
Cobitidae
Cobitis conspersa (01
Cobinis larvata (o)
Cobits tnchanica /o)
Cobits taenia (0)
Misgurnis fossilis (o)
Sabaneyewis aurata (0)
PERCIFORMES
Percidac
Gymnocephalus schraetzer (V)
Zingel spp. [(o; except Zingel asper and Zingel zinge! (V)}
Gobndae
Pomatoschistus canestrini (a:
Padogobius panizz.1 ‘o)
Padogobius nigricans io)
CLUPEIFORMES
Clupeidae
Alusa spp. (V)
SCORPAENIFORMES
Cortidae
Cortus ferruginosus \o}
Cortus petin (o)
Cortus gobo (0)
SILURIFORMES
Siluridae
Silurus arisrorehs (V)
22.7. 92
Official Journal of the European Communities
Leiostyta abbreviata
-Leiostvla cassida
Leiosryla corneocostata
Leiostyla gibba
Leiostyla lamellosa
Vertigo angusnior (0)
Vertigo genesii (0)
Verngo geyeri (0)
Vertigo moulinsiana (0)
BIVALVIA
Umonoida
Margaritifera margaritifera (V)
Unio crassus
(b)
PTERIDOPHYTA
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium jahandiezii (Litard.) Rouy
BLECHNACEAE
Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm.
DICKSONIACEAE
Culcita macrocarpa C. Pres!
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
‘*Dryopteris corleyi Fraser-jenk.
HYMENOPHYLLACE AE
Trichomanes speciosum Willd.
ISOETACEAE™
Isoetes borvana Durieu
Isoetes malinvermana Ces. & De Nor.
MARSILEACEAE
Marsilea batardae Launert
Marsilea quadrifolia L.
Marsilea strizosa Willd.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium simplex Hitche.
Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun
GYMNOSPERMAE
PINACEAE
* Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Matter
ANGIOSPERMAE
ALISMATACEAE
Caldesia parnassifolia {L..) Parl.
Luromum natans (L.) Rat.
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Leucojum nicaeense Ard. :
Narcissus asturiensis (Jordan) Pugsles
Narcissus calcicola Mendonya
Narcissus cyclamineus DC.
Narcassus fernandesi G. Pedro
Narcissus humilis (Cav.) Traub
PLANTS
No L 206/27
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/29
*Centaurea alba L. =~
subsp. heldreichii (Halacsy) Dostal -
*Centaurea albal. -
subsp. princeps (Boiss. & Heldr.) Gugler
*Centaurea attica Nyman
subsp. megarensis (Halacsy & Hayek) Dostal
*Centaurea baleanca J. D. Rodriguez
"Centaurea borjae Valdes-Berm. & Rivas Goday
*Centaurea citncolor Font Quer
Centaurea corymbosa Pourret
Centaurea gadorensis G. Bianca
*Centaurea horrida Badaro
*Centaurea kalambakensis Freyn & Sint.-
Centaurea kartschiana Scop.
*Centaurea lactiflora Halacsy
Centaurea micrantha Hoffmanns. & Link Noes
subsp. herminii (Rouy) Dosral
*Centaurea niederi Heldr.
*Centaurea peucedanifolia Boiss. & Orph.
*Centaurea pinnata Pau
Centaurea pulvinata (G. Bianca) G. Bianca
Centaurea rorhmalerana (Arenes) Dostal
Centaurea vicentina Mariz
*Crepis crocifolia Boiss. & Heldr.
Crepis granatensis (Wiillk.) B. Bianca & M. Cueto
Engeron fngidus Boiss. ex DC.
Hymenostemma pseudanthemis (Kunze) Willd.
*Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Reichenb.
*Jurinea fontqueri Cuarrec. :
*Lamyropsis microcephala (Moris) Dirtrich & Greuter >
Leontodon microcephalus (Boiss. ex DC.) Bors.
Leontodon boryi Boiss. =
*Leontodon siculus (Guss.) Finch & Sell
Leuzea longifolia Hoftmanns. & Link
Ligulana sibirica (L.) Cass.
Santolina impressa Hoffmanns. & Link
Santolina semidentata Hoffmanns. & Link
*Senecio elodes Boiss. ex DC.
Senecio nevadensis Boiss. & Reuter
CONVOLVULACEAE
*Convolvulus argyrothamnus Greuter
*Convolvulus Fernandes Pinto da Silva & Teles
CRUCIFERAE ‘
Alyssum pyrenaicum L.apevr.
Arabis sadina (Samp.) P. Cout.
*Biscutella neustriaca Bonnet ‘
Biscutella vincentina (Samp.) Rothm.
Boleum asperum (Pers.) Desvaux
Brassica glabrescens Poldini
Brassica insularis Moris
*Brassica macrocarpa Guss.
Coincya cintrana (P. Cour.) Pimto da Silva
*Coincya rupestris Rouy
*Coronopus navasii Pau
Diplotaxis ibicensis (Pau) Gomez-Campo
*Diplotaxis siettiana Maire
Diploraxis vicentina (P. Cour.) Rothm.
Erucastrum palustre (Pirona) Vis.
*Ibens arbuscula Runemark
Iberis procumbens Lange
subsp. microcarpa Franco & Pinto da Silva
*lonopsidium acaule (Desf.) Reichenb.
lonopsidium savianum (Carvel) Ball ex Arcang.
Sisymbnum cavanillesianum Valdes & Castroviejo
Sisymbnum supinum L.
CYPERACEAE
*Carex panormitana Guss.
Eleocharis carniolica Koch
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/31
i UEEEIE EI EIIEEInEEEEEEIEEEEESEESEEEEEEEIE SenEEEEEEEE
* Astragalus maritimus Moris
Astragalus tremolsianus Pau
* Astragalus verrucosus Mors
*Cytisus aeolicus Guss. ex Lindl.
Genista dorycnifolia Font Quer
Genista holopetala (Fleischm. ex Koch) Baldacci
Melilotus segetalis (Brot.) Ser.
subsp. fallax Franco
*Ononis hackeli Lange
Trifolium saxatile All.
*Vicia bifoliolata J. D. Rodriguez
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Pinguicula nevadensis (Lindb.) Casper
LILIACEAE
Alhum grosii Font Quer
*Androcymbium rechinger Greuter
*Asphodelus bento-rainhae P. Silva
Hyacinthoides vicentina (Hoffmanns. & Link) Rothm,
*Muscan gussonei (Parl.) Tod.
LINACEAE
*Linum muelleri Moris
LYTHRACEAE ==
*Lythrum flexuosum Lag.
MALVACEAE
Kosteletzkya pentacsrpos (L.) Ledeb.
NAJADACEAE
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & W’. L. Schmidt
ORCHIDACEAE
*Cephalanthera cucullata Boiss. & Heldr.
Cypmpedium calceulus L.
Lipanis loeselit (L.) Rich.
*Ophrys lunulara Parl.
PAEONIACEAE
Paeonia cambessedesii (Willk.) Willk.
Paeonia parnassica Tzanoudakis
Paeonia clusi: F.C. Stern
subsp. rhodia (Stearn) Tzanoudakis
~
PALMAE
Phoenix theophrasti Greuter
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago algarbiensis Samp.
Plantago almogravensiy Franco
PLUMBAGINACE AE
Armenia berlengensis Daveau
“Armenia helodes Martin: & Pold
Armenia negieta Girard
Armenia pseudarmera ‘ Murray) Mansteld
“Armenia rouyana Daveau
Armenia soleiroln (Duby } Godron
Armenia velutna Wely. ex Boiss. & Reuter
Limomum dodartn (Girard) O. Kunve
subsp. lusiamicum (Daveau) France
“Limonium insulare (Beg. & Landi) Arn. & Diana
Limonum lanceolatum (Hoffmanns. & Link; France
Limonium mulutlorum Erben
*Limonium pseudolactum Arrig. & Diana
*Limomum stricussimum (Salzmann; Arrig.
POL YGONACEAE
Polygonum praclongum Coode & Cullen
Rumex rupestris Le Gall
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/33
a a a ee ee SS SS
ULMACEAE
Zelkova abelicea (Lam.) Boiss.
UMBELLIFERAE
* Angelica heterocarpa Lloyd
_ Angelica palusms (Besser) Hoffm.
* Apium bermejoi Liorens
Apium repens (jacq.) Lag.
Athamanta coruana Ferrarini
*Bupleurum capillare Boiss. & Heldr.
*Bupleurum kakiskalae Greuter
Eryngium alpinum L.
* Eryngium viviparum Gay
*Laserpitium longiradium Boiss.
* Naufraga balearica Constans & Cannon Sa
*Ocenanthe comoides Lange
Petagnia saniculifolia Guss.
