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A PAPER READ BEFORE THE

British Associatio7i for the Advance7nent of Science.

MONTREAL MEETING, 1884.

THE FISHERIES OF CANADA

By L. Z. JONCAS,

Lommissioner to the London Fisheriti Exhibition^ Sheriff' of Gaspe, Quebec.

" The late Professor Spencer F. Baird once told me that the quantity offish taken from
the ocean for the supply of human wants ivas literally no more than equal to a drop in a bucket
of water, compared to tlu multiiudu offish which the vtultitndinous seas stand ready to gizie up
t» our use. Could these fish be diverted in the water from the shores if Canada to the harbors
of New England, should we erect a barrier at the mouth of every harbor to prevent thcin from
entering at full measure ? If not, why do we erect a barrier to prevent their being brought upon
the water t" — Edward Atkinson.

" The commercial products obtained from the sea are more numerous and important than
would be generally supposed by those wlio have not looked closely into the matter. *♦**•'
The sea is more abundantly stocked with living creatures than the land. It is filled with animals
of several kinds, ami each layer of water in depth, seem.' to have its own varieties, thus resem-
bling the changes which take place, according to elevation, tn the organized portion of the lafid.
The animals are among the mightiest and among the smallest." — P. L. Simmons, "Commercial
Products of the Sea."

co£t<cjy^£ixiciA.iL. xjjsTiojsr 2300XJ2s-a:B3srT isro. e.

NEW YORK:
ERASTUS WIMAN. 314 BROADWAY.

CANADA

NATIONAL LIBRARY

BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE

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{^ y W PAPER READ HE FORE THE

British Association for the Advancement of Science.

MONTREAL MEETISU, 1884.

THE FISHERIES OF CANADA

By L. Z. JONCAS,

Commissioiur to the London Fisheries Exhibition, Sheriff" of Gaspc, Quebec.

" The late Professor Stem ek F. II.mki) once told nie that the quantity offish taken from
the ocean for the supply of human wants ',vas literally no more than Cipial to a drop in a hucket
of water, compared to the multitude of fish whii h the multitudinous seas stand ready to i^ive up
t» our use. Ct'uld these fsh be diverted in the \v.\ri:Ky>(V// the shores of Canada to the harbors
of Xe'M England, should we erect a barrier at the vicuth of every harbor to prevent them from
entering at full measure ? If not, ivhy do wc erect a barrier to prevent their being brought ri'ON
i/ie water f" — Edward Atkinson.

" The commercial products obtained from the sea are more numerous and important than
would be generally supposed by those who hax-e not looked closely into the matter. • • * * «
'The sea is more abundantly stocked with living creatures than the land. It is filled with animals
of several kinds, and each layer of water m deph, seems to have its o7on varieties, thus resem-
bling the changes which take place, according to elevation, in the organized portion if the land.
'The animals are among the mightiest and among the smallest." — I'. I.. Simmons, " CoimncrciaL
I'roJucts of the Sea."

-»-♦-♦■

NEW YORK:
ERASTUS WIMAN. 314 BROADWAY.

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/// view of the interest manifiStcd in the (juestion of Coniincnial Union of
North Anurica, and tlu important place -ohieh the Fisheries of Canada oeeupy,
as a part of that question ; and also their relation to the eoinpUeations -<ohieh hare
arisen between the United States and Great Britain and Canada, an intellii^ent
description of the Canadian Fisheries will l>e an impoitant addition to the litfrnture
pf the hour. This is happily found in the contribution by Mr. SilKKlJ-K JON'CAS,
of Gaspe, (Jiiebec, to the papers of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, which is submitted herewith. The simplicity and iutelli-enee of the
paper is only exceeded by its comptehensiveness.

If, amonj; the man v great benefits which would follow in the train of Commer-
cial Union, Jrec access could be had to the vast fishery wealth of the Dominion by
the people of the United States, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a market
be created for this important asset in the wealth of Canada, whereby the products
of the sea could be made more available, the sustentation of human life could be
greatly cheapened, and a mcst beneficial result weuld le achieved.

THE FISHERIES OF CANADA.

By L. Z, JONCAS, Sheriff of Gaspe, Quebec.

I. Extent of Canadian Fisheries.

I am not afraid of saying too much, when I assert that the
Dominion of Canada owns the largest and the richest fisheries in the
world. "As a national possession," says the Hon. Peter Mitchell,
who was our Minister of Marine and Fisheries in 1870, "they are
inestimable ; and, as a field for industry and enterprise they are
inexhaustible. Besides their general importance to the country as
a source of maritime wealth and commerce, they also possess a
special value to the inhabitants. The great variety and superior
quality of the fish products of the sea and inland waters of Canada
afford a nutritious and economical food, admirably adapted to the
domestic wants of a mixed and laborious population. They are
also in other respects specially valuable to such of our people as
are engaged in maritime pursuits, either as a distinct industry or
combined with agriculture. The principal localities in which fish-
ing is carried on, do not usually present conditions favorable to
husbandry. They are limited in extent and fertility, and are sub-
ject to certain climatic disadvantages. The prolific nature of the
adjacent waters, and the convenience of their undisturbed use, are
a necessary compensation for defects of soil and climate. On such
grounds alone, the sea and inland fisheries to which British subjects
have claims on this continent are of peculiar value."

To this statement of one of our most prominent public men, I
will merely add a few words, to show more clearly what an immense
field is opened by our fisheries, not only for the industry of our own
population, but for the enterprise of our neighbors, a field capable
of sustaining three or four times as large a population as that of
Canada at the present moment. Canada is equal in extent to the
republic of the United States; it is almost as large as the whole con-
tinent of Europe ; that is to say, it contains about one-fourteenth of

THE FlsnEtllES OF (AyAD.t.

the land ol the world. IJoundcd hy three oceans, it has, besides its
nr.nierotis inland seas, over 5,500 miles of sea eoast, washed by
waters abounding in the nnjst valuable fishes of all kinds. Setting
asiile for the moment the 3,000 miles of sea coast in Hritish Colum-
bia, and the immense inland seas of the great Northwest Territory, —
the richness of which has not been properly utilized, and is not yet
well known, — we have, in the old Provinces of the Confederation,
2,500 miles of sea coast, and inland seas covering an area of 122
square miles ; besides a considerable number of lakes of smaller
extent, and many important rivers, teeming with varieties of fishes
of great commercial value.

From whatever j)oi.nt of view wc may regard them, the teeming
waters of the Hritish American pcjssessions, and those which form
their great lakes and magnificent rivers, must be reckoned as a na-
tional i)roperty, richer and more perpetual than any mere estimate
in money can exjjress. **It is in the highest degree satisfying,"
observes the lion. Peter Mitchell, in his above mentione/i Report,
" to find that Canadians are becoming every year more and more
alive to the vast importance of their fisheries, and that they are
now more than ever anxious to preserve them as the finest material
j)ortion of our colonial heritage."

The fact of foreign nations having always clung with tenacity to
every right and common liberty which they have been enabled to
secure in these fisheries, and the eagerness which foreigners manifest
to establish themselves in the actual use of such extensive and
lucrative privileges, constituting the best extrinsic: evidence of the
wide-spreading influence of their possession, and the strongest
testimony to their industrial and c;ommercial worth.

II. \'alue of Canadian Fisheries.

I may, perhaps, be asked, whether the richness and the value of
the Canadian fisheries are in proportion to their extent. Our
fisheries, on account of the insufficienc:y of our i)opulation, are
far from having ac(piired all the development of which they are
capable ; their annual yield, however, if we take into considera-
tion the number of men actively and regularly employed in
working them, and compare them with foreign fisheries of the
same nature, proves that they are the richest and the most pro-
ductive in the whole world. As our population grows, and as

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we are aide to devote more attention to this industry, the in-
crease in the value of our fisheries w ill be proportionately very
great.

Professor Brown (loodc, American Commissioner at the London
Fisheries ICxhibition in 1S83, in one of his speeches at the Fishery
Congress in connection with the I^xhibition, referred to the im-
mense growth of the Canadian fisheries, during the last ten years.
Me declared that in the course of his own studies, he had occasion
each year to |>eruse the Canadian rejtorts, and had been " j»erfectly
amazed " at the rapidity with which this industry had been de-
veloi'ed. In fact, if we consult the statistics so carefully collected
every year by our fishery officers, these official figures will show
that the value of the Canadian fisheries, which in 1870 was only
$7,573,oco, had doubled during the succeeding ten years, and
amounted in 18.S0 to $14,500,000. And if we open tl>e last official
Report, published by the Depaitinent of Marine and Fisheries, we
shall see that the same fisheries produced in 18.S3 the sum of $17,-
500,000, representing an increase in value of tlirt-e millions of dol-
lars in three years.

