Full text of "Collection of the products of the waters and forests of Upper Canada collected and ordered for the International Exhibition of London, 1862 [microform]"

See other formats

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

I.I

ltt|21

2.2

w
u

143

1I&

'^\<.
%>

^ ^

C)^>

Photographic

Sciences

CorpOFEition

23 WIST MAIN STRUT

WIUTn,N.Y. MSM

(716) •72-4303

,<^

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CiHM/ICIViH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquos

Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tochniquaa at bibliographiquaa

Tha Inatituta haa atti»mptad to obtain tha baat
original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia
copy which may ba bibliographieaily uniqua,
which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha
raproduction. or which may aignificantiy changa
tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chaekad balow.

D
D

Colourad covara/
Couvartura da coulaur

|~n Covara damagad/

Couvartura andommagte

Covars raatorad and/or laminatad/
Couvartura raataur<fta at/ou pallicuMa

r~| Covar titia miaaing/

La titra da couvartura manqua

r~n Colourad mapa/

Cartaa giographlquaa an coulaur

Colourad inic (i.a. othar than blua or blacit}/
Encra da coulaur (i.a. autro qua blaua ou noira)

rn Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/

Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa ti coulaur

Bound with othar matarial/
RalM avac d'autraa documanta

Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion
along intarior margin/

Lareliura aarrta paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la
diatoralon la long da la marga Intiriaura

Blanic lahvaa addad during raatoration may
appear within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibia. thaaa
hava baan omittad from filming/
II aa paut qua cartainaa ]>agaa blanchaa ajoutiaa
lora d'una raataurati jn apparaiaaant dana la taxta.
mala, loraqua cala 4tait poaaibia, caa pagaa n'ont
paa M filmAaa.

Additional commanta:/
Commantairaa supplimantairaa:

L'Inatitut a microfilm* la maillaur axampiaira
qu'il lui a it* poaaibia da aa procurer. Las ditaila
da cat axampiaira qui aont paut-*tre uniquea du
point de vua bibliographiqua. qui peuvent modifier
una image raproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dana la mAthoda normaia de filmage
aont indiquia ci-deaaioua.

r— I Colourad pagaa/

Ppgaa da coulaur

Pagaa damaged/
Pagaa andommagiaa

Pagaa reatored and/oi

Pagaa reatauriaa et/ou pelliculiea

Pagaa diacolourad. stained or foxei
Pagaa dAcoiorias. tachatAes ou piquAes

Pagaa detached/
Pagaa ditachias

Showthroughy
Tranaparance

Quality of prir

Qualit* inigaia de I'impreation

Inciudaa supplementary matarii
Comprend du matirial auppiimantaira

Only edition available/
Seule Mition diaponibia

r~~| Pagaa damaged/

|~1 Pagaa reatored and/or laminated/

r~7 Pagaa diacolourad. stained or foxed/

bll Pagaa

r~~| Pagaa detached/

r~1 Showthrough/

|~n Quality of print varies/

rn Inciudea supplementary material/

I — I Only edition available/

Pagaa wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to
enaura the best possible image/
Lea pages totaiement ou partteilement
obscurcies par un fauiiiet d'arrata. une pelure,
etc., ont At A filmAes i nouveau de fapon A
obtenir la mailleure image possible.

P(
of
fll

Oi
bi

th
ail
ol
III
ai(

Tl
w

M
di
ar
be

rij
re
m

Thia item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checlcad below/

Ce document eat filmA au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-deaaoua.

10X

14X

18X

22X

28X

30X

12X

16X

20X

ZAX

28X

32X

The copy fllm«d h«ra has b««n rcproduecd thankt
to tho gonorotity of:

Library of the Public
Archivot of Canada

L'axampiafra film* fut raproduit grica k la
g4n*roaltA da:

La bibliotliAqua das Archivaa
publiquas du Canada

Tha imagaa appearing hara ara tha baat quality
possibia considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

Las imagaa suivantes ont Mi reproduites avac la
plus grand soin. compta tenu de la condition at
da la nettetA de I'exemplaPre filmA, et en
conformity avac las conditions du contrat da
filmage.

Original copiaa in printed paper covera are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other origlnei copies are filmed beginning on the
first pago with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impieeaton.

Lea exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimis sent fiimto en commenpant
par la premier plat at en terminant soit par la
darnitre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par la second
plav% salon la cas. Tous las autres exemplaires
originaux sont filmis en commenf;ant par la
premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la derniAre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

The last recorded frame on each mScrofiche
shall contain the symbol •-»> (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la
dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUiVRE", le
nymbole ▼ aignifie "FIN".

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent itre
f ilmte ii des taux de rMuction diffArents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour fttre
reproduit en un seul ciichA, 11 est film* A partir
de I'angie suoArieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessaire. Lea diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mAthode.

12 3

: t

If'

M' f'

i
i.

i >

^■■:

^,J^'J: •■'r-^--'.->''iW'fL''.

:;;f^;::;^;:::::^::;ssmmmmmmmmmmmtm

^ipK

■Mi

////4

CTION

VATEliS AID FOREHS ,

•\

\ ^

UPPER CANADA

COLLECTED AND OBDEEED FOB THE INTEEMTIONAL EXHIBITION OF LONDON, 18ii2.

Bt J. B. HURLBERT, LL.D.

MONTREAL:
PRINTED BY M. LONOMOORE * CO., MONTREAL GAZETTE STEAM PRESS.

1862.

'X.,

^ 5;\"'^

X-

fi^fl I '..'..ills j*^ ^ •

C Ch ^

s;A 5^

it**^

SIR W. E LOGAN, F.R.S.,
" (Director of the Geological Survey) President.

HON. L. V. SICOTTE, M.P.P., St. Hyacinthe, (President of the Board
of Agriculture, C. E.)

COL. THOMSON, Toronto, (President of the Board of Agriculture, C. W.)

J. BEATTY, Junior, M.D., Cobourg, (President of the Board of Arts and
Manufactures, C. W.)

J. C. TACHfi, Quebec.

B. CHAMBERLIN, B.C.L., Montreal, (Secretary of the Board of Arts
, , and Manufactures, C. E.)

J. B. HURLBERT, LL.D., Hamilton.

4 *'

I '

;»

SHARE OF LABOR.

The Commission, at a meeting held at the beginning of last December, divided
the labor as follows among its members:

Sir W. £. Looan — To collect the mineral productions of Canada.

agricultural products of Lower Canada.

" of Upper Canada.

manufactured articles of Upper Canada.

" of Lower Canada.

productions of the waters and forests of L. Canada.

« « « of U.Canada.

Hon. L. V. Sicotte—

Col. Thomson—

Dr. Beattv —

Mr. Chamberlin—

Mr. Tachk —

Dr. Hurlbert—

^-s.

,«*.,:

i»lt.--'iir<r<Jft».

\ '

•

■■•

• 1

OOLLEOTIOISr

OF THE

PRODUDTS OF 138 WATERS AND PORBSTS

UPPER CANADA.

BEPOBT OF J. B. HURLBEBT, LL.D.

The Samples of Wood have been collected from the extreme Eastern and
Western, and Central parts of Upper Canada, for the purpose of shewing the ex-
tent of country over which the most valuable timbers grow.

1. The most important collection is in the form of Planks, twelve feet long
and four inches thick, with the bark on both edges. Of these (sixty in number),
there are superb samples of White Oak, four feet wide ; White Wood, Black
Cherry, Black Walnut, Button-wood, White Ash, Sugar Maple and Soft Maple,
from three to four feet wide ; one plank of Pine, from the Township of Bayham,
twelve feet long (and it could have been cut fifty feet long) and fifty inches wide,
without a knot, sawn from a tree 22 feet in circumference and 120 feet to the first
limb ; the first four logs, twelve feet long, making 8,000 feet of lumber after being
squared.

2. The second class of Woods are sections of the trunks of the chief of the
valuable timbers, with the bark on, taken from the three divisions of the Province
above named. Of these there are thirty-four.

3. The third are neatly planed and polished specimens of all our chief Woods
— one side varnished, the other plain — veneers of the plain wood, of crotches, of
roots, &c., of the most choice varieties. Of these there are two collections, each
of 73 specimens, with some smaller ones ; in all about 250.

4. The fourth class consists of the sections of the trunks (firom three to six
inches in diameter), one foot long, with the bark on, so cut as to shew the grain of
the wood and the polish it will take, accompanied with twigs, leaves and flowers of
the trees In this class are five valuable collections, from the most distant parts of
Upper Canada, of some 90 distinct kinds of Native Woods and Shrubs. Of
these there are 203 pieces.

— 4 —

The Common and Scientific Names of all the Woods are given, with tlie sis9
and height of the trees, the specific grevit/ of the wood, its weight compared with
Shell-bark Kickorj (which, being the heaviest of all our woods, is taken as the
standard), its uses, prices at the Lake Ports and at Quebec, &c.

5. The fifth class contains samples of Tool-handles, Shafts and Poles of Car-
riages, Spokes, Naves, &c., showing the common purposes for wliish the Woods are
best adapted and most used.

