The Church of Saint Ursula and Her Companions in Cologne: Its Memorials, Monuments and Curiosities

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J

THE

GHDRGH OF SAINT URSULA

AND HER COMPANIONS

IN Cologne.

ITS MEMORIALS, MONUMENTS AND CURIOSITIES

BY

REV. ALBERT GEREON STEIN

PASTOR AD SANCTAM URSULAM.

COLOGNE 1882,

PRINTET BY A. SECHfe

3X

^)

^

I. St. Ursula and her companions.

As early as the second century, Christianity
was spread over the Southern part of the British
^ island. This part was • subject to the Eoman
.^ Empire ; and by that means a connexion between
? it and Rome, the capital of Christianity was kept
' up, and thus the Gospel easily found its way
from Rome to Britain. The Picts and Scots ho-
wever, the inhabitants of the northern part of
the Island, still remained in infidelity. At the
beginning of the 5^. century, nearly the whole
population of the many small kingdoms into
which the Southern part was divided were Chi-is-
tians. About the middle of the same centurv
when the Romans had left Britain, the Christians
of the Southern part were sorely oppressed by
theh' infidel neighbours, the Picts and Scots*
To resist these enemies they called in to their
aid the Anglo-Saxons, a coiu^ageous but infidel
people who inhabited the countries now called
Holstein and Schleswig as far as Jutland. The
warlike Anglo-Saxons came in bodies, and landed
on the neighbouring British shore in the year
449. Victory crowned their efforts against the
Picts and Scots whom they compelled to retire
from the South of Britain. But when they had
seen the beauty of that coimtry as well as learnt
its fertility, they began to covet, it for their own.
Accorddingly they turned their arms against those

— 4 —

who had called them over, and a terrible fate met
the Christians of Southern Britain. Driven from
thair own homes, some fled to the West, some
crossed the sea, whilst slavery became the lot of
others. Many of the British Christians fled to
the Continent, some to Batavia and some to Gaul
expecting to find a safe asylum there amongst
the Christians. Of those who went to Batavia
many proceeded still further along the Khine
in order to seek refuge in the districts of the
Lower Rhine which still enjoyed peaci^ and tran-
quility unter the Eoman government. In this
way, they reachad Cologne, the old Roman colony.
Amongst these British fugitives, there were many
virgins whose fathers and brothers had been slain
m the wars with the Anglo-Saxons. One of them
of royal blood surpassed the rest in nobility of
birth and intelligence as well as in piety and
\Trtue. Her name was Ursula. She was the
leader and model of her companions and seems
to have been acknowledged and honoured by them
as their head. In the Christian city of Cologne
where the British fugitives were received with
great kindness, the royal virgin was honoured
and venerated by all, and she soon became to
all the women and maidens there, as she had
before been of her companions, their model and ,
example.

But in Cologne they did not enjoy peace and
tranquility long; they were doomed to meet here
a fate even more dreadful than that from which
they had escaped when they fled from their own
country. The Huns, a pagan people hated yet
feared throughout the West, because of their

— o —

cruelty and immorality, were then living near
the Caspian Sea. Previous to this time they had
left their homes and advanced as far as Himgary,
and even to the Southern part of Germany. In
the beginning of the year 450 this people- together
with some other barbarian tribes again moved
forward,, intending to pass through Southern Ger-
many into Gaul and Italy, and to make their
own, by murder and plunder the wealth of these
flourishing countries. These barbarians in large
bodies under their king and leader Attila inva-
ded the above mentioned districts of the Roman
Empire; and whereever they passed, the traces
they left behind were nuns and bleeding corpses.
Horror and dread spread over the whole of Eu-
rope, and in every country through which the
Hims were to pass, all the country poei)le and
the inhabitants of the towns and villages fled for
refuge to the forests and mountains, or sought
protection behind the walls of the fortified cities.
Those brutal hordes were not stopped in their
onward march by the resistance of a few Roman
soldiers. In the summer of 451, the immense
army of the Huns had conquered and laid waste
Southern Germany and the Soud-Eastern part
of Gaul. Having advanced- as far as the city of
Orleans, they had sacked the towns, taken with
til em or destroyed the moveable property of the
inhabitants, and miu'dered the men, sparing the
women and maidens for slavery and dishonour.
Near Orleans however they met with a stout re-
sistance from a large Roman force under Aetius
and the Westem-Goths under Theodorich their
king. Moreover these forces were joined by a

