The forest wealth of Canada [microform]

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PARIS INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, iqoo

THE

FOREST WEALTH

OF

CANADA

BY

JAMES M. MACOUN,

Assistant Naturalist, Geological Survey of Canadot

printbd by direction ol^
Th« Canadian Commission for thb Exhibition,

1900.

i

The Forest Wealth of Canada

Since the data of its first settlement, the products of
the forest have been among Cannda's chief exports, and at
no time has the value of these products been greater than
to-day. Their character has changed, indeed, from year to
year, but always to the advantage of the country at large.
While in the early years of the lumber busineiis, hewn timber
and split staves were the chief articles ex ported, followed by
logs, deals, boards, etc., industries in which large quanti-
ties of wood are required have increased from year to year,
especially during the last decade, and a great variety of
articles which were formerly imported are now manufactur-
ed at home. Manufacturies, primarily established to fill
the home demand, have increased their output and become
competitors in foreign markets while many new factories
have been built of which the entire product goes abroad.
During the season of 1899 the whole output of many of the
large factories was required for home consumption. These,
and those manufacturing for export, were run at their fullest
capacity during the whole season, nearly all of them run-
ning at night as well as in the day time. This increase in
production has been far slower than the natural resources
of the country warranted, but capital has not always been
available, and competition in foreign markets was so keen
that Canadian manufacturers were plow in entering a field
in which success seemed doubtful. The result has been
that while excessive production went on in the United
States and other countries, and their forests were depleted,
those of Canada have not been drawn upon to relatively so
great an extent, and "as regards raw material the future is
with us.'' No other country affords so good a field for the
profitable investment of capital in the manufacture of wood
products ; abundant raw material, cheap power and an
unfailing market insure success.

In the province of Ontario .he export of pine, spruce
and other soft woods in the log, when derived from lands
leased from the province, is prohibited ; and in the
province of Quebec 9lc60 per cord rebate on stumpage dues

4 TnR FoRRSTs of Camada.

is allowed on wood from which pulp ia manufactured in the
province, and similar legislation is proposed in other pro*
vinces. The immediate result of this legislation will of
course bo a decrease in the ciuantity of raw material ex-
ported, but it is e^iually certain that there will be increased
production by existing factories and that many new ones
will be established.

Elsewhere in thin pamphlet a table is f^ven, which
ehows the value of the chief products of the forest exported
during the past ten years. These do not include farming
implements, pianos and organs and other articles, in the
manufacture of which large quantities of wood are required.
The figures explain themselves, except for the years 1897
and 1808. In 1807 the export of lumber was abnormally
large, and the decrease in 1 808 was due c)iiefly to the fact
that in anticipation of the import tux proposed by the
United States, an immense quantity of lumber was rent
into that country in 1807, which under normal conditions
would have remained in Canada until the following year.
As the figures given for each year inclur^e six months of
that year and six months of the preceding year, the etTect
of this disorganization of the lumber business is also seen
in the figures for 1800. These do not show the increase in
the second half of 1899, which in the six months ending
Dec. 31st. amounted tc f21,'346.871, as compared with $19,-
101,907 during the same period in 1698.

Wise laws have been made by the provincial and fed-
eral governments, having for their object the pret-ervation
of our forests, and the owners and lesE>ees of timber limits
now exercise greater care than formerly in the prevention
of fires, supplementing to a very considerable extent the
efiPorts of the government to lessen the destruction of valu-
able timber from this cause. The varions governments are
taking steps towards the re-foresting of the denuded areag
under their control, and though the actual work so far done
in this direction is not great, preliminary investigations are
being made which will enable them to apply the metbodii
best suited to each district.

A detailed ac count of the lumber business in Canada
does not come within the scope of this pamphlet. It is

Tm FoRxem ot Canada. 8

Intended simply, as its title indicatec, lo draw attention *o
the vast timber resources of the countryi and it has seemed
that this could be best done by giving a brief account of
the distribution and more important usee of the chief forest
trees, followed by such information regarding the condi-
tions provailing in the several provinces as seemed of great-
est interest or value. All available sources of information
have been drawn u[)on, and to these the reader is re*
ferred for further details. The most important for sta-
tistical purposes are the reports issued by the Department
of Trade and Commerce, and by the Dominion Statistician,
while the Crown Lands reports of the different proTincee
supply very full information relating to their timber lands,
the regulations governing their use, etc. Tne limits given
for the principal trees refer to their commercial distribu*
tion only. For further details as to their geographical
distribution, the reader is referred to the annual reports of
the Geological Survey of Canada, and of the Department oi
Dominion Lands, to special papers on this subject by Dr. G.
M. Dawson, Dr. Robt. Bell and Prof. John Macoun and to
the Catalogue of Canadian Plants, by Prof. Macoun, all of
which have been consulted for the information contained in

this pamphlet.

No reference has been made to prices, as these are sub-
ject to constant variation, and those interested may find
them in trade journals. The *' Canadian Lumberman,''
published at Toronto, Ont., gives, in its weekly edition (he
current local prices at the principal lumber centres.

Under each species, the nature of the specimens in the
Canadian Forestry Exhibit has been briefly given. The
space allotted to Canada for this purpose was not lai^e and
it was thought advisable to devote the greater part of it to
raw products. While many manufactured articles are
shown, the number and variety has been curtailed to as
great an extent as possible, to afford space for raw material.
In other departments, however, Canada's woods are exhib-
ited, in a manufactured form, and those interested in the
finished product will find it in the groups devoted to Orna-
mental joinery, farming implements, vehicles, and hoose-

hold furniture.
The character of the information published in the reports

. '

6

The FoRrsTS of Canada.

issued by the Crown Lands Departments of the seTeral
provinces, varies greatly, which accounts for the want of
uniformity in the statistics given where the timber re-
sources of each province are dealt with. The figures show-
ing the value of each article exported from the different
provinces are from the reports of the Department of Trade
and Commerce, but the publication of these details was
discontinued in 1897, so that while the total exports of
the Dominion are given elsewhere for 1808 and 1899, for
the present purpose the year 1897 must be used for
all provinces. The reason for discontinuing the publi-
cation of these figures was that as shipments were frequently
from provinces other than those n which the articles were
produced they were misleading.

NOVA SCOTIA.

Though Nova Scotia continues to export a large amount
of lumber and other products of the forest, the best of the
timber lands in that province have already been granted by
the Crown to individuals or corporations and from these
lands most of the lumber for export will continue to be
taken. The greater part of the timber growing on lands
still held by the Crown, is either at present inaccessible or is
of two small size to be cut into lumber. Of the million and
a half acres of ungranted Crown lands about one half is
covered with forest, mostly small spruce and other woods
suitable for the manufacture of pulp. Little pine has been
left in Nova Sootia, spruce being the chief coniferous wood
exported. On much of the land from which the best of the
lumber has already been taken there is a large quantity
of pulp- wood and every year adds to this supply, as in both
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick the climatic conditions are
such that when re-foresting is left to nature coniferous trees
as a rule replace the hard woods on cleared lands. With
care, there should, in the future, be no falling off in the
annual output of either lumber or pulp, indeed new pulp
mills are being built every year and the output will conse-
quently increase rapidly for some years to come.

Until 1899 timber lands were granted outright to pur-
chasers, but the Provincial Government in that year adopted

The Forests op Canada. 7

a policy of leasing snch lands instead of selling them. Leases
are issned for twenty years, the chief conditions being that the
lessee shaH pay to the Crown in advance a rental of forty
cents per acre and shall not transfer the lease to any person
or corporation without the consent of the Attorney General.
The lessee is under the lease entitled to cat all timber of
not less than ten indies in diameter and may erect upon
the leased laud such buildinus as are necessary for the pro-
secution of his business, which if not removed at the expir-
ation of the lease, become vested in the Crown.

The value of the lumber and other wood products
exported from Nova Scotia in 1897 was $2,781,356, of which
$3,382, was foreign produce. The details are as follows :

ARTICLE. VALUK.

Bark for tanning $ 2,(580

Firewood 48,3t>3

Logs of all kinds 44,432

Lumber : —

Spruce deals and other 1,370,828

Deal ends 47,732

Planks and boards 781,084

Latlis, palings, pickets, ioists and scant-
lings 3,064

Staves and headings 6,189

All other not otherwise stated 14,189

Shingles ' 6,865

Sleepers and railway ties 1 !,1892

Shooks, box and other 0,865

Timber, square, all kinds 16,746

Wood for wood pnl]) 800

Wood and manufactures of :

Tlonseliold furniture 2.407

Doors, sashes and blinds 9,8t5

Matches and niateli splints 23,751

Wood pulp 193,853

Not otherwise stated 9<),905

NEW BRUNSWICK.