From a Pamphlet issued from the Bureau of Agriculture, at Quebec, we learn
that Canada exports annually about 30,000,000 cubic feet of Timber in the rough
state, and about 400,000,000 feet, board measure, of sawn timber. The. revenue
derived by the Province, during 1860, for timber cut in the forests, amounted to
about $500,000. Of the sixty or seventy varieties of woods in our forots, there
are usually only five or six kinds which go to make up these exports so vast in
quantity ; the remaining fifty or sixty timber trees are left to perish or are burned
as a nuisance, to get them out of the way. By showing, in the markets of the
world, that we have these valuable woods, and can furnish them at such unprece-
dentedly low prices, we shall secure additional purchasers. The collections here
named, were made chiefly in reference to this point, and are, in their nature and in
their intrinsic value, it is believed, well ad&pted for that purpose.

In extent, in the variety and value of its woods, the great forests of deciduous
trees of North America surpass all others ; auJ the most remarkable of this great
mixed forest is that growing in the valley of the St. Lawrence. The Western
coasts of both continents, in high latitudes, furnish only or chiefly the Conifers.
The high summer temperatures and abundant summer rains, are, unquestionably,
those conditions of climate necessary to produce these peculiar forest trees. The
Western coasts of both continents, in high latitudes, have the necessary moisture,
but not the high summer temperature ; the Western prairies, East of the Mississippi,
and the vast deserts West of it, have the summer heat but not the moisture ; hence
the absence of all trees in the one region, and of the deciduous trees in the other.

If the people of this country had a more correct appreciation of the riches
which they possess in these mighty forests, they would not surely so unnecessarily
destroy them.

To those gentlemen whose names appear as contributors of the woods espe-
cially I am under the greatest obligations, and the country is indebted to them for
the part they have taken in making this collection so complete.

DESCRIPTION OF THE CHIEF FOREST TREES OF UPPER

CANADA.

1. White Pine, pintis stre^ns.

Grows in all parts of Canada in extensive groves, or scattered amongst the
deciduous forests. Average height, 140 to 160 feet ; average diameter, 3 and 4
feet ; but common at 5 and 6 feet in diameter and 200 feet high, especially near
the shores of Lake Erie. Trees of 22 feet in circumference and 220 feet in height
and 120 to first limb, are sometimes found. The trunk is perfectly straight. The

■^-n .' K*T*'.--w*rr^>'»:?'ft5!f*-'''>

^^"WPPP"

— 5 —

Wood is soft grained, easily wrought, and durable ; used in immense quantities in
architecture. The large trunks are particularly sought for masts of ships. Largely
«iported to England, where it is called « Weymouth Pine." Specific grarity,
0.46 ; weight of cubic foot, 29 lbs.

2. Red Pine, Pinus resinnsa.

Found in dry soils and in the cooler latitudes of Canada, and attains the height
t>f 80 feet, with a trunk 2 feet in diameter, very straight and uniform. It affords a
fine grained, resinous timber, of much strength and durability, and highly valued in
vchitecture. Specific gravity, 0.66 ; weight t>f cubic foot, 40 lbs.

S. Yellow Pine. P. mitii.
Grows in dry and sandy soils, common in all parts of the country ; attains the
height of 60 feet; wood close, fine grained, durable and moderately resinous, and
much used for ship building and all kinds of architecture. Specific gravity, 0.52 ;
weight of cubic foot, 30 lbs.

4. White O* k, Qttercus alba.
Widely distributed throughout Canada in all rich soils. Average height, 130
feet ; height to first limb, 70 foet ; diameter, 30 inches, and quite common, 60
inches in diameter, and found 84 inches in diameter in the western parts of Upper
Canada. Of the twenty varieties of Oaks in North America, the White is the
most valuable. The wood is of great strength and durability, and extensively used
in ship-building, for staves of casks, spokes and naves of waggon wheels, railway
ties, Im. ; bark usefol in tanning and in medicine. The timber is largely exported
to England and the West Indies, and can be furnished in the remotest parts of
Upper Canada at jB40 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; freight to Quebec aboui £11
sterling per 1000 cubic feet. Specific gravity, 0.84 ; weight of cubic foot, fully
seasoned, 50 lbs. Potash obtained from outer wood 13.41, and from heart wood
9.68, per cent. ; value for heating purposes, 81 (shell-bark hickory being 100).

5. Black Oak, Quercus tinctoria.
One of the largest tcees of our forest, 100 to 130 feet in height, and 4, 5 and
6 feet in diameter. Not so common or so valuable as White Oak. The bark used
in tanning, and for obtaining querdtron, used in dying.

6. Red Oak, Quercus rubra.
Grows extensively throughout Canada, is a lofty wide spreading tree, of an
average height of 130 feet, and of 70 feet to the first limb, and common at 30
inches in diameter. Makes best casks for oils and molasses. Too little sought
aft'^r, because of the great rbundance and greal or value of White Oak. Can be
furnished in the remote parts of Western Canada at j£35 steriing per 1000 cubic
feet; freight to Quebec about J£ 10 sterling ; specific gravity, 0.675 ; weight of
cubic foot 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 69 ; outside wood yields 20.5 per
cent, and the inside 14.79 per cent, of potash.

'-J ■"• -' '■ ^^r.id^^^iti ■i.^.-t.'. ■. ;,,

.JBSW*

— 6 —

T. Svi AMf Oak, Q.priftm, tar. discolor.
«' A beautiful tree, widely diffused, attaining the height of 70 to 90 feet. Grows
In awampy alluvial grounds ; timber preferred to that of the Red Oak, resenibliiig
more the White Oak, and called also Stvamp White Oak. The specific namft
ditcolor or bicolor is derived from its rich and luxuriant foliage. Specific gravity,
0.675 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 69.

8. Chcsnut, Castanea veaca. "
Grows only in the Western parts of Upper Canada, and on rocky or hilly
lands ; a large tree, 80 to 100 feet in height and 36 inches in diameter. The
timber is coarse grained, strong, elastic, light and very durable ; posts of Chesnut
have been known to stand in the ground for forty years. The young wood is very
ehistie, and is nsed for rings oi ship masts, boops for tabs, &e. Chesnut is distin-
guishable from Oak in having no large transverse septa-^though in every other res-
pect the two woods are remarkably similar in texture and color. The nuts are
much esteemed, and sweeter than those of the European variety (the Spanish Chet-
nuts.) Outside wood contains 4.56 per cent, of potash ; inside 2.73 per cent ;
specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 32 lbs ) value for heating purposes, 52.

9. Black Walnut, Juglans nigra.
Grows abundantly on the rich soils of the Western and Sonth-westera part»
tif Upper Canada, of an average height of 120 feet, 70 feet to the first limbs^
and 36 inches in diameter. Sections of the wood, six feet in diameter, are not
micommop. The wood is compact, strong and tough, of a deep violet color
surrounded by a white alburnum. It is used extensively for building, for furniture^
and in the form of veneers. It can be furnished along the line of the Great Wes*
tern Railway, or at the lake ports, for j£60 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; freight
thence to Quebec, about JSII per 1000 cubic feet. Specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight
of cubic foot, 30 lbs., well seasoned ; value for heating purposes, 65.

10. Butternut, Juglans cinerea.
A large forest tree of an average height of 100 feet, 65 feet to the first limb,
ahd 24 to 30 inches in diameter, found over extensive areas in Canada, 6n elevated
river banks and on cold, uneven, rocky soils. The wood is of a reddish hue, lighter
than the Black Walnut, shrinks but little, and is used in panneliog, in ornamental
work ahd for furniture. The bark is used in dyeing, and from it is extracted an
excellent cathartic. Specific gravity, 0.426 ; weight of r<'.bic foot, 26 lbs. ; out-
side wood contains 4.42 per cent, potash ; inside, 1.42 per cent.

11. Shell- BARK HicKOBT, Carya alba.

A tall atid slender forest tree, of an average height of 110 feet, 50 feet to the
first limb, and 18 inches in diameter. The fruii is covered with a very thick epi-
carp, separating into four parts and containing a thin shelled highly flavored kernel.
The tree is covered witL shaggy bark, consisting of long narrow plates loosely ad-
hering by the middle } hence called Shell or Shaggy-Bark Hickory ; it is also

■

I )

mmmft^

wmmmmmes.

-.7 —

tilled Wahiat in parts of the couutty where the Black Walnut does aot grow. It
ia the hearieit of all Canadian woods, strong, compact and elastic, and much used
where these qualities are required, as for the handles of all kinds of tools, and spokes
of carriage wheels, shafts and poles of carriages, hoops, whip stalks, hand spikes,
&Ck From tka baric is eitracted a jellow dje. Specific gravity, 0.929 ; weight
of cubic foot, 58 lbs. ; value for heating purposes, 100* (the best of all Canadian
woods) ; inside wood contains 30 per cent, of potash ; outside, 7.5 per cent.