.Although our system of inspection is effective, although the
organization of the outside servi( e of our Department of Marine
and I'isheries, and our method of collecting fisher\ statistics, are
given as models to other countries, yet they are susceptible of
many im|)rovements. It is easy to understand that in such an ex-
tensive ccKintry as Canada, where every settler has facilities tor
'Ishing, it is utterly impossible for our statisticians to impart a
mathematical i)recision to their Reports, or to give ac( uratcly the
\alue of the home consumption. *****

The returns of the total catch in the Island of Cape IJreton, we
hear from good authority, are much below the actual figures.
The same thing may be said of Nova Scotia, New Hrunswick,
Quebec, and British Columbia, where the value of the fisheries is
certainly not accurately rei)resented by the figures given.

The $17,500,000, iuentioned above as the valu-i of the Canadian
fisheries in 18S3, cannot therefore be anything else than the value
of the fish prepared for exportation or sold on the Canadian
markets. In that amount cannot be included the $5,000,000, the
approximate value of the fish caught and consumed by the native
population of Manitoba and British Columbia. And in the other

THE FISHERIES OF CANADA.

provinces of the Dominion, with a population of over 4,000,000
inhabitants, for T/hom fish is one of the principal articles of diet,
the estimated value of the fish consumed is $12,000,000. If,
therefore, we add together the value of the fish cured for the trade,
and that of the fish captured for local consumption, we have, for
1883, a grand total of $34,500,000. These figures speak for them-
selves, and give an idea of the immense richness of the Canadian
waters.

(ireat Britain and the United States, like Canada, have very
extensive and very productive fisheries; and by way of further
demonstration of the richness of our waters, we may draw a com-
parison between their products and those of the Canadian fisheries.
We have in Canada 50,000 men regularly employed in the fisheries.
Their labor, as shown by the last official returns, has produced
$17,500,000, or $350 for each fisherman. Great Britain, for the
working of her fisheries, employs 113,640 men, and their labour,
according to the figures given by the Duke of Edinburgh, in his
very interesting essay on the British fisheries, produces annually
615,000 tons of fish, representing a value of $35,000,000, or $308
for every fisherman ; showing a difference in favor of the Cana-
dian fisheries of $42 for each fisherman.

The statistics of 1882 show that 132,000 men were employed in
the fisheries of the United States. The labor of these men pro-
duced $44,500,000, or $337 for each man, yielding a difference, in
favor of the Canadian fisheries over those of the United States,
of $13 for every fisherman. It may be here observed that no in-
considerable portion of the fish taken by the United States fisher-
men has been caught in the Canadian waters.

It must be added that, in this comparison, I put aside 3,000
miles of sea-coast on the Pacific ocean, the richness of which is
still unknown to us and for which we have no statistics; because
this vast field, as well as the numerous inland seas flowing towards
the Arctic ocean, could not, for want of hands, be worked till now.
We have statistics for about one-half of the extent of our fisheries,
and it is that half only which is here compared ^ith the whole
fisheries of Great Britain and of the United States. It must also
be noted, that on account of the severity of our climate, our fish-
eries can only be worked during about seven months of the year,
while the American and Englishman fish all the year round; so

VALVE OF CASADIAS FISHERIES.

that the Canadian fisherman earns, in seven months, $42 more than
the English fisherman, and $13 more than the fisherman of the
United States, both of whom work from January to December.

What I have just said, is a sufficient justification of my assertion,
that the Canadian fisheries are the richest in the world. And yet,
in this comparison, I have said nothing of the perfection of the
fishing implements used by the fishermen of the neighbouring Re-
public and of Great Ikitain. Nor have I mentioned the large
sums spent by them in the building of continually improved fishing
crafts, or of the millions expended by their Governments in the
buildings of piers, break-waters or other improvements for the pro-
tection of the fishing industry. In 1882, besides al)Out 1,000 decked
vessels, the total tonnage of which was not more than 40,000 tons,
we had to work our sea-fisheries with nothing else but small open
boats, well made, solid built, good sailers, perhaps the best of their
class; but with which our fishermen, although hardy and skilful,
cannot venture very far out at sea, cannot follow the fish in its fre-
quent migrations, and, in conse([uence, cannot give to our fisheries
all the extension of which they are capable. On the other hand,
the American fishing fleet numbers, besides many thousand smaller
boats, 6,000 schooners of 209,000 tonnage ; and the British fishing
fleet is composed of 33,000 vessels; most of them of large size, and
many of them steamboats. No necessary expense is considered
too large by the fish merchants and ship-owners of those countries,
and their fishermen, manning convenient and safe boats, can follow
the fish everywhere.

The English and United States Governments, and the capitalists
of those countries, understanding what an important contribution
their fisheries are to the national wealth, encourage by every pos-
sible means those who carry on that industry. Fishery Bureaux,
headed by their most eminent, influential, and practical men, are
formed to seek for the best means of rendering their fisheries more
and more productive. Notwithstanding all these encouragements,
the statistics prove that the fisheries of Canada are more produc-
tive than those of Great Britain or America.

I am happy to be able to state that, owing to the encouragement
lately given by our public men, the building of Canadian fishing
crafts has progressed rapidly. The swift schooners of our Mari-
time Provinces, cm already compete fairly with American fishing

THE FISIIEIUES OF CAXAVA.

vessels, reputed the best of their class in the world. Steamers,
which are now used in the fisheries on our lakes, will doubtless be
seen soon among the vessels used for the working of'our most im-
portant sea fisheries. Considerable sums of money are spent every
year, by our Government, on the Iniilding of harbors of refuge
and of lighthouses for the guidance of the fishermen. Last year
$150,000 were paid to our fishermen, and if our public men are
willing t(! continue to help the advancement of an industry, which
for the future of the Dominion is so highly necessary and impor-
tant, we may hoi)e that, in the near future, we shall have no reason
to envy our brothers beyond the sea, or our rich neighbors.

*"J'he incalculable importance," says a writer in the Montreal
Gazete,'^oi such invaluable fisheries in colonization, in the de-
v'ilopment o? commerce, in adding to the country's food produce
for home consumption, and for the training of skilled seamen for
naval and merchant marine, are ])oirts whi:h the histories of all
great maritime nations amply demonstrate. The histories of
France, Holland, and Great Bnttam are striking illustrations of
the vast national benefits derived from the prosecution of sea
fisheries. What but the rough experience of British fishermen in
prosecuting their labors on one of the roughest coasts of the world,
has made the skill and bravery of British seamen, at once the
admiration of all nations, and the dread of their foes. It is rough
experience that makes a sailor, and it is Jos'; such experience that
has enabled the seamen of the Maritime Provinces of Canada to
take a first place for skill and coolness among their fellow subjects
of the British Isles."

III. A Question.

The cpiestion here arises: Would not the Canadian fisheries soon
1)6 exhausted if they were worked on a much larger scab.; nd
would it be wise to sink a larger amount of capital in their im-
provement ? It seems to be admitted by all those who have made
a special study of this important question, that fresh-water fishe-
ries, such as salmon, trout, white-fish, etc., and also the sea shell
fisheries, such as oysters and lobsters, can be, with time, exhausted
by indiscriminate fishing. This is generally understood, and our
inland fisheries, i)rotected 1)>' wise regulations, will continue for
years to come to enrich those who work them.

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A QUESTION.

As to those fishes, which, like cod, mackerel, herring, etc., are
the most important of our sea fishes; which form the largest quota
of our fish exports and are generally called commercial fishes, —
without going so far as to pretend that protection would be useless
to them, — I say that it is impossible, not merely to exhaust them,
but even noticeably to lessen their number by the means now used
for their capture, especially if, protecting them during the si)awning
seasons, we are contented to fish them from their feeding grounds.
For the last three hundred years, fishing has gone on in the Ciulf of
St. Lawrence and along the coast of our Maritime Provinces, and
although enormous quantities of fish have been caught, there are
no indications of exhaustion.

In England, a Royal Commi>sion, under the presidency of Pro-
fessor Huxley, and comi)Osed of the most eminent learnetl men of
the United Kingdom, have n ade a serious antl thorough study of
this (juestion, and these gentlemen declare that, notwithstanding
the enormous and continually increasing i[uantilies of fish caught
annually along the coasts of Grei-t Britain, the English fisheries
show no sign of exhaustion. In presence of these facts, and
relying on the reports and studies of many eminent and ])ra(Ucal
men, we may infer that, unless the order of nature is overthrown,
for centuries to come our fisheries will continue to be fertile and
productive.