$2,781,356

Of the twenty-nine indigenous trees of New Brunswick
the spruce, hemlock, cedar, tamarac, fir, birch and maple
are economically the most important. In the vicinity of the
coast coniferous trees predominate, while the uplands of the

8 The Forests of Canada.

interior are clothed with beeoh, maple, ash and biroh and in
the river valleys elm is abundant. A very considerable
]Ort of the timber lands of New Brunswick is iu the hands
of private individuals and of the 12,000 square miles still in
possession of the Crown over 9,000 square miles are under
license to lumbermen. AlK)ut 2,700 square miles are still
vacant and unlicensed. Great quantities of pine were form.
*rly exported from this province, Ait very little of mer-
chantable size remains. In New Brunswick as in Nova
Scotia the demand for pulp-wood has made valuable large
areas from which the best timber has already been taken
and others on which the average size of the trees was too
small to make it profitable to cut them for lumber.

The right to cut timber on ungranted Crown lands or on
lands for which the licenses already granted have expired is
in New Brunswick acquired by public auction, subject to
stumpage regulations and restrictions, so framed as to admir-
ably safeguard the interests of the Crown and prevent waste
of any kind. The stumpage dues for the more important
products of the forest are :

For Spruce, Pine, Tamarao or hardwood saw-logs, per

lUOO superficial feet .' $1.00

*' Hardwood timber up to an average of 14 inches

square, per ton 90

" Hardwood timber above 14 inches, additional, per

inch per ton 10

•* Pine timber up to 14 inches square,perton 1.00

** Pine timber, additional per inch, per ton 25

" Tamarac timber, per ton 50

" Spruce timber, per ton 50

" Cedar logs, per 1000 superficial feet 80

*' Hemlock, per 1000 superficial feet 40

** White Birch logs, for spool- wood, per 1000 super-
ficial feet 65

The stumpage dues on railway-ties and boom-poles are
two cents each and on brackets and spars one cent each.

No statistics of the amount of timber out on land
owned by private individuals are available, but it is almost
as great as that cut on Crown lands, of which details are pub-
lished by the Crown Lands Department of the province.
These show the relative quantities of the diffeieut kinds of

The Forests of Canada. 0

wood cut, and the proportion of each taken from private
lands is donbtless very much the same. Omitting the less
important products, the following are the figures for the
year ending Oct. 31, 1898 :

Spruce and Pine saw-logs 80,856,.'{47sq.f6

Hemlock logs 3,726,766 "

Cedar logs..... 7,669,293 *'

Hardwood logs 1,828,734 "

Spool-wood, White Birch 2,784,000 "

Fir logs 648,126 •'

In 1897 New Brunswick exported timber and products
of the forest valued at $6,699,697, practically all of which
was produced in the province.

ARTICLE. VALUE.

Bark for tanning $ 48,409

Firewood 33,042

Logs, all kinds 860

Lumber : —

Pine deals 23,231

Deals, spruce and other 4,016,700

Deal ends 124,461

Planks and boards 817,190

Laths, palings, pickets, joists and scant-
lings 502,613

Staves and headings 3,430

Not elsewhere specified 68,926

Shingles 604,063

Sleepers and railway ties 10,944

Shocks, box and other 17,664

Timber, square :—

White pine 2,569

All other 79,846

Wood, manufactures of :

Household furniture 2,650

Doors, sashes and blinds 885

Matches and match splints 1,186

Wood-pulp 145,405

Not elsewhere specified 95,050

$6,599,697

5s?.'sr?PmiA?Jssrafj

10

The Forests of Canada.
QUEBEC.

The territory recently acquired by the province of
Quebec to the north, noith west and northeast of its old
boundaries, has added so much to the forest -covered area in
that province that it now ranks first in that respect. Of the
844,450 square miles comprised within its boundaries much
is yet unsurveyed — some of it unexplored. In 1898 there
was about 47,000 s(}uare miles under licence for the cutting
of timber, but vast tracts remain unlicensed. These are
chiefly north of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers and are
for the most part covered with epiuoe, fir, poplar and birch,
the characteristic trees of the sub-arctio forest. No very ac-
curate figures can be given for the quantity of standing
timber in the province of Quebec, but according to a very
moderate estimate recently made by the Crown Land Depart
ment, the standing timber, exclusive of pulp- wood and under-
size trbeswill produce at least sixty thousand million feet of
lumber and in the opinion of the writer this estimate is
below the true one. Some idea of the immense timber re-
sources of this province may be gathered from a consider-
ittion of a single distriat— Lake St. John — which has
recently been reported upon by the Superintendent of
Forest Rangers. The area of the Lake St. John basin is about
30,000 square miles or 19,200,000 acres, of which only about
500,000 acres have been cleared ; the remainder is covered
with trees of which about 75 per cent, is spruce. A large
proportion of these trees arc of sullicieut size to manufacture
into lumber, but the spruce can be used with greater profit
for making pulp. At the extremely low estimate of five
cords of pulp-wood per acre there is growing at present on
this area 100,000,000 cords of pulp-wood. 500,000 tons of
pulp could be made there annually for an indefinite period.
If the whole province were included in this estimate, anc*
an average nearer the true one used, the result would be
beyond belief, yet it is hardly possible to make an exag-
gerated estimate.

The forests of Anticosti and the Gasp^ peninsula are of
the same general character as those described above, but
elsewhere, on the south side of the St. Lawrence and on the
north side from the Saguenay Kiver westward, and so up the

The Forests of Canada. 11

Ottawa, there is for mauy miles back from these rivers a
large proportion of hard woods. Except in the cane of
white birch, which has been extensively cnt for spool-wood,
the hard woods of this province are not used to anything
like so great an exteat for manufacturing purposes as they
are in Ontario, but there is abundant maple, birch and
beech, and industries in which they will be used most soon
be established.

The timber lands of Quebec are worked nnder licenses
from the Crown, at a yearly rental of three dollars per
square mile, in addition to which stumpage dues are
charged. The dues for the principal articles are : —

Square Timber per cubic foot $0.02

Logs and dimension timber, except Spruce, Hemlock,
Banksian Pine, Cedar and Fir, per thousand feet,
board measure 1.30

Spruce, Hemlock, Banksian Pine, Cedar and Fir, per
thousand feet, board measure 65

SmAll logs for shingles, spools, or paper pulp, per cord. .25

Perhaps tbe most careful estimate of the avenge num-
ber of trees suitable for lumber or pulp-wood, growing on
the heavily wooded areas of Quebec, is that made by the
surveyors and engineers in the employ of M. Henri
Menier, the owner of the island of Anticosti. It has been
estimated that there is on that island about 1 ,800,000 acres
of forest land, and from the reports made by Mr. Menier 's
employees, the average number of trees over the whole
area is about 900 per acre. The forests of Anticosti differ
in no essential particular from those of northern Quebec
and northern Ontario, and Mr. Menier's figures, which are
the result of an actual count on many measured acres,
afford a good basis for estimating the number of trees on
Other areas.

The following is a summary of the forest products ex-
ported from Quebec in 1897, with their value :

ARTICLE. VALUE.

Bark for tanning $ 58,313

Firewood 20,747

Logs of all kinds 151,348

iggfi'-^^

?»iii«fVt?ni«>T^4««3S«»»««iW^»^^

Ifi The Forests of Canada.

Lumber : —

Deals, pine 3,280,126

Deals, other than pine 1,700,692

Deal ends 405,000

Planks and boards 2,310,480

Laths, palings, pickets, joists and scant-
lings 160,057

Staves and heading 38,288

Not elsewhere specified 154,261

Shingles 267,799

Sleepers and railway ties 135,739

Stave bolts 1 ,524

Shooks, box and other 54,193

Timber, square : —

Oak 539,088

White pine 1,348,655

All other 380,755

Wood for pulp . . 636,622

Wood and manufactures of :

Household furniture 35,331

Doors, sashes and blinds — 59,520

Matches and match splints 91 ,167

Wood pulp 270,136

Not elsewhere specified 204,349

ONTARIO.

112,276,082

A much greater variety of trees is found in Ontario
than in any other province, and, as a natural consequence,
thenumber of wood -employ ing industries is much larger there
than elsewhere in Canada. In the southwestern part of tbe
province coniferous trees are almost wholly wanting, the
forests being made up of hard woods of which oak, hickorv.
basswood, maple, elm, ash and beech are the most valuable.
The forests of northern and northwestern Ontario resemble
those of Quebec ; pine, spruce, birch and poplai being
economically of most importance. Pine has long been the
chief wood exported from Ontario, and though it exists In
nothing like its former abundance great quantities remais un-
cut. Nearly all the lands upon which it grows have already
been sold or licensed by the Crown. Not nearly so much
hard wood is exported now as formerly, partly because of
the diminished supply and partly because the available wood
is nearly all in the hands of thoee who own or are interested

I )

The Forests of Canada. 13 |

in manafaotnries and who prefer to bold it for their own
use. Scarce as many ot our hard woods are donbtless
becoming, the amount yet standing is much larger than is
generally supposed and the greatly increased value of some
species makes it now worth the farmer's while to haul tim.
her to mills or railway stations which he formerly would
have used for fire-wood.