12. Smooth-Bark HiCkorV, Carya glabra.
Nearly all the remarks made ia reference to the Shell-bark Hickory apply to
this species, and the wood It used for the same purposes, although it is not quite so
highly esteemed. The hark of the tree is smooth, and the kernel of the nut very
bitter in contrast with the other or sweet nut hickory.

13 and 14. Sugar or Hard Maple and Bird'«-Etb Maple, Acer saahari-
num, AND Red or Swamp Maple, A. rubrum.
Found abundantly throughout Canada in all rich soils, and attains a height of
130 feet and l2 feet in circumference. From its beauty and abundance in Cana-
da, the leaf of the maple has been adopted as the national emblem. The timber is
very beautiful and is distinguished as Bird's-Eye Maple and Mottled or Curly Ma-
ple, {Acer rubrum), and is much used for picture frames and in furniture ; the less
ornamental portions of the timber are much used for house carpentry and furniture.
When well seasoned it is one of the hardest kinds of wood ; carriage and waggon
makers prize it highly for axles and for purposes where great strength and the least
deflection are required. Its value for heating purposes is unsurpassed. It is from
this Maple that so much sugar is made. This and the Soft Maple {Acer dasiy-
carpum) are most planted for ornamental and shade trees in lawns and gardens.
The wood can be furnished at Quebec at about dS45 sterling per 1000 cubic feet'.
Potash in the ouler wood, 8.77; in the inner, 4>.21 percent.; Specific gravity,
0.6 ; weight of cubic foot, 38 lbs. ; value for heating purposes, 80, but most used
for fuel and generally preferrnd to all other woods.

15. Soft or White Maple, Acer dasycarpum.
This species much resembles the last, but its leaves are larger, and its winged
fruit larger. It is common in all low, damp rich soils ; sometimes attains a diame-
ter of 4 feet, and a height of 80 feet. Not so abundant as the Hard Maple, nor
so valuable ; the wood is white and soft ; the bark is used for dyeing. As an orna-
mental tree, it is preferred to the Hard Maple, as having a denser foliage, and being
of more rapid growth.

16. White Ash, Fraxinus Americana.
Grows abundantly throughout Canada, and attains an average height of 110
feet, and 60 feet to the first limb, and 26 to 36 inches in diameter. The timber is

* In estimating the value of the seTeral kinds of Wood for fhel, the Shell-barli Hickory
is made the standard and called 100.

*' ».•

— 8 —

much valued for its toughness and elasticity ; eicelient for works exposed to sudden
shocks and strains, as the fr-nies of machines, wheel carriages, agricultural imple*
ments, the felloes of wheels. Sic., handles of implements, and for numerous similar
purposes. The young branches serve for hoops of ships' masts, tubs, for coarse
basket work, &c. It grows rapidly, and the young or second growth wood is more
valuable than that of the old trees. Can be furnished in almost e^ery part of
Canada for JS35 sterling per 1000 cubic feet, and at Queb' c for about £4ib. Spe-
cific gravity, 0.616 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 70.

17. Red Ash, Fraodnus pxAescens,

A smaller tree than the White Ash, of much rarer occurrence, and not so
valuable, but still a very valuable timber, resembling very much the White Ash,
and often confounded with it. The wood is also used for the same purposes. Spe-
cific gravity, 0.7 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs.

18. Black Ash, Fraxinus samhucifolia.
Found in moist woods and swamps, grows to the height of 60 to 70 feet, with
a diameter of 2 feet ; the wood is tough and elastic, but much less durable than
White Ash ; the young saplings are in great requisition for houps, and mature
trunks for baskets. The timber is very durable under water. Specific gravity,
0.7 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 Ih-

19. Rim Ash, Celtis occidentalis.
Grows to the height of 30 to 40 feet, and one foot in diameter. The trunk
has a rough but unbroken bark. The wood is very tough and used for hoops of
barrels.

21. Rock Elm, Ulmus racemosa^.
Found in most parts of Canada, and grows very large in the Western Counties,
averaging 150 feet in height, and 80 to the first limb, with a diameter of 22 inches.
Is abundant in the Western part of Upper Canada ; preferred to even White Ash
by some carriage and waggon makers for the poles and shafts of carriages and
sleighs. The wood ^?ars the driving of bolts and nails better than any other tim-
ber, and is exceedingly durable when continuously wet ; it is, therefore, much used
for the keels of vessels, water works, piles, pumps, boards for coffins, and all wet
foundations requiring wood. On account of its toughness, it is selected for naves
of wheels, shells for tackle blocks, and sometimes fur gunwales of ships. It can be
laid on board of vcssch at the ports of the lakes for j£40 sterling per 1000 cubic
feet ; freight to Quebec about JGll. Specific gravity, 0.59 ; weight of cubic foot,
36.75 lbs.

22. American or White Elm, Ulmus Americana.
A majestic tree, attaining a diameter of 60 inches in some of the Western
counties of I'^pper Canada, and of great height, with wide spreading branches ;
grows in most woods and along rivers, in rich soils. The wood is tough and strong,

■''

'''h

•>•

— 9 —

uwd for the naves of wheels, and preferred by wheelwrights to the English Kims.
Can be furnished at the same prices as the Rock Elm.

23. White Beech, Fagus sylvestris.

Grows in almost every part of Canada, of an average height of 110 feet,
height to the first limbs 50 feet, and diameter 18 inches. It is distinguished
from the red beech by its size, the lighter color of the bark and wood ; it is also of
more difficult cleavage, of greater compactness and strength, and is much used for
planes and other tools of carpenters ; also for lathe-chucks, keys and cogs of ma*
chinery, shoe-lasts, toys, brushes, handles, &c. ; in architecture, for in-duor work ;
common bedsteads and furniture ; for carved moulds, for picture frames, and large
letters used in printing ; it is easily «vorked, and may be brought to a very smooth
surface. Vast quantities of it used for firewood. Snecific gravity, 0.672 ; weight
of cubic foot, 41 lbs. ; outside wood contains 12 per cent., inside 4 per cent, of
potash. Value for heating, 65.

24. Red Beech, Fagits femiginia.

The Red Beech is regarded by many as only a variety of the Beech, with the
wood softer and of more easy cleavage than the-White, with also a slight difference
in foliage. The timber is not so valuable as that of the Wliite Beech, but used
for the same purposes ; it is al^ abundant throughout Canada. The nuts of both
kinds are small, two together in the four-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious.

25. Blue Beech, Carpinus Americanu.

Common along streams ; grows 10 to 20 feet high, with ridged trunk ; an ex-
ceedingly hard whitish wood ; excellent for cogs of wheels and for purposes require
ing extreme hardness. The trunk is also made into brooms by being peeled by a
knife, and is the most durable and soft of the splint broomj. Specific gravity,
0.79 ; weight of cubic foot, 47 lbs. ; value for heating, 65.

26. White Birch, Betula alba.

Grows on the hill sides and banks of rivers ; a blender and beautiful tree of
from one to two feet in diameter aad 50 feet high, but usually not so large. The
trunk is covered with a tough cuticle, consisting of numerous laminse, the outer of
which is snow-white. The wood is of a fine compact texture, tough but not
durable, and is used in turning and furniture. Specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of
cubic foot, 32 ; value for heating, 48.

27. Paper Birch, White Birch, B. papyracea.

A large tree with fine grained wood, and a very tough, durable bark, splitting
into paper-like layers. It is of the bark of this Birch that the Indians make their
canoes ; hence the name. Canoe Birch. The wood is very similar to the last, and
used for similar purposes. There is also a dwarf mountain variety.

/^f'- —lo-
ss. Black Birch, Setuia lenta. ^ ' '* * " • * *'•'
The largest of the Birches, 2 to 3 feet in diameter, and 60 to 70 feet in
height ; found over an extensive area, but more abundant in Lower than in Upper
Canada. The trunk is covered with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes
rough in old trees, and has a verj agreeable aromatic flavor. The wood is of a
reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a high polish ; much used in furniture, and
almost as handsomely figured as Honduras Mahogany, and when colored and var-
nished is not easily distinguished from it. It is used also by carriage builders, and
in frames of ships and pak'ts under water ; it is more prized as it becomes better
known, as no wood sustains shocks and friction better than Birch. A good deal of
it is exported to Europe. The bark is harder than the wood, and used by Indians
and backwoodsmen for shoes, hats, tiles of roofs, canoes, &x. Specific gravity,
0.65 ; weight of cubic foot, 46 lbs ; value for heating, 65.

«'. -

29. Yellow Birch, B. excelsa.

A lofty, beautiful slender tree, of 80 feet in height and 10 inches in diameter,
with a thin yellowish cuticle : not very abundant ; used for much the same purposes
as the Black and White Birches, and valuable for fuel.

'"■■>-'-''■ BO. Wild Bljlck Chekkt, Cerasus serotina.