Rouya polygama (Desf.) Coincy
*Seseli intricarum Boiss.
Thorella verticillannundata (Thore) Brig.
VALERIANACEAE
Centranthus trinervis (Viv.) Beguinor
VIOLACEAE
*Viola hispida Lam.
Viola jaubertiana Mares & Vigineix
Lower plants
BRYOPHYTA
Bruchia vogesiaca Schwaegr. (0)
*Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum (Sergio) M. Hill (0)
Buxbaumia viridis (Moug. ex Lam. & DC.) Brid. ex Moug. & Nestl. (0)
Dichelyma capillaceum (With.) Myr. (o}
Dicranum vinde (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb. (o)
Distichophyllum carinatum Dix. & Nich. (o)
Drepanocladus vernicosus (Miurt.) Warnsr. (0)
Jungermannia handel (Schiffn.) Amak. (0)
Mannia triandra (Scop.) Grolle (o)
*Marsupella protunda Lindb. (o)
Meesia longiseta Hedw. (o)
Northothylas orbicularis (Schwein.) Sull. (o)
Orthotnchum rogeri Brid. (0) -
Petalophyllum ralfsi Nees & Goor. ex Lehr. fy).
Riccia breidier: Jur. ex Steph. (0)
Riella helicophvlla (Mont.) Hook. (0) -
Scapania massolong: (K. Muell.) K. Muell. (0)
Sphagnum pvlaisu Brid. (0)
Taviona rudoiphiana (Gasrov) B. & G. (ot
SPECIES FOR MACARONESIA
PTERIDOPHYTA
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Hymenophyllum maderensis Gibby & Lovis
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
*Polystichum drepanum (Sw.) C. Presl.
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes azonca Durieu & Paiva
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/35
SS eh ee SS SS SS
CRUCIFERAE ‘
*Crambe arborea Webb ex Chnst
Crambe laevigata DC. ex Christ
*Crambe sventenii R. Perters ex Bramwell & Sund.
*Parolimia schizogynoides Svent.
Sinapidendron rupestre (Ait.) Lowe
CYPERACEAE
Carex malato-belizi: Raymond
DIPSACACEAE
Scabiosa nitens Roemer & J. A. Schultes
ERICACEAE
Erica scoparia L.
subsp. azonca (Hochst.) D. A. Webb
EUPHORBIACEAE
*Euphorbia handiensis Burchard
Euphorbia Jambi Svent. if
Euphorbia stygiana H. C. Watson
GERANIACEAE
*Geranium maderense P. F. Yeo
GRAMINEAE
Deschampsia maderensis (Haeck. & Born.) fs
Phalaris maderensis (Menezes) Menezes
LABIATAE
*Sideritis cystosiphon Svent.
"Siderits discolor (Webb ex de Noe! Bolle
Sideritus infernalis Bolle
Siderits marmorea Bolle
Teucrium abutiloides L"Her
Teucrium betonicum L’Her -
LEGUMINOSAE
* Anagyris latifolia Brouss. ex Willd. S
Anthylls Jemanniana lowe
*Dorycmum spectabile Webb & Berthel
*Lotus azoricus P. \’. Ball
Lotus callis-viridis D. Bramwell & 1). H. Davis
“Lotus kunkelu (E. Chueca) D. Bramwell & al.
*Teline rosmarinifolia Webb & Berthel
°Tehine salsolondes Arco & Acebes.
Vicia dennesiana H. C. ‘Watson
LILIACEAE
*Androcvmbium psammophilum Svent.
Scilla maderensis Menezes
Semele maderensis Costa
LORANTHACEAE
Arceuthobium azoricum Wiens & bees
MYRICACEAE
“Myrica nvas-martine7it Santos.
OLEACEAE
Jasminum azoricum L.
Piccoma azorica ( Tunn) Knobl.
ORCHIDACEAE
Goodyera macrophylla Lowe
PITTOSPORACEAE
“Pittosporum coriaceum Dryand. ex Ait.
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communines No L 206/37
ANNEX III
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SITES ELIGIBLE FOR IDENTIFICATION AS SITES OF COMMUNITY
IMPORTANCE. AND DESIGNATION AS SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION
STAGE 1: Assessment at national level of the relative importance of sites for each natural habitat type in Annex |
and each species in Annex II (including priority natural habitat types and pnonty species)
A. Site assessment critena for a given natural habuat type in Annex |
(a) Degree-ef tepresentariviry of the natural habizar tpve on the site.
~
(b) Area of the site covered by the natural habitat type in relation to the total area covered by that natural
habitat type within nanonal territory.
(c) Degree of conservation of the structure and functions of the -natural habitat type concerned and
restoranon possibilities.
(d) Global assessment of the value of the site for conservation of the natural habitat type concerned.
B. Site assessment critena for a given species in Annex I]
(a) Size and densirv of the population of the species present on the site in relanon to the populations present
within nauonal territory. :
(b) Degree of conservation of the features of the habitat which are important for the species concerned and
restorauion possibiliues.
(c) Degree of solanon of the populanon present on the site in relation to the natural range of the
species. ‘
(d) Global assessment of the value of the site for conservation of the species concerned.
C. On the basis of these criteria, Member States will classity the sites which they propose on the national list as
sites eligible for identification as sites of Community importance according to their relative value for the
conservauon of each natural habitat type in Annex | or each species in Annex II.
D. That hist will show the sites contaimmny the prority natural habitat types and pnonty species selected by the
Member States on the basis of the criteria in A and B above.
STAGE 2: Assessment of the Community importance of the sites included on the national lists
1. All the sites identified by the Member States in Stare 1 which contain priority natural habitat types and/or
species will be considered as sites of Community importance.
to
The assessment of the Community importance of other sites on Member States’ lists, 1.¢. their contribution to
maintaming or re-establishing, at a favourable conservanion status, a natural habirat in Annex | or a species in
Annex II and/or to the Coherence of Natura 2000 will take account of the following criteria:
(a) relative valoc of the sue at national level,
(b) geographical sruanon of the site in relanen te migration routes of species in Annex Il and wherher it
belongs to a conunuous ecosystem situated on born sides of one or more internal Community
fronuers;
(c) total area of the site:
(d) number of natural habitat types in Annex | and species in Annex Jl present on the site;
fe) global ecological value of the site for the bopcographical regions concerned and/or for the whole of the
territory reterred ton Arucle 2, as regards both the characteristic of unique aspect of its features and the
way they are combined.
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities
No L 206/39
I Se
Felidae
Felis silvestris
Lynx lynx
Lynx pardina
Phocidae
Monachus monachus
ARTIODACTYLA
Ceridae
Cervus elaphus corsicanus
Bouidae
Capra aegagrus (natural populations)
Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
Ovis ammon musimon (natural populations — Corsica and Sardinia)
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
Rupicapra ornata
CETACEA
All species
REPTILES
TESTUDINATA
Testudimidae
Testudo hermanni
Testudo graeca
Testudo marginata
Cheloniudae
Caretta caretta
Chelonia mydas
Lepidochelys kempu
Eretmochelys imbncata
Dermochelyidae
Dermochelys coriacea =<
Emvdidae
Emys orbicularis
Mauremvys caspica
Mauremys leprosa
SAURIA
‘Lucerndae
Algyroides fitzingeri
Algvroides march
Algvroides moreoncus
Algvroides mpropunctatus
Lacerta agilis
Lacerta bednazac
Lacerta danford:
Lacerta dugesi
Lacerta graeca
Lacerta horvathi
Lacerta monticola
Lacerta schreiber:
Lacerta trilineata
Lacerta viridis
Galloua atlanuca
Gallons gallou
Galloua gallon imsulanapae
Galloua simony:
Gallona stehlini
Ophisops elegans
Podarcss erhardii
Podarcis filfolensis
Podarcis hispanica atrata
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/41
I eee eS
Euproctus platycephalus
Salamandra atra
Salamandra aurorae
Salamandra lanzai
Salamandra luschani
Salamandrina terdigitata
Triturus carnifex
Triturus cnstatus
Triturus italicus
Tricurus kareliniui
Tnturus marmoratus “.