The increase in Canadian exports of articles manufac-
tured from wood is in great measure in the province of
Ontario, where long established concerns have enlarged their
plant and new industries have been established. Recent
legislation regulating or prohibiting the export of nnroanu-
faotured material from the province of Ontario has given a
great impetus to home industries, the result of which is seen
in the increased quantity of wood products exported. No
trustworthy estimate has been made of the timber still
standing in this province, but the amount is very large and
in Ontario as in Quebec one of the largest provincial assets is
the growing wood suitable for the manufacture of pulp.
Great aa has for many years been the annual value of the
timber cut in Ontario it will increase in the future.

In 1898 there was taken from the Ontario Crown lands
644, 4*)?, 139 feet, board measure, of pine saw-logs, and 8,-
224,442 feet of other logs; 26,977,461 feet of boom and
dimension timber, and 1,478,387 cubic feet of square tim-
ber, besides a large quantity of cord-wood, railway-ties,
pulp-wood, etc. No figures are available for the quantities
cut on private lands.

The regulations governing the use of Crown timber
lands in Ontario are, in brief, that when berths or limits are
explored, surveyed and valued, they shall be offered for sale
by public auction, at the upset price of such valuation, and
sold to the highest bidder for cash at the time of sale. All
timber berths and limits are subject to an annual ground
rent of |3 per square mile, in addition to which the fol-
lowing Crown dues must be paid :

Black Walnut anJ Oak, per cubic foot 03

Elm, Ash, Tamaracand Maple 02

Birch, Basswood, Cedar, Buttonwood and Cotton-
wood, and all boom timber, per cubic foot O.IJ

Red and White Pine timber, per cubic foot U2

'^ipag

«iU?Aiui«-tJ-fyi\U»iHim-fMt*J-^

*!<

The Forests of Canada.

All other woods 01

Basswood, BnttoDwood and Cottonwood saw-logs,

per standard of 200 ft. board measure 15

Red and White Pine paw-lojfs and boom-timber, per

standard of 200 ft. lx>ard measure 20

Walnnt, Oak and Maple saw-logs, per standard of

200 ft. board measure 25

Hemlock, Bprnce and other woods, jwr standard of

200 ft. board measure 10

The dnes on other forest pro<lucts will be found in the
Crown Timber regulations of the province.

Ontario exported in 1897 wood products to the value of
f 10,602,364, of which $12,121, was foreign produce. The
following are the details :

ARTICLE.

Bark for tanning

Firewood

Logs of all kinds .

Lumber : —

Planks and boards

Laths, palings and pickets, joists and
scantlings

Staves and headings

Not elsewhere specified

Shingles

Sleepers and railway ties

Stave bolts

Shocks, box and others

VALUE.

I 2,752

71,592

1,927,480

6,254,737

169,910

651,509

90,531

303, ()74

71,908

37,110

1,914

Timber, square :—

Oak

Pine, white

All other

Wood, for wood pulp .

1,200

1,205

24,029

173,730

Wood and manufactures of :

Household furniture

Doors, sashes and blinds . . .
Matches and match splints,

Wood pulp

Not elsewhere specified

79,873
217,813

35,172
132,565
353,660

110,602,364

The Forests of Canada.

15

MANITOBA AND THE NORTH WEST TERRITORIES.

As is well known, the greater part of the settled portions
of Manitoba and the North West Territories is made up of
prairie lands, but even in western Manitoba, Assiniboia and
fouthern Alberta trees grow in damp situations and in
river valleys, so that the settler is nowhere very widely
separated from wood suitable for house-logs, firewood and
fencing, and in these districts the timber regulations are
especially favourable to settlors. Northern Manitoba,
Alberta and Saskatchewan and practically the whole of
Keewatin, Athabasca and Mackenzie are covered by the
sub-arctic forest, and these districts, although at present but
sparsely settled, will eventually become almost, if not
quite, as valuable as the prairie region. In much of this
vast area the soil and climate are good and though many
years must elapse before the timber growing on it will be
required for home consumption, there will very soon be such
a demand for wood-pulp in Minnesota and Dakota that the
wood growing in Manitoba and Keewatin will be drawn
upon, indeed the consumption of paper made from wood-
pulp is already so great in the northern United States and
in Manitoba that were advantage to be taken of the raw
material which is to be had in such abundance near the
ohief points of consumption, the manufacture of wood-pulp
would at once become one of the chief industries of southern
Keewatin and eastern and northern Manitoba, and the
time is not far distant when the bulk of the wood-pulp used
in the United States north and north westerly from Chicago
will come from Manitoba and North West Canada.

Railways and natural waterways afFord at the present
time adequate transport facilities towards the south and
when the Hudson Bay route to Europe has been opened
Keewatin and northern Manitoba will be the chief producers
of wood-pulp with which Newfoundland and the Eastern Pro-
vinces will have to com pete in European markets. The area of
Keewatin alone is 498,000 square miles, much of which
is covered with spruce, poplar and other woods suitable for
the manufacture of pulp of the best quality.

Ttiougb tho wooded area in this district is greater than
is the province of Quebec the average size of the trees is

- 4iiteva:vi-

M • The Forests ok Canada.

not so large bnt it is probable that the actual amount of the
wood suitable for the manufacture of pulp, is almost if not
quite as great in Keewatin as in Quebec.

The timber lands in Manitoba, the North West Terri-
tories and within twenty miles on either side of the Canadian
Pacific liailway in British Columbia, are still held by the
Dominion Government, and licenses to cut timber can be
obtained only by public competition. The licensee must
pay au annual ground rent of $5 per square mile, except
west of the Eagle I'ass in British Coluuibia, wh<)ie the
yearly ground rent is five cents per acre. In addition to
the rent the following crown dues must be paid :

Sawn lumber 50 cents per 1000 ft. board measure,
liailway ties 8 feet long Ik cents each.

(( <l Q t( t( |U II H

Shingle bolts 25 cents per cord, and 5 per cent, on tbe
sales of all other products of the berth, but in British Col-
umbia a rebate of 40 cents per 1000 feet is allowed on all
lumber exported.

Permits to out timber from Crown lands are also
granted at public competition. For timber so cut the fol-
lowing dues are payable : $2 to $3 per 1000 ft. B. M.
for square timbei and ^ to 1) per lineal foot for building logs ;
from 12i to 26 cents per cord for firewood, 3 cents a piece
for railway ties and 20 cents per 1000 for shingles. Home-
steaders who muy have no timber of their own are
entitled to a permit free of dues for 3000 lineal feet of build-
ing logs, 40O roof poles, 500 fence posts, and 200O fence rails.

In the Yukon territory a license to cut timber on an

area of not more than five square miles may be granted to

the first applicant, upon payment of a bonus of not less than

$250 per square mile, and the licensee must also pay a

stumpage of |2 per 1,000 square feet B. M, on tbe timber

cut. Permits to cut firewood and railway ties are granted

upon easy terms.

During the year ending June 30th, 1898, tlie following

quantities of building material were taken frum Dominion

lands:

Sawn lumber 39,696,407 feet.

Shingles... 1,584,500 •*

Laths 24,200 "

>

The Forests of Canada. 17

Nearly all of that ont in Manitoba and the North Wet^t
Territories was for home ooDsamption, the amount exported
being very small.

There is under license from the Dominion, the follow-
ing areas of timber lands :

Manitoba 650.84 square miles.

Alberta 1,134.74 "

Saskatchewan 256.64 " *'

British Columbia 304.83 " '*

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

The character of the forests of British Columbia is very
different fiom that of the other provinces. The trees are
much larger, and all the more valuable species are peculiar
to the Pacific coast. These are the douglas fir, the giant
arbor-vitse, Menzies' or Sitka spruce, yellow cypress
and the western hemlock, all of which attain a great size
on Vancouver Island and the mainland in the vicinity of
the coast, and, with the exception of the yellow cypress,
in the river valleys of the interior. The abundance of
standing timber near the sea, and the fact that most of the
lumber cut at the mills was to fill large orders for particular
sizes, led to very wasteful methods of making lumber, im-
mense quantities of the smaller trees (small for British Col-
umbia) being left in the woods to be destroyed by fire,
while at the mills themselves huge slabs of great length
were cut from the logs, sawn into easily-bnndled lengths
and burnt. Better methods now prevail, but nothing like
the economy which characterizes lumbering operations in
Eastern Canada, id yet practiced in British Columbia.