Messrs. Hatton and Hervey, in their interesting " History of
Newfoundland," say: "The Arctic current which, washes the coasts
of Labrador, Newfoundland, Canada and part of the United States,
chilling the atmosphere, and bearing on its boson huge icc-argosies,
is the source of the vast fish-wealth which has been drawn < n for
ages, and which promises to continue for ages to come. Wanting
this cold river in the ocean, the cod, seals, herring, mackerel,
halibut, etc., which now crowd the northern seas, would be entirely
absent. The great fishing interests are thus as dejjendent on the
Arctic current as the farming interests on the rain and sunshine
which ripens the crops." Thee writers add that " the cold current
brings with it the food on which these fish thrive, and the supply is
one tJiat can never fail."

The Arctic seas, and the great rivers which they send forth,
swarm with minute forms of life, constituting, according to Pro-
fessor Hind, in many places a living mass, a vast ocean of living

THE FISHERIES OF CANADA.

slime. The all-prevading life, which exists there, affords the trifle "^°
solution of the problem which has so often presented itself tl^^^* °|
those engaged in the sea fisheries, viz., the source of the foof*^ ^"^
which gives sustenance to the countless millions of fish ihi^^ ^^
«warm upon the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland and i|emin
the Dominion and United States waters. Dr. Brown has showl ^^^
that the presence of this slime, spread over one hundred thousan»>^^^ °
square miles, provides food for myriads of birds that frequent th^^^ ^
Arctic seas in the summer, and also furnishes sustenance to thy^'^'-^
largest marine animals up to the giant whale. By far the largest ^^P^
area of this cold water subtends the coasts of the British America^'' ^"^
Provinces within the hundred fathom line of soundings. It i*^ ^°
computed that while the cold water area subtending the Unitew*^^^"^^

• ■ « ill Vll

States is about 45,000 square miles, that subtending the Britisl'l^^^^'^^
American shores is 200,000 square miles. To this fact is trace(#^*^^-
the superior value of the fisheries of British North America. utmost

The old theory regarding the extended migrations of the cod*^^^
the herring, etc., to the Arctic or other distant regions and backf^*^^» ^
is now entirely exploded. These fishes are known to be local ir
their habits, and to be confined to a limited area in their move-
ments. These are governed by the presence or absence of food. Of a
their spawning instincts, and the temperature of the water. Thethe co
law which governs fish life is, that they return to the place ofmen, a
their birth for reproductive purposes. Hence, all round the coast one of
there are, at different places, what may be called colonies of fish, the lev
differing from each other, and each having a range of movement The
from the deep to the shallower waters and vice versa. To the prepai
spot where the young first issued from the ovum they return, senlin
when mature, to repeat the story of their birth. Further, in pas- lbs. of
sing from the spawning grounds to the deeper waters where they gt $2
spend the winter, the cod and other fish follow a definite line of fellow
migration, and generally the shortest and most direct route. Thus
the fishes taken along any stretch of coast line, are really indi-
genous to the adjacent sea area.

IV, Our most important Fishng Grounds.

The fisheries of Canada may be divided into two great classes :
the deep-sea fisheries ; and the fresh-water, or lake and river

■r.

N
P

fisheries. We shall give the precedence to the former as being %^^^

OUR MOST IMPORTAST FISHING GROUNDS.

I'i

affords the trJc most important. Only about one-half of our five thousand
sented itself titles of sea coast has till now been properly worked. We do

e of the foo'Pt know yet all the riches of the British Colombia waters, but
IS of fish thi'l's can infer, from reading the official report, that they are
indland and ifc^ing with a great variety of commercial fishes,
own has showi Our most important deep-sta fishing-grounds are the Atlantic
dred thousan^*^^^ ^^ Nova Scotia, from the Bay of Fundy, around the southern
at frequent thl^'■^ around the coasts of Cape Breton, New Brunswick and
tenance to thl^ince Edward Island ; embracing the Bay of Chaleurs and the
far the largesl^^^pe coast, and extending to the Island of Anticosti, the Labra-
itish Americaifor and the Magdalen Islands. "There is probably no part of
ndings. It i*e world," says P. L. Simmons, in his valuable work on the
ng the UnitecfOmmercial Products of the Sea, "where such extensive and
ng the BritisHi|aluable fisheries are to be found as within the Gulf of St. Law-
fact is trace(*^wce. Nature has bountifully provided within its waters the
merica. ittmost abundance of those fishes which are of the greatest import-

is of the cod*^ce to man, as affording not only nutritious and wholesome
ons and back^^od, but also the means of profitable employment."
to be local ir

in their move- ^'- ^^""^ ^°° Fishery.

sence of food, Of all the deep-sea fisheries of Canada, the most important is

water. Thethe cod fishery, which furnishes employment to thousands of
tne place of men, and contributes most largely to our exportation trade. It is
Lind the coast one of the leading industries in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
onies of fish, the lowest part of the Province of Quebec.

ot movement ^he quantity of codfish taken l)y the Canadian fishermen, and
'rsa. To the prepared for the trade last year, was 1,611,596 ([uintals, repre-
they return, senting a value of $6,366,000. To this must be added 245,453
rtner, m pas- IJ^s. of cod and hake sounds, and 333.310 gallons of cod oil, valued
5 where they gt $225,555 ; making a grand total of $6,591,555, divided as
mnite line of |cllows between the different Maritime Provinces : —
route. Thus

: really indi- I ^°^^ ^'^°^'^' - - $3,977,599

;• Quebec, 1,778,290

A New Brunswick, - - - 716,496

_ Jl Prince Edward Islan<l, 119,170

reat classes : f S6.591.555

! and river I The cod appears on the Canadian coasts at uncertain dates,
ler as being generally between the middle of May and the beginning of June,

nil-: FISllKRIKS OF CAS ADA.

sometimes in the latter end of the month c April. Local vari-
ations in the time of its arrival, amounting to days, and even
weeks fre(iuently occur, and these are dependent on the tempara-
ture, which determines the movement towards land of the various
forms of marine life on which the cod feeds. *' It has some
favourite spots," Dr. Fortin remarks, "where it is found in greater
quantities. These are the places which present the best ad-
vantages for the preservation and hatching of the spawn. Hav-
ing deposited its spawn, it withdraws to shallow i)laces called
banks, where it always finds food in sufficient quantity to satisfy
the well known voracity of its appetite." About the month of
December, the codfish appear to leave the shallow soundings and
the banks inshore, and go farther out at sea.

The cod-fishing season varies with the different Provinces, be-
ginning earlier in Nova Scotia and New ]»runswick, where the
climate is not quite so severe as in the Province of Quebec.
From April to November inclusive may be given as an average
time. The arrival of the cod on the coasts in the spring is
heralded, first by the herring, and secondlv by the caplin. The
latter is a small fish, the favourite food of the greedy cod, and
therefore the best fishing bait. In every large fishing establish-
ment, during all the month of June, two or three boats, each of
them manned by seven men, called seiners, are emi)loyed, day and
night, in going about the coast in search of the caplin. When
they meet with a shoal of these fish, they cast the seine, load
their boat, and hasten home to distribute these little fish amongst
the fishermen. Each cod-fishing boat receives an equal share of
the fish thus brought by the seiners. Vessels engaged in fishing
on the Banks, run into the harbors at intervals for fresh supplies
of caplin as bait, which they preserve in ice.

Some idea of the immense shoals of caplin that fill the bays,
may be formed from the fact that a man standing ashore, with a
casting net, will often fill a cart in less than an hour. With small
seines, a couple of men can fill a small boat in about the same
time. If any means could be devised to cure them like sardines,
which they resemble, caplin would become of considerable com-
mercial value, as they have a very delicate flavour when fresh.
In some parts of the Dominion a considerable quantity is dried,
packed up in small boxes and sent to some of the United States

Hav-
x's called
to satisfy
month of
iings and

nces, be-
vhere the
Quebec,
n average
sjjring is
lin. The
cod, and
establish-
?, each of
, day and
1. When
ine, load

amongst
1 share of
in fishing

supplies

the bays,
?, with a
ith small
the same
sardines,
ble com-
;n fresh,
is dried,
d States

377 A' COD FISHERY

\'^

ocal vari-
ind even
t cm para -
e various
las some
in greater

best ad- \

markets. After the caplin has disappeared from the coasts, about
the end of June, the launce, the herring, the mackerel, the scjuid,
the smelt, the clams, etc., are used as bait for the cod.