Proteidae
Proteus anguinus
Plethodonudae
Speleomantes ambrosu
Speleomantes flavus
Speleomantes gene:
Speleomantes imperialis
Speleomantes italicus
Speleomantes supramonres
ANURA
Discogloussidae
Bombina bombina
Bombina vanegata
Discoglossus gaigano:
Discoglossus jeanneae
Discoglossus montalentii
Discoglossus pictus
Discogiossus sardus
Alytes cisternasn
Alytes muletensis
Alytes obstetricans
Ramdae
Rana arvalis
Rana daimanna
Rana graeca
Rana sberica
Rana italica
Rana lataste:
Rana lessonae : R
Peivbstidae
Pelobates cultripes
Pelobates tuscus
Pelobates syriacus
Bujonidae
Bufo calamita
Buto viridis ae
viviidae =
Hyla arborea
Hyla mendionalis
Hyla sarda
FISH
ACIPENSERIFORMES
Acipenseridue
Acipenser naccari
Acipenser stunio
ATHERINIFORMES
Cypnnodontdac
Valencia hispanica
Official Journal of the European Communities
2292
I ra
Orthoptera
Baetica ustulata
Saga pedo
ARACHNIDA
Araneae
Macrothele calpeiana
MOLLUSCS
GASTROPODA
Prosobranchia
Patella feruginea
Stvlommatophora
Caseolus calculus
Caseolus commixta
Caseolus sphaerula
Discula leacockiana
Discula tabellata
Discula testudinalis
Discula rurricula
Discus defloratus
Discus guerinianus
Elona quimperana
Geomalacus maculosus
Geomiutra moniziana
Helix subplicata
Leiosryla abbreviata
Lesostyla cassida
Leiostyla comeocostata
Leiostyla gibba
Leiostvla lametiosa
BIVALVIA
Antsomyana
Lithophaga lithophaga
Pinna nobilis
Umonuida
Margarinfera auricularia
Umi crassus
ECHINODERMATA
Echinoidea
Centrostephanus Jongiypinus
‘h PLANTS
Annes LV (b) contains all the plant species listed in Annes Tb) () plus those mentioned below
PTERIDOPHYTA
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium hemonins |
ANGIOSPERMAE
AGAVACEAE
Dracaena draco (L..) L
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Narcissus longispathus Pugsiecy
Narcissus trrandrus L
(') Except bryophytes in Annex II {b).
No L 206/43
22. 7.92
Official Journal of the European Communities
No L 206/45
SAPOTACEAE
Sideroxylon marmulano Banks ex Lowe
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga cintrana Kuzinsky ex Willk.
Saxifraga portosanctana Boiss.
Saxifraga presolanensis Engl.
Saxifraga vaidensis DC.
Saxifraga vayredana Luizet
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Antirrhinum Jopesianum Rothm.
Lindermia procumbens (Krocker) Philcox
SOLANACEAE
Mandragora officinarum L.
THY MELAEACEAE
Thymelaea broterana P. Cout.
UMBELLIFERAE
Bunium brevifolium Lowe
VIOLACEAE
Viola athois W. Becker
Viola cazoriensis Gandoger
Viola delphinantha Boiss.
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/47
ACIPENSERIFORMES
Acipenseridae
All species not mentioned in Annex IV
SALMONIFORMES
Salmonidae
Thymallus thymallus . aks :
Coregonus spp. (except Coregonus oxyrhynchus — anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North
Sea)
Hucho hucho
Salmo salar (only in fresh water)
Cyprinidae
Barbus spp.
PERCIFORMES
Percidae
Gymnocephalus schraetzer
Zingel zingel
CLUPEIFORMES
Clupeidae
Alosa spp.
SILURIFORMES
Siluridae
Silurus aristotelis
INVERTEBRATES
COELENTERATA Be
CNIDARIA
Corallrum rubrum
MOLLUSCA
GASTROPODA — STYLOMMATOPHORA
Helicidae ;
Helix pomatia ; |
BIVALVIA — UNIONOIDA |
Margarttifendae
Margannufera margaritifera
Umonidae
Microcondylaea compressa
Unio elongatulus
ANNELIDA
HIRUDINOIDEA — ARHYNCHOBDELLAE
Hirudimdae |
Hirudo medicinalis |
ARTHROPODA ; |
CRUSTACEA — DECAPODA
Astacidae
Astacus astacus
Austropotamobius pallipes
Austropotamobuus torrenuum
Scvllandae
Scyllarides latus
INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA
Saturnudae
Graellsia isabellae
22d Tose Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/49
ROSACEAE
Rubus genevieri Boreau
subsp. herminii (Samp.) P. Cour.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Anarrhinum longipedicelatcum R. Fernandes
Euphrasia mendoncae Samp.
Scrophulana grandiflora DC.
subsp. grandiflora DC.
Scrophularia berminn Hoffmanns & Link
Scrophularia sublyrata Brot.
COMPOSITAE
Leuzea rhaponticoides Graells
f,
No L 206/22
Official Journal of the European Communities
ANNEX I
ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES OF COMMUNITY INTEREST WHOSE CONSERVATION REQUIRES
(a)
(b)
(c)
THE DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION
interpretation
Annex Il follows on from rior 1 for the establishment of a consistent network of special areas of
conservation.
The species listed in this Annex are indicared:
— by the name of the species or subspecies. or i
— by the body of species belonging to a higher taxon oF to a designated part of that taxon.
The abbreviation ‘spp.” after the name of a family or genus designates all the species belonging to that family or
genus.
~
Symbols
An asterisk (*°) before the name of a species indicates that the species is 2 prionty species.
Most species listed in this Annex are also listed in Annex IV.
Where a species appears i this Annex but does not appear in either Annex IV or Annex V, the species name is
followed by the symbol (o); where a species which appears in this Annex also appears in Annex V but does not
appear in Annex IV, its name 1s followed by the symbol (V).
(a) ANIMALS
VERTEBRATES
MAMMALS
INSECTIVORA
Talpidac
Galemys pvrenaicus
CHIROPTERA
R binolophidae
Rhinolophus blasu
Rhinvophus eurvale
Rhinulophus terrumequinum
Rhinolophus hipposideros
Rhinolopnus mchels:
Vespertihtondae
Barbastella barbastellus
Mimoprerus schreibers:
Mvyous bechstein
Mvons blythi .
Mvous capacunn
Myors dasvcneme
Mvous emarginatus
Mivous mons
RODENTIA
Screridae
Spermophuus citellus
Castondae
Castor fiber
Microtidae
Microtus cabrerae
*Microtus oeconomus 2remicola
No L 206/23
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities
CARNIVORA
An Canidae
“Canis lupus (Spanish populations: only those south of the Duero; Greek populations: only those south of
the 39th parallel)
Ursidae
“Ursus arctos
Mustelidae
Lurra lutra
Mustela lutreola
Felidae
Lynx lynx
*Lynx pardina
Phocidae
Halichoerus grvpus (V)
*Monachus monachus
Phoca vitulina (V)
ARTIODACTYLA
Cervidae
“Cervus elaphus corsicanus
Bovidae
Capra aegagrus (natural populations)
*Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
Ovis ammon musimon ‘natural populations — Corsica and Sardinia) ~
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
*Rupicapra ornata
CETACEA
Tursiops truncatus
Phocoena phocoena
REPTILES
TESTUDINATA
Testudinidae
Testudo hermanni
Testudo graeca
Testudo marginata
Chelonudae
“Caretta caretta '
Emydidae
Emys orbicularis
Mauremvys caspica
Mauremys leprosa
« SAURIA
Lucertidae
Lacerta monucola
Lacerta schreiberi
Gallona gallot: insulanagae
*Gallona simonyi
Podareis lilfordi
Podareis pitvusensis
Seimeudae
Chaleides occideatals
Gekkonidae
Phyllodactvlus europacus
OPHIDIA
Colubridac
Elaphe quatuorlineata
Elaphe sirula
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/25
eT
Coregonidae
*Coregonus oxyrhynchus (anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea)
CYPRINIFORMES
Cypnmdae
Alburnus vultunius (0)
Alburnus albidus (0)
Anaecypns hispanica
Aspuus aspius (0)
Barbus plebejus (V)
Barbus meridionalis (V)
Barbus capito (V)
Barbus comiza (V)
Chalcalburnus chalcoides (0)
Chondrostoma soetta (0) ow
Chondrostoma polviepis (0)
Chondrostoma genei (0)
Chondrostoma lusitanicum (0)
Chondrostoma toxostoma (0)
Gobio albipinnatus (0)
Gobio uranoscopus (0)
Iberocypris palaciosi (0)
*Ladigesocypns ghign (0)
Leuciscus lucomonis (o)
Leuciscus souffia (0)
Phoxinellus spp. (0)
Rutilus pigus (0)
Rutilus rubilio (0)
_ Rutilus arcasii (o)
Rutilus macrolepidotus (0)
Rutilus lemmingi: (0) ci
Rutilus fresii meidinger: (0)
Rutilus alburnoides ‘o}
Rhodeus sericeus amarus (0)
Scardimuus graecus (0)
Cobitidae
Cobitis conspersa (01
Cobinis larvata (o)
Cobits tnchonica (9) 2 ‘
Cobiris taenia (0)
Misgurnis fossilis (0)
Sabaneyewia aurata (0)
-PERCIFORMES
Percidac
Gvymnocephalus schractzer {V)
Zingel spp. [(o} except Zingel asper and Zingel zingel (V)]
Gobudae
Pomatoschistus canestrini (0:
Padogobius panizz.a io)
Padogobius mignicans 10)
CLUPEIFORMES
Clupeidae
Alusa spp. (V)
SCORPAENIFORMES
Corndae
Cortus ferruginosus (0!