The nature of the country makes it impossible to esti-
mate with accuracy the area of unlicensed timber lands in
British Columbia, but it is probable that more thttxt une-
third has been taken up. The number of ajres held
under lease in 1899 was 491,649, and under special license
43,500, so that if the above estimate be correct, there is yet
unlicensed in this province nearly one million acres of tim-
ber lands, and the average amount which can be cut has
been estimated at 75,000 feet per acre, though this is pro-
bably in excess of the actual figure.

There is no trustworthy information from which any-

V!^isa^ii,r^K'is'ii-fiWi'>!i-ihAi^i,r^um^niL%ri^^sx^':iw, s^m

.■|i

I
I,

18 The FoRESTrt of Canada.

tiling approachin^if un accurate ettimate of the amount of
standing timber in Hritinh Columbia oould be made. The
timber sawn in that province in 1898 was :

Oa Crown lands and leaseholds 11'2,048.( 44 ft. B.M.

On private property 11,608,614 *'

On railway belt . (estimnted) 21,0l)U,(iO0 "

Imported, bub sawit in B.C 6,200,000 **

Total 130,74(i,658 feet

of this the ainuunb exported is about 07,000,000 feetj in-
uludinif laths, shingles, etc.

In 1809 :

On Crown lands and leaseholds 166,409,483 ft. B M.

On private property '2:^116,400 *'

On railway belts (Vancouver Icluud) .. 24,880,504 *'

" " C P.Ry.. am'tsmall
Imported, but sawn in B.C 4,.')32,684 . *<

Total 219,027,971 feet

of this the amuunt exported up to Feb. 1st, 19 o, was
116,000,000 feet. From these figures it will be seen that
the amount of lumber cut in 1899 was greatly in exooss of
what was cut in 1898.

The British Columbia timber regnlations diiTer material-
ly from those of the other provinces. Licenses are not
acquired by public auction or by tender, but the person de-
siring to procure a license must stake out the land sought to
be included in his license, and, after filing his application,
must publish a notice of it for thirty days in the British
Columbia Gazette, and in some newspaper circulating in
the district in which the desired lands lie. No such special
license is granted for a larger area than one thousand acres
nor for a longer period th.iti nne year. For each such license
the sum of $50 must be paid, the licenses beiug renew-
able at the discretion of the Chief Commissioner. In addi-
tion to these special licenses, general licenses to cut timber
on Crown landt*, other than timber limits may be issued by
the Chief Oommissioner ; for such licenses $10 is charged.
In addition to the above license fees, five cents per acre
ground-rent is charged, and a royalty of 6r cents per thoosand
feet board measure npon all timber suitable for spars, piles,
saw-logs, railway ties, mining props and shing 1 bolts, and

.'•

hr/otTMWistirklC

TlIR FoRE'tTH OF CANADA.

1»

of
le

f.

I.

of

1-

.^^

twenty-flve oentfl per oord for other wood ronat be paid to
the Crown. Heavy peualties are attached to illegal ontting
of timber.

The lumber trade of this province with South America,
AuBtrniia and Eastern A3ia will certainly increase with
the demand for coniferous woods in these countries, and
thongh the following analsisy of the character of the material
exported shows thtit the bulk of it was in a seml-manufac*
ed form, the establishment of new factories will in the
near fnture greatly augment the quantity of furniture,
ashes, doors, etc . that will he exported, while the manu-
facture of wood-pulp is certain to become one of the chief
industries of the province.

Wood products to the value of $766,202 were exported
from British Columbia in ld97.

ARTl VALUE.

Firewood $ 88

Logs of all kinds 6,270

Lumber ; —

Planks and boards 065,617

Laths, palings, pickets, juJHts and scant-
lings 6,579

Staves and headings 1,015

Not elsewhere specified 27,913

Shingles 15,524

Wood and manufactures of :

Household furniture 6,173

Doors, sashes and blinds 1,998

Not elsewhere specified 36,067

$ 766,202

List of Principal Commercial Woods of Canada, with the
Distribution, Economic Value and Relative Abundance.

The arrangement of the species in the following list,
though nob scientifically correct, is that which is most
familiar to those who will see this pamphlet, and has been
adopted for that reason. The space devoted to each spooiea
bears small relation to the importance of the wood economi-
cally, the most valuable species being those which are beet

20

The Forests of Canada.

known, and of these little more than their distribution is
given.

BASSWOOD— r/Zm Americana, Linn,

The Ba83wood grows sparingly in New Brunswick,
more abundantly in Quebec andattainu its greatest size and
is most abundant in the province of Ontario. It is also
found in eastern Manitoba. For commercial purposes, the
greatest quantity is cut in that part of Ontario which lies
between lakes Ontario and Erie on the south and the main
line of the Canadian Pav.ific Railway on the north, where it
in often more than three feet in diameter and 100 feet in
height. Basswood is used for a great variety of purposes,
but the consumption of raw material is comparatively small
when the vast number of articles into which it is manufac-
tured is considered, as many of these are made from very
thin veneers. The wood is white in colour, very light and
soft and easily worked, but, though tjugh, it is not strong.
It warps very little, not at all if well seasoned, and is on
that account much used for sounding boards in pianos, and
for orga.i stock. It enters largely into the manufacture of
cheap furniture, the light parts of farming implements,
carriage panels and bodies, boxes and coffins, where a light
eauily- worked wood is needed. Cut as veneer, it is used for
fruit baskets and boxes, cloth-boards, band-boxes, cheese-
boxes, and for a variety of similar purposes, and as *' three-
ply " for boxes and chair seats. It is the principal wood
used in the manufacture of " wooden ware," and, turning
easily, it is made into bowls, toys, etc. For building pur-
poses ib is not much used, except as clapboards and for
light interior work. When drawn directly from the stump
to tho saw, the wood is very white, and if well seasoned
after being cut, it takes a very high polish

EXHIBITS : — Sections of logs, deals, box-shooks, fruit
boxes and baskets, cloth -boards, veneers, polished panels.

BROAD/LEAVED MAPLE— 4ccr macrophyllum, Pursh.

The Broad-leaved Maple is common on Vancouver
Island and along the coast in the southern part of British
Columbia. It is the most valuable of the deciduous trees
of the west coast. Though not as hard or as strong as the

4'

ii

)l

i\

/

The Forests of Canada.

21

\\

»!

\ '

\

hard maple of the east, the wood is much better than that
of the eastern soft maple. Much of it is " curly," which
adds greatly to its value as cabinet-making material. lb is
used in the manufacture of furniture, mantles and handles
and for interior liniii>hing.

EXHIBITS: — Section of tree, boards, and polished
panels.

HARD MAPLE— SUGAR MAPLE -^cer saccJMrinumf

Wang.

The Hard Maple is a common tree from Nova S.'otia
westward to Lake Superior, always on good soil. It
reaches its greatest size in southwestern Ontario. Through-
out its range it has always been esteemed the best material
for firewood, and vast quantities of valuable timber are
every year consumed in this way. In recent years small
mills have been built in the settled portions of Canada in
which it grows, and much of what was formally used as
firewood is now being cut into lumber for home consump-
tion and for export. Where it is most abundant large fac-
tories have been established, and an annually increasing
quantity of this a.id other hard woods is being made into
furniture and other manufactured articles. The wood is
very hard, close grained, tough and strong, and as it ex-
hibits a great variety of colour and fibre arrangement, it i^
one of our best woods for veenering, panelling and high
class furniture.

The " Bird's Eye" and "Curly " for^ns are found in
infinite variety, and are greatly valued by the cabinet-
maker. Hard maple is used in Canada in the making of
furniture and in cabinet work of all kinds, as flooring and
for interior finishing, and in the manufacture of domestic
utensils, handles, butchers' skewers, dumb-bells and Indian
clubs, shoe-lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, mangle rollers, and
in many industries in which a hard, tough wood is desir-
able. It is also used for the keels of boats and ships, and
is made into charcoal for smelting purposes. By the
lumbermen it is used for handspikes and other implements
used in river driving, and by the millwright for boxes and
bearings, and for the teeth of gearing wheels. It is ex-
ported in the log as square timber, deals and boards, and

22

The Forests 07 Canada.

in the form of blocks and squares, as chair pan « and in
other semi manufactured forms. It is from this tree that
maple sugar is generally made.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of log, square timber, boards
and polished panelling, blocks and squares, chair parts,
kitchen utensils, butchers' skewers and other specialties.

SOFT MAPLE -RED MA?LE— Acer rubrum, Linn.

The Red Maple is common from the Atlantic to Lake
Superior ranging a little farther north than the hard
maple. The silver maple, Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. is not in
this paper separated from Acer rubrum ae these woods are
commercially classed together as soft maple. The wood
of the soft maple is soft and brittle, not comparable with
that of the hard maple nor is it used for anything like so
great a variety of purposes. Being soft and turning easily,
many articles of domestic use, such as butter-making
utensils, kitchen ware, etc., are made of this wood. It is
also used for cabinet work and flooring.