Our cod being mainly taken by hand-lines, and buitiuc^s or set-
lines, the cost of bait for cod-fishing is great. It is certainly not
an exaggeration to estimate the actual cost of bait at ono-fourih of
the value of the cod taken. Besides this, much time is lost every
year during the fishing seastm, owing to want of fresh bait, which
is not always easily procured, and which is essential to good fish-
ing. Hence, anything that should economize tlie cost of bait and
save time, would be both desirable and important. Norway, the
most imjjortant of the cod-i)roducino; countries of I^urope, and
our chief rival in the cod markets of the world, l)y the aid of
science, has in recent years greatly improved her modes of fishing,
her fishermen using gill-nets to a large extent and with great
success. Why do we not imitate such a good example ?

According to recent statements, of 26,000 fishermen engaged in
cod-fishing off the Lofoden islands. 12,000 fished with gill-nets;
and fishing with nets has proved to be much more ])roductive than
fishing with set-lines or bultows. A paper of (lloucestcr (U.S.)
records that on December 12th, 1882, a fishing boat, with two
men and seven of these nets, took 5,000 fish in a single night.
Mr. James Feehan, of Prince Edward Island, stated that " in his
hands gill-nets have worked admirably, to the extent of two dory
loads of fish per day. " Let us, therefore, hope that gill-net
fishing, so remunerative in other countries, will soon be largelv
used in Canada, and thus save time and the waste of a large quan-
tity of herring, mackerel, and other fishes now used for bail.

The cod fishery is carried on in Canada, either in vessels of a
tonnage from 60 to 100 tons on the Great Banks, or in open boats
at a few miles from the shore. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
seem to have the monopoly of the fishing in large decked vessels,
and I am happy to say that naval architecture has imjjroved very
much, during the last ten years, in these two Provinces ; and this
improvement in the dimensions and lines of their vessels, has en-
abled their fishermen to increase their annual catch of fish con-
siderably.

Vessels employed in cod-fishing are manned by from ten to
thirteen men, according to their tonnage. Generally the owner

THE FISHEJilES OF CANADA.

of the schooner, who also supplies the men with all the necessary
fishing tackle, receives half the catch, the fishermen retaining
the other half. "When the vessels have reached the fishing
grounds," writes Dr. Fortin, "they are anchored by hemp or
manilla cables in from fifteen to fifty fathoms of water. Bait is
obtaiued by spreading nets in the sea at some distance from the
vessel, and the fishing is then begun, with bultows or long lines,
and carried on, by night as well as by day, in spite of wind and
storm, until the hold of the vessel is filled up with fish all split
and salted. Then the vessel returns to port, the cod is landed,,
washed, dried, and prepared for exportation."

Fishing in vessels is more expensive, but also more remunera-
tive, than fishing with open boats along the shore. The cod taken
on the Banks is larger and finer in quality than the fish taken
along the coasts. An average of thirty Bank cods, when dried,
makes a cjuintal, and it brings a higher price than the shore fish.

In the Province of Quebec and in Prince Edward Island, the
cod fishery is still almost universally carried on in open boats,
in the neighbourhood of the coves and bays where the fishermen
reside. In some parts of the Province of Quebec, however, fisher-
men venture with their open boats to twenty and thirty miles
from the shore. These boats are built by the fishermen them-
selves. They vary in dimensions from twenty to thirty feet keel,
with a breadth of beam of from six to ten feet, according to the
use they are intended for. They arc very sheer built, and their
clinker work is usually of cedar. Pointed at both ends, their
rigging consists generally of two sprits or gaff- sails ; some of
those intended to fish on the Banks being schooner-rigged. They
are comparatively light, in order to be easily hauled up on the
beach in stormy weather; are good sailers, and behave wonderfully
well at sea. Yet, although good sea boats and splendid sailers,
manned by fishermen whose intrepidity and skilfulness are well
known, these boats are too small to enable our fishermen to carry
on cod-fishing upon as large a scale as it might be done. The
fishermen of Quebec and Prince Edward Island, with their small
boats, — being too often obliged to run before the storm, and leave
the fishing grounds when they are sure of a good catch, in order
to save themselves from being caught away from land by heavy
gales, — lose every year much precious time, during which the

THE COD FISHERY.

necessary

retaining
le fishing

hemj) or
Bait is

from the
ong lines,
wind and
I all split
is landed,.

emunera-
od taken
ish taken
en dried,
re fish,
land, the
en boats,
ishermen
er, fisher-
rty miles
en them-
'eet kee),
ig to the
Lnd their
is, their
some of
1. They
p on the
iderfully
sailers,
are well
to carry
e. The
ir small
id leave
n order
/ heavy
ich the

fishermen of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick reap an abundant
harvest. The reports of the fisheries of the last few years show a
noticeable diminution in the (|uantity of fish caught by the fisher-
men of the Province of (Quebec, and this deficiency was due
to no other cause than the fre(iuent storms which raged in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence during the last few years. The summer
fishing has l)een a failure this year again, owing to the same cause,
though there was fish in abundance.

Though the official Reports show an annual increase in the catch
of codfihh, we may safely say tiiat, considering the increasing
number of fishermen, the ilevelopment of this fishery is stationary.
And this condition, as remarked by Messrs. Hatton and Hervey,
before referred to, is not caused by the falling off in quantity of
the cod, but is largely due to the imperfect methods of taking
them which still ])revail. If we except a few enterprising men in
the Maritime Provinces, the merchants, as a rule, are ai)athetic,
and show no desire to jirocure information respecting what other
countries are doing, or to induce their fishermen to use imj)roved
fishing gear. Science is not called in to aid this important indus-
try in Canada, as it has been in the United States and in Europe.
Above all, the vicious supply system, still more or less in force in
the different Provinces, by which advances in food and clothing
are made to the fisherman at the commencement of each season,
is destructive to the industrious efforts of men who are thus rarely
out of debt.

I certainly do not wish to insinuate that the condition of our
fishermen is worse than that of fishermen elsewhere ; for this
" supply " system is necessary to the working of fishing industries
in every part of the worl. But if we had in Canada a well-
organized Fishery Bureau, under the guidance of skilful scientists
and practical men, and if the improvements of other countries
v/ere introduced here, our cod fishery, as well as our other fisheries,
through the application of skill and capital, might be indefinitely
increased. Capitalists, who should invest capital in this industry,
would be always sure of a good market for their produce. The
dried cod is regarded as an indispensable article of food by the
inhabitants of warm countries. Ever\- year we supply the Catholic
countries of Europe and America with millions of dollars worth
of dried codfish, our principal markets for dry codfish being Italy,

. - v^-\

THE FISUKUIES OF CAS AD A.

Spain, Tortiigal, Brazil, the British and Spanish West Indies, and
United States.

The finest cod in all America is cured on the coast of Gaspe, in
the Province of Quebec, where the effects of the mists generated
by Gulf stream are least felt. It is well known in the markets of
Spain, Italy and Bra/.il, where it is genernlly sent — the large fish
going to the Mediterranean countries in bulk in vessels from one
hund'red to three hundred tons, and the small fish to Brazil in
drums containing 128 pounds.

During the time that the fish is exposed on the "nakes " to dry,
if the weather is fine, the sun shining, the westerly winds predomi-
nating, cod is easily cured and made of fine quality ; but, some-
times, easterly winds prevailing, rain lasts for weeks, and in spite
of all i)Ossible care and precaution, it is inevitably spoiled. So be-
fore sending it to the markets, the fish is carefully culled, the
greater part of the best quality being sent to Europe and Brazil,
and the inferior to the West Indies and United States markets.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island export
chielly to the West Indies, United States and Brazil ; Quebec to
Brazil, the Mediterranean countries, and the West Indies.

According to the last statistics which we have on the matter, the
West Indies have paid us for dried codfish $2,000,000 ; Brazil and
Europe, $500,000 each ; the United States, somewhat over that
sum ; and British Guiana, $250,000. • . ■• .

VI. Industries of the Cod Fisheries.

The cod is the most useful of all fish ; no part of it is valueless.
Oil is taken from its liver ; the head, tongues, and sounds form a
good article of food ; the offal and bones, when steamed, dried,
and ground, are converted into a very good manure, equal as a
fertilizer, to the celebrated Peruvian guano. The roes are a
splendid bait for the sardine fisheries of France and Spain ; and
from the swimming bladder isinglass is made.