— 6 —

large army of the Franks under their king Me-
rovaeus. The approach of these large armies
caused the Huns to retire in a north-easterly
direction beyond the Seine and Marne as far as
a large plain near Chalons sur Marne, where
they awaited their enemies. There on the Cata-
launian fields, in July of 451 was fought the
dreadful battle by which the fate of the whole
of Europe was decided. From early morning tiU
night that terrible battle raged in which migthier
armies than had ever been seen before, were
engaged. The Huns were conquered and when
night came on, they left the battle field after
having lost 160,000 men slain by the united for-
•ces of the Eomans. They retired northwards
towards Belgium, and on their march took ven-
geance for the defeat they had undergone, by
the most revolting acts of cruelty which they
inflicted on the Romans and Franks through
whose territories they passed. From Belgium
they marched eastward in order to reach the
Rhine, and about the middle of October they
arrived at Cologne, a fortified city. Besides the
citizens themselves many from the surrounding
districts had taken refuge behind its walls. The
army of the Huns was stiU large and formidable
and after a short siege the city was ,taken by
storm. Here were repeated those scenes of cruelty
which were to be witnessed whenever the Huns took
a city. Themen who were foundin Cologne being una-
ble to conceal themselves or to fly to the surrounding
forests, were massacred. The maidens and younger
women were led from the town to some liigh
ground before the northern gate, were probably

— 7 —

the camp was pitched and the king's tent erected.
There they were distributed as booty to those
inhuman soldiers and given up to most dreadful
fate, to slavery and dishonour. Together along
with the maidens and women of Cologne, the
British virgins were led out and at their head
was their royal leader Ursula. St. Ursula sus-
tained the courage and fortitude of her compa-
nions in this terrible situation in which a com-
pany of about eleven thousend females had no
choice but death or the most ignominious dis-
honour. As in the days of peace she had been
the leader and model not only of her British
companions, but also of the women and maidens
of Cologne, so was she their stay in this hour
of extreme affliction and difficulty. By her quiet
resignation and corstancy and by her ardent en-
couragement she inspired the whole company
with the resolution of dyng rather than consen-
ting to what they bad been destined. With de-
termination therefore they all resisted the wicked
designs of the barbarians in spite of their cruel
threats* The Huns enraged by such constancy
fell like wild beasts on these christian heroines
and murdered them on the field where they
were assembled. Yery many fell pierced by the
arrows of the Huns, many were killed by the
sword or by clubs. St Ursula struck by an
arrows fell in the midst of her companions. She
had encouraged them to cjnstancy to the last,
and had called to their mind the heavenly re-
ward they would receive hereafter. Besides the
females many mem ane children who would pro-

~ 8 —

bably have been made slaves to the Huns were
led outside the city and murdered.

The Huns retiring from Cologne crossed the
Ehine. The few citizens who had concealed
themselves in the dty itself or in the surroun-
ding woods ventured to come out from their hi-
ding places. But what a terrible sight met their
eyes I. They foimd not only the streets of the
city streaming with blood and strewn with corp-
ses, but also the large field before the northern
gate covered with the dead bodies of the murde-
red women. Many we may suppose were not
yet dead but severely wounded, and able to give
an account of the frightful scene they had wit-
nessed. The bodies of the murdered were buried
in the same field in which they had so victori-
ously fought the great fight for the preservation
of their virtue and their faith. We may be sure
that these murdered Christians to the remainder
appeared as martyrs who with their own blood
had borne witness for Christ, offering their
lives forthe law of Christ The royal British
virgin St. Ursula known and venerated by all,
was buried on the spot where she fell, struck
by the deadly arrow, and where now above her
tomb stands the church of her name. By her
side were buried her British companions, whilst
the other martyrs were buried on the place of
their martyrdom in the large field which stret-
ched eastward to the banks of the Rhine, south-
ward nearly as far as the Roman trench siuroim-
ding the town. We have reason to suppose that
this great cemetery did not extend far north-
ward and westward beyond the spot where the