EXHIBITS : — Section of tree, deals, boards and pol-
ished panels, butter-making and kitchen utensils.

BLACK CHERRY— Prujiws aeroUna, Ehrh,
Not very abundant nor of large size in the Maritime
Provinces nor Quebec but many fine treee are still standing
iu Ontario, in the southern part of which province it attains
its greatest size in Canada. The quantity cut there, is
however, not sufficient for home consumption and a good
deal is imported for use in furniture factories and for in-
terior finishing for which purpose it is largely employed.

EXHIBITS • — Section of tree, square and dimension
timber and polished panels.

WHITE ASH — Fraximis Americana, Linn.
The White Ash ranges from Nova Scotia to western
Ontario increasing in abundance and size until its western
limit is reached. This is the finest and most useful of the
ashes ^ being frequently found 100 feet in height and over
three feet in diameter. Its wood is both strong and elastic,
bending easily, which fit^ it for a great variety of uses,*^ It
enters largely into the manufacture of agricultural imple
meats of all kinds as well as wagons, carriages, and sleighs.

The Forests of Canada.

23

Though not as good as some other woods for that purposOi
very fine handles of all kinds, whiffletrees, neck-yokes, etc.,
are made from white ash, second growth Mood being
generally used. It is the principal wood used for oars.
Like all other hard woods it is employed for flooring,
furniture, and cabinet work. It is one of the most valuable
Canadian woods, but is no longer abundant.

EXHIBIT :— Sections of trees, square timber, deals,
boards and jjolished panels, chair parts, handles and
specialties.

BLACK ASH — Fraxinus samhucifolia. Lam.

The Black Ash is more widely distributed than the
white ash and is more abundant than the latter through-
out its range. It is found from Anticosti west to eastern
Manitoba in swamps and river bottoms. The wood is not
80 hard as that of the white ash but it is tough and elastic
and is, on that account, well suited for cooperage work and
basket making. It is darker in color than the white ash
and though used for the same purposes is not so highly val-
ued.

The red ash and the green ash are not separated

commercially from the two preceding species ; the wood of
the latter resembles that of the white ash while that of
^'he former is more like the black ash. Both range further
west than the other species, growing along the Assiniboine
River and tributaries of lakes Manitoba and Winnipegoosis.
EXHIBITS : — Section of tree, boards, polished panels
and cooperage j^tock. "^

WHITE ELM — Ulmus Americana. Linn.

The American or White Elm is of wide distribution
in Canada being found from the Maritime Provinces west-
ward to rivers falling into Lake Winnipegoosis in Manitoba.
It increases in size and abundance until western Ontario is
reached where it is often found six feet in diameter and over
100 feet in height. It also grows to a large size in the
valleys of the Winnipeg and the Red rivers. The wood of
the white elm is very tough and difficult to split and on
this account it is much used for wagon hubs, blocks for all
kinds of tackle and for gunwales, as the driving of bolts is

24

The Forests of Canada.

less likely to split it than any of our other woods. It is
heavy and strong but not durable. It is much employed in
barrel, chair and wheel making and for a great variety of
purposes when veneer-cut. As lumber it is rather coarse
but is very largely used in the manufacture of furni-
ture, coffins and as flooring. Varying greatly in color
and grain, it is employed to imitate other woods, nearly
all the cigar boxes used in Canada being made of elm while
practically all coffins are made of either elm or basswood
stained and polished to imitate other woods.

EXHIBITS :• -Sections of logs, square timber, deals,
boards, and polished panels, cooperage and chair stock,
hubs, butter-dishes, lathes, strips and cigar boxes.

RED ELM— SLIPPERY ELM -Ulmm fulva, Michx.

The Red Elm is not of much importance commercially
in Canada and is not found anywhere in great quantity.
It is more durable than the other elms, and is better suited
than them for use as railway ties, fence-posts and rails.
It is employed for much the same purposes as the other
elms. The inner bark possesses valuable medicinal qualities
and is frequently prescribed in bad dysentry and diarrhoea
cases ; it is also used in the form of poultices.

EXHIBITS :— Section of tree.

Rock elm— cork elm— Ulmus mcemosa, Thomas.

The Rock Elm grows in southern Quebec and west to
Lake Superior, being best developed in southern Ontario,
to which part of Canada ib is, as a commercial wood, now
confined. It is much superior to the other elms, and for
many purposes is unequalled by any other wood. It is
tough, strong, elastic and very heavy. Its chief use is in
the manufacture of agricultural implements, bicycle rituo
and wheel stock, and it is well suited for any purpose
for which wood that does not split easily is requisite. It
is largely used in bridge and ship-building, and for heavy
furniture. When highly polished the wood is very beauti-
ful, and repays a greater expenditure of time in polishing
than is usually given to elm.

EXHIBITS : — Section of tree, square timber, deals
and wagon hubs.

The Forests of Canada.

25

SYCAMORE-BUTTON WOOD -P/a/anws occidentalis, Utm.

Confined in Canada to Bouthwestern Ontario, where trees
three and four feet in diameter and 80 feet in height, are
still numerous. The wood is heavy and bard, but not very
strong. It is not a good wood for outdoor work, but ia
extensively used in the manufacture of various specialties*
such as bowls, butter trays, etc., as well as cigar boxes and
barrel headings. Like other woods of inferior quality, it is
also employed for a variety of purposes for which bett
material is not available.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, deals, and polished
panels.

HICKORY -Carya alba, Nutt.

The Hickory is for commercial purposes, confined to
Ontario, and it is only in the southwestern part of that pro-
vince that it is found in any considerable quantity. The
wood is very heavy, hard, tough, strong and elastic,
though it is not durable when exposed to the weather, or
when in contact with the soil. As fuel, it excels even hard
maple. " Second growth "' hickory possesses in ever
greater degree than the ordinary wood the qualities that
make it so valuable for fishing-rods', handles of all kinds,
axles for light but strong vehicles, and for farming imple-
ments. The nuts of the hickory are the best grown ia
Canada. Carya iomentosa, Nutt., the white-heart hickory
is included with the above species commercially, and po3-
{•eeses the same qualities. The Bitternut, Carya amara^
Kutt, is not quite so valuable as hickory, but is used for
the same purposes.

EXHIBITS : — Section of tree, square timber, deals,
axe and other handles.

RED BIRCH— CHERRY EIRCH-Betula knta, Linn.

The Red Birch is an abundant tree from Nova Scotia
westward to Lake Superior, the finest trees growing in the
province of Quebec north of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence
livers, and in central Ontano in the counties of Huron,
Grey and Bruce, and in the districts of Nipissing, Algoma
and Parry Sound, where it is often more than four feet in
diameter. It is the best of the birches for cabinet work

2$

The Forests of Canada.

and furniture, and is exported in great quantity for thab
purpose in the log, as square timber, deals, blocks and
squares, and as chair and other furniture stock. The wood
ia very hard, heavy and strong. The yellow birch, Betula
lutea, Michx, is seldom separated, commercially, from the
red birch, and is employed for the same purposes. The
wood of the red birch ia, however, rose-colored, often as
dark as that of the cherry, in imitation of which it is fre-
quently used. Good hubs are made from birch, and in the
Maritime Provinces, where other suitable woods are nob
abundant, it is employed in the construction of wagon
and cart frames. Turned boxes and similar articles are
also made of this wood, as well as button-moulds. Bed
birch is very durable under water, and is used for piles and
sluice work, and being little liable to the attacks of in-
sects is valuable wood for ship-building purposes.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, square timber, boardsi
dealn, polished panels, chair parts and turned work.

WHITE BIRCH— CANOE BIRCH— Z?e^«/a papyHfera,

Marsh.

The White Birch ranges from the Atlantic to the
Pacific and in the north almost to the Barren Grounds,
The finest trees are found in the valley of the St. Lawrence
River and its western tributaries. The white birch is nob
so large ae oither the red or yellow birch nor is the wood
so heavy. It is white, very hard and close-grained and is
the principal wood used for spools, bobbins, turned boxes,
bowls and other wooden -ware, shoe-lasts and pegs. It is
also employed in the manufacture of furniture and for
interior finishing. In the more settled parts of Canada
where good transport facilities are available the he^o white
birch has already been utilized, but vast areas remote from
railways yet remain to be exploited.

EXHIBITS : ^Sections of trees, deals, boards ami
^ .hb'^ei panels, spools, bobbins, turned boxes and sped-

t-. I es.

WHITE OAK— Quercus alha, Linn.

Though the true White Oak is Quercus alhaj several
other species are so classified commercially. The most

w"I^^^f^^?3S^g■■

Thb Torests of Canada.