Grows to an average height of 120 feet, with trunk of uniform size and undi-
vided to the height of 70 feet in the forests, of an average diameter of 24 inches,
not uncommonly 36 inches, and found 48 inches in diameter. Not very abundant,
but found over extensive areas, not in groves, but in single trees interspersed in the
forests of deciduous trees, and springs up freely and grows rapidly after the primal
forests are cleared off. The timber, of a pale red brown, is compact, fine, close-
grained, receives a high polish, and is extensively used in cabinet work. The bark
has a strong bitter taste, and is used in medicine as a tonic. The fruit, black when
mature, is pleasant to the taste. The timber can be furnished in the Western
part of Canada at J660 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; fireight to Quebec about JBII.
Specific gravity, 0.56 ; weight of cubic foot, 34 lbs.

31. Wild RbJ} Cherrt, Cerams Pennsyhanica,
Much smaller tree than the Black Cherry, of rapid growth, and found mostly
succeeding the original forests, attains 40 to 50 feet in height and 12 to 15 inchea
in diameter. The flowers are white, the fruit red and very acid.

32. Basswood, IHlia Americana,
Common forest tree throughout Canada, of an average height of 110 feet,
height to first limbs 65 feet, and diameter 24 to 30 inches ; often much larger.
The wood is white, soft, close-grained and not liable to warp or split, much used in
cabinet work and furniture, in piano fortes and musical instruments, for cutting-
boards for curriers, shoemakers, &c., as it does not bias the knife in the direction of
the grain ; it turns cleanly, and is much used in manufacturing bowls, pails, shovels,
&c. Cost, at the ports of the lakes, J637 steriing per 1000 cubic feet ; freight to

■umiirniimiUM

■'>,

— 11 —

Quebec, £7. Specific grayity, 0.48 ; weight of cubic foot, 26 lbs. Of the nun*
genus as the Lime or Lindea in England. ■ , , - , . — .

33. WHtT^WooD, Liriodendron ttilipifera. -,., .a'.j.w''^,;.:

Grows only in the Western parts of Upper Canada, and attains a height of
130 feet, 70 feet to the first limb, and 36 inches in diameter, and not uncommon 60
inches in diameter. Very abundant in the South Western Counties of Canada, and
can be furnished at £35 sterling per 1000 cubic feet, freight to Quebec £8. It is
called also the Tulip Tree $ and in some localities, erroneousif. Yellow Poplar. The
wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine for building and cabinet purpose?.
It is easily wrought, durable, and susceptible of a fine polish. Specific gravity,
0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 30 lbs.

34. BuTTONWooD, Platanus occidentalis.

Called also Plane-tree, and, improperly, Sycamore. Is very abundant in the
Western and South-western parts of Canada, attaining an average height of 120
feet, 60 feet to first limbs, and 30 inches in diameter, and not uncommon at 60
inches in diameter. It yields a clean 'irccd, softer than Beech, very difficult, almost
impossible to split. Sometimes handsomely mottled, used in furniture, chiefly for
bedsteads, pianofortes, and harps, for screws, presses, windlasses, wheels, blocks, &c.
and immense quantities exported to Virginia for tobacco boxes. Prices and freight
sat^e as for White Wood. Specific gravity, 0.5.

35. Poplar, Popidus monilifera.
Called also Cotton Wood. A large forest tree occurring on the margins
of lakes and rivers. The timber is soft, light, easy to work, suited for carving,
common turning and works not exposed to much wear. The wooden polishing
wheels of glass grinders are made of horizontal sections of the entire tree. The
seeds are clothed in white cotton like down, hence the name. Specific gravity, 0.4.

36. Balsam Poplar, Popidus baltamifera.
Also a large tree growing in wet low lands, wood resembling the previous.
None of the Poplars are us&d as large timbers.

37. White Willow, Salix alba.
A familiar tree of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50 to 80 feet ; originally
from Europe. The timber is the softest and lightest of all our woods. The color
IS whitish, inclining to yellowish grey. It is planed into chips for hat boxes, baskets,
8u:. Attempts have been made to use it in the manufacture of paper ; small
branches are used for hoops of tubs, &c. ; the larger wood for cricket bats, boxes
for druggists, perfumers, &c. Specific gravity, 0.4 ; weight of cubic foot, 24 lbs.

38. iRON-woon, Ostrya Virginica.
.\ small slender tree, 40 to 50 feet in height, and 8 to 10 inches in diameter.
The bark remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions, and of a browniah

__12_ '

color. The wood hard, strong and heavy ; uied for hand-spikes and levers, hence
the name Lever Wood; it is also called Hop Hornbeam. Found only sparse!/
scattered through the forests of deciduous trees. Specific gravity, 0.76 ; weight
of cubic foot, 4)7.5 lbs. ; much prized for fuel.

li 39. YfuriE TuoTLif, Cratagtis punctata.

■ p

A common shrub or small tree, 15 to 20 feet high and 6 inches in diameter,
found in thickets on dry rocky lands. Thorns stout, rigid, sharp, and a little re-
curved, IJ inches long. Flowers white, fruit bright purple, and some varieties
white. The wood extremely hard, used by wood engravers, for mallets, fcc.
Specific gravity, 0.75 ; weight of cubic foot, 46 lbs.

,1 ■

40. Black Thorn, Cratagus tomentosa,

A large shrub or small tree, 12 to 15 feet high, thorns 1 to 2 inches long,
found in thickets and hedges. Fiorers large, fragrant and white ; fruit, orange red ;
wood bard, like White Thorn.

41. Wild Apple Tree, P^n/s coronaria.

A small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, common in the western part of Upper
Canada. Wood hard, like the thorn ; flowers large, rose colored ; fruit one ineb
in diameter, yellowish, hard and sour, but esteemed for preserves.

42. Fepperidge, Nyssa mvltiflora.
Found only in the Western part of Upper Canada, and of an average height
of 100 feet, of 60 feet to the first limb, and of 12 to 18 inches ia diameter ;
scarce. The bark light grey, similar to that of the White Oak, and broken into
hexigons. The wood is white, fine-grained, soft, the texture consisting of interwo-
ven fibres, rendering it very difiicult to split. It is, therefore, useful for beetles^
naves of wheels, and for purposes requiring the toi^hest timber.

43. Dogwood, Cornusflorida.
Common in Upper Canada, grows 20 to 30 feet high and 8 inches in diameter.
The wood is very hard and compact, and hence the name Cornel from the Latin
Cornu, a horn ; used for mallets, and is well adapted for the same purposes as Box-
wood. It is so remarkably free from silex, that splinters of the weed are used by
watchmakers for cleaning the pivot holes of watches, and by the optician for re-
moving the dust from small lenses. The bark is rough, extremely bitter, and used
in medicine as a tonic. Specific gravity, 0.78 ; weight of cubic foot, 50 lbs.

44. White Cedar, Thuja ocddentalis.
Found extensively over Canada on the rocky borders of streams and lakes,
and in swamps. It grows to the height of 60 to 70 feet, rapidly diminishing in
sixe, throwing out branches from base to summit. The wood is light, soft, coarse
grained, and very durable ; much used m frame work of buildings and for the upper
timbers of ships; as posts for fences, gates, &c. It is one of the most durable of

#L«

m 1 1 fmnrfaWlwrmniMfimiliilBMBBII

•rP;

— 13 —

Canadian woods ; much esteemed also for making split laths, known as Cyprus laths.
Specific gravity, 0.45 j weight of cubic foot, 26 lbs. ,;„ ;/ _, ,^ ^^ „, t^jf^jj^^w-t ,v,

45. Red Cedar, Junipertts Virginiana.

Grows in many parts of Canada in dry rocky situations. It sometimes attaut
the size of 24 inches in diameter, but mostly smaller. Leaves are dark green, the
younger ones small, orate, acute, scale-like, overlying each other. The wood is
fine grained, compact, of a reddish hue, very light and durable. It is used for
fences, aqueducts, tubs and pails, and as cases for drawing pencils, hence called Pencil
Cedar. ,..,.,..,,. _ . ,.,. . ,.,., , ,-.,^„r„-.,

46. Hemlock, Abies Canadensis.
Common in the hilly, rocky lands of Canada, attaining the height of 80 feet,
and 3 feet in diameter. The timber is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not
much used, but sometimes substituted for Pine ; resists well the effects of moisture,
and for this reason is used for railway ties. The bark is extensively used in tanning.
Specific gravity, 0.45.

47. Black Spruce, A. nigra.
This fine tree abounds in the higher and mountainous land of Canada, attains a
lieight of 80 feet. The timber is light, strong and elastic, and though inferior to
White Pine, is still valuable. From the young twigs, spruce beer is made. .

48. White Spruce, A. alba.
A smaller tree than the Black Spruce, but attains a height of 50 feet. Trunk
from 12 to 18 inches in diameter. Timber much the same as that of the Black
Spruce.

49. Canada Balsam. Balsam Fir, Abies balsamea.

Common in humid grounds in the cooler latitudes of Canada, and attains a
height of 30 to 40 feet. The bark is smooth, abounding in reservoirs filled with a
resin or balsam, which is considered valuable in medicine.