~ 9 —

Church of St. Ursula stands. When Cologne was
rebuilt and again inhabited, the glory and vene-
ration of the martyrs spread abroad. The day
on which they died, struck by the arrows and
swords of the barbarians was the 21i^ October
and is celebrated as their anniversary. These
martyrs were chosen by the citizens of Cologne
as their special Patrons. As the greater part of
those martyred were virgins and as the Church
which was built on the place of their martyrdom
was called «The Church of the Yirgins», the whole
company of 11000 persons came to be taken as
a company of virgins. In the same way must
be explained the fact, that the people afterwards
maintained that the 11000 riiartyrs were British
virgins, because their leader St. Ursula, and a
large and illustrious part of tliat company came
from Britain.

II. The Church of St. Ursula and her

companions.

The Church which stands over the tombs of
St. Ursula and her companions was formely cal-
led »The Church of the Holy Virgins«, »Eccle8ia
Sanctarum Virginum« which in the Cologne dialect
was corrupted into »Sinter Yirgen». or »Sinter
Yillgen« Since the 16^^ centhury this Church
has been called: »The Church of St, Ursula >.
In former centuries when the Church was still
outside the city, being completely exposed to
hostile attacks it was on several occasions
destroyed in time of war. The foundation

— 10 —

stone of the Church of St. Ursula as it
now stands was laid about the year 1020 and
the Church is therefore one of the first of the
Old Romane style built in the Rhineland. The
oldest portions of the present Church which still
remain, are the broad high nave, the two side
aisles, and the transepts. Formerly the east end
of the nave was closed by a halfspherical apsis.
In each aisle were two Galeries one above the
other, and opening into the naves by arches*
The first two stories of the present belfry were
built as a vestibule to the nave about the year
1130. The other stories of this belfrv were built
later, probably in the 14*^ century. The mag-
nificent gothic chancel was built in the 13*^ cen-
tury about the same time as Cologne Cathedral,
and consecrated in 1287. * Then also the groined
roofs of the old nave which was formerly cove-
red by a plain roof, were built. In the 14*^ cen-
tury an additional aisle was built on the South
side of the Church. Two other buildings were
added to this new aisle in the 17^ century, the
South transept being extended across its east end
and at the west end was built the golden chamber.
This golden chamber was consecrated Sept. 17*^
1644, and its cost defrayed by the Imperial
ambassador at the Westphalican congress, John
von Crane and his wile Maria Yerena Hegemiihle-
rin. In 1680 the roofs of the belfry and nave
were burnt by lightning, and in their place was
built the present cupola in the Rococco style,
and surmounted by a crown.

Since the year 922 a convent of nuns, most
of the members of which belonged to the no-

— 11 —

bility of the country, has been connected with
the old Church of the Holy Yirgins, It was in
this convent that St. Alice lived as a nun from
960 till 980, In 980 she left this place to be-
come first Abbess of the new convent of Yilich
near Bonn, founded by her father Count Megingoz,
About 1048 the pious Queen Richeza, daughter
of the Count Palatine Ez;?;o, vhen expelled from
Poland, sought an asylum in the convent of the
Holy Yirgins, and took the veil from the hands
of Bruno Bishop of Toul and afterwards Pope
Leo IX. About the end of the 12*^ century this
convent was transformed into a secular convent
for noble ladies, and aU who were not of that
rank, went to the sister convent of Maximine
founded in 1188. The members of the convent of
St Ursula were all of noble extraction and none
lower than daughters of Counts were admitted.
At the beginning of the 19*^ century this convent
and property were confiscated and annexed to
the State lands, and the Church of St. Ursula
made the Parish Church of Maria Ablass, the
former Parish Church of which had been taken
down on account of its decayed state.