27

13

18

la
Ite

bst

important among these is the bur oak, Qucreua macrocnrpn
Mich. The true white oak is found in western Quebec
and in Ontario as far west as Lake Huron. The bur oak
has the same range as Quereus alba but is also found in the
Maritime Provinces and in the west throughout the wooded
portions of Manitoba. The wood of both species is very
heavy, hard, tough and durable, that of the bur oak being
the most durable of any American oak when in contact
with the soil which makes it very valuable for use as fence
posts, railway ties and piles. The wood of the white oak
is also largely employed in ship-building, carriage and
wagon-making and cooperage, the manufacture of agri-
cultural implements and for cabinet and furniture work,
flooring and interior finishing. Quarter-cut it exhibits a
great variety of grain and coloring.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, square timber, railway
ties, deals, boards, polished panels and flooring. The oHice
screen in the Canadian Forestry Exhibit is made of this
wood.

WESTERN WHITE OAK— Quereus Garnjana, Douglas.

Though a few trees of this species grow on the main-
land of British Columbia, it is practically confined to
the southern part of Vancouver Island, the finest tiees
growing in the vicinity of the city of Victoria, where trees
three or four feet in diameter from which logs from ten to
twenty feet long can be obtained are not uncommon. The
wood reeembles that of English oak and is very beautiful
when made up into furniture and cabinet work.

EXHIBITS:— Sections of trees.

RED OAK — Querctis ruhra, Linn.

The Red Oak extends from tho Maritime Provinces
westward to Lake Superior reaching the greatest size in
the Province of Ontario. The wood is inferior in quality to
that of the white oak but is almost as hard, heavy and
strong. It enters more largely than the white oak into
cooperage work and as with white oak, second growth
wood is much used for handles of all kinds, wheel stock,
axles, whifiletrees, etc. For furniture, cabinet making.

The Forests of Canada.

I!

•i '.:

1 i

■■■ I

■i •

' I

and interior finishing it is almost as valuable as the white
oak. The bark is rich in tannin.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, square timber, deals,
polished panels, hubs and spokes.

CHESTNUT — Castanca dentata, Marsh.

The Chestnut is confined to the southwestern part of the
province of Ontario, and is not even there in sufficient
quantity to be of great importance commercially. The
wood is neither strong nor flexible, but is durable and
easily worked. In Canada it is employed chiefly in cabinet
work, but is also well suited for use as railway ties end in
heavy construction work.

EXHIBITS :— Section of tree and deal.

BEECH — Fagus fcn-uginea, Alton*

The Beech grows in the Maritime Provinces, Quebec and
Ontario, the finest trees being found in the vicinity of Lake
Huron and Georgian Bay. The wood varies greatly
in colour and grain, and is much employed in the manufac-
ture of furniture and for flooring. The white-colored
wood is said to be more tough and lasting than that of red
color. Quarter-cut it is very beautiful. Its principal use
is for tool handles, carpenters' planes, shoe-lasts, mallets
and for various turned articles.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, deals and chair parts.

ASPEN POPLAR- Poj)mZh.s 1)cmnloides,-Michx.

The Aspen is the most widely distributed of Canadian
trees ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific and north to
the Barren Grounds. In some parts of Canada it is the
only wood available for fence rails and firewood, and it fur-
nishes the material for settlers' log houses in many parts of
the prairie region. Commercially the aspen is used chiefly
in the manufacture of pulp, for which purpose it, like all
the poplars, is well suited. At present spruce has, to
some extent, driven poplar out of the market as a pulp-
wood, but the immense quantity growing throughout the
Canadian sub-arctic forest will some day be utilized. The
wood of the aspen is light and easily worked, and is used
for wooden ware, light barrels, such as those used for sugar

The Forests of Canada.

29

rts.

to
Ithe
fur-
of
lefly
all
to
ilp-
Ithe
The
Lsed

and flour, and for crates and light boxes. It is also em-
ployed in the manufacture of furniture. The large-toothed
aspen, Popitlus grnndidentata, Michx., is employed for the
same purposes as the aspen.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, deals, boards and pulp-
wood.

BALM OF GILEAD—BALSAM VOVLM.—Populus
balsamifera, Linn.

The range of the Balsam Poplar is much the same as that
of the aspen. In the North West Territories it attains a
great size, being there generally found in river valleys,
where it is sometimes 150 feet in height and seven in
diameter. On the islands and banks ot the Peace and
Athabasca rivers it grows to a greater size than elsewhere
in Canada, and large trees are found down the Mackenzie
River as far north as the Arctic Circle. The wood is soft
and nob strong, but, with the cottonwood, {Pojuilus monili-
fera, Alton,) it is being used in increasing quantities instead
of Whitewood, Liriodcndron Tulipifera, Linn. It is employed
in the manufacture of pulp,and for the same purpose as the
other poplars. PopiiJus trichocarpa, T. & G., an abundant
tree in British Columbia, differs but Utile from the balsam
poplar.

EXHIBITS: — Sections of trees, deals, dimension
lumber and pulp- wood.

BLACK WALNUT.— J"My/rtn.s nigra, Linn.

Though once so abundant is southwestern Ontario the
old Black Walnut trees have almost all been cut down^
though a few still remain and younger trees which have
been planted or preserved will soon augment the available
supply for economic purposes, as the black v^alnut is a rapid
grower. Plantations of this tree have been made in various
parts of Ontario and western Quebec, one of the finest
being that owned by Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere. Walnut is
not at present as popular as formerly as a cabinet wood and
for interior finishing, lighter-coloured material being now
in vogue, but veneering made from the dark heart-wood is
still used in considerable quantity, and the falling off of the
supply is doubtless the principal reason for the change in

I

30 TnE F()RE»-TS OF Canada.

fashion. Walnut is too beautiful and valuable a wood to
remain long unpopular, and the money and time invested in
walnut plantations will be amply repaid in the future.

EXHIBITS: Section of tree, boards, veneers and
?jolished panels.

BUTTERNUT — Jughim chicrca, Linn.

The Butternut grows in southern New Brunswick and
westward to the Georgian Bay. The wood is much lighter
in color than the walnut and is not so heavy, hard or
strong, but is very durable. It is easily worked aud is
chiefly used for cabinet work and interior finishing. The
grain is somewhat like that of walnut, so that when stained
a very good imitation of walnut may be made from batter-
nut. It is a tree of rapid growth.

EXHIBITS: — Section of tree, boards and polished
panels.

ARBOR VITAE— WHITE CEDAR— Thuya occidentnUs,

Linn.

Very rare in Nova Scotia, but abundant throughout
New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. It grows to a con-
siderable height, but seldom exceeds two feet in diameter.
The wood is soft and not strong and has never been much
used as lumber, but is unexcelled for shingles. The white
cedar is chiefly used for fence-rails and posts, railway ties
and telegraph and telephone poles. No other wood is used
in any quantity for telephone poles in Ontario and Quebec.
It is very durable in contact with the soil or when exposed
to the weather.

EXHIBITS i — Section of tree, square timber, polished
panels.

GIANT ARBOR VITAE, RED CEDAR,

Thuya gigantea, Nutt.

The Giant Arbor Vitae is next to the Douglas Fir in
importance in British Columbia, where it attains its greatest
size on Vancouver Island, along the coast and in the lower
parts of the rivers of the Coast Range. It is rarely found
in the dry interior of British Columbia, but is abundant id
the river valleys on the slopes of the Selkirk and Coast

TiiK FoRKSTs or Canada.

St

ished

^ir in

;atest

lower

round

Lnt ID

ICoast

ranges. Though seldom found more than 150 feet in
height, in circumference it rivals the Douglas fir, trees of
from eight to ten feet in diameter not being rare, and they
are occasionally found nmoh larger.

It is chiefly used in the manufac'ure of shingles, for
which purpose it is uneciualled by any other wood. For-
merly the shitigles were mado by hand, the wood splitting
easily, but improved machinery has so lowered the cost of
production, that comparatively few hand-made shingles are
now used, though they are still in demand when a shingle
of superior quality is desired. The wood of this tree
takes a very brilliant polish and is well mlapted for interior
finishing of all kinds. So great is the variety of shading in
the color of the wood that a large house may be finished in
it without two rooms being alike. It is not only largely
exported but is now being shipped in iucreavsing quantities
to Eastern Canada. In British Columbia it enters largely in-
to the manufacture of doors and cabinet work of all kinds.
Like all the cedars it lasts well underground and on this
account is much used in the form of telegraph poles and
fence-posts. The immense canoes made by west coast
Indians are with very few exceptions made of this wood.

EXHIBITS: — Sections of logs, deals, boards, shingles^
polished flooring and wainscotting.

YELLOW CEDAR, YELLOW CYPRESS-
Thmja excdsa, Bong.