Cottus petits (a)
Cortus gobio (0)
SILURIFORMES
Siluridae
Silurus aristorelis (V)
Pe Tle ces Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/27
a a I a ee
Leiostylta abbreviata
-Leiostyla cassida
Leiostyla corneocostata
Leiostyla gibba
Leiostyla lamellosa
Vertigo angusnor (0)
Vertigo genesii (0)
Verugo geyeri (o)
Vertigo moulinsiana (o)
BIVALVIA
Umonoida
Marganitifera margaritifera (V)
Unio crassus
(b) PLANTS
PTERIDOPHYTA
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplemum jahandiezii (Litard.) Rouv
BLECHNACEAE
Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm.
DICKSONIACEAE
Guleirs macrocarpa C. Pres!
DRYOPTERIDACE AE
’*Dryopteris corley: Fraser-jenk.
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Trichomanes speciosum Willd.
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes borvana Durieu
Isoetes malinvermana Ces. & De Not.
MARSILEACEAE
Marsilea batardae Launert
Marsilea quadrifoha L.
Marsilea stryzusa Willd.
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrychium simplex Hitche.
Ophioglossum polyphyllum A. Braun
GYMNOSPERMAE
PINACEAE
"Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei
ANGIOSPERMAE
ALISMATACEAE : 5
Caldesia parnassifolia {L.) Parl.
Luromum natans (L.i Rat.
AMARYLLIDACEAE =
Leucojum nicaeense Ard. :
Narcissus asturiensts (Jordan) Pugsles
Narcissus calcicola Mendonya
Narcissus cyclamineus DC.
Narcissus fernandesu G. Pedro
Narcissus humilis (Cav.) Traub
22.7. 92
Official Journal of the European Communities
See nee eee ee eee ean ee SS SS SS SSS
*Centaurea alba L.
subsp. heldreichii (Halacsy) Dostal
"Centaurea albal. ~
subsp. princeps (Boiss. & Heldr.) Gugler
*Centaurea arica Nyman
subsp. megarensis (Halacsy & Hayek) Dostal
*Centaurea balearica J. D. Rodriguez
"Centaurea borjae Valdes-Berm. & Rivas Goday
*Centraurea airncolor Font Quer
Centaurea corymbosa Pourret
Centaurea gadorensis G. Bianca
*Cenraurea horrida Badaro
*Centaurea kalambakensis Freyn & Sint.
Centaurea kartschiana Scop.
*Centaurea lactiflora Halacsy
Centaurea micrantha Hoffmanns. & Link
subsp. hermini: (Rouy) Dostal
*Centaurea mederi Heldr.
*Centaurea peucedanifolia Boiss. & Orph.
*Centaurea pinnata Pau
Centaurea pulvinata (G. Bianca) G. Bianca
Centaurea rothmalerana (Arenes) Dostal
Centaurea vicentina Mariz
*Crepis crocifolia Boiss. &¢ Heldr.
Crepis granatensis (Wiillk.) B. Bianca & M. Cueto
Engeron fngidus Boiss. ex DC.
Hymenostemma pseudanthemis (Kunze) Willd.
*Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Reichenb.
*Junnea fontqueri Cuatrec. :
*Lamyropsis microcephala (Moris) Dirtrich & Greurer
Leontodon microcephalus (Boiss. ex DC.) Boiss.
Leontodon boryi Boiss. =
*Leontodon siculus (Guss.) Finch & Sell
Leuzea longifolia Hoftmanns. & Link
Ligulania sibirica (L.) Cass.
Santolina impressa Hoffmanns. & Link
Santolina semidentata Hoffmanns. & Link
*Senecio elodes Boiss. ex DC.
Senecio nevadensis Boiss. & Reuter
CONVOLVULACEAE
*Convolvulus argyrothamnus Greuter
*Convolvulus Fernandes Pinto da Silva & Teles
CRUCIFERAE ‘
Alyssum pyrenaicum L.apeyr.
Arabis sadina (Samp.) P. Cout.
Biscutella neustriaca Bonnet ;
Biscutella vincentuna (Samp.) Rothm.
Boleum asperum (Pers.) Desvaux
Brassica glabrescens Poldin
Brassica insularis Moris
*Brassica macrocarpa Guss.
Coincya cintrana (P. Cout.) Pimto da Silva
*Coincya rupestris Rouy
*Coronopus navasii Pau
Diplotaxis ibicensis (Pau) Gomez-Campo
*Diplotaxis siettiana Maire
Diploraxis vicentina (P. Court.) Rothm.
Erucastrum palustre (Pirona) Vis.
*Ibens arbuscula Runemark
Iberis procumbens Lange
subsp. microcarpa Franco & Pinto da Silva
*lonopsidium acaule (Desf.) Reichenb.
lonopsidium savianum (Carvel) Ball ex Arcang.
Sisymbnum cavanillesianum Valdes & Castroviejo
Sisymbnum supinum L.
CYPERACEAE
*Carex panormitana Guss.
Eleochans carniolica Koch
No L 206/29
—>~_
=
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/31
“Astragalus maritimus Moris
Astragalus tremolsianus Pau
* Astragalus verrucosus Moris
*Cytisus aeolicus Guss. ex Lindl.
Genista dorycnifolia Font Quer
Genista holopetala (Fleischm. ex Koch) Baldacci
Melilotus segetalis (Brot.) Ser.
subsp. fallax Franco
*Ononis hackelii Lange
Trifohum saxatile All.
*Vicia bifonolata J. D. Rodriguez
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Pinguicula nevadensis (Lindb.) Casper
LILIACEAE 3 =
Allium grosii Font Quer
*Androcvmbium rechingeri Greuter
*Asphodelus bento-rainhae P. Silva
Hyacinthoides vicentina (Hoffmanns. & Link) Rothm.
*Muscan gussonei (Parl.) Tod.
LINACEAE
*Linum muelleri Moris
LYTHRACEAE =a
*Lythrum flexuosum Lag.
MALVACEAE
Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledeb.
NAJADACEAE
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & W’. L. Schmidt
ORCHIDACEAE
*Cephalanthera cucullata Boiss. & Heldr.
Cypmpedium caiceulus L.
Lipanis loeselii (L.) Rich.
*Ophrys lunulara Parl.
PAEONIACEAE
Paeonia cambessedesii (Willk.) Willk.
Paeonia parmassica Tzanoudakis
Paeomia clusii F. C. Stern
subsp. rhodia (Stearn) Tzanoudakis
Pe
PALMAE
Phoenix theophrasti Greuter
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago algarbiensis Samp.
Plantago almogravensiy Franco
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Armerta berlengensis Daveau
*Armenia helodes Martinis & Pold \
Armenia negieta Girard
Armenia pseudarmenia ‘ Murray) Mansteld
“Armenia rouyana Daveau
Armenia soleiroln (Duby } Godron
Armenia velutina Wel. ex Boiss. & Reurer
Limomum dodartn (Girard) O. Kunvve
subsp. lusittun:cum (Daveau) France
“Limonmum insulare (Bey. & Landi) Arnp. & Diana
Limonium lanceolatum (Hoffmanns. & Link; Franco
Limonmum muluflorum Erben
*Limonium pseudolactum Arng. & Diana
*Limonium stricussimum (Salzmann; Arrig.
POLYGONACEAE =
Polygonum praclongum Coode & Cullen
Rumex rupestris Le Gall
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/33
Ge I a ER ig ES
ULMACEAE
Zelkova abelicea (Lam.) Boiss.
UMBELLIFERAE
* Angelica heterocarpa Lloyd
_ Angelica palustris (Besser) Hoffm.
*Apium bermejoi Llorens
Apium repens (jacq.) Lag.
Athamanta cortiana Ferrarini
*Bupleurum capillare Boiss. & Heldr.
*Bupleurum kakiskalae Greuter
Eryngium alpinum L.
* Eryngium viviparum Gay
*Laserpitium longiradium Boiss. q
* Naufraga balearica Constans & Cannon Af
*Oenanthe comoides Lange :
Petagnia saniculifolia Guss.