50. Balsam Fir, A. Fraseri,
A small<^r tree than the'last. A highly ornamental shade tree.

51. Tamarac, Larix Americana.

A tall slender tree, rising to the height of 80 to 100 feet, abundant in Canada
in low wet lands. The wood is considered very valuable, being heavy, strong and
durable. Called also American larch, and hackmatac. It has recently come into
great demand for ship building, and railway ties, for which latter purpose it is found
to be well adapted and very durable. The best Oak is superior to it only for thci
outside work of a ship. For knees, bends, garlands, &c., of a ship, no wood is
better It is remarkably distinguished from the Pines by its deciduous leaves, being
bare nearly half the year. It is found up to a very high latitude, even in Hudson's
Bay. Specific gravity, 0.6.

^Ja

ft
ft

52. Sassafras, Sauafraa officinaie.
Found only in the Western part of Upper Canada ; grows to the height of 50
to 60 feet, and 15 inches in diameter. The timber is of little value, but used for
light ornamental purposes on account of the fragrant odour. Every part of the
tree has a pleasant fragrance and an aromatic taste, strongest in the bark of the root,
from which an essential oil is distilled highly valued in medicine. Specific gravity, 0.6.

*"^ ' 53. Sumac, Rhus tyjMna.

Common on rocky, poor soils throughout Canada, and readily springs up on
neglected lands after the primal forests are cleared off; attains a height of 20 feet,
and 8 inches in diameter ; the wood is soft, aromatic, of sulphur yellow, makes
beautiful veneers, and is used in dying. The bark of this and the other varieties is
also used in dying and tanning. seiV I 1. ;

The planks named in the accompanying lists are twelve feet long, four inches
thick, shewing the bark on both edges, and are from eighteen to fifty inches in
width. They are not specimens of the largest trees of the Canadian forests, but
fair samples, in quality and size, of timber yet growing over some 200,000 square
miles of territory. The circumstances under which they were collected — the two
months from the middle of December until the middle of February— rendered it
quite impossible to cull from the forest the largest timber. The «imples collected,
under such circumstances, must necessarily shew the vast wealth of our magnificent
forests.

The planks sent by Mr. Skead, are from the Ottawa region, or Eastern divi-
sion of Upper Canada ; those by Mr. Laurie, are from the Lake Ontario, or Cen-
tral division of Upper Canada ; and the remainder from the Western part of Upper
Canada, West of the head of Lake Ontario.

itimr-

}

^.' .\r,. i\.'_-'

'-itV A,

,;- :if .

1 ,..

' ■'U'"OT

'».V ,

. ,<- 1

) ) r 1

4K,-f1:;«™- !l^.^

■wfMiKaffaHggainwmii I ■

■f

— 16- . :i ;.
Planks Four inchbs thick and Twelve feet long.

KiHD OF Wood.

1 White Oak Plank
1 Tamarac "
1 Hard Maple '<
1 Soft " "
1 Yellow Birch"
1 Battemnt "
1 White Ash **
1 Grey " "
1 Rock Elm «

1 White Oedar "

2 White Pine Planks
2 White Oedar "

1 Blm Plank

2 Basswood Planks
2 Hard Maple "
1 White Oak Plank
I Black " "

1 White Ash "

2 Black Ash Planks

1 << Birch Plank

2 Beech Planks .
1 Hemlock Plank .

•1 White Pine Plank, 60

1 " Oak
1 Pepperidge
1 Black Ash
1 Gotton Wood
1 Soft Maple
1 Hickory
1 Red Elm
1 White Ash
1 Bnttonwood
1 Basswood
1 Whitewood
1 Beech
1 Black Walnut
1 Rock Elm
1 Buttemnt
1 Whitewood
1 Bnttonwood
1 Ohernr
1 Hard Maple
1 Black Walnut
1 White Ash
1 « Oak
1 Hard Maple
1 Gherry Grctch

1 Soft Maple

2 Gherry Pkinks

inches
ii

wide
II

36 inches wide

48 inches wide

60 inches wide
45 " "
45 " •'

BT WBOH GoMTBIBDnD.

James Skead,
II

Ottowa.
II

•<

II
II

II
1.
II

• -'fj ;

M ■'■ " ' ■

'1 ,.'.' A

James Lburie, Markam.
II II

',..■. \

- If

.•» '-'f

A. Bronson, Township of Bayham.
Samuel Shaurp, Hamilton.

D. R. Van Allan,
II

Ghathnm

^— MoCracken, London.
II II

Jacob Ghoate, IngersoU.
II II

* TJiii Plank wu cut fitom • trm 23 tttt in cireumftrenM and 130 ftet to the flnt limb.

asH

;/^, -16-

Sbctionb or Trunks of Treks, Bhowing tbe average size of Trees in the

Canadian forest.

Kind or Wood.

Bt whom Oohiubctid.

1 Srcsmora (Buttonwood) Log . . . .

D. R. Van Allan, Chatham.

1 White Ash Log .

II II ,■,} '

1 Black Walnut Log

II II" '■-': I

1 White Oak "

II '" H ■-' r • ,' 1

1 Cherry '•

II II -'%H :,::(} ■

1 White Wood ••

A. McKellar, M.P.P., "

1 Maple *<

II II

I Black Walnut "

A. L. Trembiski, Engineer, O.T. R

1 White Oak "

II II ' 'ii II

1 Rock Elm •'

II >i II II

1 Hickory "
1 White Pine "

II II II u

James Laurie, Markam.

1 Hemlock *•

11 II .. . i

1 Cedar "

II II /' ,■• !:\'. .,

1 Elm "

II •• •, ,,' -.v' .

1 Baaswood "

II II ^ -' .' -:-t ■

1 Beach "

II II .

1 Hard Maple "

•1 M '--.-, J- -' .;

1 White Oak "

II II

1 Black " "

•1 u :: uA . ,;:',_■;, ::

1 White Ash "

II II - ■; ;:,.. ■ ■. -i; ,

1 Black •• "

CI II '...I",, 'yi W ■

1 White Pine "

James Sk-jad, Ottawa.

1 White Oak "

II II ;i;n. "- ". ',

1 Tamarao "

II II ■ 1

1 Hard Maple *'
1 Soft Maple '<
1 Yellow Birch "

II U ^.;i ,', i,,\ . ' , ,)■

It II • ' . ,i ; ;■

II II • :' ,' ;

1 Butternut "

II II : v . ■- . . r

1 Wh (e Cedar "

II II

1 White Ash "

II II !.

1 Black Elm "

II II

1 Section Dogwood

Mr. Burrows, Simcoe.

1 •< Sassafras

<i II

Polished Specimens of Canadian Woods, not less than one foot long and six
inches wide, with descriptions of each, of name, size and height of tree, uses
to which the wood is applied, prices at which it can be furnished, extent of
country over which it grows, &c.

73 samples of Canadian woods, collected along the line of the Great Western
Railway, neatly polished; one side and two edges varnished; the other side and
«dges plain ; also veneers of Walnut, Oak, Maple (birdVeye and curly), Ash, Oak
root, crotches of several kinds of wood, &c. By Samuel 3harp, Sup. of Car De-
partment of G. W. Railway, Hamilton.

73 samples of Canadian woods, neatly polished and varnbhed, by Andrew
Dickson, Esii., of Pakenham, U. C.

— samples of Canadian woods, neatly polished, collected from the valley of
the Ottawa, by James Skead, Esq., of Ottawa.

1 box of Black Walnut Veneers, by E. H. Rose, of Chatham, (number of
specimens not given), U. C.

= f

■MM

«,

— n —

LIST OF POLISHED SPECIMENS.
B7 Samuel Sharp, of Great Western Railwaj : < <•

lAff,

8 specimens Hickory

8 " Second Growth do
White Oalc
Roolc Elm
Red Oalc
Buswood
Whitewood
Ironwood
White Beech ■
Red Beech
White Pine
Cherry
Black Walnut

' • ' * 2 specimens White Ash

2 " Second Growth do

II
II
II
II
II
II

41
II
II

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

II
II

Buttonwood

Butternut

White Oedar

Second growth White Oak

Bird's-eye Oak

BUrd's-eye Maple

Onrled Maple

Soft iaple

Hare; Maple

Hemlock ' >

SPBOIMBNS OF VBNEERS.
11 specimens Black Walnut t specimen Butternut

Bird's-«ye Oak 1 " Bird's-eye Maple

a " Onrled Ash
1 " White Ash knot
1 " Black Ash knot

Blistered Maple
Bird's-eye Walnut
Oak knot

Bj Andrew Dickson, Fakenham, XJ. C.