The Yellow Cypress is not nearly so abundant in British
Columbia as the arbor vitaj nor is its circumference &o
great. Its height is about the same as the arbor vitaj — 150
feet— and its average diameter about 4 feet, though occasional
trees attain 5 feet. The yellow cypress is confined to the
coast and the adjaceuS islands. In the southern parts of
British Columbia it is not found at sea-level, the finest trees
growing at altitudes of from 1000 feet to 2500 feet. Though
valuable for many purposes, the wood of the yellow cypress
is not extensively used at present, the cost of transportation
to the sea- board being too great. On the Queen Charlotte
Islands it descends to the coast. When lower levels have
teen cleared of other trees the yellow cypress will be

32

TlIK FOKKSTS OK CaXADA.

■Jl

utilized. Its wood is very durable and on ncoonnt of its
pungent odour it iH credited with resisting the Toredo. Its
grain is very close and as the wood takes a very high polish
it is grefttly viilue«l for interior linisliing and for the manu-
facture of furniture. It ooiuniands a higher price than
either Douglas fir or arbor vitic. The natives along
the northern coast of British (Columbia make many articles
for domestic use from this wood.

EXHIBITS: -Section of tree, boards and polished
panelling.

WHITE PINE—Puius strohus, Linn.

The White Pine is by fur the moat valuable of Canadian
trees, and notwithstanding the reckless waste that charac-
terized lumbering operations until very recently, there still
remains in Canada an immense quantity of growing timber
from which vast quantities of lumber will be made.

The white pine ranges from the Maritime Provinces
westward through Ontario and Quebec to the extreme
eastern edge of Manitoba. On the north but a few
trees are found beyond the height-of-land separating the
Hudson Bay and St. Lawrence watersheds. Large trees
are not common in the eastern provinces, from two to two
and one half feet diameter being there considered a good
sized tree. In the Ottawa valley, however, and on streams
running into Lake Huron, trees three and four feet in
dicmeter are common, while larger trees are not rare.
White pine is exported principally in the form of square
timber, deals and boards. Its chief uses are in construction
work of all kinds, and as the slabs and edgings are made
into shingles and laths there is now little waste of material.
The wood is light, soft and not strong, but it is suited for a
great variety of purposes as it is easily worked and free
from resin.

EXHIBIT; — Sections of trees, square timber, deals, pol-
ished panels, box-ehooks and interior finishing.

WESTERN WHITE PINE— Pmws monticola, Dougl.

None of the western pines are found in quantity near
the coast and so far they have been utilized for local
purposes only. The best of these is Pinus monticola, Dougl-

Tun FoHESTs OK Canada.

33

pol-

Inear
llocal

)Ugl-

which is little inferior to the white pine of the east. It is
found in the interior of Van(;uuver Island and isabundatit
in the Houthern parts of the Coast liange whore fchere is
heavy rain-fall. In the Selkirk Mountains it is not very
common but attains a considerable si/o on the mountain
slopes. The wooil is used for the same purposes as the
eastern white pine.

RED PINE— A"/tH,s rmium, Alton.

The Red Pine is not so widely distributed as the
white pine, nor is it so abundant i.i the areas on which it
grows. It is neither so tall nor so large a tree as the
white pine. Commercially it is fretiuently not separated
from it, though the wood of the two trees differs materially,
the red pine being harder and stronger than the white
pine, much more elastic and containing a great deal of
resin. The red pine has very wide sap-wood which adds
to its value as material for heavy construction work, piles,
etc. It is used for the same purposes as white pine, to
which it was formerly preferred and has again in recent
years reached a value more nearly approaching that of
white pine.

EXHIBITS : — Section of tree, square timber, deals,
boards, dimension lumber and polished panels.

SCRUB PINE— JACK ?INE. - Pi nm ha nkmma, Lam.

Jack Pine is found from the Maritime Provinces north-
westerly to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, where it is
replaced by P. Murrayana,. It increases in height and girth
as one travels westward, the finest trees being found bet-
ween northern Manitoba and the Athabasca River, in
which district great areas are covered with large trees. In
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick it is small and of no value.
Elsewhere in Canada it is not much used at present except
for railway ties and locally where other pine is not to be had.
As a timber for use in mines ar.d for heavy construction work
generally its good qualities are not yet appreciated. Recent
experiments have proved that good pulp can be made from
it.

EXHIBITS: — Sections of trees, deals, pulp-v.ood and
milway ties.

34

Thk Forests of Canada.

n

BLACK PINE— P/hms 3Iurrmjnna, Balfour.

The Black Pine replaces the preceedlng species on the
eastern slopes of the Kocky Mountains. It is abundant in
the northern part of the interior plateau of British Columbia,
where it covers great areas. In the southern part of the
province it is most abundant at altitudes ranging between
3n00 feet and 4000 feet. Though esteemed of little value
where other conifers grow, except for railway ties and fire-
wood, it is much used for mine props and other construction
work in tho mining districts of British Columbia. It is
admirably suited for this purpose, as the wood is very tough
and when not exposed to the vpaHier does not easily decay.
It is said to make excellent charcoal.

EXHIBITS :— Sections of trees and deals.

Note. — The other Canatlian pines are of small econ-
omic value and are only used locally.

BLACK SPRUCE— P/cfrt OTj^ra, Link.

The range of the Black Spruce is much the same as
that of the white spruce, the former as a rule growing in
damp situations while the latter prefers drier well drained
soil. The two trees are not separated commercially and
with them is included the red spruce of eastern Canada.
The characteristics of these spruces are almost identical and
the woods are used for the Bame purposes. The black
spruce, to which the red spruce is nearly allied, is perhaps
best suited for use as spars and masts. In the eastern
krovinces sprace is the chief wood used in house-building
and for flooring. Both black and white spruce have been
iound to increase in value as pulp-woods the further north
they grow.

EXHIBITS: — Sections of trees, square timber, deals,
boards, polished panels, box -shocks and pulp-wood.

WHITE SPRUCE-Ptcm alia, Link.

Within the past few years the demand for pulp-wood
has so increased that the spruces are rapidly becoming the
most important trees in Canada. The value of the growing
timber is probably already as great as that of all other trees
combined. The white spruce ranges from Nova Scotia;
northwestward to within twenty miles of the Arctic Ocean

The Forests op Canada.

35

near the month of the Mackenzie River, and with the black
spruce it forms a great part of the suh-arctic forest which
extends from Labrador across the continent. The wood is
tougher, stronger and moreelastic than that of the pine, it is
now more used than formerly as lumber as well as very
largely as railway ties, fence posts, piles and telegraph poles.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, 8(iuare timber, deals,
boards, polished panels, box-shocks and pulp- wood.

ENGELMANN SPRUCE— Picm Engehnanni, EngeL

This characteristic spruce of the Rooky and Selkirk
monntains is the most useful tree growing in the interior of
British Columbia and is there largely used in brdige and
trestle work and for heavy construction work generally.
In the valley of the Columbia it is often more than 160 feet
in height and four in diameter. The wood is very like that
of the Black and White spruces and may be used for the
same purposes. This was the chief wood used in the con-
struction of the Canadian Pacific Railway from the Rocky
Mountains westward.

EXHIBITS -.—Sections of trees.

leals,

MENZIE'S SPRUCE -SITKA SPRUCE-Ptcm Sitchoms,

Carr.

This spruce grows chiefly in the immediate vicin-
ity of the coast, ranging in British Columbia from the Inter-
national Boundary north to Alaska. In the southern part of
the province it grows scattered among other trees, but in the
north it is relatively much more abundant, growing some-
times in large clumps. Though averaging/ less in diameter
than the Douglas fir occasional trees of great size are found ;
those cut for lumber are, however, seldom more than five or
six feet in diameter. No other tree on the We^t Coast is
used for such varied purposes and as it is easily worked up by
machinery there is a great demand for it in the manufacture
of doors, window sashes, boxes, shelving and interior finish-
ing. The wood is very white, is elaistio and bends with the
grain without splitting so that it is much used in
boat building, the making of light cars, staves, wooden-

BttiK!

36

Thk Forests of Canada.

ware eto. It resists decay for a long time and like the
Douglas fir is not attacked by insects. The chief value of
the Sitka spruce will in the near future be in the manufac-
ture of pulp for which purpose it is not excelled by any other
tree. As soon ag pulp mills are established in the vicinity
Of the large saw mills the immense waste entailed by the
present method of sawing dimension lumber in British
Columbia will be obviated.

EXHIBI*rS : — Sections of logs, rough and dressed lum-
ber, box -shocks, and polished panelling.

HEMLOCK — Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.

The Hemlock grows in the Maritime Provinces, Quebec
and Ontario. Though little inferior to white pine as rough
lumber, a prejudice has for a long time existed against this
wood which is only now dying out. As coarse lumber, it
today commands almost as high a price as pine. It is one
of our best woods for wharves and docks and great quantities
are used annually for piles. The bark of the hemlock is
that chiefly used in Canada and the easte: n United States
for tanning purposes.

EXHIBITS :— Section of tree, railway ties and tan bark.

WESTERN HEMLOCK— Tsuga Mertensiana, Carr.