III. Monuments and works of art in the
Church of St. Ursula.

1. The Ckmatian title of the Church, A Roman
inscription on a stone on the inside of a
south wall of the chancel. It runs, thus :
Divinis flammeis visionibus frequenter ad-

— 12 —

monitiis et virtiitis magnae majeistatis martyrii
caelestium virginmn imminentiiim ex parti-
bus orientis exhibitiis pro voto Clematiiis
V(ir) C(larisssimus) de proprio in loco suo
hanc basilicamvotoquod debebata fundamen-
tis restituit^ Si qiiis aiitem super tan tarn ma-
jestatem hujus basilicae ubi sanctae virgines
pro nomine Christi sanguinem suum fuderunt
corpus alicujus deposuerit exceptis virginibus
sciat se sempiternis tartari ignibus puniendum.
»Often admonished by divine visions
and by the cDUsideration of the ma-
jesty of the martyrdom of the Holy
Virgins who appeared to him, Clema-
tius anobleman of the East according
to vow thoroughly restored this Basi-
lica on his own estate and at his own
expense. But if any one notwithstan-
ding the majesty of the place where
the holy virgins shed their blood for
thename of Christ, should dare to bury
any person here, let him know that
he shall be punished by the eternal
fire of helL«
2. The coffin of Viveniiay a small very old sar-
cophagiis, standing on four short supports
near the entrance to the vestry. According
to a very ancient tradition this Viventia was
the daughter of Pipin of Heristal, Duke of
Heristal, Duke of Brabant and major-domo
of the kings of the Franks. She is said to
have died here in Cologne in the year 644,
at the very early , age of six. As her father
desired that she should be buried in the

1

Q

Church of the Holy Yirgins. and as she
coiilt not be interred in the ground made
sacred by the blood of matyrs, the corpse was
placed in a stone coffin and kept in the
Church above ground.

3. Over the sepulchre of Yiventia is a stone
representation of the baring of the cross, the
sculptor of which is unknown, but the style
points to the 16*^ century as its date.

4. The tomb of St. Ursula in the north Transept.
Black marble encloses the stone coffin in
which the body of the Saint reposed until
the 7**^ century when the holy Bishop Cuni-
bert found it and raised it above ground.
A full sized figure, in alabaster, of St. Ur-
sula lies on the coffin lid. It represents a
noble yet chaste figure and its sight laeves
a deep impression on the visitor. At the
feet is the name of the sculptor J. F. W.
Lentz. The Imperial Ambassador mentioned
above John von Crane raised this sepulchre
at his own expense in 1659.

5. Ten old pictures of the apostles painted on
slate which are fastened to the wall in the
South aisle near the principal entrance to
the Church. The pictures of St. Peter and
Paul are wanting. According to an inscrip-
tion on the back of the picture of the Apostle
St. PhiHppus these paintings are of the year
1224. Historically these pictures are of
great value, as they are probably the oldest
&erman specimens. The figures of the
Apostles are in the Byzantine style of pain-
ting.

— 14 —

6. Sixteen old Geraian paintings, artistically,
executed, which in thirty parts represent in
single scenes the story of St, Ursula and her
companions as it was formerly told and
poetically embellished. On the last two
pictures the names of the two painters
Gtirgen van Scheiven and Jan van Scheiven
are written, accompanied by the figures 1456,
the year in which the paintings were done.

7. The great painting on the high altar re-
presenting the martyrdom of St Ursula, was
produced about 1640 by tse Cologne painter
Cornelius Schiitte a pupil of Eubens.

8. The painting on the altar in the apsis of
the nord aisle. It represents the Bishop*
St. Nicolas receiving from the Emperor Con-
stantine the decree conceding the free prac-
tice of religion to the Cristians throughout
the Eoman Empire. This picture was pain-
ted about the year 1650 by John Htilsmann,
Its position prevents it from recei\dng a good
light. The other paintings are of little va-
lue as works of art.

IV: The relics kept in the Church
of St. Ursula.

According to documents they began in the 7*^
century to take up the bones of the martyrs be-
longing to the company of St. Ursula, in order

- 15 - •

to expose them for plubic veneration. In the
same century, as tracUtion tells ns the sepulchre
of St» Ursula was found and her body disinterred
by the Bishop St. Cunibert* A document of the
8*^ century tells us that already at that time many
churches in Batavia, the present Holland, possessed
relics of the Virgins of the company of St Ur-
sula. These disinterments were first made in
the interior of the Church, afterwards outside,
when the buildings of the Convent, founded
here, were enlarged or other buildings erected
near the Church. In this way not only the
Church of the Holy Virgins itself was en-
riched with the reKcs of these Saints, but such
relics were given also to other Churches of Co-
logne and to other distant Churches. In the
year 1155 they began to dig up the whole field,
where the Virgins were martyred. About that
time the city was enlarged as far as the place
of the martyrdom of the Virgins. The bones
of these martyrs, which had often been disho-
noured formerly, when houses were built there,
were now desinterred and brought to various
churches. This general disinterment was orde-
red and dii'ected by the Benedictins of the Abbey
of Deutz (opposite Cologne.) It lasted 9 years,
and many thousands of bodies of martyrs were
disinterred and given away to various churches
in Germany, France and the Netherlands.