Rouya polygama (Desf.) Coincy
*Seseli intricatum Boiss.
Thorella verticillannundata (Thore) Brig.
VALERIANACEAE
Centranthus trinervis (Viv.) Beguinot
VIOLACEAE
*Viola hispida Lam.
Viola jaubertiana Mares & Vigineix
Lower plants
BRYOPHYTA
Bruchia vogesiaca Schwaegr. (0)
*Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum (Sergio) M. Hill (0)
Buxbaumia viridis (Moug. ex Lam. & DC.) Brid. ex Moug. & Nestl. (0)
Dichelyma capillaceum (With.) Myr. (0)
Dicranum vinde (Sull. & Lesg.) Lindb. (0)
Distichophyilum carinatum Dix. & Nich. (o)
Drepanocladus vernicosus (Mirt.) Warnst. (©)
Jungermanmia handelu (Schiffn.) Amak. (o)
Mannia trandra (Scop.) Grolle (o)
*Marsupella protunda Lindb. (0)
Meesia longiseta Hedw. (0)
Norhorhylas orbicularis (Schwein.) Sull. (o)
Orthotnichum rogeri Brid. (0) ee
Petaiophyllum ralfsi Nees & Goot. ex Lehm. ta)-
Riccia breidier: Jur. ex Steph. (0)
Riella helicophylla (Mont.) Hook. (0)
Scapama massolong: (K. Muell.) K. Muell. (vo)
Sphagnum pvlaisn Brid. (0)
Taylora rudoiphiana (Gasrov) B. & G. (o!
SPECIES FOR MACARONESIA
PTERIDOPHYTA
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Hymenophyllum maderensis Gibby & Lovis
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
*Polystichum drepanum (Sw.) C. Presl.
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes azorica Durieu & Paiva
D292: Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/35
CRUCIFERAE
*Crambe arborea Webb ex Chnst
Crambe laevigata DC. ex Chnsr
*Crambe sventenii R. Petters ex Bramwell & Sund.
*Parolinia schizogynoides Svent.
Sinapidendron rupestre (Ait.) Lowe
CYPERACEAE
Carex malato-belizi: Raymond
DIPSACACEAE
Scabiosa nitens Roemer & J. A. Schultes
ERICACEAE
Erica scoparia L.
subsp. azonca (Hochst.) D. A.. Webb
EUPHORBIACEAE
*Euphorbia handrensis Burchard
Euphorbia lambii Svent.
Euphorbia stygiana H. C. Watson
GERANIACEAE
*Geranium maderense P. F. Yeo
GRAMINEAE
Deschampsia maderensis (Haeck. & Born.) i
Phalaris maderensis (Menezes) Menezes
LABIATAE
*Sideritis cystosiphon Svent.
*Sidenus discolor (Webb ex de Noe) Bolle
Sideritis infernalis Bolle
Sideritis marmorea Bolle
Teucnium abutiloides L‘Her
Teucrium betonicum L’Her -
LEGUMINOSAE
* Anagyris latifolia Brouss. ex Willd.
Anthyllis lemanmana l.owe
*Dorycnium spectabile Webb & Berthel
*Lotus azoricus P. W’. Ball ;
Lotus callis-viridis D. Bramwell & 1). H. Davis
“Lotus kunkelu (E. Chueca) D. Bramwell & al.
*Teline rosmarinifolia Webb & Berthel
*Teline salsoloides Arco & Acebes.
Vicia dennesiana H. C. ‘Watson
LILIACEAE
*Androcvmbium psammuphilum Svent.
Scilla maderensis Menezes
Semele maderensiy Costa
LORANTHACEAE
Se
Arceuthobium szoncum Wiens & Hawksw
MYRICACE AE
© Myrica rivas-martinezn Santos.
OLEACEAE
Jasminum azoricum L.
Piccoma azorica ( Turn) Knobl.
ORCHIDACEAE
Goodyera macrophylla Lowe ‘
PITTOSPORACEAE
*Pittosporum coriaceum Dryand. ex Ait.
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/37
ANNEX Ill
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SITES ELIGIBLE FOR IDENTIFICATION AS SITES OF COMMUNITY
IMPORTANCE AND DESIGNATION AS SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION
STAGE 1: Assessment at national level of the relative importance of sites for cach natural habitat type in Annex |
and each species in Annex II (including priority natural habitat types and pnority species)
A. Stte assessment critena for a given natural habuat type in Annex I
(a) Degree-of sepresentariviry of the natural habitat tpve on the site.
~
(b) Area of the site covered by the natural habitat type in relation to the total area covered by that natural
habitat type within national territory.
(c) Degree of conservation of the structure and functions of the natural habitat type concerned and
restoranon possibilities.
(d) Global assessment of the value of the site for conservation of the natural habitat type concerned.
B. Site assessment critena for a given species in Annex vO]
(a) Size and density of the population of the species present on the site in relanon to the populations present
within national territory. :
(b) Degree of conservation of the features of the habitat which are important for the species concerned and
restorauon possibiliues.
(c) Degree of ssolanon of the populanon present on the site in relation to the natural range of the
species.
(d) Global assessment of the value of the site for conservation of the species concerned.
C. Om the basis of these criteria, Member States will classity the sites which they propose on the national list as
sites ehgible for identificanon as sites of Community importance according to their relative value for the
conservanuon of each natural habitat type in Annex | or each species in Annex II.
D. That hst will show the sites containing the priority natural habitat types and pnonty species selected by the
Member States on the basis of the critersa in A and B above.
STAGE 2: Assessment. of the Community importance of the sites included on the national lists
1. All the sites identified by the Member States in Stage 1 which contain priority natural habitat types and/or
species will be considered as sites of Community importance.
The assessment of the Community portance of other sites on Member States’ lists, 1.¢. their contribution to
maintaining or re-establishing, ata favourable conservanon status, a natural habitatin Annex | or 3 species in
Annex I and/or to the coherence of Natura 2000 wall take account of the following criteria:
to
6a) relative valuc of the sie at nauonal level,
(b) geographical stuanon of the site in relanoen te migranen routes of species in Annex Il and whether it
belongs to a conunuous ecosystem situated on born sides of one or more internal Community
fronuers;
(c) total area of the site:
(d) number of natural habitat types in Annex | and species in Annex Il present on the site;
(e) global ecological value of the site for the bopeographical regvons concerned and/or for the whole of the
territory reterred ton Article 2, as regards both the characteristic of unique aspect of its features and the
way they are combined.
227592 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/39
Felidae
Felis silvestris
Lynx lynx
Lynx pardina
Phocidae
Monachus monachus
ARTIODACTYLA
Cenidae
Cervus elaphus corsicanus
Bovidae
Capra aegagrus (natural populations)
Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
Ovis ammon musimon (natural populations — Corsica and Sardinia)
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
Rupicapra ornata
CETACEA
All species
REPTILES
TESTUDINATA
Testud:midae
Testudo hermanni
Testudo graeca
Testudo marginata
Cheloniidae
Caretta caretta
Chelona mydas
Lepidochelys kempii
Eretmochelys imbncara
Dermochelyidae
Dermochelys coriacea as
Emvdidae
Emys orbicularis
Mauremvs caspica
Mauremys leprosa
SAURIA
‘Lacertidae
Algyroides fitzingers
Algyroides march
Algvroides moreoticus
Algvroides mpropunctatus
Lacerta agilis
Lacerta bednazac
Lacerta danford:
Lacerta duges:
Lacerta graeca
Lacerta horvathi
Lacerta montcola
Lacerta schreibers
Lacerta trilineata
Lacerta viridis
Galloua atlanuca
Gallons gallon
Galloua gallon insulanapae
Galloua simony:
Gallotia stehlini
Ophisops elegans
Podarcis erhardii
Podarcis filfolensis
Podarcis hispanica atrata
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/41
ee
Euproctus platycephalus
Salamandra atra
Salamandra aurorae
Salamandra janzai
Salamandra luschani
Salamandrina terdigitata
Triturus carnifex
Tricurus cnistatus
Triturus italicus
Triturus karelinu ie
Triturus marmoratus se
Proteidae
Proteus anguinus
Plethodonudae
Speleomantes ambrosu
Speleomantes flavus
Speleomantes genei
Speleomantes smperialis
Speleomantes italicus
Speleomantes supramontes
ANURA
Discoglossidae
Bombina bombina 7 z
Bombina vanegata
Discoglossus galgano:
Discoglossus jeanneae
Discoglossus muntalenui
Discoglossus pictus
Discogiossus sardus
Alytes cisternasn
Alytes mulecensis
Alytes obstetricans
Randae
Rana arvalis
Rana dalmatina
Rana graeca
Rana iberica
Rana aralica
Rana lataste:
Rana lessonae
Peiubatidae
Pelobates cultripes
Pelobates tuscus
Pelobates syriacus
Butonidue
Bufo calamita
Buto viridis =
ivhdae rf
Hyla arborea
Hyla mendionalis
Hyla sarda
FISH
ACIPENSERIFORMES
Actpenseridue
Acipenser naccari
Acipenser stun
ATHERINIFORMES
Cyprinodontdse
Valencia hispanica
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/43
Ce ee SS
Orthoptera
Baetica ustulata
Saga pedo
ARACHNIDA
Araneae
Macrothele calpeiana
MOLLUSCS
GASTROPODA
Prosobranchia
Parella feruginea
Stylommatophora
Caseolus calculus
: Caseolus commixta
Caseolus sphaerula
Discula leacockiana
Discula tabellata
Discula testudinalis
Discula rurnicula
Discus defloratus
Discus guerimianus
Elona quimperiana
Geomalacus maculosus
Geomitra moniziana
Helix subplicata
Leiostvla abbreviata
Lesostyla cassida
Leiostyla comeocostata
Leiostyla gibba
Lesostvla Jamellosa
BIVALVIA
Anisomyana
Lithophaga lhthophaga
Pinna nobilis
Umonvida
Margaritifera auricularia
Unio crassus
ECHINODERMATA
Echmoidea
Centrostephanus longispinus
‘hy PLANTS
Annes IV (b) contains all the plant species listed in Annes TE /b) (') plus those mentuioned below
PTERIDOPHYTA
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium hemonins L..