The hemlock is abundant along the whole coast of
British Columbia and in the interior of the province, where-
ever there is sufficient rainfall. Along the line of the Cana-
dian Pacific Railway, in the Selkirk Mountains, it is very
abundant, but seldom over 150 feet in height and three in
diameter. On the coast it is much larger, averaging from
4 to 6 feet in diameter. The abundance of other wood of
better quality has prevented the hemlock from coming into
general use, and the same prejudice exists in British
Columbia against the western tree, that prevailed until very
recently against Hemlock in eastern Canada. Though its
grain is coarse, western hemlock is, for many purposes,
just as serviceable as other woods which cost more. Its
bark is rich in tannin, but it is too thin to be extensively
used while there is such an abundance of Douglas Fir in
the same region.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, deals and boards.

The Eorests of Canada.

36 in

from

Od of

into

Ktish

ery

its

losesi

Its

rely

rir in

DOUGLAS FIR, "OREGON PINE," RED PINE, YELLOW
FIR — Pseiidotsuga Douglasii, Carr.

This is the most abundant, as it is the most valuable, tree
in British Columbia. Its range on the mainland is from the
International Boundary north to the Skeena River, in
Latitude 64° on the coast, and in the Rocky Mountains
from the International Boundary north to Latitude 55°,
though its norfihern and northeastern limits are not well de-
fined. It is not found in the Queen Charlotte Islands. It at-
tains its greatest size onVancouver Island or along the shores
and in river valleys near the coast on the mainland. There,
trees 300 feet in height are not rare, the average height of
those felled for lumber being over 150 feet. Trees of a
greater diameter than seven feet are rarely cu*^^, though those
of eight, ten or even eleven feet in diameter are not rare.

The fact that the largest trees are found near the coast
greatly facilitates the transport of the logs from the woods
to the mill, and as the majority of the mills are so situated
that the largest ships may load within a few yards of the
saws. The cost per 1,000 feet of handling Douglas fir and
other west-coast lumber is small.

The average cut of Douglas fir in British Columbia is
over 50,000 feet per acre, though in some instances more
than 600,000 feet have been cut on a single acre, no trees of
less than two feet or more than five feet in diameter, being
used. Douglas fir is chiefly valuable for structural purposes,
being largely employed in ship-building, bridge-work and
the construction of wharves. It is exported as dimension
timber, lumber, spars, masts and piles. Locally it is used
for construction work of all kinds; fencing and railway ties,
and in the manufacture of furniture. Its durability,
when excluded from the air, adds greatly to its value for
pile-work in the construction of bridges and wharves. The
bark of the Douglas fir is largely employed in tanning.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of logs, square timber, railway
ties, deals, boards, box-shooks, and dressed and polished
material for interior finishing.

38

The Forests of Canada.

BALSAM — Abies balmmca, Miller.

The Balsam is a common tree in the Eastern Provinces,
Ontario and Quebec, and is found in the sub-arctic forest
northwesterly to the Athabasca River. The wood is very
light and soft and is not durable in contact with the soil.
It is to some extent used as common lumber and on account of
its i^htness is frequently made into box-shooks. Though
not one of the best pulp-woods, it is and will continue to be
cut with other trees and used for that purpose.

EXHIBITS : — Sections of trees, deals and pulp-wood.

WESTERN WHITE FIR— Abies grandis, Loud.

The Western White Fir is confined to the vicinity of
the Pacific Coast and though it grows to great size the
wood is very soft and not suited tor any purpose for which
strength is requisite. It is now used to some extent for
boxes and light barrels and will in the future be utilized in
the manufacture of pulp.

EXHIBIT : -Section of tree.

TAMARAC— BLACK LARCH— Zan'x Amencana^ Michx.

The Larch ranges from Nova Scotia northwesterly to the
Peace River. The wood is hard, heavy and very strong. It
is not much used as lumber, but is largely employed as rail-
way ties, fence posts, telegraph poles and as knees for
ehips, and in fact for ship-building purposes generally. It
is well adapted for use as joists, Fi'^fFold poles and rafters
ae comparatively small timber is capable of supporting a
great weight. The Western Larch, Larix occidenialis, and
the Mountain Larch, Larix Lyallii, replace L. Americana in
the Rocky Mountains and British Columbia, where they
are used for lumber, telegraph poles, railway ties and mine
props.

EXHIBITS :~Sections _! trees and deals.

'^*"{T"^*fi"n

The Forests op Canada.

39

the
It

[•ail-

for

It

[ters

g a
land

lain

fhey

line

LIST OF CANADIAN FOREST TREES WITH THEIR

DISTRIBUTION IN THE VARIOUS

PROVINCES AND DISTRICTS.

Few other countries produce so great a variety of trees
as Canada. Of tlie 121 indigenous species, a few are of
small economic value, while others are so restricted in
their distribution tliat commercially they cannot be taken
into account. The various uses of the more important
trees, with their distribution, have been given in another
part of this paper, but the following list of the fifty most
valuable trees, with their range, will serve for convenience
of reference. The provinces or districts in which they are
found are indicated by an asterisk.

NAME OF TREE.

(•)

1)

10
11

12
1
11
If)

16
17

18
19

20
•21
22

23

24

25
26
27

28

Tilia Americana, L. (Basswocid) ;

\eer macrophyllum, Pursh. (Broad-
leaved Maple) I

\cer sacchannum, Wang. (Hardj

Maple) j

\cer aasycarpum, Ehrh. (Silvori
Maple)

Acer rubrum, L. (Soft Mai)le)

Neguiido aceroides, Mauich, (Mani-
toba Maple)

I'runusserotnia Ehrh, (Black Cherry)

Fraxinus Americana, L. (White Asii '
" pxibeseens, Lam. (Ked Ash^
" viridis, Mx. (Green Ash)
" sambiicifolia. Lam. (Black
Ash)

Ulmus fulva, Mx. (Red Elm)

" Americana, L. (White Elm.)..j
" racemosa, Thomas, (Rock Elm)j

Platanna occidentalis, L. (Button-
wood) ;

Caryaalba, Nutt. (Shell-barkllickory)!

Betula lenta, L. (Cherry Birch, Black'
Birch) i

Betula lutea, Mx. f. (Yellow Birch). *
' i.apvrifera, Mai-sli. (White
Birch) : *

Ostrya Virginica, Willd. (Iron wood)

Quefcus alba, L. (White Oak )

" Garrvana, Dougl. (Western
White Oak)

Quercus macrocarpa, Mx. (Overcup
Oak)

Quercus rubra, L. ( Red Oak ) *

" palustris, Du Roi. (Pin Oak)

Castanea dentata, Marsh.( Ciiestnut)

Fagus ferruginca, Ait. (American
Beecli) *

Populus tremuloides, Mx. (^Vspenj
Poplar) *

02 ! w

o

c5

MMB—li

m

The Forests op Canada.

2y

30

31

32

?:i
31

35

3(:
37

38
39
40

41

42
43

44
45
46

47

48
49

50

NAME OF TREE.

L.

(Bajsam
(Cotton

Populus balsamifera,

Poplar)

Populus monilifora, Ait.

wood )

Juglaus cinert'a, L. (JUiltornut)....
nig'-a, L. (Black WaiiiUi;) .
Thuya oceidcnti 'is, L. (Arbor Vita
' p\-'. "t . '".It. (Giant Arbor

Vitcu

Thuya cxcelsn, Bong. (Yellow

Cypress)

Pinus strobus, L. (White Pine)

" monticola, Dougl. (\\. White

Pine)

Pinus resinosr;, Ait. (Red Pine)

" Banksi"' '^ ■■ ■ - 'Scrub Pine)
" Mutiaj.. , >.. ur. (Black

Pine)

Picea nigra, Lin!'. , ,' Mriice)..

" alba. Link. '\Vii.i-i i'pnice)...
" E'lgnlnianni, Engeirr'.' ^3nf;e;-

man'. Sprue-^

Picea isiic'hensi' v.. r ("itka!-'
Tsuga Canadensis, Car'- TT^i.i'
' Mertensiana, Carr. (\\\-^,^,-.

Hemlock)

Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carr. (Doug-
las Fir)

Abies balsamea, Miller. (Balsam Fir)
grandis, Lindl. (W. Balsam

Fir)

Larix Americana, Mx. (Tamarac)..

a;

1^"

P. E, I.— Prince Edward Island.

N. S.— No\ :• Scotia.

N. B.— New Brunswick.

Que.— Quebec.

Ont.— Ontario.

Man.— Manitoba.

N. W. T.— North-West Territories..

R. M.— Rocky Mountains.

B. C— Britisli Columbia.

y,

*

*

*

*

>K

t-

*

*

*

*

*

...

*

*

*

yd

*

*

*

*

*

y

y.

M

* *

*

.03

■+3

P.

I

u

CO

e3

c

c3

c

6

O

w

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