Most of the numerous relics now to be seen
in the Church of St. Ursula were dug out of
the groimd of the Church itseK and of the sur-
rounding parts, where the Convent was standing.
Only a smaU part comes from the general dis-

, - 16 -

interment of the year 1155. Some of these relics
are enclosed in numerous stonecoffins, put up on
the South and West Side of the Church, some
are enclosed in the walls of the Chancel, some
again are enclosed in the walls of de Church
and' of the golden Chamber for public veneration.
The heads of these martyrs are separated from
the other bones, each enveloped in a velvet-cap-
sule embroidered with gold and placed in single
cases partly in the Sanctuary, partly in tlie nave
and the aisles and partly in the golden Chamber.
The number of these heads amounts to seven-
teen hundred. The table of the altar of most
blessed virgin in the South Transept of the
Church contains relics which belonged to the
Church of the SS. Machabees. This Church stood
on the same field, where the Yirgins were mar-
tyred, and was filled with relics of the martyrs,
the companions of St. Ursula. It was pulled
down in the beginning of this century. The
relics belonging to this Church were distributed
among the several churches of the city of Co-
logne.

Y. The golden Chamber attached to the
Church of St. Ursula.

The »golden Chamber« is a large and beauti-
ful chapel attached to the south-western comer
of the Church of St. Ursula. It is called so from
its being plentifuly gilt in the interior part of
it. In this golden Chamber the most important

1?

relics of this Church are kept, and not only
relics of St. Ursula and her company but also
other portions of very remarkable relics, which
were brought hither during the course of many
centuries. Many of the cases and capsules in
which these relics are enclosed, are distinguished
for their antiquity and their artistic value. The-
refore the golden Chamber is important and ven-
erable not only for the pious Catholic who sec^s
here the relics of so many Saints whom he
reveres, but it is also most interesting to ama-
teurs and antiquarians.

The most remarkable things of the golden
Chamber, worth seeing, are as follows:

1. The shrine of St. Ursula. It contains a part
of the bones of St. Ursula and the remains
of the garment, clothed in which she was
interred after her martyrdom. Tliis shrine
was erected in the 12*^ century. Originally
it was most precious and plentifully ador-
ned with work of beaten silver and enamels
and gems, but it was robbed of its precious
ornaments in the French invasion when the
Convent to which the Church then belonged,
was suppressed. In the year 1881 it was
restored to its original beauty^ by the muni-
ficence of a Cologne-family.

2. The shrine of St. Aetherius and 'St. Vale-
rius. It contains the bones of the Saints
just mentioned and of other martyrs of the
company of St. Ursula. The bones of St.
Aetherius were found in the year 1155 near
St. Ursula's Church, those of Valerius in

^ 18 --

the year 1320 within the Church itself* This
shrine also was erected in the 12*^ century.
It lost its original ornaments at the same
time and in the same manner as the shrine
of St. Ursula.

3» The shrine of St Hippolytus, It contains
a part of the bones of the martyr St.
Hippolytus who, formerly gaoler of St.
Laurentius, wa,^ converted by him to Christi-
anity, but soon afterwards, in the year
258 sui!'ered martyrdom at Rome. It was
about the year 870 that these relics were
brought from Eome to the newly founded
convent of Gerresheim, near Diisseldorf. From
derresheim they were brought over to Colo-
gne in the year 922 when that convent was
destroyed by the Hungarians. The nuns of
that convent however and the reKcs of their
church were removed by Herimann I. the
archbishop of Cologne, to the convent atta-
ched to the Church of the Virgin Saints.
This magnificent shrine, a new one, was

' made in the year 1871 by the sculptors Messrs.
Bong of Cologne.