Great Britain bought from us last year $150,000 worth of cod
oil, and cod tongues and sounds to $125,000. The manufacturers
of fish manure, in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and British Colum-
bia, have produced this commodity to the amount of $80,000. I
regret to state that the Province of Quebec has not yet a manufac-
ture of guano. Thousands of tons of fish offal are, every year,

lyDCSTRIES OF THE COD FISHERIES.

dies, and

Gaspe, in
;enerated
irkets of
arge fish
from one
Brazil in

" to dry,
predomi-
ut, some-
. in spite
. So be-
lled, the
id Brazil,
markets,
id export
Quebec to

latter, the
Jrazil and
over that

valueless,
is form a
ed, dried,
:qual as a
)es are a
)ain ; and

th of cod
ufacturers
sh Colum-
5o,ooo. I
manufac-
/^ery year,

thrown away and wasted, which could be converted into fish
manure worth from ^28 to $40 a ton in the foreign markets. If
manufactures of fish guano were built on the coasts of Labrador
and Claspesia, the manufacturer would realize handsome prt)fits,
and the fishermen, without much extra work, c(nild dispose of pro-
ducts that are now wasted.

What I have just said about fish offal may also be said of the cod
roes, which are not exported, although this article can be sold at a
good profit. In France and Spain, where sardines and anchovy
fisheries are carried on, at least 50,000 barrels of cod roes are
wanted every year as bait for these fishes. In very good fishing
years, Norway can supply the French and Spanish markets with
about 35,000 barrels of rocs. But this is the largest ([uantity which
that country can give ; and during 1881, 1882, and 1883, Norway
could only sell 25,000 barrels. There would then remain an aver-
age of 20,000 barrels of cod roes of which could easily be furnished
and sold by Canadian fishermen. When they cannot- get the roes,
the sardine fishermen are obliged to use costly chemic:al cc^mposi-
tions as substitutes. Let us note here that a barrel of well-pre-
pared cod roes is generally worth $10 in the French markets. If
we multiply twenty thousand barrels by ten. we have a sum of
$200,000 annually thrown into the sea by our fishermen because the
trade has not been opened in Canada. A few years ago, French
vessels traveled all along the Canadian fishing coast and bought
all the cod roes they could get ; but the want of exj)erience of our
fishermen in the salting of roe.«, and especially the absence of any
law obliging this article to be inspected before being packed for ex-
portation, caused a very inferior article to be furnished, and put
an end to a trade which promised handsome profits.

Lastly, as to the industries connected with rope, cordage, line,
nets, hooks, cooperage, etc., our country has up to the present
moment bought, from Great Britain and the United States, all the
fishing gear which our fishermen required. Now, manufactures of
this kind are wanted in Canada, and would prosper well here. We
have only to give them the million dollars that we spend in buying
nets and other fishing gear. Let me add also this very important
consideration : that the manufacture of fishing tackle on our coasts
would give work to thousands of hands, and would prevent many
[of our countrymen from emigrating.

THE FISH Jill IKS OF CANADA.

VII. The Herring Fishery.

The sea fishing next in importance to the cod fishery in Canr^da
is the herring fishery, the vahie of which, without taking into
account the local consumption, and the ciuantity used as bait for
the cod fishery, and for manure in many ])arts of the Dominion,
was, according to our last statistics, represented by the sum of over
$2,135,000. This amount is a large one, and the result seems
handsome, but it is certainly not in re'ation with the abundance of
this fish in Canadian waters. The herring fishery is far from
getting here all the attention it deserves; and I might even say
that we have no regular herring fishery in Canada. It is true that
in Nova Scotia, New IJrunswick, and I'rince Edward Island,
schooners are especially fitted out for this fishery; that it is regu-
larly and intelligently practised by a large number of men from
those Provinces, bringing them handsome returns: still all these
endeavours, although very laudable, are nothing but isolated under-
takings.

It will perhaps surprise a good many of my readers, to learn
that the whole of the Province of Quebec, — possessing 10,000
fishermen, 1,100 miles of maritime coasts, numerous bays, far-famed
for the abundance of herring repairing to their waters, — does not
annually export two thousand barrels of this fish. Although they
could derive immense benefits from the working of the industry,
the Quebec fishermen arc satisfied when they have taken enough
fish for their own consumption and for the wants of the cod fishery.

The reason of this apparent neglect lies in the fact that the
Quebec merchants give all their time and attention to the cod
fishery. And, nevertheless, it is almost impossible, without seeing
it, to form a correct idea of the immense quantity of herrings that
visit the coasts of the Province, especially in the spring during the
spawning season. Their compact masses cover thousands of acres
of the sea; so that, if the fishermen were provided with the neces
sary fishing appliances, if they had a ready market, they could
easily, in a few days, even before the beginning of the cod fishery,
catch enough herring to realize thousands of dollars. Out of the
$2,135,283 produced by our herring fishery in 1883, Nova Scotia J
New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island have $1,750,000
Ontario, $86,000; and British Columbia, $14,000, — leaving to|

THE UEliniSr, FISIIEHT,

'Jl

y in Canada

taking into

as bait for

i Dominion,

sum of over

result seems

)undance of

is far from

^ht even sa\

t is true that

irard Island,

at it is regu-

of men from

itill all these

elated under-

ers, to learn
jssing 10,000
Lvs, far-famed
rs, — does not
.Ithough they
the industry,
taken enough
le cod fishery,
fact that the
n to the cod
r'ithout seeing
herrings that
ng during the
sands of acres
ith the neces-
;t, they could
le cod fishery.
5. Out of the
Nova Scotia

: $1,750,000;

), — leaving to

•1

Quebec a ridiculous proportion compared with the extent of its
maritime coasts.

A regular fleet of vessels, from thirty to ninety tons, is used, in
England, in the herring fisheries, which give employment to about
80,000 men, and in whit h ICnglish capitalists have invested enor-
mous sums of money. The luiropean fishermen, provided with
good and improved fishing gear, and maiming large and safe sea
boats, go out fifty, sixty, and even one hundred miles if necessary,
in search of shoals of herring. In Ireland, Scotland, England,
France, Holland, etc., a herring-fishing craft costs, including the
necessary fibbing tackle, from $5,000 to $7,000. The returns of
the herring fishery, ])ro])erly made, must be very large in those
countries, since they not only cover the immense disbursements
necessary to carry it on, but briui? in important i)rofits. And yet
the herring fisheries of Iuiroi)e are not as rich or abundant as ours.

I assert with confidence that it, in Canada, this industry were
carried on upon a scale proportionate to its importance and the
abundance of herring in our waters; if companies were formed to
provide our fishermen with boats and fishing implements like those
used in Europe, our herring fishery, instead of two, would bring
every year five or six millions of dollars. Nor are markets wanting
for this fish, which is cheap, and can be bought by the poorest; for,
besides our own market, we should have those of the United
States, of England, dermany and the West Indies. The popula-
tion of Europe and South America is growing rapidly, and the
products of the fisheries of these countries are far from being
abundant enough to meet the demand. We have there an almost
unlimited market for our pickled fish, provided it be carefully
prepared and packed.

As soon as the ice has disappeared from our coasts in the spring,
herrings arrive in immense shoals, remaining in our waters till the
month of December. A considerable quantity is even taken dur-
ing the winter months, along the southern coast of New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia. The spring herrings are not as valuable as
those caught from the month of August to the month of December.
The former are packed in barrels of two hundred pounds and sent
to the West Indies ; while the fat fish, caught in the latter end of
the season, are carefully gutted and prepared for the United States
and European markets, — our best being the celebrated Labrador

THE FISBEIUES OF CANADA.

herring. For the last few years, small herrings have been success-
fully' prejjared in boxes like sardines, and this new trade is rapidly
increasing. A breakfast delicacy, well known to epicures in Amer-
ica as well as in Europe, is the bright golden Digby Chicken, — a
small smoked herring prepared in Nova Scotia. We exported last
vear 170,000 boxes of this much appreciated article of food.

Canada furnished, in the year 1882, the following quantities of
herring to the foreign markets : —

Pickled, 423,042 barrels,
Smoked, 1,060,416 bo.\e.s.
Fresh, 16.050,000 pounds,

§i> 739.943
311,807

S3, 533

. , $2,135,283

All the fresh herring figuring in the above statement is sent from
Novia Scotia and New Brunswick to the United States, and the
largest ([uantity of the pickled and smoked herring is also exported
from these two Provinces to the United States, West Indies and
English markets ; but, as I have said already, the amount of our
exports of herring could be easily doubled.