1. White Pine * , -

2. Yellow Pine

3. Red Pine

4. Pitch Pine

5. Larch or Tamarae

6. Hemlock Spruce

7. White Spruce

8. Black Spruce

9. «7hite Cedar. '

10. Red Cedar

11. Balsam Fir

12. White Oak

13. Swamp Oak

14. Red Oak

15. Black Oak

16. White Oak

17. Slippery Elm

18. Rock Elm

19. Grey Elm 4.

20. White Ash

21. Black Ash

22. Rock Ash

23. Rim Ash ^

24. Rey Ash

26. Sugar Maple, Bird's-Eye

26. Sugar Maple, Curled

27. Soft Maple

28. Soft Maple, Curled

29. Rock Maple

30. Moose Maple

31. Red Cherry

32. Black Cherry

33. Birch Cherry

34. Choke Cherry

35. Canoe Birch

36. Yellow Birch

37. Black Birch

38. Weeping Birch

39. Black VVillow

40. White Willow

41. Yellow Willow

42. Aspen Poplar

43. Large Toothed Aspen Poplar

44. Balm of OUead

45. Cotton Wood or Necklace Poplar

46. White Wood

47. Shell Bark Hickory

48. Pignut

49. Butternut

60. P'.aok Walnut
51. Soft Walnut
62. Butternut

53. Tulip Tree

54. Apple Thorn

66. Red Thorn
56. White Thorn

67. Peach Leafed Thorn
08. White Beech

69. Boss wood

60. Ironwood

61. Blue Beech

62. Pepperidge

63. Buttonwood

64. Shnmach

65. Cbesnut

66. Sassafras.

67. Mountain Ash

68. Alder

69. Large Flowering Dogwood

70. Small Flowering Dogwood

71. Wild Yellow Plum

72. June or Service Berry .

73. Boxwood

— 18 —

. > >: SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION. ;.

This Collection is composed of lectiona of the Small Trees and Shrubs, OM
foot loBg, with the bark on so cut and polished as to show the grain of the
wood. Towards this collection —

26 specimens of the chief timbers on the line of the Great Western Railwaj,
were contributed by Samuel Sharp, of Hamliton, Superintendent of the Car
Department of the Great Western Railway.

21 by D. R. Van Allan, Esq., of Chatham, of timbers growmg on the Thames,
in the neighborhood of Chatham.

100 by Mr. Hugh McKee, of Norwich, of woods and shrubs growing in the
Township of Norwich (of these, twelve are exotic.)

21 by James Laurie, Esq., of Scarborough, of timbers growing on the Nor-
thern shores of Lake Ontario, wai

37 by James Skead, Esq., of Ottawa City, specimens of the chief woods
growing in the Valley of the Ottawa.

2 boxes, by Hugh McKee, of twigs and leaves of trees and shrubs accompa-
nying his collections.

1 box, by James Skead, Esq., of twigs and leaves of trees, of which he furnishes
sections of trunks. ; ,.

1 box by Mr. Thomas Moore, (Etobicoke), of Tool Handles.

Collection by , (Toronto), of Spokes, Naves, Felloes, Shafts,

Poles of Carriages, &c,

490 native plants, found mostly in the vicinity of Hamilton, collected by
Miss Kate Crooks, of Hamilton.

Collection by Hugh McKee, of Norwich, U. C. : ' '

White Asli

Red Ash

Black or Swamp Asli

White Oak

Black Oak

Red Oak

Swamp White Oak

Hard or Sugar Maple

Soft Maple

Dwarf Maple

White Beech

Red Beech

Blue Beech

White Birch

Black Birch

Oommon Apple

Grab Apple

White Thorn

Basswood

Butternut

Black Walnut *

Black Oherry

Red Cherry

Choke Cherry

Pie Cherry

Chesnut

White or Rock Elm

Red Elm

Swamp or Water Elm

Shag Barked Hickory

Bitter- Nut Hickory

Iron Wood

Wych-Hazel

Hazel Nut

Moose or Leather Wood

White Cedar

White Pine

Hemlock

White Spruce

Tamarac

Poplar

Balm of Gilead

Red Plum

Blue Plum

Lilac

Locust

Yellow Willow

White Willow

Swamp Willow

Red Willow

Nine Bark

June Berry

High Bushed Cranberry

Sweet Elder

Box Wood

id-

WUdOnpa Yin*

Bitter Sweet

Small Honeyraekle

Honey Suokle Vine

Honey Saokle Bush

Snow Ball or Onilder Bom

Sauafrai

Pricklj Auk

Spotted Alder

Whortleberry, (High Bub)

Black Haw

Yellow Flowering Oornuil

Black Ourrant

Buttonwood

White Wood

Eglantine or Sweet Brier

Wild Rom, (Small Bath)

Wild Rom, (Large Bush)

Dog Wood

Silrer Beal

Moantain Asb ' .

Pepperldge

Sumac

Bird'i-Bye Maple

Spire Wood

Willow

Tborned Gooieberr/

Smooth Oooieberry

Tree Toy

Tree Mignonette

Red Elder

Blackberry

Red Raspberry

Black Raspberry

White Raspberry

Red Oarrant

White Ourrant

Honey Locust

Pear

Labornam

Peach

■ (not named)
( " )

<:'tW

^s"i:Vf !(.th

By Samubl Sharp, of the G. W. Railway:
1 specimen Black Oak

Red Oedar
Red Elm
White Thorn
BalmofGUead
Poplar

White Willow
Purple Willow
Buttonwood
Dogwood
Mayberry

Bj D. E. Van Allan, Chatham, U. C:

Buttonwood

Basswood

Pepperldge

White Ash , »

Black Ash

White Beech : ,./

Tellow Birch

Dogwood

Cherry

Rock Elm

Red Elm

By James Lauroc, Scarboro', U. C. :
Hemlock.
Blue Beech, No. 1
Do do No. 2
Balsam
Red Beech
Basswood
Iron Wood
Swamp Ash
Hard Maple
Birch
White Ash

By James Skbad, Ottawa, U. C. :

White Oak
Red Oak
Black Oak
White Pine

specimen Wych*Hasel
" Ohoke Cherry
SaMafraa

Orape

Spotted Alder
Water Elm,
Sumac
Tamarao
Rim Ash
Black Birch
lion Wood

I*
II
II
11
II
II
II
II
II

White Oak .
Red Oak
Ironwood
Black Walnut
Buttemnt
Sassaflraa
Hard Maple
Soft Maple
Hickory
White Wood

Soft Maple
White Pine, No. 1
Do do No. 2
Tamarac
Cedar
Balsam
Black Cherry
Elm

White Oak
Hickory

Red Pine
Pitch Pine
Spruce
Balsam .

— ao —

) !

Tmbum
Bo«kBlB
White Bl»
■•dllM
WUuaib
Onj Aah
BlMkAib
WUt* Birob
Tallow Birek
BlMBMob
Bed BMob
Wblto Becob
Sagar or Bard Mapla
Mtllapk

Bttttamut

Alder

Hanloek

Poplar (Foreat)

Poplar (Balm of CHImuI>

Bauwood

Bad Gharry

Black Oherry

Iron or Laver-wood

Whtta Hiekory

Docwood

Yellow Plna

Banae

BedGedar

CLASSIFICATION OF WOODS.

MAGNOLLACEiE.

1. Lmodendron tidipifera (LiiuiBus) — ^Whitb Wood, Tvlip Tru.

TILIACEiE.

2. Tilia Americana (lAan). — ^Baiswoop. 'i'^' >;

RUTACEiE.
9. Zanthoxylum Amerieanum (Miller) — ^Northern Frioklt Ash.

ANACARDIACEiE.

4. iZAtM typhina (Linn.) — Sumac.

5. *' toxicodendron — Poison Ivr.

VITACEiE.

6. Vitiscordi folia (Mkhaux) — Wmtbr| or Frost Grape.

RHAMNACE.£.

7. JZAamniM a/n(/^t«s (L'Heritier)— Buck-thorn.

CELASTRACEiE.

8. Celattrua soandem (Linn.) — Wax-work ; Climbing bitter sweet.

ACERINEiE.

9. Acer $accharinum (Lino.) — Sugar Maple, Hard Maple.
" •* variety — Bird's-ete Maple.
" " « — Curled Maple.
" " " —Black Sugar Maple.

rubrum *^ — Red, or Swamp Maple.

dasyoarpum (Ehrharl) — Soft Maple, White or Silver Maple,

<* — Curled Maple.

Pennnflvanicum (Linn.) — Striped Maple.
ipicatum (Lam.) — Mountain Maple, Dwarp Maple.
AMYGDALEiE.

18. Pruntu Americcma, (Marsh) — Wild Yellow or Red Plum.

19. Cerasus Penntyhanica, (Loisel) — ^Wild Red Cherrt.

20. " 5m>t>na, (Ehrhart)— « Black «

21. ** Virginiana, (Linn.) — Choke Ckesry.

ROSACEiE.
21 a. Spirosa opuli/olia, (Linn.) — Nine Bark.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

•^

gam

HMI

— 21 —

FOMEiE.

22. Cratagua punctata, (3 ticqMia) — ^Whitk Thorn. > «r /

23. « coccinea, (lAna.) — Rid ««

24. « tomentosa, « —Black " i. .j^;. ;

25. « crm-gatti, " — Cock-spur "

26. PyrM eoronaria, '* — American Crab Appli. ,

27. " ilmericaraa,, (De Candolle)— American Mountain Aih.