ANGIOSPERMAE
AGAVACEAE
Dracaena draco (L.) lL.
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Narcissus longispathus Pugsley
Narcissus triandrus L.
(*) Except bryophytes in Annex II {b).
Official Journal of the European Communities
SAPOTACEAE
Sideroxylon marmulano Banks ex Lowe
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifraga cintrana Kuzinsky ex Willk.
Saxifraga portosanctana Boiss.
Saxifraga presolanensis Engl.
Saxifraga valdensis DC.
Saxifraga vayredana Luizet
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Antirrhinum lopesianum Rothm. -
Lindernia procumbens (Krocker) Philcox
SOLANACEAE
Mandragora officinarum L.
THY MELAEACEAE
Thymelaea broterana P. Cout.
UMBELLIFERAE
Bunium brevifolium Lowe
VIOLACEAE
Viola athois W. Becker
Viola cazorlensis Gandoger
Viola delphinantha Boiss.
No L 206/45
No L 206/47
22072592" " Official Journal of the European Communities "
Ss _ LLL. :::
ACIPENSERIFORMES
Acipenseridae
All species not mentioned in Annex IV
SALMONIFORMES
Salmonidae
Thymallus thymallus .
Coregonus spp. (except Coregonus oerhynchie anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North
Sea)
Hucho hucho ,
Salmo salar (only in fresh water)
Cyprinidae
Barbus spp.
PERCIFORMES
Percidae = Be een
Gymnocephalus schraetzer or
Zingel zingel 4
CLUPEIFORMES
Clupeidae
Alosa spp. : ;
SILURIFORMES , wee aban eel
Siluridae ; Seen =
Silurus anstotelis
INVERTEBRATES
COELENTERATA : . ee g
CNIDARIA
Corallium rubrum
MOLLUSCA
GASTROPODA — STYLOMMATOPHORA
Helicidae :
Helix pomatia
BIVALVIA — UNIONOIDA
Margantifendae
Margaritufera margaritifera
Umonidae
Microcondylaea compressa
Unio elongatulus
ANNELIDA
HIRUDINOIDEA — ARHYNCHOBDELLAE
Hirudinidae
ey Hirudo medicinalis
ARTHROPODA
CRUSTACEA — DECAPODA
Astacidae
Astacus astacus 4
Austropotamobius pallipes : :
Austropotamobuus torrentum
Scvllandae
Scyllarides larus
INSECTA — LEPIDOPTERA
Saturnudae -
Graellsia isabellae
“Ws Tos ee Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/49
Te ——— oe
ROSACEAE
Rubus genevieri Boreau
subsp. herminii (Samp.) P. Cout.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Anarrhinum longipedicelarum R. Fernandes
Euphrasia mendoncae Samp.
Scrophulana grandiflora DC.
subsp. grandiflora DC.
Scrophularia berminn Hoffmanns & Link
Scrophularia sublyrata Brot.
COMPOSITAE
Leuzea rhaponucoides Graells
ANNEX II: Checklist of habitats for the Habitats Directive
No L 206/16 Official Journal of the European Communities ae
ee eee eee ss
ANNEX |
NATURAL HABITAT TYPES OF COMMUNITY INTEREST WHOSE CONSERVATION REQUIRES THE
DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL AREAS OF CONSERVATION
Interpretation
Code: The hierarchical classification of habitats produced through the Corine programme (') (Corine biotopes
project) is the reference work for this Annex. Most types of natural habitat quoted are accompanied by the
corresponding Corine code listed in the Technical Handbook, Volumel, pp. 73—109.
Conne/ Biotope/89/2.2, 19 May 1988, partially updated 14 February 1989.
The sign ‘x’ combining codes indicates associated habitat types. e.g. 35.2 x 64.1 — Open grassland with
Corynephorus and Agrostrs-(35.2), in combination with conunental dunes (64.1).
The sign **" indicates prionty habitat types.
COSTAL AND HALOPHYTIC HABITATS
Open sea and tidal areas
125; Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all: the ime
11.34 *Posidoma. beds
13.2 Esruaries
14 Mudflats and sandflats nor covered by seawater at low ade
2! "Lagoons
=— Large shallow inlets and bays
= Reefs
=- Manne ‘columns’ in shallow water made by leaking gases
Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches
Wek Annual vegetanon of dritt hnes
17.3 ve Perennial vegetanon of stony banks
18.21 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Aclanuc and Baltc coasts
18.22 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts (with endenuc Lirmonium spp.,
18.23 Vegetated sea clitts of the Macaronesian coasts (flora endemic to these coasts)
Adlanuc and conunental salt marshes and salt meadows
15.11 Salworn:a and other annuals colonizing mud and sand
5.02 Spartina swards (Spurtimon)
15.13 Atlanne salt meadows (Glawco-Puccmelhetalis)
15.14 *Conunental salt meadows /Puccimellietalis distantis)
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlanuc salt marshes and salt meadows
15.18 Mediterranean sale meadows (Jumcetalig maritomnt
15.16 Mediterranean and thermeo-Achinue halophilous scrubs
bal (Arthrocnemetalia tructeosae)
15.17 [berna halo-mitrophilous scrubs (Pegano-Sulsoletea)
Salt and gypsum continental steppes
“15.18 *Salt steppes (Limometahia)
15.19 “Gypsum steppes (Gypsophiletalia)
(") Cormne: Council Decision 45/3 4K7 EEC of 27 June 1985 (Of No L176, 6. 7. 1985S, p. 14)
22.7. 92
Official Journal of the European Communites
No L 206/17
A
COASTAL SAND DUNES AND CONTINENTAL DUNES
Sea dunes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts
16.211
16.212
16.221 to 16.227
16.23
16.24
16.25
16.26
16.29
16.31 to 16.35
1.A
Embryonic shifting dunes
Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenana (white dunes)
*Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes):
16.221 Galio-Koelenon albescenus
16.222 Exuphorbio-Helichrysion
16.223 Crucianellion martrmae
16.224 Euphortia terracina
16.225 Mesobromon
16.226 Trifolto-Gerantietea sanguinei, Galio maritrmi-Geranion sangumei
16.227 Thero-A:non, Butrvchio-Polygaletum, Tuberanon guttatae
*Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum mgrum <
+ Ev-aclanric decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)
Dunes with Hyppophae rhamnoides
Dunes with Salix arenana
Wooded dunes of the Atlantic coast
Humid dune slacks ;
Machairs (* in machairs in Ireland)
Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast
16.223
16.224
16.228 ©
16.229
16.2
7
7
16.28
16.29 x 42.8
Crucianellion mantimue fixed beach dunes
Dunes with Euphorbia terracina
Malcobmetalia dune grasslands
Brachypodtetals dune grasslands with annuals
*Dune jumper thickets (Jumperus spp.!
Dune scleorophvllows scrubs (Cisto-Lavenduletalia)
*Wooded dunes with Pinus prnea and/or Pinus pinaster
Continental dunes, old and decalcified
64.
64.1 x 31.227
64.