VIII. The Mackerel Fishery.

I am happy to say that our energetic and progressive neighbours
to the south have no longer the almost exclusive monopoly of
mackerel fishing in the Canadian waters, — a monopoly that they
have enjoyed for a number of years. AN'earied with beholding the
success of the Gloucester fishermen, who, year after year, come to
our own doors to reap an abundant crop, the fishermen of No\a
Scotia and New Brunswick set to work, and have succeeded very
well. They are to-day carrying on mackerel fishing on a large
scale, and deriving good profits from it. They can show a fine
fleet of vessels, so improved in symmetry as to bear fair comparison
with the American schooners, which are rej)uted to be the finest
vessels and the best sailers of their cla^s in the world. Nor are
they merely the owners of splendid vessels., fitted out with the
utmost care. They have adopted the most modern fishing ap])li-
ances, and are prosecuting this industry with great tact and intelli-
gence ; for the mackerel fishery is difficult, jjrecarious and uncer-
tain. A schooner may cruise in ihe Gulf for a week without taking
a single fish, while another gets filled in the space of a fortnight,

THE MACKEREL FISUEUY.

ri success-
is rapidly
in Amer-
icken, — a
orled last
od.
intities of

739.943
311,807

^^3,533
135,283

sent from
s, and the
) exj^orted
ndies and
unt of our

K'iyhljours
nopoly of
r that they
olding the
r, come to
n of No\a
;eded very
m a large
low a fine
omparison

the finest
Nor are

with the
ling appli-
nd intelli-
nd uncer-
out taking

fortnight,

and sometimes less. It requires, therefore, to be carried on with
sagacity and jjcrseverance, — two qualities which distinguish the tish-
ermen of our Maritime Provinces ; but, then, it is generally suc-
cessful, brings in large profits, and is certainly worthy of the atten-
tion of capitalists. It is to be hoped that many years will not
elapse before Quebec, which up to this date has given little or no
attention to this fishery, will also have bix fleet of mackerel-fishing
vessels.

The tourists who, during the dog days, run away from the heat
of our cities to breathe the pure and vivifying air of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence, and make the journey by water, ha\ e often in the
course of their visits to the Maritime provinces, met with fine
mackerel schooners and mistaken them for a small squadron of
yachts, so ])en'itiful are their masts and sails, so neat and clean are
are they kept. But, writes Dr. Fortin, " on a nearer approach, this
is found to be an error ; for on the decks of these vessels are to be
seen crews of from ten to twenty men, all occupied either in catch-
ing fish, in re])iiring fishing imj)lements, or in splitting and salting
the fish that has been taken ; and what is m^re striking is the order
that reigns on board these schooners, whose decks and holds are
almost always full of fish, fish barrels, salt, etc. These schooners
are generally of from sixt\- to one hundred tons burden. They have
little depth of hold, great breath of beam, rake very mucli fore and
aft, and carry large cotton sails which enable them to sail fast e\ en
with a light breeze. Their tlecks are roomy, and on them the whole
work of salting and barreling is carried on,"

Hook and line, ordinary seines, and purse- seines are used in
fishing mackerel in the Gulf. Gill-nets, smaller seines, and traps
serve the same purpose in the bays, coves, creeks, and inlets along
the coasts. Mackerel is met with off the coast of Nova Scotia, in
the Bay of Fundy, in the Gulf of Canso ; but nowhere is it more
j/icntiful than in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, off the coast of Prince
Edward Island, in the Bay of Chaleurs, and in the numerous coves
and bays formed by the Magdalen Islands.

The mackerel is one of the most valuable fish visiting the Cana-
dian coasts. A good proportion of our catch is sent fresh to the
markets, some in tins, and the largest quantity pickled and packed
in barrels. Our best market for either fresh, canned or pickled
mackerel is the United States, although Great Britain and the

THE FISHFAilES OF CANADA.

West Indies also buy some of it. From the last statistical returns,
we see that the mackerel fishery produced $1,250,000 ; but it could
certainly afford employment to many additional vessels, and employ
thousands of additional hands.

IX. The Lobster and Oyster Fisheries.

It seems to be the tendency in this age of competition to overdo
any business which promises to be lucrative. '* Not more than ten
years ago," writes Mr. Hunter Duvar, in his Report to the Minister
of Marine and Fisheries in 1879, ** when the retail price of lobsters
was two or three for a half-penny, a New Brunswicker came to
Prince Edward Island and commenced the business of preserving
in tins. Attracted by his success, a few other persons engaged in
the same pursuit. The business gradually augmented until three
or four years since, when it became endued with much more life,
and has, at length, sprung into great dimensions." The following
is a list of the number of cans put up for the market in Prince
Edward Island: —

1871 6,711

1S75 151,24s

1S76 362,676

1877 663,900

187S 1,649,800

1879 2,272,825

iSSo 3,551,000

1S81 5,200.000

18S2 6,300,000

This Province, which in 1871 had only one lobster-canning fac-
tory, had, ten years later, in iSSr, one hundred and twenty of these
estal)lishments in full operation. The same development of the
trade happened in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In 1870,
New Brunswick had only one factory, the owner of which prepared
20,000 cans of fish. Ten years after, 6,000,000 cans were sent
from this Province to different foreign markets. Nova Scotia, pro-
ducing only 30,000 cans in 1870, exported 5,000,000 in 1882.
Quebec, far behind her sister Provinces in the prosecution of this
industry, did not produce more than 800,000 cans last year.

If we recapitulate the above figures, we shall find that the lobster
fishery, which was almost unknown in Canada ten years ago, is

THE LOBSTER AND OYSTER FISHERIES.

1 returns.
It it could
d employ

to overdo
than ten
Minister
>f lobsters
came to
•reserving
igaged in
ntil three
Tiore life,
following
in Prince

6,711
r5i,248
562,676
)63,90o
)49,8oo

!72,S25

;5i,ooo

500.000

;oo,ooo

ining fac-

y of these

2nt of the

In 1870,

prepared

vere sent

:otia, pro-

in 1882.

m of this

ir.

lie lobster
rs ago, is

carried on to-day in more than 600 factories, which, last year, sent
to the different markets of the world 17,500,000 cans, repre-
senting a value of $3,000,000, almost equivalent to the value of
our herring and mackerel fisheries put together. These seventeen
millions and a half of cans represent, at three lobsters to each can,
52,500,000 lobsters taken in the Canadian waters in 1882. The
number of lobsters taken in all England does not exceed 3,000,000
each year.

This comparatively enormous development in the catch of lob-
ster, in indicating the extent and richness of our lobster fishery,
suggests also the danger of over-production, both of which facts
point to the necessity of economizing and perpetuating the general
supplies. '* There is nothing easier," says Mr. W. F. Whitcher,
who for many years has presided over our Fishery Department,
'* than to exhaust a shell fishery, but also nothing harder than to
revive it ; and the Government of the Dominion, alive to this fact,
has taken measures to prevent any indiscriminate fishing of the
lobster on our coasts. Doubtless, if the fishing that is now carried
on was not sul)jected to regulations, all persons interested in it
would prosper for a short time, and the country would appear to
benefit by the rapid and extensive development of this resource,
but a period of reaction would necessarily ensue."

I need hardly mention here that thi? industry is of considerable
importance in the general economy of the Dominion. Every one
understands that the erection of buildings, tin and iron work, boat
building, fuel cutting, truckage, etc., cause a large amount of money
to circulate amongst our fishing population, and fair wages to be
paid to thousands of hands, men, women and children.

Great Britain is our best market for preserved lobsters. We
also export annually some 3,000,000 cans to the United States.
France takes about 200,000 cans, and the remainder is divided
between the West Indies, (Germany, Brazil, and some other
markets of South America.

A word about the Oyster fishery naturally finds its place here.
This mollusc, so well known by epicures of all countries, is still
comparatively abundant in Canada. In Europe, owing to its
scarcity, it sells at a fabulous price, and wealthy people alone can
indulge in this luxury, but on our coasts almost everybody can,
from time to time, enjoy a good oyster soup.

*Ji^

THE FISHERIES OF CAN AD J.

We have the Malpeque, the St Simon, the Caraquet, and
many other varieties, deriving their names from the localities
where the banks from which they are taken are situated. Oyster
fishing is carried on chiefly on the coasts of Prince Edward I^land
and New Brunswick, and yields annually a round sum of
$200,000.

X, The Seal Fishery.

The herds of seals that fre([uent the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
the Atlantic Ocean arrive there in the month of November. They
come into the (lulf through the Strait of Belleisle. They keep
close to the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland, penetrating
into all the bays, and not going far out from land when doubling
the points and capes. They are fond of approaching the shore,
and landing on sandy beaches or flat rocks to bask in the sun ;
but at the slightest noise, and, especially if they perceive the fish-
ermen, they make for the sea and disappear under its waters.