28. Amelandtier Canadensis, (Torrey & ^cty) — June Berry, Shad Bush.

GBOSSULACEiE. , / v ',

28 b. lUbes eynosbati, (Linn.) — Wild Gooseberry.
28 e. « hirtdlum, (Micbaux)— Smooth «
28 d. « floridum, (Linn.)— WiLB Black Currant.
28 e. " rubrum, (Linn.) — Ebd **

HAMAMELACEiE.

29. Hamamelis Virginica, (Linn.) — Wych-hazel.

CORNACEiE.

30. Cornusflorida, (Linn.) — ^Flowering Doo-wood.

31. " altemifolia, (Linn.) — Alternate-leaved Cornel or Doc-wood.

32. Nyssa mvltxfUxra, (Wang.) — ^Pepperidge, Tupelo, Sour (tum-tree.

CAPRIFOLACEiE.

33. Xonic«rapam/2ora (Lambert) — Small Honeysuckle.

34. « Ursula (Eaton)— Hairy "

35. JHervilla trifida (Moench) — ^Bush ** ,

« Canademis (Muhlenberg.)

36. SanUmcua " (Linn.) — Common Elder.

37. ** pubens (Micbaux)— ^Red-berried "

38. Viburnum pruni/olium (hina.) — BlaxjkHaw.

39. " opultis " — Craioierrt Tree.

AQUIFOLTACEiE.

40. Nemopanihes Canadensis (De Candolle) — Mountain Hoilly.

OLEACE-<E.

41. Framnus Americana (Linn.) — White Ash.

42. « pubescens (Lam.)— ^Red "

43. " santbuci/olia " —Black ^*

LAURACEiE.

44. Sassafras officinale (Nees von Esenbeck) — Sassafras.

THYMELEACEiE.

45. Dirca palustris (Linn.) — Moose-wood, Leather-wood^

ULMACE^.

46. Ulmus Americana {him.) — Whitb Elm.

47. « /m^m (Micbaux)— Red «

48. " racemosa (Tbomas) — Swamp "

49. Celtis ocddentalis (Linnaeus) — Hackberry, Hoop Ash, Beaver Wood.

finiii

i j

— 22 —

ATRCXJARFEiE.
50. Mortis rubra, (Linn.) — Red Mulberry.

PLATANACEiE.
.51. Platanm ocddemalis, (Linn.) — Plane Tree, Buttonwood.

JUGLANDACEiE.

52. Juglans cinerea, (Linn.) — Butternut.

53. " m^ro, (Linn.)— Black Walnut.

54. Carya alba, (Nuttal) — Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory.

55. « glabra, (Nuttai)— Bitter-nut Hickory, Pig-nut or Broom

Hickory.

CUPULIFERiE.

56. Quercus aiba, (Linn.) — Whii t Oak.

57. " prinus, (Linn.) var. discolor (Michaux) — Swamp White Oak.

58. " rubra, (Linn.) — Red Oak.

59. " tinttaria, (Bartram) — Black Oak.

60. Castanea vesra, (Linn.) — Chesnut.

61. Fagjis sylvestris, (Michaux f.) — White Beech.

62. " femiginea, (Ait.)— Ri.D Beech.

63. Carylu» Americana, (Walter) — Wild Hazel-nuTc «

64. Carpinus Americana, (Michaux) — Blue Beech, American Hornbeam.

65. Ostrya Virginica, (Willd) — Hop-hornbeam, Iron-wood, Lever-wood.

BETULACE^.

66. Betula jmpyracea (A.iton)— Paper Birch, Canoe Birch.

67. « alba (Spach.) — White Birch, Poplar-leaved Birch.

68. " excelsa (Aiton) — Yellow Birch.

69. " lenta (Linn.) — Black Birch, Cherry Birch.

70. Mnus incana (Willd) — Speckled, or Hoary Alder.

71. " vimfis (De Csndolle) — Mountain "

SALICACE^.
72- Salix Candida (Willd)— Hoary Willow.

73. " tristis (Aiton) — Dwarf Gray "

74. " diacoior (Muhl.) — Glaucous

75. " alba (Linn.) — White '

76. Populus tremtdrndes (Michaux) — Aspen.

77. " grandidentata (Michmx) — Large-toothed Aspen.

78. '* monilifera (Ait.) — Cotton-wood.

79. " balsamifera — Balsam Poplar.

80. " " var. — Balm of Gileap.

CONIFERiE.

81. Pinm strobus (Linn.)— White Pine.

82. " resinosa (Lim.) — Red '*

83. " mitis (Mich.) — Yellow "

84. " rigida (Miller)— Pitch "

85. Abies balsamea (Marshall)— Canada Balsam, Balsam Fir.

(introduced from Europe.)

— 23 —

86. Abies Canadensis (Michaux) — Hemlock.

87. « nigra (Poiret) — Black Spruce.

88. « alba (Michaux)— White «

89. Larix Americana (Mich.) — Tamarac, American Larch.

90. Thuja occidentalis (Linn.) — White Cedar, Arbor Vit^.

91. Juniperus Virginiana (Linn.) — Red Cedar.

To the collections above named there are to be added the following : —

132 specimens of native medicinal herbs and roots ; 53 pint-bottles of fluid
used in the practice of medicine, and 12 different specimens of perfumery ; the fluid
and perfumery are manufactured by the contributor, Wm. Saunders, Druggist, of
London, Canada.

114 colored plates (natural size) of fruit grown in Upper Canada in the open
air, prepared by the Fruit Growers' Association of Upper Canada, consisting of
35 plates of different varieties of the principal Apples.
32 plates of varieties of principal Pears.

10
7
6
8
5
4
3
2
1
1

Plums.

Cherries.

Peaches.

Strawberries.

Grapes.

Currants.

Gooseberries.

Raspberries.

Blackberries (New Rochelle).

Quince.

1 case stuffed native Ducks, 22 varieties ; 1 case containing 1 10 other Birds
(native,) stuffed ; 1 case containing 36 1'ishes from the Lakes and Rivers of Upper
Canada. By S. W. Passmore, Toronto. 1 case containing 103 Birds found on
the Island of Montreal, by James Thomson, Esq., of Montreal.

The chief Wishes are the Salmon-trout, White Fish and Herring from Lakes
Huron and Ontario ; the Sturgeon, Maskinonge, Pike, Pickerel, Sucker, (White
and Black), Black Bass, Rock Bass, Sunfish, Perch, and several smaller varieties.
The first three kinds are found only in the large Lakes, Ontario, Erie, Huron and
Superior, except the Herring in one or two of the smaller Lakes ; the others, ex-
cept the Sturgeon, also swarm in great numbers in all the smajler lakes, and in
many of the smaller rivers. The Salmon from the ocean also ascends to the head of
Lake Ontario, 1,200 miles from the Atlantic. Great quantities of the Salmon-
trout an^ White Fish are exported, amounting in value to from $500,000 to
$1,000,000 annually. Samples, also, of the preserved li^sh, Salmon^^trout, White
Fish and Herring from Lakes Huron and Ontario have been obtained.

— 24 —

CinerouB Owl
Snowy Owl
Hawk Owl
Barred Owl
Great Horned Owl
Long-eared Owl

Collection of S. W. Fassmore, of Toronto :

BIRDS.

1.— RAPTORES.

Short-eared Owl
Mottled Owl
Little Owl
Winter Falcon
Slate-colored Hawk

Whip-poop-Will

Chimney Swallow.

Purple Martin

Belted Kinjrfisher

Shrike

Tyrant Flycatcher

Orested Flycatcher

Oreen Flycatcher

Red-start

Black and White Creeper

Brown Creeper

Nuthatch

Robin

Humming Bird

Blue Bird

Yellow-rump Warbler

Yellow-throated do

Bay-breasted do

Gape May do

Chesnut-sided do

Mourning do

Pine Bunting

Indigo Bird

Crossbill

Scarlet Tanager

Golden Oriole

Tellow-billed Cuckoo
Black-billed Cuckoo
Pileated Woodpecker
Hairy Woodpecker
Downy Woodpecker

Passenger Pigeon
Quail

Virginia Rail
Clapper Rail
Little Rail
Night Heron
American Bittern
Least Bittern
Black-bellied Plover
Golden Plover
Wilson's Plover
Turnstone

Mallard Duck
Dusky Duck
Qadwall Duck
Brewer's Duck
American Widge3n
Pintail Duck
Wood Duck

•!,— INSESSORBS.

Blackburnian Warbler
Black and Yellow do
Bk.-throatcd Blue do
Golden Wing do
Winter Wren
Hood Wren
Golden Wren
Ruby Wren

Black-capped Titmouse
Cedar Bird
Bohemian Chatterer
Meadow Lark
Chipping Sparrow
Song Sparrow
Red-poll
Pine Finch
Purple Fmch

Goldfinch, female and nest
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Pine Grosbeak
Corn Bunting
Red-wing Starling
Rusty Grakle
Purple Grakle
Blue Jay

3.— SOANSORES.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker
Red-bellied Woodpecker
Red-headed Woodpecker
Golden-wing Woodpecker
Three-toed Woodpecker

4.— RASORES.

Pinnated Grouse

5.— GRALLATORES.