4. Many skulls of virgins and martyrs, be-
longing to the company of St. Ursula. They
ai*e partly enclosed in busts, partly open
placed in two big cases at the westsido of
the golden Chamber, partly enclosed in other
cases. There are 120 of the busts just men-
tioned, each of which encloses a skull. They
come from different centuries, from the
fourteenth up to the eighteenth. Those of
the seventeenth and eighteenth are adorned

— 19 ->

with precious silver ornaments. On many
of the skulls mentioned traces of the mar-
tyrdom suffered are clearly to be perceived.
They are dinted by sword-strokes, pierced
by arrows or show ti*aces of being struck
by clubs. The following skulls which are
upon the altar are especially remarkable.

a) The head of St. Christina stained all over
with blood

b) The head of St. Aetherius, plentifully
adorned with pearls.

c) The head of St Pantalus dinted by a
stroke with the sword.

d) The he^d of St. Artimia, a very youth-
ful virgin, on whose skull traces of club-
blows are still to be perceived.

e) The head of St. Cordula from which we
are able to conclude that she was of ma-
ture age.

f) The head of St. Benedicta, split by seve-
ral dreadful strokes of the sword.

In addition to these heads there are placed
upon the altar:

5) The arm-bone of St. Ursula, encased in a
wooden arm silvered over. This relic was
formerly enclosed in an arm of beaten silver
o work of art and plentifully adorned with
gems. This precious reliquary dissapeared
from the church when the convent was sup-
pressed.

6. The jaw-bone of St. Aetherius enclosed in
an old reliquary copper beaten and gilt, of
roman style, remarkable for its form and
engravings.

— 20 —

7. A large cylinder of christal, the foot and
cover being of gilt metal. It contains earth
mixed up with blood, which was taken from
the sepulchres of the Virgin Saints and Mar-
tyrs, In several tombs when they were ope-
ned in the year 1155 this earth was found.
The following relics are placed in a
glasscase on the west-side of the golden
Chamber.

8. The foot of St. Ursula, placed in a beau-
tiful casket of ivory, artistically carved and
comming from the 14*^ century. This cas-
ket is highly valued by amateurs and anti-
quarians. Its engravings represent profane
subjects from which we gather that it for-
merly served as a jewel casket.

9. Relics of the martyr St. Stephanus and of
other Saints, placed in an ivory casket,
smaller than the above mentioned, but very
similar to it and adorned with the sameen-
gi'avings.

10. The hair-net of St. Ursula which acx3ording
to tradition was found in her sepulchre
near her head. It is kept in an uncarved
ivory-casket.

11. The iron point of the arrow by which St.
Ursula was kiUed. It is encased in silver
and was according to tradition found in her
tomb near her bones

12. A joint of a finger of St. Matemus, the first
bishop of Cologne. Is is encased in a silver
linger.

13 A particle of the Holy Cross, enclosed in a
HJIver ostensorium of modern style,

- 21 -

14. A cylinder of christal placed in a gothic
pointed-arch of silver gilt, plentifully ador-
ned. It contains a particle of the whip with
which Christ was scourged, and a piece of
the chasuble of St. Servatius

15. A long cylinder of christal encased in
silver gilt and standing on four curved
feet. From, the top of the cylinder springs
forth a figure of Christ on the cross by
the side of whom our Blessed Lady and St.
John are standing. It is of ancient form
The cylinder contains pieces of the garment
and the Hnen in which the body of St. Ur-
sula' was wrapped up in the sepulchre.

16. A small cylinder of christal embordered in
silver gilt, adorned by a large sapphire and
contains some particles of the crown of
thorns of Christ

17. A roct-cristal carved in the form of a small
elephant which bears upon its back a little
tower containing some small relics. It is
very old and remarkable.

18. A large square polished rock-cristal encased
in silver gilt. It represents a little tomb
standing on four feet, which contains hair
clotted with blood of a virgin belonging to
the companions of St. Ursula.

19. A round ivory box, very old and containing
some relics

20. Four very old caskets of different shape
size and adornment, allofthemcontainingrelics.

On the west-side of the golden Chamber
moreover are to be seen in two frames fas-
tened to the wall :