Seals are of great value, not only on account of the thick layer
of fat between their skin and muscles, which yields an oil
superior to that of the whale, but also on account of their skin,
whic'i tans well and makes an excellent leather. Their impor-
tance, from a commercial point of view, was soon perceived by
the first mariners who visited the Gulf of St. Lawrence, for, no
sooner was Canada discovered, than the seal fishery was prose-
cuted on our coasts, and, if we are to believe the accounts wliich
have come down to us of sevei-al voyages t) the coastj of Labra-
dor during the last century, immense numbers of them were
taken at that period.

Then, as now, nets were used for the purpose of capturing these
marine animals. These nets are made of a hemjien cord, which
is very strong, although not more than the twelfth part of an
inch thich. The meshes are eight inches square and will admit
the head and neck of the seal. Some of thes; nets are more: than
six hundred feet long l)y sixty feet wide. The usual time lor the
seals to pass near the shore on their migratory voyage being
known, the nets are set a few days before. One of the fishermen
is posted as a sentry on a rock a little in advance of the fishery,
to give notice of the approach of the herds of seal, and the
moment that any appear in the fishery, the signal is given, and

THE SEAL FISHERY.

quet, and
localities
Oyster
ard I^land
sum of

rence and
)er. They
rhey keep
enetrating
1 doubling
the shore,
1 the sun ;
e the fish-
ters.

hick layer
is an oil
their skin,
eir impor-
ceived by
:e, for, no
'as prese-
nts wliich
of Labra-
lem were

ring these
ird, which
irt of an
vill admit
norc: than
le for the
ge being
fishermen
c fishery,
and the
iven, and

the fishermen hasten to raise, by means of a capstan, a net sunk
by weights to the bottom of the water at the entrance of the
fishery. With this net they close the opening through which the
seals made their ingress ; and as soon as this operation is com-
pleted, and the seals are fairly imprisoned, the fishermen jum])
into their boats and enter the fishery shouting and beating the
water with their paddles. The frightened seals, trying to escape,
dive down and run their heads into the meshes of the nets, which
are kept open by means of cables round their borders. As
soon as the seals are caught in the meshes, the men under-run
the nets, knock on the head those that are not strangled and
carry them all on shore in their canoes.

The autumn seal fishery takes ])lace at the end of November
and in December on the coast of Labrador, and is very arduous,
owing to the severity of the cold at that season. The seals
are no sooner taken out of the water, than they become frozen ;
and in that state they are put into stores, and it is not until the
spring, when the weather has softened them, that they are cut \\\}
and their fat melted.

But it is not only near the shore in nets, after the manner I
have just described, that the seals are taken ; they are also pursued
in every direction, and are sought for on the ice-fields, not only
in the Ciulf of St. Lawrence, but even in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Strong sailing vessels and steamers, specially fitted out for this
latter kind of fishing, or rather hunting, start early in the month
of March, in order to find the seals on the ice-fields ; for, when
once they get into the water, they can set the most exi)erienced
men at defiance, and it is useless to pursue them.

The inhabitants of Labrador and the Magdalen Islands are the
only fishermen in Canada who bestow any attention upon the seal
fishery, which certainly would yield large profits to all who should
invest in it. Newfoundland carries on the seal fishery on a large
scale. Ten thousand of her fishermen are employed in it. The
Newfoundland cai)italists, whose spirit of initiative and of enter-
prize is well known, have replaced the sailing vessels formerly in
use by a splendid fleet of steamers, which have the advantage
over sailing vessels of making and completing two trips instead of
one.

Notwithstanding the heavy expenses which must necessarily be

-.8

THE FISHERIES OF CANADA.

incurred in carrying on this fishery, its returns pay so well, that
experienced and competent business men assure us that capital
invested in it will generally bring twenty-five and sometimes forty
per cent. Every spring we see in the newspapers that the New-
foundland steamers are back from the ice-fields, some with from
10,000 to 20,000 seals, others with from 20,000 to 40,000 each.
And each seal, oil and skin, is worth on an average $3. In 1883;,
Newfoundland exported seal skins and seal oil to the amount of
$1,080,000, while Canada did not go much beyond $200,000. And
yet this industry could produce as much in Canada as in New-
foundland, if our business men would give their attention to it.

XI. Fresh-water Fisheries : Salmon.

Although not quite as important as our deep-sea fisheries, from
a commercial point of view, the fresh-water fisheries of Canada are
nevertheless most valuable. Without taking into account the
$3,000,000 which they furnish annually to our export trade, they
are the chief source from which those, who live on the shores of
our large lakes and by our principal rivers, get their daily food and
supply our markets of the interior.

Salmon is considered the best, and is called the king of fresh-
water fishes. Abundant enough still in the rivers of the Dominion,
you meet him alike in the cottage of the poor, and in the mansion
of the rich. Our rivers, which were formerly renowned for the
large quantity of salmon found in them, are not now so well
stocked with this fish, owing to an indiscriminate fishing at all
seasons of the year, and to the want of proper laws for its preser-
vation.

Many persons will perhaps be tempted to ask how it is that
within the last ten years, in spite of the judicious regulations lim-
iting the salmon-fishing to certain seasons of the year, and pre-
•^c - :.j4 the size, kind, and number of fishing implements that may
li : i.icd • :n spite of the Government's endeavors to replenish our
I ^"As und though we are spending thousands of dollars, every
yeai. L^:;lp the natural propagation by artificial breeding; in
presence ot the fact that, from twelve or thirteen fish-breeding
establishments under the control of the Government, millions of
young fish are yearly distributed in many of our rivers, — yet there
is no marked increase in the annual catch, but rather a tendency to

FRESH- WA FER FISHERIES— SA LMDS .

a gradual decrease. My own opinion is that more protection
should be given. More and better-paid guardians should be
appointed, and we should try to stop the destructive work of the
numerous marauders who, every fall, enter our l^est rivers, and kill
thousands of salmon on their spawning beds. I am of opinion too,
that the present fly-fishing season is too long. Though I have
heard the Superintendent of our fish-breeding establishments say
that fly-fishing was in reality helping the propagation of the salmon;
and although I have the greatest respect for the scientific and i)rac-
tical knowledge of this gentleman, I firmly believe that if the angler
■was obliged to put up his lines on the same day that the salmon
fisherman is forced by law to raise his nets and leave a free i)assage
to this fish, great benefits would be derived from such regulations.
Those who live by salmon-fishing, and who furnish to our export
trade millions of dollars worth of this fish, are obliged by law to
take away their nets at a given time, — at the end of July in the
Province of Quebec, and later in New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia, — while the angler, who has no other object in view than
sport and pastime, is allowed to fish till September ist, and even
till October 15th, This certainly appears to be an anomaly. The
salmon, which have succeeded in avoiding the nets at or near the
mouths of the rivers, and go up them to reproduce their species,
fall a victim to the skill of the angler. Hundreds of salmon,
which would have reproduced thousands of others, are destroyed
every year in this manner. I have heard many exper'enced
gentlemen express the opinion that, if greater protection were
given to the salmon fishery, we should not be obliged to make ex-
treme and costly endeavors to arrest its decline, — endeavors, the
practical results of which are yet far from being well ascertained.

I should not like, however, to convey the idea, that our salmon
fishery is exhausted. Far from it. It has somewhat decreased in
abundance, compared with what it was twenty or thirty years ago,
but it has still considerable importance, as will be shown by sta-
tistics, and is a source of wealth to many of the inhabitants of the
Dominion, besides affording splendid sport to a number of wealthy
gentlemen from Europe and America, who visit our rivers every
summer to enjoy the pleasure of salmon fly-fishing. In 1882,
Canada supplied the foreign market with $3,000,000 worth of fish,
either fresh, canned or pickled. The United States take most of

THE FISJlEIilES OF CANADA.

our fresh salmon, and Great Britain the largest proportion of the
fish preserved in tins. Pickled salmon goes mostly to the United
States. Attempts have already been successfully made to send
fresh salmon from Canada to England, and I have no doubt a
greater ([uantity of it will now be sent over every year. And,
before many years have elapsed, when means of transit will exist
between our cities of the interior and the fishing coasts, the fresh
salmon trade will attain proportions hitherto unknown.

British Columbia, of all the Provinces of the Dominion, is the
most celebrated for its salmon fishery, and, within a few years, this
industry has attained almost colossal proportions. The catch
which, in 1879, was only 3,000,000 lbs., had in 1882 risen to
12,000,000 lbs., showing an increase of nine millions in three years.
"And yet," says Mr. Anderson, Inspector of Fisheries for British
Columbia, "the canneries of this Province, notwithstanding the
abundance of fish, could not be worked up to their full capacity,
owing to the deficiency of labour arising from the increased demand
for railways and other purposes." I find in the last statistics which
we have on this subject, that 15,220,000 lbs. of salmon were taken
out of Canadian waters in 1882. Calculating every fish taken at
an average weight of fifteen pounds, this will give us 1,014,600
salmon caught that year, and the statistics for 1883 will certainly
show an increase on the above figures.