Szranding water
”
==)
Saloaxiieees |
and
Running water
1 x 31.223
1 x 38.2
11 x 22.31
11 x 22.34
2532)
Drv sandy heaths with Calluna and Gemsta
Dry sandy heathy with Culluna and Empetrum migrum
Open grassland with Connephoris and Agrosus of contunental dunes
FRESHWATER HABITATS
Ohgorrophic waters Contmag xery tew minerals of Atlanuc sandy plains with
amphibious vegetanon. Lobelia, 1 ittorelis and Isoetes
Ohgotrophic waters contaming very tew minerals of West Mediterranean sandy plains
with Isoctes
Ohgotrophic waters in medio-European and penalpine area with amphibious
vegetanon: Littorella or Isectes or annual vegetation on exposed banks
‘Nanocyperctalta:
Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetanon of chara fromations
Natural euthrophic lakes with Magnepotamion or Hydrochantion-type vegetation
Dvstrophic lakes
°Mediterranean temporary ponds
*Turloughs (Ireland:
Sections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average and mayor beds) where the water
quality shows no significant detenoranon
24.221 and 24.222
24.223
24.224
Alpine mvers and the herbaccous vegetation along ther banks -
Alpine nvers and their hyneous vegetation with Myncana germanica
Alpine nvers and their igneous vegetation with Salx elaegnas
No L 206/18 : Official Journal of the European Communities 22.7. 92
[OR eee ee
24.225 Constantly flowing Metiterranean rivers with Glaucuen flarum
24.4 Floating vegetation of ranunculus of plane, submountainous rivers
24.52 Chenopodietum rubri of submountainous rivers : ed
24.53 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers: Paspalo-Agrostidion and hanging curtains
of Salix and Populus alba
- Incermitrently flowing Mediterranean rivers _
TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB
31.11 Northern Achantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix
31.12 *Southern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris and Enea tetrulix
31.2 Dry heaths (all subtypes) <
31.234 *Drv coastal heaths with Encu vagans and Ulex muritrmus
31.3 *Endemic macaronesian dry heaths
31.4 Alpine and subalpine hearths
31.5 *Scrub with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododenretum
hirsuts'
31.622 Sub-Arctic willow scrub
31.7 Endemic oro- Mediterranean heaths with gorse
SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB (MATORRAL)
Sub-Mediterrancan and temperate
31.82 Stable Buxus sempenirens formations on calcareous rock slopes (Berben-
dion p.*
31.842 Mountain Gemsta purpans formauons
31.88 Jumperus communs formatrons on calcareous heaths or grasslinds
31.89 ©Cistus palhinhae formauons on manume wet heaths § (Junpero-Cistetun
s palbrnbae
Mediterranean arborescent matorral
32513 iro 32.139 Jumper tormanons
2a 5 *Matorral with Zyczphus
32.18 *Marorral with Lanrus nobilis
Thermo-Mediterrancan and pre-steppe brush =
~ 32.216 Laurel thickets
SUS Low tormanons of cuphorbua close co chffs
32.22 bis 32.26 All tvpes
Phrygana
33.1 Astrayale Plertiginetion sutuiatic pheveana
33.3 Surcopoternon spimosium phrygans
33.4 Cretan tormacnons buphorbreto- Verbascron:
NATURAL AND SEMIFNATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS
Natural grasslands
34.11 *Karstie calearcous grasslands (Alvsse-Sedion albrl
34.12 * Xeric sand calcareous grasslands «Koelerron glaucae)
34.2 : Calaminanan grasslands
36.314 Siliceous Pyrenean grasslinds with Festuca es kia
ee Siliceous alpine and boreal grass
36.36 - Stliceous Festuca digesta Iberian: grasslands
36.41 bis 36.45 Alpine calcareous grasslands
36.5 Macaronesian mountain grasslands
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/19
EE — a en ee on Ra aan ra
Semi-nstural dry grasslands and scrubland facies
i 34.31 to 34.34 On calcareous substrates (Festuco Brometalia)
(* important orchid sites)
34.5 *Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals (Thero-Brachypodietea)
35.1 *Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and
submounrain areas, in continental Europe)
Sclerophyllous grazed forests (dehesas)
S211
With Quercus suber and/or Quercus ilex
Semi-nacural tall-herb humid meadows
37.31 Molinia meadows on chalk and clay (Ew-Molimon)
37.4 Mediterranean tall-herb and rush meadows (Mol:no-Holoschoenion) 3
37.7 and 37.8 Eutrophic tall herbs
Mesophile grasslands
38.2
38.3
Sphagnum acid bogs
51.1
$1.2
52.1 and 52.2
54.5
4.6
Calcareous fens
Cnidion venosue meadows liable to flooding
Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sangussorba officinalis)
Mounrain hay meadows (British tvpes with Geranium sylvaticum)
RAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS
* Active raised bogs
Degraded raised bops ee
(still capable of natural regeneranon) a
Blanket bog (* active only)
Transition mires and quaking bogs
Depressions on peat substrates (Rbynchosponon!
53.3 *Calcareous fens with Cladnen manscus and Carex davalliana
54.12 *Petrifving springs with tuta formauon (Cratoncunon)
$4.2 Alkaline fens
54.3 “Alpine pioneer tormanons of Caricron bicolons-atrofuscae
ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES
Scree
61.1 Stheeous
61.2 Turrig
61.3 Western Mediterranean and alpine thermophilous
61.4 Ty Balkan
61.5 Medio-European ssheeaus
61.6 *Medio-European calcareous
Chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes
2.1 and 62.1A Calcareous sub-tvpes
paae Sthercolous sub-ry pes
62.3 Pioneer vegetauon of rock surfaces
62.4 *Limestone pavements
Other rocky habitats
65
Caves not open to the public
*Fields of lava and natural excavations
No L 206/20
Official Journal of the European Communities —=:
en en eee eee
Submerged or partly submerged sea caves
Permanent glaciers
a
FORESTS
(Sub)natural woodland vegetation comprising native species forming forests of tall trees, with typical
undergrowth, and meenng the following criteria: rare or residual, and/or hosting species of Community
interest
Forests of temperate Europe
41.11
41.12
41.13
41.15
41.16
41.24
41.26
41.4
41.51
41.53
41.86
42.51
44.Al1 to 44.A4
44.3
44.4
Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests ;
Beech forests with Ilex and Taxus, rich in epiphytes (Ilici-Fagron)
Asperuio-Fagetum beech forests Ei
Subalpine beech woods with Acer and Rurmex anifolius
Calcareous beech forest (Cephalanthero-Fagion)
Stellano-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests
Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests \
* Tilio-Acerion ravine forests
Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur on sandy piains
Old oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the Briash Isles
Fraxinus angustifolia woods
*Caledomian furest
*Bog woodland
“Residual alluvial forests (Almion glutinoso-incanue)
Mixed oak-elm-ash forests of great rivers
Mediterranean deciduous forests
41.181
41.184
41.6
41.77
41.85
41.9
FLA x 42.17
41.1B
42.Al ‘
HAT
44.52
44.7
44.8
*Apennine beech torests with Taxus and Ilex
*Apennine beech forests with Abres alba and beech forests with Abies nebrodensis
Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur and Quercus pyrenaica
Quercus fagine.: wouds (Ibenan Peninsula)
Quercus trojans woods (Italy. and Greece)
Chestnut woods
Helleme beech forests with Abies bonsi-regis
Quercus frainetto woods
Cypress forests (Aceru-Cupression)
Suhx alba and Populus alba galleries
Riparian formations on intermittent Mediterranean water courses with
Rhododendron ponticum, Saltx and others
Ontental plane woods (Platamon ortentalss)
Thermo. Mediterranean mparian galleries (Neno-Tamancetcsc! and south-west
[benan Peninsula crparian gallenes (Securmeyion tinctornae!
Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests
41.7C
35.1
45.2
45.3
45.5
45.61 to 45.63
45.7
45.8
Cretan Quenus bruchyphyils torests
Oles and Censtonta forests
Quercus suber tarests —
Quercus lex torests
Quercus macrolepts torests
* Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)
“Palm groves of Phoemsx
Forests of Ilex sgutfolssunr
Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests
42.21 ro 42.23
42.31 and 42.32
42.4
Aadophilous forests (Vuccimo-Piceetea)
Alpine forests with larch and Pinus cembra
Pinus uncinats torests (* on im or limestone)
Y
et
22.7. 92 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 206/21
rN ee SS ee ee
Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests
42.14 *Appenine Abies alba and Picea excelsa forests
42.19 Abies pinsapo forests
42.61 ro 42.66 * Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines
42.8 Medirerranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines, including Pinus mugo and
Pinus leucoderms
42.9 Macaronesian pine forests (endemic)
42.A2 to 42.A5 *Endemic Mediterranean forests with Juniperus spp.
and 42.A8
42.A6 *Tetrachinis articulata forests (Andalusia)
42.A71 to 42.A73 * Taxus baccata woods
ANNEX 12: Inventory and Cartography of the Flora and Fauna of
Europe (Harding, 1992)
ae
? ~~
oom ee
;
INVENTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF EUROPE
SOME THOUGHTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Paul T Harding, Biological Records Centre, Environmental Information Centre,
NERC Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots
Ripton, Huntingdon, PE17 2LS, U K.