Asb-cclored Sandpiper

Semipalmated Sandpiper

Little Sandpiper

Spotted Sandpiper and Young

Yellow-shank Tattler

Tell-tale Tattler

Common Snipe

Red-breasted Snipe

Woodcock

Esquimaux Curlew

6.— NATATORBS.

Shoveller Duck
Amer. green-winged Teal
Blue-winged Teal
Canada Goose
Green-wing Teal
Hooded Merganser
Black Tern

— 25 —

CanTasB-Baok Duck
Red-Headed Duck
Scaup Duck
Tufted Duck
Ruddy Duck
American Scoter
Eider Duck

The Yellow Perch
Oommon Pond Fish
Harsh Sun-fish
The Pickerel
The Little Pickerel
Black liass
Roch Haaa
Lal^e White Bass
Lake Sbeepshead
Oommon Sucker
Mallet Sucker
Pale Sucker

Long-finned Olub Sucker
Rough-head
Black-nosed Dace
Common Pike
Haskinonge
Great Lake Catfish

Bu£fbl-Headed Duck
Harlequin Duck
Long-Tail Duck
Black-headed Qull
Crested Orebe
Red.bellied Dobohick

FISH.

Common Catfish
The Great Lake Trout
Brook Trout
White Fish
Frosted White Fish
Sturgeon
The Dog Fish
Eel-pout
Great Lake Eel
Silver Eel
Long-nosed Eel
The Lamprey Eel
Silver Bass
Herring
Catfish
Gar Pike
Rock Sturgeon
Blood-bellied Trout.

Linn,
ii

Ldtb,

Collectioa of James Thompson, of Montreal :
BIRDS, &c.

1. Humming Bird and Nest (female), Trochilus colubris

2. Humming Bird (male), " "

3. Baltimore Oriole, Icterut Baltimore. Linn.

4. Ohesnut sided Warbler (female), Sylvicola Jcterocephda

5. American Goldfinch (female), Carditelis iristU. Linn.
6.,Ghesnut sided Warbler (male), Sylvicola Icterocephala. Lath.

7. Maryland Warbler, THduu Marilandica. Linn.

8. Morning Warbler jffemale), Trickas Philadelphica. Wils.

9. Brown Creeping Warbler.

10. Ruby Crowned Kinglet (male), Regulut calendula. Linn.

11. American Goldfinch (male), Carduelia tristis. Linn.

12. Night Heron, Ardea nycticorax. Linn.

13. Red-eyed Flycatcher (female), Vireo olivaceotu.

14. Cat Bird, Orpheut CarolinetaU. Linn.

16. American Shrike, Laniw Borealit. Yieill.

16. White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Penniylvanka. Luth.

17. Common Blue Bird, Sialia Wilsonis. Swan.

18. Red pole Linnet, Linuria minor. Roy.

19. American Robin, Turdw Migratorius. Linn,

20. Pine Grossbeak (male), Corythtu Enucleator. Linn.

21. Black and White Creeping Warbler, Mniotilta varia. Linn.

22. Purple Finch, Erythvospizn Purpurea. Gmel.

23. Red Winged Starling, Jgelaiut Phoeniceus, Linn.

24. Indigo Bird, (male), Spita Cyanea. Wils.

25. Purple Cracle, Quiscalus versicolor. Yieill.

26. Black caped Titmouse (female), Parus atricapillus. Linn.
2'i. Scarlet Tanager, Pyranga rubra. Linn.

28. Golden Winged Woodpecker, Picus auratus. Linn.

29. Euaty Cracle (male), Quiscalui Ferrugineus. Lath.
30 Rice Bunting, Dolychorynx Oryzirora. Linn.

31. Canada Jay, Corvus Canadensis. Linn.

32. American Jay, Oarrulus cristatus. Linn.

33. Bohemian Chatterer (female) Bomby cilia garrula. Vieill,
34 Great Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa crinita. Linn.

36. Bohemian Chatterer (male), Bombycilla garrula. Vieill.

36. Yellow Pole Warbler (male), Sylvicola testiva. Gmel.

37. Great Crested Flycatcher (female), Muscicapa crinita, Liun,

¥.

— 26 —

38. Swamp Sparrow, jlmmodromua palustrU. Wils.

39. Ruby Orested Kinglet (female), Regulus calendula. Llna.

40. Ohesnut Headed Warbler, Sylvicola castanea. Wils.

41. Canada Flycatcher, Myiodioctes Canadensit. Linn.

42. Belted Kingflsher, Mctdo alcyon. Lino.

43. Snow Bird, Nipheea hyemalia. Linn.

44. Nashville Warbler, Sylvicola RubricapiUa.

45. Downy Woodpecker (female), Picut pubetscens, Linn.

46. Downy Woodpecker (male), " " "

47. Screech Owl (female), Ulula Acadka. Omel.

48. Blackbumian Waibler, Sylvicola pensilis. Lath.

49. Red-start (male), Mmcitapa Ruticilla. Linn.

60. Yellow Bellied Creeper.

61. Woodcock, Scolopax minor, Wils.

52, Sanderling Sandpiper (female), Tringa cirenaria. Aud.

63. Black Tern, Sterna nigra. Linn.

54. Red-backed Sandpiper, Tringa alpina.

65. Ring Plover, Charadriui semipalmatus. Bnp.

66. Ringed Tailed Marling, limoia Hudsonica. Rich.

58. Little Awk (female), .^ka Arctica, Linn.

59. Solitary Sandpiper, Totamus solitarius. Wils.

60. Little Awk (male), Alca Arctica. Linn.

61. Golden Plover, Charadrius marmoratus. Wag.

62. Little Sandpiper, Tringa pusilla. Wils.
63 Virginian Rail, Rallus virginianw. Linn.

64. Hawk Owl (male), Snmia funerea. Gmel.

65. American Bittern (male), Ardea lentiginosa. Swain.

66. Bay Winged Bunting, £/n6ert2a graminca. Gmel.

67. Tyrant Flycatcher, Muncicapa Tyrannut. Linn.

68. Fox colored Finch, Fringilla Iliaca. Merrem.

69. Cedar Waswing (fcmal'^), Bombycilla Carolinetuia. Briss.

70. Blackpole Warbler, Sylvicola striata. Lath.

71. Pine Grosbeak (female), Corythus Enucleator. Linn.

72. Tawny Thrush, Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.

73. Rusty Grade (young), Quiscalus Ferrugineut. Lath.

74. Brown Creeper (male), Certhia Familiaris. Linn.

75. Black Billed Cuckoo (female), Coccysus Erythropthalmut.

76. Black Billed Cuckoo (male), " "

77. Peewee Flycatcher, Musdcapa Fusca. Gmel.

78 Yellow Crowned Warbler, Sylvicola coronata. Lath.

79. Yellow-Poll Warbler (female), Sylvicola <e$tiva. Qmel.

80. Red-start (female), Muscicapa Ruticilla. Linn.

81. Cedar Waxwing (male), Bombycilla Carolinensis. BrisB.

82. Red-eyed Flycatcher, Vireo Olivaceous.

83. Golden Crowned Thrush. Sciurus Aurocapillus. Lath.

84. Chipping Sparrow, Emberiza socialis. Wils.

85. White Bellied Nuthatch, Sitta Carolinensis. Linn.

86. Yellow Throated Greenlet. Vireo Flamfrons. Vieill.
88 Tawny Thrush (female), Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.

89. Mourning Warbler (male), Trichas Philadelphica. Wils.

90. Nest of the Flycatcher, Muscicapa Fusca. Gml.

91. Least Tern (male), Sterna Minuta. Linn.

92. Baltimore Oriole (fcmnle), Icterus Baltimore. Linn.

93. Short-legged Peewee Flycatcher, Muscicapa Phabt. Luth.

94. Tawny Thrush (young), Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.

95 Thrushes' Nest and three young, Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.

96. Red -beaded Woodpecker, Picus Erythrocephalus. Linu.

97. Wasp's Nest.

98. W^inter Wren (male), Troglodytes Hyemalis. Vieill.
09. Thrush (young), Turdus Wilsoni. Bonap.

100. Blackcap Titmouse (male), Parus Atricapillus. Linn.

101. Sanderling Sandpiper (male), Tringa Arenaria. And.

102. Yellow-poll Warbler (male), Sylvicola tsstiva. Gmel.

103. Red-winged Starling (female), Agelaius Phcsniceus, Linn.

■Wils.

.')7. Weasel, Mustelu vulgaris. Linn,
87. Red Squirrel, Sciurus Hudsonius,

Gml.

;/;

'<■., i. •

'■ ■'"'; ■ ■.'

1^;

ClM i^ .. '

, ■■»

J'""

:'1

.MB

'4;

I . .'f

-, *"

-'■" '• ■■^'i.

V'',-

1 \;;

'■'." I. si" ^

>: ■>.

jf:^-

:'5#:

' V*

■t:

, \ V.I;-

^ . ;

4 '4^

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Collection of the products of the waters and forests of Upper Canada collected and ordered for the International Exhibition of London, 1862 [microform]"

See other formats