Let us hope that the British Columbia fishermen will be wise
enough to economize, by a judicious fishing, the source of wealth
they have in their salmon, rather than be obliged, later on, to try to
restore it from exhaustion. The idea is suggested by the fact that
the question of establishing a salmon hatchery on the waters of the
Fraser River, one of the best salmon rivers of the Province, is
already agitated. The capital invested in the salmon fishery of
Columbia River in 1882, as given by the trade report, is estimated
at over $2,000,000, and employment was gi^pn lo more than 7,000
men; while Mr. A. C. Anderson writes that, "in addition to the
quantity of salmon canned for exportation during the past year in
British Columbia, a little over 5,000 barrels of salted salmon have
also been packed in pickle. The demand for the fish so cured
appears to be rapidly increasing; and there can be little question
that, with due care in the preparation, the barreled salmon of this
coast will soon attain a world-wide reputation. In this branch of

TliOUT, UJIITE-FJSJi, ETC.

»i

industry less capital is required than in the i)rosecution of the
canning business, and a broad field is thus opened for the indus-
trious fishermen of moderate means. * * * Everything indicates the
expansion of the British Columbia fishing interest, the great value
of which is gradually being recognized. The rapid advance of the
Canadian Pacific Railway warrants the assumption that, ere long,
direct communications with the Eastern rrovinces will be available,
and it is easy to conceive, at least partially, the impetus which
this much-desired communication will give to all the industries of
the Pacific coasts." (Report of 1882.)

XII. Trout, White-fish, etc.

Trout of all kinds abound in every Canadian river, and the best
are the sea trout and the salmon trout. White-fish and trout
fisheries are carried on on a large scale, chiefly on the lakes of
Ontario. The area covered by Lake Superior alone is thirt>-one
thousand s([uare miles, and Lakes Erie, Huron and Ontario form,
when put together, an expanse of fifty-two thousand S([uare miles.
Many rivers emi)ty their waters into these inland seas, and these
rivers, as well as the lakes themselves, are full of different kinds of
food fishes, the delicacy and flavor of which are well known.
The Ontario fisherman has the salmon trout, weighing as tnuch as
eighty pounds, and the white-fish, the llavor of which is considered
equal to that of the salmon. The sturgeon, the pickerel, the pike,
the bass, the perch, etc., form other varieties of fishes found in
Ontario.

The fishermen of our Canadian I^akes use gill-nets and trap-
nets, and their vessels are either sailing boats of from twenty to
thirty feet in length, or small steamers called "fishing tugs."
Two models of these small steamers were much admired last year
at the London Fisheries Exhibition. Those fishing tugs are gener-
ally fifty feet long and have twelve feet beam. They are the
property of fish merchants, who hire men to fish for them on wages,
without any share in the profits of ihe industry. Sometimes they
will receive a bonus from the proprietor in cases ot sr.ccessful
catches. The great advantage of those tugs over the sailing boats
is easily.seen. While some of the men on board are busy taking in
the nets set the day previous, the others are engaged in setting out
clean nets. These two operations finished, the tug hastens to the

THi: riSHKlilES OF CANADA.

nearest railway station, and the fish just caugh' is immediately
sent by the cars, in refrigerators, to the Canadian and American
cities. Besides, on calm days, or when the wind is blowing too
hard to permit the sailing boats to go out, the steamers can always
reach the fishing grounds. The amount of white-fish, trout, etc.,
taken from the lakes and sent fresh to the market in 1882, amounted
to 4,500,000 lbs. But, besides this, there were salted, of white fish,
5,079 barrels ; of trout, 9,758 barrels ; of sturgeon, bass, pike,
maskinonge and other kinds, 41,360 barrels ; Total, 56,197 barrels.
If this suin be multiplied by 200, the number of pounds in each
barrel, we get a product of 11,239,400 lbs., which added to the four
millions and a half already mentioned, will give the large amount
of 15,739,400 lbs. for one year. As farmers chiefly comi)ose the
population of Ontario, and as, comi)aratively speaking, very little
capital is invested in lake fisheries, we are safe in asserting that the
amount of fish now caught could be doubled or even trebled, if a
larger number of men were employed in the development of this
industry. Besides this produce of the fresh-water fisheries in the
Province of Ontario, we have other fisheries in the Maritime Prov-
inces, such as the Smelt fisheries which, during the winter months,
employ many hundred men and produce annually $200,000. The
annual yield of the Alewife fishery is $185,000 ; of the Shad fishery,
$105,000 ; of the Eel fishery, $80,000 ; of the Winnonish fishery,
$15,000; of the Sardine fishery, $175,000, besides others. I may
add, however, that the fresh-water fishes of the Dominion, though
sold generally at a low figure, produced according to our last sta-
tistics, the sum of $4,000,000.

The ease with which fish is attainable all through Canada has
proved a special inducement to the poor of other countries to
emigrate to our shores. They may be sure, to begin with, of hav-
ing, at no expense except the trouble of fishing for it, a substantial
and wholesome article of diet. This, with the possession of a farm
sold by Government at a merely nominal price, with sobriety and
economy, is sure to lead them within a few years to comfort and
prosperity.

Conclusion.

I cannot better end this essay than by quoting some remarks by
P. L. Simmons in his *' Commercial Products of the Sea :" " The
commercial products obtained from the sea," he writes, "are more

CONCLUSION.

numerous and important than would l)e generally supposed by
those who have not looked closely into the matter. To a great
part of the civilized world the taking of the cod, the herring, the
salmon, the mackerel, the sardine, the seal and the other fishes, is of
great value, and gives emi)loyment to hundrr'ds of thousands of per-
sons. The oil obtained from the seal, cod, shark, etc., is used for
lamps, medicine, and in industry. Many parts of fish are employed
in the arts and manufactures, — as the scales of the bleak for mak-
ing false pearls, and those of other fish for making ornaments ; the
skins of the seals and the i)orpoises for tanning purposes. Isin-
glass is obtained from the air or swimming bladders of many.
Fish roes are not only used as (ish delicacies, but also for bait in
some fishing grounds, and excellent guano is made from the offal
and the bones of fish. 7'Ae sea is more abundantly stocked with
living creatures tlian the land. In all parts of the world a rocky
and partially protected shore, perhaps supports, in a given sjjace, a
greater number of individual animals than any other station. The
sea is filled with animals of se/eral kinds, and each layer of
water in depth, seems to have its own varieties, thus resembling the
changes which take place, according to elevation^ in the organized
l)ortions of the land. The animals are among the mightiest and
among the smallest. There are swimming beasts, as whales, seals
and walruses. There are fishes of various kinds and sizes, crusta-
ceous, soft or jelly fi>>hes, the molluscs, down to ihose creatures
resembling live plants. All these are peculiar to the sea or the
fresh waters ; and the ocean has its marine plants, — sea weeds,
which remain growing on the ground shoal or lise to the surface
and then float. These, too, have many useful or economical appli-
cations."

The harvest of the sea has not yet been attended to and garnered
to the same extent as that of the land Some nations, such as the
Chinese, have, it is true, long given close attention to the profitable
utilization of its commercial products ; and several European na-
tions and the Americans have also prosecuted certain fisheries, but
systematic and scientific arrangement has only of late years been
specially directed to the various branches which have been termed
pisciculture, acquiculture and ostreiculture, and the transfer of the
fishes of one locality to another district. By all civilized and com-
mercial nations, especially the Dutch, the English, the Norwegian,

THE FISHER IKS OF ('AyAI).i.

ihe French, and the American, the jjroducts of the sea have been
accounted fully as important as those of the land.

The fishery question is therefore of urgent c:onsequence io the
people gent rally, and any information ought to be welcome which
increases our knowledge of the fishing grounds within our reach ;
for the fisheries are not only of iinportanc e to us in conseiiuence
of the vast amount of wealth that (an be drawn from the deep, ap-
parently without diminishing or exhausting its source, but because,
by this means a body of able a.ul hardy seamen may be found to
conduct the commerce of a maritime country during peace, and to
become its gallant defenders on the ocean in time of war. 1 sin-
cerely hope, that both our public men and our capitalists will give
their attention to this very important question, and will do their
utmost to develop fu-ther this inexhaustible source of national
wealth and greatness.

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