1 INTRODUCTION
The natural biodiversity of Europe is part of our cultural heritage and
provides the ecological framework of our human habitat. Basic knowledge of
the occurrence of species (such as: what are the species and where do they
occur?) is essential if that heritage and framework is to be protected for,
and used by, future generations. Much relevant knowledge already exists at
a regional or national level throughout Europe, but there is no effective
mechanism to collate, synthesise and interpret the information at a
pan-European level.
This paper examines the need for, and sources of, information on the
occurrence of species, and recommends collaborative action throughout Europe
to collate and use the information.
2 WHY INFORMATION IS REQUIRED
Most of the species of wild flora and fauna which occur in Europe occur in
more than one country, but there are also numbers of endemic taxa which are
confined to small areas, often in only one country. Therefore, each country
has a responsibility to help protect its part of the European heritage of
natural biodiversity, and Europe, as a whole, has a responsibility to each
country to help with that protection.
International collaboration is already taking place, throughout Europe and
beyond, to study and protect the biodiversity and the wildlife heritage of
Europe. The need for collated information, at a pan-European scale, is
becoming increasingly apparent as international legislation and conventions
are formulated to protect individual species, assemblages of species, and the
habitats and sites at which they occur. At present, there is no collated
resource of information on the occurrence of the flora and flora of Europe
other than some species mapping projects (see 3.1 and Annex 1).
Assessments of, and research on, biological responses to environmental changes
(for example of climate or land use) must be, and are being, developed beyond
the boundaries of individual countries with a consequent need for
authoritative data on species and habitats at the European level.
Recommendations
at) Present and potential user-groups for, information collated at the
pan-European level, which cannot easily be provided by the existing
sources,. must be identified.
Technical specifications for a collated information system on wild
species of flora and fauna in Europe should be prepared, based on the
needs of these user-groups.
ist)
3 SOURCES OF INFORMATION
3.1 International species mapping projects
Several projects have been set up to map the European distributions of species
(Annex 1). These projects have been initiated by experts in the respective
taxonomic groups, for purely scientific purposes related to their specialisms.
These projects aim to collate data from experts or databanks in individual
nations and regions. The data collated are normally summarised, usually only
to the level of the cartographic unit used for mapping (e.g. 50-km
square/cell), and are therefore inadequate for detailed site and species
protection. [For further information see the papers by H. Maurin and R.D.Kime
at this seminar. ]
None of these projects have received sufficient national or international
funding to develop a comprehensive pan-European database. In most cases the
projects are funded as academic research projects or by voluntary
subscriptions by interested specialists.
In addition, a few projects to collate data on selected taxonomic groups or
species, from a small group of countries (e.g. Nordic states, francophone
countries), have been set up or are proposed.
Recommendations
i) The progress and operation of these international projects should be
reviewed before any further consideration is given to the collation of
pan-European data on species.
ii) The feasibility of building on existing projects and operational data
centres, to develop pan-European systems covering all major taxonomic
groups, should be investigated.
iii) Any future work to collate information on the occurrence of species at
a pan-European level should be appropriately funded by the user
community. ;
3.2 National and regional databanks
National biological databanks have been set up in many countries, usually in
association with museums, universities, wildlife conservation agencies or
research institutions. A preliminary list of databanks, many of which hold
data of relevance, was published by the Council of Europe (1985). A
subsequent survey by the Council of Europe in 1988 was never completed. A
comparable, but more detailed survey has recently been initated to cover the
United Kingdom (Harding & Ely in press). In April 1987, the Ministerial
Committee of the Council of Europe approved a Recommendation that ‘member
States should take appropriate steps to promote and support the development
and of local regional and national [biological] databanks’.
Recommendations
i) A comprehensive register of national and regional biological databanks
should be compiled as an essential stage in assessing the resource of
data already available in Europe.
ii) National and regional biological databanks should be encouraged to
develop compatible standards and methods, especially for the exchange
of validated data.
3.3 Dispersed sources
Inevitably, a detailed survey of the above sources (3.1 & 3.2) will detect
gaps in knowledge and geographical coverage. National and international
experts and specialist groups already exist which maybe able to add to the
resources of knowledge described above.
Recommendation
Consultation with relevant experts will be necessary to establish whether and
how gaps in knowledge and geographical coverage can be filled from existing
sources.
4 INTEGRATED DATA MANAGEMENT
4.1 Centralised database
The advantages of a single, centralised, computer database, to collate
relevant summarised data from regionally- or nationally-based sources, have
already been demonstrated by the CORINE Project. More detailed information
is normally held in an accessible form in the relevant regional or national
database.
In some. cases the main sources of data on the occurrence of species in
individual countries will be the same as those which are collaborating in the
CORINE Biotopes project. However, relying on potential sources already known
through CORINE would certainly overlook many additional, important and
possibly unique sources of data.
Recommendation
The types of information to be collated on the occurrence of species must be
considered in the context of:
a) What will be required at the pan-European level (as
opposed to what is needed at the national level),
b) What can be reliably acquired from the majority of
regions and countries,
c) What will be meaningful for each major taxonomic group.
Consequently, an assessment of the data available at existing sources will be
necessary before the collated database is designed.
4.2 Taxonomy and nomenclature
The problems of differing views on the taxonomy and nomenclature used in
different countries have already been encountered in the CORINE Biotopes
project (Moss in press). The Council of Europe has proposed the concept of
lists of ‘Standard Names' of species. Criteria for the selection of such
lists have been discussed by a select committee and components of a European
biological nomenclature database have been proposed (Harding 1990).
Recommendation
Protocols for dealing with taxonomic opinions and nomenclatural
standardisation should be developed before data collation is attempted.
5 Interpretation and application of collated information
The main objective of collating information will be for applications in
relation to identified needs, for example in planning and legislation.
However, opportunities will exist to develop the research applications of the
data collated in a centralised database (for example in relation to climate
and land use changes, or on the ecology of individual species). Such uses
would extending the value and importance of the data beyond their immediate
international or national uses.
Recommendation
Protocols should be developed to ensure that use of data in planning,
legislation and research will be positively encouraged and that future access
to data will not be unnecessarily influenced by political or financial
constraints.
6 CONCLUSIONS
International collaboration has led to the documentation of important wildlife
sites through the CORINE Biotopes project. International agreements, such as
the Bern Convention, have assisted in the protection of some threatened
species. Both such initiatives are unlikely to achieve their full potential
because data on species are incomplete and unco-ordinated at a pan-European
level.
There are now opportunities, using modern computer technologies, to make
greater international use of existing data on species which are held
regionally and nationally. These data need to be collated and made available
centrally for wider use throughout Europe in planning, legislation and
research.
This seminar provides a unique forum at which to consider the opportunities
which currently exist for the collation and use of information on the
occurrence of the wild flora and fauna of Europe.
REFERENCES
Council of Europe 1985. Catalogue of data banks in the field of nature
conservation. CDSN-INF(85)2. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Harding, P T 1990. Biological checklists, a European perspective. In:
Terminlogy for museums, edited by D A Roberts, 441-446. Cambridge: Museum
Documentation Association.
Harding, P T & Ely WA in press. A co-ordinated approach to biological
recording in the United Kingdom. In: European miseum documentation strategies
and standards, edited by D.A.Roberts. Cambridge: Museum Documentation
Association.
Moss, D in press. Practical applications of biological terminology in a
European context. In: European museum documentation strategies and
standards, edited by D.A. Roberts. Cambridge: Museum Documentation
Association.
ANNEX 1 EUROPEAN SPECIES MAPPING PROJECTS
Already in operation:
Atlas Florae Europaeae
Atlas des mammifers de 1'Europe
Atlas des reptiles et amphibiens de 1'Europe
European Atlas of Plant Nematodes
European Invertebrate Survey
Faunistica Lepidopterorum Europaeorum
European Myriapod Survey
European Ornithological Atlas
Proposed or pilot projects:
European Bryophyte Atlas
European Butterfly Atlas
European Invertebrate Survey Newsletter 7, 7-10. (1992)
reso ae
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